THE PHILIPPINE

&0T

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDITED BY

PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Ph. D.

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

E. D. MERRILL, M. S.; F. W. FOXWORTHY, Ph. D.
C. B. ROBINSON, Ph. D.; H. N. WHITFORD, Ph. D.

PUBLISHED BY

THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE

OF THE

GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. Botany

Vol. VI
1911

With 44 Plates

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING
1911

ZZ 10^3

DATES OP ISSUE.

No. 1, pages 1 to 64, April 3, 1911.

No. 2, pages 65 to 132, July 2, 1911.

No. 3, pages 133 to 228, July 31, 1911.

No. 4, pages 229 to 314, September 8, 1911.
No. 5, pages 315 to 358, November 4, 1911.
No. 6, pages 359 to 420, January 31, 1912.

II

CONTENTS.

No. 1, March, 1911.

Page.

Robinson, C. B. Philippine Urtieaceae (concluded) 1

Ames, 0. Notes on Philippine Orchids with Descriptions of New Species,

III 35

Kukenthal, G. Conspectus Cyperacearum Insularum Philippinensium :

Cyperaceae-Caricoideae 57

No. 2, June, 1911.

Copeland, E. B. Papuan Ferns Collected by the Reverend Copland Kang.... 65
Robinson, C. B. Philippine Hats 93

No. 3, July, 1911.

-■i Copeland, E. B. Bornean Ferns Collected by C. J. Brooks 133

J Copeland, E. B. New or Interesting Philippine Ferns, V 145

Foxworthy, F. W. Philippine Gymnosperms 149

Foxworthy, F. W. Bedaru and Billian: Two Important Borneo Timber

Trees : 179

Radlkofer, L. Sapindaceae Novae Philippinarum Insulae Polillo 181

Robinson, C. B. Botanical Notes upon the Island of Polillo 185

No. 4, September, 1911.

Beceari, O. The Palms of the Island of Polillo 229

Foxworthy, F. W. Philippine Dipteroearpaceae 231

Gamble, J. S. A New Species of Schizostachyum 289

Robinson, C. B. Urtieaceae from the Sarawak Museum 291

Robinson, C. B. Philippine Urtieaceae, II 299

No. 5, November, 1911.

■ Dunn, S. T. Philippine Millettias 315

Robinson, C. B. Alabastra Philippinensia, III 319

No. 6, December, 1911.

^ Copeland, E. B. Cyatheae Species Novae Orientales 359

Radlkofer, L. Simarubacearum Genus Novum Philippinense 365

Merrill, E. D. The Philippine Species of Begonia 369

Errata and index 407

105968 5

III

Vol. VI

MARCH, 1911

Ho. 1

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDITED BY

PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Ph. D.

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

E. D. MERRILL, M. S.; F. W. FOXWORTHY, Ph. D.
C. B. ROBINSON, Ph. D. ; H. N. WHITFORD, Ph. D.

PUBLISHED BY

THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE

OF THE

GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. Botany

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING
1911

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THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. VI MARCH, 1911 . No. 1

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

( Concluded. )

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

10. BOEHMERIA Jacq.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BOEHMERIA.

Glomerules axillary.

Alternate leaves or one of those of a pair very greatly reduced.

Leaves rugose, reticulations conspicuous, stipules persistent.. 1. B. blumei
Leaves very thin, not rugose, reticulations inconspicuous, stipules not

persistent - 2. B. heterophylla

Leaves of a pair not very unequal ..... 3. B. villosa

Glomerules spicate, sometimes also axillary.

Leaves alternate, spikes paniculately branched.. , 4. B. nivea

Leaves opposite, spikes simple except in B. celebica.

Stipules 8 to 13 mm long, spikes usually distinctly exceeding leaves and
petioles.

Leaves coriaceous, densely pubescent on both surfaces

5. B. multiflora

Leaves at most chartaceous, not densely pubescent on either surface.
Stipules linear-lanceolate, leaves rigid, spikes simple.

6. B. platyphylla

Stipules wider, leaves less rigid, spikes usually branched.

7. B. celebica

Stipules 3 to 6 mm long, spikes little or not exceeding leaves.

Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, rigid ... 8. B. densiflora

Leaves wider, membranaceous 9. B. rupestris

100004

2

ROBINSON.

1. Boehmeria blumei Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 204.

Margarocarpus heteropliyllus Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 204.

Boehmeria heterophylla Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 204, non Wedd.

in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1856) 351.

Pouzolsia heterophylla Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 260.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga or Bulacan, Cuming 731 (cotype) : Province of
Bulacan, Norzagaray, Yoder 224-’ Province of Rizal, Montalban, Bur. Sci. 951/6
Robinson ; Caysusot, Phil. PI. 58 Ramos: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles,
Elmer 6656, Leiberg 6078: Province of Laguna, Lake Colibato, Bur. Sci. 9696
Robinson: Province of Cavite, Silang, For. Bur. 761/0 Merritt. Mindanao, District
of Davao, Sibulan River, Elmer 11198: District of Zamboanga, San Ramon,
Hallier s. n. : Subprovince of Butuan, Talacogon, Merrill 7278.

The question of the priority between the publications of Blume and Weddell
has already been fully discussed:41 it may again be stated that pages 1 to 400
of Weddell’s monograph are taken as antedating fascicle 13 of the second volume
of the Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., which begins on page 19 3-. The two species to which
the name Boehmeria heterophylla has been applied are closely allied, but the
recent collections have not served to unite them.

In our collections, the longer leaves are sometimes opposite the shorter ones,
more often nearly opposite, still more often definitely alternate with them, as
they were originally described, but there are no correlating characters upon which
to separate these races, and the matter has probably no systematic importance.
The closest Asiatic alliance of the species seems to be B. monticola Bl., from
Sumatra, but there are close American affinities, the plants above cited being
very similar to Pittier & Tonduz 1151/S, from Costa Rica, unnamed, differing
superficially only by having wider leaves.

Two northern collections, Vanoverbergh 126, Bontoc, and Merrill 1/1/32, Cabayan,
Benguet, well matching one another, find their closest alliance here. The struc-
ture of the stigma is as described in B. villosa, the apex of the ovary is narrowed
to a glabrous beak continuous with the pubescent stigma. The place of junction
with the stigma is the weakest and there is a tendency for a break to occur
there, but the stigma is often present in well-advanced fruit. Father Vanover-
bergh compares the fruiting glomerule to a Fragaria, and the Benguet specimen
indicates a similar condition. They are rather easily distinguished by the eye
from the collections cited under B. blumei, but the differences are difficult to
define, the serration is not so coarse and the venation slightly different. Until
a fuller series of collections is obtained, they may be doubtfully identified as
B. blumei. A further point is their similarly to the so-called Pouzolzia viminea
Wedd., at least as represented by Ridley 11/558, Perak. Side by .side comparison!
of the pistillate flowers, not quite conclusive, as the Malay ones were older,
seemed to show the differences between Boehmeria and Pouzolzia to be present,
in spite of very great general similarity. Material received while this paper is
in press, Bur. Sci. 12731 FSnix, Sablan, Benguet, tends to unite these two collec-
tions with B. blumei.

Local names: alibaguid (Cavite) ; alalasi (Bontoc) ; dapsie (Benguet) ; cagong
'(Apo).

2. Boehmeria heterophylla Wedd. in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1856) 351, non
Margarocarpus heterophyllus Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 204
(B. heterophylla Bl.).

Boehmeria cumingiana Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 199.

This Journal 5 (1910) Bot. 471-473.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE. 3

Mindoro, Cuming 1561 (eotype). Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Zam-
boanga, Merrill 51/68.

Endemic.

3. Boehmeria villoSa sp. nov.

Boehmeria blumei Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 ( 1908) Bot. 404, non Wedd. 1. c.

Boehmeriae blumei admodum similis, sed differt foliis oppositis haud
valde inaequimagnis ; glomerulis axillaribus, monoicis vel dioicis, perian-
thio pistillifero tridentato, piloso, ovario longe acuminato, stigmate
filiforme uuo latere piloso : foliis ovatis, basi rotundatis emarginatis,
margine dentatis, apiee acuminatis, pagina superiore seabris, subtus
petiolisque sericeo-villosis.

Monoecious and dioecious: glomerules axillary, those from opposite
leaves often confluent or nearly so, up to 1 cm in diameter, sessile:
staminate flowers subtended by oblanceolate to obovate bracts 1.5 to 3
mm long, the pedicels varying with the stage of development to 3 mm
in length; perianth deeply 4-parted, the segments ovate, acuminate,
ciliate, 1 to 1.5 mm long; filaments about 2 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm
long: pistillate glomerules with the bracts and pedicels as in the stami-
nate; perianth free from the ovary but closely inclosing it, remaining
membranaceous, strongly narrowed above the ovary and surrounding
its beak, 3-toothed, 2 to 2.5 mm long, pilose on the back and especially
at the apex; ovary ellipsoid, compressed, about 1.2 mm long, at the
apex contracted into a beak about two-thirds its length, the beak narrowed
to a slender point and continuous with a filiform stigma over 2 mm
long and pilose along one side.

Stems woody at the base, branching at the base and widely or slightly
above, more or less angled, increasingly villose-tomentose toward the
apex: leaves opposite, the petioles of those of a pair distinctly unequal,
of mature leaves about 1 to 1.5 cm and 2 to 2.5 cm respectively,
lamina subchartaceous, ovate, the opposing similar and unequal in size,
but never greatly reduced, the larger 9 to 10 cm long, 3.5 to 4.5 cm
wide, the smaller 5 to 7 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, all inequilateral
at the rounded slightly emarginate entire base, the margins with acute
or obtuse often acuminate teeth, the apex gradually contracted into
an acumen 2 to' 3 cm long ; upper surface flat or somewhat rugose, ap-
pressed-pubescent,, scabrous, under surface and petioles densely villose-
tomentose; stipules lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, slenderly
long-acuminate, up to 7 mm in length or on the branchlets shorter,
scarious on the margins, pilose along the middle.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3151/
FSnix (type), Bur. Sci. 3227 Mearns ; Sabtan Island, Bur. Sci. 10116 McGregor.

Allied to B. sidaefolia, Wedd., but easily recognized by its woody stem, pubes-
cence, the stouter petioles, and the thicker leaves, having moreover a much longer
pistillate perianth and wider stipules.

4

ROBINSON.

Much like this at first sight is a curious plant, Marave 12, from Lipa, Ba-
tangas, consisting of a woody stem with 4 attached branches : the leaves are op-
posite, subopposite and probably also alternate, some of the leaves of a pair are
alike in size and shape with petioles of equal length, in. other cases one leaf is
as before, but the other is almost sessile and quite different in shape, being ovate
and cordate instead of oval and rounded, but they are never nearly so reduced
as in B. blumei, The plant more or less suggests B. malabarica Wedd., which
Villar reported as common near Manila: we have no Philippine material .of the
latter.

Local name (Batan) : tangao.

4. Boehmeria nivea Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. (1826) 499.

Urtica nivea Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 985.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Bur. Sci. 320i \ Mearns, For. Bur. 15284 Agudo.
Luzon, Manila, 'Norm. Sch. s. n.

Local name (Batanes) : hasu.

Boehmeria nivea tenacissima Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I2 (1859) 253.

Urtica tenacissima Roxb. FI. Ind. 3 (1832) 590.

Boehmeria tenacissima Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. (1826) 500.

Batanes Islands, Sabtan Island, Bur. Sci. 10184, 10185 McGregor. These
are only distinguished from those cited under the species by the fact that the
under surface of mature leaves is either destitute of tomentum or has it in more
or less isolated patches; so far as these collections go, the leaves are neither
larger nor longer-petioled : the nature of the plant was not noted. They are
separately recorded only because of their distinct economic importance: although
the treatment of specific limits is here deliberately more radical than that of
Weddell, these five collections would otherwise be placed together without the
difference being considered even worthy of comment.

5. Boehmeria multiflora C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3.(1908) Bot. 179.

Luzon, District of Bontoc, Yanoverbergh 534: Province of Benguet, Baguio,

WilUams 1088: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Mount Dalemdim, Bur. Sci. 8197
Ramos : altitudes 1,200 to 1,600 M. The later collections are excellent matches
for the type. On an extreme view, this might1 possibly be included in B. platy-
phylla, as it remotely resembles B. scabrella Gaudich., there placed by Weddell,
Hooker, and Wright, but held distinct by Clarke. It is well distinct from it by
its longer spikes with correspondingly numerous glomerules, by the differently-
shaped, coriaceous, much more finely and closely serrated leaves. The number of
veins should be corrected to read from 5 to 8 beyond the nerve, the difference
being due to the omission of those which connect the nerve with the costa.

6. Boehmeria platyphylla Don Prodr. FI. Nepal. (1825) 60.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Nagcarlan, by roadsides and on walls, Bur. Sci.
6086, 6539 Robinson.

Apart from the fact that B. weddelliana Vidal seems to be quite the same
as B. densifiora Wight & Arn., and that the latter is B. platyphylla var. loochooen-
sis Wedd., this polymorphic species seems not to have been previously collected
in the Philippines, and the plants cited do not exactly agree with the descriptions
of any of the varieties. However, they seem to come between the typical species
and Weddell’s variety macrostachya, which Hooker 42 by synonymy includes in
B. platyphylla proper, differing from the type mainly by the smaller glomerules,

FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1888) 578.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

5

and from the variety, with which they therein agree, by the more erect spikes.
For greater accuracy, a brief description will be appended. To be consistent
with his idea of the limits of the species, Weddell should have used one of several
earlier names, tenable both in Urtica and Boehmeria at the time of their publica-
tion. The species to which all of those antedating 1825 belong have been held
distinct by later authors, except one from Oceania to which I find no recent
reference, and there is at present no reason for displacing the accepted name.
The distribution of the species according to Weddell and Hooker is India, Ceylon,
China, Japan, Malaya, and tropical Africa.

Spikes simple, ascending, toward the apex often curved, sometimes outward,
more rarely inward, 6 to 30 cm. long, usually far exceeding the corresponding
leaves ; glomerules 4 to 5 mm in diameter, often confluent or nearly so, very
numerous. Petioles of a pair of leaves often distinctly unequal, 7 mm to" 5 cm
long; lamina ovate or oblong-ovate, 8 to 14 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, base
varying from cordate to nearly acute, margins serrate except at the base and the
slenderly acuminate apex.

Local name: lipang aso.

7. Boehmeria celebica Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 217.

Urtica celebica Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 492.

Boehmeria platyphylla var. celebica Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161 (1869) 211.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Todaya, at 1,200 m elevation, Elmer 11306.

Although this does not exactly agree with the descriptions, the teeth of the
less oblong leaves being nearly regular, it seems so close that it has been at
least provisionally identified with Blume’s species, especially as the descriptions
of that author and of Weddell differ somewhat and between them describe the
Philippine plants, so far as they go, except as stated above.

Local name : ramirami.

Java, Celebes.

8. Boehmeria densiflora Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. (1841) 271.

B. weddelliana Vidal Rev. PI. Vase; Filip. (1886) 256.

B. platyphylla var. loochooensis Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161 (1869)- 213.

Luzon, District of Bontoe, Vidal 1784, Vanoverbergh 269, Bur. Sci. 7003 Ramos,
For. Bur. 16515, 16532 Curran # Merritt.

The reduction was first made by Wright,43 and is here followed. Henry 37,
from Formosa, is an excellent match for the Philippine collections.

China, Riu Kiu Islands, Formosa, Hongkong. .

9. Boehmeria rupestris sp. nov.

Subherbacea, humilis, raruis pubescentibus : glomerulis pistilliferis
spicatis, spieis brevibus ; perianthio breviter piloso, apice valde contracto,
4-dentato, ovario libero apice cornuto, stigmate continuo : foliis oppositis,
paris subsimilibus ovalibus vel ovali-obovatis, basi subacutis vel rotund-
atis, margine acute serratis, apice breviter acuminatis, trinerviis ; stipulis
lanceolatis, acuminatis.

Pistillate glomerules about 4 mm in diameter, few, on spikes not ex-
ceeding 2 cm in length, approximate or confluent ; perianth free from the
ovary, membranaceous, • slightly over 1 mm long, obovoid, at the apex
greatly narrowed with 4 obscure teeth closely surrounding the base of the

Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1899) 484.

6

ROBINSON.

prolongation of the ovary, shortly pilose especially at the apex; ovary 0.7
mm long, at the apex contracted into a horn-like process 0.4 mm long,
this continuous with a very slightly pilose stigma about 1 mm long.

Plants 20 to 30 cm high, the stems slender, terete, slightly woody at
the base, below slightly apically densely short-pubescent: leaves opposite,
varying greatly in size but those of a pair similar, petioles densely pubes-
cent, 1 to 3 cm long, or on reduced leaves still shorter, lamina mem-
branaceous, oval or oval-obovate, 1.5 to 5 cm long, 8 to 30 mm wide, the
base subacute to somewhat rounded, the margins except at the extreme
base serrate, the serrations acute or acutely acuminate, the apex abruptly
or somewhat abruptly contracted into an acute acumen 2 to 4 mm long,
upper surface somewhat sparingly pilose, the under more densely pubes-
cent on the veins, 3 -nerved, with 2 or 3 additional slender veins ; stipules
lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, 3 to 4 mm long, pilose on the costa.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Rio Trinidad, on rocks, Bur. Sci. 5 5 42 Ramos.
Allied to B. gracilis Wright, but differing in several characters.

SPECIES EXCLUDENDAE.

1. Boehmeria arachnoidea Walp. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl.
1: 423.

Pouzolzia arachnoidea (Walp.) Wedd.

2. Boehmeria cylindrica Willd. Sp. PI. 41 (1805) 340.

This American species is reported by Walpers, 1. c., as collected by Meyen at
Jalajala on the northern shore of Laguna de Bay. The specimen appears not to
be in the Berlin herbarium, at least under Boehmeria.

3. Boehmeria interrupta Willd. 1. e. 342.

Fleurya interrupta Gaudich.

4. Boehmeria malabarica Wedd. in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1856) 355.

Reported by Villar, but not recently collected.

11. POUZOLZIA Gaudich.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF POUZOLZIA.

Glomerules borne on an elongate terminal spike .Sh,.,..-. 1. P. arachnoidea

Glomerules axillary.

Leaves serrate or dentate.

Stipules lanceolate . .hkhSL. - 2. P. dentata

Stipules much wider, involucrating glomerules..... 3. P. rubricaulis

Leaves entire 1..... ..LL,.;h,.^............. 4. P. zeylanica

1. Pouzolzia arachnoidea Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 1 61 (1869) 228.

Boehmeria arachnoidea Walp. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl.
1: 423.

Pouzolzia macrura Wedd. in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1856) 396.

Stachyocnide luzonica Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 228, pi. 55.
Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, San Quintin, For. Bur. 5630 Rlemme: Province
of Riz'al, Montalban, Phil. PI. 30 Merrill, Bur. Sci. 9520 Robinson; Antipolo,
Bur. Sci. 129 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 3142 Ahern’s collector; Morong, Bur. Sci. 1439

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

7

Ramos: Province of Batangas, De la Paz, For. Bur. 7785 Curran & Merritt.
Mindoro, Cuming 1492.

Local names: ramairamai (Ilocos), lagonoy (Antipolo).

Endemic.

2. Pouzolzia dentata sp. nov.

Frutex yel arbuscula : glomerulis axillaribus, multifloris ; floribus
staminif eris tetrameris; perianthio pistillifero tubuloso, apice valde con-
tracto 4-dentato, libero, ovario stigmati articulato : foliis alternis, petiolis
inaequilongis, laminis coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, ovatis, ovalibus, vel lan-
ceolatis, basi aeutis vel subtruneatis, apice aeuminatis, margi'nibus den-
tatis.

Glomerules 4 to 6 mm in diameter, axillary, usually containing both,
staminate and pistillate flowers : staminate perianth very deeply 4-parted,
1.5 mm long, acuminate; stamens 4, filaments 1.5 mm long; rudimentary
ovary stipitate, apieulate, about 0.6 mm long, the perianth, filaments
and rudimentary ovary pubescent : pistillate perianth free from the ovary,
not becoming succulent, in fruit about 8-costate, pubescent, tubular, form-
ing 4 short lanceolate teeth at the greatly narrowed apex; ovary gla-
brous, ovate, 0.8 mm long; the stigma, articulated, linear, pubescent,
deciduous, about 1.5 mm long.

A shrub or small tree, attaining 3 m in height, the branches densely
pubescent, often very distinctly zigzag: leaves alternate, those on the
smaller branchlets often much smaller and shorter-petioled than the rest
but otherwise similar; petioles 5 mm to 5 cm long, lamina coriaceous or
subcoriaceous, ovate, oval, or less often lanceolate, 2.5 to 10 cm long,
2 to 7 cm wide, the base subacute to rounded, the margins except at the
base with obtuse or somewhat apieulate teeth, the apex contracted into
a short acute acumen, trinerved, the nerves extending about two-thirds
of the length of the lamina, with 3 to 5 additional veins, reticulations
numerous and conspicuous at least on the under surface, upper surface
pilose or glabresceht, often scabrous, under surface grayish-tomentose,
the veins white- and brownish-pilose; stipules lanceolate, caudate, 6 to 8
mm long, densely pubescent.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai, Merrill 4741 (type) ; Mount Pulog, Merrill
6561, For. Bur. 18117 Curran, Merritt, & ZschokJce: Mount Tonglon (Santo To-
mas), Elmer 6531.

Very different from any other Philippine species of the genus, apparently
approaching nearest to P. conglobata Bl., but differing from it by the very
characters mentioned by Weddell as distinctive of that species, since the fruiting
perianth of P. dentata is shortly rostrate, and the stigma while proportionally
short can hardly be called thick. There is a definite note on Elmer 6531 :

“fruits deeply set in a white fleshy pubescent receptacle:” but there

is no reason to believe that the perianth also becomes fleshy: on moistening, it
is somewhat inflated and shows the ribs more distinctly, but that is all.

Local name (Pulog) : nalui.

8

ROBINSON.

3. Pouzolzia rubricaulis Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 229.

Leptocnide rubricadilis Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 194, pi, 57.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Ambuklao to Daklan, Merrill 4390. This agrees
in so many points with Blume’s description and figure that in , spite of the
improbability of a Javan species being isolated in the Benguet region, the only
characters upon which to base a separation are of such a nature that they can
merely be discussed. Blume founded the genus Leptocnide, of which this species
is the type, on the ground that the perianth is adnate to the ovary: Weddell
evidently disbelieved this, or he would not have transferred the species to
Pouzolzia. In the Philippine specimen, the perianth closely surrounds the ovary,
but is not adnate to it, so far as can be determined from dried material. The
leaves of the Philippine plant average smaller than those of the Javan, but
attain a length of 4 cm, the color-notes hold good, so far as cam be judged,
the arrangement described for the flowers is probably also true, but many of the
staminate have fallen.

Java.

4. Pouzolzia zeylanica Benn. PI. Jav. Ear. (1838) 67.

Parietaria zeylanica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1052.

Parietaria indica Linn. Mant. (1767) 128.

Pouzolzia indica Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. (1826) 503.

Urtica villosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 695, non Thunb. FI. Japon. (1784) 70.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Bur. Sci. 3695 F6nix. Babuyanes Islands,
Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3955 Fenix. Luzon, District of Bontoc, Aluling,
Yanoverbergh 928: Province of Tayabas, Casiguran, Bur. Sci. 2989 Mearns:
Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Quiangan, Merrill 152: Province of Zambales, Subig,
Hallier s. n. : Province of Pampanga, Bacolor. Parker I/O, 72, 77, 78 : Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 2664 Ramos ; Manila, Loher 4966, Merrill 70, 71, Philip.
Form. Sch. 45 Canlas: Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 590; Los Banos,
Elmer s. n. : Province of Gamari'nes, For. Bur. 12411 Curran. Polillo, Bur. Sci.
6902, 6970 Robinson. Mindoro, Pola, Merrill 2458; Baco, Merrill 878. Min-
danao, District of Zamboanga, Zamboanga, Hallier s. n. ; Port Banga, Bur. Sci.
1:1803 Robinson: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n. : District of
Davao, Todaya, Elmer 11020.

The Philippine specimens of this polymorphic species show many variations,
usually corresponding to those found in other countries, but with some addi-
tions. As the study of our material and of the literature has led me to the
conclusion that they should be included under one species, the oldest specific
name applied to it has been used. However, if the species were to be divided,
it is probable that all of our plants would go rather with typical P. indica than
with any of the varieties kept distinct as such by Weddell. The fruiting perianth
has from 8 to 12 ridges, usually blunt, sometimes more acute, rarely rather faint.
The chief variants are briefly discussed.

The Mindanao collections differ considerably from the others. One of the Zam-
boanga plants has unusually large, broadly lanceolate, opposite leaves; another is
procumbent with small alternate, orbicular-ovate leaves, and the typical fruiting
perianth of P. indica. The Apo and Lanao collections are alike and much more
pubescent than any of the others, except in this and size they agree with those
from Port Banga, all having the perianth-ridges weakly developed: about an
equal number of the staminate flowers are pentamerous and tetramerous. The
Casiguran specimen is remarkable for its height, about 3 m, and still more for
the shining black achenes.

Local names: tuia (Pola); cayut-coran (Apo).

Tropical Asia and Malaya.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

9

SPECIES EXCLUDENDAE.

1. Pouzolzia heterophylla Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I2 (1859) 260.

Boehmeria heterophylla Blume non Wedd., Boehmeria hlumei Wedd. Miquel’s
synonymy is inaccurate.

2. Pouzolzia pentandra Benn. PI. Jav. Ear. (1838) 64, pi. 14-
Here included as Gonostegia pentandra Miq.

3. Pouzolzia viminea Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161 (1869) 228.

Credited to the Philippines by Villar,14 but not known from recent collections.
If Villar’s plant is indeed Urtica japonica Blanco, the case is little improved,
as Blanco’s description is very imperfect, and affords no certainty of recognition.
It agrees better with Boehmeria hlumei Wedd. than with any other known species,
but the habitat stated is objectionable.

12. GONOSTEGIA Turcz.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF GONOSTEGIA.

Staminate flowers pentandrous.

Upper leaves much smaller than the lower — . 1. G. pentandra

Upper leaves similar to the lower 2. G. hirta

Staminate flowers tetrandrous.

Erect; leaves 1.5 to 5 cm long, upper narrower 3. G. integrifolia

Prostrate; all leaves similar, 6 to 14 mm long 4. G. reptans

1. Gonostegia pentandra Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 302.

Urtica pentandra Roxb. FI. Ind. 3 (1832) 583.

Pouzolzia pentandra Benn. PL Jav. Ear. (1838) 64, pi. Ilf.

Memorialis pentandra Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 1 61 (1869 ) 2352.

Hyrtanandra pentandra Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I2 (1859) 261.

Gonostegia alternifolia Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 192 (1846) 510.

G. oppositifolia Turcz. 1. c.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Cabayan, For. Bur. 15969 Bacani: Province of
Nueva Vizcaya, Santa Fe, Bur. Sci. 8226 Ramos; Dupax, Merrill 250: Province
of Nueva Ecija, Cuming 1391. Bohol, Cuming 1833. Mindanao, District of
Davao, Copeland 360, DeVore & Hoover 115, Elmer ' 11020 a.

The genus is very doubtfully distinct from Pouzolzia, though certainly worthy
of rank as a section. Memorialis was used in Wallich’s catalogue as a generic
name for two numbers, both retained by Weddell in this genus as three species,
though according to Miquel the name was taken from Rumphius, who thereby
intended Pouzolzia indica. It was given sectional rank by Bennett, in 1838,
but was not effectively published as a genus until taken up by Weddell, in
1857. Gonostegia and Hyrtanandra are both older, and the former must be used,
if the genus is held distinct: if made a section, Memorialis has priority.

Local name (Apo) : cayut-coram.

India, Java.

2. Gonostegia hirta Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 303.

Urtica hirta Blume Bijdr. (1825) 495.

Merhorialis hirta Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 1 61 (18 69 ) 2356.

Pouzolzia hirta Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alt. (1844) 80.

Luzon, District of Bontoc, Vanoverbergh 250 : Province of Benguet, Mount
Pulog, Merrill 6516, Bur. Sci. 8826 McGregor, For. Bur. 16044 Curran, Merritt ,
& Zschokke ; Pauai, Bur. Sci. 4771 Mearns; Baguio, Elmer 5171, Bur. Sci. 2495

Noviss. App-. (1880) 205.

10

ROBINSON.

Hearns, For. Bur. 970 Barnes. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs.
Clemens 13: District of Davao, Todaya, Elmer 11958.

Local name (Apo) : sacati.

India, Malaya, Australia.

3. Gonostegia integrifolia Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 303.

Pouzolzia integrifolia Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1851) 134.

Memorialis integrifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161 (1869) 235s.

Luzon, District of Bontoc, Vanoveriergh 533 : Province of Benguet, Twin
Peaks, Elmer 6388.

The identification is not positive, no pistillate flowers or fruits being present,
and there are some points of disagreement. The statement “foliis sessilibus
amplexiealibusque insignis” holds true: the lowest leaves are ovate and shorter
than several of the succeeding pairs, these attaining a maximum length of 5 cm,
some or all subtending flowers, they then gradually decrease in width but less
definitely in length, those near the apex being often as long as the lowest though
shorter than the longest. The nerves give off a fairly conspicuous vein at their
very base, the leaf therefore appearing 5-nerved. In some leaves there are less
conspicuous outer nerves. The anthers number 4 or very rarely 5.

India.

4. Gonostegia reptans sp. nov.

Reptans, caespitosa, caulibus debilibus: glomerulis axillaribus; flor-
ibus staminiferis tetrameris ; perianthio fructifero 8-costato, . stigmate
deciduo : foliis subsessilibus, oppositis, membranaceis, ovatis vel orbicu-
lari-ovatis, apice obscure acuminatis, apicalibus baud diminutis.

Glomerules axillary, few-flowered : staminate perianth very deeply 4-
parted, the segments oblong, abruptly or somewhat ‘abruptly indexed near
the apex with a transverse crest of hairs along the flexure, when outspread
about 2 mm long; filaments 2 mm long, anthers 1 mm long: pistillate
perianth about 1 mm long, the deciduous pilose stigma about 1.5 mm
long; fruiting perianth about 1.5 mm long, with 8 or rarely more nearly
acute ridges, pilose toward the apex; achene jet-black or the lower part or
all white, ovate in outline, apiculate, about 1.3 mm long.

Plants weak, prostrate, creeping, the stems much-branched, pilose:
leaves subsessile, the membranaceous lamina ovate, orbicular-ovate, or
somewhat narrower, 6 to 14 mm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, or even smaller,
the apical as large as the lower, the base rounded or slightly emarginate,
entire, the apex obscurely or somewhat obscurely forming an obtuse or
subacute acumen of about one-third the length of the leaf, trinerved, the
nerves extending the length of the leaf or often becoming faint toward
the apex but not then at the lateral margins, the nerves connected with
the costa by several delicate transverse nervules but with no additional
primary veins, both surfaces pilose when young, when older sparingly so;
stipules broadly ovate, about 0.5 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 5828 (type) ; Sablan, Elmer 6H0.
A very distinct species, resembling in habit and in the fruiting perianth some of
the prostrate forms of Pouzolzia zeylanica, but quite distinct from them in
venation and in the staminate flowers.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

11

13. CH AM ABAI N I A Wight.

Chamabainia cuspidata Wight Ie. 6 (1853) 11, pi. 1981.

Urtica squamigera Wall. Cat., nomen.

Boehmeria squamigera Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 203, nomen.

Chamabainia squamigera Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 218; Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 184.

Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data, at 2,100 m elevation, Merrill 4556:
Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, at 3,000 m. For. Bur. 16043 Currcm, Merritt
& ZschoJclce, Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, 1,725 m, Elmer 11541-

While there seems to be no doubt of the correctness of this identification, it
must be pointed out that the nature of the stigma of the Philippine specimens
is not accurately represented by figures 5 and 6 of Wight’s plate. The apex
of the ovary is narrowed into a short acumen at the apex of which is the capitate-
fimbriate stigma: in dissecting dried flowers, this nearly always comes off with
the perianth although the latter very loosely envelopes the achene; under the
compound microscope, it seems to* be articulated.

Local name (Apo) : palauway. »

Northern India and southwestern China to Ceylon.

14. DISTEMON Wedd.

Distemon indicus Wedd, in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1857) 551, pi. 20, A,
( indicum ) .

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Morong, Bur. Sci. 1430 Ramos; Antipolo, Bur. Sci.
11851 Robinson <£ Ramos. Agrees closely with Weddell’s and Hooker’s descriptions,
and with material so named from Assam. The name Distemon has twice been
used for other genera,, one of them older than that of Weddell, both of them
regarded as synonyms. Its retention is in exact agreement with the Vienna Code,
though admittedly inconsistent with the procedure here followed in such cases
as Debregeasia.

Assam, Burma, Java.

15. CYPHOLOPHUS Wedd.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF CYPHOLOPHUS.

Leaves often very large, upper surface scabrous, lateral veins 7 to 12, reticulations

of under surface usually close and very conspicuous 1. C. moluccanus

Leaves medium-sized or small, upper surface not scabrous, lateral veins fewer,
reticulations looser and less conspicuous.

Lamina 4 to 12 cm long, acuminate; stipules 8 to 12 mm....... 2. C. brunneolus

Lamina usually much smaller, not or barely acuminate, stipules 5 mm long.

3. C. microphyllus

1. Cypholophus moluccanus Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 305.

Urtica moluccana Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 491.

Boehmeria moluccana Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 201; Blume
Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 208.

Cypholophus macrocephalus Wedd. 1. c. 198.

Cypholophus macrocarpus Index Kew. 317, sphalm.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 2848 Mearns ; Baguio, Williams 1069,
Elmer 5861: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2561 Foxworthy:
Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Elmer s. n., Bur. Sci. 6130 Robinson: Province
of Tayabas, Infanta, Bur. Sci. 9346 Robinson: Lucban, Elmer 9114- Negros,
Canlaon Volcano, Merrill 6914. Mindoro, Lake Naujan, For. Bur. 6156 Merritt;

12

ROBINSON.

Amnay River, For. Bur. 1 1441 Merritt. Mindanao, Province of Misamis,
Mataline Palls, For. Bur. 3923 Hutchinson: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs.
Clemens 468, s. n. : District of Davao, Mount Apo, Elmer 10865.

Boehmeria moluccana both of Weddell and Blume was based on ZJrtica
moluccana Blume, but Weddell afterwards rejected this specific name, apparently
on the ground that his species differed from that of Blume, which he gave varietal
rank under C. macroceplialus ,46

Local names: libasa (Misamis), salabugan (Apo).

Sumatra to Hawaii.

2. Cypholophus brunneolus Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 896.

Frutex 2- ad 3-metralis, parce ramosus, caulibus admodum angulatis,

apicem versus parce strigosis : glomerulis pistilliferis circiter 5 mm dia-
metro; perianthio tubulos'o-ventricoso, circiter 1 mm longo, ore valde
contracto breviter bidentato sparse piloso, acbenio approximate sed haud
adnato, stigmate 0.7 mm longo, valde -recurvato : petiolis oppositis, sub-
aecpiilongis vel saepius inaequilongis, brevioribus 6 ad 12 mm, longior-
ibus 15 ad 45 mm longis, laminis coriaceis vel rigide cbartaceis, isomor-
phis et fere aequimagnis, ellipticis ad elliptico-obovatis, 4 ad 12 cm
longis, 2 ad 5.5 cm latis, basi acutis, margine ima basi excepta serratis,
apice breviter acuminatis, trinerviis, venis additis 4 ad 6 ; stipulis lan-
ceolatis, 8 ad 12 mm longis.

Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Merrill 6913. Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount
Apo, Elmer 11641 (type), 11587 : elevations GOO to 1,000 m.

Very distinct from C. moluccanus; more closely allied to the next, and among
previously described species probably nearest to C. lutescens (Bl.) Wedd.

Local names (Apo) : ramirami, salabogan.

3. Cypholophus microphyllus Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 895.

Suffruticosus, metralis, ramosus, ramulis dense pubescentibus : lloribus

pistilliferis ut in praecedente, sed perianthio minute 4-dentato, glomerulis
minoribus: paris petiolis subaequalibus vel saepius valde inaequalibus,
2 ad 12 mm longis, laminis rigidis ambabus obovatis subaequalibus, vel
inaequalibus una obovata altera suborbiculare, 8 ad 40 mm longis, 8 ad
24 mm latis, basi acutis vel rotundatis, apice haud vel brevissime acumin-
atis, margine ima basi excepta serratis, trinerviis ; stipulis circiter 5 mm
longis, diu persistentibus.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, at 1,800 m elevation, Elmer 11588.
Somewhat like the preceding on a much reduced scale, but apparently quite
distinct, though likely more closely allied to it than' to any other species.

Local name: ramirami.

Villar 46 says that he had also seen C. prostratus Wedd. in Vidal’s herbarium,
from Tayabas. Checking over Vidal’s own record of his Tayabas plants,47 it is
not unlikely that the species intended by Villar was Boehmeria blumei Wedd.,
whose styles are often rather short with a tendency to curve; moreover, Villar
mentions that species as one which he had not seen.

45 See DC. Prodr. 1 6 1 (1869) 63, 217, 235 10 ; Miq. 1. c.

■“"Noviss. App. (1880) 205.

47 Revis. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 255-259.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

13

16. PIPTURUS Wedd.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF PIPTUKUS.

Stipules free; glomerules axillary, rarely also spicate.

Leaves long-petioled except on small branch lets or reduced plants, their

margins entire or more often coarsely dentate 1. P. arborescens

Leaves short-petioled, their margins regularly finely serrate

2. P. mindanaensis

Stipules united for about half their length, free at the apices; glomerules spicate,
rarely also axillary.

Both surfaces of leaf nearly same color; spikes usually solitary.

Leaves elliptic or oblong to oval or'obovate, abruptly acuminate

3. P. repandus

Leaves narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, gradually acuminate

4. P. succulentus

Under surface of leaf white-tomentose.

Spikes usually fascicled; leaves coriaceous, oval or narrowly oval; woody

vine :. 5. P. discolor

Spikes usually solitary; leaves thinner, ovate to lanceolate; tree

6. P. argenteus

1. Pipturus arborescens comb. nov.

Urtica arborescens Link Enum. Hort. Berol. 2 (1822) 386; Blanco FI. Filip,
ed. 2 (1845) 483; Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3 (1877) pi. 311.

Urtica baccifera Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 695, non Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763)
1398.

Pipturus asper Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 197.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, For. Bur. 15295 Agudo. Babuyanes Islands,
Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3993 Fenix; Dalupiri,. Bur. Sci. 10101 McGregor.
Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Pasuquin, For. Bur. 13805, 13821 Merritt &
Darling: Province of Ilocos Sur, Baranas River, For. Bur. 14082 Merritt & Dar-
ling: District of Bontoc, For. Bur. 10914 Curran, Vanoverbergh '125, 189, 151:
District of Lepanto, Balbalasan, For. Bur. 5691 Klemme: Province of Benguet,
Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 18119, 18210 Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke; Sugpan, For.
Bur. 14102 Merritt & Darling; Baguio, Williams 1013, Elmer 8489, 8146: Prov-
ince of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5615 : Province of Pangasinan, Agno, Bur. Sci. 4839
Ramos: Province of Bulaean, Norzagaray, Yoder 141: Province of Bataan , Whit-
ford 12, For. Bur. 2222 Meyer, Williams 325: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merr.
Dec. Phil. For. FI. 214 Ahern’s collector; Antipolo, Merrill 1631,. Phil. PI. 366
Ramos; Pateros, Bur. Sci. 9568 Robinson; Manila, Cuming 124, Ahern 112, Mer-
rill 96, 98, Elmer 5509, Phil. Form. Sch. 44, 152, 488, 489 : Province of Laguna,
Los Banos, Eallier s. n., Elmer s. n. : Province of Batangas, Lipa, Phil. Norm.
Sch. 351: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Gregory 36; San Isidro, Fop. Bur.
5689 Kobbe: Province of Camarines, Pasaeao, Ahern 154 ■ Mindoro, Merrill
1221; Pola, Merrill 2241; Macaulig, For. Bur. 5362 Merritt; Aglubang River, For.
Bur. 12023 Merritt; Bongabong River, For. Bur. 3123 Merritt. Negros, Himu-
gaan River, Whitford 1635 ; Cadiz, Bur. Sci. 1343 Celestino; Talisay, For. Bur.
15115 Tanosa; Luzuriaga, Bur. Sci. 9941 Robinson. Cebu, Toledo, Bur. Sci. 1183
McGregor. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Ahern 665 : Lake Lanao, Camp Keith-
ley, Mrs. Clemens 240 : District of Zamboanga, Lunsugan, Ahern 619 : District of
Cotabato, Bur. Sci. 11559 Robinson. Basilan, Isabela, Bur. Sci. 9982 Robinson.
Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Bur. Sci. 246 Bermejo; Canina River, Bur. Sci. 169
Foxworthy .

Variable in the size, shape, and pubescence of the leaves. The Palawan col-

14

ROBINSON.

lections are least typical, Bur. Sci. 769 departing rather definitely from the type,
but linking with it through some of the Bataan collections: Bur. Sci. 2^6 has
both axillary and spicate glomerules, this also occurring on the Lanao collection;
they are otherwise quite typical. The stipules are decisive as separating this
from P. repandus, which is otherwise quite distinct.

Link’s description, for a copy of which I am indebted to Lieut.-Col. Prain,
is as follows : “Caule pubescente, foliis longe petiolatis ovate-lanceolatis acu-
minatis subcrenatis supra scabris subtus mollissime pubeseentiis trinerviis, fioribus
glomeratis axillaribus. Hab. in Manila T? C. Elegans species. Pet. 2-3' longi.
Folia lamina 5—6' longa 2' 2" lata. Nondum bene floruit.” Plants suggested by
the name are species of Laportea, LeucosyJce, and Pipturus asper. The inflores-
cence rules out the first, moreover Link obviously handled the leaves of living
plants and his silence is. significant: the glomerules of Leucosylce are peduncled,
though shortly, and the petioles are always much shorter than the length given:
to the identification with Pipturus asper, there are no obstacles. Blanco correctly
interpreted Link’s species, and Naves, in turn, figured the right plant as U.
arborescens Blanco. It is almost unbelievable that with its extreme distribution
in the Philippines, it should not have a wide range elsewhere, but the only other
report is from Borneo.48

Local names: dalonot (Manila, Mindoro, Bosoboso), dalunot (Antipolo, Pan-
gasinan), dulunot (Manila), calonut (Tayabas), arandong (Babuyanes), aramay
(Batanes), agandong (Ilocos Norte), danguel, angangeu (Bontoc), moliungol
(Lepanto), ngungoy (Benguet), agdalamay, hinadung (Mindoro), gindwramay,
jindaramay, gimasgimas (Negros), handalamay (Surigao, Zamboanga), gunoi
( Cotabato ) , candamay (Palawan).

2. Pipturus mindanaensis Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 898.

Praecedenti valde affinis, sed differt foliis ellipticis, oblongis, vel rarius
elliptico-lanceolatis, brevius petiolatis, marginibus numerosius dentatis.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, at 1,125 m elevation, Earner 10520.

With all the variation in the leaves of P. arborescens, in shape, size, serration,
and pubescence, this seems quite distinct, but the differences are somewhat difficult
to define. The leaves of P. arborescens vary in shape from lanceolate to nearly
orbicular, becoming sometimes on plants from exposed situations nearly elliptic;
those of P. mindanaensis are elliptic, oblong, or sometimes elliptic-lanceolate;
the margins of the former are often entire, but more often with very coarse teeth
very slightly cutting the margin, where these are most numerous the number
rarely reaches 30: in P. mindanaensis, the leaf is entire for about one-fourth of
its length from the base, the teeth are numerous, about 45 or 50 on ordinary
leaves, and not nearly as long across their bases as in the former: the petioles
of P." mindanaensis range up to 18 mm in length, but are usually distinctly
shorter than this, whereas in P. arborescens, they are most often 4 to 5 cm
long, but range all the way from 1.5 to at least 10.5 cm; they are still
shorter on reduced leaves which are often present upon normal plants or upon
plants from exposed localities. These are the only two species of Pipturus with
free stipules, their nearest ally, P. albidus (Hook. & Arn.) Wedd., having them
nearly free. They are usually 3 to 4 mm long in P. arborescens, ovate and
narrowly acuminate, but are sometimes lanceolate and narrower and up to 7
mm: in P. mindanaensis, they agree with the latter type. The parent species

4sRolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 298.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

15

tends to vary in many directions: P. mindanaensis has probably progressed suffi-
ciently far to be held distinct.

Local name: amirami.

3. Pipturus repandus Wedd. in Arch. Mus, Paris 9 (1857) 448.

Urtica repanda Blume Bijdr. (1825) 501.

P. ellipticus Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 197.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 3420 Mearns ; Trinidad, Elmer 5882;
Baguio, Elmer 8726, Williams 1078, 1089: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Santa Fd,
Bur. Sci. 8228 Ramos: Province of Rizal, San Isidro, Phil. PI. 282 Ramos: Prov-
ince of Laguna, Mount San Cristobal, Copeland s. n. ; Mount Maquiling, Loher
6954 •' Province of Tayabas, Cuming 759; Lucban, Elmer 7786.

The four last collections are very similar: the more northern specimens
rather constantly differ by having stouter petioles and rachises, and rigid leaves
often pubescent on the under surface especially when young. Moreover, some
of the spikes are leaf-bearing, until it becomes difficult to discriminate between
them and leafy branches with axillary glomerules. Similar collections may have
been the basis for the crediting to the Philippines, by Villar, of P. curgenteus
(Forst.) Wedd. P. repandus has great external similarity to Oreocnide trinerms
(Wedd.) Miq., but is easily distinguished by the inflorescence and flowers.

Sumatra, Java, Celebes.

4. Pipturus succulentus Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 897.

P. repando (Bl.) Wedd. valde affinis, differt foliis angustioribus,
sensim acuminatis, nervis plerumqne longioribus saepe in acumen ipsnm
protractis.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Baruring River, at 1,050 m elevation, Elmer
10739.

This is very definitely a woody vine; the Philippine plants identified as P.
repandus have either this habit, or are at most low, greatly branching shrubs.
The tendency of the leaves of Philippine P. repandus is to be wider than as
described for that species, they measuring 5.7 to 10.5 cm long, 3 to 5.8 cm wide,
and being nearly, uniform in shape are regularly about twice as long as wide.
Those of P. succulentus, on the other hand, are from 6.5 to 12.5 cm long, 1.5 to
3 cm wide, four times as long as wide: immature leaves showing the same
proportions have been omitted in the measurements of both species; in both,
also, much smaller leaves are present on the spikes. The nerves of the leaves of
P. succulentus, on one or both sides, more often extend to the base of the acumen,
in some eases even into it, less often they vanish before reaching it. The stipules
are slightly longer than in P. repandus, about 5 mm, and are not so deeply cut,
about half-way to the base, but the margin of difference is slight. The spikes
are more often solitary, but sometimes fascicled.

Local name: ramee.

Y 5. Pipturus discolor sp. nov.

Scandens : glomerulis spicatis, spicis fasciculatis, quam folia brevior-
ibus quam petioli multo longioribus: ramis ramulisque ferrugineo- et
albido-tomentosis dein glabrescentibns ; foliis ovalibus vel anguste oval-
ibus, rigidis, subintegris, trinerviis, discoloribus.

Spikes in fascicles of two or three, rarely solitary, 4.5 to 7 cm long,

16

ROBINSON.

.the rachises pubescent like the stem; glomerules sessile, paired, the pairs
3 to 4 'mm in diameter, tup to- 5 mm apart, stigmas not included in these
measurements : pistillate perianth about 1 mm long, more or less pubes-
cent, conforming to the shape of the ovary and adnate to it, the apex
very shortly and obscurely 4- or 5-lobed ; stigma 3 to 4 mm long, densely
pubescent except at the extreme base, deciduous.

A woody vine, widely branching, the branches terete or toward the
apex obscurely obtusely angled, the bark brown, glabrescent near the
base, elsewhere densely covered with short white and ferruginous pubes-
cence; petioles and lamina of leaves variable in length, apparently with-
out system, the former 3 to 16 mm long,' pubescent like the branches, the
lamina coriaceous, rigid, oval or narrowly oval, 4.2 to 12 cm long, 24 to
67 mm wide, the base varying from acute to subcordate, the margins
entire or subentire, the apex merely rounded or short-acuminate, 3-
.nerved, the nerves extending at least four-fifths of the length of the
lamina, often almost to its apex, with numerous anastomosing veins
connecting the costa and the nerves, conspicuous on the under surface,
but with only one or two primary veins and they near the apex, the
reticulations slightly pubescent and brownish in color, forming a strong
contrast to the dense white tomentum of the interstices, upper surface of
young leaves-pilose, at length glabrous, except on the principal veins;
stipules united for half their length, nearly 4 mm long, white-pubescent,
early deciduous.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 676 (type) : District of
Davao, Sibulan River, Elmer 11776. -

Closely allied to P. argenteus (Forst.)1 Wedd., differing in the habit,49 the
shape, apex, and somewhat in the pubescence of the leaves, and the fascicled
spikes. It is curious that three out of our six species should be seandent, whereas
of the eight enumerated by Weddell only P. rotundifolius (Poir.) Wedd., from
Mauritius, is so described; also, that while we have two closely allied species
with free stipules, the only other that approaches them should also be the closest
to them in other characters.

Local name (Apo) : ramerame.

6. Pipturus argenteus Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161 (1869) 235.19

Urtica argentea Forst. Prodr. (1784) 65.

Lumbucan Island, (near Balabae), Merrill 7 185, Phil. PI. 1/01 Merrill.

Sumatra to Australia and the Pacific Islands.

17. OREOCNIDE Miq.

Leaves pinnately veined 1. 0. rub'escens

Leaves distinctly 3-nerved - , - 2. 0. trinervis

1. Oreocnide rubescens Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.vBat. 4 (1869) 306.

Urtica rubescens Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 506.

FI. Austral. 6 (1873) 185.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

17

Villebrunea rubescens Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 167.

V. frutescens Merr. in Bull. (Philip.) For. Bur. 1 (1903) 19, non Bl. Mus.
Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 168.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 9237 : Province of Sorsogon, Sor-
sogon, Elmer 7313, For. Bur. 10518 Curran. Mindoro, Amnay River, For. Bur.
11^62 Merritt; Subaan River, For. Bur. 6900, 11380 Merritt. Negros, Baliw,
For. Bur. 11214 Everett ; Mount Canlaon, For. Bur. 17412 Curran. Leyte, Palo,
Elmer 7116; Tacloban, For. Bur. 12442 Danao. Mindanao, Subprovince 'of Bu-
tuan, Waloe, Merrill 7285: District of Zamboanga, Tetuan, Ahern 365; Sax River,
Williams 2129 : Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 59, ' 334, 338, s. n. :
District of Davao, Mount Apo, Ahern 685. The stipules of some of the above
are as much as 12 or 13 mm long.

With regard to the generic name: Oreocnide Miquel was published on page
39 of “Plantae Junghuhnianae,” which appeared in March, 1851, according to
Flora 34 (21 May 1851) 302, though . Miquel himself gives the date as 1852,
in his later 50 claim for the validity of the name. Villebrunea appeared as the
generic name of two species in Gaudichaud’s Bot. Voy. Bonite, and has been
adopted by Weddell and nearly all subsequent writers. The plates were issued,
according to Weddell, between 1839 and 1846, but were not accompanied by ex-
planations or descriptions: the former appeared subsequently, in 1866, too late
to affect the point at issue. The true place • of publication must then be that
where it was taken up by a subsequent author, namely by Weddell in Ann. Sci.
Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 195. Miquel’s name thus has priority. Only the first
of Gaudichaud’s plates belongs to the genus as now understood.

Local names: liasim (Sorsogon) ; baquidbaquid (Negros) ; alamang (Zamboan-
ga) ; calulit (Apo).

Java, Celebes.

2. Oreocnide trinervis Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 270.

Villebrunea trinervis Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 196.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Bur. Sci. 10200 McGregor , For. Bur. 15293
Agudo. Babuyanes Islands, Babuyan Island, Bur. Sci. 3910 Fenix. Luzon,
Province of Ilocos Norte, Bangui, For. Bur. 13855 Merritt rf- Darling: Province
of Benguet, Lusod-Pompon trail, For. Bur. 15767 Curran tt- Merritt; between
Baguio and Sablan, Williams 1466: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, Bur.
Sci. 2594 Foxworthy: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles and Lamao River,
Williams 491, For. Bur. 195 Barnes, For. Bur. 2645, 3001 Meyer, Elmer 6978, For.
Bur. 7380 Curran: Province of Rizal, San Isidro, Phil. PI. 281 Ramos: Province
of Laguna, Los Banos, Elmer s. n. ; Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 7792 Curran &
Merritt, Lijano s. n. : Province of Tayabas, Cuming 777 (type collection) ; Atimo-
nan, Whitford 640; Buenavista Mountain, For. Bur. 10307 Curran. Negros,
Himugaan River, For. Bur. 4297 Everett.

Local names: hasuy (Batan Island); ginderanaon (Ilocos).

Formosa.

The place of origin of Villebrunea crenulata Gaudich. Bot. Voy. Bonite pi. 92,
was doubtfully stated by Weddell, in 1854, to be the Philippines. Although he
continued to cite this plate in the generic description of Villebrunea, even in
1869, he reduced the species to his Urera sandicwensis, confining its range to the
Hawaiian Islands.51

50 Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 306.

51 DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 92, 235.20

100004 2

18

ROBINSON.

18. DEBREGEASIA Gaudieh.

Debregeasia angustifolia sp. nov.

D. longifolia Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 215, et Auct. Philip., non Wedd.
in DC. Prodr. 1 61 (1869) 235.24^

Monoica vel dioica: glomerulis geminatis, pedunculatis ; perianthio
pistillifero ovarium arete ampleetente sed haud ei adnato, ore valde con-
tracto, brevissime dentato, sub fructu baccato achenium laxe continente :
foliis alternis, coriaceis, auguste lanceolatis vel anguste oblongo-lanceol-
atis ; stipulis lanceolatis vel ovatis, apiee bifurcatis, pilosis.

More often monoecious with the staminate glomerules toward the
apices of the branchlets : peduncles solitary or paired, up to 5 mm long,
bracted at the base and with more or less deciduous bracteoles about 1
mm long, pilose, usually once forked, the secondary peduncles very
shortly forked at the apex, the glomerules therefore paired and' ap-
proximate : staminate flowers nearly sessile, somewhat exceeding the
triangular-ovate ciliate bracteoles ; perianth deeply 4-parted, about 1 mm
long, the segments ovate, pilose; anthers about 0.3 mm long: pistillate
receptacles 3 to 4 mm in their longer diameter, the pairs together up to 7
mm in diameter; pedicels up to 1 mm long; perianth closely covering
the ovary but easily separable from it, about 0.7 mm long, greatly con-
tracted and minutely toothed at the apex; stigma penicillate-capitate,
subpersistent ; fruiting perianth red, fleshy, up to 1.5 mm long, the achene
hardly longer than the ovary and therefore loosely contained by the
perianth.

A shrub, 2 to 5 m high, the branchlets and younger parts of the
branches densely white- and brown-pilose : leaves alternate, petioles
densely pubescent, 2 to 15 mm (usually 6 to 8 mm) long, the lamina
coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2.5 to 13
cm long, 8 to 24 mm wide, the base obtuse or rounded, more often
slightly emarginate, the margins except at the extreme base • densely
serrate, the teeth short, obtuse or acute, the apex gradually acuminate ;
trinerved, the nerves extending about half the length of the lamina,
with 5 to 7 additional conspicuous veins and other very short ones at
the apex, the reticulations numerous, conspicuous on the under surface;
upper surface rugose, sparsely or somewhat densely pilose, under pilose
on the veins and white- or gray-tomentose between them; stipules lan-
ceolate or ovate, 7 mm long, bicarinate, bifurcate, pilose on the forks,
keels, between them and the margin, and sometimes also along the
middle.

Luzon, Province of Abra, Mount Paraga, Bur. Sci. 7106 Ramos: District of
Lepanto, Balbalasan, For. Bur. 5695 Klemme; Balili, Merrill 1/641 ■' Province of
Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 18104, 18147 Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke ;
Imogen-Nozo trail, For. Bur. 14198 Merritt; Baguio, Elmer 5922, Topping 112,
Williams 1551 (type), Bur. Sci. 5761 Ramos, Bur. Sci. 12891 Fenix: District of

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

19

Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1010. The leaves of the two last are less coriaceous
than the type, so that this may not be a valid differentiating character, otherwise,
they are as described above.

This species has hitherto been identified as D. longifolia (Burm.) Wedd., but
on comparison with material of that species from Sikkim, Craib 515, 594, an<l
of D. edulis Wedd. from China, Henry 10536, 12318 A, it seems much more distinct
from either than they are from one another, and of the two slightly nearer D.
edulis. It differs distinctly from both in the coriaceous narrower leaves, and
further from D. longifolia by its smaller glomerules and less-branched inflorescence.

The pistillate perianth of Debregeasia is always described as adnate to the
ovary: not only in the Philippine species but in the Asiatic it seems to be easily
separable, whereas in fruit the achene has hardly increased in size and is very
loosely inclosed. The structure of the flowers of the Philippine and Asiatic
material is identical.

Debregeasia is one of the names taken up by Weddell from Gaudichaud: in
the Bot. Voy. Bonite, there is merely a plate, the explanations not appearing till
1866, the genus therefore dating from Weddell’s monograph, 1857. There is an un-
doubted older name, Morocarpus “ Sieb. & Zucc., 1846: it is not used here, because
there is an older Morocarpus ,53 The latter is regarded as a synonym of the still
older Chenopodium Linn., and according to the Vienna Code, should be taken up
for the genus. Leucocnide Miq.,54 1851, is generally cited as another synonym,
but it is a mixture of two genera, the first two species being Leucosyke : it is here
held to be typified by the species now known as Leucosyke capitellata.

Local name (Lepanto) : lamag.

19. ASTROTHALAMUS gen. nov.

Flores pistilliferi niunerosissimi sessiles in receptaculo peduncnlato
varie lobato margine revoluto congesti, perianthio arete adnato glabro,
stigmate capitato : inflorescentiae staminiferae admodum similes sed
receptaculo multo minus evoluto, floribus tetrameris, perianthio alte 4-
partito, puberulo, acuminato, intus basi breviter lanato, ovario rudimen-
tario stipitato, glabro. - Genus Sarcochlamydi et Maoutiae affine, hac
differt inflorescentiis, ilia admodum inflorescentiis et perianthio pistil-
lifero arete adnato, ambabus floribus staminiferis tetrameris, ovario rudi-
mentario haud lanato. In insulis Mariannis, Mindanao, et Borneo in-
ventum est. Typus : Maoutia reticulata Wedd.

Astrothalamus reticulatus comb. nov. Plate III.

M aoutia reticulata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 235.31

M. planitora C. B. Bob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 180.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax Biver, Williams 2019; San Bamon,
Copeland s. n. Bobneo, Sarawak, Matang, Hewitt s. n. ; Kuching, Moulton s. n.

The species was originally collected by Nee, both in the Marianne Islands and in
Mindanao, and was described by Weddell, with doubt expressed as to its generic
position, on account of the absence of pistillate inflorescence. This but not the
staminate is present on the more recent Mindanao material, and the remarkable
nature of the inflorescence led to its too hasty publication as new, doubt being

03 Abh. Akad. Muench. 4 3 (1846) 218.

63 Adans. Fam. PI. 2 (1763) 261.

54 PI. Jungh. 36.

20

ROBINSON.

again expressed with regard to the genus. Subsequent comparison of a fragment
of the later species with Weddell’s type, by Professor Lecomte of the Museum
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, left no doubt of their identity. The first collection
from Borneo also had pistillate inflorescences, identical with the Philippine, and
I am greatly indebted to Mr. J. C. Moulton, of the Sarawak Museum, for a large
quantity of material with inflorescences of both kinds.

At first sight and even under the lens, no pistillate perianth can be seen : under
the compound microscope it appears as a single row of cells, closely adhering to
the achene except in some cases at the apex and still less frequently at the base.
The inflorescence has already been fully described, it suggests that of Sarcochlamys
and the minute flowers have much of the aspect of those of that genus, which is
its nearest alliance; however, the perianth differs. The staminate inflorescences
show a tendency in the same direction as the pistillate, but do not form a
receptacle; the flowers are tetramerous, not a character of either Maoutia or
Sarcochlamys, and the rudimentary ovary is not concealed by the woolly indu-
mentum of the perianth ; these are matters of secondary importance. In these
rudimentary ovaries, the gelatinous perianth is quite distinct. One receptacle,
otherwise pistillate, has a single lobe staminate.

Mariannes, Borneo.

20. MAOUTIA Wedd.

Maoutia setosa Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 194.

iff. platystigma Wedd. 1. c.

Luzon, District of Bontoc, Yanoverbergh 591 : Province of Benguet, Dongon,
Bur. Sci. 5340 Ramos; Sablan, Elmer 6203 ; Baguio, For. Bur. 956 Barnes:
Province of Pangasinan, Buena Vista, Bur. Sci* 82,89 Ramos : Province of- Ba-
tangas, Cuming Ufl/l (2 eotypes of iff. platystigma Wedd.) : Province of Laguna,
Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 7861 Curran & Merritt. Negros, Luzuriaga, Bur.
Sci. 9929 Robinson. Mindanao, District of Davao, Sibulan River, Elmer 11777.

Dr. F. Gagnepain of the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, has kindly compared
Bur. Sci. 8289 with the type of M. setosa, Gallery 30, also from the mountains of
Pangasinan, and finds it a perfect match, and has further indicated the differences
between it and the type of iff. platystigma, also in their herbarium. Upon
careful study of the series of specimens now at hand, there seems no good
character left upon which to maintain a separation. If that were done, the
Banajao and Batangas collections would be the only ones under iff. platystigma,
for their leaves are usually widest near the middle, the stipules are less pubescent,
and the tomentum of the under surface of the leaves less snowy. Leaf-texture
does not assist, for the Banajao leaves are nearly coriaceous, and those of Bur.
Sci. 5340 are membranaceous, whereas these collections otherwise exhibit the
reverse alliance. But on several collections, leaves are present, some of which
are widest near the base, and others about the middle or even above the middle.
This is especially true of the two southern collections. The character drawn
from the stigma is also unreliable. In one way, the Apo plant is the most
distinct of all, having wider stipules.

Local names: labay (Bontoc), dalonog (Benguet), alayan (Apo).

Endemic.

Maoutia reticulata Wedd., of which M. planitora C. B. Rob. is a synonym, is
here made the type of a new genus.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

21

21. LEUCOSYKE Zoll. & Mor.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE ^SPECIES OF LEUCOSYKE.

Stipules large, membranaceous, 7.5 to 10 cm long 1. L. nivea

Stipules fairly large, 3 to 4 cm long, never softly tomentose on the outer surface.
Stipules lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate; veins connecting midvein with

nerves sharply bent 2. L. mindorensis

Stipules elliptic ; veins connecting midvein with nerves merely arched or

nearly straight 3. L. aspera

Stipules subchartaceous, 14 to 32 mm long, densely soft-pubescent, the nerves

very conspicuous 4. L. hispidissima

Stipules not more than 2.5 cm long, externally strigose or appressed-strigose.
Stipules membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate.

Stipules united for at least two-thirds their length.

Leaves up to 12 cm long, veins between midvein and nerves more
crowded, usually 2 to 3 mm apart, rarely forked.

Leaves widest at or above middle 5. L. magallanensis

Leaves widest below middle 6. L. brunnescens

Leaves 17 to 22 cm long, the veins less crowded, except near the
base usually at least 5 mm apart, often forked.

V 8. L. negrosensis

Stipules free for at least three-fourths of their length 7. L. ovalifolin

Stipules chartaceous, lanceolate'.

Leaves trinerved ....: 9. L. capitellata

Leaves falsely 4-nerved 10. L. quadrinervia

The genus Leucosyke was published in 1845 or 1846. Synonymous
with it is Missiessya, a name attached to plate 93 of the Bot. Voy. Bonite,
without description. The latter was taken up by Weddell, in 1854, at
which time he included Debregeasia in his conception of the genus; in
1869, he accepted Leucosyke. Leucocnide Miq., 1851, is also partly
Leucosyke and partly Debregeasia, but the more typical species belong
to the former.

1. Leucosyke nivea sp. nov.

L. candidAssima Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 130, non Wedd. in
DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 235.28

L. candidissimae affinis, sed differt stipulis multo longioribus et minus
pubescentibus, capitulis majoribus, et foliorum basi acutorum venatione.

Peduncles mostly paired, 10 to 17 mm long, the fruiting heads 12 to
1 5 mm in ' diameter : flowers as in L. candidissima.

Trees 4.5 to 7.5 m high, the branchlets terete, longitudinally striate,
annulate and conspicuously marked by the scars of fallen leaves, more
or less appressed-pubescent or glabrescent, internodes about 1 cm long :
petioles 3 to 5 cm long, appressed-pubescent;' lamina broadly elliptic or
oblong-elliptic, 21 to 27 cm long, 10 to 13 cm wide, the base acute or
subacute, the margins shallowly dentate except in the basal third, the

22

ROBINSON.

apex shortly and- acutely acuminate ; strongly 3 -nerved, the nerves con-
tinuing about six-sevenths of the length of the lamina, primary veins
above the middle of. the lamina, about 6 on each side, becoming ap-
proximate at the apex, veins between midvein and nerves numerous,
about twice as many as the stronger ones between the nerves and the
margin, other venation comparatively inconspicuous; upper surface
densely covered with short stiff appressed hairs, the veins of the under
surface with similar pubescence, the intervening portions very densely
covered with very snowy tomentum; stipules ovate, amplexicaul, 7.5
to 10 cm long, bifid at the apex for about 1 cm, acute, appressed-pubes-
cent on the outer surface.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n. More closely
allied to L. candidissima than, to any other species, but well distinct in the char-
acters noted : its tomentum is much more snowy than in the only specimen of
that species in this herbarium.

2. Leucosyke mindorensis sp. nov.

Arbuscula, ramulis tomento ferrugineo et pilis albidis brevibus obtectis :
foliis subcoriaceis, lanceolato-ovatis vel obldngo-ellipticis, basi acutis vel
subrotundatis, margine ima basi excepta dentatis, apice acuminatis vel
fere acutis, trinerviis; stipulis lanceolatis, 3 ad 5 cm longis: pedunculis
pistilliferis longiusculis, capitulis majusculis, multifloris.

Peduncles of pistillate capitula mostly in pairs, when mature d to 2.5
cm long, the capitula 12 to 14 mm in diameter : flowers very numerous,
subsessile, the perianth forming 5 very short obtuse or acuminate lobes ;
ovary flattenejd, obovoid, about 0.8 mm long; stigma capitate, very shortly
penicillate. , .

A tree 3 m hjgji, its stem 10 cm in diameter, the branehlets somewhat
longitudinally ribbed, annulate and marked with the scars of fallen
leaves, ferruginous-tomentose and with scattered white hairs more con-
spicuous toward tha apex and upon the petioles and the nerves of the
under surface of the leaves, internodes variable in length : petioles 2
to 4 cm long; lamina- subcoriaceous, narrowly ovate or oblong-elliptic,
18 to 21 cm long, 7 to 10 cm wide, the margins dentate except at the
extreme base, the apex acuminate for about one-third the length or less
or merely gradually contracted to an acute point, 3-nerved, the nerves
extending about two-thirds the length of the lamina, additional primary
veins 5 or more, veins between the midvein and the nerves numerous,
straight or nearly so for three-fifths or two-thirds of their length and
then abruptly but obtusely bent downward, usually but not always. fork-
ing at or near the bend, the veinlets slender but conspicuous by their
light-brown color against the white tomentum of the under surface, from
which only the principal veins project; stipules submembranaceous, lan-
ceolate, amplexicaul, 3 to 5 cm long, very shortly bifid at the apex, their
outer surface pubescent like the stem.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

23

Mindoro, Amnay River, at 600 m elevation, For. Bur. 11461 Merritt. Possibly
closely allied to L. sumatrana (Bl.) Miq., which has sessile eapitula and longer
nerves. The next species, which is very similar, can be distinguished by its much
less sharply curved or nearly straight veins, both these and the veinlets project-
ing above the tomentum, and by the fact that both leaf-surfaces are much more
roughly pubescent.

3. Leucosyke aspera sp. nov.

Arbuscula ( ?), foliis longe petiolatis, subcoriaceis, ovalibus, basi acutis,
margine ima basi excepta acute serratis, apice abrupte acuminatis, tri-
nerviis ; stipulis ellipticis, bifidis, acutis, longiusculis : capitulis brevius-
cule pedunculatis, multifloris.

Pistillate peduncles solitary or paired, less than 1 cm long, the eapitula
7 to 8 mm in diameter ; flowers numerous, subsessile, the 5-lobed perianth
0.4 mm long, and the ovary, 1 mm long, both longer than in the preced-
ing species ; stigma short, capitate, very shortly penicillate.

Branchlets somewhat angled, the scars of fallen leaves and of stipules
less conspicuous than in the two preceding species, the branchlets, petioles
especially near their insertion in the lamina, upper surface of young
leaves and the nerves and veins of the under surface at all ages more or
less densely covered with rather stiff spreading white hairs 1 to 2 mm
long: petioles 32 to 92 mm long, .comparatively slender; lamina rigid,
subcoriaceous, oval, 18 to 22 cm long, 9 to 13 cm wide, the base acute,
the margins with numerous small closely-set acute teeth, these less definite
in the basal fourth and wanting at the base, the apex abruptly contracted
into a triangular acute acumen about 1 cm long; trinerved, the nerves
continuing for about four-fifths of the length of the lamina, additional
primary veins 5 or 6, the numerous veins connecting the midvein with
the nerves straight or slightly arched, rarely forking, but frequently hav-
ing intermediate veins near the nerves arising from the veinlets which
connect these veins with one another; nerves, and veinlets definitely
extending beyond the dull-bluish-white tomentum of the under surface
and strongly contrasting with it in color, both surfaces when mature
scabrous, the upper glabrescent with very numerous cystoliths ; stipules
chartaceous, elliptic, 3.5 to 4 cm long, bicostate, many-nerved, bifid at
the apex, pilose without on the costas, ciliate, substrigose on the outer
surface.

Luzon, Province of Albay, Mount Mayon, Bur. Sci. 2915 M earns ( type).
Sibuyan, Magallanes, Elmer 12261. Not to be confused with Missiessya aspera
Wedd., which is Leucosyke capitellata var. celtidifolia Wedd., and has never been
transferred to Leucosyke: if that form were upheld as a species, the priority of
the names would be doubtful, as Gaudichaud’s name is attached to a plate only,
while M. aspera has the oldest verbal description. The present use of L. aspera
will prevent any future difficulty, and it is improbable that M. aspera will ever
receive more than varietal rank, although it is usually easily recognizable from
L. capitellata.

24

ROBINSON.

4. Leucosyke hispidissima Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 265.

Missiessya hispidissima Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 195.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 5906, 6083, 8972, Williams 1017.

This species has been a great stumbling-block for all workers upon Philippine
botany, and there is no certainty that its present identification is correct. The
type was collected by Callery, “in ins. Manillae montibus Igorrotes.” This is
very likely to have been not far from the present Baguio. The two points in the
description that are most notable are the length of the petioles, given as 3 to 6
cm, and of the stipules 1.5 cm. There is but one collection in this herbarium
that will nearly agree with this, For. Bur. 1/316 Everett, from Negros, and there
are many reasons for believing it not to be the true L. hispidissima. There are
already three collections of historic interest in connection with the name, the type,
Cuming 1672 from Panay, and Vidal 1801 from Mount Mayon, the two last
identified by Vidal as L. hispidissima. I have not seen any of these, but suspect
the Mayon plant to be the species here called L. aspera, and Cuming 1672 to be
L. magallanensis Elmer, a species very similar to the one here identified as L.
hispidissima but with different serration. No one of all our species agrees exactly
with the description, and the present one especially differs in the length of the
petioles, which reach only 13 mm and are usually much shorter, the stipules
vary from 14 to 32 mm; the pistillate peduncles aVe 8 to 20 mm long, and the
capitula are 8 to 11 mm in diameter.

From an evolutional standpoint, it seems evident that our species, with the
exception of L. nivea, have developed from L. capitellata, as shown by the great
contrast between the number of collections that must still ■ be referred to that
species and the very few whose characters differ sufficiently to cause them to be
considered worthy of separate recognition. It seeming evident that the preceding
species could most readily be keyed out from the rest by the stipules, a large
number of those of all species have been examined, with the result that they
have been found to yield very constant characters, the plants thus segregated
being of such a nature that their specific distinctness would always have been
suspected, though in the absence of any definite character they would more likely
have been identified as L. capitellata f Only as between L. brunnescens and E.
ovalifolia is the validity of their use doubtful. The stipules are regularly bifid
for a rather definite distance from the apex, perhaps they would be better de-
scribed as united up to a similar point, and are 2-costate, these costas being
produced: in one case, typified by Merrill 1/81, from Culion, they are parted for
about three-fourths of their length or on other stipules of the same plant entirely
to the base, being then 1-costate. It is somewhat difficult to group these characters
for the purposes of a key.

In addition to- these costas, there are several additional more slender veins
nearly parallel to them : these vary greatly in the ease with which they can be
seen, but the differences are probably in all cases merely of degree, and the under-
lying basis appears to be the texture of the stipules. This will explain its use
in the key, the difficulty in application being that the thicker costa is likely
to be taken as an index of the whole. In L. capitellata, for example, the texture
is thicker than in the present species, although the latter exceeds most of the
others, and the veins other than the costas are usually quite inconspicuous. It
is to be remembered that this is not an artificial character by which certain col-
lections have been separated, but that the differences indicated appear to hold
good for plants that would have been suspected of different identity for other
reasons. As this character has not hitherto been given much attention, it will
not be surprising if some of the species here described as new, should prove iden-

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

25

tical with forms hitherto considered varieties of L. capitellata. On the other hand,
there are various forms, otherwise differing from typical L. capitellata, but to
a less extent, which agree with it in the nature of their stipules ; these are here
retained in that species, except in the case of L. quadrinervia, where the venation
is very different. Unfortunately, the stipules are deciduous, but can almost
always be found at the apex, being apt to differ in size according to age.

5. Leucosyke magallanensis Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 677.

Frutex, 5 m altus : glomerulis staminiferis centimetralibus, pedunculis

7.5 mm longis, floribus tetrameris : petiolis subcentimetralibus, laminis
rigide chartaceis, oblongis vel oblongo-obovatis, 8 ad 11.5 cm longis, 3.5
ad 5 cm latis, basi subacutis ad subrotundatis, margine basi excepta ser-
ratis, serratnris brevibus valde incurvo-apiculatis strigosis, apiee breviter
acuminatis, trinerviis, venis saepissime 5 additis, supra sparsim adpresse
strigosis, scabris, subtus in venis strigosis, interstitiis tomentosis ; stipulis
oblongo-lanceolatis, submembranaceis, circiter 15 mm longis, apiee bifidis,
extus strigosis.

Sibxjyan, Patoo River, at 300 m elevation, Elmer 12282. Most closely allied
to the species here called L. hispidissima, but distinguished by its smaller and
less-veined stipules, more shortly acuminate leaves, and other characters.

6. Leucosyke brunnescens sp. nov.

Glomerulis staminiferis mediocriter pedunculatis, capitulis pistilliferis
subsessilibus : foliis in specimine staminifero longiuscule in specimine
pistillifero brevius petiolato, laminis rigide chartaceis, basi rotundatis,
margine basi excepta dentatis vel crenatis, dentibus acutis vel saepe
apiculatis, pagina superiore scabris, subtus in nervis strigosis; stipulis
membranaceis, apiee bifidis, oblongo-lanceolatis, 9 ad 15 mm longis.

Dioecious : staminate glomerules 6 to 7 mm in diameter, on peduncles

4.5 to 8 mm long, the flowers bracteate, on pedicels attaining 2 mm in
length, perianth deeply 5-parted, the segments oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
1.2 to 1.5 mm long, acuminate; filaments 1.5 mm long, anthers 0.6 mm
long; rudimentary ovary lanate: pistillate capitula subsessile, about 5
mm in diameter; flowers sessile; perianth about 1 mm in diameter
rather obscurely forming 4 or 5 lobes of which one is more distinct than
the others; aehenes laterally compressed, obliquely ovate, about 1.5 mm
long; stigma penicillate-capitate.

Shrubs or small trees, 2 to 3 m high, the branches annulate, densely
substrigose toward the apex, becoming glabrate : petioles of the staminate
specimen 1.5 to 3 cm long, of the pistillate 6 mm or less, the lamina
rigidly chartaeeous, inequilateral, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 7 to 10.5 cm
long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the base rounded, the margins serrate or almost
crenate, the teeth shallow, acute or apiculate, the apex shortly and
acutely acuminate, upper surface scabrous, pilose or substrigose, the
under pilose on the yellowish veins with gray tomentum in the interstices,
trinerved with 3 to 5 additional primary veins, the nerves continuing

26

ROBINSON.

three-fourths the length of the lamina or farther on the narrower side;
stipules membranaceous, together oblong-lanceolate; free for about 3 mm
at the apex, in all 9 to 15 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Maunan, Bur. Sci. 7821 Ramos (type, ’pistillate) :
Province of Ilocos Sur, Sugpan, For. Bur. 11/046 Merritt & Darling. This is
very close in general appearance and in nearly all of its characters to L. ovalifolia,
and can only be told with certainty by means of the stipules, which are connate
except at the apex, in contrast to L. ovalifolia where they are separate throughout
the greater part of their length, often becoming free, probably through pres-
sure from the expanding leaves. Had not the nature of the stipules proven
so characteristic in all the other cases, these two species would not have been
held distinct. They nearly agree with the description of L. hispidissima, but
are very distinct from the species here called by that name.

7. Leucosyke ovalifolia sp. nov.

Frutex: pedunculis pistilliferis solitariis vel geminis, breviter pedun-
culatis: foliis mediocriter petiolatis, rigi'de membranaceis, saepissime
ovalibus, basi rotundatis vel obtusis, margine basi excepta acute serratis,
apice breviter acuminatis, trinerviis ; stipulis liberis anguste lineari-
lanceolatis, vel basi solum connatis, membranaceis, usque ad 15 mm
longis.

Pistillate peduncles solitary or paired, 2 to 4 mm' long, the capitula
about 5 to 6 mm in diameter; flowers subsessile, the perianth about 1 mm
in diameter, oblique, with one rather conspicuous and 2 or 4 other obscure
lobes; ovary obliquely ovate, laterally compressed, about 1.4 mm long;
stigma penicillate-capitate.

Shrub, about 2.5 m high, the branchlets annulate and scarred, with
deciduous appressed or spreading white substrigose pubes'eence, internodes
usually short: petioles 1.5 to 3 cm long, sparingly strigose, lamina rigidly
membranaceous, oval or nearly oval, 6 to 9 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, the
base rounded or obtuse, the margins except at the base serrate, the teeth
acute or apiculate, hair-tipp.ed, the sinuses broadly rounded, the apex
shortly acuminate, usually abruptly; trinerved, the nerves continuing for
at least three-fourths the length of the lamina, additional primary veins
2 or 3, all venation impressed on the upper surface, projecting from the
under, upper surface appressed-strigose and usually somewhat scabrous,
veins of under surface strigose, the interstices grayish- or white-tomentose ;
stipules membranaceous, free and unicostate, triangular-lanceolate., or
united for less than one-fourth of their length and bicostate, up to 1.5
cm in length including the long-exserted costas.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Subig, Hallier s. n. Culion, Merrill 481 (type).
Palawan, Iwahig, Merrill 706. Very distinct from L. capitellata, especially in
the nature of its stipules, but by them alone separable from L. brunnescens, from
which it may not prove distinct.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

27

8. Leucosyke negrosensis sp. nov.

Capitulis pistilliferis majusculis longiuscule pedunculatis : petiolis
mediocribus vel longis, laminis rigide chartaceis, elliptico-oblongis, oval-
ibus, vel ovali-ovatis, basi rotundatis vel brevissime acuminatis, margine
dentatis vel crenatis, apiee acuminatis, trinerviis; stipalis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis, membranaceis, 2 ad 2.5 cm longis.

Pistillate capitnla 8 to 9 mm in diameter on appressed-strigose ped-
uncles 1 to 1.7 cm long; flowers shortly pedicelled; perianth about 0.8
mm in its longest diameter, nearly oval in outline, hardly lobed, achene
obliquely ovate, 1.3 mm long; stigma penicillate-capitate.

Shrub or small tree 8 m high, the branches and branchlets appressed-
strigose, intemodes 2 to 6 cm long; petioles 1.5 to 5.5 cm long, lamina
elliptic-oblong, oval, or oval-ovate, 17 to 22 cin long, 7 to 12 cm wide, the
base very shortly acuminate or rounded, the margins except at the base
serrate or crenate, the teeth shallow but long, acute or apiculate, the
apex shortly and acutely acuminate; trinerved with 4 to 6 additional
primary veins, the veins between the midvein and the costa more or less
sharply bent and often forked, upper surface and veins of the under
appressed-strigose, scabrous, interstices of the under gray-tomentose ;
stipules membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 2.5 cm long, bifid at the
apex for one-third of their length, appressed-strigose.

Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Pioc River, in dense forest, For. Bur.
4316 Everett ; differing from L. capitellata in the stipules, the longer petioles, and
the size and outline of the leaves.

9. Leucosyke capitellata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 235.”

Urtica capitellata Poir. Suppl. 4 (1816) 227.

Leucosyke alia Zoll. & Mor. Syst. Verz. Ind. Arch. (1845) 100.

Missiessya fagifolia Gaudich. Bot. Voy. Bonite pi. 93; Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat.
Bot. IV 1 (1854) 195.

Urtica sp. Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 696.

Luzon, District of Bontoc, Vanoverlergh 365: Province of Benguet, For. Bur.
941 Barnes: Province of Bataan, Williams 69, 262, Merrill 2543, 2544; Elmer
6665, Whitford 283 : Province of Rizal, Loher 4985, Dec. Philip. For. FT. 88
Ahern’s collector, For. Bur. 1863 Ahern’s collector: Province of Laguna, Elmer
s. n., Allerto s. n., For. Bur. 77 66 Curran & Merritt, Phil. PI. 392 Ramos, For.
Bur. 11939 Tamesis, Bur. Sci. 10993 Ramos: Province of Tayabas, Whitford 651,
Merrill 2032, 2884, Elmer 7 849, For. Bur. 6698 Kobbe, Ritchie 32 to: Province
of Camarines, Ahern 113, For. Bur. 14259 Aguilar: Province of Albay, Bur. Sci.
6233 Robinson: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10560 Curran. Polillo, Bur.
Sci. 10391 McGregor, Bur. Sci. 6894 Robinson. Masbate, coll, unknown. Leyte,
Elmer 7326, 7337, For. Bur. 12446 Danao. Cebu, Cuming 1166, For. Bur. 6438
Espinosa. Negros, Whitford 1641, For. Bur. 11241 Everett, For. Bur. 1 402
Danao, For. Bur. 15143 Tanosa, Bur. Sci. 9950 Robinson. Mindoro, McGregor
132, Merrill 990, 995, 1180, For. Bur. 3676, 3691, 3725, 6831 Merritt, Whitford
1377. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Ahern 361, 383, 611, Williams 2109 :
Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 136: District of Davao, Copeland 436, Elmer 10656.

28

ROBINSON.

Basilan, Hallier s. n., For. Bur. 4024 Hutchinson. Bohol, Cuming 1842. Pala-
wan, Bur. Sci. 726 Foxioorthy.

These collections are by no means uniform, but no definite characters can be
found by which to separate them, although several varieties could be distinguished,
intergrading with one another. It is noteworthy that the Mindanao collections,
as well as a majority of those from the Visayas, and a smaller proportion of those
from Luzon and Mindoro, have much shallower serrations than the rest; all
necessary intergrades occur. One variety is so different from the rest that the
collections under it are cited separately, the leaves are much smaller and more
coriaceous, but there are again intermediate forms, and it is not here held to be
specifically different.

Leucosyke capitellata var. celtidifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869)
235.2S

Missiessya celtidifolia Gaudich. Bot. Voy. Bonite pi. 93; Wedd. in Ann. Sci.
Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 195.

Missiessya aspera Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1. c.

Leucosyke celtidifolia Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 266.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1350: Province of Ilocos Norte, For. Bur.
19044 Darling: District of Bontoc, Vanoverbergh 264, Bur. Sci. 5982 Ramos,
For. Bur. 10987 Curran, For. Bur. 16525 Curran & Merritt : Province of Benguet,
Williams 1018: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 14857 Darling: Province
of Pangasinan, Merrill s. n.: Province of Pampanga, Loher 4988, For. Bur. 19422
Curran: Province of Bataan, Whitford 1149, Elmer 6976. This is a more
northern variety; where its range overlaps that of the species, the elevation is
greater.

Local names: alalasi, ararasi, arasi (Bontoc) ; anagasi (Cebu, Zamboanga) ;
anugas (Sorsogon) ; banato (Tayabas); bajebaje (Negros); bunkilan (Basilan);
daluncadios (Negros) ; gasigasi (Zamboanga) ; hanlagasi, hilagasa, hilagam,
lagasi (Mindoro); jinlagasi, llagasi (Negros); jinagasi (Camarines) ; leasin,
layasin ( Tayabas ) ; ysis may a ( Rizal ) .

Java to the Moluccas and Formosa.

10. Leucosyke quadrinervia sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbuscula, ramulis plus minusve flexuosis : foliis mediocriter
petiolatis, basi valde inaequilateralibus, marginibus crenatis, apice acum-
inatis, spurie quadrinerviis ; stipulis chartaceis, lanceolatis, admodum
parvis.

Dioecious : staminate glomerules on peduncles 1 cm long or less, com-
paratively few-flowered, 5 mm in diameter; flowers shortly pedicelled,
perianth 1.5 to 2 mm long, 4-parted, the segments lanceolate, acuminate,
strigose on the outer surface near the apex; filaments 1.5 to 2 mm long;
rudiment of ovary lanate: pistillate peduncles 3 to 6 mm long, the
capitula 6 to 7 mm in diameter ; flowers shortly pedicelled, perianth-lobes
very short, triangular ; ovary oblique, 1.4 mm long, pubescent at the
apex; stigma short, capitate.

Shrubs or small trees, attaining 7 m. in height, the branches and
branchlets sometimes strikingly zigzag-flexuose, striate, annulate, scarred,
often glaucous; petioles 4 to 10 mm long, the rigid lamina strongly
inequilateral, especially at the base, elliptic to ovate, 4.5 to 11.5 cm long,
2 to 5.5 cm wide, or still longer on young shoots, the base usually ven

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

29

shortly acuminate, the margins entire near the base and on the narrower
side sometimes for nearly half its length, elsewhere shallowly dentate
or crenate, the apex shortly and acutely acuminate, falsely 4-nerved, the
basal outer vein from the nerve of the wider side arising almost or quite
at the insertion of the petiole and equally prominent with the nerves
throughout its length, nerves not spreading widely from the midvein,
that of the narrower side continuing about six-sevenths the length of
the lamina,, of the wider side two-thirds or more, additional primary
veins 2 or 3, veins connecting the midvein and nerves numerous, arched
or nearly straight, the reticulations conspicuous; the scabrous upper
surface glabrous except on the veins, the veins and nerves of the under
surface shortly appressed-pubescent, the interstices gray-tomentose ; stip-
ules chartaceous, lanceolate, bifid at the apex, about 1 cm long, with
very short and dense white appressed pubescence.

Batanes Islands, Sabtan Island, Bur. Sci. 3752 Fenix (type) : Batan Island,
For. Bur. 15276 Agudo, Bur. Sci. 3653 Fenix. Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin
Island, Bur. Sci. 4134 Fenix. The Forestry Bureau collection, received after this
description had been written, is probably from a young shoot, having larger and
thinner leaves, five in number, of which four show the characteristic venation,
the fifth is definitely trinerved. This is one of a series obtained through the
energy of Mr. H. M. Curran, to illustrate the economic plants of this most
northern group of the Philippines, and contains the note that it is used as food
for goats.

Local names : bujuan ( Sabtan ) ; vuliuan ( Batan ) , probably mere variants in
spelling of the same sound.

ADDENDA.

In the brief time that has elapsed between the correction of the proofs
of the two parts of this paper, two important series of collections have
been made, throwing additional light on several species. In addition,
duplicates of Loher’s Philippine collections have been received from Kew,
and a valuable set from British India., both containing suggestive material
of this family. Moreover, J. J. Smith’s l'ecent paper55 on the woody
Urticaceae of Java has arrived, and his lucid descriptions have made
it possible to compare many of our species with much greater certainty.
However, I have found no reason to doubt the accuracy of the segregations
made herein, except in the case of Debregeasia angustifolia. Even there,
the Indian and Chinese collections, already referred to, and Gaudichaud’s
and Wight’s plates, leave no other course open than that which has been
taken. I have not followed Mr. Smith in replacing the name Boehmeria
platyphylla Don by a new combination based upon Urtica caudata Burm.,
because Boehmeria caudata Sw. is to me a sufficient obstacle to such a
course. If Weddell’s idea of the limits of the species and his synonymy

“Koord. & Val. Bijdr. Boomsort. Jav. 12 (1910) 672-753.

30

ROBINSON.

were to be accepted entire, the oldest valid name seems to be B. japonica
(Linn, f.) Miq. Bnt all recent authors segregate some one or more
of his varieties as species, with little agreement. Mr. Smith, for ex-
ample, considers B. platyphylla var. clidemioides Wedd., with the syno-
nyms cited, as two species, one in a very different alliance, yet C. H.
Wright 56 adheres to Weddell’s treatment.

In addition to the following, several collections of less interest have
been obtained.

LAPORTEA Gaudich.

Laportea rigid if ol i a C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 483.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 127^8 Fenix. The leaf-apex,
which on previous collections was only uninjured on a single leaf and that a
small one, is here well preserved and is rather characteristic. The petiole is over
11 cm long, the lamina about 57 cm long, and the apex is gradually contracted to
a somewhat falcate acute point, the acumen, if there can be said to be one, being
about 16 cm long. The plant is noted as very poisonous.

Local names : lupa a nalabaga ( II. ) ; addalateng ( Ig. ) .

PI LEA Lindl.

Pi lea calcicola C. B. Rob. 1. c. 493.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban, Loher 6902, topotype. and very typical.

LECANTHUS Wedd.

Lecanthus wightii Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 187.

The full-sized leaves of Smith & Cave 2797, Sikkim, so named, have at least
one hundred times the area of the largest on Doctor Copeland’s collection from
Mount Apo. Those of our other specimens are intermediate in size, but all much
smaller than the mature ones of the Indian collection.

ELATOSTE MATO IDES C. B. Rob.

Elatostematoides manillense (Wedd.) C. B. Rob. 1. c. 501.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Angilog, Loher 6915 : Province of Laguna, Calauan,
Bur. Sci. 12367 McGregor. Neither is typical, the former being coarse and pubes-
cent, the latter unusually delicate.

ELATOSTE M A Forst.

Elatostema sikkimense C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15 (1876) 124.

From Smith & Cave 858, Sikkim, it would seem that to the characters separat-
ing this species from E. luzonense, may be added the stoutness of the spurs of
the staminate bracts, this making them more conspicuous than those of the
Philippine species, although in the latter they are well developed.

Elatostema simulans C. B. Rob. 1. c. 519.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 127 5 Jf Fenix : Province of La-
guna, Calauan, Bur. Sci. 12357 McGregor. It is to be noted that the collections
identified , with the type of this species have pistillate receptacles only.

Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1899) 487.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE.

31

Elatostema obovatum Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 190.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Calauan, Bur. Sci. 12370 McGregor. This collec-
tion is an excellent match for Cuming 628, from the same locality. Staminate
receptacles are still wanting, but there is little doubt that it has been placed in
the correct alliance, as shown by its similarity to E. delicatuium Wedd., also
represented by "Bur. Sci. 12361 McGregor, Calauan, and to E. glaucescens Wedd.,
also represented by Bur. Sci. 12334 McGregor, Calauan.

Elatostema viridescens Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 285.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Bur. Sci. 12752 FSnix. The specimens
are sterile, and have smaller leaves and shorter stipules than the more southern
collections, but are otherwise very similar.

Elatostema hookerianum Wedd. in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1857) 309.

R. E. Cooper 692, Sikkim, suggests an alliance for E. apoense Elmer, but at
least the young staminate bracts are more corniculate, the plants glabrous, and
the leaves smaller and of somewhat different outline and texture than in the
Apo plants.

Elatostema obtusiusculum C. B. Rob. 1. c. 537.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12755 Fenix. As critical col-
lections as could be desired to test the validity of two of the species proposed
as new have been obtained, and the one just cited has distinctly smaller leaves
than the type with a corresponding decrease in the number of marginal teeth,
bringing it close in both these respects to E. irongniartianum Wedd. This makes
the characters stated in my key insufficient for certain determination, but still
suggestive; those in the text, drawn from venation and pubescence, seem quite
reliable.

Elatostema plumbeum C. B. Rob. 1. c. 535.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Bur. Sci. 12757 Fenix. Again, the leaves
are smaller than in the type, and the smaller ones can hardly be called distinctly
acuminate. With these qualifications, the species still seems distinct and to be
separable as previously noted.

Elatostema variegatum C. B. Rob. 1. c. 538.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12756 Fdnix.

Elatostema sp.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12753 Fenix. This differs from
any Philippine or other species with which I am acquainted, but is left un-
described, as no staminate receptacles are present, and the alliance, although
probably with E. longipedunculatum Elmer, is not obvious.

PROCRIS Commers.

Procris lagunensis C. B. Rob. 1. c. 506.

Philippines, without further locality, Loher 6945. The leaves are somewhat
narrower than the type, and render the validity of the species increasingly
doubtful.

■

'

.

.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate I. Elatostema variable C. B. Bob. (Photograph by Eustaquio Cortes.)

II. Eldtostema sessile Forst. Original collection, preserved in the British
Museum of Natural History, London. Reduced nearly one-half.
(Photograph by Percy Highley.)

III. Astrothalamus reticulatus (Wedd.) C. B. Rob. (Photograph by Eusta-
quio Cortes.)

10000'

33

Robinson : Philippine Urticackak.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 1.

Plate I. ELATOSTEMA VARIABLE C. B. Rob.

Robinson : Philippine Urticaceae.

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, :

Robinson : Philippine Urticaceae.]

Sci., Vol. VI, No.

The Philippine Journal oe Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 1, March, 1911.

• NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES, III.

By Oakes Ames.

(From the Ames Botanical Laboratory, Forth Easton, Mass., U. 8. A.)

The orchid flora of the Philippines, although rich and varied, is not dis-
tinctive. If we except the sections of one or two genera which appear
to have their center of distribution in these Islands, it is very similar in
type to that of adjacent regions. According to our present information
nearly one-fourth of the recognized orchid genera of the world are known
to inhabit the Philippines,1 but with surprisingly few exceptions they
are poorly represented in the number of species assigned to them. It
is safe to say that our acquaintance with Philippine orchids is extremely
limited and that further explorations are sure to add substantially to our
lists of recorded species; for rarely a collection comes to hand from the
Bureau of Science which does not contain either novelties, or species
heretofore unknown to be natives of the Islands. Furthermore, these
collections fall far short of being exhaustive in their nature. Frequently
they represent only the plants that were in flower at the time the col-
lectors were in the field. Then again, the Islands have not been botanized
with equal thoroughness ; Luzon, for example, being much better known
than any of the others.

In my previously published lists of Philippine orchids about seventy
genera and three hundred and forty-seven species have been recorded.
Including the species described in “Orchidaceae” by „Mr. R. A. Rolfe, and
the Erias published in this Journal by Dr. R. G-. Leavitt, about one
hundred and sixty-five novelties have been recognized among recent
collections. In addition to these there is a mass of material in the her-
barium of "the Bureau of Science which still remains for critical study
and final identification.

I have prepared for this paper a list of the genera which have been
ascribed to the Philippines, together with the number of species which
have been referred to them. I have omitted genera and species which
in my estimation are doubtful or which have been attributed to the

1 According to Pfitzer’s enumeration in “Die naturliclien Pflanzenfamilien.”

35

36

AMES.

Philippines on unreliable information or by disputable authority. Per-
haps my enumeration is ultraconservative, but I have endeavored to make
it accurate, exercising rather severe censorship where adequate proof
regarding a reference was not to be obtained.

In 1884, E. A. Eolfe 2 published a paper on the flora of the Philippine
Islands and its probable derivation, in which he recorded for the Or-
chidaceae sixty-seven genera and four hundred and sixty species. When
it is borne in mind that my list includes ten additional genera and more
than one hundred species which were described after Mr. Eolfe’s paper
appeared, the discrepancy between his estimate and mine may be ac-
counted for on the assumption that a more rigid exclusion was made on
my part of data furnished by questionable authority. It is also possible
that Mr. Eolfe possessed information which I have failed "to secure.
In any event it must be conceded that estimates based on printed records
are never conclusive and that one author may accept what another will
reject.

One^ source of error and uncertainty which it is extremely , difficult to
avoid in making provisional lists is the tendency of horticultural houses
to conceal, for business reasons, the native country from which desirable
orchids have been introduced. In this case species are sometimes referred
to a region far'distant from the real one, or are distributed among horti-
culturists as natives of a country from which they may not have come.
Although many collectors have been in the field for the Bureau of
Science during the past five years, several horticultural orchids sup-
posedly of Philippine origin, which would have attracted attention by
their size and beauty, have failed to appear in the rich collections which
have been forwarded to me for identification. The explanation of this
may be the one offered above. If so it indicates that horticultural records
regarding distribution should be cautiously used.

Of the large Philippine genera which have been exhaustively studied,
Eria and Dendrochilum occupy the foremost position. If we exclude
Dendroiium with its fifty or rbore species, these two genera are the
largest. Dendrochilum is the most interesting from a botanical view-
point as it is the only large group which is characteristically Philippine.
The section Acoridium, which for many years was known only through
Dendrochilum tenellum, has grown rapidly since the botanical explora-
tions were instituted which followed the American occupation of the
Islands, until it now numbers over thirty species. Of these not one is
known to be a native of any other part of the eastern Tropics and none
so far as I have been able to ascertain has any near allies outside of the
Philippines. When J. J. Smith monographed Dendrochilum in 1904
only forty-three species had been described. At present more than fifty

2Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21: 283.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

37

have been identified as natives of the Philippines and of these over forty
have been described since 1905. In other words the genus has, computed
on the basis of Smith’s monograph, been doubled since botanical explora-
tions were begun by the Bureau of Science, and of the species discovered
more than half belong to the section Acoridium. Furthermore, of the
new species of orchids published in my contributions to our knowledge
of the Philippine flora about one- third have been members of Den-
drochilum.

No similar'hesult has been obtained in any other orchid group, the
only approach to it being that experienced in the study of the section
Distichae of the genus Cestichis ; more species of this section being found
in the Philippines than in all other regions combined.

One point worthy of remark concerning Philippine genera of Or-
chidaceae is that according to our present knowledge none are endemic.
Attention was directed to this fact by Mr. Eolfe in his paper to which
reference has already been made, and no exception to it has yet been
noted. In connection with Mr. Eolfe’s suggestions as to the probable
derivation of the Philippine flora it is interesting to consider not only
genera but subgenera or sections, and especially the species of Dendro-
chilum which belong to Acoridium and Pseudacoridi/um. If the Phil-
ippine flora is to be regarded as of comparatively recent formation by
the introduction of species from neighboring territory, it is intensely in-
teresting to study such subgenera or sections as Acoridium in Dendro-
chilum and Distichae in Cestichis , and to contemplate the cause of the
remarkable development they seem to have experienced. Unfortunately,
the orchid flora of the neighboring islands, if we except J ava, has not
been sufficiently investigated to warrant any definitive conclusions, but
what is known makes possible a fascinating comparative study which
indicates that in certain Philippine orchid genera there has been un-
usual development, or a minimum of extinction after introduction from
regions less favorable to the species introduced. When the flora of ad-
jacent islands is more thoroughly studied as we may find other centers
of distribution for Acoridium and an extension of range for species' now
believed to be endemic. But on the basis of existing records this group
is localized in the Philippines with only a few representatives in other
parts of the Malayan Archipelago.

From a horticultural or economic viewpoint the orchid flora of the
Philippines is of little importance. With the exception of a few species
of Aerides, Dendrolium, Eria, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis and Vanda
there are none which may be assigned to the first rank of horticultural
acquisitions..

If we distribute the Philippine genera among the five tribes admitted
by Bentham in the “Genera Plantarum,” whicty for conciseness and ease
of comprehension are very useful and much less confusing than Pfitzer’s

38

AMES.

cumbersome system in Engler and PrantFs “Die natiirlichen Pflan-
zenfamilien,” we have the following result:

1. Gypripedieae, 3 genera 10 species. 4. Epidendreae, 21 genera 301 species.

2. Ophrydeae, 2 genera 20 species. 5. Vandeae, 27 genera 122 species.

3. Neottieae, 24 genera 42 species.

THE GENERA OF PHILIPPINE ORCHIDACEAE 3 WITH THE NUMBER OF SPECIES ASSIGNED
TO THEM, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED IN FIVE TRIBES ACCORDING TO BENTHAM
AND HOOKER’S “GENERA PLANTARUM.”

EPIDENDREAE.

V A N D E A E — Continued.

230. Acanthophippium

1

233.

Geodorum

1

176. Agrostophyllum

3

297.

Grammatophyllum

2

3

227. Bletiat— Eulophia"!3 4 * 6

5 1

376.

Luisia

2

1

286. Bulbophyllum

16

14

380.

Phalaenopsis

4

10

219. Galantine

9

4

226.

Plocoglottis

3

178. Ceratostylis

7

2

172.

Podochilus

19

161. Gestichis ( Liparis )

16

1

169.

Polystachya

1

147. Ghrysoglossum

1

373.

Renanthera

1

1

150. Coelogyne

7

4

408.

Rhynchostylis

2

276. Dendrobium

26

25

387.

Saccolabium

3

3

155. Dendrochilum

56

2

382.

Sarcanthus

2

2

278. Eria

44

3

406.

Sarcochilus

5

157. Malaxis ( Microstylis )

23

378.

Stauropsis

1

1

145. N ephelaphyllum

1

402.

Taeniophyllum

3

162. Oberonia

7

1

295.

Thelasis

5

232. Pachystoma

1

406.

Thrixsp ermum

2

218. Phaius

4

1

410.

Trichoglottis

4

3

154. Pholidota

2

1

391.

Vanda

4

280. Phreatia

11

375.

Vandopsis

1

276. Sarcopodium ( Den-

80

42

drobium )

2

1

228. Spathoglottis

4

OPHRYDEAE.

241

60

32.

Habenaria

15

4

=

14.

Her minium

1

VANDEAE.

16

4

296. Acriopsis

1

1

=

404. Aerides

4

3

NEOTTIEAE.

392. Angraecum

1

111.

Adenostylis ( Zeuxine )

3

1

383. Gleisostoma

4

7

94.

Aphyllorcliis

2

302. Cymbidium

2

1

112.

Gheirostylis

2

299. Dipodium

1

140.

Ghloidia (Gorymbis)

1

381. Doritis

1

73.

Corybas ( Gorysanthes )

1

235. Eulophia

6

1

80.

Gryptostylis

1

3 The numbers before the generic names indicate the position or the approximate
position of each genus in Pfitzer’s treatment of the Orchidaceae in Engler &
Prantl’s “Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.”

4 Bletia stricta Presl. Placed by Lindley in “The Genera and Species of

Orchidaceous Plants” among Species valde dubiae, under Eulophia.

6 The figures in the second column indicate species of which I have seen no
Philippine material.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

39

N EOTTI EAE— Continued.

N EOTTI EAE— Continued.

106. Gystorchis

2

51.

Thelymitra

1

95. Didymoplexis

1

139.

Tropidia

2

3

113. Epipactis ( Goodyera )

4

89.

Vanilla

1

2

107. Eryth/rodes

1

105.

Vrydagzynea

1

93. Epipogum

1

36

6

86. Galeola

1

=

=

121. Haemaria

1

CYPRIPEDIEAE.

116. Hetaeria

1

2.

Apostasia

1

122. Hylophila

1

1.

Neuaoiedia

1

1

55. Microtis

1

5.

Paphiopedilum

4

3

118. Myrmechis

2

0

4

74. Pogonia

3

99. Spiranthes

1

Total number of

genera

77

81. Stereosandra

1

Total number of

species

0495

LIST OF SPECIES.

The following list of species includes descriptions of novelties, addi-
tions to my previous records, and notes on species which supplement
previously published data. The genera are arranged in accordance with
the sequence adopted by Pfitzer in Engler and PrantTs “Die natiirlichen
Pflanzenfamilien.” Two genera are added to ,the number already known
to be indigenous, namely Pachystoma and Dipodium , twenty-two new
species are described, and fifteen additions made to the number of species
in my lists of Philippine orchids.

5. PAPHIOPEDILUM Pfitzer.

Paphiopedilum Haynaldianum (Reichb. f.) Stein Orchideenb. 470.

Specimens of this well-known horticultural orchid have been received from
Mr. W. S. Lyon. It was originally collected by Wallis near Manila in 1874.

Luzon, Tarlac Province, Lyon %9, not much above sea level.

Paphiopedilum ciliolare (Reichb. f.) Stein Orchideenb. 462, f. 1^5.

This species which has been reported from Mindanao was collected by Mr.
W. S. Lyon on Dinagat Island in February, 1909 (No. 142).

I have as yet found no specimens among the collections of the Bureau of
Science of P. philippinensis, P. Lowii, and P. Rothschildianum, all of which have
been ascribed to the Philippine Islands.

106. CYSTORCH IS Bl.

Cystorchis javanica Blume FI. Jav. Orch. (1858) 87.

Gystorchis variegata var. purpurea Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 399.

What I take to be a representative of G. javanica proper comes from the
Island of Polillo. According to notes made by . the collector the leaves are
purplish, a characteristic of the species. G. variegata, which is a variety of C.
javanica, has green leaves. Only a single specimen was found.

Plant 1.5 dm tall from a creeping rhizome, leafy. Leaves petiolate,
the lamina ovate-lanceolate about 3 cm long. Peduncle puberulous,

- 6 The species to which reference is made in this paper are included in this
enumeration.

40

AMES.

slender, bracteate. Flowers .5 to 6 mm long. Lateral sepals oblong,
obtuse, 1 -nerved, with the upper sepal forming a hood over the gynaecium.
Labellum saccate at the base, with two globose appendages, one on each
side, base of the sac acute, protruding between the lateral sepals; lamina
elongated, entire, obtuse.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 9282 C. B. Robinson, August 19, 1909, terrestrial, 100 m
above the sea.

150. COELOGYNE Lindl.

Coelogyne integerrima Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 665.

Another collection of this species has come to hand from Pauai where it was
found at an altitude of 2,100 m. ■ The flowers are described by the collector as
pale-green. In dried specimens the labellum appears to have been brownish at
the base and near the middle. The graceful racemes are nearly erect or droop-
ing, with about eight large flowers. Prom its appearance when dried this species
ought to be worthy of cultivation for horticultural purposes.

■ Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 81fih 8519 R. G. McGregor,
May, 1909, at an altitude of about 2,100 m.

Coelogyne Merrillii sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi fasciculati, pyxiformes vel ovoideo-oblongi, rugosi, di-
phylli , circiter 4 cm longi? plus minus 2.4 cm in diametro. Folia oblongi-
lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, nervosa, breviter petiolata, 9.5-15 cm longa,
1.6-3. 6 cm lata, prominente 3-5-nervia, subcoriacea. Pedunculi term-
inales, a pseudobulbo immaturo product!, erecti, 8.5-15 cm longi, an-
cipites, bialati. Racemus flexuosus, circa 2-4-florus. Bracteae deciduae ?
circa 3 cm longae, 'lanceolatae, acutae. Sepala later alia oblonga, acuta,
3.4 cm longa, 1 cm lata. Sepalum dorsale lanceolatum, 3.7 cm longum,
11 mm latum. Petala linearia, 3.5 cm longa, 2 mm lata, acuta, pro-
minente 1-nervia. Labellum ovatum, 3-lobatum, 3.7 cm longum, 2 cm
latum; lobus medius lateralibus major, oblongus cum apiculo, 1.5 cm
longus> 1 cm latus ; lobi laterales obtusi, 3 mm longi, carinae 5, flexuosae,
margine lacerae, usque ad basim lobi medii extensae. Columna clavata,
3 cm longa.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Merrill 6620, May, 1909, on boulders
in upper pine region, about 1,800 m altitude, flowers somewhat straw-colored,
very fragrant, odor of Nymphaea.

This species belongs in Pfitzer’s ninth section, Gristatce, and appears to be
distinct from all known species of the genus. The carinae of the lip, five in
number, are various in length, the middle one hardly extends to the base of the
middle lobe while the outer ones are abbreviated, about 4 mm long, and situated
near the lateral lobes.

Coelogyne marmorata Beichb. f. is, from the description, a closely allied spe-
cies. I have seen no material. G. Loheri Bolfe is another near ally, but belongs
to quite another section of the genus. My conception of G. Loheri is based on
a specimen in the U. S. National Herbarium which is a duplicate of the type
number ( Loher 51/-9 ) .

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

41

155. DENDROCHILUM Bl.

Dendrochilum (§ Platyclinis) cagayanense sp. nov.

Aft. D. Cobbiano. Pseudobulbi 8 cm longi, 1.5 cm in crassitudine,
cylindracei, vaginis tubnlaribns, arete appressis, acutis vestiti. Folia
magna, petiolata, 3 dm longa, 6 cm lata, coriacea, elliptico-lanceolata,
subacuta; petiolus 1.5 dm longus. Pedunculus mnlto folium excedens,
4.5 dm longus. Racemus circiter 2.5 dm longus. Bracteae inflores-
centiae glumaceae, acutae, pedicellum cum ovario exeedentes ad basim
flores amplectentes, 1 cm longae, 7 mm latae. Sepala lateralia lineari-
lanceolata, acuta, 11 mm longa. Sepalum dorsale simile. Petala lineari-
lanceolata, 3-nervia, 9 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Labellum 3-lobatum; lobi
laterales minuti, triangulares, 0.75 mm longi ; lobus medius oblongus, ad
apicem rotundatus, 3.5 mm longus, 2 mm latus. Oolumna apice ere-
nulato ; alae laterales a basi ortae.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 16772 H. M. Curran, March 4, 1909.

Dendrochilum cagayanense is a near ally of D. Cobbianum. It is a more
robust species with narrow sepals and petals and a very different labellum. As
in D. Cobbianum the lateral lobes of the labellum are inconspicuous and much
reduced, but are somewhat setaceous. The-stelidia of the column are linear-
triangular and basal. Their tips reach to the base of the obscurely crenulate
or denticulate terminal wing., '

Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) confusum sp. nov.

Sepala lateralia 3-nervia, 3 mm longa, 1.75 mm lata. Sepalum in-
termedium lateralibus simile. Petala oblanceolata, obtusa, 3-nervia, 3
mm longa, 1.75 mm lata. Labellum spathulatum vel cuneato-obovatum,
2.75 mm longum, 2 mm latum prope apicem.

This is the small flowered plant which I described in “Orchidaceae” II as
D. bicallosum var. minor. More material has come to hand which necessitates
a revision of my former views. Aside from the constant difference in the form
of the labellum and the size of the flowers there are other points of dissimilarity
which I think can not be passed over as merely varietal. These, however, are
difficult to describe although apparent when flowers of the two species are com-
pared side by side. The flowers of D. bicallosum are more stellate in aspect,
when flattened out, than those of D. confusum, and their general shape gives
the impression that the sepals, petals and labellum are longer in proportion to
the width than the corresponding parts of D. confusum. The racemes of D. con-
fusum are much more densely flowered and shorter than those of D. bicallosum.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 5640 H. M. Curran,
flowers somewhat salmon-colored, odorless.

Dendrochilum bicallosum has also been found on Mount Maquiling, where
it was collected in 1907 by JET. M. Curran & M. L. Merritt, For. Bur. 7797.

Dendrochilum (§ Platyclinis) cymbiforme sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi pyriformes, in sicco rugosi, 2 cm longi, 6 cm in crassitudine
prope basim, vaginis tubularibus, arete appressis, acutis, vestiti. Folia

42

AMES.

lineari-lanceolata, acuta, coriac'ea, nitida, 1. 5-1.6 dm longa, 1.5 cm lata,
petiolata ; petioli 4 ' cm longi. Bracteae inflorescentiae 4 mm longae,
cymbiformes. Pedunculus multo folium excedens, gracilis, flexuosus, 3
dm longus. Recemus 1.5 dm longus. Sepala latemlia oblouga, acuta, sub-
falcata, 4 mm longa, 1.5 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, acutum,
3 mm longum. Petala oblonga, acuta, uninervia, ad basim angustata,
3 mm longa, 1 mm lata. Labellum cymbiforme, 4 mm longum, rotun-
datum vel ellipticum, apiculatum, integerrimum. Golumna rigida, 3 mm
longa; alae laterales in dentes perbreves triangulares reductae, quorum
unus utroque ad basim columnae stat.

Luzon, Abra Subprovince, Mount Bawagan, Bur. Sci. 7133, 7135 Maximo
Ramos, February 9, 1909, flowers yellow, altitude about 550 m.

From all other Philippine species Dendrochilum cymbiforme is clearly separ-
able by means of its cymbiform, entire labellum and triangular, reduced, basally
situated stelidia. In dried specimens the leaves are glossy above and leathery
in texture. G. cymbiforme appears to be very distinct from all known species
of the genus.

Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) Macgregorii sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi pyriformes, in sicco rugosi, 8-15 mm longi, vaginis tubu-
laribus, arete appressis, acutis, vestiti. Folia linearia, rigida, acuta,
submembranacea, 6.5-10.4 cm longa, 2 mm lata, petiolata. Bracteae
inflorescentiae 2 mm longae, 2 mm latae, cymbiformes. Pedunculus
filiformis, folio longitudine fere aequalis, vel brevior. Racemus 4.5 cm
longus, distichus. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, acuta, 2-2.5 mm
longa, 1.25 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, obtusum, 2 mm longum.
Petala obovata, 3-nervia, 2 mm longa, obtusa vel subacuta. Labellum
cuneato-ovatum, apiculatum, integerrimum, ad basim subcordatum, 1
mm longum, ad basim labelli prope columnam callus incrassatus.
Golumna ut in D. pumilo.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, Bur. Sci. 8849 R. G. McGregor,
July 4, 1909.

Dendrochilum Macgregorii is a slender species which resembles D. exile in
habit, although it is more closely related to D. Whitfordii than to any other
known species of the genus. The labellum resembles that of D. Whitfordii very
closely.. The narrow grass-like leaves which usually exceed the inflorescence,
the shorter, denser racemes and the smaller flowers are characters which clearly
distinguish D. Whitfordii. The flowers in dried specimens are deep-madder.

157. MALAX IS Soland. ex Sw.

Malaxis balabacensis sp. nov.

Planta 1-4 dm alta, foliosa, floribus flavis in racemo gracili, spicato,
±1.5 dm longo. Folia 6, ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, nervosa;
5-12 cm longa, usque ad 5 cm lata, in sicco chartacea glabra. Pedun-
culus angulatus, 1-2.5 dm longus, foliis longior. Bracteae lineari-
lanceolatae, acuminatae, acutae, 4-7 mm longae, seariosae, dependentes.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

43

Racemus sublaxiflorus, usque ad 13 cm longus. Sepala later alia ovata,
3-3.5 mm longa, prope basim 3 mm lata, 3-nervia. Sepalum dor sale
ovatum, acutum, 3-4 mm longum, 3-nervium. Pet'ala rhombico-lanceo-
lata, 4 mm longa, 2 mm lata, 1-nervia. Labellum integerrimum, subro-
tundatum, a basi labelli ad apicem 2 mm longum, prope apicem callus
incrassatus auriculae oblongae, obtusae, 1 mm longae. Columna brevis,
stelidiis obtusis truncatis ; ad basim columnae a tergo dens, vel papilla.

Balabac, Merrill 5374, October 16, 1906 (type), in forests, terrestrial, alti-
tude about 20 m. Sibutu (Sulu Archipelago) , .Merrill 5296, October 13, 1906,
in dry thickets near the seashore.

This species is clearly distinguished from all others from the Philippines,
except M. Ramosii, of which I have any knowledge, through its rhombic-lanceolate
petals. At the base of the column on its outer surface there is a conspicuous
deeurved tooth or papilla. The labellum is rotundate, deeply cordate-cleft at
the base, and near the tip bears a curious callus which in dried specimens is
blackish and which at its posterior end terminates in a minute fovea.

Malaxis bataanensis sp. nov.

Caulis brevis, eirciter 3 cm longus. Folia 2 (vel 3 ?), chartacea, lanceo-
lata superne, infeme late ovata, acuminata, acuta, 6-7 cm longa, 1.5-3. 5
cm lata, in petiolum latum vaginantem transiens. Pedunculus elongatus,
infeme nudus, bialatus, gracilis, 2-2.8 dm longus, 1-1.5 mm in crassi-
tudine. Racemus spiciformis, valde elongatus, usque ad 2 dm longus.
Flores multi, color luteus, qualis est mali aurantii. Bracteae inflores-
centiae valde dependentes, triangulares, acutae, setaceae, ±4 mm longae.
Pedicelli cum ovario 4 mm longi. Sepala lateralia orbicularia, 3-nervia,
2.5 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Sepalum posticum lateralibus majus, ellip-
ticum, subacutum, 3.75 mm longum, 2 nrm latum. Petala lanceolata,
1-nervia, subacuta, basi attenuata, 3 mm longa, 1.5 mm lata. Labellum
integerrimum, rotundatum, cordatum, a basi labelli ad apicem 1.5 mm
longum ; auriculae minutae, obtusae ; in disco callus elongatus. Columna
crassiuscula, eirciter 1.5 mm longa. Capsula ellipsoidalis 9 rtim longa.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Bur. Sci. 1674 F. W. Fox-
worthy, October 17, 1906, terrestrial, 800 m above sea level. (Type in Hb.
Bur. Sci.; duplicate in Hb. Ames.)

The flowers of this species are similar to those of M. balabacensis and M.
Ramosii. In aspect, however, the plant is quite distinctive. The elongated
peduncles, which are wand-like and conspicuously tall, are characteristic. Three-
fourths of the peduncle, at least, is floriferous. The specimens examined bear
two large leaves, the upper one lanceolate, the lower one ovate, and near the
base a foliaceous bract. The flowers are caducous, consequently the peduncles,
in mature specimens, seem to have the flowers crowded in short racemes.

Malaxis benguetensis sp. nov.

Herba 1-2.2 dm alta. Caulis crassus vix bulbosus, vaginis tectus,
usque ad 4 cm longus. Folia 3 vel 4, vix petiolata, ovato-lanceolata,
acuminata, acuta, 3—9 cm longa, 1.2— 3.7 cm lata (rarissime 3 cm longa),

44

AMES.

nervosa, chartacea. Pedunculus erectns, 8-15 cm longus, foliis longior.
Racemus cylindricus,, sublaxiflorus, 3-7.5 cm longus, in sicco 1.5 cm in
diametro. Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, acuminatae, circiter 6 mm longae,
dependentes. Flores numerosi, fusco-virides vel purpurase'entes. Bepala
lateralia elliptica, circiter 2 mm longa, 1.5 mm lata, 1-nervia. Sepalwn
dorsale ovatum, 2.5 mm longum, 1-1.25 mm latum, obtusum, 1-nervium.
Petala linearia, obtusa, 1-nervia, circiter 2.5 mm longa, 0.75 mm lata.
Labellum obscure trilobatum, concavum, late cordato-hastatum, 2.5 mm
longum, 3 mm latum; l obis lateralibus vix distinctis, rotundatis; lobus
medius rotundatus, obtusus, callo crescentiforme in margine. Columna
brevis, crassiuscula.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 8362 McGregor, June, 1909,
altitude 2,100 m.

The material at hand exhibits a wide range of variation in measurements.
The labellum is round heart-shaped or broadly and bluntly hastate. From the
base a distinct vein emerges on each side and extends round the circular de-
pression of the lip and is thickened along the innner margin of the middle lobe
to form a crescent-shaped membranaceous callus.

Mai ax is Curran ii sp. nov.

Aft. M. latifoliae, at triplo minor. Herba usque ad 2 dm alta,
gracilis, folia 3. Gaulis ±3 cm longus vix incrassatus. Folia lanceolata,
acuminata, acuta, breviter petiolata, 5-10 cm longa, circiter 1.5 cm lata,
chartacea, nervosa. Pedunculus gracilis, angulatus, foliis longior, 9-15
cm longus. Racemus compactus, cylindricus, 1-2.5 cm longus, 5 mm in
diametro ; flores plures, parvi, luteo-virides. Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae,
setaceae. Sepala lateralia elliptico-oblonga, obtusa, 3-nervia, 3 mm longa,
1.5 mm lata. Bepalum dorsale simile. Petala lineari-oblanceolata, acuta,
1-nervia, 3 mm longa, 0.5 mm lata. Labellum cymbiforme, 2 mm lon-
gum, auriculis parvis, apice trilobo, lobis lateralibus obtusis, medio sub-
acuto longiore, lanceolato; lobi laterales minuti; lobus medius 1 mm
longus. Columna brevis.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, For. Bur. 5105 Curran, August 16, 1906, open pine
forest.

The differences between M . Currami and typical M. latifolia are chiefly
habital. The habit of the species here proposed is quite distinctive. The floral
details, however, are not sufficiently unlike M. latifolia to be easily emphasized
in a description. The shorter, more slender peduncle and raceme, and the acute
middle lobe of the labellum must be relied on in differentiating the Philippine
material from typical M. latifolia.

Malaxis latifolia Smith in Rees’s Cycl. 22, No. 3.

Microstylis congesta Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 206.

Malaxis plicata Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 456.

Dienia congesta Lindl. in Wall. Cat. no. 1936.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

45

In the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science there are two specimens which
in my opinion belong to this species. One of these is typical, the other has
purplish flowers and probably represents the variety fusca.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 4667 Maximo Ramos , August, 1907.

Var. fusca cf. Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24: 335.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Bur. Sci. ,3492 Major E. A. Means, July, 1907.

M. latifolia is a variable species which is found in Java, Sumatra, Borneo,
Siam, China, New Guinea and Australia. (Cf. fig. GLXXXV in the third
volume of plates which accompany J. J. Smith’s “De Orchideen von Java”).

Malaxis Macgregorii sp. nov.

Planta foliosa. Caulis vix incrassatus: Folia .6-9, lanceolata, acum-

inata, acuta, multinervia, 5-11 cm longa, 3 cm lata. Petiolus latus,
vaginans, 3 cm longus. Inflorescentia, cum pedunculo 1.5 dm longa,
foliis longior. Flores in racemo laxo languente, circiter 1 cm distantes.
Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae dependentes. Sepala lateralia elliptica, ob-
tusa, 3 mm longa. Sepalum dorsale simile. Petala lineari-oblonga,
circiter 2 mm longa. Labellum 4 mm longum, auriculatum; lobus medius
subquadratus, ad apicem bifidus; auriculae magnae; in sinu utroque
prope basim lobi medii dentes 2 stant.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10440 R. G. McGregor, October 19, 1909, terrestrial.

Malaxis Macgregorii is nearly allied to M. dentata Ames and to Microstylis
miorantha Hook. f. (cf. “leones Plantarum” pi. 1834). The flowers of Malaxis
dentata are smaller, however, and the different middle lobe of the labellum
is quite distinctive. According to field notes the flowers of M. Macgregorii are
rose-carmine.

Malaxis Ramosii sp. nov.

Herba 1—2 dm alta in anthesi. Caulis brevis, circiter 3 cm longus.
Folia 3, lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, 4-10 cm longa, 1.5-3 cm lata,
nervosa. Pedunculus 7-16 cm longus, foliis longior. Bracteae lineari-
lanceolatae acuminatae, acutae, 3 mm longae, dependentes. Racemus
usque ad 9 cm longus. Flores 3-5 mm distantes, circa 9 mm in diametro.
Pedicelli circiter 6 mm longi. Sepala lateralia ovata, 3-nervia, 4 mm
longa, 3 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale ovato-lanceolatum, 3-nervium, 5 mm
longum, 3 mm latum. Petala rbombico-lanceolata, 4.75 mm longa, 3
mm lata, 3-nervium. Labellum integerrimum, rotundatum, a basi labelli
ad apicem 2 mm longum; atcriculae oblongae, obtusae, 1 mm longae.
Columna brevis, ad basim columnae dens, vel papilla a tergo.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 4567 Maximo Ramos, August 14,
1907.

M. Ramosii is closely allied to M. balctbacensis from which it differs in its
smaller size and larger flowers. The petals of M. lalalacensis are narrower in
relation to their length and not so rhombic as those of M. Ramosii; then again
the peduncles of M. balabacensis are much longer in relation to the leaves.

46

AMES.

Malaxis rizalensis sp. nov.

Aff. M. purpureae. Caulis brevis, 3-4 cm longus, vix incrassatus.
Folia 3-5, lanceola'ta vel ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, petiolata;
lamina 6-13 cm longa, 2. 5-4.5 cm lata. Petiolus vaginans, 2. 5-3. 5 cm
longus. Tota planta usque ad 2.2 dm alta. Pedunculus 9-17 cm longus,
foliis longior. Racemus circiter 9 cm longus, laxiflorus, flores purpurei.
Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, 5 mm longae, dependentes. Pedicelli usque
ad 7 mm longi. Sepala laterdlia elliptica valde obtusa, 4-nervia, 3.5
mm longa, 1.5 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, obtusum, 4.5 mm
longum, circiter 1.5 mm latum. Petala lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 3-nervia,
4 mm longa, 1 mm lata. Labellum magnum, ovato-cordatum, obscure
3-lobatum ; lobus medius bifidus, 3 mm longus, 3 mm latus ; lobi laterales
obtusi, minuti, producti in auriculas magnas, obtusas, inter quas columna
prominet. Auriculae oblongae 2 mm longae, 1.5 mm latae in sicco ner-
vosae. Columna crassiuscula.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. J/561 Maximo Ramos, August, 1907.
( Type in Hb. Bur. S!ci., no duplicate).

M. rizalensis is a very near ally of M. 'purpurea and when studied with the
aid of more material than I possess may prove to be conspecific with it. The
stems are short and the leaves are not 1 conspicuously congested. At least
my material is clearly differentiated from Zollinger’s no. 2536 (Hb. British
Museum of Natural History) cited by Bidley 'under Microstylis purpurea in
the “Revision of the Genera Microstylis and Malaxis,” and by J. J. Smith in “Die
Orchideen von Java.” The labellum of M. rizalensis resembles in general outline
that of M. Hutchinsoniana (cf. Ames, Orchidaceae 2: 128) but is distinguish-
able from it by its bifid apex, the divisions of which are oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm
long. M. Wallichii is a near ally of our species.

Malaxis uncata sp. nov.

M. sagittate® (J. J. Sm.) affinis. Caulis brevis vix incrassatus, usque
ad 2 cm longus. Folia breviter petiolata, 3, quorum unum parvulum est.
Lamina lanceolata, breviter acuminata, acuta, glabra, 5-nervia. Folium
infimum usque ad 2 cm longum. Folium superum 8 cm longum, 2.5-3
cm latum. Pedunculus elongatus, gracilis, 11-18 cm longus. Bracteae
dependentes, lineari-lanceolatae, setaceae, valde acutae, plus minus 5 mm
longae. Pedicelli elongati, usque -ad 1 cm longi. Flores flavidi. S'epala
later alia elliptica, ad apicem rotundata, 3 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Sepalum
posticum ovato-laneeolatum, obtusum, 3-nervium, , 3.5 mm longum, 2.5
mm latum. Petala linearia, 1-nervia, 4 mm longa, 0.5 mm lata. La-
bellum integerrimum, late sagittatum ; auriculis obtusis 1.5 mm longis.
Discus usque ad 2 mm longus. Callus bilobus in disco medio. Columna
crassiuscula, 1 mm longa, a tergo, prope basim, dens uncinatus. Capsula
ellipsoidalis, 6-8 mm longa.

Luzon, Laguna-Tayabas Provinces, For. Bur. 9552 H. M. Curran , March, 1908.

M. uncata is closely allied to Malaxis sagittata (J. J. Sm.) ( Microstylis
sagittata J. J. Sm. Ic. Bog. 2: t. CVII, C., Die Orchideen von Java 252), from
which it differs in its narrower leaves, yellowish-flowers, broader upper sepal and
more broadly sagittate lip.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

47

The type collection consists of two plants, preserved in the Herbarium of the
Bureau of Science. Unfortunately both plants are in fruit so that my descrip-
tion is based on terminal flowers. The flowers in dried specimens are yellowish.

161. CESTICH IS Pfitzer.

Cestichis Lyonii sp. nov.

Radices nmltae, fibratae. Pseudobulbi fasciculati, 2 cm longi, com-
planati, in sicco usque ad 1.5 cm in crassitudine, rugosi. Folia bina,
oblongi-lanceolata, acuta, utrinque glabra, 6. 5-8. 5 cm longa, 1—1.5 cm
lata, coriacea, in petiolos desinentia. Petiolus brevis, 5 mm longus. Ped-
■unculus terminalis, bialatus, foliis longior, usque ad 23 cm longus, ©rectus.
Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, setaceae, elongatae, 1 cm longae. Racemus
longissimus, densus, usque ad 12 cm longus. Bracteae inflorescentiae
lanceolatae, acutae, 2-4 mm longae, pedicellum et ovarium excedentes.
Flores flavidi. Sepalu lateralia oblongi-lanceolata, acuta, valde uninervia,
4.5 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Sepalum intermedium simile. Petala linearia,
uninervia, 4 mm longa. Labellum orbiculare subito acuminatum, 5-
nervium, 4 mm longum, circiter 3 mm latum. Columna exalata, cras-
siuscula, 2 mm longa.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, 155 W. S. Lyon (type in Hb. Ames).
Mindoro, Mount Inauan, For. Bur. 9959 M. L. Merritt, January 22, 1908, 1,300
m altitude (single specimen in Hb. Bureau of Science).

The labellum is orbicular and at the apex abruptly contracted into an obtuse
tip. The pseudobulbs in dried specimens have the appearance of having been
strongly compressed or flattened when fresh.

162. OBERONIA Lindl.

Oberonia cylindrica Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 20, Pol. Orch. Oberonia 2;
Ames Orchidaceae 1 : 77.

This species appears to be very common in northern Luzon. The material from
which Lindley obtained his original and very brief description was imported
from Manila by Messrs. Loddiges. From Lindley’s description, in the “Botanical
Register,” it is quite impossible to identify with any degree of surety plants
which may prove conspeeific with 0. cylindrica. Furthermore, his remarks in
“Folia Orchidacea” are inconclusive. In neither work does he refer to foliage,
although in “Folia Orchidacea” he places O. cylindrica in the same section with
O. iridifolia, among the acaulescent species which have radical leaves. In order
to obtain light oh the subject I sent a specimen, representative of material
which I had identified with Lindley’s species, to Kew, where it was carefully
compared with the type. This comparison verified my conclusions and also
revealed the fact that Lindley’s specimen is destitute of foliage, consisting of the
inflorescence only. For a description, supplementary tb Lindley’s, reference
should be made to my list of Philippine orchids published in the first volume of
“Orchidaceae.”

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, Elmer D. Merrill 6573, May, 1909,
Bur. Sci. 8823 R. C. McGregor, July, 1909, E. B. Copeland s. n., 2,300 m altitude,
in mossy forest, May 12, 1909 ; Mount Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 5476 Maximo Ramos,
December, 1908; Baguio, R. S. Williams 1082, 1904: Bontoc Subprovince, Father
M. Vanoverbergh, 407, 1910 (specimen in fruit).

48

AMES.

172. PODOCHILUS Bl.

This is an intricate genus with which it is almost impossible to do
satisfactory work owing to the fragmentary condition of the specimens
usually found in herbaria. One must rely to a large extent on descrip-
tions and these are too frequently inadequate because of the similarity
between many of the species.

Podochilus fenixii sp. nov.

Caules plus minus 3 dm alti, simplices, graciles. Folia oblongi-lan-
ceolata infeme, superne linearia, acuminata, plus minus 5 cm longa,
3-11 mm lata; utrinque glabra, usqub ad 4 mm in crassitudine in sicco,
nervo intermedio in apiculum minutum producto. Ihflorescentia termi-
nalis et lateralis brevis. Racemus pauciflorus, foliis multo brevior.
Pedunculus cum racemo usque ad 1.5 cm longus. Bracteae cymbiformes
ovatae, acuminatae, acutae, 4 mm longae, infeme imbricatae. Flores
albi. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, 3-nervia, 4 mm
longa, ad basim 2.5 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale concavum, ovatum, obtu-
sum, plus minus 3 mm longum. Petala oblonga vel oblongi-lanceolata,
acuta, 3-nervia, 2.75 mm longa. Labellum oblongum, obtusum, 4.75 mm
longum, ad basim saccatum; prope apicem labelli tuberculum minutum,
post quod callus multo major; prope basim labelli callus cucullatus,
Y-formis.

Batanes Islands, Batan, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3794 Eugenio
Fdnix, June 8, 1907.

In habit, if we except the inflorescence, this species resembles very closely
P. dendrobioides Schlechter. The labellum is distinctive as it bears three calli;
one at the apex, a- minute protuberance; one near the middle, a transversely
situated keel or cushion, and one near the base, this last being V-shaped, cucullate
at its closed end. In several of the specimens examined the racemes are num-
erous. They arise from the axils of the leaves beginning at about the middle of,
the stem, and are produced with few interruptions from there to the summit.

Podochilus (§ Appendicula) fruticosus sp. nov.

Gaulis ramosus, 3 dm longus. Folia oblonga, 1-2 cm longa, 2-4 mm
lata, ad apicem inaequaliter bilobata. Flores terminales et laterales, in
capitulis bracteatis. Bracteae acutae, 3 mm longae. Sepala lateralia
triangularia, 3-nervia, acuta, 2.5 mm longa, 2 mm lata ad basim. Petala
lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 1-nervia, 1.75 mm longa. Labellum 3 mm
longum, breviter unguiculatum ; lamina obovata vel suborbicularis.

Mindanao, Camp ICeithley, Lake Lanao, Mary Strong Clemens s. n. (type),
September, 1907.

Plant much branched, the branches bearing numerous heads of flowers in the
axils of the small linear-oblong leaves. On the same plant flower buds ana
fruits occur. The fruits, which are about 6 mm long, exceed the rigid, nervose
bracts. In all the specimens examined the leaves show a strong tendency to fall
off, consequently herbarium specimens consist chiefly of naked stems and the

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

49

persistent flower heads. The lip is orbicular when spread out, but in its normal
state is rather obovate, obtuse. The, callus is basal and V-shaped, the wings
extend along the margin to the apical third of the lip where they converge.

Podochilus (§ Appendicula) malindangensis sp. nov.

Planta 5 dm alta, robusta, glabra. Folia oblongi-lanceolata vel ellip-
tica, disticha, coriacea, 4 cm longa, 1 cm lata. Inflorescentia lateralis,
2.5-3 cm longa; rhachis fractiflexus. Flores in racemo brevi. Bracteae
cymbiformes, acntae, 8.5 mm longae, ovario longiores. Sepala lateralia
mentnm obtusum formantia, triangulari-lanceo-lata, acuta, 3-nervia, 4.5
mm longa, 4 mm lata ad basim. Sepalum dorsale laneeolatum, 3-nervium,
4r-4.5 mm longum, subacutum. Petala oblonga, 1-nervia, 4 mm longa,
1.5 mm lata. Labellum ut in P. pendulo, oblongum vel subquadratum,
4 mm longum, 7-nervium.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. IftSS Major E. A.
Mearns & W. I. Hutchinson, May 25, 1906, at 1,700 m altitude.

P. malindangensis is a tall, rather strict species which in general aspect
resembles P. micranthus. The labellum is oblong or subquadrate, obtuse, with a
large pocket or cup near the base formed by a transversely situated membrane.
The lateral sepals are united at the base and form a rounded mentum. In the type
material the characteristically large flowers are borne on lateral peduncles which
occur on stems from which the leaves have fallen. Leafy stems destitute of
flowers occur on the same plant with the naked flower-bearing stems. It is
probable that as the flowering stems are the most mature the leaves fall off
during the drying process, but notwithstanding this probability the specimens
are in general aspect unlike others of the genus from the Philippines. When
dry the flowers a re blackish, when fresh they were described by the collectors as
“dark-blue.”

Podochilus (§ Apista) Robinsonii sp. nov.

Caules 1 dm alti, graciles, basibus foliorum vaginantibus tecti. Folia
lanceolata, 1.3 cm longa, 2—3 mm lata, coriacea. Inflorescentia terminalis.
Pedunculus cum racemo 3.5 cm longus. Bracteae minutae, acutae, 1 mm
longae. Flores minuti, flavi. Sepala 3 mm longa, connata, tubum for-
mantia, partes terminates 1.5 mm longae, liberae, subacutae. Petala
uninervia, dolabriformia, vel trrangula. breviter unguiculata, 3.5 mm longa.
Labellum cordatum ad basim sagittatum breviter unguiculatum, 3-ner-
vium, 2.5 mm longum, 2.25 mm latum.

Luzon, Camarines Province, Maagnas, Bur. Sci. 6371 C. B. Robinson, August
27, 1908, altitude above sea 200-400 meters. Here also I refer material collected
on Canlaon Volcano, Island of Negros, by G. 8. Banks in June, 1906, Bur. Sci.
1137.

In general aspect this species resembles P. strictus Ames and P. scalpelliformis
Bl. It is easily distinguished from these by its broader leaves, longer rac-
emes and very different petals. The sepals are connate as in P. scalpslliformis.
The rigid bracts give to the raceme a pectinate aspect. In dried specimens the
leaves appear to have been twisted slightly.

100004 4

50

AMES.

176. AGROSTOPHYLLUM Bl.

Agrostophyllum mal indangense sp. nt>v.

Caules usque ad 2.5 dm longi, ad basim 2 mm in crassitudine, fasci-
culati, teretes, exiles inferne, superne sensim dilatati vaginis foliorum
tecti; vaginae foliorum imbricatae, persistentes, nitidae, flavidae, prope
apicem caulis inflatae, (in sicco ?) marginibus nigricantes. Folia usque
ad 1 dm longa, prope basim 4 mm lata, linearia, acuminata, acuta, coriacea,
ad basim rotundata, nervo intermedio prominente pr'aedita. Inflores-
centia terminalis dense capitata globosa, multiflora, 1.5 cm in diametro.
Bracteae exteriores rigidae, lanceolatae, floribus longiores ; bracteae inter-
iores obtusae, floribus breviores, glumaceae. Pedicelli cum ovario 5.5
mm longi. Flores flavidi, conferti. Sepala lateralia oblongi-lanceolata,
acuta, uninervia, 3 mm longa, ad basim 2 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale
simile. Petala valde linearia, uninervia, 3 mm lqnga. Labellum carno-
sum, 3-lobatum, hypochilio obtuso, valde scrotiforme, lamella transversa
integra ab epichilio separato. Epichilium cupulam formans. Lobi
laterales minuti, paene obsoleti. Oolumna crassa, 3.5 mm longa.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. ' 4610 M earns
& Hutchinson, May 25, 1906, altitude 1,700 m.

178. CER ATOSTYLIS Bl.

Ceratostylis philippinensis Rolfe ex Ames Orch. 1 : 79, with fig.

Among the orchids collected on Mount Mariveles by Elmer D. Merrill and
sent alive in 1905 to North Easton was this interesting species which has grown
luxuriantly in my collection, forming dense tuffs of semiterete leaves from the
axils of which the sweet-scented, snow-white flowers emerge in August and
September. The margin of the lip is slightly revolute near the middle and on
the disk beyond the middle are two inconspicuous papillose calli.

This species has also been collected recently by R. C. McGregor, Bur. Sci. 8447,
near Pauai, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, at an altitude of 2,100 m.

218. PHAIUS Lour.

Phaius flavus Lindl. Gen. Sp. Orch. PI. 128.

The material which I refer here may be conspeeific with P. philippinensis N.
,35. Brown, a species which I have not seen. There are several details, however,
in Mr. Brown’s description which do not agree with my specimens. The entire
lip of my plant suggests P. 'philippinensis, also the thin keels on the disk. On
the other hand P. flavus is a very variable species and P. philippinensis may be
one of its variants. Mr. Brown’s description refers to the fugaceous floral bracts.
In my material the bracts are persistent.

Luzon, Lepanto-Bontoc region, Bur. Sci. 5616 Dean C. Worcester, July 8, 1907,
flowers with a rather rank odor, yellow, fringe of lip brown- pur pie.

230. ACANTHOPH I PPI U M Bl.

Acanthophippium Mantinianum L. Lind. & Cogn. Journ. des Orch. 7: 138.

Roots fleshy, elongated. Stems 12 cm long, gradually tapering upward
from a broad base, jointed. Leaves 2, plicate, ovate-oblong, petiolate, up

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

51

to 3 dm long, 9 cm wide. Raceme 5-flowered, bracts cymbiform up to 3
cm long. Sepals about 3 cm long. Petals rhomboidal, obtuse. Label-
lum 3-lobed, lateral lobes dolabriform, about 5 mm long, 5 mm wide,
middle lobe obtuse, about 7 mm long. Disk lamellate, lamellae 5, fleshy,
prominent.

This peculiar species, which was originally introduced from the Philippine Is-
lands, and described by Linden and Cogniaux in “Le Journal des Orcbidees” in
1896, has just come to hand from Luzon, where it was collected by Father M.
Vanoverbergh. The flowers are yellowish with dark spots and the labellum is
nearly white. My knowledge of the species, unfortunately, is based on the
original description and not on an examination of the type material. I have
seen no other specimen of Acanthophippium from the Philippines.

232. PACHYSTOMA Bl.

Pachystoma pubescens Bl. Bijdr. 376.

Pachychilus pubescens Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 173.

I refer to this species several specimens recently collected in Luzon. They
agree with the material figured in detail by Blume and with a Javan plant
preserved in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, collected
by Horsfield.

Luzon, Cagayan Province, Bur. Sci. 7 969 Maximo Ramos, April 3, 1909,
flowers “dark-purplish:” Lepanto Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 7 050 Ramos, January
24, 1909, flowers “violet:” Benguet Subprovince, For. Bur. 109 Jj2 H. M. Curran,
January 14, 1909, in grass lands, pine-covered hills, flowers “pink,” altitude 1,500
m: Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 6774 C. B. Robinson, May 18, 1909,' flowers “lilac,
lip golden-yellow except on margin in front.”

235. EULOPHIA R. Br.

Eulophia dentata sp. nov.

Mea sententia E. venosae'Reichb. f. affinis. Radices ? Caulis erectus
usque ad 5.5 dm longus, bracteis seariosis vaginantibus instructus; foliis
carens. Bracteae tubulares, supra dilatatae, acuminatae, setaceae, imbri-
catae inf erne, supeme distantes, 2-4 cm longae. Bracteae inflorescentiae
scariosae, lineares, setacead, usque ad 2 cm longae, flore longiores.
Racemus sublaxiflorus, 7—10 cm longus, eirciter 4 cm in diametro. Flores
albi et purpurei, 12 mm longi, nutantes. Pedicelli pergraciles, 5-9 mm
longi. Ovarium 5-7 mm longum. Sep ala lateralia oblonga, 5-nervia,
1.5 cm longa., 3 mm lata, acuta. Sepalum dorsale simile, basi leviter
attenuatum. Petdla oblongi-lanceolata, 3-nervia, 12 mm longa, 3 mm
lata. Labellum ovatum, 3-lobatum, inf erne in calcar produetum. Lobi
laterales rotundati, leviter crenulati, eirciter 2 mm longi, 2 mm lati,
sparsim papillosi ; lobus medius suborbicularis, margine valde dentatus ;
discus ad basim leviter tricarinatus, ad medium et prope apicem papillis et
processibus numerosis. Papillae et processus inaequales. Processus
complanati, usque ad 2 mm longi. Calcar obtusum, 3.5 mm longum.
Columna 4 mm longa, ad apicem dilatata.

52

AMES.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, For. Bur. 17035 B. M. Curran, January 26, 1909,
very common in open grass lands.

From the specimens at hand Fulophia dentata appears to be a leafless species
closely allied to Eulophia venosa Reichb. f.

276. DENDROBIUM Sw.

Dendrobium (§ Aporum) indivisum Miquel FI. Ind. Bat. 3: 630.

D. lunatum Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 3 : 4.

This is apparently a common species in the Philippine Islands where it is
found growing on trees along the coast and inland. The flattened, erect stems,
triangular distichous leaves and terminal inflorescence, are quite characteristic.
According to the field notes of collectors the small flowers are pale- yellow marked
with purple. The lunate labellum and conspicuous callus serve to distinguish
this species from its congeners in the Philippines.

In Lindley’s Herbarium the Cuming plant, which I take to be the type of
D. lunatum Lindl., appears to be nonspecific with D. indivisum. Lindley’s sketch
of the flower agrees very well with the figure on Plate XIII of Presl’s “Reliquiae
Haenkeanae,” although the general habit of the Cuming specimen is not exactly
like that of the majority of the specimens recently collected in the Philippines.

Sulu Ajrchipelago, Merrill 3003, plants growing on low rocky bluffs along
the seashore, 1907. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, Mount Mariveles, For.
Bur. 2753 T. E. Borden, March, 1905, on tree trunks in mossy forest, 900 m
above sea level: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2616 Fox-
worthy, April 25, 1907, on trees on very dry mesa, 700 m above sea level.

Dendrobium platycaulon Rolfe in ICew Bull. (1892) 139.

This species bloomed in the orchid collection of the Bureau of Science in
November, 1909. According to notes which accompany the specimens submitted
for identification the exact locality from which they were obtained and the name
of the collector who discovered them are unknown. They certainly were Phil-
ippine. As Mr. Rolfe states, this species l’esembles Dendrobium lamellatum.
The pseudobulbs, however, are longer and narrower in relation to their length
and the flowers are larger than in that species. In the notes which are appended
to the original description of D. platycaulon the flowers are said to exceed an
inch in length. In the specimens I have examined the flowers are scarcely an
inch long, but in other details they agree very well with Mr. Rolfe’s description.
D. plafycaulon is a curious species with flattened pseudobulbs, which are about
11 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and only a few millimeters thick; they are contracted
into a slender terete base; the leaves are oblong-lanceolate, larger than the
pseudobulbs and somewhat similar to them in outline. The specimens examined
were apparently 3- or 4-leaved. The flowers are nearly white, and fragrant
when fresh. They close in a short time and turn yellow. They are few in
number and borne near the apex of the leafless pseudobulbs.

Dendrobium scopa Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1842) Misc. 55.

What I take to be specimens of this species have been received from Mr. W.
S. Lyon who collected them in Tarlac Province. Mr. Lyon in his field notes
describes the plants as terrestrial, growing among rocks. The flowers, which
were open in June, were white, cinnamon-scented, the finely fringed lip being
straw-yellow. The flowers are not showy but on account of the peculiarly
fringed lip are of exceptional interest and very curious. The sepals and petals
are similar, linear-oblong, about 15 mm long. The labellum is oblong, the apex

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

53

broken up into a delicate spreading fringe the filaments of which are about 5
mm long.

Lindley’s type specimen, for an excellent sketch of which I am indebted to
Doctor Prain, is perhaps stouter than my plants, but in other respects matches
them perfectly. The labellum of D. scopa is well illustrated in Lindley’s her-
barium by a colored drawing. In outline and in general aspect this drawing
agrees very well with the labellum of the plants collected by Mr. Lyon.

Dendrobium scopa is referred to in J. J. Smith’s “Die Orchideen von Java”
as probably related to D. comatum Lindl. From the specimens at hand it would
seem to be more nearly allied to D. angulatum in the form of the lip, but differs
from that species in detail.

Luzon,. Tarlac Province, W. 8. Lyon 110.

276. SARCOPODIUM Lindl.

In the “Orchid Review” for August, 1910 (18: 237) Mr. R. A. Rolfe
gives a list of twenty-one species, usually referred to Dendrobium, which
he regards as constituents of a distinct genus, namely Sarcopodium. This
genus was originally proposed, by Lindley for the inclusion of a small
group of species which Reichenbach f. referred to fiulbophyttum. At
present only three Philippine species of Sarcopodium are known. All
of these have recently been described. S. acuminatum Kranzl. was the
first to be discovered, S. Lyonii Rolfe (S. acuminatum var. Lyonii
Kranzl.) the second, and S. stella silvae Kranzl. & Loher, a species which
I have not seen, the third.

In its brief history Sarcopodium Lyonii has accumulated an interesting
synonymy as follows :

Sarcopodium Lyonii R. A. Rolfe in Orch. Rev. 18: 240.

Dendrobium Lyonii Ames Orch. 2: 177.

D. acuminatum Kranzl. Orchis 2: 73, not Rolfe.

Sarcopodium acuminatum var. Lyonii Kranzl. in Fedde Rep. 7’: 40.

In' view of Doctor Kranzlin’s treatment of S. Lyonii, Mr. Rolfe’s opinion in
the “Orchid Review” is of interest. He says S. Lyonii is allied to S. acumin-
atum, but has larger rosy-carmine flowers with a darker lip. “It has been con-
fused with the preceding,7 and I believe includes all the plants which have been
recently exhibited under the name D. acuminatum, also the figure in Gard.
Chron. 1907, ii, p. 210, fig. 88; 1909, ii. p. 150, fig. 64; Gard. Mag. 1909, pp.
649, 660, with fig.; Journ. Hort., 1902, ii, p. 291, with fig.; Orchis ii, p. 73,
t. 16.”

280. PHREATIA Lindl.

Phreatia prorepens Reichb. f. Otia Bot. Hamb. (1878) 54.

Up to the present I had seen only the material in the Gray Herbarium
identified by Reichenbach and the specimens collected by Merrill on Mount
Halcon. The collection under consideration was made by McGregor and is of
unusual interest as it is composed of numerous specimens which exhibit a wide
range of variation, some of the scapes approximating 2 dm in lengthr The
variation in the leaves is also notable, ranging from the ligulate form char-

Sarcopodium acuminatum.

54

AMES.

acteristic of the type to broadly lanceolate. As a rule the scapes exceed the
leaves considerably and bear spikes of white flowers which appear to be more
rigid than in the other material I have examined. The structure of the flowers
is very similar in the plants from Mount Halcon and in those collected by Mc-
Gregor, so that variation seems to be purely vegetative, P. prorepens is closely
related to P. acuminata J. J. Smith, from which it appears to differ chiefly in
the size of the floral parts. In Lindley’s herbarium at Kew there are two Javan
species of Phreatia mounted on the same sheet. One of these, a plant collected
by Junghuhn (no. 207), belongs to § Ebulbosae. The other, a plant collected by
I.obb, belongs to § Bulbosae and is probably conspecific with P. acuminata. In
habit it closely resembles P. prorepens and may be a form of that species.
From my material it is quite impossible to distinguish P. acuminata from P.
prorepens. In “Die Qrchideen von Java,” J. J. Smith distinguishes P. acuminata
by the floral bracts being shorter than the ovaries. In my material I find some
of the bracts conspicuously shorter than the ovaries, and some longer.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 8363 R. G. McGregor, June, 1909.

383. CLEISOSTOM A Bl.

Cleisostoma Kunstleri Hook. f. Icon. PI. IV 4: pi. 2335.

I refer , to this -species, which was originally collected at Perak by
Kunstler, material from the Island of Polillo. Leaves coriaceous, oblong,
at the apex unequally bilobed, 2 dm long, 3-4.4 cm wide. Scape terete,'
2.5 mm in diameter. Bracts few, obtuse, 5 mm long. Inflorescence
laxly paniculate, many-flowered. Floral tracts minute, acute, much
shorter than the pedicels of the purplish flowers. Lateral sepals oblong,
obtuse, 3.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide. Upper sepal oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Petals linear-oblong, ^obtuse, 4.5-5
mm long, 1 mm wide. Labellum saccate, 3-lobed. Sac scrotiform, 3 mm
long, with a posterior scale within, the scale oblong, membranaceous, bifid
at the tip, each division obscurely emarginate. Lateral lobes minute,
triangular, less than 1 mm long, middle lobe suborbicular, 1.5 mm long.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. lO^lt R. C. McGregor, September 25, 1909, on tree
trunks.

286. BULBOPHYLLUM Thou. (§ Girrhopetalum) .

Bulbophyllum chryseum comb. nov.

Girrhopetalum chryseum Kranzl. in Fedde Rep. 8 : 97.

This is a member of the section Girrhopetalum, characterized by a solitary
flower at the summit of the- scape. The only other described species from the
Philippines which are thus characterized are the ones very briefly described by
Bindley, namely B. antenniferum and B. maccillare, which are remarkable on
account of their very large flowers.

I have not seen the type of B. chryseum but my material agrees almost in
detail with Kranzlin’s description. Furthermore the collections in the Bureau
of Science Herbarium contain no other species of the small, single flowered type
which belongs to § Cirrfiopetalum that would indicate B. chryseum to be one of
a group. Consequently I am morally sure that my identification is correct.
The only other described species of § Girrhopetalum from the Philippines, char-
acterized by a solitary flower, are the two mentioned above, and these are
sharply distinguished by the extraordinary size of their flowers, these being among
the largest in the section.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, III.

55

I have seen no material from the Philippines which agrees with B. anten-
niferum and B. maxillare. In the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science there
are two plants which approach them in aspect but which represent very different
species. My knowledge of B. antenwiferum and B. maxtllare is based on sketches
of the types kindly given to me by Doctor Prain.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 3076 Maximo Ramos, flowers yellow. (Speci-
men flowering in Manila, January 21, 1908).

Bulbophyllum Cumingii Reiehb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 261.

Girrhopetalum Cumingii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1843 sub t. 49; Bot. Mag. t. 4996.

This species which Lindley described from specimens collected in the Phil-
ippines by Cuming is apparently a rarity. The tetragonal pseudobulbs, oblong,
coriaceous leaves, elongated scape and umbel of purplish flowers are char-
acteristic.

Negros, Cadiz, Bur. Sci. 7334 A. Celestino, March, 1909, For. Bur. 5227 Danao
& Aspillera, June, 1906.

Bulbophyllum Makoyanum Reiehb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1879, 1 : 234 in note.

Cirrhopetalum Makoyanum Reiehb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1879, 1 : 234; Bot. Mag.
t. 7259.

This interesting species, which differs chiefly in color and minor details from
B. Cumingii, has been discovered in the Philippines. The umbels of yellow flowers
spotted with purple, which, according to the collector’s notes, give the plant the
aspect of a sun-flower, are very distinctive. The elongated, narrowly linear
lateral sepals radiate from the center of the umbel. The petals and upper sepal
are fringed with yellow hairs. The labellum is fleshy and smooth.

B. fimbriatum, which is a closely allied species, has two conspicuous teeth at
the summit of the column.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10438 R. C. McGregor, September 28, 1909, flowers pale-i
yellow speckled with burnt-carmine. Mindanao, Rev. R. F. Black s. n.

299. DIPODIUM R. Rr.

Dipodium paludosum Reiehb. f. Xenia 2: 15.

There are two specimens in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science which
according to materials at hand appear to be referable to this species, one from
Negros, the other from . Mindanao. The details of the labellum agree with the
figure in the “Botanical Magazine” ( t . 7 464), although the lateral lobes or
teeth are rather longer, measuring 4 mm in length. Unfortunately I possess no
authentic material of T). paludosum, consequently my identification is not so
sure as I could wish. The identity of the genus, however, is beyond' doubt and
its addition to the Philippine flora through the specimens under consideration is
of importance.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, F. B. Bolster, September, 1906. Negros, Hi-
mugaan, River, For. Bur. 7313 H. D. Everett, April 10, 1907, 20 m altitude
above the sea.

376. LUISIA Gaudich.

Luisia Ramosii sp. nov.

Planta ±3 dm alta. Caulis plus minus 4 mm in crassitudine, vaginis
foliorum teetus. Folia teretia, obtusa, in sicco valde rugosa, plus minus
1 dm longa, in sicco usque ad 3 mm in crassitudine, erecta vel adscen-
dentia. Vaginae tubulosae, substriatae, persistentes. Flores flavidi,
labello purpureo. Pedunculi breves, crassi, 2 cm longi. Bracteae inflo-

56

AMES.

rescentiae rigidae, obtusa.e. Sepala lateralia cymbiformia, oblonga, cari-
nata, 6 ram longa, 3 ,mm lata ; carina in apicnlum nncinatum prodncta.
Sepalum dorsale ellipticodanceolatum, 3-nervium, obtusum, 6 mm longum,
3.5 mm latum, breviter apiculatum. Petala falcato-ovata, obtusa, 3-nervia,
6 mm longa, 4 mm lata, nervis lateralibus ramosis. Labellum trilobum,
6 mm longum; lobus medius triangulari-ovatus, 4 mm longus, 5 mm latus ;
lobi laterales erecti columnam amplectentes, rotundati, 2 mm longi, 2 mm
lati. C blumna erassa.

Luzon, Cagayan Province, Bur. Sci. 7970 Maximo Ramos, April 20, 1909.

Luisia Ramosii is a stout plant, in habit similar to L. teretifolia. The lateral
sepals are strongly keeled near the apex, the keel passing into an elongated,
uncinate apicula.

Three species of Luisia are now known to be natives of the Philippine Is-
lands: L. valida Reiclib. f., L. Foxworthyi Ames and the present one. Of these
L. valida is not known to me. The description does not agree with any of the
Philippine material I have examined, still its brevity leaves much to be desired.

402. TAENIOPHYLLUM Bl.

Taeniophyllum Merrillii sp. nov.

Radices crassae, numerosae, plus minus 4 mm in erassitudine. Folia
0. Scapus filiformis, usque ad 1.7 cm longus, hispidulus, nudus. Flores
albi. Racemus brevis, 3-4 mm longus. Bracteae minutae 0.5 mm longae.
Pedicelli plus minus 1 mm longi. Sepala lateralia oblongi-lanceolata,
1-nervia, 1.25-1.5 mm longa, 0.75 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale lineari-
oblongum. Petala lanceolata, 1 mm longa. Sepala lateralia petalaque
prope basim connata. Labellum saccatum, integerrimum, 3 mm longum,
ad apicem rotundatum.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3878, August, 1904, alti-
tude above sea level about 800 m.

This is a curious species composed of fleshy yellow-green roots 3-7 cm long,
and filiform scapes. The minute flowers appear to open in succession. The
lateral sepals appear to arise wholly from the lip and look like lateral lobes as
their middle nerve continues from the base into the sac.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 1, March, 1911.

CONSPECTUS CYPERACEARUM 1NSULARUM PHILIP-
PINENSIUM: CYPERACEAE-CARICOIDEAE.

By G. Kukenthal.
(Coburg, Germany.)

Es ist erstaunlich, welche Eiille neuer Entdeckungen die intensive
botanische Durchforschung der Philippinen in den letzten J ahren gezeitigt
hat. Erst drei Jahre sind vergangen, seitdem in diesem Journal 1.eine
von C. B. Clarke zusammengestellte Liste der im Kew Herbarium vertre-
tenen Cyperaceen des Inselreiches veroffentlicht wurde und schon ist
ein solcher Zuwachs neuen Materials zu verzeiehnen, dass eine erganzende
Revision notwendig erschien. Durch die Giite des Herm E. D. Merrill,
Government Botanist, dem ich aueh an dieser Stelle meinen ergebensten
Dank abstatte, ist mir das gesammte in Manila befindliche Material der
Caricoideae zuganglich gemacht worden. Weitere Beitrage erhielt ich
von Herm A. D. E. Elmer in Manila. Die alteren Typen friiherer
Sammler habe ich gelegentlich meiner Studien fur das “Pflanzenreich” in
Berlin und Kew eingesehen, so dass die folgende Liste, welcher auf Wunch
des Herrn Merrill ein Schliissel vorausgeht, auf moglichste Yollstandigkeit
Anspruch erheben darf. Sie umfasst zunachst die Caricoideae. Die
anderen TJnterfamilien sollen spater folgen. Ein vorgesetztes * bedeutet,
dass die betreffende Art oder Form in Clarke’s Liste fehlt. Jeder Art
ist das Citat ihrer Stelle in meiner Monographie 2 hinzugefiigt.

Subfamilia Caricoideae Pax.

1. Rhacheola secundaria ex utriculo exserta unciformis 1. Uncinia

1. Rhacheola plerumque deficit; si adest, inclusa rarissime exserta, sed tunc
semper recta occurrit 2. Carex

1 Cyperaceae of the Philippines ; A List of the Species in the Kew Herbarium.
This Journal 2 (1907) Botany 77-110.

2 Cyperaceae- Caricoideae, in A. Engler, Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 38 (1909).

57

58

KUKENTHAL.

1. UNCINIA Pers.

Species unica:

* 1. Uncinia rupestris Raoul var. capillacea Kiflienth. in Engl. Pflanzenreich
38 (1909) 64.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 1611(0 Curran, Merritt,
& Zschoklce. Mindanao, District of Davao, Todaya, Mount Apo, Elmer 10637.

Zum ersten Male ist damit de dem australiscben Florenreiche eigentumliche
Gattung Uncinia auf den Philippinen nachgewiesen. Die typische Form von
Uncinia rupestris bewohnt Tasmanien und die Sudinsel von Neuseeland, die var.
capillacea die letztere und die Stewart Insel.

2. CAREX L.

CLAVIS SUBGENERUM.

1. Spicula unica terminalis Subg. I. Primocarex p. 58

1. Spiculae plures.

2. Spiculae semper bisexuales (apice $ basi $ ) ; cladoprophyllum (i. e.
prophyllum axis 2 vel 3 ordinis) in spiculis omnibus utriculiforme.

Subg. II. Indocarex p. 58

2. Spiculae sexu distinctae vel bisexuales; cladoprophyllum (saltern in spiculis
inferioribus semper) oereaeforme Subg. III. Eucarex p. 61

Subgenus I. Primocarex Kiikenth.

Species unica:

1. Carex rara Boott subsp. capillacea Boott Illustr. 1 (1858) 44; Kiikenth.
1. c. 102.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Loher 705 ; Pauai, Bur. Sci. 1(260 M earns, Bur.
Sci. 8333 McGregor, Merrill 4732, 6626, 6632; Mount Pulog, Merrill 6612.

Area: Siid- und Ostasien; Neu, Slid Wales. )

Carex rara Boott und C. capillacea Boott sind nur in ihren extreme Formen
deutlich von einander geschieden, zahlreiche Bindeglieder verwisehen die Grenzen.

Subgenus II. Indocarex Baillon. :

Clovis specierum.

1. Inflorescentia spicata ; bracteae deficiunt; spiculae omnes e cladoprophyllo simul

N nucem ferti-lem includente enatae - - 2. C. nikkoensis

1. Inflorescentia paniculata; bracteae longe vaginantes adsunt; spiculae omnes
e cladoprophyllo vacuo enatae.

2. Spiculae eylindricae 3 ad 6 cm longae 3. C. bacccms

. 2. Spiculae vix super 1.5 cm longae.

3. Spiculae numerosae ovatae vel oblongae in paniculas longas dispositae.

4. Paniculae partiales explicatae.

5. Squamae $ in aristam longam excurvam excurrentes ; utriculi ovati

subinflato-trigoni abrupte rostrati 4. G. indica var. fissilis

5. Squamae ? acutae interdum mucronatae; utriculi vere trigoni sub-
sensim rostrati.

6. Paniculae laxae; squamae fuscae; utriculi lanceolato-elliptici in
rostrum longum gracile mai'ginibus parce scabrum excurrentes.

5. C. filicina var. ceylanica
6. Paniculae subdensae; squamae saturate ferrugineae; utriculi elliptic!
marginibus infra medium ad apicem hispiduli in rostrum sublatum
abeuntes 6. C. Rafflesiana

CYPERACEAE-CARICOIDEAE.

59

4. Paniculae partiales contractae 7. C. pycnothyrsos

3. Spiculae pauciores globosae vel ovatae in spieas breves dispositae.

4. Braeteae inflorescentiaxn longe superantes; squamae longe aristatae;
utriculi rhomboidales longe rostrati.

5. Spiculae divaricatae ovatae; utriculi glabri multicostati.

8. C. fuirenoides var. cvrrhulosa

5. Spiculae oblique patentes globoso-ovatae; utriculi pubescentes tenuiter

nervosi 9- G. nodiflora

4. Braeteae breves; squamae mucronatae; utriculi ovales breviter rostrati.

10. G. rhizomatosa

*2. Carex nikkoensis Branch. & Sav. Enum. PI. Japon. 2 (1879) 132, 558;
Kiikenth. 1. c. 252.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Merrill 6631.

Bisher nur aus Japan bekannt.

3. Carex baccans Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 122; Kiikenth. 1. c. 258.
Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, ohne nahere Standortangabe, Loher 106, 191(8 :
Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas) , Bur. Sci. .5350, 51(51 Ramos, M earns s. n., Elmer
6210 ; Baguio, Williams 1913, For. Bur. 15602 Curran; Batan, Bur. Sci. 5908
Ramos; Pahai to Baguio, Merrill 1ft 9 Mount Pulog, Merrill 651(3, Bur. Sci.
81(1(2, 8889 McGregor, For. Bur. 16139 Curran, Merritt, & Zscholcke : Lepanto
Subprovince, Mount Data, Merrill 1(515, 1(555.

Area: Yorderindien und Monsungebiet.

*4. Carex indica L. var. fissilis (Boott) Kiikenth. 1. c. 264.

Palawan, Iwahig, Bur. Sci. 81(1( Foxworthy.

Area: Monsungebiet und Polynesien.

5. Carex filicina Nees var. ceylanica (Boeclc.) Kiikenth. ,

C. ceylanica Boeclc. in Linnaea 1 1 (1876) 341; Kiikenth. 1. c. 279.

Luzon, ohne Standortangabe, Loher 101 B: Abra Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 1213
Ramos: Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Sci. 6582 Robinson, Bur. Sci.
21(01( Foxworthy: Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16136 Curran,
Merritt, & Zscholcke. Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Phil. PI. 51(1( Merrill.

•Area: Ceylon.

Ich habe mich davon iiberzeugt, dass C. oeylanica Boeck. als eigene Art nieht
zu halten ist, sie gehort augenscheinlich in den Formenkreis von C. filicina, von
welcher sie durch “paniculae partiales oblongo-ovatae laxiores, ramuli oblique
patentes, utriculi superne parce scabri” abweicht.

Forma 1, saturata (C. B. Clarke) Kiikenth. 1. c. 275 (pro var. C. filicinae) .
Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 866 Klemme, Whit-
ford 91(9. Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Phil. PI. 51(5 Merrill.

Area: Sumatra, Java.

Forma 2, depauperata Kiikenth. 1. c. 275.

Luzon, Lepanto Subprovince, Mount Data, Merrill 1(513: Benguet Subprovince,
Pauai, Merrill 1(11(3; Mount Pulog, Bur. Sci. 8831 McGregor, Merrill 61(99, 6501,
6615, For. Bur. 16138 Curran, Merritt, & Zscholcke; Mount Tonglon, Mearns s. n.
Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6200.

Area : Java.

6. Carex Rafflesiana Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. 20 (1846) 132; Kiikenth.
1. c. 282.

Carex continua C. B. ClqR’ke in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 107, partim.
Luzon, Benguet Subprovinee, ohne Standortangabe, Bur. Sci. 2139 Mearns;

60

KUKENTHAL.

Baguio, Elmer 6039; Pauai, Merrill If! Bur. Sci. 8378 McGregor, Bur. Sci.
4259 Mearns; Bugias, Merrill 1/669 : Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Merrill
1/221: Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Sci. 6076 Robinson: Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 1121. Palawan, Mount Victoria, Bur.
Sci. 665, 679 Foxworthy ; Mount Pulgar, Bur. Sci. 551/ Foxworthy, For. Bur.
3890 Curran.

Area: Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Queensland.

Var. scaberrima (Boeck.) Kukenth. 1. c. 283.

Carex scaberrima C. B. Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 107.

Batanes Islands, Batan, Mount Iraya, Bur. Sci. 3801 Fenix. Luzon, Benguet
Subprovince, Pauai to Baguio, Merrill 1/795; Pauai, Bur. Sci. 4258, 4481 Mearns;
Baguio, For. Bur. 4868 Curran; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16161 Curran, Merritt,
& Zschokke: Province of Albay, Cuming 936; Mount Mayon, Bur. Sci. 2920,
2932, 2934, 2936 Mearns: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2539
Foxworthy ; Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8137 Curran & Merritt: Province of La-
guna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 9736 Robinson. Mindanao, Province of Misa-
mis. Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4*184 Mearns & Hutchinson.

Area: Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Molukken.

Var. continua (C. B. Clarke) Kukenth.

Carex continua C. B. Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 107, partim
et verisimiliter etiam in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1894) 717; Kukenth. 1. c. 281.

Inflorescentia depaniculata multo laxior. Paniculae secundariae in
ambitu latiores, rami saepe divaricati. Utriculi in faeiebus glabreseentes
minores brevius rostrati.

Luzon, ohne Standortangabe, Loher 707, 7 08, 7 09, 710: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, Whitford 189, 1145, Bur. Sci. 1593 Foxworthy, Merrill 3197,
Elmer 6985: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 8221 Ramos: Benguet Sub-
province, Baguio, Williams 1241- Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. 4384 Merritt.

Area: Vorderindien, Oberburma, Centralchina.

Auch Carex continua C. B. Clarke muss ich nach dem mir jetzt vorliegenden
reichlicheren Material als Art einziehen. Soweit die Philippinenpflanzen in
Betraeht kommen, verteilt sich Clarke’s C. continua auf die ty'pische G. Raffle-
siana und auf die hier beschriebene Varietat.

7. Carex pycnothyrsos Kukenth. sp. nov.

Rhizoma abbreviatum lignosum. Culmus 80 cm altns firmus triqneter
laevis. Folia cnlmo breviora 4—6 mm lata plana supra aspera rigida,
vaginae fuscae. Inflorescentia subdepaniculata 22 cm longa. Paniculae
partiales 7 mediae binae caeterae singulae in ambitu oblongae contractae
superiores spieiformes approximatae sessiles sequentes remotae exserte
pedunculatae erectae, pedunculi graciles sed stricti scabridi. Rhachis
dense hispida ; ramuli erecti inferiores pauci- superiores monostachyi.
Bracteae f oliaceae inflorescentiam superantes vaginantes. Spiculae ob-
longo-ovatae 6-7 mm longae androgynae (pars $ fere abscondita)
densiflorae bracteolis squamiformibus aristatis suffultae. Squamae 5
ovatae fuscae e carina flava in aristam brevem excurrentes. Utriculi
squamas plus duplo superantes oblique patentes lanceolato-elliptici trigoni
4 mm longi pallide virides fusco-tincti plurinervosi glabri vel superne
parce scabri basi contracti marginibus e medio ad apicem hispiduli in

CYPERACEAE-CARICOIDEAE.

61

rostrum longum latiusculum grosse bidentatum sensim desinentes. ISTux
oblongo-elliptica. Stylus in. collo insidens. Stigmata 3.

Negros, Canlaon Volcano, altitude 1,200 m, Phil. PI. 548 Merrill, April, 1910.
Diese schone Art hat habituell grosse Ahnlichkeit mit Gar ex Lindleyana Nees.
Die dichtgewimperten Rander der Schlauche und deren breitere Schnabel erweiseli
aber ihre nahere Beziehung zu der Gruppe Hispidulae.

8. Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. var. cirrhulosa (Nees) Kiikenth. 1. c. 287.
Carex fibrata Boott apud Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 156.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Quiangan, Merrill 109. Cebu, Cuming
1764-

Die typische Form auf den Mariannen-Inseln.

9. Carex nodiflora Boeck. in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 5 ( 188ft) 516; Kiikenth.

1. c. 288.

Carex Cumingii Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 156; C. B. Clarke in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 107.

Luzon, Wichura, Loher 7 04, 7 12: Province of Isabela, Bur. Sci. 8006 Ramos:
Province of Nueva Ecija, Cuming 1408: Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Alberto
s. n., Elmer 8301/ : Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 6449 •' Province of
Rizal, Antipolo, Bur. Sci. 3350 Ramos.

Endemisch.

10. Carex rhizomatosa Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. (1854) 60; Kiikenth.
I c. 289.

Carex Cumingiana Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 206.

Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 323: Province of Rizal, Bur.
Sci. 2700 Ramos. Negros, Cuming 1795. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keith-
ley, Mrs. Clemens 1096.

Area: Assam, Oberburma, Tonkin, Molukken.

Subgenus Eucarex Coss. et Germ.

~ Clavis specierum.

1. Utriculi erostrati/vel brevirostres, rostrum ore truncatum vel emarginatum raro
leviter bidentatum.

2. Squamae 5 fuscae; stigmata 2.

3. Spiculae 4 ad 6, terminates $ , laterales $ (apice saepe breviter ^ ) ;

utriculi dense glandulosi enervii breviter rostrati 11. C. phacota

3. Spiculae 12 ad 20, androgynae; utriculi eglandulosi multieostati erostrati

12. C. Graeffeana

2. Squamae 2 sordide luteae; stigmata 3.

3. Braetea ima breviter vaginans; spiculae oblongae vel oblongo-ovatae sub-

densiflorae 13. C. breviculmis subsp. Royleana

3. Braetea ima longe vaginans; spiculae 2 anguste cylindricae sublaxiflorae.

4. Spiculae omnes androgynae 14. C. cryptostachys

4. Spiculae sexu distinctae.

5. Utriculi elliptici; fllamenta dilatata basi eonnata 15. C. tristachya

var. pocilliformis

5. Utriculi lagenif ormes ; fllamenta libera.

6. Culmus centralis 5 ad 6 cm altus; folia 2 mm lata; spiculae 2 1-5

cm longae 16. C. rhynchachaenium

6. Culmus lateralis; folia ad 8 mm lata; spiculae 2 4 cm longae

. 17. C. ligata var. nexa

62 KUKENTHAL.

1. Utrieuli longius rostrati, rostrum ore bidentatum.

2. Stigmata 2 18. C. brunnea

2. Stigmata 3.

3. Irifloreseentia paniculata ; squamae $ fuscae.

4. Utrieuli anguste lanceolati 5 ad 6 mm longi 19. C. turrita

4. Utrieuli elliptiei 3 mm longi I. 20. C.Merrillii

3. Inflorescentia spicata; squamae $ ru,fae vel pallidiores.

4. Rhizoma stoloniferum ; spiculae 5 densi- et multiflorae ; utrieuli inflato-

trigoni ! St 21. C. subtransversa

4. Rhizoma caespitosum; spiculae $ oblongae vel ovatae, paueiflorae.

5. Spiculae omnes androgynae, densiflorae; utrieuli rhomboidales 7 mm

longi multinervosi marginibus anguste alati 22. C. Ramosii

5. Spiculae terminales $, laterales $ vel apice breviter g , laxiflorae;
utrieuli ellipsoidei trigoni.

6. Culmus centralis; spiculae superiores subradicales, foemineae ovatae;

bracteae breves 23. G. Loheri

6. Culmus lateralis; spiculae apice fastigiatae, foemineae oblongae;
bracteae inflorescentiam longe superantes 24. G. Elmeri

* 11. Carex phacota Spreng. Syst. 3 (1826) 826; Kiikenth. 1. c. 350.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Bur. Sci. 2505 Mearns, Williams 124-6.
Area: Vorderindien, Hinterindien, Siidjapan, Java.

12. Carex Graeffeana Boeck. in Flora 58 (1875) 22; Ktlkenth. 1. c. 403.
Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 441 : Benguet Subprovince,
Pauai, Merrill 6622 , Bur. Sci. 8370 McGregor ; Baguio, Elmer 8532; Mount Pulog,
For. Bur. 16132 Gurran, Merritt, & ZschoJcke; ohne Standortangabe, Loher 699:
Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 8174, 8177 Ramos. Mindanao, District of
Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 1250.

Area: Fidschi Inseln.

* 13. Carex breviculmis R. Br. subsp. Royleana Nees ex Wight Contr. (1834)
127 ; Kiikenth. 1. c. 469.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, Merrill 6609, Bur. Sci. 8853
McGregor.

Area: Vorderindien, Hinterindien, Tonkin, Formosa, China, Korea, Amurgebiet,
Japan.

Var. kingiana (Leviell6 et Vaniot) Kiikenth. 1. e. 470.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Merrill 6628.

Area : Japan.

*14. Carex cryptostachys Brongn. in Duperrey Voy. Coquille Bot. (1828)
152; Kukenth. 1. c. 471.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 1760 Ramos: Province of Laguna, Mount
Banajao, Bur. Sci. 9758 Robinson: Province of Sorsogon, Elmer 7 306.

Area: Malacca, Java, Tonkin, Formosa.

* 15. Carex tristachya Thunb. var. pocilliformis (Boott) Kiikenth. 1. c. 473.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai, Merrill 6629, 6630; Mount Pulog, Merrill

6606, Bur. Sci. 8856 McGregor.

Area: Formosa, Korea, , Japan.

16. Carex rhynchachaenium C. B. Clarke ex Merrill in Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.) 35 (1905) 5; Kiikenth. 1. c. 480.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Elmer 6983: Province of Pam-
panga, Mount Arayat, Phil. PI. 512 Merrill.

C YPERACE AE-C ARICOIDEAE .

63

Proxima C. breviscapae C. B. Clarke, differt culmo minore, foliis angustioribus
spiculis paucioribus brevioribus, utriculis longioribus pubescentibus. A G. ligata
Boott differt culmo eentrali, foliis bracteisque culmum longe superantibus.

Endemisch.

* 17. Carex ligata Boott var. nexa (Boott) Kiikenth. 1. c. 474.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, in forests 1,600 m. alt., Vanoverbergh 496.

Area: Hongkong, Centralchina.

18. Carex brunnea Thunb. FI. Jap. (1784) 38; Kiikenth. 1. c. 599.

Luzon, ohne Standortangabe, Loher 7 11: Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon,
Merrill 4819 : Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8152 Curran &
Merritt: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Merrill 4228, 4224 : Province of
Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3196, 3880, Whitford 1346, Bur. Sci. 1592
Foxworthy : Lepanto Subprovince, Mount Data, Merrill 4529, 4514-

Area.: Mascarerien, Yorderindien, Hinterindien, Tonkin, China, Korea, Japan,
Celebes, Australien.

Alle Exemplare von den Philippinen zeigen in Spelzen und Schlauchen ein
belleres zimmtbraun als die typische Form und gehen in die folgende Varietat
iiber.

Var. subteiogyna Kiikenth. in Fedde Repert. 8 (1910) 8.

Spicnlae laxiores. Squamae dilutiores longiores acuminatae. Utriculi
5 mm longi longius stipitati glaberrimi vel perparce scabri perlonge
rostrati.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, Merrill 6505, Bur. Sci. 8866 Mc-
Gregor; Pauai, Merrill 41 31. Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Merrill 6974-

19. Carex turrita C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 13.

Carex Walkeri Arn. var. turrita Kiikenth. 1. c. 564.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Loher 700: Abra Subprovinee, Bur. Sci. 7288
Ramos.

Endemisch.

Macht mir jetzt nach Einsicht vollstandigerer Exemplare doch den Eindruek
einer eigenen Art.

*20. Carex Merrillii Kiikenth. in Fedde Repert. 8 (1910) 7.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Merrill 6623.

Aus der Verwandtschaft der vorigen Art, C. Daltoni Boott und C. inaequalis
Boott.

Endemisch.

21. Carex subtransversa C. B. Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot.
108; Kiikenth. 1. c. 614.

Luzon, Benguet, Subprovince, Pauai, Merrill 4780.

Area: Formosa ( Katvakami & Mori 2298, 2385).

Am nachsten mit Carex japonica Thunb. und C. mollicula Boott verwandt, von
beiden durch die schiefabstehenden nicht runzeligen plotzlich in den Schnabel
zusammengezogenen Schlauche getrennt.

*22. Carex R am os ii .Kiikenth. in Fedde Repert. 8 (1910) 8.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Morong, Bur. Sci. 1434 Ramos; Antipolo, Phil. PI.
'536 Ramos.

Endemisch.

64

KUKENTHAL.

23. Carex Loheri C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 37 (1904) 14;
Kiikenth. 1. e. 487.

Luzon, Lepanto Subprovince, Mount Data, Merrill 4488; Benguet Subprovince
ohne naheren Standort, Loher 7 01, 7 02, 7 03, 7 08bis; Mount Pulog, Merrill 6605,
6607, 6506; Baguio, Elmer 8582: Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci.
5133 Ramos: Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur Sci. 9838 Robinson, Bur.
Sci. 2^03 Foxworthy.

Forma grandimascula Kiikenth. forma nova.

Spicula $ lineari-ellipsoidea 1.5 cm longa longe pedunculata.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Merrill lfi29.

Endemiscb.

*24. Carex Elmeri Kiikenth. in Fedde Repert. 8 (1910) 326.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Elmer 8Wi- Negros, Canlaon Volcano,
Merrill 6972.

Nahe mit G. Loheri verwandt, aber durck zentrale Blattrosette, breitere am
Rande nicht weissschiilferige Blatter, an der Spitze gedrangt stehende Ahrchen
und lange Bracteen gesehieden.

Endemiseh.

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62 photographic illustrations. 91 pages.

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ROBINSON, C. B. Philippine Urticaceae (concluded) _ i

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C. Botany

Vol. VI

JUNE, 1911

No. 2

PAPUAN FERNS COLLECTED BY THE REVEREND
COPLAND KING.

By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

(From the College of Agriculture, Los Banos, P. I.)

At various times during the past three years, I have received from the
Reverend Copland King, of Ambasi, Papua, very interesting collections
of ferns from different places in eastern New Guinea. Part or all of
these collections were first sent to Mr. P. Manson Bailey, who has published
some notes on them, but has not described any of the numerous novelties.
As I was at first requested by Mr. King to await any work Mr. Bailey
might wish, to do with them, I have let these collections accumulate,
without hitherto publishing anything on them. In consideration of the
very limited knowledge concerning the flora of this region, it seems
advisable now to list the entire collection, inserting the novelties in their
natural places.

The strongest impression gained by the study of these ferns is one of
surprise at their completely Malayan character. This is so striking that
it would have been almost as easy to believe that the whole collection
had been made in Celebes, or even in Mindanao. This observation applies
equally to the species and to the larger groups. Of the determined
species, and there is a residuum of hardly ten still to be identified, only
three are known farther east or south and not in the Malay archipelago.
On the other hand, there are twenty-two species which find here their

101823 65

66

COPELAND.

most easterly known point, but have been collected in Malaya. Of all
the extensive botanical evidence against the naturalness of Wallace’s line
between Malaya and New Guinea, this is the most conclusive.

As a matter of fact, the fern flora of all Polynesia is Malayan in
general character, as evidenced by the fact that King’s collection contains
eighty-seven species found both east and west of New Guinea. There
are also sixteen species previously known in New Guinea only, and forty-
two species described here as new.

MARATTIACEAE.

MARATTIA Swartz.

1. Marattia Kingii Copel. species nova.

Fronde teste King 1 m alta; pinnis 20-25 cm longis, rhachi deorsum
albieante et sparse paleacea, sursum alata ; pinnulis sessilibus, late cuneatis,
aeuminatis, majoribus ca. 35 mm longis, 9 mm latis, lanceolatis, acute
serrulatis, rigide coriaceis, infra albidis et ad costam venasque minute
paleaceis; venis simplicibus; soris medialibus, 1-1.5 mm longis, sporangiis
utroque latere 4 vel 5, indusio lacero conspicuo, receptaculo elliptico.

No. 214, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m.

Distinguished from its apparently nearest relative, M. melanesica Kuhn, by
much finer serration, veins standing at nearly a right angle, and the fine scaliness,
characters easily recognized even on small fragments.

2. Marattia grandifolia Copel. species nova.

Rhachi pinnae glabra, angustissime alata; pinnulis breviter (ca. 2 mm)
stipitatis stipite subvelutino glabrescente, maximis ultra 20 cm longis,
ultra 3 cm latis, basi inaequale cuneato-rotundata, aeuminatis, acute
leviter serratis, herbaceo-coriaceis, glabris, infra pallidis; venis simpli-
cibus haud pellueidis ; soris submarginalibus, ca. 2 mm longis, sporangiis
utroque latere 9-12, indusio inconspicuo, scarioso, receptaculo oblongo-
lineare. Species M. macrophyllae De Yr. affinis, qua pinnulis majoribus
durioribus, venulis opacis distinguenda.

No. 305.

Of the numerous forms sometimes grouped under M. fraxinea, this is near
only to the M. macrophylla named above. The leaflets of M. grandifolia are
broadest below the middle.

OPHIOGLOSSACE^E.

OPHIOGLOSSUM Linnaeus.

1. O. reticulatum L.

No. 232, Ambasi.

Most tropical lands.

PAPUAN FERNS.

HELMINTHOSTACHYS Ivaulfuss.

1. H. zeylanica (L.) Hooker.

No. 189, Ambasi.

India to New Caledonia.

SCHIZAEACEiE.

SCHIZAEA Smith.

1. S. dichotoma (L.) Smith.

Nos. 137, 21,3, Ambasi.

Polynesia to Madagascar.

King states that this form, 8. Forsteri Spr., is readily distinguishable when
growing, as the branches rise in a cluster, while in typical 8. dichotoma, which
he has found at Lakekamu, they spread or even bend down. The man in the
herbarium is never likely to know his ferns as the good collector does.

2. S. digitata (L.) Swtz.

No. 110, Waria River in German New Guinea, altitude 900 m.

Fiji to India; and Madagascar (?).

LYGODIUM Swartz.

1. L. circinnatum (Burm.) Swtz.

Nos. 152, 236, Ambasi.

Queensland to northern India.

2. L. trifurcatum: see under L. dimorphum.

Melanesia, Celebes.

3. L. dimorphum Copel. species nova.

Valde dimorphum; ramis nanis fere obsoletis; frondulae sterilis stipi-
tula 1-1.5 cm longa, frondulae fertilis longiore: frondula sterile furcata,
ramo inferiore fere ad basin furcato, segmentis 15-20 cm longis, 15-20
mm latis, unilateraliter valde auriculatis, aeuminatis, minute serrulatis,
coriaceis, glabris, nitidis; frondula fertile furcata, ramis pinnatis vel
rarius iterum furcatis, pinnis plerumque pinnatis interdum digitatis,
pinnulis simplicibus vel furcatis rarius iterum furcatis, lamina sterile
nulla; spicis 2-3 mm longis, sporis tuberculatis.

No. 13k, in part, 147, 363 and 364, all from Ambasi.

This plant is a near relative of L. trifurcatum Baker, from which it is most
readily distinguished by the complete suppression of the sterile lamina on the
fertile leaflets. I believe the first specimen sent me to be mixed with L. trifur-
catum, although I can not identify the latter with the plant or plants distributed
under that name, collected in German New Guinea by Hahn. The group seems to
me to contain several species; but the ease of collecting mixtures in this genus
makes especially careful field work a prerequisite to reliable determination of any
incomplete specimens. The type specimen of L. dimorphum, in my herbarium,
has sterile and fertile leaflets on the one rachis. King states that this fern is
very common, but I do not know to which of the forms sent this applies.

68

COPELAND.

No. 36 Jj. is one of the curious intermediates often found in Lygoclium, the
segments or pinnules being partly fertile. The change is rather abrupt, the
fertile part promptly losing all the lamina. These pinnules have the plan of
ordinary sterile ones.

4. Lygodium Kingii Copel. species nova.

Species L. scandenti Swtz. affinis; rachidibus ubique minute pubes-
centibus ; ramo nano subnullo ; pinnulis ad pedicellarum capita conspicue
incrassata articulatis, late cuneatis vel truncatis, hand cordatis, lanceo-
latis, 4-6 cm longis; sporis tuberculatis.

No. 362, from Mamba river; Nos. 282, 178.

King sends this as the “inland variety” of L. scandens, but says “L. scandens
along side this, and the contrast is marked.” The two species are very distinct,
L. scandens having naked axes, the dwarf branch slender and 3 mm more or less
in length, the thickening of the head of the pedicel evident after, but not before,
the fall of the pinnule, and the spores white, and reticulate, rather than tuber-
culate in appearance. My specimen, ticketed “L. microphyllum Sw.”, collected
by Hahn at Yabim, German New Guinea, is a mixture of sterile L. scandens and
fertile L. fLexuosum.

5. L. scandens Sw.

No. 133, Ambasi.

Africa to Polynesia.

6. L. japonicum Sw.

No. Ilf6, Ambasi.

Australia to India and Japan.

A sterile specimen collected at Mamba may be a hybrid of L. japonicum and
L. circinnatum, but might be a' monstrous L. dimorphum, the sterile pinna taking
the plan of the fertile.

7. L. Versteegii Christ in Res. de l’Exp. Sci. Neerl. h la Nouv. Guinee 8
(1910) 163.

Christ does not mention the auricled bases of the segments, which are con-
spicuous though small on all of King’s specimens, but the plants are otherwise
alike. One of King’s specimens, No. 360, is entirely sterile, and the segments
are 40 cm long. The stalk of the pinna is suppressed; that of the segments is
up to 1 cm long, and usually provided with separate auricles.

Nos. B. 46, from Gira; 360, from Lakekamu; and 361, from Mamba.

The fertile frond of No. 361 has the veins free, while that of B. 1/6 has a row
of areolae.

Gleicheniaceae.

GLEICHENI A Smith.

1. G. linearis (Burm.) Clarke.

No. 158, Ambasi.

Pantropic.

2. G. hirta Bl.

No. 188, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m.

Moluccas, Java, the Philippines.

This plant is coriaceous, but otherwise typical.

PAPUAN FERNS.

69

CYATHEACEAE.

DICKSON I A L’H&itier.

1. D. papuana F. v. M., det. by Maiden.

No. 230, Ambasi; No. 350, Lakekamu.

This fern is reduced by all recent authors to Saccoloma sorbifolium (Sm.)
Christ. I doubt the identity of these two; but be that as it may, the fern
is a Dicksonia rather than a Saccoloma. If one does not like to call it Dicksonia,
it is probably Gystodium J. Sm. The mass of scales on and about the bases of
the stipes is altogether Dicksonia- like. I have examined numerous sporangia
from both of King’s collections and find that a majority have a somewhat
oblique annulus interrupted by the pedicel. A smaller number have the annulus
uninterrupted. The stomium is like that of other Dicksoniae.

CYATHEA Smith.

1. C. fusca Baker.

Nos. 181, 21f6, 277.

New Guinea.

The veins and costae are not glabrous. I know this fern only by description.

2. C. contaminans (Wall.) Copel.

No. 215, in open country.

Malaya, India.

Nos. 227 and 356 are other species of which the specimens are insufficient for
certain identification. No. 227 is very probably undescribed.

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE.

HYMENOPHYLLUM Smith.

1. H. oo ides F. Muell. & Bak. ( ?)

No. 106, Goodenough Bay.

New Guinea.

This fern is so determined by F. Manson Bailey, and I presume that he is
acquainted with the original plant. In that ease the original description is
peculiar in several respects, especially in calling the pinnae lanceolate; those
of this plant are rather elliptic.

No. 21(6 is another very slender plant more than 30 cm high and less than
3 cm wide; it agrees better than No. 106 with the description of E. ooides. It
is a relative of H. blumeanum Spr.

2. H. dilatatum (Forst.) Sw.

No. 186, Goodenough Bay.

Malaya to New Zealand.

Identification not positive as the specimens are sterile.

3. H. Reinwardtii v. d. Bosch.

No. 210, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m.

Java, Sumatra.

Smaller and much more crisped that the form figured by van den Bosch, but
otherwise not different.

70

COPELAND.

4. H. laminatum Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate repente pube purpurea vestito ; stipite 4 ad 5 em alto an ran m
pubescente; fronde ca. 15 cm alta, 2.5 ad 3.5 cm lata, lanceolata, rliachi
anguste 2-4-alata; pinnis lanceolatis, acutis, inferioribus brevistipitatis,
fere ad costam pinnatisectis ; segmentis oblanceolatis vel obovatis, apice
incisis sparse serrulatis, tenuiter rigidis, rufis; venis yeuulisque late et
usque ad marginem undulato-cristatis ; soris secus rhachin ordinatis,
basi cristatis, ore bifido, laciniis denticulatis.

No. SJfl, Lakekamu.

Nearest T. fuscum (Blume) v. d. Bosch, differing from this relative in the
narrower pinnae, more prolonged lamellae, occasionally serrate margin and denti-
culate lobes of the indusium.

5. H. (Leptocionium) ovatum Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate filiforme glabrescente ; stipite 1 cm alto, rhachique sursum
alata nigris, glabrescentibus ; fronde ovata, 4 cm alta, 3 cm lata, obtusa ;
pinnis utroque latere ca. 9, proximis et interdum imbricatis, sessilibus,
apice rotundatis, fere ad costam pinnatifidis ; segmentis 1-2-lobatis, proxi-
mis ; lobis ca. 0.8 mm latis, obtusis, sparse serratis, margine haud crispa,
glabris, coriaceis, brunneis ; indusio infra medium bifido, , laciniis late
ovatis, superne dentatis.

No. B. 32, Gira.

Clearly distinguished from all related species by the broad, very compact, and
decidedly coriaceous little fronds.

6. H. serrulatum (Pr.) C. Chr. ?

No. B. 31, Gira, Yodda, etc.

New Guinea and the Philippines.

The specimens are small and sterile. The rachis is winged throughout, but
this may not be so on adults.

TRICHOMANES Linnaeus.

1. T. trichophyllum Moore.

No. 109, Goodenough Bay, altitude 900 m.

Sterile, but probably this species. No. S. 12 has the fruit character of this
species, which it probably represents, though the segments are narrowly linear
rather than bristle-like.

Borneo, New Guinea, New Caledonia.

2. T. grande Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate erecto, stipitibus eonfertis, alatis, 20 cm altis; fronde 20-35
cm alta vel ultra, 10-15 cm lata, quadripinnatifida, rhachibus alatis,
sparse puberula ; segmentis ultimis 0.5 mm latis, planis, obtusis; soris
paratactis, indusio utroque latere subcarinato, infundibuliforme, limbo
dilatato et interdum subrevoluto.

Philippines: Copeland 1739 (type), Cuming 162 in part, Copeland 2051f, Mer-
rill 6060, Elmer 8333, Bur. Sci. 10289, and many other collections.

Papua, King 351, Lakekamu ( ? )

PAPUAN FERNS.

71

This was included with some other species in T. anceps Hooker. T. millefolium
Presl was based on another plant, also included in Cuming 162, which is T.
maximum Bl. This is more like T. rigidum Swtz. which however is a much
smaller plant, less divided, with shorter indusium, and is very doubtfully present
in the Orient.

The Papuan specimen has much broader pinnae than those of the Philippines;
I have not made it a type because I have not the rhizome.

3. T. aphlebioides Christ.

No. 193.

New Guinea.

No. 68 of Karnbach’s collection, from “Nuselang u. d. Sattelberges Weg nach
Schleo,” distributed as T. bauerianum, is also this species. T. bauerianum, judg-
ing by our Norfolk Island specimens, is altogether distinct, both from this fern
and from T. apiifolium Presl.

4. T. dentatum v. d. B. ( ?)

No. 353, Lakekamu.

Polynesia.

I doubt the identity of this specimen with the species named, but it is very
near it.

6. T. latipinnum Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate repente, 25 mm crasso, pilis purpureo-nigris aeicularibus
dense vestito; stipite 15-20 cm alto, rhachique atropnrpureis, decidue
pilosis deinde hispidis; fronde trigona, 15 cm alta, 10 cm lata, quadri-
pinnatifida; pinnis et pimrulis deltoideo-lanceolatis, pinnnlis primariis et
secundariis acroscopicis maximis; pinnnlis11 incisis, segmentis nltimis
0.1-0. 2 mm latis, 0.5-1 mm longis, acutis, glabris, coriaceis; soris para-
tactis, indnsiis 1 mm longis, 0.6 mm latis, infra medium alatis, truncatis,
receptaculo paullo extruso.

No. 108, Waria River, German New Guinea, altitude 900 m.

Easily distinguished from the preceding, and from T. rigidum in all forms
known to me, by the very broad pinnae and pinnules.

6. T. cupressoides Desv.

No. 107, Waria River, German New Guinea, altitude 900 m.

Westward to Madagascar.

This agrees fairly well with van den Bosch’s plate of T. obscurum Bl., but
all our Javan specimens supposed to be this species have bilabiate indusia.

7. T. pallidum Bl.

No. 18$, Goodenough Bay.

India to Polynesia.

8. T. densinervium Copel. spec. nova.

Cephalomanes stipite valido vix 10 cm alto, fronde 18 cm alta, vix
4 cm lata, sursum sensim angustata, pinnis proximis valde imbricatis,
infhnis haud remotis, obliquis, apice rotundatis, ciliatis, venis angulo acuto
orientibus, proximis, crassis, furcatis et inferioribus acroscopicis iterum
furcatis ; soris partem superiorem frondis occupantibus, acroscopicis, ad
pinnam quamquam usque ad 8, uniformibus, indusiis compresso-infun-

72

COPELAND.

dibuliformibus, truncatis, limbo paullo dilatato vel interdum recto, recep-
taculo exserto.

No. 150.

Differs evidently from T. javanicum Bl., T. atrovirens Kze., and T. Zollingeri
v. d. B. in the coarse veins, which stand at a much more acute angle to the
costa. The frond is also conspicuously more compact and the pinnae more
rounded.

9. T. (Cephalomanes) acrosorum Copel. spec. nova.

Stipitibus confertissimis, 1-2 cm altis; fronde 6-10 cm alta, 1.5-2
cm lata, rhachi pilosa glabrescente ; pinnis 10-12 mm longis, basi cuneatis,
apice rotundatis, dentatis et interdum partitis, venatione sublaxa; pinnis
supremis fertilibns, 1-3-soratis, lamina carentibus, indusio 2.5-3 mm
longo, infra limbum plus minus dilatatum vix 1 mm crasso; receptaculo
usque ad 7 mm exserto.

No. 352, Lakekamu.

The racemose or narrowly paniculate sori make this very distinct from any
species hitherto known.

10. T. (Cephalomanes) Kingii Copel. spec. nova.

Rhachi anguste alata, glabra; pinnis laceratis; paniculo breve; indusio
conico, vix 2 mm alto, 1 mm vel ultra lato, limbo haud dilatato; aliter
praecedenti simile.

No. (?) Lakekamu.

I have only one frond of this plant, but it has such a combination of dis-
tinctive characters that I do not believe it can vary into T. acrosorum.

11. T. humile Porst.

No. 136, on the coast.

New Zealand to Formosa.

No. 3^0 is a related species, but the specimen is sterile.

POLYPODIACEiE.

DR YOPTER IS Adanson.

The great body of the species of this genus fall into three groups, which are
for the most part natural and easily recognized. As there are such perfect series
of intermediates that the majority of my contemporaries have no disposition to
hold these as distinct genera, and as I do not regard them as natural in detail,
that is, as absolutely homophyletic, I am not concerned as to the generic validity
of the names chosen for these groups. They are :

§ 1. Lastraea. Fronds decompound or veinlets forked. This is in my opinion
the most primitive group. From it have been derived Tectaria and Polystichum,
which in turn have their daughter-genera.

§ 2. Thelypteris. Fronds as a rule deeply bipinnatifid with simple veinlets,
having the aspect of the next section, but the veins free.

§ 3. Nephrodium. Pinnae not so deeply cut as to prevent anastomosis of at
least the basal veinlets.

PAPUAN FERNS.

73

§ Lastraea.

1. D. setigera (Bl.) O. Kuntze.

No. 155.

Polynesia to India.

2. D. Kingii Copel. spec. nova.

Lastraea gregis D. syrmatieae, stipite fusco, 30 cm alto, deorsum
paleis linearibus ultra 2 cm longis omato, sursum rhachique fere glabris;
fronde ca. 30 cm alta, 15 cm lata; pinnis inferioribus vix ' minoribus,
maximis ca. 10 cm longis, 2-2.5 cm latis, subsessilibus, acuminatis,
fere ad costam incisis sinu acuto; segmentis ca. 15 mm longis, 5 mm
latis, f alcatis, acutis, integris, coriaceis, fere glabris ; venis utroque latere
5 vel 6, fnrcatis; soris medialibns, indusio inviso.

No. 1^9, Tamata and coast.

Characterized by the texture and the acute, entire segments, separate almost
to the costa.

§ Thelypteris.

3. D. quadriaurita Christ.

No. ,220, opposite Samarai.

Mindanao.

4. D. wariensis Copel. spec. nova.

Fronde ca. 45 cm alta, 20 cm lata, rhachi minute puberula, fuse 4,
pinna apicale aliis simile; pinnis infimis paullo brevioribus, maximis
ultra 15 cm longis, 3.5 cm latis, brevistipitatis, acuminatis, fere ad
costam pinnatifidis; segmentis 18 mm longis, 2-3 mm latis, infimis vix
diminutis, plerisque fere rectis, integris, obtusis, herbaeeis, ubique gla-
bris ; venis utroque latere usque 20 ; soris medialibus, indusio carente,
sporangiis nudis.

No. 101, Waria River, in German New Guinea.

'This may be near D. tuberculata, but is not at all glandular. The base of the
stipe is wanting.

5. D. basisora Copel. spec. nova.

Parte superiore stipitis fusca, sulco pubescente, aliter glabra; fronde
ultra 60 cm alta, ca. 35 cm lata; rhachi pubescente; pinnis infimis re-
motis, deflexis, paullo brevioribus, maximis medialibus, 22 cm longis,
2.5-3 cm latis, brevistipitatis, acuminatis, prof unde pinnatifidis, lamina
costale utroque 1-1.5 mm lata; segmentis infimis reductis, majoribus 16
mm longis, 3.5 mm latis integris, acutis, rectis vel subf alcatis, coriaceis,
venis et sparsissime lamina infra pubescentibus ; venulis utroque latere
usque ad 23, simplicibus; soris eostularibus, indusiis nudis, nigris, per-
sistentibus.

No. 304.

This species has very much the aspect of D. erubescens, from whieh it is dis-
tinguished by the indusia.

74

COPELAND.

6. D. falcatipinnula Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite pallide brunneo, 30 cm alto; fronde 25-30 cm alta, 30 cm lata,
rhachi sparse praecipue sursum pubescente, apud insertiones pinnarmn
adenophora, pinna apicale aliis subsimile sed latiore ; pinnis ca. 7 -paribus,
oppositis, 12 cm longis, 15 mm latis, subsessilibus, valde acuminatis,
infimis nee remotis nec diminutis, fere ad costam pinnatifidis ; segmentis
infimis brevioribus, majoribus 10-12 mm longis, linearibus, vix acutis,
falcatis, integris, coriaceis, ad apices et in sinubns ciliatis, supra glabris,
infra ad yenas et venulas .sparse pilosis; venis utroque latere ca. 12,
simplicibus; soris inframedialibus, indusio brunneo, piloso, persistente.

No. HJf, in lowlands.

Near D. loheriana, but less pubescent, and with narrower and more deeply cut
pinnae.

§ Nephbodium.

7. D. cucullata (Bl.) Christ.

No. 163, common in grass land.

Polynesia to the Seychelles.

8. D. arida (Don) 0. Kuntze.

No. 112, in grass land.

Malaya, India.

9. D. paraphysata Copel. spec. nova.

Fronde 75 cm alta, 30 cm lata; pinna apicale aliis sipaile, rhachi
fusea, minute sordide pubescente; pinnis infimis utroque latere una (aut
pluribus) in auriculam abrupte reductis; maximis 18 cm longis, basi
2 cm latis, dein sensim ad apicem acuminatum attenuatis, rectis, brevi-
pedicellatis, ca. 1 ad costam pinnatifidis, costa dense, lamina sparis-
sime setosis, segmentis truncatis, subcoriaceis ; venis simplicibus, utroque
latere ca. 7, quarum plerumque 2 anastomosantibus ; soris inframedialibus ;
indusiis inconspicuis (non carentibus), paraphysibus multis, grande glan-
duloso-eapitatis ; sporangiis nudis ; sporis spinis paucis longis omatis.

No. 306.

Near D. truncata (Presl) O. Kuntze; the latter is less hairy, has a conspicuous
indusium, wants the copious paraphyses, and has the spores covered with short
tubercles or spines.

10. D. arbuscula (Willd.) O. Kuntze, sensu lat.

No. 111.

Polynesia to India.

D. arbuscula as generally construed contains several apparently distinct plants.

11. D. dichrotricha Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite 40 cm alto, brunneo* ubique sparse villoso; fronde ultra 60
cm alta, 30-35 cm lata, apice pinnatifida longa; rhachi pilis albidis

PAPUAN FERNS.

75

minutis et aliis ultra 1 mm longis dense vestita; pinnis utroque latere
ca. 20, infimis reductis, majoribus brevi-stipitatis, fere horizontalibus, ca.
2 cm latis, acuminatis, basi truncatis, \ ad costam pinnatifidis ; segments
rotundatis, subfalcatis, integris, ubique minute pilosis et glandulosis;
2 vel 3 venis anastomosantibus; soris medialibus; indusiis persistentibus,
pallidis, setosis, margine glandulifera; sporangis ad annulos nudis, alibi
interdum sparse setosis ; sporis reticulatis.

No. 29 4 (type) ; No. 219, mainland opposite Samarai.

Near D. adenophora G. Chr., but the glandular spot inconspicuous and surfaces
hairy; and to D. polycarpa Christ, but the attachment of the indusium short and
the pubescence different; different from most of the D. parasitica group, in the
glandular indusia. At the base of the frond are one pair of auricles and one
or two pairs of less reduced pinnae.

12. D. ( Mesochlaena) polycarpa Christ.

No. 159.

Malaya, Polynesia.

I have sometime favored the recognition of Mesochlaena as a genus, but do
not now incline that way. It is too difficult to distinguish this plant from
D. adenophora C. Chr.

13. D. aquatilis Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite vix 15 cm alto, fusco, basi nigro, sub lente minute appresso-
setoso ; fronde ca. 35 cm alta, 10 cm lata, apice 5 cm longo inciso-serrato,
rhachi minute appresso-setosa ; pinnis remotis, utroque latere ca. 14,
stipitatis, ca.. 6 cm longis, 7 mm latis, valde acuminatis, basi inaequilate-
raliter cuneatis, acroscopice aurieulatis, leviter serratis, membranaceis,
costis et sparsissime venis setosis, lamina glabra, membranacea; venulis
utroque latere 2 ,vel 3, sat irregulariter anastomosantibus ; soris infimis op-
posite proximis vel contiguis, superioribus medialibus ; indusio orbiculare,
sinu manifeste vel saepius occulto.

No. 182, under flood level of creeks.

Perfectly intermediate between D. lineata (Bl.) C. Chr. and D. salicifolia
(Wall.) C. Chr.; the latter sometimes has the pinnae slightly aurieulate. D.
salicifolia has at least sometimes a rudimentary indusium which seems to have
been overlooked.

14. D. prolifera (Retz.) C. Chr.

No. 128.

Polynesia to Africa.

15. D. triphylla (Swtz.) C. Chr.

No. 822, Mamba.

Queensland to India.

16. D. urophylla (Wall.) C. Chr.

No. 258, not typical.

Polynesia to India.

76

COPELAND.

TECTARI A Cavanilles.

1. T. ferruginea (Mett.) Copel. comb. nova.

Phegopteris ferruginea, Mett. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1864) 224.

No. 26Jf.

New Guinea.

I have sometime since published the opinion that Tectaria is derived from a
Dryopteris of the group of D. dissecta; this species is so near that group that
at first sight I did not suspect its being a Tectaria. It impresses me as easily
the most primitive known representative of its genus.

2. T. malayensis (Christ) Copel.

No. 359, Lakekamu.

Western Malaya and the Philippines.

3. T. cesatiana (C. Chr.) Copel. comb. nova.

Aspidium cesatianum C. Chr. Index (1905) 68.

No. 161, Ambasi; No. 3Jf8, Lakekamu.

New Guinea.

Originally described by Baker, as Aspidium beccarianum ; this specific name is
not transferred because of the earlier Polypodium beccarianum Cesati, which
must also be Tectaria.

4. T. Menyanthidis (Presl) Copel.

Nos. 169, 180, Ambasi.

New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Ids.

Distinguished from T. crenata by the somewhat scattered sori.

5. T. decurrens (Presl) Copel.

No. 251, Ambasi.

Polynesia to India and China.

6. T. papuana Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite ca. 45 cm alto, nigro, nitido; fronde deltoidea, pinnata, ca.
40 cm alta, 30 cm lata; pinnis infimis stipitatis, deltoideis, cordatis,
subfalcatis, acutis ; sequentibus utroque latere 1, rotundato-adnatis, late
lanceolatis, 4 cm latis, 15 cm longis, subfalcatis; pinna apicale tripartita,
segmento mediale ca. 20 cm longo, 5 cm lato ; pinnis subsinuatis, coriaceis,
supra nisi ad costas glabris, infra minute puberulis olivaceis; venis ad
marginem attingentibus, reticulatione venularum minuta; soris grand-
ibus, praecipue inter venas biseriatis, supra conspicuis, indusiis peltatis,
glandulosis, persistentibus.

No. 160.

Near T. tripartita (Baker ut Nephrodium) but not identical unless the
diagnosis of that species is particularly poor. I have a New Caledonia fern
determined as Aspidium tripartitum which differs from T. papuana only in being
thinner and more ample; the two are easily conspecific. But neither has the
indusia sagenioid or glabrous, and there are minor differences.

7. T. irregularis (Presl) Copel.

No. 175, Mamba; No. 259.

Malaya, Fiji.

PAPUAN FERNS.

77

8. T. leuzeana (Gaudich.) Copel.

No. 257.

Polynesia to Asia.

HEMIGRAlVlMA Christ.

H. grandifolia Copel. spec. nova.

Fronde pinnata ca. 30 cm alta et la£a, longe stipitata ; pinnis oppositis
ntroqne latere 2 vel 3 ; pinnis sterilibns vel segmentis earum oblanceolatis,
acnminatis; infimis 1 vel 2 fnrcatis, apicale trifida, frondis fertilis pinnis
inftmis nsqne ad 15 cm longis, 2 mm latis, simplicibns, sporangiis laminam
obtegentibus.

No. 828, Lakekamu.

A very distinct species, the sterile frond preserving in large measure the form
of Tectaria crenata, from which, or from near which I consider the genus to be
descended.

STENOSEM I A Presl.

I. S. aurita (Sw.) Presl.

No.. 235.

Malaya, Solomon Islands.

LEPTOCHILUS Kaulfuss.

1. L. cuspidatus (Presl) C. Chr.

No. 144, on the coast; No. 269 is a very young plant, probably of this species.
Polynesia to the Seychelles.

2. L. heteroclitus (Presl) C. Chr.

Nos. 265, 284-
Melanesia to India.

3. L. axillaris (Cav.) Kaulfuss.

No. 216, Ambasi.

Westward to southern India.

LOMAGRAMMA J. Sm.

1. L. sp. perhaps L. lomarioides, which should be found in this region.

No. 334, Sogere.

There is no sterile frond.

DIPTERIS Reinwardt.

1. D. conjugata Reinw.

No. 151, Ambasi.

Polynesia to Asia.

ATHYRIUM Roth.

1. A. esculentum (Retz.j Copel.

No. 254 ■ A small frond, only the lowest veinlets anastomosing.

Polynesia to India.

2. A. accedens (Bl.) Milde.

Nos. 179, 292.

Polynesia to Africa.

78

COPELAND.

3. A. cordifolium (Bl.) Copel.
No. 245.

Polynesia to Africa,

4. A. sorsogonense (Presl) Milde.

No. 329, Lakekamu.

Malaya to India; new to New Guinea.

5. A. cyatheifolium (Rich.) Milde.

No. 331, Lakekamu.

New Guinea to Luzon.

6. A. pallidum (Bl.) Milde.

No. 365, Mamba.

Queensland, Malaya.

7. A. crenato-serratum (Bl.) Milde.

No. Slflf, Lakekamu.

Malaya; new to New Guinea.

BLECHNUM Linnaeus.

B. orientale L.

No. 157.

Polynesia to India.

Blechnum sp., near B. Moorei C. Chr.

No. 101f, Goodenough Bay, altitude 300-600 m.

Very likely a new species, but near the above which is New-Caledonian.

PH YLLITIS Ludwig.

1. P. (Triphlebia) longifolia (Pr.) 0. K.*

No. 191.

Malaya, Papua.

2. P. (Diplora) mambare (Bailey) v. A. v. R. (?)

No. 287. This determination was given Mr. King in Sydney. The largest
fronds are less than 10 cm long and not serrate; the stipes of the larger ones
bear free leaflets below the body of the frond.

New Guinea.

ASPLENIUM Linnaeus.

1. A. acrobryum Christ R6s. de l’Exp. Sci. NSerl. h la Nouv.-GuinSe 8 (1910)
150.

No. 120 A. Common on the coast.

Described from Noord-rivier.

This specimen is smaller than the type, being about 30 cm long and 4-5 cm
wide, with the prolonged tip shorter. The tips of the veins are free.

2. A. P hy 1 1 it id is Don.

No. 286.

Malaya, Philippines, India.

This is the fern commonly so called.

PAPUAN FERNS.

79

3. A. papuanum Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate repente, 1 mm crasso, viride, nigro-striato, paleis miimtis
sparsis; stipitibus 1 cm inter se distantibus, ca. 3 cm longis deorsum
paleis minutis angustis vestitis; fronde ca. 15 cm alta, 25 mm lata,
simplice, acumine obtnso producto, crenata, herbacea, infra albida, glabra ;
yen is obliquis, remotis, liberis ; soris a costa fere ad marginem protensis ;
indusio lato pallido.

No. 287.

This differs from most of the simple-leaved species in the very slender rhizome
and herbaceous texture. It differs from A. comosum Christ of the same region
in texture and size and in several details. A. concolor Hook., and A. amboinense
Willd. have stout rhizomes and tufted stipes.

The spores are finely reticulate, and sparingly and irregularly tuberculate,
but not spiny; which distinguishes it from several species of the group.

4. A. tenerum Forst. var. acuminatum.

No. 2^8.

Polynesia to India.

5. A. Kingii Copel. spec. nova.

Euasplenium, stipite alto, 4 mm crasso, snlcato, sursum glabro, griseo-
nigro; fronde ultra 50 cm alta, pinnata; pinnis utroque latere 5, infimis
stipitatis furcatis, aliis subsessilibus integris, ca. 20 cm longis, ca. 5 cm
latis, abrupte acuminatis, basin versus (furcatis exceptis) aequalibus,
obscure crenatis, herbaceis, glabris; venis furcatis; soris ca. 2 cm longis,
nec costam nec marginem attingentibus ; indusio atro-brunneo, angusto.

No. 357, Lakekamu; No. 300 is an immature specimen of the same, the basal
pinnae not forked.

The spores have a hyaline cover, and are not spiny. The species is apparently
very distinct, and easily recognized by its large, broad, thin pinnae, even though
the forking of the lowest is not constant.

6. A. pellucidum Lam.

No. 226.

Polynesia to Madagascar.

7. A. macrophyllum Sw.

No. 169, common on coast.

Polynesia to the Comores.

No. 315, from Taupota, is a frond with narrow, almost entire pinnae, which
may be a variety of this variable species.

8. A. cuneatum Lam.

No. 260.

Pantropic.

9. A. affine Swtz.

Nos. 239, 279.

Polynesia to the Comores.

80

COPELAND.

10. A. obtusatum Forst.

No. 120.

Australia to Chile.'

My specimen is insufficient for positive determination, but is accompanied by
this name. The rachis is broadly winged.

11. A. Lauterbachii Christ. (A. obtusilobum Hook, non Desv., A. oceanicum
C. Chr.)

No. 222, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1200 m.; No. 354, Lakekamu.

Polynesia to Celebes.

No. 354 has on the same plants typical fronds of A. Lauterbachii and of A.'
oceanicum. This is an example of the not rare event that an author, believing
he describes a new species, really gives the first valid name to one already long
known.

12. A. scandens J. Sm.

No. 342, Lakekamu.

Fiji to Luzon.

STENOCHLAENA 5J. Smith.

1. S. palustris (Burm.) Bedd.

No. 167, Ambasi.

Polynesia to the Asiatic continent.

2. S. Kingii Copel.

Lomariopsis, caule 1 cm crasso, inerme, paleaceo ; stipite non artic-ulato,
20 cm longo, paleaceo dein glabreseente ; pinnis frondis sterilis multi-
jugis, ca. 16 cm longis, 20-22 mm latis, brevissime stipitatis, articulatis,
basi cnneatis, acuminatis, crenulatis, coriaceis, glabris, siccis supra atrovi-
ridibus, infra olivaceis ; pinnis fertilibns 20 cm longis, 2 mm latis, stipiti- •
bus earum 5 mm longis, validis.

No. 285.

Nearest to L. recurvata Fee Mem. 2: pi. 28, but with longer and much stouter
stalks of the fertile pinnae and without the peculiar episporium. Of species in
the same part of the world, 8. Brackenridgii (Carr.) Underw. has sterile pinnae
abruptly narrowed to long stalks, and 8. Novae-Caledoniae (Mett.) Underw. has
broad fertile pinnae and sterile pinnae stalked and not acuminate.

ARTHROPTERIS J. Smith.

1. A. Kingii Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate repente, 1 mm crasso, nigro, paleis deciduis ; stipitibus
remotis, 3-5 cm altis, nigris, ca. 2 cm supra rhizoma articulatis ; fronde
12-20 cm alta, 40-45 mm lata, acuminata, deorsum vix angustata; rhachi
nigra, brevissime cinereo-puberula ; pinnis horizontalibus, sessilibus, arti-
eulatis, subacutis, acroscopice aurieulatis, siccis nigrescentibus ; indusiis
aliquantum persistentibus.

No. 332, Lakekamu.

Very distinct from other species of the genus, in the articulation hardly below
the middle of the stipe. Dryopteris orientalis is like it in this respect.

PAPUAN FERNS.

81

NEPHROLEPIS Schott.

1. N. biserrata (Swtz.) Schott.

Nos. 125, 162, Ambasi. No. 162 has the sori very near the margin.

Widespread.

2. N. cordifolia (L.) Presl.

No. 224, Goodenough Bay, altitude 900 m.

Widespread.

3. N. acuminata (Houtt.) Kuhn.

No. 223, Goodenough Bay, altitude 900 m.

Malaya.

A rather shallowly lobed form. The indusia are frequently peltate; but the
form is inconstant, and peltate ones are occasionally found on Bornean specimens.
New to New Guinea.

OLEANDRA Cavanilles.

0. neriiformis Cav.

No. 192, Camusi River flats; No. 343, Lakekamu.

Almost pantropic.

As the specimens are fallen fronds the identification is not quite positive.

HU MATA Cavanilles.

1. H. sp.

No. 326, Lakekamu.

2. H. gaimardiana (Gaud.) J. Sm.

No. 165, common on the coast.

Polynesia to Burma.

3. H. heterophylla (Sm.) Desv.

No. Ill, Waria River, altitude 300 m; No. 201, Camusi River flats.

Malaya, Polynesia.

DAVALLIA Smith.

1. Davallia papuana Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite 30 cm alto, basi paleis angustis 4 mm longis ferrugineis vestito,
aliter rhachique glabris, brunneis; fronde 45 cm alta, deltoidea, fere
quadripinnata ; pinnis infimis fere 30 cm longis, deltoideis, aeuminatis,
rhachibus sursum anguste alatis ; pinnulis ovatis, obtnsis ; segmentis earum
majoribus ineisis, lobis vel dentibus plus minus cornutis, lamina glabra,
coriacea; venis spuriis intercalatis ; soro inf ramarginale ; indusio 1 mm
longo, aequilato vel angustiore, limbo plerumque rotundato, inter dum
obtuse et late cuspidato et reflexo.

No. 245.

Well marked among the species with false veins by the position of the sorus,
combining then the characters of D. denticulata and D. divaricata.

SCVPHULARI A F4e.

1. S. pentaphylla (Bl.) Fee.

No. 183, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m.

Malaya to Polynesia.

This is better known as Davallia pentaphylla Bl., but it seems to me advisable
to recognize Fde’s genus as distinct.

101823 2

82

COPELAND.

ODONTOSORIA (Presl) Fee.

1. O. decipiens Ces'ati.

No. 184, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m.

New Guinea.

This plant seems to me too near to the widespread 0. chinensis; but I have
the judgment of Christ (Res. Exp. Norland. 8 (1910) 158) to follow in main-
taining it as distinct.

2. O. retusa (Cav.) J. Sm.

No. 170, Ambasi, a rather narrow form.

Malaya to Melanesia. ,

DENNSTAEDTIA Bernhardi.

1. Dennstaedtia sp., perhaps Dicksonia delicata F. Muller.

No. 244-

This is near to but not identical with D. samoensis ( Brack. ) Moore.

M ICROLEPI A Presl.

1. M. Speluncae (L.) Moore.

Nos. 174, ^55.

Neither of these is typical, and they are unlike, but they fall within the
extremes of M. Speluncae as commonly construed.

TAPEINIDIUM (Presl) Christensen.

1. T. marg in ale Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite 50 cm alto, rhachique supra nigris; fronde fere 60 cm alta;
pinnis maximis 25 cm longis, 1 cm latis, herbaceis, serratis dentibus
truncatis; soris ad apices plurium venarum, latis non altis, strictissime
marginalibus.

No. 283.

A very large relative of T. pinnatum, with strictly marginal sori, usually
about 2 mm wide and hardly 0.5 mm deep, evident when the frond is seen from
above. The margin of the frond is slightly modified. The rachis and upper
end of the stipe are square.

2. Tapeinidium sp.

No. 261.

This is distinct from any species known to me, but I suspect that it may be
Davallia longipinnula Cesati.

LINDSAYA Dryander.

1. Lindsaya sessilis Copel. species nova.

Odontoloma gregis L. repentis, stipitibus vix 2 mm longis et indusiis
fugacibus facile distinguendu ; rhizomate paleaceo repente; fronde 20
cm vel paullo ultra alta, 4-4.5 cm lata, abrupte acuminata, pinnis utro-
que latere ca. 35, infimis reductis, medialibus recurvis vel paullo deflexis,
basi cuneatis, superne inciso-crenatis ; soro apice lobi remoto, parvo,
indusio minuto transeunte.

No. 244-

PAPUAN FERNS.

83

2. Lindsaya brevipes Copel. species nova.

Species L. concinnae J. Sm. affinis, stipitibus brevibus et frondibus
deorsum sensim angustatis distinguenda ; stipitibus confertis, ca. 1 cm
altis; frondibus 20-30 cm altis, 15 mm latis, pinnis deorsum in rudi-
menta 1-2 mm longa, integra vel flssa haud remota diminutis, media-
libus ut L.' concinnae, soris inframarginalibus, venis 1-5 insidentibus.

No. 237, type; No. 266.

Lindsaya gracilis Bl. has a wide-creeping rhizome with the fronds far apart
and the pinnae lobed.

3. Lindsaya microstegia Copel. species nova.

Rhizomate repente, 1.5 mm crasso; stipitibus inter se ca. 15 mm
distantibus, frondium bipinnatarum ca. 12 cm altis; fronde normale
bipinnata, ca, 30 cm alta., 20-25 cm lata; pinnis utroque latere 2 vel 3,
subsessilibus, 15-18 cm longis, 25 mm latis, acutis; pinnulis utroque
latere ca. 30, brevistipitatis, basi cuneatis, apice rotundatis, margine
inferiore integro plerumque recurvo, superiore erenulato ; soris a margine
remotis, parvis, pinnulae quaeque ca. 10, ad venulas 1-2 insidentibus,
indusio pallido, vix 0.2 mm longo, 0. 5-1.0 mm lato, mox sporangiis
occulto.

No. 2Jf2. .

This species suggests L. Natunae Baker, but is very distinct in the position
of the sorus.

4. Lindsaya Kingii Copel. species nova.

Bulindsaya, rhizomate repente, 3 mm crasso ; stipitibus proximis,
25-30 cm altis, brunneis, deorsum ob baseos palearum aspera, tota
planta aliter glabra; fronde 45-70 cm alta, 25-30 cm lata, bipinnata,
rhachi quadrangulare sulcata; pinnis utroque latere 10-15, infimis valde
diminutis, superioribus vix abbreviatis, medialibus usque ad 18 cm
longis, 15 mm latis, subsessilibus, acuminatis; pinnulis utroque latere
30-40, brevistipitatis, dimidiatis, ca. 8 mm longis, 3-4 mm latis, superne
inciso-crenatis ; soro in lobo quoque uno, inframarginale, plerumque ad
venulas 2 insidente, indusio breve et lato, pallide brunneo.

No. 2Jfl (type), 280.

In appearance, L. Francii- Rosenst. in Fedde’s Repert. 9 (1910) 73, must be
very like this except as to the lower pinnae, but its sori put it into Odontoloma.

5. Lindsaya trichophylla Copel. species nova.

Rhizomate erecto; stipitibus confertis, tenuibus, ca. 2 cm altis;
frondibus (plantae meae) 5-8 cm altis, ca. 1 cm latis, utrinque angus-
tatis, glabris, rhachi sulcata; pinnis stipitatis, dimidiatis, ad costam
anguste alatam in segmenta pauca, divaricata, 0.2 mm lata dissectis,

84

COPELAND.

capitibus segmentorum abrupte dilatatis, 0.5-0. 8 mm latis, integris, in-
dusio lato, apici aequante.

No. 262.

Like a veiy small L. blumeana (Hook.) Kuhn, but the segments fewer and
spreading, with more dilated and entire tips, and the indusium equalling the
segment. L. exilis Fouim. must also have similar juvenile forms.

6. L. tenuifolia Bl.

Nos. 238, 261,.

Malaya, Polynesia.

The indusia are wide and not deep.

SCH IZOLOM A Gaudichaud.

1. S. ensifolium (Sw.) J. Sm.

No. 17 S, in grassland.

Polynesia to Africa.

SYNGRAMMA J. Smith.

1. S. Hooker i C. Chr.

No. 355, Lakekamu.

Fiji, New Guinea, Borneo.

Honker’s figure, (Second Century, PI. 55) represents a frond with much
stouter stipe than this has; and his frond is twice as broad in proportion to
length as are these fertile fronds. Mr. King’s specimen has 3 fertile and 3
sterile fronds, all close together on one rhizome. The sterile fronds are about
20 cm long by 4-5.5 cm wide, on stipes 16 cm high; the fertile are up to 25
cm long without their tips, by about 3 cm wide, on stipes 26 cm high. The
rhizome has the generic characters, and is 4 mm thick.

2. S. pinnata J. Sm.

Nos. 118, 298, Ambasi.

To Fiji and northern Australia.

The specimens are rather small, and the lowest pinnae therefore very short-
stalked. The costal areoles are smaller than in Smith’s cut. The margin is
cartilaginous, and undulate or deflexed. In either of these cases it is impossible
for water to pass from the upper to the nether surface.

CRASPEDODICTYU M Copeland genus novum.

Grymnogramme frondibus ternatis vel palmatis, venis apud marginem
reticulum (qua conditione nomen) efform antibus, infra earn reticulum
liberis et rectis et soros continuos ferentibus, paraphysibus nullis.

1. C. grande Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite fere 60 cm alto, 8 mm crasso, fusco-stramineo, supra pedem
nigrum glabro; fronde ternata; parte mediana maxima, 40 cm alta, ca.
8 cm lata, brevi-stipitata ; frondulis lateralibus ca. 25 cm longis, adnatis,
sensim acuminatis ; seriebus areolarum marginalium duabus.

No. 117, Ambasi.

PAPUAN FERNS.

85

2. C. quinatum (Hook.) comb. nova.

Gymnogramme quinata Hooker Sp. Fil. 5 (1864) 152, Tab. GGXVI1.

No. 262, Ambasi.

Reported, from the Solomon Islands to Sumatra.

This differs from the preceding species in having a hispid, chestnut stipe, in
being smaller throughout, with the leaflets thinner and abruptly contracted below
the apex, and the margin subtended by a single row of areolae.

The genus is between Syngramma and Coniogramme in its characters. In the
form of the frond it differs from either. In essentials, it also differs from
Goniogramme in venation and from Syngramma in the absence of filamentous
paraphyses.

HYPOLEPIS Bernhardi.

1. Hypolepis sp.

No. 168.

The specimen is imperfect, but does not represent any Malayan species.

PTERIDIUM Gleditsch.

1. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.

No. 299, Ambasi.

Cosmopolitan.

Pteridium belongs with Paesia among the derivatives of Dennstaedtia.

HISTIOPTERIS ( Agardh ) J. Smith.

1. H. incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm.

No. 229, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m. In grass.

Pantropie and subtropical,

PTE R IS Linnaeus.

1. P. long ifol ia L.

No. 213. C. Vogel.

Almost cosmopolitan.

2. P. moluccana Bl.

No. 121,, Ambasi.

Malaya to the Solomon Islands.

3. P. deltoidea spec. nova.

Pteris P. creticae affinis, forma deltoidea; pinnis infimis tripartite,
pinnula inf eriore pinnata pinnnlis 11 quattuor, pinnulis terminate et su-
periore ad basin fissis; pinnis lateralibns ntroqne latere una fissa et 1
(vel 2) simplice; pinnis vel pinnnlis ultimis omnibus linearibus 5-18
cm longis, 8 mm latis, ubi sterilibus acute non grosse serratis; soris
medialibus.

No. 21,2, Ambasi.

An obvious relative of P. cretica, but the relative development of the lowest
pinnae too great to permit its reference to that polymorphous species. The stipes
are stramineous below, light-brown above.

4. P. ensiformis Burm.

No. 21,3.

Polynesia to India.

I

86

COPELAND.

5. P. beccariana C. Chr.

No. 233, Ambasi.

New Guinea.

6. P. quadriaurita Retz.

No. 154, Ambasi.

Pantropic.

P. biaurita, or the plant I call such, is distinct.

7. P. tripartita Swtz.

No. 156, Ambasi.

Polynesia to Africa.

CHEILANTHES Swartz.

1. C. tenuifolia (Burm.) Swtz.

No: '290, Ambasi.

New Zealand to India.

NOTHOLAENA R. Brown.

1. N. hirsuta (Poir.) Desv.

No. 289, Ambasi.

Polynesia to India.

DORYOPTERIS J. Smith.

1. Doryopteris papuana Copel. spec. nova.

D. grandis, stipite valido 40 cm alto; fronde fere 20 cm alta et lata,
costis lamina 5 mm et ultra lata marginatis; segmentis inflmis maximis,
15 cm longis, basiscopice pinnatifidis et segmentis1 11 basiscopice seg-
mentis 111 duobus ornatis, segmentis partis medialis utroque latere ca. 4,
segmentis ultimis omnibus lanceolatis valde acuminatis; venulis anasto-
mosantibus; fronde sterile non visa.

No. 208, Goodenough Bay, on dry banks of creeks.

This species is considerably more dissected than D. ludens ever is. It is very
near the American D. pedata (L.), but larger and less coriaceous than any of
my specimens of that variable fern; and I have never seen D. pedata with the
basal segments so much cut on the lower side while the upper remained entire.

The genus is new to New Guinea, the nearest occurrence hitherto known being
in Hawaii, South America, and the Philippines.

ONYCHIUM Kaulfuss.

1. O. tenue Christ.

No. 209, Bartle Bay, No. 333, Port Moresby.

New Guinea, Java, the Philippines.

ADIANTUM Linnaeus.

1. A. philippense L.

No. 211, C. Vogal.

Almost pantropic.

TAENITIS Willdenow.

1. T. blechnoides (Willd.) Swtz.

No. 153, Ambasi.

Fiji to India.

A small form, possibly distinct.

PAPUAN FERNS.

87

VITTARIA J. E. Smith.

1. Vittaria scabricoma Copel. spec. nova.

Taeniopsis, paleis rhizomatis vix 5 mm longis, angustissimis, basi
dilatatis, rigidis, sparse dentieulatis, nigris ; frondibus approximate, sessi-
libus, 20-25 cm longis, 4 mm latis, utrinque angustatis, acuminatis,
glabris, coriaceis ; costa manifesta baud prominente ; soris submarginalibus,
sporangiastris claviformibus, obscuris; sporis reniformibus.

No. 166.

A species of the V. lineata group, which as commonly construed contains a
number of distinct Malayan species, none of which probably belong to it as a
species. The paleae are very harsh, having exceptionally thick cell-walls.

2. V. scolopendri na (Bory) Thwaites.

No. 244, Ambasi.

Samoa to Africa.

3. V. zosterifolia Willd.

Nos. 199, 200, Goodenough Bay, altitude 1,200 m.

Polynesia to the Comores.

No. 129 is exceptionally broad and long stalked, and may be distinct.

4. V. elongata Swtz.

No. 187, Goodenough Bay.

India to Polynesia.

ANTROPHYUM Kaulfuss.

1. A. reticulatum (Forst.) Kaulf.

No. 316, Ambasi, a decidedly long-stipitate form.

Polynesia to Madagascar.

2. A. plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf.

Nos. 198, 234, Ambasi.

Polynesia to India.

3. A. semicostatum Bl.

No. 330, Lakekamu.

Polynesia to Ceylon.

LOXOGRAMME (Blume) Presl.

1. Loxogramme paltonioides Copel. spec. nova.

Species L. lanceolatae Presl similis et affinis, soro composito utroque
latere uno intramarginale costae parallelo, ad partem superiorem frondis
paullum angustatam restricto.

No. 253; No. 217 is probably a juvenile form of the same; the sori are not
quite continuous, and in one place overlap slightly. The question raises itself,
if Paltonium chinense (Christ) C. Chr. may not be a Loxogramme.

2. L. involuta (Don) Presl.

No. 297, Ambasi.

Melanesia to Malaya and China.

A very large form, but otherwise typical.

88

COPELAND.

PROSAPTIA Presl.

1. P. contigua (Forst.) Pr.

No. 31f5, Lakekamu.

Malaya, Polynesia.

POLYPODIUM I Annaeus.

§ Eupolypodium.

1. P. decorum Brack.

No. 113, Waria River, German New Guinea, altitude 900 m.

Polynesia to Ceylon.

This is more slender than most specimens and is not quite pinnate. It has
been determined by Bailey as P. blechnoides (Grev. ) Hook, which would be the
name to maintain if the species were identical. But the latter as described is
much broader ; and the hairs around the sori could hardly have been overlooked
in the preparation of Greville’s figures. The sinuses between segments are closed
to water by a few very peculiar branched hairs, as in the • P. decorum -of the
Philippines.

§ Goniophlebium.

2. P. verrucosum Wall.

Nos. 240, 240A. No. 240 is a very large form, the fronds reaching a length of
almost three meters.

Australia to the Philippines.

§ Phymatodes.

3. P. senescens Copel. spec. nova.

P. (Crypsinus) rhizomate repente paleis pallide ferrugineis mox albes-
centibus late lanceolatis integris vestito; stipitibus inter se ca. 1 cm
distantibus, frondis sterilis 1-1.5 cm altis, frondis fertilis 3-5 cm altis,
glabris, nitidis, tenuibus sed rigidis ; fronde sterile elliptico-orbiculare, 10
mm lata, basi late euneata, minutissime et remote incisa, glabra, dura et
opaca, margine revoluta; fronde fertile lineare utrinque angustata, vix
5 mm lata, sensim integra, coriacea ; soris utroque latere uniseriatis,
medialibus, inter se remotis, parvis, leviter immersis.

No. 274-

Related to P. pyrolifolium Goldm., P. neglectum Bl., and P. oodes Kze.

4. P. accedens Bl.

No. 252, Ambasi.

Malaya and Polynesia.

An adhuc P. damunense Rosenstock ?

5. P. rupestre Bl. var. leucolepis Rst.

No. 218, Ambasi.

The species Malayan, the variety Papuan.

6. P. punctatum (L. ) 3wtz.

Nos. 119, 256, Ambasi. The former is acute, the latter subcordate at the base.

Polynesia to Africa.

PAPUAN FERNS.

89

7. P. neo-guineense Copel. spec. nova.

Species P. membranaceo Don et P. punctato Swtz. affinis, frondibus
40-50 cm longis, 5-6 cm latis, sessilibus, anguste oblanceolatis, utrinque
sensim angustatis, caudatis, integris, membranaceis, translncentibns ; venis
lateralibus usque ad marginem protensis, obliquis, venis s.ecundariis costae
parallelis ; areolis haud parvis ; soris minutis, super ficialibus, irregulariter
adspersis.

No. 335, Lakekamu.

This species differs from P. membranaceum in the irregularly scattered sori,
from P. punctatum in the extreme thinness, and from both in the very acute
angle between costa and main veins.

8. P. glossipes Baker.

Nos. 173, 311, Ambasi.

New Guinea; Cambodia, fide Christensen’s Index.

The rhizome of No. 311 is densely scaly, but that of No. 173 more sparsely so.
The fronds are acuminate.

9. P. Phymatodes L.

Nos. 176, 241, Ambasi.

Polynesia to Africa.

No. 176 has the usual pinnate form, but the sori are up to 5 mm wide.

No. 241 is determined by Bailey as P. subgeminatum Christ, correctly as far
as the inadequate diagnosis definitely shows. The rhizome is stout and ivory-
white; the dwarf-branches bear 1 to 3 fronds, most often, 2; the stipes are 1
to 3 cm long, and slender. The fronds are lanceolate, about 10 cm long, simple
and entire; the upper surface densely covered with lime-dots; the sori in a
single row. Each of these peculiarities, even the geminate fronds, is occasionally
met in P. Phymatodes. This might be specifically distinguished by the group of
characters, but I have preferred to leave it where it clearly has a very close
affinity.

10. Polypodium Kingii Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate scanclente, 2-3 mm crasso, paleis nigris peltatis marginibus
angustis laete brunneis adpressis obtecto; stipite articulato, ca. 6 cm alto,
ad pedem paleis minutis paucis vestito, aliter glabro; fronde glaberrima,
ca. 15 cm alta et lata, basi vix brevissime cuneata, in specimine meo
profunde quinquelobata, sinubus rotundatis, segmentis integris valde
acuminatis, terminale late, lateralibus angustius lanceolatis, papyraceo-
eoriaceis ; venis nigris, conspicuis, seriem unam vel in segmento terminale
duas areolarum praestantium efformantibus, haud ad marginem protensis,
venulis occultis, plerumque hamatis; soris ultra 1.5 mm latis, globosis,
superficialibus.

No. 122 ; No. 366, from Samarai, may be the same, but is sterile and old.

Superficially, this species is very similar to P. pteropus Bl., in spite of the
fact that the base is hardly decurrent. However, in spite this .time of the
superficial sori, I believe that it is a nearer relative of P. nigrescens. The sterile
frond, the collector writes, is simple, and borne lower down on the tree than
the fertile.

90

COPELAND.

11. Polypodium (Phymatodes) multijugatum Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate invisoy teste King inter gramina terrestre ; stipite 40 cm
alto, 4 mm crasso, stramineo-castaneo, glabro; fronde ca. 60 cm alta, 25
cm lata, pinnatifido-pinnata ; segmentis infimis liberis (i. e. pinnis) ad
basin dilatatis, ad stipitem non decurrentibus, sequentibus ala angusta
connexis, 10-15 mm latis, usque ad 15 cm longis, acuminatis, integris
vel le viter sinuatis, cliartaceis, glabris; venis sat conspicuis, haud rectis,
anastomosantibus, venulis occultis; soris plerumque utroque biseriatis, in
areolis majoribus solitariis, superficialibus, 2-3 mm latis, globosis.

No. 228, Goodenough Bay, altitude 900 m.

A relative of P. Phymatodes, and conceivably identical with Christ’s variety
multisectum.

12. P. pteropus Bl.

No. 276, Ambasi.

Malaya, southern Asia.

The fronds are small and simple, though fertile. It is possible that this is
a small form of P. aquaticum Christ, described from German New Guinea.

13. Polypodium papyraceum Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate ignoto; stipite 15 cm alto, brunneo, glabro, prope laminam
anguste alato; lamina 22 cm alta, 12 cm lata, vix ad costam pinnata;
segmentis utroque latere 7, adscendentibus, majoribns 11 cm longis, 8
mm latis, inferioribus utrinque angustatis, basibns dilatatis et ala angusta
connexis, integris vel snbsinnatis, glabris, papyraceis; venis rectis vel
conspicuis carentibus ; apud costulam serie una areolarum angustarum
plerumque longarum, trans cujus areolam quamque areolis duabus majo-
ribus, inter qnas soro solitarip fere super ficiale globoso parvo; venulis
inclusis liberis saepius hamatis.

No. 115, in lowlands.

This species presents the form of a slender P. ellipticum, but . in venation is
comparable rather with P. nigrescens. P. Moseley i is much thicker, and has
salient main veins. P. Billardieri is a large, coriaceous relative of P. Phymatodes.

14. P. albicaulum Copel. spec. nova.

Selliguea rhizomate albo-calcareo, paleis ejusdem sparsis, acicularibus,
castaneis, 5 mm longis, squarrosis, basibus peltatis albomarginatis ; stipi-
tibus tenuibus, frondibus sterilibus late lanceolatis, 10—15 cm longis,
valde acuminatis, coriaceis ; frondibus fertilibus anguste lanceolatis, soris
superficialibus.

No. 32 7, Lakekamu (type) ; No. 263.

Very like P. caudiforme Bl. in most respects, but easily distinguished by the
clothing of the rhizome.

15. P. sinuosum Wall.

No. 27 0, Ambasi.

Melanesia to Malacca.

PAPUAN FERNS.

91

16. P. musaefolium Bl.

Nos. 148, 190, Ambasi.

New Guinea and Malaya.

The species is wonderfully rich in forms.

DENDROCONCHE Copeland genus novum.

Genus a Polypoclio ob frondes non ad rhizoma articulatas, dimor-
phas, steriles ut Drynariae humiferas, integras separandum; frondis
fertilis parte inferiore sterile, oblata, parte superiore valde elongata,
lineare ; venulis anastomosantibus. ISTomen ex SevSpov, arbor, et kojxo?
concha in formam frondium sterilium illudens.

1. D. Annabeliae (Forbes) Copel. comb. nova.

Pohjpodium Annabeliae Forbes in Journ. of Bot. 26 (1888) 33.

This plant is without any reasonable doubt descended from Polypodium musae-
folium Bl., or some form very close to it; it is generically to be separated because
aberrant in such important details that its inclusion in Polypodium would be
decidedly too inconvenient. Drynaria has the same ancestry; but Drynaria and
Dendroconche represent distinct lines of development, and therefore are not to be
united, unless with the parent.

An excellent illustration accompanies the original publication of the species.

CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux.

1. C. adnascens (Sw.) Desv.

No. 19 7, Ambasi, common.

Polynesia to India.

2. C. stigmosus (Sw.) Desv.

No. 116, Waria River, altitude 300-600 m; No. 2 49, Ambasi.

Malaya, India.

3. C. Lauterbachii (Christ) C. Chr.

No. 846, Lakekamu.

Known only in New Guinea.

The sterile fronds are broader toward the base than is typical; and the sori
are not close enough to the margin to be visible from the upper surface. The
midrib is visible above and below.

DRYNARIA (Bory) J. Smith.

1. D. sparsisora (Desv.) Moore.

Nos. 207, 231, 242, common.

Fiji and tropical Australia to Ceylon.

2. D. quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.

No. 32 7, Ambasi.

Same range as the last.

The segments are connected by a broader wing than are those of the specimens
sent, of D. sparsisora.

3. D. rigidula (Sw.) Bedd.

Nos. 127, 225, 296, at moderate altitudes.

Same range as the preceding.

92

COPELAND.

IVI ERINTHOSORUS Copeland genus novum.

Genus gregis Drynariae, fronde deorsum sterile segmentis more D.
quercifoliae deciduis, sursum fertile pinnata, pinnis angustissimis, soro
utroque latere uno. Nomen ex linea, et tnopds. Type, King

No. 288.

M. drynarioides (Hooker) Copel. comb. nova.

Acrostichum drynarioides Hooker, Species Filicum 5 (1864) 282.

This plant seems to have been placed in a different genus about as often as
it has been collected. By definition, never a very satisfactory reason for putting
a plant in a group, it fits best in Photinopteris ; but it is more nearly related to
Dryostachyum. From the latter, and from the still more similar Aglaomorpha,
it is sharply distinguished by the very long, uninterrupted sori.

I have named King’s plant as type of the genus, because I am not perfectly
certain of the nature of the type of the species. The Papuan plant is identical
with that of the Solomon Islands, cited in the original description; but the
Penang plant, which receives first mention, is known to me only by description
and illustration, and these seem not to agree perfectly with the specimens from
farther east.

LECANOPTER IS Blume.

1. L. pum ila Bl.

No. 105, Waria River, above 300 m.

Java, the Philippines. The genus is new to New Guinea.

ELAPHOGLOSSUM Schott.

E. conforme (Sw. ) Schott. ( ?)

No. 212, Goodenough Bay, alt. 1,300 m.

The specimen sent is a fertile and a sterile frond, both old and without
rhizome, and can not be determined positively. It does not agree with the
description of E. sordidum just published by Christ, the first plant in the genus
known from New Guinea.

E. conforme in various forms is pantropic,

ACROSTICHUM L.

A. aureum L.

No. 204 , common along the coast.

Pantropic.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 2, June, 1911.

PHILIPPINE HATS.1

By C. B. Robinson.

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

INTRODUCTION.

Hats have been made in the Philippines since before the coming of
Europeans, and have been a regular article of export for at least seventy
years, the annual number sent from the Islands now averaging over half
a million, the total annual output probably exceeding two million.

They may roughly be divided into three classes, soft hats of the general
style of the Panamas, straw hats with flat brims and crowns made from
imported materials, or of similar shape but of native materials, and hard
hats more often circular in outline but of various shapes. Of these, the
first class is commercially the most important, and is the one chiefly
dealt with in this paper ; the second is a comparatively recent development,
but supplies a large part of the local trade; the third is prehistoric in
origin, useful, but at least gradually disappearing, and of greater ethno-
logic than commercial interest.

Many materials are used, especially for the last class, but the great
majority of hats of the first class are made from two species of plants,
the buri palm ( Gorypha data Roxb.), and the spiny bamboo ( Bambusa
blumeana Schult. f.). A species of pandan, usually assumed to be
Pandanus sabotan Blanco, and a rattan ( Calamus mollis Blanco), furnish
materials in many ways of even greater excellence, but the output is much
smaller. Species of Lygodium, climbing ferns, known locally as nito,
formerly ranked among the chief materials but are now less used. Two
other materials, Pandanus utilissimus Elmer, and a sedge, Fimbristylis
utilis Elmer, are of local importance, but for cheap hats only.

1 After the original text of this manuscript had been completed, a paper on
the same subject was published by Mr. Hugo H. Miller, as Bulletin 33 of the
Bureau of Education. As many aspects of the subject are very fully and ac-
curately treated by him, the present paper has been rewritten with the excision
of a large quantity of matter to avoid duplication : such data herein as are due
to that publication being credited in footnotes.

93

94

ROBINSON.

There is every variation in quality. Prices range from 6 centavos to
perhaps 1,000 pesos per hat.2 The main basis of price is the time
required in making the hat ; the excellence of materials or the difficulty
of procuring them are also factors' in some cases. Shapes usually follow
standard lines, although, the workers will vary them to suit changing
styles, but with considerable conservatism.

Hats of the first and third classes are practically all made by women
and girls in their own homes, men rarely doing more than to gather the
materials and perform the rougher part of the preparation, and to do the
actual selling at prices the minima of which have been fixed by their
wives.

SEAT OE THE INDUSTRY.

Hats of one grade or another are made at a great many places but
three towns have deservedly the widest reputation, Baliuag in Bulacan,
Lucban in Tayabas, and Calasiao in Pangasinan. In the case of the two
first, neighboring towns share in the work, notably Pulilan in Bulacan
and Apalit in Pampanga, both near Baliuag; and Majaijai and Luisiana
in Laguna, and Sampaloc and Mauban in Tayabas, all four near Lucban.
Naturally, when a woman moves from any of these places, a potential
hat industry is set up in her new home, and in occasional cases this has
become of more or less importance, but more often they make no further
effort than to supply the needs of their families. Another locality well
worthy of mention is Mavitac in Laguna, from which the work has spread
to several places in the neighborhood, especially to Pililla in Bizal.
Albay and Ambos Camarines were, among the first provinces to engage
in this industry, but have not retained their comparative position, and
are now of much less importance in this respect than those above named.
Ilocos Norte also has a small, trade.

All of these are upon the Island of Luzon. In the Visayas, the
industry reaches importance upon the Island of Panay, especially in the
towns of Pototan and Dumarao ; the other island chiefly concerned is
Bohol.

Everywhere, hat making is accompanied to a greater or less extent by.
the weaving of mats, and less often of bags, baskets, and cigarette-cases.
Many places have a wider trade in mats than in hats, still more make
mats but not hats, at least on a commercial scale. This is especially
true of Basey in Samar, and of Romblon, with a great reputation for
mats; the “Romblon” hats are made on the adjoining Island of Sibuyan.

In pursuance of the policy of the Bureau of Education, the work is

2 One peso of 100 centavos Philippine currency equals 50 cents United States
currency, and slightly more than 2 shillings, 2 francs 73 centimes, or 2 marks
10 pfennige.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

95

being taught at many places, and through this, already has reached the
commercial stage in some towns where previously it did not exist. It
is probable that in the course of a few years, their number will greatly
be increased.

HISTORY.

From a variety of sources, it has been possible to obtain considerable
light upon the history of hat making in the Philippines. The earliest
data have chiefly been taken from the translations by Blair and
Robertson 3 of documents, whose originals have in most cases not
been available for consultation. The references here cited are to the
translations.

The story goes back at least to the date of the first visit of Europeans to the
Islands. In Pigafetta’s narrative of the Magellan expedition, he writes the fol-
lowing regarding their stay at Cebu, in 1521. 4 5 The queen “wore a large hat of
palm leaves ( in the manner of a parasol ) , with a crown about it of the same
leaves, like the tiara of the pope (and she never goes any place without such
a one).” Later, in a description of the queen going in state to mass, he says:
“Three girls preceded her with three of her hats in their hands * * * and

she had on her hat.” But the women in the procession had no further covering
for the head than a small scarf. On a subsequent call by Pigafetta, he found
the queen weaving a mat,3 The description of the king's costume 6 shows that
he did not wear a hat, so that in the beginning, the hat habit in the Philippines
was feminine, although today it is definitely the opposite.

Mat making can be traced still , further. Chao Ju-Kua’s description of the
Philippines,7 the exact date of which is not known, but almost certainly before
1300, notes the Philippine traders as selling fine mats, although they imported
a kind of basket woven from rattan.

Although the hats of Cebu were indexed as having been made from
the coconut palm, it is much more likely that they were of buri or some
species of Livistona. Indeed, these two genera of palms, the latter espe-
cially, suggest a possible theory of the origin of hats in this part of the
world. The leaves of Livistona are not unlike a flattened umbrella, the
petiole corresponding to the handle, the numerous midribs to the ribs,
and. the lamina, which is continuous nearly to the margin, supplies the
covering. To this day, these leaves are frequently used as a shelter, and
make an excellent substitute for an umbrella or parasol. It would have
been an easy advance to have attached a light framework, and thus made
a permanent hat. As a matter of fact, the third type of hats indicated
above, known in most dialects as salacots, are often now made in exactly

3 Blair, E. H. & Robertson, J. A. The Philippine Islands. 55 vols. 1903-1909.

4 B. & R. 33: 159, 161. The clauses here put in parentheses are not found
in all manuscripts.

5B. & R. 33: .205.

6B. & R. 33: 147.

7B. & R. 34: 189.

96

ROBINSON.

this way. The origin of our other classes of hats is undoubtedly due to
Spanish influence. ,

Magellan presented the king of Cebu with a velvet cap, and caps of this type
were subsequently imported. In 1565, for example, three dozen were requisitioned
from Nueva Espana, for barter at Cebu.8 By that year, the wearing of other
hats must already have been on the increase. This seems to be so, because during
Legaspi’s visit to Cebu, most of the women in a procession “wore palm-leaf hats.” *

By 1609, we have the statement, with an implied backward reference, “since
the Spaniards came to the country many Indians * * * wear * * *

hats.” 10 Colin, in 1663, while giving a comparative account of conditions before
their coming and as they were in his day, says:11 “the men adorned the head
with only cendal or long and narrow thin cloth * * * now * * * the

men' wear hats.”

Even at an early date, some at least of the hats were highly esteemed, and
probably of considerable value. As evidence of this, there may be cited the
following passage, taken from the account of a Spanish embassy, sent from the
Philippines to Japan, in 1593-1597.12 “His intention is to take a certain rich
present with him. in order that he may say in Japan that he brings recognition.

* * * He says also that when Don Agustin, a Tagal of Tondo, and Don

Baltazar, a Japanese, conspired together to seize Manila, Don Agustin gave the
latter a hat.”

The following passage occurs in San Agustin’s account of the native peoples
and their customs,13 1738-1744. “In olden times the men wore their heads
covered or wrapped about with a narrow strip of cotton or linen. * * ■* Now

they wear neat white and black hats, which are woven from various materials
which they gather in the field.” He and Velarde are elsewhere more definite.
“From palm leaves, rattan, and nito, they make hats, and petates or rugs, which
are very handsome, and wrought with various kinds of flowers or figures.” At
Caragha, now Caraga, in northern Mindanao, in 1662, the women were said14
to “use curiously woven hats of palm leaves,” and the hats, or rather salacots,
of that locality are even to-day as “curious” as those of any locality in the
Islands, although the main material is bamboo and it is a distinct stretching
of the meaning of the word to call them woven.

Mercado was a mestizo priest, who spent his entire life in the provinces near
Manila, dying in 1698. He investigated, after the fashion of the time, the
medical and other plants of the country, but his manuscript remained unpublished
for about two centuries. He says of nito (Lygodium) ,15 “Sirven para hacer
petaquillas para el buyo y otras curiosidades, como sombreros.”

Viana, in 1765, advocating a change in the route of ships from the Philippines,
writes:16 “The said ships * * * could carry some products of the islands

* * * such as very fine petates or mats, hats of the same kind and cotton.”
There may therefore have been by that time a considerable manufacture of hats

8B. & R. 2: 191.

9B. & R. 2: 140.

10 B. & R. 16: 77.

11 B. & R. 40: 61, 63.

12 B. & R. 9: 48, 49.

13 B. & R. 40: 285, 291.

14 B. & R. 21: 202.

15 Blanco Flora de Filipinas ed. 3, 4 (1880) 50.

16 B. & R. 48: 279.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

97

and mats in the Archipelago ; at the least, the work done must have been of
such a nature that he believed it possible to build up an extensive export trade.
Yet he says elsewhere that hats were being imported at high prices.

Cavanilles 17 gives the first scientific data on the subject. “In Luzoniensis
insulae provincia Camarines, quae Nova Cazeres etiam dicitur, oppidum exstitit
Nabfia nomine, cuius incolae diversa perficiunt texta ex huius plantae caulibus,
et praesertim galeros, nunc proprio caulium colore nunc aliis variegatos. Mundant
primo caules, quos longitudinaliter in laminas sectos adeo lente textoriae arti
parant, ut mensem fere integrum unusquisque textor galero unico conficiendo
consumat. Ludovicus N6e.” 18

N6e arrived in the Philippines as one of the botanists of the Malaspina expedi-
tion, on March 27, 1792. Although he was a botanist of high repute, his name
is not even mentioned in Presl’s “Reliquiae Haenkeanae,” which gives a long
account of the wanderings of another botanist of the party, probably because
of some petty national jealousy. Attempts to construct an itinerary for him
from the references in Cavanilles lead to confusion, but it is probable that his
observations were made about February, 1793. The species, concerning which
the above statements were made, was Ugena semihastata Cav., now known as
Lygodium semihastatum (Cav.) Desv.

Blanco,19 referred to Cavanilles’ note, and stated that hats were made of this
and two other species of Lygodium, one called by him Ugena alba being probably
L. circirmatum (Burm.) Sw., the other, left unnamed, is probably L. japonicum
(Thunb.) Sw. According to Blanco, the best hats were those made from L.
semihastatum. At present, when nito has become a minor material, at least the
only species the use of which has been proven with certainty is Lygodium
circinnatum.

It is almost impossible to determine which of the hats mentioned by
early writers were what would now be called by that name, and which
were salacots. The latter may well have been introduced with the first
Malay settlers, but the various types, of which there are many, are
distinctly local. Many writers have mentioned the tendency of the
Filipinos to imitate, and it is probable that hats, in the strictest sense,
were first made here, either at the direct instigation of the Spaniards, or
in imitation of those worn by them. They are nearly always called by
the Spanish name of sombrero , for which there seems to be no exact
equivalent in any local dialect.

Attempts to ascertain from the literature and by inquiries, the dates
of origin of the work in definite localities have brought little result.
However, there is a definite tendency to fix the date as about two centuries
ago, and tb indicate the materials originally used as nito and bejuco
(rattan). At Baliuag and Pulilan, adjoining towns, each making more

17 Ic. 6 (1801) 74.

18 A free translation is: “In Nabua, in the province of Ambos Camarines, Luzon,
the inhabitants make various articles from the stems of nito, Lygodium semi-
hastatum, hats especially, sometimes of the natural color of the dried stems,
sometimes variegated. The stems, after cleaning, are divided longitudinally into
such slender strips that a weaver takes nearly a month to make a single hat.”

19 FI. Filip. (1837) 822-824.

101823—3

98

ROBINSON.

hats for export than any others in the Philippines, these statements are
considered to be substantially correct. At present, the people of these
two places use bamboo almost exclusively, but this material is said not
to have been employed for more than about forty years. The most
costly and beautiful hats of Baliuag are still made from bejuco: the use
of buntal (the fibro-vascular bundles of the petioles of the buri palm),
there is so recent, that it has been employed for little more than two
and a half years, but this has resulted in the production of a new kind
of hat, of very superior quality.

At Calasiao, through statements made to the older people by others
long since dead, there is evidence of a well-established industry a century
ago, and documentary statements to the same effect are cited below.
The belief there is that the date should be set back to about the two
century mark.

Mavitac also ascribes this period to the use of the leaves of the species
of pandan called sabotan for hats, but the better grades have been made
for sixteen years only. At many other towns along the northern and
eastern sides of Lake Bay, the industry is getting a foothold, with sabotan
as almost the only material. At Tanay and Pililla, in Rizal, its use for
mats is claimed to go back from one to two centuries ; at the former place,
hat-making is only now getting under way, but Pililla, in a time said,
at .the most to be eight years, has acquired more than a local reputation.
In Laguna, from Mavitac, the work is extending through Siniloan,
Pangil, Paquil, and Paete, with a very little done at Santa Maria. To
Mavitac undoubtedly belongs the credit for the introduction of this
excellent material; people from Pililla learned the work there; Santa
Maria does nothing except for local use or as presents, although a consider-
able fraction of its. women understand the work: it is not the custom of
the town. The work in the other towns of this district is due to the
efforts of the Bureau of Education.

Some of these places are using buri-leaf and buntal as well, but the
distinctive material is sabotan. However, it is curious that the original
locality for the hat generally called Baliuag buntal is Mavitac, it having
an entirely independent origin in the two places. In another sense, this
is not at all strange, as the method of weaving in these towns is very
similar, and has merely been applied to a material previously considered
typical of a third locality, which has a distinctive method. Even yet,
very few hats of this kind have been made in northern Laguna, as the
makers find the work difficult. There is no commercial inaccuracy in
retaining the term Baliuag buntal.

Sabotan is a species of pandan, and about half way down the eastern
side of Lake Bay, it is replaced by a different species of that genus,
excellent for coarse hats, but impossible for anything of higher grades.
Commercially, the use of this second pandan may be said to be confined

PHILIPPINE HATS.

99

to the two towns in the southeastern corner of Laguna, Majaijai and
Luisiana. At the former, it has been used for about two hundred years,
at the latter about fifty. At both there is an extension of the buntal
work from Lucban, in Tayabas, but this is of recent date, at Luisiana
this began in 1900, at Majaijai the first teaching commenced in Sep-
tember, 1904. The result of the latter is the most conspicuous success
of the school work in the Islands, as the town not only supplies all its
own wants, but exports hats to the value of 400 pesos per week. At
Lucban, the buntal work is of long standing, but I have been unable to
obtain estimates.

The quotation already cited from Ca'vanilles gives the earliest data procured
for the southern provinces. Tomas de Comyn, in a work written abput 1810
and published in 1820, mentions “Sombreros de nito superfinos Albay y Cama-
rines” and “Sombreros de bejuco de colores Pangasinan,” 20 the latter doubtless
from Calasiao.

Buzeta’s dictionary, the materials for which were largely compiled before
1842, refers to the making of fine hats at Baliuag and San Isidro (now Pulilan)
in Bulacan, Calasiao in Pangasinan, and Camaligan in Camarines. This work
also has the earliest reference found to an existing export trade. In 1841, “La
Australia * * * Sidney saca sombreros;” and “Manila exporta para dicho

punto (Singapur), sombreros y petacas de bejuco y nito.” 21 '

Mallat 22 notes hats of bejuco and nito as made in Bulacan, but says nothing
of its present chief material, bamboo, this being in accordance with local tradition.

Jagor, who visited the Philippines in 1859 and 1860, describes the Manilans
as wearing salacots, refers to the cigarette-eases of Baliuag, but not .to its hats,
and figures the knife still often used there for preparing the strands, speaks of
fine buntal hats made at Lucban, cheap bamboo hats and more expensive salacots
in Camarines, and figures a nito salacot from the Visayas.23

The Sociedad economica del Amigos del Pais, so active in the commercial
development of the Philippines half a century ago, appropriated 500 pesos to
buy specimens illustrating the industries of the country for exhibit at the London
Exhibition of 1851. Their minutes have been destroyed by fire, but copies of
the official reports have been obtained through the kindness of Lieutenant-Colonel
D. Prain, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They speak in the
highest terms of the material bejuco and of cigarette-cases woven from it, for
which medals were awarded. The actual hat exhibit seems to have been confined
to the crown of one of bejuco. In 1862, a more extended exhibit was made, in-
cluding hats from Pangasinan, mats from Pangasinan, Zambales, and Bulacan,
and cigarette-cases.

A very wide variety of Philippine products was shown at Madrid, in 1887,
and among these, hats took a prominent place, representing many localities and
materials. The list is so extended that it may be taken as a a good index of
the industry at its height under Spanish auspices. Omitting a fairly large

“Las Islas Filipinas progresos en 70 anos. Reprint (1878) 195, 196.

21 Buzeta, M. Diccionario geogr&fieo, estadfstico, historieo, de las Islas Fili-
pinas. 1 (1850) 234.

“Mallat, J. Les Philippines. (1846) 192.

23 Jagor, F. Reisen im Philippinen (1873) 25, 48, 59, 128, 227.

100

ROBINSON.

exhibit of Igorot work, a much smaller one of More origin, as well as helmets,
nightcaps, and hats the locality of which is doubtful, the following is a summary.

Sombreros of bamboo from the provinces of Bulacan and Iloilo; nito, Albay
and Camarines; bamboo and nito, Bulacan and Iloilo; rattan, Albay; bamboo
and rattan, Bulacan; fine buri, Pangasinan; buri, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Albay,
Cebu, and Burias; buntal, Tayabas, Bulacan, Albay, and Cebu; pandan. Laguna;
nipa, Samar; cogon (a grass), Albay; abaca (hemp), Albay and Samar; gourds,
Ilocos Sur; and of woods, from Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, Tayabas,
Albay, Cebu, Capiz, all of these probably better classed as salacots.

Salacots of bamboo, Iloilo, Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna, Albay, Rizal, Bataan;
rattan, Tayabas, Abra; nito, Ilocos Sur, Union, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Batangas,
Albay, Iloilo, Bohol, Cebu; rattan and nito, Cagayan de Misamis; nito and silver,
Cagayan (Luzon) and Tayabas; bamboo and rattan, Ilocos Norte, Lepanto, Albay,
Iloilo; bamboo and buri, Antique; fine buri, Pangasinan; pandan, Laguna;
nipa, Samar; anajao, said to be from Manila but more probably from the prov-
inces; gourds, Cagayan, Union, Abra, Cebu, Samar; bark, Iloilo, Camarines Sur;
wood, Tayabas, Bulacan, Laguna, Iloilo.

Definite figures regarding exports are available from 1848, those for
the years 1848 to 1856 being giveh by Ellis,24 those from 1854 to 1902
tabulated in the Philippine Census report of 1903, 25 and later data being
furnished by the Customs reports. It is unfortunate that where the
first two sources overlap, the figures are quite different. According to
Ellis, the total export from 1848 to 1854, the data for the two succeeding
years being obviously incomplete, was 208,538 hats. Australia took
162,496; the United States 35,172; California and Pacific Coast, sepa-
rately enumerated as additional, 5,642; Europe 5,228. Australia is
credited with 57,364 for 1854, over 20,000 in excess of the total for
that year as given by the census; in 1850, the United States bought
25,880.

From the beginning, there has been a remarkable annual fluctuation,
both in the grand totals and in those for the various countries, with
increases or decreases in value not at all in agreement. Thus, from
1867 to 1873, the number rose from 25,826 to 102,216, but the value
fell from 28,852 dollars to 16,976 dollars. The general tendency has
been strongly upward, the maxima being 57,364 hats in 1854, 83,785 in
1855, 102,216 in 1873, 367,745 in 1882, 253,323 in 1888, after which
there seems to have been a great decrease until after the American oc-
cupation. Eecently, the increase has been very, decided but still with
fluctuations, the totals for the calendar years from 1906 to 1909 being
627,307, 579,659, 391,328, and 592,961, of a total value of 787,260
dollars American currency.

For some time, France has been much our best customer, buying in
the four years cited, 873,518 hats valued at 366,597 dollars, nearly 40
per cent of the total number and over 46.5 per cent of the value. The
United States took 426,627; Great Britain, 408,346; Australasia, 99,268 ;

21 Ellis, H. T. Hongkong to Manila (1859) 288, 289. 25 3: 468.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

101

Italy, 93,466 ; China, including Hongkong, 91,381; Germany, 86,856;
other European countries, 109,134;' all others, 2,659. The increase in
1909 means rather more than the mere numbers indicate, because of the
large size of many of the hats.

The figures for the first six months of 1910, the latest at present
available, appear to indicate a distinct change in the localization of ex-
ports, the United States taking over 39.5 per cent of the hats, valued at
over 49 per cent of the whole. More definitely, out of 215,246 hats
valued at 123,281 dollars, the United States received 85,195; France,
76,079; Italy, 19,327; China, 17,114 ; ; Great Britain, 7,540; Austro-
Hungary, 4,358; Germany, 3,465; Australasia, 1,218; Belgium, 515;
Hawaii, 420 ; and Guatemala, 15. The trade in the past has undergone
such great fluctuations, that too much emphasis should not be placed on
these figures. On the other hand, it is to be hoped that they indicate
a permanent tendency to increased trade with the United States.

The comparative position of this industry is little realized in the Phil-
ippines. Taking for example the exports for 1909, a typical year, hemp,
copra, sugar, and tobacco are in a class by themselves. But among
secondary products, hats are second in • value only to maguey, and the
latter is a very recent development and of importance to a smaller number
of individuals. Furthermore, the repeated references in this paper to the
export trade must not be taken to imply that this comprises the greater
part of the output. For some localities, this is emphatically true, but
there is also a considerable interisland trade in hats, a much greater
one between different places on the same island, and local consumption
is to be added. Statistics on these latter points are not procurable, but
it is probably not far wrong to say that the export is about one-fourth of
the total production. Speaking roughly, a distinction should be drawn
between the hats exported in quantity and those which find their way to
the local market. Ordinarily, the local market gets the most expensive
as well as the cheapest. Coarse workmen’s hats of buri leaf or pandan
are sold in great numbers at such prices as 15 or 20 centavos apiece;
while a high percentage of the best hats are offered in Manila at prices
depending on the seller and still more on his estimate of the buyer, but
likely to run from 3 to 40 pesos per hat. The true price of these is
often far above the average, usually from 1.20 to 20 pesos.' By far the
greatest number of the higher grades exported go in small lots or singly,
shipped by resident Americans to their home towns for sale, or as presents.
Hats of the highest grades are after all very few in number, and while
they give a distinct tone to the industry, are not serious factors in trade.
The problem is to fix upon the material or materials from which hats can
be produced in large quantity and at moderate prices, and at the same time
be suited to the trade of the countries to which it Is proposed to export
them.

102

ROBINSON.

In Manila, workmen’s hats are nearly always of buri-leaf or of pandan,
salacots being next in number. Nearly all the other Luzon makes are
also for sale in this city, but there is a very distinct preference for stiff
straw hats, either actually imported, or made in Manila from imported
straw. There is also a large and increasing percentage of hats of the
same shape and stiffness as straw hats, but with the outer covering made
of buri or bamboo, the typical products of Calasiao, Baliuag or Pulilan,
Apalit, and Lucban, probably in this order of frequency. This is an
important departure, but as yet has hardly spread to the export trade. If
this type of hat can be produced at a sufficiently low price, it may well
become an important factor. Nothing strikes an investigator as stranger
than the small number of high grade hats worn in the towns where they
are made, sabotan alone seeming to hold its local market. This is not
true of cheap hats, which in many places are made for local use only.

SPECIES OF PLANTS USED.

Excluding such substances as manufactured cotton and imported
materials, the following is a list of the plants chiefly used for hat making
or similar work. It is probable that various others are at present
employed from time to time, either experimentally or very locally; also
that others used in the past which have remained unrecorded, have given
way to superior materials. It is practically certain that still others are
taken for the framework or interior portions of salacots.

FILICES. (Ferns.)

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.) Sw. Syn. (1806) 153.

L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800 2 (1801) 106.

L. semihastatum (Cav.) Desv. Prodav (1803) 203.

Material obtained for establishing t'he identity of the species used for
nito hats at Calasiao and Baliuag, has proven to be the first of the three ;
all three were used in Blanco’s time; Nee’s note on L. semihastatum has
been quoted on page 97. As the species have much resemblance to one
another, it is probable that yet others have been or may still be used.
Salacots, cigarette-cases, and baskets, are also made, in whole or part, of
this material.

SPERMATOPHYTA. (Flowering plant's.)
PANDANACE^E.

It is probable that a complete list of the pandans that have been used
in these Islands at one time or another, for hats, mats, or salacots, would
be an enumeration of our species of Pandanus, the very rare ones perhaps
excepted. At present/one species has a great and increasing importance,

PHILIPPINE HATS.

103

a second furnishes a considerable fraction of the coarse hats used in
Manila and its vicinity, a third has a similar position in southeastern
Luzon, two others are known to be used occasionally, and another two
have recently been abandoned.

? Pandanus sabotan Blanco Pi. Pilip. (1837) 779.

The plants from which sabotan is obtained, are known with certainty,
but their botanical position is in doubt, owing to the fact that no flower-
ing or fruiting specimens have ever reached the hands of a botanist. It
has been taken for granted that the plant of this name is P. sabotan
Blanco, but the identification is in doubt in two ways. Blanco’s descrip-
tion was drawn from a single small specimen sent him from Laguna, and
Professor Ugolino Martelli has called attention to the fact that For. Bur.
2700, which is true sabotan, does not agree with Blanco’s statements.
This specimen he has identified as Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis Warb.26
The matter is of importance, in the correlation of our materials with
those of Formosa and Hawaii. On the other hand, Blanco’s economic
notes, and the description . of the leaves, so far as it goes, would apply
better to P. utilissimus Elmer. But it is inconceivable that he could have
had even one typical leaf of that species, the economic pandan of south-
eastern Laguna, or he could not have failed to mention the great size of the.
leaves, which are 4 to 5 m long. Indeed, his statement that he had a
small specimen may leave the matter permanently in doubt.

Sabotan has been cultivated in towns along the northeastern shore of
Lake Bay for two centuries, and fairly exhaustive investigations of it have
been made in' the preparation of this paper. At Tanay, Rizal, it is said
to have flowered and fruited in 1903 ; at the adjoining town of Pililla,
it is said to have flowered in recent years, but not to have fruited; at
Mavitac, from which it is best known, only occasional old people claim
to have seen fruit or to have seen others who had. The description by
the people of Tanay is given for what it may be worth, namely, that the
head of fruit was as long and as thick as a man’s forearm, the arm used
as an illustration being a fairly stout one. If this is true, it can not be
related closely to P. tectorius Soland., nor to any other known Philippine
species. Repeated questioning in every town where it is of importance,
and in many others, as to whether it had eVer been found wild, invariably
met with negative answers, except in a solitary instance. That was
carefully investigated, and a man was found who remembered when the
individual plants had been cultivated. The species is often wild in
the sense that it has been abandoned. The absence of fruit is no
obstacle to its introduction or cultivation, as the plants bear numerous
suckers at the base. The leaves are slow-growing, and vary in texture
with age and the amount of shade. This pandan is abundant in the

26 This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 63.

104

ROBINSON.

three towns named, also at Siniloan, Laguna. It is present in small
quantity in several places near them, and has recently been introduced
elsewhere.

Pandanus utilissimus Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot..1 (1906) 81.

This takes the place of the preceding species from San Antonio, where
it is wild, south to the country north of Mount Banajao and Mount
Banajao de Lueban, in Laguna and Tayabas. It is remarkable for the
large size of its leaves and fruits. In the towns where it is most used,
it is called pandan or pandan totoo, but at San Antonio, the name
bangcoan appears, and it is this which is employed in Manila, when its
identity is not lost in the term balangot. Both of the above species are
used for hats, mats, bags, and baskets.

Pandanus tectorius Soland. ex Parkinson Journ. Voy. H. M. S. Endeavour
(1773) 46.

P. coronatus Martelli in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 65.

These closely allied and perhaps identical species seem to be used, but
only in small quantity and in out of the way places, from which it is
difficult to get accurate information.

Pandanus simplex Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 6.

This is the species of southeastern Luzon, from which the coarse hats
known as caragumoy are made.

Pandanus luzonensis Merr. loc. cit.

This was formerly used under the name of dasa in the country near
Antipolo, Rizal, but has been replaced by sabotan. It is possible that
it is still occasionally employed by the hill-people of that province. In
Nueva Ecija, some pandan, probably this species, is gathered by Negritos,
for this purpose.

Pandanus exaltatus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 778.

This also was formerly used near Antipolo, where it grows to a height
of 10 to 12 meters: its use, also, has been abandoned. Locally, it is
called pandan.

Pandanus copelandii Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 7.

This species is widely distributed, but in many localities where it is
abundant, it is not used for textile purposes. However, among its names
are some which are alleged to be those of hat materails.

GRAMINEiE.

Bambusa blumeana Sehult. f. Syst. Veg. 7 2 (1830) 1343.

This furnishes the material for almost all the bamboo hats of the
Philippines, which form a large majority of all kinds exported, although
the preponderance imputed to it in official reports is exaggerated. It is
nearly the exclusive material of Baliuag and Pulilan, Bulacan, each of

PHILIPPINE HATS.

105

which makes more hats than any other town in the Philippines. Another
bamboo, bocaue, of which the identification is uncertain, is rarely used
for hats, but it is considered to be inferior to the other; it is probable
that other species are used for salacots.

Apluda m utica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 82.

Occasionally used for hats in Samar, and in Bohol, where it is called
magcauyan.

Andropogon zizanioides (Linn.) Urban Symb. Antill. 4 (1903) 79.

Andropogon muricatus Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 43.

A material, properly called Tientsin, is imported here from China, and
used as wicks in native lamps under the name timsim or timsin. Some
years ago, a very similar, but not identical material, was imported for
hat making, and these hats sold as timsin. They have the appearance of
those known to be made from Andropogon zizanioides or its varieties.
The production of hats from the latter material is in part a promising
departure in school work, but in Panay it is of some commercial im-
portance. The local name for the species is Spanish, moras , but this also
has been corrupted, usually to mura. In Pampanga, it is called anids.

Oryza sativa Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 333.

It has several times been asserted that native-grown rice straw is used
for hat making in the Philippines. Over the greater part of the area
it is certain that this is not true, but imported straw of this and other
cereals is used in Manila.27

Saccharum spontaneum subsp. indicum Hack, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6
(1889) 113.

Used in Bohol under the name bugang, also to some extent in school
work.

CYPERACEiE.

Cyperus malaccensis Lam. Encycl. Tabl. 1 (1791) 146.

To this species, as a plant, more than to any other, the name balangot
belongs, and information seems sufficiently authentic that its dried
stems were formerly woven into hats and mats. They are still used as
string, and within a few years have replaced imported materials for the
woven upper parts of the native slippers called chinelas. The only other
use known to me is as a woven protection for bottles. . It is frequently
asserted that it still persists as a material for hats and mats. I can only
report that I have visited every town of which any such statement has
been made to me, and these were in six provinces, and have failed to
find hat or mat or any local information regarding the use of C. malac-

27 Mr. Miller records braided rice straw from Iloeos and other provinces to
which Uocanos have migrated.

106

ROBINSON.

censis for this purpose, except in one school. Still, it may well happen
that here and there, a woman may make a hat from this material for
use in her own family. In Manila, the name balangot as applied to hats
is now tending to fixity for Pandanus utilissimus Elmer. This subject is
further discussed under the heading of balangot hats, on page 120.

Fimbristylis utilis Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1911) 855.

This species extends down the eastern side of Luzon, through the
Visayas to Mindanao. In the Visayas, it is second only to buri, for hat
and mat work, being used on Samar,- Bohol, and Panay, in the two first
under the name ticog, in the last under that of tayoctayoc.

PALMACEiE.

Corypha data Roxb, FI. Ind. 2 (1824) 176.

Three different parts of the leaves of the buri palm are used for hats,
giving four classes of high grade, and two of cheap products, one of which
might be subdivided.

The fibro-vascular bundles from the petioles of mature leaves are
called buntal, and are woven in two ways, producing two distinct classes
of hats, both of high grade. The first is characteristic of Lucban, in
Tayabas, and towns near it, both in that province and Laguna, but made
in smaller quantity elsewhere: the second, a recent departure, is practi-
cally confined to Baliuag, Bulacan.

The midribs of the leaf-segments of unopened leaves furnish both hats
of superior quality and also of cheap grades. The hats are most often
called by the name of the town of Calasiao, in Pangasinan, as this is
almost the only place in Luzon where buri is used in this way. There
is also an important industry in this kind of hats in Panay, especially
in Pototan and Dumarao.

The Lucban hats have an importance in the export trade second only
to those made of bamboo, but, in the local trade, the third kind of material,
the actual leafy tissue, supplies more hats than any other in the Islands.
These are made in a great many places, southeastern Pampanga pro-
ducing a greater number than any other region, with Laguna-Tayabas
second. They are almost always cheap or very cheap, but there are rare
and scattered cases of high-grade products, at and near Lucban, on
Sibuyan, and at Danao, Cebu. In this paper, they are called “buri-
leaf” hats.

Calamus mollis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 264.

In many places, this rattan was the original material employed for
hat making, but through its growing scarcity and high price, it is now
less often used. However, the hats are the most highly prized of all, the
most beautiful, and probably the most durable. Most of those now seen
are made at Baliuag.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

107

Nypa fruticans Wurmb. in Verh. Batav. Gen. 1 (1779) 349.

Areca catechu Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1189.

Cocos nucifera Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1188.

Livistona spp.

All of these species yield materials which are used for salacots, the
coconut rarely is utilized in school work for hats, and a considerable
number of baskets axe made from its midribs in Bohol.

MUSACE7E.

Musa textilis N6e in Anal. Cienc. Nat. 4 (1801) 123.

The cloth, sinamay, woven from this, is sewed into hats. Very fine
qualities of hemp from the Philippines are prepared in Switzerland, and
the resulting strands or ribbons are used for hats, lace, and many other
products; the leaves are sometimes used in salacots , as are those of M.
sapientum Linn, and M. paradisiaca Linn. ; the actual hemp is sometimes
used for hats in school work.

MARANTACE;®.

Donax cannaeformis (Forst.) Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 45 (1907) 243.

Stems used in salacots.

ORCHIDACEAC.

Dendrobium sp.

Sangumay , sometimes mentioned as a hat material, is the outer surface
of the pseudobulbs of an orchid of this genus, but is only a trimming
for salacots.

MORACEiE.

Artocarpus blumei Tree, in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ill 8 (1847) 111.

Leaves used for salacots , at least on Basilan.

LEGUMINOS2E.

Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prain ex King in Journ. As. Soe. Bengal 66 2
(1897) 252.

Occasionally, hats have been made in the province of Bulacan from
shavings of the wood of this tree.

STERCULIACEJE.

Bast, which from its structure is almost certainly obtained from some
species of this family, is occasionally made into pretty freak hats. The
workers are unnecessarily timorous and have deliberately given false
information regarding its identity.

Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.)
27 (1905) 24.

The wood of teluto is sometimes cut into hats of typical straw-hat
shape.

108

ROBINSON.

CUCURBITACEiE.

Luffa cylindrica (L'inn.) Roem. Syst. 2 (1846) 63.

The inner lining of the fruit of this species, and especially its wild
varieties is fibrous, and used as sponges. Cut into strips, and woven or
sewed together, it makes a freak hat.

Lagenaria vulgaris S6r. in Mem. Soe. Phys. GenSve 3 1 (1825) 25.

This gourd, called upo by Tagalogs and tabungao in Ilocos, is halved,
hollowed, and used for a hat or rather salacot: the edges are often trimmed
with nito.

NATIVE MATERIALS NOT OE PLANT ORIGIN.

Horsehair was formerly used at Baliuag for hats, but has been aban-
doned, although cigarette-cases are still made from it, both there, and
in greater quantity at Calasiao.

In the manufacture of salacots, many different materials have been
used. Some of the most beautiful and costly have been made of tortoise-
shell, they and others were often adorned with gold or silver : fish-scales
have sometimes' been employed.

MATERIALS OF OTHER EASTERN TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

As compared with other tropical countries, our materials show most
resemblance to those of Java. The true “Panama-hat” plant, Carludovica
palmata Cav., grows in the eastern tropics only in cultivation. It has
been introduced here, hut so far in very small quantity. The indications
are that it can be grown successfully.

The chief hat material of Formosa is taken from Pandanus tectorius
Sol., the hats themselves greatly resembling our sabotan. Scirpus
triqueter Linn, is also used. The “Kona” hats of Hawaii are also ipade
from Pandanus tectorius.

In Madagascar, several species are used,28 the best a palm, Phloga
polystachya Noronha, four of the five next most suitable belonging to the
Cyperaceae; pandans likewise are used.

In Java, on the other hand, there is a larger industry in bamboo than
in the Philippines, and probably a different species is used there than here.
Many cheaper hats are made from pandan.

Coarse bamboo hats are made in Tonkin, probably from Bambusa
blumeana.

Nowhere does the buri seem to have an importance comparable with
that in these Islands, although the best authorities identify our species
with one of other countries. Moreover, nito ( Lygodium ) and bejuco
or rattan hats are rather distinctively Philippine.

28 Perrot & Goris in Agric. Prat. Pays Chauds 7 2 (1907) 203-213, 402-411,
476-486, pi. 1-13; Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Addl. Ser. 2 (1901) 272, 273.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

109

MEANS OF DISTINGUISHING THE PRINCIPAL KINDS OF PHILIPPINE HATS.

The following, arranged somewhat in the form of a scientific key,
aims to give what are in practice, the chief differentiating characters.

A. Hats, not freaks, with curving brims and rounded crowns.29

Strands circular or nearly circular or flattened by pressure, but not obtained
by the division of wider materials, their margins therefore rounded.
Strands usually less than 1 mm in width, with few (usually 1 or 2) in-
conspicuous longitudinal lines.

. White or pale-pinkish or yellowish . Buntal

Open weave . - Lucban

Close weave . . Baliuag

Brown to black (an old and rare type of) Nito

Strands or some of them usually greenish, usually wider, with several con-
spicuous longitudinal lines Ticog or tayoctayoc

Strands flat or nearly so, obtained by the division of wider materials, their
margins therefore showing more or less evidence of cutting.80
Strands appearing as if varnished, the outer layers of tissue often cracking,

greenish-yellow to brownish, always coarse Pandan (bangcoan,

balangot)31

Strands dull to silky in appearance, of all degrees of fineness.

Strands with very evident cross-veins Buri-leaf

Plaited before weaving Los Banos

Not plaited Ordinary grades

Strands without evident cross-veins.

Hats, brown or black (natural color).... Nito

Hats not brown or black or in rattan or cheap grades of buri-midrib
with an admixture of light-brown strands, or in bamboo often dyed,
but very seldom the entire hat.

Hats grayish- to bluish-green except when bleached, the strands not

divided as regards thickness Sabotan

Hats white to pink or very pale-yellow, the strands divided as regards
thickness.

Hats silky or satiny in appearance, with slightly darker color than

either of the following two — Rattan

Hats white< or very pale-pink, with a glossy appearance, but much

less so than rattan ~ - Bamboo

Hats similar to bamboo, but never with any trace of pink, in cheap
grades only with admixture of light-brown, always of rather
dull appearance Buri-midrib 32 (Calasiao)

29 The “block-hats” of Mr. Miller’s paper.

30 The nature of the margins can usually be determined by the eye, in critical
cases slight magnification is desirable.

31 See pages 104, 119, 120.

32 The bamboo and Calasiao hats are much the most difficult to distinguish,
but in practice the latter are usually told with ease by the quantities of rice
powder placed upon them in the process of finishing. The brownish color of
some strands is considered an imperfection, and is not found in hats of better
grade. See page 116.

110

ROBINSON.

B. Freaks.

Made from actual pine-shavings Palo de China

Made from the inner bark of a tree : See pages 107, 124.

Made from fibrous material from the fruit of a gourd Patola or tabuboc

Made from sinamay cloth, cut and sewed Sinamay

C. Stiff hats with flat brims and crowns.

Actually cut from wood Xeluto, perhaps also dapdap

Plaited straw of imported cereals M|. Straw hats in strict sense

Made from stiff, wiry grass-stems, not plaited before weaving, usually greenish

Timsim (so-called), moras, or anias

Hats with a woven outer covering over very coarse bamboo, buri, or other

material Calasiao, bamboo, buri-leaf, buntal (Baliuag),

buntal (Lucban) ; to be distinguished as above.

BAMBOO HATS.33

According to official figures, about seven-eighths of the hats exported
from the Philippines are made from bamboo. There is much reason to-‘
bdieve that this proportion is exaggerated, but on the other hand, there
can be no doubt that bamboo hats form much more than a majority of all
sent from the Philippines, yet, in the local trade, they occupy a compara-
tively minor position.

In spite of the large output thus indicated, bamboo is used on a large
scale for hat making and similar purposes only in two adjoining towns,
Baliuag and Pulilan, in Bulacan. Further, while 25 Philippine species
of bamboos have been satisfactorily identified, and others are known of
which it has been impossible to obtain flowering material, practically all
these hats are made from one species, Bambusa blumeana Schult. f., known
in Bulacan as cauayan totoo (true bamboo). The Spanish- Filipino name
is simply cana or cana espinosa, “equivalent to the name most frequently
used by Americans in the Islands, “spiny bamboo.” Materials from this
bamboo are used in various other towns to a slight extent, but not on a
commercial basis. It is not to be inferred that this bamboo is confined
to these towns, for its Philippine distribution is very wide, and should
increased production of bamboo hats become profitable, abundance of
material is at hand in scores of places.

In the two Bulacan towns mentioned, hats are classed as of 5 grades,
muy finos, finos, medianos, regulares, and ordinaries. For the first of
these, it is unusual to use any other material than rattan, but for the
others bamboo is almost exclusively employed. However, Pulilan, with
an output estimated at 4,000 to 5,000 per week, makes almost entirely
the lowest grades, while the 3,000 of Baliuag contain many of the higher,
the town having a long-standing reputation for the excellence of its work.

33 The descriptions of the hats and their manufacture are here greatly con-
densed, as the ground is fully covered in Mr. Miller’s paper. Little more is
retained than is necessary to lay the foundation for the discussion of general
problems, except when there is some definite purpose to be served.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

Ill

Briefly, the material is obtained from the upright stems in August or
September, and a slight quantity from the curving branches, or later in
the year. The lowest 2 to 3 meters of the stem are not used, and but
little from near its summit.

The stems are cut, divided into joints, the nodes cut away, the inter-
nodes longitudinally halved, the parts nearer the hollow interior removed,
and the thin remaining outer part pulled out in sheets, which may again
be split. The number of layers varies at the judgment of the worker,
but those nearest to the useless, outer, green surface give the best material.
These sheets are boiled, dried, split into strips of the desired width, and
made of the required thickness. They are often dyed, formerly with
native dyes, now usually with aniline.

The form of the apex of the crown is variable, in rosettes, oblongs, etc.,
tlie beginning being usually made with two sets each of about 6 strands
at right angles to one another, new material being introduced as required
by the increasing diameter or by approaching the ends of the strands.
The weave is an alternation of two strands with one, often changing
into three or four with one, when additional- strands are introduced.

Only the very cheapest hats are single, practically all on the market
being double. This means that there are made what would at first sight
be supposed to be two distinct hats, one of them almost always coarser
than the other. When these have been woven down to the brims, the
coarser is placed inside the other, and the two woven together at the
margins of the brim, resulting in a much more durable hat than if it were
single.

Estimates of the time required for the weaving should be understood
in connection with the conditions under which it is done. Thus, not only
has time to be taken from the work for all household duties, but there is
a distinct preference for the cooler and more humid parts of the day,
especially for better grades of work. Ordinary commercial hats require
about a day’s work, higher grades longer, even months. The real prices,
if there can be said to be such, run all the way from perhaps 15 centavos
to 25 pesos apiece, but the vast majority of the hats cost between 50
centavos and 2 pesos each. There is much difference of opinion on
such questions as. the comparative superiority of different kinds of
hats. As contrasted with buntal, there is no question that the single
strands of the latter are stronger than those of bamboo, but when the
hats themselves are considered, the method of weaving comes into con-
sideration, bamboo being woven much closer than buntal, except in the
recent use of the latter at Baliuag. In practice, a bamboo hat is apt
to break sooner than one of bunted, along the lines where it is folded
in shaping, elsewhere the bamboo has the advantage. Further, the
fineness of the separate strands must be considered. Bamboo is a split
material, and can thus be made in very many grades. Finer division,

112

ROBINSON.

adding to the labor, time, and price of the hat, does produce a more
durable as well as a handsomer article, although it is possible to
carry the process too far. Buntal is not divided, and can not be, the
strands being of the natural size. The dealers claim for a bamboo hat
of medium grade, costing perhaps 3 pesos, a duration of 3 years, the year
including 12 months in which it might be worn. In this time, it would
require several cleanings, and the ^process of cleaning is a critical period
in the life of the hat. One hat was shown me, which was said to have
been in constant use for 12 years and to have had 25 cleanings. It was
still in excellent condition, except for an apparently accidental injury
along one margin. It was a high grade bamboo, and at present prices
would have cost 18 to 20 pesos.

In use, there are still other factors. The weave of buntal is too open
for daytime wear in the Tropics by white men; but for evenings, for
those who are natives of the Tropics, and for summer use in temperate
regions, this open weave creates no difficulties. It is prettier than the
ordinary grades of bamboo, which is adapted to all conditions, but
when it is compared with the higher grades of bamboo, the decision is a
matter of taste, although the actual hats are of very different appearance.

Finally, into the export problem comes the question of competition.
Here buntal has the advantage, as it is unique, whereas Philippine bamboo
has to meet very severe rivalry in the products of other countries.

None of the above criticisms apply to the Baliuag weave of buntal.
On the other hand, it requires- more material than the Lucban hat, and
the work takes a disproportionally longer time, as it is more difficult.
As a result, these hats are double the price of ordinary buntal, so that
they can not be exported in large quantities under present conditions. In
small lots or at lower prices, they should command a ready sale, as they
are very beautiful and durable, coming, among Philippine hats, second
only to rattan, which is still more expensive.

A somewhat recent departure is the making of flat hats, as if they
were intended for small mats, for which they might well be used, these
being subsequently folded into the shape desired. Much more important
for local purposes is the use of bamboo as the outer covering over a stiffer
framework, giving all the appearance and advantages of straw hats with
greater strength. This will be referred to again under the heading
straw hats. Recently, also, large hats have been made in considerable
quantity to meet the demands of the export trade, of bamboo, buri, and
buntal. The workers rarely have any real difficulties in adapting their
methods to changing styles, but they, are rather averse to change, and
apt to meet the wishes of those whose interests are even more their own
by a demand for increased prices. This must be considered one of the
more serious drawbacks of the trade.

Why the use of bamboo for hats should be so concentrated in Baliuag

PHILIPPINE HATS.

113

and Pulilan is somewhat of a mystery, even here in the Philippines,
where so many localities adhere to a single main industry. These two
places may almost he said to be one, as the main towns are connected by
barrios or outlying settlements, in all of which hats are made.' Yet,
Quingua, separated from Pulilan by a small river, takes little part in
this industry ; Bustos, separated from Baliuag by a larger river, but now
politically united with it, is said to take none at all. It may be worth
recording that certain aspects of the vegetation at Baliuag, suggest an
unusually high humidity, a condition distinctly favorable to hat- weaving.
Both Baliuag and Lueban have a businesslike appearance very unusual
in these Islands.

Bamboo hats are made on a very much smaller scale at other places,
such as Concepcion, in Tarlac, Calasiao in Pangasinan, where they are
of very minor importance, in towns of Ilocos Norte, and in the Yisayas.
In none of these, have they any real commercial importance.

BTJRI HATS.

These fall into three very distinct classes, with subdivisions, according
to the part of the leaf used : all are important.

The buri palm of the Philippines normally grows to a large size, the
petioles or stalks of the leaves are about 2.5 m in length, the' blade is
fan-shaped and as long as the petiole, with very numerous midribs.
Where the young leaves are extensively used, they are removed as they
appear, in which case the trunk is little or not developed. A tree flowers
but once, and then dies, at an age of about thirty years, so that it is
difficult to obtain material upon which to base botanical identifications.
The Philippine species was formerly supposed to be Corypha umbraculi-
fera Linn., the talipot palm of southern India, but recent determinations
by Doctor 0. Beccari make it G. data Roxb., also found in India. It is
still an open question if all our plants are referable to one species.

The three parts used are the actual leaf -tissue, the midribs of the
leaflets, and the fibro- vascular bundles of the petioles. The last is buntal,
both the others are usually included under the name buri or its equivalents,
but have additional names hereafter noted. Buri-leaf hats are made in
great numbers and in many places, but so far as Luzon is concerned, the
other two classes are considered distinctive of a single region, buntal of
Lueban in Tayabas, and buri-midrib of Calasiao in Pangasinan. The
midribs are also used on Panay, especially at Pototan and Dumarao, and
buntal has recently been imported and woven at Baliuag. So far as
information has been obtained, no town uses the leaves in all three ways,
but this is less wasteful than it may seem, as if the fibro- vascular bundles
were taken from the unopened leaves, which are used for the buri-leaf
and huri-midrib hats, they would not be sufficiently strong for use as
buntal.

101823 4

114

ROBINSON.

Hats made from the leafy tissue are usually very cheap, even on the
Manila market they, sell as low as 15 centavos and rarely for over 40
centavos each. The preparation is various, even as simple as the mere
removal of the midribs, followed by sun-drying, but it is often more
elaborate. This material can be recognized with ease by the fine trans-
verse nerves, and these are important in the preparation, as they neces-
sitate a special guide on the knife with which the leaflets are divided into
strips. In a very few localities, hats of good quality and attractive
appearance are made from buri-leaf, those known to me being Lucban
and Tayabas, in the Province of the latter name, the Island of Sibuyan,
and Danao, Cebu. These hats sell for much higher prices than the usual
ones of this material, in some cases up to 15 pesos each, but are hardly
as yet a commercial product. The most striking common divergence
from the ordinary cheap kinds is that which imitates pith-helmets.
These were originally called Sebastopol, and the full name is still some-
times heard, but more often it is corrupted to bastapol, bistapol , vistapol,
etc., in addition to the general names of the palm, buri, bull, or, from
Pangasinan north, silag, or in Pampanga, ebus.

The ordinary buri-leaf hats are more commonly used in these Islands
than all others combined, and they have a certain share in the export
trade. More often, they are nearly white or a pale yellow or green, but
they are also dyed, in the latter case, white and colored material being
usually combined. Los Banos hats, with a temporary popularity a couple
of years ago, were made of braided buri. Buri-leaf has an equal use
for sleeping mats, called petates or banig, as well as for large bags, called
bayones, and for baskets. Most of the hats on the market are from
two regions, southeastern Pampanga, especially the town of Apalit, and
the buntal district of Laguna and Tayabas.

BUNTAL HATS.

To obtain buntal, the mature leaves of buri trees of 10 years of age or
more are taken, the blade and spines cut away, and the petiole halved
in length. One end of these halves is then cut or bruised, until the
fibro-vascular bundles can be grasped, when they are pulled out by force.
They are not strong enough to be pulled through the entire length of
the petiole, which is the reason for the halving. Thus obtained, they
are of about equal length, somewhat over 1 meter, but of different dia-
meter, this fact when the uniformity in material and excellence of
weaving is taken into consideration, accounting for the different grades of
the hats. The further preparation varies, probably most often consisting
in steeping the buntal in vinegar for a few hours, boiling in water for
an hour, and flattening or smoothing. Until the beginning of 1909, all
buntal hats were made in one weave, that of Lucban, Tayabas : about
that time, dealers from Baliuag began buying prepared buntal , which they

/

PHILIPPINE HATS. 115

took to their own town, where it was woven in the same way as bamboo.
The Baliuag buntal hat is therefore, more closely woven than that of
Lucban, and is consequently stronger. It is also more beautiful but more
expensive, the hats usually selling from 8 to 13 pesos each, in stores
they bring much more. These hats have been offered for sale in Manila
from the outset, but in small quantity. Almost exactly similar hats
have been made for about 5 years at Mavitac, Laguna, and more recently
at Paquil, in the same province, but their total number has been very
small indeed, and they have probably never been on the market. Lucban
is the chief seat of the buntal industry. Other towns in its vicinity,
especially Mauban, Sampaloc, Majaijai, and Luisiana, also have an
important share in this manufacture, but their output is chiefly sold
through Lucban. As a consequence, the name of that town is more
often used in the Philippines for these hats than is the name of the
material, but outside the Islands, the most common name for them seems
to be “Bangkok,” although the Siamese city has no trade of its own in hats.
The cheapest Lucban hats sell for one peso or one peso and twenty centavos,
but the general run of prices is 2 to 6 pesos, the best are 12 pesos apiece.
The return to the worker is better than it is in almost all other localities,
she receiving about 5 pesos per week, but this amount varies with indi-
vidual skill. Estimates for the value of the Lucban buntal output range
from 100,000 to 250,000 pesos per annum, representing nearly half this
number of hats. It is probable that even the higher of these figures is
not excessive.

There are a few other special features about the industry in Lucban.
Attempts have been made at different times to hire the skilled workers
and to bring them together to work, in other words, to establish a factory,
but the proceeding has never been a success. A few men are among the
weavers, a condition also occasionally met with in Bulacan, but in both
provinces they seem to be confined to the coarser work. The weaving
of the brims, considered the most difficult part in Bulacan, is here the
easiest and is done chiefly by children. A few buntal hats are made in
other towns, but not in commercial quantities. Among these are places
in Bohol, where some of the material called by this name is said to be
obtained from the sheaths at the base of coconut petioles.

CALASIAO HATS.

Although in Calasiao itself, the tree from which the hats are made
and the hats alike are known as buri, or more often silag, outside of it,
the hats usually take the name of the town. This is well, both because
hats made from "the buri-midribs should not be confused in any way with
those made from other parts of the leaf, and because many curious stories
are in circulation regarding the material.

The leaves are cut from the tree before they have unfolded. They

116

ROBINSON.

are kept lor three days in a cool place, spread ou-tj put in the sun for
three more days, and spread for a night outside the houses. The midribs
are then removed, a leaf furnishing about 100, approximately two-thirds
the number required for an ordinary hat. They are graded as of three
. classes, dark, less dark, and white. It is chiefly the - white ones that
are used, as the others are rightly considered less attractive, although
they furnish at least a part of the material for cheap hats. These
midribs are split in two, the soft interior cut away, and the halves again
split once or twice, according to size. These strands are made smooth
and of the requisite thickness by passing them under the yuro , resembling
a flat-bladed razor, and1 are regulated in width by drawing them between
two blades, the batacan. The material is then ready for weaving. It is
very rarely boiled, as this is believed to weaken it. -

Only the cheapest hats are single; the doubling being done as -with
bamboo hats, although the joining is sometimes not as well executed as
at Baliuag. In this operation an instrument, is used, called the socsoc,
resembling an awl; the sensen, similar but coarser, being employed to
press the strands together in weaving. A smooth piece of carabao horn,
the lerler^ shaped like a boot-horn, is rubbed over the strands while the
hat is being woven, to smoothen it and improve its appearance. The
finishing is elaborate. The hat is washed, with and without soap, lemon
juice is rubbed on, and one of the easiest ways to distinguish this type
from that made from bamboo, is by the rice-flour and sulphur, with
which it is treated.

If selected hats of rattan, bamboo, Calasiao, Panama, Formosa, and
sabotan were to be placed in the order given, the majority -of people
would find it difficult to distinguish one kind from those placed next it,
and even more so to state the basis for their decision. On the other hand,
they could hardly go wrong between hats which are separated by one place.
For example, the difference is considerable between rattan and Calasiao,
bamboo and Panama, or Calasiao and Formosa or sabotan. Of all six
varieties, rattan and bamboo are probably most distinct, and bamboo and
Calasiao least. These three classes are most easily distinguished by the
finish, the rattan hats having an exquisite satiny or silky appearance, and
being very soft to the touch. The bamboo hats are likewise glossy, but
less so than rattan, while the safest way to tell apart those of Calasiao
is by the dull finish. Moreover, rattan hats are darker in color than
either of the others, and practically always- ; contain strands of still darker
material. Darker strands are also frequent in the cheaper Calasiao hats,
but one of good quality should be uniform. These darker strands in the
Calasiao hats are different from those of rattan, being yellowish or
yellowish-brown, whereas in rattan they are rather a dark pink or
pinkish-brown.

Calasiao hats have long had a high reputation for beauty, excellence,

PHILIPPINE HATS.

117

and durability, but the returns to the workers seem to be less than in
making any other variety. The time required for a 50-centavo hat was
given as three days; for a peso hat, five days or even more; for the 5
peso, a month; for the 30 peso, three' Month's. The best estimates for the
output were about 500 per week, and the workers also stated that the
number has been nearly constant for several years. A few hats of this
material are made in a barrio of the nearest town to Calasiao, namely
San Carlos ; otherwise, the material is not used in Luzon. However, in
Panay, it again comes into prominence, in Pototan and Dumarao, and
to a less extent in Dao, Passi, and Dumalag. The women of Calasiao
itself use other materials as well, buri-leaf, bamboo, rattan, and second in
importance to buri-midrib, nito. For cigarette-cases, buri-midrib, nito,
and horsehair are used.

Information has been obtained from authentic sources, that at Cama-
ligan, Ambos Camarines, a fourth portion of the buri-leaf, namely the
outer surface of the petioles, is also used for hats. They are said to be
of good appearance, and to sell for 3 to 15 pesos each.

Yet a fifth portion of the leaf is used in Bohol, in mat making, namely
the thin epidermis or outer surface of young leaves, which is woven on
looms. When either this or strips of buri-leaf are rolled, they receive
the name saguran.

RATTAN HATS.

While this is perhaps the best name to use for general purposes, bejuco
and way are more common locally. The species used in Calamus mollis
Blanco, a climbing palm, growing only in the Philippines. It is typically
a forest plant, but is cultivated at Baliuag in small quantity. Practically
all of the material has to be obtained from a distance, which adds to the
cost: The prices have risen considerably in recent years, and it is rarely

possible to get a rattan hat for less than 12 pesos and they are more often
18 to 25 pesos. The upper limit is lost in fable, it is alleged to be 1,000
pesos and is at least 300 pesos. The parts used are the intermediate layers
of the stem, which are prepared in the same way as bamboo, except that
boiling is unnecessary. They are sufficiently strong to permit finer divi-
sion than any other Philippine material. Consequently, with their satiny
sheen, the higher grades of rattan hats are extremely beautiful, but beyond
a limit, which may vary with individual taste, they are rather works of
art than usable commodities. Nearly all the rattan hats on the market
come from Balinag, Calasiao makes them when ordered, and there is
elsewhere a scattered but very scanty production. On the other hand,
reason has already been given for believing this to have been the original
material used for hats as distinguished from salacots in many places in
the Islands. The workers say that a second species of Calamus is very
rarely used, but its exact identity has not been ascertained.

118

ROBINSON.

PANDAN HATS.

SABOTAN.

Sabotan hats are of many grades, from coarse ones selling for 20
centavos each and worn by laborers, to a very superior grade the price
of which, formerly about 8 pesos, is stiffening at a higher figure and is
sometimes as much as 15 pesos. Formerly very few of the better grades
were made, this part of the work extending back only sixteen years, but
there is an increasing production at one peso and upward, the largest
number of the better hats selling for about 3 pesos. No more suitable hat
is made in the Philippines to withstand tropical conditions. The material
is firmer than most other good materials, and the hats afford good
protection from intense sunlight and are very durable. The natural color
is a grayish or bluish green, and so far, attempts to secure a good bleach
have been largely failures. For short periods of time, very satisfactory
results have been obtained, but the effect is not permanent. Commercial
production of these hats is confined to two towns, Mavitac in Laguna
and Pililla in Eizal, adjoining in one sense, connected by a difficult trail
and both much nearer other towns than they are to one another. There
is no dispute about the facts that the work has been a recent introduction
into Pililla from Mavitac, and is becoming nearly as important in the
former as in the latter. There is little difference in the hats produced
in the two places, if anything, the materials used in Pililla are thicker,
and the prices higher. The leaves of this pandan vary in thickness
according to the amount of shade in which the plants are grown, and
Mavitac’s criticism of Pililla is that the people of the latter town do
not yet understand this sufficiently. On the contrary, there are those
who prefer the Pililla hat, although the writer is not one of them. Use
of the material is long-standing, not only in these but other towns near
by, but Mavitac only has been engaged in the sabotan hat industry for
a long time, two centuries as against less than a decade. At present, but
few of the better grades of sabotan hats are to be seen in Manila, and
probably still fewer have been exported, but there should be a distinct
increase in both respects.

From Blanco’s statements,34 the name sabotan was used, as far back
as his time for a species of Cy perns which from the notes attached was
probably C. malaccensis Lam. Nowadays, it is known to be given to a
pandan on the east coast of Luzon, which from the appearance of the
hats made from it can not be true sabotan. These are made at Baler,
Tayabas, and are of several grades. The best sell for 60 centavos, and
are of distinctly good appearance. They, also, may be an important
addition to the minor classes, but it is unlikely that they can be produced

34 Fl. Filip. (1837) 778.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

119

on any large scale for many years. The only other use of 'the name that
I have been able to authenticate, is sabotan byaya or “crocodile-sabotan”
for Vallisneria spiralis Linn., the most cosmopolitan species found in the
Philippines. It has no economic use, and is so different from true
sabotan that the name might with equal propriety be given to almost
any other monocotyledon.

Sabotan leaves are not used until the plant is about 3 years old, and
then only the older ones, as they are slow in growth and very tender
when young. The apical part is always rejected as useless. The midrib
is removed, and the half-leaves wilted in the sun for 2 to 4 hours, and
then divided into strips by an instrument of local manufacture, called the
pambulay or partidar. The material is then drawn around a flat piece
of bamboo or other suitable object, the main purpose desired being to
expel water from the tissues. It is then placed in cool water, usually
that in which rice has been boiled, then itself boiled, again put in cool
water to clean it, the times for all these processes varying. After drying
and smoothing, it is ready for weaving.

At Mavitac, about 100 hats of the better grades are made each month,
of the lower grades perhaps 400 per week. If workers’ statements are
to be credited, the time required in weaving must vary greatly as between
different women, the time for an 8 peso hat being given from 8 days to a
month. In general, a weaver earns from 50 centavos to a peso per day.

OTHER PANDAN HATS.

Next in frequency to buri-leaf hats for workmen’s use in Manila, and
indeed most of central Luzon, is a pandan hat made at Luisiana and
Majaijai, Laguna, from Pandanus utilissimus Elmer.35 The hats are
always coarse and cheap, averaging about 20 centavos each in price, but
going higher and lower. They are well suited to the conditions which
prevail here. Occasionally, they are worn as a rustic hat, and might
have increased possibilities along that line. In Manila, they are acquir-
ing an increasing monopoly of the name balangot, with bangcoan as a
term of greater precision. In the localities where nearly all of them are
made, they are called simply pandan. All of these terms have had
other uses.

The pandans here considered ( Pandanus utilissimus Elmer) are large
and attain a great age, authentic data giving this up to 70 years for
plants still living at the time. The leaves are very long, up to 5 m, and

35 This is not the common pandan, except in a limited area, there largely
through cultivation. That name should be reserved for P. tectorius Soland., as
it is not only very much the most abundant in the Philippines, but has a very
wide outside distribution, which our other species do not. In addition to Mr.
Miller’s paper, there is an excellent account of this pandan by M. R ( oxas ) , Philip.
Agric. & For. 1 (1911) 11, 12.

120

ROBINSON.

the heads of fruit of great size, weighing 15 to 25 kilos and containing
thousands of drupes. The latter are never used for reproduction, as
this is easier by means of the abundant suckers which develop at the
roots. The leaves are cut for use when the plant is three to five
years old and upward, the midrib removed, and the spines along the
margin stripped off. The half-leaves are divided into strips with a knife,
the use of a guide being necessary, wilted and drawn under a roller or
around any other suitable surface.

In southeastern Luzon, this pandan is replaced by a very similar
species, Pandanus simplex Merrill, caragumoy, from which hats are made
at Malilipot, Tabaco, and Bacacay, Albay. They are similar to those
just mentioned, but slightly yellower, and serve the same class of trade.
My information is that the prices are higher, but I distrust it : if true,
this make will not be able to compete with the Laguna products.

BALANGOT HATS.

If any plant more than another is entitled to the name balangot,
it is Gyperus malaccensis Lam., and repeated statements by scores of
individuals indicate that- this species has been used for both hats and mats
up to a comparatively recent date. All the better informed agree that
this use has ceased or practically ceased.36 But the name persists. At
any shop ( tienda ) in Manila, where cheap hats are sold, an inquirer is
practically certain to be offered balangot , but the hat is made from
Pandanus utilissimus. Many dealers will have a second name for them,
namely bangcoan. If it be protested that this is not true balangot, the
dealer looks puzzled, and tries again with buri-leaf, or possibly the
coarsest grade of sabotan. However, almost as often, he will say that
there is no other kind of balangot. Yery rarely, a dealer will admit that
the hat offered is not true balangot, but will add that the latter is not
used for hats. Again, in provinces as distant as Union and Bohol, it is
stated that balangot was formerly an inclusive term for all soft hats;
where cross-examination has been possible, it further develops that such
hats were always cheap. The confusion is of long standing, Blanco
laments it in 183 7. 37

The confusion extends to the other and more definite term for the
hat now most frequently sold under the name of balangot, for the people
who make all of those on the market do not seem even to have heard of
bangcoan at all. Noav, this last is very near a name for Pandanus atro-
carpus Griff., in various dialects from Borneo to Sumatra,38 bangkoeivang,
for example, requiring only the omission of “oe” to have one of the
numerous spellings of the Philippine word. But we seem to have no

3<i See page 105.

37 FI. Filip. 777-780.

83 De Clercq, F. S. A. Nieuw Plantk. Woordenboek Ned. Ind. (1909) 296.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

121

recent record of this name applied to any other plant than P. utilissimus ,
and for it only at San Antonio, Laguna, where it is wild, at ' Antipolo,
Eizal, where it has been introduced, and for the hats in nearly every
place where they are sold, except in the locality where they are made.
This Malayan use of the term is significant, and doubtless indicates
extreme antiquity, although the effect is somewhat spoiled by the fact
that it extends to a leguminous plant in every way dissimilar. No parallel
case has been found for balangot nor sabotan, although there is a town
Soputan, in Celebes, where pandans abound.39 This is suggestive, but
no proof has been obtained that there is any connection with the Philip-
pine use, or rather uses of the word.

The most probable conclusion is that balangot has been an inclusive
term for cheap, soft hats, and that these were formerly made largely
from Cyperus malaccensis Lam., the name being still often retained for
that and other sedges, but that now its use has been transferred to the
hats made from the pandan already mentioned. As a distinct class of
hats, it no longer has any other meaning.

HEMP HATS.

Materials taken from Manila hemp, abaca ( Musa textilis Nee), are
used for hats in four different ways. The leaves often form the interior
part or body of salacots. In the schools at Zamboanga, actual hemp is
being tested for hat making, with fairly satisfactory results.

In various places, perhaps more in Manila than elsewhere, different
qualities, but usually the cheaper, of the cloth woven from hemp, called
sinamay, plain or more often partly dyed, are cut into strips, and the
strips sewn into hats. They would do as a substitute for cloth caps, but
they have little in their favor except durability. Such prices as have
been encountered are absurdly high, from one peso and ten centavos to
two pesos and a half for each hat.

The remaining method is entirely different, but the Philippines merely
supply the material for the product. Long, fine strands of the very best
grade of hemp are tied end to end and made into coils, weighing a little
less than 500 grams. This method of preparation is confined to Batangas.
At Wohlen, Switzerland, this hemp and other materials have been used
since the introduction of machine-made plaits, braids, laces, and trim-
mings for ladies’ fancy summer hats and other millinery, the change
having taken place between 1855 and 1860. Since that time, these
materials have largely taken the place of native straw-plait manufacture,
which could not meet the competition of China -and Japan. The hemp
plaits are among the preferred materials as regards length, but are not
adapted to bleaching nor are they as smooth as some others. Such
materials are cleaned, washed, bleached or dyed, and spun into threads

Sarassin, P. & F. Reisen in Celebes 1 (1905) 69-74, pi. 3.

122

ROBINSON.

or twisted into yarn, stiffened in a gelatine bath, and sized together into
small ribbons, or woven by machines into a lace. From these hats may
be made, but they are very different from any Philippine product.

NITO HATS.

The name nito is applied indiscriminately to any of the species of
Lygodium, climbing ferns, common throughout the Philippines, of which
at least three have been used for hats. It was one of the first materials
employed for this purpose in the Philippines, and its use is no longer
general although not discontinued. This product is largely confined to
Calasiao and Albay, but with a scattered output elsewhere.

As these hats are made now, the stems of the fern are usually split into
three, and made of the requisite thickness and width by the methods used
in the locality for the preparation of other materials. They are woven
with the original outer surface exposed to view. As this is naturally
brown to black, the hats or cigarette-cases made from nito are of those
colors. They are woven either single or double, alone or alternating with
other materials. This latter practice appears to have been commoner in
the past than it is now. It now probably is impossible, in Luzon, to buy
a nito hat for much under two pesos, a fairly good double one would cost
about three times as much, the highest grades must be expensive, but
they practically never get on the market. These last may be very beau-
tiful, few hats . equalling in this respect some which were among the
exhibits at Madrid, in 1887, and are now in the Museum of the Bureau
of Science. These may well be compared with the better grades of
rattan. The ordinary grades of nito are well adapted to use by such
persons as prefer hats of naturally dark color, and it is possible that the
trade might be revived with some success. There is a persistent story that
the very best hats of Calasiao are made of white nito , but very well-
informed workers there neither knew' of this, nor could they obtain any
confirmation of the report. Still, the stem of Lygodium circinnatum, the
species used there, is sometimes in part of light color. In the Yisayas,
nito hats are cheaper than in Luzon, but usually of much poorer quality.

Formerly also, entire stems of nito were employed in an open weave,
called tinea. I have only seen one hat of this kind, and it was over 25
years old. Its general appearance can be judged from the fact that it
took several persons to convince me that it was not a buntal, that had in
some way acquired a dark color.

TICOG OR TAYOCTAYOC HATS.

While the sedge Fimbristylis utilis Elmer is widely distributed from
at least the east coast of Luzon to Mindanao, it is in the Yisayas that
it has its greatest economic importance. Basey, in Samar, has the widest
reputation for its use and especially for mats made from it, but the work
extends as far as Panay. In Bohol, hats and mats are made from it in

PHILIPPINE HATS.

123

Talibon, but they are also on sale in other places, from which they are
sometimes said to come. The mature stems are dried, and flattened by
drawing over a knife, piece of wood, or even the fingers. For some fine
white mats, they are put in hot water before drying; after drying, they
are often dyed. The hats are very cheap, about 12 or 15 centavos each,
have when new a good appearance, and seem likely to be durable. The
color is usually distinctly green, and as it is due to chlorophyll, is certain
to fade. Bleached, both hats and mats have much of promise, but care
will have to be taken not to exhaust the supply of material.

MATERIALS OE MINOR IMPORTANCE.

None of the materials remaining to be mentioned have at present any
real importance; moreover, it is highly improbable that any of these will
ever attain commercial standing. However, this is not to be understood
as implying that there are no other plants likely to be used in quantity,
for there are several, at present not employed at all, which have distinct
possibilities. For instance, the true Panama-hat plant, Carludovica
palmata Cav. has been introduced, and is making fairly satisfactory
growth, but the individuals are too few and too young to permit any
statement with regard to their possibilities when grown in this climate.
Again, the very minor part played by the Oyperaceae, as compared with
that in a country so near as Formosa, or as in Madagascar, is rather
significant, although the evidence seems to be that the commoner species
have had a trial and been rejected as inferior to others, the majority of
which can be obtained in sufficient quantity for a greatly extended trade.
Ticog alone has any hnportance in this family at present, and that in
islands where bamboo and buri are comparatively little used. It is
possible that some of the rarer Cyperaceae may be highly useful, but their
qualities must first be ascertained, and the plants cultivated on a large
scale before they can have any appreciable influence on the trade.

Hawaiian hats are highly esteemed, and the species from which they
are made is very abundant along almost every coast of the -Philippines,
but it seems to be very rarely used, the only very definite report obtained
to this effect being from a small island off the southern coast of Mindoro,
and that from the people of another place. Negative statements are very
numerous.

In one town, San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan, the people have a
tendency to make hats,, which can hardly be described in other terms
than as freaks, some of them' pretty enough. They have even tried
shavings of palo de China, wood, mostly pine, taken from packing-cases,
obtained in Manila or elsewhere. Anything like this is worthless, unless
as a mere curiosity.

Among the commoner vegetables in the Islands is patola, Luffa cylin-
drica (Linn.) Roemer: it has much the appearance of an elongated
cucumber, belongs to the same family, and is used in nearly the same

124

ROBINSON.

way, cooked. Lining the inner surface of- this vegetable' and penetrating
the softer parts, is a network of fibrous substances, particularly evident
in the wild varieties, more often distinguished by the name tambubo or
tdbuboc. This is dried, and while retaining its shape, is. used for sponges;
pressed fiat, it is sometimes cut into strips, which are sewed together into
hats of a yellowish-brown color. These are made in Manila, San Miguel
de Mayumo, and other places, they are few in number, and the price is
mainly a question of barter, but is likely to be at least two pesos per hat.
As hats, these do little more than to cover the head, the work being so
open that they afford but slight protection. Usually they are entirely
of the one material, the strips being more or less doubled or multiplied
at the edges, with a mere band of cotton inside in contact with the head.
San Miguel de Mayumo also exhibited at the Carnival of 1910 a hat made
of the wood of “acacia,” Enter olobium saman (Willd.) Prain, lined with
this tdbuboc and cotton.

The prettiest hats of this class are made from the bast of a species
not definitely ascertained, but probably belonging to the family Sterculia-
ceae. These are credited both to Bulaean and Ilocos Norte. They can
fairly be described as pretty, and would make a nice curiosity, but there
is no particular reason why for such purposes, they should be woven into
the shape of hats, although such hats are well calculated to attract
attention to the wearer during their probably short life.

Yet another gourd, upo, Lagenaria vulgaris Ser., is sometimes used,'
but while the result is often called a hat, it would better come under the
head of salacot. In effect, it is much what a pumpkin would be if cut
in two, cleaned, dried, and variously ornamented.

STRAW HATS.

This term, for which the Spanish equivalent paja is in more common
use here, is employed in this paper not only for hats made of cereal straw,
but for all others of similar shape, with stiff, flat brims and crowns. The
distinction is not at all fundamental, for it is becoming common for hats
of Calasiao, bamboo, buri-leaf, and buntal to be used as the outer covering
over a stiffer framework. This is a comparatively recent departure in
the Philippines, although not at all new for Philippine hats after export.
Such hats, although nearly always of the cheaper grades of the materials
above named, have a very good appearance, and are rapidly becoming
important for local use, at prices from 2 to 8 pesos each. It is highly
improbable that they can be exported in such a way as to compete with
factory-made hats elsewhere, unless they can be produced under equivalent
conditions, and at a much lower price than at present. Their local use is
sure to increase.

A very high, percentage of the straw hats worn in the Islands is made
at a factory in Manila, but from imported materials. Yet others are

PHILIPPINE HATS.

125

imported as a finished product. Among those manufactured in Manila
from imported straw were some of the so-called timsim hats/0 which
have a native counterpart in those made from moras, Andropogon ziza-
nioides. They furnish a fairly attractive article, and may supply a part
of the local trade. Paque hats are of straw-hat shape, but the 'covering
is quilted cotton. In Manila, this cotton is imported, in Ilocos, native
cotton is said to be used.

SALACOTS.

From an American or European point of view, these are quite distinct
from hats, but they are by no means peculiar to the Philippines. Their
use in these Islands and in Malaya in general, probably goes back many
centuries before the introduction of the more ordinary type of hats. They
might more nearly be likened to helmets, but are different from them
also. They are of many grades of excellence and price, the two sometimes
corresponding to one another. The species of plants used are more
various than for hats, and there is probably no case where the entire salacot
is made of a single material. The salacots are stiff, so that their shape
is often typical of some locality. They are admirably adapted to the two
primitive purposes of head coverings, shelter from sun and rain. How-
ever, their use is becoming less general, and this tendency will probably
be accelerated. They are still extensively worn throughout the Archipe-
lago, least perhaps among the Moros and some of the wild tribes. It is
quite without the purpose of this paper to treat them in detail, as so
many matters of ethnologic interest enter into their discussion. The
Ilocano name is callogong or less often cattocong.

A highly developed type of salacot consists of four parts, an outer
woven covering, a central and more continuous layer, a framework, and
an inner woven portion to fit the head. In the simplest types, the first
and last of these layers are almost wanting; indeed, some of the very
finest salacots have been made of tortoise shell, and they too have no outer
layer. The outer covering may be very elaborate or very plain, with all
intergrades; nito is a preferred material for making it, but many
others are used. The central layer, the real body of the salacot , is made
from- large leaves or portions of them, of banana, hemp, buri, anajao,
coconut, breadfruit, or other plants, or layers of wood, of bamboo, betel-
nut, etc., cloth, or even tarred paper, as happens in one kind in common
use near Manila. The framework is of more durable material, usually
rattan or bamboo, with adornments of nito or other materials. This
framework is more often circular in outline and tmuch too large for the
head. To render the salacot possible to wear, a smaller part is usually
woven in beneath, and most often of rattan, roughly resembling a skullcap.
The difficulty is sometimes met 'by using string. The tips are frequently

See page 105.

126

ROBINSON.

adorned, these ornaments ranging in value and beauty from gold to plugs
of wood, the tin cprk-covers of aerated water bottles, or glass bottle-
stoppers. Prices may be at least as low as 12 centavos per salacot, but
the chief styles are more often from 50 centavos to 5 pesos, and there are
still more expensive kinds. It is not as true now as formerly that they
are of great value, except when they have been handed down for consider-
able periods of time, but some are still highly esteemed.

MAT MAKING.

So far as the needs of the Philippines are concerned, this is a more
important industry than hat making. The houses, except those of people
in more comfortable circumstances, do not contain permanent beds; and
the floors are more often formed of strips of bamboo. At night, a mat
is spread, and with the addition of pillows the bed is complete. When not
in use, the mats are rolled up and placed in a corner or elsewhere out of
the way. They are thus a necessity everywhere, which can hardly be said
to be true of hats, for most women go without them. However, in the
Christian provinces, nearly all men wear head coverings, and for these
hats have almost entirely replaced salacots, except for use by laborers.

The most common name for sleeping mats is petate, a Spanish word
said to be of Mexican origin : of local names banig has the widest vogue.
The weaving of petates is more generally distributed than that of hats,
and in a great many cases the needs of a house are supplied by the women
living in it. There are also several towns with a high reputation for
their mats, and some of these do quite an extended outside trade. This
is rather notably the case with Basey in Samar, with Eomblon, and
Cagayan Sulu.

Many of the coarser materials used for hats are also employed for mats,
indeed there is definite evidence in some cases that it is through the
latter that their value for weaving has been discovered. It would clearly
be impracticable to use finely divided materials for sleeping mats, not
that they would not be of greater beauty and probably of sorqewhat greater
excellence, but the amount of work and consequent high price would be
prohibitive.

On the whole, buri-leaf is much the most important material for making
sleeping mats and is used throughout the Islands, the strands either pale-
greenish or bleached or dyed of various colors. The size varies, but
ordinarily the mat is about 2 meters by 1.5 meters. Next in importance
are the pandans, especially the two used for hats in Laguna, and the sedge
ticog, used in the Visayas and Sorsogon. For table mats, bamboo is most
often seen, but they might well be made of any of the better materials,
buri-midrib would be equally good, buntal and rattan better, but the cost
would also be greater.

Under present conditions, nearly every returning American, especially

PHILIPPINE HATS.

127

those who have lived elsewhere than in Manila, takes with him one or
more mats, largely as curiosities. Apart from this, there is little export
trade, but there are distinct possibilities, although competition will be
severe.

CIGAR-CASES AND CIGARETTE-CASES.

These differ chiefly in size. The Philippines have a long-standing
reputation for these articles, locally known as petacas or petaquillas.
Baliuag received a special award for them at the London Exhibition of
1851. They are made in nearly all the towns that do fine hat-work,
and the materials used are the same as those for hats, namely rattan,
bamboo, buri (midrib and buntal), horsehair, and nito. They differ in
fineness, but less so than hats, as they can not be very coarse, and more
often are very fine.

BAGS AND BASKETS.

These also are made in considerable quantity, nearly always of buri-leaf
or pandan, and are used for all kinds of purposes, rather special types
being the sugar bags and still larger sacks, to both of which the name
bayones is applied. They are very cheap, even the largest selling down
to 10 centavos, prices varying with the locality and the size of the bag.
More fancy baskets, of smaller size, and other similar objects, are often
woven from bamboo, bamboo and nito, nito, coconut midribs, and other
materials.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

It is evident that many different materials are used for the purposes
given, and that the products are of every degree of excellence. In passing
comparative judgments, a sharp distinction should be made between the
hats intended for local consumption, for export to tropical countries, or
export to temperate climates. Practically, the second of these is confined
at present to a fluctuating export of very cheap grades to Hongkong and
China, most other tropical countries having more or less similar industries
of their own.

For ordinary local use, it is improbable that anything can replace buri-
leaf and pandan, as such hats are very cheap, and well adapted to climatic
conditions. For those who wish better articles, there are many to choose
from, and there is much difference of opinion. Thus, there can be no
objection to- the statement that rattan furnishes the finest materials and
that the hats made from it are very beautiful, but its scarcity and their
high price cause them to be rarely seen. Buntal, medium and better
grades of bamboo, Calasiao, and sabotan, are all in fairly common use,
and all these are suited to the requirements of the climate except Lucban
buntal, and that also is good for evening wear by Europeans, or all times
of the day by women or Filipinos, who require less protection. Many
Americans and Europeans retain their preference for straw hats, and

128

ROBINSON.

their use is very general with educated Filipinos. In such cases, the
appearance of the hats and prices must be considered, and any statement
of opinion must be qualified by the fact that there are different grades
of all the important materials. Omitting rattan, first place should be
given to Baliuag buntal, higher grades of Calasiao and sabotan coming
next. This takes into account appearance, suitability to conditions, and
durability, and is based on such grades as should be purchasable for 8 to 12
pesos a hat. On appearance alone, Lucban buntal should be added to
the list; and near the upper limit of price stated, bamboo is also to be
considered. At 4 to 6 pesos each, sabotan may be placed first as regards
suitability to conditions, Lucban buntal for appearance, but on a combina-
tion of qualities, the choice would more likely be between Calasiao and
bamboo, the last more easily obtained. Below 4 pesos, bamboo is better
for wear in the daytime, Lucban buntal in the evening.

When export in large quantities is considered, only three kinds need
enter into the discussion, bamboo, Lucban buntal , and buri-leaf. This
statement is made for two reasons, a consideration of the supply and their
comparatively low price. For very cheap trade, buri is the only material,
and hats of it are exported, but in less quantity than either of the others.
Buntal is more expensive than the grades of bamboo ordinarily exported,
but it has one great advantage. It is an unique product, while bamboo
has to meet the severest competition. However, it does meet it, and hats
made from it are to-day exported in larger quantity than any other kind,
although this preponderance is partly due to the greater producing
capacity of Baliuag and Pulilan over Lucban and its neighbors. More-
over, both the . bamboo and the buri have a distribution that permits a
great extension of the work. As between them, the probability is that
the trade will adjust itself naturally. It is even more desirable that the
makers should realize the advantage to themselves of changing such
details as shape • and. size at the request of exporters without fining the
latter for the concession, also that they should appreciate the importance
of more sharply standardizing the grades.

For some years, many Americans in the Philippines have made a
practice of sending small quantities of various makes of hats to their
home towns or to others where they have business connections. Such
trade, so far as the United States is concerned, has usually been profitable,
and permits the export of the higher grades, which can rarely be procured
in large quantity.

It should be possible to decrease the cost of preparation of the materials,
especially of those where division is necessary, by machinery, or without
it, by greater division of labor. The weaving could be • done more
cheaply in factories, and the other existing drawbacks obviated at the
same time, but experience except in Manila seems to remove this from
the list of possibilities. At present, the Philippines are successfully
carrrying on an industry of high excellence under primitive conditions.

PHILIPPINE HATS.

129

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

In the course of this investigation, I have been under obligation for
information to so many persons, that their number alone would make a
suitable acknowledgment impossible. But there are some whose aid has
been so great, that the omission of public recognition of it would be
unpardonable. Among them, I wish particularly to thank Doctor E. B.
Copeland, dean of the Agricultural College, Los Banos; Senor Epifanio
Ortega, Baliuag; Mrs. J. D. Y. Adams, Tagbilaran, Bohol; Senorita
Marina Fernandez, Calasiao; Senor G-etulio Vitasa, Majaijai ; Mr. M. M.
Saleeby, fiber expert, Bureau of Agriculture ; Senorita Petrona Estrellado,
Luisiana ; Messrs. H. M. Curran and E. E. Schneider, Forestry Bureau ;
and Mr. A. D. E. Elmer, Manila. In the Bureau of Science, probably at
least half of its members have assisted me in one way or another, and
outside of it, the number runs far into the hundreds.

For much valuable information regarding the industry in other coun-
tries, I am indebted to Doctor Hans Schinz, Zurich, Switzerland; M.
Emanuel Isler, Wohlen, Switzerland; the Director of Agriculture, Bui-
tenzorg, Java; Mr. B. S. Rairden, American consul, Batavia, Java; Mr.
Carl C. Hansen, American vice- and deputy consul-general in charge,
Bangkok, Siam; and Mr. Takiya Kawakami, Taihoku, Formosa.

101823 5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.

( Photographs by Charles Martin and Eustaquio Cortem, Bureau of Science.)

Plate IV. Map of central Luzon, showing among other places, the localities
chiefly referred to in this paper.

Y. Upper figure. Under surface of leaf of anajao ( Livistona sp.).
Lower figures. Outer surface (A) of a primitive type of salacot,
made from anajao, with retaining strips of rattan. Inner surface
(B) of same salacot, made of strips of bamboo, a few of them
dyed; framework of wood. Actual diameter of salacot, 48 cm.

VI. Upper figure. More highly developed type of salacot. Outer sur-
face (A) of dyed strips of bamboo; body of anajao leaf; frame-
work of rattan. Inner surface (B) of the same salacot, made
of woven rattan with ribs of bamboo; the part intended to come
into contact with the head made from bamboo over a rattan
framework. Actual diameter of salacot, 36.5 cm. Lower . figure.
Highly developed type of salacot. Outer surface (A) of nito ;
body and framework of rattan. Inner surface ( B ) in the marginal
half of the diameter made of quilted cotton, dyed; head-support
of dyed bamboo, supported by similar strips of dyed bamboo
attached to rattan. Actual diameter of salacot, 36 cm.

VII. View in Pangasinan Province, showing buri palms ( A ) , and bamboo
(B).

VIII. Under surface of buri leaf. A marks the position of three of the
numerous midribs, which are used for hat making, especially at
Calasiao, Pototan, and Dumarao; B similarly indicates what is
generally spoken of as buri-leaf, but really only the lamina ex-
cluding the midribs, more widely used in the Philippines for hat
making, mat making, and other similar purposes, than any other
material; C is the petiole, within which are the fibro-vascular
bundles, which are made into buntal.

IX. Portions of hats, magnified 4 diameters, in order to show the weave,
and differences in materials. In examining these figures, it is to
be remembered, first, that the magnification implies that the
strands appear coarser than their actual size, and secondly, that
all of these materials are used in different grades of fineness.
For these reasons, the prices are appended of the actual hats
used for illustration. Upper left hand corner buntal (Lueban),
6-peso grade; upper right hand corner, buntal (Baliuag), 10-peso
grade; lower left hand corner, bamboo, 10-peso grade; lower right
hand corner, buri-midrib (Calasiao), 8-peso grade.

X. As in plate IX. Upper left hand corner, sabotan, 8-peso grade;
upper right hand corner, Pandanus utilissimus, now usually
known in Manila by the name balangot, 20-eentavo grade; lower
left hand corner, ticog, 12-centavo grade; lower right hand corner,
buri-leaf (Pampanga), 20-centavo grade.

XI. To illustrate the double hat. Upper figure. Outer half (A) and
inner half (B) of one buri-midrib (Calasiao) hat, complete except
for joining together, and for the finishing processes. Lower figure.
Calasiao hat, completed, 10-peso grade, actual diameter, 37 cm.

131

'

.

.

.

■

'

.

Robinson: Philippine Hats.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 2.

Plate IV. MAP OF CENTRAL LUZON, SHOWING AMONG OTHER PLACES THE LOCALITIES
CHIEFLY REFERRED TO IN THIS PAPER.

robinson: Philippine

[Phil. Journ. Sgi., Vol. VI. No. 2.

SALACOT (OUTER AND INNER SURFACES).

robinson : Philippine Hats.]

[Phil. Journ.

., Vol. VI, No. 2.

A B

SALACOT (OUTER AND INNER SURFACES).

robinson : Philippine Hats.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 2.

Plate VIII. LEAF OF BURI PALM

Robinson : Philippine Hats.]

[Phil. Journ.

Vol. Vi, No. 2.

Plate IX. PORTIONS

MAGNIFIED 4 DIAMETERS.

(. PORTIONS OF PHILIPPINE

5, MAGNIFIED 4 DIAMETERS,

robinson : Philippine Hats.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 2.

OUTER AND INNER HALVES OF ONE CALASIAO HAT.

COMPLETED BURI-MIDRIB (CALASIAO) HAT.

THE BONTOC IGOROT.

Order No. 401.

By A. E. Jenks.

110 pages. 3 maps. 154 photographic plates. 9 figures.

An interesting study; the result of almost a year’s residence among
the Bontoc Igorots.

Price $1 United States currency, postpaid.

Order No. 402.

NEGRITOS OF ZAMBALES.

By William Allan Reed.

62 photographic illustrations. 91 pages.

An interesting ethnological study of the pygmy blacks of Zambales.

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Page.

COPELAND, EDWIN BINGHAM. Papuan Ferns

Collected by the Reverend Copland King 65

ROBINSON, C. B. Philippine Hats 93

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THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. VI JULY, 1911 No. 3

BORNEAN FERNS COLLECTED BY C. J. BROOKS.

By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

( From the College of Agriculture, Los Banos, P. I.)

During the past few years, I have received a number of very interest-
ing collections of Bornean ferns, part of them from Mr. C. J. Brooks,
Resident of Bidi, Sarawak, part from the Sarawak Museum. Two papers
on these ferns have already been published.1 Additional novelties from
Mr. Brooks’ collections are presented in the following pages. It is indeed
a pleasure to work on ferns so amply collected as are most of these, and
in Cyathea this advantage is especially great.

Angiopteris Brooksii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XII. A.

Rhachi terete, glabra; pinnae rhachi 50 cm longa, terete, glabra; pin-
nulis majoribus ultra 20 cm longis, 2 cm latis, stipitatis, superioribus basi
inaequalibus utroque latere rotundato-truncatis, feTe integris, cauda 10-15
mm longa serrata terminatis, coriaceis, glabris, viridibus, costa supra de-
pressa infrq prominente ; venis sat conspicuis, opacis, venulis recurrentibus
nullis ; soris marginalibus, sporangiis 9-11, facie dorsale fere atra, ven-
trale brunnea, indusio inconspicuo.

Bau, Sarawak, Brooks s. n.

Readily distinguishable from other species without false veins by the stalked
coriaceous, entire pinnules, and marginal fructification.

1 This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 343-349, pi. 1-8; 5 (1910) Bot. 283-285.
102601 133

134

COPELAND.

Angiopteris ferox Copel. spec. nova. Plate XII. B.

Stipite rhachique setis 10-15 mm longis atrofuscis duris obsitis; pinna
70 cm longa, rhachi deorsum setis minoribns sparsius vestita; pinnulis
ntroqne latere ca. 30' brevistipitatis, basi more A. evectae inaequalibus,
infimis diminutis, medialibns 16 cm longis, 2 cm latis, apice acuminato
leviter serrato, aliter nbiqne minute dentatis, coriaceis, costa utrinque
prominente, nigra, infra praecipue deorsum squamulifera ; venis con-
spicuis, pellucidis ; venulis recurrentibus opacis, fere ad costam protensis ;
soris plerumque contiguis, ca. 0.7 mm a margine remotis, sporangiis 7-9.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 1,00(1-1,200 m, common, Brooks 26.

“An enormous fern. The peculiarly hairy stipe and rachis give it a most
bizarre appearance.” These parts are unknown on a large part of the species of
Angiopteris ; but this one has good distinguishing characters in the single pin-
nules. These are in form like those of typical A. evecta (as represented by De-
Vriese) ; but the sori are much closer to the margin; the latter is rather sharply
toothed to the base; the false veins are opaque, and the constriction below the
apex of the pinnule is less abrupt. A. similis has the venation almost invisible
by reflected light.

Cyathea arthropoda Copel. spec. nova. Plate XIII.

Stipite ad basin paleis stramineis 5-8 mm longis vestito, aliter glabro,
inerme, fere 40 cm alto; fronde 50-60 cm alta, 20-25 cm lata, pinnata;
pedicellis pinnarum 1 cm longis, ad rhachiri articulatis ; pinnis usque ad
15 cm longis, 25-30 mm latis, basi cuneatis, valde acuminatis, integris
vel leviter crenatis, papyraceis, glabris; soris 1-3-seriatis, parvis; indusio
fugace.

Sarawak, Bungo Bange, Brooks 8, April, 1909.

Different from C. moluccana in the relatively short and broad deciduous pinnae
narrowed to the base, and long pedicels.

Mr. Brooks has also sent me a very large form of G. moluccana, collected at
Bidi in August, 1907.

Cyathea Hewittii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XIV.

C. gregis C. glabrae (Blume) frondibus dimorphis ; stipite ad basin
paleis fuscis integris 8 mm longis vestito et foliolis in spinis reductis
armato, aliter glabro, fere inerme, atropurpureo, 50 cm alto; fronde
glabra, bipinnata; pinnis stipitatis 35 cm longis, pinnulis stipitatis,
acutis, frondis sterilis usque ad 6 cm longis, 16 mm latis, infimis pro-
funde, aliis levius incisis, lobis crenatis, falcato-rotundatis, subcoria-
ceis, fertilis, usque ad 4 cm longis et 6 mm latis, lobis triangularibus,
soris multis, parvis, costularibus vel more C. glabrae deorsum divaricatis.

Sarawak, Bongo mountain. Brooks and Hewitt 21.

A most distinct species, although its affinities are clear.

Cyathea recommutata Copel.

Sarawak, Penrissen mountain, alt. 1,100 m, G. J. Brooks 60.

The species is founded on Cuming 396, from Malacca, and is reported from
Batjan by Christ.

BORNEAN FERNS.

135

The pinnae of Brooks’ specimen are exactly like Cuming’s; but Brooks’
specimen includes also the base of the rachis,. which bears leaflets the pinnules of
which are deciduous, leaving sharp spines, in one instance branched. I suspect
that this is also Alsophila ramispina Hooker.

Cyathea paraphysata Copel. spec. nova. Plate XV.

Stipite ad basin supra paleis fuscis lanceolatis, integris, usque-ad 16 mm
longis, acutisl et aliis minoribus vestito, sursum nudo, fere inerme, fusco,
sicco 8 mm crasso, 40 cm alto; rliachi supra minute velutina; pinnis
medialibus maximis, 40 cm longis, brevi-stipitatis, acuminatis, rhachi
supra ut frondis, infra minute puberula ; pinnulis sessilibus, obtusis, 6-7
cm longis, 14 mm latis, ultra mediam laminam pinnatifidis, costa supra
velutina, infra basin versus minute squamulacea; lobis integris, obtusis,
falcatis, 3 mm latis, subcoriaceis, lamina glabra, infra pallida, costula
infra, paleis paucis minutis bullatis pallidis vestita; venis simplicibus
utroque latere 4 vel -5 ; soris medialibus, exindusiatis, paraphysibus spo-
rangia multo superantibus, trichoideis, haud clavatis.

Sarawak, Penrissen mountain, alt. 150 m, Broolcs 57. .

Near to G. squamulata (Bl.) but having long paraphyses, and to C. obscura
(Scort.) but the basal scales entire; and differing from both in the mostly blunt
pinnules.

Cyathea (A)sophila) Brooksii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XVI.

Trunco 1 m alto; stipite ca, '45 cm alto, purpureo-nigro, praecipue
basin versus paleis stramineis minute nigro-ciliatis anguste lanceolatis
aciculatis duris dense vestito; fronde ca. 75 cm alta, vix 60 cm lata,
ovata, rhachi deorsum ut stipite, sursum pallida supra velutina infra
glabrescente ; pinnis medialibus maximis, 30 cm longis, 10 cm latis,
subsessilibus, acuminatis, rhachi anguste alata; pinnulis subsessilibus,
proximis, basi trunca.tis, obtusis, 15 mm latis, vix ad mediam laminam
incisis; lobis proximis, valde falcatis, late oblongis, integris, papyraceis,
lamina glabra; costa supra sparse pilosa infra fere glabra; costulis infra
squamulis bullatis minutis deciduis albis ornatis; venis utroque latere
4-6, plerisque simplicibus; soris medialibus, exindusiatis, paraphysibus
multis, trichoideis, haud clavatis nec multo ultra sporangia protensis.

Sarawak, Penrissen mountain, from 900 m to the summit, common, Brooks 59.

A relative of G. obscura (Scort.) from which it is sharply distinguished by
the falcate lobes. The point of the lobe usually receives the uppermost acroscopic
vein, instead of the apex of the costule; the two forks of a veinlet sometimes
unite again.

This is distinguished from the group of C. glabra by the numerous pale scales
on the stipe.

Cyathea borneensis Copel. spec. nova.

Stipite fusco, nitido, spinoso, ad basin paleis rigidis nitidis atro-fuscis
1 mm latis, 10-13 mm longis vestito; rhachi aspera, supra indumento
minuto et paleis sparsis deciduis linearibus fuscis vestita; pinnis media-

136

COPELAND.

libus fere 60 cm longis, sessilibus, acuminatis, rhachibus infra sparse
pustulosis, supra ut rhachi frondis; pinnulis subsessilibus, 10 cm longis,
2 cm latis, majoribus acuminatis, ad alam angustam pinnatifidis, costis
supra velutinis, infra sparsissimis 'squamulis brunneis vestitis; segmentis
subfalcatis, obtusis, integris, 3-4 mm latis, coriaceis, infra pallidis, costis
supra glabris infra rarius squamuliferis ; venis utroque 8-10, plerisque
furcatis ; soris costulaxibus, indusio in fronde visa patelliforme. .

Sarawak, Penrissen mountain, alt. 1,100 m, Brooks 58.

Very near C. lanaensis Christ, but much larger in all parts, and less scaly.

Balantium Copelandi Christ.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 1,200 m. Brooks 23.

Only one plant in very exposed situation on landslide.

Previously known only from the Philippines.

Dryopteris paucisora Copel. spec. nova.

Lastraea gregis D. intermediae (Bl.) O. Iv., qua fronde haud deltoidea,
paleis crinitis pallidis et venis glanduliferis differt : stipitibus confertis 3-6
cm altis, paleis angustis crinitis pallide brunneis horizontalibus usque ad 3
mm longis et aliis minutissimis vestitis; fronde ca. 12 cm alta, 3-4 cm
lata, lanceolata, rhachi ut stipite, paleis sursum decrescentibus ; pinnis
infimis deflexis, quam sequentes paullo brevioribus, segmentis basalibus
liberis; pinnis sequentibus subsessilibus, oblongis, apice rotundatis, fere
ad costam pinnatifidis ; segmentis oblongis, obtusis, herbaceis, venis supra
setis paucis, infra pilis minutis glandulosis obsitis ; venulis simplicibus *
soris medialibus, solummodo ad venulam primam acroscopicam impositis,
parvis; indusio parvo, ciliato.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 900 m, on vertical rocks in crevices, Brooks 45.

In spite of having 6 fertile fronds, this may be a juvenile specimen, but not
of any species known to me.

Dryopteris acanthocarpa Copel. spec. nova. Plate XVII.

Rhizomate 4 mm crasso, repente; stipitibus confertis, (frondis fertilis)
35 cm altis, nudis ; fronde trifoliata, pinnis lateralibus sat remotis sub-
sessilibus, in axilla bulbiferis, 10 cm longis, fere 5 cm latis, abrupte
acuminatis, basi rotundatis, subintegris, glabris, coriaceis, rubidis ; pinna
terminate 15 cm alta, 8 cm lata, crenata; venulis goniopteroideis ; soris
inter costam et marginem usque ad 20, subcostularibus, orbicularibus
vel ellipticis, exindusiatis ; sporangiis spinis validis albis recti s vel sub-
eurvis omatis.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 900 m, on moist rocks, Brooks 54-

A relative of D. triphylla, which has narrow pinnae, meniscioid sori, and
hooked hairs on the sporangia, and of D. ruMda which has numerous pinnae
and naked sporangia. Those of D. cuspidata are also naked.

BORNEAN FERNS.

137

Dryopteris compacta Copel. spec. nova. Plate XVIII.

Species gregis D. glandulosae (Bl.) 0. K., pinnis imbricato-auriculatis
facile distinguenda ; rhizomate adscendente 5 mm crasso ; stipitibus con-
fertis, frondis sterilis ca. 25 cm, fertilis cai. 30 cm altis, basi paleacea
excepta glabris; fronde sterile ca. 30 cm alta, 10 cm lata, acuminata,
pinnata, rhachi straminea supra velntina, infra glabra ; pinnis sessilibus
infimis paullo minoribus, deflexis, medialibus horizontalibus, acuminatis,
versus apicem acute grosse serratis, basi inferne subcordatis, supeme acute
auriculatis supra costam imbricatis, papyraceis, glabris ; venis anastomo-
santibus duabus ; fronde fertile paullo minore ; soris parvis, orbicularibus ;
indusio persistente piloso.

Bungo Range, Brooks 1/ (Type) ; Santubong mountain, Brooks & Hewitt.

Dryopteris mirabilis Copel. spec. nova. Plate XIX.

ISTephr odium gregis D. glandulosae (Bl.) 0. K., rhizomate adscen-
dente, 4 mm crasso; stipitibus confertis, frondis sterilis 40 cm, fertilis
55 cm altis, puberulis; frondibus trifoliatis; sterilis, pinna apicale ultra
7 cm, later alibus 3.5 cm latis sessilibus, subintegris, herbaceis, ad costas
dense aliter sparse pubescentibus ; fronde fertile paullo minore, crenata;
soris paribus, multiseriatis, orbicularibus; indusio pilis albis vestito.

Bidi, Brooks 16a.

Tectaria Brooksii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XX. A.

Verisimiliter Polypodium Labrusca in Synopsis Pilicum p. 361, non
Hooker Sp. Fil. 5: 73, t. ,285 B. Collectio Lobbii e speciebus duabus
similibus composita videtur, quarum T. Brooksii a T. Labrusca (teste
icone Hookeri) paleis basalibus latioribus, fronde minore angustiore,
integriore, obscuriore, glabra, soris plus elongatis distincta.

Bidi, on limestone, Brooks 26a.

Brooks sends also T. Labrusca, No. 26; plate 109 A, with the following note:
“I can not agree that these two specimens are the same, P. Labrusca. They
commonly occur on the limestone, and often together. They are always distinct.
Even very young plants show the same differences in form and texture.”

Asplenium Brooksii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XX. B.

Stipitibus confertis, validis, brevibus (1-2 cm longis), paleis angustis
usque ad 3.5 mm longis sparsis plerisque adpressis, vestitis; fronde ca.
80 cm alta, 10 cm lata, rufo-viride, infra pilis minutis tematis vestita :
vix aliter ab A. amboinense Willd. diversum.

Bau, Sarawak, Brooks 25, 1909.

Near A. amboinense, but larger and broader, with fewer and smaller scales
at the base, spores (in my specimens) more spiny, and distinguished especially
by the pubescence of fine, short hairs, borne in threes with a common base. The
sori fall slightly short of the margin, but some-of them reach the costa. Dedicated
to its discoverer, Mr. C. J. Brooks.

138

COPELAND.

Lindsaya nitida Copel. spec. nova. Plate XXI.

Synaphlebium, rhizomate repente, 1.5 mm crasso, paleis mimitis ves-
tito ; stipitibus hand remotis, ca. 30 cm altis, brunneis, rhachibusque
quadrangularibus et prof unde sulcatis ; f ronde visa 15 cm alta, 23 cm
lata, bipinnata; pinnis 5, terminate et lateralibus oppositis biparibus,
acuminatis, sessilibus ; pinnulis sessilibus, ca. 12 mm longis, 5 mm latis
basiscopice (sensu frondis) integris, acroscopice integris vel levissime et
late incisis, apice rotundatis et soro angusto inframarginale circumdatis,
papyraceis, subdiaphanis, glabris supra nitentibus; venis anastomosan-
tibus, areolis longis.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 900 m, Brooks 12.

“Fairly common, of constant form.” L. Eewittli has numerous small pinules,
the areolae being, as in other related species, shorter and broader. There is
usually but one sorus, rarely another small one in a lobe.

Lindsaya orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. var. odontosorioides var. nova.

Fronde lanceolata, pinnulis obeunSatis, plus minus profunde incisis,
lobis ca. 1.5 mm latis, venis 2 in soro subapicale confusis.

Tringos, Brooks 19, 1909.

This fern is so distinct in appearance that I at first mistook it for an Odon-
tosoria. However, its affinity to L. te'nera Dry. is unmistakably very close, and
until the group of L. orbiculata can be studied as a whole, with very ample
material, it seems better not to try to separate its forms as species.

Adiantum pulcherrimum Copel. spec. nova. Plate XXII.

Adiantellum, stipitibus confertis, atrocastaneis, nitidis, deorsum paleis
brunneis angustis vestitis; f ronde deltoidea, 25 cm alta, tripinnata, rha-
chibus supra velutinis; pinnis utroque latere 2 vel 3, superioribus pinnatis
inferioribus bipinnatis; pinnulis stipitatis, dimidiatis, apice rotundatis
vel truncatis dentatis, acroscopice lobatis, ca. 17 mm longis, 7 mm latis,
coriaceis, supra atroviridibus, infra caeruleis; venis. lib eris, supra sulcatis ;
soris in apices exsculptos loborum impositis, indusio coriaceo nigro,
obreniforme, usque ad 2.2 mm lato.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 1,150 m, on dry sandstone ledge under overhanging
rock, Brooks 2.

Distinguished from its Malayan relatives by the glaucous nether surface and
large, black indusia. A. affine Willd. has naked rachises, and A. fulvuni Raoul
segments attenuate at the apex.

Pteris rangiferina Presl.

Penrissen mountain, alt. 1,200 m, on dry sheltered rock, Brooks 15.

This is a form with but few pinnae, all simple, the fertile recurved and the
sterile very broad; in essentials, however, it is like specimens from Java. From
the Javan material in hand, it seems probable that Pteris Dalliousiae and Pteris
rangiferina both exist in Java, but are decidedly distinct.

Taenitis Brooksii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XXIII. A.

Stipitibus confertis, basibus paleis minutis angustis nigris vestitis,
aliter glabris, rubidis, 3-4 cm altis; fronde simplice, ca. 8 cm alta, 12

BORNEAN FERNS.

139

mm lata, basi abrupte cuneata et anguste paullo decurrente, deinde
sensim ad apicem angustata, integra, glabra, dura.

Bungo Range, alt. 900 m, Brooks 3.

Recognizable by the narrow, acuminate, not cordate, very rigid fronds.

Polypodium sparsipilum Copel. spec. nova. Plate XXIII. B.

Eupolypodium rhizomate paleis brunneis nitidis late lanceolatis 1.5
mm longis dense obtecto ; stipitibus confertis, filif ormibus 6-9 mm altis,
pilis horizontalibus 1.5 mm longis ornatis; fronde ca. 5 cm alta, 3-4 mm
lata, subintegra, herbacea, diaphana, pilis sparsissimis vestita; venis
plerisque furcatis; soris orbicularibus, subsuperficialibus, subcostalibus.

Bengkarum, alt. 900 m, Brooks l-'i- .

This little fern seems to be nearest to P. trichopodum F. Mueller, of New
Guinea. The veins terminate in hydathodes.

Polypodium setaceum Copel. spec. nova. Plate XXIV.

Eupolypodiun rhizomate repente usque ad 2.5 mm crasso, paleis fer-
rugineis linearibus 2—3 mm longis vestito; frondibus ad ramos breves
articulatis, confertis, setaceis, 55 cm et .ultra longis, 1.5 min latis, in
stipitem brevem attenuatis, integris, glabris, opacis, costa infra promi-
nente, supra sulcata, lamina utroque .latere costae supra convexa, infra
concava, venis occultis; soris fere costalibus elongatis.

Tringos, Sarawak river. Brooks 6.

This suggests P. bisulcatum Hooker, but has the fronds decidedly more slender
and very different in cross section, and closely clustered.

THE DRYNARIA GROUP.

There is probably no group of organisms known which are more
distinct in appearance but more evidently homogenetic than these are.
Polypodium heracleum may stand in the place of the parent. By diag-
nosis and by unquestionable affinity it is a Polypodium j or if Poly-
podium be broken up it is still in whatever division contains P. musae-
folium. But it is no less certainly related to Drynaria quercifolia.

The status which shall be given to the individual members of this
group, and the size of the minor groups are purely matters of judgment.
We may keep all these ferns in one genus, even in Polypodium, and find
justification enough in their obvious homogeneity— and this is the most
important single criterion ; or we may recognize one distinct daughter-
genus, and include in it P. heracleum or leave the latter with its . for-
bears. At the other extreme, we may recognize a considerable number
of' genera, most of them of a single species each ; and these genera will
have distinguishing characters as obvious as anyone can .reasonably
demand. Polypodiurfi coronans, Dry ostachyum pilosum , and the Bor-
nean fern to be described below will each constitute a new genus if
this plan be followed.

140

COPELAND.

I have preferred to compromise simplicity of generic characterization
with phylogenetic unity, and recognize the following minor groups, which
seem to key out approximately along their lines of evolution:

Without distinct humus-collecting leaves.

Fronds borne on the axis of the rhizome. .

Sori not coalescing into patches nor borne on specialized segments.

§ Drynariopsis

Sori round . ,...x.~ P. heracleum

Sori linear P. coronans

Sori composite, but not crossing the main veins, on the upper segments.

Aglaomorpha

Sori linear, the length of the upper segments.

Sterile segments confluent Merinthosorus

Frond pinnate i...:...,......',C#.i-h:x..;..^m..,.-.4sP7iotfriopteris

Fronds borne on specialized branches : .'. Thayeria

With distinct humus-collecting leaves .......j....,„h^ Drynaria

Thayeria as here construed contains species with very distinct fertile
leaves. The Luzon plant which I identified specifically with Polypodium
nectariferum Beccari of New Guinea, turns out to have fertile leaf-
apices like Aglaomorpha meyeniana, making it even generically distinct
if one be disposed to carry the separation to at all a fine point. For
the present, however, the. fertile frond of T. Cornucopia of Mindanao is
unknown, and it is the type of its genus.

AGLAOMORPHA Schott emend.

Genus Polypodiearum ex affinitate Polypod-ii (Drynariopsidis) hera-
clei derivatum, frondibus rhizomate ipso ortis non vel imperfecte arti-
culatis, sterilibus uniformibus, venatione Drynarii, soris ad partem api-
calem frondis restrictis, compositis.

The genus was described by Schott in 1834 to contain the single spe-
cies A. meyeniana, and is identical with Psygmium Presl, 1836. In
1841 Smith proposed the genus Dryostachyum for two related species,
D. splendens and l). pilosum, which have generally been confused, but
are very distinct. Dryostachyum and Aglaomorpha differ only in that
the lamina of the fertile segments of the latter is more reduced. By
itself I do not regard this as a sufficient generic character unless its
recognition will result in very great convenience.

If one be disposed to unite this whole group in one genus, Aglaomorpha
is its oldest generic name, Drynaria not having been used in that sense

until seven years later.

Sori forming several rows § Hemistachyum

Sori forming one row on each side of costa.

Lamina of fertile segments continuous § Dryostachyum

Lamina cut away between sori— BM:.- § Psygmium

BORNEAN FERNS.

141

§ HEM 1ST ACHYUM.

Soris compositis, inter costam et marginem pluribus.

1. A. Brooksii Copel. spec. nova. Plate XXy.

Fronde ca. 120 cm alta, ad basin sicca, 35 cm lata, hnmifera, arti-
culatione vestigiale, parte apicale 25 cm alta solummodo pinnata fer-
tile ; pinnis fertilibus usque ad 18 cm longis, 15 mm vel ultra latis, apud
rhachin dilatatis, soris compositis, inter costam et marginem 3 vel 4, inter
venas 2 aut per coalescentiam 1.

Sarawak, Penrissen mountain, alt. up to 900 m, common but seldom fertile.
Brooks 39 (Type) ; Benkarum mountain, on summit. Brooks 37. The latter is
the plant mentioned in a former paper, Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 285,
as an apparent hybrid between P. heracleum and Dryostachyum splendens.

This is clearly the most primitive known Aglaomorpha, and the specialization
of its fertile segments is neither very great nor very firmly fixed. The type
has, below the strictly fertile segments, one with a fertile tip; and the Beng-
karum specimen has only two fertile segments, which are a little below the apex.
The whole group is a very new one, and I have individuals of each of the other
species of the genus, in which the distinction between fertile and sterile segments
is more or less broken down.

§ DKYOSTACHYUM.

2. A. splendens (J. Sm.) Copel. comb. nova.

Dryostachyum splendens J. Sm. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 399.

Bot. 3 (1841) 399.

This species has very large, usually squarish sori, and a dilated liumus-colleet-
ing base.

3. A. pilosa (J. Sm.) Copel. comb. nova.

Dryostachyum pilosum J. Sm., Journ. Bot. 3 ( 1841 ) 399 nomen.

Base of leaves narrowed to a stipe, and not collecting humus. Scattered fertile
segments are not at all rare. In the absence of the humiferous base, in the
instability of the localisation of fertile segments, . and in the slender rhizome, this
species resembles Polypodium species less specialized and more primitive than
P. heracleum and P. coronans; however I am of the opinion that this resemblance
is not proof of near affinity, and that A. pilosa is a simplified descendant of
humus-collecting species. Another possibility is that it is a hybrid of A. splen-
dens and Photihopteris speciosa.

§ PSYGMIUM.

4. A. meyeniana Schott.

The type of the genus.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

(Photographs by Charles Martin, Bureau of Science.)

Plate XII. a, Angiopteris Broolcsii. b, Angiopteris ferox.

XIII. Cyathea arthropoda.

XIV. Cyathea Hewittii.

XV. Cyathea paraphysata.

XVI. Cyathea Brooksii.

XVII. Dryopteris acanthoearpa.

XVIII. Dryopteris compacta.

XIX. Dryopteris mirabilis.

XX. a, Tectaria Labrusca. b, Teetaria Brooksii.

XXI. Lindsaya nitida.

XXII. Adiantum ptilciierrimuin.

XXIII. a, Taenitis Brooksii. b, Polypodium sparsipilum.
XXIV. Polypodium setaeeum.

XXV. Aglaomorpha Brooksii.

I, ANGIOPTERIS BROOKSII. b, ANGIOPTERIS

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI. No. 3.

1 1 M ii i n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

CYATHEA ARTHROPODA.

JOUItN. SCI., VOL. VI, :

CYATHEA HEWITTII.

i : Bornean Ferns.]

L. VI,

1 1 1 m 1 1 iTi'i i ii ii

CYATHEA PARAPHYSATA,

COPELA

i : Bornean '

[Phil. Journ. :

L. VI, No. 3.

I. CYATHEA BROOKSII.

Copeland : Bornean Ferns.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 3.

I III

15 C M .

Plate XVII. DRYOPTERIS ACANTHOCARPA.

Copeland : Bornean Fe

rI, No. 3.

I. DRYOPTERIS COMPACTA.

JOURN. SCI., VOL. VI,

<. DRYOPTERIS MIRABILIS.

I, TECTARIA LABRUSCA. b, TECTARIA BROOKSII.

LINDSAYA NITIDA-

i : Bornean Fbrns.]

l. .Tourn. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 3.

I. ADIANTUM PULCHERRIT

Copeland : Bornean Feu

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 3.

I I I I I l

t, TAENITIS BROOKSII. b, POLYPODIUM SPARSIPILUM.

Copeland : Bornean Ferns.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Yol. VI f. No. 3.

Plate XXIV.

POLYPODIUM SETACEUM.

i : Bornean Ferns.]

AGLAOMORPHA BROOKSII.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 3, July, 1911.

NEW OR INTERESTING PHILIPPINE FERNS, V.

By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

( From the College of Agriculture, Los Banos, P. I.)

CYATHEA Smith.

Cyathea Robinsonii Copel. spec. nova.

Species foliis tripinnatis C. integrae J. Sm, affinis ; trnnco 2-4, m
alto, 4 cm crasso; stipite ca. 40 cm longo, basi paleis brunneis linear-
ibus integris fere 2 cm longis vestito, sursum atropurpureo minute squa-
muloso, hispido ; fronde ca. 1 m alta, 70 cm lata, abrupte acuta, rha-
chibus praesertim minoribus paleis linearibus fulvis densissime et aliis
minutis vestitis, pinnis apicalibus simplice pinnatis exceptis utroque
latere ca. 9, infimis paullo reductis haud remotis, maximis medialibus,
fere 40 cm longis, 16 cm latis, stipitula 2-3 cm longa; pinnulis stipitu-
latis horizontalibus, 16 mm latis; pinnulis11 usque mediam pinnulam1
liberis, infimis etiam brevissime pedieellatis, anguste ellipticis, obtusis,
integris, supra glabris infra ad venulas setosis, supra purpureo-nigris,
infra caeruleis, rigide papyraceis; venulis utroque latere ca. 6, furcatis;
soris medialibus, indusio globose, fisso.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Binuang, Bur. Sci. 9394 Robinson, alt.
875 m.

As already stated this is a relative of C. Integra, but differs in various details.

HYMENOPHYLLUM Smith.

Hymenophyllum subflabellatum Ces.

Luzon, Province, of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, altitude 1,050 m, leg. Copeland.

The published description of this minute fern is, inadequate, but contains
nothing to prevent this determination. It was originally described from Borneo.

DRYOPTERIS Adans.

Dryopteris sessilipinna Copel. spec. nova.

Rhizomate repente, 2-3 mm crasso, ligneo; stipitibus confertis, 5-15
cm altis, minute pubescentibus, pinnis remotis in rudimenta vix 2 mm
longa abrupte contractis adspersis ; fronde 12-20 cm alta, 4-5 cm. lata,
sursum sensim longe attenuata, pinnata, supra mediam solummodo pin-

145

146

COPELAND.

natifida, rhachi pube falcato-infiexa minuta dense vestita ; pinnis ses-
silibus, infimis deflexis exceptis basi truncatis, apice rotundatis, 8 mm
latis, approximate, -J- ad -J. ad costam incisis, lobis truncatis, interdnm
serrulatis, minute clliatis, subcoriaceis, costis et venis infra setosis, lamina
nuda; venis utroque latere ca. 4, infimis anastomosantibus ; soris media-
libus, indusio rudimentario.

Negros, Mt. Canlaon, alt. 1,200 m, Merrill 6934 (type). Mindanao, Camp
Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

In appearance very like D. exigua ( J. Sm. ) 0. K. which however is a Thelyp-
teris and without reduced pinnae on the stipe.

Lastraea exigua J. Sm. seems to me to be a valid species, although
it has been reduced to D. philippina (Pr.) C. Chr. In the description
of the latter, Presl states clearly that it includes but part of the plants
in Cuming’s No. 251 ; and the fern he describes is smaller in all parts
than our specimen of that number. We have no plant in the group
with such an indusium as Presl describes.

Lastraea exigua J. Sm. is a nomen nudum, and Cuming 251 and
272 are cited as’ specimens. The first diagnosis accompanying the use of
this specific name is given by Mettenius, Aspidium No. 180, 1858. He
distinguishes two forms, a and (1, the first of which is said to be Phegop-
teris nervosa Pee. This fern can be identified with absolute certainty;
it is neither of the plants mentioned by Smith, both of which fall in
the form /? of Mettenius. It is represented in our herbaria by speci-
mens collected in Surigao, by Bolster. Fee’s name is unfortunately not
valid in Dryopteris. In publishing the combination Dryopteris exigua,
0. Kuntze refers to Hooker’s Nephrodium exiguum; and Hooker’s diag-
nosis is translated from Fee’s of P. nervosa. Under the circumstances
this fern is to be called D. exigua (Mett.) 0. K.

Lastraea exigua J. Sm. is thus without a name, and for the plant
which I have best ground to construe as this, since it is our Cuming
251 and is not D. philippina (Presl) C. Chr., I propose the name
Dryopteris confusa.

Thelypteris rhizomate repente, stipitihus confertis ca. 20 cm altis,
minute puberulis; fronde 20-30 cm alta, 4-5 cm lata; pinnis sessi-
libus, basi truncatis haud eordatis, apice obtusis vel rotundatis, utrinque
4 ad | ad costam incisis, subauriculatis ; costis et venis infra sparsissime
puberulis; soris costalibus, indusio minuto, fugace.

Luzon, Cuming 251; Nueva Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 8211 Ramos.

Dryopteris philippina (Presl) C. Chr. is very probably the plant of Cumins;
which we have under his number 272. Except as to the indusium it fits Presl’s
description satisfactorily. The indusium is small and transient, and can be
detected on a small part of the sori, which in our specimen are in excellent
condition. Some scales or fragments of abortive sporangia sometimes can be

PHILIPPINE FERNS, V.

147

seen subtending the sorus, and these may be more evident in Presl’s specimen.
The pinnae are decidedly auricled, and much more cut on the upper than on
the lower side, in both of which respects, as well as in the hairiness of the veins,
the stature, and the medial sori, it agrees with the description, but differs from
our specimen of No. 251.

Still another species very similar in external appearance is D. aoristisora
(Harr.) C. Chr. In spite of the fact that the lower veins anastomose, I regard
it as nearly related to the preceding.

Dryopteris melanophlebia Copel. spec. nova.

Species gregis D. canescentis (Bl.) C. Chr. rhizomate repente, stipi-
tibus approximatis, frondium sterilium 2-3 cm, fertilium 4-10 cm altis,
primo. setosis, glabrescentibus ; fronde parte terminale 4-5 cm longa,
1-2 cm lata, obtusa, integra vel deorsum una-duabus lobata et infra
earn utroque latere pinnis 1-3 rotundatis 2-4 mm longis sessilibns vel
adnatis composita, coriaceo-papyracea, praeter costam deorsnm pilosam
mox glabra; venis conspicuis, infra plerisque nigris, venulis plerumqne
2 connexis; sons nndis, ad venulas plus minus elongatis, costularibus.

Negros, Mt. Canlaon, alt. 900 m, Merrill 6959.

In appearance, near D. simplicifolia, which has hairy indusia and sori remote
from the main veins. D. canescens var. sub simplicifolia Christ has the lower
pinnae not very reduced.

DAVALLODES Copel.

Davallodes Kingii (Baker) Copel. comb. nov.

Davallia Kingii Baker in Hook. Icon. (1886) pi. 1622.

Java.

MONOGRAMMA Schkuhr.

Monogramma capillaris Copel. spec. nova.

Eumonogramma, rhizomate repente, 0.5 mm crasso, paleis atrocastaneis
angustis 1 mm longis densissime obtecto; frondibus dense approximatis,
stipite castaneo filiforme 15 mm longo incluso ca. 4 cm altis, 0. 5-1.0
mm latis, prope apieem haud dilatatis; soris unilateralibus continuis
versus marginem apertis.

Negros, Mt. Canlaon, Merrill 6961.

In appearance more like M. dereicarpa than M. trichoidea, which is much
finer; differing from the former in the approximate fronds, which are longer
and not widened near the apex. The sori may be more than 2 cm long. As a
rare exception, a sorus appears on the other side of the costa or is indicated by a
groove.

CURRANIA Copel.

Currania oyamensis (Baker) Copel. comb. nov.

Polypodium oyamense Baker in Journ. Bot. 1 5 ( 1877 ) 366.

Polypodium Krameri Franch & Savat. Enum. PI. Jap. 2 (1876) 244; Hooker’s
leones pi. 1668.

Dryopteris oyamensis C. Chr. Enum. Fil. 282.

China and Japan.

148

COPELAND.

POLYPODIUM Linn.

Polypodium pulogense Copel. spec. nova.

Epiphyticum, caudice breve, basibus stipitum et paleis paucis pallide
brunneis integris immerse; stipitibus brevissimis, confertis, hand arti-
culatis ; f ronde 5-8 cm alta, 5-7 mm lata, utrinque angustata, pilis
spar sis usque ad 1.5 mm longis fragilibus dein deciduis vestita, sub-
coriacea, vix ad costam pinnatifida, segmentis ipsorum latitudine sepa-
ratis, ala angusta connexis, anguste triangularibus, acutis; venula in
segmento sterile quoque una, in segmento fertile apud basin furcata, et
ramo breve superiore solummodo monosoro; sore superficiale, orbiculare.

Luzon, Benguet subprovince, Mount Pulog, alt. 2,750 m, epiphytic in the upper
edge of the mossy forest, Copeland, P. P. E. 130, Merrill 6383.

Polypodium pteropus Blume.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, For. Bur. 11656 Curran.

This species occurs from India and China to Papua, but I have not before
seen it from the Philippines. The plants were entirely submerged, and believed
by Mr. Curran to have been so at all times. The fronds are small, and rarely
divided but fruiting freely. Except that the major areolae are strongly bullate,
it does not differ from Chinese subaquatic specimens.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 3, July, 1911.

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

By Fred W. Foxworthy.

,( Fropi the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

This group is of relatively small economic importance in the eastern
tropics; but it affords some interesting problems of distribution.

Of the 26 species of Gymnosperms now known from the Philippines,
17 are extra-Philippine in distribution, as shown in the accompanying
table.

Distribution of Philippine Gymnosperms.

102601 2

149

150

FOXWORTHY.

It is significant that Celebes, Borneo, Sumatra, J ava, and the Moluccas
are the regions which have the largest number of species in common
with the Islands, and there is not a single species common to the Phil-
ippines and Formosa'. This certainly indicates that our G-ymnosperms
have reached the Islands from the south and not from the north. .

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

Cycadaceae. Cycas circinalis is used locally as a food plant, both the
fruit and young leaves being used. Cycas revoluta is introduced and
commonly cultivated as an ornamental.

Taxaceae. The wood of some species may be used locally; but the
species are mostly mountain forms, of infrequent occurrence and but
little known.

Pinaceae. AgatMs alba is of wide distribution in the mountains, and
the resin is the Manila copal of commerce. It is extensively collected
and exported. It is used locally for torches and medicinally, and is said
to be one of the best preventives of leech bites. The pines furnish a
supply of turpentine which is used locally. The wood of Pinus insularis
is used in the northern part of the Island of Luzon; but the supply is
not great enough to make it important as a commercial timber.

Gnetaceae. Gnetum gnemon has very strong bast fibers in its cortex
and is used locally for cordage. The young leaves are tender and are
cooked .and eaten. G. latifolium also has very strong bast fibers and is
similarly used. In some sections, the Negritos use the bark to make
the strings for their bows. The fruit is edible and is generally eaten
when cooked.

TAXONOMY.

The Gymnosperms are characterized by woody stems; vascular bun-
dles of the axis arranged in a ring, a regular increase in thickness being
in most cases effected by a closed cambium layer which produces phloem
on the outer and xylem on the inner surface; embryo straight and
embedded in endosperm; radicle developing a vigorous tap-root; flowers
unisexual and (except Gnetacece) without perianth; microsporangia or
pollen-sacs always borne on the under side Of the microsporangium ;
ovulate scales not completely inclosed.

CLASS I. CYCADALES.

CYCADACEAE.

Stem tall or short with internodes suppressed, usually unbranched,
bearing a crown of large compound leaves. Dioecious. Pollen-sacs and
ovules foliar, sporophylls not interspersed with sterile leaves, generally
aggregated in terminal cones. Vascular bundles of stem collateral and

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

151

endarch, or concentric; of leaves mesarch. Embryo generally dicotyle-
donous, attached to a well-developed suspensor, and embedded in a
copious endosperm.

CYCAS L.

Carpophore with 8-4, rarely two seeds. Stem growing up through
the female flower-cluster. Leaflets with only a midrib. About 16
species in tropical Asia, Australia, and Polynesia.

KEY TO PHILIPPINE SPECIES.

a. Leaflets less than 1 cm wide, almost as thick as wide.

b. Lower leaflets thorny G. revoluta

bb. Lower leaflets not thorny 1. G. sp. aff. cairnsiana

aa. Leaflets 1 cm or more wide, not thick like the two preceding.

b. Staminate cone 20-25 cm long and 5-7 cm in diam. .... 3. G. sp. from Palawan.

bb. Staminate cones much thicker in proportion to length than the preceding.

2. C. circinalis

Cycas revoluta Thunb. FI. Jap. (1784) 229; DC. Prodr. 162 (1868) 526;
Vidal, Cat. PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 46; F. Vilf. Noviss. App. (1880) 212; Forbes
& Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1902) 559.

China, Japan, and Formosa.

This plant is common in cultivation in the Philippines; but is not found out-
side of cultivation.

Luzon, Manila, Merrill s. n.

1. Cycas sp. aff. O. cairnsiana F. Muller, Fragm. 10: 63.

Culion, Merrill 657, a single sterile leaf in our herbarium.

This was compared by Mr. Merrill with a fragment of the type of G. cairnsiana
in the herbarium at Kew, and he says that it was the only specimen there with
leaflets like and as narrow as the Australian plant.

2. Cycas circinalis L. Sp. PI. (1753) 1188; Miq. Monographia Cycadearum
(1842) 27; Prodr. System. Cycad. (1861) 7, 17; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 745;
ed. 2 (1845) 513; Blurne, Rumphia 4 (1848) 11, 15, t. 176B, 176G ; DC. Prodr.
16 2 (1868) 526; Vidal Cat. PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 46; Sinopsis Atlas (1883)
43, t. 99; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 212; Dyer in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5
(1888) 656; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 178; Usteri Beitr. Kenn. Phil. Veg.
(1905) 134; Wight in Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 71, 252, pis. 8, lk;
Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 82; Phil. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 24; Phil. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 394; Koorders- Schumacher Syst.
Verz. Herb. Koord. 3 (1911) Cyeadaceae [1.] Plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2.

Stems tall, said sometimes to attain a height of 12 m, usually un-
branched, but sometimes divided at the apex of the stem into three,
four, or five branches. Sometimes as much as 50 cm in diameter.
Leaves 1.5-2. 5 m long; petiole 50-60 cm, with short distant slightly
deflexed spines to near the base; leaflets about 90-100. Adult leaflets
about 20-30 cm long, about 1 cm wide, elongate-linear-lanceolate, sub-
falcate, acuminate. Male cone shortly peduncled, often 50 cm long,
cylindric-ovoid ; antheriferous scales 2-5 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, obovate-
deltoid, prolonged into an upward curved subulate acumen about' 2.5 cm

152

FOXWORTHY.

long, clothed with a brown tomentnm externally, glabrous above. Carpo-
phylls about 30 cm long, long-stalked, with 3-5 pairs of ovules above
the middle, f erruginous-tomentose ; blade 7-10 cm long, 2. 5-3. 5 cm
wide. Seeds 3-5 cm long.

Batanes Islands, Camiguin, Worcester A, Bur. Sci. 3977 Fenix; Batan, For.
Bur. 15289 Agudo. Luzon, ' Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17251 Curran: Prov-
ince of Zambales, For. Bur. 6327, 6328 Curran: Province of Bataan, Merrill 3257,
Whitford 269, 1325, For. Bur. 2577 Meyer, For. Bur. 7381, 7513 ' Curran, ' Cusrier
22, Whitford & Foxworthy s. n., For. Bur. 12397 Curran & Merritt: Province
of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 3281 Ramos: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 10156 Curran:
Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10319, 1031(4 Curran: Province of Cavite, For.
Bur. 7671 Curran: Province of Batangas, For. Bur. 7737 Curran & Merritt.
Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10776 McGregor. MindorO, For. Bur. 8613 Merritt. Min-
danao, Province of Surigao, Bolster 280: District of Davao, Copeland s. n.,
Williams 3058: District of Zamboanga, Copeland s. n., For. Bur. 9393 Whitford
& Hutchinson. Basilan, For. Bur. 3441 Hutchinson. Tawi Tawi, Bur. Sci.
10823 Foxworthy.

Some of our specimens have been found along the seashore and some on dry
ridges at some distance from the coast. It is possible that some of our material
should be referred to C. rumphii Miq. ; but I have been unable to find any sure
means of distinguishing between the two. The species is very imperfectly under-
stood and will repay further study.

The seeds are poisonous when fresh ; but, when thoroughly washed and cooked,
they furnish a sort of sago. This sago is used in the Batanes Islands north
of Luzon. The young leaves are said to be cooked and eaten for food in the
Province of Bataan, Luzon.

Native names: uliva, patubo.

Distribution : Africa, Ceylon, British India, Burma, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, the
Moluccas, New Guinea, China, Japan, and the islands of the South Pacific.

3. Cycas sp. Plate XXVII.

Fori Bur. 3842 Curran, collected in Palawan in March, 1906, is a very curious
form with leaves like C. circinalis and a very peculiar, slender staminate cone.

Probably a new species; but I do not feel warranted in describing it at the
present time.

Cycas ? hypoleuca Presl in Epim. Bot. (1851) 238; F. Vill. Noviss. App.
(1880) 212.

This form is not properly referred to this genus. It is considered to be a palm.

Class Y. CONIEERAE.

Stem branched. Vessels in secondary wood wanting. Leaves usually
small, linear or lanceolate. Flowers monoecious, always borne on the
upper side of a scale. Cotyledons 2-15, always free. Vascular bundles
of stem and leaf collateral and endarch. Embryo attached to a suspensor
and embedded in endosperm.

Fam. 1. Taxaceae.1 * Ovules solitary or few, terminal, axillary or
attached singly to the upper surface of a simple sporophyll. Seed often

1 In this family, the descriptions of genera and species have been taken largely

from Pilger’s monograph in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich 4. 5

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

153

with a fleshy aril. Mesophyll of the leaves with resin-canals, except in
Taxus. About 70 species in tropical and subtropical regions.

Pam. II. Pinaceae. Ovules associated in perfect cones; the seeds
hidden between the scales till ripe; the testa woody or leathery, never
fleshy; aril never formed. Mesophyll of the leaves always with, resin-
canals. About 300 species, mostly in temperate regions.

KEY TO PHILIPPINE GENEKA OF TAXACEAE.

a. True leaves reduced, phylloclades developed— 3. Phyllocladus

aa. Leaves truly foliaceous.

b. Anther-cells 2; carpels 1-ovuled; epimatium always developed.

e. Epimatium free from the integument - 1. Dacrydium

cc. Epimatium always grown together with base of carpel—..... 2. Podocarpus
bb. Anther cells 3-8 ; carpels bi-ovulate or reduced to a single terminal ovule

on the squamate stem; epimatium wanting. Seed surrounded by an aril.

4. Taxus

1. DACRYDIUM Soland.

Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious. Staminate flowers terminal;
microsporophylls leaves, scarcely or not at all changed; apiculae large;
male flowers rarely densely imbricate, anthers borne at the base of squa-
mate axillary scales in the manner of Podocarpus ; cells always 2.
Pistillate flowers terminal or rarely oh short axillary branches; car-
pidia l-several, free; ovule single, epimatium and covering turned and
affixed to the. base; epimatium almost wholly. covering the young ovule;
young ovules more or less inverted-, .micropyle facing toward the base of
the carpidium, falsely erect ; seeds surrounded by the base of the epima-
tium; testa hard; integument of the ovule always free from the epima-
tium, not connate with it. Trees or shrubs. Leaves rarely ovate-lan-
ceolate and mostly small, squamiform or of different forms, in young
state like linear leaves, in adult state transformed into squamiform leaves.

Sixteen species in the Malayan region, New Zealand, and Tasmania.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES.

a. Leaves elongate, ovate-lanceolate, base falcate... 1. D. falciforvie

aa. Adult leaves squamiform or subulate.

b. Adult leaves usually triangular in section 2. D. elatum

bb. Adult leaves tetrangular in section , 3. D. sp.

1. Dacrydium falciforme (Pari.) Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzenreich , 4 '
(1903) 45; Foxworthy ex Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 257. Plate
XXVIII, fig. 1.

Podocarpus falciformis Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 685; Rendle in Journ.
Bot. 34 (1896) 355 ; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 193.

Nageia falciformis O. Ktze. Revis. Gen. PI. 2 (1891)> 800.

Very distinct by tirtue of its ovate-lanceolate falciforui leaves' The
Bornean form, as I have seen it, has usually slightly larger leaves than
the Philippine.

154

FOXWORTHY.

Tree or shrub, branches spreading; leaves subdistichous, coriaceous,
rather broad, falcate, acuminate mucronate, base acuminate, 2-4 cm''
long, 6-8 nun broad, ^ midrib obtuse evident. Staminate flowers were
not found with the type material. Mr. Merrill collected material on
Mount Haleon which shows one staminate cluster which is about 6
cm long and 3 mm in diameter, terminal on a short branch. Pis-
tillate flowers on short branches 5-6 nxm long; pistillate branches with
numerous squamate, tenuous, spreading, imbricate, triangular, carinate
scales, which are crowded together toward the upper end of the branch ;
ovule single, terminal.

First collected in the Philippines by Whitehead in 1895, on one of the shoulders
of Mount Haleon, Mindoro, next collected by Mr. Merritt, For. Bur. JfJ/25, June
1906 in fruit, and finally by Mr. Merrill 57JjJf in Nov. 1906. Mr. Merrill says
that it was a tree about 12 m tall, growing at an altitude of 1,800 m.

The species is now known from the mountains of Poe, Santubong and Matang
in Sarawak, where it occurs at altitudes of from 600 to 1,500 m and on Mount
Haleon, Mindoro. It. is also known from Lingga ( Teysmann 69 ) .

The tree has much the habit of a Podocarpus. The leaves on young- plants
are sometimes as much as 6 cm long and are proportionately more slender, more
lanceolate in shape than they are in adult material.

2. Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall, ex Hook, in Journ. Pot. 2 (1843) 144,
t. 2; Blume, Runxphia 3 (1847) 221, t. 172 B, f. 1, t. 172 C, f. 2 ; De Boer, Conif.
Archip. Ind. (1866) 29 (descriptio valde extensa) ; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16"
(1868) 494; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1896) 648; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 34
(1896) 355; Foxworthy ex Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 257;
Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzenreich 4 5 (1903) 51.

Juniperus elata Roxb. FI. Ind. 3 (1832) 838.

Juniperus rigida Sieb. & Zucc. FI. Jap. 2 ( 1842 ) 109, t. 125. ,

Juniperus philippsiana Wall, ex Gord. Pin. (1858) 75.

Dacrydium junghuhnii Miq. PI. Junghuhn. 1 (1851) 4; FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859)
1075.

Tree 10-15 m tall; branches verticillate, the lower very long deflexed,
the upper erect spreading, much branched. Juvenile leaves aciculate,
subulate, more or less falcate and spreading, acute, subpungent, triangu-
lar in section, 10-18 mm long.; adult leaves densely clothing the branch-
lets, gradually smaller, more rigid, less curved, stiff, squarrose-spread-
ing, subulate or narrowly linear, inserted on a spreading and slightly
decurrent base, shortly acute or rarely obtuse, often obscurely tetragonal
in section, carinate without, the sides sulcate more or less impressed-
notate, 5—7 to 9 mm long, these diverse forms connected by intermediate
forms; finally the leaves in the region of fruit, on stiff branches, erect,
squamiform, densely imbricate, adpressed,' rigid, triangular-ovate, apex
slightly incurved, rather obtuse, carinate on dorsal face, 1-1.5 mm long.
Male inflorescence terminal, narrowly cylindrical, dense, 5-7 mm long;
anthers usually, apiculate, from a broadly triangular base acute; cells 2,
ovate-globose, dehiscing at the sides without. Eemale flowers at the apex

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

155

of branchlets ; ovule inverted. Seed finally erect, terminal or a little in-
fraterminal, ovoid, obtuse, subtrigonous, micropyle apiculate.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. 4419 Merritt, Merrill 5189 ; Mount Palong,
For. Bur. 8521 Merritt. Pan ay, Province of Antique, Mount Midiaas, Yoder s. n.
Negros, Mount Silay, For. Bur. 4221 Everett, For. Bur. 4543 P. del Villar, For.
Bur. 13612, 13621 Curran & Foxworthy. Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount
Malindang, For. Bur. 4541, 4548, 4131 Means' & Hutchinson: District of Zam-
boanga, Copeland s. n., probably this species although not a typical form.

This is distinctly a plant of high elevations. All the above were found at
1,000 or more meters elevation. Where the tree occurs, it is abundant, forming
a large part of the stand. Distribution: Monsoon region; Burma; Siam and
Cochin China ; Tonkin, Than-Moi ; Malacca, Singapore ; Penang ; Sumatra ; Borneo ;
Fiji Islands; and the Philippines.

3. Dacrydium sp. aff. D: heccarii Pari. Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2
(1907) 258.

This form, with long, very slender, aciculate, 4-angled leaves is possibly a
young form of D. elatum, although the very slender long leaves do not look like
that species.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, at 2,400 m, Merrill 5114, Nov. 1906, a single sterile
specimen from a young tree in a thicket on a ridge.

2. PODOCARPUS L’Herit.2

Dioecious or very rarely monoecious. Male flowers rarely terminal
like those of Dacrydium and single or several together sessile or pedun-
culate in the axils of leaves, surrounded by the squamate sterile bases,
sometimes aggregated or in an inflorescence at the apex of a shortened
branch, rarely spicate (Stachy carpus) ; anthers often imbricate, always
composed of 2 cells, apiculus usually small. Female flowers rarely spic-
ate, ovules remote {Stachy carpus) , or rarely ovules 1 or 2 at the apex of a
short, scarcely thickened branch ; flowers often single, pedunculate in the
axils of leaves, receptacle fleshy and base squamate, in the fertile part com-
posed of 1 or 2 carpidia ; carpidia always uni ovulate ; ovules and covering
much exceeding the carpidia, rarely grown together with the carpidia at
the apex ( Dacrycarpus ) ; epimatium smooth curved, with integument of
the ovule inverted, the micropyle always facing the base of the connate
carpidia. Seeds often large; often ± apiculate, testa double, involute,
exteriorly fleshy or fleshy-coriaceous, inner layer thickly ligneous or
scarcely different from the outer. Spreading shrubs or trees. ' Leaves
rarely squamiform {Dacrycarpus) , often linear or elongate, lanceolate or
ovate, often acute or mucronate and usually spirally inserted, spreading,
distichous, rarely opposite or subopposite {Nageia).

Of the five sections of the genus as recognized' by Pilger, four are
represented in the Philippines.

The genus contains about 60 species and is found in eastern Asia and Malaya
and the temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. It seems to reach its

2 One of the nomina conservanda of the Vienna Congress.

156

FOXWORTHY.

greatest development in the Malayan region. The Philippines, with eleven species,
show a very rich representation of the genus. The Philippine species show the
closest relationship to those of Borneo and Celebes.

All our species except P. polystachyus are mountain, often high mountain,
forms. P. polystachyus alone comes- down to sea-level and is frequently found in
rocky places at or near the beach.

Natural reproduction seems to be easy in most places where representatives
of this genus are found.

In P. polystachyus, and possibly other species as well, the young seedlings show
only 2 cotyledons.

In some cases, the fleshy receptacle of the fruit is eaten; and there is a very
limited use made of the wood. Aside from these, the members of the group are
not used.

KEY TO PHILIPPINE SPECIES.

a. Leaves dimorphous, very variable; larger leaves 13-17 mm long, smaller ones

closely appressed, acuminate. (Sect. Dacrycarpus.) 1. P. imbricatus

aa. Leaves of one kind, linear, lanceolate or ovate.

b. Leaves broad, lanceolate, opposite or subopposite. (Sect. Nageia.)

2. P. blumei

bb. Leaves linear or lanceolate or elliptic, alternate,

c. Receptacle not developed. (Sect. Stachy carpus.)

d. Leaves green on both surfaces, more than 5 cm long; large trees.

3. P. amarus

dd. Leaves glaucous beneath, less than 3 cm long; alpine shrubs.

4. P. glaucus

cc. Receptacle developed, fleshy. (Sect. Eupodocarpits.)

d. Leaves -never long-attenuate in the upper part, lanceolate or elliptic-
. lanceolate.

e. Leaves less than 5 cm long.

f. Leaves acute or mueronulate at apex, 4-7 mm wide.

5. P. brevifolius

fit. Leaves usually rounded or obtuse at apex, 10-12 mm wide.

6. P. pilgeri

ee. Leaves 5 cm or more in length.

f . Male catkins numerous, fasciculate ; sea-level forms.

8. P. polystachyus

ft. Male catkins not fasciculate; mountain forms ... 7. P. costalis

dd. Leaves long- attenuate in the upper part.

e. Upper half of leaf uniformly attenuated to the acute apex.

9. P. neriifolius

ee. Leaves not so uniformly attenuated in the upper half,

f. Leaves narrow, gradually narrowed into petiole.

1 10. P. philippinensis

ft'. Leaves large, abruptly narrowed into petiole.., 11. P. rumphii

Section I. Dacrycarpus Endl.

Much branched trees; leaves very small. Juvenile and adult foliage
very distinct. Male flowers terminal, anthers on leaves which are but
slightly modified; apiculus large. Female" flowers terminal; receptacle
small, verruculose ; fertile carpidiuni single, connate with the ovule for

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

157

its whole length ; ovule inverted. Seed small, broadly ovoid or ovoid-
globose, adnate carpidium scarcely discernible in seed.

1. Podocarpus imbricatus Blume Enum. PI. Javae (1827) 89; Pilger in
Engler Das Pflanzenreich 4 5 (1903) 56.

P. cupressina R. Br. ex Mirb. Geogr. Conif. in Mem. Mus. 13 (1825) 75 (nomen
! ) ; Bennett in R. Br. PI. Jav. Rar. 1 (1838) 35, t. 10; Blume Rumphia 3 (1847)
218, t. 172, f. 2 et 172B, f. 2; Endl. Syn. (1847) 222; Pe Boer, Conif. Archip.
Ind. (1866) 25; Carr. Conif. 2 (1867) 677; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 1 6 2 (1868)
521; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1074; Beccari, Malesia 1 (1878) 179; F.-Vill.
Noviss. App. (1880) 211; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas xliii, t. 97, f. B. ; Phan. Cum.
Philip. (1885) 160; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 295; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb.
(1892) 187; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 191; Koorders & Valeton, Bijd. Ken.
Boomsoort. Java 10 (1904) 262; Koorders-Schumaeher, Syst. Verz. Herb. Koord.
3 (1911) Taxaceae 3. .

P. cumingii Pari, in A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 521.

Nageia cumingii O. Ktze. Revis. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 800.

P. horsfieldii Wall. Cat, n. 6049, Endl. 1. c.

Taxodium horsfieldii Knight Syn. Conif. 21.

. Nageia cupressina O. Ktze. 1. e. 800.

P. imbricatus Blume var. cumingii (Pari.) Pilger 1. c. 56; Perk. Frag. FI.
Philip. (1904). 44; Foxworthy ex Merrill in Philip. Joum. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot.
258; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 324.

I can not see any way in which the variety cumingii is distinct from the species.

This is the commonest and most widely distributed species of the family in
the Philippines, It covers the tops of many of our mountains. Found at eleva-
tions of from 900 to 2,700 m.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, For. Bur. 11(465 Darling, For.- Bur. 10960
Curran: Subprovince of Lepanto , Merrill 4503, 1/546 , For. Bur. 5691, 5727 Klemme,
For. Bur. 14498 Darling: Province of Abra, For. Bur. 14584, 11/589 Darling:
Subprovinee of Benguet, Elmer 6550, 6551, Williams 1299, 1298, Bur. Sci. 1/405
M earns, For. Bur. 5036, 10825, 10,829 Curran, For. Bur. 11/187, 14190 Merritt,
For. Bur. 18049 Curran, Merritt & Zscholtke, For. Bur. 18365 Alvarez, Bur. Sci.
8328 McGregor : Province of Zambales, For, Bur. 8103 Curran & Merritt: Prov-
inces of Laguna and Tayabas, Mount Banajao, Cuming 803, For. Bur. 213, 871/
Klemme, Dec. Phil. For. FI. 66 Klemme, For. Bur. 7886, 7905 Curran d Merritt,
Whitford 951, Bur. Sci. 2387 Foxworthy, Bur. Sci. 6060, 6565 Robinson, Calvin
323, Loher 1/852, 7137. Mindoro, For. Bur. 41/1/6, 4471, 8528, 8529 Merritt,
Merrill 5563. Panay, Province of Antique, Yoder s. n, Negros, Mount Canlaon,
Merrill 7032. Mindanao, Province of Misamis, For. Bur. 1/666 M earns & Hutchin-
son: District of Zamboanga, Copeland s. n.

Warburg, 1. c.- 192, mentions the 'occurrence of nodule-bearing roots in this
species. The Philippine material also, shows these nodules on all the specimens
examined.

Distribution: Monsoon region: Java, on mountains from 1,000 m high and
upward ; west Sumatra ; south Celebes ; the Moluccas ; south and west Borneo ;
the Malay Peninsula; northern Burma; the Philippines; and New Guinea.

Section III. Nageia Endl.

Leaves opposite or subopposite, often large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
midrib wanting.. Male inflorescences often several, fasciculate on axillary

158

FOXWORTHY.

peduncles. Female flowers with or without distinct receptacle, often
single axillary; seeds globose, rarely attenuate towards the base.

2. Podocarpus blumei Endl. Syn. (1847, Majo) 208; Pari, in DC. Prodr.
16 2 (1868) 508; Beccari, Malesia 1 (1877) 179; Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzen-
reich 4° (1903) 60; Koorders, Meded. ’s Lands. Plant. 19 (1898) 264; Koorders
& Valeton, Bijd. Ken. Boomsort. Java 10 (1904) 261; Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 5; Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 24; Foxworthy
ex Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 ( 1907 ) Bot. 258 ; Koorders-Schmacher, Syst.
Verz. Herb. Koord. 3 (1911) Taxaceae 2. Plate XXVIII, fig. 2.

P. latifolia Blume Enum. PI. Javae (1827) 89; De Boer, Conif. Archip. Ind.
(1866) 12; C. B. Robinson in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 63, non Wall.
PI. As. Rar. (1830 ! )

P. agathifolia Blume Rumphia 3 (1847, Junio) 217, t. 173.

Nageia blumei Gord. Pin. (1858) 135; Carr. Conif. (1867) 640.

P. latifolia forma ternatensis De Boer 1. c. 14; forma luxurians.

Usually small trees, much branched, 5-15 m tall, trunk erect, crown
broad spreading; branches terete, spreading, fuscous, the ultimate op-
posite, greenish ; buds coriaceous, acuminate. Leaves subopposite, thickly
coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, apex sharply turned rarely long
acuminate, obtuse or rarely acute, base thick abruptly or gradually
narrowed into the petiole, in drying striatulate, 9-13 cm long and to 4
cm broad, rarely to 15-16 cm long and to 5 cm broad. Flowers dioecious ;
male 3-7 aggregated fasciculately in pedunculate axillary very short
cylindraceous clusters, to 1.5 cm long; anthers with short apiculus,
broadish, sharply acute. Female flowers opposite, axillary, forming
short branches; peduncles 6 mm long; receptacle elongate cylindraceous,
fleshy, bearing short, . free, acute, persistent, squamif orm leaf-blades ; seed
globose dark green, testa double, exterior tenuous-coriaceous; interior
osseous, fragile.

Leaves usually much resembling those of Agatliis alba ; but with more
acute apex. Trees much smaller than A. alba , usually not exceeding
10 or 15 m in height and 1 dm diam. A tree of the lower mountain
ridges. Very local in distribution.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 16738, 17200 Curran: Province of
Bataan, Copeland 2kk, Williams 399, 753, 1035, For. Bur. lip, 19k Barnes,
Whitford 1353, For. Bur. 1716 Curran. Mindoro, Merrill 5728. This last number
is from young sterile shoots and looks surprisingly like young Agathis material;
but, I have placed it here because all the leaves taper to an acute tip.

Distribution: Monsoon region: Java, in the mountains of the western part of
the island; Moluccas, Ternate; Celebes; New Guinea; Philippines.

Sect. IV. Stachycarpus Endl.

Male flowers arranged in terminal spikes which are single or several
in the axils of bracts, or single or several in the axils of leaves, rarely
several, fasciculate at the apex of a peduncle. Female flowers spicate
forming woody branches or on twigs which are leafy at the base ; ovules
several, scattered, or ovules 1 or 2 at the apex of twigs which are leafy.

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

159

or squamate at the base, woody, scarcely thickened at the apex; carpi dia
always small. Seeds and seed-coats large, testa double, interior thick,
hard, woody. Spreading trees, often of great size. Leaves small, linear,
or elongate, lanceolate, hiseriate in one plane or slightly twisted.

3. Podocarpus amarus Blume Enum. PI. Javae (1827) 88, et Rumphia 3
(1847) 213, t. 170 ; Endl. Syn. (1847) 217;. Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1073;
De Boer, Conif. Arehip. Ind. (1866) 20; Carr. Conif. (1867) 667; Pari, in
DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 516; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 192; Pilger in Engler
Das Pfianzenreich 4 6 (1903) 68. Koorders & Valeton, B'ijd. Ken. Boomsort. Java
10 (1904) 263; Foxworthy ex Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 258;
Koorders-Sclmmaeher, Syst. Verz. Herb. Koord. 3 (1911) Taxaeeae 1.

P. sprengelii Blume in Flora (1824) 292 (nomen).

P. eurynoha Miq. 1. c. 1074; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 211; De Boer, 1. e. 24.

P. dulcamara Seem; in Bonplandia 9 (1861) 253; 10 (1862) 365.

P. pedunculata Bailey in Queensland Agric. Journ. 5 4 (1899) 390, 404, t. l/f9;
Queensland FI. 5 (1902) 1498.

Leaves spirally inserted, elongate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sub-
candate-acnminate, midrib depressed above. Ovules in flower usually 1,
rarely 2. Male flowers several, fasciculate at the apex of axillary pedun-
cles. Leaves 6-10 cm long, and 7-9 mm broads rarely to 16 cm long
and 12-18 mm broad. Female flowers on short axillary branches 3-5
cm long, squamae rudimentary, arranged decurrently. on the branch;
these squamae or half scars clustered at the base of the branch, more
distant above ; the uppermost squamiform leaves 2 or 3 at the apex of
small distant branches, very short, forming broadly obtuse carpidia;
ovules ■ elliptic, apex slightly attenuate. Seeds subglobose, gibbous,
slightly extra-apical, obtuse, 2.5-3 cm long, testa double, the outer coria-
ceous-fleshy, 3-4 mm thick, the inner hard woody, 1.5-2 mm thick.

Luzon, Subprovince of Lepanto, For. Bur. 10951 Curran: Subprovince of
Benguet, For. Bur. 10895 Curran, For. Bur. 18029 Merritt, For. Bur. 18356 Alva-
rez. Mindoro, Merrill 5703.

Distribution: Monsoon region and eastern Australia: Java; Sumatra; Philip-
pines; Queensland.

4. Podocarpus glaucus Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 258.
Plate XXIX, fig. 1.

A small tree 5-6 m tall, much branched, the branches terete, gla-
brous, gray or yellowish, branchlets very numerous, short, crowded toward
the end of the branches. Leaves crowded toward the ends of the twigs,
erect-spreading, often appearing subopposite on account of their con-
tiguity, coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, shining, paler beneath and the
younger ones very glaucous, oblong, elliptic-oblong or spatulate,# 9-17
mm long, 3. 5-5. 5 mm wide, the apex rounded or obtuse, the base grad-
ually narrowed and somejvhat decurrent, midrib not prominent above,
very prominent beneath, margins thickened; petioles broad, 1-2 mm
long. Staminate spikes solitary in the upper leaf-axils, few, cylindrical,

160

FOXWORTHY.

1-1.5 cm long, 3 mm in diameter, densely many-flowered, glaucous when
young. Pistillate flowers and fruit not seen.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 5672 , Nov. 1906.

Borders of thickets on the margins of open* heaths at 2,400 m altitude.

Sect. V. Eupodocarptjs Endl.

Male flowers single or several, axillary, sessile, or several fasciculate
at the apex of a peduncle, or disposed in an inflorescence ; anthers usually
densely imbricate, apiculus rarely wanting, usually ± developed. Fe-
male flowers single, axillary, subsessile or usually long-pedunculate ;
receptacle fleshy, always distinctly developed, often with 2 narrow bracts
at the base ; ovules 1 or 2. Seeds ovoid or globose, often with the apex
obtusely produced; testa with its inner coat slightly thickened, never
thickly woody. Leaves scattered, linear or lanceolate, often quite elon-
gate.

5. Podocarpus brevifolius (Stapf) Foxworthy comb. nov.

P. neriifolius Don var. brevifolia Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 4 (1894)
249; Pilger 1. c. 93. Plate XXIX, fig. 2.

Small trees of the upper part of the mossy forest. Leaves densely
crowded on the twigs, 1.2-3. 5 cm long, 4-7 mm wide,- elliptic with
slightly thickened margins, , acute at apex, base gradually narrowed,
midrib distinct above and below.

Collected by Low and by Haviland at altitudes of from 3,330 to 3,630 m above
sea level on Mt. Kinabalu in British North Borneo. Dr. Stapf thought it possibly
an alpine form of P. polystachyus It. Br. Pilger, 1. c. 93, thought it probably a
distinct species. Dr. Stapf has kindly sent me fragments of the Kinabalu
material and I am convinced that it is a distinct species of § Eupodocarpus and
closely related to P. pilgeri.

This species ' has been collected twice in 'the island of Luzon. Both collections
were made in December 1907 on Mt. Tapulao, Zambales. For. Bur. 9511, col-
lected by Curran and Merritt, seems to match the type pretty closely. Bur. Sci.
5002, collected by Ramos, differs in having slightly longer leaves. Both collec-
tions were from an elevation of about 1,800 m above sea level.

6. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Scb 2 (1907) Bob. 259.

P. celebicus Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 192; Pilger 1. c. 78, non P. celebicus

Hemsl. in Kew Bull. (1896) 39.

Small trees in the mossy forest of . mountain tops. Branches few
or opposite, short, spreading, quite densely foliate; bud-scales ovate-
lanceolate, acute or the outer ones long-acuminate; Leaves spreading,
coriaceous, nitidulous, narrowly to broadly elliptic, apex abruptly rounded,
obtuse or very shortly obtuse-mucronulate, abruptly narrowed below into
the petiole, 3.'5-5.5 cm long, 10-12 mm broad, midrib narrowly obtusely
prominent above, broad and prominent below. ■ Staminate flowers un-

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

161

known. Fruit ovoid, 8—10 mm long, on a fleshy receptacle which lias
two minute • subulate bracts at the base.

Mindoro,- Mount Halcon, at 2,150 m alt., Merrill 5754, Nov. 1906: Negros,
Mount Canlaon, at 1,450 m alt., Phil. PI. 241 Merrill, Apr. 1910. Mindanao,
Mount Malindang, at 2,790 m alt.. For. Bur. 4673 Mearns £ Hutchinson, May-
1996.

First collected by Warburg in the mountain forest on Wawo-Kraeng in Celebes.

7. Podocarpus costalis C. Presl Epimel. Rot. (1851) 236 pro parte (Spec.

Haenke) excl. syn. Brown et Blume et Cuming 803; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880)
211; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1074; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (1892) 187;
Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 193; Pilger in Engler ' Das Pflanzenreich 4 3

(1903) 78.

P. sp. aff. costalis Presl; Yidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xliii, t. 97, f. D.

Tree, 5-15 m tall. Branches few, short, spreading, densely leafy
above. Leaves turned in all directions, spreading or erect-spreading,
coriaceous, narrow or broadly linear-lanceolate, of uniform width
almost to the apex, which is abruptly rounded, obtuse, gradually
changing at the base into the short rather broad petiole, shining above,
on drying ± fuscous .above and below, 5-7 cm long, 10-12 mm broad
or 3-4.5 cm long and about 6 mm broad or much larger in leaves from
robust seedling plants, midrib scarcely conspicuous above or in a broadish,
irregular obtuse ± prominent furrow, beneath broadly marked, but
scarcely or but little prominent, irregularly slightly impressed in drying.
Male inflorescence single, sessile, thick, 'cylindraceous, base surrounded by
a rigid, short, obtusely-rounded bract, 3 cm long. Female inflorescence
single, axillary; peduncles about 2 mm long; receptacle fleshy, scales 2,
subequal, connate at apex, forming a fleshy rounded apex, about 7 mm
long, with 2 very small bracts at the base. Seed elliptical, apex slightly
obtusely produced, in drying fuseo-nigrescent, 9-10 mm long.

Known only from the Philippines. First collected by Haenke, probably on
Mt. Banajao, in the island of Luzon, from which come all the other collections
of this species, Loher 2140, 7128, 1906; Bur. Sci. 2393, 2423 Foxworthy , Mar.
1907, For. Bur. 7913 Curran & Merritt, Nov. 1907.

8. Podocarpus polystachyus R. Br. ex Mirb. in Mdrn. Mus. 3 (1825)- 75
(nomen) et ex Bennett in Horsf. PI. Jav. Rar. (1838) 40 (nomen !); Endl.
Syn. (1847) 215; Carr. Conif. (1867) 662 (?); Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868)
515; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 394; Pilger in Engler Das
Pflanzenreich 4 3 (1903) 79.

P. neriifolia Don p. parte in Lamb. Pin. ed. 2, 2 (1828) 122.

I can not be sure that this species is distinct from P. elatus R. Br.

The following description is taken from Pilger, with the exception
of what is said concerning the seed, which is taken from our Palawan
material.

162

FOXWORTHY.

Tree; branches many subverticellate, erect-spreading, densely leaved
toward the apex; bud-scales narrow, rigid, acuminate. Leaves rigid
coriaceous, shining above, narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, apex abruptly
narrowed, obtusish or acute, or long-acuminate, acute, narrowed at the
base into a short petiole, 4-7 cm long, 5-9, rarely 11-12 mm broad,
middle portion usually slightly plicate above on drying, midrib narrow
and prominent above, below broadish scarcely prominent. Male catkins
several (3-5) fasciculate-sessile,- surrounded at the base by small broad
scales, spreading, ± curved, 2.5-3 cm long; anthers apiculate, broadly
triangular-ovate, acutish or obtuse, slightly lacerate. Female \ flowers
single; peduncles 3 to 6-7 mm long; receptacle fleshy, squamae 2, quite
connate, apex very short, acute, fleshy, free, 10 mm long, 2-3 mm broad,
upper squama forming a long carpidium; receptacle with 2 caducous
scales at the base, tenuous, subulate; ovule ovoid, apex slightly obtusely
produced. Mature seed more, or less globose, about TO mm in diameter.

All of our material is from female plants or sterile. Batanes Islands, Bur.
Sci. 35.86 Fenix, May 1907. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Bur. Sci. 13202
Foxworthy & Ramos, Mar. 1911. Bucas Island, Merrill 5268, Oct. 1906. Pa-
lawan, Vidal 3911, For. Bur. 3854 Curran, Mar. 1906, Bur. Sci. 904 Foxworthy,
May 1906.

This tree is found in rocky places on the beach or in rocky river beds not
much above sea level. It is the only representative of the family found at
sea level in the Philippines.

I collected this same form on the rocky beach of the Island of Satang Basa,
just off the coast of Sarawak in June 1908 ( Foxworthy 417 ) .

Monsoon region: Singapore; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; and the Philippines.

9. Podocarpus neriifolius Don in Lamb. Pin. (1824) 21; ed. 2, 2 (1828)
122 ex parte (inclusus P. polystachyo et P. rumphii !); Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3
(1826) 889; Endl. Syn. (1847) 215; Carr. Conif. (1867) 661; Pari, in DC.
Prodr. 16 = (1868) 514; Bot. Mag. t. 4655; Brandis, For. FI. (1874) 541;
Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 649 (excl. syn. P. polystachya) ; Forbes &
Hemsl. in, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1902) 548; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904)
44; Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzenreich 4 5 (1903) 80; Koorders & Valeton,
Bijd. Ken. Boomsort. Java 10 (1904) 265; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1
(1906) Suppl. 24; Foxworthy ex Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot.
258; Koorders-Sehumachpr, Syst. Verz. Herb. Koord. 3 (1911) Taxaceae 4.

P. bracteata Blume Enum. PI. Jav. (1827-28) 88; Rumphia 3 (1847) 214,
t. 172, f. 1; De Boer, Conif. Archip. Ind. (1866) 16.

P. neglecta Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 213; De Boer 1. c. 21.

P. junghuhniana Miq. PI. Jungh. 1 (1851) 2; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883)
xliii, t. 97, f. C.

P. leptostachya Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 214; De Boer 1. e. 19.

P. discolor Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 213; De Boer 1. c. 23.

P. macrophylla var. acuminatissima Pritzel in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 29 (1900) 213.

Nageia neriifolia O. Ktze. Revis. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 800.

Tree to 25 m tall; very much branched with wide-spreading branches ;
buds ovoid with coriaceous scales, which are long ovate-acute or long
caudate-acuminate. Leaves scattered, approximating verticillate, spread-

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

163

ing, coriaceous, often ± falcate, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, up-
wardly distinctly narrowed, 7-15 cm long and 9-13 mm broad, in young
specimens to 25 cm long and to 17-19 mm broad, midrib prominent
above in a narrow furrow, below broadish, prominent. Male 'catkins
narrowly cylindrical, 2.5-5 cm long, especially spreading or pendulous,
single or 2 or 3 fasciculate, sessile, surrounded at base by numerous rigid,
thick, coriaceous, or upwardly more tenuous, broad, obtuse or acute scales ;
anthers narrowly apiculate, short, acute or obtusish. Female flowers
solitary; peduncles 12-20 mm long; receptacle fleshy, scales 2 unequally
long, connate, apex obtuse fleshy, acutish, 9 mm long, 3 mm broad, 2
subulate bracts at base, tenuous, deciduous, to 5 mm or more in length;
ovule single, ovoid, apex slightly obtusely produced. Seeds 12-16 mm
long, narrowly ovoid, upwardly slightly attenuate, rotundate, slightly
inequilateral, testa thick, coriaceous-fleshy, integument and epimatium
equally developed; receptacle dilated beneath the seed, broadly cylin-
drical, 11 mm long, 9 mm broad.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Merrill 1992, Hagger, April 1903: Polillo, Bur.
Sci. 10779 McGregor, Nov. 1909. Mindoro, Merrill 5768, Nov. 1906.

Var. brevipes Blume 1. c.

Leaves narrower and thicker. Peduncle of female flower equaling
the length of the receptacle. Seed ellipsoid-globose.

The following numbers are of rather doubtful determination ; but I am placing
them here for the present.

Luzon, Province of Abra, Bur. Sci. 7286 Ramos: Subprovince of Benguet,
Loher s. n., For. Bur. 10826, 10894 Curran, For. Bur. 1J/189 Merritt, For. Bur.
14422 Darling. Mindoro, Merrill 5615, For. Bur. 11403 Merritt.

All of our material has been collected in the mountains.

Distribution: Monsoon region and central Asiatic region: Nepal; Khasia;
Jowai; China; Java; Sumatra; Borneo; Celebes; Moluccas; New Guinea; Malay
Peninsula ; Philippines.

10. Podocarpus philippinensis sp. nov. Plate XXX.

Arbor 20-30 m alta, cortice piano ; rami erecti, teretiusculi ; gem-
mae ramulorum globosae perulis ovatis, crassis, acutiuseulis. Folia
erecta vel erecto-patentia, coriacea, lanceolata, recta vel subfalcata, su-
perne acuta, inferne sensim in petiolum brevem, crassiusculum angus-
tata, 13-17 cm longa, 9-18 mm lata. Flores maseuli ignoti. Flores
feminei solitarii ; pedunculus 5-8 mm longus ; receptaculum carnosum,
squamis 3 efformatum, Semina ellipsoidea-globosa, glauca.

Large straight trees, 20-30 m tall, with smooth reddish-brown flaky
bark. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, acute, more or less abruptly nar-
rowed to the base, 13—17 cm long, 9—18 mm wide. Staminate flowers
unknown. Fruit on a slender peduncle 5-8 mm long, two minute bracts '
at base of receptacle. Receptacle swollen, fleshy, bright-red, sometimes
eaten, sometimes wider than the fruit when fresh, when dry 8-10 mm

164

FOXWORTHY.

long and 4-8 mm thick, of a dull brownish or dark-bine color, made np
of three scales which are found to contain some resin when dry. Seed
globose/fleshy, 13-15 mm long, glaucous, with a thin hard shell.

I am not at all sure that this form is distinct- -from P. rumphii ; but
the description of that species is so unsatisfactory that it has seemed
best to describe this as a new species. It seems to differ from P. rum-
phii in its bark and. shorter peduncles and in having a rather more
gradual narrowing of the leaf-blade toward the petiole.

A tree that is found on lower ridges of some of our mountains from
300 to 800 meters above sea level.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Limay Peak, Bur. Sci : 5 17 4 Foxwortliy' & Whitford,
Apr. 1908 (type), Bur. Sci. 1 0844 Foxworthy, Nov. 1909, For. Bur. 17523 Curran,
Nov. 1909, For. Bur. 17594 Curran, , Dec. 1909 ; slopes of Mt. Mariveles, For.
Bur. 6325, 6326 Curran, Feb. 1907; For. Bur. 7 512 Curran, Sept. 1907; For.
Bur. 8987 Curran, Jan. 1908, Bur. Sci. 1660 Foxwortliy , Oct. 1906, Whitford
s. n., Apr. 1905, For. Bur. 27 43 Borden, Mar. 1905: Province of Pampanga,
Mt. Arayat, For. Bur. 17664, 17723 Curran, Mar. 1910.

Some of these forms have distinctly wider leaves than the rest; but I can
see no other difference and can see no reason for putting them in more than one
species.

11. Podocarpus rumphii Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 214; De Boer, Conif.
Archip. Ind. (1866) 15; Carr. Conif. (1867) 663; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 1 6 2
(1868) 515; Beccari, Malesia 1 (1878) 179; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 192;
Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzenreich 4 5 (1903) 81; Foxworthy ex Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 258.

Lignum emamum Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 4 (1744) 47, t. 26.

Tree 20-25 m tall, crown pyramidal, bark, fissured; branches erect,
terete ; buds of twigs globose, with ovate scales, acutish. Leaves erect
or erect-spreading, coriaceous, lanceolate, straight or subfalcate, upwardly
shortly narrowed and ± subcaudate-acuminate, rarely almost uniformly
long-acuminate, acute, below abruptly narrowed into a short thick
petiole, 15-25 cm long, 15-29 mm broad, midrib obtusely prominent
above, the middle line more elevated, acutely "marked, below broad, ±
prominent. Male flowers unknown. Female flowers solitary; peduncle
2.5 cm long, receptacle fleshy^ composed of 3 scales. Seeds 1 or 2, ellip-
soid-globose, greenish when immature, chalybeous when mature.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 6537 Curran, Apr. 1907: Province of
Pampanga, Merrill 3917, Oct. 1904. Mindoro, For. Bur. 6790 Merritt, Apr.
1907, Merrill 5553, Nov. 1906.

Monsoon region: New Guinea; Moluccas; Celebes; Philippines.

PHYLLOCLADUS 3 L. C. & A. Rich.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male flowers cylinclraceous, pedi-
cellate, fasciculate at the apex of a branch ; anther-cells 2, dehiscent by
a longitudinal fissure, apiculus small. Female flowers single in the

3 One of the nomind conservanda of the Vienna Congress.-

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

165

axils of scales at the base of undeveloped branches, back of excrescences,
pedicellate, or sessile on phylloclades or occupying cavities in phyllo-
clades; carpidia uniovulate decussate or spirally arranged, thick, apex
truncate, forming with the fleshy axis hollows of the shape of the ovules ;
ovules erect, the base at last surrounded by a lobulate, white cupule
equaling the seed or surpassing the smaller seeds. Leaves very short
squamiform, spirally arranged on the branches, in the axils of terminal
branchlets resembling leaves, i. e. phyllocladia, rudimentary leaves ar-
ranged on the margins, the upper part variously lobed, pitted.

There are 5 or 6 species in the genus and one of these is found in
the high mountains of the Philippines.

Phyllocladus protractus (Warb. ) Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzenreich 4 5
(1903) 99; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 44; Foxworthy ex Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 2 ( 1907 ) Bot. 259. Plate XXXI.

P. hypophyllus Rendle in Journ. Bot. 34 (1896) 355 non Hook. f. in Hook.
Icon. PI. (1852) t. 889.

P. hypophyllus var. protracta Warb. Monsunia 1 (1900) 194.

Buds of branches globose, inner scales imbricate, shortly acute, outer
scales long, subulate-acuminate, divaricate, rarely all shortly acute.
Leaves on the branches at the base of the phylloclades, squamiform,
deciduous, linear, very small. Phylloclades rather distant, large, nar-
rowly elliptic or ovate, apex long attenuate, shining above, below slightly
fuscescent, cuneate narrowed from about one- third the length to the
base, or base almost ovate-rounded, the upper part with dentate lobes,
the apex itself obtuse deeply incised, terminal lobe narrow, elongate,
obtuse, or deeply sinuate, rarely irregularly grossly crenate ; lobes of
phylloclades slightly crenulate, bearing setaceous- dentiform, acute, rudi-
mentary leaves; phylloclades 4-6 to 10.5 cm long, up to 4 cm broad;
midrib prominent above, the place of lateral nerves taken by narrow
furrows. Male catkins 5-7 mm long and 2 mm in diameter on pedicels
of about the same length or shorter. Female flowers in sinuses at the
apex of the phylloclades or at the sides or even taking the place of the
phylloclades at the end of a branch; flowers subglobose, carpidia few.
Seed smooth, compressed, with acute margins, apex rounded, obtuse;
cupule short, white, shorter than the seed, scarcely projecting beyond the
carpel.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, For. Bur. 18567 Alvarez: Subprovince of Lepanto,
For. Bur. 10957 Curran, Jan. 1909, with flowers: Province of Abra, For. Bur.
11/587 Darling: Subprovince of Benguet, Loher 5203, Merrill 1/753, For. Bur.
18361/ Alvarez, Jan. 1909, in fruit. Mindoro, Merrill 5788. Mindanao, Province
of Misamis, For. Bur. 1/679 Means & Hutchinson.

Found in all the above cases at elevations greater than 1,000 m.

This species is said to differ from P. hypophyllus by its more incised phyllo-
clades and by the fact that it is never glaucous on the under side of the
phylloclades.

Distribution: Monsoon region : Philippines; Moluccas; British New Guinea.

102601 3

166

FOXWORTHY.

4. TAXUS L.

Flowers dioecious; male axillary, squamate at the base; anthers 6-14.
peltate, 6-8 cells together with connate filaments. Female flowers axil-
lary on squamate branchlets ; flower located in the axil of the uppermost
scale, involucre of three equal decussate scales; buds containing 1-3
rudimentary leaves, rarely in flowering projecting from the next to the
last scale of the twig; single ovule in terminal flower erect; seed ellip-
soid, testa woody, cupule campanulate, closed, red, thickly fleshy ; embryo
placed in the upper part of the albumen, cotyledons 2, thick, pressed
together. Trees or very much branched shrubs; leaves linear, spirally
inserted, biseriate-spreading.

Pilger recognizes only a single species; but it seems to me that his
subspecies are really good species and I am so treating them.

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Abh. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. 3 (1843) 803, t. 5; Endl.
Syn. (1847) 244; Carr. Conif. (1867) 740.

T. baccata subsp. wallichiana ( Zucc. ) Pilger in Engler Das Pflanzenreich 4 5
(1903) 112; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 44; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci.
5 (1910) Bot. 324.

T. virgata Wall, ex Hook. f. FI. Brit. Indj 5 (1888) 648.

T. contortus (?) Griff. Not. (1848) 351; Icon. PI. As. t. 376.

T. baccata Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 1. c.

Cephalotaxus sumatrana Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1076.

Cephalotaxus celebica Warb. Monsunia 1 (1900) 194.

Branches laxly leafy; scales of buds at the base of persistent branch-
lets larger, more rigid and more acute than in T. baccata. Leaves
more or less falcate, narrowly linear, and base usually strongly curved,
apex twisted, gradually long-acuminate, acute, 2.5-3 cm or more long,
rarely in flowering specimens less than 2 cm.

Luzon, Subproyince of Lepanto, Merrill 4595, Micholitz s. n., For. Bur. 10958
Curran : Subprovince of Benguet, Loher 4850, Elmer 6244 > Williams 1002, Merrill
4814, For. Bur. 5015, 10824, 10830 Curran, Mearns s. n , Bur. Sci. 4406 Mearns,
For. Bur. 14186, 14191 Merritt, For. Bur. 18106 Curran, Merritt, c£- Zschohke,
For. Bur. 18366, 18369 Alvarez, Bur. Sci. 8390 McGregor : Provinces of La Laguna
and Tayabas, Mount Banajao, Vidal 3907 Loher 7129, 7 139, Bur. Sci. 2431
Foxworthy ,. For. Bur. 7914 Curran & Merritt, Bur. Sci. 6059, 9823 Robinson,
Calvin 315.

Rendle 4 credited a sterile specimen collected by Whitehead in the highlands
of Lepanto to Cephalotaxus mannii Hook, f., but later it was referred to this
species.

All of our material has been collected at elevations in excess of 1,500 m.

Where this species occurs, it makes up a very considerable part of the stand.

Distribution: Sikkim; Darjeeling; Manipur; Khasia; Burma; Sumatra; South
Celebes; Philippines.

4 Journ. Bot. 34 (1896) 355.

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

167

PINACEAE.

This family is represented, in the Philippines, by but two genera,
which are readily distinguished as follows :

Branchlets of but one sort; leaves broad and alternate or opposite 1. Agathis

Branehlets of two sorts; leaves cylindrical and clustered in a sheath 2. Pinus

1. AGATHIS Salisb.5

Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, axillary or the pistillate ter-
minal. Staminate flower-clusters oval-lanceolate; stamens numerous,
with 5-15 rather long pollen-sacs, and broad, oval, terminal Scales. Cones
crowded, spherical-ovoid, finally deciduous; receptacle, broadly scale-
shaped, leathery, imbricate. Seeds free, winged -on one or both sides ;
cotyledons 2. Large evergreen resinous trees. Leaves on the main axis
turned in all directions, on the twigs more or less in two planes and
often opposed in pairs, broad, smooth, drawn together at the base to
form a petiole, leathery, with numerous fine longitudinal nerves. Buds
scaly. Time of ripening of fruit 2 years.

About 4-6 species in the East Indies, Malay Islands, the Philippines,
Fiji, New Zealand, and northeastern Australia.

Agathis alba (Lam.) Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) A, 173;
Jeffrey in Ann. Bot. 20 (1906) 387 (nomen) ; Whitford, Philip. For. Bur. Bull.
10 part 2 (1911) 25,’ pi. 1; Koorders-Schumacher, Syst. Verz. Herb. Koord. 3
( 1911) Pinaceae [1.]

Dammara alba Bumphius in Herb. Amb. 2 (1741) 174, pi. 51; Lamarck,
Encycl. 2 (1786) 259; Blume, Rumphia 3 (1847) 211; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2
(1859) 1070; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 374; Beecari, Malesia 1 (1879) 180.
Pinus abies Lour. FI. Cochinch, ed. Willd. (1793) 579.

Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 8 (1807) 311; Blanco
FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 528, ed. 3 (1879) 170; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 211;
Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xlii, pi., 98, f. A; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886)
295; Phan. Cum. Philip. (1885) 160; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (1892) 188; Ahern
Imp. Phil. Woods (1901) 7; Merr. in Philip. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. 27 (1905) 82.
Abies dammara Poir. Eneyc. Suppl. 5 (1817) 35.

Dammara orientalis Lamb. Pinet. ed. 2 (1824.) 70; Endl. Conif. (1847) 189;
Carr. Conif. (1853) 425; Gord. Pinet. (1858) 79; Henk. et Hochst. Nadelholz.
(1865) 210.

Agathis dammara Rich. Commentatio bot. de Coniferis et Cycadeis (1826)
■83, t. 19; Eichler in E. & Pr. Pflanzenfam. 2 1 (1889) 67, f. 25.

Dammara rumphii Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 236.

Podocarpus phillvppeanus Benth. ex Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 375.
Agathis philippinensis W'arb. Monsunia 1 (1900) 185; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip.
(1904) 36; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 24; Philip. Journ. Sei.
2 (1907) Bot. 257.

s One of the nomina conservanda of the Vienna Congress.

168

FOXWORTHY.

Dammara celebica Koord. in Meded. ’s Lands Plant. 19 (1898) 263.

Agathis borneensis Warb. 1. c. 184.

A. beccarii Warb. 1. c. 184.

A. celebica (Koord.) Warb. 1. e. 185.

A. macrostachys Warb. 1. c. 185.

Very large trees, up to 50-60 m in height and more than 2 in. diame-
ter, with a clear length, sometimes, of as much as 30 m. This is easily
the largest tree in the Islands. It occurs gregariously in the mountain
forests at elevations of from 200 to 2,000 m, attaining its best develop-
ment in the Philippines on well-drained slopes at 600-1,500 in.

The bark is rather smooth, of a grayish color, 1-1.5 cm thick and
contains numerous longitudinal resin-cavities. Resin collects on the sur-
face of fresh eu,ts, and hard resin is found in masses wherever there is
an old wound on the tree, often in the forks of the lowermost branches
and sometimes also in the roots and the ground at the base of the tree.
This resin is collected and exported as the Manila copal of commerce.

Leaves thickly coriaceous, of the same color on both surfaces, light-
green, without distinct midrib, elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, usually
rounded or obtuse at apex, but sometimes even acute1, narrowed abruptly
below into a short petiole, with numerous fine, parallel, longitudinal
veins; 3-10 cm long or even longer on seedlings or young shoots, 1-1
cm wide or less than 1 cm wide on old or fruiting branches. On seed-
lings and young shoots the leaves are often distinctly lanceolate, some-
times acute at apex and relatively quite large ; on old branches or fruiting
branches the leaves are much smaller and are often elliptic or oblong and
distinctly obtuse or rounded at the apex. There is a great range of
variation and all intermediate forms are found between the two extremes
noted. The staminate flower-clusters are more or less elliptic-oblong, of
various size, up to 4-5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm in diameter, and are borne
in the axils of the leaves. The pistillate flowers are in ellipsoid-globose
cones which are borne on short stout branches. The cones take 2 years
to come to maturity. They are often of a purplish color and may be
as much as 4—5 cm in diameter during their first year, reaching a
diameter of 10 cm or more when mature. The seeds may be found
with or without wings.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17183 Curran: Subprovince of Lepanto,
For. Bur. 5670 Klemme: Province of Abra, For. Bur. 14599 Darling: Subprovince
of Benguet, For. Bur. 10855 Curran, For. Bur. 14196, 18018 Merritt: Province
of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22181 Alvarez: Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 7009
Curran, For. Bur. 9508 Curran & Merritt: Province of Bataan, Williams 398,
755, Merrill 3759, Whitford 240, 297, For. Bur. 7 36, 805 Borden, Dec. Phil. For.
FI. 163 Borden, Bur. Sci. 1664 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 12901 Alvarez: Province of
Rizal, Loher 7127: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10465 Curran, For. Bur.
14278 Aguilar: Province of Albay, Cuming 906, For. Bur. 6685 Pray: Province
of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 6684 Pray, For. Bur. 10602 Curran. Mindoro, For. Bur.
8713, 11430 Merritt. Sibuyan, McGregor s. n. Negros, Province of Negros

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

169

Occidental, For. Bur. 3234 Burgess, For. Bur. 4544 P. del Villar. Palawan,
Merrill 749, Celestino s. n., For. Bur. 3505 Curran, For. Bur. 5189 Mcmalo.
Mindanao, Province of Misamis, For. Bur. 4668 M earns & Hutchinson: District
of Davao, Copeland 1162: District of Zamboanga, Copeland s. n.

Distribution: Cochin China; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java; Celebes; the
Moluccas ; Borneo ; and the Philippines.

Native names: Almaciga, haltic ( Tagbanua ) , saleng (Neg.).

The following species have been mentioned by various authors as occurring in
the Philippines; but they are found only in cultivation and can not be considered
as properly belonging to our flora:

Araucaria excelsa R. Br., F. Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 211.

Cupressus torulosa Don, F. Vill. 1. c. 211.

Juniperus occidentalis Hook., Usteri, Beitr. Kenn. Phil. Veg. (1905) 134.

2. PINUS L.

Branches of two kinds; the leaves clustered in a sheath; fruit a
cone.

A genus of about 70 species, mainly in the north temperate zone. A
few species are found in mountainous regions in the tropics. A single
species, P. merJcusii, crosses the equator.

Sect. I. Pinaster Endl. — Apophysis of cone-scales (i. e. the special
visible end portion when the cone is closed) more or less pyramidal with
a central portion (umbo), which sometimes develops a point (mucro).

§ 1. Pinea. — Needles two, rarely 1 in shortened branches (therefore half cylin-
drical) — Some 20 species throughout the range of the genus.

1. P. merkusii

§ 2. Taeda.— Needles 3. (therefore 3-angled) — About 16 species principally in
North America and the East Indies.— 2. P. insularis

1. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & De Vr. in Plant. Nov. Ind". Bat. Orient. (1845)
5, t. 2; Endl. Syn. Conif. (1847) 176; Carr. Conif. (1853) 380; Gord. Pinet.
(1858) 169; Henk. & Hochst. Nadelholz. (1865) 43; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859)
1069; De Boer Conif. Archip. Ind. (1866) 5; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 1 6 2 (1868)
389; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 211; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xliii; t. 98,
f. B; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 296; Ceron, Cat. PI. Herb. (1892) 188; Merr.
in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 15; Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 6
(1904) 6; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 35; Whitford, Philip. For. Bur. Bulk
10 part 2 (1911) 26.

P. sumatrana Jungh. Bot. Zeit. 4 (1846) 698.

P. finlaysowiana Wall. Cat. no. 6062; Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 210.

P. sylvestris Finlays, in Lour. FI. Coch. ed. Willd. (1793) 709, non L.

Medium-sized or large trees, said to grow to a height of 25 m or more
and a diameter of 70-90 cm, crown pyramidal, bark thick, brownish or
ashy in color and fissured. Young branches incurved ascending. Leaves
in adult state 18-25 cm long, 1 mm or less broad, dorsally convex and
ridged when dry, ventrally concave, stomata in parallel lines, enclosed
in a scarious persistent transversely wrinkled sheath for about 2 cm at
base. Staminate aments scattered among the leaf buds, 18-20 mm long,
about 3 mm in diameter, straight or curved, obtuse, densely flowered.

170

FOXWORTHY.

antheriferous bracts suborbicnlar, denticulate. Cones solitary, on short
erect branches, maturing in the second year, 5-8.5 cm long, 1-5 cm in
diameter, usually attenuate ovate. Cone scales woody, oblong, 12-23
mm long, 7-9 mm broad, slightly convex without, within subexcavate at
the base to receive the seed, apex thickened shining, center of apoplrysis
depressed and from the center to the circumference foveate-striate ; seed
inserted toward the base of the scale, wing oblong knife-shaped 14 mm
long, about 4 mm broad, pale-yellow, pellucid. Cotyledons usually six,
very short obtuse.

On well-drained dry ridges in Zambales and Mindoro. Mr. Merritt, who has
very carefully studied the distribution of this species, says : 6 “Southwest of the
high mountain chain stretching north and south from Mount Halcon is an area
with a temperature considerably lower than that of sea level and with a well-
drained and often extremely dry soil. Here conditions are right for the growth
of pine ( Pinus merkusii) . This tree grows in pure stands and is found in open
scattered groves along the higher ridges and slopes, sometimes extending well
down toward sea level. This pine was observed at elevations as low as 60 m
in the vicinity of Santa Cruz, the southern part of its range, while at its northern
limits it was nowhere seen below 900 m. Ground fires annually burning over
the grass which has crept in among these trees prevent the best of reproduction
and keep the forest open.” The latitude, of the region referred to in Mindoro
is from about 13° to about 13° 20' N.

This species is represented in our herbarium by the following numbers :

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Ahern 829, Russell, July 1902, Merrill 1158,
Medina, Jan. 1903, Dec. Phil. For. Flor. 240 Maule, Nov. 1904, with the following
field note : “Grows in pure stand on heights some 15 kilometers east of Sta. Cruz,
Zamb. Forest of irregular area covering as estimated 500 hectares. Soil is loose
and impregnated with copper oxide giving a dark color. No undergrowth of trees
other than pine exists and fires greatly retard reproduction so that seedlings
are at present rarely found. Where growing in stands they are open resembling
character of white pine (P. strobus) of U. S. Many trees growing more or less
as individuals which fact seems due to influence of soil. No P. insularis occurs
in this forest but it occurs at Botolan.” For. Bur. 8228 Curran, Dec. 1907.
Mindoro, For. Bur. 8521, 8734a Merritt, Jan. 1908, For. Bur. 8830, 8831 Merritt,
Feb. 1908.

Native names : salit, tapulao, aguu, agoo.

Distribution: Burma; Cochin China; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; the Philippines.

2. Pinus insularis Endl. Syn. Conif. (1847) 157; Presl Epim. Bot. (1851)
37; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 390; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 212;
Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xliii, t. 98, f. C; Phan. Cum. Philip. (1885) 160; Rev.
PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 296; Ceron Cat. PL Herb. (1892) 188; Merr. in For.
Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 15; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 35; Merr. in
Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 6 (1904) 6; Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot.
325; Whitford Philip. For. Bur. Bull. 1 0 part 2 (1911) 26, pis. 2, 3.

P. insularis x P. merkusii Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. 1. c. 35.

Pinus sp. Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 15.

P. taeda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 767; Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.)
27 (1905) 82, non L. Sp. PL (1753) 1419 ex parte.

° The Forests of Mindoro. Philip. For. Bur. Bull. 8 (1908) 22.

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

171

P. khasya F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 212; Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.)
1 (1903) 15; non Royle ex Gord. in Lond. Gard. Mag. 16 (1840) 8.

P. timoriensis Loud. ? Arb. Brit. 4 : 2269.

Trees, 10-25 m tall and sometimes 75 cm in diameter. Leaves in
clusters of three, surrounded by a rather chaffy and persistent sheath
which is sometimes as much as 2 cm long but usually is much shorter.
Leaves long, flaccid, compressed, 3-sided, with marginal resin-canals,
18-20 cm long, 0.6-1 mm broad. Male aments numerous, thick, dense,
cylindraceous, obtuse, 18-22 mm long, 3.5-4 mm broad; antheriferous
bracts suborbicular ; anthers crested. Cones 2 or 3, verticillate, subter-
minal, the younger ones oblong on erect . branches, the adults on short
horizontal branches or subpendulous, ovate, conical, obtusely straight or
curved, short stalked, deflexed, 5-10 cm long, 3-6.5 cm in diameter;
falling when mature or persistent on the branches; cone-scales thick,
with a tumid apophysis, which is broader than long, and an elliptic umbo.
Meristele elliptic. Fibro-vascular bundle simple. Seed obovoid-conic
with large wing which drops off as the seed dries. Wing clear, occasion-
ally streaked or mottled with darker line’s. Seed pale-straw-color or pur-
plish, often of light color with splotches of brown or purple 5-7 mm
long, 2.5-3 mm in greater and 1.5-2 mm in lesser diameter. Extreme
length of wing 2 cm, extreme breadth of wing 8 mm. In order to get
some idea of the range of variability in size and shape of cones, 115 adult
cones from one locality in Benguet were measured. The length of these
varied from 5 to 8.4 cm, the width (open) from 4 to 6.2 cm. The
shape varied from narrowly cylindric-conic to broadly ovoid-conic. Cone
scales occasionally with the apophysis prolonged forward into a more or
less spiny point, or apophysis smooth in front. TJmbo small, deciduous
or sometimes persistent. The cones seem to take three years to mature.

This pine shows a striking resemblance in habit to P. ponderosa Dougl.
of the western United States.

The wood is used a good deal locally in northern Luzon. The resin
has been studied as a possible commercial source of turpentine ; but it
does not seem promising, because of the scattered nature of the stand.
The tree is very common in the mountains of northern Luzon.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur. 5652 Klemme: Province of Abra,
Bur. Sci. 7113 Ramos, For. Bur. 14616 Darling: Subprovince of Lepanto-Bontoc,
For. Bur. 11262 Klemme, For. Bur. 10969 Curran, Vanoverbergh 185: Subprovince
of Benguet, Ahern 830, 831, 832, 833, Scheerer, Ahern 852, Lardizibal, Topping
122, 123, m, Merrill 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, Bryant, For. Bur.
978, 979 Barnes, Ebner 6390, Williams 1205, 989, For. Bur. 5068, 5144, 5145,
5203, 10842, 10872, 10918 Curran, Bur. Sci. 2827, 2865 Hearns, For. Bur. 9639
ZschoJclce, For. Bur. 18002, 18005 Merritt, For. Bur. 18065, 18186, 18202 Curran,
Merritt & Zschokke, Bur. Sci. 8409, 8899 McGregor, Bur. Sci. 12908 Fenix:
Province of Pangasinan, Bur. Sci. 8290 Ramos: Province of Zambales, Merrill
2116 Irey, Merrill 2978 Garcia, Dec: Phil. For. FI. 76 Merrill, For. Bur. 7000,

172

FOXWORTHY.

7001 Curran, For. Bur. 8416, 8999, 9509 Curran & Merritt (Note with 8999,
“Height 80 feet, Diam. 20 in.; No. annual rings 100; merchantable length approx.
50 ft. ; mature, 2 and 3 year old cones. New cones all stages. Male flowers.
Very abundant forming pure stands. Tree cut on sample acre as average tree.
Sample acre showed 50 sound and 21 unsound trees over 12 in. in diam. Largest
tree 36 in. smallest tree 4 in. Very scanty reproduction, due mainly to fire”),
Bur. Sci. 4819, 5000 Ramos.

Found at elevations of from 300 to 2,700 m.

Native names : saleng, al-al, parua, balibo, boo-boo, bulbul, tapulao.

Distribution: Philippine Islands and Timor.

Class VI. GNETALES.

Trunk simple or branched. Vascular bundles collateral. Vessels pres-
ent in secondary wood. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers unisexual
or apparently perfect, with perianth-segments united into a floral en-
velope and more or less enclosed by involucral bracts. Pistillate flowers
with ovules of uniform size. Fruit structures rather various. Cotyle-
dons 2. Eesin-canals wanting.

GNETACEAE.

Subfamily G-netoideae. The grown plants are generally woody climb-
ers with a twining stem, more rarely erect bushes or trees. The round
stems are swollen and jointed at the nodes, where are borne in decussating
pairs the simple, stalked, feathei’-veined, exstipulate, evergreen leaves.
In germination the cotyledons are carried up on a long hypocotyl, a lateral
outgrowth (or sucker) of which remains in the seed and absorbs the en-
dosperm for the benefit of the seedling. The flowers are generally
dioecious and borne in axillary and terminal, simple or branched spikes,
associated with the decussate-opposite bracts. The very numerous (to
forty) male flowers are arranged in several whorls above each pair of
bracts; the series terminates in a simple whorl of sterile female flowers.
On the female spikes the flowers are arranged in whorls of three to eight.
In both sexes they are surrounded at the base by' numerous jointed hairs.
The male flowers have a tubular perianth with a contracted mouth, which
shows an indication of two lobes. The slender floral axis projects above
it and terminates in two laterally placed sessile unilocular anthers with
transverse dehiscence. Pistillate flowers with sack-like involucre. Ovule
with two integuments, the second of which is absent from the sterile ovules
in the male inflorescence. In the fruiting stage the perianth becomes
fleshy and the outer integument woody, the whole having the appearance
of a drupe. By cross and longitudinal divisions of the embryo-sac mother-
cell there are developed several embryo-sac fundaments ; a parietal stand-
ing layer of nuclei are developed and from one of these is developed the
single embryo, after fertilization.

“The secondary wood contains numerous large vessels. Climbers, such
as Gnetum scandens, resemble, in the mode' of secondary thickening of

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

173

the stem, Oycas and the climbing stems of Menispermaceae among the
Dicotyledons, where the growth of the original ring of bundles ceases
after a time, and a second ring is formed in the cortex, which is simi-
larly followed by a third, and so on.” 7

A single genns, Gnetum, with about 20 species, in the tropics of both
hemispheres.

I can distinguish but four Philippine species, two trees and two
climbing vines. The common one is Gnetum latifolium Bl. which is
found throughout the Malay region and which is doubtfully distinct
from G. scandens Eoxb. No authentic material of the latter species
has been available to me, but the descriptions make the two species seem
very much alike.

KEY TO PHILIPPINE SPECIES OE GNETUM.

a. Trees.

b. Fruit sessile _ 1. G. gnemon

bb. Fruit stalked 2. G. arboreum

aa. Climbers.

b. Large vine, twigs coarse, leaves, or some of them, acuminate at apex;

staminate flower cluster more than 15 mm in length 3. G. latifolium

bb. Slender vine, twigs fine, leaves not acuminate; staminate flower cluster not
more than 15 mm in length 4. G. minus

1. Gnetum gnemon L. Mant. 1 (1767) 125; Lam. Eneycl. Meth. Bot. 2 (1786)

764; Willd., Sp. PI. 4 1 (1787) 591; Blume, Tijd. Nat. Gesch. 1 (1834) 160;
Roxb. FI. Ind. 3 (1832) 518; Endl. Syn. Conif. (1847) 250; Blume, Rumpliia
4 (1848) 3, t. 176, t. 178 B, f. 5; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1067; Pari, in
DC. Prodr. 1 6 2 (1868) 349; Vidal, Phan. Cum. Philip. (1885) 160; Rev.
PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 295; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 641; Ceron Cat.
PI. Herb. (1892) 187; Karsten in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 11 (1893) 203;
Koorders, Meded. ’s Lands. Plant. 19 (1898) 265; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900.)
195; Schumann & Lauterbaeh, FI. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. (1901) 156; Koorders
& Valeton, Bijd. Ken. Boomsoort. Java 9 (1903) 349; Merr. in For. Bur. Bull.
(Philip.) 1 (1903) 16; Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 82; Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 24; Koorders-Schumacher, Syst. Verz. Herb. Koord.
3 (1911) Gnetaeeae 1.

G. sylvestris Brongniart in Duperrey Voy. Bot. (1828) 12.

G. ovalifolium Poir. in Encycl. Suppl. 2 (1786) 810.

G. brunonianum Griff, in Lindl. Vegetable Kingdom (1846) 233, f. 16 h;
Notulae 4 (1854) 30; in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 22 (1859) 308; Beccari, Malesia
1 (1877) 183.

G. griffithii Pari, in A.DC. Prodr. 16 - (1868) 349.

G. gnemon sylvestris F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 210.

G. gnemon laurinum F.-Vill. 1. c. 210.

-s G. domestica mas Rumph. Herb. Amb. 1 (1750) 181-183.

G. domestica femina Rumph. 1. c.

G. silvestris Rumph. 1. c.

Mail-Ombi Rheede, Hort. Malab. 5 (1685) 51, t. 26.

Mala Elengi Rheede 1. c. 109, t. 55 ?.

7 From Rendle, Classif. of Flowering Plants 1 (1904) 123.

174

FOXWORTHY.

A large shrub or small tree, sometimes 10-15 m tall and 10-20 cm
in diameter breast high. Bark light-colored, thin and finely fissured.
Wood hard and heavy, pale-yellowish or whitish in color. Leaves small
or large, coriaceous or chartaceous, greenish or yellowish-green in drying,
very variable in size and shape, ovate-obl'qhg or- lanceolate, tapering to
both ends or broader at the base; large specimens 11-18 cm long and
4-7 cm wide. Ripe fruit reddish, sessile, very variable i'n size and shape.
The ripe fruit ,is commonly eaten, after cooking. The leaves are also
cooked and eaten and the bark furnishes a strong bast fiber which is
used in making- cordage.

A tree of rather scattered occurrence but wide distribution in the
lowland forests and on low ridges.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Merrill 2516, Williams 505, 113, For. Bur. 178
Barnes, For. Bur. 614, 637, 2490 Borden, Whitford 1036, 1078, 1253, For. Bur.
2501 Meyer, Bur. Sci. 1601, 1602 Foxworthy : Province of La Laguna, For. Bur.
10130 Curran: Province of Tayabas, Bur. Sci. 13197 Foxworthy & Ramos. Min-
doro, Jose Nable 19, For. Bur. 6185 Merritt. Leyte, Elmer 7087, 7348. Min-
danao, Province of Surigao, Ahern 349, 410 Quadras: District of Zamboanga,
For. Bur. 9155 Whitford & Hutchinson. Palawan, Merrill 848.

Native name: Bago. This same name is used for This plant in various parts
of the Malay Archipelago.

Said to be cultivated throughout the Netherlands Indies and to have a large
number of varieties. Africa; tropical Asia; Malay Peninsula; Java; Borneo;
Celebes; Amboina; Moluccas; New Guinea; Pacific Islands; the Philippines.

2. Gnetum arboreum sp. nov. Plate XXXII.

Arbor 7 m altus, 10 cm diametro. Fructus pedicellatus.

A tree, 7 m tall and 10 cm in diameter. Leaves elliptic, acuminate
at apex and cuneate at base, tapering into the slightly winged petiole
which is canaliculate above, 5-9 cm long and 2. 5-4. 5 cm wide. Second-
ary veins 6-8, with connection of veins as in G. latifolium Bl. Fruit
orange-red on short branch. In our material this branch is only 3.5
cm long with four internodes. Only two fruits are left' on the type
and these are each about 2.5 cm long and 17-18 mm in diameter, taper-
ing at apex and base, small mucro at apex. Pedicels about 2 cm long.

The appearance of this form is what one might except if a small-
leaved form of G. latifolium . were to acquire the tree habit. Found at
an elevation of more than 900 m, on Mt. Binuang in the former district
of Infanta, Tayabas Province, Luzon.

Type: Bur. Sci. No. 9439, collected by C. B. Robinson, Aug. 28, 1909.

3. Gnetum latifolium Blume in Nov. Fam. (1833) 30, et in Hoev. & De Vriese,
Tijd. Nat. Gesch. 1 (1834) 162; Rumphia 4 (1S48) 5, t. 174; Endl. Syn. Conif.
(1847) 251; Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 236; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1067;
Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16" (1868) 350; Beccari, Malesia 1 (1877) 181; F.-Vill.
Noviss. App. (1880) 210; Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xlii, t. 97, f. A; Phan.
Cum. Philip. (1885) 160; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 295; Ceron, Cat. PI.

PHILIPPINE GYMNOSPERMS.

175

Herb. (1892) 187; Karsten in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 11 (1893) 209; Koorders
Meded. ’s Lands Plant. 19 (1898) 265; Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 195, 197;
Schumann & Lauterbaeh, FI. Deutsch. Schutzgeb- (1901) 158; Koorders & Yaleton
Bijd. Ken. Boomsoort. Java 9 (1903) 352; Usteri, Beitr. Ken. Phil. Veg. (1905)
134; Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 82; Philip. Journ. Sci.
1 (1906) Suppl. 25; Koorders-Schumacher, Syst. Verz. Herb. Koord. 3 (1911)
Gnetaeeae 1.

Abutua indica Lour. FI. Coch. 2 (1790) 630; Juss. in Lam. Eneyc. Bot. Suppl.

1 (1810) 35. This is the oldest name; but I have not seen Loureiro’s specimen.
Gnetum funiculare Blume Nov. Fam. (1833) ; Ann. Sci. Nat. II 2 (1834) 106;

Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. 1 (1834) 162, 4; Rumphia 4 (1848) 7; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.

2 (1859) 1068; Endl. Syn. Conif. (1847) 252; Pari, in DC. Prodr. 16
(1868) 351; Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. (1828) 12; Kurz in Flora 55 (1872)
350; For. FI. 2 (1877) 496; Hook. f. in FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 643; F.-Vill.
Noviss. App. (1883) 211.

Thoa pendula Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 746.

Thoa edulis Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 514, non Willd. Sp. PL 4 (1805) 477.
G. philippinense Warburg, Monsunia 1 (1900) 196.

G. scandens Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 8 (1903) 32, 114, 153;
F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 211, non Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 66.

Gnemon funicularis Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5 (1747) 12, t. 8.

Coarse woody vines of large size, climbing on trees in rather thick
forest, from sea level np to abont 600 m. Leaves membranous or char-
taceous, usually becoming black in drying, oval or elliptic, acute, obtuse,
acuminate or mucronulate at apex, rounded at base or narrowed into the
short petiole which is sometimes winged at the side and canaliculate on
its upper surface. Leaves 6-25 cm long, 2-10 cm wide ; secondary veins
usually 5-7 pairs, usually bending upward toward the edge of the leaf
and uniting with other veins. I can not follow Karsten in classification
by styles of venation. There is very great variation in size and shape
of leaves upon the same plant. Male flower-clusters fasciculate or race-
mose, rarely solitary, terminal ; 30-50 mm long, peduncles 8-20 mm long,
flowers in many series of crowded whorls. Female inflorescences axillary,
fasciculate, the whole inflorescence sometimes as much as 250 mm long,
individual branches long-stalked, 50-80 mm long, of about 10-15 whorls
of uniseriate flowers and with short internodes. Fruit orange-red, 25-30
mm long with a pedicel 5-8 mm long.

Fruit roasted and eaten. The inner coat, with its covering of hairs,
has to be removed before the fruit is edible. The bast is used for cordage.
This species is much sought as a source of drinking water in the forest.
The vessels will flow a good quantity of fine clear water when a section is
taken out of the trunk.

I am by no means sure that this species is distinct from G. scandens
Roxb., but it is the form commonly referred to this species in the Malay
region. G. negledum Bl., which F.-Vill. credits to the Philippines is
not given with any citation of specimens and it may be considered as

176

FOXWORTHY.

probably not found in the Philippines, if indeed, it is distinct from this
species.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 7081 Klemme: Snbprovince of Benguet,
Elmer 8711/, Bur. Sci. '12681 Fenix: Province of Tarlac, Loher 7135: Province
of Pampanga, Merrill 11/58 Garcia: Province of Zambales, Hallier s. n., For.
Bur. 8158 Curran & Merritt: Province of Bataan, Williams 27, 51/3, Merrill 3158,
For. Bur. 161 Barnes, For. Bur. 1805 Borden, Whitford 1236, For. Bur. 51/61/,
7371/, t7 37 5 Curran: Province of Rizal, Warhurg 131/91, Guerrero 29, Dec. Phil.
For. FI. 120 Ahern’s coll., For. Bur. 2876 Ahern’s coll., Bur. Sci. 100 Foxworthy:
Province of Batangas, Cuming 151/9: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 15055
Curran. Polillo, Bur. Sci. 1031/1 McGregor. Mindoro, For. Bur. 1/117, 111/83
Merritt. Leyte, Elmer 731/6, For. Bur. 12793 Rosenhluth. Mindanao, District
of Butuan, Merrill 7301/: District of Davao, Williams s. n. : District of Lanao,
Mrs. Clemens 1/12, s. n., 691. Palawan, Merrill 71/7.

Native name culiat. This same name is applied to this plant in various parts
of the Netherlands Indies.

Distribution: British India and Burma, Cochin China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
Celebes, the Moluccas, New Guinea.

4. Gnetum minus sp. nov. Plate XXXIII.

Scandens. G. scandenti (ex descr.) simile sed minus. Folia elliptica
vel oblonga, 4.5-9 cm longa, 3-4 cm lata ; amentis masculis 1-3, fascicu-
latis, cylindraceis, 6-14 mm longis, 3-4 mm latis. Amenta feminea
ignota.

With rather slender twigs. Leaves elliptic or oblong, tapering to both
ends, acute or obtuse at apex and more or less cuneate at' base, tapering
into the slightly winged petiole, which is sometimes canaliculate above ;
dark-green above, slightly lighter beneath, becoming very much darker,
but not black, in drying, 4.5-9 cm long, 3-4 cm wide; secondary veins
5-8 pairs. 'Venation as in G. latifolium ; margin of leaf slightly thick-
ened or inrolled. Staminate flower-clusters terminal on short lateral
branches, 1-3 in a cluster, each one 6-14 mm long and 3-4 mm in
diameter, of 5-10 whorls. Peduncle 1-9 mm long. Pistillate flower-
clusters and fruit not seen.

Collected by Dr. E. A. Mearns near Baguio, Subprovince of Benguet, Luzon,
in April 1907, Bur. Sci. 2513.

Possibly only a small form of G. latifolium.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXVI.

Fig. 1. Gycas circinalis L. Immature 5 cone. Bur. Sci. 3281. Photograph by
Martin.

2. Gycas circinalis L. Immature J1 cone. Plant cultivated in Manila. Pho-
tograph by Foxworthy.

Plate XXVII.

Gycas sp. From Palawan. cone. For. Bur. 381/2 . Photograph by Martin.

Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 1. Dacrydium falciforme (Pari.) Pilger. For. Bur. 1/1/25. Photograph by
Martin.

2. Podocarpus blumei Endl. For. Bur. 11/1. Photograph by Martin.

Plate XXIX.

Fig. 1. Podocarpus glaucus Foxw. Merrill 5672. Photograph by Martin.

2. Podocarpus brevifolius (Stapf) Foxw. For. Bur. 9511. Photograph by
Martin.

Plate XXX.

Podocarpus philippinensis Foxw. Bur. Sci. 5171/. Photograph by Martin.

Plate XXXI.

Phyllocladus protractus (Warb.) Pilger. ^ For. Bur. 10957. J For. Bur.
18361/. Drawn by T. S. Espinosa.

Plate XXXII.

Gnetum arboreum Foxw. Bur. Sci. 91/39. Drawn by T. E. Espinosa.

Plate XXXIII.

Gnetum minus Foxw. Bur. Sci. 2513. Drawn by T. S. Espinosa.

177

Foxworti-iy : Philippine Gymnosperms.]

i.. Vol. VI, No. 3.

Fig. 2. PODOCARPUS BLUMEI

Foxworthy : Philippine Gymnosperms.]

[Phil. Jodrn. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 3.

Plate

PODOCARPUS PHILIPPINENSIS Foxw.

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 3.

Foxworthy : Philippine Gymnosperms.]

Drawn by T. S. Espinosa.

Plate XXXII. GNETUM ARBOREUM Foxw.

Poxworthy : Philippine Gymnosperms.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 3.

Drawn by T. S. Espinosa.

Plate XXXIII. GNETUM MINUS Foxw.

The Philippine Journal of Science, G. Botany.
Yol. VI, No. 3, July, 1911.

BEDARU AND BILLIAN : TWO IMPORTANT BORNEO
TIMBER TREES.

By Fred W. Foxworthy.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

BEDARU.

Urandra corniculata (Becc.) comb. nov.

Platea corniculata Becc. in Malesia T (1877) ,117.

This plant .is variously known as bedaru, bedaro,. pedaro, daru and daroo. It
produces a wood which is very highly esteemed1 and which is undoubtedly one
of the best in Borneo. The wood is best known in Sarawak; but it is also to
be found oh the Singapore market and is said to come from Sumatra.

Flowering material, furnished by Mr. J. C. Moulton, Curator of the Sarawak
Museum, was sent to Dr. Beccari for comparison. Dr. Beccari writes that this
material represents the species described by him under the name of Platea corni-
culata, from rather incomplete material in the botanic gardens at Buitenzorg.
It is apparent to me, from examining the material sent by Mr. Moulton, that
the plant is a Urandra. It is therefore necessary to make the new combination
Urandra corniculata (Becc.) Foxw. This plant is represented in the herbarium
of the Bureau of Science by good flowering material collected by Mr. J. C. Moulton
near Kuching in May 1909 and by Foxworthy 10Jf, in bud, collected near Lundu,
Sarawak, May 1908.

BILLIAN.

Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsin. & Binn. in Natur. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie
25 (1862) 292, pi.; Benth & Hook. f. Gen. ’ Plant. 3 1 (1880) 155; Miquel,
Sumatra, seine Pfianzenwelt (1862) 93; Van Eeden, Houtsoorten van Neder-
landsehe Oost-Indie, Bui. Kol. Mus. te Haarlem (1906) 205; Beccari, Nelle
foreste di Borneo 581; Bargagli-Petrucei, in Malpighia (1902) 18; Foxwortliy
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 452; Ridley in Agrie. Bull. S. S. & F. M. S.
1 ( 1901 ) 247 ; Blits, De Anatomische .Bouw der Oost-Indische Ijzerhoutsoorten,
Bui. Kol. Mus. te Haarlem 19: 27.

Bihania borneensis Meissn. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1864) 96.

Eusideroxilon borneense Villar Noviss. App. (1880) 179. Villar reduced

Salgada lawriflora, Blanco, FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 221 to this. He was mistaken
in considering that species an Eusideroxylon. It is really a Gryptocarya, as
Merrill has shown.2

1 Indo-Malayan Woods, This Journal 4 (1909) Bot. 492.

2 Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 73; Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909)
Bot. 254, Gryptocarya lauriflora (Blanco) Merr.

179

180

FOXWORTHY.

The true billian or Borneo ironwood was collected by me on the Island of
Tawi Tawi recently (Bur. Sci. 10833, Jan. 19, 1910). It is there known by the
name of tambulian, and is found in a strip of wet forest which shows very
much the natural habitat of billian where it reaches its best development in
Borneo. Also collected by W. Klemme, For. Bur. 22522, January, 1911. The
wood has also been reported from one of the small islands just south of Mindanao,
so it is probable that the species will be found to have a more extended range
than is shown by the specimens cited.

One of the small islands of the Sulu group has the name of Tambulian, but
is said to have none of this tree on it at the present time. The known range of
the species is now Sumatra, Banka, Billiton, Borneo, the Philippines.

In Tawi Tawi, as elsewhere (T. & B. 1. c. 290; Miquel 1. e. 93; Beccari 1. c.
566, 581; Foxworthy, 1. c. 452), different varieties of this tree seem to be
recognized. Two different sizes and shapes of leaves are found and two different
sizes and shapes of fruit. One form of fruit is almost spherical and another
is long ellipsoid. Whether these are merely chance variations or specific dif-
ferences I do not know; but, from the fact that they seem to occur under the
same natural conditions, the differently shaped fruits being found together on
the ground under the same tree, I incline to the former view. However, this
is a question which can only be settled by a more detailed study of living trees.

A very conspicuous feature of the tree habit, which I have not seen mentioned
in descriptions of the tree, is that the young leaves have a beautiful coppery
red color and are thin membranous in texture. This makes the tree recognizable
at some little distance in the jungle. The bark is thin, gray and fissured, with
fissures extending in a longitudinal direction.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 3, July, 1911.

SAP1NDACEAE NOVAE PHILIPPIN ARUM INSULAE POLILLO.

Auctore L. Radlkofer.
(Munich, Bavaria.)

Allophylus leucocladus Radik, sp. nov.

Arbuscula ; rami teretes, cortice albissimo laevi; folia 3-foliolata, ma-
juscula, petiolis sat longis robustis supra subsulcatis puberulis; foliola
late elliptico-lanceolata, intermedia subobovata, omnia breviter obtuse
acuminata, in petiolulos conspicuous attenuata, supra medium obsolete
dentata, subcoriacea, nervis lateralibus remotiusculis procurvis in dentes
excurrentibus, laxe subclathrato-venosa et subtiliter reticulata, fusces-
centia, subtus pallide viridia, praeter axillas nervorum barbatas subglabra ;
thyrsi simplices, solitarii, folia superantes, pubemli, fere a basi dense
attamen ± interrupte cincinnigeri ; flores mediocres, glabri'; fructus —
(non suppetebant) .

Rami 3 mm crassi. Folia petiolo 2. 5-6. 5 cm longo adjecto 13-23
cm longa; foliola cum petiolulis 0.6-1 cm longis 11-16 cm longa, 5-8
cm lata, lateralia minora. Thyrsus (unus tantum suppetebat) 21 cm
longus. Alabastra diametro 1.5-2 mm. Sepala margine glanduloso-
pilosa ; petala cuneata; discus glaber ; stamina inferne villosa.

Quodammodo accedit ad A. leptococcum R. et hoc mediante ad A. ter-
natum R. ; ab utroque inter alia differt cortice albo, ab A. ternato insuper
thyrso praelongo.

In Philippinarum insula Polillo, Bur. Sci. 6880 Robinson, (m. Aug. 1909 fl. ;
comm, ex Hb. Manil.)

Otophora oliviformis Radik, sp. nov.

Arbor mediocris; folia ad trunci apicem congesta, magna, sessilia, ca.
7-juga, rhachi tereti striata praesertim superne setuloso-hirsuta; foliola
opposita, late oblonga, vel inferiora elliptica, breviter obtusa acuminata,
basi obtusa inaequaliter subcordata petiolulo perbrevi tumido setuloso
insidentia, membranaceo-chartacea, nervis lateralibus procurvis subtus
prominentibus, laxe reticulato-venosa, praeter nervi mediani basin parce
setulosam glabra, supra livida, subtus pallidiora, praesertim supra nitida,
epidermidis inferioris cellulis pachydermicis margine punctatis, utrinque

102601- 4 181

182

RADLKOFER.

glandulis cylindricis e cellulis 12-20 uniseriatis exstructis basi prof unde
immersis ornata, infirna (stipuliformia) parva, sessilia, ovata ; thyrsi e
trunco enascentes, solitarii (?), sessiles, valde elongafi, rhachi sat dense
cincinnigera striata glabra fuscopurpurea ; cincinni sessiles; fructus bac-
catus, oliviformis, incomplete 2-lociilaris, glaber, rubicundus (siccus cin-
namomeus), longiuscule pedicellatus, stigmate sessili obsolete bilobo coro-
natus; semina — (immatura tantum suppetebant) .

Arbor 10-metralis. Folia parte rhacheos petiolari 17 cm longa inclusa
60 cm longa, inter jugis 6-8 cm longis ; foliola cum petiolulis ad 6 mm
longis 17-28 cm longa, ad 8.5 cm lata. Thyrsus (unus tantum sup-
petebat) 32 cm longus, pedicelli prope basin articulati 14 mm longi.
Fructus 2 cm longus, 1.2 cm latus.

In Philippinarum insula Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10330 McGregor, (m. Oct.-Nov. 1909,
fr. ; comm, ex lib. Manil.)

Dictyoneura rhomboidea Radik, sp. nov.

Arbor ( ?) ; rami teretes, striati, fusci, superne fulvo-puberuli ; folia
abrupte pinnata, petiolo teretiusculo, rhachi puberula; foliola 10-12,
subopposita, ex ovali manifeste rhomboidea, apice breviter obtuse acu-
rninato obsolete paucidentata, basi valde inaequilatera (latere interiors
latiore) petiolulis perbrevibus insidentia, membranacea, utrinque subtil-
iter reticulato-venosa, minutim pellueido-punctata, glandulis lepidoideis
adspersa, praeter nervos supra pilosulos glabra; thyrsi axillares, eramosi,
striati, puberuli; flores — (non suppetebant) ; fructus majores, obovoidei
coccinei, extus glabri, granulati, intus praeter septum dense rufo-pilosi,
loculicide bivalves, abortu 1-spermi ; semen ovoideum, nigro-fuscum, nit-
idum, ventre usque ad medium arillo ochroleuco vestitum.

Eami 5 mm crassi. Folia petiolo 3-4 cm longo adjecto ca. 24 cm
longa; foliola cum petiolulis 1.5 mm longis '7-9 cm longa, 2. 5-3. 5 cm
lata. Thyrsi 9-15 cm longi; pedicelli basi articulati 3-4 mm longi.
Fructus ca. 1.4 cm longus, 1—1.2 cm crassus.

In Philippinarum insula Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10359 McGregor, (m. Oct.-Nov.
1909, fr. ; comm, ex Hb. Manil.)

Trigonachras cuspidata Radik, sp. nov.

Arbor sat alta; rami, thyrsi petiolique glabriusculi ; folia abrupte. pin-
nata, petiolo rhachique teretiusculis ; foliola 6, opposita vel subopposita,
oblongo-lanceolata, inaequilatera, subfalcata, in. acumen acutum cuspi-
diforme desinentia, in petiolulos longiusculos basi incrassatos attenuata,
subcoriacea, nervis lateralibus subtilibus proeurvis vel in latere angus-
tiore obliquis supra prominulis, glabra, praesertim supra nitida, glandulis
maculiformibus nullis, parcius pellueido-punctata, epidermide mucigera;
thyrsi ad ramorum apices axillares, folia dimidia aequantes, pedunculo
sat longo, rhachi praesertim superne sat dense cincinnigera, pedicellis

SAPINDACEAE NOVAE PHILIPPINARUM.

183

fructigeris valde incrassatis rhachi duplo crassioribus ; flores — (non sup-
petebant) ; capsnla magna, trigono-clavata, apiculata, glabra, anrantiaca,
intus tomento villoso alutaceo indnta; semen oblongum, teretinscnlnm,
testa coriaceo-crustacea spadicea laevi exarillata.

Arbor 10-metralis. Eami 5 mm crassi. Folia petiolo 5-6 cm longo
adjecto ad 26 cm longa; foliola cnm petiolnlis 1-1.5 cm longis 12-18
cm longa, 3.5-5 cm lata. Thyrsi pedunculo ca. 4 cm longo incluso ad
15 cm longi; pedicelli frnctigeri ca. 1 cm longi, 3-4 mm crassi. Capsnla
4.5 cm longa, 2-2.5 cm lata. Semen 1.5 cm longum, 6 mm crassnm.

In Philippinarum insula Polillo, For. Bur. 1J/11 Bagger , Jul. 1904, fr. ; comm,
ex Hb. Manil.)

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 3, July, 1911.

BOTANICAL NOTES UPON THE ISLAND OF POLILLO.

By 0. B. Robinson.

( From, the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

The Island of Polillo lies off the eastern coast of Luzon, its southern
extremity being almost in the same latitude as Manila. Published esti-
mates give it an area of 852 sq km, making it sixteenth in size of the
islands of the Philippine Archipelago. Recent surveys have shown that
the outline indicated upon older maps is inaccurate, and the corrected
area will probably be somewhat larger than that given here. Its greatest
length is about 56 km, roughly from northwest to southeast, it is widest
near its northern end and narrowest near the middle.

The nearest point on the Island of Luzon is about 32 Ion distant, and
depths of nearly 180 m have been recorded in the interval. A reef runs
from the lower end of the bay in which the town of Polillo is situated
for several miles toward the opposite coast -near Infanta. The northern
end of the island is fringed by coral reefs extending 5 to 1 km from the
shore. To the east lie several much smaller islands, beyond which the
Pacific attains a great depth, with no land nearer in this direction than
the Mariannes. Luzon is more distant to the south than to the west, but
the water is shallower and the gap somewhat bridged by islands. Polillo
is therefore one of the most isolated of the larger islands of the
Philippines.

Except for cultivated land, Polillo is nearly everywhere covered with
virgin forest, waste land being of very slight extent. The population is
now estimated at over 3,000, but there are only two places of any im-
portance, the town of Polillo near the southern extremity of the western
coast, and the barrio of Burdeos, some miles "north of Polillo and on the
opposite side of the island. Apart from* these, settlement is more scat-
tered than is usual in the Philippines, but confined to narrow strips along
the coasts, the northern excepted, clearings rarely going in more than 1
km and never more than 3 km. The northern part is inhabited by Ne-
gritos, at least so-called, with no definite locations, and is practically
unknown, The interior is hilly, but the elevations are never great, the

185

186

ROBINSON.

summit of Mount Malulud, the highest point, . being only 340 m above
the sea. There are many ravines and small rivers.

Until recently, practically nothing was known about its flora. On
Dr. Warburg’s visit to the eastern coast df Luzon, he sent a collector
to the Island, and the speoimens obtained are in the Berlin herbarium.
One species, Ardisia pirifolia Mez, has been described from this source.
In 1904, Mr. B. Hagger, of the Forestry Bureau, collected a few species,
one of which is the type of Trigonachras cuspidata Radik., not sub-
sequently obtained there or elsewhere. My stay upon Polillo began
exactly with the month of August, 1909, and continued until the 24th
of that month. Mr. R. C. McGregor, ornithologist of this Bureau,
arrived about a week after my departure, and remained until November
19, making extensive botanical collections, except at the beginning of
his stay. Our routes were much the same. Both made headquarters
in the town of Polillo, and explored the vicinity in many directions, both
crossed by the same trail to Burdeos, one thereafter working to the north
and the other to the south of that place, neither visited the extreme north
of the island.

The general result was disappointing. The total of the collection num-
bers is 878, to which will be added several epiphyllous lichens, the flower-
ing plants alone number 631. Many additional species of flowering
plants are represented by leaves bearing epiphyllous hepatics or lichens,
but not otherwise, as they were not found in flower or fruit during
our stay. These are not enumerated. Frequently^ the same species was
obtained by both collectors, but one of the most remarkable features of
the exploration was that this did not occur more frequently. At the
beginning of his stay, Mr. McGregor made few collections, through fear
that he would merely duplicate the earlier work, and throughout passed
by the commoner weeds for this reason. Then again, no two persons,
passing over the same ground in a tropical forest, would make exactly
identical collections. The real explanation is seasonal. August is the
end of the dry season on Polillo, the time of change is somewhat variable,
but occurred in the interval between the two periods. Iiow great a
difference these causes produced is shown by the following figures :

BOTANICAL NOTES.

187

To this should be added about 30 numbers of palms and orchids, which
will show similar proportions between duplicated and single collections,
with a small balance in favor of the later months. The mosses, 28 num-
bers, and the fungi probably contain little of interest. On the other
hand, the lichens are expected to add materially to the list of Philippine
species. In spite of the disparity in numbers, Mr. McGregor’s collection
was the more interesting of the two.

As practically all belong to the Bureau of Science series, they will be
cited by number only, except in the case of new species. Mr. McGregor’s
numbers are from 10210 to 10574 and 10761 to 10783, mine are 6792,
6831 to 7000, .9001 to 9308, and 9592 to 9597.

The island is peculiarly rich in epiphyllous hepatics and lichens, the
former much the more abundant in August, the latter forming a greater
percentage later in the year. This feature had been noted by Mr.
J. B. Leiberg, who had previously visited the island. They occur at all
elevations, but are somewhat most abundant just within the outer fringe
of vegetation along the coast. They are practically always confined to
the upper surface of mature leaves, and in the humid atmosphere of
Polillo seem to have no difficulty in reaching the fruiting stage within
such a period as the length of the life of the leaf will permit. As yet,
the determinations of the lichens have not been received, but the hepatics
have yielded a high percentage of novelties.

On the other hand, but one genus of flowering plants was obtained
which was not previously recorded from the Philippines, and it has since
been found by two collectors on other islands. There are herein indicated
as endemic to Polillo only 14. species of flowering plants, to which a
very few may subsequently be added. where the material is in the hands
of specialists, or is insufficient for certain determination. None of the
ferns are endemic, and with hardly an exception, they are of wide distri-
bution. In the enumeration of the species, those that are known to be
of general or wide distribution in the Philippines are merely listed.
However, when the species has previously been collected on but few
occasions, or when the collections, however numerous, seem to have been
confined to definite regions, the range is given.

It is from these cases of more or less restricted distribution that the
most notable results of the exploration have been . obtained. Several
such eases excited comment until it was found that with rare excep-
tions they seemed to follow along definite lines. These indications have
been investigated, with many species not collected' on Polillo, and con-
firm the conclusions based on the species of that island, so that it, is
possible to offer a somewhat definite theory, of distribution.

The plants of the Benguet-Lepanto mountain region have' long been
known to differ greatly from those of the less elevated provinces, and
to find their allies on the higher mountains throughout the Archipelago,

188

ROBINSON.

or without the Philippines altogether, often to the north. It now
seems possible to divide the lower levels into two zones, roughly western
Luzon and the rest of the Philippines.

For fear of misunderstanding, it may be stated at the outset that
there are very many species that are found in both these regions, some-
times equally commonly in both, others more common in the one than
in the other, and that these are not only weeds, and plants of the parang
or jungle, but true forest species as well. It may further be postulated,
that as the flora of the levels under discussion is undoubtedly Malayan,
it is the northern extension which requires examination.

Now, so far as the present state of our knowledge permits statement,
it is certainly the. case that many species of the more southern islands of
the Philippines extend up the east coast of Luzon, but not up the
western; apparently a much smaller element extends up the western
but not up the eastern; it has already been stated- that a third extends
up both.

Moreover, this division is at once geographic and ecologic, from the
standpoint of the plants ecologic, but the ecology based on rainfall, and
that in turn on the location of the principal mountain masses of Luzon.
The west coast of Luzon has a prolonged dry season; on the east coast
the rain is much more uniformly distributed, and the dry periods are
of much shorter duration.

Luzon has also a southern coast and the evidence available indicates
that it is for this purpose to be classed with the eastern. Moreover
the mountain ranges are not continuous. Consequently the plants of
the eastern coast are often also found in Laguna, on the slopes of Mount
Maquiling and Banajao. North of Banajao and Banajao de Lucban,
the divide between the Lake and the Pacific is less elevated, and its
western slope is more nearly opposite the eastern slope of these moun-
tains. We would therefore expect, and we do find, that many plants
found on these two mountains also occur on the western slope of the
Pacific divide, and in many cases extend also to the hilly country in
the northeast of Rizal or even farther to the north. A still farther
western extension is to the hills in the east of Bulacan, which has here
been included in the western slope of Luzon, causing several of the
exceptions hereinafter noted, these more nominal than real. Polillo is
politically a part of the Province of Tayabas, but when Tayabas is
named in the lists of distribution, the reference is to the mainland only:
similarly, Rizal refers only to the hill district in the northeast of that
province.

The further distribution of the more localized flowering plants of

BOTANICAL NOTES.

189

Polillo' almost defies tabulation, but the following summary will indicate

its nature.

Endemic 14

Not endemic, but with no other Philippine locality 4

Tayabas only 14

Tayabas, and the Visayas, or Mindoro, or Mindanao 5

Tayabas, and two or more of preceding 8

Luzon, south of Tayabas, only 2

Luzon, south of Tayabas, and Mindanao 1

Tayabas, Luzon south of Tayabas, and more southern islands 9

Visayas only 8

Mindoro only 4

Mindanao only 8

Two or more of southern groups of islands 6

Palawan only 1

Luzon, south of Tayabas, Visayas, and Mindanao 2

Luzon south of Tayabas, Visayas, Mindanao, and Mindoro 1

Laguna and Rizal, each 1

Tayabas and Laguna or Rizal, or all three 5

Tayabas and Laguna or Rizal, or all, with further southward

extension 8

Laguna or Rizal, not Tayabas, but farther south 12

Cagayan and Isabela, each 1

Batanes or Babuyanes to Luzon south of Tayabas 1

Batanes or Babuyanes to still farther south 4

Cagayan or Ilocos Norte to Luzon south of Tayabas 1

Cagayan or Ilocos Norte to Visayas 2

Cagayan or Ilocos Norte to still farther south • 9

Benguet to Tayabas 1

Bontoc, or Benguet, or Nueva Vizcaya, or Nueva Ecija to
Mindoro or farther south 6

None of these are yet known from western Luzon, and they comprise
all the species whose distribution was sufficiently restricted to be con-
sidered worthy of mention, except 12. Two of the exceptions are known
from Polillo and Bataan only, Luisia foxworthii Ames and Dysoxylum
altissimum Merr. : in neither case is the identification quite certain.
Of the remaining 10, locations are known- on the western slope, and
with one exception on other parts of the eastern besides Polillo. Pour
of these are widely distributed on the eastern slope, but on the western
known only from eastern Bulacan, three of the four are dipterocarps,
a group which has been very carefully investigated. Moreover, Ardisia
pirifolia is at best very doubtfully distinct from a species of very wide
Philippine distribution, and the collections identified as Diospyros nitida
from Polillo, the only known east coast station, are not typical. Ischae-
mum intermedium and Procris philippinensis will probably prove to have
a wide but local distribution, while Astronia williamsii and Jasminum
macrocarpum appear to range across central Luzon.

190

ROBINSON.

Much of the apparent peculiarity in the distribution of the Polillo
species is undoubtedly due to the paucity of collections from certain
localities. Thus, it is to be expected that the 8 that are known from
Polillo and Mindanao only, will all turn up in Samar, at present almost
unknown botanically. Again, in the above summary, no reference is
made to extra-Philippine distribution, and several species included, not
yet collected in Mindanao, have a wide Malayan distribution.

In the following enumeration of species, the Orchidaceae have been
identified by Mr. Oakes Ames, North Easton, Mass., the Piperaceae by
M. C. de Candolle, Geneve, Switzerland, the Sapindaceae by Prof. Dr.
L. Eadlkofer, Munchen, Bavaria, the Dipierocarpaceae and Rhizopiio-
raceae by Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, and the Gramineae by Mr. E. D. Merrill,
who has also assisted me in various cases in different families.

HEPATICAE.

Determinations of the collections have been received from Dr. F. Stephani,
but the list is not here given, as the new species and those known from previous
collections but still undescribed form half of the total. They throw considerable
light on the flora of the Islands as a whole, and are therefore summarized in
contrast to those obtained on the opposite coast of Infanta in a very much
shorter space of time. However, the bulk of the Infanta collections came from
the summit or at least from mossy forest on Mount Binuang. Were only those
of low levels to be contrasted, Polillo would make much the better comparative
showing.

Infanta.

Polillo.

Common
to both.

Total.

New species..'

7

8

1

14

New to the Philippines .

14

17

3

28

Previously known from the Philippines.

8

3

2

9

Total . . .. . ..

29

28

6 51

Binuang is the most northern mountain on the east coast from which col-
lections have been obtained. Collections in such groups have been too scattered
and made in too haphazard a fashion to warrant any sharp conclusions, but it
may fairly be claimed that the hepatics of the east coast likely to catch the
eye of one not especially interested in them, must differ considerably from those
of either the mountain region of northern Luzon or of the more frequently visited
mountains such as Mariveles and Banajao. The figures are open to the quali-
fications that there may be in European herbaria material collected by Semper,
Micholitz, or others, concerning which no information is available here, that
two of the species counted from Infanta a,s new to the Philippines have since
been obtained, one on Canlaon Volcano, in Negros, the other on Mount Banajao,
and that one indeterminable number from Polillo is omitted.

The Polillo genera are Archilejeunea, Cololejeunea, Eulejeunea, Frullania,
Hygrolejeunea, Leptolejeunea, Lophocolea, Mastigobryum, Mastigolejeunea, Pla-
giochila, Pycnolejeunea, Radula, and Thysancmthus, all, previously known from
the Philippines. Infanta adds Saccogyna to the Philippine list, its other genera

BOTANICAL NOTES.

191

being Ceratolejeunea, Chiloscyphus, Cololejeunea, Diplasiolejeunea, Drepanole-
jeunea, Frullania, Lepidozia, Leptolejeunea, Mastigobryum, Metzgeria, Plagio-
chila, Pycnolejeunea, Radula, Schistochila, and Thysananthus.

MUSCI.

The identifications of the mosses, received from Dr. V. F. Brotherus, show as
expected less interesting results than the hepatics, but also add to the number
of species known from the Philippines. The comparison with Infanta is again
worthy of notice, as it and Polillo have each added two new species to botanical
knowledge, one of those from Infanta having a wider ’distribution, while from
Infanta have come four, and from Polillo five species not hitherto known to
occur in the Philippines. -The Polillo list is as follows. Aerobryopsis lanosa
(Mitt.) Broth., 10511/ : Calymperes orientale Mitt., 9281, 10505, hitherto known
from Labuan: Chaetomitrium orthorrhynchum (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. Jav., 6885
in part, 1050k, 10511, not previously recorded from the Philippines but found
in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; O. warburgii Broth., 10513: Fissidens
nobilis Griff., 10516: Eimanthocladium loriforme (Br. Jav.) Fleisch., 691/8, 10501 :
Hypnodendron arborescens (Mitt.) Lindl., 10515, not previously reported from
the Philippines, the only species collected both in Polillo and Infanta, known
also from Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, and Celebes : Leucobryum sanctum Hpe., 10508 :
Leucophanes albescens C. M., 9066: Meiotfiecium jagori (C. M. ) Broth., 9016,
the genus then new to the Philippines, the species reported from Ceylon, Malacca,
Java, Amboina, and Celebes: Neckeropsis gracilenta (Br. Jav.), 10510: Pelekium
velatum Mitt., 6852, 10506: Plagiothecium miquclii (Br. Jav.) Broth., 10512,
10520: Rhizogonium spiniforme (Linn.) Bruch, 9096, 10518: Taxithelium sp.
nov., 6885 in part; T. sp. nov., 10509; T. instratum (Brid. ) Broth., 10521 in
part: Trismegistia lancifolHa (Iiarv.) Broth., 9101, 9200, 10511, 10519: Vesicu-
laria reticulata (Doz. & Molk.) Broth., 10521 in part, not previously recorded
from the Philippines, but known from Nepal, Sikkim, Khasia, Sumatra, Java,
Celebes, and New Caledonia.

PTERIDOPHYTA.

(Determined by Dr. E. B. Copeland.)

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE.

Trichomanes grande Copel., 10289; T. chrisiii Copel., 10290; T. cumingii
(Presl) C. Chr., 6928, 10299; T. cupressoides Desv., 9190; T. javanicum Blume,
10298; T. maximum Blume, 681/9; T. pallidum Blume, 10318; T. treubii Racib.,
920 lt.

CYATHEACEAE.

Cyathea Integra J. Sm., 6^851.

POLYPODIACEAE.

Acrostichum aureum Linn., 9058, 10309 : Antrophyum reticulatum (Forst.)
Kaulf., 10291: Asplenium laserpitiifolium Lam. var., 9189; A. nidus Linn.,
911/2, 10312; A. nitidum Sw., 6855 ; A. tenerum Forst., 6858: Gyclopeltis presliana
(J. Sm.) Berk., 9231/: Gyclophorus acrostichoides (Forst.) Presl, 10311; G. adnas-
cens (Sw. ) Desv., 10302, 10313; G. nummularifolius (Sw. ) C. Clir., 10310:
Davallia denticulata ( Bunn. ) Mett., 9059, 10296: Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.)
J. Sm., 921/3, 10301/: Dryopteris canescens (Blume) C. Chr. var., 7 000 ; D. dissecia

192

ROBINSON.

(Forst.) O. Ktz e., 9201; D. luzonica Christ, 69J/1 : Humata heterophylla (Sm.)
Desv., 9248, 9290, 10314: Lindsaya decomposita Willd., 9103; L. gracilis Blume,
9092; L. pectinata Blume, 9102, 9188: Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst.) Presl,
9071; N. laurifolia Christ, s. n. : Oleandra colubrina membranacea Copel., 10316:
Polypodium phymatodes Linn., 9019; P. punctatum (Linn.) Sw., 9023, 10307;
P. selliguea Mett., 10288; P. sinuosum Wall., 9078, 10306 : Pteris longifolia Linn.,
9168; P. tripartita -Sw., 9307: Stenochlaena palustris (Bunn.) Bedd., 10294,
10295: Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw., 10315: Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.)
C. Chr., 9202, 9203, 10305: Tectaria decurrens Copel., 6945, 10301; T. irregularis
(Presl) Copel., 9235; T. irregularis macrodon Copel., 6908: Vittaria elongata
Sw., 10297 ; V. lineata (Linn.) Sm., 9143; V. scolopendrina (Bory) Thw., 9118,
10317.

PARKERIACEAE.

Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linn.) Brongn., 9160.

SCHIZAEACEAE.

Lygodium cirdnnatum (Burm. ) Sw., 10303; L. flexuosum (Linn.) Sw., 6901,
9053; L. scandens (Linn.) Sw., 10287.

MARATTIACEAE.

Angiopteris angustifolia Presl, 6927.

LYCOPODIACEAE.

Lycopodium cernuum Linn., 9094, 10286; L. filiforme' Roxb., 10292; L. phyl-
lanthum H. & A., 9239 ; L. sp., 9252, 10780.

PSILOTACEAE.

Psilotum nudum (Linn.) Griseb., 10308.

SELAGINELLACEAE.

Selaginella, probably 2 species, 6907, 6911, 10293, 10300.

SPERMATGPHYTA.

CYCADACEAE.

Cycas circinalis Linn., 10776.

TAXACEAE.

Podocarpus neriifolius Don, 10779.

PINACEAE.

Agathis alba (Lam.) Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) A 173.

This tree is said by well informed natives of Polillo to be found along the
Anibauan River, in the northeast of the island. The report is likely correct,
and the elevation must be unusually low for the species, as compared 'with other
parts of the Philippines.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

193

GNETACEAE.

Gnetum latifolium Blume, 10341.

PANDANACEAE.

Pandanus botryoides Martelli in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 66.

Previously known only from northeastern Mindanao, 10473.

Pandanus dementis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 178.

Previously known only from Mindanao, 10479.

Pandanus utilissimus Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 80.

Seen by Mr. McGregor, but not collected. Otherwise known from Laguna and
Tayabas.

Freycinetia luzonensis Presl Epimel. Bot. (1851)' 238.

A sterile specimen, 10476, is on vegetative characters, the best match for
the type of this species that has yet been collected. As some discussion has
been caused by a previous note 1 of mine, I wish to clear up that side of the matter.
When that was written, the material at. the New York Botanical Garden consisted
of several recent collections, chiefly from Bataan, and a sheet of Cuming 1455,
the type number of F. luzonensis, sent to me for identification by Prof. Wm.
Trelease of the Missouri Botanical Garden. I decided correctly that the Bataan
collections were not F. luzonensis Presl, but fell into the error of believing
that they would fall under that species as interpreted by Warburg in the
Pflanzenreich. I did not take up F. cumingiana Gaudich. because of alleged
priority, for I consider that the absence of description invalidates its claims.
But I did think that F. cumingiana represented the Bataan plants and therefore
my conception of F. luzonensis Warb. ; so I attempted to publish it not for
Presl’s species, but by referring to it Warburg’s description. There is no doubt
at all that Warburg correctly interpreted Presl. Nomenclaturally, therefore,
my error has in no way altered the status of either name, but the plants then
referred to F. cumingiana were, with one exception, F. robinsonii Merr. F. luzo-
nensis is only known from the Province of Camarines and Polillo.

Freycinetia monocephala Elmer Leafl. Philip, Bot. 1 (1907) 218.

Otherwise known only from Rizal and Tayabas, 104 77.

Freycinetia montalbanica Martelli in Webbia 3 (1910) 18.

From description and comparison with photographs of the type, it seems
best to identify with this 9209, 10475, and 10478. The only conspicuous dif-
ference is in the internodes, which in the Polillo plants are about 15 mm long.
The plants were erect-scandent with falcately spreading branches, the leaves
range in length from 18 to 40 cm, the largest syncarps are 4 cm long and 2.5
cm in diameter. For.. Bur., 22192 Alvarez, northeastern Nueva Ecija, is iden-
tical with the Polillo collections. Almost certainly, other material from Cama-
rines Province is referable here. The type of the species is from Rizal Province.

Freycinetia warburgii Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1907) 218.

' Otherwise known from Laguna and Tayabas, 9001.

1 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39 (1908) '64.

194

ROBINSON.

Freycinetia sp.

What seems to be an undescribed species is represented by 10476 a, but as it
is sterile, and the collections most nearly matching it are staminate, it is left
unnamed.

Other species: Pandanus copelandvi Merr., 6892, 10472; P. coronatus Martelli,
6949; both abundant, the latter doubtfully distinct from P. tectorius Sol.:
Freycinetia multiflora Merr., 10474-

GRAMINEAE.

{Bambuseae determined by Mr. J. S» Gamble, other species by Mr. E. D.
Merrill.)

Dendrocalamus curranii Gamble in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (19101 Bot. 271.

Probably represented by 10417 ; otherwise known only from Tayabas.

Dinochloa scandens (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 773.

Otherwise known in the Philippines from Mindoro, Palawan, Balabac, Min-
danao, and Basilan; 10 4 16, probably also 10415; a variety in Laguna, Bataan,
Mindoro, Mindanao, and Basilan.

Gigantochloa atter Kurz ex Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 125.

Probably represented by 10414 ; the species is Malayan and not otherwise
known from the Philippines.

Ischaemum intermedium Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. (1829) 73.

Otherwise known in the Philippines from Manila and Samar; 10419, 10425.

Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. (1838) 23.

Otherwise known in the Philippines from Mindanao and Samar ; 6864, 10418.

Lophatherum gracile Brongn. loc. cit. 50, pi. S.

Other Philippine distribution Nueva Ecija, Mindoro, Mindanao; 9093, 10423.

Other species: Centotheca latifolia (Linn.) Trim, 6906, 10427 : Goix lacryma-
jobi Linn., 9286: Dactylocteniium aegyptiacum (Linn.) Willd., 6978: Digitaria
consanguinea Gaudich., 9225 : Eleusine indica Gaertn., 9171: Imperata cylindrica
koenigii Benth., 9158: Ischaemum muticum Linn., 9134; I. rugosum distachyum
(Cav. ) Merr., 9043: Isachne miliacea Roth, 6910, 10421: Miscanthus japonicus
Andr., 9298 : Panicum auritum Presl, 9225a; P. colonum, Linn., 9157;' P. crus-
galli Linn., 10424; P- indicium Linn., s. n. ; P. stagninum Retz., 9046: Paspalum
conjugatum Berg., 9294, 10426 ; P. longifolium Roxb., 9017 ; P. scrobiculatum
Linn., 9044, 10420: Saccharum spontaneum Linn., 9159: Setaria flava Kunth,
6925, 10422.

CYPERACEAE.

Fimbristylis util is Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 855.

Represented by 10245. The species probably also occurs in southeastern
Luzon, and in the Visayas is of considerable economic importance; it is also found
in Mindanao.

Mapania humilis (Hassk.) F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 309.

Other Philippine distribution, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro, Mindanao; 10247.

Mapania kurzii C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 6 (1894) 681; Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Bot. 2 (1907) Bot. 422.

A Polillo specimen, 10248, is a very good match for Merrill 4001, Atimonan,
Tayabas, about 65 km south of Polillo, determined as M. kurzii with some doubt

BOTANICAL NOTES.

195

by the late C. B. Clarke. It does not agree exactly with the description of that
species, but is nearer to it than to any other. Its other Philippine distribution
is Negros and other localities in Tayabas.

Scirpodendron costatum Kurz in Jour n. As. Soc. Bengal 38 2 (1869) 85.

Represented by 10249, but by only one other Philippine collection, Merrill
5257, from Palawan ; widely distributed from Ceylon to Australia and Samoa.

Remirea maritima Aubl. PI. Guian. 1 (1775) 45, pi. 16.

Represented by 9133, but otherwise by very few Philippine collections, from
Mindanao, Mindoro, Camarines, and Cagayan ; tropics of the world.

Other species: Cyperus diffusus Vahl, 6909; C. haspan Linn., 9030; G. pilosus
Vahl, 9034, 10251: Eleocharis retroflexus (Poir.) Urban, 9029 : Fimbrislylis
diphylla Vahl, 9033a, 10246; F. miliacea Vahl, 9033: Fuirena glomerata Lam.,
9028; F. umbellata Rottb., 9027: Hypolytrum latifolium L. C. Rich., 10255:
Kyllinga monocephala Rottb., 9173: Pycreus odoratus (Linn.) Urban, 10244-'
Scirpus erectus Poir., 9045, 10252, 10253; 8. grossus Linn, f., 9026, 10254; S-
mucronatus Linn., 10250: Scleria purpureovaginala Boeek., 6897, 10256: Toru-
linium confertum Desv., 6909.

PALMACEAE.

We were rather unusually successful in obtaining fertile material of palms,
20 collections in all, which are in the hands of Dr. 0. Beccari for identification.
The genera represented are Areca, Arenga, Calamus, Korthalsia, Livistona, Nypa,
Pinanga, and Oncosperma; Cocos nucifera Linn., the commonest species of all,
was not collected.

ARACEAE.

Spathiphyllum commutatum Schott in Oestr. Bot. Wochens. 7 (1857) 158.

Other Philippine distribution Mindanao, Mindoro, Albay; 10401.

Raphidophora sp.

An apparently undescribed species is represented by 9181. It is noteworthy
from the presence of stinging hairs on the peduncle and is well known on the
island for this reason.' The stinging effect is moderately severe, and lasts for
about a day.

Other species: Aglaeonema marantifolium Blume, 6843: Alocasia macrorrhiza
(Linn.) Schott, 6997; A. heterophylla (Presl) Merr., 9199, 10772 : Amorpho-
phallus campanulatus Blume, 9208: Homalomena rubescens phiUppinensis Engler,
6933: Raphidophora merrillii Engler & Krause, 10370.

FLAGELLARIACEAE.

Flagellaria indica Linn, was common and known under its usual Tagalog
name of balinguay, but as the only fertile specimen seen by either collector, 9065,
had only a few old fruits, the flowering season is probably July or earlier.

ERIOCAULACEAE.

Eriocaulon merrillii Ruhl. in Perk. Fragm, FI. Philip. (1904) 136.

Polillo specimens, 9031, examined side by side with those of cotypes of E.
merrillii in this herbarium are in almost exact agreement, but in both eases the
sepals of the pistillate flowers are two in number and not wanting as was stated
in the original description. The species still seems distinct in spite of this
change. It is a plant of very low elevations both in Culion and in Polillo, in
the latter in rice-paddies, and seems to have a wide Philippine distribution.

196

ROBINSON.

COMMELINACEAE.

Four species were collected, all of wide Philippine distribution: Gommelina
nudiflora Linn., 9215: Gyanotis capitata (Blume) C. B. Clarke, 690 4 : Forrestia
philippinensis Merr., 6935, 10387: Pallia sumatrana Hassk., 9275.

PONTEDERIACEAE.

Represented by the common Monochoria vaginalis Presl, local name calabua;
9022, 10338.

LILIACEAE.

Dracaena sp.

This seems to be the species figured by Sarassin 2 under the name of It.
multiflora Warb., to which I can find no other reference, and so believe to be still
undescribed. The Celebes plants, found in different localities there, grew in
similar situations to those of Polillo, arid coral-rocks; the habit is very much
the same, except that the Celebes trees were larger and more widely branched
than those of Polillo, but they were no larger than those from which Merrill
5402, Ubian Island (Sulu Archipelago), was obtained. The latter can only be
distinguished from the Polillo collection, 10407, by its slightly narrower leaves;
not even this avails to separate Bur. Sci. 10635 McGregor, sterile, from Dalupiri,
one of the Babuyanes Islands. D. rnaingayi Hook. f. is very closely allied, but
its fruits are much larger.

Other species: Dracaena angustifolia Roxb., 69.80, 10364': Dianella caerulea
Sims, 9206, 1039J,.

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Curculigo glabra Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 297.

Otherwise known from Mindoro; 10366.

Other species: Grinum asiaticum Linn., 9091, fairly frequent along the coast,
local name bacon; G. zeylanicum Linn., 10331, cultivated in gardens.

DIOSCOREACEAE.

There are 3 collections of Dioscorea, 6971 in fruit, 9068 and 10403 with
staminate flowers; vegetatively all three might be the same, but the inflorescence
of the staminate numbers is quite different, 9068 having fascicled axillary spikes,
while in 10403 the fascicles are numerous, separated by about 2 cm on an axillary
peduncle. Both belong to the group with entire leaves and 6 fertile anthers.
The fruiting specimen, belonging to the section Eudioscorea, is probably the same
species as 9068.

IRIDACEAE.

Belamcanda chinensis (Linn.) DC. grows in waste places in the town of
Polillo; it has doubtedl ess been introduced but is as well established as almost
any weed in the place; 9050.

MUSACEAE.

No collections were made. Musa par.adisiaca Linn, and M. textilis Nee are
both cultivated.

Reisen in Celebes. 1 (1905) 136, pi. 4-

BOTANICAL NOTES.

197

ZINGIBERACEAE.

Alpinia flabellata major Ridley in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 188.

Represented by 6883; other Philippine distribution Batanes and Babuyanes
Islands, Rizal, Mindoro, and Mindanao.

Alpinia rufa (Presl) K. Selium. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 293.

Known also from Laguna and Tayabas, and from Negros and Bucas (northeast
of Mindanao) ; 9207, 10241.

Globba leucocarpa Ridley in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 161.

Otherwise known from Benguet, Leyte, and Mindoro; 6946, 10242.

Plagiostachys philippinensis Ridley in Elmer Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909)
572.

Otherwise known from Laguna and Tayabas, Mindoro, and Mindanao ; 6840.

Zingiber spp.

Besides Z. zerumbet (Linn.) Smith, 6915, local name lancauas, two other
species were collected, probably new, but in both cases the material is too mature
for description. One of these, represented by 10240, is allied to Z. mollis Ridley,
the other by 9198, 10237, and probably 10238, with the inflorescence on separate
scapes, is not very closely allied either to Z. zerumbet or to Z. pubisquama Ridley,
the two known Philippine species of the group, also differing from the two
indicated by Ridley 3 by number alone.

Other species: Costns speciosus Sm., 6921, 6926, 10243: Kolowratia elegans
Presl, 10239.

CANNACEAE.

Ganna indica Linn., 9009; C. sp., 9223; both growing as escapes from cul-
tivation.

MARANTACEAE.

Phrynium philippinense Ridley in Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 570.

Represented by 6866; Babuyanes Islands, Nueva Vizcaya, Tayabas, Albay,
Leyte, Negros, Mindoro, Mindanao.

Other species: Donax cannaeformis (Forst.) Rolfe, 6865, 10236, local name
barnban: Phacelophrynium interruptum K. Schum., 9219.

ORCHIDACEAE.

(Determined by Mr. Oakes Ames.)

Bulbophyllum (Cirrhopetalum ) makoyanum Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1879 *; 234; Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 55.

Also known in the Philippines from Mindanao; 10438.

Cestichis vestita (Reich, f.) Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 139.

Represented by 10454; other distribution Benguet, Rizal, Albay, Mindoro,
Mindanao, Assam.

Cleisostoma kunstleri Hook. f. Icon. PI. IV 4 (1894) pi. 2335; Ames in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 54.

Not otherwise known from the Philippines; 10444 ; type locality Perak.

3 This Journal 4 (1909) Bot. 170.

102601 5

198

ROBINSON.

Cryptostylis arachnites Blume Orcli. Ind. Archip. (1858) 133.

Represented by 9097; other Philippine distribution Laguna (?), Tayabas,
Mindoro.

Cystorchis javanica '( Blume) Blume Orch. Areliip. Ind. (1858) 87; Ames in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 39.

Not otherwise known from the Philippines; 9282 ; Malay Peninsula.

Dendrobium hymenanthum Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 3 (1855) 222.

Otherwise definitely known only from Rizal, but the exact localities of
Cuming’s orchids are unknown; 107/53, 561/7 (flowering in Manila, plants from
Polillo).

Luisia foxworthii Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 222.

Type locality Bataan; 9257 appears to be this species, but the material is
not satisfactory.

Malaxis dentata (Ames) Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 125, fig.

Otherwise known from Mindoro; 101/39.

Malaxis macgregorii Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 45.

Endemic in Polillo; 101/1/0.

Oberonia anceps Lindl. Sert. Orchid. (1838) sub pi. 8 B.

Represented by 101/1/8; other Philippine distribution Tayabas and Culion.

Oberonia thisbe Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 3 (1855) 223.

Represented by 9255 ; otherwise definitely known from Guimaras.

Plocogiottis copelandii Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 326.

Represented hy 6863, 101/50 ; other distribution Laguna, Negros, and Mindoro.

Podochilus xytriophorus (Reichb. f.) Schltr. in Mem. Herb. Boiss. 21
(1900) 47.

Represented by 681/8; other distribution Laguna, Mindoro, Mindanao, Borneo,
Malay Peninsula.

Thelasis elongata Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 187.

Represented by 921/5 ; other distribution Camarines,. Mindanao, Cagayan Sulu,
Java.

Thrixspermum pallidum (Blume) Reichb. f. Xenia Orchid. 2 (1867) 122.

Represented hy 101/1/1; other distribution Rizal, Mindanao, Basilan, Celebes,
Amboina, Java, Malay Peninsula.

Other species: Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl., 101/60: Dendrobium atro-
purpureum (Blume) Miq., 9086, 101/58; D. crumenatum Sw., 101/59; D. indivisum
(Blume) Miq., 9253, 101/1/3, 101/55: Geodorum nutans (Presl) Ames, 101/1/5:
Phalaenopsis luddemanniana Reichb. ft, 101/37 : Pholidota imbricata Lindl., 10768:
Podochilus micranthus (Lindl.) Schltr., 9087, 101/1/6: Thrixspermum sp., 10769:
Trichoglottis sp., 101/51. Nine collections remain to be determined.

CASUARINACEAE.

Represented by the common Casuarina equisetifolia Forst., 6986, 10357, local
name aguho.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

199

PIPBEACEAE.

Piper chaba Blume Verh. Bat. Genoots. 11 (1826) 168, fig. 7: C. DC. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 432.

Represented by 9128, 10234; other Philippine distribution, varieties included,
Rizal, Albay, Mindanao.

Piper negrosense C. DC. in Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 786; Philip.
Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 454.

Represented by 9213 ; otherwise known only from Negros.

Piper pilipes C. DC. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 423.

Represented by 6914; otherwise known only from Mindanao.

Piper villilimbum C. DC. in Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 784; Philip.
Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 461.

Represented by 6853; otherwise known from Tayabas, Mindoro, and Mindanao.

Other species: Piper corylistachyon C. DC. 6918, 6966, 10235: Peperomia was
searched for in vain.

CHLOEANTHACEAE.

Chloranthus brachystachys Blume, 9192, 10327.

FAGACEAE.

Quercus soleriana Vidal Revis. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 167.

Probably only one species is represented by 10319, 10325, 10402, 10412, the
second in dower, the others with fruit. The last is the most typical, 10402 has the
tips of the bracts pointed and projecting slightly, 10319 is intermediate in this
character.

MOEACEAE.

Artocarpus integrifolia Linn, f., 9035, local name nanca: Gonocephalus vio-
laceus (Blanco) Merr., 9132, 10225 (staminate), 9021, 10226 (pistillate), local
name hanopol: Ficus ampelas Burm., 9120,-9221, local name upling gubat;
F. benjamina Linn., 9251; F. caudatifolia Warb., 6895, 10227, local names upling
gubat, balete; F. clusoides Miq., 9250; F. fiskei Elmer, 6229; F. indica Linn.,
10231; F. megacarpa Merr., 9229, 10229; F. m inahassae Miq., 6932, local name
ayimit; F. not a (Blanco) Merr., 6896, 10228, local name tibig; F. rubrovenia
Merr., 9124, 9276; F. ruficaulis Merr., 10230 ; F. sinuosa Miq., 9047, not typical,
local name upling gubat. None of these is of restricted distribution.

TTETICACEAE.

Elatostema philippinense Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 888; C. B. Rob.
in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 524.

Represented by 6841; otherwise known from Negros and Mindanao.

Elatostema sp.

Material was collected of a sterile species, 9195, as it was entirely different
from anything previously seen. From leaves alone, it approaches E. pinnati-
nervium Elmer, but is quite distinct.

200

ROBINSON.

Elatostematoides manillense (Wedd.) C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5
(1911) Bot. 50.

The leaves of 6942 and 6943 are smaller than tho.se of the cotype of the species
in this herbarium, but are otherwise very similar. The numbers were collected
separately at slightly different elevations a short distance apart, as one was
much more herbaceous than the other, but this is not evident in dried material.

Procris philippinensis C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 505.

Represented by 9246, epiphytic at sea-level; otherwise known from Bataan.

Procris ( ?) sp.

Excellent staminate material was obtained, 10335, well matched by similar
collections from Samar and Mindanao. From habit it is most likely to be a
Procris, but it might well be a Pellionia, and it is not close to any species of
either genus represented in this herbarium. It was deliberately omitted from
my recent enumeration of the species of the family; it is barely possible that it
does not belong there.

Other species: Fleurya interrupta (Linn.) Gaudich., 6905 : Leucosyke capi-
tellata (Poir. ) Wedd., 6894, 10391: Pilea micropliylla (Linn.) Liebm., 9072:
Pauzolzia zeylanica (Linn.) Benn., 6902, 6970.

LORANTHACEAE.

Ginalloa lanceolata sp. nov.

Epiphytica, glabra: inflorescentiis axillaribus; fasciculatis, multinodiis,
fructibus ovoideis : foliis petiolatis, lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice longius-
cule acuminatis, trinerviis.

Similar to G. cumingiana (Presl) E.-Yill., but distinguished by its
more truly lanceolate leaves, of thinner texture, 4 to 6.5 cm long, 12 to
20 mm wide, broader especially at the base, much more definitely acumi-
nate : the inflorescences are 2.5 to 9 cm long, and their internodes 4 to 6
mm long in the middle of the. inflorescence, averaging longer than those
of G. cumingiana , while the bracts are only half the length of those of
that species.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10429 McGregor, in fruit, September 25, 1909. The original
locality of Presl’s species is not known, but it is now perfectly matched by
Bur. Sci. 7829 Ramos, from Maunan, Cagayan Province, Luzon, April, 1909.

Loranthus polillensis sp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Epiphytica: floribus luteis, umbella pedunculata solitaria vel bina
efformantibus, pentameris, petalis solutis : foliis verticillatis, ellipticis,
rigidis, apice acutis vel acute acuminatis.

Elowers yellow, borne in solitary or . paired umbels in the axils of
present or fallen leaves, the peduncles 7 to 14 mm long, bearing at the
apex 4 to 6 flowers, their pedicels 3 to 5 mm long; bract at the base of
each flower ovate, acuminate, 1 mm long ; free portion of calyx forming
a rim about 1 mm high, more or less spreading ; petals 5, separable to
the base, about 23 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apical 5 mm free, tending

BOTANICAL NOTES.

201

to recurve, narrowly lanceolate, obtuse ; filaments inserted in the throat of
the corolla, the free part broad, 2 mm long; anthers exserted, basifixed,
linear-oblong, 3 mm long, hardly wider than the filaments; ovary 2.5
mm long; style 2.5 cm long, persistent.

Glabrous; branches covered with light-gray bark; leaves in whorls of
5 to 7, the petioles 1 to 2 cm long, the lamina coriaceous, 8 to 15 cm
long, 2.5 to 7 cm wide, the base acute, decurrent, the apex acute or more
often acutely acuminate ; venation, except the conspicuous midrib, very ,
obscure.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 1038 k McGregor, in flower, September 14, 1909. Allied to
L. halconensis Merr., but distinguished by the different inflorescence, which is
glabrous at all stages, and by various minor characters.

Other species: L. pentapetalus Roxb., 10333, 10350.

OPILIACEAE.

Opilia amentacea Roxb., 9256.

AEISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Aristolochia tagala Cham. & Schl., 9123, 10380, local name parol-parulan.

AMABANTHACEAE.

Achyranthes aspera Linn., 9136; A. indica (Linn.) Mill., 922k : Amaranthus
spinosus Linn., 9152, local name oori.

POETULACACEAE.

Portulaba oleracea Linn., 9175.

BANTUS! CULACEAE.

Clematis smilacifolia Wall., 10k09, growing almost at sea-level, in the outer-
most fringe of vegetation along the coast, the actual strand plants excepted.

MENISPEEMACEAE.

Pycnarrhena sp.

What seems to be an undescribed species of this genus, 1032k, sent to Doctor
Diels for identification, has been returned by him with the note: “characteribus
inter P. borneensem et P. elliptieam quasi intermedia, floribus ignotis describi
non potest.”

Other species: Cissampelos pareira Linn., 6881, 921tl, 926k, 10381.

ANNONACEAE.

Drepananthus longiflorus sp. nov.

Arbor: inflorescentiis paucifloris, pedicellis longis, floribus trimeris,
petalis in alabastro valvatis, subaequilongis, exterioribus applanatis, in-
terioribus basi concavis genitalia occultantibus : foliis anguste oblongo-
obovatis ad ovalibus, basi acutis apice acuminatis, venis utrinque 6 vel 7.

202

ROBINSON.

Inflorescences axillary, extra-axillary, or below the leaves, 1- to 3-
flowered, the woody peduncles 2 to 3 mm long, forking except when
1-flowered into branches like themselves ; pedicels slender, 2 to 3 cm
long, bracted at the base and again 5 to 8 mm above it, the bracts obovate
to suborbieular, about 2 mm long, decurrent at the base, like the pedun-
cles and pedicels, more or less ferruginous-pubescent: sepals 3, free nearly
to the base, broadly oval, 7 mm long, pubescent on the outer surface ;
petals 6, valvate in bud, in flower the 3 outer 2.5 to over 4 cm long in
different flowers, the basal 6.5 mm slightly concave, orbicular-ovate,
forming a slight ridge on the inner surface, the limb spreading, flat,
about 1 cm wide, narrowly elliptic, obtuse, the inner 3 petals slightly
longer than the outer but the limb only half as wide, the concave bases
more or less adnate at the neck and completely covering the stamens
and carpels, all petals slightly pubescent on the outer surface; stamens
numerous, about 1 mm long, the connective slightly produced and
covering the apex of the anthers ; carpels several, densely pubescent, about
1.5 mm long, usually 4-ovuled; fruiting carpels seen up to 15 in number,
and up to 7.5 mm long though probably still immature, the cavity dividing
into 2 or 3 compartments.

Probably a tree: the branchlets covered with dark-brownish or black
bark, nearly glabrous except toward the extremities : petioles 1.5 to 2.5
cm long, the lamina thinly chartaceous; narrowly oblong-obovate or rarely
oval, 10 to 19 cm long, 6 to 7.5 cm wide, the base acute, the apex abruptly
contracted into a slender obtuse acumen 5 to 15 mm long, more or less
pubescent on the under surface of the midrib, otherwise glabrous ; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 6 or 7, projecting on the under
surface, both they and the finer reticulations conspicuous on both surfaces.

Poliluo, Bur. S'ei. 10353 McGregor. Allied to D. ramuliflorus Maingay and
D. ph ilippinensis Merr., differing from both in its longer flowers and pedicels,
and from the former in the more numerous carpels. The fourth species of the
genus, the second for the Philippines.

Polyalthia oblongifolia sp. nov.

Arbor : inflorescentiis ramifloris paucifloris pubescentibus ; floribus viri-
dibus, trimeris, petalis in alabastro valvatis, exterioribus quam interiores
paullo longioribus sed angustioribus haud genitalia oceultantibus : foliis
breviter petiolatis, glabris, oblongis vel anguste oblongo-ovatis, basi rotun-
datis, venis utrinque circiter 12.

Inflorescences on tubercles on the branches below the leaves, 1- to 4-
flowered, the pedicels fascicled, 4 to 15 mm long, with bracts at the base
and usually also on the pedicels broadly ovate, clasping, obtuse, 1 to 2
mm long, the bracts pedicels sepals and the outer surface of the petals
densely but shortly ferruginous-pubescent, the inner surface of the petals
less so; sepals 3, semicircular, obtuse, 2.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide; outer

BOTANICAL NOTES.

203

petals 3, coriaceous, very- slightly concave at the base, otherwise flat and
spreading, oblong-lanceolate, about 7 mm long and 2.5 mm wide, obtuse;
inner nearly similar, triangular-ovate, about 6.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide;
stamens numerous, nearly 1 mm long, the connective shortly produced and
covering the anthers; carpels numerous, shortly pedicelled, less than 1
mm long, densely pubescent at the truncate apex ; ovules minute, very
few, near the apex of the small cavity.

A tree, 7 m high with a trunk-diameter of 12 cm, the branches with
gray and dark-brown bark; petioles stout, 6 to 7. mm long, lamina rigidly
chartaceous, oblong or narrowly oblong-ovate, 13 to 21 cm long, 6 to 8.5
cm wide, the base rounded or subcordate, slightly inequilateral, the apex
probably shortly acuminate; primary lateral veins about 12 pairs, these
and the numerous reticulations conspicuous on both surfaces but especially
beneath.

Polillo, growing on beach north of Burdeos, Bur. Sci. 9259 Robinson (type).
Negros, Himugaan River, For. Bur. 17473 Gwrran, with fruiting pedicels, but
almost certainly the same. Most closely allied to P. elongata Merr., but distin-
guished by its much smaller flowers and shorter leaves.

Local names: lanotan (Polillo); lanutan (Negros).

Popowia polyandra (Presl) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 224.

Represented by 9279, 10334; other distribution Sorsogon, Batangas, Negros,
and Mindanao.

Sageraea glabra Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 12.

Fruiting, 9300; otherwise known only .from the original collection’, from
southern Tayabas.

Unona sympetala sp. nov.

Floribus solitariis in ramis sub foliis longiter pedicellatis, trimeris ;
corolla basi sympetala, altius lobos 6 biseriatim dispositos efformante, lobis
interioribus paullo brevioribus latioribusque, omnibus applanatis haud
genitalia occultantibus ; carpellis numerosis, ovulis uniseriatim dispositis :
foliis brevissime petiolatis, oblongo-oblanceolatis, basi subauriculatis,
apice caudato-scuminatis.

Pedicels solitary, from the axils of fallen leaves, 8.5 to 10 cm long,
covered with dense spreading ferruginous pubescence as are the exterior
surfaces of the sepals and corolla: sepals 3, ovate, acuminate, 6 mm
long, at anthesis separate to the extreme base or earlier somewhat united ;
corolla greenish-white, united for 4 to 5 mm from the base, there about
1 cm in diameter, above forming 6 lobes arranged in two series, all flat-
tened and ascending, those of either whorl well separated from one
another but slightly overlapping those of the other whorl, not conspic-
uously dissimilar, the outer attaining 23 mm in length and 8 mm in
width, the inner 20 mm and 9 mm respectively, in spite of their union
(he inner lobes traceable on the interior of the flower to its base; sta-

204

ROBINSON.

mens numerous, 2 mm long, the filament 0.3 to 0.4 mm, the connective
flattened above the anther-cells and concealing them from above ; carpels
about 20, 2 to 2.5 mm long, densely clothed with shining silky golden-
brown pubescence; ovules several (about 8), arranged in one longitudinal
row, quadrate, about 0.12 mm long.

Probably a small tree, the bark of the younger portions gray or pinkish-
gray, wrinkled : leaves with stout pubescent petioles 4 to 10 mm long,
the lamina chartaceous, oblong-oblanceolate, 30 to 48 cm long, 5.5 to 11
cm wide, the narrowed base slightly auricled, the apex forming a slender
blunt acumen 3 to 4.5 cm long; primary lateral veins 15 to over 20,
inconspicuous on the upper surface, but conspicuous on the under, as
are the secondary and tertiary venation; midrib rather densely pubes-
cent on the under surface, the primary veins slightly so, leaf otherwise
glabrous.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10352 McGregor (type). Luzon, Province of Isabela, San
Luis, Bur. Sci. 7999 Ramos, fruiting but apparently quite the same. A species
quite distinct from any other in the genus by reason of the united petals, the
condition as evident in full flower as in bud. This has naturally cast suspicion
upon the generic position here assigned but it seems in all other respects to fall
within the limits of Unona.

, Uvaria littoralis Blume FI. Jav. Anon. (1828) 26, pi. 7: Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot.
Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 7.

Unona littoralis Blume Bijdr. (1825) 16.

Ajmarently represented by 9254, 10328. While this species has previously not
been reported from the Philippines, this is rather a new and somewhat doubtful
disposition of old material than a new discovery. There has been from the first
much difference of opinion as to whether U. ovalifolia and U. littoralis should
be held distinct, Miquel considering them separable on account of the thickened
fruiting receptacles of the latter. The Polillo specimens are indecisive on this
point, as one is in bud and the other in flower, but fruiting material from other
Philippine localities which matches them well, has a well thickened receptacle.
One of the Polillo collections was made on the coast, the exact locality of the
other was not noted. The leaves are thinner than those of the majority of
Javan specimens of this species in this herbarium, but quite as thick as those
of X-A-51, from Buitenzorg, named as U. littoralis var. miquelii Boerl. Collec-
tions from Tayabas, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Panay, and Mindanao, seem also to be
referable here.

Uvaria scandens C. B. Rob. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 69.

Represented by 9278, 10389. This seems to me exactly the same species as
U. zschokkei Elmer, but the priority is not certain: probably U. scandens is
slightly the older. While the specific name is indicative of my insufficient idea
of the habit of the genus at the time it was given, it is very appropriate, as
the Polillo plant is a fine liane, its apex lost from sight in tall trees at about
15 m, while its stems were in view, rambling through the forest for at least
three times as far.

Other species: Annona squamosa Linn., 9161, local name atis, apparently
abandoned from cultivation: Artabotrys rolfei Vidal, 9262, 9267: Mitrephora
lanotan (Blanco) Merr., 10343: Phaeanthus ebracteolatus (Presl) Merr., 6856,
probably, fruiting.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

205

MYRISTICACEAE.

Knema heteropliylla (F.-Vill.) Warb., 10344-

LAURACEAE.

Cryptocarya (?) sp.

A fruiting specimen, 10774, is most nearly matched among our collections by
C. everettii Merr., but the fruits are differently shaped from those of that species.
No flowers are present, and positive determination must be deferred.

Other species: Cassytha filiformis Linn., 6968, 10433: Cinnamomum mercadoi
Vidal, 9261, much valued for medicinal properties of the bark, local name
calingag: Litsea luzonica (Blume) F.-Vill., 10323 ; L. tersa (Linn.) Merr. ( L.
sebifera Pers. ), 6960, local name marang.

CAPPARIDACEAE.

Polanisia vioscosa (Linn.) DC., 9175.

NEPENTHACEAE.

'Nepenthes alata Blanco, 10340.

. CRASSULACEAE.

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz is a common weed on the island, but
being sterile was not collected.

CONNARACEAE.

Agelaea everettii Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 127.

The species is variable, and the two Polillo collections are at the extremes,
9063 having condensed inflorescences and small leaflets, 10396 having lax in-
florescences and large leaflets, both are flowering and the stamens are 10 in
number. Known also from Cagayan and Negros.

Connarus mindanaensis Merr. loc. cit. 122.

Otherwise known only from Mindanao. The Polillo collection, 6987, is
fruiting, and difficult to determine as between G. mindanaensis and C. lohitfordii,
also known only from Mindanao.

Other species: Rourea volubilis (Blanco) Merr., 6891, with young flowers.

LEG-UMINOSAE.

Clianthus binnendyckianus Kurz in Journ. As. Soc, Bengal 40 = (1871)
51; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 75.

Represented by 10767 ; other distribution Mindanao, Celebes, and (?) Ceram.

Monarthrocarpus securiformis (Benth.) Merr. loc. cit. 89.

Represented by 10761; other distribution Laguna, Mindanao, and Basilan.

Pithecolobium angulatum (Grah.) Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3
(1844) 208: Merr. loc. cit. 19.

Represented by 6869, 10765; other distribution Tayabas, Masbate, Negros,
Guimaras, Mindoro, and Palawan, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,
India.

Other species: Abrus p'recatorius Linn., 6967: Aeschynomene indica Linn.,
9024: Caesalpinia nuga (Linn.) Ait., 9139; C. pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw., 9170:
Canavalia turgida Grah., 9238: Cassia javanica Linn., 9296; C. ovcidentalis Linn.,

206

ROBINSON.

9169: Grotalaria quinquefolia Linn., 9238: Derris trifoliata Lour., 6988: Desmo-
dium heterocarpum (Linn.) DC., 6879; D. triflorum (Linn.) DC., 10766: Entada
scandens (Linn.) Benth., 9247, 9269: Mimosa pudica Linn., 9211: Mucuna
gigantea (Willd.) DC., 6868, 9260; M. nigricans (Lour.) Steud., 6969: Pahudia
rhomboidea (Blanco) Prain, 6982: Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb., 10764-' Pongamia
mitis (Linn.) Merr., 9089; 10762 : Sophora tomentosa Linn., 9011, 10762: Vigna
lutea (Sw.) A. Gray, 9284- A few other species were seen sterile, all of wide
distribution, but the paucity of the flora compared to that of the country near
Manila, so far as this family is concerned, attracted early attention,4 and the
above list is the result of an especially determined attempt to secure a complete
representation of those flowering or fruiting at the time.

OXALIDACEAE.

Oxalis repens Thunb., 9302.

RUTACEAE.

Evodia glabra Blume, 9129, 9228, 10326, local name matang arao: Micro-
melum pubescens Blume, 9218, 9273, local name calay manoc.

BURSERACEAE.

Canarium ovatum Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 110.

G. pachyphyllum Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 94.

It seems to me quite impossible to distinguish G. pachyphyllum from the
older species, certainly Merrill 2067, the only collection represented here that
was cited in the description of C. pachyphyllum is good G. ovatum. The Polillo
numbers are 9268 and 10356, the local name is pilaui or less often pili. The
species is otherwise known from Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Samar,
Mindanao, and Basilan, to which the description of G. pachyphyllum would add
Rizal.

Canarium perkinsiae Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 27.

Represented by 10367, local name palaspas ; other distribution Mindoro and
Mindanao.

MELIACEAE.

Aglaia aherniana Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 32.

Represented by 9137,. 10232; other distribution Cagayan, Tayabas, Camarines,
and Dinagat.

Amoora (§ Aphanamyxis) polillensis sp. nov.

Frutex : inflorescentiis staminiferis paniculatis, floribus breviter pedi-
cellatis, albis ; sepalis 5, liberis, pubescentibus ; petalis 3, glabris t tubo
primo integro, serins alte lobato, staminibus 6 ; ovario rudimentario : foliis
quam inflorescentiae rxmlto longioribus, imparipinnatis, 7-jugatis, foliolis
petiolulatis, basi utrinque acutis, apice breviter obtuseque acuminatis.

Staminate inflorescences axillary, 20 to 25 cm long, the panicle-branches
attaining a length of over 10 cm, or often much shorter, the pedicels 1
to 4 mm long, all minutely but somewhat densely pubescent: sepals 5,
free, imbricate, unequal, nearly semicircular, the apex rounded or some-
what truncate, 1.5 to 1.7 mm long, 1.8 to 3 mm wide, pubescent on the

4 See Merrill in This Journal 5 (1910) Bot. 5.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

207

outer surface and ciliate on the margins; petals 3, white, broadly oval
with involute margins, 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, very obtuse, glabrous;
tube campanulate, over 3 mm long, at first entire, later parted to the
middle into 6 obtuse ovate or lanceolate lobes; anthers 6, dorsally at-
tached at the level of the base of the lobes, nearly 3 mm long, oblanceolate ;
ovary rudimentary.

A shrub, 2 m high, its stems about 3 cm in diameter, covered at the
apex with reddish-brown, densely short-pubescent bark: leaves 50 to 80
cm long (excluding the leaflets), the petiole conspicuously enlarged at
the base, at the first leaflets 5 to 6 mm in diameter, together with the
rachis and petiolules more or less densely short-pubescent, petiolules un-
equal, 4 to 17 mm long, that of the odd leaflet 15 to 40 mm long, other
leaflets 6 pairs, ehartaeeous, varying from oblanceolate through oblong to
lanceolate, 11.5 to 32 cm long, 5 to 11 cm wide, acute* on both sides at
the inequilateral base, the apex forming an obtuse acumen 1 to 1.5 cm
long; primary lateral veins 11 to 16, nearly straight near the midvein,
arched toward the margins, the secondary, both those arising from the
midvein and those at right angles to the primary, sufficiently conspicuous
on both surfaces, the veins of the under surface pubescent like the petioles.

Polillo, in forest east of the town, at an elevation of 20 m, Bwr. Sci. 6939
Robinson. To this almost certainly is to be referred Ahern 324, from Surigao,
Mindanao, differing chiefly in the less conspicuous . secondary venation of the
glabrous leaflets. The nearest alliance among described species seems to be with
A. perrottetiana C. DC., from which it is easily distinguishable by the texture
and other characters of the leaflets. Closely allied forms, though probably specifi-
cally distinct, have been collected in Iloeos Norte, Leyte, and Mindoro.

Dysoxylum altissimum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 72.

This species is definitely known only in the flowering condition from Bataan,
but 10233 with detached fruits is otherwise a good match. The walls of the
globose fruits split nearly to the base into 4 elliptic valves, the scarlet-vermilion
seeds are 3 cm long. The Polillo specimen is also fairly well matched by Min-
danao material, which is probably distinct from the Bataan species.

Another species of this genus seems to be represented by 10710, also fruiting,
more closely resembling D. venosum Merr., from Cagayan, than any other, but
still not perfectly.

Other species: Sandoricum indicum Cav., 6996: Xylocarpus obovatus A. Juss.,
9268.

MALPIGI-HIACEAE.

Tristellaieia australis A. Rich., 6952, 10435.

EUPHOEBIACEAE.

Antidesma macgregorii sp. nov.

Arbuscula : inflorescentiis staminiferis spicatis, floribus haud confer-
tis, sessilibus, bracteis ovatis, ciliatis; ealyce diseoque obscure 4-lobatis,
hoc glabra ; staminibus 4 : f oliis saepissime ellipticis, utrinque attenuatis,
basi acutis, apice acute acuminatis; venis utrinque circiter 7, laxe anas-
tomosantibus, conspicuis.

208

ROBINSON.

Staminate inflorescences spicate, 4 to 9 cm long, the flowers well sepa-
rated; bracts ovate, 0.5 mm long, ciliate; calyx nrceolate, about 0.7 mm
long, obscurely showing 4 acuminate lobes, minutely pubescent or at least
ciliate; disk 0.3 mm 'long, obscurely 4-lobed, glabrous; stamens 4, fila-
ments 1.5 mm long, anthers extrorse, 0.4 mm long; rudimentary ovary
glabrous.

A small tree, its ultimate branches- covered with grayish-yellow striate
bark, all vegetative parts glabrous : petioles 4 to 10 mm long, rather stout,
lamina chartaceous, elliptic, elliptic-oblanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate,
11 to 17 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide, the base acute, the apex forming
an acute acumen about 2 cm long, the upper surface plumbeous, the under
surface somewhat brownish; primary lateral veins on each side of the
midrib 6 to 8, conspicuously and loosely anastomosing, and forming a
definite lateral vein ; stipules caducous, lanceolate, 4 mm long.

Poliulo, Bur. Sci. 10280 McGregor (type). Luzon, Province of Cagayan,
Claveria, Bur. Sci. 7397 Ramos ; east coast, locality with no known name, Bur.
Sci. 10583 McGregor. Allied to A. bunius (Linn.) Spr., but distinguished by the
4 stamens, the much more conspicuous leaf-venation, and other characters.

Aporosa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6 (1859) 714.

Represented by 9074, 9306, 10275 ; other distribution Isabela, Albay, and
Samar; Borneo, Banka, Java, Malay Peninsula, a variety in China.

Glochidion benguetense Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 304.

This, or at least G. sablanense Elmer, the types of which seem to me different
stages of development of the same species, known otherwise from Benguet and
Tayabas, is represented by 6878 and 10274-

Glochidion littorale Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 585.

Represented by 9145 j other distribution Tayabas, Mindoro, Panay, Mindanao,
Borneo, Java, Sumatra, India.

Glochidion mindorense C. B. Rob. in Philip. Joum. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 98.

This species, represented by 9293, should be placed nearer to G. rubrum than
was indicated in the original description, as the stylar column is ordinarily less
widened apically than there stated; the cells of the ovaiy vary from 4 to 6.

Glochidion sp.

A collection with much the appearance of G. camiguinense Merr. and G.
merrillii C. B. Rob. is represented by 6994, differing from the former in the
well developed stylar column and from the latter by 4-celled ovaries and
capsules. Its true alliance is probably the latter, but as no staminate flowers
were found, and as the section can not be determined with certainty, it is left
undescribed.

Other species: Antidesma edule Merr., 10279: Breynia cernua Muell.-Arg.,
6873, 10277 : Godiaeum variegatum (Linn.) Blume, 10777 : Groton tiglium Linn.,
9222: Euphorbia hirta Linn., 9146; E. atoto Forst., 6962, local name hauili:
Excoecaria agallocha Linn., 6983, 10273, local name lipatang babaye : Glochidion
breynioides C. B. Rob., 10276; G. lancifolium C. B. Rob., 10272; G. triandrum
(Blanco) C. B. Rob., 9226: Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg., 6872; M. tanarius
(Linn.) Muell.-Arg., 9121, local name binunga: Mallotus ricinoides (Pers.)
Muell.-Arg., 9130, 10278, local name cahoy dalaga; M. playfairii Hemsl., 6989:
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir., 9148; P. urinaria Linn., 6956, 9073; Ricinus
communis Linn., 9165.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

209

ANACARDIACEAE.

Buchanania arborescens (Bluine) Blume, 6979, local name niogniogan.

ICACINACEAE.

lodes philippinensis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 241.

Represented by 9263; other distribution Leyte, Masbate, Cebu, Romblon, Min-
doro, Palawan.

Phytocrene blancoi (Azaola) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 432.

Represented by 10339 ; other distribution Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Leyte, and
Mindanao.

SAPINDACEAE.

Allophylus leucocladus Radik, supra 181.

Only known collection, 6880.

Allophylus ternatus (Eorst.) Radik, in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf. 3 5
(1895) 313.

Represented by 6953; other Philippine distribution Cagayan, Tayabas, Albay,
Leyte, Mindoro, Mindanao, Basilan, and Zambales.

Dictyophora rhomboidea Radik, supra 182.

Only known collection, 10359 ,

M ischocarpus sundaicus Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 238.

Represented by 9070, 9179; other Philippine distribution Nueva Ecija, Davao;
local name salab.

Otophora oliviformis Radik, supra 181.

Only known collection, 10330.

Trigonachras cuspidata Radik, supra 182.

Only known collection, For. Bur. llf.ll Hagger.

RHAMNACEAE.

Colubrina asiatica (Linn.) Brongn., 6955, local name cabatiti: Gouania micro-
carpa DC., 6882, 9069.

VITACEAE.

Ampelocissus imperialis (Miq.) Planch, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 5 (1887) 408.

This species, or more exactly the variety lobata, is represented by 10773 ;
other distribution (species ,and variety) Tayabas, Mindanao, Culion, Sumatra,
Borneo, probably Java.

Leea congesta Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 318.

Two collections, 6850 and 10375, both fruiting, agree well with the type ma-
terial, except that the leaflets and petioles are longer. Other distribution Ilocos
Norte, Benguet, Rizal, Tayabas, Mindanao.

Leea negrosensis Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 494.

It seems probable that this species is represented by 6839, the inflorescence
and flowers being entirely similar, except that the calyces are minutely pubescent
and smaller by half than as described for the type, agreeing in this respect with
the specimen of the latter here, both differences probably due to difference in
age. There is more difficulty with the leaves. . Of the Polillo plant, two leaves

210

ROBINSON.

were preserved. The petioles are 25 to 30 cm in length to the first leaflets, the
racliis thereafter being in one 18 cm long, in the other nearly 40 cm long. At
the first node, the lateral secondary petioles are over 10 cm long, with three
leaflets ; the apical node also bears three leaflets, the intermediate node in one
leaf has a single leaflet on either side, in the other leaf bears three leaflets on a
secondary petiole. The veins of the under surface of the leaves are minutely
pubescent, in the type material this is confined to the bases of the principal
veins, while in Merrill 521/0, from Lanang, Samar, which is otherwise quite
the same as the Polillo plant, the leaflets are glabrous. In both of these the
leaves as a whole and the leaflets are larger than in the Negros specimens, but
in shape, serration, and venation, essentially the same.

Leea parva Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) , 317.

Well matched by 6851/, fruiting, the species not otherwise known with cer-
tainty, except from the type collection, from Tayabas. The petioles are about
15 cm long, slightly exceeding those of the type, 10 to 12 cm; the petiolules of
the leaflets, the terminal excepted, vary from 5 mm to 1 cm.

Tetrastigma glabratum (Blume) Planch, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 5 (1887)
430.

A series of Philippine collections, including 10373, seems to fall under this
species, but in the absence of material for comparison, the identification is best
considered provisional. The chief difference is that the calyx of the Polillo
specimen is only obscurely lobed, and that the leaflets are not subcoriaceous ;
however, the latter objection does not apply to other collections apparently
also referable here from Mindoro, Mindanao, and Palawan. These are mostly
fruiting, none has a style as long as that of the Polillo plant, which is quite
as described for this species by Planchon. The proportions of the flowers vary
somewhat with age, so that it is a matter of some doubt whether another col-
lection, 101/00, should also be referred here, but it is probably a different species.

Other species: Cissus adnata Roxb., 6877, mature leaves glabrescent.

TILIACEAE.

Colona serratifolia Cav., 9006, 10283, 101/06, local name given as lauan.

MALVACEAE.

Abutilon indicum (Linn.) G. Don, 901/8, local name marbas : Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis Linn., 9236 ; H. surattensis Linn., 9305: Paritium tiliaceum (Linn.)
A. Juss., 9062, local name balibago: Sida acuta Burm., 10360;' 8. retusa Linn.,
9210: TJrena lobata Linn. ( H . sinuata Linn.), 9301/.

STERCULIACEAE.

Heritiera littoralis Dryand., 9075: Melochia corchorifolia Linn., 9220; M.
indica (Houtt.) A. Gray, 9012: SiercuUa cuneata R. Br., 6899, 10390: Theobroma
cacao Linn., cult., 9272.

DILLENIACEAE.

Saurauia whitfordii Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 42.

This species; otherwise known only from Tayabas, is represented by 10258.

Other species : Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe, 9232, 1031/6, local name cotmon,

THEACEAE.

Thea montana (Blanco) Merr., 9185.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

211

GUTTIFERAE.

Garcinia subelliptica Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 361.

Represented by 10321; other distribution Cagayan, Tayabas, Camarines.

Other species: Calophyllum inophyllum Linn., 9249 : Kayea paniculata (Blanco)
Merr., 9186 : Gratoxylon formosum (Jack) Dyer, 9258.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

(Identified by Dr. F. W. Foxworthy.)

Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 62 2 (1893) 100.

Represented by For. Bur. 3218 Hagger ; other Philippine distribution Laguna,
Camarines.

Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1832) 615.

Represented by 18281; other Philippine distribution Cagayan, Tayabas, Ca-
marines, Marinduque, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao.

Parashorea plicata Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 104.

Represented by 10282, 6831 in part, leaves; other Philippine distribution Ta-
yabas, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Leyte, Masbate,
Negros, Mindanao.

Shorea squamata (Turez.) Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 1 (1862) 193.

Represented by For. Bur. 3217 Hagger, in part, 10778; other Philippine distri-
bution Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Tayabas, Bulacan, Laguna, Camarines,
Albay, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Marinduque, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao.

Shorea teysmanniana Dyer ex Brandis in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895)

100.

Represented by 10284, 10782; other Philippine distribution Ilocos Norte, Ca-
gayan, Tayabas, Bulacan, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, and Mindanao.

Other species: Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco, 10781: Hopea pierrei Hanee,
10285: Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe, For. Bur. 3217 Hagger, in part,
6831, in part, fruit, 10379 : Vatica sp., 10783.

FLACOURTIACEAE.

Flacourtia inermis Roxb., 9125, 10410, local name amayit : Scolopia lusonensis
Warb., 9303, 10376.

PASSIFLORACEAE.

Adenia coccinea (Blanco) Merr., 10399.

BEGONIACEAE.

Begonia leptantha sp. nov. § Petermannia.

Inflorescentiis ex axillis superioribus oriundis, staminiferis cymosis,
pistilliferis unifloris staminiferarum basi positis; floribus staminiferis
parvis, sepalis 2 ; fructibus obovatis, apice truncatis, trialatis : foliis
oblique obovatis, inaequilateralibus, basi angustatis, apice breviter acu-
minatis, marginibus grosse dentatis vel modo sinuatis.

Inflorescences from the axils of the uppermost leaves, hence usually
appearing terminal, the staminate cymose, 6 to 12 cm long, the pistil-

212

ROBINSON.

late one-flowered, at the base of the staminate ; axes of the inflorescence
densely covered with reddish-brown pubescence; bracts at the nodes of
the cyme lanceolate, acuminate, about 3.5 mm long, bracteoles upon
the pedicels similar hut more slenderly acuminate, about 1 mm long:
sepals of staminate flowers 2, red at the central part of the base, else-
where white, suborbicular to ovate, 3.5 to 5 mm long, 4.5 to 6 mm
wide, rounded, truncate, or slightly cordate at the base, rounded at the
apex, . often with pubescence similar to that of the pedicels on the part
of the outer surface overlying the anthers ; petals none ; stamens about
40, the filaments for the whole or nearly the whole of their length
united into a column, the anthers oblong-oblanceolate, 1 to 1.3 mm
long, notched at the apex : capsule upon a pedicel 3 to 4 mm long,
obovate, the apex truncate, 1.6 cm long and wide, sharply 3-winged,
3-celled.

Plants terrestrial, erect, with , a somewhat woody base, 30 to 50 cm
high, often branched at the base, the stems with pubescence similar to
that of the inflorescence but darker-colored : leaves alternate but often
opposed by short lateral branches ; petioles 3 to 10 mm long, the lamina
obliquely obovate, strongly- inequilateral, the longer and wider side not
produced at the base more than 2 mm beyond the other, slightly auricled
or rounded, the shorter side usually acute, the apex forming an obtuse
or acute acumen not exceeding 1 cm in length, the margins sometimes
merely obscurely sinuate but much more often toward the apex with
shallow but broad teeth, the teeth very obtuse to acute; 5- to 7-plinerved
at the base, with 2 to 4 additional veins on each side of the midrib ;
pubescence like that of the stem present upon the petioles, the veins
and to a much less extent the Intervening tissue of the under surface, the
last also lepidote.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 6857 (type), 69 44 Robinson, Bur. Sci. 10322 McGregor.
Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mahabangsugsugan River ( Siniloan trail ) , Bur.
Sci. 9474 Robinson. Closely allied to B. jagori Warb., but distinguished by the
smaller flowers, narrower anthers, and less toothed leaves. It has even greater
superficial resemblance to an undescribed species from Mindanao, but a very
different inflorescence.

Other species/ Begonia pseudolateralis Warb., 6903.

THYMELAEACEAE.

Phaleria perrottetiana (Meissn. ) -F .-Vi-11., 10329 ;

SONNERATIACEAE.

Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco, 6964, 9485, 10382, local name pagatpat.

PUNICACEAE.

Punica granatum Linn., probably cultivated only, 9163, local name granada.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

213

LECYTHIDACEAE.

Barringtonia racemosa Blume, 9020, local name put at ; B. asiatica (Linn.)
Kurz, was seen from a boat, but not collected.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

Gynotroches axillaris Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 261.

Represented by 10361; other Philippine distribution Tayabas, Mindoro, Di-
nagat, Mindanao, Negros.

Other species: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam., 9010, local name pototan; B.
parviflora W. & Arn., 9116, local name liingalay : Ceriops tagal (Perr. ) C. B.
Rob., 9297, local name tangal: Pellacalyx pustulata Merr., 6870, local name
quibal: Rhizophora mucronata Lam., 9291, local name bancao.

COMBRETACEAE.

Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt, 9115, local name libatu: Quisqualis indica
Linn., 9230: T.erminalia edulis Blanco, 10369; T. catappa Linn., common along
the shores, but sterile, was not collected.

MYRTACEAE.

Eugenia macgregorii C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 367.

When originally described, this species was placed far from its nearest ally,
E. mimica Merr., through an attempt, seemingly vain, to draw a dividing line
between the species with well developed calyx-lobes and those where the lobes
are little developed or wanting. Of these two groups of species, and of E.
macgregorii and E. mimica, the same statement may be made: the extremes are
very different, but they pass by very easy stages into one another. The type
of E. macgregorii has not only larger flowers with somewhat better developed
calyx-lobes than that of E. mimica, but the leaves (allowing for difference in
length) are over twice as wide, and the marginal vein is less notched at its
junctions with the laterals. It is moreover a small tree along coasts, often in
mangrove swamps, typical E. mimica is a low bush, inland. Polillo collections,
9144, 10392, are typical E. macgregorii, and here also must be referred all plants
from Tayabas and Camarines previously cited by me under E. mimica. The
intermediates are from Zambales, Bataan, Mindoro, and Zamboanga. Were
hybrids known to occur in the genus, such collections as Williams 381, from
Bataan, and For. Bur. 386 Maule, from Zambales, might well be so considered,
as they have some characters of the one species, and some of the other.

Eugenia mindanaensis C. B. Rob. 1. c. 363.

Having seen this in the field, in Mindanao, I may add that the fruit is
similar to that of E. javanica Blume, which is its close ally, but that it seems
to show constantly the characters noted as distinctive from that species. The
Polillo collection, 10365, has rather smaller leaves, more narrowed at the base,
than those from the southern islands, but must be referred here. Other distribu-
tion Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan.

Eugenia subrotundifolia C. B. Rob. 1. e. 362.

Batanes, Iloeos Norte, Cagayan, Tayabas, Albay, Sprsogon; Polillo, 10347.

Osbornia octodonta F. Muell. Fragm. 3 (1862) 31.

Polillo is the most northern station now known, in mangrove swamps about 6
km north of the town, 9117, local name maligang; other distribution Tayabas,
Camarines, Leyte, Negros, Panay, Mindanao, Basilan, Palawan, and Australia.

102601 6

214

ROBINSON.

Tristan ia sp.

A species, believed to be of this genus, has now been collected several times,
always sterile, from Polillo, 9112, local name dinglas, Camarines, Albay, Leyte,
and Mindanao. Its wood is of commercial importance.

Other species: Decaspermiwi paniculatmn ( Lindl. ) Kurz, €985, 10342, 10436,
local name guyong-guyong : Psidium guajava Linn., 6876, local name bay abas.

MELASTOMATACEAE.

Astronia williamsii Merrill sp. nov.

Arbuscula 2 ad 3 m alta: paniculis quam folia multo brevioribus,
brunneo-furfuraceis vel lepidotis, multifloris ; floribus 5-meris, 2 ad 2.5
mm longis: foliis cliartaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 20 cm longis,
apice breviter acuminatis, basi aeutis 5-plinerviis, nervulis transversa-
libus prominentibus, supra glabris, subtus plus minusve deuse et minute
pallido-lepidotis, nervis nervulisque plus minusve brunneo-furfuraceis,
vetustioribus subglabrescentibus.

Panicles terminal, uniformly dark-brown-furfuraceous or lepidote,
many-flowered, 3 to 9 cm long, 6 to 10 cm wide, the flowers subum-
bellately disposed on the ultimate branchlets: flowers yellowish- white,
their pedicels brown-furfuraceous, 2 mm long; calyx urceolate-campan-
ulate, 2 to 2.5 mm long and wide, in very, young fruit 3 mm, brown-
furfuraceous, with 5 broad, short, acute teeth -about 0.8 mm long;
petals orbicular, about 1.7 mm in diameter, deciduous ; anthers obovoid,
0.8 mm long; style 2 mm long.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, its branches light-gray, glabrous, terete, the
younger parts rather densely furfuraceous or lepidote with small, dark-
brown scales: leaves elliptic-oblong, chartaceous, 10 to 20 cm long, 4
to 9 cm wide, the apex sharply but rather shortly acuminate, base
acute, the upper surface glabrous, green, somewhat shining, the lower
surface rather uniformly and densely minutely subcinereous-lepidote, the
nerves and nervules distinctly brown-furfuraceous, in age becoming sub-
glabrous ; nerves 5, the outer pair leaving the midrib nearly at the base,
the inner pair at from 5 to 10 mm above the' base, all reaching the
apex, a very faint marginal pair, sometimes also present, the transverse
veinlets prominent, distant, subparallel, numerous ; petioles densely brown-
furfuraceous or lepidote, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Williams 722, March, 1904
(type) : Province of Rizal, San Isidro, Phil. PI. 451 Ramos, June, 1910: Province
of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 10927 Ramos. Polillo, Bur. Sci.' 9114 Robin-
son, August, 1909. Allied to Astronia pulchra Vid. and A. cumingiana Vid.,
but with larger, 5-nerved leaves, differing from A. rolfei Vid. by its leaves being
lepidote and furfuraceous beneath and having more numerous nerves, from A.
meyeri Merr. by the leaves not being densely covered with papery brown scales
and somewhat in its venation. The San Isidro and Polillo plants have somewhat
sjnaller flowers than the type, but they are also less mature.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

215

Medinilla annulata sp. nov.

Erecta, scandens : inflorescentiis solitariis vel fasciculatis, in caulibus
vetustioribus suffultis, pednncnlis longis, gracilibus, floribns apice um-
bellato-cymosis, pentameris, calyce annnlato: ramulis setosis, foliis'petio-
latis, laminis ellipticis vel anguste obovatis, basi Ieviter cordatis, apice
abrupte brevissimeqne acuminatis, nervis utrinque 4.

Inflorescences solitary or • fascicled on the lower portions of the stem
below the leaves, 13 to 20 cm long, the peduncle only 1.5 mm in diam-
eter, minutely setose at the apex, densely setose at and sometimes
near the base, - elsewhere with scattered setae or glabrous, the inflores-
cence otherwise glabrous, the flowers usually numerous, confined to its
apex and forming an umbellate cyme, the pedicels 5 to 12 mm long:
calyx united with the ovary for rather more than 2 mm, the free portion
somewhat shorter, abruptly widened, its apex with 5 minute teeth, its
inner surface bearing a conspicuous annulus nearly opposite the free
apex of the ovary, the outer surface of the calyx showing when fresh
5 or. less definitely 10 pink ribs, these inconspicuous in dried material;
petals 5, greenish-white, obovate or oblaneeolate, apiculate, 6 mm long;
’stamens 10, subequal, their filaments j^ellow, nearly 4 mm long, the
blue anthers lanceolate, reflexed before anthesis, slightly incurved in
flower, 3.5 mm long, two anterior appendages at the base of the anther-
cells ovate, 0.4 mm long,, obtuse, the posterior spur- 0.2 mm long, being
the continuation of a narrow keel extending 1 mm up the dorsal surface
of the connective; style narrowly clavate, 4 mm long; ovary globose, 5-
celled, its' apex in young flowers with 5 pairs of conspicuous ridges, but
these inconspicuous in later stages, ovules very numerous, on placentae
attached near the apex of the -central angle of the cells : fruit purplish-
red, succulent, seen - up to 4.5 mm in diameter.

Woody and erect, but climbing along the trunks of trees, the stems
nearly cylindric, the older branches covered with scaly brownish bark,
the younger increasingly setose, -densely so at the nodes : leaves opposite,

, the petioles 18- to 35 mm long> they and the bases of the midvein of
the under surface somewhat setose, the veinlets of the under surface
sparingly setose, the leaves otherwise glabrous, lamina submembrana-
ceous, elliptic to narrowly obovate, 20 to 25 cm long, about 9 cm wide,
the base shallowly cordate, the apex rounded and abruptly forming an
acumen only 2 to 3 mm long; lateral veins on each side of the midrib
4, arched-ascending, the uppermost continuing into the acumen, the
third pair nearly as far, all united with the midvein and succeeding
veins by conspicuous transverse veinlets.

Polillo, San Francisco, Bur. Sci. 9002 Robinson (type), on low hills beside
a stream at about 30 m elevation, Bur. Sci. 10265 McGregor. A singularly
distinct species, perhaps as near to M. tephalophora Merr. and that herein

216

ROBINSON.

described as M. polillensis as to any other, but very different from both, as
they are from one another, in the inflorescence, differing also by the more
numerous leaf-veins, the pubescence, and in many other ways.

Medinilla cephaloph'ora Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 250.

Represented by 10261; other distribution Laguna, Negros, Mindanao.

Medinilla inaequifolia sp. nov.

Suffrutex, saepe prostratus, M. involucratae Merr. affinis ; inflores-
centiis saepissime bifloris insigniter braeteolatis, calyce dense pubes-
cente 5-dentato: foliis oppositis, valde diversis, uno saepissime elliptico
vel oblanceolato, apice acute acuminato, basi rotundato vel subcordato ;
altero muito breviore, orbiculare vel ovato-orbiculare, basi cordato.

Inflorescences terminal, lateral, or sometimes crowded on lateral
branches; basal pair of bracts lanceolate, acute, about 4 mm long,
peduncle about 3 mm long, bearing at its apex a pair of bracts similar
to those at its base, each subtending a single one-flowered pedicel about
2 mm long; each flower inclosed in a pair of ovate, rose-carmine brac-
teoles about 2 cm long, 9-plinerved, their under surface and margins,
the peduncles, pedicels, and bracts with hairs 1 to 4 mm long: fruiting
calyx 7 mm long, extending about 1 mm beyond the ovary, densely
beset with hairs often as much as 5 mm long and overtopping it, an-
nulate within, the rim of the calyx forming 5 cuspidate teeth and
minutely serrate between them; ovary 5-celled; ovules very numerous.

An undershrub, at least sometimes prostrate, the gray branches
densely fulvous-pubescent: leaves opposite, those of a pair strikingly
dissimilar, the one with densely pubescent petioles 7 to 10 mm long, the
submembranaeeous lamina variable in outline but more frequently ellip-
tic or oblanceolate, 10 to 18 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, the base rounded,
rarely very shortly acuminate, or subcordate, the apex acutely short-
acuminate, 9- to 11-plinerved, both surfaces bearing upon the veins and
between' them numerous hairs usually about 3 mm long, the opposing
leaves sessile, orbicular or ovate-orbicrdar, 2 to 2.5 cm long, the base
cordate with a very narrow sinus, the apex abruptly and - very shortly
acuminate, 7- to 9-plinerved.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10264 McGregor (type), Bur. Sci. 9095 Robinson, not
uncommon. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Binuang, at 875 m elevation,
Bur. Sci. 9382 Robinson. Very similar to M. involucrata Merr. in the general
appearance of the bracteoles and the unequal leaves, but at once distinguishable
by the pubescence and the more numerous leaf-nerves.

Medinilla involucrata Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 287.

Represented by 694 7, 10262; other distribution Tayabas, Camarines, Albay,
Sorsogon, Negros, Mindoro, Mindanao.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

217

Medinilla nodiflora sp. nov.

Suffrutex, scandens: cymis in eaulibns sub foliis fasciculatis, brevi-
bus; floribus pentameris: foliis oppositis, laminis chartaceis, ellipticis
vel elliptico-lanceolatis, basi rotnndatis vel cordatulis, apice breviter
acuminatis, 7-plinerviis vel infhnis obscnris.

Cymes fascicled on tubercles on the stem below the leaves, 3 to 4
cm long, the flowers in whorls of 3 to 6 at the ends of their branches,
on pedicels 5 to 8 mm long; fruiting calyx waxy- white, urceolate, 10
mm long, 8 mm in diameter, free from the ovary for about 2 mm, the
rim fleshy at the base, annulate within, the nearly truncate apex ob-
scurely showing 5 minute teeth; ovary 5-celled; seeds very numerous,
less than 1 mm long, the testa horny.

Woody, climbing on trees and often rooting, the stems cylindrical,
about 1 cm in diameter, glabrous, with gray or dark-gray bark : leaves
opposite, the petioles 2.5 to 5 cm long, the lamina chartaeeous, elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate, 13 to 20 cm long, 4.5 to 9 cm wide, the base
rounded or very shallowly cordate, the apical acumen acute or subacute,
8 to 15 mm long, 7-plinerved, the lowest pair basal or subbasal, extend-
ing about two-thirds the length of the leaf, sometimes obscure, the next
pair arising 5 mm or less from the base or often adnate to the midvein
and basal or subbasal, extending into the acumen, the apical pair about
3.5 cm above the base, reuniting with the midrib near the base of the
acumen, upper surface green, glabrous, under surface tending to become
purplish-brown in drying, its veins, the petioles and pedicels minutely
brown-furfuraceous, transverse veinlets much more distinct on upper
surface.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10263 McGregor. Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio,
Papatahan, Bur. Sci. 12005 Ramos (type). Allied to M. curranii Merr., strongly
resembling it in its fruit, but having merely opposite leaves, 7-plinerved.

Medinilla polillensis sp. nov.

Scandens : floribus saepissime in triadibus rarius in triadibus biver-
ticillatis eaulinis dispositis, tetrameris : foliis chartaceis, laneeolatis, gla-
bris, basi obscure et brevissime auriculatis, apice acuminatis, 5-plinerviis.

Inflorescences cauline, the flowers more often 3, disposed umbel lately,
or in two whorls each of 3, the peduncle 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, the pedicels
articulated, below the articulation 2.5 to 5 mm long, from articulation
to the base of the ovary 1 to 1.4 cm long: fruiting calyx urceolate, 8
mm long, annulate within, the rim about 1.5 mm long, forming 4 rounded
lobes ;- ovary thin-walled, 4-celled, ovules very numerous.

Plant entirely glabrous, scandent on tree-trunks, and rooting at the
nodes, the stems and branches strongly quadrangular and usually with

218

ROBINSON.

papyraceous wings: leaves with petioles 2.5 to 5 cm long, the lamina
chartaceous, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 15 to 24 cm long, 5 to 9
cm wide, the base most often obscurely auriculate and subpeltate, the
apex gradually narrowed into an acumen 1 to 2 cm long, 5-plinerved,
all other venation very obscure, upper surface olivaceous, the under
surface brownish.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10260 McGregor (type), Bur. Sci. 6859 Robinson. Verv
distinct from any other Philippine species, and apparently from any of other
regions, resembling vegetatively M. dementis Merr. and M. cephalophora Merr.,
but having an entirely different inflorescence ; perhaps most closely allied to
M. motleyi Hook. f.

Other species: Astronia cumingiana Vidal, 9270: Melastoma polyanthum
Blume, 6875, local names, tungao tungauan, byslugcm: Memecylon edule Roxb.,
10266 j M. cumingianmn Presl, 10259; M. paniculatum Jack (?), 927 If.

ONAGRACEAE.

Jussiaea suffuticosa Linn., 90 1/2, 1031f9.

ARALIACEAE.

Schefflera simplicifolia Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 159.

The Polillo collection, 9242, somewhat closely matched by Whitford 815, from
Tingnoan River, Tayabas, has distinctly wider leaves than the type, from Min- '
danao, but shows no other important difference.

Schefflera trifoliata Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 290.

Represented by 6958, 10377, 10428; other distribution Laguna and Tayabas.

Other species: Schefflera insularum (Seem.) Harms, 6890, 10371.

UMBELLIFERAE.

Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, 6957, local name tacaip suso.

ALANGIACEAE.

Alangium meyeri Merr., 10413.

MYRSINACEAE.

Ardisia pirifolia Mez in Das Pflanzenreich 4 230 (1902) 129; Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 217.

The type locality is Burdeos, on the east coast of Polillo. The species is
extremely near A. boissieri A. DC., differing only by having the sepals or some
of them emarginate. Trivial as the character seems, it holds for 9292, collected
on the opposite coast of the island from Burdeos, the only other provinces whence
the form is known being Tayabas and Union.

Ardisia whitfordii Mez in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 271.

Represented by 6792, 10368; other distribution Tayabas.

Discocalyx linearifolia Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 441.

Represented by 6834; other distribution Tayabas, a very similar species with
broader leaves ranging from Benguet to Cagayan.

BOTANICAL NOTES. 219

Embelia porteana Mez in Das Pflanzenreich 1. e. 302;. Merr. in Philip. Journ'.
Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 375.

Represented by 10411; other distribution Mindoro, the type locality not- known.

Other species: Aegiceras corniculatum (Linn.) Blanco, 6990, 10355 ; A. floridum
R. & S., 9088.

SAPOTACEAE.

Mimusops elengi Linn., 6981.

EBENACEAE.

Diospyros nitida Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 57.

This seems to be represented by 9214, with staminate flowers, although the
petioles are longer and the leaves wider than is usual in the species. Other
distribution Benguet to Bataan and Rizal, Mindoro, Guimaras, Mindanao.

Other species: Diospyros maritima Blume, 9138, 10388, local name canumai:
D. discolor Willd. is also native on the island, although it was not collected;
fruit was brought me on several occasions.

OLEACEAE.

Jasminum macrocarpum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 258.

Represented by 6972, 9308, local name tint a europa: other distribution Bataan
and Rizal. *

Other species : Linociera cumingiana Vidal, 10383.

LOGANIACEAE.

Fagraea auriculata Jack in Mai. Misc. 2 7 (1822) 82.

Represented by 10430 ; other distribution Cagayan, Laguna, Negros, Palawan,
Malay Archipelago, Malay Peninsula, India.

Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1824) 35.

Common on Polillo, 9040, 9183, 10320, For. Bur. 3214 Bagger, local name
libacan ; other distribution Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Albay, Sorsogon, Leyte,
Sibuyan, Cebu, Negros, Mindoro, Mindanao, Basilan, Malay Peninsula, Andaman
Islands, Malay Archipelago, Australia.

APOCYNACEAE.

Tabernaemontana mugronata Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 318.

Represented by 6974, local name pandacaqui ; other distribution Tayabas and
Guimaras.

Voacanga plumeriaefolia Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 333.

Almost certainly represented by 10395, although the Polillo collection is not
quite an exact match for the cotype. No flowers were obtained. The species,
known otherwise from Tayabas only, has much the appearance of a Tabernae-
montana, in the alliance of T. sphaerocarpa Blume.

Other species: Allamanda Cathartica Linn., 9162, ■ 10385, ‘ local name campa-
nula: Cerbera odollam Gaertn., 6977, 10332, local name lipata: Lochnera rosea
(Linn.) Reichb., '6984, 10363, local name San- Pedro: Voacanga globosa (Blanco)
Merr., 9127, 10358, local name bayag cambing.

220

ROBINSON.

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Cynanchum schlechterianum Warb, in Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 121.

Fruiting material, 9231, probably represents this species, otherwise known
from Tayabas, the only apparent difference being shorter petioles.

Dischidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 632.

The Polillo collection, 101/08, agrees fairly well with material from Masbate,
identified by Schlechter, but is less hirsute. The identifications in this genus
are somewhat approximate only, as the rather scanty material is reserved for
dissection, by a specialist on the family.

Dischidia oiantha Sehltr. in Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 127.

Probably represented by 921/0 ; type locality Cagayan, apparently a species of
fairly wide Philippine distribution.

Dischidia platyphylla Sehltr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 300.

Probably represented by 10337 ; type from Mindanao.

Dischidia sp.

A species with great general resemblance to the last but with different flowers
is represented by 921/1/, well matched by Merrill 5219, from Borongan, Samar.
It is possibly the same as a named but undescribed species from Mindanao, our
specimen of which has no flowers.

Hoya incrassata Warb. in Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) J30.

Represented by 10336 ; other distribution Rizal, Tayabas, Mindoro, Mindanao.

Hoya merrillii Sehltr. in Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 131.

Represented by 9013, 101/31 ; other distribution Tayabas, Bohol, Mindoro,
Mindanao.

Other species: Asclepias curassavica Linn., 9051, 10378: Centrostemma multi-
florum (Blume) Decne., 6975, 10362.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

This family was represented by very few species, the only two collected being
Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) DC., 6963, and Merremia hast at a Hallier f., 9153;
one other was seen.

BORAGINACEAE.

Cordia subcordata Lam. 111. 1 (1794) 421.

Represented by 10351; other distribution Tayabas, Camarines, Batangas, Bu-
rias, Mindoro, Palawan, Mindanao, Basilan, East Africa, Madagascar, southern
Asia, Malaya, to Australia and Hawaii.

Other species: Tournefortia sarmentosa Blume, 9212.

VERBENACEAE.

Callicarpa subalbida Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 337.

Represented by 6861, 10269 ; otherwise known only from Tayabas.

Clerodendron minahassae Teijsm. & Binnend. in Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 25
(1863) 409. i

C. blancoi Naves in Blanco FI, Filip, ed. 3 ( 1877 ) pi. 223, non C. blancoanum
F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 161.

Comparison of Naves’ plate with that of C. minahassae in Miquel, Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat. 3: pi. 9, and with the series of Philippine collections of the species,

BOTANICAL NOTES.

221

fails to disclose any character by which this Philippine material can be held
distinct from that from Celebes. The latter is figured as having a longer corolla
than is usually seen on our collections, but it varies in length on the same
branch, merely as a matter of age. The species is widely distributed in the
Philippines, the Polillo numbers being 9057 and 10267.

Other species: Avicennia officinalis Linn., 9060: Callicarpa formosana Rolfe,
6959: Clerodendron hrachyanthum Schauer, 9271; C. commersonii (Poir. ) Spr.,
9172, 10271; C. intermedium Cham. & Sehl., 10771: Premna integrifolia Linn, f.,
6871, 10268, local name alagao: Vitex negundo TAnn.,10270; V. trifolia Linn, f.,
9150.

LABIATAE.

Dysophylla auricularia Blume Bijdr. (1826) 826.

Represented b j 9014; other distribution Nueva Vizcaya, Bohol, Culion, Min-
danao, Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, India.

Other species: Eyptis capitata Jacq., 9016, 10404; 11. suaveolens Poir., 9151f,
local name suubcabuyo : Leuca-s lavandulifolia Sm., 9015: Ocimum sanctum Linn.,
9182, local name locoloco.

SOLANACEAE.

Capsicum frutescens Linn., 9227: Solanum cumingii Dunal, 9151, local name
talongtalungan ; S. nigrum Linn., 9164.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Limnophila serrata Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. (1826) 448, pi. 57, fig. 2.

Represented by 9025; not previously known from the Philippines; other
distribution Mariannes, Polynesia.

Russelia juncea Zucc. in Flora 15 2 (1832) Beibl. 99.

This Mexican species is now thoroughly established on the walls of the town
of Polillo, where it was not seen in cultivation, as well as in a few other
Philippine localities; 9018, 10434-

Vandellia scabra Benth. Scropli. Ind. (1835) 36.

The species so-called in Philippine botany is represented by 6916, 10397, but
the identification is doubtful in two ways. From the synonymy attributed to
the species, there seem to be older valid specific names, one of them, Torenia
hirta Cham. & Schl., having been based upon Philippine material. Moreover,
in the Polillo specimens and nearly all others from the Philippines that have
been so identified, the calyx is definitely, if but little, longer than the capsule. A
study of the types may show that two species have been included under the one
specific name.

Other species : Bonnaya veronicaefolia (Retz. ) Spr., s. n. : Limnophila gratis-
sima Blume, 9032: Scoparia dulcis Linn., 9008, 9155, 10348, local name ualis-
ualisan: Stachytarpheta indica (Linn.) DC., 9049: Torenia polygonoides Benth.,
6912: Vandellia Crustacea (Linn.) Benth., 6913; T7. cordifolia (Colsm.) G. Don
(T7. pedunculata Benth.), 10398.

BIGNONIACEAE.

Nyctocalos cuspidatum (Blume) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3
(1867) 249.

Represented by 10396; other distribution Rizal, Batangas, Palawan, Basilan,
Mindanao, Celebes, Moluccas.

Other species: Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem., 10372.

222

ROBINSON.

GESNERIACEAE.

Two species were collected, and ar,e in the hands of a specialist for determina-
tion, a Cyrtandra, 10257, and a Trichosporum, 6862.

ACANTHACEAE.

Hemigraphis strigosa (Nees) F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 153.

This, or an extremely close ally is represented by 6995, the distribution of
the species, with the same qualification, being Bontoc, Laguna, Masbate, Negros,
Mindoro, Mindanao.

Staurogyne debilis (Anders.) C. B. Clarke ex Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci.
2 (1907) Bot. 302.

Represented by 9008; other distribution Cagayan, Benguet, Tayabas, Rizal,
Negros, Mindoro, Mindanao.

Other, species : Acanthus ilicifolius Linn., 6961: Blechum brownei A. Juss.,
9147: Eranthemum curtatum C. B. Clarke, 9196: Hygrophila angustifolia R.
Br., 9217.

RUBIACEAE.

Hedyotis philippensis (Willd.) Merr. in herb. comb. nov.

Spermacoce (?) philippensis Willd. ex Spr. Syst. 1; (1825) 401.

8. philippinensis F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 113.

Metabolos laevigatus (Bartl.) DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 436.

i Sclerococcus laevigatus Bartl. in herb. Haenke ex DC. 1. c.

Hedyotis laevigata Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1856) 178.'

^fpermacoce meyeniana Walp. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl.
I: 353.

Hedyotis congesta Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 127, non R.
Br. ex G. Don Gen. Syst. 3 (1834) 525.

Willdenow’s and Bartling’s types are extant: of the former we possess a carbon
impression, of the latter fragments, both secured by Mr. Merrill, who was further
able to compare them with more recent collections. Both were obtained by the
same expedition, almost certainly by the same collector, and it is highly probable
that they are parts of a single collection. Of Meyen’s type, we also have a
carbon impression, with notes, and it seems to differ only slightly from the older
species, and then in pubescence. Taken in conjunction with numerous recent
collections, including 6832, from Polillo, it does not seem possible to maintain
it as a distinct species. The alliance is unquestionably with H. congesta R. Br.,
but it differs from the only Indian specimen of the latter which we possess,
Dr. Prain’s collector 57, Andaman Islands, by the thinner leaves with less con-
spicuous and more arched venation. It has a rather wide Philippine distribution.

Hydnophytum formicarum Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1823) 124.

Represented by 9084; other distribution Tayabas, Mindoro, Mindanao, Borneo,
Java, Sumatra, Andaman . Islands, Malay Peninsula. It may be worth adding
that although the stem-bases were of large size and characteristically excavated,
the few ants within were most peaceably disposed.

Ixora inaequifolia sp. nov.

Ixorae auriculatae Elmer affinis; sed differt stipulis brevioribus et
foliis lieterophyllis, oppositis similibus sed parium diflerentium valde
inaequimagnis, aliis oblanceolatis/ 12 usque ad 20 cm longis, ceteris
ellipticis, usque ad . 3 cm longis.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

223

Inflorescence terminal, corymbose, about 12 cm long, the peduncle
nearly 8 cm long, then trifurcate, the secondary peduncles 15 to 18 mm
long, again trifurcate, tertiary peduncles about 1 cm long, each bearing
3 flowers on pedicels usually 5 mm long or some slightly longer or much
shorter; bracts paired at each fork of the inflorescence and at the base
of the fruits, similar, narrowly triangular-lanceolate with a widened
base, about 3 mm long, acute: calyx subpersistent, the tube about 1
mm long, the 4 lobes lanceolate, obtuse, 3 mm long; fruits 7 to 9 mm
in diameter, pale-green flushed with red, 2-celled, each cell with 1 seed
about 6 mm long, its testa bony.

A shrub, entirely glabrous except for the lepidote under surface of
the leaves, the branchlets somewhat angled: leaves opposite, sessile, coria-
ceous, those of each pair similar but those of different pairs very dissi-
milar, one type oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 12 to 20 cm long,
3 to 5.5 cm wide, the base auricled, the apex abruptly contracted into
an acumen not over 5 mm long, the other type elliptic, 23 to 30 mm
long, 12 to 13 mm wide, the base round, the apex acuminate as in the
larger type ; primary lateral veins of each side of larger leaves 15 to
20, with intermediate veins often nearly as prominent, the finer reticula-
tion lax, the veins of the smaller leaves rather fewer and much closer;
intemodes between the smaller leaves and the larger ones next below
much shorter than between the smaller ones and the larger next above;
stipules interpetiolar, about 4.5 mm long, the nearly semicircular base
about twice as long as the slender acumen.

Polillo, in forest, Bur. Sci. 10216 McGregor. The species has much, similarity
to I. auriculata Elmer, but differs very strikingly by the presence of the smaller
leaves', the larger ones also having a somewhat different outline, while the
stipules are much shorter and more shortly acuminate. It is also similar, but
less so, to I. philippinensis Merr.

Ixora macgregorii sp. nov.

Frutex : inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculato-corymbosis, floribus
bibracteolatis ; calycis tubo et lobis subaequilongis ; corollae tubo sub-
cylindrico, lobis late lanceolatis, acutis, revolutis; filamentis crassis,
antheris linearibus, sagittatis : foliis submembranaceis, lanceolatis vel
oblongo-lanceolatis, basi rotundatis sed ima basi acutis, apice acumi-
natis.

Panicles terminal, subcorymbose, the peduncle 3 to 4 cm long, its
branches opposite, the lowest about 8 mm long, decreasing in length
toward the apex' of the inflorescence, the secondary branches about 5
mm long, bearing sessile or pedicelled flowers and usually an addi-
tional peduncle with one or two flowers at its apex; peduncle glabrous,
the further divisions increasingly ' puberulent ; bracts linear-lanceolate,
acute, decreasing in length from 8 mm at the base of the peduncle to
1 mm at the base of the pedicels; each flower subtended at the base by

224

ROBINSON.

2 lanceolate bracteoles 1.2 to 1.5 mm long, acute or acuminate at the
apex: calyx in all 2.2 to 2.5 mm long, sometimes the tube but more
often the lobes slightly the longer, the lobes 4, ovate, acuminate ; corolla
white, the tube about '16 mm long, less than 1 mm in diameter at the
base, nearly 1.4 mm in diameter at the base of the lobes, the latter 4,
broadly lanceolate, acute, 7 mm long, 3 mm wide at the base, revolute ;
filaments stout, 2.5 mm long; anthers 5.5 mm long, linear, the cells
produced separately at the base for 2 mm below their insertion; style
2 cm long, the stigmatic arms about 2 mm long: fruit red, subglobose,
7 mm long in addition to the subpersistent calyx-lobes, 8 to 9 mm in
diameter, 2-celled, each cell with 1 plano-convex seed about 5.5 mm
long, peltately attached, or one cell sometimes aborting.

A bush, its vegetative parts entirely glabrous, the ultimate branches
quadrangular, dark-colored, the next older paler: leaves with grooved
petioles 4 to 8 mm long, the submembranaeeous lamina lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 14 to 23 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, the base rounded
or somewhat abruptly narrowed, very shortly acutely acuminate, the
apex forming an obtuse but at least sometimes mucronate acumen 1
to 1.5 cm long; primary veins on each side of the midrib 18 to 25,
slightly projecting or immersed, even on the same leaves, nearly straight
or toward the margin well arched.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10219 McGregor (type). Luzon, Province of Albay, Cuming
896, the specimen here rather fragmentary and apparently with fewer leaf-veins,
but otherwise very similar. Allied to I. Icing stoni Hook, f., but distinguished
by the leaf-bases, venation, shorter corolla, and otherwise.

Lasianthus copelandii Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 10.

Represented by 9187 ; other distribution Laguna, Negros, Mindoro, Mindanao.

Myrmecodia sp.

A sterile specimen, 10224, is well matched by Whitford 81 7, Tingnoan River,
Tayabas, in a similar condition.

Nauclea media Hav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 33 (1897) 56.

Represented by 9119, 10215 ; other distribution Rizal, Tayabas, Albay, Bataan,
and Mindoro.

Ophiorrhiza involucrata Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 251.

Rather frequent on Polillo, 6833; other distribution Tayabas.

Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 150.

Represented by 9233; other distribution Batanes, Babuyanes, Isabela, . Ben-
guet, Tayabas, Laguna, Mindanao, Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, India,
Ceylon.

Psychotria banahaensis Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 26.

Well matched by 6842; known also from Tayabas and Negros, with closely
allied forms in other provinces. Very similar, also, are three Polillo collections,
6835, 10212, 10775, but the venation of the broader leaves is coarser; all are
fruiting, and when dowering material is secured, they may prove to belong to
an undescribed species.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

225

Psychotria longipedunculata Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1911) 1027.

Represented by 10218; otherwise known only from Sibuyan.

Psychotria pi nnati nervia Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 26.

Represented by 9295; other distribution. Tayabas, Laguna, with at least closely
allied forms in Rizal.

Sarcocephalus pubescens sp. nov.

Arbuscula : inflorescentiis axillaribus terminalibusque, solitariis, binis,
vel ternis, braeteis varie positis; novellis, petiolis, stipulis, subtus foliis
inflorescentiisque hirsutis; foliis oppositis, ellipticis vel elliptico-obova-
tis, basi a cutis, apice acuminatis; stipulis interpetiolaribus, late oblan-
ceolatis, deciduis.

Inflorescences solitary, paired, or in threes, axillary or terminal, the
peduncles 1.5 to 3 cm long, hirsute especially below the bracts and at
the apex; bracts not inserted within 3 mm of the base or of the apex
of the peduncle, but anywhere between, lanceolate to ovate, obtuse or
shortly acuminate, 4 to 9 mm long, hirsute: heads excluding styles 1.5
to 2 cm in diameter, the united ovaries alone 4 to 8 mm in diameter;
calyx-lobes about 5, yellow, 1.5 mm long, thickened and flattened at
the apex, deciduous; corolla white, tubular, the tube glabrous, 4.5 to 5
mm long, the 4 ovate lobes about 1 mm long, rounded or truncate;
stamens 4, the filaments 0.3 mm long, inserted at the sinuses of the
corolla-lobes, the anthers ovate, nearly 1 mm long, almost entirely ex-
serted ; style about 9 mm long, the fusiform stigma 1 mm long ; ovary
2-celled. ,

A tree attaining a height of 6 m, with a trunk 8 cm in diameter,
the bark of the terete branches grayish-brown, the youngest shoots pur-
plish when dry, and together with the stipules, petioles/ and the under
surface of the leaves fuscous-hirsute : leaves opposite, the petioles 6 to
12 mm long, the lamina submembranaceous, brownish when dry, elliptic
or elliptic-obovate, 5 to 9.5 cm long, 2.5 to 5.5 cm wide, or some still
smaller, the base usually rounded but meeting the petiole acutely, the
apex abruptly contracted into a slender obtuse acumen 6 to 12 mm
long; lateral veins 7 or 8, reddish, the secondary veins numerous and
fairly conspicuous; stipules interpetiolar, broadly oblanceolate, 15 to 20
mm long, rounded at the apex, deciduous.

Poliixo, in a meadow about 2 km east of the town, at about 10 m elevation, Bur.
Sci. 6917 Robinson (type). Samae, San Juan, For. Bur. 12882 Rosenbluth,
local name malbog, the wood used for tables; plant in late flower, with somewhat
longer and thicker leaves, but otherwise very similar. The species is allied to
8. junghunnii Miq., but is separable by the pubescence, shape of the leaves
and stipules, and other less conspicuous characters. A still more natural alliance
may be with 8. liirsutus Hav., of Borneo, which seems to have shorter and dif-
ferently shaped stipules, larger and thinner leaves, and larger heads of flowers.

226

ROBINSON.

Tetralopha (?) polillensis sp. nov.

Suffrutex, ramis pendulis : inflorescentiis axillaribus, bracteatis ; calyce
urceolato, truncato vel subtruncato, ciliolato ; corolla aestivatione valvata,
sub anthesi plus minus ve alte divisa, lobis 4, lanceolatis, recurvis, intus
dense lanatis ; staminibus 4 ; ovario biloculari, 2-ovulato : f oliis petiolatis,
lanceolatis vel elliptico-lanceolatis, nigricantibus, basi aeutis, apice acu-
minatis.

Inflorescences axillary, rarely also terminal, / excluding the flowers 1
cm long or more often -distinctly shorter, the flowers in one -to three
superimposed whorls with or without a basal peduncle, the internodes,
when any, 2 to 3 mm long; the nodes involucrate by ovate, acuminate,
ciliate, united bracts, sometimes also with bracts similar to the leaves but
much smaller; pedicels stout, 1 mm long, or, almost wanting: calyx ur-
ceolate, 2.5 to 3 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter at- the rim, the rim ex-
tending beyond the ovary,, truncate .or very obscurely 2- or 4-lobed, eilio-
late; corolla white, in all, 13 to 14 mm long, valvate in bud, at anthesis
splitting about half-way to the base, the 4 lobes lanceolate, obtuse, recurved,
their inner surfaces densely white-lanate to below the insertion of the
stamens; filaments inserted upon the corolla about 5 mm from its base,
about 2 mm long, the linear-lanceolate anthers 2.5 mm long, their tips
slightly exserted; disk pulvlnate, with 2 sessile stigmas 0.3 to 0.5 mm
long; ovary at least sometimes 2-celled with 2 collateral ovules in each
cell, sometimes showing traces of 4 cells.

A shrub 3 m higfl, its branches pendent (from herbarium material would
be considered scandent), the branches 4-angled or nearly terete, covered
with gray or yellowish-gray bark, vegetative parts entirely glabrous : leaves
opposite, the petioles 8 to 15 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous, blackish
when dry, lanceolate or in smaller leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 6.5 to 13.5
cm long, 1 to 5 cm wide, narrowed to both ends, the base acute, the apex
forming an obtuse or subacute acumen 5 to 10 mm long; lateral veins
7 to 9, the secondary reticulations prominent, especially on the under
surface ; stipules ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long, connected by a stipular line.

Polillo, beside a clearing about 1.5 km south of the town, Bur. Sci. 9064
Robinson. The generic difficulties are connected with the nature of the ovary,
mechanically as to its actual structure, but also as to whether it is typical
of the species or rather a reduced state belonging to the staminate flower of a
diclinous form. Externally, it is perfectly represented in the figure of Tetralopha
motleyi 5 Hook, f., internally, it seems to vary, usually having the 2-eelled,
2-ovuled condition of that species, but sometimes appearing to be 4-celled. The
ovules were quite immature. In other words, the species might with almost
equal propriety be placed in Gynochthodes. A Negros plant is closely allied and
is here also described. The remaining Philippine species is T. philippinensis
Elmer, from Sibuyan.

5 Hook. Ic. PI. pi. 1012.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

227

Tetralopha (?) lenticellata sp. nov.

Tetralophae polillensi valde affinis, sed ramis nigris conspicue lenticel-
latis, flonbus brevioribus, filamentis inferius insertis distinguenda.

Flowers umbellately inserted,, the peduncle more slender than in T.
poliliensis, 7 to 12 mm long, the pedicels also more slender, 1.5 to 3 mm
long; calyx 1.5 to 2 mm long, corolla 9 to 10 mm long; filaments inserted
about 2 mm from the base of the corolla, 3 mm long, anthers 2 mm long.

Habit probably the same as in T. poliliensis, but the bark of the branches
blackish, conspicuously marked by white lenticels : petioles 7 to 17 mm
long, lamina merely chartaceous, varying from oblanceolate through ellip-
tic to lanceolate, 9 to 13 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the apical acumen nar-
rower and more acute. Otherwise as in T. poliliensis.

Negros, near Cadiz, For. Bur. 13689 Curran.

Uncaria philippinensis Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 38.

Very common on Polillo, 9122; other distribution Tayabas, Mindoro, Mindanao,
Balabac. A young shoot, 10223, belongs to .this genus, but is not further de-
terminable.

Urophyllum arboreum (Reinw.) Korth. Ned. Kruidk. 2 5 (1851) 194.

Wallichta arhorea Reinw. ex Blume Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 11.

Urophyllum glabrum Jack ex Roxb. FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. 2 (1824) 186.

Represented by 9197, 10210; other distribution Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines,
Negros, Mindoro, Mindanao, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula.

Urophyllum lucbanense Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 72.

Represented by 6940, 10211; other distribution Tayabas.

Xanthophytum fruticulosum Reinw. ex Blume Bijdr. (1826) 839; Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 328.

Apparently rare on Polillo, only one plant seen, on low hills near San Fran-
cisco; 9004 . Of the three previous Philippine collections, one is from Rizal, one
from eastern Laguna, the locality of the other, not dednitely known, was more
probably southeastern Luzon. Other distribution Borneo, Java.

Other species: Argostemma solaniflorum Elmer, 9193: Ixora maorophylla
Bartl., 6844; 10213 : Morinda bracteata Roxb., 6951, local name bancoro: Mussaenda
philippica A. Rich., 6874, 6991, local name taligharrop: Oldenlandia corymbosa
Linn., 10222; 0. paniculata Linn., 9167, 10217: Ophiorrhiza oblongifolia DC.,
9007: Paederia tomentosa Blume, 9180, 10214: Pavetta barnesii Elmer, 6993,
10220: Plectronia umbellata (Bartl.) K. Sch., 6976, 6992: Psychotria sarmentosa
Blume, 9056, 10221: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn., 9141-

CUCURBITACEAE.

Melothria indica Lour., 6924; M. mucronata (Blume) Cogn., 6931, 10432:
Momordica charantia Linn., 9177/.

CAMPANULACEAE.

Pentaphragma philippinense Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 308.

Represented by 6936, 10393; other distribution Cagayan, Tayabas, Albay, Sor-
sogon, Mindoro, Mindanao; conspicuous in ravines along the eastern coast of
Luzon.

228

ROBINSON.

GOODENIACEAE.

Scaevola koenigii Vahl, 6950.

COMPOSITAE.

Bidens pilosa Linn., 9177 : Cosmos sulphureus HBK., 1037 If: Elephantopus
mollis HBK., 9055: Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC., 9166: Erigeron linifolius
Willd., 6951f: Synedrella nodiflora (Linn.) Gaertn., 9176: Vernonia cinerea (Linn.)
Less., 6900, 9156;. V. patula (Ait.) Merr., 911/9, 101/05: Wedelia hiflora (Linn.)
DC., 6965.

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CONTENTS

Page.

COPELAND, E. B. Bornean Ferns Collected by C. J.

Brooks 133

COPELAND, E. B. New or Interesting Philippine

Ferns, V 145

FOXWORTHY, F. W. Philippine Gymnosperms 149

FOXWORTHY, F. W. Bedaru and Billian: Two Im-
portant Borneo Timber Trees 179

RADLKOFER, L. Sapindaceae Novae Philippinarum

Insulae Polillo 181

ROBINSON, C. B. Botanical Notes upon the Island

of Polillo 185

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SEPTEMBER, 1911

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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

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THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. YI SEPTEMBER, 1911 No. 4

THE PALMS OF THE ISLAND OF POLILLO.1

By 0. Beccari.
(Florence, Italy.)

Areca Catechu Linn. var. longicarpa Becc. var. nov.

Fructibus luteis, elongato-ellipsoideis, 5.5 ad 7 cm longis (una cum
perianthio) 2.5 ad 3 cm crassis, pericarpio in fere dimidia inferiori parte
plaeno, semine e basi plana late conoideo, obtuso, 22 mm crasso, 24 mm
longo.

Bur. Sci. 101/70 McGregor.

Areca Ipot Becc. var. polillensis Becc. var. nov.

A forma typica differt caudice graciliori, 4 m longo, 4 ad 5 cm diam.,
spadicibus brevioribus. Specimina incompleta, fructibus immaturis,
tantum vidi. An species distincta?

Bur. Sci. 6938 Robinson, along stream, altitude 25 m; Bur. Sci. 101/63, 101/69
McGregor.

Pinanga Barnesii Becc. in Webbia 1 (1905) 320.

Bur. Sci. 101/66 McGregor, Bur. Sci. 6937 Robinson.

Arenga saccharifera Labill.

Bur. Sci. 901/1 Robinson, vernacular name (Tagalog) bunga iig cauang; Bur.
Sci. 101/68 McGregor.

'This paper was received just too late for publication with the other articles
on the phanerogams of Polillo. The Island is situated off the east coast of Luzon,
almost in the latitude of Manila. The collections here identified were made by
R. C. McGregor and C. B. Robinson, both of the Bureau of Science, by the latter
in the month of August, 1909, by the former in the succeeding three months. — Ed.

103750 229

230

BECCARI.

Nipa fruticans Thunb.

Bur. Sci. 10 If 62 McGregor; Bur. Sci. 9061 Robinson, vernacular name (Taga-
log) sasa.

Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.

Bur. Sci. 9271/ Robinson, vernacular name (Tagalog) anibong. In hill forests,
altitude 75 m.

Livistona Robinson iana Beec. sp. nov.

Elata, caudice 12 m et ultra 'longo, 20 ran diametro. Frondiiim
petiolus in parte apicali inermis, lamina in parte centrali circiter 80 cm
longa, regulariter mnltifida, segmentis intermediis circiter ad medium
liberis, apice breviter bifidis, laciniis acuminatis rigidis 12 ad 15 cm
longis. Spadices elongati, spathis tubulosis arete vaginati ; inflorescentiis
partialibus 2-3-furcatis, paniculaeformibus, 25 ad 30 cm longis, florum
pulvinulis superficialibus, unifloris. Flores minutissimi, sessiles. Peri-
anthium fructiferum depressum, circiter 3 mm diametro. Fructus
sphaerici, 16 ad 17 mm diametro, a processu raphidis cylindraceo sinuoso
transfossum.

Livistonae rotundifoliae ut videtur proxima, differt fructibus auran-
tiacis, nec nigrescentibus, et lamina profundius partita.

Bur. Sci. 9265 Robinson, vernacular name (Tagalog) pilig, edge of forest,
altitude 5 m, rather common locally, 12 m or more in. height, 20 cm in diameter,
fruit orange, petiole about 1 -m long; Bur. Sci. 10471 McGregor.

Calamus microcarpus Becc. in Records Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 213, Philip.
Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 627.

Bur. Sci. 9131 Robinson, altitude 5 m, in thin forests, vernacular name (Ta-
galog) bunga ng sipay; Bur. Sci. 10465 McGregor.

Calamus ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc. in Webbia 1. (1905) 346.

Bur. Sci. 9266 Robinson, along streams, edge of rice fields, 7 m high, 6 cm in
diameter, vernacular name limoran ; Bur. Sci. 10461 McGregor, in low forests
along streams, altitude about 10 m, fruit green, turning yellow, eaten by natives,
sour and somewhat bitter.

Calamus filispadix Becc. nom. nov. if.

Calamus Hookerianus Becc. in Philip. Journ. Sci .^Je (1909) 621, non in Ann.
Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 226, t. 70.

Bur. Sci. 10467 McGregor.

I now consider the Philippine plant which I previously had referred to C.
Hookerianus, to belong to a distinct species. Specimens of true Calamus Hooker -
ianus have recently been collected by Mr. A. Meebold in the forests of Kandy,
Ceylon; there is, therefore, no ground to doubt that the type specimens of the
species had not really been collected in Courtallum, as several species of plants
growing in Ceylon are also found in southern India.

Calamus Diepenhorstii Miq. var. exulans Becc. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5
(1909) Bot. 627.

Bur. Sci. 9111 Robinson, on Mount Malulud, altitude 100 m.

Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. in Perkins Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 47.

Bur. Sci. 9039 Robinson.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 4, September, 1911.

PHILIPPINE D1PTEROCARPACEAE.

♦

By Fred W. Foxworthy.

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau' of Science,
Manila, P. 7.)

There is surprisingly little known of this family, although it produces
our most important timber trees and certain species form the bulk of the
stand in our primitive forests. The time of flowering and fruiting is
not well understood for any of out species. The reasons for this are
probably the scanty population and the primitive state of the natives
where the members of this family are most common, and the very large
size of the trees. Most of the species produce trees of very large size,
which are unbranched to a considerable height. This makes it very
difficult to collect herbarium material and also difficult to determine
whether the trees are, in flower or fruit. Moreover, these trees are
often found in regions remote from transportation, the species are variable
and closely related. Other regions of the tropical east where this family
is represented, present similar conditions y so, there is not so much aid
in the consideration of critical points as might be desired.

The published data on the Philippine dipterocarps has consisted of
very incomplete and inaccurate descriptions of some ten or eleven species
by Blanco the splendid work of Dr. Whitford 1 2 on the composition and
stand of the dipterocarp forests, with habit notes on many species;
descriptions of a number of species by Brandis ;3 4 and scattered taxonomic
notes on particular species by various workers. In addition to these,
there are a number of notes on habit, distribution, etc., that have been
made by various members of the forest service in the Philippines, and

1 Blanco, M. Flora de Filipinas (1837) 401, 446-454; ed. 2 (1845) 281, 310-315.

2 Whitford, H. N. Studies in the Vegetation of the Philippines. I. The Com-

position and Volume of the Dipterocarp Forests of the Philippines. This Journal

4 (1910) Bot. 699-725; The Forests of the Philippines. Bull. Philip. Bur. For.
10 (1911).

8 Brandis, Dietrich. An Enumeration of the Dipteroearpaceae. Journ. Linn.
Soe. Bot. 31 (1895) 1-148.

231

232

FOXWORTHY.

which include much of the most valuable work that has been done. In
my work on this group, I have been aided principally by material and
observations furnished me by Mr. H. M. Curran, Dr. H. IST. Whitford,
and other members of the Bureau of Forestry. I am also indebted to
Dr. H. Hallier and the late Dr. W. Burck for help in comparing herbarium
"material in the Rijks-Herbarium at Leyden and to Mr. C. H. Wright
for placing at my disposal material in the herbarium at Kew. Mr. H. FT.
Ridley, Director of the Botanic Gardens at Singapore, and Dr. Joh.
Schmidt have also aided me with literature. Dr. A. F. G. Kerr, of
Chieng Mai, has kindly supplied me with comparative material from
Siam and Dr. J. C. Willis with material from Ceylon. Government
officials in Sarawak and British North Borneo have aided me a great
deal in my collecting in those countries.

FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS.

Trees, usually of large size, with tall stems, often unbranched to a
considerable height. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, stipulate, pen-
ninerved; stipules often small and early deciduous. Wood, pith, bark,
and leaves usually containing resin-canals. Fruits with sepals prolonged
into wings, which often exceed the fruit in length and aid in its dispersal.
Flowers perfect, numerous, in panicles, usually 5-merous. Receptacle
obconical, sometimes concave. Sepals 5. Stamens co, 15, 10, or 5.
Carpels (3-1) with each of the 2 anatropous ovules with 2 integuments.
Stylopodium often present. Style short or long, glabrous. Stamens of
various form ; filaments often connate ; anthers with the connective often
prolonged. Only one of the ovules develops into a perfect seed. Cotyle-
dons with long petioles ; radicle superior ; hypocotyl often as long as the
embryo. Cotyledons usually bifid to the base and often divided into
numerous lobes. Seeds often albuminous.

SPECIAL MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY.

Little or nothing has been done in the study of any of our species.
The only observations have been such as could be made from the study
of unripe fruit and from newly sprouted seedlings.

ANATOMY.

Resin-canals. — The first conspicuous feature is the presence of resin-
canals in various parts of the plant. They occur in the pith and wood
of all species and in the leaves and bark of most. These canals are often
of a form similar to those found in coniferous woods. In many species
they are found filled with a hardened whitish resin in the old wood. In
Dipterocarpus and Anisoptera they are often found to be filled with a
viscid wood oil which is said to be fluorescent.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

233

Pith. — The pith is heterogenous, the greater part of it being made
up of thin-walled cells. In some cases, mucilaginous cells are found.
Eesin-canals occur either in the center or the periphery of the pith.
Their number and arrangement has some value as a taxonomic character.

Wood. — The wood is characterized by the presence of resin-canals and,
frequently, a large amount of wood parenchyma. The resin-canals do
not seem to show any very regular arrangement. In some forms (species
of Pentacme , Shores Hopea , Parashorea) , they are abundant and form
noticeable whitish rows, which are incompletely concentric and occur at
irregular intervals. They present a whitish appearance, because of the
contained resin, and give an appearance like that of seasonal growth
rings. In some cases (species of Anisoptera and Dipterocarpus) , the
resin-canals are filled with oil, which causes them to be less readily
distinguished. In these cases, the oil flows out and covers the stump
when the tree is cut, making the stump and the butt of the log very
gummy.

In Vatic a wood, the resin-canals are much less prominent than in those
forms already mentioned. The wood elements are rather finer and
very regular in arrangement.

The color of the wood of Vatica and the species of Shorea and Hopea
which are known as yacal or dalindingan , is a yellow-brown when first
cut, becoming much darker on exposure to the air.

Many species of Shorea ( S . polysperma, S. teysmanniana, S. negro-
sensis , etc.) have wood of a fine clear red color. S. squamata , S.
eximia and Parashorea plicata have wood which is much lighter in color,
but which may occur darker or which may darken to the color of S.
polysperma. It is most often, however, of the same color as the sapwood
of that species. Pentacme contorta has wood of a dull-gray or faint-
brownish color. Some Slioreas {S. guiso , etc.) have hard, fine-grained,
light grayish or reddish wood, with a very abundant development of wood-
parenchyma.

In all reddish dipterocarp woods the color fades badly on prolonged
exposure to the air.

Some species of Anisoptera and, possibly, some Shoreas, which have
a pale-yellow wood, show a pale-rose tint in the freshly cut wood.

In hardness, the wood is very variable, ranging all the way from the
very soft wood of Pentacme and some of the Shoreas, to the very hard
wood of some of the Hopeas, Shoreas, and V'aticas. The hardness of
these latter seems to be due principally to the thick cell-walls.

The following statements concerning the minute anatomy of the wood
are taken from Solereder :4 “The cross-section of the wood shows round •

* Solereder, H. Systematische Anatomie der Dicotyledonen (1899) 157.

234

FOXWORTHY.

lumened, mostly isolated vessels of various diameters (0.07-0.105 mm)
and broader 3-5-rowed pith-rays. The vessels have simple pits and
on the walls in contact with pith-ray parenchyma, a transition from
typical bordered to sim'ple pitting. The wood parenchyma is richly devel-
oped. The wood prosenchyma in Shorea and Hopea has only very small,
often indistinct, bordered pits; typical bordered pitting is shown on the
contrary in. Dipterocarpus and Vatica. According to Brandis and Gilg,
the pitting in the genus Dipterocarpus is not constant. According to
Brandis, diaphragming of the wood prosenchyma occurs in Pentacme.
In the older wood, the same substances as are contained in the resin-
canals, are also present in the pith-rays, in the vessels and in the wood-
parenchyma.”

Baric. — The bark of most, and perhaps of all, species shows the
pyramidal arrangement of bast so well known in Tilia. Vascular bundles,
resin-canals, and mucilage-cells are present in the bark of some species.

Leaves. — The leaves are often coriaceous and contain resin-canals.
Usually entire, sometimes with serrate or dentate margins. The leaves
of seedlings are usually much more membranaceous than are those of
mature trees and are usually of much larger size. Venation 5 simply
pinnate. Secondary nerves often parallel. Tertiary nerves sometimes
clothed with stellate hairs, and the space between them also sometimes
clothed with simple, stellate or peltate hairs or scales.

Domatia are' present in Hopea basilanica , II. mindanensis, H. philip-
pinensis, II. plagata , II. pierrei, II. ovalifolia, Sliorea teysmanniana, S.
squamata and other species. The exact, structure and function of these
domatia is not well understood.

Stomata are said to be found only on the under side of the leaf.

The petioles are usually thickened for a part of their length and con-
tain a number of vascular bundles and resin-canals, the arrangement of
which is of some systematic importance.

The stipules are often of small size and early deciduous. They are
usually most prominent on seedlings. The twig is completely encircled
by the stipule-scar in Parashorea and Dipterocarpus. >

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES.

Brandis, l. c. 6, has called attention to the frequently gregarious habit
of this family, and has compared the Dipterocarpaceae , in this respect,
to the conifers of the temperate regions. . A few of the Philippine
species, notably Vatica spp., do not seem to have this peculiarity to any

5 Throughout this paper, I have followed Brandis, 1. c. in the use of terms
referring to the venation. The midrib is considered as the primary nerve, the
first branches from it, the secondary nerves, etc. Nerve and vein are used as
synonymous.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

235

great extent. Dr. Wliitford 0 has shown that the dipterocarps in the
Philippines frequently form almost solid stands over considerable areas.
These stands are made up of several species.

The trees are usually of large size, erect and comparatively free from
prop-roots; although Pentacme , Anisoptera and some others do occasion-
ally form fair-sized low, prop-roots.

Time of flowering and fruiting. — It is because of our ignorance of
this that our knowledge of the generic position, of some species is so
vague. The gTeat size of ' many of the trees makes it a difficult matter
to collect herbarium material from them. They stand out above the
others in the forest and are much less likely to be covered with climbing
vines. Much the most practicable method of collecting herbarium
material, is by chopping the tree down. As the average collector is unwil-
ling to take so much trouble, the material secured is often very frag-
mentary, and material picked up under the tree does not furnish the
safest indication of the condition of the plant. An indication of the
time of flowering or fruiting is obtained by the finding of flowers or
fruits on the ground under the tree. Very often the only fruiting
material we have of a particular species has been so found.

Indications seem to point to a very definite flowering season for some
species and to a widely extended season for others. Dipterocarpus
grandiflorus Blanco has been collected in flower in the months of J anuary,
February, March, April, May, June, and December; and in fruit in
January, February, May, June, August, and September. The variable
climatic conditions in different parts of the Islands are probably respon-
sible for this. Even in the same section, as in Bataan, there is a good
deal of variation, perhaps due to soil, exposure and moisture conditions.
This species and a number of others seem to flower regularly every year.
There are some species, as Hopea plagata (Blanco) Yid., which are
reputed to flower only once in several years. I think it likely that most
species flower, at least partially, each year.

When fruit is produced, it is found in great quantity ; but, there seems
to be a very low percentage of germination. The seeds lie on the surface
of the ground and germinate quickly, if at all. They seem to require a
fairly constant and uniform amount of moisture for germination and the
seedlings die quickly if exposed to the hot sun. It seems that the seeds
occasionally germinate while still on the tree. Certain species, as Shorea
eximia, contain fatty material in the seeds, which are greedily eaten
by wild pigs and other animals. Such seeds as these disappear very
quickly, within a few days after falling.

Shortly after germination, the wings fall off and the thick, divided
cotyledons are quickly raised on the long hypocotyl.

“This Journal 4 (1910) Bot. 699-725.

236

FOXWORTHY.

The rate of growth is not known, but it is believed to be fairly rapid
for some species.

So far as known, there are no Loranthaceous parasites on Philippine
dipterocarps. The trees are usually comparatively free from climbing
vines.

Old trees are frequently badly affected with a heart rot and are hollow
at the center. In red lauan, ( Shorea negrosensis) in Negros, there is
a peculiar kind of heart rot which destroys a considerable amount of
lumber and which is known as soft heart. The wood for some distance
about the center of the log is very brash and will break with its own
weight. It is not noticeably different in color from the rest of the heart-
wood. This seems to be caused by a species of fungus (Pyropolyporus) .
This soft heart is apparently succeeded by the hollow heart in the older
trees.

Standing, healthy trees do not seem often to be attacked by insects,
but fallen or diseased trees have a great many insect enemies. Seasoned
wood of some species is badly attacked by beetles, the “pin-hole” and
“shot-hole” borers.

Some forms of leaf- and stem-galls are common on certain species.
Certain large galls are often mistaken for fruit in Shorea guiso, S. teys-
m-anniana, and some other species.

DISTRIBUTION.

Fossil remains. We have an example of a piece of wood belonging to
this family which was collected from a ledge in Cavite Province.

Brandis, in his “Enumeration,” credited twenty-five species to the Phil-
ippines, five of these being considered extra-Philippine in distribution.
We now recognize almost double the number of species in the Islands and
about one-third of all our species are known to be extra-Philippine, while
quite a number of others are so closely related to extra-Philippine species
or are so little understood that it is altogether probable that we will find
most of our species to be extra-Philippine when we come to understand
them better.

It is apparent that our dipterocarps are most closely related to those
of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, This near relationship is much
more significant than the mere number of species would indicate, because
the species are so rich in individuals and constitute such an important
part of the forest where they occur.

The extreme northeastern distribution of the family is found in the
Philippines.

The following table is to show the distribution of the Philippine species
so far as it is known :

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

237

Table I. — Distribution of Philippine Dipterocarps.

Species.

British India
and Burma.

Siam and Co-
chin China.

Malay Pe-
ninsula.

Borneo.

Sumatra.

Java.

Celebes.

Bangka.

New Guinea.

X

x

x

1. Dipterocarpus pilosus ___

X

X

x

x

x

x

x

x

X

X

4. H. plagata

5. H. sp.

6. H. sp.

7. H ovalifolia

X

x

8. H. acuminata

9. H. pierrei

x

x

X

10. H. sp.

11. H. sp.

1. Pentacme contorta

2. P. sp.

1. Shorea balangeran

X

X

2. S. malaanonan

Madjang.

3. S. philippinensis _

4. S. sp.

5. S. gniso

(1. S. sp.

7. S. negrnsensis

8, S. squamata __

x

9. S. eximia_ _ .

x

x

X

10. S. polysperma

11. S. warburgii

15>. S. tpysmannianfl.

X

IS. S. sp.

14. S. sp.

1. Pfl.rash ores, plica ta

x

1. Vatica mangachapoi

2. V. sp.

3. V. sp

4. V. sp

5. V. sp.

1

• 1

5

8

3

4

5

238

FOXWORTHY.

Within the Philippines, the species which are most widely distributed
are Shorea guiso and Pentacme contorta. It is probable that they occur
in all the provinces.

USES.

Wood. — This family has already been indicated as the chief source of
the commercial timbers for the Archipelago. It is possible that the
waste from the saw-mills could be used to advantage. Mr. E. E. Williams,
of the laboratory of organic chemistry of the Bureau of Science, has
undertaken a series of experiments to determine the composition of the
waste material from the saw-mills and the possibility of its commercial
utilization. The following are some of the preliminary results of his
work.

CHEMICAL UTILIZATION.

The valuable constituents of wood from the standpoint of their chemical
utilization are cellulose and lignin. When the former predominates, as
in conifers and soft woods generally, the latter may be removed by a
suitable chemical method, and the cellulose utilized as paper pulp. The
cellulose is also the valuable constituent for the production of ethyl
alcohol and oxalic acid.

However the yields from destructive distillation depend on the amount
of lignin or “inerusting matter” present. J udging from their weight
and hardness dipterocarp woods might be expected to be better adapted
for this purpose than any other, the more so as . many of them contain
resins of possible value which could be recovered by this means.

In Table II are given the results of a few experimental distillations
of palosapis , red lauan, and apitong. About five kilos of wood were
used for each experiment. Distillation was conducted in a cast-iron
horizontal retort heated by gas. The temperature was controlled by a
nitrogen-thermometer in the center of the retort.

Much depends upon the apparatus used and the skill exercised in
conducting the process and results of various investigators are not readily
comparable. Nevertheless the evidence is that apitong, and probably
other moderately hard woods of this class, compare favorably with woods
used in the United States for this purpose.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

239

Table II. — Distillation of Philippine Dipterocarp woods.

Watery dis-
tillate.

Un-

Yields of water-free wood.

No.

Class of wood.

H20.

Firing.

Cc.

per

100 g.

of

wood.

Acid-

ity.

Tar.

Char-

coal.

con -
dens-
ed

gases.

Acet-

ic

acid.

Wood

alco-

hol.

Tar.

Char-

coal.

P.ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

1

Palosapis green.

22.4

Some w hat
rapid.

50.9

4. 04

' 2.0

20.5

24.0

2.66

2.7

26.4

2

Palosapis dry

11.2

Moderately

slow.

46.0

6.25

4.1

23.7

25,2

3.26

---

4.6

28.4

3

Apitong dry

11.6

Slow

41.4

8.68

9.8

27.3

20.3

4.06

2.24

11.1

30.9

4

do

7.2

do

45.1

9.96

11.9

30.4

10.6

4.84

2. 33

12.8

32.7

5

Lauan dry

8.0

Moderately

slow.

41.9

6.15

5.3

29.1

22.2

2.85

5.8

31.6

6

do

5.0

Slightly

slow.

34.5

9.91

5.6

30.3

2811

3.59

5.9

31.9

Birch, beech, or maple under the same conditions would yield somewhat
more acetic acid (5 to 6 per cent) and considerably less, methyl alcohol
(about 1 per cent), the latter being much the more valuable product of
the two.

Apitong tar is a mobile black liquid which when distilled yielded —

Aqueous distillate, about 10 per cent.

Oily distillate 120°-150°, 8 per cent.

Oily distillate 150°-250°, 40 per cent.

Oily distillate 250°, 7 per cent.

Pitch, 34 per cent.

The low boiling oils (120°-150° ) when further purified are almost
colorless liquids of neutral reaction and pleasant odor. The high per-
centage of creosote oils (150° to 250°) is especially noteworthy as they
constitute the most valuable fraction of the tar.

Paper pulp. Bichmond 7 has shown that the wood of some species is
suitable for the production of pulp for paper-making.

Wood oil. Under the name of ialao, an oil is obtained from species of
Dipterocarpus and Anisoptera. For a discussion of this oil, methods
of collection, etc., see under Dipterocarpus, page 242.

Resin. In many species, as a result of injury, or for other reason, the
resin accumulates in considerable masses, which are sometimes collected
and disposed of under the name of dammar. It is used locally for
torches and for caulking boats. Whitford 8 describes the method of

7 Richmond, G-. F. Philippine Fibers and Fibrous Substances : their Suitability
for Paper Making. Part III. This Journal 2 ( 1907 ) A, 83-94.

8 L. c. 55.

240

FOXWORTHY.

collecting these resins. The resins of the dipterocarps have not become
so important commercially in the Philippines as in other parts of the
Malayan region.

TAXONOMY.

The following generic key is adapted from Brandis. It includes
P achy no car pm and Dryobalanops , which have not yet been found in the
Archipelago, because it seems probable that they may occur in the
southern islands.

A. Calyx-wings longer than fruit,

a. Fruit with 5 long wings.

b. Stipule-scars encircling the twigs; leaves thin, glaucous beneath, with a

fold between the distant secondary nerves 6. Parashorea

bb. Stipule-scars not encircling the twigs ; leaves with finely crowded, parallel

secondary nerves, coriaceous ...... Dryobalanops

aa. Fruit with less than 5 long wings,
b. Long wings 3.

c. Secondary nerves close and numerous 5. Shorea

cc. Secondary nerves 6 or 7 and distant 4. Pentacme

bb. Long wings 2.

c. Bark not resinous 7. Vatica

cc. Bark resinous.

d. Calyx-tube not enclosing fruit 3. Hopea

dd. Calyx-tube enclosing fruit.

e. Stipule-scars encircling twig ; very large number of resin-canals in

circumference of pith 1. Dipterocarpus

ee. Stipule-scars not encircling twig; 18-24 resin-canals in circum-
ference of pith — > 2. Anisoptera

A A. Calyx-wings shorter than fruit Pachynocarpus

Previous to the days of American work in the Philippines, the principal
collections of dipterocarps in the Islands were those of Cuming, Vidal,
and Warburg. It seems to me advisable to give here a list of these
collections, so far as they are known and my identifications for them.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPS COLLECTED BY CUMING.

880

Shorea eximia Miq.

Albay.

881

Dipterocarpus sp.

Albay.

882

Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume

Albay.

883

Shorea squamata Dyer

Albay.

884

Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Dyer

Albay.

892

Shorea squamata Dyer

Albay.

1073

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco

Albay.

DIPTEROCARPS COLLECTED

BY WARBURG.

14431

Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb.

Davao, Mindanao.

12399

Shorea warburgii Gilg

North Luzon.

s. n.

Parashorea plicata Brandis

Davao, Mindanao.

13430

Vatica mangachapoi Blanco

Candelaria, Zambales.

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

650

651

983

984

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

1120

1146

1166

1167

2033

2155

L56bis

2157

2158

2159

2160

2161

2162

2163

2164

2165

2166

2167

2168

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

241

DIPTEROCABPS COLLECTED BY VIDAL.

Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Parashorea plicata Brandis
Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Pentaeme contorta (Vid.) M. & R.
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Dipterocarpus affinis Brandis
Anisoptera thurifera. (Blanco) Blume
Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vid.
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Shorea philippinensis Brandis
Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume
Anisoptera thurifera in part
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco
Pentaeme contorta (Vid.) M. & R.
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume
Parashorea plicata Brandis
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Shorea furfuracea Miq.

Shorea teysmanniana Dyer?

Pentaeme contorta (Vid.) M. & R.
Anisoptera thurifera, at least in part
Parashorea plicata Brandis
Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume
Shorea teysmanniana Dyer?

Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Pentaeme contorta (Vid.) M. & R.
Dipterocarpus speciosus Brandis
Dipterocarpus affinis Brandis
Shorea furfuracea Miq.

Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Hopea philippinensis Dyer
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume
Pentaeme contorta (Vid.) M. & R.
Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume

La Paz, Tarlac.

La Paz, Tarlac.

San Mateo, Rizal.

San Mateo, Rizal.

San Mateo, Rizal.

Caraballo Sur, Nueva Ecija.
San Mateo, Rizal.

Capas, Tarlac.

San Mateo, Rizal.

Calauan, La Laguna.

San Mateo, Rizal.

Nueva Ecija and Capas, Tarlac.
Angat, Bulacan.

Bosoboso, Rizal.

Lupi, Camarines.

Antipolo, Rizal.

Bongabon, Nueva Ecija.

San Mateo, Rizal.

Bosoboso, Rizal.

Capas, Tarlac.

Unisan, Tayabas.

Antipolo, Rizal.

Angat, Bulacan.

Bosoboso, Rizal.

Castillejos, Zambales.

Angat, Bulacan.

San Isidro de Bosoboso, Rizal.
Subani, Nueva Ecija.

Bongabon, Nueva Ecija.
Calauan, La Laguna.
Montalban, Rizal.

Castillejos, Zambales.

Tivi, Albay.

Angat, Bulacan.

Iloeos Norte.

San Mateo, Rizal.

San Mateo, Rizal.

Cardona, Rizal.

San Mateo, Rizal.

San Mateo’, Rizal.

San Mateo, Rizal.

Mauban, Tayabas.

Basilan.

Baleno, Ticao.

Castilla, Albay.

Castilla, Albay.

Matnog, Albay.

Cebu.

Morong, Rizal.

Morong, Rizal.

Morong, Rizal.

242

FOXWORTHY.

DIPTEROCARPUS Gaertn. f.

Large trees, with long clear boles and rather thin, very resinous and
scurfy bark. Leaves usually coriaceous, but membranaceous in D. afjfinis
and in seedlings of Z>. vernicifluus and other species. Leaves usually
entire but sometimes retuse or even dentate (young I), grandiflorus) .
Stipules amplexicaul and leaving a pronounced scar encircling the twig.
Secondary nerves mostly straight, joined by parallel and reticulate
tertiary nerves. In the bud the two halves of the leaf are folded upon
each other, and the sections contained between two secondary nerves are
also folded in half. The folds between two secondary nerves in most
species are clearly seen in the mature leaf, and in some cases the tertiary
nerves show an angle along the line of this fold. Flowers large in
few-flowered racemes which are sometimes branched. Stamens o°, the
anthers sometimes twisted. Connective prolonged into a long-pointed
acumen. Tube of fruiting calyx not adnate to fruit, globose or ovoid,
smooth or with five ribs or wings, alternating with segments, and formed
by the decurrent margins of the segments, two of which* develop into
large membranaceous or chartaceous wings.

The pith of a leaf -bearing internode has a large number, up to 100,
of resin-ducts, which sometimes are arranged in two concentric circles.
The petiole below the insertion of the blade shows on the under side a
semicircle of 5-12 half -moon-shaped vascular bundles, each with a resin-
duct. This semicircle is more or less closed on the upper side by a bar
of xylem with phloem outside. A central body of vascular bundles
varying in shape, with 1-8 resin-ducts is present. In most species, there
are large mucilage-cavities in pith and bark. This is the most distinct
of our Philippine genera. The stipule-scar encircling the stem and the
large number of resin-ducts in the circumference of the pith are enough
to separate it even in sterile material. In many cases too, the twigs are
very coarse, much more so than in our other genera.

Diptero carpus, like Anisoptera, seems to be free from deposits of hard
resin in the wood, but there is a very abundant flow of a sticky oil on
freshly cut stumps. This oil is evident in freshly cut wood, and is in
sufficient quantity to be of commercial importance. It is collected by
chopping into the tree, often half way through the trunk, and leaving
a big cavity where the oil can collect. The flow of oil is stimulated by
firing, and sometimes amounts to more than one kilo per day. The oil
is used for caulking boats and for illuminating purposes and it could
probably be used in the making of varnish. Its chemistry has been
studied by Clover 9 and Bacon.10 It seems to be practically the same
as the gurjun balsam of India and the minyah brewing of the Malay
Peninsula. It is reputed to be useful in the treatment of gonorrhoea.

9 This Journal 1 (1906) 195.

Ibid. 4 (1909) A 121.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

243

Of course, the chopping into the trees to get the flow of oil is very
injurious to them and causes the destruction of much good timber by
leaving the tree a prey to fungous attack. In some localities nearly all
the mature Dipterocarpus trees are tapped. In spite of this loss of
standing timber, the collection of the oil may be justified from the
viewpoint of practical forestry, wherever the value of the oil is greater
than that of the timber destroyed. It would certainly seem, however,
that the tree which had been tapped should be felled, whenever it has
ceased to yield oil. I do not know how long a tree will continue to
yield oil, nor whether it would be desirable to make successive tappings,
nor whether it would be feasible to extract the oil from the wood by
distillation. The bark does not seem to be a commercial source of the
oil, although it does contain an oily or mucilaginous substance in some
quantity.

The timber, is grayish-red, coarse-grained, moderately hard and moder-
ately heavy. It is remarkably uniform in structure for the different
species, although there is a considerable range in texture and hardness.
It is much subject to termite attack; but in places where it is protected
from excessive moisture and from termite attack, it should be quite
durable. It has a great deal of strength and stiffness and is well suited
to heavy construction work and framing. It is in fair demand and
commands a price of 70 to 90 pesos ($35 to $45) per thousand feet B. M.
on the Manila market. The trees are of good shape and are readily
logged, but the logs behave badly on the saw. The large amount of
gummy oil present interferes with sawing, dulling the saws quickly and
even pulling the teeth out now and then. It is customary to keep a
stream, of water dripping ou the running saw to lessen this difficulty.
In spite of this disadvantage in conversion, the handling of this timber
is a very profitable business.

All of our species are gregarious in habit. Some species, e. g. I).
grandiflorus, are often found on steep and exposed dry ridges; others,
like D. pilosus, are more often found on low flat land.

The genus contains about 60 species, 11 of them being found in the
Philippines. Of the Philippine species, 5 are known to be extra-Philip-
pine in distribution, and it is quite likely that this will be found to be
true of a greater number of our species, when we know them better.

Leaf fall and seasonal . growth. — Dipterocarpus gra/ndiflorus, at any
rate, and probably other species, shows a distinct periodicity in leaf fall.
It seems that each tree sheds all of its leaves each year and at about the
same time; but the tree is never leafless. It seems that the tree has the
new leaves ready formed in the bud and that the old leaves do not fall
till pushed off by the expansion of the new. Brandis, 1. c. 9 says : “Most
dipterocarps are evergreen, the old leaves falling soon after the young

244

FOXWORTHY.

foliage has developed.” Kurz,11 says, “These wood-oil trees are strictly
no evergreens, but the succession of leaf-shedding and leaf-forming is
here so rapid, that young leaves are already developed, while the old ones
are still falling off.” -

This leaf-fail seems to occur at some time during the dry season; in
Bataan Province during the month of January and in the northern part
of Negros Occidental in August or September. Our knowledge of mete-
orological conditions in the Islands is so meager that we can not more
definitely indicate the season at present. I believe the time of leaf fall
to be near the time of flowering, but I do not know whether it may come
a little earlier or a little later.

Our species seem to flower and fruit annually. The flowering season
seems to be rather short, and it takes some months for the fruit to
mature. The fruit is usually borne in great abundance. It sprouts very
soon after falling to the ground, sometimes even before falling from the
tree.

Key to the Philippine Species of Dipterocarpus.

a. Fruit not angled, usually globose (Section Sphaerales.)

b. Leaves small (10-13 cm long, 2-3.5 cm broad), narrow, long-caudate-acu-

minate 8. D. sp. from Tayabas

bb. Leaves larger, not long-caudate-acuminate,
e. Fruit less than 2 cm in diameter.

d. Leaves and buds hairy 7. D. vernicifluus

dd. Leaves and buds glabrous 6. D. hasseltii

ec. Fruit more than 2 cm in diameter.

d. Fruit obconical or top-shaped 3. D. sp.

dd. Fruit globose.

e. Leaves and young shoots brown-hairy.

f. Leaves long and narrow, membranaceous 2. D. affinis

ff. Leaves broader, usually coriaceous 1. D. pilosus

ee. Leaves and young shoots not brown-hairy.

f. Secondary nerves 10-12 pairs 5. D. gracilis

ff. Secondary nerves 16-20 pairs 4. D. trinervis

aa. Fruit angled, with ridges or wings (Section Axati. )

b. Fruit very heavy and woody, with the wings reduced to thick ridges

9. D. speciosus

bb. Fruit with membranaceous wings.

c. Leaves glabrous or nearly so 10. D. grandiflorus

cc. Leaves hairy 11. D. sp.

Section I. Sphaerales. Tube of fruiting calyx oblately or prolately
spheroidal, without angles.

1. Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 93, nomen, FI. Ind.

(1832) 615; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12 (1874) 103, Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 1 (1874)
296; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 614; Kurz For. FI. Brit. Burma 1 (1877) 115;
F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 20; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. 14 f. D;
Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1887) 199; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 31 (1895) 27. Plate XXXIV.

Forest Flora of Pegu (1875) 31.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

245

D. baudii Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1839-42) 59, t. 5; Scheffer’ in
'Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 31 (1870) 347; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng. 39 2
(1870) 65; A. DC. Prodr. 1. c. 609; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 497; Suppl.
FI. Sumatr. (1862) 485; Burck 1. e. 198.

Anisoptera ? palembanica Miq. FI. Sumatr. (1862) 497; Kurz in Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Beng. 39 2 (1870) 65.

D. macrocarpus Yesque in Compt. Rend. 78 (1874) 627; Dyer in Journ. Bot.
12 (1874) 153.

D. warburgii Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 32:

D\ lasiopodus Perk, in Frag. FI. Philip. 1 ( 1904 ) 22 ; Merr. in Bur. Govt.
Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 2? (1905) 30.

D. affinis Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 70, pis. 72, 73, non
Brandis.-

Trees 30 to 40 m high, the younger branchlets densely covered with
brush-like, fascicled, tawny, stiff hairs; stipules rose-colored, up to 15
cm long, brushy-hirsute ; leaves of younger branchlets very large, 30 to 45
cm long and of a thinner texture, the older ones smaller, broadly oblong
to ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at the somewhat narrowed base, on a
5 cm brushy-hirsute petiole, shortly acuminate, chartaceous, or almost
coriaceous, upper surface along the impressed nerves and lower surface
everywhere pubescent with short, tawny, stellate and simple hairs.
Flowers showy, rose-colored, forming simple, short, axillary racemes
covered with brush-like, fascicled, stiff hairs ; calyx tawny-*tomentose with
stellate hairs ; petals oblong, blunt, several times the length of the calyx,
thickly covered on their outer surface with stellate hairs; fruiting calyx
ovoid, about 2.5 cm in diameter, terete, the two wing-like lobes 17 to 20
cm long, 3 to 4 cm broad, with three prominent longitudinal veins and
numerous, more or less distinct, transverse veins. Fruit hard and heavy,
more or less fibrous inside, and containing resin ; upper portion : of the
fruit with or without small obtuse, rounded protuberances, which
alternate with the lobes of the calyx.

Dipterocarpus warburgii Brandis and D. lasiopodus PerTc. were de-
scribed as belonging in the Section Tuberculat% but they were described
from fragmentary or immature material, which does not present ' very
conclusive evidence of their belonging to that section. Leaf and fruit
characters of D. pilosus, as shown by our collections, have shown such
a range of. variability that it has seemed to me best to refer the above
names to synonymy. It is possible that more complete material may
Show them to be good species, but at present I can see no reason for
keeping them distinct.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17171, 17262 Curran: Province of
Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22146 Alvarez, Dec. 1910, flower and young fruit. For.
Bur. 22345 Alvarez: Province of Tayabas, Vidal l. 0., pictures a fruit of this
species from the Island of Alabat, Merrill 2004, 2031 Bagger, April 1903 (these
two numbers were mentioned by Perkins under D. lasiopodus) , For. Bur. 6054
Kobbe, For. Bur. 10222, 10291, 10298 Curran, For. Bur. 11505 Whitford, For.

103750—2

246

FOXWORTHY.

Bur. 1^995 Darling, Oct. 1909, in fruit, For. Bur. 18668 Darling, Nov. 1909, in
fruit, For. Bur. 18686 Darling, Nov. 1909, in flower, Bur. Sci. 13123 Foxworthy
& Ramos, Mar. 1911, in flower and fruit: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10492,
10675, 10706, Curran, For. Bur. 10738, 10783 Curran, July 1908, in fruit and
flower. Polillo, Bur. Sei. 10281 McGregor. Mindoro, Whitford I4O4, Jan. 1900,
in flower, Whitford 147 7, Mar. 1906, in fruit. Marinduque, For. Bur. 12157
Rosenbluth. Samar, For. Bur. 12838 Rosenbluth. Leyte, For. Bur. 11628 Whit-
ford, Mar. 1909, in fruit. Mindanao, District of Davao, Warburg 14431 (type
of D. warburg ii ) , For. Bur. 11559 Whitford, Feb. 1909, flowers and young fruit:
District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9395, Whitford & Hutchinson, Feb. 1908, fruit,
For. Bur. 12352 Hutchinson, May 1908, flower.

The flowers and young fruit show a five-ridged calyx. As the fruit matures,
the hollows fill out and the fruit becomes more nearly spherical till finally the
only remaining trace of the ridges is found in small, rounded protuberances,, on
the upper part of the fruit, alternating with the calyx lobes.

The common native name for this species is hagacliac. It is commonly found
in those regions which have a comparatively even rainfall. It occurs on flat
lands and low hills. It is gregarious in habit and frequently makes up the
greater part of the stand where it occurs.

Distribution: damp forests in the upper part of the Assam valley; Chittagong
hills; Arracan; lower Pegu, hills between the rivers Sitang and Salween; Anda-
man Islands; Sumatra; Bangka; the Philippines.

2. Dipterocarpus affinis Brandis Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 31.

Plate XXXV.

Branches and petioles stellate-tomentose. Leaves suhmembranaceous,
oblanceolate, repand, blade 27 to 33 cm long; petioles 6 to 7 cm.
Secondary nerves 24 to 28 pairs, straight, bent near margin and terminat-
ing in reticulate intra-marginal veins. Tertiary nerves parallel and
reticulate. Stipules linear, tomentose, twice as long as the petioles.
Flowers large, short-pedicellate. Calyx-tube thickly coriaceous, tur-
binate, smooth and glabrous, the lobes 2 linear, 3 short, reflexed.. Ovary,
stylopodium, and lower part of style pilose. Pubescence the same as that
of D. pilosus. Brandis says that the difference between the two species
consists, in the narrow membranaceous leaves and the glabrous calyx of
D. affinis, , the smaller segments in flower reflexed, and not erect.

A number of specimens in our herbarium seem to At this description
and have fruit with them, which shows the short calyx wings slightly
reflexed, but in no case is the fruit collected with the herbarium material
actually attached to it, the fruits seeming to- have been picked up from
the ground. This leaves the suspicion that the membranaceous- texture
of the leaves may be due to their being young or seedling leaves,, possibly
immature forms of D. pilosus. The differences in the reflexed or erect
calyx lobes are also very slight and might conceiveably be fortuitous or'
due to drying.

I have checked Brandis’ observation of the very close resemblance and
possible identity of D. elongatus Korth. and D. affinis, and think it

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

247

probable that they are identical and possible that they both will have
to be referred to D. pilosus. This is particularly likely in view of the
extreme variability in size, shape, and texture of the leaves at different
ages in species of this genus. It will, however, require careful observation
in the field before any such reduction can safely be made.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 5248 Klemme, For. Bur. 11213, 11233
Curran, For. Bur. 18501 Alvarez: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10314 Curran:
Province of Camarines, Vidal 82, For. Bur. 10660 Curran. Ticao, Vidal 2161.
Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 1555 Hutchinson, For. Bur. 9433
Whitford & Hutchinson.

Common names: .camuyao (Cag.), hagachac (Tag.), liput (Manobo).

3. Dipterocarpus sp. aff. D. turbinato Gaertn. f. Plate XXXIX.

A form with fruit which is distinctly obconical or top-shaped. Leaves
and buds glabrous or nearly so, resembling material of D. turbinatus var.
andamanicus King. Our material is all fragmentary, the fruit having
been collected on the ground under the trees. Yidal, Sinopsis, Atlas
(1883) xv, i. 14, f. c. represents a fruit which he calls D. turbinatus
and which is said to have been brought from the Island of Panay. The
fruit figured by Yidal is apparently not so top-shaped as in the specimens
cited below.

Some of the material from the Malay Peninsula in the herbarium at
Kew under the name of D. turbinatus has fruit very much like the
following :

Luzon,, Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 8864, 10014,. 19261 Curran: Province
of Tayabas, For. Bur. s. n., For. Bur. 3223 Hagger, For. Bur. 6045 Kobbe, For.
Fur. 12500 Rosenbluth: Province of Albay, Cuming 881: Province of Sorsogon,
For. Bur. 10564 Curran.

This species seems to be fairly common in dense forests on low ridges in some
parts of Tayabas.

Common names: apitong (Tag.) , patsahingin (Tag.).

4. Dipterocarpus trinervis Blume Cat. Buitenz. (1823) 78, tab., Bijdr.

(1823) 223, FI. Javae (18290 H, t. 1, Verhandl. Bat. Genootsch. 9 (1825)' 178;
Kortli. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Kruidkunde 1 (1848) 61; De Vriese in Miquel PI.

Jungh. 1 (1851) 83; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I2 (1859) 496; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2
(1868) 608; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12 (1874) 102; Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buitenz. 6 (1887) 195; Brandis & Gilg in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 s
(1894) 257, f. 119, F; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 30.

Leaves and fruit larger than in D. liasseltii; secondary nerves 16 to 20
pairs ; petiole one-fourth to one-sixth the length of the blade. Fruit more
than 2 cm in diameter.

Represented in our collection by only two detached old leaves from Palawan.
The determination is therefore rather doubtful.

Palawan, For. Bur. 12212 Wallace.

Common name : apitong ( Vis. ) .

Distribution: Java and the Philippines.

248

FOXWORTHY.

5. Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Bijdr. (1825) 224, FI. Javae (1828-29) 20,
t. 5; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I 2 (1859) 497; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 609; Dyer
in Journ. Bot. 12 (1874) 102; Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1887)
196; Brandis & Gilg in, Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 6 (1894) 257,
f. 119, A-D; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 30.

Pubescent. Leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, secondary nerves 10 to 12
pairs, stellate-pubescent beneath. Calyx in flower with two subopposite,
linear lobes of about the same length as the calyx-tube, the other three
lobes very short and reflexed. Petals twice as long as the calyx, linear-
spatulate, obtuse, white-sericeous outside, rose-color within, convolute
in bud. Stamens with short glabrous filaments; anthers twice as long
as the filaments, with a long setaceous connective. Fruit 2 cm in
diameter.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10140 Curran, July 1908, in fruit.
Mindoro, For. Bur. 4101, 4106 Merritt, May 1906, in flower and fruit.

Common names : anahaun (Ta g.) , apitong (Tag.).

Distribution: forests of West Java; the Philippines.

6. Dipterocarpus hasseitii Blume FI. Javae (1828-29) 22, t. 6; Dyer in
Journ. Bot. 12 (1874) 102; Hance in Journ. Bot. 16 (1876) 241; A. DC. Prodr.
16 = (1868) 609; Miq. Flora Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 497; Vidal Phan. Cum.
Philip. (1885) 97; Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1887) 196; Brandis
in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 30; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. Ken. Boomsoort.
Java 5 (1900) 109; Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 70.

Buds and young branchlets glabrous. Terminal buds elongate,' at-
tenuate, curved. Leaves much smaller than those of D. trinervis, oval,
acute, base subeuneate, 11 to 18 cm long, 6 to 10 cm wide; secondary
nerves 10 to 14 pairs; petiole one-third to one-fourth the length of the
blade. Fruit 1 to 2 cm in diameter, the calyx-tube much constricted at
the top.

This species presents an appearance extraordinarily like that of D.
vernicijluus ; from which it differs in its more glabrous leaves and in its
elongate, attenuate, curved and glabrous terminal buds.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22145 Alvarez: Province of La
Laguna, For. Bur. 10105 Curran. Negros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 13589
Meyer d Foxworthy, Aug. 1909, in fruit. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga,
For. Bur. 12350 Hutchinson.

Common names: panao (Tag.), pagsahingan (Tag.).

Distribution: Malacca; Sumatra; Java; the Philippines.

7. Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 314, ed. 3 2
(1878) 217, t. 183; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12 (.1874) 104; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas
(1883) xv, t. 14, f. B; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 59; Brandis in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 31; A. DC. Prodr. 1 6 2 (1868) 610; Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 97; Merrill & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 114;
Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 391, 4 (1909) Bot. 514; Merritt
in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908) 48; Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910)
Bot. 703, Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 70, pis. 70, 71.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

249

Mocanera verniciflua Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 451.

D. fulvus Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 37; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2
(1859) 499; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 20; A. DO. Prodr. 1. c. 613; Dyer
1. c. 108; Merrill & Rolfe 1. c. 114.

D. hispidus F.-Vill. 1; e. 20, non Thwait. Enum. PI. Zeyl. (1859) 33.

D. turbinatus F.-Vill. 1. c. 20, non Gaertn. f. Fruet. 3 (1805) 51.

D. velutinus Vidal PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 59; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904)
22; Merrill & Rolfe 1. c. 114.

Leaves chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate; midrib and secondary
nerves (14 pairs) clothed when quite young with very long whitish hairs,
some of which remain on the adult leaf; petioles long, one-third to one-
fourth the length of blade. Calyx 4- or 5-angled. Anthers subulate but
not aristate (Blanco). Fruit globose, constricted at apex, not angled,
1.5 to 2 cm in diameter. Seedling leaves very much larger and more
hairy than mature leaves, also very often with a larger number of second-
ary veins.

This is, next to D. grandiflorus, our best-known species. It is very
widely distributed in the Archipelago and is rather variable. It is
sometimes almost glabrous and may intergrade with D. hasseltii.

It has been found in flower during the months of January, March,
April, May, and June, and in fruit in the months of April, May, June,
and July.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11/715, 11/731 Darling, For. Bur. 17168,
17211, 17238, 17261 Curran: Province of Iloeos Norte, For. Bur. 13922, 13925,
13927 Merritt & Darling: Province of Iloeos Sur, For. Bur. 11/091 Merritt &
Darling: Province of Isabela, For. Bur. 18552 Alvarez: Province of Pangasinan,
For. Bur. 8333 Curran & Merritt, For. Bur. 131/57 Medina: Province of Nueva
Ecija, For. Bur. 22371/. Alvarez: Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 7160 Curran,
For. Bur. 11156 Aguilar: Province of Pampanga, For. Bur. 17736 Curran: Prov-
ince of Zambales, Vidal 992, Merrill 1751/ Garcia, April 1903, in flower. For.
Bur. 5819, 6000, 6918, 6929 Curran, For. Bur. 13207 Cortes, For. Bur. 191/68
Agama: Province of Bataan, Merrill 11/79 Garcia, Williams 788, March 1904, in
flower, Whitford 309, 310, May 1904, in flower, Whitford 1366, 11/66, For. Bur.
1/98, 501, 505, 521/, 526, 537, 539, 552, 561, 568, 577, 580, 592, 603, 609 Barnes,
For. Bur. 358, 537, 556 Barnes, March 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 651/, 655, 656,
661/, 665, 666 Borden, April 1904, in flower and fruit. For. Bur. 810 Borden, June
1904, in flower, For. Bur. 2911 Borden, March, 1905, in flower. For. Bur. 11/01/,
11/08, 1521/, 1526, 1532, 1537, 1612, 1631/, 1685, 1688, 2131 Borden, Bur. Sci. 1568
Foxworthy, For. Bur. 5277, 591/6 Curran, For. Bur. 5955 Curran, January, 1907, in
flower, For. Bur. 731/3 Curran, June 1907, in fruit. For. Bur. 1291/6 Alvarez:
Province of Rizal, Vidal 81, 991, Merrill 2656 Ramos, June 1903, in fruit, Merrill
2836 Ramos, July 1903, in fruit, Dec. Phil. For. FI. 36 Ahern’s Coll., March 1904,
in flower, Bur. Sci. 11/59 Ramos, For. Bur. 10012, 10013 Curran: Province of La
Laguna, For. Bur. 10070, 10072, 10075 Curran, Bur. Sci. 8977 Foxworthy, July
1909, in fruit, For. Bur. 15096 Cortez, For. Bur. 1531/6, 1531/8 Tamesis, For.
Bur. 22231 Mariano: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10372 Curran, For. Bur.
10391 Curran, May 1908, in flower. For. Bur. 18650 Darling, Nov. 1909, in fruit:
Province of Camarihes, For. Bur. 10718 Curran: Province of Albay, Vidal 2163.
Polillo, For. Bur. 3216 Hagger, July 1904, in fruit, Bur. Sci. 10781 McGregor.

250

FOXWORTHY.

Marinduque, For. Bur. 12160 RosenUuth. Mindoro, For. Bur. 8836, 12034
Merritt. Leyte, For. Bur. 12139 Rosenblutli. Mindanao, Province of Surigao,
For. Bur. 1565 Hutchinson: District of Davao, For. Bur. 11569 Whitford: Dis-
trict of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9041 Whitford & Hutchinson. Palawan, For.
Bur. s. n. Curran.

Native names, panao, apitong (Tag.), lcamuyao (Cag.), malapaho (Polillo),
pagsahin gin ( Tag. ) .

8. Dipterocarpus sp.

A form with long-caudate-acuminate leaves, 10 to .13 cm long, 2-3.5
cm broad, glabrous. Stipules linear, ferruginous-pilose. Old and frag-
mentary fruit picked up under the tree shows the plant to belong to this
section of the genus.

Luzon, Province of Albay, For. Bur. 10601, 10610, Curran, June 1908.

Common name : apitong ( Tag. ) .

Section II. Alati. Tube of fruiting calyx with angles more or less
produced into wings.

9. Dipterocarpus speciosus Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 38;
Perkins in Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 22; Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull.
10 2 (1911) 70. Plate XXXVII.

Young branchlets covered with long, fasciculate, fuscous, stellate
hairs. Leaves chartaceous, short-petiolate, oblong-elliptic, with scattered,
very short, stellate hairs on the midrib beneath. Petiole with long,
clustered, fuscous, stellate hairs. Leaves 15 to 27.5 cm long; petiole
18 mm long; secondary nerves 18 pairs; tertiary nerves parallel and
reticulate.

Our material has petioles longer than are described for the species,
but the petioles of D. grandiflorus and related forms seem to show con-
siderable variation in length. The hairiness of young shoots and petioles
is probably also a variable character. The thick edge of the fruit wings
is the most striking feature. There is a considerable range of variation
from an exceedingly heavy and woody fruit where the wings are reduced
to ridges, to a condition where the wings are almost as membranaceous
as in D. grandiflorus. Where these two species occur side by side in
Negros, there seem to be numerous intergrades. I believe that natural
hybridization has taken place.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Merrill 1149 Garcia: Province of Camarines,
For. Bur. 10141, 10165 Curran: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 10616 Curran.
Negros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 1406 Danao, For. Bur. 11351, 11366 Curran.
Basilan, Vidal 2160. In addition to the above, there is For. Bur. 10111 Curran,
from the Province of Camarines, Luzon. The leaves of this specimen are very
large, almost round, very hairy, with crenate margins. The fruit seems to belong
to D. speciosus, but it was picked up from the ground and may have come from
another tree.

Mr. Curran tells me that in Negros, where he has studied this species in the
field, the petioles are regularly shorter than those of D. grandiflorus, the veins

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

251

appear to be more numerous, the buds seem to be longer and to be pubescent or
hairy, and the fruit is thicker, much heavier, occasionally so filled out that the
ridges do not appear in the lower part of the fruit. The bark is very light-
colored, like that of D. grandiflorus.

Common names: anahaun, apitong (Tag., Vis.).

10. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 314; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 218, t. 263; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 611: Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12
(1874) 106; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. Ilf, f. A, Phan. Cum. Philip.
(1885) 96, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 59; Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz.
6 (1887) 201; King in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 62 2 (1893) 95;. Brandis &
Gilg, in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 6 (1894) 257, f. 119, H ; Brandis in
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 37; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (1892) 25; Merr.
in Phil. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 97; Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2
(1907) Bot. 372, 4 (1909) Bot. 513, pi. 27, f. 71; Everett & Whitford in Philip.
Bur. For. Bull. 5 (1906) 16, 25; Merritt in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908)
48; Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 703, Philip. Bur. For. Bull.
10 2 (1911) 69, pis. 68, 69. Plate XXXVI.

Mocanera grandiflora, Blanco 1. c. ed. 1 (1837) 451.

D. blancoi Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 35; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12
(1874) 106.

Anisoptera ? Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 31 1 (1858) 233; Dyer 1. c. 106.

D. motleyanus Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1860) 159; A. DC. 1. c.
611; Dyer 1. c. 106; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 20.

D. griffithii Vid. in -Cat. PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 18, non Miq. in Ann. Mus.
Bot. 1 (1864) 213; F.-Vill. 1. c. 20.

D. pterygocalyx Scheffer in Nat. Tidschr. Nederl. Ind. 31 (1870) 347; Dyer
in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 1 (1874) 298.

Trees 24 to 40 m high; young branches rather stout, subcompressed,
at first hoary-puberulous, but finally quite glabrous, nearly black when
dry ; leaf-buds shortly ovoid, minutely pale-canescent. Leaves coriaceous,
ovate-elliptic, shortly acuminate ; the base broad, rounded or sub-
truncate, subcordate, the edges of mature leaves entire or obscurely
undulate-crenate, both surfaces glabrous; secondary nerves 14 to 16 pairs,
spreading, rather straight, prominent on the lower, obsolete on the upper
surface, length 15 to 23 cm, breadth 8 to 13 cm; petiole 5 to 7.5 cm
long, glabrous. Bacemes about 4-flowered. Flowers articulated to the
rachis, 5 cm long, rose-colored, fragrant. Calyx-tube 5-winged from base
to apex. Petals linear-oblong. Fruit oblong, 5 cm long, wings stout,
more than 1 cm wide ; the two accrescent lobes of the calyx oblong, obtuse,
glabrous, reticulate, 18 to 23 cm long and 3 to 5 cm broad, 3-nerved, the
medial nerve the longest and most distinct, the smaller calyx lobes sub-
orbicular.

This is much tbe best-known representative of the family in the Philip-
pines. It has been found in all parts of the Islands except Mindanao.
It seems to be more variable than any other of our species, but this may
be because we do not know the other species so well. The margins of
seedling leaves are found to vary all the way from coarsely dentate to

252

FOXWORTHY.

entire. The petiole has quite a considerable variation in length. The
fruit varies in size and shape and in length of wings, as well as in the
degree of development of the fruit wings, which are usually quite papery
but may be reduced to little more than ridges. There seems to be an
almost complete series of intergrades between the typical fruit for this
species and the very much more woody fruit of D. speciosus. It seems
likely that these species hybridize, where they occur in the same region.
The fruit-wings are of varying length and there may be three long wings
developed or only one. The stipules, in the terminal bud, elongate td
such an extent before falling that they give the plant the appearance of
belonging to an entirely different species. I have seen these enlarged
stipules as much as 2 l dm long. They are much" in evidence on the
ground just after the leaves have fallen.

D. grandiflorus is often found on dry exposed ridges up to 500 m
above sea level, but it also does well on flat land which is more moist.
It seems to be the principal source of the ialao or wood oil in the
Philippines.

It has been found in flower in the months of January, February, March,
April, May, June and December, and in fruit in the months of January,
February, May, June, August and September.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 7 067 Klemme, May 1907, in flower,
For. Bur. 13102 Bernardo, April 1909, in flower, For. Bur. 131/21 Klemme, April
1909, in flower, For. Bur. 11,719, 11,751, Darling, For. Bur. 16925 (from Palaui
Island), 1691,7, 16959, 1701,6, 17061, 17167, 17189 Curran, For. Bur. 181,1,1 Al-
■ varez: Province of Isabela, For. Bur. 11,837 Darling, May 1909, in fruit: Prov-
ince of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur. 5658 Klemme: Province of Abra, For. Bur. 11,657
Darling, Feb. 1909, in fruit: Subprovince of Benguet, Elmer 61,53, June 1904,
in fruit: Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 8335 Curran & Merritt, Dee. 1907,
in flower, For. Bur. 131,90 Medina: Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22372
Alvarez: Province of Zambales, Cuming 1073, Hallier 306, For. Bur. 911, Maule,
For. Bur. 5812, 6917 Curran, For. Bur. 6021 Aguilar, For. Bur. 8115 Curran d
Merritt, Dec. 1907, in flower, For. Bur. 81,17 Curran & Merritt: Province of
'Bataan, Ahern 7 55 Hereford, Whitford 8x, June 1904, in fruit, Whitford 785,
Sept. 1904, in fruit, Williams 901,, For. Bur. 186 Barnes, Jan. 1904, in flower,
For. Bur. 559 Barnes, For. Bur. 2908 Borden, Mar. 1905, in flower, For. Bur.
591,1, 591,3 Curran, Jan. 1907, in flower and fruit, For. Bur. 6228 Curran, Feb.
1907, in flower. For. Bur. 7 231 Curran, June 1907, in flower, Bur. Sci .' 1591
Foxworthy, For. Bur. 1291,7 Alvarez, For. Bur. 20022 Topacio: Province of Bu-
laean, Vidal 986, For. Bur. 7177 Curran, June 1907, in fruit, Bur. Sci. 12268
Foxivorthy : Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 2867 Ahern’s; coll., Mar. 1905, in flower:
Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 17639 Curran, For. Bur. 22237 Mariano: Prov-
ince of Tayabas, For. Bur. s. »., 3222, 3209 Hagger, April 1905, in flower, For.
Bur. 10195 Curran, For. Bur. 18665 Darling: Province of Cajnarines, For. Bur.
10717 Curran: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 10611, Curran. Mindoro, For. Bur.
6160, 6811, 8802 Merritt. Samar, For. Bur. 12850 Rosenbluth. Negros, Gima-
gaan River, Whitford 1586, 1622, For. Bur. 5501 Everett, For. Bur. 13595 Meyer
d Foxwortliy , Aug. 1909, in fruit, For. Bur. 171,81, 171,86, Curran, For. Bur.
18223' Rosenbluth, For. Bur. 15021 Danao, Mar. 190S, in flower. Palawan, For.
Bur. 1501,5 Danao.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

253

Native names: apitong (Tag.), anahauon (B.), balao (Tag.), damalalian
(Cag.), duko (N. Luz. ) , kamuyao (V., II.), malapaho (Tag.), pagsahingin (Tag.),
pamalalian (Cag.), pamantuling (Pang., II.), panao (Tag.).

Distribution: Penang; Malay Peninsula, Perak, Malacca, Johore; Bangka;
Borneo; the Philippines.

11. Dipterocarpus sp. Plate XXXVIII.

Large tree, 30 m high, 75 cm in diameter. Mature leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, base truncate, margin entire, 19 cm long, 11 to 12 cm
wide ; secondary nerves 18 pairs ; tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate,
with stellate hairs; petiole 5 cm long. Young shoots and seedling-
leaves ferruginous, hairy, exceedingly like the same parts in D. vernici-
fluus. Fruit much the size and shape of that of D. marginatm but more
constricted at the top and with the ridges produced into membranaceous
wings, as in D. grandiflorus. Fruit 3 to 3.5 cm long and 2 to 2.5 cm
in diameter, the two long wings 15 to 17 cm long and 25 to 28 mm wide.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Limay, For. Bur. 12395 Curran & Merritt,
Aug. 1908.

It has been suggested that this form might be a natural hybrid of D. gran-
diflorus and D. vernicifluus. I think it a new species, but the material is not
in condition to warrant describing it as such. The material consists of two
young seedlings, three mature fruits and one adult leaf, picked up under the tree.

Dryobalanops Gaertn.

According to Yidal, “Sinopsis de plantas lenosas de Filipinas,” p. 48,
Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. is probably found on Balabac and other
Philippine Islands. Blanco’ in his second edition, p. 315, says that,
according to some authors, this genus occurs in the Philippines.

I have been unable to find any definite record of the finding of
Dryobalanops in the islands and so it is not considered here. It seems
reasonable to suppose that it may some day be found in the southern part
of the Archipelago, where there seem to be a good many Bornean forms.

2. ANISOPTERA Korthals.

Always large trees, with good clear length of bole, often gregarious.
Bark thick, gray or blackish, coarsely furrowed and fissured. Wood
yellowish or pinkish, without deposits of hard resin. Freshly cut stumps
flowing a considerable quantity of a sticky wood oil. Leaves with a
limited number of very prominent secondary nerves (14 to 20), usually
chartaceous or thinly coriaceous. Stipules small, early deciduous.
Flowers numerous, in lax panicles. Calyx-tube enclosing the fruit, which
is connate with it ; 2 lobes expanding into long wings which have three or
four principal veins and numerous prominent transverse veins. Stamens
20 to 35; connective prolonged into a long point. Ovary with a large
fleshy stylopodium, style short, with 3 stigmas. Young shoots, inflores-
cence, and underside of leaves clothed with fascicles of stellate hairs and

254

FOXWORTHY.

minute round scales. The occurrence of these hairs and scales is very in-
constant. The scales are present in all cases, though there may be but a
few in some cases. The stellate hairs, on the other hand, are frequently
wanting and their place may be taken by roughened scurfy patches along
the under surface of the veins.

In the circumference of the pith there are 18 to 24 resin-ducts, often
large and close together. In the petiole, the outer row of 7 to 13 vascular
bundles forms a closed line, each one containing' a resin-duct. In the
center is a mass of vascular tissue which is relatively free from resin-ducts.

Wood white, yellowish or pinkish, no distinction between heartwood
and sapwood except a slightly darker color in the heart. No distinct
rings of seasonal growth. Slightly resinous odor when fresh, a sour and
disagreeable odor if the wood has been left standing in a wet place for
some time. A wood oil is present in the wood and the vessels containing
it have often been mistaken for resin ducts. The oil can be secured as
in Dipterocarpus though it is not commonly collected. • It solidifies
quickly into a more or less whitish resin. Pith-rays of two sorts, moder-
ately broad and fine. Vessels of medium size. Wood parenchyma not
prominent. Wood from young trees coarse-grained, brittle, rather dif-
ficult to work. Wood from mature trees of very good quality and seems
to be fairly durable, being used for planks, crossbeams, etc.

There may be a definite period of leaf -fall ; but, it is not as pronounced
as in Dipterocarpus. The seeds germinate rather quickly after falling
to the ground. The fruit is starchy and does not last long. This may
be due to decay or to destruction by insects or other animals. The young
seedlings do well in the shade. The flowers are borne in great quantity
and are yellow. The flowering period for an individual tree is said to
be not more than one month in length. The flowers are sometimes
distinctly fragrant.

There are about fifteen species in the genus. Heretofore, no Philippine
species has been credited to any region outside the Archipelago. It is,
however, sufficiently apparent that our Anisoptera thurifera occurs in the
Malay Peninsula, where it is usually identified as A. glabra , and A. curtisii
is here reported for the first time from these Islands. This makes 4.
curtisii the most widely distributed member of the genus.

This genus in the Philippines gives the extreme northeastern range
of the family. It also occurs almost as far north in the Philippines as it
does in Burma.

1. Anisoptera brunnea sp. nov. Plate XL.

Arbor magna. Folia oblanceolata vel elliptica, coriacea, superne glabra,
infra tomentosa, brunnea; lamina 6 ad 12 cm longa, 3.5 and 5.5 cm
lata, nervis secundariis utrinque 12 ad 15; petiolo 2 ad 4.5 cm longo.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

255

Fruetus globosus 1 ad 1.5 cm diametro, tube calyeino apice valde con-
stricto, calycis segmentis 2 majoribus oblaneeolatis 5 ad 8 cm longis,
6 ad 10 mm latis, 3 minoribus linearibus 1-3-nerviis, scabris. i

The conspicuous thing about this species is the chocolate brown tomen-
tose under surface of the leaves and the large globose fruits, which are
also chocolate brown. The leaves are oblaneeolate or elliptic, more or
less blunt or rounded at apex and base, and the margins slightly inrolled.
Secondary nerves 12 to 15 pairs with intermediate shorter nerves which
join the reticulate tertiary ones. Secondary and some of the tertiary
nerves more or less uniting to form intra-marginal veins. Petioles 2 to
4.5 cm long, rather slender, thickened in upper one-fourth of their length.
Fruit globose, scurfy, dark-brown. The two long wings somewhat pubes-
cent, with three or four principal nerves and numerous secondary nerves
which are transverse or oblique and reticulate. The three shorter wings
linear, one- to three-nerved, somewhat scurfy like the fruit.

Differs from A. curtisii in size, shape and color of fruit and in color of
tomentum. The last feature makes it very distinct in appearance from
A. thurifera.

We have this species, thus far, only from the provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos
Norte. The type was collected in the neighbhorhood of Camalamaiungan where
it is said to grow in dense flat forest near sea level.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11292 Klemme, April 1908, in fruit
(type), For. Bur. 1/292 Klemme, June 1906, in fruit, For. Bur. 17230, 17300
Curran, For. Bur. 13128 Bernardo, May 1909, in flower : Province of Ilocos Norte,
For. Bur. 11/001, 11/013 Merritt £ Darling.

Native name: afu (Cag. ).

2. Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 62 2 (1893)

100; Brandis & Gilg in Engler & Prantl N.at. Pflanzenfam. 3 2 * * * 6 (1895) t. 122,
F; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 42; Whitford in Philip. For.
Bur. Bull. 10= (1911) 78. Plate XLI.

Large tree 25 to 35 m tall, young branches slender, minutely scurfy-
tomentose, Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, the apex subacute or
acute, the base narrowed but rounded ; the upper surface glabrous, shining,
the lower densely ochraceous-lepidote and sparsely stellate-pubescent,
length 5 to 8.75 cm, breadth 1.9 to 3.1 cm, petiole 1.25 to 1.9 cm long;
secondary nerves 18 to 20 pairs, spreading; accrescent calvx-lobes 8.75
to 11.25 cm long, linear-spatulate, 3-nerved, the transverse veins bold and
numerous.

The most noticeable feature of this species is the brilliantly yellow
lower surface of the leaves, the color being due to the very numerous

small round scales with which the under surface is clothed. These scales
are apparently of the same kind as those of A. brunnea > but here they
impart a yellow color to the leaf. The freshly matured fruit has a pale-
greenish-yellow color. The bark of mature trees is fissured, grayish in

256

FOXWORTHY.

color, distinctly lighter-colored than that of A. thurifera. The wood
seems to be the same in the two species, and the occurrence of a fluid
resin or oil on freshly cut stumps seems also to be the same in both
species.

The variety latifolia King, 1. c., has been described, with leaves broadly
elliptic, blunt, the bases rounded but narrowed, but I have found leaves
both of this form and of the form of the type on the same tree and,
therefore, do not consider the variety well founded.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22184 Alvarez (this number has
small leaves with only 14 to 16 pairs of secondary nerves and a petiole which
is proportionately longer than that of the type, but it seems best to include it
here) : Province of La Laguna, Bur. Sci. 8985 Foxworthy, July 1909, in fruit,
For. Bur. 15353 Tamesis: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10100 Curran, June
1908, in fruit, For. Bur. 13358 Aguilar, July 1909, in fruit, For. Byr. 12809
Rosenbluth, For. Bur. 18123 Darling. Polillo, For. Bur. 3218 Hagger, July
1905, in fruit. Native name: dagang (Tag.).

Distribution: Penang; Perak; Borneo, La was River; the Philippines.

3. Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 42;
Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. 14, f. E; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
31 (1895) 44; Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 115; Foxworthy
in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) 389, 4 (1909) 512, PI. XXVIII, f. 14; Brandis
& Gilg in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 6 (1895) 258; Merritt in Philip.
Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908) 48; Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 703,
Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 78, pis. 82, 83.

Mocanera thurifera Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 446; Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 22.

Mocanera mayapis Blanco 1. c. 449.

Dipterocarpus thurifer Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 310; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 212, t.
264; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 20.

D. mayapis Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (.1845) 313; Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.) 27 (1905) 21.

Antherotriche lanceolata Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 19 2 (1846) 506;
Walpers Ann. 1 (1848) 113.

Anisoptera lanceolata Walp. ex A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 616; Brandis &
Gilg in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 6 (1895) f. 122 D, E; Vidal Phan.
Cuming. Philip. (1885) 97; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 20.

Sliorea mayapis Blume Mus. Bot, Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 33.

Anisoptera oblonga F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 20; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase.
Filip. (1886) 60; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (1892) 25, non Dyer in Hook. f. FI. Br.
Ind. 1 (1874) 301.

Anisoptera vidaliana Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 44; Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 97; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 23.

Anisoptera tomentosa Brandis 1. c.

Anisoptera calopliylla Perk. 1. c. 22.

Large trees with clean straight boles and thick, coarsely fissured,
black or dark-gray bark. Leaves varying from thinly membranaceous
to fairly stiff, but never thickly coriaceous, clothed below with fine round
scales, which may be remote or closely crowded. The secondary and

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

257

tertiary veins are sometimes irregularly scurfy. Large, branched stellate
hairs are often present on the veins, but their occurrence seems to be very
irregular. Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate, on long petioles ; blade 8 to
13 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, petioles 3 to 4 cm long ; secondary veins 10 to
16 pairs, alternating with shorter intermediate veins. Tertiary veins
parallel, joined by closely reticulate veins. Flowers in drooping panicles ;
pedicels less than one-half the length of the calyx, each flower supported
by two, oblong, somewhat unequal, 1- to 5-nerved bracteoles. Anthers
glabrous, the awn longer than the anther. Stylopodium bell-shaped,
pubescent, sometimes slightly constricted above the ovary. Fruit globose,
not much constricted at top, 4 to 15 mm in diameter ; calyx-wings 5 to 9
cm long and sometimes more than 1 cm broad, with three prominent
longitudinal veins and numerous, more or less oblique, transverse veins.

A tree of the lowland forest, ascending to 600 to 750 m above sea
level.’

It is possible that I am here retaining more than one distinct species
under the name of A. thurifera ; but, Merrill & Eolfe, 1. c., have suggested
their probable identity and I am unable now definitely to designate
distinctive characters for different species. It will take a good deal of
field work to clear up this matter. There do seem to be two definite
types of fruit, one of which is rather large, globose, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter
with wings 5 to 7 cm long and more than 1 cm broad, the other with
smaller globose fruit, 4 to 8 mm, and longer and narrower wings. I
have not been able to discover any constant leaf differences. It may be
that the same tree will produce both kinds of fruit; but we do not know
that to be the case.

Some of the Malay Peninsula material which is identified as A. glabra
certainly belongs to A. thurifera. In the incomplete state of our knowl-
edge of three two species, I should hesitate to say whether or not the
two are identical, but it is certain that A. thurifera does occur on the
Malay Peninsula.

This species has been found in the Philippines as follows :

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 14736 Darling: Province of Ilocos
Norte, For. Bur. 13998, 14004 Merritt & Darling: Province of Ilocos Sur, For.
Bur. 5644 Klemme, For. Bur. 7 111 Klemme, April 1907, in flower: Province of
Abra, For. Bur. 14517, 14557, 14558 14621 Darling: Province of Pangasinan,
For. Bur. 8287 Curran & Merritt, For. Bur. 13455 Medina, For. Bur. 14365
Villamil: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 10902 Curran, For. Bur. 14860
Darling: Province of Nueva Ecija, For.. Bur. 8481 Curran, For. Bur. 22183 Al-
varez: Province of Tarlac, Vidal 87: Province of Zambales, Merrill 1763 Garcia,
Peb. 1903, in fruit, Merrill 1749 Garcia, April 1903, in fruit, Merrill 2935 Irey,
May 1903, in fruit, For. Bur. 3228 Maule, Nov. 1904, in fruit, For. Bur. 5814,
5877, 7016 Curran, For. Bur. 8418 Curran <& Merritt, For. Bur. 19467 Agama:
Province of Bataan, Merrill 1518 (type number of A. calophylla Perk.), 1475
Garcia, Jan. 1903, in fruit, Merrill 3154, Oct. 1903, in fruit, For. Bur. 488, 593

258

FOXWORTHY.

Barnes, For. Bur. 743, 707 Borden, May 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 1317, 1322,
1409, 1527, 1641, 1667, 1675 Borden, For. Bur. 1616, 1632, 1633, 1635, 1637, 1638 ,
1643, 1647, 1649, 1657, 1658, 1788, 1789 Borden, Aug. 1904, in fruit, For. Bur.
2128 Borden, Dec. 1904, in fruit, For. Bur. 2256 Meyer, Dec. 1904, in fruit, Whit-
ford 352, June 1904, in 'flower, Whitford 1223, April 1905, in fruit, Whitford
1365, For. Bur. 1485 Ahern's coll., July 1904, in fruit, Bur. Sci. 1627 Foxioorthy,
For. Bur. 5282, 5945, 7225 Curran: Province of Bulacan, Bur. Sci. 12273 Fox-
worthy: Province of Rizal, Vidal 73, 83, 85, 86, 651, 1167, 2168, Merrill 1627
Ramos, Mar. 1903, in fruit, Merrill 2803 Ramos, July 1903, in fruit, For. Bur.
471 Ahern’s coll., April 1904, in flower, Dec. Phil. For. FI. 103 Ahern’s coll.,
May 1904, in flower, Loher 5600, Apr. 1904 (fls. yellowish, sweet-scented), Bur.
Sci. 1463, 2168 Ramos, For. Bur. 2985 Ahern’s coll , Apr. 1905, in flower, For.
Bur. 10005, 10006, 10019 Curran; Province of La Laguna, For. Bur 10107, 10152
Curran: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10761 Curran: Province of Albay,
Cuming, 882, in flower, For. Bur. 10609, 10617 Curran, For. Bur. 15067 Rosen-
bluth. Ticao, For. Bur. 12554 Rosenbluth. Masbate, Merrill 2766 Barnes,
June 1903, in flower, Whitford 1692. Mindoro, For. Bur. 11389, 11401, 11408
Merritt. Cebu, Vidal 2165. Mindanao, Zamboanga Peninsula, For. Bur.' 9135,
9371 Whitford & Hutchinson. The last two numbers may belong to a distinct
species. The leaves are larger and more membranaceous and the tertiary veins
much more prominent than is usually the case in A. thurifera. Our material
for these two numbers is not sufficiently complete to warrant separating them
from the common species at the present time.

The field notes with our herbarium specimens seem to indicate that the time
of flowering for this species is during the months of April, May, and June and
the time of fruiting during the months of January, February, March, April, May,
July, August, October, November, and December. Blanco, 1. c., states that this
species flowers and fruits in the month of June, in the mountains of San Mateo.
He also states that a hard whitish resin, which is used for incense in some of
the churches, is obtained from this species. The correctness of this statement
seems very doubtful, as we have not found this species to produce such a
resin. There is also confusion regarding Blanco’s use of common names for this
species. He gives the names of lauaan and sandana,. which we have found to
apply to other species. We have found the following native names used for this
species: mayapis (Tag.) ; palosapis (Tag.) ; da gum (Tag.) ; dagang na puti
(Tag.); guyong at duyong (Tide.); letis (Mas.).

4. Anisoptera sp.

This form is as nearly as possible intermediate between A. thurifera
and A . curtisii. The habit of the tree and the appearance of many of
the mature leaves is that of A. thurifera. The young leaves look like
those of A. curtisii and the fruits also resemble those of that species.
In some of the examples listed under A. thurifera, the fruit is small and
it is difficult to tell whether it is really immature A. thurif era or this form.

This form has been found in the provinces of Bataan and Zambales and is
represented by the following:

Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 1377, 1381, 1390, 1407 Borden, July 1904, with
young fruit, For. Bur. 1792 Borden. Sept. 1904, in fruit. For. Bur. 12921, 12923
Alvarez, Aug. 1909, in fruit, For. Bur. 17515 Curran, Dec. 1909, in fruit: Prov-
ince of Zambales, For. Bur. 6974 Curran.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

259

3. HO PEA Roxb.

Stipules minute or small, early deciduous. Flowers almost always in
unilateral spikes or racemes, these generally in racemose, rarely compound
panicles. Calyx often glabrous, but petals always hairy outside. Calyx-
segments imbricate, the two outer ones in the flower generally much
larger than the others; growing into thin membranaceous wings, as the
fruit ripens. Stamens 15, 10 in a few species (FT. plagata is said to have
more than 30 stamens) ; anther-cells equal; connective prolonged into
a long awn. Stylopodium in most species large, in some wanting, but
generally indicated by a ring of hairs.

In most cases the cotyledons are thick-fleshy, the outer rounded surface
longitudinally channelled; both bifid to the point of attachment of the
hypocotyl. The outer or radicular cotyledon generally more or less
concave, embracing the inner or placentar cotyledon. Hypocotyl and
petioles of cotyledon half as long or as long as the seed, generally hairy,
except the glabrous shining tip, imbedded on the outside of the embryo
in a groove between the lobes of the outer cptyledon, while the lignified
placenta with the remains of the dissepiments intrudes between the lobes
of the inner. There are variations from this type in a number of species,
but I have not had an opportunity to see them.

There is said to be a great deal of variation in anatomical structure
in the genus, but the difficulties in getting sufficient material of most
of the species have been such that I have been unable to carry out any
complete comparative study for the genus.

The bark is usually fissured and dark-brown or black. Where the
color is brown, the bark is usually thin, where it is black, there is thick
bark. The inner, layers of the bark are usually yellow with a brownish
tinge.

The wood is pale-yellow or straw-color in the sap and the heart has
a brownish color. This seems to be true of our species so far as known.
The wood structure is difficult to distinguish from that of Vatica or of
some species of Sliorea.

The genus has about fifty species, 11 species being found in the Phil-
ippines.

The resin of some species is used. It is a fair grade of gum dammar
and is collected from H. plagata. It occurs similarly in H. pierrei,
H. acuminata , and possibly other species.

The flowering and fruiting time of the different species is but little
understood. It seems to be believed that H. plagata does not fruit every
year, but the infrequent collections and the small size of the fruit might
make it possible for such a belief to be common, even if the species were
fruiting regularly every year. The fruits are small and rather fragile
and, presumably, do not retain their vitality very long after falling from
the tree.

260

FOXWORTHY.

KEY TO PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF IIOPEA.

a. Secondary nerves few and prominent,

b. Leaves narrowly oblong.

c. Leaves bilaterally symmetrical or nearly so, 2-3 cm wide.. 5. E. sp. (Naric)
cc. Leaves unilaterally unsymmetrieal.

d. Leaves 10 to 15 cm long, 2.2 to 7 cm wide; fruit less than 8 cm long,

e. Stipules long, semipersistent ; fruit 6.5 to 7.5 cm long.

3. H. philippinensis

ee. Stipules short, fruit 3.5 to 4.3 cm long 1. H. basilanica

dd. Leaves larger, fruit 8 cm or more in length 2. E. mindanensis

bb. Leaves not narrowly oblong.

c. Leaves broad, elliptic-oval 7. E. ovalifolia

cc. Leaves lanceolate.

d. Leaves 3 to 6 cm long, with few (5 to 7) pairs of secondary nerves.

6. E. sp. (Gyam)

dd. Leaves larger.

e. Leaves long-acuminate, usually without domatia 8, E. acuminata

ee. Leaves not long-acuminate, domatia prominent 4. E. plagata

aa. Secondary nerves not distant; leaves coriaceous, glabrous, with numerous in-
■ distinct and almost parallel nerves.

b. Fruit more than 1 cm long 11. E. sp.

bb. Fruit less than 1 cm long.

c. Fruit reddish-brown, leaves with domatia 9. E. pierrei

cc. Fruit greenish, leaves without domatia 10. E. sp.

Sect. I. Euhopea. Secondary nerves conspicuous, not approximate,
not more than 20 pairs. Stamens 15, sometimes 12 to 15. Stylopodium
always large.

It seems that most of our species belong in this section. Two undeter-
mined species are placed, here at a venture, it seeming more probable that
they will go here than in the section Petalandra.

1. Hopea basilanica sp. nov. Plate XLII.

Arbor magna ; f oliis chartaceis, anguste oblongis vel ellipticis, glabris,
supra nitidis, 10 ad 15 cm longis, 2,2 ad 4.8 cm latis, brevissime caudato-
acuminatis, basi paullo obliquis, obtusis, utrinque glaberrimis, costa media
utrinque nervis lateralibus subtus prominentibus ; petiolo brevissimo;

paniculis brevibus terminalibus vel lateralibus; floribus ;

fructu majusculo, calyce aecreto cincto; calycis f ructif eri . lobi aucti 3.5
ad 4.3 cm longi, latitudine fere 10 ad 15 mm.

Large tree 18 m tall, with thick, black, furrowed bark, like that of
H. acuminata. Leaves chartaceous, narrowly oblong or elliptic, glabrous,
shining above, 10 to 15 cm long, 2.2 to 4.8 cm wide. Apex acuminate,
tapering and unsymmetrieal at base, the part above the midrib being the
larger. Petiole dark-colored and wrinkled, when dry. Midrib slightly
pubescent above; secondary nerves 10 to 12 pairs, ascending and bent up-
ward at the margin of the leaf. Domatia in the axils of at least the lowest
pairs of veins. Tertiary veins parallel and reticulate. Inflorescence

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

261

axillary in few-flowered racemose panicles. Occasionally two inflores-
cences from one axil. Eachis of inflorescence brownish pubescent. Fruit
3 to 4 mm in diameter, 4 to 5 mm long; resin-cavities in lower part of
fruit. Fruiting calyx with 2 long wings 3.5 to 4.3 cm long and 10 to 15
mm wide, with about 9 principal veins. Wings yellow when dry, the veins,
being of darker color and the fruit and base of wings very dark-brown.
The bases of these two larger wings are expanded so as practically to
conceal the small wings.

Differs from H. odorata in shape of leaves and in its thick short petioles,
in size of fruit and in expanded bases of the two enlarged calyx wings;
from II. plagata in its narrower leaves, shorter petioles, smaller fruit, with
expanded bases to calyx wings ; from H. philippinensis in fruit and the
absence of the long stipules.

Basilan, For. Bur. 15220 Klemme, Aug. 1910; For. Bur. 151,08 Pray. ,

Common name: dalindingan.

2. 'Hopea mindanensis sp. nov. Plate XLIII.

Arbor magna, 12 ad 15 m alta, 25 cm diam. ; foliis anguste oblongis,
brevissime acuminatis> basi irregulariter cordatis, auriculatis, costa media
utrinque nervis lateralibus subtus prominentibus ; lamina 15 ad 35 cm
longa, 6 ad 11 cm lata, nervis lateralibus 18 ad 24 ; petiolo brevissimo
(5 ad 15 mm), pubescente. Fructu majusculo calyce accreto cincto;
calycis lobis majoribus basi ovato tumido, limbo late spathulato, apice
rotundato, basim versus valde attenuato, nervis 7 percurso.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9029 Whitford & Hutchinson
(type). Also represented by For. Bur. 9376 Whitford & Hutchinson , Jan. 1908,
For. Bur. 91,36, Feb. 1908, all three numbers from the same locality.

This species differs from H. philippinensis in the larger size of leaves and
fruit, the pubescent petioles and the auriculate leaf-bases.

Common name: magasusu.

3. Hopea philippinensis Dyer in Journ. Bot, 1 6 (1878) 100; Vidal in Rev.
PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soe. . Bot. 31 (1895) 64;
Everett & Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 5 (1906) 16, 28, 53; Foxworthy in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot, 515; Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2
(1911) 75, pi. 79.

A medium-sized tree with thin, dark-colored bark. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, narrowly oblong, caudate-acuminate, base very unequal-sided,
obtuse and almost glabrous, midrib and the 17 to 22 pairs of secondary
nerves prominent beneath ; domatia conspicuous ; leaf -blade 10 to 15 cm
long, 3 to 5 cm wide; petiole very short, 6.5 mm long, black and wrinkled.
Panicle rather short, terminal or lateral, usually appearing from the
branches below the leaves, i. e., from the axils of fallen leaves. Fruits
with two, long, spathulate calyx-lobes, 6.5 to 7.5 cm long and 2 cm wide,
very much narrowed toward the base. Fruit red when fresh, sometimes
becoming chocolate-color on drying.

103750 — — 3

262

FOXWORTHY.

Probably the most prominent feature in the fresh material is the linear-
lanceolate acute stipules, 2 Ho 3.5 cm long, some of which persist in the
dried material.

Luzon, Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 11650 Curran, Feb. 1910, in flower:
Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 1019k, 10376 Curran, For. Bur. 10389 Curran,
May 1908, in fruit, For. Bur. 11503 Whitford, For. Bur. 12516 Rosenbluth, For.
Bur. 14939, 1.8636, 18662 Darling, For. Bur. 23011 Aguilar: Province of Cama-
rines, For. Bur. 10105 Curran: Province of Albay, Cuming 819, in fruit, For.
Bur. 10518, 10619 Curran. Leyte, For. Bur. 12138 Rosenbluth, Mar. 1909, in
flower. Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, For. Bur. 1210 Everett, May
1907, in fruit, For. Bur. 1298 Everett, April 1907, in fruit, For. Bur. 13751
Foxworthy, For. Bur. 15030 Danao, Mar. 1908, in fruit, For. Bur. 11351, 11492,
11496 Curran. Mindanao, Subprovince of Butuan, For. Bur. 1588 Hutchinson.

Native names: guisoc-guisoc (V.), manguitarem (Tag., B.), paina (B.).

4. Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62; Brandis
in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 64; Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2
(1907) Bot. 396, 4 (1909) Bot. 515; Merritt in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908)
48; Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 715, in Philip. Bur. For. Bull.
10 2 (1911) 73, pis. 16, 11.

Mocanera plagata Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 447.

Dipterocarpus plagatus Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 311.

Anisoptera plagata Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 42; A. DC. Prodr.
16 2 (1868) 616.

Shorea reticulata F.-Vill. Noviss. App. 21, non Dyer in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind.
1 (1874) 307.

Hopea odorata var. ? Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. 15, f. A, 1~4-

Large trees with thick, fissured, black bark. Leaves chartaceous or
thinly coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate, 8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide,
entire, apex acuminate, base cuneate ; secondary nerves 8 to 12 pairs, with
domatia in their axils on under side of leaf; petiole 1.5 to 2.5 cm long.
Young leaves are distinctly viscid. I have not seen the species in flower.
Blanco says that there are more than 30 stamens and no style. Fruit
conical, 12 to 13 mm long, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, smooth, shining,
brown, with 2 long calyx-lobes, 3 to 3.5 cm long and 7 to 9 mm wide,
oblanceolate and often more or less irregular, with about 8 principal
veins; the three smaller calyx-lobes overlapping, blunt or acute at the
apex and less than half the length of the fruit.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11240, 11299 Curran: Province of
Ilocos Norte, For. Bur. 13052 Paraiso: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur.
18403 Alvarez: Province of Nueva Ecija, Vidal 84, For. Bur. 8429 Curran, For.
Bur. 14308 Saroca: Province, of Parigasinan, For. Bur. 8292 Curran & Merritt,
For. Bur. 12981 Alvarez, For. Bur. 13492, 13523 Medina, For. 'Bur. 14360 Villamil:
Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 5905, 5919, 6928, 6930 Curran, For. Bur. 6017
Aguilar, For. Bur. 8122, 8124 Curran d Merritt, For. Bur. 11043 Zschokke, For.
Bur. 13200 Cortes: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 11625 Curran (this specimen
is very fragmentary and of doubtful determination) : Province of Bulacan, For.
Bur. 11151 Aguilar, Bur. Sci. 12270 Foxioorthy : Province of Tayabas, For. Bur.
4531 Kobbe, June 1906, in fruit. For. Bur. 11515 Whitford, For. Bur. 22161
Alvarez: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10623 Curran. Mindoro, For. Bur.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

263

12028 Merritt. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 6565, 9496 Hutchin-
son, For. Bur. 9040, 9289 Whitford & Hutchinson. Basilan, For. Bur. 12369
Hutchinson.

Many of our specimens are fragmentary and it is quite possible that there
may be more than one species in the material cited above.

The following numbers seem to belong to what Whitford12 calls black yacal.
The chief apparent difference in herbarium material seems to he that the leaves
are a little broader and, perhaps, more inclined to be coriaceous. In drying, .the
leaves turn very dark and are more or less covered above with a glaucescence.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 191/45 Agama: Province of Zam-
bales, For. Bur. 13201, 13202 Cortes. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For.
Bur. 9001/ Whitford & Hutchinson.

This species produces a resin or gum dammar, which is sometimes collected
by the natives and used for torches.

The flowering time of this species is not understood. Blanco, 1. c., says that
it flowers only in the month of March. In some sections, the people claim that
it flowers only once in five or seven years.

Native names: yacal (Tag.), saplongan (Tag.), siggay (Cag.), belie (II.),
guisoc (B., V., Moro), taggai (II.).

5. Hopea sp. “Naric.”

Leaves narrowly oblong, 5 to 10 cm long, 16 to 26 mm wide, apex
long-candate-acnminate, base rounded, secondary nerves 10 to 12 pairs,
with domatia in their axils. Petiole 3 to 5 mm long. Stipules early
deciduous.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 6497, 13414 Klemme. The following
two numbers probably do not belong here; but, I do not know where else to place
them.. Luzon, Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 589 Barnes, Mar. 1904. Mindanao,
District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9404 Whitford & Hutchinson, Feb. 1908.

6. Hopea sp. “Gyam.”

This large tree seems to be the same as that which occurs under the
same name in the eastern part of British North Borneo. The bark is
thin and brownish. The wood is a very heavy and very hard yacal.

A tree of rather gregarious habit, growing on low flat lands near the
coast. The leaves are elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly oblong,
3 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm wide, apex bluntly caudate-acuminate,
base cuneate ; secondary nerves 5 to 7 pairs, with very large domatia in
their axils on the under side. Perhaps the most distinct species which
we have in the genus.

A single sterile specimen from Tawi Tawi, For. Bur. 13380, collected by W.
Schiick, June, 1910.

7. Hopea ovalifolia Boerl. in Cat. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1 (1899) 102.

The description of this species is very meager and is from sterile
material ; but we have a sheet from the garden at Buitenzorg, determined
by Dr. Boerlage as this species and it seems to correspond quite closely to
a collection of ours, also sterile.

Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 1 0 2 (1911) 73.

264

FOXWORTHY. '

Leaves oval 12 to 18 cm long, 7 to 10 cm wide, shortly acuminate,
secondary nerves about 12 arcuate-ascending, rather prominent on under
side of leaf, the younger parts minutely lepidote.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9133, 9374 Whit ford & Hutchin-
son, Dec. 1907, Jan. 1908.

Sect. II. Petalandra Iiassk. (genus) .

Secondary nerves conspicuous, not approximate, not rnoTe than 20
pairs ; tertiary nerves generally parallel, approximate, but not conspicuous.
Stamens 10, on broad short filaments, which are sometimes monadelphous.
Stylopodium either wanting, or a fleshy rim or tube on the top of the
truncated ovary.

The only Philippine species which we know to belong to this section
is the following.

8. Hopea acuminata Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905)
30; Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98; Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2
(1907) Bot. 389, 4 (1909) Bot. 514, pi. 27, f. 68; Whitford in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 703, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 75, pi. 80.

A tree reaching a height of 40 m, with broadly lanceolate, narrowly
acuminate, glabrous leaves, 8 cm long or less, and small flowers in uni-
lateral racemes, which are arranged in terminal and axillary panicles.
Branches nearly black when dry, glabrous, striate. Leaves 4 to 8 cm long,
2 to 3 cm wide, submembranaceous, shining above, the base inequilateral,
rounded at least on one side of the lamina, the apex long-slender-
acuminate; nerves 8 to 10 pairs, rather prominent beneath; petioles 5 to 8
mm long, rugose, glabrous. Inflorescence grayish-stellate-pubescent, the
panicles 5 to 6 .cm long or less, the spicate branches 1.5 cm long or less.
Calyx rusty-pubescent, the sepals 5, imbricate, the outer two slightly
larger than the inner. Petals slightly pubescent on the outside, falcate,
4 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments thick; anthers
0.4 mm long, the single appendage slender, equaling the anther in length.
Ovary glabrous, 3-celled, each cell 2-ovuled; style short; stylopodium
none. Pruit glabrous, the two wings oblong, about 2 cm long, 5 mm wide,
the apex rounded.

A tall tree, with a slender, straight trunk, growing in the hill forests
from an altitude of 100 to about 800 m above the sea.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17209 Curran: Province of Ilocos Norte,
For. Bur. 13869, 13874 Merritt & Darling: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur.
10887 Curran, For. Bur. 18028 Merritt: Province of La Union, For. Bur. 13002
Faraiso: Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 14357 Villamil: Province of Tarlac,
For. Bur. 15405 Agama: Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22387, 22390 Alvarez:
Province of Bulacan, Bur. Sci. 12269 Foxworthy : Province of Bataan, For. Bur.
786 Borden, May 1904, in flower, (type), Whitford 335, May 1904, in flower,
For. Bur. 1175, 1245 Borden, For. Bur. 1592 Borden, Aug. 1904, in fruit, Merrill
3864, Aug. 1904, in fruit, Bur. Sci. 1563 Foxicorthy, For. Bur. 7497, 17595 Curran,

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

265

For. Bur. 7504 Curran, Sept. 1907, in fruit: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur.
10115 Curran, For. Bur. 1268 J \ Rosenbluth & Tamesis, For. Bur. 11721 Whitford,
For. Bur. 13349 Tamesis: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 7095 Kobbe, May 1907,
in flower, For. Bur. 10385, 10390 Curran, For. Bur. 11510 Whitford, For. Bur.
18653 Darling, For. Bur. 23002 Aguilar: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 4532
Barredo, For. Bur. 10459 Curran: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 15070 Rosenbluth:
Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 4525 Zscholcke, For. Bur. 5751 Pray. Mindoro,
For. Bur. 7147 Merritt. Leyte, For. Bur. 12728 Rosenbluth. Mindanao, Prov-
ince of Misamis, For. Bur. 15472 Pray: District of Davao, For. Bur. 11557
Whitford.

Native names : mangachapuy ( Tag., V. ) , dalindingan ( Tag. ) , barosingsing
(Iloc.) .

Sect. III. Dryobalanoides. Secondary nerves numerous, approximate,
not prominent, and often obscure. Stamens 15. Stylopodium in some
species wanting, indicated by a hairy ring.

9. Hopea pierrei Hance in Journ. Bot. 15 (1877) 329; Brandis in Joum.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 67, pi. 2, f. 10; Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4
( 1_909 ) Bot. 515; Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 76.

H. micrantha Hance in Journ. Bot. 14 (1876) 242, non Hook. f. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. 23 (1862) 161.

Hancea pierrei Pierre FI. For. Cochinch. (1891) t. 248.

Medium-sized trees ; branchlets glabrous, only petioles and ramifications
of inflorescence slightly puberulous; small hairy glands (domatia) usually
found in axils of secondary nerves. Flowers drooping, pedicellate, in
unilateral racemes, these distichous and regularly alternating, forming
short- axillary racemose panicles. Bracteoles ciliate. Calyx glabrous;
petals sericeous outside; awn of connective more than twice as long as
the anther. Stylopodium glabrous as well as ovary, constricted below;
style very short; stigma obtuse. Fruit ovoid, slightly acuminate, very
tightly enclosed by the 5 calyx-segments which are indurated at the base.
Both cotyledons bifid to base, the radicular somewhat larger; hypoeotyl
half the length of embryo, cotyledons filled with starch.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17075, 17206, 17256 Curran: Province
of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 9638 Zscholcke: Province of Nueva Eeija, Bur. Sci.
13072 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 22195 Alvarez: Province of Zambales, For. Bur.
8231 Curran & Merritt: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 10150, 10157 Curran,
For. Bur. 15352 Tamesis, Bur. Soi. 8982 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 17638, 17645
Curran, Feb. 1910, in fruit, For. Bur. 22499, 22500 Mariano: Province of Tayabas,
Whitford 792, Sept. 1904, with young flowers. For. Bur. 23018 Aguilar: Province
of Camarines, For. Bur. 10719 Curran, For. Bur. 12810 Rosenbluth : Province of
Albay, For. Bur. 10579, 10618 Curran: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10599,
10627 Curran. Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10285 McGregor. Mindoro, For. Bur. 6726
Merritt, April 1907, in flower, For. Bur. 8742, 11399, 12027 Merritt. Negros,
Province of Negros Occidental, For. Bur. 17365 Curran.

Common names: dalindingan isak (Tag.), malatagum (B.) , makitarem (Sor. ),
lito (Sor.) , mangachapuy (T., V. ) , pisak (Cag. ).

Distribution: Cambodia, Singapore, Borneo and the Philippines.

266

FOX WORTHY.

10. Hopea sp.

A form which differs from 11. pierrei in having usually more uniform,
smaller and narrower leaves and green, short-stalked fruit. The leaves
seem' to be without domatia.

It is possible that some of the sterile material which has been referred
to ll, pierrei , may belong to this species and the next.

A single collection from the Island of Sibuyan, Elmer 12071, March 1910, in
fruit.

11. Hopea sp.

This differs from II. pierrei -in having a much larger fruit, which is
sometime glutinous.

Sibuyan, Elmer 12289, April 1910, in fruit. Luzon, Province of La Laguna,
Phil. PI. 397 Ramos, August 1910, in fruit.

4. PENTACME A. DC.

Sepals strongly imbricate. Petals- broad, spreading. Stamens 15.
Anthers oblong,- on short broad filaments. Anther-cells equal, each pro-
longed into a short appendix; the connective also prolonged, so that each
anther has 5 apical appendages. Ovary glabrous, prolonged into a conical
stylopodium; style filiform, glabrous. Stigma obtuse, indistinctly 3-
toothed. The three outer segments of fruiting-calyx much larger than
the others, narrowed into a stalk, but expanding into a broad base, which
is adpressed to the lower portion of the fruit but does not enclose it.

Four species known, two from the eastern Indian peninsula and two
from the Philippine Islands.

The wood is the least durable of any of our dipterocarps, but is con-
siderably used because it is so abundant and readily worked and it is
very satisfactory for purposes of temporary construction. There is quite
a little resin present in the wood, but so far as I know, it is not used
commercially.

Pith with 12 to 25 resin-canals. Petiole with a semicircle of 7 to 9
vascular bundles, each with one resin-canal ; 3 resin-canals in the central
mass.

I. Pentacme contorta (Yidal) Merrill & Rolfe in Phil. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908)
Bot. 115; Merritt in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908) 48; Whitford in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 4 (1910) Bot. 703, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 ( 1911) 62, pis. 56, 57;
Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 511, 516.

Shorea contorta Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. 15, f. E; Rev. PI. Vase.
Filip. (1886) 88; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Merr. in
Phil. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98; Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907)
Bot. 386.

Pentacme paucinervis Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 73; Merrill
& Rolfe in Phil. Journ. Sci. 1. e.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

267

Leaves glabrous, ovate, acuminate, margin undulate or entire ; second-
ary nerves 6 pairs; tertiary nerves parallel, not conspicuous, joined by
reticulate veins., Anthers linear; appendix of connective very short.
Ovary glabrous; style cylindric, articulate with ovary, stigma minutely
papillose. Wings of fruiting-ealyx twisted, very unequal, the two largest
7 to 13 cm long, with 10 to 12 prominent nerves, the third 6.5 cm long,
the others much smaller. Fruit tomentose, acuminate ; base of fruiting-
ealyx pubescent. The number of secondary nerves is rather variable as is
also the size of the fruit.

This is the commonest and most widely distributed species of the family
in the Islands. It is probable that it occurs in every province.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 7088 Klemme, For. Bur. Up 26, 14734
Darling, For. Bur. 16930, 16963, 17163, 17186 Curran: Province of Isabela, For.
Bur. 14840 Darling, For. Bur. 18557 Alvarez: Province of Ilocos Norte, For. Bur.
13823, 13854, 13923, 14002 Merritt & Darling: Province of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur.
14092 Merritt d Darling: Province of Abra, For. Bur. 14663 Darling: District
of Bontoc, For. Bur. 17013 Curran: Subprovince of Benguet, For. Bur. 10804
Curran: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 18411 Alvarez: Province of Pan-
gasinan, For. Bur. 8282 Curran d Merritt, For. Bur. 14364 Villamil: Province
of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 8493 Curran, Bur. Sci. 12297 Foxwortlvy, For. Bur.
22388 Alvarez: Province of Tarlac, Vidal 79: Province of Bulacan, For. Bur.
11152 Aguilar, Bur. Sci. 12293 Foxworthy : Province of Zambales, For. Bur.
5810, 5904, 6916 Curran, For. Bur. 19462 Agama: Province of Bataan, For. Bur.
504, 511, 519, 534, 536, 538, 605, 598, Barnes, Dec. Phil. For. FI. 72 Barnes, Jan.

1904, in flower, For. Bur. 650, 653 Borden, April 1904, in flower, Whitford 293,
May 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 677 Borden, May 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 821
Borden, June 1904, with immature fruit, For. Bur. 1748 Borden, Aug. 1904,
mature fruit, Bur. Sci. 1555, 1626 Foxworthy , For. Bur. 5281, 5961, 17609 Curran,
For. Bur. 6367 Curran, Mar. 1907, in flower: Province of Rizal, Vidal 987, 2167,
Merrill 2697 Ramos, June 1903, in flower, For. Bur. 2970 Ahern’s coll., Apr.

1905, in fruit, For. Bur. 3199 Ahern’s coll., July 1905, in flower, Bur. Sci. 109
Foxworthy, Bur. Sci. 1464 Ramos, Bur. Sci. 3258 Ramos, June 1907, in fruit,
For. Bur. 10009, 10036, 10042 bis Curran, Bur. Sci. 4635 Ramos: Province of La
Laguna, For. Bur. 7902 Curran d Merritt, For. Bur. 22232 Mariano: Province
of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6070 Kobbe, For. Bur. 10175, 10398 Curran, For. Bur.
11504 Whitford, For. Bur. 14990, 18690 Darling, Oct., Dec. 1909, in fruit:
Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10447, 10735 Curran, For. Bur. 10659 Curran,
June 1908, in flower, For. Bur. 10721 Curran, July 1908, in flower, For. Bur.
13356 Aguilar, For. Bur. 14337 Aguilar, July 1909, with immature fruit: Prov-
ince of Albay, For. Bur. 10593, 10615 Curran: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur.
5168 Bridges, For. Bur. 10559 Curran, June 1908, in flower. Polii.lo, For. Bur.
3217 Bagger, July 1904, fruit, Bur. Sci. 6831 Robinson,. Aug. 1909, fruit, Bur.
Sci. 10379 McGregor. Marinduque, For. Bur. 12155 Rosenbluth. Masbate,
Merrill 2772 Barnes, June 1903, in flower. Mindoko, Whitford 1395, For. Bur.
4480 Merritt, June 1906, in flower, For. Bur. 9910 Merritt, April 1908, immature
fruit, For. Bur. 8682, 12012 Merritt. Samar, For. Bur. 12853, 12651 Rosenbluth,
Negros, For. Bur. 17349, 17417, 17487 Curran, For. Bur. 17367, 17432 Curran.
Sept. 1909, in fruit. Mindanao, Subprovince of Agusan, For. Bur. 7597 Hutchin-
son: District of Davao, For. Bur: 11564 Whitford: District of Lanao. Mrs. Cle-

268

FOXWORTHY.

mens 21(1, Feb. 1906, in flower: District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 901/2, 9181/
Whitford & Hutchinson. Basilan, For. Bur. 1/001/ Hutchinson, Feb. 1906, with
immature fruit, For. Bur. 1/813 Hutchinson, July 1906, fruit.

This species has been collected in flower in the months of January, February,
March, April, May, June' and July, and in fruit in the months of February,
April, June, July, August, September, October, and December.

Native names: lauan (Tag.), balac (Cag. Negrito), apnit (Cag., Iloc.), baloc-
bac (Negrito), malaanonan (Tag.), danlig (V.).

2. Pentacme sp.

Leaves broadly oblong, shortly and abruptly acuminate, base 'rounded ;
stipules 2 to 3 cm long, 7 to 8 mm wide, lanceolate or oblanceolate ;
secondary nerves about 15 pairs. Young shoots, petioles and underside
of leaves covered with a grayish tomentum. Wood soft and white, with
much the same structure as that of P. contorta but finer-grained. Bark
dark and fissured. A tree of the low flat forest near the beach.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10383 Curran.

This form seems to show some points of resemblance to Pentacme siamensis
Kurz.

5. SHOREA Eoxb.

Large resinous trees ; stipules in a few species large and persistent, in
most small and early deciduous. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous; sec-
ondary nerves prominent; tertiary nerves mostly parallel. Flowers as
a rule in unilateral spikes or racemes, these distichous and regularly
alternating on the branches of large axillary and terminal panicles. Each
flower subtended by two, mostly deciduous, in a few species persistent
and conspicuous, bracts. Sepals strongly imbricate, always hairy outside,
and often inside also, on the margin of a broad obconical receptacle.
Petals oblong, rarely ovate-oblong, hairy on the outside. Stamens gen-
erally 15, in some species more. Anther-cells generally equal ; connective
prolonged into a pointed appendage, generally longer than the anther,
sometimes short or wanting. Segments of fruiting calyx with their broad
bases tightly enclosing the fruit, the three outer ones generally longer
than the others and much longer than the fruit.

Pipe seed generally without albumen. Cotyledons thick, fleshy, gen-
erally both bifid to their base, that is to the point where they are attached
to the apex of the hypocotyl (radicle) or to the petioles.

Pith with 3 to 30 perimedullary resin-canals, with now small now wide
lumen. The . structure of the petiole is various; usually it shows the
characteristic form ; viz., a semicircle of 7 to 9 isolated vascular bundles
with alternating resin-canals and a central bundle-system without reSin-
canals; in other species there is found a central bundle system with no
or 1 to 3 resin-canals.

The largest genus in the family, with more than 90 species, with 14
species in the Philippines. Of our Philippine species four, S. balangeran,
8. eximict, 8. squamata , and S. teysmanniana are extra-Philippine in
distribution.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

269

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF SHOREA.

a. Leaves broadly ovate, thickly coriaceous, margins inrolled; wood soft and red.

13. S. sp.

aa. Not as above.

b. Leaves distinctly ligl iter-colored beneath.

c. Leaves grayish or yellowish, pubescent beneath; wood very hard, yellow or

brownish 1. 8. balangeran

ce. Not as above.

d. Leaves i;etuse at the apex, coriaceous, light-colored and almost glabrous

beneath; wood light-colored and coarse-grained 2. 8. malaanonan

dd. Leaves acute at the apex, chartaceous, with grayish pubescence of
stellate hairs beneath ; wood hard, fine-grained, red.

6. 8. sp. (Pubescent guijo)

bb. Leaves not lighter in color beneath, usually the same on both surfaces,

c. Leaves usually cuneate at base.

d. Secondary nerves less than 10 pairs, domatia present 14. 8. sp.

dd. Secondary nerves more than 10 pairs, domatia not present.... 5. 8. guiso
cc. Leaves rounded or cordate at base. ,
d.‘ Stipules small and early deciduous.

e. .Leaves coriaceous, glabrous beneath, margins sometimes slightly in-

rolled 10. 8. polysperma

11. 8. warburgii

ee. Leaves chartaceous, with pubescence of stellate hairs beneath.

3. 8. philippinensis

dd. Stipules of some size and persistent, at least on young shoots.

e. Stipules broadly ovoid, acute or obtuse, thickly covered with stellate
hairs.

f. Leaves large, copper-color in drying 8. 8. squamata

ff. Leaves small, pallid when dry 4. S. sp. (Saray)

ee. Stipules not so broad, lanceolate, acuminate.

f. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, narrow, not prominently' stellate-

pubescent beneath; buds scurfy 12. 8. teysmanniana

ff. Leaves elliptic or oblong, acuminate, prominently stellate-pubescent
beneath.

g. Tertiary veins thickly beset with large stellate hairs ; wood fine-
grained, pale-red 9. 8. eximici

gg. Tertiary veins not so thickly covered with stellate hairs; leaves
more coriaceous; wood coarser-grained, bright-red.

7. 8. negrosensis

1. Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Dyer ex Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886)
61; Burclc in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1887) 214; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soe.
Bot. 31 (1895) 86; Foxworthy in Phil. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 508, 516, pi.
XXVII, f. 67; Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10" (1911) 73, pi, 78.

Hopea balangeran Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1848) 74, t. 7 ; Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 503; A. DC. Prodr. 1 6 2 (1868) 634.

Parahopea balangeran Heim Reeherch. Dipterocarp. (1892) 66.

Young branches subcompressed, with peduncles and petioles lepidote-
velutinous, fulvous ; leaves rounded at base, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
glabrous above, clothed beneath with very fine yellowish-brown pubescence,'
10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 6 cm wide, secondary nerves 11 to 16, tertiary not
very distinct. Petiole 2.5 cm long. Stipules lanceolate, acutish, stellate-

270

FOXWORTHY.

pubescent on both sides. Bacemes equalling or shorter than the leaves.
Bracts subrotund, glabrous within, pubescent and ciliate without, yellow,
4 mm long, 3 mm wide. Calyx laciniae lanceolate, outside covered with
simple, adpressed, cinereous, sericeous hairs, glabrous within. Petals
three or four times as long as the calyx, oblong, glabrous within, sericeous
without. Stamens 15; appendix to connective sometimes longer than
the anther cells. The three larger segments of the fruiting calyx oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, 6-nerved, transverse veins distinct, margin minutely ciliate,
clear, base dilated, sparsely villous with stellate hairs. Fruit ovoid,
acuminate. Only the immature fruit has been described.

None of our collections are in fruit and only one in flower. The
sterile material shows a very great range of variability in shape and
texture, and it is altogether probable that the following list contains
representatives of what will prove to be several distinct species when we
have more complete material for study.

From observations made by different foresters it seems that this species
and Hopea plagdta produce wood of almost the same quality and ap-
pearance, but that the trees may be distinguished by the bark, which is
thick, black and coarsely furrowed in H. plag'ata and thin, gray and not
coarsely furrowed in this species. Both furnish a high grade of the
timber known as yacal , which corresponds very closely to the selangan
batu of Borneo and the tlimgan of Burma.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 8278,\8279 Curran & Merritt, For.
Bur. 9635 Zsoholcke, For. Bur. 13478, 13487 Medina, For. Bur. 14390 Villamil :
Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 6507 Aguilar, For. Bur. 6931 Curran, For. Bur.
11045 Zschokke, For. Bur. 13203, 13204, 13205 Cortes, For. Bur. 19469 Agama:
Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 1, 5 Ware, For. Bur. 6065 Kobbe, For. Bur. 7096
Kobbe, May 1907, in flower, For. Bur. 12501 Rosenbluth, For. Bur. 18651 Darling,
Bur. Sri. 13117, 13118, 13119, 13120 Foxworthy <£ Ramos: Province of Camarines,
For. Bur. 10643, 10647, 10674, 10730 Curran, For. Bur. 11519, 11522, 11525 Whit-
ford, For. Bur. 13352 Aguilar: Province of Albay, Cuming 884, For. Bur. 15002
Aldor, For. Bur. 18716 Darling. Leyte, For. Bur. 12732, 12899 Rosenbluth.
Mindanao, District of Davao, For. Bur. 11562 Whitford: District of Zamboanga,
For. Bur. 9031 Whitford & Hutchinson,

Common names : yacal, guisoc, guisoc-a marillo, guisoc-guisoc, pamayawasin,
yamban puti.

Distribution: Borneo; Madjang; Bangka; the Philippines.

2. Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Bhune in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856)
34; A. DC. Prodr. 16 = (1868) 631; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895)
103; Foxworthy in Phil. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 386; Merrill & Rolfe in Phil.
Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 115; F.-Vill. ISToviss. App. (1880) 21; Whitford in
Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10= (1911) 64.

Mocanera. malaanonan Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 858.

Dipterocarpus malaanonan Blanco FI. Filip, ed.^2 (1845) 312.

Shorea polita Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. 15 f. D; Rev. PL Vase. Filip.
(1886) 61 ; Brandis l. c. 88; Merrill & Rolfe l. c. 115.

Euphoria malaanonan Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 286 (289 sphalm.)

Euphoria ? nephelium Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 200.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

271

A translation of Blanco’s original description for Mocanera malaanonan
is as follows : Leaves ' ovate, lanceolate, broad, abruptly pointed, whitish
bbneath. Calyx divided almost to the base into five oblong parts, con-
stricted a little above the fruit; the three exterior more than 7.5 cm
long. Fruit oval, free at maturity, surrounded by the calyx, outer
covering fragile, crowned with a long style, which bears three stigmas,
and with a seed of three or four lobules in a compartment. Trees of
some diameter, known at Angat by the rather equivocal name of mala-
anonan g ; the leaves have a length of a span, they are broad and the new
ones are whitish and soft beneath. This distinguishes it sufficiently from
other members of the genus. The tree also gives an odorous resin, but
in small quantity.

yidal’s description of 8. polita evidently refers to a narrower form and
is as follows : Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, acute at apex, rounded at base,
the margin somewhat undulate; leaf blade 6 to 12 cm by 2 to 4 cm,
petiole 2 to 3 cm; lateral nerves 12 to 15 pairs, slightly ascending (about
60°) not very distinct, very smooth in the interspaces. Fruiting calyx
of a brilliant gray, the part which envelops the nut very round, with
three long, usually unequal (5 to 8 cm) wings and 2 short and narrow
(3 cm) reddish-yellow which are much reticulated and with about 10
nerves.

It seems that a narrow-leaved and a broad-leaved form of malaanonang
are recognized by the natives, but they seem to be connected by inter-
mediate forms and it is for that reason that the two are here classed as
one species.

Closely resembling 8. coriacea Burck but with larger and more nearly
glabrous fruit. Perhaps the same species which was described as S.
hypocra by Hance from Cochinehina, but usually with a smaller number
of secondary nerves.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 4279 Klemme, June 1906, in fruit:
Province of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur. 13039 Paraiso : Province of Nueva Ecija, For.
Bur. 8^50, 8480 Curran, For. Bur. 22103 Alvarez: Province of Pangasinan, For.
Bur. 12979, 12980 Alvarez, May 1910, in fruit: Province of Zambales, For. Bur.
6023 Aguilar: Province of Rizal, Tidal 71, 2155, 2166, 2168, For. Bur: 2685
Ahern’s coll., Jan. 1905, in flower, For. Bur. 2990 Ahern’s coll., Apr. 1905, in
flower and fruit, Bur. Sci. 1420 Ramos: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 3233
Bagger, Feb. 1905, in flower.

The following numbers represent the narrow-leaved form and seem to fit Yidal’s
description of $. polita:

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11306 Klemme, Apr. 1908, with im-
mature fruit: Province of Nueva Ecija, Vidal 989 (type) : Province of Zambales,
For. Bur. 5915 Curran: Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 436 Ahern’s coll., Feb.
1904, in flower, For. Bur. 1168 Ahern’s coll., June 1904, in flower, Loher 5599 ,
Feb. 1906, in flower: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 2851 Clarlc & Barnes, Apr.
1903, in flower, Merrill 2589 Ware, June 1903, in fruit, For. Bur. 1.8648 Darling.

Common names: malaanonan (Tag.), danlig (Tay. ), lauan puti (N. E.),
mangasinoro (Tay.).

272

FOXWORTHY.

3. Shorea philippinensis Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88.

Petioles and inflorescence pubescent with stellate hairs. Leaves elliptic,

underside pubescent with stellate hairs ; leaf -blade 3 to 7 cm long ;
petioles up to 1 cm long ; secondary nerves about 10 to 12, tertiary nerves
inconspicuous. Bracts enclosing the buds subpersistent; anthers linear,
long-aristate ; appendage filiform, longer than anther. Ovary with base
of style puberulous, style filiform glabrous exceeding the ovary; stigma
minute.

Luzon, Province of Bulacan, Vidal 983: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 717
Borden: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6068 Kobbe. Ticao, For. Bur. 12553
Rosenbluth. Leyte, For. Bur. 12885 Rosenbluth.

A very imperfectly known species. All of the material in our herbarium is
sterile. The wood of some of the numbers credited to this is very light-colored
and soft, of some of the others it is red. It is very likely that some of the
numbers are wrongly identified.

4. Shorea sp. aff. 8. harmandii Pierre.

A large tree, 30 m high and 75 cm in diameter. Wood white to
brownish, soft; wood-parenchyma lines and lines of resin-canals incon-
spicuous or wanting. Vessels arranged in more or less regular patterns.
Wood resembling that of Pentacme in appearance. Leaves elliptic, coria-
ceous, pallid above and beneath when dry, the very young leaves being
darker in color; bluntly acuminate at apex, rounded or subcordate at
base. Secondary nerves 12 to 15 pairs, tertiary nerves distinct and par-
allel. Leaf-blade 5 to 9 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide. Petioles short, 8 to 9
mm long, and pubescent. Stipular bracts enclosing the bud, triangular-
ovate, rather large and semipersistent, with several longitudinal nerves.
Stipules leaving a very distinct scar on falling. Twigs dark-colored,
pubescent, with short internodes. Fruit ovoid, about 1 cm long and about
the^ same diameter, enclosed by the bases of the calyx-lobes ; the 3 long
calyx-wings oblong-spatulate, 7 cm long, 16 mm wide, with 10 to 12
longitudinal and numerous cross veins, the 2 short calyx-wings 4 to 6
cm long and 5 to 6 mm wide, with only 5 or 6 longitudinal nerves.
Fruit green when fresh, reddish-brown when dry.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17158 Curran, Mar. 1909, in fruit,
For. Bur. 7084 Klein me: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 17652 Curran.

Common names : saray ( Cag. ) , danlig or tohite tiaong ( Lag. ) , canacan ( Neg. ) .

5. Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 2 (1856) 34; Vidal
Sinopsis Atlas xv, t. 15, f. C; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 23; Brandis in
Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 31 (1895) 89; Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
98; Foxworthy in Phil. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 355, 357, 383, 384, 4 (1909)
Bot. 419, 509, 517, pi. XXVII, f. 70; Everett & Whitford in Philip. Bur. For.
Bull. 5 (1906) 16; Merritt & Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 6 (1906) 36;
Merritt in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908) 48; Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci.

4 (1910) Bot. 703, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 71, pis. 74, 75.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

273

Mocanera guiso Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 449.

Dipterocarpus guiso Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 313.

Anisoptera guiso A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 616.

S. vidaliana Brandis 1. c. 83.

Leaves chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, base rounded
or cuneate, glabrous or nearly so. Secondary nerves 15 to _ 18 pairs.
Leaf-blade 7 to 15 cm long, 2 to 6 cm wide; petiole 1 to 3 cm long.
Flowers described by Blanco as having 30 stamens. Fruit with three
wings which are 2.5 to 3 cm long and 4 to 8'mm wide ; the two short wings
15 to 20 mm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, linear or'spatulate ; fruit 4 to 6 mm
in diameter and about 6 to 8 mm high, slightly stouter than the fruit of
S. polysperma.

This species most closely resembles S. polysperma, from which it
differs in its grayish bark, harder and grayer wood, usually thinner leaves
which taper toward the base and are not inrolled at the margins, and
the shorter and stouter fruit. The species is sufficiently variable to make
any one set of characters of only Comparative value and it is often ex-
tremely difficult to distinguish these two species from sterile material.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 14730 Darling , For. Bur. 16960, 17255
Curran: Province of Isabela, For. Bur. 14842 Darling: Province of Ilocos Norte,
For. Bur. 13851, 14012 Merritt <£• Darling: Subprovince of Bontoc, For. Bur.
17015 Curran : Province of Abra, For. Bur. 14653 Darling : Province of Nueva
Vizcaya, For. Bur. 10877 Curran, For. Bur. 18025 Merritt: Province of Nueva
Ecija, For. Bur. 81/39, 8466 Curran, For. Bur. 11/307 Saroca : Province of Panga-
sinan, For. Bur. 8397 Curran cG Merritt, For. Bur. 131/71, 13511/ Medina, For.
Bur. 11,354, 11,379 Villgm.il: Province of Tarlac, For. Bur. 15395 Zschdkke :
Province of, Pampanga, For. Bur. 17692, 17735 Curran: Province of Zambales,
For. Bur. 5811, 5995, 6912 Curran, For. Bur. 6081. Aguilar. For. Bur. 191,70;
I.9475 Agama: Province of Bataan, Merrill 11,82 Garcia, For. Bur. 1,90, 1/91, 508,
530, 51/3, 51/5, 550, 553, 572, 576, 581 Barnes, Dec. Phil, For. FI. 71 Barnes, Jan.
1904, in flower, For. Bur. 659 Borden, April 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 1179,
1.398, 1525, 1530, 1533, 1559, 1572 Borden, For. Bur. 1799 Borden, Sept, 1904, in
fruit, Bur. Sci. 1605, 1611,, 161,2 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 5276, 5951,, 6374, 17522
Curran, For. Bur. 731,4 Curran, June 1907, in fruit, For. Bur. 1351,2 Alvarez:
Province of Bulacan, Bur. Sci. 12267 Foxworthy: Province of Rizal, Vidal 984,
For. Bur. 1,40, 1167, 2865 Ahern's coll., April-June 1904-5 in flower, For. Bur.
3088 Ahern’s coll,, Bur. Sci. 20 Foxworthy, Bur. Sci. 11,60 Ramos, For. Bur.
10038. Curran: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 19125 Tamesis, For. Bur.
22290 Mariano: Province of Batangas, For. Bur. 7687 Curran & Merritt: Prov-
ince of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6056 Kobbe, For. Bur. 10174, 10269, 10320, 10375,
10393, IO4OO Curran, For. Bur. 18660 Darling, Bur. Sci. 13116 Foxworthy &
Ramos: Province of Camarines, Ahern 129 Garcia, For. Bur. 1,537 Barredo, For.
Bur. 101,61, 10670, 10701, Curran: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 15003 Aldor :
Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10629 Curran. Marinduque, For. Bur. 12159
Rosenbluth. Ticao, For. Bur. 12552 Rosehbluth. Masbate, Whitford 1691,, For.
Bur. 12565 Rosenbluth, For. Bur. 21002 Darling. Mindoro, For. Bur. 5387, 8673,
8778, 8783, 9712, 9766, 11387, 12025 Merritt. Samar, For. Bur. 12873, 12849
Rosenbluth. Leyte, For. Bur. 12799 Rosenbluth. "Negros, Province of Negros

274

FOXWORTHY.

Occidental, For, Bur. 17446 Curran. Mindanao, Province of Misamis, For. Bur.
6546 Hutchinson, For. Bur. 15473 Pray: District of Davao, For. Bur. 11553,
11558 Whitford: District of Cotabato, For. Bur. 15409 Pray: District of Zam-
boanga, For. Bur. 9005, 9485 Whitford d Hutchinson. Basilan, For. Bur. 12368
Hutchinson.

Ahern 840 Sherman, collected in Mindanao in 1901, was determined by Merrill
(Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 1 (1903) 40) as S. scrobiculata. It should be referred
to S. guiso:

Much of our material is sterile and it shows quite a range of variation. The
mature leaves are usually glabrous or nearly so; but some specimens show leaves
that are sparsely hairy; and some show a development of stellate hairs on the
petioles and young shoots and on the midrib on the upper surface of the leaf.
It is quite probable that there will prove to be more than one species in the
material listed above, when we have more complete material for study and
comparison.

Common names: guijo, betik (Lag.), guisoc (V., Moro), sarai (II.), yamban

(n.). _ .

6. Shorea sp.

This form differs from S. guiso principally in having a dense pubescence
of grayish color on the underside of the leaves and on the twigs. The
pubescence is composed of large stellate hairs, such as are found on the
leaves of S. eximia, S. squamata and S. philippinensis. The leaf-shape
is very constantly that of S. guiso and the venation seems to be mueh the
same. The' wood may be slightly harder than that of guijo.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, For. Bur. s. n. Meyer, For. Bur. 6373, 17520 Curran,
Bur. Sci. 10845 Foxworthy : Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 5899, 6933 Curran,
For. Bur. 6506 Aguilar: Province of Pampanga, For. Bur. 17699 Curran: Prov-
ince of La Laguna, For. Bur. 10076 Curran, For. Bur. 12679 Rosenblutli & Tamesis.

7. Shorea negrosensis sp. nov. Plate XLIY.

Arbor magna, 40 ad 50 m alta, 2 m diametro. Folia elliptica, oblonga,
vel ovata; lamina 9 ad 15 cm longa, 4 ad 6 cm lata; petiolo 1.5 ad 2.5 cm
longo. Nervis secondariis 12 ad 16. Stipulae parvae fugaceae. Pani-
culae terminales. Petala intus glabra, extus sericea. Stamina circiter
30 ; filamenta subtus lata et sursum fastigata. Ovarium conoideum pilo-
sum. Stylopodium 0. Stylus glaber.

Gregarious in habit. Bark thick, black and fissured. Wood deep-red
at the heart, the heart taking up a large proportion of the log. Logs often
rotten at the heart. Base of leaf rounded, apex sharply acuminate.
Midrib depressed and tomentose above, prominent and pilose beneath.
Secondary veins prominent on underside of leaf. Tertiary veins parallel
or reticulate, distinct and with regularly spaced large stellate hairs. This
gives the underside of the leaf an appearance much like that of almon
( 8 . eximia), but with a lesser degree of hairiness. When dried, the
leaves often have a coppery color on the under surface. Stipules small,
triangular, nerved, hairy, fugacious. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx
and petals with dense grayish or yellowish tomentum on the outside,

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

275

glabrous within. Petals dark-red within. Flowers said to have a rather
sickeningly sweet odor. Petals prominently longitudinally veined.
Filaments black between the oblong anthers. Appendage to the con-
nective tapering and shorter than the anther. Ovary bluntly conical in
outline, hairy. ISTo stylopodium. Style smooth; stigma small and ob-
scurely lobed.

One of the most important of our timber trees. The wood is very
pretty, coarse-grained and moderately hard. It is sometimes exported
under the name of “Philippine Mahogany.” This tree is most abundant
in the northern part of the Island of Negros, where it occurs gregariously
with almorij balacbacan and bagtican. It is, perhaps, the most important
commercial wood of the Philippines at the present time.

The leaves of this species show close resemblances to those of 8. lepidota
Bl., of Sumatra, 8. selanica Bl., of Amboina, and 8. platycarpa Heim, of
Sarawak.

For. Bur. 7 281 Everett, collected in Negros Occidental in May 1907, is the type.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 6J/98 Elemme, For. Bur. 17170 Curran:
Province of Isabela, For. Bur. 66 44 Elemme: Province^ of La Laguna, Nor. Bur.
22311 Mariano: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 1152 Garcia: Province of Albay,
For. Bur. 10620 Curran: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10601 Curran. Negkos,
Province of Negros Occidental, For. Bur. 7281 Everett, May 1907, in flower (type),
For. Bur. 5209, 5500 Everett, For. Bur. 5212, 7405 Danao, For. Bur. 7253 Everett,
May 1907, in bud, For. Bur. 13583 Meyer & Foxworthy, For. Bur. 17467, 17469,
17470, 17^80, 17482, 17491, 17497 Curran. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, For.
Bur. 6672 Stone, For. Bur. 7566 Hutchinson: Subprovince of Agusan, For. Bur.
7596, 7598, 7610 Hutchinson.

Common names: red lauan, mangachapuy (V.).

For description of habit of this species see Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull.
10 2 (1911) 66, pis. 64, 65.

8. Shorea squamata (Turcz.) Dyer ex Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62;
Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 92; Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sci. 2
(1907) Bot. 285; Foxworthy in Phil. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 386; Phil. Journ.
Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 519; Merritt in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908) 16, 48;
Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 715, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 1 0 -
(1911) 66, pi. 63.

Hopea squamata Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Mosc. 31 1 (1858) 239; A. DC. Prodr.
16 2 (1868) 635.

Leaves coriaceous or chartaeeous, from a rounded base ovate-oblong or
elliptic, upper side glabrous, under side rough with tufts of stellate hair;
secondary nerves 14 to 18, curved, tertiary veins parallel ; blade 10 to 20
cm long, petiole 2 cm long. Flowers bibracteolate in unilateral spikes,
these distichous, in long axillary and terminal panicles, bracts oblong
spathulate. Filaments of the 5 inner episepalous stamens with a thick
rounded base, upon which the next 5 filaments are inserted ; appendage
of connective slightly longer than anther. Stylopodium smaller than
ovary ; style glabrous, twice the length of stylopodium ; stigma minute.
Larger segments of fruiti'ng-calyx 15 to 17.5 cm long.

276

FOXWORTHY.

The stipules are larger than in any other species of Shorea which we
have and these stipules are frequently persistent and extend nearly around
the stem. In some cases, it seems that the stipules drop early and this
makes it more difficult 'to recognize the species. There is great variation
in the abundance of the stellate hairs. The leaves are sometimes found
to be almost glabrous, but this is not very commonly the case and usually
results in a very distinct form.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11/709 Darling, For. Bur. 17077, 17169,
17187 Curran: Province of Isabela, For. Bur. 11/839 Darling: Province of Ilocos
Norte, For. Bur. 13924, 13926 Merritt & Darling: Province of Nueva Ecija, For.
Bur. 22152 Alvares: Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 11150 Aguilar, For. Bur.
151/36 Cortes: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 10095, 17631, 1761/3 Curran,
Bur. Sci. 8978 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 15351 Tamesis, For. Bur. 22313 Mariano:
Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6075 Kobbe, For. Bur. 9659, 10173, 10290
Curran, For. Bur. 11511 Whitford, For. Bur. 12518 Rosenbluth, For. Bur. 18621/
Darling: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 1/531/ Barredo, For. Bur. 10758 Curran:
Province of Albay, Cuming 883, 892: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10601/
Curran. Polillo, Bur. Sci, 10778 McGregor. Mabinduque, For. Bur. 12151/
Rosenbluth, Mindobo, Merrill 5751, For. Bur. 871,3, 6799, 6806, 6823, 111/00,
11386 Merritt. Samab, For. Bur. 12839, 12860, 12881 Rosenbluth. Leyte, For.
Bur. 1271,2 Rosenbluth. Mindanao, Subprovince of Agusan, For. Bur. 7608
Hutchinson : Province of Misamis, For. Bur. 1/701/ Mearns & Hutchinson, May
1906, immature fruit: District of Davao, For. Bur. 11561 Whitford: District of
Lanao, Mrs. Clemens s. n., For. Bur. 151/1/8, 151/1/7 Pray: District of Zamboanga,
For. Bur. 921/2 ■ Whitford & Hutchinson.

Common names: mayapis (Tag.), alam (Mangyan), balabak (lb.), danlig
(Tay. ), lauan (Tag.), malacacao .( Tay. ) ,. malakayan (Moro), malasinoro (Sam.),
oghayan (Sam.), tabak (Tay. ), ubanan (Manobo).

Distribution: Borneo and the Philippines. ' .

9. Shorea eximia (Miq.) Scheffer in Natl Tidsclir. Nederl. Ind. 31 (1870)
349; Brack in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1887) 218; King in Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Beng. 62 3 (1893) 121.

Vatica ? eximia Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1862) 486; A. DC. Prodr. 1 6 2
(1868) 623.

Vatica ? sublacunosa Miq. 1. c. 486; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85.

Shorea sublacunosa Scheffer in Nat. Tidschr. Nederl. Ind. 1. c. 350.

Shorea furfuracea Miq. 1. c. 488, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 ( 1867 ) 84 ; Rolfe
in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 210; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62; Burck 1. c.
219; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 98; Merrill in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98; Foxworthy in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 517;
Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 712, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2
(1911) 63, pis. 58, 59.

Very large trees, which are gregarious in habit. Bark ridged, 1.5 to 2
cm thick. Branchlets, stipules, petioles, underside of leaves, and branches
of inflorescence with tufts of stellate hairs, which sometimes are very long ;
stellate hairs most abundant on the veins on the underside of the leaf.
Stipules broad, semipersistent, triangular-ovate, as long as or shorter
than the petioles. Leaves thin, papery, elliptic-oblong, sometimes lance-
olate, sometimes oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, 8 to 18 cm long, 3 to 8.5

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

277

cm wide. Petiole 1 to 2 cm long. Secondary nerves 14 to 22 pairs,
arching ; tertiary parallel, prominent. Plowers sessile, in seennd bracteate
spikes; each flower subtended by two unequal bracts. Ovary pubescent,
narrowed into a glabrous filiform style, much longer than ovary ; stigma
minute. Fruiting calyx with 3 wings 9 to 12.5 cm long, 15 mm wide,
narrowed below, but base dilated, tightly enclosing the fruit; transverse
veins and 7 to 9 longitudinal veins prominent.

Fruits abundantly in August, but the fruit is quickly eaten by wild
hogs, etc., perhaps for contained fat, and in a very few days, it is difficult
to find any of the seeds remaining.

The resin is sometimes collected from the tree for torches, etc., although,
I think, not on a commercial scale. The timber is used in great quanti-
ties under the name of almon.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Merrill 1545 Garcia: Province of Tayabas, For.
Bur. 11500 Whitford: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10116 Curran: Province
of Albay, Cuming 880, in flower, For. Bur. 10511 Curran, For. Bur. 12628 Rosen-
bluth: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10555, 10562, 10628 Curran. Negros,
Province of Negros Occidental, Whitford 1519, For. Bur. 5502 Everett, For. Bur.
15011 Danao, For. Bur. 11641 Whitford, April 1909, in flower, For. Bur. 13580
Meyer d Foxworthy, Sept. 1909, fruit. For. Bur. 13686, 11466, 11419, 11490, 11498
Curran, For. Bur. 18222 Rosenbluth, Aug. 1909, fruit. Mindanao, Province of
Surigao, For. Bur. 6613 Stone, For. Bur. 1566a Hutchinson: Province of Misamis,
For. Bur. 22461 Klemme: District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9243, 9313 Whitford
& Hutchinson, For. Bur. 12353, 12354 Hutchinson. Basilan, For. Bur. 3452,
6092 Hutchinson.

Common names: almon, white lauan.

Distribution: Malacca, Singapore, Sumatra, Bangka, Dindang, Bintang, Bor-
neo ( Foxworthy 159, collected in the western part of Sarawak in May 1909),
the Philippines.

10. Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merrill in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.)
27 (1905) 22, 29 (1905) 29; Phil. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98; Foxworthy
in Phil. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 356, 357, 394, 4 (1909) Bot. 423, 510, 518,
pi. XXVII, f. 12, Everett & Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 5 (1906) 26;
Merritt in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 8 (1908) 16, 48; Withford in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 703, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 68, pis. 66, 61.

Mocanera polysperma Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 448.

Dipterocarpus polyspermus Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 312; A. DC. Prodr.
16 2 (1868) 614.

Hopea tangili Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 35; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2
(1868) 635.

Shorea talura F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 21, non Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814)
93.

A very large .tree of the hill forests, at from 100 to 800 m above the
sea, reaching a height of 50 m and a diameter of more than 2 m. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 8 to 11 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, shining,
subcoriaceous, the base rounded, rarely somewhat acute, the apex usually
rather long-acuminate; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, subprominent, ascending;

103750 4

278

FOXWORTHY.

petioles 2 cm long, glabrous or at first pubescent. Panicles 20 cm long or
less, the branches ascending, the lower ones often 15 cm long, densely
pubescent with gray hairs. Flowers small, yellowish. Sepals imbricate,
broadly ovate, obtuse- or subacute, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, densely
pubescent, the three outer ones inclosing the two inner. Petals 8 mm
long, 3.5 mm wide, obtuse. Stamens 15, in two series, the filaments
broad, 1 mm long ; anthers broadly ovate, 0.6 mm long, the appendix to
the connective slender, as long as the anther. Ovary pubescent, the
stylopodium very obscure or wanting. Style slender, 1.5 mm long. In
the fruit all the sepals are accrescent, the three outer ones being 4.5 cm
long, and 8-10 mm wide, obtuse, the two inner ones about 2 cm long or
less, and 3 mm wide.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17188, 17207, 17239, 1725 4 Curran:
Province of Ilocos Norte, For. Bur. 13917 Merritt' d Darling: Province of Pan-
gasinan, For. Bur. 8288, Curran d Merritt, For. Bur. 1J/378, 14380 Villamil:
Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22156 Alvarez: Province of Bulacan, For.
Bur. 11149 Aguilar, For. Bur. 15435, 15437 Cortez: Province of Bataan, For.
Bur. 606 Barnes, For. Bur. 734, 784 Borden, May 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 819
Borden, June 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 1410 Borden, July 1904, in fruit, For.
Bur. 2130 Borden, Whitford 132, May 1904, in flower, Dee., Phil. For. FI. 187
Borden, Bur. 8ci. 1604 Foxworthy , For. Bur. 5280, 6237, 6324 Curran, For. Bur.
7221 Curran, June 1907, in flower, For. Bur. 7377 Curran, July 1907, in fruit,
For. Bur. 20029 Topacio: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 10139, 17636 Curran,
For. Bur. 15095 Cortes, For. Bur. 15355 Tamesis, For. Bur. 22498 Mariano:
Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10373, 10403 Curran, For. Bur. 11502 Whitford,
For. Bur. 12505, 12506 Rosenbluth: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10756
Curran, For. Bur. 11524 Whitford: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 10574 Curran,
For. Bur. 14282 Aguilar, For. Bur. 15071, 15089 Rosenbluth: Province of Sor-
sogon, For. Bur. 10550 Curran. Makinduque, For. Bur. 12169 Rosenbluth.
Mindoro, For. Bur. 6791, 6826, 8587, 8623, 8780, 9806, 11402, 11407, 11410, 12010,
12013, 12026 Merritt. Leyte, For. Bur. 15060 Rosenbluth. Cebu, For. Bur.
6489 Espinosa. Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Whitford 1615, For. Bur.
5503 Everett, For. Bur. 13578 Meyer d Foxworthy, For. Bur. 13754 Foxworthy,
Sept. 1909, fruit, For. Bur. 13756 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 17468, 17478 Curran.
Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Long 43.

Common names: tangile (Tag.), abuhungan (Al.), adamui (B.), araka (II.),
balakbakan (N eg.), balagayan (Mangyan), damilang (lb.), manaog (Cebu),
may apis (Tay. ), pata (Pang.), maligmat (Tag.).

The ' name tanguile is often applied to other plants which have soft or
moderately hard red wood, whether they belong to this family or not. In the
provinces of Bulacan, Tayabas and Mindoro, the name tanguile is often applied
to Illipe ramiflora Merr., of the Sapotaceae.

11. Shorea warburgii Gilg in Engler Bot. Jahrb. 18 Beibl. 45 (1894) 38;
Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 98; Perkins Fragm. FI. Philip.
(1904) 23.

This is very imperfectly known and may be merely a form of 8. polysperma.
The type of 8. warburgii has rather larger leaves than are common for 8.
polysperma.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 279

I have referred to this species For. Bur. 17067, collected in Cagayan Province,
Luzon, by Mr. Curran.

The two numbers credited to this species by Perkins, 1. c., I have referred
to 8. guiso.

The type of the species was collected by Warburg, no. 12399, in Northern Luzon.

Wood a coarse grained red lauan.

12. Shorea teysmanniana Dyer ex Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31
(1895) 100; Whitford in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 68.

Gordonia acuminata Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 58, non Shorea acu-
minata Dyer.

Gordonia vidalii Szysz. in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 6 (1893) 185;
Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 114.

Described by Dyer from a sterile specimen collected by Teysmanii in Bangka and
distributed under the name of Hopea fagifolia Miq.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pale-brownish beneath. Stipules
lanceolate, slightly falcate, 2 to 2.5 cm long, 5 to 8 mm broad, caducous ;
secondary nerves 10 to 14 pairs, tertiary nerves parallel and not very
prominent. Leaf-blade 12 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide ; petiole 1 to 1.5
cm long. Differs from 8. polysperma in the larger stipules and in having
the midrib tomentose above. There is also the occasional development
of domatia in the axils of the secondary nerves beneath. Bark not shed-
ding from the mature tree in strips as in S. polysperma. Produces an
exceedingly good, fine and straight-grained, soft, red wood.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17076 Curran, For. Bur. 13416 Klemme:
Province of Ilocos Norte, For. Bur. 13920, 14014 Merritt & Darling: Province of
Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22148 Alvarez: Province of Bulacan, Vidal 1146 (described
by Vidal as Gordonia acuminata), Bur. Sci. 12283 Foxworthy: Province of La
Laguna, For. Bur. 10149, 10126, 17630, 17632, 17644 Curran, Bur. Sci. 8980, 8981,
8992 Foxworthy, Bur. Sci. 10022, 10961 Ramos, For. Bur. 1534 7, 15354 Tamesis,
For. Bur. 15093 Cortes, For. Bur. '22308, 22310, 22501 Mariano: Province of Ta-
yabas, For. Bur. 23011 Aguilar: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10714, 10715
Curran: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10563 Curran. Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10284,
10782 McGregor.

Common names: tiaong (Tag.), malaguiso ( Tag. ) , betic (Tag.), malatiaun
( Tag. ) , tanic ( Cag. ) .

13. Shorea sp.

For. Bur. 9432, Hutchinson, District of Zamboanga, Feb. 1908.

Large leaves picked up from the ground. They are manifestly distinct from
anything else which we have in the family.

Coriaceous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 20 to 25 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide;
petiole 2 cm long. Margins distinctly inrolled. Secondary veins about 15 pairs.
Wood dark-red, coarse and straight-grained. An exceedingly good grade of red
lauan. A coarse grained red lauan like S. warburgii.

14. Shorea sp.

For. Bur. 9174, 9493 Whitford & Hutchinson, collected in the District of Zam-
boanga, Mindanao, in Dec., 1907, and Feb., 1908, respectively.

The leaves have much the appearance of those of Hopea plagata; but the
wood is a red lauan and presumably a species of Shorea. Wood red, fine-grained.

280

FOXWORTHY.

6. PARASHOREA Kurz.

Calyx-tube very short, not enlarging. Sepals on the edge of a broad
receptacle, almost valvate in bud. Stamens 12 to 15 ; anthers linear, on
short filaments, the connective more dr less prolonged ; anther cells more
or less unequal, the two posterior shortly beaked. Ovary free, hairy,
3-celled ; style filiform. Fruit- tomentose, acuminate. Five nearly equal
wings narrowed below, not inclosing the fruit. In our species, the
stipules are large, encircling the stem. Also, our species shows a distinct
fold between the pairs of secondary nerves and is glaucous on the under-
side of the leaf and on the young twigs.

The genus has three species, one from the Eastern Peninsula of India,
one from Sumatra, and the third from Borneo and the Philippines.

The bark of old trees is coarsely and deeply furrowed and dark-colored.
Sapwood very light-colored yheartwood darker, often with a pinkish tinge.
The wood is soft and moderately heavy and contains numerous resin-
canals, filled with a whitish resin. Trees distinctly gregarious in habit,
in moist forests.

Pith with 15 resin-ducts. Petiole with 5 vascular bundles in the
semicircle and just as many resin-canals, central bundle-mass with no
resin-canals.

1. Parashorea plicata Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 104;
Merrill & Rolfe in Philip, journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 114; Foxworthy in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 511, 516; Whitford in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910)
Bot. 712, Philip. For. Bur. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 64, pis. 60, 61.

P. warburgii Brandis 1. c. 105.

Large trees, 20 to 40 m tall and 1 to 2 m in diamenter. Bark 1 to 2
cm thick, longitudinally furrowed, dark-brown to nearly black in color.
Leaves glabrous and shining above, elliptic, 6 to 15 cm long, 5 to 8 cm
wide, marked by a distinct fold between the secondary nerves, similar to
what is seen in many species of Diptero carpus. In the terminal bud the
young leaves are completely inclosed within the amplexicaul stipules, and
the tender leaf at that stage consists almost entirely of the closely ap-
proximate secondary nerves. Stipules deciduous. Flowers 2.5 cm long,
on thick pedicels furrowed when dry, which are half the length of the
sepals. Sepals lanceolate, slightly overlapping in bud, gray-tomentose
outside, pubescent inside. Stamens 15 ; anthers linear, glabrous ; valves
nearly equal, the two posterior bluntly apiculate ; appendage of the con-
nective longer than the anther, thick spindle-shaped, with a long point.
Ovary-cells half -immersed in the broad obconical receptacle, narrowed
into an elongate hairy stylopodium. The 3 outer wings of fruiting calyx
broader, 8- or 9-nerved, with prominent reticulate veins between the longi-
tudinal nerves, similar to the venation in the fruiting sepals of the other
species of the genus.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 2231/6 Alvarez: Province of Bu-

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

281

lacan, For. Bur. 15438 Cortes, Bur. Sci. 12274 Foxworthy: Province of Rizal,
Bur. Sci. 1461 Ramos, Bur. Sci. 2660 Ramos, May 1907, in flower, Bur. Sci. 3289
Ramos, May 1907, in fruit, For. Bur. 10010, 10016 Curran: Province of La
Laguna, Vidal 990, For. Bur. 10059, 10071, 17629 Curran, For. Bur. 12775 Rosen-
bluth & Tamesis, Bur. Sci. 11944 Robinson & Ramos, For. Bur. 22249, 22250.
Mariano: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 1151 Garcia, Bagger 6, Merrill 51 Ritchie,
For. Bur. 10176, 10377, 10404 Curran: Province of Camarines, Ahern 104 Garcia,
Mar. 1902, in flower, Ahern 291 Garcia, For. Bur. 10500, 10502, 10668, 10703,
10713, 10739 Curran, For. Bur. 11520 Whitford, For. Bur. 14279, 14338' Aguilar :
Province of Albay, For. Bur. 10584 Curran: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 4328
Zschokke, For. Bur. 5754 Pray, For. Bur. 10506, 10603 Curran. Polillo, Bur.
Sci. 10282 McGregor. Catanduanes, For. Bur. 6679 Pray. Mas bate, Whitford
1673, For. Bur. 12570, 12591 Rosenbluth. Negros, Province of Negros Occidental,
Whitford 1616, For. Bur. 11194 Everett, For. Bur. 11646 Whitford, April 1909,
in flower, For. Bur. 13755 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 17418, 17488 Curran: Province
of Negros Oriental, For. Bur. 11244, 12314 Everett. Leyte, For. Bur. 12624
Rosenbluth, For. Bur. 11635 Whitford, For. Bur. 12769 Rosenbluth, Mar. 1909,
in flower. Cebu, For. Bur. 22212 Cenabre. Mindanao, Province of Surigao,
Ahern 356 Quadras, For. Bur. 7563 Hutchinson: District of Davao, For. Bur.
11560 Whitford: District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9182 Whitford <£• Hutchinson,
For. Bur. 12355 Hutchinson.

The following numbers represent a form which is pubescent on the young
twigs and on the underside of the leaves.

Luzon, Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 7904, 8051, 8050 Curran <f- Merritt,
For. Bur. 15349 Tamesis: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6047 Kobbe, For. Bur.
7851 Curran <£- Merritt, For. Bur. 10221 Curran, For. Bur. 14936 Darling.

I have also collected this same form in the neighborhood of the Si Bode River
about 30 miles southwest of Sandakan, British North Borneo, in October 1908
{no. 568).

Native names: lauan (Tag.), almon (V.), apnit (S. Luz.), bagtican (V.),
bayukan (Lag.), danlig (Tay.), hapnit (S. Luz.), malaanonan (Tag.), mangasi-
noro (Mas.), may apis (Bal. ).

VATICA Linn.

Brandis (1. c. 118) characterizes the genus as follows: “Leaves as a
rule coriaceous, petioles generally pubescent. Stipules mostly small,
caducous. Secondary nerves distinct and limited in number, tertiary
mostly reticulate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, not unilateral, arranged
in terminal and axillary panicles. In some species there is what appears
to be a cyme. The axis bifurcates, and there is an apparently terminal
flower in the bifurcation. On closer examination it is found that what
appears to be a terminal flower is the lowest lateral flower of the main
axis or of the branch which has developed as strongly as the main axis.
The calyx is valvate. Stamens 15, of which 10 are episepalous, standing
in 5 pairs behind each other. Anthers short, glabrous ; cells very unequal,
diverging at the base ; appendix of connective obtuse, often very short,
those of the 5 inner much longer. Ovary either free or half immersed
in the obconical receptacle, often pitted, generally hairy; style cylindric,
often ribbed and furrowed, mostly shorter than ovary ; stigma capitate or
conical. Segments of fruiting calyx either equal, shorter than fruit, or

282

FOXWORTHY.

equal and much longer than fruit, or two segments growing out into long
wings. So far as known, the cells of the cotyledons filled with starch.

“Pith of internode with 10 to 20 small peripheral resin-canals.
Petiole; peripheral bundle-system with 3 to 10 resin-canals, the central
with a few resin-canals or without them.”

About 45 species known, with probably 5 species in the Philippines.
Quite probably, some of the very variable material which is lumped
under V. mangachapoi may be referable to other species when more
complete specimens are secured.

KEY TO PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF VATICA.

a. Leaves chartaceous.

b. Leaves broadly oval; wood light-colored and soft 4. V. sp. (calunti)

bb. Leaves oblong or elliptic; wood dark-colored and hard

5. V. sp. (bagansusu)

aa. Leaves coriaceous.

b. Leaves yellow beneath 3. V. sp. (guiso madlao)

bb. Leaves green on both surfaces.

c. Narrowly oblong or elliptic 1. Vatica mangachapoi

cc. Broadly oblong 2. V. sp. (yacal bianco)

1. Vatica mangachapoi Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 401; A. DC. Prodr.
16 2 (1868) 623; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) xv, t. 15 B, ff. 1-6, Rev. PI. Vase.
Filip. (1886) 61; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 134; Merr. in
Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 22; Phil. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
98; Foxworthy in Phil. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 520; Whitford in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 703, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10 2 (1911) 76, pi. 81.

Mocanera mangachapoi Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 450.

Vatica aptanthera Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 281.

Dipterocarpus mangachapoi Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 313.

Pteranthera mangachapoi Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 2 (1856) 30.

Shorea mangachapoi (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 2 (1856) 34.
Anisoptera mangachapoi A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 616; Vidal Cat. PI. Prov.
Manila (1880) 18.

Cotylelobium philippinense Heim ms. in herb. Kew; Brandis in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 1. c. 134.

This species is very incompletely understood ; but, I have followed the
interpretation accepted by Brandis.

A moderate-sized tree of the hill forests. Not gregarious. Bark light-
grayish and rather smooth. Wood hard and heavy, brownish, fine-grained,
resembling yacal but finer- and straighter-grained. ‘Glabrous, excepting
inflorescence and young shoots, which are clothed with stellate tomentum.
Stipules small, caducous. Leaves pale on both sides, coriaceous, lanceo-
late; blade 7.5 to 12.5 cm long; petiole 1 cm long. Secondary nerves
7 to 9 pairs; tertiary reticulate. Flowers 1 cm long, on. pedicels nearly
as long as the calyx, in racemes which are not unilateral, these arranged
in terminal and axillary racemose panicles. Pseudoterminal flowers
frequent between the main axis and a branch of panicle. Calyx-segments

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

283

in flower more or less unequal, two larger, on both sides with gray-stellate
pubescence. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, hairy outside. The five interior
stamens on filaments longer than anthers, the ten outer on very short
filaments; prolongation of connective short, conical. Ovary more or
less immersed in the receptacle, tomentose with stellate hairs; style
glabrous, 5-ribbed; stigma of five conical lobes, the two larger segments
of fruiting-calyx 5 cm long, linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, with
five longitudinal nerves joined hy oblique veins. Fruit (not ripe) globose,
tomentose, 4 mm in diameter, the three cells still visible, one ovule more
developed than the others.

Blanco describes this species as having three seeds in the ripe fruit.
This is incorrect. He must have been examining the unripe fruit and
looking at the ovules, only one of which develops into a mature seed.
Fruiting calyx with 2 long wings, 3.5 to 4 cm long, 12 to 18 mm wide,
with about 5 principal longitudinal nerves ; the three shorter wings of- the
fruiting-calyx 10 to 18 mm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, with 3 or 4 principal
longitudinal veins. Wings membranous or chartaceous. This species
contains very little resin. The bark is thin and dry and presents a rather
mottled appearance.

Closely resembling Vatica astrotricha of Cochin-China.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11010 Curran: Province of IIocos
Norte, For. Bur. 13995 Merritt & Darling: Province of IIocos Sur, For. Bur.
565 4 Klemme, For. Bur. 1110 Klemme, Apr. 1907, in flower, For. Bur. 13019
Paraiso: Subprovinee of Benguet, For. Bur. 10800 Curran: Province of La Union,
Elmer 5131, Feb. 1904, in flower: Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 8331 Curran
& Merritt, For. Bur. 12982 Alvarez, For. Bur. 13452, 13518, 13524 Medina, For.
Bur. 19451 Agama: Province of Tarlac, Vidal 68, 15: Province of Nneva Ecija,
Vidal 988, For. Bur. 22141 Alvarez: Province of Zambales, Warburg 13430:
Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 801, 815 Borden, For. Bur. 804 Borden, May 1904,
in flower, For. Bur. 1593 Borden, Aug. 1904, in fruit, Merrill 3896, Aug. 1904,
in fruit, Whitford 306, May 1904, in flower, Whitford 1224, Apr. 1905, in flower,
Bur. Sci. 1556 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 12399 Curran & Merritt, For. Bur. 11521 „
11600 Curran: Province of Rizal, Vidal 69, 10, 12, 18, 14, For. Bur. 483 Ahern’s
coll., Apr. 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 1091 Ahern’s coll., May 1904, in fruit, For.
Bur. 1143 Ahern’s coll., June 1904, in flower, For. Bur. 2164 Ahern’s coll., Dec.
1904, in flower, For. Bur. 2866, 2885 Ahern’s coll., Mar. 1905, in flower, For.
Bur. 2981 Ahern’s coll., Apr. 1905, in fruit: Province of La Laguna, For. Bur.
11654 Curran, For. Bur. 15092 Cortes: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 1004 Garcia,
Aug. 1903, in flower and fruit, Merrill 1013 Garcia, Sept. 1903, in fruit. For.
Bur. 14989, 18645 Darling: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10691 Curran, June
1908, in flower, For. Bur. 12102 Rosenbluth: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 15083
Itosenbluth. Leyte, For. Bur. 12133 Rosenbluth. Mindanao, District of Davao,
For. Bur. 11563 Whitford: District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9043 Whitford &
Hutchinson.

Common names -.karig (Tag.), aniga (Ben.), aningat (Pang.), dangi (Biz.),
labang (Iloc.), karig (Chab.), saungan (Leyte), tapurao (Vl), yacal bianco
(Tag.), dagam (Bicol), duyong (Tag.), cariocan (Tag.), tiranlay (Pang.), puti-
yan ( Pang. ) , banic ( Cag. ) .

284

FOXWORTHY.

2. Vatica sp. Yacal bianco:

This distinct form is represented by the following sterile numbers in our
collection :

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 11509 'Whitford, June 1908: Province
of Camarines, For. Bur. 11521 Whitford, June 1908. Polillo, Bur. Set. 10783
McGregor, Nov. 1909.

The leaves are much larger than those of V. mangachapoi and the petioles are
rather dark-colored.

Seems to resemble V. baniarnensis.

3. Vatica sp. Guisoc madlao.

This is represented by the following sterile material in our collection:

Leyte, For. Bur. 12781, 12782 Rosenbluth, Feb. 1909.

The leaves are very large, oblong and distinctly yellow on the under side.
They have some slight resemblance to the leaves of V. rassak.

4. Vatica ? sp. Calunti.

This is represented by three sterile specimens, collected by Whitford &
Hutchinson on the Zamboanga peninsula.

The wood is soft and white and distinctly different from any other
Vatica material which I have seen. The leaves rather resemble some of
the P achy no carpus material and they may belong in that genus.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9076, 9130, 9372 Whitford <£•
Hutchinson, Dec. 1907, Jan. 1908.

5. Vatica sp. Bagansuso.

Leaves chartaceous, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, 12 to
16 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, shortly acuminate at apex, rounded or cuneate
at base; petioles 11 to 18 mm long; secondary nerves 14 to 15 pairs;
margin of leaf slightly inrolled, and secondary nerves uniting near the
margin of the leaf. Wood rather hard and very dark-colored, fine-
grained, said to be more durable than molave (T 7 ilex parviflora Juss.)
and to be used for house-posts.

Represented in our herbarium by a single sterile specimen collected in the
Province of Misamis, Mindanao, by Mr. Klemme, For. Bur. 22^65.

Common name: Bagansuso (Vis.)

SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN POSITION.

The following numbers apparently belong to this family; but, they are rep-
resented by incomplete material and I am unable to put them in genera:

For. Bur. 7580 Hutchinson, collected in Mindanao, in the Subprovince of
Butuan and bearing the name of mageasino, has a wood like a red lauan; but
the leaves seem to resemble a Vatica sp.

For. Bur. 7581 Hutchinson, collected in Mindanao, in the Subprovince of
Butuan and bearing the name of guisoy, has a wood which is red and rather
hard and fine-grained, like some species of Shorea ; but the leaves have an
appearance different from anything that I have seen in that genus.

For. Bur. 7583 Hutchinson, collected in Mindanao, in the Subprovince of
Butuan and bearing the name of dungon or dungon-dungon, has a rather hard.

PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 285

fine-grained, red wood. The leaves have a shape very much like that of some
species of Dryobalanops, hut the venation is different.

Bur. Sci. 13141 Foxworthy & Ramos, collected near the Kabibihan River, in
the Province of Tayabas, Luzon, in March 1911, under the name of paina. This
number has immature fruit, unlike anything else that I have seen. The leaves
and wood resemble Hopea plagata.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

F.-Villar in Noviss. App. 20-21, credits Shorea floribunda Kurz, 8. parvifolia
DO., 8. reticulata Thwaites, Vatica grandiflora Dyer, V. scaphula Dyer, V. affinis
Thwaites, to the Philippines, but without citing specimens. It seems safe to
assume that he was mistaken in Crediting these species to the Islands.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXXIV. Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb., showing flower and fruit. Bur. Sci.
13123 Foxworthy & Ramos. Photograph by Cortez.

XXXV. Dipterocarpus affinis Brandis, from Vidal’s material in the herba-
rium at Kew. Photographs by Foxworthy.

XXXVI. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco, fruits collected in Negros to
show variation in the development of the wings. Photographs
by Martin.

XXXVII. Dipterocarpus speciosus Brandis, from Vidal 2160, in the herba-
rium at Kew. Photograph by Foxworthy.

XXXVIII. Dipterocarpus sp., showing old leaves, fruits and seedling. For.
Bur. 12395 Curran & Merritt. Photograph by Cortez.

XXXIX. Dipterocarpus sp., showing old leaves and fruit. For. Bur. 3223
Bagger. Photograph by Cortez.

XL. Anisoptera brunnea Foxworthy. For. Bur. 11292 Klemme (type).
Photograph by Cortez.

XLI. Anisoptera cu/rtisii Dyer. Bur. Sci. 8985 Foxworthy. Photo-
graph by Cortez.

XLII. Eopea basilanica Foxworthy. For. Bur. 15220 Klemme (type).
Photograph by Cortez.

XLIII. Eopea mindanensis Foxworthy. For. Bur. 9029 Whitford &
Hutchinson (type). Photograph by Cortez.

XLIV. Shorea negrosensis Foxworthy. For. Bur. 7281 Everett (type).
Photograph by Cortez.

287

/. DIPTEROCARPUS PILOSUS Roxb.

/. DIPTEROCARPUS AFFINIS

Foxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. YI, No. 4.

I. DIPTEROCARPUS GRANDIFLORUS Blanco.

& / 6 o

Foxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 4.

Plate XXXVII. DIPTEROCARPUS SPECIOSUS Brandis.

Foxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 4.

XXXVIII. DIPTEROCARPUS sp.

Poxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI,

DIPTEROCARPUS 8P.

Foxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil, Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 4.

.. ANISOPTERA BRUNNEA Foxw.

Foxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Yol. VI, No. 4.

Fox worthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[PHIL. JOURN. SCI., VOL. VI, No. 4.

Plate XLII. HOPEA BASILANICA Foxw.

Foxworthy : Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 4.

Plate XLIII. HOPEA MINDANENSIS Fox

Foxworthy: Philippine Dipterocarpaceae.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 4.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 4, September, 1911.

A NEW SPECIES OF SCH1ZOSTACHYUM.

By J. Sykes Gamble.
(Highfield, East Liss, Hants, England.)

Schizostachyum Fenixii Gamble sp. noy.

Frutex scandens. Folia chartacea, glabra, lineari-lanceolata, apice
longe setaceo-acuminata, basi inaequaliter contracta et rotundata, mar-
ginibus scabra, 30 ad 35 cm longa, 4 ad 5 cm lata ; nervi infra conspicui
utrinque 10 ad 12; glandulae transversae conspicuae, obliquae; petiolus
brevissimus corrugatns, vix 3 mm longus; vaginae striatae, ore auricnlis
rotundatis aliquando ad 5 mm longis et fimbriis albis saepe 7 ad 8 mm
longis instructae ; ligula brevis longe ciliata.

Flores in paniculis floriferis longissimis ramosis ramulis brevibus vix
8 ad 10 cm longis; rhachis gracilis conspicue puberulus, glomernlis ad
nodos multifloris vaginatis; vaginae stramineae cito cadncae. Spiculae
uniflorae in glomerulis multae fertiles, 6 ad 8 mm longae, acuminatae,
additis etiam multis imperfectis et bracteis pubescentibus glumaceis;
glumae steriles 2 ovatae mucronatae, I 4 mm longa, nervis 9 et apice
dense hirsuta, II 5 ad 6 mm longa, nervis 9 et apice parce hirsuta,
marginibus ciliatis; florens 6 mm longa, margine ciliata enervis, glabra;
palea convoluta, glabra, 7 mm longa, enervis; lodiculae 3, conspicuae,
ovato-acuminatae, marginibus et dorso sericeo-villosae, 3 ad 4 mm longae.
Stamina 6, linearia, libera, filamenta complanata, antherae 4 mm longae,
basi inaequales, apice acumine conspicuo villoso, 2 mm longo munitae.
Ovarium glabrum in stylum longum hirsutum attenuatum stigmatibus 3
recurvis plumosis. Caryopsis ovoideus 9 mm longus, 6 mm diametro,
siccitate niger, apice mucronatus, basi glumis persistentibus suffultus;
pericarpium tenue, facile solutum ; semen pericarpio conforme, camosum.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Sablan, E. F6nix, December, 1910. A large
quantity of material was collected which has been sent to Herr A. Kneucker,
Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, for issue in his “Gramineae Exsiccatae.”

This species comes nearest to Schizostachyum luzonicum Gamble; its most
prominent distinguishing characters are its larger leaves with large fringed
auricles, and the long hairy anther-tips.

289

.

.

.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 4, September, 1911.

URTICACEAE FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

At my request, Mr. J. C. Moulton, Curator of the Museum, Sarawak,
Borneo, has permitted me to examine the collections in the possession of
that institution belonging to this family. Among these are several species
hitherto unreported from any part of Borneo. The comparison with
Philippine species has shed considerable light on the affinities of the
latter, for although specific identity between the plants of the family
from the two countries is unusual, the general aspect of the Bornean
plants is such that they might well have come from some unexplored
locality in the southern Philippines. There are several undescribed
species in the collection, but I have left these so whenever there seemed
to be the least doubt, from the lack of staminate or pistillate material,
as to the genus or the alliance within the genus.

FLEUR YA Gaudich.

Fleurya interrupta (Linn.) Gaudich. Bot. Voy. Uran. (1826) 497.

Near Kuching, Haviland; Rejang.

Abyssinia to Polynesia.

LAPORTEA Gaudich.

There are in Philippine species two types of pistillate inflorescence.
One is represented only by L. luzonensis Warb. and L. anacctrdioides
C. B. Eob., with the possible addition of L. venosa Elmer, of which the
pistillate inflorescence is unknown. In these the individual flowers are
pedicelled, and the 4 perianth-segments are not exactly alike but can not
be called strongly unequal, one pair is usually somewhat narrower than
the other but with some variation in this respect. As for the pedicels,
judging from herbarium material, they may or may not become succulent :
when they do, pressure in drying may cause them' to appear succulent or
even winged. I have previously stated1 that all our species belong in
the section Dendrocnide , as limited by Weddell. This is correct, as L.

1 This Journal 5 (1910) -Bot. 477.

291

292

ROBINSON.

anacardioides certainly belongs with L. luzonensis , which Weddell made
a variety of L. crenulata Gaudieh., and with the exception, probably
temporary, of L. venosa there is no doubt concerning the others. On
two adjoining attached fruits on the type sheet of L. anacardioides it is
possible to get characters which if isolated would suggest three different
sections. The perianth is subequal (§ Dendrocnide) ; the apical half
of one pedicel is botuliform-thickened (§ Sarcopus) ; its basal half is
cylindric (§ Dendrocnide) ; the other pedicel is flattened (§ Sclepsion).
Taken in conjunction with other material, plates, and descriptions, it
does not seem possible to retain these species in Dendrocnide, but there
is not sufficient material here from outside regions to decide whether they
might be placed under Sclepsion by enlarging its limits, or whether they
should form a new section. As for our other species, they are all allied
to L. stimulans (Linn, f.) Miq., and on a very extreme view might be
made varieties of it, from deliberate judgment or more likely in despair,
but assuredly no candid worker would take such a step without a de-
termined attempt to find constant characters for separation, even (or, it
may be, especially) if he had the Philippine collections alone. I am
quite convinced that all the species indicated as distinct from one another
in my recent paper are really so, except that L. subpeltata C. B. Rob., is
almost certainly no more than an extreme form of L. mindanaensis Warb.
On the other hand, two of these almost certainly extend to Borneo. But
emphatic protest is made against placing L. luzonensis with L. crenulata,
as was done by Weddell, or with L. stimulans, as suggested by Stapf,2
in discussing material from Mount Kinabalu, duplicates of which are in
the Sarawak Museum collections. Such of the Bornean plants as bear
pistillate inflorescences come within the limits of Dendrocnide „ but a
staminate collection has certain other characters which indicate it as
referable to a species of another section.

Laportea peltata (Bl.) Gaudich. Bot. Voy. Uran. (1826) 498.

Foot of Mount Braang, Eaviland SJfi, staminate. The specimen agrees well
with the descriptions of Weddell3 and Smith,4 but the leaves are rather obovate
than ovate, and the basal nerves hardly reach beyond the middle of the leaf,
differences which may be of little significance in the genus. The species is very
distinct from any in the Philippines.

Java, Timor, not previously reported from Borneo.

Laportea lanaensis C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 483.

Limbang, Heioitt. The inflorescences are somewhat damaged, but the plant
is a very close match for the type of the above species, except for slight differences
in the stipules.

. Mindanao.

“Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 4 (1894) 227.

3 DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 80.

4 Koodr. & Val. Bijdr. Boomsort. Java 12 (1910) 678.

URTICACEAE FROM SARAWAK MUSEUM.

293

Laportea mindanaensis Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1903) 168.

Mount Kinabalu, at 5,000 feet elevation, Eaviland 1222. This, referred by
Stapf to L. stimulans Miq., is not typical of the above species, as the leaf-bases
are more attenuate than is usual in Philippine material, and the venation is less
arched, but some of our collections are nearly in agreement on the first of these
characters and quite so on the second, while there seem to be no other differences.

Laportea sp.

Mount Kinabalu, Kadamaian, at 4,500 feet elevation, Haviland 1230. This is
very close, to L. gracilipes Elmer, but the leaf -bases are very acute, the veins
more numerous, and the lowest of them less prolonged. L. gracilipes seems to
approach closer to L, stimulans than does any other Philippine species, but seems
to be a much more glabrous plant with smaller leaves less numerously veined,
laxer inflorescence, and slightly shorter bracts.

Laportea sp.

Mount Kinabalu, Penokok, at 3,000 feet elevation, Eaviland 1331, staminate, is
probably the collection cited by Stapf as 131fl, as the locality and description
entirely agree. This has some resemblance to L. anacardioides 0. B. Rob., but
is not close to it, and is still further removed from, any other Philippine species.

Laportea sp.

Without locality, Garai 991, staminate, is quite distinct from any Philippine
species, but resembles L. mindanaensis as much as any other.

Laportea sp.

Matang, at 2,000 feet elevaton, Eaviland 31/.6 ; Kuching. A third sheet, with-
out attached data, might well be a duplicate of the first. This is vegetative'ly
very similar to L. subclausa C. B. Rob., but has a very different pistillate in-
florescence.

PI LEA Lindl.

Pilea pterocaulis Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 4 (1894) 227.

P. crassifolia Stapf 1. c. 228.

These are represented by the type collections from Mount Kinabalu, Eaviland '
1229 and 1329, the latter noted on the sheet as not the number cited by Stapf,
1339, and are valuable here for the means afforded to compare them with two
Philippine species, P. benguetensis C. B. Rob. and P. intumescens G. B. Rob. P.
benguetensis has much resemblance to P. crassifolia, but the stems of the former
are less angled toward the apex and not at all near the base, the petioles are
shorter, the lamina much more inequilateral, triplinerved instead of trinerved,
these nerves are not at all exserted and paler in color, the nervules connecting
the costa with the lateral nerves are even more delicate than in P. crassifolia,
and the leaf-apices are more falcate. In spite of all this, the species are closely
allied.

P. intumescens has more superficial resemblance to P. pterocaulis, but is really
much more widely separated from it than from P. crassifolia. From the former,
it is distinguished by the shorter internodes, the more numerous ridges on the
stem, absence of wings, longer petioles, and more serrate leaves. Compared with
P. crassifolia, the internodes are of nearly equal length on the parts where direct
comparison is possible, although shorter toward the base of the Philippine plant,
the petioles of the latter seem stouter but in both cases give • evidence of having
been succulent, and the difference may have been brought about in drying. But
the thinner (at least when dry) lamina of P. intumescens is longer, nearly always
103750—5

294

ROBINSON.

but not always much more acute at the base, the apex is much more gradually
contracted into the very distinctly longer acumen, the margins differ as the two
original descriptions indicate, and the crenations of P. crassifolia are propor-
tionally deeper, and the lateral nerves somewhat nearer the margin in that species.
The most conspicuous difference is in the color of the dried leaves, which are
darker on both surfaces of the Bornean plant, the under surface being brown or
by means of the cystoliths somewhat golden-brown, the nerves nearly the same
as the rest, Avliereas in P. intumescens the under surface is glauceseent, the
nerves the same or with a reddish-brown tinge. It is possible that fuller collec-
tions might unite these two species, but on the material at present available
they seem to be sufficiently distinct. P. pterocaulis has also much the appearance
of P. robinsonii Elmer, but is much smaller, the leaf-margins are different, and
the former is trinerved and the latter triplinerved.

Pilea johniana Stapf 1. e. 227, pi. XIX, fig. D, 17-26.

Kinabalu, Eaviland 1391, type collection. P. humilis C. B. Rob. differs dis- '
tinctly by the larger, thinner, less crowded leaves.

Pilea rigidiuscula sp. nov.

Suffrutex (?), glaber: inflorescentiis pistilliferis quam petioli breves
brevioribus ; perianthii lobis 3, lateralibus quam intermedius multo
minoribus : petiolis oppositis, saepissime uno quam alter sesquilongo,
rarius conspicue inaequilongis vel aequilongis, laminis rigidiuscule char-
taceis, anguste ellipticis vel lanceolatis, basi angustatis obtusis retusisque
rarissime acutis, margine supra quintam basalem partem leviter dentatis,
apice acuminatis, saepissime triplinerviis ; stipulis parvis, orbiculari-
triangularibus, caducis.

Pistillate inflorescences 3.5 mm long or less, the peduncles very short
or practically none, very sparingly branched, few-flowered; pedicels very
short: perianth-lobes 3, the intermediate oblong-lanceolate, 0.5 to 0.6 mm
long, the laterals broadly ovate, about 0.3 mm long; achenes compressed-
ovoid, more or less oblique, 0.8 mm long, papillose toward the margins.

Prom the material probably a low, branching undershrub ; leaves op-
posite, the . petiole of one of a pair more often about one and one half
times the length of that of the opposed leaf, sometimes very unequal or
almost exactly equal, 2.5 to 25 mm long, the lamina rigidly chartaceous,
narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 3 to 6.5 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, almost
equilateral except sometimes at the extreme base, the base narrowed,
obtuse and retuse or rarely acute, the margins except toward the base
shallowly dentate, the apex forming an acumen similarly dentate about
6 to 8 mm long; usually definitely triplinerved, or the lateral nerves
approaching the costa near the base and one or both continued to the
petiole, or very rarely trinerved, the veins connecting the lateral nerves
with the costa slender, about 10 in number but often connected with a
slender intermediate nerve, the lateral nerves continuous to, the base of
the acumen; upper surface of lamina dull-green with greatly crowded
conspicuous cystoliths, under surface much paler,, with equally crowded

URTICACEAE FROM SARAWAK MUSEUM.

295

but shorter and less conspicuous cystoliths ; stipules orbicular- triangular,
less than 1 mm long, caducous.

Sarawak, Mount Koum, on limestone, Kalong 1721. Tlie species seems to find
much its closest ally in P. rigida C. B. Rob., of northern Luzon, both appearing
to be small plants with stems woody at least at the base, small and similar
leaves, and greatly reduced pistillate inflorescences. But the stems of P. rigida
are strongly angled while those of P. rigidiuscula are terete, the leaves of the
former are much more definitely trinerved and their leaf-margins more 'sharply
toothed.

Pilea sp.

Mount Kinaba'lu, at 5,000 feet elevation, Haviland 1305, staminate. This is
probably an undescribed species in the alliance of P. melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd.,
but the staminate inflorescences are much shorter than the petioles, the petioles
are very long, the leaves large and wider proportionately than on any of the
Philippine plants referred to that species, the leaves are almost 5-nerved, but
the outermost pair is very much more slender than the inner and prolonged less
than one-third the length of the leaf. The specimen . hardly furnishes sufficient
criteria of the comparative length of the petioles and size of the leaves.

ELATOSTEM ATOI DES C. B. Rob.

Elatostematoides sp.

Niah, Haviland & Hose 3318. From its habit, this is almost certainly a
species of this genus, but only staminate flowers are present, and there is no
proof that it is not a Pellionia. The leaves are almost exactly the same as those
of E. thibaudianum (Wedd.) C. B. Rob. (Elatostema rostratum Miq. non Hassk. ),
but the inflorescence is very different, borne on long branching peduncles instead
of being sessile.

Elatostematoides sp.

Rejang, Belaga, No. 2187, collector not named on label, staminate. This has
much resemblance to E. robustum (Hallier f. ) C. B. Rob., differing in the larger,
glabrous leaves, and the shorter stipules. It is probably an undescribed species,
but is left with that status for the same reason as the preceding.

PR OCR IS Commers.

Procris pseudostrigosa Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 284.

Kuching. Yery typical, a nearly perfect match for many Philippine collections.
The species appears to find its closest alliance in P. frutescens (Bl.) Wedd.

Philippines, Celebes.

Procris ( ?) sp.

Mount Kinabalu, at 3,500 feet elevation, Haviland 1773. Only staminate
flowers are present, but the habit, the flowers and inflorescence, so far as they
can, indicate the specimen to be of this genus, while it seems quite distinct from
any published species.

ELATOSTEMA Forst.

Elatostema bulbothrix Stapf 1. c. 230, pi. XIX, fig. A, 1-1/.

Mount Kinabalu, at 10,000 feet elevation, Haviland 1392, type collection. In
discussing the affinities of this species, Stapf suggests that in spite of its well-
marked differences from anything previously described it may come nearest to
E. glaucescens Wedd. He described the receptacles as sessile, but evidently refers

296

ROBINSON.

only to the pistillate. Only one receptacle is present on the Sarawak Museum
material, but it is staminate, borne upon a peduncle 3 mm long, pubescent like
the stem, slender in contrast to the general thickened nature of the stems and
leaves. The bracts are cornieulate, the flowers tetramerous. All this is in line
with Stapf’s suggestion, except that other Philippine species come closer to
E. bulbothrix than does E. glaucescens, although the texture of the leaves would
keep it distinct from any of them even if there were no other characters. Probably
its nearest allies are E. heterophyllum 0. B. Rob., whose leaves have quite a
different outline and margin, and E. obovatum Wedd. which has much larger and
differently shaped leaves.

Elatostema lineare Stapf 1. c. 228.

Mount Kinabalu, Kinitaki River, at 5,000 fee tv elevation, Haviland 1271, type
collection. This at once suggests E. pinnatinervium Elmer, by reason of the
pinnate leaf-venation, but the leaf-outline is very different, and the staminate
receptacles of E. pinnatinervium are peduncled while those of E. lineare are
sessile. The leaf resemblance is much closer with an undetermined specimen
from Polillo, Bur. Sci. 9195, but the leaf -teeth of the latter are more deeply
cut, and the stipules of the Bornean plant are longer than those of either the
Polillo plant or of E. pinnatinervium.

Elatostema lithoneurum Stapf 1. e. 230, PI. XIX, fig. C, 9-16.

Mount Kinabalu, at 11,000 feet elevation, Haviland 1206, type collection. The
specimen has much external resemblance to E. palaioanense C. B. Rob. The
leaves are similar in outline and margin, but wider on the Philippine plant,
whose narrowest are of about the width of the widest of the Bornean, they are
also more definitely oblanceolate or obovate than the .latter. Further, the upper
surface of the leaves of E. palaioanense is scabrous, while the pubescence of E.
lithoneurum is much more scattered, the hairs somewhat longer, the surface not
at all scabrous. The under surface of the Palawan leaves is also much more
densely pubescent, with this pubescence glaucescent, much paler than on the
Bornean plant. The lateral veins of the latter leave the costa at a smaller angle.
Finally, the staminate receptacles of E. lithoneurum have rather long and slender
peduncles, but some young ones in the upper axils are sessile, and this was the
state in which the Palawan plant was found.

Several of these differences bring E. lithoneurum close to E. lagunense Merr.,
the nearest Philippine alliance of E. palaioanense, but that is a much coarser
plant, with the staminate receptacles sessile or on short stout peduncles, the
leaf-teeth are coarser, and the terminal acumen much more prolonged.

The series of E. lithoneurum, E. palaioanense , E. lagunense, links through the
last with E. paludosum Miq., as represented by Hallier 396, Tjibodas, Java, this
species in its turn having been reduced by Weddell 5 to the status of a variety
of E. macrophyllum Brongn. The ease between E. lagunense and E. paludosum
is very critical indeed, but the former has much more continuous leaf-nerves,
the leaves themselves are larger, and the stipules somewhat longer. It is diffi-
cult to decide positively upon a single collection, and our specimen of the
Javan plant is sterile, but the two species may prove to be incapable of
separation. Between E. paludosum and E. macrophyllum, the differences are
quite sufficient for them to be held apart specifically, if the .former is adequately
represented by the specimen above cited, and the latter by Hallier 371f, Buitenzorg,
Java. E. macrophyllum is described as penninerved, which agrees well with the
specimen, but the same can not be said of Hallier 396, as the basal nerves are

5 DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 174.

URTICACEAE FROM SARAWAK MUSEUM.

297

distinctly the longest, especially on the narrower side of the leaves. Iiallier’s
specimen of E. paluclosum is much more pubescent than his of E. macrophyllum,
but from Miquel’s description the leaves of the former are more pubescent than
those of the type of the species.6 The leaves of E. Icigunense also vary in
pubescence, but in that species the explanation in at least some cases is humidity
and not age. The stipules of E. macrophyllum are 3 mm long, those of E.
paludosum only 1 mm long. The staminate receptables of E. lagunense are
usually much larger than those of E. paludosum are said to be by Miquel,
but they must vary in this respect with age, and this difference would have
to be verified by very full collections before it could be used as a positively
discriminating character.

Perhaps the closest leaf-similarity of all between E. lithoneurum and any
Philippine species, is with one from Mount Tonglon, Benguet, Phil. PI. 812
Merrill, which will be described as new,7 but the Benguet plants have not only
densely pubescent stems but the staminate receptacles are either shortly and
stoutly peduncled or subsessile.

Elatostema thal ictroides Stapf 1. c. 229, pi. XIX, fig. B, 5-8.

Mount Kinabalu, at 5,000 feet elevation, Eaviland 1219. As already surmised,8
this is a very real alliance for E. halconense C. B. Rob., but the latter is a
coarser plant with stems and branches of a yellowish or grayish color, while
those of E. thalictroides are rather dark-reddish. Except for the ultimate
branchlets, which are very densely pubescent in both species, E. halconense is
distinctly the more pubescent. The leaves are of different outline, longer and
narrower in E. halconense, with the apical tooth much farther prolonged. E.
suhlignosum C. B. Rob. and E. baruringense Elmer are progressively more dis-
tinct from E. thalictroides than is E. halconense. E. podophyllum Wedd.,
although having leaves with a distinctive base and outline, is also in the same
alliance.

Elatostema sp.

Niah, Eaviland & Rose 3817, with pistillate receptacles which although very
young are sufficient for positive generic determination. The alliance is probably
with E. procridioides Wedd., but no staminate receptacles are present, making
a positive statement impossible.

Elatostema sp.

Mount Braang, on limestone, Eaviland 637 , also without staminate receptacles.
It has much the appearance of being a reduced state of E. lusonense C. B. Rob.,
but with this difference, that when the leaves of that species become reduced
they take on a different form either from those of better developed plants of
the same species or of those of the Bornean collection. There are no opposing
leaves of smaller size than the others, the characteristic of E. surculosum Wight,
and the leaves are smaller than those of E. siklcimense C. B. Clarke, resembling
rather -those of E. glaucescens Wedd., a species which differs in pubescence and
in various other ways.

POUZOLZIA Gaudich.

Pouzolzia zeylanica (Linn.) Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. (1838) 67.

Niah, Eaviland & Hose 3319 ; Rejang.

Tropical Asia and Malaya.

6 PI. Jungh. (1851) 19.

7 See below, page 306.

8 This Journal 5 (1910) Bot. 542.

298

ROBINSON.

PIPTURUS Wedd.

Pipturus arborescens (Link) C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911)
Bot. 13.

Paku, Saribas, llaviland d Hose 3320. Not a very typical form, resembling
most among Philippine collections those from Palawan and some of those from
Bataan.

Philippines.

Pipturus argenteus (Forst.) Wedd. in DO. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 235 10 .

Niah, No. 3321, collector not named. This like the Philippine material so
identified does not agree with the description of the species in that the spikes are
shorter than the petioles, but this can hardly be considered a serious objection.

Sumatra to Australia and Polynesia.

Pipturus repandus (Blume) Wedd. in Arch. Mus. Paris 9 (1857) 448.

Foot of Matang, Haviland 362. A broad-leaved form, but no more so than
several of the Philippine 'collections so identified.

Java, Philippines.

OREOCNIDE Miq.

Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 = (1859) 270.

Near Penkuler Ampat, Haviland 7 65.

Philippines, Formosa.

LEUCOSYKE Zoll. & Mor.

Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 235 27.

Penkuler Ampat, Haviland 350. Like many of the Philippine collections, espe-
cially of those from the southern Islands: very likely var. villosa (Bl.) Wedd.

Java to the Moluccas and Formosa.

ASTROTHALAMUS C. B. Rob.

Astrothalamus reticulatus (Wedd.) C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6
(1911) Bot. 19.

Foot of Matang, Haviland 351; Buseau, on limestone, Haviland 352.

Mariannes, Philippines.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. BoYany.
' Vol. VI, No. 4, September, 1911.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

Somewhat intensive botanical explorations have recently been made in
Benguet, and among the collections are representatives of several species
not previously obtained. This has also furnished an opportunity to make
detailed investigations upon various points, where abundance of herbarium
material furnishes controls, so that the results obtained can be checked
by many workers. Somewhat unexpectedly, although it should not have
been, one collection has rendered necessary a complete revision of the
statements which have been made in many works regarding the genus
Pipturus. Less numerous collections have been received from other parts
of the Islands. Nothing is herein cited unless some light has been thrown
upon the species concerned. The numbers placed with the species indicate
their sequence in comparison with those enumerated in my previous paper.

9. ELATOSTEMA Forst. p. p.

In this genus the need for characters that can be depended on as
constant is very great. For this reason, a test has been made of the
reliability of tetramerous as contrasted with pentamerous staminate
flowers. Practically no attention has been paid to this in the past, most
workers recording the facts as a matter of routine in describing species,
but no one basing conclusions upon them. This is used in Pouzolzia and
Oonostegia ( Memorialis ) as one of the main bases of separation,1 but so
far as Philippine experience goes, it is less constant in these genera2 than
in Elatostema. Much of the material examined was hardened in alcohol

1 Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1888) 580.

2 See This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 8, 10.

299

300

ROBINSON.

while fresh, the remainder was taken from dried plants. The results are
as follows :

Collection number. , ;

Species.

3-merous.

4-merous.

5-merous.

1

— |

E. filicaule.

45

l 1

E. podophyllum

67

2

E. hen guetenae

i (?)

50

E luiescms

100

Merrill 761+3

E lute.fice.na

100

Merrill 7^

F., ar.opigerum. . . .. .

50 J

1

I Merrill 761+1 ;

E. glom.era.tum

50

Merrill 761+7

E mcrrillii

•

35

Merrill 76J+0

E. variahile :

2

148

Merrill 7(71,1,

E. purpureum var._

100

Bar Sci 131+75

E. discolor

11

Phil PI. 312

E. purpureum •

50

Merrill 7631+

E. plumbeum _ _

43

Bur. Sci. 11+131+

F Inr.nne.n.ne.

100

Bur . Sci. 9930

f, glducescens

30

50

Bar. Sci. 9907

F, la.gnn.e.n.ae

60

Bur. Sci. 9766

20

r_

Merrill 7 hi C

F hannh.ae.nae.

40

Bar Sci. 3609

E. edule _ _ J

20

For. Bar. 3266

E angustatum

45

| j

So far as this is a sufficient test, the character seems reliable. It may-
be added that where different collection numbers have been referred to the
same species, their flowers agree in this respect in almost every case
investigated. The only exception known to me is with E. podophyllum
Wedd., normally tetramerous. Two collections so identified, Merrill 6171
and Bur. Sci. 9356, have been noted on the sheets as pentamerous.
Further examination of the former showed that of two flowers dissected
one was tetramerous and one pentamerous ; the latter was preponderating^
pentamerous, four receptacles giving 22 pentamerous flowers and only
3 tetramerous. There are four other Philippine species about which
discordant statements have been made. E. simulans was described 3
as tetramerous or pentamerous, dissection of six additional flowers showed
that they at least were all pentamerous. Mr. Elmer’s examination of
the flowers of E. philippinense disclosed both numbers, mine showed five
only.4 Similarly in E. spinulosum./ he found trimerous as well as tetra-
merous flowers, I found the latter number only.5 1

Finally, Weddell calls E. longifolium doubtfully tetramerous.0 Eleven
flowers were examined from one receptacle of the broad-leaved plant of
Cuming 1,56 , ten were pentamerous, the eleventh tvas in poor condition but

3 This Journal 5 (1911) Bot. 519.

■‘Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 888; This Journal 5 (1911) Bot. 524.

5 Leaf.. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 468; This Journal 5 (1911) Bot. 530.

“DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 184. See below, page 303.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II.

301

probably tetramerous ; 20 flowers from one receptacle of Bur. Sci. 81S6,
a good but not perfect match for Cuming’s plant, were all pentamerous.
Adding E. pinnaiinervium and E. varidbile, both tetramerous, and other
species herein and previously described, there are now known in the
Philippines 31 species with tetramerous flowers, 9 with pentamerous
flowers, while those of 8 species are still unknown. Decision upon the
relative importance of the character will depend largely upon the opinions
held of the nature of the 31 and the 9 respectively, so far at least as
our species are concerned, and it must be confessed that the weight of
previous opinion regarding these or those most similar to them, would not
set much value upon it. Yet it does separate 9 species, five of them
having much similarity to one another, while the other four, E. simulans,
E. longifolium, E. obtusiusculum, and E. coniiguum have a different ap-
pearance from the other four but again much resemblance to one another.
Much work must be done upon 'species of other countries before a final
opinion can be passed.

16a. Elatostema discolor sp. nov.

Caulibus basi repentibus, appresse-pubescentibus : receptaculis stami-
niferis sessilihus, bracteis ovatis, vix corniculatis ; floribus pentameris:
foliis discoloribus, parvis, oblique obovatis vel late oblanceolatis, lateris
latioris basi auriculatis, supra medium grosse dentatis, subtrinerviis.

Staminate receptacles sessile; outer pair of bracts of the larger recep-
tacles ovate, about 2.5 mm long, only very obscurely corniculate, ciliate
on the apical half of the margins and especially at the apex, often also
with yellowish-brown pubescence on the dorsal surface or with cystoliths,
inner pairs of bracts similar, about 2 mm long; bracteoles oblaneeolate,
about 2 mm long, densely ciliate toward the apex; pedicels of mature
flowers about 2 mm long; perianth-segments 5, oblong, oblong-oblan-
ceolate, or broadly lanceolate, about 2 mm long, ciliate on the apical half
of the margins and especially at the apex; filament^ about 2 mm long;
anthers white, the cells widely separated at the base, less than 1 mm long.

Stems 15 to 35 cm long, creeping and rooting near the base, and there
often branching, the leaf-bearing parts erect or suberect, rarely branched,
the stems densely covered with appressed, apically directed, strigose,
yellowish pubescence; leaves subsessile, the lamina obovate or broadly
oblaneeolate, the lowest often reduced in size, the others 15 to 27 mm
long, 7 to 12 mm wide, strongly inequilateral especially at the base, the
narrower side obtuse, the broader side produced into a short auricle, both
margins usually with 3 teeth of comparatively large size, or the wider side
with 4 or the narrower with 2, the apical tooth 4 mm long, or less, lan-
ceolate to ovate, not projecting beyond the general outline; upper surface
plumbeous, under surface yellowish-green, the upper with, a few, scattered,
long hairs or glabrous, and with densely crowded cystoliths, the margins
with similar hairs or glabrous, the veins of the under surface appressed-

302

ROBINSON.

strigose; almost or quite trinerved, the nerves extending to the base of
the lamina, auricle excluded, but on the wider side of the wider leaves
little longer than the succeeding, other veins usually 3 on each side, some-
times 2 or 4, minor' venation hardly conspicuous ; stipules narrowly
lanceolate to ovate, 1 to 1.8 mm long, with crowded cystoliths and
sometimes ciliate.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Baguio, in ravines at about 1,400 m elevation,
Bar. Sci. 13J/75 Iiamos. Superficially, the species has more the appearance of
E. 'podophyllum Wedd. than of any other hitherto found in the Philippines,
but differs widely from it in the slender stem, wider, larger and more deeply
cut leaves, stronger and somewhat different venation, and the absence of the
typical leaf-base. It is really in the alliance of the species from E. acrophilum
to E. hastatum, and on a summary of characters' probably closest to E. philip-
pinense Elmer, from which it differs by its more densely pubescent stem, and
the shape, color, comparatively deeper and much coarser dentation, and venation
of the leaves. It has also much resemblance to E. hookerianum Wedd., but
that has the stems, staminate bracts, and bracteoles glabrous, these bracts are
more corniculate, the leaves are usually more acuminate, with different venation,
and longer stipules. Probably the closest alliance of all is with E. obliquifolium
Reineelce, of Samoa, the name indicating one difference. The Philippine plants
are larger with larger leaves, the Samoan have peduneled staminate receptacles.

5. Elatostema filicaule C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 516.

Additional collections, Merrill 7627, from mossy forest on Mount Tonglon,
Benguet, and Phil. PI. 802 Merrill, from mossy forest at Pauai, Benguet, both
growing at about ,2,200 m elevation, and reexamination of the type material,
show that in the smaller-sized receptacles only one of each of the two inner
pairs of staminate bracts may be developed. The larger-sized receptacles are
of the type common to the genus. The species is, in all probability, a very
primitive form. Pistillate flowers have not yet been collected.

31a. Elatostema glomeratum sp. nov.

Erectum, succulentum : feceptaculis staminiferis glomeratis, bracteis
haud vel vix corniculatis ; floribus tetrameris : foliis siccis subchartaceis,
elliptico-oblanceolatis vel elliptieo-obovatis, basi utrinque acutis vel latere
latiore obtusis, margine basin versus excepto dentatis, apice breviter
acuminatis, triplinerviis.

Staminate receptacles sessile in clusters of 6 to 20 or more, but each
retaining the structure typical of the genus • outer pair of bracts orbicular
or broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, very shortly or not corniculate,
2 to 2.5 mm long, ciliate or ciliate-serrate on the margins and shortly
pilose on the dorsal surfaces ; inner pair's broadly oblanceolate, 2 mm
long, shortly corniculate, pubescent like the outer; bracteoles narrowly
oblanceolate, 2 mm long, densely pilose on the costa and at the apex ;
pedicels about 0.5 mm long ; perianth-segments 4, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, the outer pair slightly longer than 1 mm and densely ciliate
on the apical halves of the margins and at the apex, the inner pair slightly
shorter than 1 mm and less densely ciliate than the outer, all shortly
corniculate; filaments 1 mm long; anthers white, about 0.5 mm long.

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II. 303

the cells often unequal, approximate at the base : pistillate receptacles
unknown.

Stems erect, 25 to 45 cm high, more often simple, or sparingly branched
especially at the base, grooved, densely antrorsely grayish-strigose : leaves
with petioles 5 to 8 mm long, similarly pubescent, lamina when dry
subchartaceous or chartaceous, elliptic-oblanceolate or elliptic-obovate, 5.5
to 10.5 cm long, 2 to 4 (usually 2.5 to 3) 'em wide, acute at the base on
both sides or on the wider side obtuse, the margins dentate on both sides
but not deeply, the teeth of the wider side from about 22 to 30, of the
narrower 20 to 24, the apex except on reduced leaves definitely contracted
into an acumen 5 to 15 mm, more often about 10 mm long; upper surface
glabrous with numerous but inconspicuous cystoliths, under surface ap-
pressed-strigose on the veins ; triplinefved, the nerves extending four-fifths
the length of the lamina or often to the base of the acumen, other veins
projecting on the under surface, on each side of the costa more often 3
or 4 but with others of about equal number nearly as prominent, reticula-
tions lax, conspicuous; stipules lanceolate to ovate, 2 to 2.5 mm long,
acute, pubescent.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Baguio, on wet ledges in ravine, Merrill 1642
(type) ; Mount Tonglon, mossy forest at about 1,900 ni elevation, Phil. PI. 810
Merrill, ravines on banks of small stream at about 1,800 m elevation, Merrill
1641- Among Philippine species, this has its closest alliance with that here
identified 7 as E. longifolium Wedd., differing from it by the clustered staminate
inflorescence, pubescence, leaf-bases and serration. It may also be near E. sessile
var. punctatum Wedd., but the receptacles in the present case while numerous
and often very small are each complete, whereas in the Indian plant, Weddell
states that the fasciculate appearance of the (pistillate) receptacles is illusory,
the receptacles being in reality deeply lobed.8 In E. glomeratum, the elements
of the receptacle are unusually loosely attached to one another.

31. Elatostema longifolium Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 1 (1854) 189; DC.

Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 184; C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 534.

Type, Cuming 456.

Attention has previously been called to the Cuming specimen in this herbarium,
and all identifications here have been based on the broad-leaved plant on our
sheet. The difficulties are these. The name is inappropriate; the leaves are
not elongate-lanceolate; those on our sheet are 27 to 37 mm wide; the base
of the leaves can not be called acute ; the stipules are not long-persistent ; the
staminate flowers are pentamerous instead of doubtfully tetramerous, there
being little mechanical difficulty in ascertaining the fact. Most of all, I do not
see why Weddell would not have made it a . variety of E. sessile , when he so
treated E. ulmifolium Miq., which is a very near ally of the Philippine plant,
to say nothing of E. brongniartianum Wedd., which is much further from E.

sessile than is E. ulmifolium. This has led to the suspicion that this broad-

leaved plant is really E. tomentosum Wedd., afterwards pla.ced by him next to
E. ulmifolium, both as varieties of E. sessile. This is still conjecture, for although
the botanists of Kew and Paris have most courteously searched their herbaria

7 See This Journal 5 (1911) Bot. 534; also below.

* DC. Prodr. 16 ’ (1869) 173.

304

ROBINSON.

and even attempted to get light from those of other institutions, E. tomentosum
has not been found.

Weddell compares E. longifolium with E. lineolatum Wight, and the narrow-
leaved plant of Cuming’s collection does approach closely in habit to some
collections of that species. Until now, there has been nothing here to match
this narrow-leaved plant with any reasonable probability of identity. The want
seems to be supplied by Bur. Sci. 13108 Foxworthy <£ Ramos, from Guinayangan,
Tayabas, which has just about the appearance that an apparently immature
plant such as that of Cuming might be expected to assume. Differences can
easily be found; the stems are less pubescent, the longest leaf is 18 cm long
but is little over 2 cm in width, the widest slightly exceeding 2.5 cm, and
these longer leaves have more numerous teeth and veins, yet the leaves which
have the same size as those of Cuming’s collection are practically identical
with them in these and all other characters. The alliance suggested by habit
is no longer with E. lineolatum Wight, but through intermediates in E. bana-
haense and E. carinoi with E. sessile. Yet even between the three Philippine
species, the stipules alone are sufficient for discrimination. These stipules are
much in evidence on Bur. Sci. 13108; its staminate flowers are tetramerous.

28a. Elatostema lutescens sp. nov.

Herba succulenta, E. viridescenti Elmer similis, sed differt foliis multo
'minoribus, latere angustiore magis dentatis, stipulis brevioribus, recep-
taculorum staminiferorum bracteis minus corniculatis : receptaculis ses-
silibus vel brevissime pedunculatis ; floribus staminiferis tetrameris.

Staminate receptacles very shortly peduncled or sessile, completely
inclosed beneath by the outer pair of bracts, the latter glabrous, in well-
matured receptacles 3.5 mm long, 5 to 6 mm wide, broadly rounded at
the apex, the spur thickened at its apex but barely projecting beyond
the general outline of the bract; inner two pairs of bracts 2.5 mm long,

3.5 mm wide, their margins broadly hyaline, the costa thick but not
becoming free nor reaching the apex of the bract, glabrous ; bracteoles
cuneate-oblanceolate, about 2.5 mm long: flowers on pedicels about 2.5
mm long; perianth-segments 4, shortly and irregularly or not corniculate,

1.5 mm long, the outer pair oblong-ovate, glabrous, the inner pair nar-
rower, ciliolate at the apex; filaments about 1.5 mm long, anthers about

1 mm long, the cells widely separated at the base: pistillate receptacles
sessile ; outer pair of bracts ovate, 3 mm long, shortly corniculate, glabrous,
free for rather more than half their length ; next two pairs lanceolate,

2 mm long, corniculate, ciliate ; bracteoles narrowly oblanceolate, cuneate,
1 to 1.5 mm long, long-ciliate toward apex; pedicels short; perianth-
lobes rounded, about 0.2 mm long ; achene brown, becoming rather strongly
ridged, about 0.6 mm long.

Succulent or very succulent, 35 to 60 cm high, usually much branched;
vegetative parts glabrous, definitely yellowish-green when fresh but losing
this somewhat on drying : leaves very shortly petioled or subsessile, the
lamina when dry submembranaceous, usually more or less falcate, lance-
olate or narrowly elliptic, 3 to 7.5 cm long, 7 to 17 mm wide, or
often still smaller, inequilateral, the base of the narrower side acute or

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II.

305

subobtuse, of the wider side obtuse or slightly auriculate, the margin of
the wider side with usually 7 or 8 teeth, of the narrower usually with one
or two less, the >apex protracted but hardly exceeding the general outline ;
triplinerved, other veins usually 4 or 5 on each side, but they and especially
the minor reticulations usually little conspicuous ; glabrous, but the upper-
surface with numerous cystoliths ; stipules subulate, 2 to 3 mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Baguio and vicinity, in ravines, Merrill 761/3
(type), Bur. Sci. 11975, ty004 Robinson ; Mount Tonglon, on banks along trail
at 1,600 to 1,800 m, Phil. PI. 811 Merrill; Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12752 F6nix. The
last specimen was formerly referred by me 9 to E. viridescens Elmer, to which
E. lutescens has great general similarity both in field and herbarium, but on
comparison of a very large quantity of material, it differs very constantly in all
the characters above noted. Its real alliance is with E. angustatum C. B. Rob.,
which is a more delicate and usually much less branched plant, with thinner
(when dry) leaves, the margins with more numerous teeth, and the apex more
prolonged.

17a. Elatostema merrillii sp. nov.

Admodum parvum, basi reptans, altius ascendens: receptaculis ses-
silibus, staminiferorum bracteis bre.viter sed inaequaliter comiculatis ;
floribus pentameris : f oliis parvis, oblique oblanceolatis vel obovatis, tri-
plinerviis vel saepius admodum quadxuplinerviis.

Staminate receptacles sessile, few-flowered; outer pair of bracts oval,
2.5 mm long, one of them with a spur extending about 1 mm beyond
the general outline, spur of the other shorter and much less conspicuous,
both long-ciliate on the margins and back ; next two pairs of bracts cune-
ate-oval, 2 mm long, ciliate ; bracteoles oblanceolate, 2 mm long ; pedicels
short ; perianth-segments 5, oval or oblong, 1.5 mm long, slightly cornic-
ulate, sometimes ciliate at the apex; filaments about 1.5 mm long;
anthers 0.6 mm long, the cells widely separated at the base: pistillate
receptacles sessile ; outer and inner bracts more or less similar, ovate to
lanceolate, shortly corniculate, 2 mm long, ciliate on the margins, more
or less villose on the back ; bracteoles narrowly oblanceolate, nearly 2 mm
long, ciliate; pedicels very short; perianth-lobes 3, rounded, less, than 0.1
mm long; achenes light-brown, about 0.5 mm long.

Plants creeping at the base, thereafter ascending, the stems 10 to 30
cm long, densely covered at the apex with rather soft whitish or yellowish
somewhat spreading soft pubescence, less densely so below : leaves sessile,
the membranaceous lamina obliquely oblanceolate or obovate, 14 to 26
mm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, or some especially toward the base of the
plant smaller, the narrower side acute at the base, the wider rounded or
slightly auricled, the margin of the wider side not deeply cut into 10 to 12
teeth, the narrower side with about half the number and entire toward
the base, the teeth more often ciliate at the apex, apical tooth merely

0 This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 31.

306

ROBINSON.

continuing the general outline ; upper surface with not very conspicuous
eystoliths and usually with scattered but conspicuous fairly long white
hairs, under surface with shorter and often yellowish pubescence on the
veins and to a less extent between them; triplinerved or with a short
additional nerve arising from the costa below the main nerve of the
wider side; other veins usually 3 on each side of the eosta; stipules
hyaline, lanceolate, 2.5 to 3 mm long, ciliolate on the margins and at
or near the apex often eiliate.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, in very shaded places along
trail at about 1,800 m elevation, Merrill 76^7. The closest Philippine ally of
this species is probably E. acrophilum C. B. Rob., of which the staminate re-
ceptacles are still unknown, E. merrillii differing from it by the more pubescent
stems, more numerous and shallower leaf-teeth, and venation.

33a. Elatostema purpureum sp. riov.

Basi reptans, aliter ascendens, caulibus purpureis, scabris : recepta-
culis staminiferis sessilibus vel breviter pedunculatis, bracteis vix corni-
culatis ; floribus tetrameris : receptaculis pistilliferis sessilibus : foliis
subsessilibus, oblique obovatis vel oblaneeolatis, basi latere angustiore
acutis, latere latiore breviter auriculatis, marginibus dentatis, apice saepius
breviter acuminatis, triplinerviis.

Staminate receptacles sessile or on peduncles up to about 3 mm long;
outer pair of bracts 4.5 to 5 mm long, 6.5 to 7 mm wide, rounded and
very shortly and inconspicuously comiculate at the apex, densely villose
on the back ; inner two pairs of bracts 3.5 to 4 mm long, somewhat
inequilateral, subquadrate or suborbicular, the margins more or less
hyaline, elsewhere villose, eiliate at the apex, hardly corniculate ; bracteoles
oblong-oblanceolate, 4 mm long, villose on the costa, eiliate at the apex;
pedicels up to 3.5 mm long; perianth-segments 4, oblong-lanceolate or
lanceolate, 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, eiliate or glabrous, one pair corniculate;
filaments about 2 mm long; anthers white, about 1 mm long: pistillate
receptacles sessile; outer pair of bracts broadly ovate, 3.5 mm long, villose;
inner pairs lanceolate, nearly 3 mm long, eiliate at the apex; pedicels
short; perianth-lobes probably 3, about 0.1 mm long; ovary white, 0.5 mm
long.

Plants creeping at the base, thereafter curving-ascending, the purple
stems 20 to 35 cm long, rarely branched, strigose : leaves almost sessile,
the rigidly chartaceous or coriaceous lamina oblanceolate to obovate, 3
to 5 cm long, 1 to 1.8 cm wide, the base of the narrower side acute, of
the wider side shortly auriculate, the margins on the wider side with
7 to 14 teeth, on the narrower with 5 to 11, the apical tooth more often
extending from 4 to 6 mm beyond the general outline; both surfaces
strigose-scabrous, the upper with numerous cystoliths; triplinerved, the
nerve of the wider side more often uniting with the .lower of the succeeding
3 to 5 veins by minor anastomoses only, veins of the narrower side 2 or 3 ;

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II.

307

stipules narrowly oblong, 4 to 6 mm long, acuminate, with cystoliths on
the costa, ciliate or glabrous.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, in mossy forest at about
1,900 m elevation, Phil. PI. 812 Merrill. With this belongs Merrill 7644, from
a more shaded place at a slightly lower elevation on the same mountain. The
leaves average slightly larger, -and are conspicuously thinner, with fewer marginal
teeth. Otherwise the two collections agree down to the details of the flowers,
.and the stipules and venation are the same. E. purpureum has as much the
general appearance of E. lagunense Merr. as of any other Philippine species,
but the staminate bracts are less corniculate, the leaves smaller, and the
stipules shorter. Probably the closest alliance is with E. lithoneurum Stapf.10

43. Elatostema scapigerum 0. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911)
Bot. 542.

While additional collections have in general confirmed the statements previ-
ously made regarding the position of the staminate receptacles of this species,
a single small plant of Vanoverbcrgh 1236 has the peduncle arising from one
of the upper leaf-axils, and on another plant the peduncle is about half-way
up the stem. In rare cases, therefore, the species might fail to be recognized
by the characters assigned to it in the key, but it is still very different from
any other of our species. On the whole, it may best be compared with E.
longipedunculatum Elmer, but the structure of 'the staminate receptacles is
very different, resembling more that found in the ordinary pistillate receptacles
of' the genus. By dissecting a young receptacle, also from Vanoverbergh 1236,
which had attained a diameter of about 8 mm, or about half that of the average
mature receptacle, it was easy to trace the 6 bracts typical of the staminate

receptacles of the genus, but the two pairs which ordinarily are at least

partially covered by the outer pair were at this stage already lateral to the
latter. It is probable that still younger stages might show an even more typical
structure. These two outer bracts were ovate, 2.5 to 3 mm long, the apex
rather acuminate-mucronate than corniculate, for the apical projection is formed
by the costa, which bears no spur. The other two pairs of bracts are about

2.5 mm long, also ovate, less acuminate. Still another receptacle of the same

collection has a peduncle over 13 cm long. All suspicion that the form might
prove to be a monstrosity has been removed, and its range has been extended to
Benguet, at Baguio, Merrill 7882, and on Mount Tonglon, Merrill 7637, 7645.

2. Elatostema variabile 0. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 514;
1. c. 6 (1911) Bot. pi, 1.

20. Elatostema banahaense C. B. Rob. 1. e. 5 (1911) Bot. 526.

28. Elatostema carinoi W. R. Shaw ex C. B. Rob. 1. c. 5 (1911) Bot. 532.

All of these have been supplemented by additional collections, some of which
are as typical as could possibly be desired, while others have presented very
difficult problems. As regards E. banahaense, there are two additional collections
from Mount Banajao, Merrill 7516 and one from the herbarium of the Philippine
College of Agriculture, obtained by 8. Asuncion, the former certainly and
the latter probably gathered within a very short distance from the exact type
locality. Both have more mature staminate receptacles than those of the type,
and while the bracts are corniculate, this character is so slightly developed
that it is inconspicuous in the mature receptacles, so that the species is better
placed near E. carinoi than with E. viridescens and its allies. Moreover, the

See above, page 297.

308

ROBINSON.

leaves have great similarity to those of E. carinoi, except that in E. banahaense
the base of the narrower side of the lamina ends some distance from the petiole,
while on the other side it is usually at least subauriculate, But there are
intermediates to such an extent that if there were no other character, the
species could not be held separate. That character seems to be supplied by the
stipules, which are longer and usually wider in E. banahacnse, their length
reaching 25 mm on Merrill 7516, and ranging from 14 to 22 mm on the College
of Agriculture collection, while they are from 10 mm (young) to 16 mm on
the type. The Zamboanga collections cited in the description of E. banahaense
also show this character, as do two numbers from Mount Pulog, Benguet,
For. Bur. 16047, 16051 Curran, Merritt, & Zsckokke, originally identified as
E. carinoi and responsible for part of the variation recorded for that species
with regard to this very character, although by some oversight they were not
cited. All of these should be referred to E. banahaense. The stipules of E.
carinoi and E. variabile are usually narrower, and vary in length from 3.5
to 11 mm, slightly longer on the E. variabile type than on the other, but are
usually from 4.5 to 7 mm, in contrast to a normal 15 to over 20 mm on E.
banahaense. Taken ill conjunction with the other characters, insufficient as
the latter alone would be, E. banahaense and E. carinoi are better held distinct.
This amended view of the affinities of E. banahaense also brings it very close
to E. edulc, which has wider leaves, less acuminate, a still more pronounced
basal auricle, and stronger venation. It will not be surprising if future collec-
tions render E. edule untenable as a separate species. As it is, the Mount
Mayon plant cited under E. edule, is rather E. banahaense.

Vanoverbergh 828, the type of E. variabile, was pistillate, and on its general
appearance, no close . alliance with E '. carinoi would be suspected, but I now
find it very difficult to keep them apart, although their union would throw
discredit on the validity as differentiating characters of leaf-outline, peduncled
as opposed to sessile staminate receptacles, pinnate as contrasted with the most
definite triplinerved venation, and coarse teeth or even lobes as against entire
margins, all in the one case. No one could fail to distinguish the two types
of leaves; one of the difficulties is that some plants having the upper leaves
of the narrow, pinnate-veined type of E. variabile, have others lower down on
the same stems which approach closely to the normal type of E. carinoi. This
is to some extent shown on plate 1 of this volume, but is more definite on
collections recently obtained. In no case has a plant yet been obtained with leaves
which are entirely typical of both species. Vanoverbergh 1226 is certainly E.
variabile; the receptacles are borne on slender peduncles usually 10 to 18 mm
long, but shorter in the case of very young receptacles; the bracts are barely
eorniculate as in E. carinoi, the flowers tetramefous. The staminate receptacles'
on the type sheet of E. carinoi have usually rather stout peduncles 4 to 6
mm long, hidden on a front view by the receptacles themselves, or the young
receptacles may be sessile. For. Bur. 4841 Curran, Merrill 4847, 7638, Bur. Sci.
2828 Mearns, Bur. Sci. 14111, 14128 Robinson, are quite typical E. carinoi in leaf-
characters, except that the under surface of the leaves of the first is slightly
pubescent; all but one have staminate receptacles quite as in the type of that
species, with short peduncles or none, the exception is pistillate only. Vanover-
bergh 510 is also typical E. ca/rinoi, bnt Vanoverbergh 510a, collected by him
at a different locality as the same species, while good E. carinoi as to leaves,
except that they are smaller than usual, has the staminate receptacles on
slender peduncles, on one plant 5 to 10 mm long, on the other only 1 to 3
mm. In spite of the differences in the peduncles the plants could so far bo

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II.

309

separated with ease by leaf-characters. Indeed, by forcing characters which are
ordinarily stable, four species could be deliminated. The nature of the material
itself shows that such a proceeding would be most inadvisable. The final
difficulty comes with Merrill 7 639, 1640, collected some days apart from nearly
the same locality on Mount Tonglon. Some of the plants are as to leaves
typical E. variabile, others are equally typical E. carinoi, some few have the
upper leaves of the former type, but the lower ones approaching those of the
latter. Both of these have staminate receptacles. On 1639, these are sessile
except on one plant, where they are very short, while on 1640 they are shortly
peduncled or sessile, with no difference in this or any other respect between
those in the axils of the two types of leaves. E. carinoi and E. variabile are
therefore very closely allied, having identical receptacles with the same range
of variation in their attachment, nor can any sufficient means of separation
be found in stipules or pubescence. There remains in doubt the question of
leaf-outline, with which the venation is inseparably connected. This is not
simply due to difference in habitat. For example, the two forms were found
together in the two last collections cited, while my two collections, both per-
fectly typical E. carinoi, came from quite different conditions, one growing
in muddy soil along the edge of a ditch among grasses not tall enough to
overshadow it, the other was on rock, exposed to the spray of a small waterfall,
within a small cavern where it was sheltered from direct, sunlight except in
the early morning. The link between the species is in the resemblance between
lower leaves of E. variabile and normal ones of E. carinoi : it is not yet quite
complete.

Elatostema carinoi is in cultivation at Camp John Hay, near Baguio, growing
luxuriantly on rocks in the spray of a small fountain, the only known instance
where a species of the genus has been so utilized in the Philippines.

From references to pubescence above and its frequent use in my keys and
elsewhere, one without access to the material might suspect that species were
being segregated with this as the main character. It is therefore advisable to
state that it has been found to be very constant, especially upon the stems, and
has been offered as a guide only in the cases where not only this is so, but other
characters are present, less easily or at any rate less briefly described. On the
leaves, it is not so constant. It does not hold with E. lagunense, where in the
large clump of plants from which the type and other collections were obtained, it
varies from one individual to another in general correlation with the amount
of spray received from the Los Banos waterfall, but this is a very exceptional
case.

10. BOEHMERIA Jacq.

2a. Boehmeria beyeri sp. nov.

Arbuscula ramosa: dioica, glomerulis axillaribus, sessilibus ; floribus
staminiferis tetrameris; perianthio pistillifero compresso-oblanceolato,
apiee contracto, 4-dentato, extus substrigoso, ovarium multo superante:
foliis alternis vel rarissime oppositis, valde inaequimagnis sed alternis
haud valde reductis, aliis breviter petiolatis, ovatis, aliis mediocriter
petiolatis, ellipticis, apice acute acuminatis, margine dentatis, trinerviis
vel alter o minus conspicuo inter jecto.

Dioecious : staminate glomerules axillary, sessile, 5 to 8 mm in diam-
eter; bracteoles elliptic, 2.5 mm long, corniculate, slightly pilose at and

103750 — — 6

ROBINSON.

310

near the apex; pedicels about 1 mm long, articulated at the base of the
flowers, villose at their apices; perianth-segments 4, oval, subcucullate,
1 mm long, the apical wing projecting about 0.6 mm, canescent-villose
except at- the base; filaments about 1 mm long; anthers ovate, 0.6 mm
long; rudimentary ovary oblong, rounded at the apex, 0.5 mm long,
minutely pilose : pistillate glomerules about the same size as the stam-
inate ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm long, pubescent on the apical two-
thirds of the costa and ciliate on the margins; perianth compressed-
oblanceolate, 2 mm long, contracted at the apex and obscurely 4-toothed,
substrigose on the outer surface; ovary ellipsoid, 1 mm long, pubescent
toward the apex; stigma continuous, about 1.5 mm long, not far exserted
from the perianth, pubescent along one side.

Shrubs, the branches and branchlets terete, canescent-pilose : leaves
alternate or very rarely opposite, alternately unequal in length of petiole,
length and usually shape of lamina, the smaller on petioles 2 to 3.5
mm long, the lamina ehartaceous or subeoriaceous, ovate, '3 to 3.5 cm
long, 18 to 20 mm wide, very shortly and obtusely acuminate, the
larger on petioles 8 to more often about 20 mm long, the lamina
elliptic to lanceolate, 8 to 10 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, the apex con-
tracted into a slender acute acumen 1 to 1.5 cm long, both series of
leaves varying from subacute to truncate at the base, slightly inequilat-
eral, the margins dentate except at the extreme base, the teeth shallow,
subequal, obliquely ovate, about 35 on each side of the larger leaves, the
apices usually blunt, callus-tipped or shortly mucronate; trinerved or
with a short and much less conspicuous nerve below the main nerve of
one or both sides, the nerves extending about three-fourtlxs the length
of the lamina, other veins 3 or 4 on either side or rarely slightly more, the
articulations numerous, immersed on the upper surface, projecting on the
lower, both surfaces thereby divided into sections about 1 to 1.5 mm
wide; upper surface softly or substrigosely pubescent, the hairs sub-
stellately arranged in each section, under surface canescent-villose along
all the larger veins; stipules lanceolate, scarious, 7 to 11 mm long, long-
acuminate, canescent-villose on and near the costa.

Luzon, Subprovince of Ifugao, Bila, Bur. Sci. 135 J/0 H. O. Beyer: Subprovince
of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, in mossy forest at 1,900 m elevation, Merrill 7630.
The former contains no staminate flowers, the latter no pistillate ; the descrip-
tion, except for the staminate glomerules, has been taken entirely from the type.
In the one case where opposite leaves were found, the petioles are about 2 and
3 cm long, respectively, and the lamina of the larger type. In addition to the
leaves described, short branchlets often bear smaller leaves, similar otherwise to
those of the stem, but with corresponding diminution in the length of the
petioles. The species is intermediate in appearance between B. blumei Wedd.
and B. villosa C. B. Rob., differing from the former by the absence of reduced
leaves on the stems, from the latter by its alternate leaves, more slender petioles,
more conspicuous secondary venation, smaller leaf-teeth, and pubescence.

PHILIPPINE. URTICACEAE, II.

311

16. PIPTURUS Wedd.

Pipturus dentatus comb. nov.

Pouzolsia dentata C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci 6 (1911) Bot. 7.

Material of this species, seen by me in a fresh condition, Phil. PI. 807 Merrill,
from near Pauai, Benguet, has led to a complete confirmation of Mr. Elmer’s
note, cited by me in the original description of this species, as well of my com-
ments thereon. But it has forced the conclusion that the characters depended
upon to differentiate Pipturus from Pousolzia are not merely unreliable as such,
but that many statements regarding them, made by myself as well as by others,
are actual errors. Several, including the most important, are here quoted.

Weddell. Fem. : Perigonium cum ovario concreto Stigma „

eadueissimum. Fructus siccus.11

Weddell. Ovarium perigonio conforme eique adnato Stigma

eadueissimum Fructus e pericarpio nucamentaceo perigonio baccante

( ?) vestito constitutus Fructus s. capitulum fruetiferum a peregrinatoribus

moriformis dicitur, at speeimina exsiccata hunc characterem non retinent.1-

Miquel. Ovarium perigonio concretum stigmate eaducissimo

Fructus pericarpio nucamentaceo, perigonio baecato vestitus.13

Bentham and Hooker. FI. J : Perianthium tenuiter carnulosum. Ovarium

inclusum, perianthio adhaerens ; stigma deeiduum. Receptaculum sub

fructibus globosum, leviter carnosum v. siccum. And in the key to the genera:
Perianthium fruetiferum carnosum, ore minuto achaenio incluso subadnato.14

Hooker. Fruiting perianth more or less fleshy Ovary free; stigma

linear, deciduous Achene free within the thinly fleshy perianth

(P. velutinus) Fem. perianths succulent, in fruit forming pisiform heads with
long exserted recurved styles.15

Bentham. Female perianth becoming slightly succulent as well as the

receptacle when in fruit. Ovary enclosed in and adnate to the perianth,

style or stigma deciduous after flowering.10

Engler. Bill, der 5 bei der Fruchtreife mehr oder weniger fleischig

N. leicht abfallend Frkn. der Blh. abhangend Blh.

der J bei der Fruchtreife diinn fleischig.17

Smith. Perianthium 5 ovarium includens et ei adnatum, persistens

stigma deeiduum. Achenium perianthio carnosulo vestitum

(P. incanus) Achenia in excavationes profundas receptaculi carnoso-

incrassati succosi irregulariter globosi basi impressi brevissime puberuli immerse
perianthio arete inclusa.18

Robinson. Stigma deciduous. Fruiting perianth succulent.19

The characters which place the genus in the Boehmerieae are not quoted, as
upon these there is no room for dispute. There remain several points, ( 1 ) is

11 Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV 1 (1854) 196.

12 DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1869) 235.17

13 FI. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 268.

14 Gen. PI. 3 (1890) 390.

15 FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1888) 479, 589.

10 FI. Austr. 6 (1873) 155.

17 Die Naturl. Pflanzenfam. 3 1 (1894) 110, 113.

18 Koord. & Val. Bijdr. Boomsort. Java 12 (1910) 724, 727.

15 This Journal 5 (1910) Bot, 474.

312

ROBINSON.

the stigma deciduous; (2) is the perianth adnate to the ovary either in flower
or in fruit; (3) is the perianth succulent either in flower or in fruit; (4) what
is the nature of the receptacle? On all of these points, there is more or less
contradiction in the statements cited.

It must be prefaced that the following observations are based upon Philippine
material only, and may not hold for species other than those here discussed,
but this is improbable. The first significant point is in Weddell’s remark upon
travellers’ field-notes. In gathering fruiting branchlets of Pipturus arborescens,
the mature receptacles are almost certain to fall unless extreme precautions be
taken. It may well happen that even in large herbaria, not a single one of these
may be retained. Further, at this stage the achenes are very loosely held in
the very fleshy receptacle, in drying they are almost certain to fall apart. Those
who have not supplemented their studies by field observation, may have been
compelled to draw their conclusions from quite immature fruiting receptacles.

Abundant material of P. arborescens was obtained near Manila, from a clump
of bushes already represented by Bur. Sci. 9568, and showed all stages. The
receptacles are developed in acropetal succession along the branchlets, and the
flowers are often evident in the axils of the very youngest leaves. At this stage
a receptacle can hardly be said to exist, the flowers being almost sessile on the
branchlet, the stigmas are quite evident. As the development proceeds, the
receptacle becomes more and more evident, at first as a flattened nearly circular
plate, with pubescence more conspicuous than itself, but it grows rapidly, be-
coming roughly spherical, and at this stage ordinarily loses the stigmas, and
soon thereafter becomes white, and its ultimate condition is almost exactly that
described by Mr. Smith for P. incanus. The base may be flat or cuneate, with
a more or less angular cross-section, the achenes after the receptacle has become
very succulent and waxen-white may be so far immersed that their apex is a
millimeter from the outer surface of the receptacle or even more, or they may
be still exserted; they are by now practically unattached to the receptacle and
may fall separately or the receptacle may fall as a whole. At what stage the
term succulent may first be applied to the receptacle, is a matter of choice. At
its first appearance, it has the consistence of the herbaceous branchlet to which
it is attached; ordinarily, it is distinctly white soon after the stigmas have
fallen. When fully mature, there is no room for discussion as to its succulent
nature, at least in P. arborescens and P. dentatus, the two species from which
I have seen fresh receptacles. But I take exception to the comparison of their
general appearance to those of Morus, suggesting Frag aria as a substitute.

In other words, the perianth is never more succulent than are the receptacles
at their very earliest stages. At first, it is green, ultimately it is brownish-
black or black, the apex changing color before the base. There are few plants
whose perianth is not equally succulent, Glumaceae and such cases excepted,
and if there is a difference, the pistillate perianth is further from being succulent
in fruit than in flower. Yet, as a descriptive term, I would prefer herbaceous
to membranaceous. At all stages, the perianth closely surrounds the ovary or
achene, but in no specimen that I have examined in P. dentatus or P. arborescens,
can they be called adnate. The surface of ovary and achene alike is smooth
and shining, which in itself nearly answers the question.

Finally, Hooker’s apparent inconsistency on the subject of the deciduous
stigma may be mentioned, not only again to call attention to the fact that what
on a herbarium sheet appear to be mature receptacles may really be earlier

PHILIPPINE URTICACEAE, II.

313

stages, but also to emphasize the rather close tendency of some forms to bridge
the gap between Cypholophus and Boehmeria on one hand and Pipturus and
Pouzolzia on the other, with respect to this very character.20

Since its segregation by Weddell, no one has proposed to reduce Pipturus to
any other genus, and certainly I have no such intention. Nor, so far as I can
ascertain, has any recent writer wrongly referred to it any species belonging
elsewhere, although this discussion has arisen through my own reference to
Pouzolzia of a species which I now believe to be a Pipturus. But upon what
character are these genera to be held distinct? Apparently, none can be drawn
from the pistillate perianth, and even without going outside of Pouzolzia, there
are species where that has been alleged to be adnate to the ovary, even as is
the ease with Pipturus, while I have failed to find it so in either genus.21 There
remains the fleshy receptacle, so obvious to every observer in the field, so im-
perfectly shown in the herbarium, although the early stages even there have
evidently been sufficiently indicative. This I believe to be the correct solution.

There has been time to compare notes with Mr. J. J. Smith, who has been
able to make a further examination of Pipturus repandus. He finds that its
fruiting perianth as well as its flowering one is thick and very succulent and
replete with a viscid sap. The fruiting perianth is hardly longer than the
flowering one, but the color, at first grass-green, changes into a dirty green. His
results have lect to yet another examination of P. arborescens, with full confirma-
tion of the above statements regarding it. The utmost concession that can be
made is that the perianth is kept moist by the very succulent receptacle.

The net result of the two series of observations would seem to be that the
nature# of the perianth is not the same in all species of the genus, but that they
agree in the nature of the receptacle. Staminate receptacles are less perfectly
developed than the pistillate.

The change in the generic position of Pipturus dentatus unexpectedly reveals
the fact that it is with difficulty delimited verbally from P. arborescens, its
nearest ally, as both belong in the group with axillary inflorescence, and have
free stipules ; and P. mindanaensis, the only other species of the genus of which
both these statements are true, differs from P. dentatus even more than from
P. arborescens. But the two last differ widely in appearance and are undoubtedly
distinct specifically. The petioles of P. dentatus are somewhat shorter and stouter,
and they like the branchlets are clothed with denser, longer, and less appressed
pubescence than those of P. arborescens; the leaf -teeth of P. dentatus are at
once very evident and rounded, in P. arborescens they are rarely rounded except
when they are very shallow, and their margin on the side toward the apex of
the leaf is ordinarily much shorter than toward the base, in P. dentatus these
margins are more nearly equal. The branchlets of P. dentatus are more zigzag
than those of P. arborescens, and like the upper surface of the leaves dry to a
darker color; a conspicuous feature of nearly every shoot of the former is the
presence of short axillary branchlets bearing reduced and shorter- petioled leaves,
these are much less frequently found on P. arborescens, but do occur. The
resemblance is still greater to P. ruber Heller, of Hawaii, Heller 2852, but the
stipules of that species are adnate, its petioles are stouter, the lamina larger,
less pubescent, usually 5 -nerved at the base.

20 See This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 2.

21 See This Journal 6 ( 1911) Bot. 8, under P. rubricaulis.

314

ROBINSON.

18. DEBREGEASI A Gaudieh.

Alcoholic material, collected with Phil. PI. 808 Merrill, from Mount Tonglon,
Benguet, appears to show that the pistillate perianth when in the flowering stage
may be considered very loosely adnate to the ovary. The latter is separated with
ease, but usually has attached fragments of tissue from the inner wall of the
perianth, which in their turn are readily removable. Still, as the ovary appears
roughened, the term adnate may be applicable. But its use as a generic character
is to be avoided wherever possible, as there is much reason to believe that the
mechanical difficulty of ascertaining the facts has often led botanists working
upon dried material to wrong conclusions; if this is not the case, it becomes
certain that the ovary and the perianth may or may not be adnate within the
limits of the same genus.22

Trimen, in his key to the Urticaceae ,23 distinguishes Debregeasia from Ville-
brunea (Oreocnide), by the character “Fern. fls. naked” as contrasted with “Fern,
fls. surrounded by fleshy braeteoles.” This does not hold true for the Philippine
species of Debregeasia, as its flowers are surrounded by braeteoles, although these
are short, and can hardly be called fleshy.

22 See discussion under Pipturus, above.

28 Handb. FI. Ceylon 4 (1898) 80.

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CIRCULARS AND DESCRIPTIVE MATTER SENT ON APPLICATION.

CONTENTS

Page. ’

BECCARI, O. The Palms of the Island of Polillo 229

FOXWORTHY, F. W. Philippine Dipterocarpaceae__ 231

GAMBLE J. SYKES. A New Species of Schizo-

stachyum 289

ROBINSON, C. B. Urticaceae from the Sarawak

Museum 291

ROBINSON, C. B. Philippine Urticaceae, II 299

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VOL. VI

NOVEMBER, 1911

THE PHILIPPINE

No. 5

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THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. VI. NOVEMBER, 1911. No. 5.

PHILIPPINE MILLETTIAS.

By S. T. Dunn.
(Kew, England.)

Being engaged in the study of the large and perplexing genus Millettia
I requested a loan of the Philippine specimens in the Herbarium of the
Bureau of Science in order to supplement the abundant material from
those Islands already preserved in the Kew Herbarium. Mr. Merrill’s
courteous compliance with my request now enables me to draw up the
following key to the Philippine representatives of the group, and to add
the descriptions of three additional species, the types of which are pre-
served in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE MILLETTIAS.

1. Flowers subtended by long linear bracts 1. M. racemosa

1. Bracts short or none.

2. Leaflets stipellate 2. M. piscatoria

2. Leaflets without stipellae.

3. Flowers paniculate.

4. Leaflets 3 to 5 3. M. longipes

4. Leaflets 11 to 13 4. M. litoralis

3. Flowers racemose.

4. Fruiting pedicels 1.5 to 2 cm long 5. M. canariifolia

4. Pedicels in flower and fruit less than 1 cm long.

5. Leaves less than 10 cm long.——. 6. M. foxworthyi

5. Leaves 15 to 30 cm long.

6. Standard without auricles.

7. Racemes pedunculate 7. M. stipulata

7. Racemes floriferous to the base.. 8. M. luzonensis

6. Standard auricled.

7. Calyx 4 mm deep 9. M. cavitensis

7. Calyx 2 mm deep.

8. Leaflets 9 10. M. merrillii

8. Leaflets 5 .p||ll. M. capillipes

315

05264

316

DUNN.

Millettia litoral is Dunn. sp. nov.

M. dehiscenti Prain speeiei javanicae affinis sed tomento inflorescentiae
adpresso distincta. Arbor parva (?) ramis fuscis lenticellatis. Folia 5- vel
6-juga, 14 ad 17 cm longa, glabra, petiolo 5-plo longiora; stipulae ovatae
persistentes 2 ad 3 mm longae; foliola superiora lateralia ovato-oblonga,
obtuse acuminata, basi rotundata, 4 ad 5 cm longa, papyracea, utrinque
paullo reticulata, venis 5- vel 6-paribus; petioluli 2 ad 3 mm longi; sti-
pellae nullae. Racemi axillares et, supra folia, stipulis tantum suffulti
paniculam formantes, ad 25 cm longi, pedunculati, rachidibus praecipue
apice dense adpresse pubescentibus ; nodi floriferi brevissimi. Flores
fasciculati, 1 cm longi ; pedicelli 8 ad 10 mm longi, tenuiter albo-puberuli ;
bracteae minutae; bracteolae caducae. Calyx late patulus, 2 mm longus,
3 mm latus, infra puberulus, obscure dentatus. Petala alba, minute et
sparse puberula; vexilli lamina reflexa, ovata, basi conduplicata nec
callosa in unguem angustata, ungue bis longior; alae angustae, semisag-
ittatae; carinae petala basi truncata. Stamina monadelphia. Discus
unilateralis brevis. Ovarium lineare, tenuiter puberulum.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa Cruz, De Vore & Hoover 250, April, 1903,
growing on the sandy beach.

Millettia stipulata Dunn sp. nov.

A speciebus ceteris Philippinensibus stipulis persistentibus reflexis
falcatis distincta. Arbor 20 m alta praeter inilorescentiam omnino
glabra, cortice rugoso griseo, ligno flavo. Folia bijuga 20 cm longa;
stipulae persistentes, oblongae, falcatae, reflexae, 4 mm longae; foliola
late ovata, gradatim bre viter caudata, basi obtusa vel truncata, ad 10 cm
longa, papyracea, subtus glaucescentia, nervis utrinque 6, valde arcuatis ;
petioli 5 mm longi ; stipellae nullae; Racemi axillares 7 cm longi, pedun-
culis 1- ad 2-plo longiores, rachidi ut pedicellis, eaycibus, petalisque laxe
sparseque pubescenti. Flores 10 ad 12 mm longi, pedicellis filiformibus
6 ad 8 mm longis. Calyx breviter campanulatus, fere truncatus tandem
patulis; bracteolae minutae hirsutae. Petala alba; vexilli lamina ovata,
ecallosa, basi plicata, in. unguem brevem angustata ; alae .semisagittatae ;
earina cuneato-oblonga. Stamina monadelphia. Ovarium lineare, paul-
do ad apicem tenuiter pubescens, basi disci papillis cinctuih.

Luzon, Province of Bulacan, Angat, For. Bur. llllfi Aguilar , March, 1908.

Millettia capillipes Dunn sp. nov.

Affinis M; Merrillii Perk, sed foliis bijugis differt. Frutex 5 m altus
praeter ovarium omnino glaber, cortice griseo. Folia bijuga, 15 ad 20
cm longa, exstipulata ; foliola superiora lateralia lanceolata, apice grada-
tim acuminata basi acuta, 6 ad 10 cm longa, chartacea, nervis utrinque
5 ad 7 subtus paullo prominulis; petioluli 4 ad 5 mm longi; stipellae
nullae. Racemi axillares, 10 ad 12 cm longi, laxiflori. Flores 1- vel

PHILIPPINE MILLETTIAS.

317

2-ni, 1 cm longi ; pedicelli capillacei, 4 ad 6 mm longi, sub flore minute
bibracteolati. Calyx breviter campanulata, truncata. Petala rubida.
Yexilli lamina rotundo-ovata, basi fortiter bicallosa truncata, in unguem
subito angustata. Alae carinaque oblongae basi in unguem angustatae.
Stamina monadelphia vexillari basi soluto. Ovarium sessile pubescens.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, Cabagan River, For. Bur. 18549 Alvarez, April,
1909, growing on the banks of the stream, flowers pink.

;

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 5, November, 1911.

ALABASTRA PHIL1PPINENSI A, III.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

This paper will be devoted in its entirety to miscellaneous descriptions
or notes upon various genera or species which have been accumulated at
various times. The most noteworthy point is the discovery in the Phil-
ippines of the genus Pimelea, whose many species are confined to the
Australian region, except that herein described and one from Timor.

MORACEAE.

FICUS Linn.

Ficus sericea sp. nov. § Sycidium.

Arbor magna: receptaculis sessilibus, axillaribus, magnis, ellipsoideis,
extus seficeis : f oliis chartaceis, glabris, admodum magnis, elliptico-
oblongis vel subovalibus, basi cordatis, subpeltatis, apice breviter acu-
minatis.

Bracts lunate or nearly plano-convex, very broadly rounded at the
apex, 3.5 mm long, 8 mm wide, imbricate, clasping, tomentose : receptacles
axillary, sessile, ellipsoid, 3.5 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, densely yellow-
ish-villose-tomentose with hairs up to 4 mm long on the outside, very
scaly within : staminate flowers unknown : pistillate perianth-segments
4, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, long-attenuate
or more rarely' rounded at the apex, costa prominent ; ovary sessile, ellip-
soid, about 1.3 mm long, gradually attenuate into an undivided style of
equal or slightly greater length.

A' tree 24 m high, the trunk 70 cm in diameter, the ultimate branches
yellowish, annulate, rather densely villose-pubescent: petioles 3 to 4 cm
long, 3.5 to 4 mm wide, with more scattered villose pubescence; lamina
chartaceous, glabrous, subpeltate, elliptic-oblong or nearly oval, 20 to
28 cm long, 12 to 14 cm wide, the base cordate, the sinus very narrow,
1 cm deep, its sides overlapping on the upper side of the petiole, slightly
undulate or entire on the margins, the apex forming a very short obtuse
acumen or an acute acumen 15 mm long; two pairs of veins radiating

319

320

ROBINSON.

from the costa at or very near the insertion of the petiole, but the upper
pair no longer and the lower pair shorter than all except the apical of the
succeeding 13 to 16 pairs, these veins uniting to from a definite arched
submarginal vein, secondary veins numerous and conspicuous; stipules
lanceolate, 3.8 to 4 cm long, 9 to 12 mm wide, acuminate at the apex,
truncate at the base, entire or near the apex denticulate, purplish within,
tomentose without, sometimes membranaceous-winged.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 2883. Very distinct
among Philippine species, but closely allied to F. conspicdbilis King, from which
it differs in the shape of the receptacles, and the more cordate leaves with more
numerous veins.

Local name (Bagobo) : maidong.

URTICACEAE.

ELATOSTEMA Forst. pro parte.

Additional results of the dissection of staminate flowers of this genus
are here given. It is unfortunate that so few pentamerous species are
represented by sufficient material to justify dissection on a large scale.
So far as this has been possible, they have been equally constant. The
39 flowers counted of E. delicatulum were all that could be obtained from
24 receptacles, taken from 12 different plants.

Collection number.

Species. •

3-merous.

•1-merous.

5-merous.

Phil. PI. 283

E. spinulosum

45

14

Merrill 6911 ' '.

E. heterophyllum. I

Bur. Sci. QI+80

E. d btusiusculuTn

0

Bur. Sci. HISS

E. delicatulum

39

100

Tlur. Sci.. 111S9

E. viridesfiens

Elatostema acrophilum C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1911) Bot. 523.

This has a close ally in E. obliquifolium Reehinger,1 of Samoa, as represented
by Vaupel 209. The leaves of E. obliquifolium are distinctly more redu'ced on
the narrower side than are those of E. acrophilum, the upper surface has more
conspicuous cystoliths, the veins of the under surface are pubescent, the marginal
teeth are less coarse, and the veins are closer, the stem also is more pubescent.
In some of these respects, E. obliquifolium comes closer to E. microphyllum
Elmer, but that species has much less oblique leaves.

LAPORTEA Gaudich.

Laportea meyeniana (Walp.) Warb. in Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904), 168.

Urtica arborea Luzonis Camel ex Ray Hist. PI. 3 (1704) App. 70.

Camel’s description leaves little doubt that this is the species intended, at
least in the main. Its undoubted stinging qualities and its alleged medicinal
properties are mentioned. Two of the local names given by him, lipa and lipay

lEngl. Bot. Jahrb. 25 (1898) G22; Bot. Zool. Ergeb. Samoa. Salomonins. 3
(1910) 100.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

321

are still in use for Laportea meyeniana as well as for other species- of the genus;
sagay is recorded for L. crassifolia ; the two others known to Camel, ligathun
and apareaqua, seem to have dropped from use. They may not have been
Philippine-

LAURACEAE.

LITSEA Lam.

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) comb. nov.

Sebifera glutinosa Lour. FI. Cochinch. (1790) 638.

Litsea chinensis Lam. Encycl. 3 (1791) 574.

. Litsaea sebifera Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 4.

Litsea sebifera was based directly upon Loureiro’s species, which has been
considered by practically all authors, beginning with Persoon, to be the same as
Litsea chinensis Lam., although not the species called L. chinensis by Blume or
Heyne. Another species identified with it has been Glabraria tersa Linn. Mant,
(1771) 276, upon which Litsea tersa Merr. was based. Linnaeus’ species is
based upon Lignum laeve minus Humph. Herb. Amboin. 3: 72, pi. 1^. If
Glabraria tersa Linn, is the same species as Sebifera glutinosa Lour., it is its
oldest name, if not, it is doubtless the oldest name for some other species yet to
be extricated. Both these generic names are older than Litsea, but the latter
is among the nomina conservanda, except so far as Sebifera is concerned, it
doubtless having been omitted because until recently the portion of the third
volume of Lamarck’s Encyclopedia in which Lit sea appeared was thought to
have been published in 1789.

In the description of Rumphius’ plate, he uses both Latin and local names
not mentioned in the preceding text, and it is difficult to say whether he intended
them as substitutes or as additional. The plate itself shows Glabraria tersa to
have the flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3, leaves with acute bases,
acutely acuminate apices, and 3 or 4 veins. Not only the Philippine material
identified as L. chinensis Lam. or some supposedly equivalent species, but sheets
from other countries, have a different inflorescence, although rarely a flower
here and there may be solitary. The leaf-veins are more numerous, the leaves
themselves broader, usually with a different base and always with a different
apex. While there is every reason to believe that Glabraria tersa has rightly
been referred to Litsea, it seems to represent a quite different species from L.
chinensis Lam.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

POLYOSMA Blume.

Polyosma retusa sp. nov.

Arbor: inflorescentiis terminalibus, racemoso-paniculatis ; floribus viri-
dibus : foliis petiolatis, oblanceolatis, integris, basi acutis, apice retusis,
mucronatis.

Inflorescences terminal, about 8 cm long, the flowers arranged race-
mosely or paniculately, peduncles, when any, about 2 mm long, pedicels
about the same length, more or less covered with golden-olive pubescence,
which is also present upon the rachis sparingly, upon the peduncles,
pedicels, and calyx more densely, on the basal half of the outer surface of
the petals very densely and on their apical half more sparingly ; bracts at
the base of the pedicels and bracteoles (usually 3 in number) at their

322

ROBINSON.

apices lanceolate to ovate, up to 2 mm long : calyx-tnbe about 3 mm long ;
calyx-teeth 4, triangular, 1 mm long; petals 4, valvate, linear-oblong, 7.5
mm long, with a constant width of about 1.5 mm except in the apical 1
mm, where they are rounded to a somewhat hooded apex, their inner
surface very densely covered with dirty-grayish pubescence; filaments 4,
3.5 mm long, except at the extreme base dilated and densely covered with
grayish-yellow pubescence; anthers narrowly oblong, 2.5 mm long, the
apex rounded, the margins of the connective pubescent on the dorsal
surface; style 6 mm long, the basal half pubescent, the apical half nearly
glabrous and 4-grooved; stigma capitate, 0.75 mm in diameter; ovary
1-celled, with several small ovules on two parietal placentae; fruit ellip-
soid or ellipsoid-ovoid, 15 mm long, 7 mm in diameter, apiculate and
crowned by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded, glabrous.

A tree 8 m high, the trunk 10 cm in diameter, the dried branchlets
black, marked b}r the scars of fallen leaves, the vegetative parts glabrous
except in the youngest stages : leaves opposite or subopposite, the petioles
10 to 13 mm long, the somewhat coriaceous lamina oblanceolate or elliptic
ohlanceolate, 4.5 to 8 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, the base cuneate or acutely
acuminate, the margins entire, revolute, the apex retuse and mucronate;
lateral veins on each side of the costa 10 to 15.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas ( Infanta ) , Mount Binuang, in mossy forest at
840 m elevation. Bur. Sci. 9362 Robinson. Distinguished from all other species
of the genus by the retuse leaf-apex^ a character which it shares with species
of other genera in the same locality.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Cl CCA Linn.

Cicca disticha Linn. Mant. (1767) 124.

Averrhoa acida Linn.,2 * a much older name than the above, was based directly
upon FI. Zeyl. 179, with no synonyms cited that were not also in the earlier
publication, although some are omitted. The “Flora Zeylaniea,” in its turn, was
based on Hermann’s collection of plants and drawings, nearly all from Ceylon.
The type of Averrhoa acida must accordingly be determined from Hermann.
His volumes have been studied with great care by Trimen, and the following notes
bear on the present question. “179. Averrhoa acida, Sp. 428 * * * A. Caram-

bola, L., var. ? (drawing) “P. longifolius, Jaeq. * * * is the ‘Nelli’ of Herm.

Mus. 55, and therefore FI. Zeyl. n. 179 (and the Averrhoa acida of Linnaeus) ;
but there is . no specimen in Herb. Herm., and the drawing is by no means
characteristic.4 ” The identification of Averrhoa acida with Cicca disticha is
a very old one, going at least as far back as Willdenow,5 but Mueller did not
consider it in his monograph of the Euphorbiaceae. The combination Phyllanthus

2Sp. PI. (1753) 428.

2 Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24 (1887) 142.

4 Handb. FI. Ceylon 4 (1898) 26.

5 Sp. PI. 4 (1805) 332.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

323

acidus (Linn.) Skeels has recently been based upon it; this is the first time
that this has been published, but not the first that it has been used.6 7 8 I am more
than ever of the opinion that Gicca disticha should not be included in the genus
Phyllanthus. Did the evidence seem conclusive as to the identity of Averrhoa
acida with it, no other course would be left open than to form yet a new combina-
tion. But however strong the evidence may be that in general the two conceptions
were the same, Averrhoa acida must be held to be typified by Hermann’s drawing,
and that would seem to throw the balance in another direction.

There is further difficulty. Phyllanthus emllica Linn.1 has a long-standing
acceptance for an important tree, but is also is based directly on the “Flora
Zeylanica,” and Hermann’s drawing is not of the species to which the name is
commonly attached, but of Cicca disticha.’’

CLEISTANTHUS Hook. f.

Cleistanthus bride! ifol ius C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 191.

This finds a close ally in a species of the Malay Peninsula, Cleistanthus tricho-
carpa Ridl. Journ. As. Soc. Straits Branch 59 ( 1911 ) 167, represented here by three
collections, from Setul, Perlis, and Kedah, Ridley 14886, 14881/, 14881/ respectively.
The leaves of the Philippine species have different bases, are much more gradually
acuminate, and the venation is different, but Ridley’s species is probably much
its closest ally.

Cleistanthus megacarpus sp. nov.

Arbor : floribus monoicis, staminiferis sessilibus, glomeratis, pentameris,
glabris; capsulis admodum carnosis, depresso-globosis, magnis, trilocu-
laribus: foliis petiolatis, chartaceis, ellipticis vel oblanceolate-ellipticis,
basi acutis, margine revolutis, apice acuminatis, venis utrinque 9 ad 10.

Staminate flowers sessile in densely bracted clusters ; calyx 4 mm long,
divided for slightly more than half its length into 5 valvate lanceolate
acuminate lobes ; petals 5, inserted on the calyx beneath the sinuses of the
lobes, about 1 mm long, the lower half conspicuously narrowed, the upper
half spreading, 3-lobed, about 1 mm wide near the apex; disk occupying
the calyx-tube and with a narrow free margin; androphore attaining 2
mm in length, shorter when younger; filaments 5, about 0.7 mm long;
anthers broadly lanceolate, cordate at the base, about the; same length as
the filaments; rudimentary ovary lanceolate, about 1 mm long: capsules
with a somewhat fleshy outer coat, but dehiscent, borne on a pedicel at-
taining a length of 8 mm, circular in outline, in cross-section triangular
with rounded angles and intervening grooves, 2 cm long, 2 cm across the
sides of the triangle, 3-celled, with traces of 3 separate styles at the apex;
seeds solitary in the cells, lanceolate-ovate in outline, rounded-triangular
in cross-section, 13 mm long, 9 mm wide, cordate at the base.

6 Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. PI. Ind. 148 (1909) 17, Merr. in Publ. Govt. Lab.
(Philip.) 8 (1903) 41.

7Sp. PI. (1753) 982.

8 Trimen in Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 24 (1887) 149; Handb. FI. Ceylon 4 (1898)

20.

324

ROBINSON.

Glabrous trees, attaining a height of 10 m and a trunk-diameter of 12
cm, the ultimate branches with striate brownish or grayish-green bark :
petioles 10 to 13 mm long; lamina chartaceous, elliptic or oblanceolate-
elliptic, 15 to 25 cm long, 7.5 to 8.5 cm wide, acute at the base, the margins
slightly recurved and usually slightly undulate, the apex prolonged into
an acumen, which is more often slender and sometimes sharply acute,
upper surface plumbeous, under surface paler and when young usually
glaucous ; pairs of lateral veins 9 to 12, all except those near the apex of
the lamina nearly straight except close to midrib and margin, not forming
a submarginal vein.

Mindoro, Camantigue, Bongabong River, Whit ford 11/43 (type) ; Dailiagan
River valley, For. Bur. 3716 Merritt ; south of Lake Naujan, For. Bur. 6727
Merritt; Puli River, For. Bur. 12204 Rosenbluth ; growing in humid forests at
low elevations. This approaches among Philippine species the .one doubtfully
identified as G. myrianthus Kurz, but differs in its venation, and all our specimens
provisionally named as G. myrianthus are too imperfect for their exact position
to be ascertained.

Cleistanthus m indanaensis sp. nov.

Arbor Cleistantho isabellino Elmer affinis, sed differt foliis majoribus",
crassioribus, minus acuminatis, nervis pluribus.

Flowers borne in axillary clusters surrounded at the base by numerous
small ferruginous-pubescent bracts: staminate flowers on short thick
pedicels; calyx at first united, at full anthcsis 2.5 mm long, divided
nearly to the base into 5, coriaceous, ovate, obtuse or subacute lobes;
petals 5, 0.7 to 1 mm long, widened upward, denticulate along the upper
margin ; disk large, fleshy, entire or obscurely lobed ; androphorc wanting
in young flowers, becoming about 2 mm long to the insertion of the fila-
ments; filaments 5 or rarely 6, 1.5 mm long; anthers ovate, up to 1.3
mm long; rudimentary ovary sessile on the top of the androphore, ovate
in outline, 0.8 mm long, with 3 rudimentary styles about 0.4 mm long;
the flowers and pedicels glabrous: pistillate flowers not seen: fruiting
calyx and corolla similar to that of the staminate flowers, the disk thin-
ner; fruit apparently succulent, red, globose, seen up to 13 mm in dia-
meter, lightly G-ridged, 3-celled, the persistent styles 3, separate, 1.5 mm
long, shortly bifid; seeds not developed.

A tree, 12 to 18 m high, the trunk 15 to 18 cm in diameter, the
ultimate branches terete or at the apex somewhat angled, the bark gray
or brownish-gray, densely and minutely pubescent toward the apex, gla-
brescent below : petioles stout, 7 to 10 mm long, obscurely annulate,
pubescent or glabrous; lamina coriaceous, oblong or elliptic, 8.5 to 15
cm long, 3 to 5.5 cm wide, the base acute, the margins entire, the apex
forming an obtuse acumen usually about 8 mm long; upper surface
green, shining, under surface paler when glabrescent but when young
densely covered with cinnamon-colored pubescence ; veins 10 to 13 pairs,

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

325

evident on both surfaces, projecting on the lower, arching and anastomo-
sing but hardly forming a submarginal vein, finer reticulation alfeo evident.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. (type), 9441

WMtford cC- Hutchinson. This species was deliberately omitted from my previous
summary of the genus on the ground that the unusually soft fruits might entitle
it to generic segregation. It differs in no other respect from typical Cleistanthus.
It is closely allied to C. isabellinus Elmer, from Sibuyan, differing in the characters
noted above, and in the much stouter branches.

Cleistanthus misamisensis sp. nov.

Arbcr praecedenti affinis, sed dilfert floribus staminiferis minoribus,
stylis basi coalitis, foliis chartaceis, ramulis tenuioribus.

Staminate and pistillate flowers borne together in clusters surrounded
by numerous very short ferruginous bracts : staminate flowers on very
short stout glabrous pedicels; calyx at anthesis 2 mm long, split about
two-thirds of the distance to the base into 5 ovate obtuse glabrous lobes ;
petals 5, obovate, denticulate toward the acuminate apex; disk thin,
slightly 10-lobed; androphore thick, seen up to a length of 1 mm to the
insertion of the filaments; filaments 5, 1.5 mm long; anthers ovate, 0.8
mm long; rudimentary ovary subglobose continuing without evident
contraction into 3 styles, in all 1 mm long : fruiting calyx similar to that
of the staminate flowers; petals also subsimilar; fruit probably less suc-
culent than in G. mindanaensis,,g reen, seen up to 7 mm in diameter,
3-eelled; style usually more or less damaged, but enough remaining to
show with certainty that it is. united for about 1 mm and then forms
3 arms of shorter length, no trace of bifurcation remaining.

A tree, 4 m high, its trunk 15 cm in diameter, the branches and
branchlets slender, bark gray or yellowish-gray, glabrous except around
the inflorescences: petioles fairly stout, 3.5 to 7 mm long, annulate,
glabrous; lamina chartaceous, elliptic or oblong, 11.5 to 18.5 cm long,
5 to over 7 cm wide, the base obtuse or very slightly emarginate, the
margins entire, the apex forming an obtuse acumen 7 or 8 mm long;
upper surface somewhat olivaceous-green, shining, under surface paler,
minutely pubescent; pairs of veins 9 to 13, evident on both surf aces,
projecting on the lower, they and the minor venation much as in C.
mindanacnsis, but the reticulations somewhat laxer.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Iligan, at 50 m elevation. For. Bur. 15J/63
Pray & Cenabre. Ahern 577, from Tetuan, Zamboanga, Mindanao, is almost
certainly the same, but is sterile. The species has much similarity to G. min-
danaensis, but seems distinct by reason of the characters already, noted.

Cleistanthus myrianthoides sp. nov.

Arbor: Cleistantho myriantho Kurz habitu proxime accedens, sed dif-
fert floribus semper pedicellatis, stylis 2, et notis aliis minus conspicuis.

Flowers monoecious, both kinds on pedicels 1.5 to 5 mm long in the
same rather few-flowered glomerulcs, subtended at the base by short

326

ROBINSON.

ovate obtuse bracts; the bracts, pedicels, and calyx-tube densely ferru-
ginous-pubescent, the calyx-lobes less densely: calyx of staminate flowers
divided nearly to the base into 5 triangular-ovate lobes 2 mm long, often
3-veined ; petals 5, oblong-oblanceolate, about 1 mm long, the apex
rounded or subtruncate, only obscurely sinuate; disk rather thin, with
a free truncate rim, undulate in vertical view; androphore seen up to
1.3 mm long; filaments 5, 0.5 mm long; anthers ovate, cordate, 0.7
mm long ; rudimentary ovary elliptic or nearly oblong in outline, showing
by difference of color or slight enlargement traces of a stylar portion,
the latter most obscurely 4-lobed : calyx of pistillate flowers 2.5 mm long,
acuminate; petals oblong; disk nearly covering the ovary, 10-lobed on
the margin nearest the styles ; ovary ovoid, glabrous, minutely tuberculate,

1 mm long, containing 2 cells each with 2 ovules ; styles 2, very shortly
united at the base, free for about 1 mm, thence bifurcate for about 0.5
mm, the arms curved or one in each pair straight.

A tree 7 m high, its trunk-diameter 10 cm ; the bark of the branches
purplish, scaly, marked by lenticels, bark of the branchlets yellowish or
reddish, the very youngest parts slightly pubescent, elsewhere glabrous:
petioles 7 to 9 mm long; lamina when dried thinly chartaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or nearly elliptic, 7 to 15 cm long, 3 to 6
cm wide, nearly equilateral, the base obtuse, the margins slightly sinuate,
the' apex contracted, usually very gradually, into an acute or subobtuse
acumen, more often about 15 mm long, but with about 10 mm variation
on either side, upper surface shining, glabrous, under surface paler,
minutely but densely pubescent; pairs of veins 8 to 11, slender, connected
by numerous transverse veins, these evident on both surfaces, the finer
venation evident on the under only.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Caramoan, San Roque, For. Bur. 10679 Curran,
growing at low elevations, used for posts. The specimen has very great similarity
in general appearance to C. myrianthus Kurz, but the floral characters cited seem
to prevent its inclusion in that species. Even very immature flowers are pedicelled,
occasional minute ones are not; the number of styles was constant in 10 flowers l
examined for the purpose, and all of these were in good condition, so. that it was
possible to be certain that this was not the result of mechanical injury. With
this is correlated the difference in the ovary, and perhaps that in the rudimentary
ovary.

Local name: sacatan.

Cleistanthus pilosus sp. nov.

Arbor, ramulis dense ferrugineo-pilosis : floribus ignotis ; capsulis
distanter spicatis, bracteatis, 3-locularibus, triangulari-rotundatis, in sin-
ubus dense aliter laxiuscule pilosis : foliis brevissime petiolatis, chartaceis,
oblongo-lanceolatis vel oblongis, basi emarginatis, apice obtuse acuminatis,
venis utrinque 8 vel 9.

Fruiting calyces sessile on ferruginous-pilose lateral branches 2 to 3
cm long, surrounded by ovate, acuminate, pilose bracts ; calyx 4 to 5 mm

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

327

long, divided for about three-fourths to four-fifths the distance to the base
into 5, narrowly lanceolate, densely ferruginous-pilose lobes; petals oval,
1.5 mm long, pilose-ciliate ; disk forming 5 semicircular lobes, rounded
at the apex, 1.5 mm in diameter, densely pilose; capsule in cross-section
triangular, but the 3 lobes broadly rounded, 9 mm long, 12 mm along the
sides of the triangle, more or less densely pilose in the sinuses and at the
base and apex, elsewhere with scattered hairs or glabrescent ; styles united
for about 0.5 mm, the rest fallen; seeds not developed.

Presumably a tree, the branches and branchlets slender, the bark pur-
plish, densely pubescent : petioles 1 to 3 mm long ; lamina chartaeeous,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 11 cm long, 22 to 40 mm wide,- the base
emarginate, the margins entire or very obscurely sinuate, the apex form-
ing a blunt acumen 5 to 12 mm long, upper surface a rather dull bluish-
green, glabrous or with scattered hairs on the costa, under surface brown-
ish, densely pubescent on the costa near its base, sparingly pubescent or
glabrous on the middle part of the costa and the principal veins; pairs
of veins 8 or 9, strongly arched, the secondary veins lax, conspicuous on
the under surface, but on the upper no more evident than the finer reticu-
lations, which are hardly visible beneath.

Basilan, For. Bur. 19511 Almagro. Rather distinct amongst Philippine species,
approaching closest to C. vidalii and C. everettii, distinguished from the former
by the more evident venation, less acuminate leaves, and pubescence, from the
latter by shorter petioles, different venation, more pubescent branches, less
pubescent capsules, and the nature of the inflorescence. It is much more widely
separated from C. gracilis, than is C. vidalii.

Cleistanthus vidalii C. B. Rob. in Philip. Joum. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 193.

Gleistanthus blancoi Vidal Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 234, non Rolfe in
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 315.

This approaches rather closely to G. gracilis Hook, f., as represented by Ridley
14900, from Perlis, Malay Peninsula. The leaves of G. vidalii are larger and
usually oblong-lanceolate, but some of each species are identical in shape and
nearly in size, but in these the base of the Philippine species is more obtuse; the
terminal acumen is slightly more prolonged proportionally in G. gracilis. In
both the venation is inconspicuous, a little more evident in the Philippine plants,
where the number of veins is greater.

GLOCH I DION Forst.

The oldest name for this, after 1753 as a separate genus, seems to be
Agyneia Linn. Linnaeus published 9 two species, considered by Muel-
ler 10 and subsequent authors to be varieties of one, referable to the sec-
tion Hemiglochidion, although Mueller himself cites it as synonymous
not with that section but with Euglochidion. Nevertheless, the generic
name Agyneia has been continued in use, not for the species which were
so-called by Linnaeus, but for others considered to belong to a different

9 Mant. (1771) 161.

DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1862) 239, 307.

328

ROBINSON.

genus. On any possible interpretation of types, the name Agyneia would
have to be substituted for Glochidion, as it is 5 years older, nor is there
any bar to such a course in the adopted lists of nonvina conservanda.

Glochidion benguetense Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 304.

This finds a close ally in G. leiostylum King. The stylar column is of the
same general nature in the two species, but in the Philippine plants is shorter
and less deeply cleft, the difference being sufficient to maintain them as distinct.
The leaves are also very similar, in outline, apex, and venation; those of G.
benguetense are usually more inequilateral and obtuse at the base, average
smaller in size, and there are fewer of them on a branchlet.

Glochidion cagayanense sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Arbuscula: floribus solitariis vel paucis faseiculatis : calyce alte 6-
partito, segmentis lanceolatis, obtusis vel subacutis, pistilliferorum long-
ioribus; antheris 3; ovario pubescente, triloculare; stylo basi ovario sub-
aequilato sed duplo longiore, apice leviter incrassato, trilobato: foliis
lanceolatis, basi acutis vel rarius obtusis, apice saepius admodum f alcatis,
acute acuminatis.

Flowers solitary or few in a fascicle, the only staminate one seen near
the apex of a branch: staminate flower shortly pedicelled; perianth-
segments 6, lanceolate; anthers 3: pistillate pedicels attaining a length
of 8 mm, conspicuously thickened at the apex; perianth-segments 6, lan-
ceolate, obtuse or subacute, 2 mm long, pubescent or glabrous; ovary
3-celled, densely pubescent, 0.6 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter, globose
or depressed-globose; stylar column not constricted at the base, there
slightly narrower than the ovary, in all about 1.2 mm long, the basal
portion cylindric, very slightly widened at the apex and forming 3
thickened obtuse lobes : capsule pubescent or glabrescent, 6 mm long, 1
cm in diameter, 3-celled.

A small tree, 4 m high, its slender ultimate branches covered with
grayish bark, the branchlets, petioles, and the bases of the costas of the
leaves more or less pubescent: petioles 2 to 3 mm long; lamina charta-
ceous, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 7 to 12.5 cm long, 1.5 to 5 cm wide,
acute or obtuse at the usually strongly inequilateral base, the apex usually
slightly falcate, forming an acute acumen ; pairs of veins 6 to 9, strongly
arched, the more basal not uniting with those next above by strong anasto-
moses, the more apical forming a fairly definite submarginal vein ; upper
surface plumbeous, under surface brownish; stipules lanceolate, subfal-
cate, 2.5 to 3 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Claveria, Bur. Sci. 7390 Ramos (type) ; Missiones
River, For. Bur. 16715 Curran; Mount Ababaca, For. Bur. 16726 Curran. The
pubescence of the perianth-segments and other parts of the flowers shows consid-
erable variation, but almost its whole range can be found at consecutive nodes
of the same branch. In the extreme, the base of the style is also pubescent.
Among Philippine species, this is best placed between G. longistylum and G. tricho-
gynum, being intermediate between these in the lobing of the styles, differing also

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

329

from the former by its 3-celled ovary, and from the latter by the more horny
texture of the walls of the capsules. It is not likely to be mistaken for either
on casual inspection, as its leaves are thinner and of different shape from those
of G. longistylum, smaller, narrower, and more falcate than those of G. tricho-
gynum. It resembles G. brunneum Hook. f. in its leaves and general appearance
of the styles, but the latter has 5 or 6 anthers, a different inflorescence, and the
ovary is 4- to 6-celled.

Glochidion curran ii C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 102.

This has great general resemblance to a New Guinea species, Glochidion gla-
brum J. J. Smith,11 but the pistillate flowers are different. The inner lobes of
the perianth are very strikingly shorter than the outer, whereas in the Philip-
pine plants, this difference, although noted in the original description, is quite
slight. There are other less important differences, but the two species should
be considered closely allied, unless more emphasis is laid on this character than
has ordinarily been done.

Glochidion ligulatum sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Frutex: floribus pistilliferis axillaribus, fasciculatis, vel in ramis axil-
laribus brevissimis suffultis ; perianthio alte 6-partito, segmentis lanceo-
latis, acutis; ovario triloculare; stylo basi parum ovarie altius latiore,
multo longiore, apice trilobato, lobis saepe bifidis: foliis chartaceis, an-
guste ellipticis vel anguste oblanceolatis, utrinque acutis, glabris.

Staminate flowers unknown : pistillate flowers in threes or fours, in
axillary fascicles or upon axillary branches about 2 mm long; the bracts
sometimes ciliate, the plant otherwise glabrous; pedicels about 0.5 mm
long; perianth about 1.8 mm long, divided nearly to the base into 6 lan-
ceolate, barely imbricate, nearly acute segments; petals and disk none;
ovary globose, 0.5 mm in diameter, 6-grooved, 3-celled, each cell 2-ovuled,
passing with very slight narrowing into a fleshy ligulate or oblanceolate
style 2.5 to 3 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter above the middle, somewhat
3-angled, divided for about 0.5 mm at the apex into 3 lobes, which are
nearly always shortly 2-cleft at their apices: capsule not seen beyond 2.5
mm in diameter, still 6-grooved, 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded.

A glabrous shrub, 1 m high, the bark of the branches and branchlets
gray, more or less mingled with dark-brown : petioles about 2 mm long ;
lamina chartaeeous, but firm, narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate,
6.5 to 11 cm long, 1 to 1.7 cm wide, the inequilateral base acute and
decurrent, the margins revolute, the apex straight or slightly falcate,
barely or not acuminate, acute, mucronate ; pairs of veins 8 to 10, slender,
their ends forming a widely arching submarginal vein ; other venation
rather lax, evident; stipules about 1.5 mm long, the base ovate, short, the
apex acicular.

Ltjzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Mount Dagat, Bur. Sci. 77 46 Ramos. The
section is inferred from its apparent alliances, especially among Philippine species,
with G. longistylum , which has a longer and narrower style, 4-celled ovary, and

R4s. Expgd. Nterl. Nouv. Guin. 8 (1910) 224, pi. 53.

330

ROBINSON.

more coriaceous leaves. The closest extra-Philippine alliance is probably with
Glochidion podocarpum (Muell.-Arg. ) , (Phyllanthus podocarpus Muell.-Arg.)
of Fiji, which has a 6-celled ovary, a comparatively broader style, and ovate-
lanceolate leaves.

Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) Benth. FI. Hongkong. (1861) 314 (G. philip-
pinense) ; C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 103.

The range of this species extends from Formosa to Southern New Guinea.1’
Henry 713 is the basis for the northeastern extension. The flowers are young,
at least on our specimen, but taken with the leaves, make the identification
reasonably certain. I have also seen some of the collections on which Mr. Smith
credited the species to New Guinea, and cannot but agree with him.

Glochidion weberi sp. nov. § Euglochidion.

Frutex pubescens: monoicum, floribus fasciculatis, staminiferis pedi-
cellatis, pistilliferis sessilibus sed fructibus pedicellatis ; antheris 4 vel 5 ;
columna stylare breve, rotundata, umbilicata, quam ovarium angustiore,
basi haud constricta: foliis oblongis, oblongo-lanceolatis, vel oblongo-
ovatis, basi obtusis vel truneatis, apice acuminatis, venis utrinque 6 ad
13 ; stipulis anguste triangulari-lanceolatis, longis.

Flowers of both kinds borne in the same fascicles, the pistillate fewer,
earlier developing: staminate pedicels about 3 mm long, rather stout,
glabrous on the basal half, pubescent above ; sepals 6, the 3 outer broadly
lanceolate, fleshy, 2 mm long, obtuse at the apex, pubescent on the outer
surface; inner sepals similar in size and outline but still thicker, with
a short broad basal claw, thickened at the apex, glabrous or pubescent on
the costa only; stylar column in all about 1.5 mm long, the anthers 4
or 5, about one and a half times the length of the produced connective :
pistillate flowers sessile at anthesis, but the pedicels in fruiting about 8
mm long; sepals 6 or 7, the inner and outer similar, lanceolate or ovate, 2
to 3 mm long, acuminate or acute, somewhat falcate, with long pubescence
on the outer surface; ovary depressed-globose, about 1 mm long and
1.5 mm in diameter, with dense pubescence, concealing the styles, the
latter narrower than the ovary, 0.6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, rounded
and umbilicate at the apex, obscurely 5-grooved; fruiting calyx usually
closely embracing the base of the capsule or slightly spreading or reflexed;
capsules red, obovoid, about 2 cm long and slightly wider, umbilicate at
the apex, 10-celled, pubescent; seeds 6 to 7 mm long, 4.5 to 5.5 mm wide,
flattened on one side, rounded on the other, the testa smooth, brownish.

A bush, 1 m high, the stem 1 cm in diameter, densely pubescent, bark
of the stems gray, of the branches blackish, but both obscured by the
pubescence; the hairs alike on vegetative and reproductive parts pale-
golden to tawny in color, 1 to 2 mm long, often several-celled : petioles

12 Flora 48 (1865) 370; DC. Prodr. 152 (1862) 310.

13 See J. J. Smith in Koord. & Val. Bijdr. Boomsort. Jav. 12 (1910) 141..

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

331

stout, about 2 mm long, densely pubescent : lamina chartaceous, oblong,
oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-ovate, variable in size, more often 14.5 to 23
cm long, 4.5 to 8.5 cm wide, but down to 6 to 8 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide,-
with intermediates, the base obtuse or truncate, nearly inequilateral but
one side often produced slightly beyond the other, the apex acutely
acuminate, both surfaces drying brownish but the upper the darker, the
upper densely pubescent, the under less so except on the veins; pairs of
veins 6 to 13, anastomosing to form a definite arched vein near the margin,
cross veins between the principal ones several, finer venation less conspic-
uous; stipules narrowly triangular-lanceolate or long-acuminate from
an ovate base, up to 11 mm long, pubescent-plumose.

Mindanao, Subprovince of Agusan, west slope of Mount Hilonghilong, G. M.
Weber 1012, growing in rocky soil near a stream, at about 400 m elevation.

G. web'eri is very different from any Philippine species referable to the section
Euglocliidion, but resembles three belonging to Eemiglochidion, G. trichogynum,
G. latistylum, and G. album, but apart from the number of anthers, it can be
distinguished from all three by the styles, sharply in the case of the first two,
less definitely from the last, whose longer and more slender staminate receptacles
furnish an additional character for separation, as do the staminate sepals and
the stipules. Similarly with the species of other countries represented in this
herbarium. On superficial inspection, only two would be thought worth compar-
ing, G. superbum,, which is in Hemiglochidion, and G. decorum, J. J. Smith,
from New Guinea, whose anthers number 4. On a summary of characters, taken
in what is considered the order of their relative importance, G. weberi seems to
find its nearest alliance in G. multiloculare Muell.-Arg., but the species are very
different in appearance. The most conspicuous characters are pubescence, the
size, shape, base, and apex of the leaves; apart from these there are the stipules,
pedicels, sepals, and nearly everything except the anthers, styles, and ovary-cells.

Glochidion zeylanicum var. malayanum J. J. Smith in Koord. & Val. Bijdr.
Boomsort. Jav. 12 (1910) 118.

This species has been credited to the Philippines by Mr. Smith. He writes
that he has seen only a single collection from these Islands that he believes
referable to this species, but through some unfortunate slip in labeling, the
number given by him is one that never existed, Ahern 1851f. It is possible
that it may be Ahern 185, Which has much the general appearance of G. zeyla-
nicum Juss. However, our sheet of that number has staminate flowers, and the
anthers number 3 or rarely 4, and I believe that it has been correctly referred
to the species called by me G. album (Blanco) Boerl., with the qualifications
that it may not have been the species intended by Blanco, and is almost certainly
not that of Boerlage.14 It is still more definitely G. leytense Elmer. This may
not be the collection intended by Mr. Smith, but the number is more nearly
similar to that on the sheet at Buitenzorg than is that of any other of our-
collections of Glochidion. It still seems to me that our nearest ally to G.
zeylanicum is G. lancifolium C. B. Rob. This differs from Indian specimens
now in this herbarium by the more distinctly peduncled inflorescences, and
somewhat in the base and apex of the leaves, but the descriptions of G. zeylanicum

14 See This Journal 4 (1909) Bot. 99, 100.

L05264 2

332

ROBINSON.

are nearly wide enough to cover these characters. The leaves of G. lancifolium
are nearly chartaceous, or sometimes rather thinner or somewhat thicker than
would be indicated by that term, but they can not be described as coriaceous, as
have been those of G. zeylanicum ,16

OSTODES Blume.

Ostodes ixoroides sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbuscula : inflorescentiis terminalibus vel lateralibus,
pedunculis teneris, angulatis, longiusculis ; floribus paucis, breviter pedi-
cellatis, dioicis, pentameris : f oliis breviter petiolatis, chartaceis, lanceola-
tis, margine minute dentatis, basi cordatis, apice acuminatis.

Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 4 to 20 cm long, slender, angled,
their branches few and short, the dioecious flowers few and forming con-
densed panicles at the apices of the branches of the inflorescence, with
short more or less ciliate bracts : staminate flowers on very short pedicels ;
calyx about 3 mm long, out about two-thirds of the distance to the base
into 5, imbricate, ovate lobes, rounded at their apices ; petals 5, free,
broadly oblaneeolate, 6 mm long, rounded at the apex; disk-glands 5,
free, about 0.4 mm long; filaments united to form a column, the outer
5 evident from its base, becoming free at a hight of 1 mm for an additional
0.5 mm, a second whorl at the apex of the column, free for about the
same distance as the lower, total length of column to apices of anthers
about 3 mm ; anthers erect or nearly so, dorsifixed just above .their bases,
introrse, the cells separate, nearly parallel, the outer halves the longer,
about 1 mm long, the connective produced beyond the cells; no rudi-
mentary ovary present ; pistillate flowers with a similar calyx, 4 to 6 mm
long; petals oval, broadly acuminate at the apex, 7 mm long; disk annular,
short, its margin more or less sinuate, ovary subglobose, 2 mm in diameter,
glabrous, deeply 6-grooved, 3-celled ; styles 3, united at the extreme base,
but almost at once forked into 2 arms, in all about 2 mm long, usually
nearly horizontal : capsule depressed-globose, 1 cm in diameter, deeply
3-grooved, 3-celled, each cell containing one seed about 6 mm long.

A shrub or small tree, the vegetative parts entirely glabrous, the
branches with brownish or grayish striate bark: leaves resembling those
of Ixora chinensis Lam. ; petioles about 3 mm long ; lamina chartaceous,
lanceolate, 10 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, the base cordate, the
margins minutely dentate, the apices acuminate; pairs of veins 15 to 20,
forming a definite submarginal vein and a fainter outer one.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Bangui, For. Bur. 13^26 Elemme (type,
pistillate flowers and capsules) ; Mount Dagat, Bur. Sci. 77 -f 7 Ramos (staminate
flowers ) . The arrangement of the stamens suggests Trigonostemon rather than
Ostodes, but the species falls within the limits of the latter.

FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1887) 311.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

333

PHYLLANTHUS Linn.

Phyllanthus erythrotrichus sp. nov. § Paraphyllanthus.

Suffrutex lignosus, erectus vel suberectus, ramis teretibus, apice tricho-
matibus rubris longis obsitis : monoids, floribus sessilibus vel brevissime
pedicellatis, solitariis, minutis; staminiferi perianthii segmentis 5 vel 6,
disci glandulis liberis, filamentis brevissimis, antheris 3, verticaliter dehis-
eentibus ; pistilliferi perianthii segmentis 6, disco annulare breve, ovario
glabro, stylis 3 liberis apice bilobatis : foliis subsessilibus, lanceolatis
vel oblongo-lanceolatis, basi obtnsis vel cordatulis, inaequilateralibus, apice
mucronatis et capillo decidno instrnctis.

Flowers monoecious, solitary: staminate flowers with pedicels 0.1 to
0.2 mm long; perianth-segments 5 or 6, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
0.5 to 0.8 mm long, obtuse at the apex; disk glands free, minute except
in proportion to the size of the flower; filaments very short but united;
anthers 3, 0.2 mm long, free, reaching to the base of the flower, dehisching
vertically : pistillate flowers sessile, br acted ; perianth-segments 6, oblong
to obovate, 1 mm long, obtuse; disk annular; ovary depressed-globose,
about 0.5 mm long, glabrous, 3-celled; styles 3, free from the base, up
to about 0.5 mm long, at the apex shortly 2-lobed with distinct stigmas :
capsule brown, glabrous, 2 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, 3-celled; seeds
plano-convex or somewhat gibbous, 1.3 mm long; testa yellowish, with
an irregular row of usually elongate comparatively deep pits on the
back and often equally developed but more circular pits on the sides.

A woody undershrub, 7 to 25 cm high, the branchlets more crowded
near the top, the terete reddish striate stem roughened by scales and
the scars of fallen branchlets, the youngest parts and the branchlets
shortly pubescent, the larger stems bearing at the apex tufts of reddish
hairs 3 to 7 mm long; pairs of leaves on a branchlet 15 to 18: the dis-
tichous leaves with comparatively thick petioles about 0.3 mm long, the
lamina lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5 to 5 mm long, 0.7 to 1.8
mm wide, at the inequilateral base obtuse or slightly cordate, the margins
distinctly thickened, simulating lateral veins, the apex mucronate and
provided with a hair about 2 mm long, articulated, deciduous and rarely
found, the upper surface bearing very short separate hairs resembling
glands, the margins ciliolate, the under surface glaucous; venation dis-
tinct, often purplish, about 6 lateral veins on each side with a definite sub-
marginal vein ; stipules narrowly linear-lanceolate, conspicuous, very acute,
2 to 3 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Mount Cura, at an elevation of 300 m, For. Bur.
16834 Curran (type) : Subprovince of Bontoc, Ling-lagan, For. Bur. 10996 Curran;
Gaddac, Vanoverbergh 739 : Subprovince of Ifugao, Bila, Bur. Sci. 13542 H. O.
Beyer ; Tukukan, Bur. Sci. 13541 3. O. Beyer; Ahin, Bur. Sci. 13543 H. O. Beyer:
Subprovince of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16148 Curran, Merritt, &

334

ROBINSON.

Zschoklce: Province of Pampanga, Mount Abu, Bur. Sci. 1918 Foxworthy:
Province of Rizal, Montalban, Phil. PI. Ip Merrill, Bur. Sci. 9 5 42 Robinson.

In the general alliance of P. urinaria Linn, coming closest to P. benguetensis,
but distinguished from it- by the much smaller and differently shaped leaves.
The largest-leaved specimens get close to P. greenei Elmer, but even in this
comparison the branchlets of the latter are thicker, and more definitely angled,
and glabrous, and the leaves are of slightly different shape.

Local names (Ifugao) : uguggip, giwi-giwi.

Phyllanthus macgregorii sp. nov. § Eriococcus.

Frutex : floribus pistilliferis longiter pedicellatis, fasciculatis ; perian-
tliio 6-partito, segmentis ovatis vel ovalibus, integris ; disco subintegro ;
ovario triloculare, glabro ; stylis alte bifidis, reclinatis: foliis lanceolatis
vel ellipticis, basi obtusis, apice breviter acuminatis.

Pistillate flowers in axillary fascicles ; peduncles slender, dilated at the
apex, glabrous, 17 to 32 mm long, arising from crowded, very small, ovate,
pubescent bracts : calyx 1.7 to 2 mm long divided for about two- thirds of
the distance to the base into 6, entire, glabrous, oval or ovate, acuminate
segments ; disk nearly flat, thin, on vertical view slightly undulate ; ovary
depressed-globose, about 1.3 mm in diameter, glabrous, 3-celled ; styles
3, forked almost or quite to the base, the arms reclining on the ovary,
about 0.7 mm long: capsule seen up to about 5 mm in diameter, similar
to the ovary, the seeds not fully developed, their testa smooth.

Probably a shrub, the branches terete, slightly ridged, the branchlets
somewhat compressed, pilose along two opposite lines, the older shoots
progressively glabrescent ; bark dark-reddish, tending to grayish-brown
on the older shoots : petioles -1 to 2 mm long ; lamina membranaceous or
slightly thicker, lanceolate, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5 to 6 cm long,
1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, nearly equilateral, the base obtuse, the apex contracted
into an acute or subacute, mucronulate acumen, about 2 to 3 mm long,
or merely subacute, upper surface yellowish- or somewhat brownish-green,
the under slightly paler, both glabrous; pairs of veins 10 to 15, slender,
often little more conspicuous than the intermediates, uniting at their
extremities to form an arched submarginal vein; stipules lanceolate-
acicular, less than 1 mm long, caducous.

Babuyanes Islands, Dalupiri, Bur. Sci. 10128 McGregor. Two or three
other species of Phyllanthus have been left undescribed, owing to the lack of
one or the other kind of flowers, but P. macgregorii appears to be so closely
allied to P. stipularis Merr. that its section may be predicted without the
staminate flowers. From that species, it may be distinguished by the much
smaller stipules, and the less oblique leaves with much more crowded veins, and
of different outline and more uniform color on the two surfaces. In general
appearance, P. macgregorii has even greater similarity to P. gracilipes Muell.-Arg.
than to P. stipularis, but the calyx-segments of P. gracilipes are not entire, nor
is the ovary glabrous : it also is in the section Eriococcus.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

335

Phyllanthus megalanthus sp. nov. § Eriococcus.

Frutex glaber: floribus solitariis, pedicellatis, magnis; staminiferi
perianthii segmentis integris 4, antheris 2, transverse dehiscentibus,
glandulis liberis, approximatis ; pistilliferi perianthii segmentis 6, inte-
gris, ovario stipitato, depresso-globoso, 6-sulcato, 3-loculare: foliis sub-
oblongis, inaequilateralibus, basi obtnsis, apice acutis; stipnlis lineari-
lanceolatis.

Flowers solitary, more often near the apices of the branchlets : stami-
nate flowers on pedicels 2 to 3 mm long; calyx-segments 4, 2.5 to 4 mm
long, entire, varying in outline from narrowly lanceolate to orbicular-
ovate, the inner usually the shorter and wider; disk-glands 4, free but
closely approximate, granular; staminal column attainilig a length of
2 mm and a diameter of 1 mm, the 4 anther-cells forming a ring at
its apex and dehiscing transversely, inclosing a rudimentary ovary 0.3
to 0.5 mm long and 0.8 to 1.2 mm wide: pistillate flowers on pedicels
8 to 10 mm long; calyx-segments 6, entire, the outer oval, about 6 mm
long, the inner obovate, about 7 mm long; disk-glands forming a more
or less undulate ring, granular ; ovary shortly stipitate, depressed-globose,
glabrous, 1 mm long, 6-grooved, 3-celled ; stylar column entire for about
1.2 mm, then 3-lobed for a slightly longer distance, the lobes bifid for
about half their length and recurved: fruiting calyx enlarged, seen up
to 13 mm long ; stipe 1 mm long ; capsule 3 mm long, 4 mm in diameter.

A shrub, 1 m high, glabrous throughout, the branches roughened by
the scars of fallen branchlets, covered with reddish bark, the branchlets
tending to become crowded at the apex ; about 20 pairs of leaves on each
branchlet: petioles about 1 mm long; lamina membranaceous, nearly
oblong, usually about 20 mm long and 7 mm wide, attaining 24 mm by
10 mm, usually inequilateral throughout its length, the base rounded on
both sides or acute on the lower, the apex acute, the under surface much
paler than the upper; stipules linear-lanceolate, 2 mm long, acute or
sometimes forming an acute acumen for over half their length; venation
pinnate, the thin veins about 6 pairs.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Mount Alunleng-Bava, For. Bur. 112J/3 Curran,
growing on exposed ridges at an elevation of 200 m. Among Philippine species,
this comes nearest to P. stipularis Merr., from which it is at once distinguished
by the size of the calyx. Its closest ally is P. macrocalyx Muell.-Arg., of India,
which differs in having larger, equilateral leaves, narrower stipules, and smaller
staminate flowers with united glands.

TRIGONOSTEMON Blume.

Trigonostemon hirsutus sp. nov. § Eutrigonostemon.

Arbuscula hirsuta: inflorescentiis axillaribus; floribus staminiferis in
bractearum axillis fasciculatis, pistilliferis solitariis : foliis oblanceolatis,
basi acutis, marginibus glandulosis ssepe denticulatis, apice breviter aeu-
minatis, subtus hirsutis ; venis utrinque saepius 22.

336

ROBINSON.

Dioecious, so far as known: staminate inflorescences 12 to 17 cm long,
axillary, the rachis slender, angled, yellow-hirsute, the bracts or clusters
of bracts usually 1 to 2 cm apart; bracts lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate,

5 to 7 mm long, densely hirsute, usually accompanied by two or three
similar bracts only 2 to 3 mm long, the flowers 10 or more to each large
bract, clustered on very short pedicels, the pedicels after the fall of the
flower thickened and hollowed at the apex : calyx imbricate, deeply 4- or
5-parted, the segments unequal, ovate to ohovate, 1.5 to 2.5 mm long,
sparingly pubescent on the outer surface, the margins entire, not glan-
dular; petals yellowish-green, free, imbricate, 4 or 5, ovate to obovate,
2 to 2.5 mm long; disk at full anthesis shortly cupular, the margins as
seen from above undulate; androphore nearly 1 mm long, the anthers
3, in all about 0.7 mm long, the connective parted nearly to the base
and projecting shortly beyond the cells, the latter narrowly elliptic, about
0.5 mm long, extrorse, dehiscing longitudinally; rudimentary ovary not
present : infrutescence about 8 cm long, otherwise similar to the staminate
inflorescence; fruiting pedicels solitary, about 1 cm long, thickened
at the apex, hirsute, the basal recurved, the apical spreading; calyx deeply
5-parted, the segments lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3.5 to 4.5 mm long,
hirsute: capsule depressed-globose, less conspicuously hirsute, about 8
mm long, over 1 cm in diameter, 3-celled, the cells 1-seeded ; seeds about

6 mm long, 6.5 mm wide, the sides nearly flat, the dorsal surface rounded
with rather faint longitudinal lines on the crustaceous purplish testa,
the cotyledons about 5.5 mm wide, 1.5 mm thick, the radicle about
0.5 mm wide and thick.

Tree-like in habit, but not known beyond 2 m in height, with stems
4 cm in diameter, the apex greenish, somewhat angled, brown-hirsute;
leaves simple, alternate; petioles 12 to 35 mm long, hirsute; lamina
submembranaceous, oblanceolate, 23 to 33 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, the
base acute, the margins glandular and often crenulate, the apex abruptly
contracted into a subacute acumen 5 to 20 mm long, upper surface
sparingly hirsute, under surface rather densely hirsute, both very densely
on young leaves; pairs of veins 21 to 24, arched and forming a vein
near the margin ; stipules lanceolate, hirsute, about 1 cm long.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, Bur. Sci. 11798 Robinson
(staminate flowers, type), For Bur. 9311 Whitford & Hutchinson (fruiting).
The two collections are not identical, although certainly very closely allied.
Direct comparison is possible only from the leaves, and those of the type are
much more denticulate than the other. They are also very similar to the
following species, but the staminate perianth makes it impossible to place them
together. Neither species is closely allied to T. philippinensis Stapf, differing
in inflorescence and leaves; both find a near ally in T. villosus Hook, f., but
have smaller flowers and larger and more numerously veined leaves. None of
the flowers on the type are at the most desired stage, but the contrast between the
youngest and oldest indicates a development similar to that in Gleistanthus. In
the youngest there is no trace of an androphore, this being well developed' in
over-mature flowers on the same plant.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

337

Trigonostemon oblanceolatus sp. noy. § Eutrigonostemon.

Arbuseula, praecedenti similis, floribus exeeptis minus hirsuta, sed
differt floribus staminiferis minus numerosis, calyce hirsuto, connectivo
magis producto, petalis purpuTeis.

Inflorescences about 26 cm long, the rachis angled and grooved, about
2 mm wide, densely hirsute, the flowers racemed, the pistillate solitary,,
the staminate solitary or very few ; bracts lanceolate, 7 to 8 mm long, or
shorter at the base and apex of the raceme, densely hirsute, usually ac-
companied by a pair of much smaller bracts as in T. liirsutus: staminate
flowers very shortly pedicelled; calyx deeply 5-parted, 2 mm long, or
with the dense stiff yellowish pubescence 3 mm long, two of the segments
lanceolate, subacute, the other three oblong-obovate, obtuse; petals dark-
purple, free, 5, obovate, 3 mm long; disk shortly cupular, free for about
0.4 mm; androphore 1 mm long, the anthers 3, the connective free
nearly to the base and strongly thickened and protruding beyond the
cells, the latter narrowly oblong, 0.5 mm long, extrorse, dehiscing long-
itudinally; no rudimentary ovary: pistillate flowers on pedicels 9 to 10
mm long, hirsute, apically thickened; calyx deeply 5-parted, 5 to 7 mm
long, the greater extreme including pubescence, three of the segments
lanceolate, subacute, the other two- membranaceous-margined, oval, obtuse ;
disk shortly cupular, closely inclosing base of ovary; ovary densely
pubescent, 2.5 mm long, 4 mm in diameter, 3-celled, the ovules solitary;
syles 3, 0.8 mm long, free from one another, deeply 2-parted.

A tree about 3 m high, its stems 5 cm in diameter, the bark dirty-
brownish, the apices greenish, angled, very slightly hirsute: leaves alter-
nate, simple; petioles 10 to 18 mm long; lamina submembranaceous,
oblanceolate, 29 to 31 cm long, 9 to 9.5 cm wide, the base acute, the
margins merely obscurely sinuate with a very few inconspicuous glands,
the apex forming a very short acumen; both surfaces inconspicuously
hirsute, except the densely hirsute sides of the costa of the under surface ;
pairs of veins about 19, arched and forming a submarginal vein.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, at 150 m elevation, Williams
2185. In the opened flowers, the calyx-segments appear valvate with the excep-
tion of the broader ones in the pistillate flowers ; in one of these, petals were
found loosely adhering to the sides of the ovary, which were quite similar to those
of the staminate flowers.

ANACARDIACEAE.

MANGIFERA Linn.

Mangifera verticillata sp. nov.

Arbor magna : infloreseentiis terminalibus, composito-paniculatis, ramis
ramulisque tomentcsis, valde tetragonis, verticillatis vel subverticillatis ;
floribus dioicis, pentameris; staminiferorum sepalis liberis, petalis basi
ima connatis; stamine uno, staminodiis 4; disco subnullo: foliis verti-

338

ROBINSON.

cillatis, longiuseule petiolatis, coriaceis, elliptico-obovatis, basi valde
decurrentibus, apice breviter acuminatis ; venis utrinque circiter 25.

Staminate inflorescences terminal, 20 to 30 cm long, the rachis,
branches and branchlets strongly 4-angled, with grayish-brown tomentum,
the branches of the rachis except near its apex verticillate or subverticillate
in fonrs, those of the lowest whorl up to about 12 cm long, those of
the second whorl about 8.5 cm long, the secondary branches opposite or
subopposite, rarely alternate, variable in length, the lower about 2 cm
long, tertiary branches about 1 cm long; all above measurements includ-
ing flowers ; the flowers clustered at the apices of the tertiary branches, the
pedicels stout, tomentose, about 0.5 mm long, the bracteoles ovate, obtusely
acuminate, 2 mm long, densely pubescent on the outer surface; bracts at
the base of the rachis very numerous (judging by their scars), caducous,
coriaceous, the base ovate, 3 mm long, contracted into an acute acumen
about 4 mm long: sepals 5, free, oblong to ovate, imbricate, obtuse or
truncate at the apex, 1.5 to 2 mm long, ciliate; petals 5, imbricate,
narrowly oblanceolate, up to 7 mm long, obtuse or barely apiculate at the
apex, the margins usually inrolled, glabrous, the costa very conspicuous,
otherwise veinless, at the extreme base more or less connate; fertile
stamen one, its filament eventually exserted, up to 8 mm long, hardly
dilated at the base, usually 4 staminodes of irregular shape 1.5 to 2 min
long at the base of the petals, the bases of the petals, stamen, and sta-
minodes forming a short floral axis around a minute disk: pistillate
flowers unknown: fruit said to be similar to that of Mangifera indica ,
but larger, edible.

Said to be a very large tree, with extremely poisonous juice; the
ultimate branches rather obscurely tetrangular, with less conspicuous
intervening ridges, 12 to 13 mm in diameter at the nodes, very con-
spicuously marked by the scars of fallen petioles; bark greenish-gray,
tomentellose or glabrescent: leaves in whorls of four; petioles 3.5 to 5
cm long, 3.5 to 4 mm wide below the extreme base of the decurrent
lamina, strongly dilated at the base ; lamina coriaceous, glabrous, narrowly
elliptic-obovate to obovate, 12 to 16 cm long, 5.5 to 8 cm wide, the base
acuminately long-decurrent, the margins revolute, the apex forming an
obtuse acumen about 5 mm long; costa projecting slightly from the
upper surface, 3 to 4 mm wide, with slender longitudinal ribs on both
surfaces, usually only the latter projecting beneath ; pairs of veins 22
to 28, rather straight except toward the apex, the connecting veins ob-
scure but often fairly evident, one or two intervening veins often visible.

Mindanao, Moro Province, Dapitan, Father Antonio Obach, S. J. This re-
markable mango, communicated by Father F. Sanchez, of the Ateneo de Manila,
seems singularly distinct in its verticillate leaves, but finds its closest alliance in
M. caesia' Jack and M . superba Hook. f. Through Father Sanchez’ courtesy, I
am enabled to quote the following, taken from an account of a trip of his own,
near Dapitan, in February, 1892.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

339

“Andando un corto trecho divisamos una segunda colina, en el misrno lado del
estero que la anterior y de menor elevaeion, que llaman Tapucan; en ella nos
llamo la atencion un arbol de hermosa y ancha copa, llamado bauno ; que es suma-
mente venenoso: de el afirma el P. Obaeh que en cierta ocasion subieron dos
muehaehos del pueblo a dieho <irbol para recoger su fruta, que es comestible,
y uno de ellos por haberse hecho un rasguno insignifleante en el brazo al trepar
por 61, quedo tan envenenado al solo contacto de la herida con la corteza, que
murio al poeo tiempo ; el otro llego & estar de gravedad y al fin con gran
trabajo salio con bien del apuro.

Dicen los conocedores del pais : que es cosa ya probada, que al cobijarse uno
debajo de su sombra al llover 6 en tiempo hflmedo, le produce hincliazones ;
y si la cae S. uno agua impregnada del jugo de sus hojas causa ampollas 6
hinchazones, las cuales dan flebres y dolores agudos; y por poeo que se descuiden
en tomar su contraveneno de asta de venado carbonizada, pepita de San Ignacio
etc. mueren irremisiblemente. Arbol verdaderamente traidor, ya porque sus
frutas son regaladas y comestibles, ya tambien porque lo somlbrfo y espeso de su
copa eonvida a descansar debajo de el : pero ; ay ! del que incautamente all!
reposa, atin por breve tiempo, pues paga muy cara la sombra y el descanso,
ya que no le cueste la vida 6 graves dolores.” 10

A drawing of the fruits represents them as nearly oval, and narrowed near
the base, about 16 cm long, 10 cm wide; they are said to have a bluish tinge, with
white mesocarp, and an oblanceolate seed 9 to 10 cm long.

Local name: bauno.

ONCOCARPUS A. Gray.

The collections upon which this genus was based, were made in the
Fiji Islands by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition. Pistillate flowers
were obtained, but lost, and their description was taken from a sketch,
drawn from memory.17 The genus was retained by Bentham and Hooker,
but reduced to synonymy under Semecarpus by Engler.18 Examination
of the pistillate flowers of certain Philippine collections, which had been
identified provisionally as Semecarpus, showed a structure in the ovary
and styles very distinct from that of that genus, resembling rather
that of Melanochyla. It was at first supposed that a new genus was
represented, but there is now little reason to doubt that these collections
should be placed in Oncocarpus. The fact is undeniable that the nature
of the styles is not as drawn by the members of th6 Wilkes Expedition;
while it is on this point as evidenced by Philippine collections that the
present claim for the validity of Gray’s genus is largely based. Fruit
of Philippine collections has been compared at the Gray herbarium with
the type of Oncocarpus vitiensis by Professor M. L. Fernald, who found
that there was every external appearance of similarity. It has not been
possible to obtain pistillate flowers of the species of Fiji, but I am
indebted to Mr. E. G. Baker, of the British Museum of Natural History,
for the privilege of examining one of its fruits, collected by Seemann.

19 Cartas de los Misioneros de la Companfa de Jestis en Filipinas 1 0 ( 1895 )
476, 447.

17 Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. (1854) 364-366, pi. J/3.

18 DC. Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 473, 483.

340

ROBINSON.

The resemblance is so great that there can hardly be a doubt of the
generic identity of the Fijian and Philippine collections, although this
involves the assumption that the ovary of the former has been wrongly,
described.

In the Philippine collections, the style is apical, entire at its base,
but soon divides into 3 branches. This is usually evident both in flower
and fruit, but sometimes in the latter the ridge overlying the ovule is
sufficiently elevated to obscure the short basal portion of the style, and
the lobes may seem to be separate styles. The ovary at anthesis already
shows traces of invagination in its walls. In fruit, a cross-section shows
sometimes a single cell with the lateral, apical, or basal walls more or
less invaginated, or other fruits from the same plant may show these
invaginations more or less constricted, sometimes reaching the center,
sometimes not, so that at some levels they appear to divide the ovary
into cells, as many as 14 having been counted. Sometimes these false
cells are not developed at the apex leaving a considerable cavity in which
the ovule is found. When there are several false cells, the outer surface
of the fruit, always forming ridges, has one of these narrower than the
others. This narrower ridge corresponds to a similar cavity, in which
the ovule can always be found. In some cases this ovule extends to
other false cells, but the ovary is always 1-ovuled. I have called these
ovules rather than seeds, as they have never been found in our material
in developed condition. This may not unlikely be due to the copious
resinous secretion, described by the collectors as brown or black, or by
one as milk and rapidly becoming a deep-black and strongly staining.
Ho indication has been found that the above-described nature of the
ovary is due to insect attack. There are two Philippine species referable
to the genus, easily distinguished from one another by the very different
size of the leaves, by their shape, pubescence, and somewhat by their
venation.

1. Oncocarpus macrophylla (Merr.) comb. nov.

Semecarpus macrophylla Merr. in Bull. For. Bur. (Philip) 1 (1903) 33.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao, Ahern 348, 529. The style is simple
at its base, often persistent, 3-lobed, and longer than in the following species.

Local name: pipi.

2. Oncocarpus ferruginea sp. nov.

Semecarpus micrantha? Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 85, non
Perk. Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 27.

Arbor: foliis petiolatis, oblanceolatis, elliptico-oblanceolatis, oblongo-
oblanceolatis, vel ovalibus, basi cuneatis decurrentibusque, apice breviter
obtuse acuminatis; venis utrinque 10 ad 15, secundariis valde reticulatis.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in terminal or rarely lateral densely fer-
ruginous-tomentose panicles, 10 to 15 cm long, the pedicels at anthesis
usually very short, bearing 3 bracts of variable outline from lanceolate
to suborbicular and 2 to 3 mm long:, calyx of pistillate flowers densely

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

341

pubescent, 3 mm long, the tube hemispheric, the 5 lobes not exceeding
0.5 mm in length, rounded; petals 5, inserted on the margin of" the
narrow annular disk, coriaceous, glabrous on the inner surface, hooded,
valvate, 2 to 3.5 mm long; stamens 5, always more or less concealed by
the dense pubescence of the ovary, the glabrous filaments wider at the
base, anther-cells 2, diverging at the base, together ovate, cordate; ovary
hemispheric, 2 mm in diameter at the base; style simple for about 0.3
mm, then forming 3 arms about 1 mm long, these having at their apices
two very short divergent lobes: fruiting pedicels elongated, the calyx
now 6 to 12 mm long, surrounding the swollen hypocarp and usually
with grooves corresponding to those of the drupe, calyx-lobes persistent,
not enlarged ; petals occasionally persistent, little or not elongated ; drupe
densely ferruginous-pubescent or somewhat glabrescent, obovoid in out-
line, 15 to 20 mm long, 20 to 25 mm wide at the apex, which is truncate
along the margin and depressed in the middle, several ridges extending
from base to apex of the drupe, commonly the narrowest of these con-
tinued to the persistent base of the style, to which portions of the
style-arms sometimes remain attached.

A tree, 10 to 15 m high, its trunk 12 to 22.5 cm in diameter, the
more or less angled branchlets covered with gray or blackish striate bark,
the younger shoots ferruginous-pubescent or glabrescent with age : leaves
alternate, simple, the petioles 1 to 2.5 cm long the lamina subcoriaceous
or coriaceous, oblanceolate, eliiptic-oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate, or
oval, 7.5 to 22 cm long, 3.5 to 8.5 cm wide, the base cuneate and decur-
rent on the petiole, the margins entire or somewhat wavy, the apex
abruptly contracted into an acumen 5 to 12 mm long; lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 10 to 15, forming a distant submarginal vein,
the secondary veins leaving the primary at about a right angle, all these
and the finer reticulations conspicuous ; both surfaces glabrous, the under
when dry somewhat brownish or paler than the shining olivaceous or
bluish-green upper surface.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, For. Bur. 17669 Curran: Province
of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3173 (type), 2133, 3363 Ahern’s collector, Merrill
2654, Bur. Sci. 1507 Ramos; Antipolo, Merr. Dec. Phil. For. FI. 15 Ahern’s
collector: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Ahern 7 46, Williams 580, For.
Bur. 2388 Borden, For. Bur. 2422 Meyer: Province of Tayabas, Pagbilao, For.
Bur. 10748 Curran.

A collection in fruit from Cabadbaran, Butuan Subprovince, Mindanao, is
also probably referable to O. ferruginea. The fruits are less pubescent, and the
calyx is not persistent, the extreme apex of the fruit forms the usual cone within
a depression, and shows traces of the styles, usually slightly separated. A
section of the fruit shows 9 invaginations, the seed, attached beneath the narrow
ridge already described, is better developed than in any of the Luzon material
examined, spreading in superficial resemblance to a walnut into each of the
cavities.. Flowering material will be necessary to a decision whether or not
this should be positively referred to O. ferruginea.

Local names: ligayao, ligaas.

342

ROBINSON.

RHAMNACEAE.

RHAMNUS L.

Rhamnus philippinensis sp. nov.

Rhamnus formosana C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 201, non
Matsum. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 12 (1898) 22.

Frutex, R. formosanae similis, sed differt calyce fmctifero truncato,
floribus majoribus, foliis crassioribus, latioribus, crenatis, et venis mino-
ribus.

Flowers polygamous, forming axillary or terminal few-flowered leafy
cymes, borne on pedicels 1.8 to 3.5 mm long; bracteoles linear, acute, 1.5
mm long : calyx eampanulate, 2.2 to 2.8 mm long, divided for over half
its length into 5 broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate obtusely acuminate
lobes, slightly pilose on the back, the inner surface of the lobes keeled;
petals 5, inserted on the rim of the calyx-tube, elliptic, oblong, or oval,
about 0.6 mm long, rounded at the apex, narrowed and with short claws
at the base; stamens 5 or none, when present inserted with the petals
and opposite them, filaments 0.2 mm long, anthers 0.3 to 0.4 mm long;
disk lining the tube of the calyx; ovary sessile, subglobose, 0.8 mm
long, 1 mm in diameter, 3-celled; styles 2- or 3-cleft, nearly 1 mm
long : fruiting calyx truncate at the apex, slightly cupular or flattened,
when viewed from below or above very obtusely 5-angled, less than 4 mm
in diameter ; fruit purple, globose or subglobose, up to 8 mm in diameter,
when mature (and dried), strongly 3-grooved with 3 shallower interven-
ing grooves; nutlets usually 2, more rarely 1 or 3, 6.5 to 7.5 mm long,

4.5 mm wide, 1-celled, 1-seeded; seeds about 6.5 mm long, testa brownish.

A shrub 2.5 to 3 m high, the bark of the ultimate branches light-

brown to dark-brown, striate, with numerous somewhat conspicuous
lenticels, shortly pilose on the branches, branchlets, petioles, veins of the
under surface of the leaves, stipules, and branches of the inflorescence:
leaves subopposite or well alternate, the petioles 6 to 20 mm long, the
lamina rigidly chartaceous, oval or suborbicular, rarely oblong, often of
two fairly definite types on the same plant, the one usually 9 to 10 cm
long, 5 to 6.5 cm wide, the other 3.5 to 5.5 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide,
but some of either type larger or smaller than the figures given, truncate
or subcordate at the base, crenate on the margins, somewhat abruptly
acuminate and mucronate at the apex; pinnately veined, with 4 to 6
pairs on each side, well arched ; stipules linear-lanceolate, acute, caducous,

2.5 mm long.

Luzon, with no further locality, Loher 331 : Subprovince of Bontoc, Gaddac,
Vanoverhergh 132; Bauco, Bur. Sci. 1005 Ramos: Subprovinee of Benguet, Baguio,
Elmer 6319, Merrill 1101, Williams 1121 (type), For. Bur. 4813 Curran: Prov-
ince of Nueva Vizcaya or Pangasinan, Imogen-Nozo trail, For. Bur. 15841 Merritt :
Province of Rizal, Montalban, Loher 5822: Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao.
Whitford s. n.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

343

With 4 sheets from Formosa for comparison, including two of the type collec-
tion, Henry 1172, very constantly agreeing with one another, and the above
cited Philippine specimens, differing regularly from them in various characters,
I feel convinced that two distinct species are concerned. The best character
is that of the fruiting calyx, but even by the leaves there is no difficulty in
separating the two series. The flowers of the Philippine species are also larger,
and those on the Formosan plants are apparently mature. Rhamnus pulogensis
Merr., the other Philippine species of the genus, is very different.

MALVACEAE.

GOSSYPI U M Linn.

Gossypium paniculatum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 539; ed. 2 (1845) 378.

Blanco’s description may be translated thus. Stem round. Leaves alternate,
soft, villose, slightly heart-shaped, with 3 sharp lobes, the older leaves with 2
other smaller lobes or also with 3 additional teeth on each side, with 7 nerves,
and a small gland on the lower surface of the costa. Petioles long, with 2
awl-shaped stipules at the base. Flowers lateral and inclined to one side, in a
kind of simple few-flowered panicle. Pedicel shorter than the flower. Calyx
double, the outer of 3 heart-shaped parts, each with a gland at the base and
10 or 11 long sharp teeth. Interior calyx smaller with 5 sharp lobes. Corolla
campanulate, red or white, of 5 parts, larger than the outer calyx. Stamens
many on a column. Stigmas 3 or 4. Capsule oval, sharp, 4-celled. Seeds
enveloped and strongly fastened together by the cotton. Height a little more
or less than a vara (836 mm). Known and used in Iloeos, equal in quality to
that of Batangas; nevertheless, the latter appears to be the stronger, with more
lustre and body, and yet to attain the whiter color. From this cotton the
Ilocano women make cloth of exquisite fineness and appearance. It is distin-
guished from that of Femambuco ( G. brasiliense Macfad.) by the inflorescence
and other points .... Flowers in January. Local name (Ilocano) : capas.

In order to ascertain the identity of Iloeos cotton, Mr. W. K. Weaver, of
Vigan, Iloeos Sur, has obtained four plants from that place for our collections.
The first question is whether they represent Blanco’s species, and there are
difficulties. The bracteoles have 8 to 10 teeth, usually 9, the flowers are not
in panicles, the capsules are 3-celled. The last does not entirely contradict
Blanco, as he says that the stigmas are 3 or 4. In other respects, the agreement
is quite sufficient, the only other discrepancy being with the leaf-glands, which
vary on the specimens. All things considered, it is highly probable that these
can be identified as G. paniculatum Blanco.

Following more modern systems of classification, the alliance proves to be
with G. nanking Meyen. There is a complete fuzz, the floss is white, the bracteoles
are united at the base but only moderately, 2 to 3.5 mm out of a total length of
3 cm; the leaves are definitely or slightly cordate, their lobes are 3 of on older
leaves 5, not constricted at their bases, dividing the lamina for half its length,
or more often less. Two of the plants were noted as white-flowered, a third as
red-flowered, while the upper flowers of the fourth were white and the lower red.
But they do not agree well with any of the varieties of G. nanking enumerated
by Watt,19 differing from all of them in the bracteoles, probably approaching
nearest to var. rubicunda. Blanco’s species was apparently overlooked by Watt.
If the bracteoles be considered insufficiently united for the section of the genus,

The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants of the World (1907) 78, 79, 114-139.

344

ROBINSON.

it would come nearest to G. punctatum Sch. & Thon., to which it has much resem-
blance. On the assumption, apparently warranted, that it is the original cotton
used in Ilocos, geography and history aid in its separation from that species,
as it is known that cotton was cultivated in that province before the coming of
Europeans. This by no means implies that it is native to the Philippines; the
presumption is rather that it was introduced from the western Malay Islands
at an early date.

There are many records of the cultivation of cotton in the Philippines, some
of these dating back to the coming of the Spaniards, in 1521. Where definite
localities are assigned, these are more often Ilocos, but not always. Briefly
its history is that the Spaniards found a considerable industry here; that it
decayed, at least so far as manufacture was concerned, owing to the importation
of dearer and poorer Chinese and Indian materials; that the interruption in
commerce at the end of the 18th century, due to the wars with Great Britain, led
to its revival ; that it has since continued as a minor industry.

The following are a few of the more important references in Blair and
Robertson’s “The Philippine Islands,”

Probably 1586. “Ylocos .... is a land abounding in rice and cotton.” 20 At
this time, cotton was exported from Manila.21

About 1620. “The canvas from which the sails are made in the said islands
is excellent, and much better than what is shipped from Espana, because it is
made from cotton. They are certain cloths, which are called mantas from the
Province of Ylocos, for the natives of that province manufacture nothing else,
and pay your Majesty their tribute in them. They are one tereia wide, and as
thick as canvas. They are doubled, and quilted with thread of the same cotton.
They last much longer than those of Espana.” 22

1629. (The Igorots) “take away blankets which the people in Ilocos make
of excellent quality, from ' cotton, which is produced in abundance.” 23 This
applies equally to the present day.

In a very long description of the decay of the trade,24 the -cause assigned is
that the money obtained by the Filipinos from the Spaniards left the former in
such a state of comparative affluence that they abandoned severer toil, and were
content to purchase from the Chinese and others cloth and similar products,
which could much better have been made in the Islands and at lower prices. It
was even proposed to prohibit such imports entirely.

“The Armenians of India and the Chinese had likewise the control, from the
time of the conquest of the islands, of importing into them annually the enormous
quantities of small cotton articles (panuelos) and ordinary cambayas which the
natives of the country consume, until intercourse with those coasts was interrupted
in the late war with Inglaterra. Then necessity and the high price of those
goods induced the natives of Filipinas to manufacture them, and in such abund-
ance that the ships which arrived at Manila, after the peace, with those com-
modities suffered great loss; and from that time the importation of those
fabrics ceased, and the natives continued to manufacture them in the country.
This has not been the ease, however, with the fine cambayas and kerehifs from
Madrast, nor with the cotton fabricas from China;” the causes assigned being the
superiority of Indian dyes, and the great population and large crops of China,
leading to low prices.25

20 34: 382.

21 7: 35.

22 18: 178.

23 23: 279, 280.

24 8: 78-95.

25 51 : 253, 254.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

345

Part of Buzeta’s note 20 is also given. “Los indios conocian antes de la con-
quista el algodon, pero ignoraban el uso que podfan hacer de sus prodigiosos
capullos : dos clases de plantas lo producen ; unas son tan crecidas eomo grandes
perales, pero el algodon que dan estos arboles, es basto y solo se emplea para almo-
hadas, colchoncillos, y para fabricar mantas, lonas para velas de buques y alguno
que otro tejido ordinario. La otra clase de algodon es la que se cultiva y es
mucho mas pequena que la primera erece hasta la altura de tres pies.”

Under G. arboreum Linn., Sir George Watt 22 has cited a plate in the Sloane
herbarium, 165: fig. 212, as from Camel’s collection. This would imply Philip-
pine origin, and a date at the end of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th
century. Doctor A. B. Rendle and Mr. Edmund Baker, of the British Museum
of Natural History, have examined the plate, and find nothing to justify the
opinion that it was in any way connected with Camel. The latter has a brief
reference to cotton. “Gossipium, seu Xylum, Indis Bulac. Herbaceum & Arbo-
reum,” followed by a short statement of its medicinal properties.28

THYMELAEACEAE.

PI M ELEA Banks & Solander.

Pimelea phil ippinensis sp. nov.

Suffrutex : inflorescentiis, superioribus exceptis, longiter pedunculatis,
bracteis 4 basin versus coalitis involucratis ; floribus circiter 20, breviter
pedicellatis ; receptacnlo anguste tubnloso, supra ovarium post" anthesin
circumscisso-deciduo ; sepalis 4, imbricatis, ovatis, obtusis, parvis; petalis
nullis; staminibus 2, filamentis brevissimis, sepalis exterioribus opposi-
tis ; ovario uniloculare, uniovulato : foliis oppositis vel alternis, sub-
sessilibus, oblanceolatis vel oblongo-oblanceolatis.

Inflorescences simulating flowers, borne on peduncles of various lengths
up to 5 cm, or the uppermost nearly sessile; bracts 4, over 1 cm long,
free for about two-thirds of the distance to the base, thence forming a
cup containing about 20 flowers, the lobes lanceolate, subacute ; the
flowers not maturing simultaneously, borne on pedicels about 1 mm
long: receptacle white, at anthesis, forming a slender tube 8 mm long
and somewhat dilated at the apex, the portion above the ovary falling
after anthesis; sepals 4, imbricate, ovate, obtuse, about 0.7 mm long;
petals none; stamens 2, the filaments not exceeding 0.5 mm, borne at
the base of the outer sepals at the throat of the receptacle; anthers 0.4
mm long, 2-celled; ovary about 1.5 mm long, 1-celled, with one pendulous
anatropous ovule; style 5 mm long, the subcapitate stigma opposite the
anthers; seeds about 2 mm long, the black testa crustaceous, embryo
straight, the fleshy cotyledons about 1 mm long the radicle 0.4 mm long,
albumen none.

Probably an annual, suffrutescent, glabrous throughout, 20 to 30 cm
high, branched : leaves opposite or alternate, petioles wanting or less than

26 Dice. Islas Filip. 1 (1850) 203, 204.

27 L. c. 84.

28 Ray Hist. PI. 3: (1704) App. 80.

346

ROBINSON.

1 mm long, lamina membranaceous, oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate,
12 to 26 mm long, 2 to 7.5 mm wide, the base acute or obtuse, the margins
entire, the apex blunt ; venation obscure, except somewhat the costa.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Sanchez Mira, Bur. Sci. 71)10 Ramos. The genus
contains from 70 to 80 species, all from Australia, Tasmania, or New Zealand,
with the exception of the Philippine plant and P. brevituba Fawc., of Timor,
which is its closest ally, the latter having longer sepals and stamens. They
are referable to the section Thecanthes, but are somewhat intermediate between it
and Calyptrostegia, having the united involueral bracts of the former, but the
receptacle cireumscissile as in the latter. The locality of this exile is at the
extreme north of Luzon, the elevation was not noted by the collector, but
according to his recollection, it grew in light forest or jungle, at less than 100
m elevation.

ELAEAGFACEAE.

ELAEAGNUS Linn.

Elaeagnus philippensis Perr. in M6m. Soe. Linn. Paris 3 (1824) 114.

Elaeagnus perrottetii Schlecht. in DC. Prodr. 14 (1857) 613.

Elaeagnus cumingii Schlecht. 1. c.

Elaeagnus alingara Schlecht, 1. c. 615.

Elaeagnus angustifolia Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 74, non Linn. Sp. PI.

(1753) 121.

Elaeagnus latifolia Auct., quoad Philip., non Linn. 1. c.

Realization of the fact, which should never have escaped my attention, that
Perrottet had collected plants of this genus in the Philippines, has caused me
to reexamine his description of E. philippensis, which I had stated showed his
plant to be a Capparis.™ There is room for doubt that my statement was wrong,
for while some of the less important characters do point to a Gapparis common
near Manila, all the more essential facts are otherwise. The Philippine species
of Elaeagnus, exhibits considerable variation, but none of the differences are of
sufficient importance to warrant segregation. It ranges from the extreme north of
Luzon, to Mindanao, but is represented by comparatively few collections. Per-
rottet’s name, which has been neglected, is much the oldest, and should be used.

MYRTACEAE.

DECASPERMUM Forst.

Decaspermum fructicosum Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 74.

This, as represented by Vaupel 291, from Samoa, has much similarity to both
Philippine species. The nearer alliance is with D. blancoi Vidal, but the leaves
of the latter are distinctly less acuminate. In this respect, the closer resemblance
is to D. paniculatum Kurz, but the flowers of D. fruticosum are larger, and the
inflorescence less branched than is usual in D. paniculatum.

EUGENIA Linn.

Eugenia balerensis nom. nov.

Eugenia brunnea C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 372, non
(Berg) Niedenzu in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 37 (1893) 81.

A new name would seem to be required for the above, but the original will
again become valid under the Vienna Code if some future monographer should
consider the original E. brunnea to be untenable.

29 This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 305.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

347

Eugenia brevistylis sp. nov. § gyzygium.

Arbor glabra: inflorescentiis terminalibus vel in axillis superioribus,
late paniculato-cymosis ; floribus parvis, campanulatis ; calyce truncato
vel subtruncato ; petalis saepius liberis ; staminibus stylisque brevibns :
foliis longiuscule petiolatis, coriaceis, elliptieis, oblongis, vel ovalibus,
basi acutis, apice acuminatis, venis confertis.

Inflorescences paniculate-cymose, terminal and sessile or peduncled in
the npper leaf-axils, 5 to 12 cm long, 5 to 12 cm wide, the lower branches
4-angled, the lower usually 2 to 2.5 cm long to the first fork, the flowers
usually in threes on the ultimate branches and when so sessile or subses-
sile, when solitary with pedicels 2 to 5 mm long ; bracteoles ovate, paired,
very short; flowers when very small salver-shaped, at anthesis campanu-
late ; calyx 3 to 4 mm long, the margin truncate or with 4 or even more
very short and obscure lobes; petals 4, irregular in shape, ovate, obovate,
or oblong in a single flower, 1 to 1.5 mm long, free or somewhat united,
rarely extending beyond the outline of the calyx; disk comparatively
thick but nowhere free from the calyx; stamens about 20, the filaments
stout, 0.8 mm long or less, the anthers about 0.3 mm long; styles rarely
exserted, less than 1 mm long; ovary 2-celled.

Trees about 15 m high, the trunks 30 to 45 cm in diameter, the bark
of the branchlets light-gray ; branchlets and branches terete : petioles 10
to 14 cm long; lamina coriaceous, elliptic, oval, or oblong, 5 to 7.5 cm
long: 24 to 42 mm wide, the base acutely acuminate and decurrent, the
apex contracted into an obtuse acumen 5 to 15 mm long; veins crowded
with little distinction between primary and secondary and inter-reticulat-
ing, the former from 25 to 40 in number, terminating in a definite if
slender vein less than 1 mm from the margin in narrower leaves, nearly
2 mm from the margin in the widest, the upper surface shining, the
under duller.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Subanginagayas, For. Bur. 12459 Tarrosa
( type ) . To this also almost certainly belong two other collections from the same
district, For. Bur. 9192, Whitford & Hutchinson, from Port Banga, and For.
Bur. 15228 Klemme, from Limaong, but there are curious differences. For. Bur.
9192 has the calyx divided midway in its length, and the upper and lower halves
are each swollen into a number (usually 8) of nearly globose lobes. The same
condition is also found on some of the flowers of For. Bur. 15228, hut in addition
there are quite typical gyzygium fruits, nearly globose, 6 to 8 mm in diameter,
the calyx-rim almost truncate but on very careful examination showing very short
lobes, not at all swollen. It seems, therefore, that the lobed fruits above described
are merely pathologic states, as there is no other reason why these collections
should not be identified with E. brevistylis. The type has another unsatisfactory
feature from the point of view of the describer. Small-sized flowers have often
already lost their petals and stamens, much larger ones still possess them ; the
diagnosis was drawn from the latter. The closest alliance of E. brevistylis seems
to be gyzygium campanellum Miq., supposedly of Java, but the stems are terete
and of different color, and the petioles are longer. The closest Philippine alliance
105264 3

348

ROBINSON.

is with E. perpallida Merr., which has smaller and more acuminate leaves, the
inflorescence usually shorter, and the anthers more numerous. An almost equally
natural and even greater superficial resemblance is to E. grisea C. B. Rob., so
much so that three collections previously referred to the latter should be included
in E. brevistylis. These 'are Ahern 429, Tinago Island; Ahern 443, Dinagat;
and Ahern 516, Surigao. The species appear sufficiently distinct in the less
crowded flowers, fewer and shorter stamens, and shorter styles of E. brevistylis;
its petioles are often longer and more slender, but there is little vegetative dif-
ference.

Local names: canomay (Tinago) ; lagi-lagi (Dinagat, Surigao) ; malaruhat
(Zamboanga) .

Eugenia calleryana sp. nov. § Syzygiwm.

Arbor glabra: inflorescentiis terminalibus, saepius sessilibus, corym-
boso-paniculatis ; floribus albis, sessilibus vel subsessilibus ; alabastris tur-
binatis; calyce truncato, corolla calyptrata sed petalis 4 separabilibus
composita: foliis chart aceis, ellipticis vel anguste ellipticis, mediocribus,
basi acutis decurrentibusque, apice acuminatis; venis utrinque 11 ad 15.

Inflorescences terminal, sessile or by abortion of their lowest branches
or of the uppermost leaves peduncled (the terminal stem-intemode
usually about 4 cm long), corymbose-paniculate, 2.5 to 6 cm long, 3.5
to 9 cm wide, trifurcate at the base and at usually 2 or rarely 3 succeed-
ing nodes, the basal lateral branches usually about 15 mm long to the
next fork, the second pair of lateral branches about 8 mm long, the basal
internode of the central branch 1 cm long, or all these proportionally
longer in the largest panicles ; the branches forked like the panicle itself,
the basal secondary branches 7 to 10 mm long, these and the upper
branches again trifurcate, the lower basal tertiary branches about 2 to
.5 mm long, 1 -flowered, the central tertiary branch of similar length,
3-flowered, the flowers sessile or subsessile ; bracteoles present but minute :
buds just before anthesis turbinate, about 7.5 mm long, including a
pseudostalk about 2.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide below the apex, 4 mm wide
at the apex of the calyx; calyx margin truncate or most obscurely with
4 very short and very broadly rounded lobes ; corolla calyptrate but easily
separable into 4 petals of irregular size and shape, from 2 mm long and
4 mm wide to 1.8 mm long and 2.5 mm wide in the same flower; disk
not thick; stamens numerous, about 80, in fully matured flowers averag-
ing about 15 mm in length, anthers about 0.5 mm long; style up to 15 mm
long; ovary 2-eelled, thick-walled, with rather numerous ovules.

Trees, 8 to 10 m high, the trunk 12 cm in diameter, the bark of the
branchlets gray-cinnamon, terete, the ultimate branchlets often compres-
sed: petioles 7 to 10 mm long; lamina thinly chartaceous, elliptic or
narrowly elliptic, 12 to 19 cm long, 3.5 to 7 cm wide, the base acute and
.decurrent, the apex forming an obtuse acumen usually 6 to 10 mm long,
upper surface green, shining, under surface paler-green ; pairs of lateral
veins 11 to 15, with very definite lateral veins usually, formed by the

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

349

third basal pair about 4 mm within the margin, fainter lateral veins
formed by the second basal vein for nearly the length of the lamina and
by the basal vein for a shorter distance, cross-veins and finer venation
also well evident on both surfaces.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 13544 F6nix, in flower, Nov.
28, 1910. This has its nearest Philippine ally in E. brittoniana C. B. Rob., from
which it is distinguished by its larger and thinner leaves, of different shape and
venation. Among outside species, the nearest alliance seems to be with E. vale-
toniana King, which has coriaceous leaves of different color, with more numerous
nerves. The species is named for the supposed first botanical collector in the
mountainous parts of northern Luzon.

Eugenia dementis C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 383.

Comparison of the material upon which this species was based, now sup-
plemented by For. Bur. 16456 Pray, also from Lake Lanao, Mindanao, with
Eugenia lanceolata Lam., as repressented by G. P. 2863, from Ceylon, shows
that the two species are very closely allied. The leaves of the type of E. de-
mentis, Mrs. Clemens 1036, have the veins much more crowded and more evident
than the Ceylon plant, but on Mrs. Clemens 1113, which in spite of other differ-
ences I am disposed to consider specifically the same, the veins are less numerous
and more widely separated, rather closely approaching those of the latter. In
this respect, Pray’s collection agrees with Mrs. Clemens 1036. Eugenia lanceo-
lata Lam. is considered to be the same as E. wightiana Wight, but the venation
of the latter, as shown by Wight’s plate,30 is much more open than that of
typical E. dementis. Moreover, it shows no submarginal vein, although this is
present on C. P. 2863 in practically exact agreement with Mrs. Clemens 1113,
whereas in Mrs. Clemens 1036 and For. Bur. 16456 the vein is almost at the
extreme margin. Reexamination of the flowers of the type of E. dementis shows
that the petals are often more than 4, although I have not succeeded in finding
more than 6. Ordinarily, the outermost is the largest, forming a calyptra, and
the others are more or less united with one another but separate from the outer,
the result being that it is rather difficult to determine just how many petals are
represented.

Eugenia corymbifera Koord. & Val. in Meded. Lands Plant. 40 (1900) 99.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 10882 Curran: Province of
Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, Loher 60 40: Province of Bataan, Limay, For. Bur.
19149 Curran ; Duale, For. Bur. 20055 Topacio.

From Koorders and Valeton’s description, taken in conjunction with two
sheets form the Botanical Gardens at Buitenzorg, V, C. -59 and V, B, 25, the above
identification seems quite positive. The second and third of the above collections
are between flower and fruit, and have distinctly stouter inflorescence-branches
than the Javan, but the remaining Bataan plant is in early bud, they are then
more slender than in the latter. In general, the leaves of the Philippine plants
are slightly different in shape, rather elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate than oblong-
lanceolate, but so are some on the Javan specimens. The venation is the same,
but more conspicuous on the Philippine leaves ; morever their petioles are
father stouter. Plowever, these are quite insufficient characters upon which to
separate the series of the two regions. Of the six collections above cited, V, B, 25,
is at least superficially, the most distinct.

Ic. PL: pi. 529.

350

ROBINSON.

Eugenia lacustris C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 377.

This is not the oldest use of this name, as in Chodat and Hassler’s Plantae
Hasslerianae ,31 it is applied to two different species. While it would not have
been given to the Philippine plant, had the facts been known in time, there
seems no sufficient reason for displacing it, as in both of the Paraguayan eases,
it can not be considered more than a nomen subnudum. Both have localities
and collection numbers assigned, beyond this the first has only “Frutex 4-6 m.
petala persicina,” and the second “Frutex 2-3 m. petala alba.” In the Plantae
Hasslerianae, some ten species of Eugenia are indicated as new under names
previously employed.

Eugenia lutea sp. nov. %Jambosa.

Arbor, Eugeniae jambos Linn, affinis : inflorescentiis corymboso-pani-
culatis, divaricatis; floribus luteis, tetrameris, longe pedicellatis, calycis
lobis conspicnis, persistentibns, petalis liberis, disco bene evoluto: foliis
petiolatis, coriaceis, elliptico-lanceolatis yel oblongo-lanceolatis basi acntis
decurrentibnsque, venis ntrinque 5 ad 9.

Inflorescence terminal, corymbose-paniculate, 12 to 15 cm long, 11
to 12 cm wide at the apex, trichotomous or some of the branches aborting,
9- to 12-flowered, the peduncle 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, the ultimate pedicels
16 to 30 mm long, 1-flowered; buds just before anthesis yellow, turbinate,
2 cm long, 1.5 cm long to the base of the calyx-lobes and there 1.2 cm wide ;
calyx-lobes 4, overlapping at the base, the outer pair 4 to 4.5 mm long,
10 mm wide, the inner pair 7.5 mm long, 15 mm wide, all broadly rounded
at the apex; petals 4, free, 10 to 15 mm long, 15 to 16 mm wide; disk
well developed, circular in outline; filaments numerous; style (in fruit)
up to at least 4 cm long : fruit urceolate, excluding the calyx-lobes, these
persistent, suberect or spreading, incurved, coriaceous, their bases about
1 cm above the insertion of the styles.

A tree, about 20 m high, with a trunk 40 cm in diameter, the ultimate
branches terete, with pale-cinnamon or yellowish bark ; petioles 1 to 2 cm
long, lamina coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 13 to 20
cm long, 3 to 8 cm wide, the bases acute and decurrent, the apices probably
shortly acuminate, both surfaces brownish or olivaceous, but the upper
more shining; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 5 to 9,
projecting moderately from the lower surface, nearly level with the upper,
the midrib impressed on the upper and distinctly projecting from the
lower surface, the veins in the basal half or two-thirds not uniting except
by minor anastomoses and therefore not forming a definite submarginal
vein.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Quinatacutan, on rocky river-banks at 100 m
elevation, Bur. Sci. 13201 Foxworthy <£ Ramos (type) ; Guinayangan, For. Bur.
18635 Darling.

Eugenia lutea seems to find its nearest ally among species of extra-Philippine
distribution in E. jambos Linn., but more nearly approaches others supposed to

Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 7 (1907) 806, 807.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

351

be endemic in these Islands. It may be distinguished from E. squamifera by its
longer petioles, more acute leaf-bases, wider-branching inflorescence, and the color
of the flowers; from E. xanthophylla by the longer petioles, more coriaceous and
usually larger leaves, wider-branching inflorescence, and the color of the flowers;
from E. sulcistyla by the wider and different inflorescence, differently shaped
buds, and the somewhat longer petioles. The wood is utilized commercially.

Local names : macaasin, malayambo.

LEPTOSPERMUM J. R. & G. Forst.32

When originally published, this genus contained 7 species, L. scandens, L.
collinum, L. ciliatum, L. perforatum, L. leucadendron, L. scoparium, and L.
virgatum, the first five forming a section Gallistemones, the remaining two a
section unnamed. The first four are to-day placed in the genus Metrosideros
Banks ex Gaertn.33 The fifth species was based on Melaleuca leucadendra Linn.,
although as the Kew Index states it to be equivalent to L. flavescens and
L. pubescens, there may have been a mixture of herbarium material, of which
a wrong identification had been made. Only the sixth is now considered to be
a Leptospermum, the seventh being a Baeclcea.

What the Forsters intended in founding this genus is open to conjecture, as
they presumably considered all of their seven species to be congeneric, and yet
they included amongst them Melaleuca leucadendra Linn., the only species
placed by Linnaeus in Melaleuca,3* no other having been published therein during
the intervening nine years. Apparently, Leptospermum was brought forward
as a substitute name for Melaleuca, and color is given to this view by the
fact that the younger Forster subsequently transferred all seven species to the
latter. If this view be rejected, the type of Leptospermum would seem to be
L. scandens, which is both the first species described and the first figured;
L. scoparium, which alone belongs to the genus as at present interpreted, being
the sixth described and the second figured. On this view, Leptospermum would
become a synonym of, or rather an older name for Metrosideros. The Brussels
Congress is believed here to have ruled in favor of the latter over Nani Adans.,*5
a still older name, but there is still no international legislation to cover such
cases as that of Leptospermum, or even the still worse ones, where additions and
subtractions have left a genus without any of the species ascribed to it by its
original author.

MELASTOMATACEAE.

M EDI N I LLA Gaudicli.

Medinilla disparifolia sp. nov.

Scandens, ramis teretibus, ultimis hirsutis: inflorescentiis brevibus in
foliorum infimorum axillis vel in ramis; floribus admodum congestis,
tetrameris : foliis oppositis, dimorphis, petiolatis, elliptico-obovatis, mag-
nisque, vel sessilibus, late ovatis, parvisque, 11- vel 13-plinerviis.

Inflorescences about 3 cm long, in the axils of the lowest leaves or
beneath them, the peduncle about 1 cm long at the base with dense

32 Char. Gen. PI. (1776) 47, 48, pi. 36.

33 Fruct. 1 (1788) 170, pi. 31t.

31 Mant. (1767) 14.

31 Fam. PI. 2 ( 1763) 88. 581.

352

ROBINSON.

brown pubescence about 4 mm long, above with, much shorter and scattered
pubescence; flowers somewhat crowded, short-bracted, the pedicels about
4.5 mm long: flowers wanting: fruit baccate, lilac to purple and blue,
the calyx urceolate, in all 1 cm long, glabrous or slightly scurfy on the
free portion, the ovarian part subglobose about 8 mm wide, contracted at
the apex to 6 mm, the rim free for about 2.5 mm, with 4 minute teeth;
ovary 4-celled, attached to the calyx along 4 lines, the ovules very numer-
ous, minute.

Climbing and rooting at many of the nodes, the stems terete, with
gray bark, glabrescent ; the ultimate branches hirsute : leaves opposite,
those of a pair very different, the one kind on stout hirsute petioles 16 to
24 mm long, the subchartaceous lamina somewhat falcate, elliptic or
elliptic-obovate, 18 to 23 cm long, 7 to 11 cm wide, the other kind ovate,
sessile and clasping, about 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, both kinds obtuse at the
base and shortly acuminate at the apex, the smaller 11- or 13-nerved,
the nerves separate to the base, the larger with equally numerous veins but
the uppermost pair leaving the costa about 7 to 8.5 cm from the base,
the next pair 4.5 to 5 cm, the next 1.5 to 2 cm, the next about 5 mm, the
remaining one or two pairs fainter, subbasal, all united with the midrib
or the succeeding by fairly numerous nervules ; upper surface plumbeous,
glabrous, under surface greenish, the nerves and veins yellow-hirsute,
especially toward the base of the costa.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, along a small stream at the
base of the mountain, Bur. Sci. 9764 Robinson. While reduced leaves are known
in other species, especially in M. inaequifolia C. B. Rob. and to a less extent in
M. involucrata Merr., they are here still more striking, resembling the spathes
of aroids; the present species differs from both these others in the nature of its
inflorescence. In the latter respect, it probably approaches M. cephalophora Merr.
more closely than any other, but the peduncle is different, and the leaves have
quite different venation.

MELASTOMA (Burm.) Linn.

Melastoma warrineri sp. nov.

Frutex: inflorescentiis unifloris ad trifloris; floribus conspicue bibrac-
teatis, bracteis calyceque sericeo-paleaceis ; calycis tubo quam lobi longiorcs
breviore, lobis intermediis inconspicuis : f oliis chartaceis, ellipticis vel
fere ovalibus, basi acutis, apice acute acuminatis.

Inflorescence a terminal, sessile, 1- to 3-flowered cyme, the pedicels
3 to 5 mm long, bearing at their bases two rigid appressed broadly elliptic-
lanceolate bracts, deciduous after anthesis, 18 to 30 mm long, 7 to 11
mm wide, acuminately narrowed to a truncate base, acutely acuminate
at the apex, their outer surface and the pedicels densely covered with
appressed linear paleae about 1 mm long, coarsest in the middle of the
bracts, their margins ciliate-serrate, the apex ciliate-acuminate, the
margins of the bracts pilose-ciliate, their inner surfaces appressed-pilose :

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

353

calyx-tube 9 to 12 mm long, 8 to 9 mm in diameter, its lobes 10, the longer
series triangular-lanceolate, straight or falcate, 19 to 20 mm long, 5
mm wide, acuminate, covered with paleae 1.5 to 3 mm long, longest and
broadest near the middle of the tube, decreasing in density and breadth
toward the apex of the lobes, bearing long cilia on their margins, these
appressed except on the margins of the lobes; the intermediate 5 lobes
3 mm long, or including the acumen and paleae 5 mm long; petals 5,
lilac, broadly oblanceolate or obovate, often oblique, 3.5 to 4 cm long,
the apex truncate and toward its middle sometimes slightly retuse, always
shortly acuminate, the acumen and the extreme base with tufted cilia,
the margins ciliate ; stamens 10, 5 fertile and 5 probably sterile but having
anthers of approximately equal size, the fertile anthers lilac, connective
pale-lilac, the spurs, filaments, and sterile anthers greenish ; fertile anthers
with filaments 13 to 14 mm long, the connective of similar length from
the base of the anther to the filament, prolonged beyond the filament for
3 mm, the prolongation forked midway into 2 spathulate obscurely 2-
forked lobes, fertile anthers 1 cm long; sterile anthers 8 mm long, the
connective merely forming anteriorly 2 falcate-ovate horns immediately
below the anthers, their filaments 1 cm long; ovary more than half-
superior, 1 cm long, covered with sericeous paleae densely tufted at the
strongly beaked apex, 5 celled, with very many small ovules; style ex-
ceeding 2 cm in length, dilated toward the apex, the stigma plane.

A bush about 2 m high, the branchlete terete, densely covered with
ferruginous paleae, the nodes with a single whorl of setae: petioles 13
to 25 mm long, lamina chartaceous, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or
almost oval, 9.5 to 16 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, usually conspicuously
7-plinerved, the outer pair sometimes faint, sometimes with an additional
faint pair, the base acute, the apex acutely acuminate, the upper surface
densely covered with paleae adnato except for their appressed terminal
setae, the margins ciliate, the under surface villose and on the larger veins
somewhat setose.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Infanta), mount Binuang, common in mossy
forest at and above 900 m, Bur. Sci. 9370 Robinson. Named for Doctor B. B.
Warriner, With whom I made the ascent, and who was the first to find the
species. Closely allied to M. candidum, D. Don, but distinguished by the much
larger bracts, fewer-flowered inflorescences, and by many other characters.

MEMECYLON Linn.

Memecyion gracilipes sp. nov.

Arbuscula glabra, ramulis teneris, tereteibus vel apice plus minusve
angulatis: infloreseentiis axillaribus, rarissime terminalibus, long! ter.
graciliterque pedunculatis ; floribus breviter pedicellatis, parvis, pedice-
llorum basi solum bracteatis, haud articulatis: foliis breviter petiolatis,
lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice longiter acuminatis, uninerviis.

354

ROBINSON.

Inflorescences axillary, lateral, or rarely terminal, the slender pedun-
cles 26 to 28 mm long, about 7 -flowered, the pedicels about 2 mm long,
subtended at the base by lanceolate or ovate obtusely acuminate bracts
mostly 0.5 mm long blit unequal, no bracteoles upon the pedicels nor
at the base of the white flowers, pedicels not articulated : calyx sub-
campanulate, 1.2 mm long, 1.6 mm wide at the apex, there forming 4
rounded lobes about 0.3 mm long; corolla apiculate in bud, hardly
separable into 4 petals about 0.6 mm long; stamens 8, the filaments
very short, the anthers about 0.5 mm long, the connective forming an
obscure gland upon the back and a short spur at its base ; ovary very
small, 1-celled with about 8 small ovules ; style 1 mm long.

A small tree about 2 m high, its slender branchlets with dark-brownish
or gray bark, terete or angled only near the apex, glabrous troughout:
petioles about 1 mm long, lamina chartaceous, lanceolate or broadly
lanceolate, 22 to 37 mm long, 7 to 12 mm wide, the base acute or sub-
acute, the margins somewhat revolute, the apex forming an obtuse or
subacute and often mucronate acumen for about one-third the length
of the lamina; under surface tending to yellowish, always paler than
the upper; only the costa evident, base traces of other venation only
very rarely visible.

Luzon, Province of Uocos Norte, Mount Dagat, Bur. Sci. 7753 Ramos. Very-
distinct from all other Philippine species in the very slender peduncles of the
inflorescence; probably nearest to M. cumingianum Presl, differing from it also
by the much smaller leaves.

'ARALIACEAE.

SCHEFFLERA Forst.

Schefflera binuangensis sp. nov.

Arbor: inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculatis, sessilibus, dioicis;
ram is secundariis brevibus, floribus breviter pedicellatis : foliis longius-
cule petiolatis, foliolis 4 vel 5, ovalibus vel oblongo-obovatis, basi acutis,
apice acuminatis, venis utrinque 6 ad 8.

Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, 9 cm long, the lower branches
arising from its base, the rachis and branches black except where they are
covered with gray scurfy pubescence ; branches 3 to 7 cm long ; secondary
branches distant except toward the apices of the primary, 2 to 4 mm
long, bearing at their apices 3 to 5 flowers on pedicels about 1 mm long ;
pedicels continuous with the calyx; only staminate flowers seen; calyx
hemispheric, 1 mm long, 2 mm wide, at the truncate apex, tomentellose ;
corolla calyptrate, but separable into 5 oblong or ovate petals 1.5 mm
long, involute and adnate at the apex; stamens 5, inserted on the ex-
treme base of the corolla, alternating with the petals, filaments 0.8 mm
long, anthers suborbicular, 0.6 mm long; ovary inferior, 5-celled, often
with minute ovules ; style entirely wanting.

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

355

A tree 8 m high, its trunk 10 cm in diameter, the branches with gray
bark: leaves glabrous, palmately 4- or 5-foliolate; petioles 8.5 to 10 cm
long, 1.5 mm wide in the middle, conspicuously swollen to 6 to 7 mm at
the base, and more gradually and less constantly toward the apex ; petio-
lules 18 to 35 mm long; lamina coriaceous, oval to oblong-obovate, 5.5
to 9 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, the base acute, the margins ' revolute, the
apex abruptly contracted into a blunt acumen 8 to 15 mm long; pairs of
veins 6 to 8 with others nearly as prominent, loosely and often irregularly
anastomosing.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Infanta), Mount Binuang, in mossy forest at
930 m elevation. Bur. Sci. 9435 Robinson. Closely allied in the nature of its
inflorescence to S. brevipes Merr., but in S. binuangensis this is much shorter,
the petioles much longer and not winged, and the leaflets fewer and smaller.

ERICACEAE.

DIPLYCOSI A Blume.

Diplycosia opaca sp. nov.

Arbuscula epiphytica, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra : inllorescentiis
axillaribus, 1-ad 3-floris, pedicellis brevibus : foliis ellipticis, coriaceis, basi
acutis, apiee retusis vel rarius truncatis, crasse apiculatis, margine inte-
gris, revolutis; venis utrinque circa 3, obscuris.

Flowers in the axils of present or fallen leaves, 1 to 3 at each node,
fascicled, the pedicels 2 to 4 mm long, densely covered with nearly appres-
sed pubescence: bracts at the base of the flowers paired, ovate obtusely
acuminate, 2 mm long, pubescent near the margins and ciliate, together
resembling a Cosmarium; calyx pinkish, urceolate, 3 mm long, divided
two-thirds of the way to the base into 5 imbricate, ovate, subacute or
obtuse ciliate lobes; corolla still undivided, 2 to 2.5 mm long; stamens
10, 1 mm long, the filaments longer than the unappendaged anthers;
ovary glabrous, less than 1 mm long, umbilicate, 5-celled, many-ovuled;
style very short, the undivided stigma barely exerted from the umbilicus.

An epiphytic shrub, about .1 m high, the vegetative parts entirely
glabrous, the bark of the older stems cinnamon-brown, that of the young-
er branchlets more often gray: leaves with petioles 5 to 9 mm long, the
lamina coriaceous, elliptic, 4 to 8.5 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, the base
acute, the margins entire, revolute, the apex retuse or merely truncate,
shortly and stoutly apiculate, the under surface with scattered, minute,
black, glandular dots ; all venation except the midrib very indistinct, but
the lamina certainly triplinerved, with apparently two additional veins
on each side of the midrib.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Infanta), Mount Binuang, in mossy forest at
an elevation of 900 m, Bur. Sci. 9385 Robinson. The leaf-apex seems entirely
different from that of any other species of the genus, at once separating it
from D. merrittii, its nearer Philippine ally.

356

ROBINSON.

APOCYNACEAE.

ALYXIA R. Br.

Alyxia monticola sp. nov.

Scandens, Alyxiae luzoniensi Merr. admodum similis, sed differt foliis
majoribus longius petiolatis magis acuminatis magis conspicue venosis,
et ramis crassioribus.

Cymes axillary, few-flowered : flowers unknown : peduncles stout, about
1 cm long, brown-tomentose ; pedicels strongly 4-angled, 3 mm long, 2
min wide, tomentose; bracts at base of calyx 2, ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long;
calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments similar to the bracts but slightly
longer, pubescent on the costa and margins; stipe of fruit 6 mm long,
pubescent, the fruits oval in outline, not constricted, up to 22 mm long,
12 mm in diameter.

A woody vine, the branches about 5 mm in diameter at the base, the
bark drying yellowish-green to dark-brown, the vegetative parts glabrous :
leaves in whorls of 4 or 5; petioles 8 to 10 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide;
lamina subcoriaceous, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 8.5 to 14.5 cm long,
2.5 to 4.8 cm wide, the base acute and deeurrent, the margins- slightly
revolute, the apex abruptly contracted into an obtuse or subacute acumen
8 to 12 mm long; pairs of veins about 50, nearly straight, terminating
in a slender lateral vein about 1 mm from the margin, the lamina espe-
cially when viewed from the upper surface appearing distinctly margined.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Infanta), Mount Binuang, in mossy forest at
840 m elevation, Bur. Sci. 9359 Robinson. The nearest alliance of the species
seems to be with A. luzoniensis Merr., but it differs by the characters noted
above. The leaves more nearly resemble those of A. monilifera Vidal, but the
structure of the fruit is conspicuously different, not constricted, and the size of
its single compartment much greater than that of those of A. monilifera.

LABIATAE.

ACROCEPHALUS Benth.

Acrocephalus spicatus sp. nov.

Herba, caule tetragono : floribus in capitulis terminalibus interrupte
vel subconfluenter spicatis congestis; foliis anguste ellipticis vel anguste
lanceolatis, grosse serratis, in pctiolum marginatum decurrentibus.

Inflorescence terminal, composed of about 8 interrupted of almost
confluent spicate or subspicate heads, or on young branches in single
heads, subtended by leafy bracts, the lower 12 mm long, 8 mm wide, de-
creasing toward the apex; flowering bracts about 3 mm in diameter,
suborbicular, acuminate, densely glandular, the outer surface white-
villose along 10 to 12 lines near the base, the margins ciliate, each sub-
tending about 10 flowers : calyx tubular, at anthesis the posterior lobe
entire, elliptic, about 2.4 mm long, rounded at the apex, ciliate on the

ALABASTRA PHILIPPINENSIA, III.

357

margins, the 2 lateral and 2 anterior lobes snbequal to one another,
definitely shorter than the posterior, linear-lanceolate, ciliate and pointed,
each lobe with a median nerve, and separated from one another by a
similar nerve, except that the lateral nerves of the posterior lobe are
midway between the median nerve and the margin; corolla-tube about
2.6 mm long, 2-lipped for about 0.6 mm, the posterior lip divided into
4 subequal lobes to nearly the depth of the sinus between the lips, the
lower lip entire, all lobes lanceolate-ovate, ciliate near their apices; sta-
mens 4, hardly declinate, the filaments swollen in the basal half, the
anterior about 0.6 mm long, the posterior shorter, anthers globose, the
cells confluent, less than 0.2 mm in diameter; style 2 mm long, shortly
bifid at the apex; ovary 4-parted, 0.4 mm long, the glands small: fruit-
ing calyx 5 to 6 mm long, erect or suberect; nutlets ovoid, 0.7 mm long,
0.4 mm wide, minutely tubercular along very numerous longitudinal
lines.

A branching herb, nearly 1 m high, the stems quadrangular except
near the base, reddish and shortly villose on the angles, greenish and
more densely pubescent in the furrows : leaves opposite or falsely whorled
by the presence of similar but smaller ones which are at least sometimes
the first oil short lateral branches, narrowly elliptic or narrowly lanceo-
late, including the petioles 3 to 7 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, the base
gradually narrowed into the margined petiole, the lamina with 3 to 5
comparatively large teeth on each margin, acute at the apex, both surfaces
glabrous or subglabrous except on the veins, densely glandular; pairs
of veins equal in number to the teeth.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 2954 (type) : District of
Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 7 \1. The species is very distinct from
A. indicus (Burm.) O. Ktze., in the nature of the inflorescence; it is less
certainly distinct from A. blumii Benth. ( Ocimum, acrocephalum Blume), but
the inflorescence of that species is described as capitate, and it has been
reduced to A. indicus. Blume’s description is so short that it is diflicult to
draw conclusions. Nearly all the flowers on the type are smaller than herein
stated, the figures are taken from the largest seen. The plant has much the
habit of a Dysophylla or of Hyptis spicigera Lam.

RUBIACEAE.

MUSSAENDA (Burm.) Linn.

Mussaenda lanata sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbuscula; inflorescentiis terminalibus, floribus spicatis;
calycis lobis 5, lanceolatis, deciduis ; corolla aurantiaca, infundibuliforme,
limbo breviter lobato, lobis margine superiore truncatis apice breviter
apiculatis; ovario bilocularc, multiovulato : foliis longiter petiolatis, la-
minis chartaceis, ovatis vel orbicularibus, basi acutis, apice acuminatis
vel subacutis, venis utrinque circiter 13, tota planta, caulibus vetus-
tioribus exceptis, dense pubescens.

358

ROBINSON.

Flowers spiked in terminal subcorymbose inflorescences 10 to 20 cm
long, the rachises fleshy, densely hoary- and brownish-pubescent; bracts
linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5 to 7.5 mm long: calyx-tube 8 to 9
mm long, about 4 mm in diameter at the apex; calyx-lobes 5, lanceolate,
5.5 to 6.5 mm long, acute at the apex, deciduous, one of the lobes
sometimes leaf-like, white, 5 cm long, the blade oval, 5-nerved, acutely
acuminate at the base; corolla-tube 13 mm long, the lobes 5, valvate,
about 1.5 mm long and 3.5 mm wide, very densely brown-tomentose
within, the throat yellow-tomentose, the belt occupied by the anthers
white-tomentose ; stamens 5, the filaments free from above 4 to 5 mm
from the base of the corolla-tube, about 2 mm long; anthers lanceolate,
nearly 4 mm long; style inserted in a pit formed by the short, white,
free portion of the ovary, entire for 2 mm, then 2-lobed for 1.5 mm;
ovary 2-celled, each cell containing very many small ovules; fruit fleshy,
ovoid-globose, about 1 cm in diameter.

A shrub or small tree, 2 to 3.5 m high, the bark of the older branches
gray,- the younger branchlets greenish-gray, somewhat angled: leaves of
a pair usually unequal, the petioles 2 to 8 cm long, the lamina chartace-
ous, orbicular to ovate, 12 to 24 cm long, 9 to 12 cm wide, acutely
acuminate at the base, at the apex subacute or forming a short acumen ;
primary lateral veins on each side of the costa usually 13 ; stipules inter-
petiolar, ovate, long-acuminate, 8 to 18 mm long; upper surface of the
lamina dark-green, under surface light-green, both, but especially the
under, covered with soft whitish pubescence.

Luzon, Subprovinee of Abra, Manapnap, Bur. Sci. 7254 Ramos: Subprovince
of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1195: Subprovince of Benguet, near Baguio,
Merrill 6681 (type), For Bur. 5078 Curran, Elmer 8976, Bur. Sci. 5827 Ramos;
Sablan, Elmer 6195, Bur. Sci. 12588 Fenix, Williams 1558; Itogon, Williams
1001: Province of Zambales, Balimbraya, Bur. Sci. 5044 Ramos. Allied to M.
anisophylla Vidal and M. villosa Wall., differing from both in the thicker, more
densely pubescent, and usually larger and more numerously veined leaves, from
the latter also in habit and by longer and thicker petioles.

THE BONTOC IGOROT.

Order No, 401.

By A. E. Jenks.

110 pages. 3 maps. 154 photographic plates. 9 figures.

An interesting study; the result of almost a year’s residence among
the Bontoc Igorots.

Price $1 United States currency, postpaid.

Order No. 402.

NEGRITOS OE ZAMBALES.

By William Allan Reed.

62 photographic illustrations. 91 page3.

An interesting ethnological study of the pygmy blacks of Zambales.

Price $0.25, United States currency, postpaid.

Order No. 403.

THE NABAL0I DIALECT.

By,. Otto Scheerer.

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VOL. VI

DECEMBER, 1911

THE PHILIPPINE

No. 6

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THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. VI DECEMBER, 1911 No. 6

CYATHEAE SPECIES NOVAE ORIENTALES.

By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

(From, the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, P. I.)

Cyathea subsessilis Copel. sp. nov.

Fronde 110 cm alta, 40 cm lata, subsessile, utrinque angustata; stipite
5 cm vel ultra alto, sparse tuberculato, supra paleis fuscis 2 cm longis
omato ; rhachi sursum glabrescente inerme, deorsum simul stipitis ; pinnis
infimis sensim valde reductis, medialibus 22 cm longis, subsessilibus,
acutis, rhachibus quadratis, supra hirsutis, infra glabris, inermibus ; pin-
nulis 3-4 cm longis, 10-12 mm latis, sessilibus, obtusis, subeoriaceis, fere
ad costam pinnatifidis, costa supra setosa, aliter glabris ; segmentis 5 mm
longis, 3 mm latis, rotundatis, subintegris; venis utroque latere 3-5,
plerumque furcatus et in ala soriferis, sbris subcostularibus, indusio nitido,
laete brunneo, primo mammiforme.

Samoa, Savaii, Maugaloa, Vaupel, Plantae Samoenses J/2J/, March, 1909.

A decidedly peculiar and distinct species.

Cyathea deorsilobata Copel. sp. nov.

Rhachi fere 2 cm crassa glabra, brunnea, aculeolata; pinna 65 cm longa,
25 cm lata, brevistipitata, rhachi minutius tuberculata, glabrescente ; pin-
nulis sessilibus, 12.5 cm longis, 3 cm latis, caudatis, rhachi deorsum
infra minute furfuracea, supra pilis sparsis ochroleucis ornata, sursum
glabra ; pinnulis 11 infimis subsessilibus, sequentibus adnatis falcatis, ob-
tusis, herbaceis, supra costaque glabris atroviridibus, infra minutissime
hirsutis, parte inferiore pinnulae quaeque fertile et inciso-serrata, versus
apices integris ; venis utroque latere ca. 15, inferioribus bis furcatis ; soris

105968 359

360

COPELAND.

in alis superioribus insertis, medialibus, laete brunneis, indusio tenue,
persistente.

Samoa, Savaii, Maugaloa, alt. 800 m, Vaupel, Plantae Samoenses 1ft 1, March,
1906.

Near 0. affinis ( Forst. ) Swtz., but conspicuously different in texture and in
having the secondary pinnules broad and entire near the obtuse tip. G.
suluensis Baker and G. Cumingii Baker, differ in having their pinnules entire
throughout.

Cyathea leichardtiana (F. v. Muell.) Copel. comb. nov.

Alsophila leichardtiana F. v. Muell. Fragm. 5 (1865) 53.

We have this fern, from Killarney, from the Queensland Herbarium, under
the name Alsophila australis. The two are readily distinguished by the character
of the raehis.

Cyathea propinqua Mett. has been a veritable drag-net. The two following
species received here under this name agree with it in the origin of the lowest
inferior vein, naked rachises, and texture, but are otherwise very distinct, and
the second is hardly to be regarded as a near relative.

Cyathea Vaupelii Copel, sp. nov.

Species gregis C. propinquae Mett. et sub nomine illo distributa, sed
facile ob pinnam sessilem, pinnulam obtusam, costam infra minute
squamuliferam et lacinias serrulatas distinguenda. Rhachibus infra gla-
bris, stramineis vel brunneis, inermibus; pinna ca. 40 cm longa, acuta;
pinnulis sessilibus 6 cm longis, 17 mm latis, vix ad costam pinnatifidis;
segmentis 5 mm latis, obtusis, subfalcatis, sursum serrulatis, glabris, her-
baceis ; venis utroque latere ca. 6 quarum plerumque 4 furcatis f ertilibus ;
soris medialibus, indusio membranaceo, persistente.

Samoa, Savaii, Vaipouli, Vaupel , Plqntae Samoenses 181/.

Cyathea Betchei Copel, sp. nov.

Rhachibus infra glabris, stramineis, inermibus; pinna 60 cm longa,
22 cm lata, stipitata; pinnulis infimis reductis et deflexis, sequentibus
stipitatis, horizontalibus, acuminatis, usque ad 25 mm latis, deorsum ad
costam infra nigrescentem minutissime squamuliferis, supra pallide hir-
sutis ; pinnulis 11 infimis vix adnatis rhachiscopice hastatis ; segmentis
medialibus pinnulae1 3 mm latis, serratis sursum integrioribus, acutis,
subfalcatis, herbaceis, supra atroviridibus glabrescentibus, infra pallidis
secus marginem densius alibi sparse squamulis minutis albidis vestitis;
venis utroque latere 10-12, plerisque, furcatis; soris medialibus, indusio
globoso, membranaceo, non persistente.

Samoa, Upolu, leg. E. Betche, 1881. Comm. National Herbarium of New
South Wales.

Cyathea truncata (Brack.) Copel. comb. nov.

Alsophila truncata Brack. U. S. Expl. Exp. 16 (1854) 289.

Our specimen (Vaupel, Plantae Samoenses lf30), is a pinna nearly 60 cm long,
16 cm wide. The secondary pinnules are auriculate on the upper side.

CYATHEAE SPECIES NOVAE ORIENTALES.

361

Cyathea hem ichlamydea Copel. sp. nov.

Stipite nigro, spinis parvis munito, supra paleis atro-castaneis linear-
ibus rigidis 15 mm longis vestito, infra pinnas infimas reductas remotas
ca. 30 cm alto, utroque latere faciei superioris serie aerophorum linearium
ornato ; rhachi infra nigra, tubereulata, glabrescente ; pinna 45 cm longa,
18 cm lata, sessile, acuminata, rhachi infra minute tubereulata, pilis
minutis deciduis adspersa, supra pilosa et paleis linearibus sparsissime
vestita; pinnulis infimis reductis, sequentibus 9 cm longis, 2 cm latis,
acuminatis, basi subsessile inaequale, fere ad costam supra pilosam infra
paleaeeam pinnatifidis; segmentis proximis, 3-4 mm latis, apice rotun-
datis et serrulatis, herbaceis, lamina glabra, costulis supra glabris, infra
subsquamulif eris ; venis utroque latere ca. 7, inferioribus furcatis; soris
costularibus inferioribus paullo remotioribus, indusio faciem costularem
sori solummodo subtegente.

Borneo, Sambas, Beng Karum Mountain, alt. 900 m, Brooks 102.

Like G. heterochlamydea Copel. of the Philippines in the peculiar indusium.

Cyathea inciso-serrata Copel. sp. nov.

Ehachi brunnea, minute et sparse punctulata, infra glabra vel glabres-
cente, supra minute velutina ; pinna ca. 50 cm longa, 15 cm lata, sub-
sessile, acuminata, rhachi infra paleis minutis angustis paucis sparse
vestita, inerme; pinnulis inferioribus paullo diminutis, sequentibus bre-
vistipitatis, 8 cm longis, usque ad 25 mm latis, acuminatis, fere ad costam
in segmenta 4 mm lata obtusa inciso-serrata herbaeea incisis, segmento
infimo basiscopico reducto integro, costa infra paleis fusco-ferrugineis
lanceolatis interdum bullatis vestita, supra pilosa; costula supra glabra,
infra squamulis bullatis caducis vestita; venis bis furcatis, soris in alam
superiorem insertis, indeque medialibus ; indusio nullo, paraphysibus mul-
tis, sporangia paullo superantibus.

Sarawak, Mount Singie, alt. 600 m, Brooks 105.

Near C. assimilis Hook., but more ample, and exindusiate.

Cyathea am pi a Copel. sp. nov.

Apice truncis radices emittente, paleis crinito-subulatis fulvis angus-
tissimis 2-2.5 cm longis densissime obtecto; stipite basi paleis latioribus
1-2 cm longis ciliatis ad latera vestito, sursum glabrescente castaneo,
verruculoso; rhachibus tomento minuto lacerato castaneo partim hie illuc
deeiduo vestitis, castaneis, inermibus; pinnis stipitatis, medialibus max-
imis, 40 cm longis, fere 20 cm latis, acutis ; pinnulis stipitatis, inframed-
ialibus maximis, 10 cm longis, 2.5 cm latis, pinnatifidis vel basi pinnatis
et pinnulis11 plerumque adnatis, diminutis; segmentis 6 mm latis, obtusis,
sursum grosse serratis, herbaceis, lamina glabra, infra pallidiore, costis
supra minute pilosis, infra rarius costulisque deorsum squamulis minutis
atropurpureis laceris vestitis; venulis utroque latere ca. 7, inferioribus

362

COPELAND.

bis furcatis; soris alis superioribus earum insertis indeque fere marginal-
ibus, indusio hyalino mox fisso.

Sarawak, Mount Single, Brooks 106.

Cyathea leucocarpa Copel. sp. nov.

Trunci apiee et basi stipitis radicibus spinosis et paleis atrocastaneis
nitidis subulatis rigidis 1 cm longis obtectis; stipite ultra 30 cm alto,
eastaneo, basi nigrescente, tomento ferrugineo deciduo vestito, verru-
culoso, basi 1-1.5 cm crasso; rhachibus rufis, infra primo paleis concolor-
ibus minutis vestitis, glabrescentibus, fere inermibus ; pinnis subses-
silibus, 45 cm longis ca. 13 cm latis, acuminatis ; pinnulis brevistipitatis,
7.5 cm longis, 15 mm latis, acuminatis, basi truncatis, fere ad costam
pinnatifidis; segmentis 3.5 mm latis, apice rotundatis, obscure serrulatis,
lamina glabra membranaeea, costa supra saturate rufo-pilosa, infra paleis
opacis integris acuminatis sparsis ve'stita, costulis squamulis bullatis
sparsis ornatis ; venis utroque latere ca. 8, plerisque furcatis ; soris in alis
venarum insertis, indeque subcostularibus, de lamina superiore conspicue
immersis, exindusiatis, primo ob paraphyseos fulvo-rufis, dein ob sporan-
gia exposita albidis.

Sarawak, Mount Singie, alt. 600 m, Brooks 107.

Near to G. melanopus (Hassk.) Copel.

Cyathea poiensis Copel. sp. nov.

Trunco teste Brooks ca. 90 cm alto; stipite inerme ca. 18 cm longo,
eastaneo, pedem versus paleis integris lanceolatis 1 cm longis ferrugineis
vestito et ramis paucis subacanthoideis 2-3 cm longis munito; fronde
vix 1 m alta, 40 cm lata, utrinque angustata, rhachi dense strigosa non
paleacea; pinnis infimis diminutis et deflexis; medialibus 23 cm longis,
6 cm latis, stipitatis, acuminatis, rhachi ut frondis; pinnulis infimis
reductis, sequentibus 3 cm longis, 9 mm latis, brevistipitatis, basi cuneato-
truncatis, apice rotundatis, ad costam pinnatifidis, lobis 2.5 mm latis,
integris, subfalcatis, obtusis, lamina subcoriacea, glabra, infra pallida :
costa supra doersum pilosa, infra pilis et squamulis bullatis mixtis ves-
tita, costulis sparse squamuliferis, venis utroque latere 3-4, simplicibus ;
soris medialibus, parvis, indusio nullo vel transeunte.

Sarawak, Mount Poi, alt. 900—1,200 m, common but seldom fertile, Brooks 101.

Cyathea stipitulata Copel. sp. nov.

Species gregis C. integrae Baker, C. polypodae Baker affinis; rhachi
inerme sordide brunnea subtus glabrescente, supra minute adpresso-
tomentosa; pinnis patentibus, 40 cm longis, 12 cm latis, brevistipitatis,
acutis, costa quadrangulari subtus sparse furfuracea, badia; pinnulis
utroque latere 20-25, stipitatis stipitibus 3 mm longis tomentosis, valde
cordatis, horizontalibus, basi 14 mm latis, sursum sensim angustatis,
fere ad costam pinnatifidis, costis supra badio-piliferis, subtus basi-

CYATHEAE SPECIES NOVAE ORIENTALES.

363

busque costularum squamulis castaneis plerisque laceris sparse vestitis;
segmentis ca. 4 mm latis, oblongi-s, obtusis, crenulatis, subcoriaceis,
glabris ; venulis utroque latere ca. 6 ; soris globosis, medialibus, indusio
fere 1 mm diametro, badio, sat persistente.

Sarawak, Mount Matang, alt. 300 m, Brooks 10 h-

“The base of the stipe slightly spiny with numerous lanceolate brown scales
2 cm long.”

Cyathea longipinna Copel. sp. nov.

Arbor alta C. melanopodi (Hassk.) affinis, qua specie rhachi castanea
tubereulata pinnis angustis basi haud angustatis, eostis infra paleaceis,
et segmentis serratis differt; stipite basi castaneo nitido, paleis atro-
castaneis nitidis lineari-sublulatis 1 cm longis eaducis vestito, nbique
spinoso; rhachi glabrescente, spinulosa, sursum rhachibusque badiis pin-
narum tuberculatis ; pinnis ca. 45 cm longis, 9-11 cm latis, infimis
stipitatis reductis et deflexis utrinque angustatis, medialibus maximis,
horizontal ibus, sessilibus, acutis, rhachi supra velutina, subtus glabra,
basi incrassata, pilosa, et sursum ad rhachin frondis macula parva
pallida notata; pinnulis utroque latere ca. 30, sessilibus, horizontalibus,
plerisque rectis a basibus 9-11 mm latis ad apices serratos sensim
angustatis, vix ad costas pinnatifidis, costa supra deorsum velutina infra
paleis stramineis vel badiis ovatis dense vestita; segmentis proximis,
2 mm latis, subfalcatis, obtusis, infra pallidis, lamina glabra herbacea;
costulis infra inter soros .paleaceis, aliter glabris; venis fructiferis fur-
catis, superioribus simplicibus ; soris costularibus exindusiatis, badiis,
contiguis et confluentibus.

Sarawak, Mount Matang, alt. 800 m, Brooks 103.

Cyathea trichophora Copel. sp. nov.

Stipite 50 cm alto, basi paleis stramineis acicularibus 1 cm longis
dense, supra basin superne paleis concoloribus 15 mm longis 2 mm
latis vestito, sursum decidue pilifero, asperulo; fronde ca. 120 cm alta,
50-60 cm lata, utrinque angustata; pinnis infimis 10 cm longis, deflexis,
vix pinnatis, medialibus maximis, 30-35 cm longis, 10 cm latis, sub-
sessilibus, rhachibus pilis albidis 2 mm longis vestitis; pinnulis sessili-
bus, ca. 5 cm longis, 1 cm latis, obtusis, basi cuneato-truncatis ultra
medium laminam pinnatifidis, herbaceis, pallidis, lamina glabra, eostis
infra sparse piliferis et squamuliferis ; lobis truncatis, denticulatis, 3-4
mm longis, 2-3 mm latis, proximis; venulis utroque latere lobi 4-5,
plerisque simplicibus ; soris medialibus, vix 1 mm latis, indusio vestigiale
vel nullo, sporangiis cum paraphysibus mixtis.

Luzon, Pronviee of Laguna, San Antonio, Phil. PI. Olfi Ramos, August, 1910.

Bur. Sci. 12053 Ramos from the same locality is the same species, and in full
fruit, but the frond in only 22 cm wide and barely bipinnate. In appearance it
is remarkably like Dryopteris Filix-Mas var. parallelogramma.

Very distinct from any of our other species.

364

COPELAND.

Cyathea auriculifera Copel. sp. nov.

Ehachi castanea, minute furfuracea, sparse et minute echinulata:
pinna mihi missa 50 cm longa, 12 cm lata, fere sessile, rhachi sub indu-
mento denso minuto castaneo nigra sparsissime echinulata; pinnulis
subsessilibus, horizontalibus, 14 mm latis, abrupte acutis acumine in-
tegro, ubique pinnatis; pinnulis11 brevistipitatis, 2 mm latis, obtusis,
inferioribus utroque latere auricula una suborbiculare libera omatis,
aliter integris, medialibus basi truncatis et inaequilateralibus, supra
glabris et viridibus, infra sparse paleaeeis et perpallidis; venis utroque
latere 7 vel 8, inferioribus furcatis, medialibus solummodo fertilibus;
soris costalibus, confertis, laete brunneis, indusio membranaceo.

Papua, Goodenough Bay, alt. 1,200 m, growing in scrub, C. King '227.

A very peculiar species, which, in form only, is somewhat suggestive of C.
truncata.

A diagnosis was also prepared for Cyathea botryocarpa, founded on No. 57 King,
but in the meantime Rosenstock has published this as Alsophila biformis in
Fedde’s Repertorium 9 (1911) 423, issued August 15. Assuming that “biformis”
and “dimorpha” are properly different names, I will call this Cyathea biformis
(Rosenstock) comb. nov.

Rosenstock also describes Cyathea Kingii, based on King’s No. 277. I have
three sheets of this fern, and do not see why it should not be called Cyathea
fusca Baker. Beside these two Cyatheas, Rosenstock publishes six new species
from King’s collection; I published three of these six weeks earlier, and one
Pteris gracillima, is not new. When I put Mr. King in communication with
the Buitenzorg Garden, I did not suspect that it would result in double publication,
or in my having to publish in haste to avoid it.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 6, December, 1911.

SIM ARUB ACE ARUM GENUS NOVUM PHILIPP1NENSE.

Auetore L. Radlkofer.
(Munich, Bavaria.)

HE BONG A Radik, gen. nov.

(Aglaia sp. Merrill in sched. et in Diction. Plant Names Philip. Islands (1903.)

66 \ vulgo Hebong in lingua Mangyan ex Merrill in sched. et 1. c. ).

Flores unisexuales, dioeci? (masculi tantum visi), parvuli.. Calyx
minutus, profunde (4-) 5-partitus, partibus deltoideis patulis .vix ima
basi subimbricatis puberulis glandulisque raris capitatis breviter sfcipi-
tatis adspersis, intus glabris, eellulis resinigeris parce persitis. Petala
(4—) 5, calyce pluries longiora, ex obovato-laneeolato cuneata, acuta,
margine apiceque subinflexa, valvata, nervo mediano prominulo, yeilis
arcuato-recurvis anastomosantibus teneris, oblique patula, praeter ex-
timum apicem miuutim puberulum utrinque glabra, e flavido fuscescentia,
cellulas resinigeras paucas foventia. Stamina 10, cum petalis sub disco
inserta, petalis sesquilongiora ; filamenta filiformia, subtlexuosa, glabra
(squamulis basi nullis) ; antherae in alabastro extrorsae, suborbiculares,
supra basin emarginatam prope medium ventrem affixae, longitudinaliter
dehiseentes ; pollinis granula trigono-subglobosa, triporosa. . Discus par-
vus, annularis, tumidus, medio paullum depressus, glaber. Pistilli
rudimentum in disci centro minimum, ovatum, anceps, 2-loculare, locu-
lis superne liberis, singulis in apiculum (stylum rudimentarium) parvum
subincurvum desinentibus ; gemmulae rudimentariae in loculis solitariae,
angulo centrali insertae. Flores feminei fructusque ignoti.

Arbores. Rami — (folia decerpta tantum visa paniculaeque) . Folia
magna, imparipinnata, 8- ad 15-juga, longiuscule petiolata; foliola
opposita vel superiora altema, intermedia quam infima summaque ma-
jora (ad 18 cm longa, 5 cm lata), nunc elongate ovato-lanceolata, sub-
falcata, inaequilatera (latere interiore latiore longioreque) , acutata,
basi valde obliqua ( H . obliqua), nunc elliptica, subacuta, parum inae-
quilatera (H. mollis), petiolulata, integerrima, coriaceo-chartacea, sicca

\Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 8 (1903).

365

366

RADLKOFER.

fragilia, pinnatinervia, nervo mediano supra costula acuta notato infra
obtuse prominente striato ductibus resinigeris (supra singulo, infra
duobus juxtapositis) percurso, lateralibus supra subimpressis subtus
prominulis oblique patulis ante marginem bifurcatis et anastomosanti-
bus (ductibus resinigeris destitutis), glabriuscula vel subtus molliter
pubescentia ( II . mollis), pilis 1-cellularibus pachydermicis curvatis basi
dilatatis, fuscescentia, subopaca, subtus papillosa, papilliis brevibus ob-
tusis cuticula striata obductis, nunc e media tantum ( II. mollis), nunc
e tota cellularum superficie emergentibus tumque basi contiguis (II.
obliqua), diachymate (ut et cortice petioli) cellulis resinigeris persito,
epidermide paginae superioris mucigera ; petiolus teres, ima basi com-
planatus et quodammodo dilatatus, ut et rh actus teretiuscula paullulum
complanata supra linea elevata notata ductibus resinigeris compluribus
intra et prope medullae coronam nec non supra vasorum fasciculus
accessorios per medullam in seriem transversalem dispositis percursus.
Paniculae axillares? (decerptae tantum visae), fere .dimidiam foliorum
partem aequantes, pauciramosae, subferrugineo-puberulae, pilis crispulis
transversim pluriseptatis, rhachi superne ramis ramulisque eonferte
cincinnos sessiles glomeruliformes gerentibus iisque ductibus resinigeris
ad medullae peripheriam percursis; alabastra primum globosa subses-
silia, denique claviformia, 3 mm longa, pedicellis aequilongis puberulis
suffulta; bracteae bracteolaeque minutae, deltoideae, puberulae. Flores
expansi diametro ca. 6 mm.

Species 2, philippinenses.

Genus lloris, praesertim gynoecii indole antherisque extrorsis nec
non characteribus anatomicis (ductibus resinigeris medullaribus usque
nervum foliolorum medianum extensis) affine videtur generi Soulamea j
differt habitu, petalis valvatis, cellulis quoque resinigeris (non solum
ductibus) per foliola et floris partes dissitis atque foliolis subtus papillo-
sis, quibus rebus inter Simarubaceas stamina esquamata exhibentes
quodammodo accedit ad quasdam Ailanthi species. Veram affinitatem
fructus docebit.,

1. H. obliqua Radik, sp. nov.

Aglaia sp. Merrill, ef. supra. Vulgo Hebong, cf. supra.

Folia praelonga, ad 15-juga; foliola opposita vel superiora alterna,
elongate ovato-lanceolata, subfalcata, inaequilatera, apice sensim, acutata,
basi quam maxime obliqua, latere interiore latiore longioreque rotundato
(fere semicordato), latere exteriore angustiore breviore sensim angustato,
longiuscule petiolulata, petiolulis angulosis, subcoriacea, glabra, subtus
papillis latioribus obtuse conicis ornata, fusco-olivacea ; reliqua generis..

Arbor 12 m alta. Folia petiolo adjecto 50 cm aequantia vel paullo

SIMARUBACEARUM GENUS NOVUM PHILIPPINENSE.

367

superantia; foliola cum petiolulis 1 cm longis ad 18 cm longa, 4.5 cm
lata. Paniculae rami 15 cm longi.

In Philippinarum insula Mindoro: E. D. Merrill n. 2176! (Bongabong, m.
Maj. 1903, alab. ; Hb. Manil. ) ; E. Hiclcmann n. 6! (ibid., m. Febr. 1903, alab.;
id. Hb.).

2. H. mollis Raldk. sp. nov.

Folia sat longa, ca. 8-juga; foliola opposita, elliptica, subacuta, basi
paullulum inaequilatera, oblique subovata, brevius petiolulata, petiolulis
complanatis, chartacea, supra praeter nervos laxe puberulos glabra,
subtus molliter pilosa et papillis tenuioribus rotundato-capitatis ornata,
olivaceo-viridia ; reliqua generis.

Folia petiolo 11 cm longo adjecto ad 50 cm longa; foliola cum petio-
lulis 5 mm longis ad 13 cm longa, 5 cm lata. Paniculae 22 cm longae,
ramis 10 cm longis.

In Philippinarum insula Mindanao: H. N. Whitford et W. I. Hutchinson For.
Bur. n. 9443! (Zamboanga, m. Febr. 1908, flor. ; ex H. Manil. eomm. ).

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. VI, No. 6, December, 1911.

THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

By E. D. Merrill.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory,
Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

In the pre-Linnean botanical literature I have found but a single
reference to Philippine Begonia, Acetosa nigritarum of Kamel, pub-
lished in Ray’s “Historia Plantarum,”1 and on which Steudel later
based the name Begonia nigritarum. Except for the somewhat casual
mention of Acetosa nigritarum by Dryander,2 no additional references
to the Philippine species are to be found until the publication of
Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” in 1837, where a single species is described,
but erroneously referred to Begonia capensis L. Ko additional forms
are included in the second edition of Blanco’s work, nor in the third,
so far as that edition is a reprint of the second. Begonia capensis
Blanco, non L., is manifestly identical with Acetosa nigritarum Kamel =
Begonia nigritarum Steud. ( B . rhombicarpa A. DC.).

In 1854 A. Gray described two additional species of Philippine Be-
gonia and credited a third to the Archipelago, based on material col-
lected in Luzon by the Wilkes U. S. Exploring Expedition,3 and in the
same year Klotzsch 4 published the description of a single species, as
Petermannia, identical with one described by Gray.

In 1864 A. DeCandolle’s monograph of the family appeared 5 in
which 10 species in two genera were credited to the Archipelago. The
number of species was increased to 13 by F.-Villar in 1880 6 but Villar’s
list is reliable only so far as he followed DeCandolle’s monograph as
to species credited to the Archipelago by the latter author.

In 1904 Warburg published the descriptions of 10 additional Philip-
pine species of Begonia ,7 making a total of about 20 valid species

43 Suppl. (1704) 14.

2Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 (1791) 171.

3 Bot. Wilkes U. S. Explor. Exped. (1854) 658.

4 Monatsber. Berl. Akad. (1854) 124.

'Prodr. 15 (1864) 266-408.

‘Nov. App. (1880) 98-99.

7 Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 51-56.

370

MERRILL.

definitely known from the Archipelago at the beginning of botanical
exploration under the American administration. Since that date a few
additional species have been described in the publications of the Bureau
of Science, and in 1910 five species were described by Mr. Elmer under
the title “New Species of Begonia.”8 In this last paper the sections
to which the several species belong are not indicated, and through over-
sight the capsules are all described as the “seed”; in this paper it is
well to note that the capsule descriptions and measurements are ex-
clusive of the wings, while in the following enumeration the descrip-
tions and measurements include the wings.

As arranged in the present paper the Philippine material available
for study is distributed among fifty-nine species, all of which are ap-
parently endemic. The majority of the species are referable to two
sections, Pelermannia and Diploclinium , both of which reach their
maximum development in the Philippines. A single species is referable
to the very distinct section Sphenanthera, which has been treated by
several authors as worthy of generic rank, and one of two of the forms
treated under the section Diploclinium may eventually' prove to be
referable to some other section.

The greater proportion of our species are of local occurrence, their
ranges being much restricted, which in general is true of the entire
family. A few, such as Begonia nigritarum Steud., as interpreted by
me, and B. pseudo-lateralis Warb., are found in most parts of the
Archipelago in proper habitats.

Here as elsewhere. Begonias are found in shaded, especially damp
ravines, on banks and cliffs along small streams especially on seepage
slopes, rarely on the broader slopes in forests. Some are found on more
or less exposed cliffs that become thoroughly dry in the dry season, others
are never found except in perennially damp and shaded ravines, and
still others are never found outside of the limits of the mossy forests
on our higher mountains. Most of the species do not seem to have a
great altitudinal range, but Begonia nigritarum, as here interpreted,
extends from sea level in some regions to an altitude of about 1,200
meters in other regions.

In Manila a number of exotic forms are cultivated by local gardeners,
but no attempt has been made to determine these in the present paper.
It is believed, however, that many of our indigenous species are worthy
of cultivation as ornamental plants, although little attempt seems to
have been made to introduce our local forms into cultivation. Begonia
nigritarum is not infrequently found in local gardens, but this is the
only endemic species I have observed in Manila. Probably the chief
reason why more of the local forms have not been successfully cultivated
in Manila is that the climatic conditions in the vicinity of the city are

8 Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 735-740.

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

371

not especially adapted to the culture of species that require a relatively
high humidity.

The majority of our species apparently have well developed distin-
guishing characters, but in some groups, notably Begonia nigriiarum and
its immediate allies, distinctive characters are rather obscure, and the
present treatment of the Begonia nigritarum group, as well as of some
others will doubtless be modified in the future as more material becomes
available for comparison. Another group of closely allied forms are
the five species including and following Begonia klemmei. Frequently
specimens will be found that in vegetative and floral characters so closely
resemble each other that it is difficult or impossible to distinguish
between them, yet when mature fruits are secured, the capsules will be
found to be entirely different, hence the desirability of securing as
nearly complete material of each species as is possible.

In addition to the rich collections of Philippine material in the Her-
barium of the Bureau of Science, the author has had an opportunity to
examine types of cotypes of nearly all the Philippine species preserved
in various American and European herbaria, and several of the species
described by European authors are represented in the Herbarium of the
Bureau by cotypes.

Although in the following enumeration the number of Philippine
species has been increased to fifty-nine, it confidently is expected that
future botanical exploration will add a number of additional forms.
In the time that elapsed between the inception and completion of the
manuscript of the present paper about 15 distinct forms were added to
the collections through the medium of recent botanical exploration, while
several apparently undescribed species are represented in the herbarium
by incomplete material.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

1 . Capsules not or very tardily dehiscent, very obscurely or not at all winged ;
coarse, erect, branched herbs with rather dense, axillary inflorescences.

§ sphenanthera 1. B. pseudo-lateralis

1. Capsules distinctly winged, dehiscing early.

2. Staminate flowers with 2 sepals and no petals, or petals very rarely present ;
erect, more or less branched or simple plants, herbaceous or suffruteseent.

§ PETERMANNIA.

3. Staminate and pistillate flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled.

4. Leaves strongly and obliquely cordate at the base 2. B. robinsonii

4. Leaves gradually narrowed to the acute or obtuse, slightly inequilateral,
scarcely or but slightly cordate base.

5. Stems and leaves rather densely clothed with long, slender, brown

hairs 3. B. ciliifera

5. Whole plant glabrous or only slightly hairy.

6. Leaves distinctly and irregularly lobed 4. B. mindanaensis

6. Leaves not lobed, irregularly dentate or denticulate.

5. B. fasciculiflora

MERRILL.

3. Flowers in terminal or axillary small to large panicles or racemes.

4. Leaves more or less narrowed on both sides of the midrib toward the

often subequilateral base. 1

5. Leaves quite glabrous.

6. Leaves distinctly obliquely cordate at the base 6. B. agusanensis

6. Leaves subobtuse or acute at the base, not obliquely cordate.

7. Leaves 5 to 8 cm long.

8. Capsule equally 3-winged 7. B. brevipes

8. Capsule unequally 3-winged 8. B. littleri

7. Leaves 10 to 15 cm long.

8. Capsules nearly 2 cm long 9. B. longistipula

8. Capsules less than 1.5 cm long 10. B. palcwanensis

5. Leaves densely brown-setose or pubescent on the nerves on the lower
surface.

6. Leaves subentire or obscurely undulate-lobed near the apex.

11. B. leptantha

6. Leaves distinctly angular-lobed or toothed.

7. Margins with few, short, coarse, triangular lobes.... 12. B. weberi

7. Margins sharply toothed or sublobed, the teeth numerous, small
or of medium size.

8. Leaves less than 2 cm wide , 13. B. loheri

8. Leaves 3.5 to 6 cm wide 14. B. jagori

4. Leaves not narrowed to the base which is always strongly cordate and
inequilateral.

5. Leaves deeply laciniately pinnatifid..... 15. B. incisa

5. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed, not laeiniate.

6. Leaves prominently pubescent at least on the nerves on the lower
surface.

7. Leaves suborbicular or reniform 16. B. mearnsii

7. Leaves oblong.

8. Capsule less than 1 cm long 17. B. leytensis

8. Capsules 1.5 to 2.5 cm long.

9. Inflorescence short, congested, 3 cm long or less, the flowers

subtended by large bracts 18. B. crispipila

9. Inflorescence lax, the bracts none or small and early deciduous.

19. B. cumingii

6. Leaves glabrous or nearly so.

7. Capsules 2 to 2.5 cm long.

8. Staminate flowers small; leaves mottled 20. B. leucosticta

8. Staminate flowers large; leaves not mottled.. 21. B. negrosensis
7. Capsules less than 2 cm long.

8. Male flowers exceeding 2 cm in diameter.

9. Leaves 14 to 30 cm long; staminate flowers 2 to 2.5 cm in

diameter 22. B. halconensis

9. Leaves less than 10 cm long; male flowers 3 to 3.5 cm in

diameter ^H... ; 23. B. merrittii

8. Male flowers less than 1.5 cm in diameter.

9. Capsule about 1.5 cm long.

10. Leaf-margins subentire or toothed, not lobed.

24. B. contracta

10. Leaf-margins coarsely angularly lobed.. 25. B. quercifolia
9. Capsules 10 to 12 mm long.

10. Leaf-margins ciliate-dentieulate 26. B. bolsteri

10. Leaf-margins not ciliate-denticulate 27. B. ramosii

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

373

4. Leaves not narrowed below, obliquely truncate or obtuse at the base,
not cordate.

5. Leaves brown-setose or pubescent at least on the nerves on the lower

surface.

6. Petioles 0.5 cm long; leaves setose only on the nerves.

28. B. cumin giana

6. Petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long; leaves setose on all parts of the lower

surface 29. B. rizalensis

5. Leaves glabrous or nearly so.

6. Leaves minutely and sparingly brown-furfuraceous on the lower

surface; flowers vermilliongsH . : 30. B. esculenta

6. Leaves quite glabrous; flowers pink.

7. Capsules 2 cm long, truncate . 31. B. subtruncata

7. Capsules less than 2 cm long.

8. Staminate flowers 1 to 1.2 cm in diameter; capsules more than
1.5 cm long 32. B. everettii

8. Male flowers 2.4 cm in diameter; capsules less than 1 cm long.

33. B, malindangensis

Staminate flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals; herbs with prostrate stems,
terrestrial or growing on the trunks or branches of trees, rooting through-
out their length and sending out scattered leaves- and flower-scapes.
§ Diploclinium.

3. Leaves peltate, rounded at the base, not at all cordate.

4. Plant glabrous 34. B. hernandioides

4. Plant more or less densely villous with long, soft, brown hairs.

35. B. rufipila

3. Leaves mostly strongly inequilateral at the base, not at all peltate.

4. Capsules equally or subequally 3-winged.

5. Capsules exceeding 1 cm in length; plants with few to many long,
soft, brown hairs.

6. Wings of the capsules about 2 mm wide; leaves 5 cm long or less.

36. B. longovillosa

6. Wings of the capsules 4 to 6 mm wide; leaves about 15 cm long.

37. B. longiscapa

5. Capsules about 1 cm long or less.

6. Capsules rhomboidal or subrhomboidal in outline, acute at both
ends or subtruneate, the wings triangular-narrowed, acute or
subacute.

7. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, slightly acuminate;

capsules usually about 1.2 cm wide 38. B. nigritarum

7. Leaves narrowly ovate, prominently acuminate; capsules about

1.5 cm wide 39. B. acuminatissima

6. Capsules not rhomboidal in outline, retuse, rounded, or truncate
at both ends, the wings not triangular-narrowed, rounded.

7. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces; capsules about 1.5 cm wide.

8. Leaves ovate, slightly acuminate, the margins subentire ;

petioles 2 to 4 cm long. 40. B. colorata

8. Leaves narrowly ovate, prominently acuminate; petioles 8 to
18 cm long.

9. Leaves very oblique, 7 to 11 cm long.. 39. B. acuminatissima
9. Leaves only slightly oblique, often subequilateral, 10 to 22
cm long 41. B. gitingensis

374

MERRILL.

7. Leaves pubescent on the nerves on the lower surface; capsules
10 to 12 mm wide.

8. Capsules suborbicular in outline, retuse at both ends, 8 to 10

mm long; internodes short 42. B. mindorensis

8. Capsules ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, 10 to 12 mm long;

internodes long 43 B. longinoda

4. Capsules unequally 3- rarely 5-winged, one wing always much larger
than the other two.

5. Larger wing distinctly concave or eucullate; sepals somewhat ciliate
outside.

6. Leaves ovate, distinctly acuminate; capsule 3-winged.

44. B. anisoptera

6. Leaves orbicular or suborbicular, rounded or with a very short

acumen; capsule 5-winged 45. B. suborbiculata

5. Wings all flat; sepals glabrous.

6. Petioles, peduncles, and leaves with scattered, fimbriate-ciliate
paleae; wings of the capsules acute or subacute.

7. Capsules about 3 cm wide --'I—' 46. B. oxysperma

7. Capsules about 12 mm wide ........... 47. B. calcicola

6. Indumentum, if any, of simple hairs ; wings of the capsules rounded,
rarely acute.

7. Capsules about 1 cm long.

8. Whole plant glabrous . or nearly so; capsules about 1.5 cm

wide 48. B. fenicis

8. Leaves more or less brown-ciliate, especially on the margins ;

capsules about 2 cm wide — 49. B. copelandii

7. Capsules exceeding 1.2 cm in length.

8. Leaves more or less hairy on both surfaces.

9. Leaves small, entire, less than 5 cm long 50. B. parva

9. Leaves medium or ample, 10 to 20 cm long, more or less
toothed or shallowly lobed.

10. Leaves medium; capsules 1.4 cm wide 51. B. klemmei

10. Leaves ample; capsules larger.

11. Capsules 1.8 to 2.3 cm wide 52. B. luzonensis

11. Capsules 3 to 3.5 cm wide 53. B. vanoverberghii

8. Leaves glabrous on the upper surface.

9. Leaves entire; capsules 1 to 1.3 cm wide.. 54. B. trichocheila

9. Leaves more or less toothed or obscurely and shallowly lobed;

capsules 1.6 to 2 cm wide 55. B. manillensis

8. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, entire 56. B. alvarezii

3. Leaves subequilateral, base acute, truncate, or rounded, never peltate or
cordate; scandent along the trunks of trees.

4. Petioles 5 to 7 cm long; leaves truncate or rounded at the base, 2.5

to 5 cm wide 57. B. gracilipes

4. Petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long; leaves up to 9 cm in length; capsules about

1.5 cm long j... 58. B. lagunensis

4. Petioles, at least in the typical form, less . than, 1 cm long ; leaves 5
cm long or less; capsules about 1.2 cm wide 59. B. aequata

§ Sphenanthera.

1. Begonia pseudo-lateral is Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 51.
Begonia salaziensis Gaudich. var. calleryana A. DC. Prodr 15 1 (1864) 408.
Begonia aptera Roxb var. calleryana F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 99.

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

37,5

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Pamplona, Bur. Sci. 7 If 32 Ramos: Benguet
Subprovince, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12661 Fenix : Province of Pampanga, Mount Abu,
Bur. Sci. 2008 Foxworthy: Province of Laguna, Calauan, Gallery in Herb. Mus.
Paris, (type of Begonia salaziensis var. aalleryana A. DC.) ; Province, of Bataan,
Lamao River, Williams 532: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Merrill lf009.
Polillo, Bur. Sci. 6903 Rohinson. Mindoko, Alag River, Merrill 991; Mount
Burburangan, For. Bur. 8521 Merritt. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Bolster
2Jf7, Allen 159 ; District of Lanao, Mrs. Clemens s. n. Jolo, Mount Dajo, Merrill
>329.

The only species of the section known from the Philippines, extending from
northern Luzon to Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. According to Warburg
it is closely allied to Begonia heteroclinis Miq., of northeastern Celebes.

I am indebted to Dr. F. Gagnepain of the Museum of Natural History, Paris,
for a sketch of the type specimen of Begonia salaziensis var. calleryana ; the
specimen is fragmentary, but is unquestionably identical with Warburg’s Begonia
pseudo-lateralis.

Endemic.

§ Petermannia.

2. Begonia robinsonii sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, erecta, circiter 80 cm alta, pauce ramosa, partibus junior-
ibus subtus foliis ad nervos plus minus breviter brunneo-pubeseentibus ;
foliis valde inequilateralibus, basi oblique cordatis, apice aeuminatis,
margine denticulatis et leviter, distanter, breviter lobatis, palmatinerviis ;
inflorescentiis axillaribus, quam petiolus multo brevioribus ; floribus in
apice pedunculorum solitariis vel paucis, bracteis bracteolisque suffultis;
capsulis circiter 2 cm longis.

A suffrutescent, erect, slightly branched plant about 80 cm high.
Stems terete, glabrous, not striate, 5 to 7 mm in diameter, dark-brown
or nearly black when dry, the younger parts and petioles rather densely
pubescent with dark-brown, short hairs. Leaves membranaceous or sub-
membranaceous inequila.terally and obliquely oblong or oblong-ovate, 9
to 13 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, the base strongly obliquely cordate, the
broader lobe rounded, 2 to 3 cm wide, the narrower one obtuse, less than
1 cm wide, the apex rather abruptly and slenderly acuminate, the acumen
1 to 1.5 cm long, the margins irregularly dentate, and sometimes with
from one to three, ovate, acute lobes, but these lobes never more than 1
cm deep, the upper surface glabrous, dark-brown, somewhat shining, the
lower much paler, the nerves brown-pubescent, the whole surface covered
with numerous, small, whitish, lepidote-like spots; i nerves palmately
arranged, about 12, distinct, mostly forked, brown, much darker than
the other parts of the lower surface; petioles pubescent, about 2 cm
long; stipules oblong, 1.5 cm long or less, abruptly apiculate-acuminate,
brown, membranaceous,- glabrous or nearly so. Inflorescence, both stam-
inate and pistillate, axillary, much shorter than the petioles, more or less
pubescent. Staminate flowers, one to three, fasciculately arranged at
the end of the short, solitary, about 4 mm long peduncle, each subtended

105968— —2

376

MERRILL.

by about two bracts similar in shape, size and texture to the stipules,
and each flower subtended by a pair of smaller bracteoles; pedicels
brown-pubescent, 4 mm long. Sepals 2, elliptic-ovate, rounded, 10-
nerved, reticulate, in bud but nearly mature, about 8 mm long. Stamens
about 25; anthers 1 mm long. Pistillate flowers unknown. Capsules
obovate in outline, truncate, base acute, about 1 cm long, 1.8 cm wide,
glabrous, 3-celled, the placentas bipartite, 3-winged, the wings in their
upper portions about 0.7 mm wide.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Maagnas, Bur. Sci. 631/0 Robinson, August 28,
1908.

A species characterized by its short-peduncled, fascicled or solitary flowers,
and by its comparatively large capsules.

3. Begonia ciliifera sp. nov.

Species B. fasciculiflorae valde affinis, differt omnibus partibus pilis
brunneis longis ciliiformibus instructis, foliisque paullo minoribus.

An erect or ascending, somewhat branched, and apparently suffru-
tescent plant, all parts supplied with long, brown, spreading cilia-like
hairs. Branches terete or angled, brown, striate, rather densely ciliate.
Leaves oblong-obovate, membranaceous, shortly petioled, 6 to 11 cm long,
2 to 4 cm wide, brown or reddish-brown when dry, somewhat shining,
much paler beneath, the apex rather sharply acuminate, the base
gradually narrowed, somewhat inequilateral, obtuse, the margins distantly
and rather coarsely toothed, the teeth acute, 4 mm long or less; the
upper surface with scattered, long, brown hairs, the lower surface more
densely ciliate, but here only on the nerves, and also densely covered
with small, white, lepidote-like spots ; petioles 3 mm long or less, densely
ciliate; nerves about 5 on each side of the midrib, ascending, straight,
mostly forked, the reticulations lax, distinct; stipules ciliate, brown,
lanceolate, strongly acuminate, about 1 cm long. Staminate flowers
axillary, solitary or in very few-flowered fascicles, similar to those of B.
fasciculiflora , each pedicel subtended by several linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, brown bracteoles.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9318 Whitford &
Hutchinson, January, 1908, in canyons, altitude about 20 m.

Both this and Begonia fasciculiflora are quite distinct from B. mindanaensis
Warb., which also has axillary fascicled flowers.

4. Begonia mindanaensis Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 55.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Dagatpan, Warburg 11/633, type in herb.

Berol. ! ; Todaya, Copeland 121/6, April, 1904 : Province of Surigao, Bolster 31/1,
April, 1906: Butuan subprovince, Weber 1211, Merrill 7310. District of Zam-
boanga, Sax River, Williams 2103, February, 1905.

5. Begonia fasciculiflora sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, erecta, 0.6 ad 1.2 m alta, vix vel pauce ramosa, leviter
brunneo-pubescens ; foliis breviter petiolatis, inaequilateraliter oblongo-

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

377

obovatis vel late oblanceolato-obovatis, acuminatis, leviter irregulariter
denticulatis, vix lobatis, basi angustatis, penninerviis ; floribus parvis,
breviter pedicellatis, in fasciculis axillaribus dense dispositis, pedicellis
bracteolis nnmerosis suffultis.

A suffrutescent erect plant 0.6 to 1.2 m high, not or but slightly
branched, the lowermost nodes root-bearing. Stems dark-brown, terete,
rather stout, about 6 mm in diameter below, longitudinally striate,
pubescent with short, stout, dark-brown, more or less scattered hairs.
Leaves alternate, membranaceous, inequilaterally oblong-obovate to
broadly oblong-oblanceolate, 13 to 18 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, the apex
shortly but sharply acuminate, the base narrowed, wider on one side of
the midrib then on the other, the widest side narrowed to the abruptly
rounded base, the other side acute, the margins distantly and irregularly,
and usually doubly denticulate, scarcely lobed, the upper surface quite
glabrous, the lower with scattered, short, brown hairs on the nerves, and
the whole lower surface densely covered with small, whitish, sublepidote
spots; petiole 5 mm long or less; midrib prominent, the lateral nerves
about 7 on each side of the midrib, ascending, nearly straight, most of
them forked; stipules brown, pubescent, lanceolate, prominently acum-
inate, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Flowers fascicled in the axils of the leaves,
numerous, crowded, the pedicels about 4 mm long, each subtended by a
whorl of about 5, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, brown braeteoles 2 to 3
mm long. Staminate flowers: Sepals 2, ovate, obtuse, about 8-nerved,
just before anthesis about 6 mm long. Stamens about 30 ; anthers ellip-
soid or oblong-ellipsoid, retuse, about 1 mm long, the filaments about as
long as the anthers. Pistillate flowers not seen. Capsules glabrous,
shortly peduncled or subsessile, obovate in outline, about 1 cm long,
truncate, base acute, 3-celled, the placentae forked, 3-winged, the wings

2 to 3 mm wide.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9248, 9316 (type)
Whitford & Hutchinson, December 26, 1907, and January 13, 1908, in canyons,
5 to 30 m above sea level.

A species well characterized by its dense, fascicled inflorescence, in this
character approaching Begonia fasciculata Jack of Sumatra, but otherwise ap-
parently not closely allied to that species.

6. Begonia agusanensis sp. nov.

Herba erecta, . simplex vel parce ramosa, 25 ad 40 cm alta, ramulis
petiolisque junioribus sparse setosis; foliis breviter petiolatis, inaequia-
teraliter oblongo-obovatis, in siccitate membranaceis, glabris, usque ad
13 cm longis, basi angustatis, anguste oblique cordatis, margine in
partibus superioribus plus minus lobato-dentatis, apiee acuminatis ; petiolo

3 ad 10 mm longo; paniculis in axillis superioribus, 3 ad 5 cm longis,
ramulis tenuibus; floribus masculinis parvis, sepalis 2, ovatis, petalis 2,
quam sepala multo angustioribus ; capsulis aequaliter 3-alatis, 10 mm
longis.

378

MERRILL.

An erect herb 25 to 40 cm high, simple or sparingly branched. Young
stems and petioles with few, brown, setose hairs. Leaves membranaceous,
glabrous, inequilaterally oblong-obovate, 5 to 13 cm long, gradually
narrowed from about the middle to the narrow and obliquely cordate base,
both basal lobes rounded, one much wider than the other, the margins
in the upper one-half or two-thirds more or less dentate-lobed or toothed,
apex acuminate; basal nerves about 7, the outer ones short, the inner
ones and those leaving the midrib above the base sharply ascending;
petioles 3 to 10 mm long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm
long. Panicles in the uppermost axils, 3 to 5 cm long, slender, dichotom-
ously branched, the lowermost flowers female, the upper ones male, the
bracts very small. Male flowers pink. Sepals 2, ovate, obtuse, about
5 mm long and 4 mm wide. Petals 2, nearly as long as the sepals but
less than one-half as wide. Anthers 20 or less. Female flowers not
seen. Capsules about 1 cm long, subrhomboid in outline, equally 3-
winged, the wings about 5 mm wide.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Agusan River near Waloe, on banks along
small streams in forests, altitude about 50 m, Merrill 7 312 (type), October 2,
1910; Talacogon, Weber 1209, July, 1911.

7. Begonia brevipes sp. nov.

Herba ereeta, parce ramosa, circiter 30 cm alta; petiolis ramis ramu-
lisque sparse brunneo-setosis ; foliis inaequilateraliter oblongis vel
oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, apice acuminatis, basi angustatis,
acutis, vel uno latere angustatis, acutis, altero plus minus rotundatis,
vix cordatis, margine plus minus lobato-dentatis denticulatisque ; petiolo
vix 5 mm longo; floribus masculinis parvis, sepalis 2, petalis nullis,
femineis 5-meris; capsulis 12 mm longis, truncatis, aequaliter 3-alatis.

An erect slightly branched herb about 30 cm high, the petioles,
branches and branchlets somewhat brown-setose. Leaves membranaceous,
5 to 7 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, inequilaterally oblong or oblong-ovate,
the apex rather slenderly acuminate, the base narrowed and acute on
both sides, or acute on one side and wider and rounded on the other, the
margins distinctly and irregularly lobed-dentate, and more or less denti-
culate; nerves distinct beneath, brown, very slightly setose; petioles 2
to 4 mm long ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm long. Stam-
inate and pistillate flowers in different inflorescences on the same plant,
both in the uppermost axils. Staminate inflorescence 3 to 4 cm long,
slightly branched, the flowers pink, their pedicels 5 to 6 mm long. Sepals
2, broadly ovate, about 5 mm long. Petals none. Stamens about 16 ;
anthers narrowly obovoid, 1 mm long. Pistillate inflorescence 3-flowered,
the peduncle 1.5 cm long, the pedicels slender, 1 to 1.5 cm long.
Perianth-segments 5, narrowly obovate, 5 to 6 mm long. Styles united
for the lower 1 mm, the arms about 2 mm long, each cleft near the

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

379

apex, the stigmas spirally arranged. Capsules turbinate, truncate, base
rounded, about 12 nun long, 1.5 mm wide, the wings equal, the upper
outer corners acute; placentae 2-partite.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Pamplona, Bur. Sci. 7431 Ramos, March, 1909,
in forests.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia cumingiana A. DC., but with smaller,
more distinctly lobed leaves, and with the staminate and pistillate flowers in
separate inflorescences.

8. Begonia littleri sp. nov.

Species B. longistipulae affinis et .similis, differ! foliis brevioribus,
vix 8 cm longis, capsulis multo minoribus, inaequaliter 3-alatis.

An erect, herbaceous or slighty suffruteseent and slightly branched,
glabrous plant 50 cm high or less, the branches terete, dark-brown.
Leaves inequilateral, oblong to oblong-ovate, membranaceous, straight
or slightly falcate 5 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, the base narrowed,
acute, obtuse, or slightly rounded, inequilateral, not at all cordate, the
apex rather sharply and slenderly acuminate, the margins, especially in
the upper half, distinctly lobed-dentate, the teeth sharp, scattered, ir-
regular; petioles 4 to 10 mm long; stipules brown, membranaceous,
lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.3 cm long. Panicles in the upper axils,
5 cm long or less, the flowers apparently pistillate, the upper ones more
numerous, staminate, the. sepals of the staminate flowers 2, orbicular,
less than 5 mm long, white, the petals none. Capsules about 1 cm long,
1.5 cm wide, truncate, the base rounded, 3-winged, one wing about 5
mm wide, the other two considerably narrower, all rounded. Placentae
2-partite.

Basilan, Isabela, along banks of streams at an altitude of about 90 m,
DeVore <£ Hoover 94, April, 1903, in' flower (type), Bur. Sci. 11512 Robinson,
June, 1910, in fruit.

A species with much the general appearance of Begonia longistipula Merr.,
but differing especially in its smaller leaves and much smaller capsules. Named
in honor of Capt. C. A. Littler, of whose party Dr. Robinson was a member at
the time fruiting specimens of. the plant were collected.

9. Begonia longistipula sp. nov.

Herba. erecta, ramosa, glabra.; foliis lanceolatis, leviter inaequilatera-
libus, rectis vel leviter falcatis, membranaceis, apice longe acuminatis,
basi angustatis, acutis vel obtusis, vix cordatis, margine irregulariter
leviter late dentafo-lobatis ; stipulis lanceolatis, membranaceis, deciduis,
1.5 ad 2 cm longis; inflorescentiis masculinis terminalibus, diffusis, 6
ad 9 cm longis, floribus circiter 1 cm diametro ; capsulis circiter 1.8 cm
longis, aequaliter 3-alatis, apice truncatis, basi acutis.

An erect, branched, glabrous herb, the stems reddish-brown when dry.
Leaves thinly membranaceous, lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
10 to 15 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, somewhat shining when dry, greenish,

380

MERRILL.

sometimes tinged with red or purple, straight or somewhat falcate,
slightly inequilateral, the base narrowed, acute or obtuse, not cordate,
the apex rather slenderly long-acuminate, the acumen denticulate, margins
distantly, irregularly dentate-lobed, the lobes small, broad, acute, the
base 4- to 6-plinerved, ' the nerves ascending, the lateral ones above the
basal nerves distant, 2 or 3 on each side of the midrib, ascending;
petioles rather slender, about 5 mm long ; stipules brown, membranaceous,
deciduous, lanceolate, 1.5 to 2 cm long, the apex ciliate-acuminate. Stam-
inate inflorescence terminal, paniculate, rather diffuse, 6 to 9 cm long,
the flowers small, pink, rather numerous, their pedicels 1 to 2 mm long.
Sepals 2, ovate, obtuse or subacute, 5 mm long, faintly 7 -nerved. Petals
none. Stamens about 30, the anthers 1 mm long, the filaments much
shorter. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, membranaceous, brown, acum-
inate, deciduous, the former about 8 mm long, the latter 1.5 mm in length.
Pistillate flowers not seen, apparently axillary at the base of the staminate
inflorescence. Capsules solitary, nodding, obovoid in outline, their
pedicels about 1 cm long, in the upper leaf-axils and at the base of the
staminate inflorescences, equally 3-winged, the apex truncate, the base
acute, about 1.8 cm long and wide, the wings about 5 mm wide. Placentae
2-partite.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, near Surigao, Bolster 24-8, February and
April, 1906, altitude about 125 m, said by the collector to be common.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia contracta Warb., but readily distin-
guished from it and other allied forms by its leaves being more or less narrowed
and acute or obtuse at the base, not at all cordate.

10. Begonia palawanensis sp. nov.

Herba erecta, plus minus ramosa, usque ad 80 cm alta, ramulis sparse
setosis; foliis breviter petiolatis, membranaceis, usque ad 14 cm longis,
inaequilateraliter oblongis vel oblongo-ovatis, base abrupte angustatis,
acutis vel obtusis, apice longe acuminatis, margine in parte superioribus
lobato-dentatis denticulatisque; paniculis in axillis superioribus, 3 ad 5
cm longis; floribus masculinis roseis, sepalis 2, ovatis, circiter 5 mm
longis; petalis nullis; capsulis 1.5 cm longis, aequaliter 3-alatis, apice
truncatis, basi acutis vel subrotundatis.

An erect branched herb glabrous except for the branches which bear
few, scattered, brown, setose hairs. Leaves short-petioled, membranace-
ous, inequilateral, oblong to oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, 8 to 14 cm
long, 3 to 6 cm wide, base narrowed from below the middle, acute or
obtuse, apex prominently acuminate, margins above the middle somewhat
lobed-dentate, with interspersed smaller sharp teeth, the base 3- or 5-
plinerved, nerves ascending, the nerves above the basal ones 2 or 3 on
each side; petioles 5 to 12 mm long; stipules membranaceous, oblong

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

381

to oblong-lanceolate, 12 to 15 mm long, flagellate-acuminate. Panicles
in the uppermost axils, 3 to 5 cm long, slender, the lower few flowers
female, the upper more numerous, male. Male flowers pink. Sepals
ovate, obtuse, about 5 mm long. Petals none. Capsule obovoid, about
15 mm long, and wide, including the 3 equal or subequal wings, apex
truncate, base rounded or acute.

Palawan, Napsalian, on the west coast, on banks of small streams in forests
about 4 m above sea level, Merrill 7332, September 19, 1910.

11. Begonia leptantha C. B. Rob. supra 211.

Polillo, Bur. Sci. 6857, 69JfJf Robinson, August, 1909, Bur. Sci. 16322 McGregor,
September, 1909. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Sinaloan Trail, Bur. Sci. 9Jf74
Robinson, September, 1909. Endemic.

12. Begonia weber i sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, erecta, simplex vel parce ramosa, usque ad 50 cm alta,
omnibus partibus plus minus brunneo-ciliatis ; foliis inaequilateraliter
obovatis vel anguste obovatis, base angustatis oblique leviter cordatis,
apice acutis, margine grosse, irregulariter sinuato-lobatis, paniculis in
axillis superioribus, brevibus, paueifloris, bracteis prominentibus instruc-
tis ; floribus masculinis sepalis 2, ovatis, 9 ad 10 mm longis, petalis nullis ;
capsulis obovatis, circiter 12 mm longis, aequaliter 3-alatis.

An erect suffrutescent plant 30 to 50 cm high, simple or sparingly-
branched, all parts more or less ciliate with long brown hairs, the younger
parts densely so. Leaves obovate or narrowly obovate, 6 to 10 cm long,
3.5 to 6 cm wide obliquely inequilateral, narrowed to the obliquely and
slightly cordate base, the broader side rounded, the other acute, apex
acute, margins irregularly and coarsely sinuate-lobed, the lobes acute,
the sinuses broad, shallow, both surfaces ciliate-setose, the nerves on the
lower surface densely so ; basal nerves about 5, the outer ones very short,
the lateral nerves above the basal ones 3 or 4 on each side of the midrib ;
petioles 5 to 12 mm long, densely ciliate-setose with brown hairs ;
stipules oblong-ovate, acuminate, ciliate, about 8 mm long. Panicles
narrow, few-flowered, about 3. cm long, ciliate, solitary in the upper
axils, the lower one or two flowers female, the upper ones male; bracts
prominent, oblong-ovate, acuminate, somewhat ciliate, membranaceous,

8 to 10 mm long, the upper ones smaller than the lower ones. Male
flowers apparently pili^their pedicels slender. Sepals 2, ovate, obtuse,

9 to 10 mm long. Petkp none. Stamens about 25. Capsules, including
the wings, obovate, about 12 mm long, 15 mm wide, equally 3-winged,
broadly acute or subtruncate at the apex, narrowed below to the some-
what rounded base, more or less ciliate with brown hairs.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Mount Hilong-hilong, Weber 1210 , March,
1911, rocky slopes in ravines, altitude about 450 m.

• 382

MERRILL.

13. Begonia loheri sp. nov.

Erecta, parce ramosa, ramulis, petiolis, subtus foliisque ad nervos
brunneo-setosis ; foliis oblongis, inaequilaferalibus, basin versus admodum
angustatis, subsessilibus vel breviter petiolatis, 2 ad 5 cm longis, apice
acuminatis, basi oblique leviter subcordatis, margine irregulariter lobatis
et setoso-dentieulatis ; inflorescentiis in axillis* superioribus, 1.5 ad 4 cm
longis, angustis, paucifloris, parce ciliatis, bracteis prominentibus instruc-
tis ; floribus masculinis sepalis 2, suborbicularibus, circiter 7 mm longis,
basi cordatis; capsulis circiter 1 cm longis, ut videtur aequaliter 3-alatis.

An erect, somewhat branched plant about 20 cm high, the lower parts
of the stems often prostrate and rooting, the branches, petioles, and
leaves on the nerves on the lower surface distinctly brown-setose. Leaves
oblong, 2 to 5 cm long, 0.7 to 2 cm wide, somewhat narrowed towards
the inequilaterally and slightly cordate base, apex acuminate, margins
irregularly lobed towards the apex, otherwise dentate and setose-denti-
culate; basal nerves about 6, the outer ones very short, those above the
basal ones about 4 on each side of the midrib; petioles 3 mm long or
less, densely brown-setose; stipules cili'ate, obliquely oblong-ovate, ac-
uminate, about 8 mm long. Panicles in the uppermost axils, solitary,
narrow, few-flowered, slightly ciliate; bracts oblong-ovate, acuminate,
membranaceous, about 6 mm long. Male flowers apparently pink. Sepals
suborbicular, rounded, base cordate, about 7 mm long. Petals none.
Stamens about 18. Capsules (every old) about 1 cm long, apparently
truncate and equally 3-winged.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Angilog, Loher 6090, 6098, March 15, 1906.

14. Begonia jagori Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 54.

Luzon, without definite locality, Jagor 889, 890, in herb. Berol. Mindoro,
Mount Halcon, Merrill 5685 (formerly reported as B. incisa, A. DO.) ; Ibalo
River, For. Bur. 1201/9 Merritt ; Baco River, Merrill 11/8 1/ ; south of Lake Naujan,
For. Bur. 672/6 Merritt; without definite locality, For. Bur. 8712 Merritt. Endemic.

Dr. I. Urban, of the Berlin Herbarium, has kindly supplied the herbarium
of the Bureau of Science with a duplicate specimen of one of Jagor’s numbers.
Begonia Jagori Warb. is apparently closely allied to B. incisa A. DC., but the
typical form is distinguished by its only toothed, not lobed leaves. The Mindoro
material cited above has rather deeply lobed leaves, and some forms rather
closely approach Begonia incisa A. DC.

Endemic.

15. Begonia incisa A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 1 1 (1859) 129. Prodr. 15 1
(1864) 321; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 99.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Merrill 3991/, March, 1905: Province
of Zambales, Bur. Sci. 1/993 p. p. Ramos: Province of Sorsogon, specimen ex
herb. Bonpland in the Berlin Herbarium, probably cotype. Negros, G-imagaan
River, Whitford 1582, For. Bur. 1/253 Everett, March, May, 1906.

A most characteristic endemic species, well characterized by its deeply incised
leaves. The type is in the Boissier Hermarium, the collector and the definite
locality, other than “Philippines,” not being given; A. De Candolle surmises Nee

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

383

to have been the collector, and it probably was collected either by Nee or 'by
Haenke. It is known to the Visayans in Negros as bituca or malangpang.

Endemic.

16. Begonia mearnsii sp. nov.

Herba suberecta, omnibus partibus, praesertim junioribus, dense cris-
pato-fulvo-villosis ; foliis suborbieularibus vel subreniformibus, usque ad
10 cm longis, breviter acuminatis, leviter lobatis, basi circiter 7-nerviis,
inaequilateraliter cordatis; inflorescentiis valde bracteatis; floribus mas-
culinis longe pedicellatis, circiter 1.5 cm diametro.

An herbaceous or suffrutescent plant, suberect, or the older parts of
the stems more or less decumbent and rooting at the nodes. Stems brown,
more or less sulcate when dry, more or less' ciliate with crisped, often
matted, long, brown hairs, all younger parts of the plant densely so,
the inflorescence, petioles, and fruits with similar hairs. Leaves sub-
orbicular or subreniform, up to 10 cm long and nearly as wide, or
sometimes wider than long, membranaceous, the upper surface brown,
with very few, scattered, short hairs, the lower surface much paler,
rather, strongly brown-pubescent on the nerves, the entire lower surface
densely covered with small, whitish, sublepidote spots, the base shallowly
and inequilaterally cordate, the apex shortly and rather broadly ac-
uminate, the margins irregularly and shallowly lobed, the sinuses shal-
low, broad, none of them exceeding 1 cm in depth ; basal nerves about 7,
distinct, some of them forked above ; petioles 3 to 9 cm long ; stipules
membranaceous, oblong, about 1 cm long. Staminate and pistillate
inflorescences similar, few-flowered, terminal, 5 to 12 cm long, long-
peduncled, each subtended by a terminal leaf and a pair of bracts, the
bracts about 1 cm long, ovate or oblong-ovate, densely brown-pubescent,
the flowers crowded near the apex of the peduncle, subtended by several,
more or less reniform, ciliate, pubescent, somewhat imbricate bracteoles
nearly 1 cm in length. Staminate flowers: Pedicels slender, solitary,
about 1.5 cm long. Sepals 2, orbicular-obovate, about 8 mm in dia-
meter, equilateral, rounded, about 7-nerved, the back with few, scattered,
stout, brown hairs on the nerves. Petals none. Stamens about 16,
alternately arranged along the somewhat elongated torus, the filaments
less than 1 mm long, the anthers narrowly oblong-obovoid, rounded
or retuse, about 1.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: Sepals 5, inequi-
laterally obovate, about 9 mm long, 7 to 8 mm wide, nerved and pubes-
cent like those of the male flowers. Ovary densely brown-pubescent, 3-
celled, 3-winged; styles 3, free or nearly so, about 3 mm long, divar-
icately forked. Young fruit about 8 mm long, 3-winged, pubescent.

Mindanao, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. lfilfi M earns & Hutchinson, May,
1906, altitude about 1,200 m.

A species manifestly referable to the section Petermannia, differing from all
the species of that group known to me in its dense, brown indumentum.

384

MERRILL.

17. B. leytensis Elm. Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 739.

Herba erecta, parce ramosa, 20 ad 50 cm alta, parce ciliata ; foliis
membranaceis, oblongis, 5 ad 10 cm longis, acuminatis, inaequilateribus,
basi valde oblique cordatis, vix angustatis, margine lobato-dentatis, et
ciliato-denticnlatis ; inflorescentiis paucifloris, circiter 2 cm longis; flor-
ibus masculinis sepalis 2, oblongis vel subrotundatis, 7.5 mm longis,
petalis nullis; capsulis obovatis, truncatis, base rotundatis, circiter 1 cm
longis, 12 ad 15 mm latis, aequaliter 3-alatis.

Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7255, January, 1906 (type number), in shaded ravines
along streams at an altitude of about 230 m.

Endemic.

18. Begonia crispipila Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 737.

Sufliruticosa, erecta, plus minus ramosa, ramulis parce brunneo-setosis ;

foliis membranaceis, oblongo-ovatis, 10 ad 20 cm longis, inaequilateralibus,
basi vix angustatis, valde oblique cordatis uno latere angustis, subacutis,
altero latissime rotundatis, apice acuminatis, margine distincte dentato-
lobatis denticulisque, utrinque vel subtus parce setosis; inflorescentiis
axillaribus, angustis, vix 3 cm longis, bracteis numerosis magnis brunneis
ovatis persistentibus instructis; floribus masculinis circiter 1.5 cm diame-
tro, sepalis 2, petalis nullis; capsulis suborbicularibus, utrinque rotun-
datis, circiter 13 mm longis, aequaliter 3-alatis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6149, April, 1904, Bur. Sci. 12602
Fenix, November, 1910; near Baguio, altitude about 1,500 m, Elmer 8687,
March, 1907 (type number), Phil. PI. 827 Merrill, May, 1911.

Endemic.

3 19. Begonia cumingii A. Gray Bot. Wilkes U. S. Explor. Exped. (1854)
658; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 84, pi. 3.

Begonia philippinensis A. DC. Prodr. 16 1 (1864) 320; F.-Vill. Noviss. App.
(1880) 98; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 116, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886)
143.

Luzon, without definite locality, Cuming 1897, Lobh, in Herb. Kew., probably
both from Mount Banajao; Provinces of Laguna and Tayahas, Mount Banajao,
Wilkes Expedition, type in U. S. National Herbarium, For. Bur. 885 Klemme,
June, 1904, Bur. Sci. 2419 Foxworthy, March, 1907, Bur. Sci. 6068 Robinson,
March, 1908: Mount Maquiling, Merrill 6305, February, 1909, For. Bur. 15341
Tamesis, November, 1909.

A very characteristic endemic species, definitely known only from the
mountains of the Provinces of Laguna and Tayabas, Luzon.

As to the specific name cumingii it is retained in spite of the fact that A.
DeCandolle coined a new name, philippinensis, for the species, on account of
the fact that Klotzsch had at about the same time published Petermannia
cumingiana which De Candolle transferred to Begonia as B. cumingiana. While
the Vienna Code recommends that in the future the use of both the genitive and
adjectival forms of the same name for two different species of the same genus
be avoided, no definite ruling is made as to the treatment or validity of such
names that have already been published; the inference is that both are valid.

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

385

If in the future it is definitely decided that the names cumingii and cumingiana
can not be retained for the two distinct species, then the latter is the one that
will need a new name, for Begonia cumingii A. Gray antedates by 10 years
B. cumingiana A. DC. (as Begonia), although there is no doubt but that
Petermannia cumingiana Klotzsch was published a few months earlier than
Begonia cumingii A. Gray. The use of the name under Petermannia, however,
has no bearing on the validity or nonvalidity of the specific name under Begonia.

20. Begonia Ieucosticta Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 55.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, Warburg 12004, type in herb. Berol. : Province

of Benguet, Topping 92, January, 1902. Bucas (northeast of Mindanao),
Merrill 5274, October, 1906.

Endemic.

21. Begonia negrosensis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 736.

Suffruticosa, erecta, ramosa, subglabra, 2 ad 3 m alta, caulibus usque

adr 2.5 cm crassis; foliis 10 ad 20 cm longis, ovato-oblongis, valde
inaequilateralibus, basi valde oblique cordatis, apice acuminatis, mar-
gine denticulatis, subtus ad nervos parce strigosis vel ubique glabris ;
inflorescentiis usque ad 7 cm longis, paniculatis; floribus masculinis
sepalis 2, orbicularibus, circiter 1.5 cm diametro, petalis nullis; cap-
sulis triangulari-obovatis, 2 ad 2.3 cm longis, 3 ad 4 cm latis, apice
truncatis, base acutis vel rotundatis.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9903 (type number), April, 1908; Canlaon
Volcano,- Merrill 7 024, April, 1910, For. Bur. 13666 Curran, September, 1909.

Endemic.

22. Begonia halconensis sp. nov.

Herba erecta parce ramosa, glabra, circiter 1 m alta; foliis chartaceis
vel submembranaceis, usque ad 20 cm longis, oblique oblongis vel ob-
longo-ovatis, valde tenuiter acute acuminatis, margine distanter dentatis
et setosis, basi oblique cordatis, stipulis 1.5 ad 2 cm longis; inflores-
centiis axillaribus, paucifloris, 3 ad 4 cm longis; floribus $ circiter
2.5 cm diametro; capsulis turbinatis, apice truncatis,- basi acutis, 2 ad
2.5 cm latis, inaequaliter 3-alatis.

A stout, erect, glabrous, slightly branched herb about 1 m high, the
stems near the base about 2 cm in diameter. Leaves chartaceous or
submembranaceous inequilaterally oblong or ovate-oblong, 14 to 20
cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide, somewhat shining when dry, slightly paler
beneath, not lobed, the apex long and slenderly sharp-acuminate, the
base strongly obliquely cordate, the lower lobe very broad, rounded, the
upper one much narrower, rounded to subacute, the margins distantly
and irregularly dentate and with intermixed, rather soft, straight or
curved, setae-like teeth, similar ones also scattered on the more pro-
minent nerves on the lower surface; basal nerves about 7, the primary
lateral ones above the base 2 or 3 on each side of the midrib; petioles

386

MERRILL.

2.5 to 4 cm long; stipules oblong-lanceolate, membranaceous, brown,

1.5 to 2 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, the apex prominently setose acum-
inate. Inflorescence axillary, few-flowered, 3 to 4 cm long, the staminate
and pistillate flowers White, apparently in different inflorescences on
the same plant, the peduncles less than 1 cm long. Staminate flowers :
Pedicels slender, 1.5 cm long. Sepals 2, elliptic-ovate, about 12 mm
long, 10 mm wide. Petals similar but smaller, about 10 mm long and
7 mm wide. Stamens about 60; anthers oblong or narrowly oblong -
obovoid, 2.5 mm long; filaments somewhat shorter. Pistillate flowers:
Bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, somewhat boat-shaped, about 1 cm long.
Sepals 2, obovate, rounded, 12 mm long, 10 mm wide, the petals
apparently 2, similar. Styles 3.5 mm long, free nearly to the base, the
stigmas spiral. Capsule inequally 3-winged, turbinate, the apex trun-
cate, the base acute or obtuse, 1.5 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm wide, one wing
nearly 1 cm wide, the other two one-half as. wide.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, on steep, damp, forested slopes at an altitude 1,100
to 1,800 m, Merrill 5515 (type), 5607, November, 1906.

23. Begonia merrittii Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 365.

Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Vamoverbergh 513, 511,: Lepanto Subprovince,

Mount Malaya, For. Bur. 11,1,91 Darling, January, 1909: Benguet Subprovince,
Suyoc to Pauai, Merrill 1/-781, November, 1905 ; Pauai, Bur. Sci. 1,385 Mearns, Bur.
Sci. 81,96 McGregor; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16176 Curran, Merritt, & Zschoklce,
January, 1909, Merrill 5602, May 1909: Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Phil.
PI. 711, 858 Merrill, May, 1911, For. Bur. 1,996 Curran, August, 1906, Elmer
6254, May 1904, For. Bur. 11107 Whitford, April, 1908, Williams 1211, 1532,
November, 1904, Bur. Sci. 51,55 Ramos, December, 1908, Mearns s. n., December,
1906, Merrill 1,823, November, 1905; Mount Ugo, Bur. Sci. 5839 Ramos; Mount
Lusod, For. Bur. 15736 Merritt & Curran, December, 1908.

An endemic species characteristic of the mossy forests of the Mountain Prov-
ince, Luzon, abundant on most high peaks and ridges above an altitude of
1,600 m. Igorot (Bontoe) gitgitlang.

24. Begonia contracta Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 54.

The type of this species was from Sampaloc, Province of Tayabas, Luzon,
Warburg 13085, in herb. Berol. I am disposed to refer to the species the
following specimens although nearly all of them differ from B. contracta, as
described, in some minor characters:

Luzon, Province of Isabela, San Luis, Bur. Sci. 8008 Ramos, May, 1909, the
capsules larger than in the type’ (1.5 cm long), and with much longer pedicels
(nearly 1 cm in length), the leaves purple when dry: Province of Bizal, Bosoboso,
Bur. Sci. 2621 Ramos, May, 1907, leaves more lobed than in the type and
somewhat denticulate: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6716 Kobbe, with lax,
elongated panicles, and purple, denticulate leaves: Province of Bataan, Mount
Mariveles, Copeland 201,2. May, 1906, altitude about 800 m. Negros, Gimagaan
River. Whitford 1607, 161,8, 1588, 150 If, Kinaruyan River, For. Bur. 7295
Everett. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9319, 9273
Whitford & Hutchinson.

As above interpreted the species is a variable one, and additional material, in

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA. 387

conjunction with careful field observations, may lead to a different disposition of
some of the specimens cited.

25. Begonia quercifolia A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 1 1 (1859) 129, Prodr.
15 1 (1864) 320; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 99; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 116, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 143.

Samar, Cuming 1696 in herb. Kew.

I am disposed to refer to this species the following specimens, although most
of them have somewhat larger leaves than has the .type:

Luzon,, Province of Tayabas, Kabibihan, Bur. Sci. 13237 Ramos; Anoling
River, Bur. Sci. 9326 Robinson, August, 1909. Mindoro, Baco River, McGregor
310. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 31^, leaves purple
when dry.

26. Begonia bolsteri sp. nov.

Herba glabra, caulibus inferne prostratis vel subprostratis, radicantibus
superne suberectis, eirciter 20 cm altis, vix ramosis; foliis membranaceis,
usque ad 12 cm longis, oblique oblongo-ovatis, basi valde inaequilateraliter
cordatis, apice longe acuminatis, margine denticulatis, vix lobatis; in-
florescentiis axillaribus, pedunculatis, floribus inferioribus ' femineis,
superioribus masculinis, his sepalis 2, petalis nullis ; capsulis aequaliter
3-alatis, eirciter 1.2 cm longis, utrinque retusis vel subtruncatis.

A glabrous herb, the stems unbranched, prostrate or subprostrate below
and rooting at the nodes, the ends erect or suberect, 20 cm higher or
less, the internodes elongated. Leaves membranaceous, oblong-ovate or
narrowly ovate, 6 to 12 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, very strongly and
obliquely inequilateral, the base prominently cordate, both lobes rounded,
the apex rather slenderly long-acuminate, the margins denticulate or
ciliate-denticulate, not lobed, but sometimes slightly repand ; basal nerves
7 or 8; petioles 2 to 4 cm long; stipules brown, membranaceous, ac-
uminate, oblong-ovate, about 8 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, solitary,
the peduncles about 4 cm long, the lower flowers pistillate, the upper
ones staminate. Staminate flowers pink. Sepals 2, orbiCular-reniform,
5 to 6 mm in diameter, the pedicels slender, 4 to 5 mm long. Petals
none. Stamens 15 to 25, the filaments 1 to 1.5 mm long; anthers nar-
rowly obovoid, truncate or obtuse, about 1 mm long. Bracteoles ovate,
about 3 mm long, frequently wider than long, deciduous. Pistillate
flowers with pedicels 5 to 8 mm long, the bracts broadly ovate, 3 to 3.5
mm long, the lobes 4, the two outer ones slightly exceeding the inner
ones, broadly ovate, obtuse, 5 to 6 mm long. Styles 3, nearly free,
about 4 mm long, forked above, the stigmas spiral. Capsules 10 to 12
mm long, about 1.5 cm wide, the apex truncate or somewhat retuse, the
base rounded, equally 3-winged, the wings broadly rounded, 4 to 6 mm
wide. Placentas 2-partite.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Bolster 310, April, 1906, said by the collector
to be common in damp shaded places at an altitude of about 75 m.

388

MERRILL.

27. Begonia ramosii sp. nov.

Herba erecta, succulenta, glabra, 20 ad 50 cm alta, pauce ramosa ;
foliis membranaceis, oblongo-ovatis valde inaequilateralibus, basi non.
angustatis, valde obliqn'e cordatis, apice acuminatis, margine distanter
irregulariter dentatis, haud lobatis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, brevibus,
congestis, angustis, 2 ad 4 cm longis; floribus mascnlinis numerosis,
sepalis 2, suborbicularibus, petalis nnllis; capsnlis obovatis, 1.3 ad 1.5
cm longis, truncatis, base acutis, aeqnaliter 3-alatis.

An erect, glabrous, succulent, sparingly branched herb 20 to 50 cm
high, the lower parts of the stems prostrate or ascending, often rooting.
Leaves when dry membranaceous, oblong-ovate, obliquely inequilateral,
12 to 18 cm long, 4 to 7.5 cm wide, base obliquely and prominently
cordate, both lobes rounded, one much narrower than the other, apex
prominently acuminate, margins irregularly and rather distantly dentate,
not lobed; basal nerves 7, the outer ones short the lateral nerves above
the base usually about 3 on each side of the midrib; petioles 4 to 8 cm
long; stipules caducous, membranaceous, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Panicles
in the upper axils, narrow, congested, 4 cm long or less. Male flowers
pink, several on each of the very short lateral branches of the panicle,
the bracts 10 to 15 mm long. Sepals 2, suborbicular or orbicular-
obovate, about 7 mm long. Petals none. Stamens about 20. Female
flowers : Perianth-lobes 4, subequal, oblong, obtuse, 9 to 10 mm long.
Styles 3, forked; stigmas twisted. Capsules obovate, 1.3 to 1.5 cm
long, about 2 cm wide, truncate or subtruncate, base narrowed, rounded
or subacute, equally 3-winged.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, in forests, Bur. Sci. 109 ^1, 109J/2
(type) 1201ft Ramos, August, 1910.

28. Begonia cumingiana (Kotzsch) C. DC. Prodr. 15 1 (1864) 320; F.-Vill.
Noviss. App. (1880) 98; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 116, Rev. PI. Vase.
Filip. (1886) 143.

Petermannia cumingiana Klotzsch in Monatsb. Berl. Akad. (1854) 124, Abh.
Akad. Berl. (1855) 75, t. 6, f. G.

Diploclinium cumingianum Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I 1 (1857) 691.

Luzon, Province of Albay, Cuming 856 in herb. Kew. : Province of Albay, For.
Bur. 12260 Curran, June, 1908.

The specimen collected by Mr. Curran agrees closely with the description and
with sketches made by myself from Cuming’s plant in the Kew Herbarium. It is
well characterized by its short petioles.

Endemic.

29. Begonia rizalensis sp. nov.

Herba erecta, ramosa, subtus foliis ramulis petiolisque breviter brun-
neo-strigosis ; foliis oblongis valde inaequilateralibus, basi vix angustatis,
oblique cordatis, altero latere late rotundatis, altero angustis, acutis, apice
acuminatis, margine distanter irregulariter dentatis; petiolo ad 10
mm longo; floribus paniculatis, masculinis sepalis 2, reniformi-orbieu-

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

389

laribus, basi cordatis, circiter 9 mm latis, petalis nullis; capsulis late
ellipticis utrinque subaequaliter rotundatis vel subtruncatis, aequaliter
3-alatis, 1.3 ad 1.8 cm longis, 1.5 ad 2 cm latis.

An erect branched herb, the branches, petioles and lower surfaces of
the leaves brown-strigose with rather stont, short hairs. Leaves oblong,
coriaceous when dry, 8 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, strongly
inequilateral, base obliquely cordate, one side broad, rounded, the other
acute, apex slenderly acuminate, margins distantly and irregularly den-
tate or subentire; basal nerves about 7, the outer ones very short, the
lateral ones above the base 3 or 4 on each side of the midrib, beneath
densely brown-strigose; petioles 5 to 10 mm long, densely strigose;
stipules membranaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.5 cm long, ca-
ducous. Panicles terminal, open, few-flowered, about 5 cm long, short-
peduncled, glabrous. Male flowers red or pink. Sepals 2, suborbicular-
reniform, rounded, base cordate, about 9 mm wide. Petals none.
Stamens about 40, the anthers small. Female flowers red or pink, long-
pedicelled. Perianth-segments 4, subequal, ovate, about 9 mm long.
Styles 3, forked; sigmas spirally twisted. Capsules broadly elliptic,
subequally rounded or subtruncate at both ends, equally 3-winged, 1.3
to 1.8 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, San Isidro, Bur. Sci. 12109 Ramos, June, 1910
(type) ; Montalban, Loher 6083, April, 1905.

A species well characterized by its brown-strigose branches, petioles, and lower
surfaces of its leaves.

30. Begonia esculenta sp. nov.

Erecta, ramosa, herbacea vel suffruticosa ; foliis oblongo-ovatis, valde
inaequilateralibus, apice longe tenuiter acuminatis, basi haud cordatis,
uno latere late rotundatis altero multo angustioribus, aeutis; subtus,
praesertim ad nervos, minutissime pauce brunneo-f urfuraceis ; paniculis
masculinis terminalibus, amplis, diffusis, usque ad 11 cm longis, floribus
miniatis, usque ad 2.3 cm diametro.

An erect, branched, herbaceous or suffrutescent plant less than 1 m
high, glabrous except the very slightly and minutely brown-furfuraceous
lower surfaces of the leaves. Branches terete, rather slender, brownish,
smooth or somewhat striate when dry. Leaves oblong-ovate, chartaceous
or subcoriaeeous, 8 to 14 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, slightly shining
or dull when dry, glabrous on the upper surface, beneath paler and
with scattered, minute, brown, furfuraceous hairs or scales, especially on
the nerves, the apex slenderly and acutely long-acuminate, the base
broad and rounded on one side of the midrib, much narrower and acute
on the other, not at all cordate, the margins distantly and irregularly
sharply denticulate, not at all lobed, or on the narrower side subentire;
basal nerves usually 7, two or three additional ones on each side of
the midrib above the base; petioles 1 to 1.8 cm long. Pistillate flowers

390

MERRILL.

not seen. Staminate panicles terminal, ample, dichotomously branched,
about 11 cm long, diffuse, rather many-flowered, the pedicels slender, 5
to 7 mm long, the bracts small, lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm
long, deciduous, Staminate flowers vermillion, about 2.4 cm in dia-
meter. Sepals 2, broadly ovate, or orbicular-ovate, rounded, about 12
mm long. Stamens about 30; anthers narrowly obovoid, obtuse, about
1.2 mm long, the filaments somewhat longer. Capsules not known.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Infanta, Mount Binuang, Bur. Sci. 9^9 Robinson,
August, 1909, in forests at an altitude of about 800 m.

This species is characterized by its rather large, vermillion staminate flowers
that are arranged in diffuse, terminal, panicles, and by its leaves being nearly
entire, denticulate but not lobed or dentate-lobed, and rounded, not cordate at
the inequilateral base. It is manifestly allied to Begonia merrittii, B. malindan-
gensis, and related forms. The leaves, stems, and flowers like most of our species,
have a pleasant acid taste, and are eaten by the Tagalogs and by the Negritos
as a relish with fish.

31. Begonia subtruncata sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, erecta, ramosa, glabra ; f oliis oblongis, subf alcatis, iu
siccitate chartaceis, subtus pallidis, basi non angustatis, oblique truncato-
rotundatis, non cordatis, altero latere late rotundatis, altero angustis,
acutis, breviter petiolatis, margine dentatis vel subdentato-lobatis, apice
acuminatis; inflorescentiis paucifloris, floribus masculinis ignotis; cap-
sulis 2 cm longis, 3 cm latis, aequaliter 3-alatis, apice late truncatis, basi
acutis.

An erect, branched, glabrous, suffrutescent plant exceeding 0.5 m
in height. Leaves oblong, often subfalcate, strongly inequilateral, base
not narrowed, very oblique, rounded-subtruncate, not cordate, one side
very broad, rounded, the other very narrow, acute, chartaceous and
rather pale on the lower surface when dry, 7 to 15 cm long, 2 to 5 cm
wide, dentate or subdentate-lobed, apex acuminate ; basal nerves 7 or 8,
the outermost ones not prominent; petioles 7 to 12 mm long; stipules
lanceolate, caducous, about 1 cm long. Inflorescence in the uppermost
axils, few flowered. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers : Perianth
segments ovate, about 7 mm long; styles 3, short, forked, the stigmas
spirally twisted; bracts 2, at the base of each flower, membranaceous,
ovate, about 8 mm long. Capsules 2 cm long, 3 cm wide across the
truncate apex, equally 3-winged, narrowed to the acute base.

Luzon, Province of Union, Castilla, Lober 6076, March, 1906.

Probably allied to Begonia merrittii Merr., but differing in several characters,
notably in its leaves not being at all cordate. It! is distinguished from Begonia
cumingii A. Gray, by its leaves being quite glabrous.

32. Begonia everettii sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, erecta, glabra; f oliis membranaceis, inaequilateraliter
oblongo-ovatis, basi valde oblique truncatis, vix vel obscurissime cordatis,,
altero latere angustis, acutis, altero latissime rotundatis, apice subcau-

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

391

dato-acuminatis, margine distanter repando-dentatis denticulatisque ;
paniculis in axillis superioribus, diffusis, usque ad 8 cm. longis, floribus
inferioribus femineis, superioribus masculinis ; floribus 1 masculinis se-
palis 2, 5 ad 6 mm longis, petalis nullis ; capsulis aequaliter 3-alatis,
1.6 ad 1.8 cm longis, apice truncatis, basi rotundatis.

An erect, apparently suffrutescent, branched, glabrdus > plant, the
ultimate branchlets brownish or grayish, terete. Leaves oblongo-ovate to
broadly oblong, membranaceous, 11 to 16 cm long, 3.5. to 6. 5 cm wide,
slightly shining when dry, paler beneath, the nerves on the lower surface
brownish-purple, the base strongly obliquely truncate, or very obscurely
cordate, one side much narrower than the other, acute, the other side very
broad, rounded, the apex slenderly long-acuminate, denticulate, the mar-
gins with distant, pointed teeth, somewhat repand between the teeth and
denticulate, the larger teeth opposite the ends of the nerves and their
larger branches; basal nerves 7 to 9, mostly distinct, forked; petioles

1.5 to 4 cm long; stipules oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,' membranaceous,
about 2 cm long. Panicles in the upper axils, up to 8 cm in length,
rather diffuse, the branches slender, the pedicels 8 mm long: or less, the
bracts membranaceous, similar to the stipules but somewhat . smaller,
the bracteoles much reduced, 'deciduous. Staminate flowers numerous,
in the upper part of each panicle, pink or red. Sepals 2, orbicular-ovate,
rounded, 5 to 6 mm in diameter. Petals none. Stamens about 20;
anthers obovate-ellipsoid, 1 mm long, the filaments shorter than the
anthers. Pistillate flowers one or two at the base of each inflorescence,
their pedicels about 2 cm long; lobes 5, oblong, 7 to 9 mm long, 2.5 to 3.5
mm wide, reticulate. Capsules equally 3-winged, 1.6 to 1.8 cm long,

1.6 to 2 cm wide, apex truncate, base rounded, the wings reticulate;
placentae 2-partite.

Negros, Sicaba, Daluapan River, For. Bur. 5581 Everett (type), November 12,
1906, locally known to the Visayans as aslom. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For.
Bur. 6111 Kobbe.

A species probably as closely allied to Begonia contracta Warb., as to any
other known form, but well distinguished by its larger capsules, and differently
shaped leaves, the base being obliquely truncate but scarcely cordate,

33. Begonia malindangensis sp. nov.

Species B. merrittii Merr. similis, et ut videtur valde affinis, differt
foliis paullo majoribus, minus lobatis, basi haud cordatis uno latere
acutis altero rotundatis, floribus masculinis minoribus, 2 ad 2.4 cm
diametro. •

Erect, herbaceous or suffrutescent, much branched, 0.7 ' to 1.3 m.
high, glabrous throughout. Branches terete, brownish, rather 'slender,
somewhat striate when dry. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
chartaceous, brown or olivaceous when dry, paler beneath, ! somewhat
shining when dry, entirely glabrous, 9 to 13 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide,

105968—3

392

MERRILL.

strongly inequilateral, apex slenderly long-acuminate, base broad and
rounded on one side, narrow and acute on the other, not at all cordate,
the margins distantly and irregularly sharply dentate or denticulate,
scarcely lobed ; basal nerves 5 or 6, the lateral ones above the basal nerves
two or three on each side of the midrib; petioles 5 to 16 mm long;
stipules lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous, brown, 1 to 1.5 cm long,
deciduous. Panicle's axillary and terminal, rather few-flowered, mostly
about 5 cm long, the staminate and pistillate flowers apparently in dif-
ferent inflorescences. Staminate flowers pink to nearly white, about 2.4
cm in diameter. Sepals 2, orbicular-ovate, rounded, about 12 mm in
diameter, with about 13 faint, slender nerves. Petals none. Stamens
about 30; filaments 1 to 2 mm long; anthers narrowly obovoid, 1 to 1.2
mm long. Pistillate flowers few, usually two on each branchlet, each
subtended by a pair of thin, membranaceous, deciduous, brown, boat-
shaped bracteoles which are about 13 mm long, and, when spread, about
5 mm wide; pedicels slender, glabrous, about 1 cm long. Lobes 5, ovate
or narrowly ovate, acuminate, reticulate, about 1 cm long. Capsules
turbinate, the apex truncate, the base acute or rounded, about 2 cm wide,
1.3 cm long, equally 3-winged, the wings reticulate, rounded at the outer
upper corner. Placentae 2-partite.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, in forests at an altitude
of about 1,800 m, For. Bur. 4563 M earns d Hutchinson (type), May, 1906; District
of Davao, Todaya, Copeland 1284, April, 1904.

§ DIPLOCLINIUM.

34. Begonia hernandioides sp. nov.

Herba subglabra, caulibus stipulis brunneis ovatis acuminatis circiter

1.5 cm longis obtectis; foliis longe petiolatis le viter inaequaliter subor-
bicularibus vel orbiculari-ovatis, peltatis, basi late rotundatis, apice acum-
inatis; inflorescentiis foliis subaequilongis ; floribus roseis, circiter 1.5
cm diametro; capsulis inaequaliter 3-alatis.

Stem creeping, rooting, covered with numerous, large, brown, ovate
or oblong-ovate, membranaceous, glabrous, or very slightly ciliate stipules

1.5 to 2 cm long, about 1.2 cm wide. Petioles 7 to 18 cm long, glabrous.
Leaves peltate, slightly inequilateral, suborbicular or orbicular-ovate,
7 to 9 cm in diameter, membranaceous, glabrous, shining, radiately about
9-nerved, the base broad, rounded, the apex somewhat lateral, acuminate,
margins entire or nearly so, the petiole attached at 1.5 to 2 cm from the
basal margin. Peduncles glabrous, 10 to 25 cm long, dichotomously
branched above, the inflorescence at most 6 cm wide, comparatively few-
flowered. Staminate flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter, pink. Sepals
3, orbicular to orbicular-ovate, rounded. Petals 2, narrowly obovate,
7 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, obtuse. Stamens about 30 ; filaments 1 to

1.5 mm long; anthers obovate, blunt, 1 mm long. Capsules about 1

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

393

cm long, 1.5 cm wide, the apex truncate, the base subtruncate or broadly-
rounded, unequally 3 -winged, one wing nearly 1 cm wide, obtuse or
subacute, the other two wings rounded, less than 5 mm wide, all reticulate.
Placentae 2-partite. Pedicels in fruit about 1.5 cm long.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Claveria, Bur. Sci. 7393 (type), 7387 Ramos,
March, 1909, on rocks along streams.

A strongly marked species, well characterized by its broadly peltate, glabrous,
suborbicular-ovate, entire leaves.

35. Begonia rufipila sp. nov.

Species B. hernandioidei valde affinis, dilfert omnibus partibus, prae-
sertim junioribus, plus minus dense molliter rufo-villosis.

An herbaceous plant, the rootstock creeping. Stipules linear or linear-
lanceolate, about 1 cm long, acuminate, densely brown-villous. Leaves
ovate or suborbicular-ovate, peltate, entire, base broad, apex somewhat
lateral, acuminate, membranaceous, 6 to 9 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, the
lower surface with numerous, long, soft, brown hairs, the upper surface
ultimately nearly glabrous, radiately about 9-nerved ; petioles 5 to 8 cm
long, densely villous with long, soft, brown hairs, inserted at about 1.5
cm from the basal margin of the leaf-blade. Inflorescence about as long
as the leaves, dichotomously branched above, ultimately nearly glabrous.
Flowers unknown. Capsules about 12 mm long, 15 mm wide, the base
acute, the apex truncate, unequally 3-winged, the wings reticulate, one
about 6 mm wide, the other two about one-half as wide.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, Dolores, For. Bur. 5665 Klemme, October 31,
1906, on moist boulders in shaded places.

A species similar to and manifestly very closely allied to Begonia hernan-
dioides Merr., differing manifestly in its rather dense, brown indumentum which is
composed of long, soft, hairs.

36. Begonia longovillosa A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 1 1 (1859) 130, Prodr.
1 5 1 (1864) 324; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 98.

“In Philippinis ad Manillam (Hiigel! 4170 in h. Vindob.)” ex A. DeCandolle
1. c.

Among the numerous specimens of this genus in our herbarium I have found
none that agree at all well with the description of the above species. It seems
to be well characterized by its capsules which are described as 6 lines long, 4
lines wide, with equal wings a line in width.

37. Begonia longiscapa Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 52.

Leyte, Jagor s. n., 1861, type in herb. Berol. !

This species does not appear to be matched in any of the recent collections.
Endemic.

\ 38. Begonia nigritarum Steud. Nom. (1821) 104, ed. 2, 1 (1840) 194; A.

DC. Prodr. 15 1 (1864) 401; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 99.

Begonia capensis Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 1 (1837) 724, ed. 2 (1845) 501, Naves
1. c. ed. 3, pi. 413, non Linn. f.

394;

MERRILL.

Begonia rhombicarpa A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 11 ( 1859 ). 129, Prodr. 15 1
(1864) 323; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 98; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885)
116, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 143; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 53; Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 100.

Begonia merrillii Warbf in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 53.' j

This variable species is the most common and widely distributed one in
the Philippines, occurring at low and medium altitudes, and as here interpreted,
is represented by the numerous specimens cited below. Various forms are
represented, but these are apparently largely due to habitat, although future
careful field work may lead to a somewhat different disposition of some of the
specimens. From an examination of dried material only, I have been unable
to find characters by which any of the forms can constantly be distinguished, that
is, characters that I consider worthy of being taken into consideration as a
basis of specific or even varietal distinctions.

Form A, with small to medium leaves, mostly less than 5 cm long, and with
short stems which are more or less densely covered with brown stipules:

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 510 (cotype) : Province of
Bataan, Lamao River, Whitford 204, 499, Merrill 3124, Williams. S3, 250; Limay,
Bur. Sci. 6183 Robinson.

Form B, with medium to large leaves, mostly 6 to 11 cm long, and short stout
stems covered with stipules :

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Cordon, Merrill 143 (cotype of B. merrillii
Warb.) : Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Whitford 500, 1297, Borden 7 53,
Elmer 6680 For. Bur. 13553 Alvarez: Province of Rizal, Tanay, Merrill 2343;
Bosoboso, For, Bur. 3308 Ahern’s collector; Antipolo, Bur. Sci. 12105, 12536
Ramos: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Gregory 141: Province of Albay, Bur.
Sci. 2919 Mearns. Mindoro, Puerto Galera, Merrill 3324, October,. 1903: Mount
Malasumba, For. Bur. 8629 Merritt; Bulalacao, Bur. Sci. 1527 Ber me j os. Min-
danao, District of Cotabato, Bur. Sci. 11719 Robinson.

Form C, with small leaves, and slender, extended, stems, not covered with
stipules :

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3862, Whitford 1345,
August, 1904, and September, 1905, altitude about 1,000 m.

This form grows on cliffs on exposed forested ridges, and its extended stems
is probably due to its habitat.

Form D, with medium or large leaves and extended stems' not covered with
stipules :

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Whitford 492, July, 1904, Bur. Sci.
1584 Foxworthy: Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Bur. Sci. 9912 Robinson:
Province of Cavite, Mendez Nunez, Bur. Sci. 1286 Mamgubat, August. 1906:
Province of Isabela, Bur. Sci. 8029 Ramos: Province of Cagayan, Caua Volcano,
Clark, August, 1908. Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7115, January, 1906. Mindanao,
Province of Surigao, Allen 161, Bolster 302: Butuan Subprovince, Weber 1298.
Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 7245.

This form corresponds to form B in its leaves, but differs in its slender,
extended stems which are not covered with stipules, the internodes varying
from 1 to 5 cm in length.

As to the name of the species* judging from Kamel’s description of “Acetosa
nigritarum”, on which Steudel based the name Begonia nigritarum, I am of the
opinion that there can, be no doubt but that Kamel’s plant was quite the same
as the species usually known as Begonia rhombicarpa A. DC., and, in fact,
F.-Villar makes the same suggestion. The plant is common and widely distri-

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

395

buted at low altitudes in the Philippines, growing in the habitat ascribed by
Kamel to his Acetosa nigritarum. Dryander,9 who examined Kamel’s drawing
preserved in the British Museum, considered it to be allied to Begonia malabarica.
Steudel’s name, I believe, constitutes a valid publication, and being the earliest
one for the species is here adopted.

I have been unable to find any good characters by which Begonia merrillii
Warb. can be distinguished from the above species ; cotypes of both B. merrillii
Warb., and B. rhombicarpa A. DC. are in the Herbarium of the Bureau of
Science, and although the specimens are not quite identical, the differences are,

I consider, too slight to warrant the separation of the two as distinct species.

Begonia rhombicarpa A. DC. var. lobbii A. DC. 1. c., is distinguished from
the typical form of the species by its slightly larger flowers, but working from
the description alone, I have been unable definitely to refer any of the above
specimens to it with certainty; the variety is undoubtedly included in my con-
ception of the species Begonia nigritarum Steud.

Widely known as pingol bato and as lingat.

Endemic.

39. Begonia acuminatissima sp. nov.

Herba subglabra, foliis longe petiolatis, usque ad 11 cm longis, oblique
oblongo-ovatis vel anguste ovatis, basi inaequilateraliter cordatis, apice
sensim angustatis, longe acute acuminatis, margine leviter irregulariter
lobatis; floribus .1.5 cm diametro, bracteolis parvis, ovatis; capsulis sub-
aequaliter 3-alatis, 8 ad 10 mm longis, basi leviter retusis, apice acutis vel
obtusis, alis plus minus angustatis, subacutis vel obtusis, 5 ad 6 mm
latis.

A subglabrous herb, the stems prostrate, creeping, glabrous or nearly
so, the stipules brown, oblong-ovate, acuminate, less than 1 cm long.
Leaves obliquely oblong-ovate or narrowly ovate, membranaceous, 7 to

II cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, glabrous, or the nerves beneath, in young
leaves, slightly hairy, the base inequilaterally cordate, the lobes rounded,
the sinus shallow, acute, the apex gradually narrowed and rather long
and sharply acuminate, the margins with several to many small, irregular,
broadly triangular, acute lobes, none of the lobes, exceeding 1 cm in
length, and all broader than long, the base palmately 7- or 8-nerved ;
petioles 8 to 18 cm long, at first with few, scattered, brown hairs, ulti-
mately nearly glabrous. Inflorescence about as long as the leaves, dicho-
tomously branched above. Flowers pink and white, the staminate ones
1.5 cm in diameter. Sepals 2, broadly elliptic, rounded, 7.5 mm long,
6 mm wide, with about 8 faint nerves. Petals 2, narrowly obovate, 6
mm long, 4 mm wide, the apex broad, rounded, base narrowed, faintly
5- or 6-nerved. Stamens about 35; anthers 1 mm long, truncate; fila-
ments 0.5 to 1 mm long. Bracteoles broadly ovate, 1.5 mm long and
wide,, obscurely blunt-acuminate. Capsules 8 to 10 mm long, 15 mm
wide, the base somewhat refuse, the apex acute or blunt, the wings

9 Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 (1791) 171.

396

MERRILL.

subequal, 5 to 6 mm wide, somewhat narrowed and subacute or blunt,
rarely rounded. Placentae 2-partite.

Balut Island, Merrill 5419, October 8/ 1906, on rocks along streams in
shaded ravines, altitude about 400 m. Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Agusan
River near Waloe, Merrill 1306.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia rhombicarpa A. DO., but with quite
differently shaped leaves. It is probably also closely allied to B. colorata Warb.,
but differs from that species in its leaves and capsules.

40. Begonia colorata Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 51.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Sibulan, Warburg 14633, July, 1888, type in

herb. Berol. !

This species is possibly represented by Copeland 803, from a rocky bluff near
Davao, Mindanao, April 2, 1904.

Endemic.

41. Begonia gitingensis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 738.

Herba succulenta ; f oliis longe petiolatis, in siccitate chartaceis, oblongo-
ovatis, leviter inaequilateralibus, basi cordatis, vix vel obscure obliquis,
supra angustatis, acuminatis, usque ad 22 cm' longis, margine subintegris
vel leviter irregulariter dentatis; stipuli^ lanceolatis, acuminatis, 1.5
cm longis; inflorescentiis foliis aequalibus vel longioribus, longe pedun-
culatis, paniculatis; floribus masculinis sepalis 2, oblongo-ellipticis, 5
mm longis; petalis 2, quam sepala multo angustioribus ; capsulis sub-
rhomboideis, 7 mm longis, 12 ad 15 mm latis, subaequaliter 3-alatis.

SiBUYAN, Mount Giting-giting, Elmer 12368, April, 1910 (type number),
altitude about 530 m.

Endemic.

42. Begonia mindorensis sp. nov.

Herba parce brunneo-ciliatis ; foliis oblique ovatis, membranaceis, usque
ad 16 cm longis, basi subaequilateraliter cordatis, lobis rotundatis, haud
superpositis, apice distincte acuminatis, margine leviter irregulariter un-
dulato-lobatis, subtus ad nervos petiolisque brunneo-ciliatis ; stipulis
oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis, plus minus ciliatis, circiter 1 cm longis;
pedunculis quam folia paullo longioribus; floribus circiter 1.5 cm diam-
etro; capsulis aequaliter 3-alatis, 8 ad 10 mm longis, utrinque retusis,
alis rotundatis.

An herbaceous plant, the stems creeping, rooting, brown, rather stout,
slightly ciliate with long brown hairs ; stipules membranaceous, oblong-
ovate, acuminate, brown, about 1 cm long, more or less ciliate. Leaves
obliquely ovate, membranaceous, 8 to 16 cm long, 5 to 10 cm wide, the
upper surface glabrous, the lower distinctly brown-ciliate on the nerves,
the base subequally cordate, the lobes broad, rounded, the sinus narrow,
acute, 1 to 2 cm deep, the apex distinctly and rather sharply acuminate,
the margins slightly and irregularly undulate-lobed, the larger lobes few,
none of them exceeding 1.5 cm in length, acute, the smaller ones much
broader, rounded or acute; base palmately 7- to 9-nerved; petioles 6 to

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

397

20 cm long, distinctly brown-ciliate, the hairs more or less spreading,
often curled. Peduncles longer than the leaves, ultimately glabrous, the
inflorescence, including the peduncles, 30 to 35 cm long, dichotomously
branched, 10 cm wide or less, the bracts broadly orbicular-ovate or reni-
form-ovate, rounded, brown, about 2.5 mm long, usually somewhat wider,
rounded, distinctly punctate-glandular, the bracteoles similar but smaller.
Staminate flowers white or pink, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Sepals 2,
broadly ovate or suborbicular, rounded, 6 to 7 mm long, more or less
punctate with scattered, small, black dots, with about 11 slender nerves.
Petals narrowly obovate, -6 to 7 mm long, 3 mm wide, obtuse, narrowed
below, 6- or 7-nerved. Stamens more than 50 ; filaments 1 mm long
or less. Capsules equally 3-winged, 8 to 10 mm long, 10 to 12. mm wide,
retuse at both ends, the wings reticulate, rounded, 3 to. 4 mm wide.
Placentae 2-partite.

Mindoro, Baco River, McGregor 28h, April, 1905 ; near Lake Naujan, For. Bur.
6777 6867 (type) Merritt, April, 1907. Palawan, near Iwahig, Bur. Sci. 779
Foxworthy, April, 1906, Elmer 12857, March, 1911. Luzon, Province of Tayabas,
Bur. Sci. 13361 Ramob, Bur. Sci. 13131 Foxworthy and Ramos.

A species allied to Begonia rhombicarpa A. DC., and related forms, differing
especially from DeCandolle’s species in its larger size, brown-ciliate petioles and
leaves, and especially in its capsules being retuse at both ends and the wings
rounded.

43. Begonia longinoda sp. nov.

Herba petiolis pedunculis et subtus foliis ad nervos adpresse brunneo-
setosis, caulibus prostratis internodiis'elongatis; foliis usque ad 10 cm
longis, oblique ovato-subreniformibus, basi plus minusve ' obliquis, cor-
datis, apice acuminatis, margine leviter irregulariter dentatis vel dentato-
lobatis ; floribus masculinis sepalis 2 orbicularibus, petalis 2 multo angus-
tioribus; capsulis ellipsoidei's utrinque rotundatis, 10 ad 12 mm longis,
anguste aequaliter vel subaequaliter 3-alatis.

Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, somewhat appressed brown-setose,
the internodes elongated, 4 to 7 cm long. Peduncles, petioles and lower
surfaces of the leaves on the nerves appressed-brown-setose, the petioles
and peduncles subequal, 12 to 18 cm long. Leaves 6 to 10 cm long,
oblique, ovate-subreniform, base prominently cordate, apex shortly acumi-
nate, margins irregularly dentate or dentate-lobed, the basal nerves 7
to 9, radiating. Inflorescence dichotomously branched, comparatively
few-flowered, the lower flowers female, the upper ones male. Male flowers
white or pink. Sepals 2, orbicular, 7 to 8 mm long, rounded. Petals
2, narrowly oblong, as long as the sepals. Stamens about 80, the anthers
obovoid, about 0.8 mm long. Capsules ellipsoid, 10 to 12 mm long, 8
to 10 mm wide, rounded at both ends or the base subacute, equally or
subequally 3-winged, the wings narrow, 2 to 3 mm wide.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Tagcauayan, in forests, altitude about 200 m,
Bur. Sci. 13372 Ramos, March, 1911.

398

MERRILL.

44. Begonia anisoptera sp. nov.

Herba subtus foliis ad nervos petiolisque plus minus dense brunneo-
villosis ; foliis oblique ovatis, basi cordatis, lobis vix superpositis, apice
breviter acuminatis, margine integris vel subintegris; pedunculis foliis
subaequilongis ; floribus masculinis 2 cm diametro ; capsulis valde 3-alatis,
alis 2 angustis, rotundatis, planis, 4 ad 5 mm latis, capsulis aequalibus,
ala tertia cucullata, 1.5 cm longa, 1.2 cm lata, deorsum extensa.

Stems prostrate, creeping, or the apical parts somewhat erect, more
or less villous-ciliate, especially near the tips ; stipules oblong-ovate, about
1 cm long, brown, membranaceous, acuminate, more or less eiliate.
Leaves obliquely ovate, 6 to 12 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, the base cordate,
the lobes broad and rounded, the sinus narrow, apex mostly shortly and
bluntly acuminate, sometimes slightly prolonged and nearly acute, the
margins entire or subentire, not lobed, the upper surface glabrous, the
lower ciliate-villous on the nerves, and with scattered, shorter, brown
hairs on the surface; base palmately about 7 -nerved ; petioles 4 to 12
cm long, when young densely covered with long, slender, brown, eiliate
hairs, less densely covered when old. Inflorescence as long as or some-
what exceeding the leaves, the peduncles slightly brown-ciliate. Flowers
rather few, the staminate ones pink, 2 cm in diameter. Sepals 2, orbi-
cular, 10 mm in diameter, rounded, with about 14 slender nerves, the
back with scattered, , short, brown, somewhat setose hairs. Petals 2,
thinner than the sepals, obovate, about 10 mm long, 8 mm wide, the
apex broad, somewhat retuse, the base gradually narrowed, faintly 8-
nerved. Stamens about 35 ; anthers oblong, nearly 2 mm long, somewhat
acuminate; filaments 1 to 1.5 mm long. Capsules strongly inequilater-
ally 3-winged, the capsule proper 1 cm long, the two narrower wings as
long as the capsule, 4 to 5 mm wide, rounded, the apex acute, the base
retuse, the larger wing 1.5 cm long, 1.2 cm wide, strongly cucullate,
rounded, the apex acute, the base extended downward below the capsule
and rounded. Placentas 2-partite.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Zamboanga, Merrill 5^82, October 10, 1906
(type), on somewhat shadded cliffs in forested ravines, altitude less than 100 m;
Port Banga, For Bur. 123Jf2 Hutchinson, April, 1908, on boulders in forests
altitude about 100 m.

A species quite different from all other Philippine forms of the section known
to me, well characterized by its very unequally 3-winged capsules, but especially
by the large wing distinctly cucullate, much longer than the capsule, and produced
below it. When fresh the leaves are purple beneath and more or less blotched
with gray above. Another unusual character, so far as the Philippine species
are concerned, which is shared with the next species, is the sepals being more or
less eiliate on the back.

45. Begonia suborbiculata sp. nov. § Diploclinium (?)

Planta valde suceulenta, caulibus petiolis et subtus foliis ad nervos
plus minusve dense brunneo-setaceo-ciliatis ; foliis suborbicularibus, 5

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

399

ad 15 cm diametro, integris, plus minus obliquis, basi cordatis, apice
brevissime acuminatis ; floribus masculinus sepalis 6 ad 7 mm diametro,
extus parce ciliato-setosis ; petalis 2, obovatis ; staminibus cireiter 40 ;
capsulis obliquis, cireiter 1.5 cm longis, 5-alatis, alis inaequalibus, una
lata, concava, aliis multo angustioribus, planis.

Stems prostrate, creeping and rooting, red when fresh, setose-ciliate
with brown hairs. Leaves suborbicular to subreniform, somewhat obli-
que, 5 to 15 cm long, often a little wider, entire, when fresh very thick
and fleshy, firmly chartaceous when dry, base deeply cordate, apex with
a short, stout, lateral acumen, the upper surface glabrous except for few
long brown hairs on the nerves, the lower surface brown when dry, the
nerves densely brown-setose-ciliate ; nerves about 9, radiate, often forked ;
petioles red when fresh, stout, 8 to 15 cm long, densely brown-setose-
ciliate; stipules ovate, acuminate, brown-setose, about 1 cm long. In-
florescence as long as the leaves and petioles, erect, glabrous or nearly
so, branched at the top, the branches divaricate or spreading, few-flowered,
the bracteoles small, deciduous. Male flowers pink. Sepals 2, subor-
bicular, rounded, 6 to 7 mm in diameter, slightly brown-setose on the
nerves outside. Petals 2, oblong-obovate. Stamens about 40; filaments
free or nearly so, nearly as long as the anthers, which are oblongs about
1.5 mm long, the connective slightly produced. Female flowers not seen.
Capsules oblique, about 1.5 cm long and 2 cm wide with one large concave,
oblique wing, and 5 subequal much narrower ones.

Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 7229, September 18, 1910, on ledges in
forests near the seashore.

A very characteristic species on account of its 5-winged capsules, one wing being
concave and very much larger than the other four which are flat. Perhaps not
truly referable to the section Diploclinium.

^46. Begonia oxysperima A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 1 1 (1859) 122, Prodr.
15 1 (1864) 287; F.-Vill. NovisS. App. (1880) 98.

Luzon, without definite locality, probably Mount Banajao, Lobb 465, type in
herb. Kew.!: Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Sci. 2441 Foxworthy,
March, 1907, For. Bur. 886 Klemme, June, 1904; Mount San Cristobal, Copeland ;
Mount Maquiling, Merrill 5132: Province of -Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 6013,
Williams 986, March, June, 1904 , Merrill 7688, May, 1911.

This species was based on Lobb 465, but on account of the different localities
given on the labels, A. DeCandolle considered the original home of the plant to
be uncertain; on the four specimens of this number examined by him, one label
(Kew) gave the locality as Luzon, one (St. Petersburg), gave the locality as Java,
and two gave no locality. As the species is not uncommon in central Luzon,
and as it has not as yet been found outside of the Philippines, it is safe to
assume that in this case the locality given on the Kew label is correct. It has
been assumed by some botanists that the localities given on Lobb’s plants in the
Kew set are the correct ones, but this is certainly not always the case. About
seven species so far credited to the Philippines solely on the authority of Lobb’s
specimens, so labelled, almost certainly did not come from the Archipelago, but

400

MERRILL.

from Singapore, Borneo, or Java: see Merrill, This Journal 4 (1909) Bot. 149,
sub Loranthus retusus Jack.

The section Baryandxa A. DC., is based solely on Begonia oxysperma, but I
can see no valid reason for making a section for this species distinct from
Diploclinium. The specie’s is more robust than are the others of the section
Diploclinium,' but in all essential characters appears to me to be quite referable
to that section. Begonia oxysperma and B. calcicola are closely allied, and both
have scattered, fimbriate-ciliate paleae, these being the only two Philippine
species known to- me that possess this character.

47. Begonia calcicola sp. nov.

Herba, caulibus crassis, rhizomate stipulis magnis membranaceis
brunneis usque ad 2.5 cm longis plus minus ciliatis obtecto; petiolis
usque ad 25 cm longis, plus minus fimbriato-paleaceis ; foliis oblique
ovatis, usque ad 20 cm longis, acuminatis, basi subaequilateraliter cordatis;
peduneulis quam petioli longioribus, supra diffuse ramosis; floribus cir-
citer 12 mm diametro; capsulis inaequaliter 3-alatis, apice truncatis,
basi rotundatis, circiter 12 mm latis, 8 mm longis.

Herbaceous, the stem creeping, stout, nearly 1 cm in diameter when
dry, excluding the stipules, dark-brown, covered with numerous, membra-
naceous, brown, ovate to oblong-ovate stipules 2 to 2.5 cm long, usually
about 1 cm wide, cleft at the apex, the margins more or less fimbriate,
the rootlets also very abundant. Leaves membranaceous, brownish when
dry, obliquely ovate, 10 to 20 cm long, the base prominently and sub-
equally cordate, the lobes broad, rounded, the sinus 1.5 to 3 cm deep,
open, the apex lateral, acuminate, the margins subentire or obscurely
undulate-repand, the nerves on both surfaces with scattered, stout,
usually more or less curled, brown hairs; petioles at least 20 cm long,
with numerous, scattered, brown, slender, more or less fimbriate paleae
up to 5 mm in length. Peduncles longer than the petioles, glabrous or
slightly brown-ciliate, up to 45 cm long, stout when fresh, dichotomously
and rather diffusely branched. Flowers pink or white, the staminate
and pistillate ones in the same inflorescence. Pistillate flowers : Pedicels
slender, 10 to 13 mm long. Sepals two, suborbicular or orbicular-obo-
vate, 5.5 to 6 mm in diameter. Petals two (sometimes only one), much
narrower, narrowly oblong-obovate, about 5.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide.
Style less than 3 mm long, 3-cleft, the branches forked, the stigmas
spirally arranged. Staminate flowers slightly larger than the pistillate
ones, the sepals and petals similar but slightly larger. Stamens about
35 ; filaments about 1 mm long, more or less united ; anthers oblong-
obovoid or obovoid, blunt, less than 1 mm long. Capsule obovoid, about
12 mm in diameter at the apex, 8 mm long, the apex truncate, the base
rounded, unequally 3-winged, the wings reticulate, one 6 to 7 mm wide at
the apex, the other two about 3 mm in width ; placentas 2-lamellate.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban, Merrill 7062, January, 1910 (type), in
fruit, Copeland s. n., September, 1908.

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

401

This species is found on limestone cliffs in the gorge of the Maraquina River
near the water-works dam at Wawa ; it is manifestly allied to Begonia luzonensis
Warb., and B. manillensis A. DC., but is at once distinguishable from the above
and other forms by its prominently fimbriate paleae.

48. Begonia fenicis Merr. in Philip. Journ, Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 421.

Batanes Islands, Batan, Bur. Sci. 3619 Felix, May; 1907 (type), Bur. Sci.

3207 Mearns, May, 1907. Babuyanes Islands, Bur. Sci. 3893 Fenix, June
17, 1907.

I am disposed to refer here also the following specimen from Lanang, Island
of Samar, Merrill 5237bis, October 3, 1906, although it differs from the type in
some minor respects. Additional material may prove it to be specifically
distinct.

Endemic.

49. Begonia copelandii sp. nov.

Herba parva, caule repente stipulis brunueis oblongo-ovatis acuminatis
usque ad 12 mm longis obtecto ; petiolis 4 ad 6 cm longis, parce brunneo-
ciliatis ; pedunculis quam petioli longioribus, tenuibus, paucifloris ; foliis
oblique ovatis, basi inaequilateraliter cordatis; floribus masculinis 3 cm
diametro; capsulis circiter 1 cm longis, valde inaequaliter 3-alatis, alis
2 obtusis 5 mm latis, tertia 1.5 cm lata.

A small herbaceous plant, the stems creeping or the apices somewhat
erect, dark-brown, with numerous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, brown, mem-
branaceous stipules about 12 mm long, 6 mm wide, somewhat ciliate on
back especially towards the apex. Leaves obliquely ovate, 5 to 7 cm
long, about 5 cm wide, the base inequilaterally cordate, the lobes broad,
rounded, the sinus scarcely 1 cm deep, acute, palmately about 7-nerved,
the apex acuminate, the margins slightly irregularly sinuate, not lobed,
distinctly brown-ciliate, the upper surface glabrous, the lower one with
scattered, brown hairs on the nerves, under the lens distinctly white-
maculate with small, regular, round dots ; petioles 4 to 6 cm long, slightly
brown-ciliate or nearly glabrous. Inflorescence slender, glabrous, about
20 cm long, slightly branched. Staminate flowers white or very pale-
pink, 3 cm in diameter. Sepals 2, membranaceous, elliptic, rounded,
slenderly about 12-nerved, 1.5 cm long, 11 to 12 mm wide. Petals 2,
similar in texture to the sepals, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, about 14 mm
long, 5 mm wide. Stamens about 35 ; filaments 1 to 1.5 mm long; anthers
narrowly obovoid, blunt, about 1 mm long. Capsules about 1 cm long,
including the wings 2 cm wide, apex truncate, base broadly rounded,
very unequally 3-winged, the larger wing 1.5 cm long, subacute, the two
smaller ones about 5 mm wide, obtuse;, placentae 2-partite. Peduncles
in fruit very slender, 2 cm long.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Todaya, on rocks along tlie Baroring River,
Copeland 1255, April, 1904, altitude about 850 m.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia colorata Warb., B. rhombicarpa A. DC.,
and allied forms, well characterized by its unusually large flowers and by its
comparatively large, unequally 3-winged capsules.

402

MERRILL.

50. Begonia parva sp. nov.

Herba parva omnibus partibus praesertim junioribus plus minus dense
f errugineo-pilosis ; foliis inaequilateraliter anguste ovatis vel oblongo-
ovatis, usque ad 4 cm longis, integris, acutis vel leviter aeuminatis, basi
leviter oblique cordatis ; pedunculis quam folia longioribus, paueifloris;
floribus 2.6 cm diametro ; capsulis circiter 1.5 cm longis, inaequaliter
3-alatis.

Small herb, the stems postrate, creeping, with numerous, long, slender,
brown, ciliate hairs, and with ovate, brown stipules. Leaves inequilater-
ally oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, .2 to 4 cm long, 1.8 to 2.7
cm wide, the apex acute or obscurely acuminate, the base slightly and
obliquely cordate, the lobes rounded, the sinus narrow, acute, both surfaces
with scattered, long, brown, slender hairs, the margins also ciliate with
similar ones, the base palmately 4- or 5-nerved, the nerves faint ; petioles
2 to 5 cm long, brown-ciliate, the hairs, as in other parts of the plant,
slender, often 4 to 5 mm long. Inflorescence slightly longer than the
leaves, the peduncle more or less brown-ciliate, bearing few flowers.
Flowers apparently pink, the staminate ones 2.6 cm in diameter. Sepals
2, orbicular, rounded, 13 mm in diameter, with 12 or 13 faint nerves.
Petals 2, nearly as long as the sepals, narrowly obovate or obovate, about
7 mm wide, apex broad, rounded, obscurely retuse, the base narrowed.
Stamens about 25; filaments 1.5 to 2 mm long; anthers slightly exceed-
ing 1 mm in length. Pistillate flowers about as large as the staminate
ones; styles about 4 mm long, 3-cleft, the arms forked; stigmas spiral.
Capsule somewhat obovate in outline, including the wings about 1.5
cm long and wide, the widest wing rounded, much longer than the cap-
sule proper, about 6 mm wide, the base acuminate, the apex produced
above the capsule, rounded, the other two wings shorter and narrower,
about 3 mm wide, all reticulate. Placentae 2- partite.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Trinidad Eiver, Bur. Sci. 5551 Ramos, December,
1908.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia longovillosa A. DC., B. klemmei Merr.,
B. trichocheila Warb., and related forms, but distinguished from all by its small,
oblong- ovate or narrowly oblong, entire leaves.

51. Begonia klemmei sp. nov.

Species B. trichocheila similis et valde affinis, differ t foliis distincte
irregulariter plus minus distanter crenato-dentatis, utrinque, praesertim
subtus ad nervos, longe rufo-pilosis, valde acute aeuminatis, alis capsulam
distincte superantibus.

An herbaceous plant, the stem prostrate, creeping, brown, about 6 mm
in diameter when dry, the stipules ovate, brown, membranaceous, acu-
minate, about 1 cm long, more or less browu-pilose in the upper part.
Leaves obliquely ovate or oblong-ovate, 5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 6, cm wide,
membranaceous, the base prominently and very inequilaterally cordate,

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

403

the sinus rather narrow, acute, 1 to 1.5 cm deep, both lobes rounded,
one much boader than the other, not superposed, apex prominently and
sharply acuminate, the acumen usually about 1.5 cm long, margins dis-
tinctly distantly and irregularly crenate-dentate, frequently also with
few, small lobes which are broader than long, the upper surface, at least
when young, with scattered, long, brown hairs, ultimately becoming nearly
glabrous, on the lower surface similar hairs more numerous and per-
sistent, the margins prominently ciliate with long brown hairs; base
palmately 7- to 9-nerved; petiole 5 to 20 cm long, distinctly villous with
long, slender, brown hairs. Peduncles as long as or exceeding the leaves,
with few to many long, ciliate, brown hairs, dichotomously branched at
the apex, the branched part of the inflorescence about 5 cm long, rather few-
flowered. Flowers white, the staminate ones about 2.5 cm in diameter,
the slender pedicels 2 cm in length. Sepals 2, broadly elliptic, rounded
at both ends, about 12 mm long, 10 mm wide, with about 13 slender
nerves. Petals 2, thinner than the sepals, narrowly obovate, 10 to 11
mm long, about 7 mm wide, the apex rounded and prominently retuse,
the base gradually narrowed. Stamens about 30; filaments 2 mm long;
anthers slightly exceeding 1 mm in length. Pistillate flowers : Sepals
and petals not seen: Styles 3-cleft, about 3 mm long, the arms 2- or
3-forked, the stigmas spirally arranged. Capsules about 12 mm long,
13 to 14 mm wide, unequally 3-winged, the wings all rounded, the
broad one 6 mm wide, the two narrower ones one-half as wide, all dis-
tinctly exceeding the capsule, reticulate, the apex broadly rounded, the
base abruptly and obscurely acuminate. Placentas 2-partite.

Luzon, District of Lepanto, Sagada, For. Bur. 5677 Elemme, (type), November
8, 1906, on boulders in moist forests, altitude about 1,600 m: Province of Benguet,
Baguio, Williams 1318, September 24, 1904.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia trichocheila Warb., and to B. longo-
villosa A. DC., differing from the former in its prominently and sharply acuminate
leaves which are more or less toothed, not entire, and distinctly villous on both
surfaces with long, brown hairs, and from the latter in its differently shaped
stipules, quite differently shaped leaves, longer petioles, and other characters.

52. Begonia luzonensis Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 52.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban, Warburg 13084, type in .herb. Berol. ! :

Province of Laguna, Pagsanjan, Merrill 2187 ; Mabalucbaluc Pass, Bur. Sci. 6045
Robinson, March, 1908: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3734,
January, 1904, Elmer 6849, November, 1904.

As noted under Begonia manillensis A. DC., I am disposed to refer to this
species the specimen collected in Luzon by Lobb, and referred with doubt by
A. DeCandolle to Begonia manillensis.

Endemic.

53. Begonia vanoverberghii sp. nov.

Planta succulenta, petiolis, pedunculis, et foliis utrih.qu.ie plus minus
longe brunneo-ciliato-setosis ; foliis usque ad 20 cm longis, ovatis vel
obloogo-ovatis, valde inequilateralibus, basi oblique cordatis, apice. longe

404

MERRILL.

acuminatis, margine irregulariter acute dentato-lobatis ; floribus mas-
culinis roseis, sepalis 2, orbicularibus, 12 ad 15 mm lougis, petalis 2,
obovatis ; staminibus circiter 40 ; capsulis late obovatis, apice truncatis,
inaequaliter 3-alatis, 2 cm longis, 3 ad 3.5 cm latis.

A species most closely allied to Begonia luzonensis Warb., differing
especially in its much larger capsules. Peduncles, petioles, both sur-
faces and margins of the leaves with few to many slender, brown, ciliate
hairs 3 to 5 mm in length. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, chartaceous
when dry, strongly obliquely inequilateral, 15 to 20 cm long, 6.5 to 13
cm wide, base strongly cordate, apex slenderly acuminate, margins irre-
gularly and rather coarsely acutely toothed-lobed, the sinuses often shallow,
rounded, or the margin on the narrow side of the leaf entire or subentire ;
nerves 9, radiate; petioles 16 to 20 cm long. Inflorescence as long as
the leaves, when young with many brown hairs, at maturity glabrous or
nearly so, the peduncle up to 30 cm long, dichotomously branched at
the apex. Male flowers pink. Sepals 2, orbicular, rounded, 12 to 15
mm in diameter. Petals 2, obovate, 10 to 13 mm long, 8 mm wide,
apex retuse. Stamens about 40; filaments slender, free, about 2.5 mm
long; anthers obovate, 1 mm long. Female flowers not seen. Capsules
very broadly obovate, unequally 3-winged, about 2 cm long, 3 to 3.5
cm wide, the apex truncate, the base rounded or subacute, the larger
wing 1.5 cm wide, the two narrower ones less than 1 cm wide.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 831, September and Nov-
ember, 1910, along small streams, tbe first collection with male flowers, the
second with male flowers and mature fruits. Locally known to the Bontoc
Igorots as ganabeng.

54. Begonia trichocheila Warb. in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 53.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban, Warburg 13260, type in herb. Berol. !,

Loher s. n., Merrill 7063, January, 1910. Possibly referable here is Bur. Sci.
12958 Fenix, from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon, but the leaves are very
much larger than in the type, and no fruits were collected.

Through inadvertence the sepals and petals, in the original diagnosis, are
described as 5 cm(!) long, and the pedicels 1.5 to 2 m(!) long, apparent
errors in both cases, the first for mm and the second for cm. The description
of the flowers may have been drawn up from immature plants, for on both the
other specimens cited above, which undoubtedly represent the species, have
thd sepals of the staminate flowers from 1 to 1.2 cm in length.

Endemic.

55. Begonia manillensis A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 1 1 (1859) 129, Prodr.
1 5 1 (1864) 323; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 98; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (Manila)
(1892) 88.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2699 Ahern’s collector, January,
1905; San Isidro, Bur. Sci. 73 Foxworthy, January, 1906: Province of Bulacan,
Yoder, December, 1906: Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16175
Curran, Zscholclce, & Merritt, January, 1909.

The type of this species was collected in the Philippines by Perrottet, and
is preserved in the Herbarium of the Museum of Natural History, Paris; this
specimen I have not seen, but the material cited above agrees well with the

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BEGONIA.

405

description. I have examined the specimen collected by Lobb (herb. Kew. ), cited
by A. DeCandolle as doubtfully referable to B. manillensis, but consider Lobb’s
specimen rather referable to Begonia, luzonensis Warb.

Endemic.

56. Begonia alvarezii sp. nov.

Herba succulenta partibus basilaribus brunneo-ciliatis exceptis glabra;
foliis 11 ad 18 cm longis, in siccitate membranaceis, oblique oblongo-
ovatis, integris, basi lateraliter valde cordatis, apice rotundatis; pedun-
culis elongatis, quam folia longioribns ; floribus ignotis ; capsulis
obovatis, circiter 15 mm longis, 15 ad 18 mm latis, basi acutis, apice late
rotundatis vel truneatis, inaequaliter 3-alatis.

A succulent herb the rootstocks and bases of the petioles and peduncles
more or less densely clothed with long brown ciliate hairs, otherwise
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oblong-ovate, membranaceous when dry,
entire, 11 to 18 cm long, 6 to 11 cm wide, the apex rounded, the base
laterally deeply cordate, the sinus narrow, both lobes broadly rounded;
nerves about 10, radiate; petioles 11 to 20 cm long. Peduncles up to
40 cm in length, dichotomously branched above, the capsule bearing parts
10 to 12 cm long. Flowers unknown. Capsules broadly obovate, about
15 mm long, 15 to 18 mm wide, unequally 3-winged, the base subacute,
the apex broadly rounded or truncate, the larger wing 6 to 7 mm wide,
the other two about 5 mm wide.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, Santor River, For. Bur. 221^6 Alvarez,
February, 1911.

Well characterized by its entire leaves, the whole plant being glabrous except
for the long brown ciliate hairs at the base.

57. Begonia gracilipes sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, scandens, ramulis petiolisque parcissime setosis exceptis
glabra; caulibus radicantibus, brunneis; foliis leviter oblique ovatis,
acuminatis, basi subaequilateraliter rotundatis, margine distanter irre-
gulariter dentatis denticulatisque, vix lobatis, membranaceis, usque ad 8
cm longis, petiolo 5 ad 7 cm longo; inflorescentiis axillaribus, brevibus,
paucifloris ; floribus masculinis longe pedicellatis, circiter 2 cm diametro ;
capsulis turbinatis, circiter 1.8 cm diametro, aequaliter 3-alatis.

A scandent suffruteseent plant, growing on tree-trunks, the stems
rooting at the podes, branching, brown, and with the petioles with very
few, short, scattered, setose hairs, otherwise the plant quite glabrous.
Leaves ovate, slightly inequilateral, membranaceous, glabrous, shining
and greenish when dry, 4 to 8 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, the base
rounded, subequilateral, not cordate, the apex distinctly acuminate, the
margins distantly and irregularly dentate and also denticulate, not lobed ;
basal nerves usually 5 ; petioles slender, 5 to 7 cm long ; stipules brown,
membranaceous, lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, nearly 1 cm long.
Staminate inflorescence axillary, few-flowered, the peduncle and rachis

406

MERRILL.

1 cm long or less, slender, the bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm
long. Sepals two, ovate or oblong-ovate, about 1 cm long and 6 mm
wide, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens about 25; anthers broadly ovoid,
retuse, less than 1 mm' long; filaments about 1 mm long, more or less
united, forming a somewhat elongated torus. Capsules solitary, axillary,
pedicellate, 1.3 to 1.5 cm long, about 1.8 cm wide, equally 3-winged,
the upper outer corners of the wings rounded; placentae -2-partite.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Claveria, Bur. Set. 7893 Ramos, March 13, 1909,
on trees in forests, flowers white.

A species manifestly allied to Begonia aequata A. Gray, arid i B. lagunensis
Elm., differing from both in its relatively broader leaves, but especially in its
elongated petioles which are about as long as the leaf-blades.

58. Begonia lagunensis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 735.

Species B. aequatae A. Gray simillima et valde affinis, differt foliis
majoribus, usque ad 9 cm longis, capsulis majoribus, usque ad 1.6 cm
longis, petiolo 1.5 ad 3 cm longo.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 9327 (type number) ; Infanta,
Bur. Sci. 9440 Robinson: Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling,' Merrill 6302,
7136: Province of Rizal, Loher 6093. Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Merrill 6981,
April, 1910, in forests, altitude about 1700 m; Mount Silay , For. Bur. 4%24
Everett, February, 1906, altitude about 1,000 m. Mindoro, Mount Halcon,
Merrill 6135, November, 1906.

Manifestly closely allied to Begonia aequata A. Gray, but distinct, readily
separated by the characters indicated in the diagnosis above.

59. Begonia aequata A. Gray Bot. Wilkes U. S. Explor. Exped. (1854) 658;
A. DC. Prodr. 15 1 (1864) 321; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 99; Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 84, pi. 4-

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Los Banos and Mount Maquiling, Wilkes Expedi-
tion, type in U. S. National Herbarium, Elmer 8324, April, 1906. The specimen
collected by Lobb, preserved in the Kew Herbarium, and doubtfully referred here
by A. De Candolle is either this species or the preceding one.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

Begonia repens Blume; A. Gray Bot. Wilkes U. S. Explor. Exped. (1854)
658; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 84.

The specimen on which the above Philippine record was based does not seem
to be extant. Begonia repens Blume is a synonym of B. mollis A. DC., of Java,
Sumatra, and Borneo; I have seen no Philippine material that I consider
referable to the species.

Begonia crassicaulis A. DC.; Usteri Beitr. Ken. Philip. Veg. (1905) 118.

Probably a pure error in identification, so far as Usteri’s record is concerned,
or the specimens were taken from an introduced and cultivated; plant. The
species is definitely reported only from Guatemala.

Begonia borneensis A. DC.; F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 98.

Begonia isoptera Dryand. ; F.-Vill. 1. c.

The above two species were credited to the Philippines by F.-Villar, but I have
seen no material from the Archipelago that I consider referable to either;
probably admitted on erroneous identifications.

ERRATA.

Page 58, line 7 from the top for de read die, and for eigentumliche read
eigentiimliche.

Line 27 from the bottom, for extreme read extremen.

Page 61, line 17 from the bottom, for terminales read terminalis.

Page 62, line 13 from the top, for terminales read terminalis.

Line 16 from the bottom, for L6viell6 read Leveilld.

Page 225, line 4 from the bottom, for junghunnii read junghuhnii.

Plate I, legend, for variable read variabile.

407

INDEX.

(New genera and species and combinations published for the first time are in black-faced
type; synonyms and species incidentally mentioned in the text are in italics.)

A

Page.

Abies dammara Poir 167

Abutua indica Lour 175

Aeanthaceae 222

Acanthopbippium BI 50

mantinianum Lindl.

& Cogn 50

Acetosa nigritarum Steud 395

Acrocephalus Benth 356

spicatus C. B. Rob 356

Acrostichum aureum L 92

drynarioides Hooker 92

Adiantum Linn 86

philippense L 86

pulcherrimum Copel 138

Agathis Salisb. § - 167

alba (Lam.) Poxw 167, 192

beccarii Warb 168

borneensis Warb 168

celebica (Koord.) Warb 168

dammara Rich 167

loranthifolia Salisb 167

macrostachys Warb 168

philippinensis Warb 167

Agelaea everettii Merr 205

Aglaia aherniana Perk 206

Aglaomorpha Schott 140

brooksii Copel 141

meyeniana Schott. 141

pilosa (J. Sm.) Copel. .. 141

splendens (J. Sm.)

Copel 141

Agrostophyllum Bl 50

malindangense Ames.. 50

Alangiaceae 218

Allophylus leucocladus Radik 181, 209

ternatus (Forst.) Radik. .. 209

Alpinia flabellata major Ridley 197

rufa (Presl) K. Schum 197

Alsophila australis 360

biformis Rosenst 364

leichardtiana F. v. Muell. .. 360

truncata Brack 360

Alyxia R. Br 356

monticola C. B. Rob 356

Amaranthaceae 201

Amaryllidaceae 196

Amoora polillensis C. B. Rob 206

Ampelocissus imperialis (Miq.)

Planch 209 |

Anacardiaceae 209, 337

Andropogon nvuricatus Retz 105 I

zizanioides (Linn.) Urban 105

Page.

Angiopteris brooksii Copel 133

ferox Copel 134

Anisoptera Korthals 253

brunnea Foxw 254

calophylla Perk 256

curtisii Dyer 211, 255

guiso A. DC 273

lanceolata Walp 256

mangachapoi A. DC 282

oblonga F.-Vill 256

palembanica Miq 245

plagata Blume 262

thurifera (Blanco) Blume 256

tomentosa Brandis 256

vidaliana Brandis 256

Anonaeeae 201

Antherotriche lanceolata Turcz 256

Antidesma macgregorii C. B. Rob 207

Antrophyum Kaulf 87

plantagineum (Cav.)

Kaulf 87

reticulatum (Forst.)

Kaulf 87

semicostatum Bl 87

Apluda mutica Linn 105

Apocynaceae 219, 356

Aporosa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk. .. 208

Araceae 195

Araliaceae 218, 354

Araucaria excelsa R. Br 169

Ardisia pirifolia Mez 218

whitfordii Mez 218

Areca catechu Linn 107

catechu Linn. var. longicarpa

Becc 229

ipot Becc. var. polillensis

Becc 229

Arenga saccharifera Labili 229

Aristolochiaeeae 201

Arthropteris J. Smith 80

kingii Copel 80

Artocarpus blumei Tree 107

Asclepiadaceae 220

Aspidium cesatianum C. Chr 76

Asplenium Linn 78

acrobryum Christ 78

affine Swtz 79

brooksii Copel 137

cuneatum Lam 79

kingii Copel 79

lauterbachii Christ 80

macrophyllum Sw 79

obtusatum Forst 80

409

410

INDEX.

Page. |
80

Begonia leytensis Elm

Page.
384

oceanicum C. Chr

80 1

littleri Merr

379

papuanum Copel

79

loheri Merr

382

pellucidum Lam

79

longinoda Merr

397

phyllitidis Don .V.

78

longiscapa Warb

393

scandens J. Sm

80

longistipula Merr

379

tenerum Forst. var. acum-

longovillosa A. DC

393, 402, 403

in a tu in

79

luzonensis Warb

401, 403, 405
391

Astronia williamsii Merr

214

malindangensis Merr.

Aatrothalamus C. B. Rob

19, 298

manillensls A. DC. ....

401, 403, 404

Astrothalamus reticulatus (Wedd.)
C. B. Rob

19, 298

mearnsii Merr

merrillii Warb

383

394,395

Athyrium Roth

accedens (Bl.) Milde

cordifolium (Bl.) Copel

crenato-serratum (Bl.)

Milde '

cyatheifolium (Rich.)

Milde .

esculentum (Retz.) Copel.

pallidum (Bl.) Milde

sorsogonense ( Presl ) Milde.
Averrhoa acida Linn

B

Balantium copelandi Christ

Bambusa blumeana Schult. f

Begoniaceae . 21

Begonia acuminatissima Merr

aequata A. Gray

agusanensis Merr

alvarezii Merr

anlsoptera Merr

aptera Roxb. var. calleryana

P.-Vill -

bolster! Merr

borneensis A. DC

brevipes Merr

calcicola Merr

capensis Blanco

ciliifera Merr

colorata Warb

bontracta Warb

copelandii Merr

crassicaulis A. DC

crlspipila Elm

cumingiana A. DC. .

cumingiana (Kotzsch) C. DC.

cumingii A. Gray 38

esculenta Merr

everettii Merr

fasciculata Jack

fasciculiflora Merr

fenicis Merr

‘ gitingensis Elm

gracilipes Merr

halconensis Merr

hernandioides Merr

h eteroclinis Miq

incisa A. DC

isoptera Dryand

jagori Warb

klemmei Merr

lagunensis Elm.

leptantha C. B. Rob 21

leubosticta Warb

400
393.
376
396
386

401
406

401
396

405
385
392
375
382

406
382

402
406

, 381
385

386, 390
376
396
406

402

384

374

387

3.88

406

375

393

374

390

merrittii Merr

mindanaensis Warb

mindorensis Merr

mollis A. DC

negrosensis Elm

■ nigritarum Steud

oxysperma A. DC

palawanensis Merr

parva Merr

philippinensis A. DC. ...
pseudo-lateralis Warb. .

quercifolia A. DC

ramosil Merr

repens Blume

rhombicarpa A. DC. .. 394, 395, 396,
397, 401

rhombicarpa A. DC. var. lob-

bii A. DC 395

rizalensis Merr 388

robinsonii Merr

ruflpila Merr

salaziensis Gaudicb. var. cal-
leryana A. DC

suborbiculata Merr .

subtruncata Merr. 1,..,

trichocheila Warb

vanoverberghii Merr

weberi Merr ,

Belamcanda chinensis (Linn.) DC.

Bignoniaceae

Bihania borneensis Meissn

Blecbnum Linn

orientale L

Boehmeria Jacq :

arachnoidea Walp

beyerl C. B. Rob

blumei Wedd

blumei Merr .....' j 3

blumei Wedd. 9

celebica Bl. , ■!.: 5

cumingiana Bl 2

cylindrica Willd. 6

densiflora Hook. & Arn 5

heterophylla Wedd 2

heterophylla Blume 2, 9

interrupta Willd !. 6

malabarica Wedd. 6

moluccana Wedd. 11

multiflora C. B. Rob. 4

nivea Gaudich 4

nivea tenacissima Miq 4

platyphylla Don 4

platyphylla var. celebica

Wedd 5

402, 403, 404
403

221

179

1,J

78

)9

6

309

2

INDEX.

411

Page.

Boehmeria platyphylla var. loochooen-

sis Wedd 5

rupestris C. B. Rob 5

squamigera Wedd 11

tenacissima Gaudich 4

villosa C. B. Rob 3

weddelliana Vidal 5

Boraginaceae 220

Bulbophyllum Thou 54

chryseum Ames 54

cumingii Reichb. f 55

makoyanum Reichb. f...55, 197
Burseraceae 206

c

Calamus diepenhorstii Miq. var. exu-

lans Becc 230

fllispadix Becc 230

hookerianus Becc 230

microcarpus Becc 230

mollis Blanco 106

ornatus Blume var. philip-

pinensis Becc 230

Callicarpa subalbida Elmer 220

Campanulaceae 227

Oanarium ovatum Engl 206

pachyphyllum Perk 206

perkinsiae Merr 206

Cannaceae 197

Capparidaceae 205

Carex L 58

baccans Ness 59

breviculmis R. Br. var. kin-
giana (Leveilld et Vaniot)

Kukenth -62

breviculmis R. Br. subsp. roy-

leana Nees 62

brunnea Thunb 63

brunnea Thunb. var. subtelo-

gyna Kukenth 63

ceylanica Boeck 59

continua C. B. Clarke 59, 60

cryptostachys Brongn 62

cumingiana Steud 61

cumingii Vid 61

elmeri KUkenth 64

fibrata Boott 61 |

filieina Nees var. ceylanica

(Boeck.) Kukenth 59

filieina var. ceylanica forma

depauperata Kiikenth 59

filieina var. ceylanica forma
saturata (C. B. Clarke) Ku-
kenth 59

fuirenoides Gaudich. var. cir-

rhulosa (Nees) Kiikenth 61

graeffeana Boeck ' . . 62

indica L. var. flssilis (Boott)

Kukenth 59

ligata Boott var. nexa (Boott)

Kukenth . , 63

loheri C. B. Clarke J — L'll 64

loheri C. B. Clarke forma

grandimaseula Kukenth. .... ' 64

merrillii Kiikenth. ...i..„'..L... 63

nikkeensis Franch. & Sav 59

Page.

Carex nodiflora Boeck 61

phacota Spreng - 62

pycnothyrsos Kukenth 60

rafflesiana Boott 59

rafflesiana var. continua (C. B.

Clarke) Kiikenth 60

rafflesiana var. scaberrima

(Boeck.) Kiikenth 60

ramosii Kukenth 63

rara Boott subsp. capillacea

Boott 58

rhizomatosa Steud 61

rhynchachaenium C. B. Clarke 62

scaberrima C. B. Clarke 60

subtransversa C. B. Clarke .... 63

tristachya Thunb. var. pocilli-

formis (Boott) Kukenth 62

turrita C. B. Clarke 63

uialkeri Arn. var. turrita Kii-
kenth — - 63

Casuarinaceae 198

Cephalotaxus celebica Warb 166

sumatrana Miq 166

Ceratostylis B1 ._ 50

philippinensis Rolfe 50

Cestichis Pfltzer 47

lyonii Ames 47

vestita (Reichb. f.) Ames.... 197

Chamabainia Wight . 11

euspidata Wight 11

squamigera Wedd 11

Cheilanthes Swartz 86

tenuifolia (Burm.) Swtas. 86

Chloranthaceae 199

Clcca Linn 322

disticha Linn 322

Cirrhopetalum chryseum Kranzl 54

cumingii Lindl 55

makoyanum Reichb. f. 55

Cleisostoma Bl. 1 54

kunstleri Hook, f 54, 197

Cleistanthus Hook, f 323

blancoi Vidal 327

bridelifolius C. B. Rob. .. 323

megacarpus C. B. Rob. .. 323

mindanaensls C. B. Rob. . . 324

misamisensis C. B. Rob. .. 325

myrianthoides C. B.

Rob 325

pilosus C. B. Rob 326

vidalii C. B. Rob 327

Clerodendron minahassae Teijsm. &

Binnend „ .: 220

Clianthus binnendyckianus Kurz.i 205

Cocos nucifera Linn 107

Coelogyne Lindl 40

integerrima Ames 40

merrillii Ames 40

Combretaceae 213

Commelinaceae 196

Cqmpositae 228

I Coniferae .152

I Connarus mindanaensis Merr 205

| Convolvulaceae 220

I Copal, Manila 150

412

INDEX.

Page, j

Cordia subcordata Lam 220

Corypha elata Roxb 106

Uotylelobium philippinense Heim 282

Craspedodictyum Copel 84

grande Copel. ' 84

quinatum ( Hook. )

Copel 85

Crassulaceae 205

Cryptostylis arachnites Blume 198

Cucurbitaceae 108, 227

Cupressus torulosa Don 169

Curculigo glabra Merr 196

Currania Copel 147

oyamensis (Baker) Copel... 147

Cyatheaceae '. 69, 191

Cyathea Smith 69, 145

affinis (Forst.) Swtz 360

ampla Copel 361

arthropoda Copel 134

assimilis Hook 361

auriculifera Copel 364

betchei Copel 360

biformis (Rosenst.) Copel. .. 364

borneensis Copel 135

brooksii Copel 135

contaminans (Wall.) Copel. .. 69

cumingii Baker 360

deorsilobata Copel 359

fusca Baker 69, 364

hemichlamydea Copel. ..' 361

heterochlamyclea Copel 361

hewittii Copel 134

inciso-serrata Copel 361

kingii Rosenst 364

leichardtiana (F. v. Muell.)

Copel 360

leucocarpa Copel 362

longipinna Copel 363

melanopus (Hassk.) Copel. .. 362

paraphysata Copel 135

poiensis Copel 362

propinqua Mett 360

recommutata Copel 134

robinsonii Copel 145

stipitulata Copel 362

subsessllis Copel 359

suluensis Baker 360

trichophora Copel 363

truncata (Brack.) Copel 360

vaupelii Copel 360

Cycadaceae 150, 192

Cycas L 151

cairnsiana F. Muell 151

circinalis L 161

hypoleuca Presl 152

revoluta Thunb 151

Cyclophorus Desv 1 91

adnascens (Sw). Desv 91

lauterbachii (Christ) C.

Chr 91

stigmosus (Sw.) Desv 91

Cynanchum schlechterianum Warb. .. 220

Cyperaceae .. 105, 194

Cyperus malaccensis Lam 105

Cypholopus Wedd. 11 i

Page

Cypholopus brunneolus Elmer 12

macrocarpus Index Kew. .. 11

macrocephalus Wedd 11

microphyllus Elmer 12

moluccanus Miq 11

Cystorchis B1 39

Cystorchis javanica (Blume) Blume.. 39,198
variegata var. purpurea

Ridl 39

D

Dacrydium Soland. 15S

elatum (Roxb.) Wall. 154'

falciforme (Pari.) Pilger.. 153

junghuhnii Miq 154

Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc 230

Dammara alba Rumpb 167

celebica Koord 168

orientalis Lamb 167

rumphii Presl 167

Davallia Smith 81

kingii Baker 147

papuana Copel 81

pentaphylla B1 -.. 81

Davallodes Copel 147

kingii (Baker) Copel 147

Debregeasia Gaudich 18, 314

angustifolia C. B. Rob. .. 18

longifolia Rolfe 18

Decaspermum Forst 3i6

fruticosum Forst 346

Dendrobium Sw 52

acuminatum Kranzl 53

hymenanthum Reichb. f. 198

indivisum Miq 52

lunatum Lindl :..<4.. 52

lyonii Ames 63

platycaulon Rolfe 52

scopa Lindl 52

Dendrocalamus curranii Gamble 194

Dendrochilum B1 41

cagayanense Ames .... 41

confusum Ames 41

cymbiforme Ames 41

macgregorii Ames .... 42

Dendroconche Copel. .44....; 91

annabellae (Forbes)

Copel 91

Dennstaedtia Bernh 82

Dicksonia L’Heritier 69

papuana F. v. M. 69

Dictyoneura rhomboidea Radik 182, 209

Dienia congesta Lindl 44

Dilleniaceae 210

Dinochloa scandens (Blume) O. Ktze. 194

Dioscoreaceae 196

Diospyros nitida Merr 219

Diploclinium cumingianum Miq 388

Diplycosia Blume 355

opaca C. B. Rob 355

Dipodium R. Br 55

paludosum Reichb. f 55

Dipteris Reinw 77

conjugata Reinw 77

INDEX.

413

Page.

Dipterocarpaceae 211, 231

anatomy 232

bark .... 234

biological features .. 234

distribution .. 236, 237, 238
family character-
istics 232

leaves 234

pith 233

resin canals 232

special morphology

and embryology .. 232

time of flowering

and fruiting 235

uses 238

wood 233

Dipterocarpus affinis Brandis 246

affinis Whitford 245

baudii Korth 245

blancoi Blume 251

fulvus Blume 249

gracilis Blume 248

grandiflorus Blanco .... 251

griffithii Vid 251

yuiso Blanco 273

hasseltii Blume 248

hispidus F.-Vill 249

lasiopodus Perk 245

macrocarpus Vesque .... 245

malaanonan Blanco .... 270

mangachapoi Blanco.... 282

mayapis Blanco 256

motleyanus Hook, f 251

pilosus Roxb 211, 244

plagatus Blanco 262

polyspermus Blanco .... 277

pterygocalyx Scheffer.. 251

speciosus Brandis 250

fhurifer Blanco 256

trinervis Blume 247

turbinatus F.-Vill 249!

velutinus Vidal 249

vernicifluus Blanco .... 248

warburgii Brandis 245

Disc-bidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne 220

oiantha Schltr 220

platyphylla Schltr. 220

Discocalyx linearifolia Elmer 218

Distemon Wedd 11

indicus Wedd 11

Donax cannaeformis (Forst.) Rolfe.... 107

Doryopteris J. Smith 86

papuana Copel 86

Drepananthus longiflorus C. B. Rob. 201

Drynaria (Bory) J.. Smith 91

quercifolia (L. ) J. Sm 91

rigidula (Sw.) Benn 91

sparsisora (Desv.) Moore. 91

Dryopteris Adans 72, 145

acanthocarpa Copel 136

aquatilis Copel 75

arbuscula (Willd.) O.

Ktze 74

arida (Don) O. Ktze 74

Dryopteris basisora Copel

compacts Copel

confusa Copel

cucullata (Bl.) Christ.

dichrotricha Copel

falcatipinnula Copel

^ kingil Copel

melanophlebia Copel

mirabilis Copel

oyamensis C. Chr

paraphysata Copel.

paucisora Copel.

Page.

73
137
146

74

74
74

73
147
137
147

74
136

philippina C. Chr 146

polycarpa Christ

prolifera (Retz.) C. Chr...
quadriaurita Christ.

sessilipinna Copel 145

setigera (Bl.) O. Ktze

triphylla (Swtz.) C. Chr.
urophylla (Wall.) C. Chr.

wariensis Copel

Dryostachyum pilosum J. Sm

splendens J. Sm .....

Dysophylla auricularia Blume

Dysoxylum altissimum Merr

Ebenaceae , •

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus Linn

alingara Schlecht. ...'.

angustifolia Blanco

cumingii Schlecht

latifolia Auct

perrottetii Schlecht.

philippensis Perr

Elaphoglossum Schott

conforme (Sw.) Schott.

Elatostema Forst 295, 299,

acrophilum C. B. Rob

banahaense C. B. Rob

bulbothrix Stapf

carinoi W. R. Shaw

discolor C. B. Rob

filicaule C. B. Rob

glomeratum C. B. Rob

hookerianum Wedd

lineare Stapf

lithoneurum Stapf

longifolium Wedd

lutescens C. B. Rob

merrillii C. B. Rob

obovatum Wedd

obtusiusculum C. B. Rob.

philippinense Elmer

plumbeum C. B. Rob

purpureum C. B. Rob

scapigerum C. B. Rob

sikkimense C. B. Clarke..

simulans C. B. Rob

thalictroides Stapf

variabile C. B. Rob

variegatum C. B. Rob

virideseens Elmer

75

73

141

141

221

207

219

346

346

346

346

346

346

346

346

92

92

320

320

307

295
307

301

302

302
31

296
296

303

304

305
31
31

199

31

306

307

414

INDEX.

Page.

Elatostematoides C. B. Rob 295

manillensis (Wedd.)

C. B. Rob 30, 200

Embelia porteana Mez 219

Enterolobium saman . (Jacq.) Prain.-- 107

Ericaceae 355

Eriocaulaceae 195

Eriocaulon merrillii Ruhl 195

Eugenia Linn. 346

balerensis C. B. Rob 346

brevistylis C. B. Rob 347

brunnea C. B. Rob 346

calleryana C. B. Rob 348

dementis C. B. Rob 349

corymbifera Koord. & Val. .. 349

laciistris C. B. Rob 350

lutea C. B. Rob 350

macgregorii C. B. Rob. 213

mindanaensis C. B. Rob 213

subrotundifolia C. B. Rob. .. 213

Eulophia R. Br 51

dentata Ames 51

Euphorbiaceae 207, 322

Euphoria malaanonan Blanco 270

nephelium Blanco 270

Eusideroxilon. bomeense Villar 179

zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. 179

F

Fagaceae 199

Fagraea auriculata Jack 219

racemosa Jack 219

Ficus Linn 319

sertcea C. B. Rob 319

Fimbristylis utilis Elmer 106, 194

Flacourtiaceae 211

Flagellariaceae 195

Fleurya Gaudich 291

interrupta (Linn.) Gaudich. 6, 291

Freycinetia luzonensis Presl 193

monocephala Elmer 193

montalbanica Martelli .... 193

warburgii Elmer 193

Gr

Garcinia subelliptica Merr 211

Gesneriaceae 222

Gigantochloa atter Kurz 194

Glnalloa lanceolata C. B. Rob 200

Gleichentaceae 68

Gleichenia Smith 68

hirta B1 68

linearis (Burm.) Clarke . . 68

Globba leucocarpa Ridley 197

Glochidion Forafc 327

benguetense Elmer 208, 328

cagayanense C. B. Rob. 328

curranii C. B. Rob 329

ligulatum C. B. Rob 329

littorale Bl. , 208

mlndorense C. B. Rob 208

philipplcam (Cav.) Benth. 330

podocarpum (Muell-.-Arg. )

C. B. Rob , 330

weberi C. B. Rob. 330

zeylanicum var. malay-

anum J. ,T. Smith 331

Page.

Gnemon funicularis Rumph 175

Gnetaceae 172, 193

Gnetum arboreum Foxw 174

b'runonianum Griff 173

domestica femina Rumph.'.... 173

domestica mas Rumph 173

funiculare Blume 175

gnemon L 173

gnemon laurinum F.-Vill 173

gnemon sylvestris F.-Vill 173

grifflthii Pari 173

latifolium Blume 174

minus Foxw 176

ovalifolium Poir 173

philippinense Warb 175

scandens Merr 175

silvestris Rumph 173

sylvestris Brongn 173

Gonostegia Turcz 9

altemifolia Turcz 9

hirta Miq 9

integrifolia Miq 10

oppositifolia Turcz. 9

pentandra Miq 9

reptans C. B. Rob. 10

Goodeniaceae ... 228

Gordonia acuminata Vidal 279

vidalii Szysz. 279

Gossypium Linn 343

paniculatum Blanco 343

Gramineae guaL 104, 194

Guttiferae 211

Gymnogramme quinata Hooker 85

Gymnosperms, Philippine 149

Gynotroches axillaris Bl 213

II

Hancea pierrei Pierre 265

Hats, Philippine 93

balangot 120

bamboo 110

buntal 114

buri 113

Calasiao 115

hemp 121

history of Philippine 95

means of distinguishing 109

nito 122

pandan 118

plants yielding materials... 102

rattan 117

salacots 125

seat of the industry 94

straw 124

ticog _. 122

Hebonga Radik 365

mollis Radik 367

obliqua Radik 366

Hedyotis congesta Merr 222

laevigata Miq 222

philippensis (Willd.) Merr. .. 222

Helminthostachys Kaulf 67

zeylanica (L.)

Hooker 67

Hemigramma Christ ...... 77

grandifolia Copel 77

INDEX.

415

Page.

Hemigraphis strigosa (Nees) P.-Vill. 222

190

Histlopteris J. Smith

85

incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm

85

259

acuminata Merr

264

balangeran Korth

269

260

micrantha Hance

265

mlndanensis Foxw

261

odorata Vid

262

ovalifolia Boerl

263

Hopea philippinensis Dyer

261

265

plagata (Blanco) Vidal

262

8quamata Turcz

275

277

Hoya incrassata Warb

220

merrillii Schltr

220

81 1

gaimardiana (Gaud.) J. Sm. 81 [

heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. ..

81

Hydnophytum formicarum Jack

222 |

Hymenophyllaceae

.. 69, 191 |

Hvmononhvllnm Smith.

69. 145

dilatatum (Forst)

Sw

69

laminatum Copel.

70

l ooides F. Muell.

&

Bak

69

ovatum Copel

70

reinwardtii v.

d.

Bosch

69

serrulatum (Pr.)

C.

Chr

70

subflabellatum Ces... 145

Hypolepis Bernh

85

JJyrtanandra pentandra Miq

9

Icacinaceae

209

lodes philippinensis Merr

209

Iridaceae

196

Ischaemum intermedium Brongn. ..

194

Ixora inaequifolla C. B. Rob

222

macgregorli C. B. Rob

223

J

Jasminum macrocarpum Merr

219

Jiinipfirn?? elata Roxb

occidentalis Hook

169

philippsiana Wall

154

rigida Sieb. & Zucc

154

I.

Labiatae

. 221. 356

Lagenaria vulgaris Ser 108

Laportea Gaudich 291, 320

lanaensis C. B. Rob. 292

meyeniana (Walp.) Warb. .. 320

mindanaensis Warb 293

peltata (Bl.) Gaudich 292

rigidifolia C. B. Rob 30

Lasianthus copelandii Elmer 224

Lastraea exigua J. Sm 146

Lauraceae 205, 321.

Page.

Lecanopteris Blume 92

. pumila Bl 92

Lecanthus wlghtii Wedd 30

Lecythidaceae , 213

Leea congesta Elmer 209

negrosensis Elmer 209

parva Elmer 210

Leguminosae 107, 205

Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R. Br. .. 194

Leptochilus Kaulf 77

axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf... 77

cuspidatus (Presl) C.

Chr 77

heteroclitus (Presl) C.

Chr 77

Leptocnide rubricaulis Bl 8

Leptospermum J. R. & G. Forst. 351

Leucosyke Zoll. & Mor 21, 298

alba Zoll. & Mor 27

aspera C. B. Rob 23

brunnescens C. B. Rob 25

candidissimaf Merr 25

capitellata (Poir.)

Wedd 27, 298

capitellatta var. celtidlfo-

lia Wedd 28

celtidifolia Miq 28

hispidissima Miq. .1 24

magallanensis Elmer 25

mindorensis C. B. Rob 22

negrosensis C. B. Rob. ... 27

nivea C. B. Rob 21

ovalifolia C. B. Rob 26

quadrinervia C. B. Rob. .. 28

Lignum emamum Rumph 164

Liliaceae 196

Limnophlla serrata Gaudich 221

Lindsaya Dry 82

brevipes Copel 83

kingil Copel 83

nitida Copel 138

orbiculata (Lam.) Mett.
var. odontosorioides Co-

pel 138

sessilis Copel 82

tenuifolia Bl 84

trichophylla Copel 83

Litsea Lam 321

chinensis Lam 321

glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob... 321

sebifera Pers 321

Livistona robinsonlana Becc 230

Loganiaceae 219

Lomagramma J. Sm 77

Lophatherum gracile Brongn 194

Loranthaceae *200

Loranthus polillensis C. B. Rob 200

retmus Jack 400

Loxogramme Presl , 87

involuta (Don) Presl .. 87

paltonioides Copel 87

Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem. i 108

Luisia Gaudich 55

foxworthii Ames 198

ramosii Ames 55

Lycopodiaceae 192

416

INDEX.

Page.

Lygodium Swtz 67

circinatum (Burm) Swtz. 67, 102

dimorphum Copel 67

japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. .. 68, 102

kingii Copel ' 68

scandens Sw 68

semihastatum (Cay.) Desv. 102

trifurcatum Bak 67

versteegii Christ 68

M

Mail-Ombi Rheede 173

Mala Elengi Rheede 173

Malaxis Soland 42

balabacensis Ames 42

bataanensis Ames 42

benguetensis Ames 43

curranii Ames 44

dentata (Ames) Ames 198

latifolia Smith 44

latifolia var. fusca Ridley 45

macgregorii Ames 45, 198

plicata Roxb 44

ramosii Ames 45

rizalensis Ames 46

uncata Ames 46

Malpighiaceae 207

Malvaceae 210, 343

Mangifera Linn 337

verticillata C. B. Rob 337

Manila copal 150, 168

Maoutia Wedd 20

planitora C. B. Rob 19

platystigma Wedd 20

reticulata Wedd 19,20

setosa Wedd 20

Mapania humilis (Hassk.) F.-Vill 194

kurzii C. B. Clarke 194

Marantaeeae 107, 197

Marattiaceae 66, 192

Marattia Sw 66

grandifolia Copel 66

kingii Copel 66

Margarocafpus heterophyllus Wedd. .. 2

Medinilla Gaudich 351

annulata C. B. Rob 215

cephalophora Merr 216

disparifolla C. B. Rob 351

inaequifolia C. B. Rob 216

involucrata Merr 216

nodiflora C. B. Rob 217

polillensls C. B. Rob 217

Melastomataceae 214, 351

Melastoma (Burm.) Linn 352

warrineri C. B. Rob 352

Metfaceae 206

Memecylon Linn 353

gracilipes C. B. Rob 353

Memorialis hirta Wedd 9

integi-ifolia Wedd 10

pentandra Wedd 9

Menispermaceae 201

Mermthosorus Copel. 92

drynarioides (Hooker)

Copel 92

Page.

Metabolos laevigatus DC 222

Microlepia Presl 82

speluncae (L.) Moore 82

Microstylis congesta Reichb. £ 44

Millettia capillipes Dunn 316

litoralis Dunn 316

stipulata Dynn 316

Mischocarpus sundaicus B1 209

Missiessya aspera Wedd 28

celtidifolia Gaudich 28

fagifotia Gaudich 27

liispidissima Wedd 24

Mocanera grandiflora Blanco 251

guiso Blanco 273

malaanonan Blanco 270

mangachapoi Blanco 282

may apis Blanco .£^,<^256

plagata Blanco 262

polysperma Blanco 277

thurifera Blanco 256

verniciflua Blanco 249

Monarthrocarpus securiform is

(Benth.) Merr. 205

Monogramma Schkuhr 147

capillaris Copel 147

Moraceae 107, 199, 319

Musci 191

Musaceae 107, 196

Musa textilis Nde 107

Mussaenda (Burm.) Linn 357

lanata C. B. Rob. 357

Myristicaceae 205

Myrisinaceae 218

Myrtaceae 213, 346

N

Nageia blumei Gord 158

cumingii O. Ktze 157

cupressina O. Ktze 157

falciformis O. Ktze 153

neriifolia O. Ktze 162

Nauclea media Hav 224

Nephrolepis Schott 81

acuminata (Houtt.)Kuhn. 81

biserrata (Swtz.) Schott. 81

cordifolia (L.) Presl 81

Nipa fruticans Thunb 230

Notholaena R. Br i 86

birsuta (Poir.) Desv 86

Nepenthaceae 205

Nyctocalos cuspidatus (Blume) Miq. 221
Nypa fruticans Wurmb 107

o

Oberonia Lindl 47

anceps Lindl 198

cylindrica Lindl 47

thisbe Reichb. f 198

Odontosoria < Presl) Fee 82

decipiens Cesati 82

retusa (Cav.) J. Sm 82

Oleaceae 219

Oleandra Cav 81

neriiformis Cav 81

Onagraceae 218

INDEX.

417

Page, j

Oncocarpus A. Gray 339

ferruginea C. B. Rob 340

macrophylla (Merr.) C. B.

Rob 340

Oncosperma horridum ( Grift. ) Scheft. 230

Onychium Kaulf 86

tenue Christ 86

Opbioglossaceae 66

Ophioglossum Linn 66

reticulatum L 66

Ophiorrhiza involucrata Elmer 224

mungos Linn 224

Opiliaceae 201

Orehidaceae 35, 107, 197

Oreocnide Miq 16, 298

rubescens Miq 16

trinervis (Wedd.) Miq 17, 298

Oryza sativa Linn 105

Osbornia octodonta F. Muell 213

Ostodes Blume , 332 j

ixoroides C. B. Rob 332 j

Otophora oliviformis Radllt 181, 209

Oxalidaceae 206

P

Pachystoma B1 51

pubescens B1 51

Pachycliilus pubescens B1 51

Palmae 106, 195, 229

Pandanaceae 102, 193

Pandauus botryoides Martelli 193

dementis Merr 193

copelandii Merr. 104

coronatus Martelli 104

exaltatus Blanco 104

luzoniensis Merr 104

sabotan Blco 103

simplex Merr 104

tectorius Soland 104

utilissimus Elmer 104, 193

Paphiopedilura PStzer 39

ciliolare (Reichb. f. )

Stein

hayhaldianum (Reichb.

f.) Stein 39

Paraliopea balangeran Heim 269

Parashorea Kurz 280

plicata Brandis 211, 280

warburgii Brandis 280

Parietaria indica Linn 8

Parietaria zeylanica Linn 8

Parkeriaceae 192

Pentacme A. DC 266

contorta (Vidal) Merr. &

Rolfe 266

paucinervis Brandis 266

Pentaphragma philippinense Merr 227

Petermannia cumingiana Klotzsch .... 388

Phaius Lour 50

flavus Lind 1 50

Phegopteris ferruginea Mett 76

Philippine Gymnosperms 149

Phreatia Lindl 53

prorepens Reichb. f 53

Phrynium philippinense Ridley 197

Page.

Phyllanthus Linn 333

erythrotrichus C. B. Rob. 333

macgregorii C. B. Rob. .. 334

megalanthus C. B. Rob. .. 335

podocarpus Muell.-Arg. .. 330

Phyllitis Ludwig 78

longifolia (Pr.) O. K 78

mambare (Bailey) v. A. v.

R. (?) - 78

Phyllocladus L. C. & A. Rich 164

hypopliyllus Rendle 165

liypophyllus var. pro-

tracta Warb 165

protractus (Warb.) Pil-

ger 165

Phytocrene blancoi (Azaola) Merr. .. 209

Pilea Lindl 293

calcicola C. B. Rob 30

erassifolia Stapf 293

johniana Stapf 294

pterocaulis Stapf 293

rigidiuscula C. B. Rob 294

Pimelea Banks & Solander 345

philippinensis C. B. Rob 345

Pinaceae 167, 192

Pinanga barnesii Becc 229

Pinus L 169

alnes Lour 167

finlaysoniana Wall 169

insularis Endl 170

khasya F.-Vill 171

merkusii Jungh. & De Vr 169

sumatrana Jungh 169

sylvestris Finlays 169

taeda Blanco 170

timoriensis Loud.? 171

Piperaceae 199

Piper chaba Blume 199

negrosense C. DC 3 99

pilipes C. DC 199

villilimbum C. DC 199

Pipturus Wedd 13, 311

arborescens (Link.) C. B.

Rob ! 13, 298

argenteus (Forst.) Wedd. .. 16,298

asper Wedd 13

dentatus C. B. Rob 311

discolor C. B. Rob 15

ellipticus Wedd 15

mindanaensis Elmer 14

repandus (Blume) Wedd. .. 15, 298

succulentus Elmer 15

Pithecolobium angulatum (Grah.)

Benth 205

Plagiostachys philippinensis Ridley.. 197

Platea corniculata Becc 179

Plocoglottis copelandii Ames 198

Podocarpus L’Hdrit .- 157

agathifolia Blume 158

amarus Blume 159

blumei Endl 158

bractcata Blume 162

brevifolius (Stapf) Foxw. 160

celebicus Hemsl. 160

celebicus Warb 160

418

INDEX.

Page.

Podocarpus costalis C. Presl 161

cumingii Pari. .. 157

cupressina R. Br 157

discolor Blume 162

dulcamara Seem 159

euryncha Miq 159

falciformis Pari -. 153

glaucus Foxw. ..„ 159

horsfieldii Wall 157

imbrieatus Blume 157

imbricatus Blume var.
cumingii (Pari.) Pil-

ger 157

■junghuhniana Miq 162

leptostachya Blume 162

latifolia Blume 158

latifolia forma tematen-

sis De Boer 158

macrophylla var. acumi-

natissima Pritzel .162

neglecta Blume 162

neriifolius Don 162

neriifolius Don var. brevi-

folia Stapf 160

neriifolius var. brevlpes

Blume 163

pedunculata Bailey 159

philippeanus Bentb 167

phillppinensls Foxw 163

pilgeri Foxw 160

polystachyus R. Br 161

rumphii Blume 164

sprengelii Blume 159

Podochilus Bl. 48

fenlxil Ames 48

fruticosus Ames 48

mallndangensis Ames 49

robinsonii Ames 49

xytriophorus (Reichb. f.)

Schltr 198

Polyalthia oblongifolia C. B. Rob. .... 202

Polyosma Blume 321

retusa C. B. Rob 321

Polypodiaceae 72, 191

Polypodium Linn 88, 148

accedens Bl 88

albicaulum Copel 90

annabellae Forbes 91

decorum Brack 88

glossipes Baker 89

klngii Copel 89

krameri Franch & Savat. 147

multijugatum Copel 90

musaefolium Bl 91

neo-guineense Copel 89

oyamense Baker 147

papyraceum Copel 90

phymatodes L 89

pteropus Blume 90, 148

pulogense Copel 148

punctatum (L.) Swtz 88

rupestre Bl. var. • leuco-

lepis Rst 88

senescens Copel. 88

Page.

Polypodium setaceum Copel 139

sinuosum Wall 90

sparsipilum Copel 139

verrucosum Wall 88

Pontederiaceae 196

Popowia polyandra (Presl) Merr 203

Portulacaceae 201

Pouzolzia Gaudlch 6, 297

arachnoidea Wedd. 6

dentata C. B. Rob 7, 311

heterophylla Miq 2, 9

hirta Hassk 9

indica Gaudich 8

integrifolia Dalz 10

macrura Wedd 6

pentandra Benn 9

rubricaulis Wedd 8

viminea Wedd 9

zeylanica Benn 8, 297

Procris Commers 295

lagunensis C. B. Rob 31

phillppinensls C. B. Rob 200

pseudostrigosa Elmer 295

Prosaptia Presl 88

contigua (Forst.) P.r .’ 88

Psilotaceae 192

Psychotria banahaensis Elmer 224

longipedunculata Elmer.... 225

pinnatinervia Elmer 225

Pteranthera mangachwpol Blume 282

Pteridlum Gleditsch 85

aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 85

Pterls Linn : 85

baccariana C. Chr 86

longifolia L 85

deltoidea Copel 85

enslformis Burm 85

gracllllma Rosenst 364

moluccana Bl 85

Pteris quadriaurita Retz 86

rangiferina Presl 138

tripartita Swtz 86

Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco)

Merr 107

Punicaceae 212

Q

Quercus soleriana Vidal. 199

R

Ranunculaceae 201

Remirea marltima Aubl 195

Rhamnaceae 209, 342

Rhamnus L 342

formosana C. B. Rob 342

phillppinensls C. B. Rob. ... 342

Rhizophoraceae ; 213

Rubiaceae 222, 357

Russelia juncea Zucc 221

Rutaceae 206

S

Saccharum spontaneum subsp. indicum
Hack -

105

INDEX.

41V)

Page.

Sageraea glabra Merr 203

Salgada lauriflora Blanco . 179

Saplndaceae 209

Sapotaceae - 219

Sarcocephalus pubecens C. B. Rob 225

Sarcopodium Lindl 53

acuminatum, var. lyonii

Kranzl 53

lyonii R. A. Rolfe 53

Saurauia whitfordii Merr 210

Saxifragaceae . 321

SchefHera Porst 354

binuangensis C. B. Rob 854

simplicifolia Merr 218

trifoliata Merr. & Rolfe 218

Schizaeaceae 67, 192

Schtzaea Smith - 67

dichotoma (L.) Smith 67

digitata (L.) Swtz 67

Schizoloma Gaudich. ..! -. 84

ensifolium (Sw.) J. Sm... 84

Schizostachyum fenixii Gamble ..... 289

Scirpodendron costatum Kurz 195

Sclerococcus laevigatus Bartl 222

Scrophularlaceae 221

Scyphularla F6e 81

pentaphylla (Bl.) Fde.... 81

Sebifera glutinosa Lour 321

Selaginellaceae — 192

Semecarpue macrophylla Merr 340

micrantha? Merr 340

Shorea Roxb 268

balangeran (Korth.) Dyer 269

contorta Vidal : 266

eximia (Miq.) Scheffer .. 276

furfuracea Miq 276

guiso (Blanco) Blume 272

malaanonan (Blanco) Blume.. 270

mangachapoi ( Blanco) Blume.. 282

mayapis Blume 256

negrosensis Foxw 274

philippinensls Brandis 272

polita Vidal 270

polysperma (Blanco) Merr. .. 277

reticulata F.-Vill 262

squamata (Turcz.) Benth. &

Hook, f 211

squamata (Turcz.) Dyer 275

sublacunosa Scheffer 276

talura F.-Vill 277

teysmanniana Dyer 211, 279

vidaliana Brandis 273

warburgii Gilg 278

Solanaceae IS 221

Sonneratiaceae 212

Spathiphyllum commutatum Schott.... 195

Spermacoce meyeniana Walp 222

philippensis Willd. 222

philippinensis F.-Vill 222

Stachyocnide luzonica Blume 6

Staurogyne debilis (Anders.) C. B.

Clarke 222

Stenochlaena J. Sm 80

kingii Copel 80

palustris (Burm.) Bedd. 80

Page.

Stenosemia Presl 77

aurita (Sw.) Presl 77

Sterculiaceae 107, 210

Syngramma J. Smith 84

hookeri C. Chr 84

pinnata J. Sm 84

T

Tabernaemontana mucronata Merr 219

Taeniophyllum Bl 56

merrlllii Ames 56

Taenitis Willd ~ 86

blechnoides (Willd.) Swtz. .. 86

brooksii Copel 138

Tapeinidium C. Chr i 82

marginale Copel 82

Taxaceae 192

Taxodium horsfleldii Knight 167

Taxus L 166

baccata Hook, f 166

baccata subsp. wallichiana

(Zucc.) Pilger 166

contortus (?) Griff 166

virgata Wall 166

wallichiana Zucc 166

Tectaria Cav 76

brooksii Copel 137

oesatlana (C. Chr.) Copel... 76

decurrens (Presl.) Copel 76

ferruginea (Mett.) Copel 76

irregularis (Presl.) Copel 76

leuzeana (Gaudich.) Copel... 77
malayensis (Christ.) Copel. .. 76

menyanthidis (Presl.) Copel. 76

papuana Copel 76

Tetralopha (1) lenticellata C. B. Rob. 227
(1) polillensis C. B. Rob. .. 226

Tetrastigma glabratum (Blume)

Planch 210

Theaceae . 210

Thelasis elongata Blume 198

Thoa edulis Blanco 175

pendula Blanco 176

Thrixspermum pallidum (Blume)

Reichb. f 198

Thymelaeaceae 212, 345

Tiliaceae 210

Trichomanes Linn 70

acrosorum Copel 72

aphlebioides Christ 71

cupressoides Desv 71

densinervium Copel 71

dentatum v. d. B. (?).. 71

grande Copel 70

humile Forst 72

kingii Copel 72

latipinnum Copel 71

pallidum Bl 71

trichophyllum Moore 70

Trigonachras cuspidata Radik 182, 209

Trigonostemon Blume 335

hirsutus C. B. Rob 335

oblanceolatus C. B.

Rob 337

Tristanla sp 214

' Turpentine 150

420

INDEX.

Page.

Umbelliferae 218

Uncarla philippinensis Elmer 227

UnciniaPers <•- 58

rupestris Raoul var. capil-

lacea Kiikenth 58 ;

Unona sympetala C. B. Rob 203

Urandra corniculata (Becc.) Foxw. .. 179 j

Urophyllum arboreum (R e i n w . )

Korth 227

glabrum Jack. ...j 227

lucbanense Elmer 227

Urticaceae 1, 99, 291, 299, 320

Urtica arborea Lueonis Camel..

arborescens Link

argentea Forst

baccifera Blanco

capitellata Poir

c elebica B1

hirta Blume

moluccama B1

nivea Linn

pentandra Roxb

repanda Blume

rubescens B1

squamigera Wall

tenacissima Roxb

villosa Blanco

Uvaria littoralis Blume

scandens C. B. Rob

4

9

15

16
11

4

204

204

V

Vandellia scabra, Benth

Vatica Linn

aptanthera Blanco

eximia Miq. :

mangachapoi Blanco

sublacunosa Miq

Verbenaceae

Villebrunea frutescens Merr

rubescens B1

trinervis Wedd

Vitaceae

Vittaria J. E. Smith

elongata Swtz

scabricoma Copel

scolopendrina (Bory) Thw.

zosterifolia Willd

Voacanga plumeriaetolia Elmer

w

Wallichia arborea Reinw

X

Xanthopliytum fruticulosum Reinw.

z

Zingiberaceae
Zingiber sp. ..

Page.

221

281

282

276

282

276

220

17

17

17

209

87

87

219

227

227

O

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