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S
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
ALVIN J. COX, M. A., Pu. D.
GENERAL EDITOR ~
SECTION D
GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, —
AND ANTHROPOLOGY
EDITED WITH THE COOPERATON OF
DEAN C. WORCESTER, A. B.; MERTON L. MILLER, Pu. D.
LAWRENCE E. GRIFFIN, Pu. D.; CHARLES S. BANKS, M. S.
ALVIN SEALE, A. B.; W. SCHULTZE
RICHARD C. McGREGOR, A. B.
VOLUME VIII
1913
i Me
4a
WITH 56 PLATES, 33 TEXT FIGURES, AND 1 Map
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1913
DATES OF ISSUE
No. 1, March 19, 1913.
No. 2, June 25, 1913.
No. 3, July 8, 1913.
No. 4, January 16, 1914.
No. 5, February 25, 1914.
No. 6, May 15, 1914.
ii
CONTENTS
No. 1, February, 1913
JONES, CHARLES R. The cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne
Wabr.) MethHeee Mi MINe SLANG Seo. ocnps.sccesesecec~ Soeenaoseccsasseccennasendt
Plates I to IX.
BoRCHMANN, Fritz. Lagriiden und Alleculiden der Philippinen
CUBED) PRT EDY | Vie See RS i Rn Be Aa ee wnsesnenons
No. 2, April, 1913
BAKER, C. F. A study of caprification in Ficus nota............000000..2......
Text figures 1 to 4.
Beyer, H. OTLEY. Origin myths among the mountain peoples of the
EDINA ERESOUSI GH pee oe rca ec ee ec omc eet Ae ae
Plates I to IV.
Cowes, R. P. The habits of some tropical Crustacea................2..2........
Plate I. Text figures 1 to 3.
JONES, CHARLES R. The coconut leaf-miner beetle, Promecotheca
RSUARYRNE AE EUR pees eesti ye Ms aOR TT ay dae SS te vel
Plates I and II.
HELLER, K. M. Neue Kafer von den Philippinen..........22.0000..02.000002...
Text figures 1 to 14.
No. 3, June, 1913
SALT, ALEXANDER E. W. Francisco de Carriedo y Peredo....................
Plates Ito III. Text figure 1h
WEISE, J. Uber Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden der Philippinen:
II. Teil (Coleoptera) .................. es eR A re Sy Ce 8 EU
No, 4, August, 1913
WHARTON, LAWRENCE D. A description of some Philippine Thalas-
Rewieemwathera) Tevisions Ol ther SOnus eek. ee ceseccce hace oes cescSicds coke
Plates Iand II. Text figures 1 to 3.
OsHIMA, MaAsAmiItTsu. Notes on the termites of Japan with descrip-
plonsomone new) SPEcles! ite ee kt oe oe so
Text figures 1 and 2.
OSHIMA, MASAMITSU. Two species of termites from Singapore............
MocsAry, A. The Chrysidide of the Philippine Islands........................
CRAWFORD, D. L. New genera and species of Psyllide from the
philippine Asiana siesta Re ees eo MeN SOA
Plate I. Text figure 1.
SCHENKLING, SIGMUND. Zwei neue philippinische Cleriden
BrEzzI, M. Studies in Philippine Diptera, I
Page.
127
iv Contents
No. 5, October, 1913
LicHt, S. F. The morphology of Eudendrium griffini sp. nov
Plates Iand II. Text figures 1 to 5.
BEAN, ROBERT BENNETT. Filipino ears: IV. Longot and Mangyan..
Plates I to XX.
WHARTON, LAWRENCE D. Hirudo boyntoni, a new Philippine leech...
GEBIEN, HANS. Die Tenebrioniden der Philippinen
No. 6, December, 1913
GEBIEN, HANS. Die Tenebrioniden der Philippinen (Schluss)...
Licut, S. F. Notes on Philippine Alcyonaria. Part I: The Philip-
pine species of the genus Capnella
Plates I to III.
BEAN, ROBERT BENNETT. Types among the inland tribes of Luzon
and Mindanao’ «<..n.2.22:05:-s<--:0-s2ces0ce0s-ceee oe ee
Plates I to IX. Map 1.
333
357
369
373
401
435
455
463
i” afl oh Piers ee
Lae 7 an Ae: v 2 n ¥ ‘ 4
‘a ee sey : batho
Ta Pa ‘ : Pa ;
'
, heh j ¥ a
weirs 4 J
ye sk "
eee j al
1
Mcgee TP EBRUARY;.1916
= : byt A
| ee PHILIPPINE
OA ALVIN ; COX, M. AS: Pa. D, sphere
ee bas (GENERAL EDITOR Raines a rea Sy
i a a Lot ae tne Ya
+ >
A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE. sri
OULTURE ~
By CHARLES 3. BANKs' é bing PENS
Order No. P. 53 pager, “4
eee "$0.75, Pi Lio eae a
In’ A Manual. of Philippine Silk Culture »
are presented the results of several years’ ~
actual work with silk-producing larva to-,
pene with @ desctiption of the new NORE A -
Pine race, . ;
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY,
AND ANTHROPOLOGY
Vou. VIII FEBRUARY, 1913 No. 1
THE CIGARETTE BEETLE (LASIODERMA: SERRICORNE Fabr.)
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
By CHARLES R. JONES
(From the Entomological Section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)
Nine plates
INTRODUCTION
The cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fabr.) has been
prominent for many years as a destroyer of stored vegetable
products and is one of the worst pests in the tobacco industry.
Its ravages, especially to the manufactured product in tropical
countries, are very large. The annual loss in Manila varies from
6,000 to 13,000 pesos (3,000 to 6,500 dollars United States
currency) per factory for cigars actually destroyed in the factory
alone. This represents but a small fraction of the real loss,
for these figures do not include the shipments of infested cigars,
which give a bad reputation to Manila cigars, and lead to a far
greater loss to the factory than does any occasional loss of goods
or damage due directly to the cigarette beetle.
The Insular Collector of Customs! shows a decrease in the
exportation to the United States of tobacco and tobacco products
from 4,023,404 pesos in 1910 to 1,483,544 pesos in 1911. The
bulk of this decrease can undoubtedly be attributed indirectly to
* Annual report of the work of the Bureau of Customs during the fiscal
year 1911.
114710
2 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
the cigarette beetle. It is the purpose of this paper to bring
together the principal facts concerning the life history,? the
methods used, and the value of fumigants, etc., in the control
of the pest.
The life history and habits of Lasioderma serricorne have
been carefully studied and numerous experiments conducted with
repellents, traps, and chemicals.
CLASSIFICATION AND SYNONYMY
This insect belongs to the family Ptinide, and was described
from America in 1792 by Fabricius,’ as Ptinus serricorne. Gem-
minger and Harold‘ give the following synonymy :>
Lasioderma serricorne FABR., Ent. Syst. (1792), 1, 241; Muus., Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon (1864), 12, 1, Pl. 1, fig. 10. L&c., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil. (1865), 238.
Lasioderma flavescens DAHLB., Dej. Cat. 3. ed. (18387), 129. =
Lasioderma rufescens STURM, Cat. (1826), 206.
Lasioderma testaceum DUFTSCHM., Fauna Austr. (1859), 3, 46; Sturm,
Deutschl. Fauna (1837), 11, 89. pt. 287, fig. P. Q.
DISTRIBUTION AND DISSEMINATION
All of the principal tropical and subtropical tobacco-producing
districts abound with the cigarette beetle. In Cuba and the
Philippines it can be found at any season of the year. Its
habits and food are such as to aid in its spread without much
effort on the part of the insect. For short distances and in
factories the beetle spreads by crawling and by flight, and it has
been transported to all parts of the temperate and torrid zones
with shipments of infested cigars and bales of tobacco, where it
enters and deposits its eggs.
The cars, boats, and other vehicles carrying infested tobacco
also become agents of dissemination. In March, 1911, on a trip
to the Cagayan Valley in northern Luzon on a steamship, I
found adults of the cigarette beetle abundant. This boat a
*In working out the life cycle in the laboratory, a check was carried
giving the factory conditions, and it was found that these coincided with
the laboratory experiments.
* Entomologia Systematica (1792), 1, 241.
*“Catalogus Coleopterorum (1869), 6, 1781.
* For titles of articles dealing with the economy of the beetle, see Nathan
Banks, Bibliography of American Economic Entomology. Div. Ent. U. S.
Dept. Agr.
VII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 3
week previously had discharged a cargo of tobacco from the
valley in Manila.
LIFE HISTORY
Feeding habits.—It does its chief damage to cigars and ciga-
rettes by eating small holes through the wrappers. Some of
the substances on which it has been found feeding are un-
doubtedly more or less accidental. I have found the cigarette
beetle breeding in raisins, rhubarb, yeast-cakes, and tobacco,
while Chittenden * reports it as infesting cayenne pepper, ginger,
rhubarb, rice, figs, yeast-cakes, dried fish, silk and plush uphol-
stery, ergot, turmeric, and tobacco in all forms. In 1895 it was
reported as doing great damage to prepared herbarium speci-
mens in Washington. Skinner reports it as breeding in the
bran of pincushions and in pyrethrum powder strong enough
to kill cockroaches. J. B. Smith’ gives the following articles
attacked: Dried roots and seeds of all kinds, cane and rattan
work of all kinds, books, gun wads, hellebore, licorice, bella-
donna, and saffron.
Egg.—Because of the secluded places in which the eggs are
laid, such as inside the filler, in small folds in the dried tobacco,
within the open tip of the cigar or cigarette, or under the over-
lapping edges of the wrapper, they are very difficult to detect.
Even in very badly infested stock I have found the eggs on the
outsides of cigars only in a very few cases. Small particles of
the paste used in cigar manufacture may be mistaken for the
eggs of the cigarette beetle, and those who may be familiar with
this insect in all its succeeding stages are frequently unfamiliar
with the egg.
The egg (Plate I, fig. 1) is a whitish, opaque, round, elongated
object pointed at one end, the other being rounded and covered
for a short distance with minute spines; general appearance
smooth, shell rather tough and not easily broken. Average
length, 0.47 millimeter; width, 0.23 millimeter.
The eggs are laid during both the day and the night; the time
of most active laying is in the early part of the evening. They
are deposited singly in small folds and crevices of leaf tobacco,
most frequently along the midrib. Egg-laying begins from two
to five days after the emergence of the adult, if copulation has
° Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. (1896), 4, 126; (1905), 54, 68.
‘Bull. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., Jan. (1907), 203, 35.
4 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
taken place. Unfertilized females apparently do not lay. Sol-
itary females were kept from four to sixteen days in the labo-
ratory without copulation and laid no eggs, while those that were
allowed to copulate oviposited the first day afterwards. Egg-
laying extends over a period of from six to eight days, gradually
decreasing to the end. The maximum number of eggs is laid
within three days after copulation.
The period of incubation of the egg varies greatly in the
Philippines. Certain eggs have been observed to hatch within
four days, while others kept under identical conditions took
ten. There may be a variation of three days in the time required
to hatch eggs laid by the same beetle on the same day. The
average time required is six days. The following table shows
the average length of the egg stage and the variation in hatching,
from May to November, 1911:
TABLE I.—Variation in incubation period of Lasioderma serricorne Fabr.*
Hatchings. Variation ee
Date laid. SS a elaine EE
i incu-
First. | Second. | Third. | Fourth. oes bation.
1911. Days. Days.
Misi 12) 88 Bs 2 els ee May 20 bss S 42 es ont al a Ree 0 8
Way, ae Be a, ee May 20| May 21 | May 22 |_-__-_-__- 2 th
MERGED eee eee eee ea May 20 | May 21/ May 22 |---------- 2 6
May 17 220 -c beeeecee ee een May 2pucbe. 2 tee 5 che Ree ea 0 8
Maye -24-i22 Fea ieee t May (25 | 2p oe her|sccccc tba 0 7
May 18 2 eee eee May (23) May ¢24)) ce cec| eee ees i 5.5
DEN 2A Niles Pea a Oe Soe el May (i200 22362 Se eee eee 0 6
wOly We hs 2 ee ee ee Aigo. 15) §) Anges oo) s Sec eo eae ess 2 6.5
July 29/and'80) -—. 5-222 22-5. Aug. 4/ Aug. 5| Aug. 6 |---------- 2 6
ATISUAE G22 cco cee ee Asie. Mi Atmp l2) tess oe eee 1 5.5
NG a | Ay Gee ee Ee ae 7 Ace: ca VA (ace ns | Mea Seer |S 2A Rl 0 5
August 10 and 11____________ Aug. 17 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 19 | Aug. 20 3 8
PAV GIRG 222 Poe poe eee a Aug. 26 | Aug. 28 | Aug. 30 | Aug. 31 4 if
IEE 26 en ee en Aug 62 Septe ails one, bones 2 6
PUSURE 28 eee see See eee Septsi2 sept. F|---2-L eee | een eeeees 2 6
August 80s... eset Sept. 2 | Sept. 4 | Sept. 6 | Sept. 7 4 5.5
erat Oh ae Sept. 4 |,Sept. 5 | Sept. 6} Sept. 7 3 5.5
September 1 and 2___________ NEDE.. (6. peter ti leneeeece cee eee 1 5
September 28-__.__.-.-...-.-- Det 2 etek se] bat GSE eee oe 0 4
November 19 -..._...-.------ Nov. 23 | Nov. 24 | Nov. 25 |_---.-..-- 2 5.5
2 6.1
A yerawe seu cua mee see he as Se oec ete et eee ee ee ae
8 The eggs used in these tests were laid by different individuals, but were kept under the
same conditions, and the record shows all eggs that hatched.
The percentage of eggs that do not hatch is very small. Ex-
periments were conducted with 318 eggs, and of these only 14
failed, giving an average of 4.47 per cent.
VU, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 5
Larva.—The larva (Plate I, fig. 2) hatches by eating its way
through the large end of the egg, leaving an irregular hole in
the shell. It is less than 1 millimeter in length and is covered
with fine hair. The head is yellowish and the body semitrans-
parent whitish or cream in older larve. The intestinal con-
tents seen through the skin give it a dirty color, which varies
with the quantity of food. It is a fleshy, wrinkled grub, its
body usually curved. Fine particles of tobacco and dust, which
adhere to the minute hairs on the body of the larva, often change
its appearance to brownish. The young larve move about freely
and, unless suitable food can be obtained, may wander to con-
siderable distances. Each larva molts four or five times, then
forms the pupal cell, and changes into a pupa. One larva was
found to molt six times. The only change in appearance of the
larve is in that of size. They develop slowly, requiring an aver-
age of fifty days in this stage. No descriptions or measurements
were made of the larval stages. Daily observations were made
and molts were recorded in the breeding experiments.
This insect damages cigars and cigarettes by eating small
cylindrical galleries through the filler and circular holes through
the wrapper. If the larva happen to get between two cigars,
the wrapper of each may be slit lengthwise (Plate II, at “a’),
but generally it bores straight through. Galleries, evidently
made by a single larva, have been traced through three cigars.
It is through the holes in the wrapper that the adults escape at
maturity.
The method of attack upon leaf tobacco is similar in many
ways to the attack upon cigars and cigarettes, the larve boring
small round holes through the contiguous leaves. The greatest
damage to leaf is apparently done to the first-grade wrapper.
The finer and better qualities of tobacco afford better breeding
conditions for the larva; hence the greater infestation in these
grades. In many cases, first-grade wrappers must be used for
filler, owing to the great number of small holes in it caused by
the larve (Plate IX, fig. 1). Damage to the filler tobacco is less
than to any other class, as this is of coarse texture and the attack
made by the larve is generally along the midrib. The larve
attack this part of the leaf, and do not feed promiscuously upon
it as is the case in the finer grades of wrapper.
According to the general observations of those who are
interested in tobacco and its products, infestation first appears
in manufactured products on the higher and milder grades of
cigars. The cheap grades and some of the strong maduro cigars
often remain in the factories from one to two years without
6
The Philippine Journal of Science
1918
becoming infested, while the higher and finer grades, such as
Vegueros finos, Perfectos, Divinos, and Imperiales, show infesta-
tion within six or eight weeks.
rettes, the general or medium grades are less susceptible than
such grades as Turkish or Sultanes.
larve to the higher grade cigars and cigarettes is shown by
Tables II and III.
TABLE II.—IJnjury to different grades of cigars.*
=
Ie
The same is true for ciga-
The injury done by the
plea ber of Total Num: Xam Beets |
Date made. Date examined.| Kind of cigar. | of | © | |PU™=| ber | in- |
box- | 2478 ber ci- ‘ood. | fest-
es, | Per | gars Alive. | Dead.
box
1911
G09: &S) Ek iene. hae May 18%-2.=222 Londres -_-_-_---- 5 | 100; 500} 489 11 0 3
OTD 2c 4 es Pe ee Oly 27 cee aee= Cazadores-_-_-___- 6 50 | 300 0} 300 66} 149
Moen se nao alee dora Cabinets -_--__- i 25 25 0 25 0 4
Do 222822 Se el Gee el dorsesene Invictos ------- 1 25 25 20 5 0 0
Do 2. 22536 eleaeee Cl eee Cesares __---_-- 2 25 50 27 28 28 0
Ds ee ea es Me es dos -25 Diputados _____ i. 25 25 1 24 2 0
September to No- | July 27-29_____ Perfectosb_____ 51 25 1,275 | 452] 823 229 | 202
vember, 1910.
Woh. SA Fee eek GOcs2e-8e2 Perfectos ¢____- 13 25 | 325 71 | 254 25 36
Dee aT La Sly pees Regalia -______- 6} 25] 150] 22) 128 54] 56
1D eC ene eecre| Ferme dOse2225255 Fashionables___ 3 50} 150 3} 147 40 | 206
Dose eels (3 (ae ee Londres finos _-_ 1 50 50 0 50 0; 100
Don es August 12____- Londres ------- 5} 100} 500] 300] 200 0 43
Doo =... 3 SSO August 31_____ High life -_____ 6 50 | 300 28 | 262 51 35
Do ee eee ee doeeeet task Media regalia __ 3 50} 150 4% 146 25 at
the general working room.
> Perfectos plain in box.
© Perfectos put up in tin foil but badly infested.
* Cigars of 1910 were all made from September 28 to November 15, boxed and kept in
TABLE III.—Injury to different grades of cigarettes.*
—
Number Total
ar ee Kind of cigarette. Boe ay
amined. rettes.
1911.
JunewO)) Mubasie hse eens ee 50 1, 500
Junela0)| ania) See eeeaee nea saeees 50 1, 500
May 6/| Sultanesc ..__-..--------_-__ if 100
June) 2))| Turkish dis- se eeee eee 100 2,400
June 6 |----- G02: Satep ee ere 11 264
00 2,400
Number
good.
1, 497
1, 497
41
1, 487
67
903
Insects ey
Number
infested.
Alive. | Dead.
3 32) ee ee
3 3 1
59 2 58
913 72 7
197 0 18
1, 497 235 28
48 High-grade cigarettes with open ends, made about April 1 by machine.
b Value, 24 pesos per thousand.
© Value, 880 pesos per thousand.
4 Value, 400 pesos per thousand.
VII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 7
The data for the above tables were obtained by carefully
examining cigars taken from the general stock of various
factories in Manila. The cigars were selected as near the same
dates of making and boxing as possible.
From what has been said of oviposition, it will be seen that
the larva, when full grown and ready to pupate, is usually inside
the cigar or cigarette. It apparently makes little effort to get
to the surface, but pupates wherever it happens to be, forming
a flimsy cell (Plate I, fig. 5) of small particles of tobacco. When
the larva is near the surface of the cigar, it eats a small round
hole through the wrapper, and this is afterwards closed by the
formation of the pupal cell, and the adult upon emerging only
needs to break the flimsy cell to escape. In many cases the pupal
cell is formed between cigars. Pupal cells vary in form in
accordance with the place and conditions under which pupation
occurs. Within cigars, the cells are usually ovoid. Where
larve pupate against the sides of a cigar box or other substance,
they simply form a dome over themselves. In leaf tobacco the
pupal cells have no definite shape.
ter the larva has confined itself within the pupal cell, it
remains quiet for a period of from two to five days; it then
shortens somewhat, molts, and the pupa results.
Pupa.—tThe pupa (Plate I, figs. 3 and 4) is of a whitish or
cream color turning to brownish pink a short time before the
emergence of the adult. The eyes are black and the mandibles
brown. Upon emerging, the adult is very soft and pale brown-
ish pink. It remains in the pupal cell about four days, during
which time it hardens and the color changes to dark brown,
after which it gnaws its way out. Laboratory experiments show
that the minimum time spent in the pupal cell from the time it
is formed by the larva until the adult emerges is eleven, the
maximum fourteen, and the average 12.5 days.
Adult.—The adult beetles (Plate I, figs. 6 and 7) are small,
brownish in color, and vary greatly in size; the latter is undoubt-
edly due to the quantity of food obtained by the larva. In every
case it was observed that beetles obtained from the high-grade.
selected cigars were about twice the size of those obtained from
bales of lower grade tobacco. This shows plainly that the size
of the adult is influenced by the quality of food eaten by the larva.
The adults are very lively and at almost any time can be found
running about promiscuously upon the walls, windows, and
furnitures of warehouses and tobacco factories. They fly freely
in the early evening and during the night. They rest with head
8 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
and thorax drawn downward. (Plate I, fig. 7.) When dis-
turbed, they drop, the head, thorax and legs are drawn close
together, and they remain in this position for a few moments,
feigning death. If not further molested, they soon crawl a
short distance and then fly. As far as I have observed, the
adults do not feed at all; therefore, there is no direct damage
done by them. There was no noticeable damage done by the
hundreds of beetles kept under observation in the laboratory
for the egg-laying and other experiments. Table IV gives a
record of an- experiment in which 100 beetles were kept with
20 cigars:
TABLE 1V.—Results of keeping 100 beetles with 20 cigars.*
fe Examinations. |
Adults | Cigars
Date. | “dead. |injured.
Mar. 4 none | none
Mar. 11 26] none
Mar. 16 18} none
Mar. 19 53 | none
Mar. 21 2/ none
| Mar. 22 1] none |
® The open ends of the cigars had been closed previously by pasting tissue paper over
them. This was to prevent the adults from entering the cigars at this point.
The beetles in this experiment had free access to the cigars
and could at all times be seen running over them freely. Table
V shows that no damage was done to leaf tobacco by the beetles.
TABLE V.—Harmlessness of adults kept on leaf tobacco.*
(Experiments started November 14. Five adults in each lot.)
Life of adults. |
Grade of tobacco used. sae
Minimum. | Maximum. | Average.
Days Days. Days.
(Coarpe filler >. So Seok. ee aeacteease none 8 10 9
Wine Hiller 2 cco 3 Skee cee ee aces none 10 19 15
Wrapper, maduro--.-.--..-..-......- none 8 17 14
Wrapper nclaro+ 250 soseneee ee eee none 10 15 14.5
Wrapper, Virginian -........--...-.- none 10 18 14.5
* This tobacco was carefully selected and the edges were trimmed with scissors so that
the slightest amount of feeding could be detected. In all the experiments the adults laid eggs.
VII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 9
Copulation has been observed repeatedly in the laboratory and
under natural conditions in the factories or warehouses, and
takes place in from two to five days after the adults emerge.
The life of the beetle is determined more largely by the amount
of energy stored at the time of emergence than by the external
conditions, as is the case in many other insects. Table VI shows
that the beetle in the adult stage consumes no food and that the
average life is the same whether kept with or without tobacco.
TABLE VI.—Length of life of adults.
WITHOUT TOBACCO.
Date emerged ° Sarees Lived. Remarks.
adults. Date. of
adults.
Days.
Large larve were col-
lected from cigars; pu-
September 28_------ 2 8 pated and emerged in
October 1 to 16 ____- 138 | 216.4 thelaboratory. Adults
September 18 to 21 -- 17 kept collectively copu-
lated, and laid eggs.
October 20---------- 2 30 |
_ KEPT WITH TOBACCO.
| August 20 -_--------- 5 | September 4 to 6__-- 5 216 |
September 29____---- 1 | October 14_---____.- 1 15
Do_-------------- 1 | October 20_--------- 1 21
Dctober ts 8032+ 1 | October 14,___.___._ 1 1g || Adulte j kept singly.
DOs 225 222cthade. 1 | October 17__--_-___- 1 12|| Examined daily.
@ctober'G..-7...-.-+ 1| October 20.....-.__- 1 14 These were Dect ixomt
geese ase see ao 2 | October 24__________ 2 18 eggs, and reared inthe
Oetober'9s2--2 = 2620 1| October 20...__._._- 1 u laboratory.
Do_-------------- 1 | November 4 _-_----- 1 26
1
esti]
® Average.
Seasonal history.—This insect shows a continuous breeding
period. Eggs, larve, pups, and adults can be found at any
time of the year in tobacco warehouses and factories, but March
and April seem to be the months of the greatest abundance of
adults.
10 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
INSECTS MISTAKEN FOR THE CIGARETTE BEETLE
Many species of insects are found in dried tobacco in the Philip-
pine Islands, and these are often mistaken for the cigarette
beetle. Those most commonly mistaken are a species of Curcu-
lionide, the rice weevil (Calandra oryzae Linn.), a species of
Bostrychide, the shot-hole bamboo borer (Dinoderus brevis
Horn), and a species of Cleridz. These insects are very abun-
dant, especially the shot-hole borer. Its appearance in tobacco
is easily accounted for. In the country all tobacco is cured in
bamboo sheds, and as this beetle feeds upon and breeds in bam-
boo, its occurrence in tobacco is purely accidental.
The clerid is predaceous on the larve and pupz of the cigarette
beetle and, therefore, is to be considered as beneficial. It is not
uncommon to find earwigs in tobacco bales; these are also mis-
taken for the cigarette beetle.
NATURAL CONTROL
There are many agencies concerned in the natural control of
the cigarette beetle, the principal ones of which are the predatory
enemies and parasites.
PREDATORY ENEMIES
So far, in the Philippines, but one species of insect has been
found which preys upon the cigarette beetle. This is the Clerid
mentioned above. (Plate I, figs. 10 to 13.) It can be found
running freely through the bales of tobacco. It feeds raven-
ously, both in the larval and adult stages, upon the larve and
pup of the cigarette beetle. Six adult Clerids devoured 31
larve of the cigarette beetle in a single night.
There is little doubt that birds, such as swallows and sparrows,
which are very abundant in and around tobacco warehouses,
especially in the country, play a part in natural control, but
Since no opportunity was afforded for a study of them it can-
not be stated to what extent they are of value.
PARASITES
The parasites bred from the cigarette beetle belong to one
species of Hymenoptera of the family Chalciiddz (Norbanus ® sp.,
Plate I, figs. 8 and 9.) This insect has been bred in the labora-
tory and has also been collected in the adult stage in infested
* Determined by Fullaway.
VIII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 11
tobacco and cigars. It attacks the cigarette beetle only after the
pupal cell is formed. By placing several of the parasites with
cigarette beetle larve it was seen that the former, apparently
frightened by the movements of the larve, did not attack them,
but when pupze were introduced they were attacked within a
short time. :
In one experiment pup of the cigarette beetle, in cells, were
placed with the parasites. The latter immediately mounted
the cells, and after traversing them several times began to pierce
them with their ovipositors. Several attempts were made bhe-
fore the pupal cell could be pierced and, after locating the pupa,
which was done by a sidewise motion of the body, oviposition
into the pupa took place. The adult remained with the ovipositor
in the cell from ten to fifteen minutes. Evidently a single egg
only is laid in each pupa, as in no case did more than one parasite
- come from any of the pupz. The life cycle of the parasite is
. from sixteen to seventeen days.
A very small white mite of the family Eupodide, genus Rhagi-
dia, has also been found attacking the cigarette beetle in all
stages except the adult, both in factories and the laboratory.
Larve infested with mites have been placed in tobacco bales, and
subsequent examinations, made at various intervals thereafter,
failed to show that these parasites had been effectively estab-
lished. It is doubtful if they will ever prove valuable as a para-
site of the cigarette beetle.
ARTIFICIAL CONTROL
Many difficulties are encountered in the Philippine Islands in
combating the cigarette beetle. Some of these are: that all to-
bacco in the provinces becomes infested at the time of curing,
that the insects are packed in the bales of tobacco or gain
access thereto after packing and the tobacco is stored from one
to four years before being made into cigars, that the devel-
opment of the insect is continuous throughout the year, that
the infested stock is stored in close proximity to factories and
in many cases in the factory itself, that the mandalas® are ex-
posed and infested at all times, and that all stages of the insect
are protected within the cigars or tobacco bales. The suscepti-
bility of the tobacco to substances that would change its aroma,
® Mandalas are piles of tobacco in which fermentation is allowed to take
place in the process of curing.
12 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
flavor, or burning quality must also be kept in mind, and only
such substances used to kill the beetles as will not alter any of
its original characteristics.
My first experiments were with repellents. Those that were
repugnant to the beetles were also injurious to the cigars. Fur-
thermore, traps for the adults were used with little better success.
The solution of the problem is to place the factory in such a
condition as to prevent the reinfestation of the treated stock
and to obtain and use a substance that will kill the insects in all
stages of development. By careful preparation of the factory
and installation of proper apparatus, there will be no excuse for
the shipment of infested stock from the Philippines and the
consequent loss of trade caused by these damaged goods. Car-
bon bisulphide, hydrocyanic-acid gas, and high and low tempera-
tures were experimented with and proved effective. The value
of the first two as insecticides has long been recognized, but ac-
tual demonstration, as to use and dosage together with the care ~
of the manufactured products after treatment, were deemed ad-
visable.
It is popularly supposed, and frequently even by the manu-
facturers themselves, that the exposure of tobacco to great varia-
tions in temperature, to carbon bisulphide, and to hydrocyanic-
acid gas may impair its quality and that by the use of the latter
some of the cyanogens may be deposited in the cigars and make
them injurious to the smoker. Experiments have been carried
on to determine whether or not any one of the three essential
characters of a good cigar—aroma, taste, and burning quality—is
impaired by the two former treatments or whether any cyano-
gens are deposited in the cigars by the cyanide treatment. Qual-
itative and quantitative analyses of the tobacco and cigars were
made for cyanogens, and by use of a special apparatus treated
and untreated cigars were smoked and the smoke drawn through
a solution of silver nitrate which was analyzed quantitatively
for cyanogens. These experiments, which are described below,
show that cyanogens in treated stock are not in excess of those
in the untreated. Several treated and untreated cigars were also
smoked by different habitual smokers, and the results show that
the treated cigars are practically indistinguishable from the
untreated.
At the factory of the Compania General de Tabacos de Filipi-
nas, a room (Plate III, fig. 1) was screened and freed from all
insects by the use of hydrocyanic-acid gas and afterwards cigars
Vl, D, 1 ; Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 13
were made here from treated tobacco. The cigars were guarded
in this room against reinfestation, and all experiments referred
to as being made in a screened room were carried on here.
PREPARATION OF FACTORY
Before beginning the actual destruction of the cigarette beetle,
it is necessary to place the factory in a condition to prevent the
reinfestation of the treated stock. The first step is to free it
from all stages of the beetle, which may be accomplished with
hydrocyanic-acid gas in the manner hereafter described for the
fumigation of tobacco.
In most cases in Manila, the drying, selecting, boxing, and
labeling of cigars are carried on in one work room, and experi-
ments have shown that these rooms may be absolutely protected
after they are once freed from all stages of the beetle by cover-
ing the windows and doors with wire screens sufficiently fine
(not coarser than 10 meshes to 1 centimeter) to prevent the
passage of the adult beetles. Various sizes of mesh were tried
and up to 8-mesh to the centimeter the beetles passed through
readily. The 10-mesh was effective. The entrance to the com-
partment should have a screened vestibule with two screened
doors (Plate III, fig. 1). Asa further precaution against rein-
festation, manufactured products should be kept in tin-lined
boxes instead of being piled promiscuously on the floor, as is
customary. The regular shipping boxes, which are tin-lined,
can be used for this purpose if it is undesirable to have a special
box. The cost of a tin-lined box large enough to hold 10,000
ordinary sized, boxed cigars is 7.50 pesos.
For the treatment of the tobacco the manufacturer may choose
between fumigation and high or low temperature, but in either
case only competent persons should be employed to do the work.
In factories where steam drums are already installed, the latter
would perhaps be preferable, but it would be advisable also to
have a small compartment for fumigating the. wrapper tobacco,
for where the wrapper leaf is subjected to steam and an excess
of moisture results from condensation, it becomes darker in
color and less elastic. Cigars are classified in five grades in all
factories, on the basis of color. They are supposed to be mild
or strong according as the wrapper is light or dark, and are
designated as follows: claro, colorado claro, colorado, colorado
maduro, and maduro.
14 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
FUMIGATION
A compartment for fumigation (Plate III, fig. 2), 3.85 meters
in length, 2.85 meters in width, 2.95 meters in height, con-
taining 32.4 cubic meters, and suitable for 1,400 kilograms of
leaf tobacco, can be constructed for less than 200 pesos. It
should be lined with zinc, and have 3 shelves on each side, 1
meter wide and covered with poultry netting on which to lay the
leaf tobacco. Where carbon bisulphide is to be used, the top shelf
should be provided, at either end, with a small piece of board on
which to set the dishes that contain the fumigant. The door
should have 3 flanges padded with rubber packing, so that when it
closes the compartment is absolutely tight. Such a compartment
could be used either for the carbon bisulphide or the cyanide
treatment.
The properties and characteristics of the chemicals used in
fumigation should be thoroughly understood by the operator so
that necessary precautions may be taken. Aside from this, fu-
migation is very simple. Tobacco should be treated in the leaf,
and after being made into cigars should be placed immediately
in the screened drying and selecting room. It is preferable to
treat the leaf tobacco, as it is then loose and can be handled to
better advantage. Furthermore, if cigars be allowed to stand
after being made and fumigated before shipment, the beetles
that were developing in them would be killed in the cigar and
make the latter undesirable.
CARBON BISULPHIDE
Carbon bisulphide (CS,) is a colorless, volatile liquid, having
a specific gravity of 1.29 at 0°C., and is malodorous when mixed
with air. It evaporates rapidly, and is extremely inflammable.
As the vapor is heavier than air, carbon bisulphide must be
placed at the top of the fumigating compartment. The gas is
poisonous and should not be inhaled by the operator. Where
one has a compartment especially prepared for fumigating,
there need be no danger to the person doing the work.
Carbon bisulphide can be purchased in Germany or in the
United States at a comparatively low figure. Its wholesale price
delivered in Manila is 92 centavos per kilogram. Locally it
retails for about 2.50 to 2.86 pesos per kilogram. It is put
up in iron drums containing from 0.5 to 20 kilograms. Being
VII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 15
extremely inflammable, a spark of any description, even a lighted
cigar or cigarette, may explode the fumes. Electric fans and
lights should not be used inside the fumigating compartment,
for there is danger of the production of sparks which will ignite
the fumes.
The cigarette beetle in all its stages can readily be killed by
earbon bisulphide of the concentration of 14.4 grams per cubic
meter in air-tight vessels, where the fumes of carbon bisulphide
come in direct contact with the insect. Where there is an abun-
dance of tobacco in which the beetles are protected, a greater
quantity of carbon bisulphide must be applied. Experiments
prove that 32 grams of carbon bisulphide per cubic meter are
very effective in the latter case, but in practical work it is recom-
mended that slightly more (40 grams) be used in order to insure
a satisfactory excess.
TABLE VII.—Effect of different amounts of carbon bisulphide.
Date. e ° : Eggs. Larve. Pupe. | Adults. Roveces!
3 a5 ry 2 o|sg o/ ag |} Oo] gf{ eo] sg
sO58| € |2/8/2/8/2/ 8/4] 8
) EARS (fe ce ae 3 tee Ss Cee he 0 20 November 10.
| {3 ele ee ee 50 |- aa UNE Pee eee) 0 25 Do.
Porcives eee. a. Bodo ta 5 (ajc eee ee J 0 25 4
| VWegueros finos _____- BON eda aa uhoe Si (jects tie ae pti eee 48 00 | 5
Conchas especiales __ 50 |.--do -_--| 30 grams CSe2 per cu. 48 00 || ay
meter.
Perfectos: ..-<...=.-. | 50 |__.do ____| 82 grams KCN per cu. 30 600 Do.
| meter.
Mich life .-.-.....-.. } 200 June 1 | 88 grams CS2 per cu. 48 00 Do.
] meter.
Perfectos___.....---- | 50 | Sept. 7 | Cigars untreated; gen- |_-_-------- October 12 and
/ | eral factory run. December 10. |
® All of these cigars were made, dried, boxed, and kept in the factories with general stock.
They became infested before the first examination. At the subsequent examination, only a few
cigars were uninfested.
From the above it is plain that, although the tobacco was
treated and all stages of the insect killed, as shown in Tables
IX, XII, and XV, the treated cigars became infested as did the
untreated. It is seen that infestation of manufactured tobacco
can and does occur in the drying cabinets (Plates V, figs. 1 and 2)
and selecting room, hence the importance of having these free
from all stages of the cigarette beetle. Infestation may also
occur after boxing, as many of the ordinary cigar boxes are
defective. These facts demonstrate that the cigars must be
kept under conditions which will prevent reinfestation. An open
mandala where beetles have free access for oviposition is shown
in Plate VI, fig. 1. The infestation of mandalas can be controlled
to a certain extent by the use of a modern fermenting compart-
ment (Plate VI, fig. 2). This can be so arranged as to prevent
28 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
the beetles from entering freely and it will give just as satis-
factory results as the open mandala.
Tobacco stored in warehouses (Plate VII, fig. 1) and in gen-
eral work rooms (Plate VII, fig. 2) furnishes a fresh supply of
beetles at all times. Bales of infested tobacco should not be
stored in the factory itself.
TRAPS
During the period of my study of the cigarette beetle, the
manager of the Germinal cigar factory carried on light-trap ex-
periments, placing a basin of petroleum under an electric light.
This produced results far from satisfactory, no more than 5 to 8
beetles being caught in a single night, although the factory was
badly infested at all times. I have found the most effective
trap to be leaf tobacco itself. Several manos of leaf tobacco
(Plate VIII, fig. 1) were placed in various parts of a warehouse.
After a period of from twelve to twenty hours these were
examined and the number of trapped beetles recorded.
TABLE XIX.—Effectiveness of leaf tobacco as a trap for the cigarette beetle.
Number Length Number seen
of f of |
of time Where exposed. 0:
manos. | exposed. adults. manos.
Hours.
5 12 | On bales of tobacco______--___----____ 155 | Open.
5 aE Hi) es do . 2-25. 2co22 8 Sale eee 255 | Closed.
10 16)| In‘window-222<- ===: <2222------ eee 28 Do.
10 12 | On bales of tobacco_____.-----.___-.—- 272 | Open.
10 BVH eal (: (; ne ee eee ere a 310 | Closed.
10 20) |-=-=* Ci (eee arate eee eee ae 461 Do.
5 18: | In‘ window: ===. 222-2 -23-2e ene 32 Do.
10 18 | On bales of tobacco-_--__----_-_----.--- 557 | Open.
15 5 ti eae do 265.2 2.55533. 05 640 | Closed.
20 20) fos on Go 2222 2co8s225. 2h cee 1, 006 Do.
From Table XIX it will be seen that a great number of the
adults may be trapped by this method. By carefully placing
the trap manos in a fumigating box and by using one of the
fumigants already suggested, the trapped beetles can be readily
destroyed. Tobacco in manos can be used to good advantage
as a trap in the general work room if, after working hours, all
other tobacco be removed and these manos placed in various
parts of the room. Before work is begun the following day,
the manos should be collected and fumigated or the beetles shaken
out into a pan of water and petroleum. Care must be exercised
when collecting them not to jar the beetles from the tobacco.
VII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 29
SMOKING EXPERIMENTS
In view of the fact that there was thought to be a possibility
of the deposition of cyanogen in the cigars by the cyanide treat-
ment, several experiments were carried on to determine this
point.
Cigars and leaf tobacco were treated with the requisite min-
imum of cyanide, 32 grams per cubic meter, and after treat-
ment, analyses by chemists of the Bureau of Science showed the
presence of hydrocyanic-acid gas in both the treated and un-
treated tobacco, but the amount was so small that in samples of
less than 400 grams no quantitative determination could be made.
The hydrocyanic-acid gas in 50 grams of treated tobacco was
administered to a guinea pig without ill effects.
A series of treated and untreated cigars was smoked by means
of an aparatus (Plate VIII, fig. 2), and the volatile products
of combustion passed through a solution of silver nitrate, which
was to fix the cyanogens which would ordinarily be taken in
by the smoker, and afterward analyzed quantitively. Cigars
of various brands were fumigated with cyanide and smoked
simultaneously with a corresponding number of untreated cigars
of the same brand. Hydrocyanic-acid gas was obtained in each
case, and not infrequently the untreated cigars gave more of
this product than did the treated. Any differences which really
exist between the yield of hydrocyanic-acid gas from the treated
and untreated cigars are so small in comparison with the total
yield that they are negligible as shown by Table XX, which
gives the actual amount of the tobacco smoked and of cyanides
found.
TABLE XX.—Hydrocyanic-acid gas (HCN) im treated and untreated cigars.*
| | cyanide treatment.
— aS ce a oa Average
HCN per
Number Tobacco HCN per
of Potas- actually HCN gas} gram of gram of Remarks.
cigars pane smoked found. tobacco tobacco
gars. | cyanide |Duration. . smoked. ainolked
per cubic "
meter.
i
| Grams. | Hours. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
12! 82 24 | 78.40 0.0648 | 0.000826 0.00106 | Cigars aérated 5 days
before smoking.
2 32 | 24} 81.17} 0.1049] 0.00129 |... Cigars aérated 10 days
before smoking.
0.0849 | 0.00114 0.00114 | Cigars not treated and
used as a check. |
® Analyses by F. B. Beyer, division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry, Bureau of
Science.
74.2
30 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
’ Table XX shows that for each gram of treated tobacco actually
smoked there was obtained from the products of combustion
0.00106 gram of hydrocyanic-acid gas, while in the untreated,
for each gram of tobacco smoked, 0.00114 gram of hydrocyanic-
acid gas was obtained, a difference of 0.00008 gram. This
indicates that hydrocyanic-acid gas fumigation does not increase
the normal cyanogen content of smoking tobacco.
In the combustion of any cigar a quantity of hydrocyanic-
acid gas is produced. This quantity depends on a number of
variable factors, such as the moisture, rate of combustion, firm-
ness of the cigar, etc. This amount far exceeds that which
it is possible for a cigar to absorb during fumigation. Since
the simplest compounds are usually first to be destroyed by heat
in the presence of air, it is more than probable that any hydro-
cyanic-acid gas retained from the fumigations is immediately
converted into carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen according _
to the following reaction:
4 HCN+50,->4CO0,+2H,0+2N,.
Furthermore, experiments confirm this fact and show that
the hydrocyanic-acid gas actually obtained from treated cigars
is, on the average, less than that from untreated cigars when
smoked under identical conditions. Sixteen treated cigars were
also placed in the smoking apparatus in sets of four, and air
was drawn through each set for twenty minutes, and passed
through a solution of silver nitrate. This solution was after-
ward analyzed for hydrocyanic-acid gas. The results were
negative, thus showing that there exists in fumigated cigars
no free hydrocyanic-acid gas.
In smoking treated and untreated cigars with the apparatus,
particular attention was given to the requisites which are of
importance in judging the burning qualities; these are, the uni-
formity of combustion, the capacity for retaining a light, and
the color and firmness of the ash. In no case could any dis-
tinction be made between the treated and untreated cigars.
Both held the fire well, and the ash was of the proper color
and in most cases retained the shape of the cigar from the time
of lighting until it was completely smoked. The burning quality
is apparently not affected by treatment.
In judging the merits of the different cigars after the various
treatments it was requested of those who smoked them that
they note aroma, taste, and burning quality. Various lots of
cigars of a given number were distributed to habitual smokers
Vl, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 81
more or less familiar with the brands which they were to smoke.
Each lot contained an equal number of treated and untreated
cigars, and each cigar was numbered. A card with numbers cor-
responding to those on the cigars accompanied each lot with the
request that the smoker use two cigars of the same brand in
succession, and give his opinion as to aroma, taste, and burning
quality with such additional remarks on the various cigars as
he saw fit. The smokers did not know which cigars were treated
and which untreated and in no case were the cigars distinguished.
Tables XXI to XXVIII give the results obtained from tests
by 30 habitual smokers.
1913
Journal of Science
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eee OBEN eae ROOD SF ears DOOD) erie DOOD) a am = =e <= POOk) |S" aaann aes DOOR)
~--@010yo ON |-~--~~~--- ODE a5 |p-==s OD tar 5 aoe OpRSa|F==s52 quel[eoxg |---------- quel[eoxg |---queljeoxm
~~ peqzeeaqug | ------ que[[eoxq |-~~Jue]jeoxq |---que]jeoxm |------------ ETT tal Fea ta eq
pean OD Saiioc aes = OR ieee ated [eae pen DBT ese gee ROD ISS ng | pon =2 > ae nae Op asoaa| ooo see
pee Petey | Sos AS OD Ee ahs a OD eee [pert 10 Deena sao sar es OD aes Gana na See ans ODEasaa enemas
000840} U9013 JO 0388} pey pe}vet}UL |---odI049 ON |-----~---- ODay Paseo ses Ppoory |-------- POOR) (aeososar== ODES S55 |S Gars se a=a=n< poor)
aeipe = PoGes Tire ss 2 a PBA Pao PER cece a aU Ineo G ear OD ier s pensar
SER LOU PONE |e poor) |-------- poor) |-------- p0Os))] R=" os5"-7 Oprses|e=san=sose === Oprs=s4|7=s55
eld tee pee Opsegre| Fors Paes or iT i ee Ope sl eaes eee ere OPieS*Glnextg- seri meaea poor
*pe}eery patteyorg |----- pewter |ssss-cs-s Oper | passa Bu01zg |------ Oprasss|Fs=s5Fse oe ODEs |e 28a oso == me,
099840} U92IS JO 045} peYy AeBIO poze, |-- peyeeajyup |---------- Opssasa Roe sees NE by ahem | Sara sara OD mSaa |e pesredun Ayys¢
aaae Beqeoa ila rann eg DOOD) sae AUONI Sl ss a55=) OD ss cas eae =a Geo aes NOON [pro -c =o S= =a D0Ok)
nasin= OD etl metas) CP mang |h ae] oe DINAG E <== 2355 POO) [sao oss sane ropa pS oe— ace ose OTS |a=-> eM Say
-> peyeorquy |------~ quel[eoxm |---jue]jeoxq |-~-que]jeoxm |------------ Mey |Ss5-==s5e-se Oprs==|es=5
pap ODlOU DONG Sees ine 6 BOOS) i | emits POO Daas IPO) | eta entre OD roa rae gee poosy
0008q0} U9d13 JO 0488} pey 1eslo poyee.ay, |----- poyeory, |----- 7777-777 DEGulsenssaces 1S Gol fae [S255 il eee rs aiee +) Se ao Se Se Buoys
SSaODIOQOION Se Ts BOOS) | piace ROO SD | ee ates OG SD I | ate coats maar DOC icsaa aks eee t pooy
eqeaes OPT sea | $25 Soa Ope aaa ts soe = 2B o> "=a area Pee" Ue Att |p oaoeo enone co Ox OT
*pe}ser}UN pues po}¥ex4 ul sdUeAeYIp YYBITS |------ OP e554 | sass ee=oe ueag |------ su0myg |------ Op Ss |s50"ser=A= DprA |Fs===s=< 948eq1013 VV
ee OD Sea RAS Ss 22 POON)) | Sees eS OP AFF ass Opes ltsses=o-2- lO preaas sa aao— =a a= OAS
“Tes10 038 |
~19AB UBY} 19}40q Jou nq ‘poos xzes10 payeoay, |-- peyeoayuy |------- qualjeoxm |-------- PO0s)|Ir==s=>-= poos) | Sess5o=ee Opagass | Sasr eo eas Opsrs=5|aresss ODssscs g
*peyverjun exoUIs you ppnog |----~ payed os Sas=5=55 PEGs |saoomeeas jegee | pease eG DEG srs Opresssias-cssseseee ns poor |------ Opes z
---@d10yd ON |-~-7 777-77 poor |---- ae[nBay |-------- poos): |"s="s=s==5 Poo’) (| R=25-F==-5= ae[nZey |------- pooy |
“Aqiyenb Zupuang ‘OqSe, ‘sulory = | "Aq [enb Suyuang 2188], ‘euloly |, 1e8j9
“syaeuley *poiteyoid jo
IGZIO “ON
*peyeerz ul) *pozwerly,
"7897 S14} UL pasn alam sowafiag poyno1jUn Gs pun aprydjnsig Uogsmo yRWM payne. sojvefleg aay-hyuam—TXX Wavy
Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 33
>
Vill,
Pe aay Peach 8 el ee TRO geese ceLenc| a 2° ae EONS espe cee oe WB eee oe OD | ace O Damme |B
Sos ial Ire) ‘etl ahr) tna = rsaral) - ttn eater) oom beeetepinceerab ie) eee |e ad ear ||
eC) CO) Gl [eatgy | esses poon |-------- poop Ope pooy |------ Onc 8%
ies pozyeory, |-o--peg j--- >>" are |---- azepnZay fee ee ce IO OR a E eene e O | aeeeeres ROU Ml merge
~- peywaaqu) |-------=--=- mein |= ==S>5 poor) |-------- MeN se ees SCH {|p ee fe Gl labs ood | 12
ect ins Ops a eae meee aa fs (| eae OB ae Pees =m OD aR Sa ee a TOU gees meas POO Kae 02
= poqwaay, |-----------poog |--------poony |--------poogy |----------~- poo fr---==-=----=-"pooy |----gorradng | gT
Ga (0) 3 | peat (batter et) CAS (ol (eee UCB AF Sacre EU pee ee ag ae CA GCKS Gall se apeaieeracememe armen 14.4: toll eine Sr Tey | St
pgs te OD peas TOOT eee" poOor) | --~" [BULION | ~~~ [eangeyy TOTS TSS POOk) [7 [BULIONT |--- > [BANPENT | LT
*“peqverjUuN SIOABT fsouereyip VSS EC) A) A aia LOOG ras Sao [BOO*) ol Pensa ase OO) is otc cae MOO CD tac ae aac eee POOL): |i sete Se pooys | oT
ee 0) 9 ta iar oa 2) 9 Saeeramey| (Sietiece eat (0290 je fects UPB | eon woe oe (¢) 9 ia | tees aieices emeresa (C0 Fe (. {Veteran erin (lO Fs fala &
poe OS | So yaa SRE opp} ef eS ayy fia ce meena Penn ign 9:
-- peqweaqup) --------=--- poop |-------- poor |-------- Hooey ee pour | surg |-------- Pood | gt
“1B310 pe}89.1} petdojzoatg |----~~ OP> is ae ae CCA 1] mec Tey pa OH 8A Der iit ieee 45270 tall een picae eras 06-7: a rr Tey | ZT
age PoTeonT =o Ss Op sae - = BOON S tiga OD reg en a an ODE ret aS ee ee Dita oe OD ee ral
“--gp10q9 ON |---~----=-=- pooy |------ Ope |e Sy a a Op eaten poo |------ op---~-| oF
oe poywery, |-------------peg, |--------poon |--------poog |------------poog |-------------suomg |------- poo | ¢
‘og 20) 0) PIC A ie tel Opes OD esr ce OD Sees |S ee (+) oes (theaters ere, OD eae laa Op- = =s 8
“I9U}le OF 9.1ed Jou PId | peyeeaquy) j------ ooo 047; i Ape joo P20 1 began ace ALG. oe Gas ri: A: (a iene Ue | 2
: -=-gojoy ON |----~--=-- Op | O)ireacal een fae se poses Spee Ba0n) |= === pooy | 9
oe poyeeay, |------------pooy |--------pooy |--------pooy |------------poog |----------querjeoxgy |---guepjeoxgy | g
(a a OD ae, a peace cee) SELES Tis |e sec tiepesek LON as | ci aes 4S HS 1] agreements i co: Hee memes aataar HAN eo deg | P
—s. aaa iene" ete aerate 02 I aes) nee) bala) Seta |casceciseeg ea] 0,079 wi soa) eee |G
etc a OD areal an sate ae OP: mares ia oorttea OT UANGl pmmenae ORE itt = Se OP sera ~-=-="""- 91qBe0I ZW fae oe OP aa Z
---@a]oy9 ony |-----===---- poo |-------- poo |-------- poor | p0ag: a OOD) eae Poo | T
—s -sylpenb Sutuang 2188], ‘eulory | “Aj [enb Ssuruang ‘o18B "BUIOTY | se510
“syABUIOY an Weer SS
: ‘poywonqup) ‘poqeery, a
{ ©
"7802 8147 UL pasn aiom syanbnog pazna.jun Ge pun 0990903 pamnazs wouf spom syonbnog aar-hyuemJ—TIXX Wav.
114710——_3
1918
Journal of Science
ippine
a
The Ph
34
es
| oe Sas poor) |---~~----- ODmioce | oS a= Sse
eee BIA § -----------Bpoon ESSaPRTASSrES
*pez8e1}UN 0} Jolledns 12310 peyeer3 SyYUIYY, |----~~ Op~--~-|-- ~~ ~~~ - = OPm==—=|--=-==~ poor) |-----~ Opts eno ot aa 90 Bee a a |
*pez8er} UsYy} 10300148 18310 poyeeaquy) |-----peyeeay, |---~~----~ Op----~|---- aeyjndeg |-~---~ Opras==e55"=Eo-E= (0) oad ee tee
ei oie. DOORS rss =e OD no agile ns ee
Sezer: 4y@eMg |--~-------- pooy |-----------eser0sAy |----eser10Ay
*IOY}LO IOF 918d YOU pig |~~ pe}yBeajuy |-~~~ ~~~ uIMIpey |---~ Wintpeyy |-~~~ UINIpeyy |--~--~ ~~~ ~~~ MOO fie len cone oa ae
*pej8e1} UBYy} Jesu0I48 A[ZY SIS poyeeaquy) |--~ed10yo ONT |~~~ ~~~ pooy |-----~~ poox |------- ROO soo ene 1910189 Vs (ates ar ae
*pe78ed}UN 07 1Oj10dNs 18310 poysory SHUIYT, | ~~~~ peyeory, |----------- ayeg |-------- are |------"= CG (el ee ea aA US Ey (ge ee me a
re ee OPS gc oan See NO Piscean OD ei | ce aes OP comic Use eet re Pe | rcs he ee
~--poloya ON |~--->-- >> Ope reales ss poor |--~--~ Oprsg seo tee Opera Se ee
*(pe78e1} SBA YIM) J “ON 8B Pood O8 JON |--~~~ poyeery, |----- pooy |-------- qyeg |------ ROO): |G a POOy) F qus|[eoxmy
~--9d1040 ONY |---~ ~~ Pepis sue |---~-~ ameyyig |--~- 777 7> peg |------ Pepis eug |-~--~--~-- ~~
goo Poet |S o-- = Opeas =" | > Pod BQULp a =O Prams ono en Dice elena ne
~~ pezeorqzuy) |--- ~~~ OD eee en ODESeeet st pooyy |----- >>> D Dasara | hice a ead
~-~9d10Yyd ONY [7 -- poor |------- pooy |-----~ ODae ale =e aa DOOR) |e aoe
~~ poyeorquy) |-~-> 7 >>> aeq |----- [eulIoN |----~ yeulgony |---- >>> SBME |eoas re a
~"“ad10Yyd ON |---- (0) obec babel Oop--~-~ “-- AIBUIPIQ |-~--- 77>" > OD seas | es ree ca
air ete OD a oe OP ace = DOOR) io oe oy OD renee | meg ten tel QD ecaiee: [gr coe
~~ poyeoayup) |-~--- poor) |-------~ UIE fee ae C5) | paauenennen POOL) ince oe me
~-"@d10yo ON [7-7 Rt: 7: i eee pooxy) |-------- Ctl tessa Tee OMe
ea poyeory, |--"---""-""- peg |---~ azeynZey |-------- peg |--------~-~ pooy |------~-~~ azorzedng
| “Append Zuruang ‘o1sB], “BUlOLYy “AVenb Buluang ese, ‘suloly |, 183}9
‘syIBUIEY *perieyord jo
IBZID “ON
*poyverquy “poser,
"9803 8147 UL pasn a4aM sNs20URNtT paynaiun Be pup spb pron-ovuphoouphy yy pazna.y spse0uttg omz-hyueam[—]IIXX FavVL
35
The Cigarette Beetle
Jones
Vill, D, 1
“re Bio
jo
‘ON
ma @O TOU DIO Nm | meine need ACHE sl fee corte peg esse Rh tel peer eee Vetite Millet ata Sie ts IBA oome IIB
ies! peyeery, | {+} Oras fine Toy | BuoIyG |---- () Unas=a| |e eae artes paetepay |jrsse Ope aea
Ee IS Op Op pas ea SIN ODS alee OD a Gea on oD ING | ane Lee
ean Op = Sites co POON) es cee POO S/F = DOO) aie coe DOOR) i ii see DOO.) (aac aa OO)
~-"9910yo ON [777777777 S44 Ts fee ciate Mey) || S=— oS aa 100s 3 Ae: |Raee Op=="=3|- > -peeee 100g
S= POTBactU Gh || Gaon ae OD 2 Saar |e Op rasa pecoae (GO Pizeaies |pan cicimese Osetia a ame os SELB a ase (0) oes
oe (3) soe lager cece csi (+) oFatrieaba aehatata 0} «Fata batag etfa ) © Veriete be fate 0) fare Gl beteae teckel (0) a Yotatng etate (0) ae io
aes. OPea sr lose ae DOOD im e- = = ROOE S25" POO ease ge DOOR Se a eee DOON))t earn DOC)
eaeeteted C0) eal Paes 1421 fl beer | (10 ca reece fA ell een cael) 9 rane paciae ea on a IA Wire sie r IAC |
prac! OP ease 5 AOO gh | ase > MORN epee ass MOOG) = ars vas tae ALB) | on eee OFAC lion meen OOctl
i Oe eras POON) re BOON Ege ye OD EG ns oe ge | DOO i |e eas cere ROOD terrane POOs),
~--g@010yd ON [77777 are [--77-~ OPemee|-a5> sa ABT |p so caseaeas CAS Col (hertatntaes ALB |S so eae Ie,
ete: Ofyscsck 72" pods) >> sean B |e POUL) yp gern on OD aan | Gaetan paien O ieee eae O Dia acs
ae ODF alee Bg oo MORN eee a OD eee = pe OD ie ooo a eae OT) aatel (Nie O Danaea
| naa PoTeen aie ta ae Weg poo) |; A) tare || ao ee rae 2) opis Feuer ae mans <>, ROOE) 1 eas nas pooy
~--g010yo ON | Oprasr ote. OPiseseal pea Opseosslrses ee 100195 Jp | Pechenegs ODiger sipens Wa
ar () Vgareal Gare rcan Cy) aarti [ini alee pd AG I Sie CHIC ogee are idl ale meee tee SET | oe 2 Tey
*peyeorjuN siojoid ‘aouelJeyIp yy Byg |------ Opn oa \Een a Ope sole see fo) iets la ir OD nas bse ecren Or sigue patience (0) ial eC etats Bu014s
“peyeerjun siojeig |-- poyeorquy, |-~~~ ~~~ > - poor |------ Opsa--sie a OOS) eae s aaa (0) opiate beste ODieass|>—5- 45 (0) Sip aictaie
= Di POWAY ee Be as POOR ts ALO | sper ee DOO RY Se seen ee POOL) litem 1DOON)
| *Aqenb Zuruing oA “eul0ly “Aqenb Suruing TTA “euloly
| "sy IBUIE3 ict al
| : *pozeerqup) “peyeory,
—
480} SV} WL Pasn alam SaLpUOT paynaumun O¢ pun aprydziisig wogimo YM pazne1. seupuoT AywomT—AIXX FIAVL
se eae
1913
The Philippine Journal of Science
36
| ‘od
*eZlO pozeea} porsojorg
*480q OY} TBSIO -
pey}eea} 7Ysnoy] ynq ‘“AoyJIe TOF o.1Bd you pig
“BS ABULOY
arate (0) Vligan il Laes actacay |: A (a ihe ee eat «| ° head [iota Ml 8) ¢)n ae a)
SS="O 0100 WO Nie | oa quS[[eoxy |---"-"-~~ P0045) Fa===— Ops ="=
ieee Op sss |F5575--> DOA |e ReseelOUh "op -
Adah Op ers SSanee r= DOOt) us ema OT Oman | tee oO Paes
Fomcos POVBOTT eee Op ese |, oa ATO een DOORS
~--"@d104d ON [7-7-7 ts hrc i Jae (ror as ata pooyy |------ Op: sas
ae perch) 4 py etelasieteemtermies rhe $4: 1: hl eeaieacemccctm ar 44: pal freien iol F413
Bs eet TOU SHO NIT | eer nen jolele} a) |e im ates poosy) |~~""--~ pooxy
eg a Le) ie Wi icaces caaceccaklh' (4 He fl ene hg cree {As Bed niet ir 4 f
“-"pegeedquyy |7--- 7-7 OU yl cee OD esas | ooo (s) eh
hea ODsSecgie on OP oro | OD en sat ona GO Dice,
Same lOUO ONG i snes oe [S212 3 eae OOS) |: | Gq" eae pood
“AQyenb Buruing ‘o4sBy, Bully
*podreyord
TBBIQ
“peqyeorzU ly)
|
reesaceerces Bin | o9= "=== Opa-ens nae aacan
Seaas= queljeoxg |--------- poo
pease soe sas ueag |-7--7- [eangeny
aaaemaaSe Op-->--|"----queToox a
iesenene ae op-~---|"--7777-> poory
petge-sress* POON) || Fs5cseamOProess|Sa ears
pager ee ae TUM) | Saracen ALG
Pine oe poop |--~---~~ poop
Saseao aoe See peg |---------"100g
nema eaASs Oprene=|e===-"=="— api,
Soe naner OD seo | aaron Op seas leaenan ns
eee ee pooyy |--~~~--~= pooy
*Aqyenb Zuruing ‘oysU,
“poze,
9807 S14} WL pasn alam sajnisodwy payvauzun BT pun svb pron-ovuvhoouphy yym poeyna. sajpivadumy eajant—JTAXX FaVL
“peyeerjuy)
og
“po yeory,
‘ocr
*e0]049 ON
“AVenb Buruing
*podiojord 18319
"04 88E,
*po}vorUl)
‘Aqyenb Supuang
‘e188,
“poy sory,
"1897 S14} UL pasn aiom svynBag paqna.4UN g pun 0090G0} pawnajs wo1f epom soyvbay x1G—AXX FIAVL
37
: The Cigarette Beetle
Jones
Vill, D, 1»
a
=amHs peyeary, |------------ peg [aaa Ofigecalaees OD peo a(t ee sone OD = an= | s=e ONO |-oae ceo Daas (yy
Se ee Co) aa ea ce) attr Ices 20018)-9 Jl foe eeaii ooo? Vi fateter eee 0) oat EA ove) 9 |= Forel 9) || mats
----ga10yo ON |-----==--= OpFtEa5 Foca [eanjeny |---- peangeny |[----7----- Oprssslkaseas yeanyeny |------ jeanjgeny | g
perio POQ@O ST es caasoee 7 OD nares |) seeee TANI PO Wl lene omen WOO eo oer soon = Op osoa eae OD pcan bee cS OnE ola)
---"g@d10yo ON [777-77 77> Op==s5) |S s-s=s 0) Orie aera Opree=s|rsse=<5=55 Oprs ss reassess Oprsss|[ sa Opras 3 9
“18310 po}eed} pediezaig |------- (6) Sree! fete lease ios POOky. ||P====22=" poor) |------- POO) s|Pqaea sree Opr?==|reersaee (0) Sl ac @ars g
= oqweuy ||“ =—a= Of “Oy esate a= ope oF =e poo) |= poop) |= peap || >
F==2@0[OQO'ONT |= oes My Peso areg |------ (0) oye ee eco GB | Pepe GHG (il reg | ¢
Sea POUR os 9 se peg | Scaso=seoae ky |H=- = sos ape Pe Opes peas nsapOo®)) [eae oc = Op =| ate
S SS ee | ee ease
and mn: U U Breaks |i Une leeeated
treat- | Treat- as an No | Treat- t aS No rea a fed wea )ie te
~ | choice ed reat- | choice.| _- © eae
i NG 5 4 ed. *| cigars. | cigars.
Per et. | Per et. | Per ct. | Per ct,| Per ct. | Per ct.
Perfectos_-_-__- 25 11 8 6 44 32 24 12 0.0 12
Bouquets--_--__ 25 8 5 12} 32 20 48 12 0.0} 12
Princesas_____ 22 6 6 10 | 27.24} 27.24) 45.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Londres ______ 20 5 4 ll | 25 20 55 5 0.0 5
Regalias______ 6 2 1 3} 33.32 16.66 | 49.98 | 16.66 0.0} 16.66
Imperiales____ 12 4 2 6| 33.32] 16.66} 49.98 | 16.66 0.0} 16.66
Divinos_-_____- | 10 5 0 5 50 0.0 50 50 0.0 | 50
It will be noted that in all cases, but one, the treated have a_
gain in percentage over the untreated cigars. It is not the object
of this table to show that these treatments improve the different
cigars but simply to show that their qualities are not impaired
thereby.
THE NECESSITY FOR REMEDIAL MEASURES
Using as a basis the approximate loss of cigars due directly to
the ravages of the cigarette beetle during the past three fiscal
years in the 19 factories of Manila which have had an export
trade, we obtain the following results:
. Cigars Value |
| Fiscal year. destroyed. in pesos.
Lee mee see es a ee Se eso see Ss ttccics 1, 116, 056 35, 290. 70
ED Oo ee es ae a ee 363, 303 15, 205. 82
1 A oe oe emis eecetenceboecte Hach edcecteectite 942, 856 36, 451. 00
otal 3 years st snst nes nen one en enc ree ee eee 2, 422, 215 86, 947. 52
By the methods of fumigation indicated in this paper, the cost
of the chemicals and installation of the necessary apparatus
would be as follows:
Pesos.
Installation of apparatus in 19 factories 11,600.00
Chemicals for fumigation 242.22
Two employees, at 6,000 pesos per
annum, for three years 36,000.00
Total 47,842.22
VII, D, 1 Jones: The Cigarette Beetle 39
There is shown a net saving of 39,105.30 pesos. The losses
given are for cigars actually destroyed in the factories and not
for that of stock lost outside of the factory, due to the same
cause, or the loss of trade due to the shipment of infested stock.
These cannot be accurately estimated, although it is safe to say
that the greater part of the 2,539,860 pesos decrease in the
exports of tobacco and tobacco products to the United States
alone is to be attributed indirectly to the causes set forth above.
On account of the free entry of tobacco and tobacco products
into the United States, the trade should have shown an increase.
Inquiries at various factories in Manila, which formerly had
a good export trade with the United States, revealed the fact that
many, at the present date, have no export trade at all; and
some of them are running at less than one-eighth of their
capacity.
CONCLUSIONS
Data concerning the remedial measures which may be applied
in the various tobacco factories in Manila for combating the
cigarette beetle, have been furnished, and it has been shown that
this insect can be absolutely controlled by the treatments indi-
cated.
Forty-one per cent of the annual factory loss due to insects
would pay for the necessary chemicals and labor and 13 per
cent for installation of proper apparatus. There would, thus
be a saving of 46 per cent on this stock alone. These figures
do not take into account the direct loss due to this beetle out-
side the factories or the indirect loss of trade.
At first, the work must be carried on by persons who realize
the prime importance of accuracy and the necessity for keep-
ing treated stock free from reinfestation. In the course of
time as work progresses and the ordinary laborers become fa-
miliar with the ordinary operations, the salaries may be greatly
reduced. :
* Annual report of the work of the Bureau of Customs during the fiscal
year 1911.
ILLUSTRATIONS
(Plate I, drawings by Espinosa; Plate IV, photographs by Martin; Plates II, IJ, and V
to IX, photographs by Cortes.)
PLATE I
Figs. 1 to 7. Stages of Lasioderma serricorne Fabr. 1, Egg; 2, larva; 3,
pupa, front view; 4, pupa, side view; 5, pupa cell; 6, adult, back
view; 7, adult, side view.
Fig. 8. Norbanus sp. Parasite of L. serricorne, dorsal view.
9. Norbanus sp. Parasite of L. serricorne, lateral view.
10. Larva of Clerid predaceous on pupz and larve of the cigarette
beetle.
Figs. 11, and 12. Pupa of Clerid.
Fig. 18. Adult Clerid.
PLATE II
Cigars showing infestation by cigarette beetle; a, character of injury where
larva gets between two cigars. \
PLATE III
Fig. 1. Screened compartment at factory where many experiments were
¥ conducted; a, two screened doors, with screened vestibule.
2. Fumigating compartment showing tobacco wrapper on shelves.
PLATE IV
Fig. 1. Steam drum used in the control of the cigarette beetle. The pile
of leaf tobacco at the right has been steamed; a, car which holds
about 120 kilograms of leaf tobacco; 6, track to transfer car in
and out of drum d; c, hinge joint where track swings back when
door closes.
2. A revolving steam drum.
PLATE V
Fic. 1. Cigars dried out on open rack where the cigarette beetles have free
access. A source of infestation.
2. Cigars in drying cabinet. A source of infestation.
PLATE VI
Fic. 1. Open mandalas (fermenting piles) to which the beetles have free
access. These piles are infested at all times. The tobacco from
these piles is taken to the work room and made directly into
cigars.
2. Closed mandala which gives as satisfactory results as the open one.
The beetles are practically excluded. The numbered sections of
the open side fit in a grove at either end and may be removed
from top to bottom.
41
4? The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
PLATE VII
Fig. 1. Bodega (warehouse) showing how tobacco is stored. This tobacco
is infested at all times.
2. Tobacco stored in stripping room. Badly infested, it furnishes a
supply of beetles for the newly stripped filler and wrapper.
PLATE VIII
Fig. 1. Manos (hands) of first class tobacco. They contain 100 leaves each.
2. Apparatus used for testing cigars fumigated with hydrocyanic acid
for the presence of cyanides and for testing the burning quality
of the cigars. a, rubber nipple for holding the cigars; b, con-
nected y-tubes for smoking a series of 4 cigars; 6’, stand for
support; c c, Wolfe’s bottles with saturated solution of silver
nitrate through which the smoke was passed; c’ c’, glass tubes
which conduct smoke into solution of silver nitrate; d, u-tube to
catch any solution that may pass from c; e, stopcock by which
suction is regulated; f, large jar of water which when syphoned
through tube g furnishes draught.
PLATE IX
Fig. 1. Wrapper tobacco showing injury caused by larve of the cigarette
beetle.
2. Freshly painted doors of a bodega where thousands of adult ci-
garette beetles were caught during one evening. Each small
black dot is an adult cigarette beetle.
LAGRIIDEN UND ALLECULIDEN DER PHILIPPINEN
(COLEOPTERA)
Von FRITZ BORCHMANN
(Hamburg, Germany)
Eine kleine, aber sehr interessante Sammlung von Lagriiden,
Alleculiden und Meloiden, die mir vom Bureau of Science in
Manila zur Bestimmung iibergeben wurde, reifte in mir den
Entschluss, eine Ubersicht tiber die Fauna der ersten Gruppe
zu geben. Die neuen Arten finden im Anschlusse daran ihre
Beschreibung, denen ich die Beschreibung einiger neuer Arten
aus anderen Sammlungen hinzufiige. Es waren bisher 4 Lagria-
Arten und 1 Casnonidea von den Philippinen bekannt. Diese’
und die neuen Arten scheinen weder auf dem Festlande noch
auf den andern Inselgruppen, vielleicht mit Ausnahme von Cele-
bes, vorzukommen. Die Fauna enthalt also auffallend viele
endemische Arten. Manche Tiere scheinen in der Farbung
ausserordentlich zu variieren. Daher sind bei der verhaltnis-
massigen Seltenheit der Tiere die Arten oft recht schwierig
zu trennen. :
I. LAGRITDAE
LAGRIA Fabricus
1. Lagria cribratula Schauf.
Von Celebes.
2. Lagria pruinosa Chevr.
In 3 typischen Exemplaren von LUZON, Benguet, Cabayan
(11439, 11503, R. C. McGregor).
3. Lagria ionoptera Er.
LUZON, Rizal, Montalban Gorge (5197, 5626, Charles S.
Banks).
4, Lagria prasinella Fairm.
Die 4 Exemplare weichen durch ihre triibe Firbung ab. Sie
haben einen starken rotlichen Schimmer.
LUZON, Benguet, Baguio (9924, H. M. Curran); Bued River
(9873, H. M. Curran); Cagayan, Tuguegarao (10482, H. M.
Curran) ; NEGROS, Negros Occ., Mt. Canlaon (129031, Charles S.
Banks).
43
44 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
5. Lagria hirticollis Borchm.
PALAWAN, Iwahig (12359, C. M. Weber).
Ich beschrieb die Art von Pegu und Sarawak, Borneo.
6. Lagria concolor Blanch.
LUZON, Bataan, Lamao (9820, H. EH. Stevens) ; NEGROS, Ne-
gros Occ., Nakalang (1396, Charles S. Banks) ; MINDANAO, Agu-
san River (13694, W. Schultze).
Die Art ist tiber einen grossen Teil des Festlandes und der
Inselflur verbreitet.
7. Lagria fulgidipennis sp. nov.
Langlich, nach hinten etwas erweitert, stark gewolbt; Fliigel-
decken stark glanzend; kurz, fein und dicht behaart; schwarz,
oft mit griinlichem oder dunkelblauem Schimmer, Kopf und
Halsschild mit schwachem, griinen Erzschimmer, Fliigeldecken
mit starkem, dunkelgriinem Erzchimmer. Kopf rundlich, stark
und dicht punktiert; Oberlippe kurz, vorn stark ausgerandet,
Ecken, abgerundet, lang braun beborstet. Clypeus 2 mal so
lang, vorn ausgerandet, dicht und grob punktiert, beborstet, von
der Stirn durch eine tiefe gerade Querfurche getrennt, Stirn
wenig gewolbt, uneben; Schlafen lang, gerundet; letztes Glied
der Kiefertaster kurz, breit dreieckig, Aussenseite am langsten;
Fiihler missig stark, die Schultern wenig tiberragend, nach
aussen nicht verdickt, vom’ 5. Gliede an fast walzenformig,
3. Glied wenig langer als das 4., Endglied etwas langer als
das 10., gebogen, zugespitzt; Augen nierenformig, stark ge-
wolbt, Stirnabstand fast gleich 3 Augendurchmessern. Hals-
schild breiter als der Kopf mit den Augen, breiter als lang, nahe
dem Vorderrande am breitesten, ziemlich stark gewolbt, grob
und dicht punktiert, ein Exemplar hat einen deutlichen Mittel-
kiel, am Anfang des 2. Drittels beiderseits neben dem Kiel eine
tiefe Grube, das 2. Exemplar hat keinen Mittelkiel, dafiir. aber
an jeder Seite des Halsschildes 2 hinter einander stehende Gru-
ben, alle Rander des Schildes deutlich gerandet, Vorderecken
stumpf, Hinterecken etwas vortretend, Hinterrand in der Mitte
etwas ausgebuchtet; Schildchen rundlich, dicht punktiert, braun
behaart; Fliigeldecken nicht ganz doppelt so breit wie der Hals-
schild, stark gewolbt, massig erweitert, Schultern stark gefaltet,
etwas vorgezogen, hinter dem Schildchen flach quer niederge-
driickt, Spitzen zusammen abgerundet, Scheibe mit einer be-
trachtlichen Zahl massig starker, nicht scharf abgegrenzter
Langsrippen, tiberall gleichmassig, ziemlich fein, nicht dicht
punktiert ; Epipleuren breit, allmahlich verengt, weitlaufig punk-
tiert. Unterseite fein und ziemlich dicht punktiert, glanzender
VIII, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 45
als Kopf und Halsschild, Seiten des starkgewélbten Abdomens mit
rundlichen Eindriicken, Abdominalfortsatz breit und kurz, breit
gerandet. Beine braun behaart, Schenkel schwach verdickt,
Schienen schwach gebogen, Hinterschenkel den Hinterrand des
3. Hinterleibsringes nicht erreichend, Fiisse mit gelb beborsteter
Sohle, 1. Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die folgenden
Glieder zusammen.
2¢ ¢. Lange: 19-20 mm.; Schulterbreite: 7 mm.
NeEGROS, Mt. Canlaon, 800 m. (6456, Charles S. Banks).
Type ¢, in meiner Sammlung.
Die Art ldsst sich schwer mit anderen vergleichen. Sie ist
am nachsten mit Lagria denticornis Fairm. und crassa Borchm.
verwandt, aber durch Farbung und Skulptur grundverschieden.
CEROGRIA Borchmann
8. Cerogria dohrni Borchm.
Cerogria dohrni BorcHM., Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. (1909), 41, 212.
Luzon.
9. Cerogria meloides Borchm.
Cerogria meloides BorRcHM., Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. (1909), 41, 218.
Philippinen.
Genauere Fundorte sind mir nicht bekannt.
NEOGRIA Borchmann
10. Neogria concolor Borchm.
Neogria concolor BorcHM., Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. (1909), 41, 225.
LUZON, Benguet, Irisan (973, R. C. McGregor).
Ich beschrieb diese Art von der Insel Mentawei.
CASNONIDEA Fairmaire
Die Gattung Casnonidea ist kaum von der Gattung Nemostira
Fairm. zu trennen obgleich es sehr wiinschenswert ware. Auch
Hysterarthron Thoms. gehodrt wahrscheinlich hierher. Dann
miisste wenigsten Nemostira eingezogen werden. Als durch-
greifender Unterschied zwischen den beiden ersten Gattungen
fiihrt der Autor an: Bei Casnonidea ist der Kopf breiter als der
Halsschild; die Augen sind unterseits betrachtlich von einander
entfernt und vorn nicht ausgerandet. Der Abdominalfortsatz
ist schmal und tiber die Hiiften verlangert. Als wichtigstes
Merkmal wird angefiihrt, dass die Oberlippe nach der Basis und
das Epistom nach dem Apex verengt ist, so dass die Mandibeln
sichtbar sind.
AG The Pliliopine Journul of Science gs
Bei Nemostira ist der Halsschild breiter als der Kopf; die
Augen sind vorn ausgerandet und stossen unterseits fast zu-
sammen. Der Abdominalfortsatz ist breit und abgestutzt.
Oberlippe und Epistom sind nicht verengt und bedecken die
Mandibeln vollkommen. Alle angefiihrten Merkmale sind gra-
duelle; keine gehen durch. Es gibt iiberall Ubergangsformen
in allen Graden. Oft sind die Merkmale gemischt. In der
folgenden Zusammenstellung fasse ich als Casnonidea die For-
men auf, die verengte Oberlippe und verengtes Epistom haben.
I. Hinterschienen des Mdnnchens einfach.
A. Fligeldecken einfarbig.
11. Casnonidea albopilosa Schauf.
Vom Autor als Lagria von Celebes beschrieben.
12. Casnonidea atricapilla Fairm.
Siid-Celebes, Bantimoeroeng. a
13. Casnonidea impressifrons Schauf.
Von Celebes als Lagria beschrieben.
14. Casnonidea mollis sp. nov.
Form der Nemostira villosa Borchm., etwas buckelig ge-
wolbt, nach hinten massig erweitert; glanzend rotbraun, Ober-
seite und aussere Halfte der Schenkel und die Schienen dunkel
metallisch griin, Augen und Fiihler schwarz; glanzend; lang,
ziemlich dicht und etwas anliegend, gelblich behaart. Kopf wie
gewohnlich, Oberlippe doppelt so breit wie lang, Ecken wenig
abgerundet, vorn schwach ausgerandet, dicht punktiert, mit
langen weisslichen Haaren; Clypeus etwas linger, ebenso skulp-
tiert, von der Stirn durch einen flachen, gebogenen Eindruck
getrennt; Stirn und Scheitel uneben, grob punktiert, letzterer
mit einer kraftigen Mittelrinne; Schlafen kurz; Hals scharf
abgesetzt; letztes Glied der Kiefertaster miassig breit dreieckig.
Fiihler die Schultern etwas iiberragend, kraftig, Glieder ge-
streckt, 3. Glied so lang wie das 4., Endglied kaum langer als
das vorhergehende, fast gerade, etwas verdickt und dann plotz-
lich zugespitzt; Augen nierenférmig, gewodlbt, Abstand unten
gross, auf der Stirn 14 Augendurchmesser. Halsschild sehr
wenig breiter als der Kopf mit den Augen, so lang wie breit,
gewolbt, vorn stark gerundet, hinten etwas eingeschniirt, Hin-
terwinkel etwas vortretend, vorn fein, hinten breit, aufgebogen
gerandet, Scheibe grob und nicht dicht punktiert, vor dem
Hinterrande quer eingedriickt. Schildchen sehr klein, glinzend,
glatt, mit leichtem Lingseindruck, Spitze abgerundet. Fliigel-
VII, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 47
decken am Grunde doppelt so breit als der Halsschild, nach
hinten etwas erweitert, gewélbt, Schultern rechtwinklig abge-
rundet, Spitzen zusammen abgerundet, Scheibe skulptiert wie
bei Nemostira villosa Borchm., gestreift-punktiert, Zwischen-
raume flach, quer gerunzelt, Epipleuren schmal, grob punktiert.
Unterseite stark glanzend, mit zerstreuten, groben, borsten-
tragenden Punkten. Abdominalfortsatz kurz, breit, scharf und
aufgebogen gerandet, Spitze etwas abgerundet. Beine lang be-
haart, Schenkel schwach verdickt, Schienen fast gerade, Hinter-
schenkel den Hinterrand des 3. Segmentes kaum iiberragend.
Erstes Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die folgenden
Glieder zusammen.
2 9 ¢. Lange: 11-12.5 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3 mm.
LUZON, BENGUET, Irisan (971 und 1475, R. C. McGregor).
Type ¢, No. 971 in der Sammlung des Bureau of Science,
Manila.
Die Art ist nahe verwandt mit impressifrons Schauf. und
villosa Borchm. Sie unterscheidet sich von beiden durch ihre
Farbung und die viel starkere Wolbung der Fliigeldecken. Auch
albopilosa Schauf. gehort in diese Gruppe.
15. Casnonidea perforata sp. nov.
Gestreckt, nach hinten wenig erweitert, gewolbt, ausser den
Beinen fast unbehaart; midssig glanzend; gelbbraun, Kopf mit
Ausnahme des Clypeusrandes metallisch dunkel schwarzgriin,
Augen und Fiihler schwarz, Oberseite des Halsschildes rotlich,
Fliigeldecken wie der Kopf gefarbt, die Naht und die Epipleuren
schmal, gelbbraun, Beine mit Ausnahme der gelben Schenkel-
basis von der Farbe der Fliigeldecken. Kopf typisch; Oberlippe
quer, gewolbt, glanzend, vorn fast gerade, mit wenigen grossen
Punkten; Clypeus skulptiert wie die Oberlippe, ebenso lang,
Vorderrand gerade, gelb, von der Stirn durch eine tiefe gebogene
Querfurche abgesetzt, Stirn mit einigen groben Punkten, sehr
uneben, zwischen den Augen der Linge nach stark eingedriickt,
Schlafen kurz, grob punktiert, plétzlich in den fast unpunktierten
Hals verengt; letztes Glied der Kiefertaster messerformig, zu-
gespitzt; Fiihler gleich der halben Ké6rperlange, schlank, die
ersten 7 Glieder gestreckt, walzig, an der Spitze wenig breiter,
3. Glied wenig langer als das 4., 8-10. Glied dreieckig, kurz,
etwas abgeplattet, Endglied walzenformig, schwach gebogen,
fast so lang wie die 4 vorhergehenden Glieder zusammen; Augen
stark gewolbt, nierenformig, unten und oben stark gendhert,
Stirnabstand gleich $4 Augendurchmesser von oben gesehen.
Halsschild breiter als der Kopf mit den Augen, so lang wie
48 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
breit, gewolbt, dicht und grob punktiert, Vorderecken stark
abgerundet, Seiten unmittelbar vor dem Hinterrande einge-
schniirt, Hinterecken etwas vortretend, Vorder- und Hinterrand
gerade, Vorderrand fein, Hinterrand stark aufgebogen gerandet.
Schildchen rundlich, gelb, dusserst fein punktiert, mit einer
feinen Mittelrinne. Fliigeldecken nach hinten schwach erwei-
tert, doppelt so breit als der Halsschild, Schultern fast recht-
winklig, Spitzen der Decken zusammen abgerundet, Scheibe sehr
dicht, ziemlich grob, sehr tief, fast gereiht-punktiert, Punkte
groésser als die Zwischenraume; Epipleuren schmal, weitlaufig,
flach punktiert. Unterseite glanzender, Brust weitlaufig grob,
Abdomen sehr zerstreut und sehr fein punktiert, Seiten uneben,
mit einigen groben Punkten; Abdominalfortsatz breit, Spitze
abgerundet, massig breit gerandet. Beine massig lang, schlank,
Hinterschenkel den Hinterrand des 3. Segmentes iiberragend,
Schenkel schwach verdickt, Schienen schwach gebogen; Fiisse
mit gelbbeborsteten Sohlen; 1. Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse
etwas kiirzer als die folgenden Glieder zusammen.
Lange: 13 mm.; Schulterbreite: 4 mm.
Type ¢, MINDANAO, Davao, in meiner Sammlung.
16. Casnonidea mimica sp. nov.
Von derselben Form und Grosse wie die vorige Art, ebenfalls
in der Form und Skulptur des Halsschildes und der Fliigel-
decken tibereinstimmend, unterscheidet sie sich hauptsachlich
durch die Farbe. Rotgelb, Kopf und Oberseite des Halsschildes
dunkel metallisch blaugriin, Vorderrand des Clypeus gelb, Hals-
schild am Hinterrande schmal rotgelb gesiumt, Schildchen rot-
gelb, Fliigeldecken braunrot mit schwachem, griinlichem Scheine,
Epipleuren heller, Beine mit Ausnahme der rotgelben Schenkel-
basis metallisch blaugriin, Fiihler und Augen schwarz. Glieder
8-10 der Fiihler sind nicht stark verbreitert, nur verkiirzt.
Im tibrigen zeigen alle Teile grosse Ubereinstimmung mit denen
der vorigen Art. Vielleicht ist mimica nur eine Farbenvarietat.
Lange: 13 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3 mm.
1 ¢, MINDANAO, Camp Keithley (Frau M.S. Clemens).
Type ¢, No. 7297 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
Diese beiden Arten lassen sich weder bei Nemostira noch
Casnonidea befriedigend unterbringen. Ausser anderen Eigen-
tiimlichkeiten (Fiihlerbildung) macht die Fliigeldeckenskulptur
Schwierigkeiten. Die Arten kénnten einer neuen Gattung zu-
gewiesen werden.
[Pum. Journ. Scr, VIII, D, No. 1
CIGARETTE BEETLE]
JONES
Lasioderma serricorne Fabr., 8 and 9 Norbanus sp., 10-13 Clerid beetle.
Figs. 1-7.
PLATE I.
JONES: CIGARETTE BEETLE]
PLATE Il.
(Pum. Journ. Scr., VITT, D, No. 1
a
CIGARS INJURED BY CIGARETTE BEETLES.
i
JONES: CIGARETTE BEETLE] [Pum. Journ. Scr, VIII, D, No. 1
Fig 1. Screened compartment at factory; a, one of the two screened doors with
screened vestibule.
oe
Fig. 2. Fumigating compartment showing tobacco wrapper on shelves,
PLATE Ill.
JONES: CIGARETTE BEETLE] [Puim. Journ. Scr., VIII, D, No. 1
Fig. 1. Steam drum used in the control of the cigarette beetle.
Fig. 2. A _ revolving steam drum.
PLATE IV.
——. - Wes
*‘youiqed BulAup ul suebig
*% “Bla
‘A ALVI1d
*yoed
uado UO palip sieBig
‘T ‘Bl4
IT ON ‘d ‘TILA “19g “NunOLr “1IHd])
[IMAG ALLaUVDIO :SaNor
JONES: CIGARETTF BEETLE] (Purim. Journ. Sctr., VIII, D, No. 1
Fig. 2. Closed mandala which gives as satisfactory results as the open one.
PLATE VI.
JONES: CIGARETTE BEETLE] [Puim. Journ. Scr., VIII, D, No. 1
Sb ogk,
fe Werke
asi: Pani at
trea
Fig. 2. Tobacco of the crop of 1908 stored in stripping room,
PLATE VII.
iz
i
[Puiu. Journ. Scr., VII, D, No. 1
CIGARETTE BEETLE]
JONES
Fig. 1. Manos (hands) of first-class tobacco.
Apparatus used for testing cigars.
Fig. 2.
PLATE VIII.
JONES: CIGARETTE BEETLE] [Pum Journ. Scr., VIII, D, No. 1
Fig. 1. Wrapper tobacco injured by larve of the cigarette beetle.
Fig. 2. Freshly painted doors of a bodega showing adult cigarette beetles.
PLATE IX.
VIII, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 49
17. Casnonidea tenera sp. nov.
Sehr gestreckt, gewélbt, glinzend, rotbraun, letztes Glied der
Kiefer- und Lippentaster, die letzten Glieder der Fiihler, die
dusserste Spitze der Tibien und der Apex der Fussglieder leicht
gebraunt, Augen schwarz, Fliigeldecken dunkelbraun mit starkem
blauen Glanze; oben nur am Kopfe und unten nur an den
Beinen behaart. Kopf wie gewéhnlich; Oberlippe fast doppelt
so breit als lang, Vorderrand gerade, Ecken stark abgerundet,
Basis stark verengt, wenige zerstreute Punkte mit langen hellen
Borsten; Clypeus stark glanzend, gewdolbt, skulptiert wie die
Lippe, von der Stirn durch eine gebogene glatte Furche getrennt;
Stirn gewolbt, glatt, am Vorderrande mit einer dreieckigen
Grube, Schlafen kurz, nach hinten etwas vortretend, Scheitel
und Schlafen mit einigen Borstenpunkten, Endglied der Kiefer-
taster typisch; Fiihler fadenformig, die Mitte des Ko6rpers nicht
erreichend, fein gelblich behaart, 3. und 4. Glied gleich, End-
glied so lang wie die 3 vorhergehenden Glieder zusammen; Augen
sehr wenig ausgerandet, gewolbt, Stirnabstand nicht ganz 4
Augendurchmesser. Halsschild schmiéler als der Kopf mit den
Augen, langer als breit, fast walzenformig, Vorder- und Hinter-
rand gerade, Seiten vorn wenig gerundet, Vorderecken schwach
gerundet , Hinterecken stark vorspringend, Vorderrand fein,
Hinterrand breit und stark aufgebogen gerandet, Scheibe fein
und zerstreut punktiert, vor dem Hinterrande quer eingedriickt.
Schildchen dreieckig, glatt, Spitze etwas abgerundet. Fliigel-
decken fast doppelt so breit wie die Halsschildbasis, Seiten
parallel, Schultern kraftig, etwas beulig, Spitzen zusammen
eine etwas stumpfe Spitze bildend, Scheibe punktiert-gestreift,
Punkte nach der Spitze zu sehr flach, Zwischenriume flach,
nach den Seiten gewédlbter, glatt, Apex mit einigen langen
Borsten; Epipleuren schmal, etwas uneben, nicht sichtbar punk-
tiert. Unterseite stark glanzend, Seiten der Brust und des
Abdomens mit einigen groben Punkten, Mitte glatt, mit sehr
wenigen langen Borsten; Abdominalfortsatz gleichseitig drei-
eckig, fast spitz, kraftig gerandet. Beine, Schenkel wenig ver-
dickt, Hinterschenkelspitze den Hinterrand des 3. Segments
tiberragend, Schienen gerade, mit dunklen Borsten; 1. Tarsen-
glied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die folgenden Glieder zusam-
men; Fusssohlen wie gewoéhnlich.
Lange: 11.5 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3 mm.
LuZON, La Laguna, Mt. Banajao (Charles S. Banks).
Type (4 ?), No. 7176 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
1147104
50 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Die Art ahnelt auffallend gewissen Statira-Arten. Sie unter-
scheidet sich von ihren Verwandten leicht durch ihre schmale
Gestalt und ihre schone Farbung.
B. Fliigeldecken mit dunklem Apicalfleck.
18. Casnonidea colon sp. nov.
Gestreckt, gewolbt, stark glanzend, nach hinten nicht erwei-
tert, fast unbehaart; lebhaft braungelb, Kopf mit Ausnahme der
Oberlippe und des Clypeus und eine rundliche Makel dicht vor
der Spitze jeder Fliigeldecke glinzend schwarz. Kopf wie ge-
wohnlich. Oberlippe fast doppelt so breit wie lang, gewolbt, zer-
streut punktiert, lang beborstet, vorn sehr schwach ausgerandet,
nach hinten sehr schwach verengt; Clypeus ebenso breit wie die
Lippe, etwas buckelig gewolbt, fast glatt, von der Stirn durch
eine tiefe, wenig gebogene Furche getrennt; Stirn glatt, zewolbt,
mit 2 parallelen Langsrinnen, Scheitel mit einer tiefen strich-
formigen Grube; Schlafen sehr kurz, unpunktiert. Letztes Glied
der Kiefertaster miassig breit, Spitze abgerundet; Fiihler massig
dick, fadenformig, kiirzer als die halbe Korperlinge, 3. und 4.
Glied gleich, Endglied so lang wie die 4 vorhergehenden Glieder
zusammen, schwach gebogen, walzenformig; Augen nierenfor-
mig, massig ausgerandet, gewolbt, Stirnabstand gleich einem
Augendurchmesser. Halsschild 14 mal so breit wie der Kopf
mit den Augen, so breit wie lang, fast kugelig, glatt, Vorderrand
fein, Hinterrand stark aufgebogen gerandet, Vorderecken vollig
verrundet, Hinterecken stark vortretend. Schildchen rundlich,
glatt. Fliigeldecken doppelt so breit wie die Halsschildbasis,
parallel, gewolbt, gestreift-punktiert, Punkte gross und tief, nach
hinten erléschend, Zwischenriume ziemlich gewolbt, glatt, Schul-
tern kraftig, Spitzen einzeln abgerundet; Epipleuren schmal,
glatt. Unterseite glatt, nur die Seiten der Brust und des Ab-
domens mit zerstreuten groben Punkten. Abdominalfortsatz
breit, Spitze wenig abgerundet, breit gerandet. Beine, Schenkel
wenig verdickt, Schienen fast gerade, Spitze der Hinterschenkel
iiberragt den Hinterrand des 3. Segmentes; Fiisse wie gewohn-
lich; 1. Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse etwas langer als die fol-
genden Glieder zusammen.
Lange: 12 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3.5 mm.
1 ¢ von LUZON, gesammelt von J. Roseler, Naturhistorisches
Museum in Hamburg. Diese neve Art hat grosse Ahnlichkeit
mit Casnonidea terminata Fairm., unterscheidet sich aber gleich
durch die abweichend gefarbten Beine und den sehr schmalen
Kopf.
II. Hinterschienen des Mdnnchens der Linge nach ausgehohlt.
VU, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 51
19. Casnonidea serra sp. nov.
é, ziemlich schmal, nach hinten wenig erweitert, gewdlbt,
miassig glinzend, ausser den Beinen fast unbehaart; schwarz,
Fliigeldecken pechschwarz, mit bliulichem Scheine, Fihler
braun, Spitze dunkler, Vorderrand des Clypeus gelblich; Kopf
wie gewohnlich; Oberlippe fast doppelt so breit als lang, Vor-
derrand fast gerade, Ecken abgerundet, Scheibe schwach und
weitlaufig punktiert, mit einzelnen langen Borsten, Clypeus so
lang wie die Oberlippe, ebenso punktiert, gewolbt, von der Stirn
durch eine gebogene, glatte Furche getrennt; Stirn fast glatt,
vorn und zwischen den Augen ein ziemlich tiefer Eindruck,
neben jedem Auge eine glatte Linie; Schlafen kurz, grob,
runzelig punktiert, plotzlich in den stark abgesetzten Hals
verengt. Letztes Glied der Kiefertaster schmal, messerformig,
2. Glied- nach der Spitze sehr verbreitert, 14 mal so’ lang wie
das 3., 4. zweimal so lang wie das 3.; Fiihler gleich der halben
Korperlange, nach aussen nicht verdickt, alle Glieder langer
als breit, vom 38. bis zum 10. allméhlich kiirzer werdend, 3.
etwas langer als das 4. Glied, Endglied so lang wie die 4
vorhergehenden zusammen, etwas gebogen, zugespitzt. Augen
nierenfoOrmig, stark gewolbt, oben mehr als unten gendhert,
Stirnabstand gleich 4+ Augendurchmesser. Halsschild etwas
breiter als der Kopf mit den Augen, so lang wie breit, vor der
Mitte gerundet erweitert, nach dem Hinterrande verengt, Vor-
derwinkel abgerundet, Hinterwinkel vortretend, Vorderrand
fast gerade, fein gerandet, Hinterrand stark aufgebogen, Scheibe
etwas flach gedriickt, grob und zerstreut punktiert, mit einer
eingedriickten Mittellinie und einer ziemlich breiten Grube vor
dem Hinterrande. Schildchen rundlich, glatt. Fliigeldecken
14 mal so breit wie der Halsschild, 24 mal so lang wie breit,
nach hinten wenig erweitert, zusammen zugespitzt, Seiten
vor der Spitze schwach ausgerandet, Schultern rechtwinklig
abgerundet, Scheibe am Ende des 1. Viertels quer, flach einge-
driickt, gestreift-punktiert, Punkte in den Streifen tief und
dicht, Zwischenréume schwach gewolbt, mit ziemlich groben
Punktreihen, deren einzelne Punkte in unregelmdssigen Abstan-
den von einander stehen; Epipleuren schmal, glatt, etwas uneben.
Unterseite und Beine sehr fein und zerstreut, die Seiten der
Brust grob punktiert. Abdomen an den Seiten wenig uneben,
letztes Segment am Hinterrande gelb, mit einer flachen Grube.
Abdominalfortsatz breit, nur die ausserste Spitze abgerundet,
massig breit gerandet. Beine lang, kraftig, Spitze der Hinter-
schenkel den Hinterrand des 5. Segmentes erreichend, Schen-
52 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
kel ziemlich dick, Schienen gebogen, Hinterschienen 2 mal. Sie
sind merkwiirdig gestaltet. Sie sind in der Vorder- und Seiten-
ansicht je 2 mal gebogen, die Spitze der Schiene ist vorn
ausgeschnitten und die Hinterkante der Schiene verbreitert und
kahnf6rmig ausgehohlt, die Hoéhlung mit langen gelben Haaren
bekleidet, die Rander der Hohlung sind mit einer Reihe von
Sagezahnen besetzt, die Spitze der Schiene ist dann noch, seit-
lich gesehen, stark verschmalert. Sohle der Fiisse gelb bebor-
stet; 1. Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die folgenden
Glieder zusammen.
2, gestreckt, parallel. Clypeus, Fiihler mit Ausnahme der 3
aussersten Glieder, Oberseite des Halsschildes, das Schildchen,
der hintere Teil der Epipleuren, die Hiiften und die Beine mit
Ausnahme des Klauengliedes und ein grosser Fleck auf dem
Metasternum rotlich braungelb; ausser einigen langen Borsten
am Kopf und der steifen Beborstung der Tarsen und Tibien kahl._
Kopf weitlaufig und grob punktiert, Oberlippe quer, Ecken
abgerundet, vorn schwach ausgerandet, stark glanzend, mit
sparlichen, langen, weisslichen Borsten, Basis verengt; Clypeus,
sehr uneben; letztes Glied der Kiefertaster dreieckig; Fiihler
schlank, nach aussen wenig verdickt, Endglied’so lang wie die
3 vorhergehenden Glieder zusammen, walzenformig. Hals-
schild grob und weitlaufig punktiert, mit schwacher Langsrinne;
Schildchen klein, zungenfo6rmig, mit deutlicher Mittelfurche.
Fliigeldecken im 1. Viertel mit einem schwachen Quereindruck,
Schultern rechtwinklig abgerundet. Beine kraftig, Schenkel
mAassig verdickt, Spitze der Hinterschenkel den Hinterrand des
4, Segmentes erreichend. Schienen schwach gebogen. Erstes
Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die 2 folgenden Glieder
zusammen.
Lange: ¢ 14 mm.; Schulterbreite: 4.5 mm. ¢ 13 mm.; Schul-
terbreite: 4 mm.
BATAN, Batanes (R. C. McGregor).
Type ¢, No. 7783 in der Sammlung des Bureau of Science,
Manila. ¢ in meiner Sammlung.
20. Casnonidea diversipes sp. nov.
Gestreckt, gewolbt, glanzend, ausser Kopf und Beine unbe-
haart; pechschwarz, Kopf schwarz, Halsschild und Fliigeldecken
mit starkem, blauem Metallschimmer. Kopf wie gewéhnlich;
Oberlippe doppelt so breit als lang, vorn gerade, nach der Basis
verengt, Vorderecken abgerundet, gewolbt, mit zerstreuten
Punkten, lang beborstet; Clypeus stark glinzend, sehr fein und
zerstreut punktiert, so lang wie die Lippe, von der Stirn durch
VIII, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 53
eine gebogene, glatte Furche getrennt; Stirn sehr fein punktiert,
grob langsrunzlig; Schlafen schmal, allmahlich gerundet, mit
einigen groben Punkten; Fiihler fadenférmig, 38. Glied langer
als das 4., das 10. und 11. Glied fehlen den vorliegenden Tieren ;
Augen schwach nierenférmig, gewolbt, Stirnabstand etwa 4 Au-
gendurchmesser. Halsschild etwas breiter als der Kopf mit den
Augen, etwas linger als breit, gewdlbt, vorn stark abgerundet,
hinten schwach verengt, Vorderrand fein, Hinterrand stark
aufgebogen gerandet, Hinterwinkel stark vortretend, Scheibe
zerstreut und grob punktiert. Schildchen langlich, Spitze abge-
rundet, glatt, mit flacher Mittelrinne. Fliigeldecken doppelt so
breit als die Halsschildbasis, gewolbt, nach hinten schwach er-
weitert, Schultern kraftig, etwas gefaltet, Spitzen zusammen
stumpf zugespitzt, Scheibe am Ende des 1. Drittels etwas flach-
gedriickt, gestreift-punktiert, Punkte in den Streifen dicht, nach
der Spitze zu schwacher, Zwischenraume wenig gewélbt, nach
den Seiten und nach hinten starker, vollstandig glatt; Epipleu-
ren schmal, etwas querrunzlig, glatt. Unterseite glanzender,
mit Ausnahme der grob punktierten Seiten der Brust und des
Abdomens glatt; Abdominalfortsatz ziemlich schmal, Spitze
wenig abgerundet, breit gerandet. Beine beim ¢ kraftig, mit
kraftig verdickten Schenkeln, beim ¢ viel diinner, Spitze der
Hinterschenke!l den Hinterrand des 4. Segments iiberragend,
Schienen beim @ fast gerade, beim ¢ die Vorder und Mittel-
schienen ebenfalls, aber die Hinterschienen in der Mitte in
eigentiimlicher Weise von oben nach unten durchgebogen, auch
seitlich gebogen, die Unterseite fast in ihrer ganzen Lange
ausgehohlit, die Hohlung mit langen hellen Haaren besetzt, die
Rander der Hoéhlung erheben sich vor der Mitte beiderseits zu
einem stumpfen, breiten Zahne. Fiisse oberseits mit langen
hellen Haaren, unterseits mit heller biirstenartig behaarter
Sohle. Erstes Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die fol-
genden Glieder zusammen.
Lange: 12-14 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3-3.5 mm.
2 ¢ é¢ von LUZON ohne n&ahere Bezeichnung des Fundortes
aus dem Konig]. Museum in Berlin.
21. Casnonidea diversipes var. dissimilis nov.
In der Grésse und dem ganzen Bau mit diversipes vollstandig
iibereinstimmend, nur in der Farbung stark abweichend. Die
Beine mit Ausnahme der dunklen Schenkelspitzen und der
Halsschild brdunlich gelb, die Fiisse und die Fiihler gebraunt.
Ein Exemplar hat ebenfalls gelbbraune Fliigeldecken.
2 2 2 von Luzon aus dem K6nigl. Museum in Berlin.
5A The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Die neue Art steht durch die Bildung ihrer Hinterschienen
in der Nahe der C. serra sp. nov., von der sie sich leicht durch die
Farbung und die Bildung der Hintertarsen unterscheidet.
22. Casnonidea concavipes sp. nov.
Sehr gestreckt, nach hinten nicht erweitert, wenig gewdolbt,
massig glanzend; hell gelbbraun, Kopf und Fliigeldecken be-
deutend dunkler, letztere mit blaulichem Schimmer (vielleicht
noch nicht ausgefarbt), Fiihler nach aussen bedeutend ge-
schwarzt, die letzten Abdominalsegmente angedunkelt; mit sehr
sparlichen, abstehenden, langen hellen Borsten. Oberlippe iiber
doppelt so breit als lang, gewolbt, Vorderrand gerade, nach der
Basis zu stark verengt, sehr zerstreut punktiert, mit einzelnen
langen Borsten; Clypeus etwas langer als die Lippe, stark
gewolbt, etwas buckelig, skulptiert wie die Lippe, von der Stirn
durch eine tiefe, glatte, gebogene Furche getrennt; Stirn glatt,
vorn eingedriickt, Mitte des Scheitels mit einer Grube; Schlifen
kurz, grob punktiert. Fiihler fadenformig, die K6rpermitte
erreichend, 3. Glied etwas langer als das 4., Endglied walzen-
formig, wenig gebogen, stumpf zugespitzt, so lang wie die 4
vorhergehenden Glieder zusammen (¢). Augen vorn sehr
schwach ausgerandet, gewolbt, Stirnabstand weniger als 4 Au-
gendurchmesser. Halsschild sehr wenig langer als breit, ge-
wolbt, so breit wie der Kopf mit den Augen, Vorderecken wenig
abgerundet, Seiten nach hinten wenig verengt; Vorderrand fein,
Hinterrand breit und aufstehend gerandet, Scheibe weitlaufig
und grob punktiert, vor dem Hinterrande quer eingedriickt.
Schildchen dreieckig, fein und dicht punktiert, Spitze abge-
rundet. Fliigeldecken parallel, kaum doppelt so breit wie die
Halsschildbasis, Spitze zusammen zugespitzt, Skulptur wie bei
C. diversipes sp. nov., Spitze mit einigen Borstenpunkten; Epi-
pleuren sehr schmal, glatt. Unterseite wie bei diversipes;
Abdominalfortsatz, ziemlich schmal, stark gewolbt, scharf ge-
randet, Spitze wenig abgerundet. Beine sehr kraftig, Schenkel
stark keulig verdickt, Hinterschenkel fast den Hinterrand des 4.
Segmentes erreichend; Vorder- und Mittelschienen fast gerade,
Hinterschienen stark 2 mal gebogen, Unterseite der ganzen
Lange nach ausgehohlt und mit langen weisslichen Haaren be-
setzt, der innere Rand im letzten Drittel der Schienen stark,
fast lappenformig erweitert. Fiisse wie gewohnlich; 1. Tar-
senglied der Hinterfiisse etwas kiirzer als die folgenden Glieder
zusammen.
Lange: 12 mm.; Breite nicht ganz 3 mm.
VUl, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 55
1 ¢ von SUD-CELEBES, Bantimoeroeng, gesammelt von
C. Ribbe, 1882. .
Diese Art bildet mit ser7va m. und diversipes m. eine charak-
teristische Gruppe.
NEMOSTIRA Fairmaire
23. Nemostira marginata sp. nov.
Sehr gestreckt, fast parallel, massig gewodlbt, massig glan-
zend, mit sparlichen hellen Borsten besetzt; rotlich gelbbraun,
Beine und Fliigeldecken etwas heller, Augen schwarz, die Naht
und ein Streif neben dem Rande fast bis zur Spitze dunkelbraun.
Kopf wie gewohnlich, fast glatt; Oberlippe breit herzférmig,
mit einigen langen Borsten, Clypeus vorn gerade, ebenso breit
wie die Lippe, ebenso beborstet, stark gewolbt, von der Stirn durch
eine breite, flache Grube getrennt; Stirn vorn mit einer starker
punktierten Grube; Schlafen kurz, mit einigen groben Punkten
neben den Augen, plétzlich in den Hals verengt; erstes Glied der
Maxillartaster messerformig, Innenrand vor der Spitze ausge-
schnitten; Fiihler kaum halb so lang wie der Korper, schlank,
gleichmassig dick, 3. und 4. Glied gleich, Endglied walzenformig,
wenig gebogen, zugespitzt; Augen nierenformig, stark gewolbt,
grob fazettiert, Stirnabstand geringer als 1 Augendurchmesser.
Halsschild etwas langer als breit, so breit wie der Kopf mit
den Augen, gewolbt, grob und weitlaufig punktiert, vor dem
Hinterrande mit einer kleinen Grube, Vorderecken stark gerun-
det, Seiten nach der Basis zu eingezogen, Hinterwinkel vortre-
tend, Vorder- und Hinterrand gerade, ersterer fein, letzterer
breit und aufgebogen gerandet. Schildchen rundlich, glatt.
Fliigeldecken nicht ganz doppelt so breit wie die Halsschildbasis,
Schultern rechtwinklig abgerundet, Spitzen’ zusammen abge-
rundet, Scheibe im 1. Drittel flach niedergedriickt, gestreift-
punktiert, Punkte in den Streifen grob und ziemlich dicht,
Zwischenraume massig gewolbt, jeder mit einer weitlaufigen
Reihe grober Borstenpunkte; Epipleuren schmal, fast glatt,
Unterseite stark glanzend, nur die Seiten der Brust und des
Abdomens grob punktiert, mit einzelnen Borsten; Abdominal-
fortsatz dreieckig, Spitze rundlich erweitert, breit gerandet.
Beine, Spitze der Hinterschenkel den Hinterrand des 3. Seg-
mentes erreichend, Schenkel massig verdickt, Schienen schwach
gebogen. Erstes Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse nicht ganz so lang
wie die folgenden Glieder zusammen.
24 6 und 1 @, dem der Vorderkorper fehlt:
Lange: 8-9 mm.
56 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
LUZON: Bataan, Lamao (H. EH. Stevens).
Type ¢, No. 9821 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
Die Art hat grosse Ahnlichkeit mit Casnonidea brevicollis
Fairm., zeigt aber ausser dem dunklen Rande der Fliigeldecken
noch eine dunkle Naht. Bei der neuen Art sind auch die Fiihler
und die Beine hell; der Halsschild ist langer als breit. Die
Fliigeldeckensculptur ist sehr dhnlich.
24. Nemostira melanura sp. nov.
Sehr gestreckt, parallel, der Lange nach wenig gewolbt, wenig
glanzend, rotlich gelb, Kopf und Fiihler dunkel rotbraun, Apex
der Fliigeldecken schwarz mit blaulichem Schimmer, ebenso die
Kniee und die Schienen der Vorder- und Mittelbeine, Hinter-
schienen schwach gebraunt; alle Fiisse dunkel; Oberseite fast
unbehaart. Kopf wie gewohnlich. Oberlippe schwach breit
herzf6rmig, zerstreut punktiert, lang gelblich beborstet; Clypeus —
so lang wie die Lippe, stark gewolbt, glanzend, mit einzelnen
Borsten, von der Stirn durch eine gebogene, tiefe, breite Furche
getrennt; Stirn und Scheitel mit tiefer Mittellinie, grob punk-
tiert; Schlafen sehr schmal, tief eingeschniirt, Hals vorn schma-
ler als hinten. Letztes Glied der Maxillartaster schmal dreieckig.
Fiihler etwas kiirzer als die halbe Korperlange, nach aussen
nicht verdickt, Glieder gestreckt, 3. Glied sehr wenig langer als
das 4., Endglied so lang wie die 4 vorhergehenden Glieder zusam-
men; Augen unten und oben stark gendhert, nierenformig, stark
gewolbt, Stirnabstand weniger als 1 Augendurchmesser. Hals-
schild so lang wie breit, breiter als der Kopf mit den Augen,
gewolbt, Vorderecken stark abgerundet, Seiten nach hinten ver-
engt, vor den Hinterecken eingeschniirt, so dass die Hinterecken
vortreten, Vorder- und Hinterrand etwas ausgeschnitten, vorn
fein, hinten breit aufgebogen gerandet, Scheibe grob, zerstreut
punktiert, mit deutlicher Mittelrinne und einer Grube vor der
Mitte des Hinterrandes. Schildchen langlich, Spitze abgerundet,
glatt. Fliigeldecken kaum doppelt so breit als der Halsschild an
der Basis, Seiten parallel, Spitzen einzeln abgerundet, Schultern
gut entwickelt, Scheibe gestreift-punktiert, Punkte in den Streifen
gross und dicht, nach hinten feiner werdend, Zwischenraume
wenig gewolbt, glatt; Epipleuren schmal, gewolbt, glatt. Un-
terseite glanzender, fast glatt, nur die Seiten der Brust und
des Abdomens mit zerstreuten groben Punkten; Abdominalfort-
satz gleichseitig dreieckig, 4usserste Spitze abgerundet, ziemlich
breit gerandet. Beine, Schenkel gut verdickt, Spitze der Hin-
terschenkel fast den Hinterrand des 4. Segmentes erreichend,
VII, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 57
Vorderschienen stark, Hinterschienen wenig, Mittelschienen
gar nicht gebogen, Innenseite lang gelb behaart. Erstes Tar-
senglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die 2 folgenden Glieder
zusammen. Sohle der Fiisse biirstenartig behaart.
Lange: 10-12 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3 mm.
NeEGROS, Negros Occidental, Maao, Nakalang (Charles S.
Banks).
Type ¢, No. 245 der Sammlung des Bureau of Science, Manila.
Die Art gehért in die Verwandtschaft von atriceps Fairm.
Sie ist etwas grésser, hat ein abgerundetes Schildchen, dunkle
Kniee, Schienen und Fiihler, und ein langeres, anders skulp-
tiertes Halsschild. Auch atricapilla Fairm. ist verwandt, unter-
scheidet sich aber durch die Farbung.
Casnonidea terminata Fairm. ist ebenso gefarbt, ist aber
breiter; der Kopf ist so breit wie der Halsschild; die Fiihler
sind etwas geségt und haben ein viel kiirzeres Endglied. Die
Fliigeldeckenbildung ist abweichend.
25. Nemostira melanura var. atripennis nov.
Von gleicher Grodsse, K6érpergestalt und Skulptur wie me-
lanura. Die Farbung ist durchweg dunkler. Die Fliigel-
decken sind schwarz mit blaulichem Schimmer und nur die Naht
ist gelb gesdumt. Die Hinterschienen sind auch dunkel. Das
Endglied der Fiihler ist so lang wie die 3 vorhergehenden Glieder
zusammen.
LUZON, Benguet Sablan (W. F. Pack).
Type (2 ?), No. 1619 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
II. ALLECULIDAE
DIETOPSIS Solier
26. Dietopsis sericans Fairm.
Luzon, La Laguna, Magdalena (769 und 2847, W. Schultze).
Ausser dieser Art sind bisher keine weiteren Arten bekannt.
CISTELOMORPHA Redtenbacher
27. Cistelomorpha distincticornis Pic.
28. Cistelomorpha subcostulata Fairm.
LUZON, Benguet, Baguio (14873, F. Warsesten:
29. Cistelomorpha semipellita sp. nov.
Oval, nach hinten sehr wenig verbreitert, stark gewolbt,
Fliigeldecken etwas dachférmig; Oberseite lebhaft gelbrot, letz-
tes Drittel der Fliigeldecken schwarz, Fiihler mit Ausnahme der
58 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
2 roten Basalglieder schwarz (38. Glied an der Spitze gebraunt),
Augen schwarz, Unterseite gelb (zuweilen die Brust und der
Rand des Halsschildes rétlich), die beiden letzten Hinterleibs-
segmente glinzend schwarz, die Beine rotlich, die Kniee, die
Spitzen der Tibien und der Tarsenglieder schmal gebraunt;
massig glanzend; sehr schwach behaart, der schwarze Fleck
der Fliigeldecken ziemlich lang, dicht, abstehend, schwarz be-
borstet. Kopf schmal; massig dicht, ziemlich stark punktiert;
Oberlippe etwa 13 mal so breit als lang, vorn ausgerandet,
gelblich beborstet; Clypeus etwa doppelt so breit wie die Ober-
lippe, weitlaufiger punktiert, in der Mitte mit einem flachen
Langseindrucke, von der Stirn durch einen tiefen gebogenen
Eindruck getrennt; Stirn gewdlbt, glinzender, mit undeutlichen
Kindriicken, Einlenkungsstelle der Fihler stark aufgebogen,
hinter den Augen ein starker Quereindruck, Schlifen sehr
kurz; letztes Glied der Kiefertaster schmal, schief abgestutzt;_
Augen stark gewolbt, nierenformig; Fiihler etwa gleich der
halben Korperlange, madssig dick, nach aussen nicht erweitert,
Glieder gestreckt und an der Spitze schwach nach aussen erwei-
tert, so dass sie etwas gesdgt erscheinen, 3. Glied das langste,
Endglied seitlich ausgerandet. Halsschild halbkreisformig,
liberall fein und scharf gerandet, Scheibe massig gewédlbt,
fein und dicht punktiert, vor dem Schildchen mit 3 im Dreieck
stehenden schwachen EHEindriicken, Vorderecken schwach ange-
deutet, Hinterwinkel rundlich rechtwinklig, Hinterrand 2
mal gebuchtet, vor den Ausbuchtungen je eine flache Grube.
Schildchen dreieckig, abgestumpft, fein und dicht punktiert.
Fliigeldecken um die Halfte breiter als der Halsschild, Schultern
etwas gefaltet, stark entwickelt, Decken hinten zusammen ab-
gerundet, hinter dem Schildchen etwas fliachgedriickt, stark
gestreift-punktiert, Zwischenraume stark gewolbt, vorn flach,
Scutellarstreif kurz, der Naht sehr nahe, der 2. Zwischenraum
nach hinten stark verschmdlert, der 3. nach hinten verbreitert,
Punktstreifen auf der Schulterbeule erloschen, Zwischenraume
tiberall fein und dicht punktiert;,Epipleuren vor der Spitze
schwindend, allmahlich verengt, fein und dicht punktiert, von.
den Fliigeldecken auch an den Schultern scharf abgesetzt.
Unterseite fein punktiert und kurz, fein gelblich behaart, Seiten
des Abdomens uneben, ¢ im letzten Abdominalring in der Mitte
des Hinterrandes eine flache Grube, Abdominalfortsatz spitz,
so lang wie breit, fein gerandet. Beine kurz, Oberschenkel
wenig verdickt, Schienen schwach gebogen, innerer Dorn der
Hinterschienen fast doppelt so lang als der dussere, beide diinn
VIII, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 59
und spitz; 1. Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse so lang wie die 2
folgenden Glieder zusammen.
Linge: 13-15 mm.; Schulterbreite: 6-7 mm.
LUZON, Benguet, Baguio (F'. Worcester).
Type ¢, No. 11345 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
Die Art hat eine gewisse Ahnlichkeit mit C. calida All., ist
aber breiter und weicht in der Farbung bedeutend ab. Von
den Arten mit gefleckten Fliigeldecken unterscheidet sie sich
durch ihre Breite und Grésse und hauptsachlich durch die starke
Behaarung des schwarzen Fleckes.
30. Cistelomorpha anaematica Sp. nov.
Langlich-oval, gewélbt; nicht glinzend; schwefelgelb, Fliigel-
decken weisslich gelb, Augen und Fiihler mit Ausnahme der
ersten Glieder schwarz, Klauen und Dorne der Schienen ge-
braunt, zuweilen die beiden letzten Hinterleibsringe schwach
rotlich; der ganze Kafer mit Ausnahme der etwas linger be-
haarten Schienen fein anliegend, kurz, gelb behaart. Kopf
gestreckt, fein und dicht punktiert, Oberlippe vorn ausgerandet,
Clypeus nicht breiter als die Lippe, Schlifen sehr kurz; letztes
Glied der Kiefertaster fast walzenformig, Spitze leicht gebraunt,
letztes Glied kaum langer als das vorhergehende; Augen nieren-
formig, gewolbt, Abstand auf der Stirn nicht ganz 2 Augen-
durchmesser, von oben gesehen. Fiihler halb so lang wie der
Korper, nicht verdickt, schwach gesigt, 3. Glied 14 mal so lang
wie das 4., Endglied an der Seite ausgerandet. Halsschild fast
so breit wie die Fliigeldecken, halbkreisformig, sehr fein und
sehr dicht punktiert, gewodlbt, sonst wie bei der C. semipellita
sp. nov. aber ohne die Hindriicke. Schildchen wie bei semi-
pellita. Fliigeldecken 24 mal so lang als breit, an der Spitze
zusammen abgerundet, beim Schildchen etwas flachgedriickt,
gestreift-punktiert, Punkte nach hinten undeutlich werdend,
Sceutellarstreifen kurz, sehr undeutlich punktiert, Zwischen-
raume gewolbt, sehr fein und sehr dicht punktiert, 2. Zwischen-
raum schmal, 3. breit und so abwechselnd; Epipleuren wie bei
semipellita. Unterseite fein punktiert, Seiten des Abdomens
uneben. Abdominalfortsatz schmal, spitz, fein gerandet. Beine
wie bei semipellita, Dorne der Hinterschienen diinn und spitz,
innerer Dorn etwas langer als der dussere; 1. Tarsenglied der
Hinterfiisse langer als die 2 folgenden Glieder zusammen.
Lange: 12 mm.; Schulterbreite: 4.5 mm.
LUZON, Bataan (£. D. Merrill).
60 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Type, No. 1124 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
Diese Art hat viel Ahnlichkeit mit flavovirens Fairm., aber
die bedeutendere Grdésse und die verschiedene Skulptur der
Fliigeldecken scheiden sie. Sie hat auch Ahnlichkeit mit hypo-
xantha Fairm., aber ausser durch ihre Grésse weicht sie durch
die nicht schwarzen letzten beiden Adbominalsegmente ab.
31. Cistelomorpha rufiventris sp. nov.
Langlich, gewolbt, glanzend; schwefelgelb, die starker erha-
benen Zwischenraume der Fliigeldecken heller, Abdomen rotlich,
Augen und Fiihler mit Ausnahme der beiden Grundglieder
schwarz, Schienen und Fiisse, letztes Glied der Kiefer und
Lippentaster braun; der ganze Kafer sehr fein und kurz
anliegend gelb behaart. Kopf sehr gestreckt, Oberlippe quer,
stark glanzend, sparsam punktiert, vorn ausgerandet, Clypeus
ebenso skulptiert, doppelt so lang wie die Oberlippe, von
der Stirn durch eine tiefe, gebogene Furche getrennt, Stirn
gewolbt, uneben, starker punktiert, Schlafen nicht vorhanden,
Hals fast so breit wie der Kopf; letztes Glied der Kiefer-
taster so lang wie das vorletzte, nach aussen massig erweitert,
schief abgestutzt; Fiihler etwa gleich der halben Korperlange,
schwach gesagt, 3. Glied um die Halfte langer als das 4., End-
glied an der Seite stark ausgerandet; Augen nierenformig, stark
gewolbt, Stirnabstand gleich 2 Augendurchmessern. Halsschild
fast halbkreisformig, gewolbt, fein und sehr dicht punktiert,
tiberall fein gerandet, Scheibe hinten mit schwach angedeuteter
Mittelfurche, Vorderwinkel schwach angedeutet, Hinterwinkel
rechtwinklig, etwas vortretend, Hinterrand 2 mal gebuchtet, vor
den Ausbuchtungen je eine kleine Grube; Schildchen dreieckig,
Spitze abgerundet, fein und dicht punktiert; Fliigeldecken wenig
breiter als der Halsschild, nach hinten schwach erweitert,
Spitzen zusammen abgerundet, gestreift-punktiert, Scutellar-
streif kurz, die 4usseren Streifen schwinden zum Teil vor der
Spitze, Punkte in den Streifen dicht, Zwischenriume sehr wenig
gewolbt, die ungeraden etwas erhabener und heller, alle sehr
fein und dicht, punktiert; Epipleuren durch eine scharfe
Kante von den Decken abgesetzt, schmal, reichen fast bis zur
Spitze, sehr dicht, etwas runzelig punktiert. Unterseite fein
und sehr dicht punktiert, Abdomen stark glanzend, an den Seiten
uneben, letzter Ring mit einer tiefen dreiekigen Grube vor der
Spitze. Abdominalfortsatz gleichseitig dreieckig, spitz, ziemlich
breit gerandet. Beine, Schenkel schwach verdickt, Schienen
VIL, D, 1 Borchmann: Lagriiden und Alleculiden 61
wenig gebogen, Spitze des Hinterschenkels erreicht den Hin-
terrand des 4. Hinterleibsringes, 1. Tarsenglied der Hinterfiisse
fast so lang wie die folgenden Glieder (ohne Klauen) zusammen,
Dorne der Hinterschienen diinn, gerade, der innere linger als
der dussere.
Lange: 10 mm.; Schulterbreite: 3.5 mm.
SIBAY ISLAND (D. C. Worcester).
Type ¢, No. 11407 des Bureau of Science, Manila, in meiner
Sammlung.
Diese charakteristische Art zeichnet sich von ihren Ver-
wandten durch den vollstindig rotlichen Hinterleib und die
abwechselnd starker erhabenen Fliigeldeckenzwischenraume aus.
4D Ne
hat
*
Css - 7
ca See
s : t ;
, , if 4
JONES, CHARLES R.. The Cigarette Beetle (Lasioderma serri- -\~
corne Fabr.) in the Philippine Islands. 8 ~" 1
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THE PHILIPPINE
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VoL. VIII APRIL, 1913 No. 2
‘A STUDY OF CAPRIFICATION IN FICUS NOTA
By C. F. BAKER
(From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines,
Los Banos, P. I.)
Four text figures
It is a well-known fact in horticulture that Smyrna figs can
be produced only through the agency of certain minute insects
of the superfamily Chalcidoidea, which perform for the figs the
act of cross pollination. The careful investigation of this mar-
velous symbiotic relationship between plant and insect was due,
in the first instance, to European scientists. Americans in Cali-
fornia took careful account of all the facts involved, in their
introduction of the Smyrna fig into that State, building up there
business involving many thousands of dollars, all hanging* on
the successful pollinating operations of these minute insects.-
Observations were later extended to various wild figs, many
new and strange forms of fig insects were described, and in some
cases attempts made to trace the details of the symbiosis, as for
instance by Cunningham on Ficus roxburghii in India.?
Superficial observations in Cuba and in Brazil had previously
indicated to me very definitely the astounding extent and the
very varied possibilities of this subject. The number of known
species of figs is said to be above five hundred. In many of
these the character of the caprification phenomena varies very
*Hisen, Bull. Div. Pomol, U. S., Dept. Agr. (i901), No. 9. This bulletin
contains a full bibliography of the subject.
* Ann. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (1889), 1, 13-47, pls. 1-4.
116935 63
64 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
widely, and many of the insects involved seem to be quite con-
fined to certain species of figs. At Los Banos, Philippine Islands,
with Ficus nota (Blanco) Merrill? abundant, and occurring
almost at the door of the bamboo shack in which I live, I have
been enabled to begin a study of the caprification phenomena
in this particular fig. In outlining my preliminary results I shall
not repeat descriptions of the species or even detail its flower
characters. Ficus nota is a tree of the section Covellia, appar-
ently common throughout the Philippines. The figs are pro-
duced often in enormous quantities at the base of the trunk and
even to some little distance underground. Fruiting twigs also
occur higher on the trunk and even on the branches, although
the number produced above is small.
As usual among figs, certain trees of Ficus nota produce
only gall flowers and no seed, but have fertile male flowers
(stamens). Other trees of the same species produce only figs_
containing fertile female flowers destined to make seed, and these
figs usually have no fertile stamens, although rudiments are
frequently present in the area just within the ostiole commonly
occupied by the stamens in gall figs. The young flower zone
of the fertile fig is bright pink in color, which is rare in the
caprifig form. Also the fertile figs, especially the young, incline
to deep purplish in external color, with greenish or yellowish
flecks, whereas the caprifigs are usually entirely green. This
condition is locally common, but I do not know whether or not
it is general throughout the Islands.
On trees bearing figs with gall flowers and stamens, the pro-
duction and ripening of the figs is almost continuous, and the
brogds of gall insects thus overlap endlessly. There is no pos-
sibility of here distinguish? ae, such seasonal procession as is indi-
cated by the profichi, mammoni, and mamme of the Smyrna
caprifig ; on the contrary, the seed-bearing trees, locally at least,
seem to produce figs in regular crops. At the present writing
(November), a crop of large figs just maturing may be found
on fertile trees, but another crop of small figs is also coming
on—some of them already being large enough to receive the
insects coming from the gall-bearing trees.
If a large mature caprifig (gall fig) is opened, the walls of the
* Determined by E. D. Merrill, Bureau of Science.
‘Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (18387), 677 (F. aspera nota); Merrill, Bur.
Govt. Labs. (1904), No. 17, 10; Elmer, Leafl. Philip. Bot. (1906), 1,
198 (from Leyte); (1911), 4, 1262 (describes the fertile tree, from Min-
danao).
VII, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 65
interior are found to be thickly massed with the densely packed
brown galls produced from the modified ovaries of the infertile
female flowers. In a narrow area about the inner mouth of
the ostiole (now closed by thickly imbricated scales) are the
closely placed bright pink, unopened, monandrous flowers.
When kept under observation for a few days, they present
a confused maze of activities. From certain of the galls appear
numbers of queer, clumsy, wingless, yellow insects—the males
of the blastophaga. Immediately after they emerge, they turn
their attention to gnawing small holes in the still unopened galls.
This quest for the female seems completely and continuously
to occupy their attention. Many times holes are made and the
gall then immediately deserted, and in such cases galls will be
found to contain insects other than the blastophaga—guests or
parasites. These small holes are made at any accessible point on
the surface of the gall. In case the gall happens to contain
a female blastophaga, the tip of the male abdomen, which is
closely recurved under the body and projects forward between
the forelegs and just beneath the mouth, is introduced into the
gall without any change in general attitude of the body of the
male, and copulation with the imprisoned female takes place.
The beauty of this extraordinary position of the male abdomen
is seen as the work of the male proceeds, since to reach all the
galls in the lower layers it must push itself into crevices where
any great movement of the body is impossible, and must fer-
tilize females in galls which can only be reached by the anterior
end of the body. Copulation accomplished, the males make no
attempt whatever to enlarge the minute hole made for this
purpose. The female gnaws her own way out immediately after
copulation. This is in striking contrast to the case of the
Smyrna fig insect, in which the male is supposed, as stated by
Hisen, to liberate the female after copulation; however, obser-
vations on this point should be repeated. The male continues
on its quest, rapidly gnawing into gall after gall, and repeating
the act of copulation, until exhausted and dying. In its nervous
haste, the male occasionally bites into the stamens also, but
any intentional attack on the stamens, as described by Cunning-
ham for F’. roxburghii, does not occur in F. nota, nor can I see
any reason for such attack beyond mere accident.
With the rapid emergence of the males, followed by the emer-
gence of the females, the scene in the fig becomes exceedingly
animated. During this time, males also of various guests and
parasites (Philotrypesis, Agaonella, Sycophaga, and Sycoryctes)
66. The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
begin to emerge and seek their respective females. These males
show a perfectly astounding case of parallel development to
suit the very circumscribed conditions with which they are
surrounded. Representing 2 families of insects, 3 subfamilies,
and various genera, they are yet all very similar in appearance—
minute, yellowish, wingless, clumsy, often worm-like creatures,
either blind or nearly so, they live their exceedingly short mature
lives (of apparently only a few hours’ duration) in darkness,
never purposely leaving the interior of the fig in which they are
born. Entirely unlike the female in almost every detail, and
struggling together in large numbers, they present a most con-
fusing sight even to the eye of the trained scientific observer.
It is a matter of extreme difficulty correctly to associate the
sexes, the observation of actual copulation being necessary some-
times to make the conclusion a certain one. When it is known
that 6 species of guests and parasites may occur together in—
great number within a single fig, as I have commonly found
in F. nota, the complexity of the problem as a whole, both taxo-
nomically and biologically speaking, may be appreciated.
As the emergence proceeds, the fig becomes filled with an
impatient mass of females, intent only on finding a way out.
During this period the stamens rapidly reach full maturity, and,
quite apart from any holes in the anthers due to the males, they
dehisce naturally and regularly through two longitudinal slits
(fig. 1, F). The trampling swarm of insects promptly dusts
pollen thoroughly over their bodies. It is a beautiful point in
the whole relationship that the fig remains closed until this is
accomplished. The maturing of the stamens is accompanied, or
at least very shortly followed, by the withering of the imbricated
scales in the ostiole, beginning on the inside. I have not observed
males gnawing these scales, and can see no reason why they
should do as is described by Cunningham for F. roxburghii.
That the females should immediately begin to crowd themselves
through any opening offered is to be expected, and it is also
entirely probable that they hasten the formation of this opening
by gnawing, but it seems as if the shrinkage of the scales must be
an entirely natural act in the final maturing of the fig. I have
found malformed figs in which this opening was delayed, and
the entire mass of contained insects dead. In F’.. palmeri from
Lower California, as described by Hisen, no such ripening of
the scales takes place, and the blastophaga does not attempt
to gnaw through them, but has acquired the habit of opening a
new passage through the softer wall of the fig near the ostiole.
VI, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 67
That some males might accidentally crawl through, or be hustled
through, an opening to the outside, is also to be expected, although
apparently they would have absolutely nothing to accomplish
by a voluntary act of this sort. A remarkable fact is here
to be observed—that the emergence of all females from the figs
and the death of the males is not at all the closing chapter
in the history of the receptacle. The fig survives long after
these events, and ultimately passes into a much thickened stage
of ripening in which its appearance is much modified, and which
is finally followed by softening and rotting or by the work of
devouring animals.
It is likewise a remarkable fact that of the tens of thousands
of blastophagas, guests, and parasites that are constantly emerg-
ing, I have taken none with the sweep net in surrounding foliage,
although I have in this way gathered thousands of minute
parasitic Hymenoptera in other groups. Apparently their flight
is direct to other figs on the same tree or to other trees of this
species. In case the female blastophaga passes to smaller figs
on the same tree or on another caprifig, she proceeds at once
to the ostiolar end of the receptacle and enters there, pushing
her body back and forth between the closely overlapping scales
‘in most laborious fashion, until the interior is reached. Whether
the wings are broken off during this attempt, as stated by Eisen
for the Smyrna blastophaga, or whether they are deliberately
removed by the insect itself, as occurs in the females of many
ants, Iam not certain. In any event, entrance of the fig always
involves dealation. I incline to believe that in part at least volun-
tary dealation may occur, since I have found the discarded wings
adhering to the surface of the fig some little distance about
the ostiolar opening, as well as among the scales that guard the
mouth of the opening itself. Having accomplished entry to the
fig, the female finds the specially modified funnel-shaped stigmas
(fig. 1, A), awaiting the deposition of eggs. The eggs are in-
serted one through each style to just within the ovary, lying upon
the ovule destined to furnish food to the developing larva. One
female is capable of depositing very many eggs, although gall
figs are commonly encountered in which very few ovaries are
occupied. Often as many as a dozen females or more gain
entrance to the same fig, so the oviposition is usually quite
complete. The female dies immediately after egg laying is
concluded.
However, in case the female has found her way to a tree
bearing only figs destined to produce seed—and she seems
68 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
entirely incapable of detecting this fact—she enters the fig in
the same way, but there encounters only stigmas of another
type (fig. 1, C), not adapted to the reception of her eggs. She
vainly searches the interior of the fig, over and over, involun-
tarily distributing to the normal stigmas the pollen with which
her body was thoroughly dusted, until thwarted and exhausted,
she finally dies. From one to a dozen or more dead bodies of
females sacrificed to this service may be found in each young
fertile fig. More or less rapid disintegration of the dead bodies
of these females takes place in the liquor which commonly accu-
mulates in the interior of the developing fig.®
None of the guests nor parasites of F’. nota enters the fig by the
ostiole for oviposition as does the blastophaga. They all possess
ovipositors of extraordinary length with which the entire wall
of the receptacle is pierced. Whether the eggs of the guests
and parasites are inserted in the ovaries directly, or whether _
they hatch outside of the ovary and find their way through the
style, is as yet unknown; indeed, the entire question of their
specific relations to the blastophaga is an open one. That their
larve must commonly develop in ovaries already occupied by
blastophaga seems certain, and as the two cannot live in one
and the same ovary, and as the guests and parasites certainly
eventually occupy ovaries in enormous numbers, they must surely
interfere seriously with the blastophaga; although whether as
*The presence of a liquor in the developing fig is a matter apart and
a very interesting one—seemingly a question for the plant physiologist.
The presence of liquor in the earlier stages would prevent the successful
entrance of the female blastophaga. I have not seen much liquor in figs at
the receptive age. Later there seems to be some connection between its
formation and the occurrence of very heavy rains, at which times the figs
may become fairly turgid with it. Mr. A. D.:E. Elmer tells me that
at times certain species of figs in the Islands produce this liquor in such
quantities that it drips from them to the extent of forming pools on the
ground beneath.
Cunningham mentions observing infusorians and “‘filarie” in this liquor.
These and bacteria would be expected under the circumstances. I was,
however, especially interested in his mention of “‘filariz.” Many years ago
when I first went to Cuba as agricultural botanist to the Estacion Central
Agronomica, I at once began observations on the local fig insects. In one
species the females frequently had the abdomen enormously swollen, and
this I found packed with nematodes. Wheeler [Am. Nat. (1901), 35,
877] has published accounts of a similar ‘‘mermithergatism” in ants, due
to the presence of Mermis. In one of the first figs of F. nota which I
opened in these Islands, I found a female fig insect with abdomen distended
by worms; and in the liquor of certain figs “filariz’”’ were common, al-
though whether the same as the parasitic form or not is unknown. Here
is a most interesting problem for the helminthologist.
VIII, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 69
direct parasites or as unwelcome guests remains to be deter-
mined. It is, of course, a well-known fact that many parasitic
hymenopterous insects possess to a most remarkable degree the
faculty of locating their hosts, even when these are hidden deeply
within the tissues of plants, and boring through with great
accuracy for the deposition of their eggs. Dr. E. B. Copeland
suggests that this, together with the fact that none of these
Fic. 1. Flower parts of Ficus nota. A, young gall flower at the time of reception of egg,
with funnel-shaped style with undivided or unruptured perianth (1.5 by 0.5 mm.) ;
B, nearly mature gall flower, long pedicelled form, with ruptured perianth (5 by
1.25 mm.); C, nearly mature fertile female flower, with normal stigma, long
pedicelled form (5 by 1 mm.); D and E, mature monandrous male flower with
unruptured perianth (3 by 1 mm.); F, the freed stamen dehiscing by 2 slits;
eross section of unopened male flower; H, pollen grains, averaging about 7 by
12 microns.
insects seem to seek or deposit eggs in seed-bearing figs, appears °
to be prima facie evidence of parasitism or semiparasitism.
THE FIG INSECTS OCCURRING IN FICUS NOTA AT LOS BANOS
The classification of the fig insects is in a most undeveloped
state, not only because very few of the existing species are de-
scribed—or, if described, known in both sexes—but also because
few of the characters given are of generic or subfamily value.
It seems inevitable that new discoveries will completely modify
the generic arrangement, and probably cause a recasting of the
subfamilies. The statement made by Ashmead ° that all Agao-
°*Mem. Carnegie Mus. (1904), 1, 231.
=
70 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
nide are caprifiers is not true, if any with long ovipositors and
which oviposit from the exterior of the fig are admitted to that
family. His statement that the head in males of Idarniine is
“long or oblong” must likewise be modified, since there are some
with heads as broad as long, and others with the heads even
broader than long. The degree of excavation of the upper sur-
face of the head is very variable through the series of species.
The ovipositor may be very short in Agaonide. Also the middle
legs may be much slenderer than the others, and the male head
may be more deeply foveate in certain Idarniine than in certain
Agaonide, and any definite group line, between a long vermiform
abdomen and a short pointed one, is impossible to draw. There
is the greatest necessity of collecting more than usually exten-
sive material in these groups for the right kind of study. The
different species of figs should be carefully examined one by one,
and large numbers of the contained insects, both male and female,
collected in vials of alcohol, carefully labeled with the full name >
of the fig. c
Family AGAONIDA:
Subfamily AGAONIN 42
Blastophaga nota Sp. nov.
Male.—Pale yellow throughout, the abdomen paler, naked
except for the very large deformed posterior legs, almost the
entire surface of which is minutely thickly pilose. Head, 0.7
mm. long by 0.43 mm. wide, subrectangular, slightly narrowed
in front, with the sides broadly rounded; eyes wanting. Man-
dibles very strongly, deeply, and evenly bidentate. Antenne
inserted in deep narrow sulci which pass caudad from base of
mandibles and converge at 0.25 mm. in length of head. Antenne
not exceeding tips of mandibles, 5-jointed, the pedicel and last
joint long and subequal, and each about one-half the length of
the scape, the third still shorter.
Pronotum trapezoidal, as broad caudad as head, but apically
narrower. Mesonotum transverse, slightly wider than pronotum.
Metanotum (used in males as including dorsulum) triangular,
the angles broadly rounded, as wide as, and longer than, mesono-
tum. Abdomen vermiform, abruptly bent after the first seg-
ment, and closely reflexed under the thorax, its apex, at rest,
extended forward to middle of head.
Fore and hind legs greatly distorted and modified, the middle
legs normal. Fore tibize (fig. 3, E) greatly broadened apically,
the apical angles produced into heavy incurved teeth; fore tarsi
VMI, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota mT
2-jointed, the second twice the length of first. Middle tibiz
of normal form, but apically produced into several stout teeth;
the tarsi have the first joint equaling the next 2 in length, the
last as long as the 83 preceding. Hind tibiz apically with a small
bidentate process, and a stout movable tooth; the tarsal joints
(fig. 3, D) greatly enlarged and swollen, becoming broader to
the last which is subrectangular, the claws being attached to
the lower apical angle; the last joint equals the first in length,
and these are each much longer than the 3 intermediate ones.
Male genitalia without armed claspers. Length, 3.5 mm.
Fic. 2. Female of Blastophaga nota. The vestiture of the wings, consisting of very numerous
minute bristles, is omitted. Note the remarkable projections from prothoracic
spiracles.
Female (fig. 2).—Color dark brown, the legs paler, the wings
large and very heavily pubescent. Head very large, subrectan-
gular, somewhat swollen in front of the eyes which are in
basal half of head. Upper surface of head with a deep broad
excavation having calloused and spined margins, and broadened
to the occiput where the median ocellus is inserted in its hind
border and directed forward; the lateral ocelli obsolete. Anten-
nz 11-jointed, the scapes enormously swollen, contiguous, and
entirely covering the mouth above, the pedicel with many
short recurved spines, the third joint small and with a finger-
like apophysis; the fourth still smaller; the fifth and following
normal, and with numerous short longitudinal sense furrows.
72 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Thorax strongly square-cornered caudad, where it is much
broader than the abdomen. Whole body with numerous short
stiff bristles, these occurring in single transverse rows on the
abdominal tergites. Ovipositor very short. Postmarginal vein
much longer than marginal, the stigmal slightly shorter than
marginal. Fore tibiz resembling those of male, about one-third
the length of their femora, but the tarsi normally 5-jointed.
The hind tibiz about one-half the length of their femora, and
at the inner apical angles with a stout spine and a minute
bidentate process; hind tarsi very long, the first joint longer
than the 2 following; the second to fourth subequal; the fifth
about one-half the length of the first. Length, 2 mm.
Fic. 3. Some anatomical details of fig insects. A, head of Philotrypesis similis (0.6 by 0.6
mm.) ; B, head of Philotrypesis collaris, the spined extensions shown at angles
of occiput being below (size of head, 0.95 by 1 mm.); C, head of Philotrypesis
ashmeadii. (0.55 by 0.7 mm.) ; D, hind tibia and tarsus of Blastophaga nota; E,
fore tibia and tarsus of Blastophaga nota; F, hind tibia and tarsus of Sycoryctes
philippinensis.
This blastophaga is the normal inhabitant of the gall flowers
and the active caprifier of Ficus nota at Los Banos, P. I.
AGAONELLA genus novum
Male.—Wingless and naked, wanting even thread-like or
bristle-like rudiments. Head and thorax very narrow and atten-
uate and subequal in width; head more than 3 times longer than
wide, the eyes consisting of oval pigment spots on the anterior
third; abdomen white, long, vermiform, and generally carried
extended caudad. Antennz 3-jointed and inserted in depressed
fovee near the mouth; mandibles very stout and bidentate.
Prothorax and metathorax subequal in length, the mesothorax
shorter, the two last about one-half the depth of the first.
VIII, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 73
Legs short and subequal, femora all swollen, the tibize shorter
than femora, stout, apically heavily spined; tarsi 5-jointed, as
long as tibie, the fifth as long as preceding and with heavy
simple claws. ’
Female.—With the ovipositor nearly twice the length of body,
the abdomen waspish in shape. Head broader than long, mar-
gins evenly curved, the upper surface with a broad deep groove
embracing insertions of antennze and broadening backward to
and including median ocellus. Antenne 12-jointed, the scape
very long and slender, 2 small ring-joints, the remaining seg-
ments subequal and bearing many longitudinal sense-organ
grooves. Mouth parts small and more deeply included within
the frame of the head than usual, the mandibles unidentate.
Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the second and fourth joints longest
and subequal, the third distinctly shorter than the first. Labial
palpi 2-jointed, the second joint a fourth longer than the first.
Legs very long and slender, the middle pair considerably slen-
derer than the others. Middle and hind tibie as long as their
femora and strongly spined apically, the tarsi nearly as long as
the tibiz and with proximal segment as long as, or longer
than, the 3 following. Scutellum flat. Parapsidal furrows dis-
tinct. Wings heavily veined for this group, the marginal and
postmarginal subequal, the stigmal shorter with a long club-
shaped tip.
This very distinct genus—distinct in either male or female—
shows some resemblances to Agaon from Africa, but is widely
distinct from that or any other genus.
Agaonella larvalis sp. nov.
Male.—Head and thorax yellowish, abdomen soft and whitish.
Body quite nude. Head rectangular in general outline, 0.55
mm. long by 0.18 mm. wide, varying from 0.17 mm. deep at
base to 0.1 mm. at mouth. Scape of antenne longer than the
2 succeeding joints, the third joint and apex of second somewhat
inflated. The small antennal fossze only separated by a carina.
Prothorax subrectangular, similar in size and shape to the
head; the mesothorax slightly shorter, similar in dorsal outline,
but only one-half as deep; metathorax as long as prothorax,
but only as deep as mesothorax. Coxe large, long, parallel-
sided, more than one-half the length of their respective thoracic
segments, much longer than the swollen rounded femora. Tibize
strongly broadened apically, and there armed on the outside
with about 20 closely placed, short, heavy, tooth-like spines.
Male genitalia consisting of 2 lateral, stout terete styles, with
74 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
long apical spines, and 2 short stout dark brown subrectangular
claspers, each armed on its distal border with 2 short, stout,
black teeth. Length, about 2.5 mm.
Female.—Metallic dark greenish in color, the wing's iridescent,
the legs pale yellow, the abdomen slender at base and strikingly
waspish in shape, the ovipositor about twice the length of the
body which is 2.5 to 3 mm. long. Head, 0.5 mm. wide, 0.35
mm. long, the eyes very strongly bulging, the face broadly
rounded in front, the upper surface with a broad deep cavity
that broadens caudad; antenne inserted in small sockets which
are in the middle of the face, and distant their width from
each other, and as far from eyes as from anterior margin of
head. Scape yellowish, long and very slender, its length 9
times the width, and equal to more than pedicel and first 4
joints of flagellum together; pedicel about one-fifth the length
of scape and with the rest of the antenna, fuliginous; 2 small
ring-joints; flagellum 8-jointed, the joints similar and with
numerous very long sense furrows. Mandible small and uni-
dentate. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the second one-fourth longer
than first; maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the second and fourth
the longest and subequal, the third distinctly shorter than the
first. Thorax above with shining, but coarsely shagreened sur-
face. Scutel very large, subelliptical. Abdomen waspish, very
slender at base, in all of the specimens at hand with the ventral
plates bent far forward, giving a most remarkable appearance
to the whole. Ovipositor about twice the length of the body,
sparsely haired and not at all swollen at the tips of the sheaths.
The femora longer than tibize, the fore metatarsal joint as
long as 2 succeeding joints, the mid and hind metatarsi longer
than all succeeding joints together. The wings sparsely haired.
Common in Ficus nota at Los Banos, P. I.; probably a guest in
its relation to the blastophaga.
Subfamily SYCOPHAGIN 42
Sycophaga nota sp. nov.
Male.—Slender, pale yellowish brown, the abdomen concol-
orous, not recurved under thorax, broadened to the apex where
it is furnished with 2 long, slender, lanceolate, thickly and
finely pilose laminz connected with the last, and only, abdom-
inal spiracles. Head, 0.88 mm. wide by 0.8 mm. long, and aver-
aging 0.14 mm. more or less deep throughout; rectangular,
parallel sided, the occipital angles strongly produced caudad,
the median ocellus on occipital border and directed forward,
the lateral ocelli wanting. Upper surface of head with a broad
VIII, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 75
shallow depression more than one-half its width extending from
occiput to mouth. Antenne small, inserted nearer to lateral
margins of head than to each other, 4-jointed, the scape swollen,
the second joint two-thirds of third, the fourth about one-half
the length of second and not wider than third. Mandibles very
large, their bases reaching sides of head, tridentate. Prothorax
three-fourths the length of head, subtrapezoidal, slightly broader
than head posteriorly, and slightly narrower anteriorly, the
upper surface of all thoracic segments with a more or less
distinct continuation of the median cephalic depression. The
prothorax is, as usual, deeper than either meso- or metathorax.
Meso- and metanotum subrectangular, the former divided by
a transverse suture, nearly 0.6 mm. long, the latter, 0.5 mm.
long. Legs all very similar in structure and armature, the
posterior longest, the tibiz along anterior and apical portions
armed with some 20 to 30 short stout teeth which are thickly
Fic. 4. Showing the very peculiar pustular organs in the clavate tip of the stigmal vein in
the female wing; A, Sycophaga nota; B, Sycoryctes philippinensis; C, Agaonella
larvalis; D, Blastophaga nota; E, Philotrypesis similis; F, P. collaris; G, P.
ashmeadii.
set. Metatarsi as long as all remaining tarsal joints together,
the fifth one-half of the first; the second, third, and fourth
very small, subequal, and together about equal to one-half the
fifth. Head and thorax smooth and naked, but abdomen min-
utely thickly longitudinally striolate, about 1.2 mm. long, about
0.3 mm. wide at base and 0.5 mm. at apex, the apical angles
provided with 2 narrowly lanceolate laminz, about 1.4 mm.
long, which are very thickly and finely pilose throughout; these
lamine at base form a partial funnel surrounding the last, and
apparently only, abdominal spiracle, which is very large; these
terminal spiracles connect with 2 enormous tracheal trunks
which are somewhat bent and coiled posteriorly, are together
more than one-half the width of the abdomen anteriorly, and
occupy a large part of its cavity; these great tracheal trunks
pass forward, occupying nearly the entire body cavity, connect
with the metathoracic and mesothoracic spiracles, have one con-
76. The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
necting anastomosis in the prothorax, and then diminishing
rapidly in size pass on to nearly the full length of the head. Male
claspers are present as small dark-brown subrectangular pieces,
that have at least 1 small apical tooth. Total length, without
lamine, 3.8 to 4 mm.
Female.—Dark yellowish brown, semen darker, end of ab-
domen and legs pale; ovipositor, occiput, and eyes blackish.
Head slightly narrower than thorax, face very broad between
eyes, narrowing above, slightly swollen, broadly rounded over
the small mouth, and with no indication of longitudinal depres-
sion. Antenne inserted in small sockets, which are separated
somewhat more than their width, and are very close to the
anterior margin of the head; antenne 13-jointed, scape long
and slender, the length more than 4 times the width, pale
yellowish, the remaining joints fuliginous; pedicel narrower
than scape and about one-half its length; 2 small ring-joints ;—
remaining joints very similar, with numerous long sense furrows,
the last 2 joints somewhat shorter than preceding. Lateral
ocelli nearer eyes and nearer to occiput than to median ocellus.
Whole body sparsely covered with short stiff hairs. Mesonotum
with complete deep parapsidal grooves and coarsely shagreened.
The scutellum smooth, large, and almost exactly quadrate. The
metanotum with hind angles obliquely cut off and the surface
minutely longitudinally striolate. Abdomen as broad as thorax
and considerably longer. Head, 0.4 mm. long; thorax, 0.85 mm.
long; abdomen, 1.25 mm. long. Ovipositor slender, 6 mm. long,
rather sparsely haired, the tips of sheaths not at all swollen.
Middle legs very much slenderer than the others; middle tarsi
resembling hind tarsi, the fore tarsi very different; first joint
of fore tarsi equals the 2 following together in length, the fifth
joint equals the 3 preceding together; in mid and hind tarsi
the first joint is nearly as long as the 3 following together,
the 3 latter successively shorter, the fifth about as long as
second; all of the tibiz possess stout spines which are distinctly
anteapical. Postmarginal vein longer than marginal, the stig-
mal short and weak.
Not at all common in gall figs of Ficus nota, at Los Banos,
P. I., and apparently a guest. I have seen no previous remark
on the altogether remarkable tracheal system in certain male
Sycophagine—more remarkable in its way than that of the
migratory Acridide. The terminal abdominal lamine are in-
dubitably a part of this tracheal system, surrounding and pro-
jecting from the large abdominal spiracles. They present
very much the superficial appearance of certain branchial epi-
VII, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota a7
podites in some macrurous crustacea. The meaning of this
enormous inflation and complex development of the tracheal
system in male Sycophaga presents a most interesting subject
for further investigation.
Family TORYMIDA®
Subfamily IDARNIIN4
Sycoryctes philippinensis sp. nov.
Male.—Pale yellowish and nude, with small pigment-spot eyes ;
long rectangular head, short abdomen, and the hind legs greatly
lengthened with a laminately expanded first tarsal joint. Head
subrectangular, the angles rounded, the lateral margins nearly
parallel; length, 0.6 mm.; width, 0.3 mm., the small eyes on
lateral margins at anterior third. Mandibles large, unidentate,
inserted close together beneath anterior margin of head, and
far from the lateral margins, this causing their strong exten-
sion cephalad, while at rest their points are crossed and resemble
as viewed from above the crossed bill of Lowia. Antenne in-
serted in small contiguous sockets, the distance of the width
of each from the anterior margin of the head; antennz little
over one-half the length of head, 8-jointed, the scape stout and
swollen, the pedicel slender and one-half the length of scape,
next 2 joints irregular and subequal, the succeeding 2 very
small and subequal, with next a club of 2 joints which is as
long as the pedicel and broader. Head without longitudinal
depression ; ocelli all obsolete. Pronotum, 0.38 mm. long; meso-
notum, 0.12 mm.; and metanotum, 0.33 mm. long; the pro-
notum much the deeper. Abdomen as long as thorax, narrowed
to a point apically, but there with rather strongly compressed
venter and greatly enlarged terminal spiracles. Anterior and
middle legs normal in size, the tibize strongly enlarged apically
and with several strong teeth at apical angles, the middle tibize
only possessing also marginal teeth. In both fore and mid tarsi
the last joint is the largest, the 3 intermediate very greatly
reduced and subequal, and the basal joint about one-half the
fifth in length. The hind legs of great size and length; coxee
parallel-sided and passing the middle of abdomen, while the
femora exceed the abdomen; tibize broader at apex and larger
than their femora, without marginal teeth, but with 1 very
large and several smaller apical spines; tarsi (fig. 3, F) as
long as tibie, the first joint greatly laminately expanded, as
broad as tibie, longer than all remaining joints together, and
at outer apical angle roundly extended beyond the insertion -
ed The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
of second joint to the length of that joint; the second, third,
and fourth joints small, subequal, and together about equaling
fifth joint in length; the first joint possesses on its outer margin
3 or 4 pairs of long, slender, curved spines. Male genitalia
consisting of 2 blunt lateral styles, each with 2 apical spines,
and 2 large subrectangular claspers each possessing 4 stout ter-
minal teeth, these all being concolorous with the rest of the
abdomen and not heavily chitinized or pigmented. The dimen-
sions given above are from a specimen of average size; some
specimens are slightly larger and others slightly smaller.
Female.—Above dark brown; the face and all lower parts
pale; the legs light lemon yellow. Pro- and mesonotum, axille,
and abdominal tergites coarsely reticulately shagreened; scu-
tellum very large, flat, regularly subpentangular, and with the
surface finely longitudinally shagreened. Mandibles unidentate;
maxillary palpi 4-jointed; the first and third joints subequal,
and about one-half the length of the second and fourth, which
are subequal. Labial palpi 2-jointed; the first joint slender
and longer than the strongly oval second. Hind tibize longer
than their femora, and with only weak hairs and 1 large spine
apically. Stigmal vein with an abruptly swollen subtrapezoidal
tip. Head, 0.4 mm. long; thorax, 0.6 mm.; and abdomen, 1.2
mm. long; the ovipositor 9 mm. long, or more than 4 times
the length of the body, slender, with comparatively few minute
hairs, and with the sheaths distinctly swollen at tip.
Occurring in great numbers in November in gall figs of Ficus
nota at Los Banos, P. I. I am inclined to regard this as a
parasite in its relation to the blastophaga.
Philotrypesis similis sp. nov.
Male.—Head (fig. 3, A) subquadrate, the angles rounded, 0.6
mm. wide, and 0.6 mm. long, the pigment-spot eyes at anterior
third and within the lateral margin. Face broadly excavated
between the eyes, and sparsely transversely lineolate; antennal
sockets small, separated a short distance, and with a weak
longitudinal carina between them, about as far as their width
from the anterior margin of the head. Antenne, 0.5 mm. long;
the scape, 0.15 mm., about twice longer than wide, pedicel very
slender, one-half the length of scape, the single ring-joint small,
the flagellum of 4 subequal points, each about one-half the length
of the pedicel, and a barely indicated club of 2 joints. Mandibles
large, bidentate, their basal margins remote from margins of
head. Ocelli absent. Head above nearly nude, having only a
few stiff bristles on the margins, but below rather thickly
VI, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 79
bristly. Thorax with 2 filaments on either side; as broad as
the head and 0.6 mm. long. Pronotum large, parapsidal grooves
very faint, and with 2 strong sete on each lateral margin.
Sterna more heavily chitinized and very bristly. Abdomen as
long as thorax, soft, paler in color, with few bristles, narrowing
to an acute tip. Legs stout and strongly bristled. Hind femora
more strongly swollen than the others; tibiz all strongly broad-
ened apically, the fore tibize shorter than their femora, the middle
tibize as long as, and the hind tibize longer than, their femora; all
the tibiz are strongly armed with apical teeth, but only the
middle and hind tibize have marginal teeth. Fore tarsi shorter
than their tibiz, 2-jointed, the second joint as long as the greatest
width of their tibiz; mid tarsi shorter than their tibiz, 4-jointed,
the first joint small, but as long as the 2 following together
which are minute; the fourth large, twice longer than all the
preceding together; hind tarsi longer than their tibie, first
and second with apical angles produced in narrow lobes, longest
behind and there provided with single long spines, second smaller
than first, third minute, fourth as long as all the preceding
together. Claws strong and with large fuliginous pulvilli.
Male claspers rather elongate, slightly narrowed apically, the
ends somewhat incurved and provided on the outer curve with
a heavy retrorse spine, and near the point with a small porrect
one.
Female.—Yellowish, with black markings on dorsum of ab-
domen, the ovipositor black, the legs pale yellowish. Head,
0.45 mm long; 0.55 mm. wide. Eyes strongly bulging, inner
angles of eyes sharp, the face broader at mouth than at inner
orbital angles. Lateral ocellus as near to eyes as to median
ocellus, but nearer to the occipital margin. Maxillary palpi 4-
jointed, the first and third very short, not one-half the length of
the second, the fourth as long as all the preceding together, and
narrowed gradually to the tip. ‘Labial palpi with the second
joint longer and broader than first, but apically narrowed to a
teat-like point. Antenne certainly with a distinct joint proxi- —
mate of scape; scape 6 times longer than wide and with the
pedicel pale yellow, the remainder fuliginous; pedicel one-third
length of scape, swollen toward tip; 2 ring-joints very small;
flagellum with 8 similar joints, the last 3, as usual, forming
somewhat of a club. Parapsidal furrows distinct, but very
shallow posteriorly. Scutel very large, suborbicular, but broader
than long, convex; marginal vein very long, much longer than
postmarginal; the stigmal very small and short and gradually
116935——2
80 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
clavate at tip. Abdomen measured without the extended seg-
ments, 1.1 mm. long; first extended segment, 1.75 mm. long;
the following, 0.4 mm. long, narrowing to its tip; ovipositor, 7
mm. long, the sheaths scarcely clavate at tip. Legs very slender,
the middle much more so than the others. Fore tibie longer
than their tarsi and shorter than their femora; mid and hind
tibiz as long as their tarsi but longer than their femora, joint
1 as long as the last 3 together, and 2 as long as 3 and 4 together.
Common in Ficus nota at Los Banos, P. I.
Philotrypesis ashmeadii sp. nov.
Male.—Exceedingly close in characters to P. similis, but head
(fig. 8, C) distinctly longer than broad, 0.55 mm. broad by 0.7
mm. long. Scape dark brown, nearly 3.5 times longer than
broad, pedicel less than half as long as the scape, flagellum pale
yellowish, 8-jointed, the joints progressively wider, subequal in
length save last 3, the last 2 forming a scarcely distinct club. AII-
tibie as long as, or longer than, their femora; anterior margins
of middle and hind tibiz less numerously spined than in P. si-
milis; first joint of hind tarsi short, not one-half as long as
fourth joint, the latter much longer than all the preceding
together; lobe of second joint not extending beyond the third.
Male claspers long, parallel-sided, the outcurved blunt ends
armed with 3 or 4 very stout black teeth.
Female.—Body clear brown; legs pale yellow. Differs from
P. similis as follows: Lateral ocelli nearer to eyes than to median
ocellus. Scape about 4 times as long as wide, pale yellowish;
pedicel nearly one-half the length of scape, not as thick, and
with the 3 ring-joints darker in color; flagellum fuliginous, of
5 similar segments, with a 3-jointed club. Abdomen measured
without the extended segments, 1 mm. long; first extended seg-
ment, 2.4 mm., the second, 0.4 mm; ovipositor, about 5 mm.
long, the sheaths distinctly clavate at tip.
_ Frequent in gall figs of Ficus nota at Los Bafios, P. I. Prob-
ably parasitic on the blastophaga.
Philotrypesis collaris sp. nov.
Male.—The largest of the broad-headed, apterous males with
short pointed abdomens to be found in the gall figs of Ficus nota
at Los Bafios. Head (fig. 3, B) subquadrate, 0.95 mm. long and
1 mm. broad, thus broader than long; a row of long stiff bristles
along occipital margins; mandibles long and narrow, bidentate
(the inner tooth subtruncate), and broadly overlapping; clypeus
VII, D, 2 Baker: Caprification in Ficus nota 81
broadly shallowly 2-lobed. Antennz very small for so large a
head, the small sockets remote, nearer to bases of mandibles and
to front margin of head than to each other; scape a little over
4 times longer than wide, pedicel and flagellum together not as
long as scape, the flagellum very pale in color, 8-jointed. Face
deeply gradually excavated and finely sparsely transversely
striolated. Prothorax as broad as head, with 2 large bristles
on each lateral margin and 2 near the hind border; meso- and
metathorax taken together shorter than the pronotum and be-
coming much narrower. Abdomen very small, narrower than
metathorax, and rapidly narrowing to tip. Male claspers long
and stout, with 3 stout black teeth at each tip. Fore legs to the
tarsi, darker brown, remainder of legs pale yellow. Legs nor-
mal for Philotrypesis, but the lobes of first and second joints
of hind: tarsi with 2 long spines each, these joints together
equaling the remainder of the tarsus in length. Body and legs
entirely without the dense vestiture of stiff short bristles pos-
sessed by P. similis and P. ashmeadii.
Female.—Flagellum, top of head, meso- and metanotum, entire
dorsum of abdomen, and ovipositor, blackish; remainder of body
including pronotum, yellowish. Length of body without ex-
tended segments, 3.5 mm.; of first extended segment, 2 mm.; of
second, 0.5 mm.; of ovipositor, about 4.5 mm. More similar to
P. ashmeadii than to P. similis, having 3 ring-joints in the
antenne, and very similar in other characters.
Occasional in gall figs of F’. nota at Los Bafios, P. I. Probably
parasitic on Blastophaga. It is very remarkable that 3 such
similar species of Philotrypesis should occur in the same figs
together, but although the females are somewhat alike the males
are very distinct.
Synopsis of male fig insects found in Ficus nota at Los Bajos.
a’. Head far longer than broad; thorax without lateral filaments.
b*. First joint of hind tarsi not laminately expanded.
c.. Abdomen vermiform.
d’. Hind tarsi greatly enlarged, modified, and pilose; abdomen per-
manently folded under thorax; antenne 4-jointed: fore tarsi
OC UCC eer nee eaten eet eae lieder 2 Blastophaga nota.
d. Hind tarsi normal; abdomen very long and directed caudad;
antennez 3-jointed; fore tarsi normal................ Agaonella larvalis.
ce. Abdomen enlarged apically and provided with 2 long, lanceolate,
tracheal laminze; antenne 4-jointed, the scape swollen; fore tarsi
SEE BONY en ear ee ae ane RE a cen ca on ee Sycophaga nota.
o*. First joint of hind tarsi laminately expanded; antennz 8-jointed,
scape swollen; fore tarsi normal................. Sycoryctes philippinensis.
82 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
a.” Head quadrate or subquadrate, abdomen short and pointed, thorax with
2 lateral filaments on either side.
e’. Head about as broad as long, or slightly longer than broad; flagellum
longer than the swollen scape; produced lobes of 2 basal joints of
hind tarsi with a single spine each; head and body beneath with
coxe and femora thiekly set with short stiff bristles; abdomen as
long as, or longer than, thorax.
f’. Head about as broad as long; 2 basal segments of hind tarsi as
long as remainder of tarsus, the lobe of the second overlapping
Che Mast coo cces ces eos eee he eee ree eee Philotrypesis similis.
jf’. Head slightly longer than broad; 2 basal segments of hind tarsi
about one-half of the length of last segment, the lobe of the
second not reaching the last.............--.....------ Philotrypesis ashmeadii.
e’. Head broader than long; flagellum shorter than the linear scape; pro-
duced lobes of 2 basal segments of hind tarsi with 2 spines each;
head and body naked; abdomen shorter than thorax.
Philotrypesis collaris.
Synopsis of female fig insects found in Ficus nota at Los Banos.
a’. Ovipositor very short; head long, subrectangular; antennal scapes
enormously enlarged so as to cover the mouth............ Blastophaga nota.
a’. Ovipositor very long; head never subrectangular; antennal scape never
greatly enlarged so as to cover the mouth.
b*. Last 2 abdominal segments not tubularly extended.
c.. Abdomen narrowed basally, waspish in shape....... Agaonella larvalis.
c. Abdomen very broad at base, not narrowed or waspish.
ad’. Antenne with 2 ring-joints; scutel quadrate............ Sycophaga nota.
@. Antenne with 1 ring-joint; scutel pentangular.
Sycoryctes philippinensis.
b*. Last 2 abdominal segments tubularly extended.
e’. Antennal scape 4 times longer than wide; length of first extended
abdominal segment, 2.4 mm.; ovipositor about 5 mm. long; color,
clear ‘brownie ee Philotrypesis ashmeadii.
e?, Antennal scape about 6 times longer than wide; color of body
largely a sharply contrasting yellow.
f’. Largely yellow with a few dorsal black spots; length of first
extended segment, 1.75 mm.; ovipositor, 7 mm.
Philotrypesis similis.
f. Pronotum and underparts clear yellow, remainder of dorsum
black; length of first extended segment, 2 mm.; of ovipositor,
4:5 Sn eae eee ee eae ee ee ee Philotrypesis collaris.
ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
(Drawings by the author)
Fic. 1. Flower parts of Ficus nota. A, young gall flower at time of recep-
tion of egg, with funnel-shaped style with undivided or un-
ruptured perianth (1.5 by 0.5 mm.); B, nearly mature gall
fiower, long pedicelled form, with ruptured perianth (5 by 1.25
mm.); C, nearly mature fertile female flower, with normal
stigma, long pedicelled form (5 by 1 mm.); D and EH, mature
monandrous male flower with unruptured perianth (3 by 1 mm.) ;
F, the freed stamen dehiscing by 2 slits; G, cross section of un-
opened male flower; H, pollen grains, averaging about 7 by 12
microns.
2. Female of Blastophaga nota. The vestiture of the wings, consist-
ing of very numerous minute bristles, is omitted. Note the
remarkable projections of prothoracic spiracles.
3. Some anatomical details of fig insects. A, head of Philotrypesis
similis (0.6 by 0.6 mm.); B, head of Philotrypesis collaris, the
spined extensions shown at angles of occiput being below (size
of head, 0.95 by 1 mm.); C, head of Philotrypesis ashmeadii
(0.55 by 0.7 mm.) ; D, hind tibia and tarsus of Blastophaga nota;
HE, fore tibia and tarsus of Blastophaga nota; F, hind tibia and
tarsus of Sycoryctes philippinensis.
4. Showing the very peculiar pustular organs in the clavate tip of
the stigmal vein in the female wing; A, Sycophaga nota; B,
Sycoryctes philippinensis; C, Agaonella larvalis; D, Blastophaga
nota; E, Philotrypesis similis; F, P. collaris; G, P. ashmeadii.
83
ORIGIN MYTHS AMONG THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE
PHILIPPINES *
By H. OTLEY BEYER
(From the Division of Ethnology, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)
Four plates
Beliefs as to the origin of the earth, and of the men, animals,
plants, and various topographical features found in it, seem
to survive with greater persistence than any other trait of
primitive culture.. These beliefs lie at the base of nearly all
religions, and the myths in which the beliefs are preserved are
the foundation of literature. The preservation and study of
origin myths is, therefore, of much importance in the recon-
struction of the history of mankind which is the chief aim of
anthropology.
The peoples of the Philippines have a rich and varied myth-
ology as yet but little explored, but which will one day command
much attention. Among the Christianized peoples of the plains
the myths are preserved chiefly as folk tales, but in the moun-
tains their recitation and preservation is a real and living part
of the daily religious life of the people. Very few of these
myths are written; the great majority of them are preserved
by oral tradition only.
Until recent years, it has been believed that all ancient records
written in the syllabic alphabets which the Filipinos possessed
at the time of the Spanish conquest had been lost. It is now
known, however, that two of these alphabets are still in use, to
a limited extent, by the wild peoples of Palawan and Mindoro;
and ancient manuscripts written in the old Bisaya alphabet
have been lately discovered in a cave in the Island of Negros.
Many of these Negros manuscripts are written myths, and trans-
lations of them are shortly to be published. The Bisaya peoples,
in general, have preserved their old pagan beliefs to a greater
extent than have the other Christian Filipinos, and it is to be
*Read before The Philippine Academy, October 2, 1912. The paper
is intended as an introduction to a series of more complete studies in
Philippine mythology and religion.
85
86 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
hoped that the discovery of these manuscripts will stimulate
further investigations. ;
Among the pagan mountain peoples, with which this paper
will chiefly deal, there are no written myths except those which
have been recorded by Europeans in modern times. Some of
the myths are sung or chanted only, while others are repeated
in the form of stories. In nearly every case, the repeating of
the myths forms an important part of the religious ceremonies
of the people. Many different grades of culture are represented
among these mountain peoples, and we find a correspondingly
unequal development of their mythologies. All classes are rep-
resented: primitive, such as the beliefs of the Mangyans of
Mindoro, the Tagbanwas of Palawan, and the Hlongots of north-
ern Luzon; mediocre, as the beliefs of the pagan tribes of
Mindanao; and highly developed, such as the elaborate poly-
theisms of the Ifugaos, Igorots, Kalingas, and the other peoples _
of the Mountain Province in Luzon.
Most of the myths and legends recorded here were collected
by men well acquainted with the dialect of the people from
whom the myth or legend was obtained; they are, therefore,
of much greater value than if they had been secured through
interpreters.
I shall next discuss a few myths from each of the classes
just mentioned.
PRIMITIVE BELIEFS
Our knowledge of the more primitive tribes of the Philippines
is very limited and is chiefly confined to the material culture,
together with a few of the more obvious social traits. Nothing
like a complete study of any one of these tribes has ever been
made. Of the Ilongots, most of our knowledge? is contained in
the records of the early Spanish missionaries of the first part
of the 18th century, at which time an extensive exploration of
the Ilongot country was made.* There are two modern sources
of information: a paper by Worcester,‘ which deals chiefly with
the material culture, and the notes of Dr. William Jones, who
was killed while studying the ethnology of this people. Dr.
Jones’ notes are now in the possession of the Field Museum,
* A complete bibliography cannot be given within the limits of this
paper, but a number of the most important printed titles and manu-
scripts have been cited.
*Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands. Cleveland (1906), 37;
(1907), 48.
‘This Journal (1906), 1, 812-818. Many plates illustrating Ilongot types
and culture are given.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 87
Chicago, and have not yet been published. Relating to the
Mangyans, there are three important papers by Worcester,’
Gardner,® and Miller,’ but these likewise deal chiefly with the
material and general social culture, and give only fragmentary
notes regarding the religious beliefs. Two papers, one by
Worcester * and one by Venturello,® relate to the Tagbanwas.
The religion of these people is interesting, although primitive.
The general character of their beliefs may be seen by the follow-
ing quotation from Worcester :*°
I was especially interested in their views as to a future life. They
scouted the idea of a home in the skies, urging that it would be inacces-
sible. Their notion was that when a Tagbanua died he entered a cave, from
which a road led down into the bowels of the earth. After passing along
this road for some time, he came suddenly into the presence of one Talia-
kood, a man of gigantic stature, who tended a fire which burned forever
between two tree-trunks without consuming them. Talidkood inquired of
the new arrival whether he had led a good or a bad life in the world
above. The answer came, not from the individual himself, but from a
louse on his body.
I asked what would happen should the man not chance to possess any
of these interesting arthropoda, and was informed that such an occurrence
was unprecedented! The louse was the witness, and would always be
found, even on the body of a little dead child.
According to the answer of this singular arbiter, the fate of the de-
ceased person was decided. If he was adjudged to have been a bad man,
Taliakood pitched him into the fire, where he was promptly and completely
burned up. If the verdict was in his favour, he was allowed to pass on,
and soon found himself in a happy place, where the crops were always
abundant and the hunting was good. A house awaited him. If he had
died before his wife, he married again, selecting a partner from among
the wives who had preceded their husbands; but if husband and wife
chanced to die at the same time, they remarried in the world below. Every
one was well off in this happy underground abode, but those who had been
wealthy on earth were less comfortable than those who had been poor.
In the course of time sickness and death again overtook one. In fact,
one died seven times in all, going ever deeper into the earth and improving
his surroundings with each successive inward migration, without running
a second risk of getting into Talidkood’s fire.
I could not persuade the Tagbanuas to advance any theories as to the
nature or origin of the sun, moon, and stars. Clouds they called “the
breath of the wind.”
‘The Philippine Islands and Their People. New York (1898), 362-434.
‘ A typewritten manuscript of 60 pages, entitled “The Hampaéngan Mang-:
yans of Mindoro” by Dr. Fletcher Gardner. U. S. A. (1905). In the
records of the division of ethnology, Bureau of Science, Manila.
*This Journal, Sec. D (1912), 7, 185-156.
*Loc. cit., 76-122.
* Smithsonian Misc. Colls. (Paper No. 1700), 48, 514-558.
*Toc. cit., 109-111.
88 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
They accounted for the tide by saying that in a far-distant sea there
lived a gigantic crab: when he went into his hole the water was forced
out, and the tide rose; when he came out the water rushed in, and the tide
fell. The thing was simplicity itself.
I asked them why the monkey looked so much like a man. They said
because he was once a man, who was very lazy when he should have been
planting rice. Vexed at his indolence, a companion threw a stick at him
which stuck into him; whereupon he assumed his present form, the stick
forming his tail.
From the foregoing, it is evident that the Tagbanwa beliefs
are not highly developed. However, several items are of interest
for comparison with the beliefs of the more cultured tribes to
be later described. Of these items, those most to be kept in
mind are the idea of a seven-storied underworld, and the name
of the chief deity of that underworld, Talid4kud. This name
comes from the stem tdékud, tukud, or t6kod, which is common to
many Philippine dialects and means “post” or “support.” It is_
generally applied to the four legs or posts of the common Phil-
ippine house. Now, the belief in an Atlas, or god who supports
the earth world, is widespread in the Philippines, and the name
applied to this god is nearly always derived from this same stem
tukud. The Ifugao Atlas is Tinikud of the underworld, and I
suspect that the Tagbanwa Taliakud of the underworld is a deity
of the same character.
BELIEFS OF THE PAGAN TRIBES OF MINDANAO
The interior of Mindanao is occupied by some ten pagan tribes,
the most important being the Mandbos, Mandayas, Atas, Ba-
gébos, Bilans, Tirurais, and Subanuns. These tribes are all
remarkably alike in culture; much more so, in fact, than any
other similar group of peoples in the Philippines; and this
culture shows a close resemblance to that of the tribes in the
interior of Borneo. In the development of their myths and of
their religious beliefs, these peoples occupy a middle position
between the more primitive and the highest developed types of
the Philippines. John M. Garvan has recently completed a very
extensive study of the Manébo peoples of the Agusan Valley, in
eastern Mindanao, and the following beliefs and myths are
quoted from his unpublished notes.
ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS
The story of the creation of the world is variable throughout the whole
Agisan Valley. In the district surrounding Talakégon, the creation is
attributed to Makalidung, the first great Manébo. The details of his great
work are very meager. He set it up on posts (some say iron posts) with
one in the center. At the central post he has his abode, in company with
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 89
a python, according to the version of some, and whenever he feels dis-
pleasure toward men, he shakes the post, thereby producing an earthquake,
and at the same time intimating to man his anger. It is believed that,
should the trembling continue, the world would be destroyed.
In the same district it is believed that the sky is round and that its
extremities are at the limits of the sea. Somewhat near these limits is an
enormous hole called the navel of the sea through which the waters descend.
It is said that in the early days of creation the sky was low, but that
one day a woman, while pounding rice, hit it with her pestle and it
ascended to its present position.
Another version of the creation, prevalent among the Manobos of the
Argauan and Hibung Rivers, gives the control of the world to Dagau, who
lives at the four fundamental pillars in the company of a python. Being
a woman, Dagau dislikes the sight of human blood, and when it is spilled
upon the face of the earth she incites the huge serpent to wreathe itself
around the pillars and shake the world to its foundations. Should she
become exceedingly angry, she diminishes the supply of rice either by re-
moving it from the granary or by making the soil unproductive.
Another variation of the story to be heard on the Upper Agusan, Si-
mulau, and Umayan Rivers, has it that the world is like a huge mushroom
and that it is supported upon an iron pillar in the center. This pillar is
controlled by the higher and more powerful order of diuwdta, who on
becoming angered at the actions of men manifest their feelings by shaking
the pillar and ‘thereby reminding men of their duties.
Three points in the beliefs just mentioned should be kept in
mind. First, the recurrence of the idea that the earth world is
supported by a post created by the chief deity and near which
he dwells. Second, the belief in the pusod nang ddgat, or
“navel of the sea,” which is common to all of the pagan tribes
of Mindanao and was also known by the ancient Bisayas, Ta-
galogs, and other peoples now Christianized. It is extremely
probable that this belief originated from some great whirlpool,
known to the ancestors of the Philippine peoples or passed by
them on their voyages.1! Third, the belief that the sky was
once very near the earth, and was raised to its present position
by some deity. This belief is also common in northern Luzon.
The idea of the origin of curious-shaped rocks, hills, or moun-
tains by petrifaction of some living animal or plant is common
in the Philippines. Garvan gives the two following Manobo
legends of this character:
THE PETRIFIED CRAFT AND CREW OF KAGBUBATANG
In the old, old days a boat was passing the rocky promontory of Kagbu-
batang.* The occupants espied a monkey and a cat fighting upon the
“TI am informed by Dr. N. M. Saleeby that this myth is also known
among the Malays of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.
“ Kagbubatang is a point within sight of the town of Placer, eastern
Mindanao.
90 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
summit of the cliff. The incongruity of the thing suggested itself to them,
and they began to give vent to derisive remarks, addressing themselves to
the brute combatants, when, lo and behold! they and their craft were turned
into rock. To this day the petrified craft and crew may be seen placed
upon the promontory, and all who pass must make an offering,” howsoever
small it be, to their vexed souls. To pass the point without making an
offering might arouse the anger of its petrified inhabitants, and render the
traveler liable to bad weather and rough seas.*
The imitation of frogs is especially forbidden, for it might be followed
not merely by thunderbolts but also by petrifaction of the offender, and in
proof of this is adduced the legend of Ango of Bindoi.*
THE LEGEND OF ANGO, THE PETRIFIED MANOBO
Ango lived many years ago on a lofty peak with his wife and family.
One day he hied him to the forest with his dogs in quest of game. Fortune
granted him a fine big boar, but he broke his spear in dealing the mortal
blow. Upon arriving at a stream, he sat down upon a stone and set himself
to straightening out his spear. The croaking of the nearby frogs attracted i
his attention, and, imitating their shrill gamut, he boldly told them that it ~ q
would be better to cease their cries and help him mend his spear. He con- BY |
tinued his course up the rocky torrent, but noticed that a multitude of q
little stones began to follow behind in his path. Surprised at such a hap-
pening, he hastened his steps. Looking back he saw bigger stones join ‘¥
in the pursuit. He then seized his dog, and in fear began to run, but the
stones kept in hot pursuit, bigger and bigger ones joining the party.
Upon arriving at his sweet-potato patch, he was exhausted and had to
slacken his pace, whereupon the stones overtook him and one became
attached to his finger. He could not go on. He called upon his wife.
She with the young ones sought the magic lime*™ and set it around her
husband, but all to no avail for his feet began to turn to stone. His wife
and children, too, fell under the wrath of Anitan. The following morning
they were stone up to the knees, and during the following three days the
petrifying continued from the knees to the hips, then to the breast, and
then to the head. Thus it is that to this day there may be seen on Binaoi
peak the petrified forms of Angé and his family.”
The sun, moon, and stars are great deities, or the dwelling
place of such deities, in nearly all Philippine religions. The
following Manobo myth is interesting because of its resemblance
to others from northern Luzon.
* The offering may be very small, even a little piece of wood, and is
thrown overboard while passing the point.
“There is said to be a similar locality near Taganito, eastern Min-
danao.
* Binaoi is the name of an oddly shaped peak at the source of the River
Angdanan, tributary of the River Wawa, Agusan Valley.
** Limes and lemons are said to be objects of fear to the bisao.
“ Garvan suggests these stories as illustrations of punishment following
the imitating or making fun of animals, acts which are strictly tabu in
Manobo culture.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 91
THE ORIGIN OF THE STARS AND THE EXPLANATION OF SUNSET AND SUNRISE
It is said that in the olden time the Sun and the Moon were married.
They led a peaceful, harmonious life. Two children were the issue of
their wedlock. One day the Moon had to attend to one of the household
duties that fall to the lot of a woman, some say to get water, others say
to get the daily supply of food from the fields. Before departing, she
crooned the children to sleep and told her husband to watch them but not
to approach lest by the heat that radiated from his body he might harm
them. She then started upon her errand. The Sun, who never before
had been allowed to touch his bairns, arose and approached their sleeping
place. He gazed upon them fondly, and, bending down, kissed them, but
the intense heat that issued from his countenance melted them like wax.
Upon perceiving this he wept and quietly betook himself to the adjoining
forest in great fear of his wife.
The Moon returned duly, and after depositing her burden in the house
turned to where the children slept but found only their dried, inanimate
forms. She broke out into a loud wail, and in the wildness of her grief
called upon her husband. But he gave no answer. Finally softened by
the loud long plaints, he returned to his house. At the sight of him the
wild cries of grief and of despair and of rebuke redoubled themselves until
finally the husband, unable to soothe the wife, became angry and called
her his chattel. At first she feared his anger and quieted her sobs, but,
finally breaking out into one long wail, she seized the burnt forms of her
babes, and in the depth of her anguish and her rage threw them to the
ground in different directions. Then the husband became angry again,
and, seizing some taro leaves that his wife had brought from the fields,
cast them in her face and went his way. Upon his return he could not
find his wife, and so it is to this day that the Sun follows the Moon in
an eternal cycle of night and day. And so it is, too, that stars stand
scattered in the sable firmament, for they, too, accompany her in her
hasty flight. Ever and anon a shooting star breaks across her path, but
that is only a messenger from her husband to call her back. She, how-
ever, heeds it not, but speeds on her way in never-ending flight with the
marks of the taro leaves* still upon her face and her starry train accom-
panying her to the dawn and on to the sunset in one eternal flight.
On myths such as these the religions of the pagan tribes of
Mindanao are built up. These religions are by no means primi-
tive, but are accompanied by sacrifices, sometimes human, and
the ceremonies are performed by a well-developed priest class.*®
* Some say that the spots upon the moon are a cluster of bamboos,
others, that they are a baléte tree.
* Our information concerning these peoples is limited, but of much in-
terest. Besides the work of Garvan, the chief sources are the Letters of
the Jesuit Fathers and a paper on the Subdnuns [Christie, Pub. P. I.
Bur. Sci., Div. Ethnol. (1909), 6, pt. 1]. The latter does not record any
myths, but gives several song-stories about great culture-heroes which
throw much light on the character of the Subanun mythology and identify
it with the mythologies of the other pagan tribes of Mindanao. These
hero-stories are too long to be given here.
92 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Let us now turn to the highest type of Philippine beliefs:
THE WELL-DEVELOPED POLYTHEISTIC RELIGIONS OF NORTHERN
LUZON
I shall mention chiefly the Igorot, Bontok, and Ifugao peoples,
as these three, in addition to holding the highest order of beliefs,
are the best developed in general material and social culture
of any of the Philippine mountain tribes. The Tinggian, Ka-
linga, and other tribes in that region also have religions of high
type, but our information concerning them is more limited.”°
The literature relating to the Igorot-Bontok-Ifugao group is
very considerable in extent, and I shall refer only to a few of
the more important papers dealing particularly with religion
and mythology.
Before taking up the mythology proper, we should have some
idea of the religion as a whole. These peoples believe that the
regions of the sky world, earth world, and underworld are
peopled by an almost incalculable number of deities of vary-
ing character and powers. Some of these deities are the great
beings who inspire the phenomena of nature, while others are
guardian spirits, messenger spirits, or mischievous tricksters.
The great nature deities are mostly of malevolent character, and
are much feared. Ancestral souls and the souls of sacred ani-
mals are looked upon as mediators between gods and men. Pigs
and chickens are sacrificed to the deities, and other articles of
food and drink are provided for them. Many elaborate religious
feasts and ceremonies are held at which priests officiate. The
priests form a well-defined class, and in some districts there
are also priestesses. A religious ceremony is required for every
important act of life, and the priests and priestesses are usually
busy people.
It would seem that a religion of this same general type was
also common among the lowland peoples of the Philippines
before they were Christianized by the Spaniards. Pigafetta, the
first European to write of the Philippines, describes a cere-
mony, which he saw performed in Cebu in the year 1520, as
follows :1
* The Tinggians, or Itnegs, should be excepted, as there are important
and accurate accounts of these people by Gironiére, Reyes, Worcester, Cole,
and others.
* According to the translation by James A. Robertson in Blair and
Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1906), 33, 167-171.
VI, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 98
In order that your most illustrious Lordship may know the cere-
monies that those people use in consecrating the swine, they first sound
those large gongs. Then three large dishes are brought in; two with
roses and with cakes of rice and millet, baked and wrapped in leaves, and
roast fish; the other with cloth of Cambaia and two standards made of
palm-tree cloth. One bit of cloth of Cambaia is spread on the ground.
Then two very old women come, each of whom has a bamboo trumpet in
her hand. When they have stepped upon the cloth they make obeisance to
the sun. Then they wrap the cloths about themselves. One of them puts
a kerchief with two horns on her forehead, and takes another kerchief in
her hands, and dancing and blowing upon her trumpet, she thereby calls
out to the sun. The other takes one of the standards and dances and
blows on her trumpet. They dance and call out thus for a little space,
saying many things between themselves to the sun. She with the kerchief
takes the other standard, and lets the kerchief drop, and both blowing on
their trumpets for a long time, dance about the bound hog. She with the
horns always speaks covertly to the sun, and the other answers her. A
cup of wine is presented to her of the horns, and she dancing and repeating
certain words, while the other answers her, and making pretense four or
five times of drinking the wine, sprinkles it upon the heart of the hog.
Then she immediately begins to dance again. A lance is given to the same
woman. She shaking it and repeating certain words, while both of them
continue to dance, and making motions four or five times of thrusting
the lance through the heart of the hog, with a sudden and quick stroke,
thrusts it through from one side to the other. The wound is quickly
stopped with grass. The one who has killed the hog, taking in her mouth
a lighted torch, which has been lighted throughout that ceremony, extin-
guishes it. The other one dipping the end of her trumpet in the blood of
the hog, goes around marking with blood with her finger first the fore-
heads of their husbands, and then the others; but they never came to us.
Then they divest themselves and go to eat the contents of those dishes,
and they invite only women (to eat with them). The hair is removed
from the hog by means of fire. Thus no one but old women consecrate
the flesh of the hog, and they do not eat it unless it is killed in this way.
This ceremony, almost the same as described by Pigafetta, is
in use among the Ifugaos to-day, although it is performed by
men instead of by women and differs in a few minor details.
I shall next discuss the religion and mythology of the Igorots,
Bontoks, and Ifugaos, treated separately and in more detail.
THE IGOROTS
These people occupy the subprovinces of Benguet, Lepanto,
and Amburayan in the Mountain Province. The region of their
purest culture is in northern Benguet and eastern Lepanto. Of
the religion of this region, we have considerable information
from the writings of Fr. Angel Perez, an Augustinian mis-
sionary; Sr. Sinforoso Bondad of Cervantes, Lepanto; and a
number of personal observations made by myself.
Ne ee eee
on —
|
i
94 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
The sun gods, and the deities of the sky world in general,
occupy the most important place in the Igorot religion. Place-
spirits and animal deities are likewise highly developed. At a
place called Kagubatan,”? at the foot of the sacred mountain
Mugao in eastern Lepanto, is a small lake full of sacred eels
which the people guard with great care. They believe that if
these eels were killed the springs would all dry up and they
would have no water for their terraced rice fields. The eels are
fed every day with rice and. sweet potatoes by the children of
the village, who, as they approach the lakelet, sing a peculiarly
sweet and mournful song, upon hearing which the eels all rise
to the surface of the water and approach the shore to receive
their food.
The Igorots have both priests and priestesses, and they per-
form many public and private ceremonies, both for the benefit
of the great deities and for the countless minor spirits which
inhabit the sacred mountains, cliffs, groves, trees, and bushes
that are scattered throughout the Igorot country. Sacrifices of
pigs or chickens are made at every ceremony. The ceremonies
of the common people are more or less of a private nature, but
those of the aristocracy and of wealthy men are nearly always
public and general. The greatest ceremonies are those con-
nected with war and marriage and the great public festival
which proves a man’s right to the title of nobility.
The Igorots have a high code of morals which is closely
associated with their religious belief. They also have a scientific
calendar and a considerable knowledge of astronomy which has
effected many modifications in their religion. Their mythology
is extensive, and they have a rich unwritten literature of epic
poems, hero-stories, and historical legends. Most of the myths
are too long to be given here, but for purposes of comparison
I give the following short one which was collected by the
Dominican, Fr. Mariano Rodriguez:
It has been mentioned above that among their tales and stories they
preserve a tradition relating to their origin and beginning, after a great
and dreadful flood which, a very long time ago, as their old people relate,
covered the earth. All the inhabitants except a brother and sister were
drowned. The brother and sister, though separated from each other, were
saved, the woman on the summit of the highest mountain in the District
of Lepanto, called Kalauitan, and the man in a cave of the same mountain.
” Note the similarity of this place-name to the Kagbubatang of the
Manobo legend, p. 89.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 95
After the water had subsided, the man of the cave came out from his
hiding place one clear and calm moonlight night, and as he glanced
around that immense solitude, his eyes were struck by the brightness of
a big bonfire burning there on the summit of the mountain. Surprised
and terrified, he did not venture to go up on the summit where the fire
was, but returned to his cave. At the dawn of day he quickly climbed
toward the place where he had seen the brightness the preceding night,
and there he found huddled up on the highest peak his sister, who
received him with open arms. They say that from this brother and
sister so providentially saved, all the Igorots that are scattered through
the mountains originated. They are absolutely ignorant of the names
of those privileged beings, but the memory of them lives freshly among
the Igorots, and in their feasts, or whenever they celebrate their mar-
riages, the aged people repeat to the younger ones this wonderful history,
so that they can tell it to their sons, and in that way pass from
generation to generation the memory of their first progenitors.”
This myth of the great flood, and of the brother and sister who
survived it, is common throughout northern Luzon. It is most
highly developed by the Ifugaos, as we shall later see.
THE BONTOKS
The Bontoks are sometimes wrongly called Igorots, but have
no more right to that name than have the Ifugaos. They area
distinct people, occupying a part of the subprovince of Bontok.
They are in some respects unique, and possess certain social
institutions and traits which have not been found elsewhere in
the Philippines. Most of our information concerning them is
contained in the monograph by Jenks;?* in the bulky volume on
the language by Seidenadel;?> and in my own observations
on the general culture and ethnology of the Bontoks. Jenks’
monograph is excellent as an economic paper, but the few myths
given are mostly children’s stories. Seidenadel ?* gives several
myths in the form of texts, and some of these I have freely
translated as follows:
* Translated by Roberto Laperal from “Igorrotes,” by Angel Perez.
Manila (1902), 319-320.
“Jenks, Albert Ernest, The Bontoc Igorot, Pub. P. I. Hthnol. Surv.
(1905), 1.
** Seidenadel, Carl Wilhelm, The First Grammar of the Language
Spoken by the Bontoe Igorot, with a Vocabulary and Texts. The Open
Court Publishing Co., Chicago (1909).
* Opus. cit., 485-510. Seidenadel gives an interlinear literal translation,
which is, in some places, slightly inaccurate. I have made a new free
translation directly from the Bontok. The text was told in the form of
a story rather than that of a myth, and contains much extraneous matter
which I have omitted.
1169353
96 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
STORIES ABOUT LUMAWIG ‘
The sons of Lumawig went hunting. In all the world there were no
mountains, for the world was flat, and it was impossible to catch the
wild pigs and the deer. Then said the elder brother: “Let us flood the
world so that mountains may rise up.” Then they went to inundate
at Mabud-bodobud. Then the world was flooded. Then said the elder
brother: “Let us go and set a trap.” They used as a trap the head-
basket at Mabtd-bodébud. Then they raised the head-basket and there
was much booty: wild pigs and deer and people—for all the people
had perished. There were alive only a brother and sister on Mt. Pokis.
Then Lumawig looked down on Pokis and saw that it was the only place
not reached by the water, and that it was the abode of the solitary
brother and sister. Then Lumawig descended and said: “Oh, you are
here!” And the man said: “We are here, and here we freeze!” Then
Lumawig sent his dog and his deer to Kalauwitan to get fire. They
swam to Kalauwitan, the dog and the deer, and they got the fire.
Lumawig awaited them. He said: “How long they are coming!” Then
he went to Kalauwitan and said to his dog and the deer: “Why do you
delay in bringing the fire? Get ready! Take the fire to Pokis; let me-
watch you!” Then they went into the middle of the flood, and the fire
which they had brought from Kalauwitan was put out! Then said
Lumawig: Why do you delay the taking? Again you must bring fire;
let me watch you!” Then they brought fire again, and he observed that
that which the deer was carrying was extinguished, and he said: “That
which the dog has yonder will surely also be extinguished.” Then Lumawig
swam and arrived and quickly took the fire which his dog had brought.
He took it back to Pokis and he built a fire and warmed the brother and
sister. Then said Lumawig: “You must marry, you brother and sister!”
Then said the woman: “That is possible; but it is abominable, because
we are brother and sister!” Then Lumawig united them, and the woman
became pregnant. They had many children * * * and Lumawig
continued marrying them. Two went to Maligkong and had offspring
there; two went to Gindang and had offspring there; and the people kept
multiplying, and they are the inhabitants of the earth * * *. More-
over, there are the Mayinit-men, the Baliwang-men, the Tukikan-men,
the Kanii-men, the Barlig-men, ete. Thus the world is distributed among
the people, and the people are very many! * * *
Another story runs as follows:
The brother-in-law of Lumdawig said to him: “Create water, because
the sun is very hot, and all the people are thirsty!” Then said Lumawig:
“Why do you ask so much for water? Let us go on,” he continued, “I
shall soon create water.” Then they went on, and at last his brother-in-
law said again: “Well, why do you not create water? It should be easy,
if you are really Lumawig!” Then said Lumawig: “Why do you shame
me in public?” And then they quarreled, the brothers-in-law. Then
they climbed on up the mountain, and at last the brother-in-law said
Vl, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 97
again: “Why do you care nothing because the people are thirsty, and
you do not create water?” Then said Lumawig: “Let us sit down, people,
and rest.” Then he struck the rock with his spear, and water sprang
out. Then he said to the people: “Come and drink!” And his brother-
in-law stepped forth to drink, but Lumawig restrained him, saying:
“Do not drink! Let the people drink first, so that we shall be the
last to drink.’”’ And when the people had finished drinking, Lumawig
drank. Then he said to his brother-in-law: “Come and drink.” Then
the brother-in-law stooped to drink, and Lumawig pushed him into the
rock. Water gushed out from his body. Then said Lumawig: “Stay
thou here because of thy annoying me!’”’ Then they named that spot
ad Isik.” Then the people went home; and the sister of Lumawig said
to him: “Why did you push your brother-in-law into the rock?” Then
said Lumdawig: “Surely, because he angered me!” Then the people
prayed and performed sacrifices. * * *
In the above stories we see the recurrence of the flood myth
and the origin of fire, or rather the manner in which men
received it. The story of bringing water out of a rock is
interesting, and occurs again in Ifugao mythology in a slightly
different form. It is possible, of course, that this is a biblical
story which was brought in by some wandering Christians
several generations past; but the flood legend is certainly native,
and I see no good reason why the story of the miraculous
drawing of water from a rock should not also be a native develop-
ment in spite of its similarity to the Hebrew myth.
The Bontoks have hundreds of myths and stories about
Lumawig, who corresponds to the Ifugao Liddum, who is the
good god who gave men fire, animals, plants, and all the useful
and necessary articles of daily life. These myths are of great
value, and it is to be hoped that a full collection of them will
some day be made.
The Bontok religion is, on the whole, somewhat less developed
than that of the Igorots and Ifugaos. The same general beliefs
are held, however, and the ceremonial life is similar. Priests
are the rule, rather than priestesses; and the same sacred
animals are used, as in the other areas. In the social organ-
ization, the clan system is in a more perfect state of development
than among any other people in the Philippines.
I shall now take up the last religion to be discussed, and the
one which is at the same time the most highly developed:
7 Place of anger.
98 The Philippine Journal of Science - 1918
THE RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY OF THE IFUGAO PEOPLE OF
NORTHERN LUZON ?°
The subject of the Ifugao religion is an extensive one, and I
have no intention of discussing it in detail here. I shall merely
give a few general facts, and a few of the more interesting
myths. In addition to some minor papers by the Dominican
fathers Malumbres and Campa, most of our information con-
cerning the Ifugao religion is contained in three extensive
manuscript monographs.?? The myths that I shall give here are
selected from the first and third of these manuscripts, and the
general facts are taken from all three.
BELIEFS AND MYTHS OF THE KIANGAN IFUGAOS
The Ifugao conception of the universe differs considerably in
the different religious districts.*°° The Western Ifugao and
Central Ifugao beliefs are closely associated, but stand quite
apart from those of Kiangan Ifugao. The people of the latter
area think of the universe as being composed of a large number
of horizontal layers which are very similar one to the other.
The upper face of each of these layers is of earth, while the
* There are about 127,000 Ifugaos, nearly all living in the subprovince
of Ifugao. They are divided into a large number of hereditary clans,
each of which has its own social and political organization. They are
an agricultural people, and have developed their great stone-faced ter-
raced rice fields to an extent probably not equaled elsewhere in the world.
I do not believe that the physical type, language, or culture of these
people is wholly a native development. The evidence seems to indicate
that the present-day Ifugaos are the result of mixture, perhaps one or
more thousand years ago, of several widely different native types with an
incoming people of high culture. Indications seem to point to the high-
lands of Burma as the original home of this highly-cultured people, but
this is a supposition that will require proof. Within historic times the
Ifugaos have been almost entirely free from mixture of any sort.
*1—“The Religious Beliefs of the Kiangan Ifugaos,” a manuscript
of some 800 pages, by Juan Fernandez Villaverde, translated and anno-
tated by myself with the assistance of Mr. John M. Garvan.
2.—“‘The Religion of the Kiangan Ifugaos,” a manuscript of 350 pages,
by Roy Franklin Barton, with notes by myself.
3.—Unpublished notes. “The Religion of the Central Ifugaos,” a manu-
script of about 800 pages, by myself.
° The subprovince of Ifugao may be divided into five general culture
areas which can be also considered as religious districts. These are:
Kidngan Ifugao, Western Ifugao, and Central Ifugao, speaking the Pure
Ifugao dialect; and Alimit Ifugao and Mayoyao Ifugao, speaking the
Sub-Ifugao dialect. (Plate I.) Very little is known of the religion of
Alimit Ifugao and Mayéyao Ifugao, and they will not be further discussed
in this paper. f
Vill, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 99
lower face of each of them is of a smooth blue stone called
miling.: The layer on which we live is called the Earth World
(Lita). The four layers above us constitute the Sky World
(Daya), and are called, in order from the top down, Hidog,
Luktag, Hubulan, and Kabtnian. The last is the layer im-
mediately above the Earth World, and it is the blue-stone under-
facing of this layer that we call the “sky.” The Under World
(Dalom) consists of an unknown number of layers beneath the
one on which we live. All of the layers meet in the farthest
horizon,** where lie the mythical regions of the East (Lagud)
and other places.
Some of the Kiangan priests seem to have develnped the
further idea that this Dawi, or farthest horizon, is in the form
of a great celestial globe that surrounds the universe, forming
its boundary, the inside face of which can be distinguished in
the hazy distance where the deep blue of the sky fades into a
very light blue or whitish color.** The Earth World, or layer on
which we live, lies approximately at the center of the universe.
It is therefore the largest layer, and the layers of the Sky World
and Under World grow successively smaller as they approach the
zenith and nadir of the celestial globe, the boundary of the
universe.*#
The inhabitants of the universe consist chiefly of an incalcul-
able number of greater and lesser deities and spirits.*> In ad-
dition to these, there are the souls of men, animals, and plants.
"Or béling (?).
° Dawi (?).
“Tt can only be seen at this point for the reason that the earth
beneath and the blue-stone underfacing of Kabtnian immediately above
cut off the view. Ifugao astronomical knowledge, plus the circular
nature of the horizon and the apparent slope of the whitish band above it,
has doubtless given rise to this belief in a celestial globe surrounding
the universe.
“The Ifugaos have no belief, that I have ever been anle to discover,
as to the origin of the universe. To their minds it has always existed
and will always continue to exist.
*In the three previously mentioned manuscripts on the Ifugao religion,
between two and three thousand deities are spoken of by name, and
this is only a fraction of the number known to the Ifugaos. Of course,
only a few of them are really great deities, but even such may be counted
by hundreds. Of the very diverse and all-inclusive character of these
deities, no accurate idea can be given within the brief limits of this
paper. Suffice it to say there are gods of war, of industry (such as
weaving, metal-working, etc.), and of beauty and love; nature-gods,
cannibalistic gods, evil deities, mythical monsters, messenger spirits, guard-
ian spirits; and hosts of mischievous elves and fairies.
100 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
They have always existed in the various regions of the universe,
and were brought to the Earth World by the gods. Men are
descended from the gods of the Sky World, as we shall see i
the myths. ;
The mythology of the Kiafgan Ifugaos is rich and varied.
As an introduction to it, I have selected the following:
ORIGIN OF THE IFUGAOS ®
I
Origin of the mountains.—The first son of Wigan, called Kabigat,
went from the sky region Hidog to the Earth World to hunt with dogs.
As the earth was then entirely level, his dogs ran much from one
side to another, pursuing the quarry, and this they did without Kabigat
hearing their barking. In consequence of which, it is reported that
Kabigat said: “I see that the earth is completely flat, because there
does not resound the echo of the barking of the dogs.” After becoming
pensive for a little while, he decided to return to the heights of the Sky
World. Later on he came down again with a very large cloth, and went
to close the exit to the sea of the waters of the rivers, and so it
remained closed. He returned again to Hidog, and went to make known
to Bongabong that he had closed the outlet of the waters. Bongdbong
answered him: “Go thou to the house of the Cloud, and of the Fog, and
bring them to me.” For this purpose he had given permission before-
hand to Cloud and Fog, intimating to them that they should go to the
house of Baiyuhibi,* and so they did. Baiyuhibi brought together his
sons Tumiok, Dumalalu, Lum-iidul, Mumbatanol, and Inaplihan, and he
bade them to rain without ceasing for three days. Then Bongabong
called to X ... and to Mangiudlat, and so they ceased. Wigan said,
moreover, to his son Kabigat: “Go thou and remove the stopper that
thou hast placed on the waters,” and so he did. And in this manner,
when the waters that had covered the earth began to recede, there rose
up mountains and valleys, formed by the rushing of the waters.” Then
Bongabong called Mumba’an that he might dry the earth, and so he did.
II
The first inhabitants of the Earth World—Such being the state of
affairs, Kabigat went to hunt once again; and, while following the dogs,
that were chasing a quarry, he made a thrust with his spear into a
* Collected by Juan Fernandez Villaverde, in 1894, from a celebrated
Ifugao priest, Duminong of Kiangan. Translated, corrected, and annotated
by myself with the assistance of Mr. John M. Garvan.
* This statement is significant, as it shows an understanding of the
true cause of the echo. Ifugao cosmographical and astronomical knowl-
edge is not very primitive, as a careful study of this myth will clearly
demonstrate.
* God of the rain.
"Tfugao knowledge of the part played by erosion in the formation
of the topographical features of the earth is clearly shown.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 101
spring (or fountain) at the foot of a large tree. Immediately Kabigat
returned to Hidog, bringing with him the captured quarry. When he
had dressed and eaten the savory game, Kabigat said to his father Wigan
that he had seen on the Earth World a spring and very good and beau-
tiful trees for timber with which to make houses, and that accordingly
he was desirous of going down to live at such a delightful place. His
father answered him that if he so desired he might do so.
Some time after Kabigdt had departed, and after he had cut excellent
timber wherewith to build a house, Wigan said to his daughter Bugan:
“Look, daughter! Thy brother Kabigat is down in Kai-ang building
a house. I think that it would behoove thee to look after his meals.”
Buigan volunteered to descend with such a design. This intention having
been carried out, she lodged herself in the upper part of the house, and
her brother dwelt in the lower part.
In the meantime, Kabigat, reflecting on his solitude and want of
company, and, seeing that the domestic chickens, even though related
among themselves, produced other roosters and hens, resolved to know
carnally his sister Bigan, during her sleep. Some time having expired,
the sister noted that she had fruit in her womb. * * * Such was
the sadness and melancholy that came upon her, that she did nothing
else but to weep and bewail herself, and to seek by some means alleviation
for her sorrow through a violent death. She pretended to her brother
that she was going to look for isda,” but what she did was to follow the
course of the river until she arrived at its mouth in Lagud (the Eastern
World). Upon arriving at the shore of the sea, she remained there
weeping and waiting for someone to take away her life in a violent way.
Soon her brother Kabigat (who had followed her) appeared there, and
Bigan, upon discerning him, cast herself into the depths; but, instead
of going to the bottom, she stopped at the rice granary of Ngilin Mango-
ngol. The brother, who witnessed the tragedy, did not stop at trifles
but at once cast himself after her into the depths of the ocean, stopping,
by a strange coincidence, at the very same rice granary as his fugitive
sister and spouse. She continued there, bemoaning her misfortune, when,
behold! Negilin, hearing her plaint, approached and inquired the cause
of her affliction. She related to him her trouble, how she had conceived
by her carnal brother when she was asleep. Negilin soothed her as
follows: “Do not be afflicted, daughter, by that. Are not the fowls of
Kai-ang related among themselves, and yet they beget just like those
that are not so?” The maiden became somewhat calm, but still, out of
shame for what had happened, she refused to eat what Negilin offered her.
Then he said to her: “In order that thou mayst further assure thyself
of what I tell thee, and in order that thou mayst quiet thyself, let us
go and consult my elder brother Ambimabbakal.” And so they did.
Ambtmabbakal, having been informed of the circumstances, burst out
laughing and said to them: “Peradventure have ye not done well and
righteously, there not being in existence any others but yourselves to
proereate? However, for greater assurance, let us all go together to
* Shellfish, greens, fruits, meats, or fish that constitute the savory part
of the meal, as contrasted with kdnon which refers only to staple foods
such as rice, sweet potatoes, etc.
102 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
set forth the case before Muntalog my father.” Muntalog, having heard
their story, applauded the conduct of the solitary brother and sister.
He told them, accordingly, to calm themselves and to rest there for a
few days,—and so they did.
5
The bringing of fire to the Earth World.—On the third day, Kabigat
requested leave to return, but Muntalog answered: “Wait one day more,
until I in my turn go to my father Mumbonang.” Muntdlog found his
father and mother seated facing each other; and, upon his arrival, his
mother, Mumboniag, came forward and asked him: “What news do you
bring from those lower regions, and why do you come?” The father
also became aware of the presence of his son, through the questioning
of the mother, and inquired likewise as to the reason of his coming.
Muntalog answered: “I have come, father, to ask thee for fire for some
Ifugaos who remain in the house of Ambtimabbakal.” “My son,” the
father replied, “those Ifugaos of yours could not arrive at (or, come to)
Mumbonang without danger of being burned to cinders.” Then he con-
tinued: “It is well! Approach me!”“ Muntdalog accordingly approached
Mumbonang, who said to him: “Seize hold of one of those bristles that—
stand out from my hair,” and so Muntalog did, noticing that the said
point faced the north, and he placed it in his hand. Then Mumbonang
said to him again: “Come nigh! Take this white part, or extremity,
of the eye that looks toward the northeast, toward the place called
Gonhadan.” And he took it and placed it in his hand. And Mumbonang
said to him once more: “Come near again, and take the part black as
coal, the dirt of my ear which is as the foulness of my ear.” And so
he did. Then Mumbénang said to Muntalog: “Take these things and
bring them to thy son Ambtimabbakal and to Ngilin, in order that the
latter may give them to the Ifugaos.” And he said again to Muntalog:
“Take this white of my eye (flint), this wax from my ear (tinder), and
this bristle or point like steel for striking fire, in order that thou mayst
have the wherewith to attain what thou seekest (that is, fire), and to give
gradually from hand to hand to the Ifugao; and tell him not to return
to live in Kai-ang, but to live in Otbébon, and cut down the trees and
make a clearing there, and then to get together dry grass; and that
they make use of the steel for striking fire, holding it together in this -
manner, and burying it in the grass. And on making the clearing, if
they see that snakes, owls, or other things of evil omen approach, it
is a sign that they are going to die or to have misfortunes. But if they
do not approach them, it is a sign that it will go well with them in
that place; that the soil will be productive, and that they will be happy.”
IV
The journey to Ifugao land from the East—Upon the return of
Muntdlog, at the termination of the fourth day, he said to Bigan and
Kabigat: “Now ye can go but let Ngilin and Ambimabbakal accompany
“ Mumbonang has a head covered with bristles, just like a porcupine,
but radiating and sharp pointed like nails facing outward to penetrate
any object on the outside. He possibly represents some constellation.
VI, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 108
you as far as the house of Lingan,” in order that there they may
make the cloth or clothes necessary for wrapping the child according to
the usage of the Earth World.”
Lingan actually furnished to them the cloth and the seamstress to
make the swaddling clothes for the child—and then they continued their
journey unto the house of Ambimabbakal. The latter said to them:
“Take this cloth and this pair of fowls, male and female, and do not
return to live at Kai-dhang but go to Otbobon.” And Ambtmabbakal
accompanied them to the house of Ngilin 4 Mangongan” and said to
the latter: “It will be well if we beseech the buéni“ to take pity on these
poor people, considering the great distance that still remains to them
unto Otbébon, and keeping in mind also the great heat that prevails.”
So they did, saying: “Ye bani, take pity upon these unhappy ones and
shorten for them the distance.” The prayer was heard, and after two
or three days they found themselves at the end of their journey.
Vv
The peopling of Ifugao land—Having arrived at Otbébon, they built a
temporary hut on fertile land. Later they constructed a good house,
and it was just after it was finished that Bugan gave birth to a healthy —
boy; and the fowls also procreated.
_ The child grew a little, but there came to him an unlooked-for sickness.
Then Kabigat remembered that Ambumabbakal had advised them to offer
fowls to their ancestors in case any sickness should come upon them. So
they killed a rooster and a hen, and offered them to Amputal, Wigan, and
their other ancestors. The child recovered and began to grow very robust
and plump. They named him Balitik. Btigan conceived again, and she
gave birth to a strong girl, to whom she gave the name of Lingan. These
children grew up, and, having attained a marriageable age, were married
like their parents, and gave origin to the Silipanes.*
Their parents, Kabigat and Bugan, had a second son, on whom they
placed the name Tad-éna, and then another daughter, whom they called
Intike. She and Tad-6na did what their parents and brother and sister
had done, and gave birth to Kabigat, the second, and Bigan, the second.
These latter two, imitating the preceding ones, were united in wedlock
and begot sons and daughters who peopled the remainder of the Ifugao
region.”
VI
Establishment of religious ceremonies——Upon their marriage Tad-éna
and Intke did not offer pigs or fowls to the béni as was customary. This
being observed by Liddum from Kabtnian, he descended and asked them:
“Why have ye not offered sacrifices?” They answered him that they were
ignorant of such a custom or ceremony. Then Liddum returned to Ka-
“The goddess of weaving.
“Or Nogilin an Maknéngan (7).
“ Deities which the Ifugaos believe to be their ancestors.
“The people of Alimit Ifugao. (Plate I,)
“Tad-6na and Intike are recognized as common ancestors by all the
Kiangan Ifugaos, and the myths about them are legion.
104 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
biinian and brought them the yeast with which to make bubid, or wine
from fermented rice; and he taught Tad-éna the method of making it, say-
ing: “Place it in jars on the third day,” and he returned to the Sky World.
On the fifth day he came down again to teach them the manner of making
the mum-bini."
Some version of the above myth is known to the people of
every Ifugao clan, although the details of the story vary con-
siderably in the different culture areas. The myth is also known
to the Igorots and Bontoks, as we have already seen. I have
in my possession some twenty different versions that have been
collected from various clans of Central, Western, and Kiangan
Ifugao. These may all be classified into two general types, one
of which is represented above.*® An example of the other type,
entitled The Ifugao Flood-Myth, is given later in this paper
under the heading Central Ifugao Beliefs.
The god Wigan is one of the greatest and best known figures
in Ifugao mythology. He has three sons, Kabigat, Balitik, and
Thik, and one daughter, Bigan. The following story about
Thik is especially interesting because of its resemblance to one
of the Bontok myths previously given.
THE STORY OF IHIK *
Thik nak Wigan, in company with his brothers Kabigat and Balituk,
went to catch fish in the canal called Amkidul at the base of Mt. Inude.
After catching a supply of fish, they strove to ascend to the summit of
the mountain; but, ever as they went up, [hik kept asking his brothers
for water to satiate his devouring thirst. They answered him: “How can
we find water at such an elevation? Water is found at the base of the
mountains but not at their summits!” But Ihik kept on importuning
them. At last, when they were in the middle of their ascent, they came
to an enormous rock. Balituk struck the rock with his spear, and
instantly there burst forth a large jet of water.
Thik desired to drink first but they deterred him, saying: “It is not
just that thou shouldst drink first, being the last born of us brothers!”
Then Kabigdt drank, and afterwards Balitik. Just as Ihik was about to
do so, Balittik seized him and shoved the whole of his head under the
rock, adding: “Drink! Satiate thyself once for all, and serve henceforth
as a tube for others to drink from!” And so it came to pass that Thik
on receiving the water through his mouth sent it forth at the base of
his trunk. He said to his brothers: “You are bent on making me take
the part of a water-spout! I shall do so, but bear in mind that I shall
“Ceremonies to the biéni, accompanied by prayers and sacrifices.
** A version of the same type, but very different in detail, is contained
in the unpublished notes of Mr. Roy Franklin Barton. I have also sev-
eral others from the same area (Kidngan Ifugao) that were collected by
Lieut. Maximo Meimban.
“For bibliographical reference, see Villaverde, loc. cit.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 105
also take just vengeance on your descendants for this injury.” In view
of this threat, Kabigat and Balituk did not dare to make use of the
improvised fountain, and so they returned home.
This myth, which is very long, then relates how certain of
the great deities befriended Ihik by setting him free and assist-
ing him in obtaining vengeance on his brothers and their
descendants.
Another myth, showing an interesting resemblance to a Manobo
myth already given, tells how the sky region of Manahaut,°°
which was once very near the Earth World, was raised to its
present position. The cannibalistic and voracious appetite of
Manahaut was causing the slow extermination of the human
race, and the aid of the gods was invoked. The Ifugaos have
a number of powerful deities who always remain in a sitting
posture.. One of these suddenly rose up, and, with his head
and shoulders, thrust the sky region of Manahaut to a vast
height above the earth, thereby preventing the extermination
of the people.*
As a final example of Kiangan Ifugao mythology, I give the
following story which is one of the best specimens of Ifugao
literature.
THE STORY OF BUGAN AND KINGGAUAN, OR THE MARRIAGE OF A GODDESS
WITH A MAN™
The wife of the god Hinumbian is Dakaue. She has no children
except a daughter called Bigan. This Bigan was with her parents in
Luktag. Let it be noted that these divinities of the highest region of
the Sky World do not see directly that which takes place in the lower
spheres, but the first calls the second, and the second the third, etc.
*Manahdaut is the greatest and most hated evil deity of the Ifugaos.
* The memory of cannibalism so common in Ifugao mythology possibly
dates back to a period of contact with human cannibals.
“The Ifugao version of the story states that the sky was so low that
it interfered with the plying of the spear, while the Mandébo story relates
that the rice pestle would strike against it. It is possible that this myth
dates back to cave-dwelling ancestors—for the low roof of a cave would
be an inconvenience of the same character as that which is here ascribed
to the sky.
A further proof of this is the following Tagdlog myth furnished me by
Mr. Roberto Laperal: “In former times the sky was very low and could be
touched with the hand; when men were playing, they would strike their
heads against it whenever they jumped upward. This made them impa-
tient, and one day they began to throw stones at the sky. The great god
Bathala was very angry and removed the sky to its present position.”
*For bibliographical reference, see footnote 36. A less complete version
of this myth, differing somewhat in detail, is given by Barton in the
second manuscript mentioned in footnote 29.
106 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
According to this order, the first or principal god, known as Bungéngol,
charges or gives orders to his son Amptal, who in turn orders his son
Balittion, and the latter orders and charges Liddum of the lowest sky
region, or Kabunian. This Liddum is the one that communicates directly
with the Ifugaos. The said Bugan, daughter of Hinumbian, was at that
time a maiden, while in Luktag, and her uncle Baiyuhibi™ told her to
go down and amuse herself in the third sky region, Hubulan. So,
according to the wishes of her relatives, she went down to Hubulan where
Dologdégan, the brother of Balittion, was. The said Dologdégan had gone
to Hubulan to marry another Bugan. The first Bugan, daughter of
Hinumbian, had been advised to marry in Luktdg, but she did not wish
to do so, and so they told her to go off and divert herself in Hubulan.
Having settled down in this sky region, her uncles advised her to get
married there, but neither did she wish this. In view of her attitude on
this question, Dologdogan exhorted her to descend to Kabtnian, and go
to take her abode in the house of Liddum her relative and the son of
Amgalingan. The said Liddum wished her to marry in Kabtnian, but she
also refused to do this. Near the house, or town, of Liddum (whose wife
is called Lingan) there was a village called Habiatan, and the lord of the
village also bore this name. Such being the case, the said Habidtan went
to the house of Liddum, and, upon seeing the young Bugan in the con-
dition of maidenhood, he asked Liddum: “Why does this maid not marry?”
The former answered him: “We have counseled her to it, but she does
not wish to do so. I, upon seeing that she did not wish to get married,
nor to follow my advice, said to her: ‘Why dost thou not get married?’
She began to laugh. I replied: ‘Then, if thou dost not wish to get
married in Kabunian, it were better for thee to return to thy people and
thy family of Luktadg,’ but she answered: ‘That is not necessary, and I
should like to stay with thee in thy house—and I shall take care to get
married at my pleasure, when I see or meet someone of my liking, and
then I shall tell thee.’” Habidtan, after hearing this story of Liddum,
said to him: “According to this, I shall take the young Bugan to my
rancheria and house in Habiatan to see if she wishes to marry my son
Bagilat.”* To which Liddum rejoined: “If Bugan so desire, it goes
without saying that she can accompany thee at once.” The maiden having
been consulted, assented, and went off with Habidtan to his house and
village. Having arrived at the said place, and after Bugan had observed
somewhat the young Bagilat, as if Habidtan had asked her whether she
desired to marry him, she answered: “How am I to wish to marry him
(Bagilat), grim and fierce as he is, and making use of such an extra-
ordinary spear! Moreover, he never stops—but is always running around
in all parts of the Sky World, through the north and the south, through
the east and the west;” and she told Habidtan that she did not wish to
marry his son Bagilat, the Lightning, because that through his effects he
harmed plants, fruits, and possibly might injure even herself. Then said
Habidtan: “Thou art somewhat fastidious, and I see that thou couldst
with great difficulty get married in these regions; it would be better that
thou return once more to thy land.” She answered that she did not desire
to return any more to her people, and that accordingly she would betake
“God of the rain. *God of the lightning.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 107
herself to some other point more to her liking. This dialogue being com-
pleted, she went down from the house of Habiatan, and, casting a glance
at the four cardinal points, she saw that the weather was clear and calm,
and descried on the Earth a place called Pangagauan, over (or on) Umbuk,
where there was an Ifugao called Kinggauan—a young man, unmarried,
naked, and without a clout (which he had thrown away because of its
age), because he was engaged in making pits, or wells, for catching deer
with a trap (according to the custom)—and there he had a hut. Upon
seeing him Bigan exclaimed: “Oh! the poor man! and how unfortunate!”
And, hiding the occurrence from Habidtan, she determined to return
to her sky region of Luktdg in order to manifest to her father, Hinumbian,
that it was her desire to descend to the Earth World in order to get married
with that poor Ifugao.
The paternal permission having been obtained, she made ready the
necessary provisions—consisting of a vessel of cooked rice and a clout
(or bahég). In this fashion she proceeded to Kinggduan’s hut and
entered it, saying: “Who is the owner of this hut?” “I,” answered
Kinggauan, “but I am ashamed to approach thee, because thou art a
woman and I am naked.” To which she replied: ‘“Never mind! because
here I have a clout for thee.” But he did not approach for shame; and
so she threw him the clout from afar, in order that he might cover
himself. The surprised man expressed to her his astonishment, saying:
“Why dost thou approach here, knowing that the appearance of a woman,
when men are engaged in such an occupation, is of evil omen for the
hunt?” And she replied to him: “By no means shall it come to pass as
thou thinkest, but, on the contrary, thou shalt be extremely lucky in it.
For the present let us eat together, and let us sleep this night in thy
hut. To-morrow thou shalt see how lucky we are in the hunt.” The
following day, upon going to visit the pits, they actually found them
full. Kinggauan killed the quarry and spent the rest of the day in
carrying the carcasses to his hut. He kept alive only two little pigs,
a male and a female, which he delivered to Bigan that she might tie
them in the dwelling-place while he was bringing in the rest of the dead
game. On the second day Bugan asked the solitary one: “Why dost
thou dwell in such evil places?” Kinggauan answered her: “Because
My parents are so parsimonious in giving me what I need.” Then said
Bugan to him: “Let us go to Kidngan,” and he consented. Leaving, then,
the dead game in the hut, they carried with them only the two live
“piglets.” Kinggauan carried the male one, and Bigan the female one—
arriving at the above-mentioned place on the nightfall of the second day.
Having arrived at Kiangan, they took up their lodging in the house
of Kinggauan’s mother—the man entering first and then Buigan. The
mother of the former was surprised, and asked him: “Who is this woman?”
The son answered: “I was at the hunting place and she presented herself
to me there and I do not know whence she comes.” The aged mother
after having looked at them a little while—when seated—addressed herself
to Bugan and asked: “Who art thou? How dost thou call thyself? From
It is a common belief, widespread in’ the Philippines, that the appear-
ance of a woman at a place where men are hunting will render the search
for game fruitless. J. M. GARVAN. ;
108 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
whence dost thou come?” The maiden replied that her name was Bigan,
that she was the daughter of Hinumbian and Dakdaue, and that she be-
longed to the sky region of Luktag. But the reason of her descent to
that terraqueous region, and of accompanying her son, was her having
seen him so poor and deserted * * * “for which reason I took pity
on him and came down to visit him and to furnish him with an abundance
of game” * * * and she added that on the following day the mother
should send many people to collect the dead game which they had left
in the lonely hut of her son. By a coincidence, the mother of the young
man was also called Bugan, with the addition of na kantaldo.
During all this, the young couple had already been united in the bond
of matrimony—without any of the prescribed formalities—at the place
called Pangagauan, and Bigan gave birth to a vigorous son to whom she
gave the name Balituk. The little pigs, also, which they had brought,
gave forth their fruit. The child grew a little, but he did not yet know
how to walk. His mother, Bugan, as a being from the Sky World, did not
eat like the rest of the people of Kidngan, but desired only boiled rice,
birds, and meat of game. Those of that region bore her much envy
because of her being a stranger; and, because they knew she did not_
like certain vegetables of theirs, they strove to make her depart from
their town and to betake herself to her birthplace of Luktag in the sky.
Their envy toward her increased upon their seeing the abundance of
her fowls and pigs. With the object, then, of disgusting her, and of
driving her away, they attempted to surround her house with certain
garden stuffs, greens, and fish. With these they succeeded effectively
in making Bugan fall sick with an intense itch and fever; for which
reason she abandoned that house and went to another place, while her
‘husband moved to a rice granary. But they persecuted her again in
her new place of lodging, surrounding it with the vegetables and other
things spoken of above, and causing her nausea in a stomach accustomed
to other food. In view of such wearisome tricks, Bugan proposed to
Kinggduan her desire to return to her land with the new blossom of
spring, their child. Her husband answered her: “I should well like
to accompany thee, but I am afraid of ascending to so high a place.”
“There is no reason to be afraid,” replied Bugan, “I myself shall take
thee up in the dyud (a kind of hammock).” She accordingly strove
to persuade him, but Kinggduan did not lay aside his fear; then she
attempted to take him up bound to a rope, but neither did she effect
this. During these labors, she soared aloft with the child to the heights
of Luktag, but upon perceiving that her husband had not followed her
she went down again, with her son in the band which the Ifugaos use
for that purpose. (Plate III, fig. 2.) After conferring with Kinggauan,
she said to him: “Thou seest the situation. I cannot continue among thy
countrymen, because they hate me unto death. Neither dost thou dare to
ascend unto Luktag. What we can do is to divide our son,’ * * *
and, seizing a knife, Bugan divided her son Balitik in the middle, or
just above the waist, and made the following division: The head and the
rest of the upper trunk she left to Kinggauan—that it might be easier
for him to give a new living being to those upper parts—and she retained
for herself the lower part of the trunk unto the feet; and as for the
entrails, intestines, heart, liver, and even the very excrement, she divided
VII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 109
them—leaving the half for her husband. The partition haying been com-
pleted, Bigan mounted to her heavenly mansion, taking with her the part of
her son which fell to her lot, and, giving it a breath of life, she converted
it into a new celestial being retaining the very name of Balituk. On
the other hand, the part which she had left to her husband, on the earth,
began to be corrupted and decayed, because he, Kinggauan, had not been
able, or did not know how, to reanimate it. The foul odor of the
putrified flesh reached unto the dwelling place of Buigan in Luktag, and,
having been perceived by her, she descended to Kabtnian in order to
better acquaint herself with the happening. From Kabunian she saw that
the evil odor issued from the decomposition of the part of the entrails
which she had left on the earth in charge of her husband, and which
he had not reanimated. Then she broke forth in cries of grief, pity, and
compassion—and, descending to Kidfgan, she severely accused Kinggauan,
saying unto him: “Why hast thou allowed our son to rot? And why hast
thou not quickened him to life?” Upon which he answered that he did
not understand the art of reanimation.
Bugan endeavored to remove the greatest possible portion of the
corrupted part of her son. Consequently, she changed the head of Balituk
into an owl”—a nocturnal bird called akup by the Ifugaos—whence the
origin of the Kiangan custom of auguring evil from this bird, and the
offering of sacrifices of fowls to Bugan, in order that no harm should
come to them, and that the said owl should not return to them.
The ears she threw into the forest, and for that reason there come
forth on the trees certain growths, like chalk, half spherical (certain
species of fungi). The nose she threw away and changed it also into a
certain species of shell which attaches itself to trees. Of the half of
the excrement she made the bill of a small bird called ido, from which the
Ifugaos augur well or ill, according to certain variations of its song.®
From the putrified tongue she produced a malady, or swelling, of the
tongue in men, which is cured with a hot egg, or with a chicken, which
they offer to their mother, Bugan.
From the bones of the breast she created a venomous serpent. From
the heart she made the rainbow. From the fingers she made certain
very long shells, after the form of fingers. From the hair, thrown into
the water, she created certain little worms or maggots. From the skin
she drew forth a bird of red color, called kukuk. From the half of the
blood she created the small bats (litdlit). From the liver she drew
“Tt will be noted that most of the things created by Bigan from the
corrupted half of Balitik were pests and things of evil omen to torment
the people of Kiangan as they had tormented her.
"fdo, or idu, is the Ifugao name for the omen spirits. A certain
small black and white bird called pitpit is believed to be an omen spirit,
and therefore it is also properly called ido. When an Ifugao is going on
a journey and sees one of these birds, or hears its cry, he immediately
stops and calls out to it. He tells it where he is going and why. If
the bird flies away to one side or in a forward direction, it is a good
sign; but if it flies backward along the path, uttering a sharp cry of
fright, it is a very bad omen, and the man will probably return home
and not continue on his journey until another day.
110 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
forth a certain disease of the breast. From the intestines she formed
a class of somewhat large animals, resembling rabbits or rats (amtmnin?).
From the bones of the arms she made pieces of dry or rotted wood
that fall from trees upon passers-by who approach them.
The Balitik that Bugan reanimated is in the sky region of Luktag.”
The myth just given is an example of one of the most interest-
ing processes in the early development of literature. It is prob-
able that originally it was only a simple origin myth, but it
has been elaborated and developed until now it is worthy of its
little niche in the world’s literature.
“I am informed by Dr. Dean S. Fansler that he obtained from an
Igorot of Tublai, Benguet, in May, 1910, a myth very similar to this
story of Bugan and Kinggauan. The details are different, but some of
the more important incidents are the same and I will give a brief
summary of the myth here: A god named Dumdagid, whose home is in
one of the lower regions of the sky, came down to the earth and lived
among the people. He taught the people many things, and often went
hunting with them in the forest. But one day, when he was out in the
woods alone, he met a beautiful girl by the name of Duigai with whom
he fell in love, and they were married. A son was born to them,
and they named him Ovug. Shortly after this Dumagid informed the
people that he must return to the Sky World to make report to the
chief deity, Kabigat, but that he would soon come down again to the
Earth World. But the people demanded that he take his wife with him,
and that they leave their son as security for their return. Dumdagid
told Digai that the path was so hot that she might die, but this the
people would not believe. So Dumagid and Digai started out, but as
they approached the sun it grew so hot that Dtigai died. Dumagid
returned her body to the earth, and went on to his home in the sky.
Later he came back to the earth, in company with the god Bangan di
Bai-angan, and told the people that he must take his son Ovug to the
Sky World. This the people refused to allow him to do, so Dumagid
took a knife and divided his son Ovug into equal parts by cutting him
straight down. When he had done this, he told the people to keep one
half and make a new boy out of it. The other half Dumagid took
with him to the Sky World and reanimated it. Then he looked down to
the Earth World and saw that the half of his son there was becoming
decayed because the people had not given it new life. So he came down
with the boy he had made, and made another beautiful boy out of the
decayed half. Then he made the two boys stand before the astonished
people. For their greater astonishment, Dumagid asked the boy he had
made in the Sky World to talk. He spoke very loud like sharp thunder,
so that the people were frightened almost to death. Then Dumagid
asked the other boy to talk, and he spoke low like the rolling thunder.
Then the first boy went up to the Sky World whirling like fire, and
thundered there. And it is believed that this is the origin of the lightning
and the sharp thunder that comes after; and it is also believed that
the low thunder is the voice of the second boy, or the one made on the
earth.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 111
CENTRAL IFUGAO BELIEFS
The exact difference between the Central Ifugao and the
Kidfgan beliefs is not an easy matter to determine. There has
been much mixture between the two peoples accompanied by
a corresponding exchange of ideas. The effect of this exchange
in some cases has been to produce a deceptive similarity in
beliefs and myths that originally were fundamentally different;
while in other cases myths that were originally the same have
been so greatly differentiated in the two areas that their unity
can scarcely be recognized.
However, it would seem that some basic differences really
exist, and the probability is that they are survivals from the
ancient cultures of the peoples who went to make up the present
distinctly composite Ifugao group. But the evidence at hand is
not sufficient to warrant a full discussion of this question here,
and I shall merely cite one example. Kiangan myths are nearly
always told from the standpoint of the gods, and have to do
with the dealings of the gods with one another and with men.
On the other hand, Central Ifugao myths are told from the stand-
point of men in their relations and dealings with the gods. This
will be made plain by a comparison of the following Central
Ifugao myth with the Origin of the Ifugaos previously given.
THE IFUGAO FLOOD-MYTH
I
The Golden Age.—Ifugao knowledge of the prediluvian period is very
vague. It is known, however, that the Earth World was entirely flat
except for two great mountains, one in the east called Amuyao and one
in the west called Kalauitan." This level country was heavily forested,
and all of the people lived along a large river that ran through the
central plain between the two great mountains.
The period was something like a Golden Age, when things were much
better than they are now. The people were demigods whose life was a
happy one and their country a sort of Garden of Eden. To obtain rice,
all that they needed to do was to cut down a stalk of bamboo, which
was plentiful, and split open the joints which were filled with hulled
rice ready to cook. Stalks of sugar-cane were filled with baiyax,” and
needed only to be tapped to furnish a most refreshing drink. The river
was full of fish, and the forests were filled with deer and wild hogs
Collected by myself from various Ifugaos of Banduol clan, in 1906.
A similar but less complete version was collected at the same place by
Levi E. Case, in May, 1905, and published in This Journal, Sec. A (1909),
4, 256-260.
* Or Alauitan in Sub-Ifugao. See Plates I and II.
"The Ifugao rice drink, usually known as bubid.
1169354
|
112 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
which were much easier to catch than those of the present day. The
rice grains of that time were larger and more satisfying, and a handful
of them was sufficient to feed a large family.
But this Golden Age, like others, was not destined to last.
II
The flood, and the origin of the mountains.—One year when the rainy
season should have come it did not. Month after month passed by and
no rain fell. The river grew smaller and smaller day by day until at
last it disappeared entirely. The people began to die, and at last the
old men said: “If we do not soon get water, we shall all die. Let us
dig down into the grave of the river, for the river is dead and has sunk
into his grave, and perhaps we may find the soul of the river and it
will save us from dying.” So they began to dig, and they dug for three
days. On the third day the hole was very large, and suddenly they
struck a great spring and the water gushed forth. It came so fast that
some of them were drowned before they could get out of the pit.
Then the people were happy, for there was plenty of water; and they
brought much food and made a great feast. But while they were feasting
it grew dark and began to rain. The river also kept rising until at
last it overflowed its bank. Then the people became frightened and
they tried to stop up the spring in the river, but they could not do so.
Then the old men said: “We must flee to the mountains, for the river
gods are angry and we shall all be drowned.” So the people fled toward
the mountains and all but two of them were overtaken by the water
and drowned. The two who escaped were a brother and sister named
Wigan and Bigan—Wigan on Mt. Amtyao and Bugan on Kalauitan.
And the water continued to rise until all the Earth World was covered
excepting only the peaks of these two mountains.
The water remained on the earth for a whole season or from rice
planting to rice harvest.* During that time Wigan and Bugan lived
on fruits and nuts from the forests that covered the tops of the two
mountains. Butgan had fire which at night lit up the peak of Kalauitan,
and Wigan knew that there was someone else alive besides himself. He
had no fire, and suffered much from the cold.
At last the waters receded from the earth and left it covered with
the rugged mountains and deep valleys that exist to-day; and the solitary
brother and sister, looking down from their respective peaks, were filled
with wonder at the sight.
III
The repopulation of the Earth World—As soon as the earth was dry,
Wigan journeyed to Kalauitan where he found his sister Bigan, and
their reunion was most joyous. They descended the mountain and
wandered about until they came to the beautiful valley that is to-day
the dwelling place of the Banauol clan—and here Wigan built a house.
When the house was finished, Bugan dwelt in the upper part and Wigan
slept beneath.
- Having provided for the comfort of his sister, Wigan started out to
find if there were not other people left alive in the Earth World. . He
* About six months. The duration of the flood varies greatly in the
different versions of this myth.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 113
traveled about all the day and returned to the house at night to sleep.
He did this for three days, and then as he was coming back on the
third evening he said to himself that there were no other people in the
world but themselves, and if the world was to be repopulated it must
be through them. * * * At last Bigan realized that she was pregnant.
She burst into violent weeping, and, heaping reproaches on his head, ran
blindly away toward the East, following the course of the river. After
traveling a long way, and being overcome with grief and fatigue, Bugan
sank down upon the bank of the river and lay there trembling and sobbing.“
After having quieted herself somewhat, she arose and looked around her,
and what was her surprise to see sitting on a rock near her an old man
with a long white beard! He approached her and said: “Do not be afraid,
daughter! I am Maknoéngan, and I am aware of your trouble, and I -have
come to tell you that it is all right!” While he was speaking, Wigan, who
had followed his sister, appeared on the scene. Then Maknongan placed
the sanction and blessing of the gods upon their marriage, assuring them
that they had done right, and that through them the world must be
repeopled. .He told them to return to their house, and whenever they were
in trouble to offer sacrifices to the gods. After Bugan had become con-
vinced in this manner, they left Maknofgan and returned home.
In the course of time nine children were born to Wigan and Bugan,
five sons and four daughters. The four oldest sons married the four
daughters, and from them are descended all of the people of the Earth
World. The youngest son, who was named Igon, had no wife.”
IV
The sacrifice of Igon—One year the crops failed, there was much
sickness, and everything went wrong. Then Wigan remembered the advice
of Maknongan, and he told his sons to procure an animal for the sacrifice.
They caught a rat and sacrificed it, but the evil conditions were not
remedied. Then they went out into the forest and captured a large snake
and sacrificed it to the gods, but the disease and crop failure still con-
tinued. Then Wigan said: “The sacrifice is not great enough, for the
gods do not hear! Take your brother Igon, who has no wife, and sacrifice
him!” So they bound Igon, and sacrificed him, and called upon the gods.
And Maknéngan came, and all the other great gods, to the feast. And
they took away the sickness, and filled the granaries with rice, and in-
creased the chickens, the pigs, and the children. Then Maknéngan said
to the people: “It is well, but you have committed an evil in spilling
human blood and have thereby brought war and fighting into the world.
Now you must separate to the north, south, east, and west, and not live
tegether any more. And when ye have need to sacrifice to the gods, do
not offer rats, snakes, or your children, but take pigs and chickens only.”
And one of the sons of Wigan went to the north, and one to the south,
and one to the east, and one to the west; and from them are descended
the peoples of the Earth World, who fight and kill one another to this
day because of the sacrifice of Igon.
“Incest is looked upon by the Ifugaos with horror, and is held to be
one of the gravest of crimes.
©The number and names of the children of Wigan and Bigan are
variable in the different Ifugao clans.
114 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Many other illustrations might be given of the differences
between the Central and Kiangan Ifugao religious conceptions,
but the above will suffice for the purposes of the present paper.*®
One more type of Ifugao origin myth merits our attention
before we come to the conclusion. This type consists of the
myths invented to explain the origin of the ancient Chinese
jars, bronze gongs, amber-agate beads, and other rare articles
of foreign manufacture on which the Ifugaos place a high value,
and the origin of which they do not know. Many of these
objects have been in the possession of the people for at least
several hundred years. They were probably brought into the
Islands by Chinese traders centuries before the coming of the
Spaniards, and gradually found their way to the Ifugaos through
the medium of their cursory commerce with the surrounding
peoples.”
One of these myths, explaining the origin of three well-known
jars, runs as follows.
LEGEND CONCERNING BANGGILIT OF HINAGANGAN, AND THE JARS THAT HE
BROUGHT FROM THE VILLAGE OF SOULS *
A long time ago, before the coming of the Spaniards, there lived at
Hinagangan a man called Banggilit. He was a wealthy man, possessing
four rice granaries and a very large house; but he was not a priest. His
constant desire was to hunt in the forest.
One day Banggilit went hunting in the forest and was overtaken by
night. He called his dogs but they did not come. He made fire, cooked,
and ate. Then one dog came to him, and he took it in lead and departed.
Near by he found a path. The dog with him barked and the second dog
answered, and they went on. And the dog with Banggilit began to
* The frequent repetition of Bigan as the name of a female deity is
worthy of further explanation. Bugan is the Ifugao ideal of feminine
beauty. There is no single goddess of love and beauty such as Venus
or Aphrodite, but an abstract ideal of womanly perfection. Therefore,
all beneficent female deities are called Bugan, which is also the most
common name among Ifugao women. When a man wishes to praise his
wife, he speaks of her as Bigan-ko (my Bugan), and when a young man
goes courting he often speaks of it as mwm-Bugan (searching for a Bugan).
Light, fleecy clouds, high in the sky, are often called “the wavy hair of
Bigan.” Such poetic usages are almost innumerable. It is an interesting
conception, and is one of the proofs of Ifugao xsthetic development.
* A Chinese author, Chao Ju-kua, writing in the year 1280, mentions
that porcelain jars and bronze gongs were two of the most important
exports from China to the Philippines——Blair and Robertson, The Phil-
ippine Islands (1906), 34, 181-191.
Free translation of an Ifugao text obtained by myself in January,
1909, from Tuginai Pait (Plate III, fig. 3), an Ifugao of Amgodé clan,
Central Ifugao.
VIII, D, 2 Beyer: Myths Among Mountain Peoples 115
whimper and whine, and to pull on the leash; and Banggilit ran, and
they went on. Suddenly it became light all around them, and they came
out of the forest into a large group of people. And the people said
among themselves: “Surely Banggilit is dead,’ and they examined his
body and asked: “Where were you speared?” And Banggilit spoke and
said: “ I have not been speared! I went hunting and was overtaken by
night, and my dog here ran ahead on our path. I followed, and came
here, and lo! it is light here!”
And they took Banggilit and went to their town—for there are many
large towns there in the dwelling-place of souls. They wished to give
him food, but he said: “Wait until my own food is exhausted, and then
I will eat of your rice here.’”’ And they asked him: “How many days
will you remain with us?” and Banggilit answered that he would remain
four days. Then the people began to laugh and one of them said: “Not
four days but four years here!” “Ha!” cried Banggilit, “I shall never
do that! Wait until you see!” “Just so!” answered the other, “but one
day here is the same as a year on the Earth World,” but Banggilit thought
that he was lying.
Bangegilit visited all of the towns there. He worked in the rice fields
and they gave him four jars as his wages. Then his host said to him:
“Return home now, for you have been here four days, which, according
to the usage of the Earth World, are four years.” “Yes,” answered
Banggilit, “I wish to go home now, as I am homesick for my family.
You have been very good to’ me, for you have given me wages for my
work.” And the host said: “It was a gift; not wages, but a gift, that
I gave you,” and he led the way and pointed out to Banggilit a ladder.
“Go down that ladder, and in a short time you will arrive at your house,”
he said.” Banggilit started to go down, but one of the jars struck
heavily against the ladder and was broken. He went down the ladder and at
last arrived in the top of a betel-nut tree. He slid down the trunk of
the tree to the ground, and the chickens were crowing and it was just
dawn. And he looked at his surroundings and exclaimed: “Why this is
my own house!” His relatives came out and said: “Who are you?” and
he replied: “This is my house.” They looked at him closely and cried:
“Well now, it is Banggilit who has been gone these four years!” And
they sat down and talked long together. He showed them the jars, and
they asked: “Where did you get those?” And he answered: “ I brought
them from the Sky World,” and they were afraid and went to look for
the ladder but it was no longer there.”
The above myth may well have been invented by some man
who, unknown to his relatives and friends, wandered across
©The three unbroken jars brought by Banggilit from the village of
souls in the Sky World are still in existence and their location is as
follows: The first jar is called Inhywwat, and is owned by Binwag of
Buw6t. The second is called Indyao, and is owned by Inayao of Hina-
gangan. The third is called Buut, and is owned by Butt of Hapao. These
jars have an estimated value of several hundred pesos each, but, unless
driven to it by dire extremity, their owners would not sell them for any
price. (Plate IV, fig. 1.)
116 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
the mountains into Lepanto or Benguet and returned after four
years with the jars in question. Hundreds of myths and legends
of this type are current among the Ifugaos.
No representative collection of Philippine myths has yet been
made, and the present paper can only be considered a beginning.
I hope to be able to continue the work.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE I
Sketch map of the subprovince of Ifugao, showing its location, boundaries,
and division into culture areas.
Fig. 1.
BGS 12
Fig. 1.
PLATE II
Mount Amiuyao, the first of the two sacred mountains of the
Ifugaos: elevation, 9,270 feet (2,826 meters). (Photograph by
Martin.)
. Mount Kalauitan, the second of the two sacred mountains of
the Ifugaos; elevation 7,000 feet (2,134 meters), (Photograph by
Miller.)
PLATE III
An Ifugao priest. (Photograph by Beyer, Banaue, 1907.)
. Ifugao mother and babe—showing the manner in which Bugan
carried Balituk. (Photograph by Martin, Kiangan, 1904.)
. Tuginai Pait, of Amgodé clan, and his wife. (Photograph by
Beyer.)
PLATE IV
Scene at a Kidngan celebration. Note the Chinese jars in the
foreground. Those that Banggilit brought from the village of
souls, in the Sky World, are of the type of the third jar from
the left. (Photograph by Tomlinson.)
. View from Ifugao toward the mythical region of the East. In
the foreground are the Ifugao rice terraces—the most distin-
guishing feature of their culture. (Photograph by Beyer.)
117
&
BEYER: ORIGIN Mytus.]
mr. NAPALAUAN
PLATE l.
KIANGAN
IFUGAO
[Puim. Journ. Scr., VIII, D, No.
TAT. AMPALAUAG
S mayorao
MAYOYAO IFUGAO
ALIMIT 1FUGAO
yt. MasiTTAYON
ir. PaHGAGAUAN
A Sketch Map of the
SUBPROVINCE OF IFUCAO
SHOWING THE
IFUGAO CULTURE AREAS
MADE BY
H. OTLEY BEYER
mamicd, 1912,
SKETCH MAP OF THE SUBPROVINCE OF IFUGAO.
9
Bryer: Origin Mytus.] (Pui. Journ. Sct., VIII, D, No. 2.
Fig. 1. Mount Amtyao, the first of the two sacred mountains of the Ifugaos.
Fig. 2. Mount Kalauitan, the second of the two sacred mountains of the Ifugaos.
PLATE Il.
“I ALW1d
‘aqeq pue deyzyou oebnj, “Zz “Hi4 *ysolud oeBny; uy "| “Bly
‘ayIM SIY pue z1eq JeUIBN| "¢ “Bl4
WW
‘Z°ON ‘A ‘IITA “IOS “NUDOL “1Hg] [SHLAW NIOIUO : waAag
BEYER: ORIGIN MytHus.] [Pum. Journ. Scr., VIII, D, No. 2.
i fz e ,
LAU i |
—_—
SS oe
Fig. 1. Scene at a Kiangan celebration.
Fig. 2. View from Ifugao toward the mythical regions of the east.
PLATE IV.
THE HABITS OF SOME TROPICAL CRUSTACEA
By R. P. COWLES
(From the Zoélogical Laboratory, University of the Philippines,
Manila, P. I.)
One plate and 8 text figures
On the northern shore of the Island of Mindoro in the Philip-
pine Islands lies the almost land-locked bay of Port Galera, long
famous for its beautiful “sea-gardens” and for the fact that it
affords perfect safety for ships during typhoon weather. On
the shores of this bay the University of the Philippines and the
Bureau of Science established a temporary marine biological
station which was in session during the months of March, April,
May, and June of the year 1912. Here during this period I
observed the habits of two well-known, peculiar marine crustacea.
The results of these observations are given below.
SPONGE CARRYING OF CRYPTODROMIA
Among the many remarkable animals which may be found
in Port Galera Bay are the brachyuran crustaceans belonging to
the family Dromiide. The crabs of this family are of special
interest because of their supposed primitive characters and be-
cause of the fact that some of the species carry pieces of foreign
matter over their backs. These covers are usually held loosely
by means of the dorsally placed fifth pair of legs, but in some
cases they become firmly attached to the carapace.
Cryptodromia tuberculata Stimpson, the most abundantly rep-
resented species of the Dromiide in Port Galera Bay, lives on
the underside of rocks in about the middle of the littoral zone,
but it is easily overlooked because it is usually covered dorsally
by a little piece of grayish sponge which it carries in the char-
acteristic manner of the family. The protection afforded by
this cover is further increased by the fact that there are as a
rule other pieces of similar shape and size and even larger sheets
of the same gray sponge, 4 or 5 millimeters thick and from 300
to 400 square centimeters in area, found living independently of
the crab and adhering to the underside of the rock.
It is a surprise to the collector when, on turning over a rock
covered with large and small patches of the gray sponge, he sees
119
120 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
some of the smaller patches suddenly become animated and crawl
away. Another surprise is in store for him when he picks up
one of these small patches and finds it to be the cover of a crab
carefully hollowed out so as to fit the outline of the carapace, and
lightly held in place by the last pair of legs whose dactyli are
hooked into the inturned rim (fig. 1).
Zodlogists are familiar with the fact that Cryptodromia
tuberculata generally carries a cover of some sort, usually a
sponge, occasionally a piece of ascidian, or even rarely a leaf,
but so far as I have been able to determine from the literature
at hand the activities of the crab while obtaining its covering
have not been described. The occurrence of large areas of the
sponge encrusting the underside of the rock which sheltered
the cryptodromia suggested the possibility of bringing the rock
Fic. 1. Cryptodromia tuberculata Stimpson and its cover.
with the crabs and sheets of sponge intact into the laboratory
and there observing the behavior in an aquarium. This was
done, and at the same time the crabs were deprived of their
covers. After being left undisturbed for about half an hour,,.
it was found that several individuals had decorated themselves
with new pieces of sponge which though irregular in outline
were used as covers and held over the carapace by means of the
last pair of legs. ;
In order to observe the details of the process of obtaining these
new covers, a rock encrusted with a sheet of sponge was placed
in a large glass dish of sea water so that the sheet of sponge
was on the upper side of the rock. A naked cryptodromia which
was placed in the middle of the patch of sponge soon moved
toward the periphery. Here it settled down with the abdomen
near the edge and the head facing the area of sponge. Then
with the chelipeds it began to excavate a groove destined to cut
VIII, D, 2 Cowles: Habits of Tropical Crustacea 121
off a small piece from the sheet of sponge. After the piece had
been isolated, the crab lifted the edge, pushed itself under, and
finally dislodged the piece from the rock. The cryptodromia then
caught hold of this new but ragged cover by means of its last
pair of legs and carried it off. Four stages in this process are
shown on Plate I. In the upper left hand corner of fig. 1 the
crab is seen rather indistinctly cutting out the piece, in a similar
region of fig. 2 the cutting is completed, in fig. 3 the crab has
pushed its way under the newly separated piece of sponge, and
finally in fig. 4 the piece is being carried off. All of the figures
are of further interest in that they show at the right hand edge
a little below the middle another cryptodromia whose original
cover has not been tampered with. In addition to the sheet of
gray sponge which may be seen in all the figures, there are
also many patches of an ascidian (light in color both in nature
and in the figure) which are sometimes used for covers.
The method of obtaining covers which I have described is
undoubtedly the same as the one used by Cryptodromia tuber-
culata when living under natural conditions, for I have found
individuals under rocks with similar unfinished covers which
undoubtedly had been recently cut from sheets of the sponge.
It is of interest to know that the new ragged covers cut out
by the crabs in the laboratory began to assume a more regular
appearance after a few days and to take on the shape of the
covers found on the cryptodromia when living in the sea.
TUBE BUILDING OF ALPHEUS PACHYCHIRUS
It is well known by zod6logists that one of the ‘‘pistol crabs,”
Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson, lives in a tube which it con-
structs of the matted thread of a filamentous alga. Richters
(1880) and de Man (1888)? published this information, but
Coutiére (1899)* has not found the same species living in alga-
tubes at Djibouti. So far as I have been able to ascertain with-
out having access to the paper of de Man, the behavior of this
crustacean while constructing the alga-tube has not been de-
scribed, so the following notes may be of interest.
On the underside of the rocks in the littoral zone of Port
Galera Bay there may be found the sac-like alga-tubes of Alpheus
*Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen.
Berlin (1880), 164.
* Arch. f. Naturg. (1888), 5.
* Théses présentées 4 la Faculté des Sciences de Paris: Les “Alpheidae,”
morphologic externe et interne, formes larvaires, bionomie. Paris (1899),
500.
122 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
pachychirus. These tubes are often 25 to 30 centimeters long
and 2 centimeters or more in diameter, but they may be much
smaller than this. One end is
usually wider than the other
(fig. 2), and is firmly attached
to the rock while the rest of the
tube is fastened only at intervals.
Several branches with openings
may be present, the number
varying in different tubes. A
Fic. 2. Alga-tube of Alpheus pachychirus microscopic examination shows
+ Stimpson, Oulline sketch show- that theitubes are nothing more
than a dense mat of filamentous
algee so well worked together as to resemble a piece of loosely
woven cloth.
Whether the alga-tube is used by the alpheus as a shelter
throughout its life or whether it is only used during the breed-
ing season, I am unable to decide. Coutiére (1899) found Al-
pheus pachychirus at Djibouti without the alga-tube, but he
attributed this to the scarcity of alge. Professor L. E. Griffin
in February, 1912, found about half-a-dozen tubes at Port
Galera, and in each case there were two individuals, supposedly
male and female, but neither was carrying eggs. During March,
April, and May, 1912, I collected 10 or 12 tubes from the same
locality and found with one exception a male and female in every
tube. In this exceptional case there was only a female present,
and she was ovigerous.
In order to see the method of tube-making, the following sim-
ple experiments were undertaken. An alga-tube containing a
male and female alpheus was removed from a rock and slit open
from end to end, after which it was laid out as flat as possible
in the bottom of a dish of sea water. The two crustacea were
then placed on the piece of matted alga where they remained
for some time, inactive, so far as construction was concerned.
Finally the male took advantage of a slight furrow in which
it was lying lengthwise, turned itself on its back, and using the
slender pair of chelate legs immediately back of the chelipeds
reached up and drew the sides of the furrow close together.
Then in the following manner it began to sew together the two
‘In the opinion of Dr. Marshall A. Howe, of the New York Botanical
Garden, this alga belongs to the Cyanophycee# and is a species of Plec-
tonema closely allied to, and perhaps identical with, P. wollei Farlow.
The latter is a fresh-water form, however, while the former is marine.
VIII, D, 2 Cowles: Habits of Tropical Crustacea 123
edges of the mat thus apposed (fig. 3). The slender chelate
leg of one side was thrust through the edge of the mat of the
corresponding side and then bent over until the open chela was
able to take hold of a thread of alga near the edge of the opposite
side. The leg was then drawn back, pulling with it the thread
which, however, still remained entangled in the opposite side,
thus making a simple stitch. At the same time that the opera-
tion just described was taking place, a similar one was per-
formed by the other slender chelate leg, the result being that
from each side a thread was drawn out part way and pulled
through the opposite side. In this manner the edges of the
furrow were gradually fastened and a tube formed. The alpheus
did not sew up the tube from one end to the other without a
break, but stitched it together at intervals first and later closed
up the spaces between. The movement of the slender chelate
legs was very rapid so that after ten minutes a tube about 10
Fic. 3. A diagrammatic view of Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson sewing the edges of
an alga-mat together.
centimeters long had been formed. At the end of this time,
as the result of some signal from the male or simply by chance,
the female, which had been resting quietly several centimeters
away, backed into the new tube with the male.
Having seen the method of making a tube out of a continuous
sheet of alga, I was anxious to determine if the alpheus could
construct a new tube out of the fragments of an old one. A
tube was opened and torn into such minute shreds that a large
number of single filaments separated out. A pair of alpheus
was placed in a dish of sea water where they soon retreated
under a more or less flat stone so arranged that there was a
space below it. The mass of individual filaments and small
fragments of the alga were then placed in the dish. After about
five minutes, one of the crustaceans began to draw the alga
under the stone, and fifteen minutes later, on siphoning the water
out of the dish in order to add more water, it was found that the
filaments and the fragments had been so securely attached in
several places to the underside of the rock that they remained
1904 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
hanging after the water had been removed. On several occa-
sions after refilling the dish the alpheus was seen pushing
filaments upward in the attempt to attach them to the rock under
which they were building the tube. They were successful in
this, every now and then the filaments becoming caught on the
sharp edges of the coral rock or entangled in some other kind of
alga growing on the rock. After a time the mass of alga which
had been drawn under the rock began to take on the shape of
a tube as a result of the activity of the slender pair of chelate
legs. These legs worked quickly, first here and then there, draw-
ing free edges together and stitching them. When the alpheus
found a hole in the rapidly forming tube, the slender legs came
through, caught hold of the filaments of the alga, and manipu-
lated them in much the same manner as a man might the thread
with which he darns a hole in his sock; that is, by drawing
the edges of the hole together and fastening them. os
The next morning a fairly well-made tube was present in which
the outer surface was uniform, the shreds having been worked
into an even surface. The cavity was distinct, and the inner
walls smooth. This new tube measured 11.5 centimeters in
length, about 2.5 centimeters in width, had one opening to the
exterior, and harbored the pair of alpheus.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE I
Fic. 1. In upper left hand corner, a crab cutting out a piece of sponge.
2. The cutting completed.
38. The crab has pushed its way under the newly separated piece of
sponge.
4, The piece is being carried away.
TEXT FIGURES
Fig. 1. Cryptodromia tuberculata Stimpson and its cover.
2. Alga-tube of Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson. Outline sketch show-
ing branches and openings.
3. A diagrammatic view of Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson sewing the
edges of an alga-mat together.
125
Cowes: HaAsits or Some TROPICAL CRUSTACEA. | (Puiu. Journ. Scr., VIII, D, No. 2.
FIG Sh Fig. 4.
Cryptodromia tuberculata Stimpson making a cover. See text.
PLATE Il.
THE COCONUT LEAF-MINER BEETLE, PROMECOTHECA
CUMINGII BALY
By CHARLES R. JONES
(From the Bureaus of Science and Agriculture, Manila, P. I.)
Two plates
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.) is attacked by a com-
paratively small number of insects, but the damage due to the
ravages of these insects is rather large as compared with the
injury of insects to some of the other crops of these Islands.
This palm has several insect enemies that feed extensively upon
the trunk and leaves, and in seasons favorable to insect develop-
ment these entail a considerable loss upon the grower.
Banks? divides coconut insects into two classes—those that
attack the trunk and those that damage the leaves. Barrett *
discusses the insect enemies of the coconut. Froggott* deals ex-
tensively with the pests and diseases of the coconut palm. How-
ever, none of these papers record Promecotheca cumingii Baly,
which in both the adult and larval stages feeds upon the leaves
of the young coconut. I have made several observations on old
bearing coconut palms, but have not found them infested by
this pest. In all probability they are little affected by this
insect.
This beetle belongs to the subfamily Hispinz of the family
Chrysomelidz, which contains our worst leaf-eating beetles.
Members of this subfamily are distributed generally throughout
these Islands. There is little doubt that this species, or repre-
sentatives of this subfamily, occur in all coconut-growing coun-
tries. Froggott* reports a species of this subfamily as being
the most serious coconut pest of the Solomon Islands. The ob-
ject of the present paper is to give an account of the habits and
life history of the coconut leaf-miner beetle with methods for
its control.
_ * This Journal (1906), 1, 1438-169, 11 pls.; ibid., 211-228, 10 pls.
Phil. Agr. Rev. (1912), 5, 254, 3 pls.
* Sct. Bull., N. S. W. Dept. Agr. (1912), No. 2, 1-47; 7 pls., 10 figs.
“Ibid., 24, 26.
116935——5 127
128 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
LIFE HISTORY
Egg.—The eggs (Plate I, fig. 1) of Promecotheca cumingu
are deposited singly on the underside of the leaflets and gen-
erally on the lower leaves of young palms. The beetle eats a
small hole through the lower epidermis of the leaf, leaving the
edges of the hole very rough. The egg is inserted in this hole,
and cemented in place with a yellowish glutinous secretion which
turns dark brown upon hardening, and resembles dried leaf-
tissue. During this process the abdomen of the insect is moved
with a rotary motion. After resting over the egg for a few
seconds, the beetle moves away and begins feeding again. In
several cases after the egg had been cemented in place, the adult
was observed to pat it with her front feet.
The eggs are flat, semielliptical, brownish bodies shaped some-
what like a pumpkin seed. The outer surface or covering is
very rough, and the eggs are very easily broken when this
protective substance is removed. They are about 1.5 millimeters
in length; 1 millimeter in width; and 0.3 millimeter in thickness.
The period of incubation of 286 eggs averaged 13.5 days, of
which the maximum was fifteen and the minimum thirteen days.
Larva.—Upon hatching, the larva (Plate I, figs. 2 and 3) eats
its way through the egg wall and directly into the tissue of the
leaflet where it spends its entire larval and pupal stages and
is somewhat protected by the lower and upper epidermis of the
leaflet. The larve are fleshy footless grubs, and average about
1.2 millimeters in length when newly hatched. The head is the
largest segment; it is a translucent, shiny brown, and wedge-
shaped with rounded sides. The mandibles are black, and can
be drawn under the labrum. Two brownish lines form an X on
the back of the head. Two whitish lines extending under the
head-cast near the apex give it the appearance of an arrowhead.
These markings are absent in later stages. In the older larve
the head is slightly smaller than the following segment; the
body is cream colored and semicylindrical, tapering from seg-
ment 1 to segment 11; the anal segment is about one-half the
size of segment 1. Segment 1 is depressed anteriorly. Segments
1 to 11 are protruded into tubercles on both sides which give
rise to sete of 6 hairs each.
The average length of the full-grown larva is 9.54 millimeters,
and the average width of the head cast is 1.54 millimeters. The
average time required in the larval stage is thirty-two days;
twenty-eight of these are spent in feeding and developing, and
four days without feeding, during which time the larva changes
VI, D, 2 Jones: Coconut Leaf-miner Beetle 129
into a pupa. During development, the larva feeds upon the
parenchyma of the coconut leaf, and, except when molting, it can
be found at the extremity of the chamber opposite the egg. The
larva eats in one direction, leaving the old eggshell at the starting
point. When molting and when changing into a pupa, it recedes
to the center of its chamber. A characteristic habit of the larva
is the deposition of its excrement in two rows (Plate I, fig. 18),
one on each side of the excavated chamber.
In studying the insect, adults were placed in gauze bags which
were tied over the leaflets of the palm. The insects were re-
moved daily to fresh leaves, and the leaflets containing the eggs
were tagged, but still kept in the gauze sacks to exclude possible
parasites. Daily observations were made on the eggs for hatch-
ing, and the larve were examined every two days for molts. ,
After the larval chamber had been opened, the leaf curled
and dried and the larva soon died; therefore, it was necessary
to take 4 larve of the same age each day for observation. In
no case were more than two molts observed. The exact number
of molts has not been definitely established, owing to the diffi-
culties of observing the insect.
Pupa.—After the larva is full-grown it retires, as stated above,
to the center of the chamber, where without forming any pupal
cell it changes into pupa and adult. The average time occupied
in the pupal stage is 7.3 days, of which the maximum was twelve
and the minimum five days. The pupa (Plate I, figs. 4 and 5) is
orange chrome or burnt sienna, and is covered with hairs; the
head is smaller than the thorax, the eyes are black, the mandi-
bles are brown, and the anterior tarsi are in a vertical position
opposite each other as shown in Plate I, fig. 4. There are 2
rows of transverse black spines on each segment, the anterior
of which consists of 6 spines. The pupz average about 1.62
millimeters in width and 8.11 millimeters in length.
Adult.—The beetles (Plate I, fig. 6) vary from 7.5 to 10 milli-
meters in length, and are from 1.6 to 2 millimeters in width.
The thorax is much narrower than the slender abdomen. The
general color is brown ocher, the head is small, the eyes and
mandibles are black, and the elytra are finely punctate in parallel
furrows. The antenne are 1l-jointed. The tarsi are broad and
fiat. There is 1 spine on the inner side of each femur with a
corresponding depression on the tibia. The body is pilose.
The beetles are sluggish and do not fly readily upon being dis-
turbed. They rest by clinging slightly to the underside of the
leaf, antennze extended forward flat against the leaf. They
crawl about promiscuously on the leaves of young coconuts, and
130 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
feed extensively upon the tissues between the veins of the leaflets.
The injury has the appearance of a slight cut, but does not
entirely penetrate the leaf (Plate II, fig. 1).
The injury done by the larva is greater than that of the
adult, as a single larva will excavate a place in the leaf from
12 to 16 millimeters long and 1.5 to 3 millimeters wide (Plate
II, fig. 2). The tissue affected soon dies and becomes brown,
and in badly infested areas the trees soon have the appearance
of unhealthy and half-dead palms. Where the palms are used
for ornamental purposes, the effect is very displeasing. The
palm itself is injured by the loss of these leaflets.
Control.—_The palm leaf-miner undoubtedly has many enemies,
both predacious and parasitic. Two species of hymenopterous
parasites of the family Chalcidze have been bred in great num-
bers, one from the egg (Plate I, fig. 9) and one’from the larva
and pupa (Plate I, figs. 7 and 8). These have not yet been.
identified. It is probable that these parasites keep this beetle
in check, and were it not for them the leaf-miner would be a
most serious pest to the coconut industry. Observations have
shown that a little over 44 per cent of the larve and pupe, and
an average of about 5 per cent of the eggs are parasitized by
chalcids. From these two parasites alone, the total percentage
of mortality is at least 50, and probably very much greater.
The following table gives the results of the examination of
100 leaflets taken from infested palms:
TABLE I—Zggs, larve, and pupze of Promecothera cumingti Baly taken
from 100 leaflets of the coconut palm, August 8, 1910.
Larve and pupe.
Leaflets Eges. (—————_—_—_—__
examined.
Alive. Dead.
10 23 20 18
10 41 30 11
10 38 23 23
10 25 29 22
10 27 33 35
10 29 21 16
10 30 17 12
10 21 15 6
10 24 15 il
REMARKS.—Leaves taken at random from different palms. No account
was kept of previous infected places, the only record was of places that
contained stages of the leaf-miner. Percentage of larva parasitized, 44.7.
Three leaves were found free from infestation.
VIII, D, 2 Jones: Coconut Leaf-miner Beetle 181
As the eggs, larve, and pup of the leaf-miner are protected to
a greater or lesser extent within the leaf tissue, hydrocyanic-acid
gas is the only insecticide that could be used effectively. This
method is only to be recommended in extreme cases, where infes-
tation is very heavy. As the beetles are not very active and are
almost invariably on the lower leaves of the young coconut palms,
they can be readily gathered. The infested leaflets are readily
recognized, and can be removed easily and burned, thus destroy-
ing the eggs, larve, and pupe.
The adults can be removed by hand. Child labor may he
employed, and if this method is practiced in the infested young
coconut groves it will be an inexpensive and effective way of
coping with the situation.
Fic.
13.
Fie. 1.
ILLUSTRATIONS
(Drawings by J. A. Dimayuga: photographs by M. del Castillo)
PLATE I
. Egg, 3 diameters.
. Larva, dorsal view, 13 diameters.
. Larva, lateral view, 13 diameters.
Pupa, ventral view, 14 diameters.
Pupa, lateral view, 14 diameters.
Adult, dorsal view, 13 diameters.
Larva attacked by parasites, 17 diameters.
. Larva attacked by parasites, 17 diameters.
. Egg attacked by parasites, 17 diameters.
. Egg, 30 diameters.
. Coconut leaflets, showing injury by larva of coconut leaf-miner.
a. Old larval cell.
b. Newly hatched larve.
. Coconut leaflets, showing injury by larve and adults.
a. Larval injury.
6. Adult injury by feeding.
c. Hole where adult escaped.
Coconut leaflet, showing feeding larva and excrement placed along
sides of chamber.
Puate II
Coconut leaflets, showing injury caused by the adults.
. Coconut leaflets, showing injury caused by the larve.
a. Hole where adult escaped.
133
Jones: Coconut LEAF-MINER BEETLE. |
PLATE I.
[Put. Journ. Sct., VIII, D, No. 2.
STAGES OF PROMECOTHECA CUMINGII BALY.
te
JONES: CocoNuT LEAF-MINER BEETLE. | [Puin. Journ. Sctr., VIII, D, No.
fe "a ‘9 al
Centimeters
Fig. 1. Coconut leaflets, showing injury caused by the adults.
Var Me 1
Céntimeters
Fig. 2. Coconut leaflets, showing injury caused by the larve.
PLATE Il.
NEUE KAFER VON DEN PHILIPPINEN
Von K. M. HELLER
(Kgl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches Museum,
Dresden, Germany)
Mit 14 Figuren im Text
In diesem Beitrag zur Coleopteren Fauna der Philippinen
werden folgende neue Arten und Varietiéiten, deren Kenntnis
ich zum weitaus gréssten Teil einer Sendung des Bureau of
Science in Manila verdanke, beschrieben:
Curculionids
1. Cepurellus cervinus sp. nov.
2. Ergania decorata sp. nov.
3. Ergania decorata var. zamboangana nov.
4. Nanoplazes (gen. nov.) merrilli sp. nov.
4a. Nanoplaxes ferruginea sp. nov. (ex India orientalis!).
. Cyamobolus (?) palawanicus sp. nov.
. Asytesta philippinica sp. nov.
. Sclerolips ochrodiscus sp. nov.
. Endymia philippinica sp. nov.
. Metialma obsoleta sp. nov.
. Nauphaeus sexmaculatus sp. nov.
. Cercidocerus flavopictus sp. nov.
. Ommatolampus hemorrhoidalis var. pygidialis nov.
. Eutornus luzonicus sp. nov.
. Eutornus stricticollis sp. nov.
. Eutornus rufobasalis sp. nov.
Brenthidez
Bee eee
aAnRwWNH CMON MH
16. Amphicordus (gen. nov.) inproportionatus sp. nov.
17. Henarrhodes (gen. nov.) macgregori sp. nov.
Cerambycidz
18. Ocalemia prasina sp. nov.
19. Euryphagus mazillosus var. nigricollis nov.
20. Planodes schultzei sp. nov.
21. Agelasta mediofasciata sp. nov.
22. Euclea rhombifera sp. nov.
135
136 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Erotylide
23. Encaustes palawanica sp. nov.
24. Encaustes tagala sp. nov.
25. Triplatoma exornata sp. nov.
1. Cepurellus cervinus sp. nov.
Oblongo-ovalis, supra omnino unicolor dilute cervinus, subter
albido-squamosus; rostro latitudine triplo longiore, dorso in
medio et in lateribus carinulato, spatiis crebre punctatis ac
setulis, transverse directis, obsitis ; antennis fuscescentibus, scapo
curvato, oculum attingente, funiculo septem articulato, articulo
secundo primo distincte longiore, reliquis brevibus subquadratis,
clava elongata (articulis 6 praecedentibus aequilonga), protho-
race trapezoidali, longitudine fere duplo latiore; scutello puncti-
forme, nigro; elytris sat subtiliter striato-punctatis, spatio nono
in quarto basali dilatato; corpore subter subrosaceo-albido-squa-—
moso, mesosterno tuberculato, tarsis articulo secundo transverso-
trapezoidali.
Long. 8.5, lat. 5. mm.
Hab. MINDANAO, Zamboanga, Port Banga, legit W. J. Hutchin-
son (Bur. Sci. Acc. No. 8692).
Langlich oval, oberseits gleichmassig hell rehbraun beschuppt.
Riissel dreimal so lang wie breit, in der Mitte und an den Seiten
geleistet, dicht punktiert und sparlich mit quergestellten Borst-
chen besetzt. Stirn zwischen den Augen nur so breit wie die
Fiihlergeissel dick ist, oval; Fiihler braunlich, Schaft das Auge
erreichend, gebogen, an der Spitze stark verdickt, zweites Geissel-
glied so lang wie die drei folgenden, ziemlich kugeligen zusam-
men, Keule fast so lange wie die ganze Geissel, ihr erstes Glied
konisch, zwei Drittel der Keulenlange einnehmend. Halsschild
quer, die Seiten kaum merklich, der Hinterrand deutlich ge-
rundet, der Vorderrand schwach ausgerandet, die ziemlich recht-
winkeligen Hinterecken am Aussersten Rande weiss beschuppt.
Schildchen klein, punktformig. Fliigeldecken ziemlich fein ge-
reiht-punktiert, jeder Punkt auf dem Grunde mit sehr kleinem
Borstchen, die Streifen, vom sechsten ab, vorn abgekiirzt, das
vorletzte Spatium im Basalviertel erweitert. Unterseite dicht
weisslich, an den Seiten der Hinterbrust etwas rosa schimmernd
beschuppt. Mesosternum zwischen den Mittelhiiften nach vorn
zu hockerartig vorgewolbt.
Der relativ lange Riissel, sowie das zweite quer trapezoidale
Tarsenglied, veranlassen mich diese Art in die von mir in der
VIII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 1387
Entomologischen Zeitung, Stettin (1908), 137, errichteten Gat-
tung zu stellen. Da die Augen der hier beschriebenen Art wie
bei Cepurus breit oval sind, so scheidet ihre Form als Gattungs-
merkmal aus.
2. Ergania decorata sp. nov.
Nigra, sat dense ochraceo-squamosa; rostro crebre punctato,
carinula mediana tenui, basi subquinque-carinulata; prothorace
crebre punctato, squamulis in vittis tribus, una mediana et
duabus lateralibus, contensatis; elytris striato-punctatis, scutello
vittaque suturali in primo triente, macula oblonga, rectangulari,
humerali fasciaque postmediana albido-squamosis.
Long. 11, lat. 6.2 mm.
Hab. LUZON, Los Banos, legit E. M. Ledyard (Bur. Sci. Acc.
No. 13400).
So robust wie E#. proxima Faust [Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova
(1894) , 238], ziemlich dicht lehmgelb beschuppt, drei Linien auf
dem Halsschild, die Nahtwurzel, eine Schultermakel und eine
Querbinde hinter der Deckenmitte weisslich. Riissel dicht punk-
tiert, mit feiner Mittelleiste, im Basalteil mit spairlichen Schiipp-
chen und jederseits mit zwei undeutlichen Langsleistchen.
Erstes und zweites Geisselglied der Fiihler verlingert, die fol-
genden Glieder leicht quer und gelblich, die letzten zwei dunkler
beborstet, die Keule schwarz. MHalsschild dicht punktiert, jeder
Punkt mit einem Borstenschiippchen, das mit seiner Spitze nach
vorn gerichtet ist, in der Mittellinie und innerhalb des Seiten-
randes sind die Schiippchen zu hellen Langsstreifen verdichtet.
Schildchen fast quadratisch, hinten wenig breiter als vorn,
gewolbt, weiss tomentiert. Fliigeldecken stark gewdlbt, ge-
streift-punktiert, die Punkte klein, aber tief eingestochen, 4. und
5., 6. und 7. Streifen je an der Spitze mit einander verbunden.
Das erste Drittel der Naht, eine langliche Makel an der Wurzel
zwischen dem 4. und 6. Streifen, eine Querbinde hinter der
Mitte, die vom 2.-10. Streifen reicht und auf dem 4. und 8.
Spatium nach vorn ausgezogen ist, weiss. Unterseite gelblich
weiss beschuppt, ein Langsstreifen auf der Vorderbrust iiber den
Vorderhiiften sowie der Aussenrand der Hinterbrust rein weiss.
3. Ergania decorata var. zamboangana nov.
Praecedenti simillima, sed tomento principali nigro, loco
ochraceo, maculis aequaliter dispositis sed macula vittiforme ad
apicem in spatio tertio amplius.
Long. 11.1, lat. 6.2 mm.
188 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Hab. MINDANAO, Zamboanga, legit T. C. Zchokke (Bur. Sci.
Acc. No. 13614).
Genau sowie die vorhergehende Art, nur die Grundfarbe der
Beschuppung schwarz und vor der Deckenspitze, auf dem 3. Spa-
tium mit einer tiberzahligen weissen Langsmakel.
NANOPLAXES genus novum
Trypetidarum +
Corpus depressum. Rostrum filiforme. Antennae genicula-
tae, funiculo quinque-articulato. Caput transversum, oculi con-
vexi. Prothorax transversus, lateribus rotundatis, basi truncata.
Scutellum distinctum. Elytra oblonga, novem-striatis, pygidium
obtegentia. Coxae omnes distantes, intermediae et posticae
anticis remotiores. Mesosternum fere rectangulare, transver-
sum, prosterno adpressum. Segmentum abdominale secundum
duobus sequentibus aequilongum. Femora breves, clavata, iner-_
mes. Tibiae anticae apice uncinatae. Tarsi crypto-pentameri,
articulo tertio bilobo.
Diese neue Gattung, die neben die Gattung Plazes Pase. [Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genova (1885), 296] zu stellen ist, unterscheidet sich
von ihr durch die schmalere
Korperform, den an der Wurzel
gerade abgestutzten Halsschild,
die das Pygidium bedeckenden
Fligeldecken und von _ allen
Trypetiden durch die nur fiinf-
gliederige Fiihlergeissel.
1, 4. Nanoplaxes merrilli sp. nov.
(fies. lan teste):
Rufus, elytris nigris, depres-
sus; rostro prothorace aequi-
longo, lateribus ut fronte punc-
tato, hic inter oculos foveola;
aS prothorace transverso, maxima
latitudine basin propiore, disco
leviusculo, margines versus punc-
Fic. 1. tulato; scutello distincto, rufes-
It is doubtful if Trypetide can stand as a family of the Coleoptera,
based as it is on Trypetes described by Schonherr in 1836 (Gen. et Spp.
Cure., 595), since the same term is used in Diptera, based on Trypeta
described by Meigen in 1826 (Syst. Beschr. 5). C. S. BANKS.
VII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kdfer von den Philippinen 189
centi, latitudine paulo longiore; elytris margine apicali subex-
planato, punctato-striatis, spatiis 6., 7., et 8. basi abbreviatis,
spatiis dorsalibus planatis, apicem versus subcostulatis; corpore
subter parce, impressione ovali communi in segmentibus abdo-
minalibus duabus anticis, ut segmento ultimo, densius punctatis
ac parce flavo pilosis.
Long. tot. (usque ad rostri apicem) 6—6.5, lat. 2 mm.
Hab. LUZON, Bataan, Lamao, legit E. D. Merrill.
Dunkelrot, Fliigeldecken glinzend, tief schwarz. Riissel fein
punktiert. Stirn mit Griibchen. Halsschild quer, auf der Scheibe
fast glatt, nach den Seiten zu mit allmidlig deutlicher werden-
der Punktierung, die Punkte langs des Hinterrandes am gréssten.
Schildchen klein, langlich viereckig, am Hinterrande etwas abge-
rundet, rot. Fliigeldecken mit etwas ausgebreitetem Spitzen-
rand, punktiert gestreift, das vom 4. und 5. Streifen einge-
schlossene Spatium in der vorderen Halfte breiter als die es ein-
schliessenden, die Streifen vom 5. ab starker eingedriickt und
ihre Spatien leicht rippenartig vortretend. Unterseite glanzend
rotbraun. Vorderbrust zwischen den Mittelhiiften, ein grosser,
flacher, ovaler EKindruck, gemeinsam auf dem 1. und 2. Bauch-
sternit, sowie die Mitte des Analsternites dichter und deutlicher
punktiert als die tibrige Unterseite und fein gelblich und sparsam
behaart.
Mir liegt ausser dieser Art noch eine zweite dieser Gattung
vor, die ersterer so ahnlich ist, dass sie am besten gleich an dieser
Stelle charakterisiert wird.
4a. Nanoplaxes ferruginea sp. nov.
N. merrilli simillima, sed unicolor, ferruginea; prothorace
omnino, linea mediana levi excepta, punctato; scutello fere qua-
drato; elytris fortius punctato-striatis, spatio tertio includentibus
haud latiore.
Hab. INDIA ORIENTALIS, Pegu (ex .coll. Gehr. Dr. Wilhelm
Miiller, Jena).
In Grésse und Korperform vollkommen der N. merrilli gleich
und von ihr nur durch rotbraune Korperfarbung, kraftige
zerstreute Punktierung des Halsschildes, die nur eine glatte
Mittellinie frei lasst, gleichmassiger und starker punktierte
Deckenstreifen, nicht breiteres drittes Spatium, kiirzeres, fast
quadratisches Schildchen und fehlende Behaarrung auf den
dichter punktierten Stellen der Ko6rperunterseite unterschieden.
140 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
5. Cyamobolus (?) palawanicus sp. nov. (fig. 2, 2a, 2b).
Fuscus, dense albido- ac maculatim fuscescenti ferrugineo-
squamosus; rostro subrecto, apicem versus paulo attenuato ac
denudato, hic linea me-
diana levi, fronte inter
oculos puncto impresso;
prothorace latitudine long-
iore, basi bisinuato, lateri-
bus in duabus trientibus
basalibus fere parallelis
dein convergentibus, disco
macula quadrata fusca, : aa Peles
per lineis cruciatis plus
minusve in maculis quatuor subquadratis divisa; scutello minuto,
rotundato, glabro; elytris albido-, macula basali, majore, trans-
versa alterisque minoribus utrinque ad humeros, ad marginem—
lateralem, ante medium et pone suturae dimidiam partem poste-
riorem, fusco-squamosis, punctato-striatis, punctis remotis, striis
duabus exterioribus fortius impressis, spatio octavo carinulato;
corpore subter aequaliter ochraceo-squamoso, squamulis concolo-
ribus, dissociatis, remotis, tibiis margine exteriore ad basin ob-
tusangulariter flexo.
Long. 8, lat. 3.6 mm.
Hab. PALAWAN, legit E. D. Merrill (Bur. Sci. Acc. No. 6108).
Rotbraun, dicht kreideweiss beschuppt, mit rostbraunen,
schwarzlich gekernten Flecken auf der Halsschildscheibe und
an den Deckenwurzeln. Riissel kiirzer als der Halsschild, nur so
lang wie die Halsschildseiten, vom Hinterrande bis zur Ausran-
dung iiber den Augen gemessen, etwas flachgedriickt und nach
der Wurzel zu leicht verbreitert, diese mit feiner Mittelleiste
und schmutzig weiss, mdssig dicht beschuppt, Riisselriicken im
mittleren Teile der Mittellinie glatt, im tibrigen ziemlich kraftig
punktiert. Erstes Geisselglied langer und etwas dicker als das
zweite, die folgenden fiinf sehr kurz, das fiinfte quer, Keule
elliptisch, ungefahr so lang wie die fiinf vorhergehenden Geissel-
glieder zusammen. Stirn zwischen den Augen mit eingestoche-
nem Griibchen. Halsschild wenig breiter als lang, sein Vorder-
rand iiber den Kopf vorgezogen, der Hinterrand zweibuchtig,
Oberseite dicht beschuppt, mit zerstreuten groberen Punkten,
der Vorder- und der Seitenrand in der vorderen Halfte, sowie
eine ungefaihr quadratische Makel auf der Halsschildscheibe
chocoladebraun beschuppt, letztere ist durch eine kreuzformige
weisse Linie mehr oder weniger in vier Makeln, mit schwarz-
VIII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 141
lichem Kern, geteilt. Fliigeldecken nur an der Wurzel mit an-
scheinend konstanter grésserer dunkelbrauner Quermakel, sonst
vorherrschend weisslich beschuppt, nur beiderseits der Naht,
hinter der Mitte, mit je einem grésseren Punkt und im Spitzen-
teil mit wenigen Piinktchen von rotbrauner Farbe, ausserdem
mit blassbraunen Nebelflecken. Die Deckenstreifen stellen sich
als Punktreihen mit isolierten Schiippchen dar, nur die zwei
vorletzten und die Spitze der zwei, diesen vorhergehenden Strei-
fen sind eingedriickt. Der dusserste Streifen ist in der hinteren
Halfte abgekiirzt, der vorletzte im mittleren Teil starker einge-
driickt, so dass das vorletzte Spatium, das einige undeutliche
gereihte Koérnchen aufweist, in der hinteren Halfte gekielt
erscheint. Unterseite ziemlich dicht mit runden, nicht sehr
kleinen, gelblich weissen Schuppen, von denen einige isoliert
stehen, bedeckt.
Da die Stellung der Art in der Gattung Cyamobolus unsicher
ist, so sei noch erwahnt, dass die Mittelbrust, ahnlich wie bei
Sclerolips gebildet, die Hinterbrust in der Mittellinie kiirzer als
das erste Bauchsternit und dessen Hinterrand stumpfwinkelig
ist. Das zweite Sternit ist langer als die zwei folgenden Bauch-
sternite. Schenkel ziemlich gleichbreit, unterseits nicht gefurcht,
die hinteren das 3. Bauchsternit nicht tiberragend, alle stumpf
gezahnt, Schienen linear, ihr Aussenrand an der Wurzel stumpf-
winkelig geknickt, 2. Tarsenglied fast quadratisch, das dritte
stark zweilappig.
6. Asytesta philippinica sp. nov.
Aterrima, opaca, rostro creberrime punctato, dorso in dimidia
parte apicali basique utrinque lateribus carinulatis; prothorace
latitudine basali paulo longiore, lateribus fossulatim, supra antice
sat dense ac minute punctatis, punctis basin versus majoribus,
omnibus*setula albida, antrorsum directa, minutis; scutello mi-
nuto, subquadrato, intruso; elytris latitudine basali vix sesqui
longioribus, basi truncatis et hic anguste albido-squamosis, reli-
quis atomis albidis parce adspersis, striato-fossulatis, stria prima
in parte apicali abbreviata, secunda tertiaque eo loco punctatis,
fossulis spatiis latioribus, spatio secundo in triente mediano
cristato, ut reliquis remote ac minute seriato-granulosis; metas-
terno dense ochraceo piloso; femoribus posticis dimidia parte ab-
dominis ex apice extantibus, granulis remotis, setuligeris obsitis.
Long. 7-8, lat. 2.9-3.5 mm.
Hab. SAMAR, legit J. Whitehead, altitudine 500 ped. (Mus.
Dresdense) et LUZON, Laguna, Calauang, legit R. C. McGregor
(Bur. Sci. Acc. No. 14206).
142 The Philippine Journal of Science 3918
Matt schwarz, Riissel sehr dicht punktiert, in der Apicalhalfte
mit Mittelleiste, in der Basalhalfte mit Seitenrandleisten und
daselbst sparlich mit nach vorn gerichteten Boérstchen besetzt,
die auf der Stirn noch zerstreuter stehen. Fiihler bradunlich,
das zweite Geisselglied langer als das erste, die iibrigen Glieder,
vom dritten ab, an Lange abnehmend, das letzte kugelig, die
Keule etwas langer als die drei vorhergehenden Glieder, gestreckt
elliptisch. Halsschild etwas langer als an der Basis breit, vorn
verjiingt und vorgezogen, die grésste Breite hinter der Mitte,
von da nach der Basis zu nur sehr wenig verengt, im vorderen
Drittel fein zerstreut, nach hinten zu mit allmalig gréber wer-
denden Punkten, an den Seiten mit entfernten Griibchen, alle
mit kurzem, nach vorn gerichtetem Borstchen. Fltigeldecken
grubig gereiht-punktiert, die Spatien viel schmaler als die Strei-
fen und entfernt gereiht-gekornelt, alle Punkte und K6rnchen mit
weisslichem Borstchen, die erste Reihe im Spitzenviertel abge-
kiirzt, die zweite und dritte daselbst mit kleinen Punkten, das
zweite Spatium im mittleren Drittel massig hoch kammartig
erhaben, Deckenwurzel mit feiner Querlinie, aus weisslichen
Schiippchen. Hinterbrust schmutzig gelb, kurz beborstet, mit
zerstreuten weisslichen Schuppenborstchen. Abdomen schwAarz-
lich tomentiert, namentlich das erste Bauchsternit mit zerstreu-
ten weisslichen Schiippchen, hintere Halfte des 2.4. Bauchster-
nites kahl. Beine lang, die hinteren mit der Halfte die Decken
iiberragend, mit sparlichen, weisslichen Borstchen. Vorder-
schienen des Mannchens leicht geschwungen, innen lang schwarz
bewimpert.
Diese Art ist bemerkenswert da sie die erste ist, die aus dem
malayischen Gebiete bekannt wird, alle tibrigen Arten gehoren
der papuanischen Fauna an.
7. Sclerolips ochrodiscus sp. nov.
Niger, cinerascenti-nigro-squamosus, elytris nebulis nigro-,
plaga thoracali medio basali, scutelloque ochraceo-squamosis;
rostro depressiusculo, punctato, dorso late glabro, in triente
basali carinula mediana; antennis refescentibus, postmedianis,
scapo funiculo multo breviore, funiculi articulis tribus basalibus
elongatis; prothorace squamulis majoribus ac obscurioribus
punctatim adsperso; elytris in striis) etiam squamosis, squamulis
remote seriatis, dissociatis; segmento abdominali secundo tertio
paulo longiore, tarsorum articulo primo fortiter elongato, sec-
undo oblongo.
Long. 6.2—7.5, lat. 2.5-3.2 mm. k
Hab. LUZON, Cap Engafo, legit J. Whitehead (in Mus.
Vill, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 143
Dresdense), et INSULA CALAYAN, legit R. C. McGregor (Bur. Sci.
Acc. No. 649).
Braunlich schwarz, eine eiférmige, oder fast quadratische
Makel in der Mitte auf der hinteren Halsschildhalfte, sowie
das Schildchen dicht ockergelb beschuppt, Fliigeldecken mit
einigen sammetschwarzen Nebelflecken. Riissel schlank, flach
gedriickt, auf dem Riicken glatt, nur im Basaldrittel mit feiner
Mittelleiste, im iibrigen ziemlich kraftig punktiert. Fiihler
rotbraun, hinter der Mitte eingefiigt, der Schaft die Augen nicht
erreichend, viel kiirzer als die Geissel, diese mit drei verlangerten
Basalgliedern, von denen das zweite das langste ist, Keule kaum
langer als die drei vorhergehenden Glieder zusammen. Hals-
schild quer, die Seiten in der Basalhalfte nach vorn leicht diver-
gierend, dann convergierend, die Basis zweibuchtig, Oberseite
dicht braunlich schwarz beschuppt und ausserdem mit etwas
grosseren mehr abstehenden Schiippchen entfernt tibersat.
Schildchen klein, eiformig, gewolbt. Fliigeldecken an der Wurzel
dreibuchtig und daselbst etwas breiter als die Halsschildbasis,
die verrundeten Schulterecken sehr wenig vorgezogen, gereiht-
punktiert, jeder Punkt mit einem isolierten Schiippchen,
auch langs der Mitte der Spatien mit einer Reihe Ahnlicher
Schiippchen, zweites Spatium dicht hinter der Wurzel mit einer
langlichen, sehr flachen Schwiele, die sowie eine unregelmassige
Querbinde hinter der Deckenmitte und einige Nebelflecken in
der Spitzenhalfte sammetschwarz beschuppt sind, 8. Spatium,
namentlich in der hinteren Halfte, leicht kielf6rmig erhaben,
mit einer Reihe sehr kleiner, glanzender Kornchen. Unterseite
dicht braunlich schwarz beschuppt, Schenkel linear, ihre grésste
Breite an der Wurzel, gezahnt, mit Furche zur Aufnahme der
Schienen, Tarsen schlank, doch kiirzer als die Schienen, rétlich,
ihr erstes Glied mindestens so lang wie das Klauenglied, das
zweite doppelt so lang wie an der Spitze breit.
Ich weiss diese Art in keine andere Gattung zu bringen wie
in diese, mit der sie zweifellos nahe verwandt ist, aber sich
von ihr dadurch unterscheidet, dass das zweite Bauchsternit nur
wenig langer ist als das dritte, was spater wohl die Errichtung
einer neuen Gattung veranlassen wird.
8. Endymia philippinica sp. nov. (2 !)
EK. marmoratae Kirsch simillima, differt: elytris postice minus
attenuatis, spatiis remote subtiliterque granulatis, scutello trans-
verso, prothorace utrinque lateribus plus rotundatis, ante medium
tuberculo rectangulari scutelloque transverso.
Long. 9.5, lat. 4 mm.
116935——6
144 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Hab. INSULZ PHILIPPINZ (sine patria exacta) ex coll. Dr.
Baden (in Mus. Dresdense), et LUZON, Lamao, Bataan, legit
H. E. Stevens (Bur. Sci. Acc. No. 9801).
Die durch die Fiihlerbildung sehr charakteristische Gattung
hatte bisher nur papuanische Arten aufzuweisen:
Endymia vipio Pasc., Journ. Linn. Soc. (1871), 11, 200, Pl. VIII,
figs. 5, 5a, 5b, 5c. Batjan, Dorey.
Endymia geminata Pasc., Journ. Linn. Soe. (1873), 12, 43, Pl. I,
figs. 18, 18a. Batjan.
Endymia marmorata KirscH (Blepiarda), Mittheil. Mus. Dresden
(1877), 155. Neuguinea, Rubi.
Endymia effusa Faust, Ent. Zeitg., Stettin (1890), 51, 190. Aru.
Die neue Art von den Philippinen steht der Fiihlerbildung nach
E. marmorata am nachsten, sieht ihr auch durch ihr Schup-
penkleid sehr Ahnlich, unterscheidet sich aber nicht nur
von ihr, sondern von allen anderen Arten der Gattung durch
den breiteren, nicht konischen Halsschild und die relativ kiir-
zeren, hinten weniger verjiingten Fliigeldecken. Da mir nur
zwei Weibchen der neuen Art vorliegen (die Mannchen sind
durch verlangerte Vorderbeine und bewimperte Tarsen ausge-
zeichnet), so kann auch nur das Weibchen von E.. marmorata zum
Vergleich herangezogen werden; dieser zeigt, dass das zweite
Geisselglied bei beiden Arten verlingert und etwas langer als
die fiinf folgenden Geisselglieder zusammen ist, dass aber die
Keule, die bei E. marmorata nur so lang wie die sechs vorher-
gehenden Glieder ist, bei E. philippinica der ganzen Geissellange
gleichkommt. Halsschild an der Wurzel ein und ein Drittel mal
so breit wie in der Mittellinie lang, am Vorderrande schmaler
als die halbe Basis, im ersten Drittel mit einer Querreihe von
undeutlichen Héckern, von denen die ausseren rechtwinkelig sind
und nur sehr wenig iiber den Seitenrand vorragen. Die dichte
Beschuppung des Halsschildes ist durch sehr grobe, zerstreute,
borstenahnliche Schiippchen tragende Punkte unterbrochen und
lasst beiderseits der Mittellinie an der Wurzel einen Quereindruck
erkennen. Schildchen deutlich quer, kahl, dunkelbraun. Fliigel-
decken ganz wie bei #. marmorata scheckig beschuppt, die
Schultern in grésserer Ausdehnung weisslich, 2. Spatium in
der vorderen Halfte mit zwei entfernten, Naht hinter der Mitte
mit zwei gemeinsamen und der Spitzenteil der Decken mit nebel-
fleckigen, sammetartig braun beschuppten Erhabenheiten, die
Spatien aber im Gegensatz zu marmorata mit sehr kleinen, ent-
fernten Koérnchen, die ein von hinten her eingestochenes, weisses
Borstchen tragen. Unterseite sparlich weiss, Schenkel dichter
beschuppt, letztere vor der Spitze mit undeutlicher dunkler
VIII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 145
Querbinde, drittes Tarsenglied réter als die iibrigen mehr
braunlichen.
Endymia effusa Faust.
Diese Art kommt nach einem mir vorliegendem, von J. White-
head auf der Insel Samar in einer Hohe von 500 Fuss gesam-
melten Exemplare auch auf den Philippinen vor. Sehr wahr-
scheinlich fallt diese Art mit vipio Pasc., die Faust eben so wenig
wie ich in Natura kannte, zusammen und sind die von Faust
erwahnten Unterschiede nur auf verschiedenen Erhaltungs-
zustand zuriickzufiihren, Sicherheit dariiber kann jedoch nur ein
Vergleich der Typen mit einander geben.
9. Metialma obsoleta sp. nov.
Nigra, squamulis setiformibus, ochraceis, sat dense tecta,
elytris utrinque ante medium et ante apicem plaga nigricante,
obsoleta; rostro apice obscure sanguineo, basi quinque carinulato,
parce squamuloso; prothorace crebre punctato, disco parcius
tomentoso, obscuriore; scutello minuto, intruso, ochraceo; elytris
in striis, sat profundiis, indistincte punctatis, basi, in parte
suturali concavis, aequaliter ochraceo-tomentosis, singulis plagis
duabus transversis, nigricantibus; propygidio parce albido
squamoloso, pygidio parce ochraceo-piloso; corpore subter pedi-
busque concoloribus.
Long. 5.5—5.7, lat. 3 mm.
Hab. MINDORO, Magaran, legit C. M. Weber (Bur. Sci. Ace.
No. 18435).
Alle bisher beschriebenen indo-malayischen Arten der Gattung
sind durch auffallend heller tomentiertes Schildchen und eben
solche Nahtspitze ausgezeichnet, wahrend die vorliegende phil-
ippinische Art die Oberseite gleichmassig schmutzig gelb tomen-
tiert und nur auf den Fliigeldecken je zwei undeutliche, schwarz-
liche Quermakeln zeigt. Rtissel in der Apikalhalfte rotbraun,
unpunktiert, an der Wurzel spdrlich ockergelb beschuppt, mit
fiinf, durch Punktstreifen getrennte Langsleisten. Fiihler
braunlich, das erste und zweite Geisselglied verlangert, das
zweite langer als das erste, alle folgenden quer, mit spadrlichem
Borstenkranz, bis zur rotbraun tomentierten Keule an Breite
zunehmend, das letzte dieser angeschlossen. MHalsschild dicht
und fein raspelartig punktiert, mit kurzem Haarkleid, beiderseits
der Scheibe mit undeutlicher, dunklerer Langsmakel. Fliigel-
decken mit tiefen, aber feinen und sehr entfernt punktierten
Streifen, von denen der 7., 8. und 9. an der Schulter abgekiirzt,
der 3. und 8. vor der Spitze mit einander vereinigt sind, nur
146 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
der 9. und 10. erreicht den Spitzenrand. Jede Decke jederseits
vor der Mitte und vor der Apikalschwiele mit unregelmassigem
braunlich schwarzem Querfleck. Propygidium und Pygidium mit
Mittelkiel, ersteres mit weisslichen, rundlichen Schiippchen, letz-
teres sehr fein schmutzig gelb behaart. Unterseite gleichmas-
sig einfarbig lehmgelb behaart-beschuppt. Erstes Bauchsternit
des Mannchens mit breiter Langsfurche, das Analsternit mit
grossem, rundem Griibchen.
10. Nauphaeus sexmaculatus sp. nov.
Niger, squamulis nigris luteisque tectus, elytris singulis gut-
tis quatuor, una humerali,, una marginali, postmediana, altera
discali, minuta et una apicali majore ut corpore subter dense
lutescenti-albido-tomentosis; femoribus anticis in triente apicali,
tibiis anticis totis, nigris.
Long. 9, lat. 4 mm. ;
Hab. PALAWAN, Iwahig, legit C. H. Lamb (Bur. Sci. Ace.
No. 12541).
In Gestalt und Skulptur dem N. linearis Hell. [Ent. Zeitg.,
Stettin (1908), 179], Ahnlich, oberseits mit braunlich schwarzen
und schmutziggelben Schiippchen dicht und gleichmassig gespren-
kelt, nur die Mittellinie des Halsschildes, vier Deckenmackeln
und die Unterseite ganz schmutzig weiss beschuppt. Riissel
nur in der Basalhalfte sparlich beschuppt, sonst kahl, in der
Apicalhalfte massig dicht und kraftig punktiert, an der Wurzel
leicht langsrunzelig, mit wenigen zerstreuten, groben Punkten.
Kopf dicht punktiert, die gelblichen Schiippchen nur an den Au-
genrindern dichter stehend als die schwarzlichen. MHalsschild
in der Mittellinie langer als an der zweibuchtigen Wurzel breit,
die Seiten nach vorn leicht convergierend, die Mittellinie, na-
mentlich in der vorderen Halfte leicht eingedriickt. Schildchen
kurz elliptisch, von der Naht eingeschlossen, gelblich tomentiert.
Fliigeldecken elliptisch, an der Wurzel nicht breiter als die Hals-
schildbasis, hinter den Schultern sehr wenig erweitert, fein punk-
tiert gestreift, die Naht in den vorderen zwei Dritteln, erstes
und zweites Spatium in der vorderen Halfte entfernt gereiht-
gekornt, 4. Spatium an der Wurzel mit einem gelblichen Langs-
strich, hinter der Mitte mit einem 4hnlichen, aber viel kleine-
ren, vor der Spitze mit einer grésseren, die Ausserste Spitze von
fiinf Spatien bedeckenden Makel. Unterseite dicht gelblich,
Vorderschenkel im Spitzendrittel, die Vorderschienen ganz, die
Mittel- und Hinterschienen nur aussen an der Spitze schwarz
beschuppt.
VII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 147
11. Cercidocerus flavopictus sp. nov. (fig. 3).
Fuscescenti-niger, supra vittis, fascia plagisque stramineis
ornatus; rostro apice glabro et sat crebre, reliquo tomentoso ac
parce punctato; prothorace vittis duabus dorsalibus, antrorsum
convergentibus, vittaque laterali, tenuiore, ab angulos posticos
usque ad medium extensa, stramineis; scutello toto, sutura in '
dimidia parte basali apiceque, macula transversa post humeros,
fascia undulosa postmediana, ad suturam breviter interrupta,
lineolaque ad apicem in spatio quarto, stramineo- reliquo fus-
cescenti-nigro-tomentosis; corpore subter albido, plaga laterali
in metasterni lateribus, in episternis expansa, vitta prosternali
utrinque ante coxis anticis fuscescentibus; segmentis abdomina-
libus tertio et quarto lateribus, ultimo toto, nigricantibus.
Long. (sine rostro) 15, lat. 6.2 mm.
Hab. MINDANAO, Agusan River, legit A. Celestino (Bur. Sci.
Acc. No. 12524).
Dem C. heros Pasc. [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1883), V, 19, 377,
Pl. XI, fig. 3], zufolge der relative feinen Halsschildskulptur und
der Anlage der Zeichnung verwandt. Riissel mit
haarfeiner, in der kahlen Spitzenhalfte erléschenden
Mittelleiste, daselbst fein und dicht in der Basalhalfte
feiner und zerstreuter punktiert und rostgelb tomen-
tiert, tiber den Augen ein mit der Riisseltomentierung
zusammenhangender Querstreifen ebenfalls so ge-
farbt. Fiihlergeisselglied 3 und 4 stark quer, kiirzer
als das ebenfalls quere fiinfte, Keule schwarzlich, so
lang wie breit, beilformig (Weibchen!). Hals-
schild zerstreut und fein punktiert, mit feiner Mit-
tellinie, beiderseits der Scheibe mit je einem, nach
der Wurzel zu divergierenden und hinten verbreiterten Langs-
streifen, an den Seiten ein eben solcher, aber kiirzerer, der un-
terhalb den Hinterecken beginnt und nach vorn sich verjiingend,
bis zur Mitte des Seitenrandes reicht, beide strohgelb tomentiert.
Schildchen rostbraun, spitz dreieckig. Fliigeldecken mit 9 gan-
zen, feinen, einfachen Streifen, der erste an der Spitze etwas
nach aussen gebogen, so dass die Naht daselbst verbreitert ist,
die Spatien fein zerstreut-punktiert. Die Basalhalfte und das
Spitzenviertel der Naht, die 4usserste Wurzel des 1. und 2. Spa-
tiums, eine von der Mitte des dritten Spatiums bis zum 7. Streifen
nach aussen reichende, grosse Quermakel, im vorderen Decken-
drittel, je eine nach aussen verbreiterte, leicht s-formig ge-
schwungene Querbinde, die fast bis zur Naht und nach aussen
bis zum 7. Streifen reicht, sowie ein kurzer Langsstreifen, im
Fic. 3.
148 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Spitzenviertel des vierten Spatiums, strohgelb tomentiert. Py-
gidium in der Basalhalfte mit gréberen Punkten, in der Mittel-
linie mit kurzen rostfarbigen Borstchen. Unterseite vorherr-
schend gelblich weiss tomentiert, ein von den Vorderhiiften nach
dem Vorderrande der Vorderbrust ziehender Streifen, die Sei-
ten der Hinterbrust und mit ihr der angrenzende Teil der Hin-
terbrustepisternen, eine quere Makel je an den Seiten des 3.-4.
Bauchsternites, das letzte fast ganz schwarzlich, Mittellinie des
Abdomens mit einer Langsreihe von Kahlflecken.
12. Ommatolampus hemorrhoidalis var. pygidialis nov.
Differt a specie typica: pygidio toto rufo-ferrugineo.
Long. 27, lat. 7 mm.
Hab. PALAWAN, Iwahig, legit C. H. Lamb (Bur. Sci. Acc. No.
13212.)
Von der Stammart allein nur durch das oberseits gelbrote
Pygidium verschieden.
13. Eutornus luzonicus sp. nov. (fig. 5, 5a).
Aterrimus, nitidus, longirostri Faust affinis, sed minus elon:
gatus, corporis in forma crenato Faust fere aequali; rostro basin
versus, paulo angustato, ante antennarum insertionem paulo
latiore, sat crebre, retrorsum sensim fortius punctato, dorso
inter antennas canalicula brevi; prothorace maxima latitudine
basin propiore, latitudine paulo longiore, sat dense, basin versus
majus punctato; scutello transverso-ovali; elytris prothorace
latioribus, latitudine duplo tertiaque parte longioribus, striato-
punctatis, stria prima impressa, spatio octavo in parte apicali
convexo, reliquo ut spatio nono decimoque acute tenuique carinu-
latis; corpore subter remote punctato, sternito anali punctis
majoribus.
Long. 9.2, lat. 2.2 mm.
Hab. LUZON, Montalban Gorge, Rizal, legit W. Schultze, et Los
Banos, legit C. F. Baker.
Glanzend schwarz, Riissel so lang wie der Halsschild, leicht
gebogen, Fiihlerinsertion dicht vor der Mitte, der davor liegende
Teil ziemlich parallelseitig und etwas breiter als der basale
Riisselteil, Punktierung ziemlich dicht und kraftig, Riisselriicken
zwischen der Fiihlerinsertion mit undeutlichem, kurzem Langs-
eindruck, zwischen den Augen mit Griibchen. Kopf vor der
Einschniirung grob punktiert. Die Entfernung vom Augen-
hinterrand betragt weniger als der Augendurchmesser. Fiihler-
schaft kraftig, alle Geisselglieder quer, die Keule kreiself6rmig,
ihre grosste Dicke naher der Basis. Halsschild wenig linger
VIII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 149
als breit, seine grésste Breite naher der Basis, Vorderrand-
abschniirung oberseits seicht, in der Mitte unterbrochen, die
ziemlich dichte Punktierung nach der Halsschildwurzel zu
unmerklich gréber werdend. Schildchen klein, quer, etwas
trapezoidal. Fliigeldecken im Spitzenteil verengt, die nach der
Spitze zu verbreiterte Naht leicht dachformig gewolbt, die erste
Punktreihe ganz, die iibrigen Reihen, die kaum der Halfte eines
Spatiums an Breite gleichkommen, nur an der Spitze streifenartig
eingedriickt, namentlich der dritte Streifen im Spitzenfiinftel tief
gefurcht, das zweite und achte Spatium daselbst wulstartig
vortretend, letzteres, ausgenommen im basalen Viertel, das 9.
und 10., namentlich in der Basalhalfte, mit sehr feiner Langs-
leiste. Im iibrigen alle Spatien mit kaum wahrnehmbarer,
zerstreuter Punktierung. Mittelbrust kraftig und dicht, Hinter-
brust spdrlicher, Abdomen feiner, im mittleren Teil undeutlich,
Analsternit in der Basalhalfte grob punktiert, sein Seitenrand
mit kleineren Punkten, die Apikalhalfte fast ganz glatt. Schen-
kel fein punktiert, etwas langsrunzelig, Schienen langsstreifig.
14. Eutornus stricticollis sp. nov. (fig. 4, 4a).
Praecedenti (E. luzonico) parum affinis; paulo minor, plus
angustatus; rostro longiore, parte apicali apicem versus distincte
dilatata, crebre, basin ver-
sus majus punctato, dorso
inter antennas canalicula,
fronte foveola; capite tem-
poribus oculorum diame-
trum longioribus; protho-
race lateribus aequaliter
ac modice rotundatis, max-
ima latitudine in medio,
crebe punctato, margine
antico circum fortiter
constricto, disco linea me-
diana levi; elytris simili-
ter ut in luzonico, sed
striis fortius punctatis,
stria prima punctis basali- 4 Bs
bus transversis, spatio se- ieee 2 6.
cundo striis confinibus vix
latiore; corpore subter omnino dense punctato.
Long. 8, lat. 1.9 mm.
Hab. LuZON, Montalban Gorge, Rizal, legit W. Schultze (Bur.
Sci. Acc. No. 5196).
ba
150 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Dem FE. luzonicus ahnlich, aber kleiner und gestreckter, der
Riissel langer und im Spitzenteil deutlich nach vorn verbreitert,
dicht, nach der Wurzel zu grober punktiert, zwischen der Fiihler-
insertion, auf dem Riicken, mit kurzer, seichter Langsfurche,
zwischen den Augen mit eingestochenem Punkt. Fiihler roétlich
braun, alle Geisselglieder quer, Keule elliptisch (bei E. luzonicus
kreiselformig). Halsschild, auch ohne der Vorderrandabschnii-
rung, langer als breit, die Seiten gleichmassig und schwach
gerundet, gleichmassig dicht punktiert, die Scheibe mit glatter
Mittellinie, Vorderrand ringsum stark abgeschniirt. Schildchen
klein, quer, trapezoidal. Fliigeldecken wie bei E. luzonicus, nur
gestreckter, mehr gleichbreit und mit gréberen Punktreihen, die
Punkte an der Wurzel der ersten Reihe quer, das zweite und
dritte wenig breiter als die anliegenden Punktreihen. Unter-
seite massig dicht punktiert, 3. und 4. Bauchsternit im mittlerem
Teil, Analsternit am Vorder- und Hinterrande glatt. Schenkel_
punktiert, Schienen langsstreifig.
15. Eutornus rufobasalis sp.-nov. (fig. 6).
Niger, metasterno, abdomine elytrorumque basi rufo-brunneis;
rostro prothorace multo breviore, latitudine vix sesqui longiore,
equilato, subtiliter punctato; antennis pone oculos insertis, scapo
clavato, funiculo articulis transversis, latitudine sensim crescen-
tibus, clava conica, funiculi articulo ultimo vix latiore; prothorace
oblongo, sat dense subtiliterque punctato, linea mediana, triente
basali excepta, levi, margine antico constricto; scutello minuto,
rotundato, elytris, sutura excepta, in triente basali rufis, punc-
tato-striatis, sutura basin versus paulo dilatata, stria sexta
septimaque tenuibus, haud impressis, antice abbreviatis, spatio
paenultimo in parte apicali convexo; corpore subter metasterni
lateribus distincte, abdomine subtilius punctatis, sternitis abdo-
minalibus tertio quartoque, lateribus exceptis, glabris.
Long. 6, lat. 1.5 mm.
Hab. LuZON, Los Banos, legit C. F. Baker.
Glanzend schwarz, die Fliigeldecken, die Naht ausgenommen,
im vorderen Drittel, sowie die Hinterbrust und das Abdomen
braunrot. Riissel viel kiirzer als der Halsschild, kaum doppelt
so lang wie breit, sehr fein zerstreut punktiert. Fihler vor
den Augen eingefiigt, Schaft gebogen, den Hinterrand des Auges
erreichend, die Geisselglieder quer an Breite zunehmend, das
letzte so breit wie die Wurzel der konischen Keule. Entfernung
des Augenhinterrandes von der Kopfeinschniirung etwas gerin-
ger als der kiirzere Augendurchmesser. MHalsschild langer als
breit, an den Seiten gleichmassig und schwach gerundet, tiberall
VII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 151
fein massig dicht, aber ziemlich tief punktiert, in den vorderen
zwei Dritteln mit glatter Mittellinie, Vorderrand breit abgesetzt,
Hinterrand gefurcht. Fliigeldecken nicht breiter als der Hals-
schild, cylindrisch, mit feinen Punktstreifen, sechster und sie-
benter Streifen nur gereiht-punktiert, vorn abgekiirzt, jede
Decke an der Wurzel mit dunkelroter Lingsmakel, die innen
das erste Viertel des ersten Streifens tangiert, aussen aber fast
bis zur Mitte des Aussenrandes nach hinten reicht so dass ihr
Hinterrand schrég verliuft. Vorletztes Spatium im Spitzenteil
mit dem zweiten vereinigt und daselbst gewulstet. Unterseite
an den Seiten der Hinterbrust deutlich, der Hinterleib feiner
punktiert, das dritte und vierte Sternit im mittleren Teil glatt.
AMPHICORDUS genus novum
. Brenthidarum (Amorphocephalidarum)
Caput breve, transversum, post oculos constrictum. Rostrum
capite duplo longiore, maris depressiusculum, dorso sulcatum,
apicem versus vix dilatatum, feminae cylindricum. Antennae
validae, prothoracis basin haud attingentibus, articulis 2.-4. sub-
transversis, articulo apicali acuminato, duabus praecedentibus
unitis aequilongo. Prothorax oblongo-ovatus. Elytra protho-
race plus capite breviora, supra levia. Metasternum abdomine
aequilongum, segmenta abdominali 1. et 2. elongata, 3. et 4.
brevissima. Femora valida, brevia compressa, subter ante api-
cem spinosa, postica segmento abdominali secundo haud supe-
rantia. Tibiae anticae curvatae, intermediae posticaeque com-
pressae, apicem versus fortiter dilatatae, tarsi articulis basalibus
brevibus, quinto reliquis aequilongo.
Kopf quer, hinter den Augen ringsum abgeschniirt, Riissel
ungefahr doppelt so lang wie der Kopf, flachgedriickt, ziemlich
gleich breit. Fiihler kraftig, die Halsschildwurzel bei weitem
nicht erreichend, die einzelnen Glieder vom 2. ab quer, oder
wenig breiter als lang, Endglied zugespitzt doppelt so lang wie
breit. Halsschild gestreckt elliptisch. Fliigeldecken walzen-
‘formig, unverhaltnismassig kurz, wenig langer als der Hals-
schild, nur an der Wurzel mit Suturalstreifen, sonst oberseits
glatt, an der Spitze abgerundet. Hinterbrust so lang wie das
Abdomen, das 1. und 2. Bauchsternit verlingert, das 3. und 4.
sehr kurz, zusammen kaum so lang wie das halbe zweite. Schen-
kel kurz, zusammengedriickt, die hinteren das zweite Bauchster-
nit nicht iiberragend, unterseits in der Mitte mit Dorn. Schienen
gekriimmt, Mittel- und Hinterschienen nach der Spitze zu ver-
breitert.
152 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
16. Amphicordus inproportionatus sp. nov. (fig. 7).
Nitidus, rufo-fuscescens, antennis subcompressis, articulo pri-
mo crasso, secundo transverso, reliquis longitudine paulo crescen-
tibus, nono octavo paulo breviore; elytris ad basin stria suturali
tenui, nigro-punctatis, stria octava
tenuissima, nona fortiter impressa,
in dimidia parte antica abbreviata,
decima integra, in dimidia parte pos-
tica nonaque unita, spatio inter
nonam et decimam striam in dimi-
dia parte postica costato, in medio
et ad apicem guttis fulvis, alteris
guttis in spatio secundo ad basin et
post medium, in spatio tertio in pri-
mo triente et in spatio quarto post
medium; corpore subter obscure
raeeiie rufo, glabro.
Long. 8-9, lat. 2 mm.
Hab. MINDANAO, Port Banga, legit W. J. Hutchinson (Bur.
Sci. Acc. Nos. 8852, 12003).
Stark glanzend, dunkel rotbraun, durch die unverhaltnismassig
kurzen, glatten Decken auffallend. Riissel beim Mannchen mit
Dorsalfurche, beim Weibchen hinter der Fiihlerinsertion mit
Eindruck, Scheitel in beiden Geschlechtern mit Medianeindruck.
Fiihler ziemlich dick, den Halsschildhinterrand bei weitem nicht
erreichend, erstes Glied sehr dick und mindestens so lang wie
das Endglied, das zweite quer, nach innen erweitert, die folgen-
den, bis zum fiinften, etwas an Lange zunehmend, das achte
kleiner als die es einschliessenden Glieder. Halsschild glanzend,
glatt. Fliigeldecken glatt, nur an der Wurzel mit Subsutural-
streifen, mit dunklen Punktreihen, von denen die 8. Reihe
leicht, die 9. in der hinteren Halfte stark eingedriickt ist, der
zwischen ihnen liegende Zwischenraum ist gewulstet, verengt
sich aber plétzlich vor dem Spitzenrand der Decken und zeigt
vor der Mitte und vor seinem Ende eine gelbe Makel. Ahnliche
Langsmakeln finden sich an der Wurzel und hinter der Mitte
des zweiten Spatiums, im ersten Drittel des dritten Spatiums
und hinter der Mitte auf dem vierten Spatium.
HENARRHODES genus novum
Brenthidarum (Belopheridarum) prope Arrhenodes
Antennae maris thorace plus elytris fere aequilongae, articulo
ultimo longissimo, ante medium rostri insertae; caput longitudine
VIII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 153
latiore, trapezoidale, ad basin constrictum, utrinque carinatum.
Rostrum prothorace aequilongum, maris apice dilatatum. Elytra
apice subtruncata, angulo externo dentato. Femora postica
elytrorum apicem attingentia. Tarsi elongati, articulo primo
ultimo paulo breviore.
Die Gattung unterscheidet sich von allen Belopheriden dadurch,
dass die Hinterschenkel das zweite Abdominalsternit tiberragen
und die Deckenspitze erreichen; von allen Brenthini der ersten
Gruppe Schénfeldts (Genera Insectorum) durch die langen
Fiihler, die so lang wie der Halsschild und die Fliigeldecken
zusammen sind. Kopf quer, trapezoidal, an der Basis abge-
schniirt, so dass die Schlafen wie bei Arrhenodes ohrformig ab-
gerundet sind. Scheitel gewolbt. Riissel lang, ohne Mandibel so
lang wie der Halsschild, beim Mannchen an der Spitze dreieckig
verbreitert und daselbst nur wenig schmdéler wie der Kopf. Man-
dibel massig lang, sichelformig. Fiihler des Mannchens vor der
Riisselmitte eingefiigt, die ersten fiinf Glieder an Lange zu-
nehmend, die folgenden wieder allmalig abnehmend, so dass das
vorletzte etwas kiirzer als das vierte Glied ist, letztes Glied das
langste. Halsschild gestreckt elliptisch, ungefahr 14 mal so lang
wie breit. Fliigeldecken ahnlich wie bei Arrhenodes. Schenkel
- unterseits mit Dorn vor der Spitze, die
hinteren die Deckenspitze erreichend.
Die Tarsen lang, das erste Glied 2 mal
so lang wie das letzte, das zweite unge-
fahr 14 mal so lang wie breit.
17. Henarrhodes macgregori sp. nov. (fig. 8).
Niger, prothorace, margine antico
nigro excepto, rufo, elytrorum spatio
secundo, apice excepto, fulvo; rostro
dorso carinis duabus, retrorsum diver-
gentibus; prothorace nitido, sulco
basali; elytris punctato-striatis, stria
prima (subhumerali) nona decimaque ane ig.
levibus, prima fortius impressa, stria
nona in triente basali, stria decima in dimidia parte apicali_
abbreviatis.
Lone. tote ¢ 14-20) o 14 lat. (4.33.5, 9 22.8.
Hab. LUZON, Benguet, Irisan River, legit R. C. McGregor (Bur.
Sci. Acc. No. 1185).
Schwarz, Halsschild mit Ausnahme des schwarzen Vorder-
randes, rot, zweites Deckenspatium, ausgenommen an der Spitze,
154 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
gelb. Riissel des Mannchens, ohne Mandibel, so lang wie der
des Weibchens, 14 mal so lang wie der Halsschild und cylindrisch;
ersterer wie bei Arrhenodes und Eupsalis mit verbreiterter
Spitze, sein Riicken mit zwei nach hinten divergierenden Langs-
leisten, die hinter den Augen im Bogen nach abwarts laufen;
die Lange der ohrférmig abgesetzten Schlafen iibertrifft nur
um wenig den Augendurchmesser. Vor jedem Auge befindet
sich, in beiden Geschlechtern, eine rundliche Erhabenheit, von
ungefahr halben Augendurchmesser. Fiihler vom 6. Glied ab
ganz, die Basalglieder nur teilweise unterseits schwarz tomen-
tiert. Fliigeldecken an der Spitze etwas abgestumpft, die Aus-
senecke mit Zahnchen. Der erste Streifen an der Spitze mit
dem neunten verbunden, glatt und tiefer eingedriickt, die tibrigen,
vom 2.-9. punktiert-gestreift. Der 9. Streifen ist im vordern
Drittel, der 10. in der hinteren Halfte abgekiirzt, beide sind
unpunktiert. Unterseite glanzend schwarz, nur die Hinterbrust _
und der Hinterleib in der vorderen Halfte mit goldgelben
Harchen sparlich, die Seiten der letzten drei Sternite dichter und
mehr graulich fein behaart.
18. Ocalemia prasina sp. nov.
Viridi-metallica, femoribus, apice nigro-coeruleo excepto, rufis,
tibiis, tarsis antennisque, articulis duabus ultimis cervinis excep-
tis, nigris; capite parte anteoculari, mandibulis haud computatis,
parum transverso; fronte impressione aequilaterali-triangulari,
glabra, reliqua sat rude, vertice subtiliter crebreque, collo remo-
tius punctatis; prothorace subirregulariter, ad angulos posticos
fortiter punctato, ad angulos anticos, ut vitta mediana, glabrius-
culis; scutello ferrugineo-piloso; elytris crebre fortiterque, apicem
versus subtilius ac densius punctatis, apice oblique subsinuato-
truncatis, marginibus subtilissime nigro-ciliatis; corpore subter
plus aenescenti-viridi, sericeo, segmentis ultimis parum coerules-
-centibus.
Long. 20, lat. hum. 4.5 mm.
Hab. Luzon, Benguet, Baguio, legit R. C. McGregor (Bur. Sci.
Acc. No. 11006). :
Oberseite metallisch griin (wie bei Gawrotes virginea), die
Schenkel, mit Ausnahme der schwarzlich stahlblauen Spitzen,
gelbrot, Schienen, Fiisse und Fiihler, letztere mit Ausnahme der
zwei rehbraunen Endglieder, schwarz. Kopf im Vergleich zu
der mir vorliegenden O. vigilans Pasc., sehr breit, der Teil vor
den Augen (ohne Mandibel) etwas breiter als lang, Stirn mit
VII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 155
gleichseitig dreieckigem, glattem Eindruck, die Fiihlerhécker
sehr spirlich, der Scheitel dicht und tief punktiert, beiderseits
der Mittelfurche mit einigen wenigen Punktgriibchen. Hals-
schild langer als an der Basis breit, Vorderrand kragenartig
abgeschniirt, Basis mit tiefer Randfurche und in der Mitte mit
tiefem Quereindruck, fein, aber ziemlich tief und viel sparsamer
als der Kopf punktiert, ein Mittelstreifen und der abgeschniirte
Vorderrand fast unpunktiert. Beiderseits innerhalb der Hinter-
ecken, nahe dem Basalrand, mit einer Querreihe von zwei bis
vier Punkten. Fliigeldecken an der Spitze einzeln schriég ausge-
randet, die aussere Spitze nach hinten ausgezogen, Nahtsaum
fadenférmig erhaben, fein gekerbt punktiert, jede Decke mit
zwei undeutlichen Rippen und dichter Punktierung, die an der
Basis etwas groéber als im iibrigen Teil ist und nur bei gewisser
Beleuchtung zwischen den Punkten leichte Querrunzeln erkennen
lasst. Unterseite sehr fein seidenartig behaart, die Hinterbrust
und die Seiten des Hinterleibes dusserst fein punktiert, der
Hinterrand der einzelnen Bauchsternite in mehr oder geringerer
Ausdehnung geglattet. Vorder- und Mittelschenkel ganz, die
hinteren mit Ausnahme des schwarzblauen Spitzenviertels, gelb-
rot, Schienen und Tarsen schwaArzlich, die vorderen an der Wurzel
braunlich, die hinteren blaulich.
19. Euryphagus maxillosus var. nigricollis nov. (2).
Differt a specie typica: capitis dimidia parte postica thorace-
que, angulis posticis anguste rufis exceptis, nigris.
Hab. SIBUYAN ISLAND, legit R. C. McGregor (Bur. Sci. Acc.
No. 1908).
E. mazillosus Oliv. lag mir in einer Anzahl] von Dr. A. Scha-
denberg auf Luzon gesammelten Exemplaren vor, ohne dass sich
darunter eine nennenswerte Abanderung gefunden hatte. Das
von Herrn McGregor auf der kleinen, dstlich von Mindoro gele-
genen Insel Sibuyan gesammelte Weibchen zeichnet sich durch
einen in der hinteren Halfte schwarzen Kopf und schwarzen
Halsschild aus. Die Verteilung der schwarzen Farbung des
Kopfes ist derart, dass sie den hinter den Augen liegenden Teil
einnimmt und zwischen den Fiihlern in Form eines halbkreis-
formigen Lappens auf die Stirn herabgezogen erscheint, aus-
serdem ist eine Quermakel auf der Kehle schwarz. Der Hals-
schild ist mit Ausnahme der roten Seitendorne und einem
Streifen, der langs des Hinterrandes von den Hinterecken nach
den Vorderhiiften zieht, ganz schwarz.
156 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913 _
20. Planodes schultzei sp. nov. (fig. 9).
Omnino aequaliter nigricans ac subtiliter ochraceo-tomentosus;
elytris punctis dense ochraceo-tomentosis adspersis, fasciis tribus
latis formantibus, una basali, una mediana, et
una apicali; capite sat profunde punctato,
fronte subrugosa; antennis rufescentibus, scapo
rugoso-punctato, ut articulo tertio et quarto
(his in apice exceptis) ochraceo-pilosis ac ut
ceteris parce nigro-ciliatis; prothorace parce
granulato-punctato, margine antico posticoque
densius ochraceo-pilosis itaque pallidioribus;
scutello semicirculari; elytris sat remote aspe-
rato-punctatis, humeris granulosis, sutura in
dimidia parte apicali carinulata, elytris singulis
pone medium sub-bicarinulatis; corpore subter
subtiliter cinereo-tomentoso, segmento primo—
secundoque in lateribus longe fulvo-pilosis,
segmentis reliquis in margine postico glabris.
Long. corporis 22, antennarum 35, lat. ely-
trorum 7.5 mm.
Hab. PALAWAN, Iwahig, legit W. Schultze (Bur. Sci. Acc.
No. 10842).
Uberall ziemlich gleichmassig schwarzlich, fein lehmgelb to-
mentiert, die Fiihler rétlichbraun, die Fliigeldecken mit drei
breiten Querbinden aus teilweise zusammenhdngenden, dicht
ockergelben Tomentpunkten, eine davon an der Basis, eine in
der Mitte und eine im Spitzendrittel. Langs des Augenunter-
randes und langs des Vorder- und Hinterrandes des Halsschildes
ist die Tomentierung verdichtet und daher mehr weisslich. Kopf
und Scheitel tief und zerstreut punktiert, die Stirn runzelig.
Halsschild zerstreut und etwas raspelig punktiert, auf der Scheibe
mit erlodschenden Punkten. Fliigeldecken an der Wurzel und
auf den Schultern gek6érnt, im iibrigen entfernt raspelartig punk-
tiert, jede Deckenscheibe hinter der Mitte mit zwei undeutlichen
Langsstreifen, die Naht in der Apikalhalfte mit schwacher Leiste.
Unterseite gleichmadssig grau tomentiert, nur das erste Bauch-
sternit jederseits am Hinterrande, das zweite jederseits am
Vorderrande lang gelblich behaart. Hinter- und Mittelschienen
aussen im Spitzenteil schwarzlich tomentiert.
Die zweite von den Philippinen von Newman im Entomologist
(1842), 323, beschriebene Art ist:
Fic. 9.
VII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kéfer von den Philippinen 157
20a. Planodes quarternaria Newman.
Sie wird a. 4. O. wie folgt charakterisiert: Nigra, lanugine
fulva undique obsita, punctisque nigris irrorata; utriusque elytris
maculae 2 dorsales nigrae; prima major, subrotundata, ante
medium sita, secunda minor, oblonga, pone medium sita (corp.
long. 0.75 unc., lat. 0.225 unc.).
21. Agelasta mediofasciata sp. nov. (fig. 10).
Picea, supra nigro-tomentosa, atomis dispersis, prothorace
margine postico, elytris fascia mediana,
albido-tomentosis; humeris subtuberculatim
extantibus; antennis articulo tertio, quarto
quintoque in dimidia parte basali, ultimo fere
toto albidis; corpore subter, pro- et metas-
terno, marginibus segmentorum abdomina-
lium articulisque tribus ultimis tarsorum, al-
bido-tomentosis; episternis metasternalibus
in dimidia parte anteriore nigris.
Long. 16, lat. 7 mm. ‘y
Hab. SIBUYAN, legit R. C. McGregor (Bur. Fic. 10.
Sci. Acc. No. 1902).
Von allen bekannten Arten durch die etwas hockerartig vor-
springenden, rechtwinkeligen Schultern und die weisse Binde in
der Deckenmitte ausgezeichnet. Schwarz, grésstenteils schwarz-
lich tomentiert, oberseits iiberall mit weissen Tomentpunkten
bestreut, ebenso der ganze Basalrand des Halsschildes weiss, Stirn
mit undeutlicher glatter Mittellinie, die weissen Tomentpunkte
am Seitenrand etwas streifenartig zusammenfliessend. Fiihler
schwarz, 3., 4. und 5. Glied in der Basalhalfte, das letzte, mit
Ausnahme der Wurzel, ganz weiss. Halsschild stark quer, an
den Seiten mit groben, zerstreuten Punkten, die sich lings des
weisstomentierten Hinterrandes fast bis zur Mitte erstrecken,
die Scheibe vorherrschend schwarz. Schildchen quer, schwarz,
in der Mitte an der Wurzel weiss tomentiert. Fliigeldecken in
der hinteren Halfte mit eingedriicktem Suturalstreifen, an der
Wurzel dicht und leicht raspelartig punktiert, mit gleich breiter,
weisstomentierter Querbinde in der Mitte, die ungefahr halb so
schmal ist wie der schwarze Basalteil der Decken, dieser sowie
der schwarze Apikalteil mit weissen Tomentpunkten. Vorder-
und Hinterbrust dicht weiss, Episternen und Epimeren der
Mittelbrust vorherrschend schwarz, die Episternen der Hinter-
brust nur in der vorderen HAalfte schwarz tomentiert. Abdo-
minalsternite hinten weiss gerandet.
Die Art erinnert etwas an A. sulphure Pasc. aus Beleues
t 158 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
22. Euclea rhombifera sp. nov. (fig. 11).
Aterrima, fronte utrinque vitta, prothorace vitta laterali ad
medium marginis antici convergenti; elytris in disco signatura
fere quadrata, diagonaliter disposita, macula
marginali transversa, subapicali vittaque sub-
suturali, brevi, ad apicem, cretaceo-tomen-
tosis; fronte irregulariter punctato, linea
mediana indistincta, levi; scapo fortiter ru-
guloso-punctato, antennis articulo tertio quar-
toque in dimidia parte basali griseis; protho-
race rude punctato, in dimidia parte basali
vitta mediana levi; scutello nigro, transverso,
subtriangulari; elytris ad basin sat rude,
Ht | retrorsum sensim subtilius punctatis, ad
| suturam leviusculis; corpore subter maxima parte cretaceo-
tomentoso, sternitis abdominalibus 2., 3., 4. in parte mediano,
aut fere totis, nigro-glabris.
Long. 13.5-17, lat. 4-5 mm.
st | Hab. TicAo INSULA, legit R. C. McGregor, et NEGROS, Faraon,
i | legit H. M. Curran (Bur. Sci. Ace. Nos. 1448, 1099 et 12209).
Mt Tief schwarz, mit gelblich weisser Tomentzeichnung. Stirn
unregelmassig und grob punktiert, mit undeutlicher, glatter Mit-
tellinie, jederseits mit einem bis zum Hinterrande der Augen
nach hinten reichenden Tomentstreifen. Erstes Fiihlerglied grob
runzelig, 3. und 4. Glied in der Basalhalfte grau. Halsschild
etwas langer als breit, grob punktiert, in der Basalhalfte mit
a | glattem Mittelstreifen, an den Seiten mit breitem, im vorderen
Drittel nach der Mitte des Vorderrandes zu divergierenden
Tomentstreifen, zuweilen auch der Basalrand schmal gelblich.
wl | Schildchen quer, schwarz. Fliigeldecken kraftig punktiert, die
Punkte nach der Naht und nach hinten zu etwas kleiner, Naht-
saum glatt, Mitte der Naht von einer fast quadratischen, weisslich
: tomentierten Figur umschrieben, die diagonal zur Naht orientiert
) ist, mit ihrer vorderen Ecke fast das Schildchen, mit ihrer hinte-
i | ren Ecke das zweite Drittel der Naht erreicht, und deren Aus-
| senecken als breites Band bis zum Seitenrande verlangert sind.
Ausserdem am Rande jeder Decke, hinter dem zweiten Drittel,
eine kleine Quermakel und neben der Nahtspitze ein kurzer
Tomentstreifen von weisslicher Farbe. Unterseite dicht tomen-
il tiert, 2-4. Bauchsternit nur in der Mitte, oder ganz kahl. Beine
schwarz, Schenkel sehr fein grau pubescent, Vorderschienen
mit schwarzen Wimpern.
VIII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kifer von den Philippinen 159
Die Art ist am nachsten mit EF. illecebrosa Pase. verwandt,
unterscheidet sich aber von ihr, ausser durch die abweichende
Anlage der Tomentzeichnung, vor allem dadurch, dass die dun-
klen Teile der Decken und des Halsschildes, die bei illecebrosa
blaulich schwarz und grésstenteils glinzend kahl, bei rhombifera
tief schwarz und fein schwarz tomentiert sind. Halsschild relativ
kiirzer, kraftiger punktiert und in der hinteren Hilfte der Mit-
tellinie mit kahler Langsschwiele. Zu den von G. A. Baer [Ann.
Soc. ent. France (1886), 156] angefiihrten Arten von den Philip-
pinen kommt ausserdem noch die ebenfalls durch die Decken-
zeichnung leicht kenntliche Euclea tagala Hell. [Abh. u. Ber.
Mus. Dresden (1898-99), 7, 6] hinzu.
23. Encaustes palawanica sp. nov. (fig. 12).
E. gigantea Boh. paulo minor, capite maculis rotundatis,
obscure rufis, tribus, una mediana ad labri basim, altra utrinque
ad oculi marginem interiorem; prothorace
utrinque plaga fulva, oblongo-trapezoidali,
margine interno et postico sinuatis; scutello
valde transverso, pentagonali; elytris plaga
magna, basali, scutellum vix tangente,
margine postico triangulariter emarginato,
fascia postmediana, laterali, valde coarc-
tata, fere divisa, macula subquadrata in
medium, pone suturam, lunula transversa,
ante-apicali maculaque triangulari apicali,
fulvis; tibiis in parte apicali fulvo-tomen-
tosis.
Long. 30, lat. 10 mm.
Hab. PALAWAN, Iwahig, legit C. H. Lamb
(Bur. Sci. Acc. No. 132138).
Wenig kleiner als #. gigantea Boh. und Fic. 12.
sowie E. tagala sp. nov. dadurch ausge-
zeichnet, dass die Basalbinde der Decken am Vorderrand,
innerhalb der schwarzen Schultern, ganzranding ist. Kopf in
der Mitte des Basalrandes der Oberlippe und jederseits am
hinteren Ende des inneren Augenrandes mit dunkelroter Makel.
Halsschild quer, sehr fein und massig dicht punktiert, bei-
derseits am Hinterrand, etwas naiher dem Seitenrand als der
Mittellinie, mit eingedriicktem Schriégstrichelchen. Schildchen
stark quer, pentagonal. Fliigeldecken mit Langsstreifen aus
unregelmidssig zusammengedrangten, feinen Piinktchen. Basal-
116935——-7
160 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
binde sehr breit, am Hinterrande winkelig ausgerandet. Mitte
des Seitenrandes mit einer schrag nach hinten und nach der
Naht zu gerichteten Binde, die stark eingeschniirt ist, vor ihrem
Ende beiderseits neben der Naht, eine fast
quadratische Makel; Spitzendrittel mit einer
dreieckigen Langsmakel. Spitzendrittel der
Schienen rostrot tomentiert.
24. Encaustes tagala sp. nov. (fig. 13).
Niger, thorace maculis duabus, elytris sex
fulvis ornatis; capite subtiliter punctato, fronte
in medio verticeque glabriusculis; prothorace
utrinque macula vittiforme (antice haud dili-
tata), postice thoracis dimidia parte paulo su-
perante; elytris singulis maculis transversis
tribus, latis, antica solum margine anteriore
ad callum humeralem emarginata. =
Long. 27, lat. 9 mm. ‘
Hab. LUZON, Benguet, Irisan, legit W. Wil-
liamson (Bur. Sci. Acc. No. 6482).
Bedeutend grosser als H. malayana Guér. und dieser sehr ahn-
lich gezeichnet, die Basalmakel der Decken aber innerhalb der
schwarzen Schultern ohne Ausrandung am Vorderrande. Kopf
feiner punktiert, drittes Fiihlerglied so lang wie das 6. und 7.
zusammen. Halsschildform wie bei EH. malayana, nur wenig
flacher und auf der Scheibe noch feiner punktiert, beiderseits am
Hinterrande, neben dem Scutellarlappen, flach eingedriickt, mit
eingegrabenen Langsstrichelchen. Die ahnlich wie bei erwahn-
ter Art geformten Halsschildmakeln sind kiirzer und aussen, am
vorderen Ende, nicht in die Breite gezogen. Schildchen sehr
stark quer, breiter und ktirzer wie bei #. malayana. Fligel-
decken mit feinen, zerstreuten Piinktchen, die der undeutlichen
Streifen unregelmidssig und nicht stirker markiert. Die gelb-
roten Deckenmakeln an ihren Randern weniger gezackt, die
vordere ganzrandig und nur an den Schultern mackelartig aus-
geschnitten. Unterseite und Beine, auch die in der vorderen
Halfte innen gekerbt-gezihnten Vorderschienen, wie bei der mit
ihr verglichenen Art.
25. Triplatoma exornata sp. nov. (fig. 14).
Niger, elytris vix purpureo-aenescentibus, antennis pedibusque
subrufescentibus, fronte utrinque lunula, prothorace (ut in T.
macleayi Lac.) vitta in dimidia parte postica biramosa, marginem
VII, D, 2 Heller: Neue Kafer von den Philippinen 161
posticum attingente, macula in medio marginis
anticis, elytris in disco vittis parallelis, figuram
ellipticam formantibus, ramis duabus ad mar-
ginem lateralem, duabus antrorsum, duabus post-
rorsum exmittentibus fasciaque anteapicali fulvis;
prothorace angustiore quam in T. maclayi, late-
ribus minus rotundatis; elytris subtiliter seriato-
punctatis, striis in parte apicali evanescentibus.
Long. 19, lat. 7 mm. fF |
Hab. TAWI TAWI, legit F. W. Foxworthy (Bur. Fra. 14.
Sci. Acc. No. 12565).
Schmaler als. T. maclayi Lac., namentlich der Halsschild ge-
streckter, sein Randsaum der ganzen Linge nach kriaftiger, Kopf.
und Halsschild mit ganz ahnlicher gelbroter Zeichnung, nur
reichen die medianen Lingsbinden in der hinteren Halsschild-
halfte bis zum Hinterrand. Schildchen ebenfalls wie bei der
erwahnten Art, stark quer, fiinfeckig. Fliigeldecken sehr
schwach erzglinzend, mit feinen Punktreihen, die im Spitzen-
drittel erléschen, die Spatien deutlicher wie bei 7. maclayi zer-
streut punktiert. Die gelbrote, sehr charakteristische Decken-
zeichnung besteht aus zwei Liangsstreifen, die das zweite bis
vierte Fiinftel des ersten-und fiinften Spatiums einnehmen und
vorn und hinten in Form einer langgestreckten Ellipse verbun-
den sind und sowohl vorn wie hinten nach den Seitenrindern zu,
als auch auf dem vierten Spatium nach der Wurzel, auf dem
3. Spatium nach der Spitze zu einen Ast entsenden, ausserdem
vor der Spitze mit einer welligen Schragbinde. Unterseite
schwarz, Seitenrand der Vorderbrust, eine Makel zwischen den
Vorderhiiften, je eine Quermakel an den Seiten in der hinteren
Halfte der Abdominalsternite und das Analsternit ringsum am
Hinterrande rot.
TEXTFIGURENERKLARUNG
Fic. 1. Nanoplaxes merrilli gen. et sp. nov.
2. Cyamobolus (?) palawanicus sp. nov.
3. Cercidocerus flavopictus sp. nov.
4. Butornus stricticollis sp. nov.
5. Hutornus luzonicus sp. nov.
6. Hutornus rufobasalis sp. nov.
7. Amphicordus improportionatus gen. et sp. nov.
8. Henarrhodes macgregori gen. et sp. nov.
9. Planodes schultzei sp. nov.
10. Agelasta mediofasciata sp. nov.
11. Huclea rhombifera sp. nov.
12. Encaustes palawanica sp. nov.
13. Encaustes tagala sp. nov.
14. Triplatoma exornata sp. nov.
Vol. VIII, Sec. D, No. 1, of This Journal was issued March 19, 1918.
163
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| PUBLCATIONS TOR SALE 3 ith upied OF SCIENCE,
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JUNE, 1913
Gain EprroR
RA 1, BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY,
AND AN? HROPOLOGY
a, Bi Bi W. SCHULTZE
RD rs eo A. B
‘} j i iy
ee seca" ae
(ot Ee
if ba Ms
f 0S Go aes
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4
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ations
. ?
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY,
AND ANTHROPOLOGY
Vou. VII JUNE, 1913 No. 3
FRANCISCO DE CARRIEDO Y PEREDO
By ALEXANDER E. W. SALT
(From the College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines,
Manila, P. I.)
Three plates and one text figure
By common consent Francisco de Carriedo y Peredo has been
called the greatest benefactor of the city of Manila. To his
foresight and benevolence the inhabitants of Manila owed for
over twenty years the possession of an excellent system of water
supply, which they had lacked for over three centuries, and
though, with increasing demands, it has now proved inadequate
and has been largely supplanted by a newer and more complete
system, it still remains as a valuable asset in time of emergency.*
While, however, Carriedo is recognized as a benefactor, the
printed data as to the man himself, his charitable wisdom, and
the progress of the work with which his name is associated is
scanty in the extreme;* and he is commemorated only by a
*This was notably true during the severe drought of April and May,
1912.
? Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands. Cleveland (1907), 52,
320, has only a footnote of 12 lines copied from Vindel’s Catalogo, and
there is no mention of Carriedo in any of the current histories in English,
Spanish, French, or German. The only existing monograph, Carriedo y
sus obras. Manila (1882), by Francisco de Mas y Otzet, was written
expressly for the inauguration of the water supply, and is mainly de-
voted to the attendant ceremonies.
117146 165
166 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
fountain,’ a bridge, and a street in Manila, and by a portrait on
the 26-centavo * stamp (Philippine issue of 1906).° It is to rem-
edy this defect that I have carefully examined all the manu-
script material, especially in the archives of the city of Manila,
that might bear on the subject, and present in this paper the
result of my investigations.*®
Francisco de Carriedo y Peredo was born at Ganzo, a hamlet
in the town of Torrevalega, in the Province of Santander, Spain,
on November 7, 1690, and died in Manila on September 7, 1743.7
He came to the Philippines in 1722 in charge of the cargo of the
Santa Familia, one of the Acapulco galleons, and thus secured
the title of “general.” ® On June 26, 1727, he married Mariana
de Cosio, daughter of Toribio (Florencio) José Miguel, Marquis
of Torre Campo, thirty-third governor and captain-general of
the Philippines (1721-1729).° His wife died childless less
*The fountain bears the simple inscription (Plate I):
A CARRIEDO
MANILA
1878-1884
“One centavo equals 0.5 cent United States currency; 100 centavos equal
1 peso, or 50 cents United States currency.
°*The portrait is taken from a bust originally in the possession of the
city of Manila, which has now disappeared. A photograph of the bust is
in the Bureau of Archives of the Philippine Government (Record Divi-
sion). As no picture of Carriedo was extant and no account of his
appearance could be found, the bust, which was selected from over twenty
entered for competition, is merely a creation of artistic imagination and is
not here reproduced.
* At this juncture, I desire to express my obligations to the courtesy
extended by the officials of the city of Manila in my work.
*Ganzo is in the archdeaconry of Santillana. The extract from the
church register of the parish of San Martin, Ganzo, which records his
baptism, may be translated as follows: On November 20, 1690, I, Juan
Gutierrez Quixano, parish priest of San Martin, Ganzo, baptized, and
anointed with holy oil Francisco, legitimate son of Joseph de Carriedo
and Juliana de Peredo, born on the seventh day of the same month. His
godparents were his grandparents, Juan de Carriedo and Ana de Peredo
of the village of Quixas, and the witnesses, Juan Gomez and Bernardo
Gomez.
* Audiencia y Chancilleria de las Islas Filipinas. Reales sentencias
y autos definitivos. Manila (1786), 286. The sailing master, piloto, of
a galleon bore the title of “capitan.”
°*The archives of the Cathedral of Manila contain a record of the
marriage, of which the following is a translation: On June 26, 1727, in
my presence, as judge, provisor, and vicar-general of this archbishopric,
were married, by pledging of troth, Dofa Mariana de Cosio, spinster,
of the city of Santiago, Guatemala, legitimate maiden daughter of Don
Thorivio José Miguel de Cosio y Campo, Marquis of Torre Campo,
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 167
than two years after her marriage, and was buried with her
mother in the church of the Jesuits, then on the southwest corner
of Calle Palacio and Calle Victoria." (Plate II.)
There is also a record of her burial in the cathedral archives as
follows: Doha Maria Ana de Cosio. On March 18, 1729, the body of
Dofa Maria Ana de Cosio, wife of General Don Francisco Carriedo, was
laid in the church of the Jesuits. She had complied with the rites of
the church. Her interment was public. Fee, 10 pesos. [Signed] Don
Miguel Monroy.—Libro de entierros de Espanoles (1638-1720), 420.
Carriedo himself survived his wife over thirteen years. He
died in Manila, as has been said, on September 7, 1743, and was
also buried in the Jesuit church. Before his death’? he had
knight of the order of Calatrava, and member of His Majesty’s Council,
governor and captain-general of the Philippine Islands, and president of
its Royal Audiencia and Chancillery, and of Dofa Maria Ignacia de
Miranda, Marchioness of Torre Campo and General Don Francisco Ca-
rriedo y Peredo. Don Miguel Enriques de Cosio and the Marchioness
were witnesses. [Signed] Joseph de Ibarluzea.—Libro de casamientos
de Espanoles (August 19, 1716—June 14, 1751), 4, 97.
*T am indebted for these extracts from the cathedral archives to the
courtesy of Father Eulogio A. Sanchez, canon of the Cathedral and rector
of the parish. When the waterworks were opened, La Oceania Espanola
discovered a legitimate son of Carriedo named Lucas, an ancestor by
marriage of the Count of Lizarraga, then living in Manila. Investigation
in the Cathedral archives reveals no trace of his existence. Moreover, Ca-
rriedo is sufficiently explicit in a statement attached to his will. “During
my marriage, no child, son or daughter, was born to me.” La Oceania Es-
panola (July 25, 1882); Libro de bautismos de Espanoles (Jan. 16, 1718—
May 12, 1757), 4.
“In 1906, the authorities of the military Medical Supply Depot on Calle
Concepcion discovered the common gravestone of Dona Mariana de Ca-
rriedo and her mother, which was being used as a footstone. When the
Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines in 1769, the gravestone was
removed to a cemetery on Calle Concepcion. This afterwards became
the headquarters of the Spanish engineer corps. Traces of the cemetery
may still be seen in the grounds of the Medical Supply Depot. The stone
may now be seen in the sala of the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, a school
for boys on Calle Arzobispo, conducted by the Jesuits. The inscription
on the stone, which is remarkably clear-cut, may be translated as follows:
Here lies Dona Mariana Cosio, daughter of the most illustrious the
Marquis and Marchioness of Torre Campo, governing these Islands, and
wife of General Francisco de Carriedo y Peredo. She died on March 17,
1729, being twenty-two years of age. Here also lies her mother, the
most illustrious Dona Maria, Countess of Miranda, Marchioness of Torre
Campo, who died on*November 19, 1729.
“There is no trace of the exact spot where he was buried, and the
committee, appointed in 1885 to dig up the floor of the ruined church
of the Jesuits in the hope of discovering his remains, had to report
failure. Actas del Cabildo de Carriedo (hereafter quoted as “Actas
de Carriedo”) (Aug. 17, 19, 1885).
168 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
served the city on the municipal board as an “alcalde ordina-
rio,”? and had amassed considerable wealth, probably from in-
vestments on the “Nao de Acapulco.”’'* Consequently, when
his will was proved by his executors, his nephew, Manuel Anto-
nio de Peredo,'® and the Marquis of Montecastro y Llanas Her-
mosa, he was found to have left over 77,000 pesos, besides
personal property, reliquaries, and shares in the cargo of various
galleons. He had, moreover, during his lifetime given a sum
of 1,500 pesos to the Tertiary Order of Saint Francis to be in-
vested for the benefit of the sacristy of Our Lady of Guidance,
Nuestra Senora de Guia, in the parish church of Ermita.*® The
amount left under his will included legacies to relations in Spain,
to servants and dependents in Manila, and to religious organ-
izations in the Philippines, New Spain, and the mother country,
besides large bequests for masses for his soul. His native village
of Torrevalega was also benefited to the extent of a stone-chapel
and a bridge.
* The destruction of miost of the records of the city of Manila during
the British occupation of 1762-1764 has made it impossible to state
exactly the length of his tenure of office, but we know that he was a
“regidor” in 1733 and “alcalde ordinario” in 1736 and 1740.—Audiencia
de las Islas Filipinas. Reales sentencias (1788), 169; (1786), 214, 274;
Actas del Ayuntamiento de la ciudad de Manila (hereafter quoted as
“Actas de Manila”) (1739-1740), 246.
“While the risks were heavy, the returns were proportionately large,
and the position of “general,” with its accompanying salary of 4,125
pesos a year and its opportunities for trade, was one of the most
profitable in the Philippine service-—Martinez de Zuniga, Hstadismo de
las Islas Filipinas (1893), 1, 268; Churchill, Collection of Voyages (1764),
4, 491; Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Translated into English
by James A. Robertson in Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands
(1904), 14, 175-195; Jagor, Reisen in den Philippinen (1873), 14; Bourne,
Introduction to Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1903), 1,
62-67.
* He was a native of Quevada, also a hamlet in the town of Torre-
valega. He left for New Spain immediately after his uncle’s death, but
returned to Manila in 1750, and remained in Binondo until his decease
in 1767. He was buried in the parish church of San Gabriel, Binondo.—
Archivos de la Audiencia de las Islas Filipinas. Registro inventario
del juzgado general y privativo de los bienes de difuntos (1767), 86.
** Archivos del Arzobispado. Libros de las obras pias (1748), 2, 32.
The image of Our Lady of Guidance was venerated during the Dutch
invasion of 1609, and the galleons were also commended to her care.
Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1904), 17, 277. Ermita,
as its name suggests, was originally the site of a small chapel of devotion,
visita, which was founded by seculars, but transferred by Governor Tello
to the Augustinians. Buzeta, Manuel, y Bravo, Felipe, Diccionario geo-
grafico, estadistico, histérico de las Islas Filipinas (1851), 2, 77.
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 169
Among his relations mentioned are his sisters, Maria Mercia
Carriedo, a nun in the convent of San Andrés de Aroyo, and
Juliana Antonia Carriedo y Peredo; his brother, Juan Antonio
de Carriedo (deceased) ; his nephew, José de Castaneda y Ca-
rriedo—all living in Spain—; and his uncle, Pedro Carriedo, of
Valladolid, in the Province of Michoacan, New Spain, whom he
makes his residuary legatee.
To the will is attached a request that he shall be buried in the
habit of a Franciscan lay brother, and certain moneys are left
to be expended on clothes for prisoners and inmates of hospitals
on the day of his funeral. In all, the will contains 48 clauses
and a codicil.’ For our purpose, the most important clauses
are numbers 34, 35, and the attached codicil. His great per-
sonal interest in the city of Manila had led him in December,
1733, to offer 14,000 pesos to the city of Manila and its mer-
chants; and although this offer was then laid on the table it
was now again repeated. The amount was to be divided into two
portions of 10,000 pesos and 4,000 pesos. Both portions were
to be invested, under definite conditions, by the city authorities,
until they reached a specified figure, and were then to be devoted
“An authorized copy of the will was obtained by the authorities of
the city of Manila in 1764 on the motion of Regidor Andrés de Barrio,
bearing the imprimatur of Ramon Orendain, executive secretary. This,
however, was lost in the transference of documents to the “Junta de
Consolidacién de Vales Reales” in 1809 (vide post, p. 176), and the munic-
ipal board did not possess another copy until 1883, when, by the energy
of Regidor Ramon Aenlle, another was secured from Spain, authenticated
by Candido Gomez Orena, notary public of Santillana. This is now in
the city archives. The amount left by Carriedo was increased in 1774
through the recovery by his attorney, Nicolas Diaz, of a sum (not stated),
the amount of which was lent on a note of hand to Captain Andrés
Blanco Bermudez.—Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 45-46;
Audiencia de las Filipinas. Reales sentencias (1744), 66; Afio de 1888.
Candido Gomez Orefna, notario publico de Santillana. Testimonio del poder
para testar y memoria testamentaria del Exmo. Sefor General Don Fran-
cisco de Carriedo y Peredo, otorgados en la Ciudad de Manila, 24 de
Noviembre, 1883.
For a list of his charitable bequests in the city of Manila, one of
which—to the “Santa Misericordia”—is still administered by the Fran-
ciscans, see Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 38-44.
One of his tasks, that of executor to Sargento-Mayor Manuel de
Miranda, involved him in a lengthy lawsuit with his sister-in-law’s second
husband, Captain Tomas Gomez de Angulo. In October, 1733, Angulo
sued Carriedo for 2,805 pesos, 7 tomins, 6 granos (12 granos=1 tomin,
8 tomins=1 peso), the amount of his wife’s dowry, and of certain sums
spent from her first husband’s estate during her widowhood, winning his
170 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
to their original purpose. From the larger of the investments,
the citizens were to be provided with pure water; from the
smaller, an industrial school for beggars was to be founded.
Carriedo’s plan with regard to the water supply was stated with
great clearness, both in his will and in the attached codicil.
I hereby declare that in the month of December, 1733, I wrote to this city
and to its merchants, offering them the sum of 10,000 pesos to carry water
by means of a pipe line from San Pedro Macati, under terms and conditions
laid down in the said proposal. This offer was considered by them at a
meeting of the municipal board on November 5, 1734; but, after discussion,
this acceptance was deferred. But since it has always been my purpose
to take my part in a work that is acceptable to God, because of the great
benefit that may accrue to the poor therefrom, I hereby request my ex-
ecutors after my death, when the value of my property has been estimated,
to insist on the city and its merchants accepting 10,000 pesos, under similar
conditions, which I do not wish changed or altered, excepting only that the
place whence the water may most easily be carried may be changed, if it
shall be found more convenient to bring water from the Maybonga—River
along the right bank of the Pasig to Santa Cruz, and not from San Juan
del Monte. On these terms alone shall the 10,000 pesos be handed over.
The conditions are fourteen in number, and were evidently
drawn in accordance with the testator’s wishes by a second party,
“7
Signature of Francisco Carriedo y Peredo.
suit on appeal to the audiencia in May of the following year. In Feb-
ruary, 1734, he secured an additional 150 pesos which had been withheld
by Carriedo from his nephews and nieces, while they were living in
Parafiaque. In 1787, however, he lost the guardianship of his step-
children, which was transferred to their uncle. After Carriedo’s death, the
audiencia, on August 17, 1744, ordered 43,198 pesos, 6 tomins, 9 granos,
to be paid over to Angulo from the Carriedo estate, but less than four
months later, on December 2, reversed this decision, and deposited the
bulk of the money in the treasury, which was in urgent need of funds.—
Audiencia de las Filipinas. Reales sentencias (1732), 349-352, 520; (1733),
25-27; (1734), 252-258; (1737), 156, 194-195; (1744), 120-123, 199-202.
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 171
probably the Marquis de Montecastro, prior to the transference
of the money in 1748.
(1) It was the wish of the deceased that, after 10,000 pesos had been
handed over to and received by the city, it should be placed in a separate
chest“ with three keys to be kept, respectively, by the “alcalde,” the
oldest representative of the merchants, and the oldest “regidor.”” All
moneys accruing to the fund from the original amount, either by invest-
ment or loans, shall be kept entirely separate and distinct from all the
municipal funds, from the rents, property, or investments, and shall be
administered independently of and apart from such funds.
(2) Neither now nor hereafter shall the nucleus of this fund or its in-
crement be touched, even for urgent or necessary cause, nor shall anything
be taken from each by way of loan or aid, even in time of great need, nor
shall any loan be made from it under bond or security, except for the pur-
pose for which it is intended. In this event [i e., if the foregoing con-
ditions are not complied with], the fund shall cease, and shall not continue
for the ‘purpose for which it has been left, but shall be diverted for
another purpose provided for by the testator, who desires, under such
circumstances, to debar the city and its merchants from the use of the
said fund, and to transfer it to those who shall understand and interpret
the conditions, which shall be kept, fulfilled, and exactly carried out as here
stated.
(3) The city and its merchants shall decide as to the best and most
convenient method of increasing the fund, either by making loans to
trustworthy and creditable persons on their own bond or with proper
securities, or by investment, as occasion shall offer.
(4) As the fund is increased by loans or by investments, there shall
be a proportional increase of risk, in order that the fund may the more
quickly reach the sum desired by the deceased.
(5) The fund shall be invested under the above conditions until it
reaches the sum of 50,000 pesos, when there shall be invested or lent
every year the sum of 12,000 pesos, the interest on the principal being
added to the original amount.
(6) The sum of 60,000 pesos shall be always kept in the chest as a
reserve to provide for any accident that may occur (which God forbid)
from the loss of a vessel, or from difficulties or delay in the repayment
of a loan.
“This was called the “‘caja de Carriedo.”
* The municipal board, cabildo, at this period consisted of 2 alcaldes
(“de primera y de segunda eleccién”) —magistrates elected annually by the
Spanish householders, vecinos—and 8 councillors, regidores; a constable,
alguacil mayor; and a registrar, secretario; all of whom held office by pur-
chase or by property right. This form of municipal government, which
dates from Legaspi (June 24, 1565), was, as in the colonial cities, copied
exactly from that existing in municipalities in Spain. Officially, the city
authorities were known as “El muy ilustre y siempre leal Ayuntamiento
de la ciudad de Manila.” In judicial pleas, they were addressed as “El
cabildo, justicia y regimiento.”” Here, however, the term used is “la ciudad
y su comercio.”—Martinez de Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas
(1893), 1, 358; Mallat, Les Iles Philippines (1846), 1, 358; Armstrong,
Charles V (1896), 98-99; Dayot, Cedulario de la ciudad de Manila (1836).
2 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
(7) The water shall be carried by pipes of tile or Chinese clay along
a channel made of brick, so that, even when the pipe line is injured by
earthquakes, the water shall not be harmed. This channel shall commence
at any place that shall be thought most convenient, providing always
that the water shall not be salt.
(8) If it shall be found convenient without injury to the supply of water,
there shall be built, at a certain distance one from the other along the
pipe line, open reservoirs in which the water shall be purified by exposure
to the sun, so that it may lose any impurities which it may have received
from the pipes.
(9) The water shall be carried from the most convenient place in the
neighborhood of Manila at the least possible cost, for which purpose a
careful investigation shall be made as to which place provides the best
water and whence it may be most conveniently carried. If it shall be
found impossible to carry out the work with the interest and increment
of 30,000 pesos, the sum shall be returned with the interest and property
belonging to the fund, in order that the work may be done elsewhere. (Cf.
Clause 2.)
(10) If the desired purpose of supplying the city with water be accom-
plished, three or four public fountains shall be placed in the city and in the
suburbs; and, at the expense of the fund, water shall be carried to the
convents of San Francisco and San Juan de Dios and to the monastery of
Santa Clara.
(11) If any other convent or community house or private persons shall
desire to avail themselves of the benefits of this gift, it shall be bestowed
upon them under such terms and conditions as shall appear to be just; and,
whatever sums they shall pay to the municipal board for this advantage,
shall be applied to the fund to repair any necessary damages to the work
and to pay the salary of those responsible for repairs and maintenance.
(12) If the investments made by the city shall so result that it shall be
found possible to complete the work with 20,000 pesos or 24,000 pesos of
money, no further investments shall be made; and all the capital and money
over and above the 80,000 pesos which was designed for the establishment
of the work shall remain on deposit in the hands of the city, on the
understanding that, when rice is scarce and the price is high, it shall be
sold to the poor at the original cost. If the amount on hand shall not be
deemed enough for this purpose, it shall be increased by the city through
investment, until it shall reach a sum that shall be sufficient to aid the
necessitous in time of scarcity.
(18) The foregoing conditions on which rice shall be purchased shall
be definite and unalterable so that, when rice is scarce, it may be purchased
at a moderate cost. No attempt whatever shall be made, under any
circumstances, to touch this reserve, to use it for any other purpose, or
to lend it, even on the best security. In this event [v. e., if the foregoing
conditions are not complied with], the amount shall be returned.
(14) These conditions shall not be limited, infringed, or altered; but
shall be fulfilled, carried out, and executed as expressed above.”
The water supply of Manila had been a serious problem from
the first year of Spanish occupation. Although the early settler
was less affected than the modern resident by the impure water
* Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 48-51.
VIII, D, 8 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 173
of the Pasig River,?? he was not satisfied with its quality nor
with that drawn from local wells, and was accustomed to have
his water conveyed in cascos, either from Laguna de Bay or
from old Cavite.?*
As early as 1597, Governor Tello, in a letter to King Philip II,
had expressed his intention of having water conducted into the
city, ‘‘as it is needed by the citizens and creoles stationed here
by your Majesty. Many have died on account of the poor
water.” Nothing definite, however, came of Tello’s suggestion ;
and it was due to the energy of the Dominicans, and especially
of Father Juan Peguero, that the first organized attempt was
made to provide at least a portion of the city with fresh water.
In 1602 they opened the convent of San Juan del Monte as a
house of recreation, and at once looked for and discovered a
spring of water flowing from the rock. This supplied local
needs until 1686, when they determined to extend the benefit of
the supply to the city, and laid a pipe line to convey the water
from the source to the San Juan River, 750 meters distant.**
Hence it was carried in bancas to the wharf opposite the gate
of the convent in the Walled City. This task, which was not
completed until 1690, occupied from 12 to 30 men working con-
tinuously for over three years, and large sums of money were
spent from the provincial funds, without a single contribution
from the government treasury or from any private individual.
Under this plan,?* although it was effective within a limited area,
= Attempts at public filtration were few and far between, although in
1833 the petty governor, gobernadorcillo, of the district of Tondo issued
public notices (in Spanish and Tagalog), giving advice as to the proper
methods.—Actas de Manila (833), 34.
“For bringing water from the lake or from the Maybonga River, the
casco owners charged 80 pesos a journey, or 25 pesos if the casco was not
manned by his own rowers. The water for sale was conveyed through the
streets in carts drawn by belled carabaos or sold from licensed bancas
(native canoes) at Santa Ana and San Pedro Macati. The wealthy often
brought water from springs on their haciendas if these lay near the city.—
Actas de Manila (1844), 20; (1854), 22; (1861), 68. Copia de una
exposicién de los regidores, Soler y Baden, sobre abastecimiento de aguas
potables al vecindario de la ciudad de Manila (4 de Mayo, 1861).
* The letter is dated in Manila, April 29, 1597, and signed: Don Fran-
cisco Tello—Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas; cartas y expedientes
del presidente y oidores de dicha Audiencia vistos en el Consejo, afios
1583 a 1599; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 18. Translated in Blair and Robertson,
The Philippine Islands (1904), 10, 41-45. For a brief life of Father
Peguero, see Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1906), 41, 255,
note 79.
%T am indebted for this information to Father Malumbres, O. P. The
manuscript account of the work, written by Father Peguero himself, is
in the archives of the Dominican convent.—Resefia biografica, 81-82.
174 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
the suburbs were not touched, nor was water carried to the
houses of private citizens, and it was to secure these advantages
that Carriedo made his bequest.
The municipal board received the legacy in 1748. According
to the terms of the will, they were not entitled to utilize the
money at once, and, consequently, invested it in the Acapulco
galleon and in ships trading to China, the Moluccas, and India.
Owing to the destruction of the city archives by the British
during the occupation of Manila (1762 to 1764), it is im-
possible to estimate the extent to which the fund increased in
value during the first fourteen years of its existence. All that
we know is that a considerable sum was seized when Admiral
Cornish captured the city of Manila on October 6, 1762, and
that, among other funds administered by the city, the Carriedo
chest was also raided.2? Fortunately, a nucleus was saved on
the galleon Filipino on returning from Acapulco, amounting, in
the case of the “obra pia de aguas,” as one portion of the Ca-
rriedo bequest was now called, to 9,551.75 pesos, and of the “obra
pia de pobres” to 2,472.37 pesos, the result of loans made in
1761 at 21.25 per cent.2° The story of the salvation of these
amounts is somewhat vague. Apparently, the captain of the
Filipino, on being forewarned from Manila as to the presence of
the British in Philippine waters, instead of following the usual
route to Manila, abandoned his vessel, and landed his money
and cargo on the northern coast of the Island of Samar,?” whence
it was conveyed, first, by sea to a port in Albay and, thence,
overland to Bacolor in Pampanga. The total sum saved was
probably large, although Ferrando’s statement that, including the
“situado” or annual subsidy from Mexico, it amounted to over
2,500,000 pesos is in all likelihood dictated by his partiality to
Archbishop Rojo, who had accused Anda of fraud in the matter.”®
* At the beginning of 1764, the municipal board reported that they had
no funds and no supplies, and that their records and papers were in a
pitiable condition—Actas de Manila (1764), 14, 63.
* The term “obra pia” as applied to these two funds was first used
in 1767 by Tomas Gomez de Angulo, city attorney of Manila. Carriedo
uses the term “obra” in his will in the phrase “obra de conducir las aguas de
San Pedro de Macati a Manila,” and elsewhere. (Vide ante, pp. 171, 172.)
* The actual spot has been identified as Calbayogan at the west entrance
of the port of Palapag. Archbishop Rojo merely says, “at Palapa,” and
Anda, “at the Province of Leyte.” Blair and Robertson, The Philippine
Islands (1907), 49, 51, 118, 208, 298.
*8 Anda’s action is, however, defended by Montero y Vidal. Montero y
Vidal, Historia de Filipinas (1887-95), 2, 115-116; Ferrando, Juan, y Fon-
seca, Joaquin, Historia de los dominicos en las Islas Filipinas (1870), 4, 624;
Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1906) , 44, 258-259 ; (1907) , 50, 38.
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 175
The ruse of the captain of the Filipino was a great disappoint-
ment to Admiral Cornish, who had fully expected to capture
the vessel. Captain Parker, whom he despatched for this pur-
pose, encountered a galleon which he boarded and took among
the Naranjos Islands, south of Sorsogon, on October 30, 1762.
Much to his amazement, this prize turned out not to be the Fili-
pino but the Santisima Trinidad, which had left Manila on
August 1, and had been forced to run back because of adverse
winds. The English admiral was severely criticized for allow-
ing the Filipino to escape in this fashion, as, when she was
discovered, she was nothing but a bare hulk.°
With the successful issue of the transference of the money
from the Pacific Ocean to Pampanga, there are generally con-
nected the names of Juan Valverde, a Spanish Dominican, and
Francisco de San Juan, a native of Pagsanjan, in the Province
of Laguna. The latter voluntarily equipped a troop of Tagalog
archers who acted as an escort to Valverde, to whom was en-
trusted the safe delivery of the money, and on his return to
Bacolor attached himself as a body servant to Anda, with whom
he remained until his master’s death at Imus in 1776.°*°
The “obra pia de pobres” remained in the possession of the
city until 1809. It was invested at interest until December 28,
1787, after which it was allowed to lie fallow.
In 1788 the government decided to found a hospital for the
poor, which was to be called the “‘Hospicio de San José.” As
‘this institution came within the terms of the will of Carriedo,
there was no hesitation in transferring the fund, with an addi-
tional gratuity of 2,000 pesos out of the general city chest, to the
hospital committee which had been appointed on September 12,
1809, and consisted of Ventura de los Reyes (one of the Philip-
pine representatives in the Spanish cortes from 1810 to 1812),
Antonio José Fernandez, Antonio Madrigal (a member of the
municipal board), and Francisco de Paula Prieto. The total
amount which was actually paid over on February 16, 1810,
* Le Gentil, op. cit.; Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1908),
2, 224-225, 264-265; (1907), 49, 57-59; Montero y Vidal, op. cit. (1887-95),
2, 16, 17, note 2.
“There is a painting of Anda’s deathbed, with Francisco de San Juan
by his side, by Rafael Enriquez, dean of the College of Fine Arts,
University of the Philippines. The people of Pagsanjan, encouraged by
the late Antonio Maria Regidor y Jurado (a Philippine historian whose
merit has not been thoroughly recognized), have always purposed to erect
a monument to San Juan in his native town.
Se ll i
eo
225.12 #2.
176 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
was 5,444 pesos and 70 centavos. The instigation of the payment
came from the board of consolidation of exchequer bills, junta
de consolidacién de vales reales, which had called for a state-
ment as to the condition of all charitable foundations adminis-
tered within the city of Manila, and which, on May 27, 1808,
discovered a considerable discrepancy between the actual sum on
hand and the sum reported by the city authorities as being in
their possession.**
The “obra pia de aguas,” on the other hand, was to pass
through many vicissitudes before the will of the founder was to
be complied with. The first interference in the course of its
regular progress came in 1767, when Joseph de Castillo and
Bruno Pastor Morales, as executors of Pedro Carriedo, began
to lay claim to the fund, and reached a climax in 1788, when
Francisco David instituted a suit in behalf of Hemeterio Josef
Bolado y Azafnos, first cousin and heir-at-law of the same Pedro
Carriedo, against the corporation and government of the city
of Manila for the recovery of 18,000 pesos, more or less, salvage
from the wreck of Nuestra Sefora de Cavadonga, which was
the combined value of the two ‘obras pias.’*? The case was
decided for the defendant in the municipal court, but on appeal
to the “audiencia,” the decision was twice reversed (January
22 and May 26, 1789).°* The city, therefore, went beyond
the local courts to the council of the Indies, and as a result of
their favorable action received on January 2, 1792, all the books
and documents bearing on the case.*
The second interruption came twelve years later from the
board of consolidation of exchequer bills, of which we have
spoken. This board was created by a royal order on November
8, 1804, and proposed to devote all the moneys and property be-
longing to charitable foundations in Manila to the benefit of
*Mas y Otzet, Cartiedo y sus obras (1882), 57-58; Actas de Manila
(1806), 272-273; (1807), 288-296; (1809), 259-261, 297-298; (1810),
23-25, 27-28, 31-33; Noticia de las obras pias y capellanias que tiene la
noble ciudad de Manila (May 27, 1808).
* Probably the legacy made by Francisco de Carriedo was the result of
an investment made on the Nuestra Senora de Cavadonga (Cabadonga,
Cabdalonga), which was captured by Anson in 1742.—Kerr, History and
Collection of Voyages (1811-1817), 11, 489-501; Archivos de la Audiencia
Registro inventario del juzgado general y privativo de los bienes de difuntos
(1768), 92.
* Audiencia de las Islas Filipinas. Reales sentencias (1789), 23-24,
147-148.
“Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 55-56.
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 477
the hospitals of San Lazaro and San Juan de Dios.*° Its forma-
tion was probably inspired by the exhaustive report, issued
on June 23, 1797, by Angel de la Fuente, as a member of the
board of secret revenues, with regard to the Jesuit funds.
As soon as it had been regularly organized, it proceeded on
November 6, 1806, to request the city authorities to hand over
the capital of both ‘obras pias” with the corresponding papers.*
For a year and a half the city, with characteristic dilatoriness,**
resisted this demand, until they were finally forced to obey a
peremptory order that compliance must be made within eight
days, and a grudging transference was accordingly made on
March 28, 1808, with meager information as to the state of the
funds.*® The city at once combined with the merchants’ asso-
ciation, the four orders of friars, and the Confraternity of the
Holy Pity, which was responsible for the administration of
many “obras pias,” and appointed José Casal and Manuel Calle-
jas as their representatives on a deputation which laid the whole
matter before the home government in Madrid. As a result
of this, they were finally permitted to retain their privileges,
and the money was returned on June 6, 1809.*° These troubles,
naturally, checked to a certain degree the normal increase of the
fund, but when it was handed over to the board of consolidation
in 1808 it amounted to 32,187.50 pesos, nearly three and one-
half times as much as it had been in 1765. The total amount
was made up as follows:
Item. Pesos.
Loan to insular government 16,705.00
Loans to private individuals 3,066.81
Amount owing from estates of José Garcia and
Luis Varela 4,050.92
Cash on hand 8,364.77
Total 32,187.50
All this, save the amount due from the estates, was recover-
able.*?
Prior to 1815, the fund was increased by loans made at in-
terest to those who wished to trade either on the Acapulco galleon
* Actas de Manila (1807), 174. The hospital of San Lazaro was
established in 1578 by the Franciscan friar, Juan Clemente. It was
transferred to its present location in 1784. It was supported by a tax on
stamped paper, an “encomienda,” a yearly contribution from the merchants,
and certain “obras pias” in its possession.
* Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1907), 51, 57, note 20.
* Actas de Manila (1806), 256.
*Tbid. (1808), 120-121, 124-128, 130-131.
*Tbid. (1809), 56.
“Ibid. (1811), 45-47.
“Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 57.
178
or on vessels to Java or the Coromandel coast of India, which
were known as Sea risks, riesgos de mar.*2, The amount that
la obra de agua.
The Philippine Journal of Science
1913
“ A contemporary manuscript, entitled: Cuenta sobre el caudal para
Liquidacion formada de esta obra y cantidad de pesos
que resulta a su favor producida de las correspondencias vencidas de las
que se han dado para los riesgos de Nueva Espafia y costa de Java:
empieza en el principal y premio que se recaudaron del viaje del patache
que en el ano de 1761 se despacha para Acapulco y sucesivamente corro
el giro de su aumento hasta el de 1787 inclusivo con la que se dié en la
Fragata San José para Acapulco, gives a list of all investments made
between 1765 and 1787, and is here summarized.
Date.
1765
1766
1767
1767
1767
1768
1768
1768
1770
1770
1772
1772
1774
1775
1775
1177
1777
1777
1177
1777
1177
1778
1779
1779
1779
1779
1779
1782
1782
1782
1786
1786
Vessel. Destination. Debtor.
Santa Rosa ____-_- Acapulco City of Manila_______-
San Carlos ________|----- doles Alonso Herrera ___---
Santa Rosa __-_-__|----- Goreesee Ignacio Barsola ______
Wesen CO0lse ee | eee donee | suan murraldessss-
Bente dot fi... Sil |eaddo 223-- 34 Soséi Guevara -s7sss85
San Carlos________|----- do}-22-8- Blas de Castrillon____
Sacenn Oe eee | aad OF aes PAlOnSsoy Herrera easaae
eras GO eee eee seed Oe eee. |b rancisconSarrosoless
Sani Josée 28. ee se dones-=— Francisco Cortes
Carrido.
eee do_____________|-----do _____-__| José Joaquin Marti-
nez.
PanlOanl ose eseeee|eeeee! doe Pedro Galarras _______
een Obes pen dO =e sa | Matiasiderb orraseesss
Concepcion Antonio de Pacheco __
San José _-_....-2- Lorenzo Lopez de
Buycoche.
ee Gomes ee 2b dos 2-4; Matiagisuarez= asses
Nuestra Sefiora | Java_______- Vicente Conde________
del Rosario.
San Antonio de | Coromandel __} Antonio Martinez ____
Padua.
Nuestra Senora | Java________ Miguel de Memije __--
del Carmen.
San José --_____-_.
Ignacio Nagera_______
Antonio Montenegro _
Demetrio Nazarra-_-___
José Xavier Velarde__
Antonio Pacheco- —---
Manuel Camino-_-_-----
Juan Verzosa -_----_-
Antonio Conde
Manuel Conde ---_-----
Juan Portillo --.--.--- P
Luis Barrandegui -___
José Casal_____.------
Amount loaned. Rate |
of in-
Pesos. |Tamins.|Granos.| terest.
P. cent.
1, 189 4 0 30
4,770 0 0 30
3, 350 0 (Onl
1,500 0 0 30
260 0 0 30
2, 600 0 0 30
2, 600 0 0 30
1,000 0 0 30
3, 000 0 0 30
2, 500 0 0 30
3,677 4 0 30
3,577 4 0 30
8, 973 6 6 30
1, 060 1 6 30
7, 658 4 0 30
4,800 0 12
4,300 0 0 18
2, 400 0 0 12
4, 066 25
4,000 25
4, 000 . 25
8, 063 30
4,000 30
4, 000 30
oS
S
S
So
Nooococroonooonesosdn
eoocooocooooowoocoeoat oo w
(i)
i)
VIM, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 179
could be lent was determined a month before the ship sailed, and
was then apportioned by the members of the municipal board
among themselves, each member voting that his colleague should
receive a share. The total apportionment never reached more
than 12,000 pesos, and the sum allotted to each depended, pri-
marily, on his political status, and, to a secondary degree, on
his financial credit.*® The rate of interest varied according to
the length of the voyage and the possible danger involved in
the enterprise. It was, however, lower than the current rates
charged borrowers from “obras pias” administered by the reli-
gious orders, whose customary rate was 50 per cent to Acapulco,
35 per cent to India, and 25 per cent to China,‘* whereas the
city exacted only 25 to 37.5 per cent on the “nao,” 18 per cent
to India, and 12 per cent to Java, besides deducting 3 per cent
for expenses and one-eighth per cent for bringing silver from the
port of disembarkation to Manila.*® Luckily, the ships during
this period fared well, and only once—by the wreck of the San
Andrés on the Naranjos group, in 1798—was the whole invest-
ment (12,250 pesos) lost. In case the loan was not repaid at
the completion of the voyage, a lien was made on the boletas
(tickets conferring the right to ship on a “‘nao’’),*® unless such
lien had been anticipated by previous creditors.** The number
of bad debts thus incurred was surprisingly small. The most
notable case in which a creditor who had outrun his finances
escaped payment was that of José Blanco, a rice exporter by
trade and a member of the municipal board, who borrowed
money for investment on the Magallanes in 1804. In this case
his boletas were seized by the insular government for misap-
propriation of funds in connection with cockpit licenses in Negros.
His indebtedness finally became so large that he was given an
allowance of 30 pesos a month to support his wife and family.
It may be noticed that loans were discontinued from 1782 to 1786 and
that in the second voyage made in the former year an unusually high
rate of interest was charged. This was due to the loss of the San Pedro.
Besides this amount (8,619 pesos, 4 tomins) and the sum lent in 1777
for investment to Coromandel, all loans were repaid with interest on the
return of the vessels to Manila.
“ Actas de Manila (1810), 118; (1811), 47.
“Tbid. (1777), 174-178; Dias Arenas, Rafael, Memorias historicas de
Filipinas (1850), 397; Jagor, Feodor, Reisen in den Philippinen (1873).
“Tbid. (1808), 28-29; (1809), 194-195; (1810), 28; (1811), 46-47.
““Tbid. (1808), 149-150, 156-157; (1809), 174-175.
“Tbid. (1814), 31. Cf. Martinez de Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Fili-
pinas (1893), 2, 185-186; Le Gentil, Voyages dans les mers de: |’Inde
(1779), 2, 205, 297-298; Churchill, Collection of Voyages, (1764), 4, 177.
180 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
He had planned to leave for China, when he was sentenced to
eight years’ imprisonment in Misamis and deprivation of civil
rights for libeling the audiencia. Blanco, however, was an
exception to the rule that the ordinary individual to whom money
was lent generally punctually repaid both capital and interest.‘$
After the suppression of the “nao,” *° and the partial opening
of Manila as a free port, marine risks were still preferred,®°
although they were intermitted while the insurgent fleets of
the newly born republics were patrolling the eastern coast of
southern America.*! They were still made on ships trading to
. Acapulco, and at the same rate of interest. Local vessels, as
before, were not allowed to participate in the advantages of the
fund. After 1820, the rate of interest was slightly reduced,
varying from 25 to 30 per cent to New Spain, the variation
depending on whether the loan was for one or two years, and
from 15 to 18 per cent to India. As commerce developed, it
became a not unusual practice to lend money on the cargo of
a vessel trading between Manila and European ports, if the risk
had been accepted at Lloyds, and bills of lading were taken as
well as silver in repayment. After 1862, consequent on the
depreciation of silver in South America, gold was substituted for
silver.°* The decision to leave the field of marine insurance and
make investments only on land was not taken until 1850, and
was arrived at as a result of the total loss of the barkantine
Quid Pro Quo in 1847.* The possibility of land investment had
been mooted as early as 1770, when a suggestion had been placed
before the municipal board that it would be profitable to acquire
certain lands recently vacated by the expulsion of the Jesuits.
This, however, came to nothing, and it is not until 1819 that
“Actas de Manila (1806), 88-89, 147-148; (1807), passim; (1809),
174, 198-199, 219-220, 222-223, 300-301; Audiencia de Manila. Reales
sentencias (December 2, 1809).
“Bourne, Historical Introduction to Blair and Robertson, The Phil-
ippine Islands (1908), 1, 66; Remarks on the Philippine Islands by an
Englishman, ibid. (1907), 51, 149.
*° Actas de Manila (1818), 228-230; (1819), 41, 68, 78-79.
= Tbid. (1818), 192.
? Tbid. (1884), 22.
=“Oro grueso Americano,” Actas de Manila (1862), 155. In the old
ledgers of the Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II (established in 1851),
the accounts are kept in ounces of gold.
“The last marine risk was taken on the barkantine Mundaquez and
the frigate Magnolia in 1850. ‘Actas de Manila (1850), 154; (1851),
82-89, 112; (1852), 29, 40-41. For the loss of the Quid Pro Quo, see ibid.
(1847), 58-59.
VII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 181
the first chattel mortgage is recorded, and not until after 1830
does it become customary to make loans on house property and
real estate. The rate of interest, which never reached more
than 8 per cent, was the factor which at first retarded the com-
mon use of land loans, but sound principles of finance eventually
prevailed over the attraction of large, but uncertain profits, and
the determination “to keep to the land” had a very salutary
effect upon the future of the fund, apart from the fact that the
city acquired a considerable amount of land and houses, which it
rented on a yearly lease,®° and a half share in a theater.*’ The
latter was acquired in 1853 as security for a loan to Joaquin
Huett or Huit (White?), the son of Moses Huit, a citizen of the
United States who was exporting rice from Manila as early as
1806. It was sold in 1859 for 7,011 pesos, 44 centavos.”
The interest charged under the new conditions dropped again
before the middle of the century. Even for small loans on poor
security, it was never more than 7 per cent, while on ordinary
house property 6 per cent was the current rate.°® The largest
loan was one of 30,000 pesos to Maria Somes, widow of Benjamin
Butler, on house property scattered all over the city, valued at
56,730 pesos and with an annual rental of 475 pesos.*® A loan
of 20,000 pesos was also made, in 1861, to Juan Esquivel, and
in the following year to Aguirre and Company, the former on
buildings on the Escolta, the latter on a sugar refinery worth
90,000 pesos. In this case, Matias Menchacatorre, the leading
contractor in Manila, gave his personal bond.°°
After 1864, owing to Esquivel’s failure, the maximum loan was
fixed at 10,000 pesos.*t As had been ordained by the testator,
the fund was kept in a chest, at first in the city hall, casas con-
sistoriales, and then in a house of its own in San Miguel. This
chest was not opened except in the presence of the members of
* Such houses were not always easy to dispose of if the city desired
to sell. Actas de Manila (1845), 48; (1850), 122; Gaceta de Manila
(Feb. 3, Sept. 5, 1875) ; Oficios del Ayuntamiento de Manila (Jan. 23, 1857) ;
Cuentas de Carriedo (1857).
* Cuentas de Carriedo (1850); Actas de Manila (1853).
“In 1843 Joaquin Huett, then brigadier-general in the Spanish army,
led the Spanish troops during the suppression of the revolt of the Filipino
fanatic, Apolinario de la Cruz, in the Provinces of Laguna, Tayabas, and
Batangas. Montero y Vidal, op. cit. (1895), 3, 37-55.
- Actas de Manila (1833), 26; (1885), 142-143.
© Tbid. (1857), 19; Cuentas de Carriedo (1857).
© Actas de Manila (1862), 173; Cuentas de Carriedo (1861-1862).
* Actas de Manila (1864), 27.
117146—2
182 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
the municipal board, the keys being kept by the chief magistrate,
alcalde de primera eleccion.*? The accounts were presented at
least every year, and, if necessary, every three months, for audit
by the city treasurer,®* who received 10 pesos a month from the
fund and the necessary office help; namely, a clerk at 3 pesos
a month for his trouble, although even this meager salary was
often the subject of much heated discussion.** The secretary
of the municipal board also received 25 pesos a month from the
same source for preparing the minutes.®
At first the accounts were included in the regular city accounts,
but, after 1852, a separate account was opened, and from Jan-
uary 1, 1853, the board met in special session after the regular
meeting as the Carriedo Chapter, Cabildo de Carriedo, to consider
the status of the fund and of past and future loans, and to examine
notes and securities. From these meetings an interested member
of the board always absented himself.** =
The process of obtaining a loan was invariably the same. The
applicant presented with his request his certificate of identifica-
tion and, in the case of house property, a certificate of ownership
and title deeds. All these documents were received by one of
the alealdes and passed on to the city attorney. If he approved,
the property was inspected by a committee, consisting of the
city engineer and the city architect, and the whole matter
referred to the ‘“‘alealde de primera eleccion,” who, if everything
was satisfactory, instructed the city attorney to draw up the
necessary papers and the treasurer to make the payment.”
Whether the loans were on house property, storehouses with
their contents, on real estate, a premio de tierra, or even on
jewelry, of which two instances are recorded, the time was
generally one year, although, at the expiration of this period,
it might be extended, if the interest were paid up, for another
year.®® After two years suit was taken for.recovery by law.
@ Ibid. (1818), 20.
®Tbid. (1867), 22. The treasurer, in connection with the Carriedo fund,
is called variously “Contador comisionado de los fondos -de Carriedo,”
“Contador de propios como encargado de contabilidad de Carriedo,”
“Archivero contador de propios y de la obra pia de Carriedo.” Actas de
Manila: (1836), 59, 85; (1856), 38.
“Tbhid. (1835), 37-88, 52.
Tbid. (1851), 68.
Ibid. (18382), 39; (1852), 14, 72.
‘From 1838, on the advice of José Maria Jugo, an expert lawyer, all
sessions were held in public. Actas de Manila (1888), 51-52, 80-81, 88, 97;
Expediente. Juzgado tercero de Manila (March 11, 1865).
* Actas de Manila (1883), 27, 50-58; (1847), 78, 80.
VII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 188
If the request for a loan was granted, there was practically no
delay in payment,*® apart from the week which was needed for
inquiries to be made as to the satisfactory nature of the loan.”
Under ordinary circumstances, two sureties were required, who
had to act in common—en mancomun e insolidum.": After 1856,
a loan society, entitled ‘‘La Sociedad Filipina de Fianzas,’’ often
guaranteed repayment. No loan could be recalled without in-
terest, once it had been made, and no debtor could sell mortgaged
property without the consent of the city.7* Refusal was based
on unsatisfactory security or previous indebtedness. In the case
of minors, the leave of the courts had first to be obtained.”
From time to time a special review of the status of the fund,
covering a period of ten years or more, was prepared by the “sin-
dico procurador.’”’ This was termed a “coordinacién,” and was
the subject of a special charge. He also received 5 per cent of
every payment of interest up to date.** Apart from loans to
private individuals, money was also loaned to the city—mainly
for public improvement—and to the insular government, and
given to the merchants of Manila through their consulado, or
board of trade. The purposes for which the city required finan-
cial assistance were multifarious, and included such diverse
objects as building the roof of the chapel in the Paco cemetery
(1819), flooring the Bridge of Spain with stone, paying overdue
salaries,*> repairing the municipal blacksmith’s shop on Calle
San Fernando (1824), the payment of expenses incurred dur-
ing the festivities in connection with the accession of Isabel II,
sending deputies to Madrid (1825), building the Divisoria
market (then and now the largest market in the Orient) (1851),
building the Quinta market in the same year, and a new public
slaughterhouse in 1872, and repairing the municipal theater in
Binondo (1856) and the Ayala Bridge (1889).7°
In 1833 money borrowed from the Franciscans was also re-
paid from the same source.**7 On the other hand, when the
Escolta was partially destroyed by the great fire of August,
© Tbid. (1832), 51, 58; (1888), 43.
© Ibid. (May 12, 1824); (1832), 33, 47—48.
" Ibid. (1832), 33; (1856), 61.
Ibid. (1832), 12, 19.
* Thid. (1833), 11, 39.
* Ibid. (1883), 40; (1886), 36; (1862), 33-34.
S Thid. (1832), 5, 19, 25, 29; (1834), 99-100.
* Ibid. (1815), 11, 17, 31, 37, 38; (1818), 139-140; (1819), 64; (April 3,
1824); (1832), 5, 17, 39; (1834), 94; (1835), 37-38, 52; (1850), 44; (1851),
124; (1856), 38; (1872), 25-26, 95; (July 13, 1889).
"Ibid. (1833), 26.
184 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
1881, the municipal board was unable to borrow, even at 8
per cent, for reconstruction and extension.7®
The insular government first borrowed from the- fund in
1786, ostensibly to buy rice. As they showed no desire to
repay, the city, after waiting patiently for twenty-four years,
at last, in 1810, demanded the money. This demand passed into
the hands of the tribunal de cuentas, who put them off on the
ground that they were unable to estimate the original cost of
the rice, because they had not a sufficiently large staff to examine
their accounts from 1785 to 1810. Finally, a partial repay-
ment was made in 1811, and the rest returned in 1815, and with
this the municipal board had to be satisfied.”®
Further loans in 1805, 1806, and 1807 brought the same results.
On these occasions, the government tried to evade payment on
the ground that war was impending, and it was only the energy
and persistence of Gregorio Zarza Dias that prevented loss.*®°
In 1836 a loan for the coinage of copper money was more satis-
factory. It was repaid monthly at 6 per cent.*!
Notwithstanding their willingness to utilize the money at the
disposal of the city, the central government would not invest
their own funds for municipal purposes, and the proposal that
the city should be allowed to borrow 12,000 pesos to construct
reservoirs to assist the poor, and provide water “in case of war,”
never passed out of the region of discussion.*?
The consulado in 1804 received 333 pesos to dispatch the
frigate Concepcidn. Consequently, in 1812, they again applied
for 1 per cent of the Carriedo fund to send the corvette Fideli-
dad to Acapulco to look for the San Fernando, which was over-
due and was expected to bring authentic news as to the state of
the revolution in the South American republics. The city con-
sulted the law faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, and
on their report in favor of a grant of 200 pesos, the grant was
accordingly made.**
®Tbid. (1881), 205. ‘
™Tn all, 5,056 cavans had been bought at a cost of 10,481 pesos, 1 tomin.
Liquidacion de los 10,481 pesos, 1 tomin que se destinaron al Posito para
la compra de arroz a fin de precaver los eventos y escasez de este grano,
y aliviar al ptblico en los casos que ocurran—1789. Actas de Manila
(1810), 198-200; (1811), 152-156.
“Ibid. (1805), 178; (1806), 144-145; (1807), 128-131, 136, 138, 139,
140-141.
*Tbid. (1886), 29, 51, 60-61, 91.
"® Tbid. (1806), 85, 101.
*Tbid. (1812), 181, 184, 154-163, 176.
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 185
Outside the city, loans were not made; the exception being to
Manuel Provira, governor of Capiz, in 1851, on the security of
pottery works at San Pedro Macati.**
On the whole, the management of the “obra pia’ was free
from fraud or misappropriation. The exceptions occurred in
1823-24 and in 1850. In the latter year, the amount missing
was comparatively small, consisting of 131 pesos and 15 centavos
from the fund and 48 pesos and 90 centavos from the petty cash,
fondillo..® The shortage in 1823-24 was far more serious.
When the chest was opened on January 2, 1824, a deficiency
of 1,576 pesos and 25 centavos was discovered. The city treas-
urer was at once ordered to make a thorough investigation, and
reported, a week later, that the locks of the chest showed very
slight signs of having been wrenched open. The senior alcalde
immediately ordered new iron safes and transferred the keys
to the treasurer in the presence of the secretary. When the
matter came up for discussion, the city fathers decided that
there had been no illegal attempt to open the chest, and placed
the blame on the janitor of the casas consistoriales and his son,
who were dismissed without warning on a charge of gross im-
morality and misconduct. To excuse themselves, the munici-
pal board framed a letter to the governor-general, praising
their own unblemished reputation, apologizing for the short-
age, and offering to make it good out of the city funds with
interest at 5 per cent. To this they received an answer that
interest was unnecessary and that the deficit must be made up
out of their own pockets. The governor’s suspicions had prob-
ably been aroused by the fact that, on September 10, 1823,
José Azcarraga claimed he had repaid half the annual interest
on a loan, although no entry of the payment could be found in
the Carriedo books.**
On the other hand, while fraud was rare, until the opening
of the ledgers, the accounts were kept, in spite of repeated com-
plaints by the government auditor, in a careless and unbusiness-
like fashion, and debts were allowed to accumulate over a long
period of time which might have been secured had more im-
partiality been shown in prosecution.*’ When the city was
called to account for this laxity, as in 1852, prosecutions were
*Tbid. (1851), 39.
* Ibid. (1851), 32, 34-35, 52-538, 62.
*Tbid. (Jan. 2, 9, 14, Mar. 10, 1824); (Sept. 10, 1825). There is no
pagination in the minute-books of 1824-1825.)
* Thid. (1851), 114; (1852), 18-20, 22, 24-25, 27, 29.
186 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
~
immediately instituted by the responsible official, agente de de-
mandas, with great vigor, but it was often too late to meet
what had been lost through previous inactivity.®®
In 1851 the first step toward investment in permanent sec-
urities was taken by the decision to purchase 63 shares in the
Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II, worth 200 pesos each.
This bank had been incorporated on August 1, 1851, with a
capital of 200,000 pesos in 200-peso shares from the “obras pias”
of the four orders.*®
The shares were consequently bought on March 30, 1852, and
remained as an asset of the fund until its absorption in 1898, ©
paying dividends varying from 8 per cent in 1875 and 1894 to
6 per cent in 1873.°°
On February 12, 1869, on the motion of José Felipe del Pan,
the municipal board also purchased 77 shares in the national
bond issue of 200,000,000 escudos (1 escudo equals 50.1 cents
United States currency). These shares were valued at 5,975
pesos and 20 centavos, and paid on the average 7.5 per cent
dividend.”
In 1889 they were converted into 4 per cent treasury bonds at
85, bringing in 85 pesos a month.”
When the Carriedo fund ceased to be primarily a loan fund,
it was transferred to the insular treasury, caja de depositos de
la tesoreria general de hacienda, where it accumulated at 8 per
cent.
After this, and indeed for some years before, it had developed
with great rapidity, mainly owing to the business acumen of
Esteban Balbas, Baltazar Giraudier, and Joaquin Inchausti.
This development is shown in the following table * which is
gathered from the statement presented on the last day of each
year and which included a general balance sheet, a cash state-
STbid. (1851), 838; (1852), 48-54; Cuentas de Carriedo (1855-1895) ;
Actas de Carriedo (Feb. 12, March 10, 1869).
* Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands ek 52, £17; The
Philippine Census (1908), 4, 541.
* Cuentas de Carriedo (1855-1895).
* Actas de Carriedo (June 28, 1889).
” Legado de Carriedo. Cuaderno diario de las cobranzas y pagos (Sept.
1, 1874—Aug. 31, 1876).
* This list is complied partly from the Cuentas de Carriedo (1855-
1895) and partly from the official list supplied by the municipal board
to Francisco Mas y Otzet and published by him in El Diario de Manila
(issue of July 24, 1882) which, however, can only be regarded as ap-
proximate.
VIII, D, 8 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 187
ment, an expense account, and details as to receipts and amounts
on loan.
: a
Year. Amount | Bad debts. Year. Fy se se.
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
SoS ae Sees RELY Als aS a | La aepiarieinieeieine' sie camel LoD Ste CI, | aay GDL CL
debe eee ed Se he FOE Pa cenieiecmnre cannemenanencunceun--| 164,246.02 | 26, 659.61
Pe cannons wamacnns 12 849. GS 125. eee Ee deannudencasacep uss)! Lim) Ole. GO | aes Cons ON
[ae es eer 14, 698.25 }.........--- eeneseennaeeeneee----] 168, 682. 72 | 89, 159.61
~~ So RS Se ee OB BS Fe aes fate Rietnaemie saan eininae | LE SDO. Oe) | Gea tbo.OL
it RAE Se alee ee a 24, 066. 77 vennenene aye a eal ha EI fe as ee
Janae O28 Eee ees 23; 800. 62' Foe sc Let eaveecnccss occu) 18%, 00076] Salsas
Se acer ate ccees LON AUS) Se ee macmaccesecses---~---| 218, 662.47 | 82, 648. 45
oe pat CO CY eee PN akan we cewemnae Lea OL Ge Oe || Gig Cota SG
ah LRT te TS ry ea © ee a eee a iy) oe a Ay ey
~ 4 PR ee ee 86, 351. 55 ag tae sala | Se wow nanan sca BOey Okie OU | GL, 68 te BG
Sees i ae AO BRS GS ht Se eee wade weewaawes | BoUypaeerOw | 81, 687.86
-. 1). See 40, 408. BS feo, ee eeepc naeeat OUU, Thee OD: | .OL 308 Ta 8G
- ae eee eS ee With 18.) ate ee SE See serene ce aeaccona} S2USO0Ts 0!) 21, 050.60
6 ee ee ALORS: BY ses Be eee eee ace beohonseas| Ga0po iD. 90 tat, Giese:
Neca aimee AT 68056 toes. Cee eee ety ay tas tM ead AC sy ARS
- eee ALY cy i 6 9] a ee eee ee eee | Ms Aen LO) | el OS be SE
- a Ae Ra ee Bs Uae oor een Sees See ee eee ene POOL OS at Gale SO
fia ee eee Bis OSS 259 os Ledeen saeecekewses cel) 2545145. 30) | 27568786
SS ee ee eS GOS OGRE 2) es Se ER eee em yYAU C At yl IPAS OFS
: opt ol ali AG IBT. 25 ie - = 22 ee ea ee ee Le DOA toy [Vern OS Te 8G:
~~~ ee (iring Ly i) Ea 5 eee ee sacs esa) 4, Oops! aiecolece
= eee Se ee BON GHG. 7G]! eed 8 eee eee nee aaa) LET GSOL BL | 275638. 86
SERS ecenen| 106, 419.56 | 42, 806. 86 Bee ee aes eee as | keds ONG> OO Alp OST. 80
- i}: eee 108, 713.88 | 41,433.10 aS eS fin ey ire iP ACY A
. 3 1) ee ees 114,017.11 | 40,740.24 ese nee eee eaves] 18%, 298,40 1180, 157,86
eae as See 35! 122,627.78 | 37,882.11 ee eee so ee eee ee] LOT, 200880) 803357586
<-se oe | a eee 129, 198.32 | 28,382.61 See ees seee aaah LID Sip. 200 | 80. 1b eee
Lie niy 2 es Seo 136, 649.32 | 26,659.61 emee aaa ewan aa] LOO sobes 021) 60, Lbisop
ee See 140, 528.93 | 26, 659.61 eee ease ee sesee saan |) 09); 920) 99/180; 16786
_.-| 146,340.00 | 26,659.61 ---| 109, 537.64 | 30, 157.36
—- SS. eee 157, 674.03 | 26,659.61 Sg ae eases 118, 356.27 | 30, 157.36
The decrease from 1881 was due to expenditure on the new
water-supply system; the fluctuation after 1885 to receipts for
the use of water and to the expense of upkeep and adminis-
tration. There are no records of general receipts and expend-
itures subsequent to 1895. From 1889, the receipts from a
tax on meat were added to the balance on hand, although they
have been subtracted above.
* * * * * * *
We must now revert to the development of the scheme for
which Carriedo expressly left his money, and consider the var-
ious plans, feasible and otherwise, which were presented to the
city to “carry water by means of a pipe line * * * because
of the great benefit that may accrue to the poor therefrom.”
188 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Notwithstanding the general agreement that something should
be done to actualize the will of Carriedo, all the discussion of
the subject produced nothing tangible, and despite several se-
rious epidemics of cholera (notably in 1820), which the native
population believed to be due to the poisoning of the water of
the Pasig River by foreigners, no definite action was taken
until March 7, 1841, when, in consequence of another outbreak
of cholera, a royal order was issued calling for immediate ac-
tion. The result was the appointment of a committee in 1843,
headed by Gregorio de Borja Tarrius, whose duties were to
prepare plans for bringing water from San Pedro Macati, or
San Mateo, to examine the springs in the neighborhood of
Manila (Malinta, Diliman, Maybonga, and San Juan del Monte
were specified), and to make a careful study of the tides of
Laguna de Bay in order to discover how far up the Pasig River
the water was impregnated with salt.®4 =
As the outcome of these suggestions, an exhaustive report
which had been prepared between December, 1843, and March,
1844, was ready for consideration by the municipal board within
a year. Only one member, however, José Bosch, who was in
constant communication with the officers of the Spanish en-
gineer corps stationed in Manila on the matter, was anxious
to take immediate action. The rest of the board, in view of
the strained finances of the city, due to large sums having been
spent on the reception to Governor-General Claveria and on
the celebration of the majority of Queen Isabel II, expressed
their interest in a scheme for the purification of the Pasig
water at San Pedro Macati, as in accordance with the desire
of Carriedo, but laid all the proposals on the table.®
In 1845 and in 1853-54 the same story was repeated. In
1845, while a committee of the board composed of Juan Bau-
tista Marcayda and Cristobal Arlegui were engaged on a pro-
ject to supply the city with water by means of artesian wells,
based on a new estimate of the population, the consumption of
water per head, and its cost per water jar, tinaja, Tomas Cor-
tes, colonel in command of the Spanish Engineer Corps stationed
in Manila, was also preparing similar data, with clerical assist-
ance from the city, with a view to running a pipe line from the
San Mateo River, at a cost of 300,000 pesos.°° His scheme, which
was dated May 31, 1845, was warmly supported by José Bosch -
* Actas de Manila (1848), 38, 36.
*Tbid. (1844), 28, 101.
* Tbhid. (1845), 37.
VIII, D, 8 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 189
and José Varela.’ On the other hand, the committee was
pledged to the filtration of the Pasig water, which Bosch opposed
for several reasons, maintaining that no point could be found
of a sufficient height from which to carry the filtered water into
the city; that the vegetable matter and lime which impregnated
the river water could not be removed; that an aqueduct over the
Bridge of Spain, as suggested, was, in the condition of the bridge,
not feasible; that 79,000 pesos, the amount then standing to
the credit of the Carriedo fund, would not suffice for the con-
struction of fountains or an aqueduct as had been contemplated
from the outset; and, finally, that whenever Manila was ex-
posed to war, the works could be easily destroyed. The com-
mittee, on December 12, 1845, however, gained the day, and a
resolution was carried in favor of artesian wells at the cost
of 30,000 pesos, provided they could be made to supply 40 libras
(1 libra equals 0.1218 United States gallon) a minute to each
inhabitant in Manila,** based on an estimate of population made
by Cortes, who arrived at the following results :°°
Walled City:
Europeans (exclusive of garrison) 3,788
Natives 2,500
Garrison 7,000
13,288
Tondo 37,588
Binondo 58,048
Santa Cruz 19,768
Sampaloc 4,452
San Miguel eae
Hermita 17,680
Malate 19,292
Chinese 6,000
Transients 10,000
218,724
Cortes had agreed to give the city 5,030,632 pints, cuartillos,
of water a day, providing each inhabitant with 23 pints. He
had also arranged to comply with the conditions laid down by
the city, which were that, once work had commenced, it was to
continue until its completion, although not beyond the period
of a year, and that especial care should be taken to provide
against earthquakes.‘ There is no record as to any artesian
wells ever having been drilled, and the project was again shelved
until 1853, when, consequent on the selection by the bureau of
health of a committee of four druggists, headed by Jacobo Zobel,
“Tbid. (1845), 86, 96. "Ibid. (1845), 96.
Ibid. (1845), 86-89. ™ Tbid. (1845), 39, 90-96.
190 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
to analyze the water obtained from: streams and springs at
Nagtahan, Mariquina, San Pedro Macati, and San Mateo, Sa-
turnino Rilles Cristobal presented a scheme for carrying water
through pipes from San Mateo to the King’s Wharf in San
Gabriel. This scheme, which was to cost 200,000 pesos and
was to be finished within two years, was entrusted to Lieu-
tenant-General Felipe de la Corte, of the corps of engineers,
for modification, and on April 26, 1854, he was paid for his
work.’*? At the same time, de la Corte was forced to. discard
another proposition, which suggested the construction of a three-
story building, each story being a reservoir, located sufficiently
far from the mouth of the Pasig to prevent the intrusion of
salt water. The water was to be pumped up through successive
filters to the upper story, and thence carried by a pipe line to
various central points in the city, carabaos being used instead
of machinery to save expense.” =
Unfortunately, inactivity brought nothing out of these plans.
Another decade elapsed before, mainly owing to the energy of
Felix de Huerta,'** the steps were taken which were eventually
to lead to the realization of the long-deferred wish of Carriedo.?®
Huerta was ably seconded by Governor-General Moriones, al-
though the initiative was actually taken, before the arrival of
Moriones, by Governor-General Lemery. On January 29, 1862,
the municipal board received an authorization from the gov-
ernor to appoint an engineer to prepare two alternative projects,
based on those of Cortes and de la Corte, and suggesting the
name of Luciano Oliver. On March 23, 1862, a committee was
at once appointed to deal with this communication, and by May
of the same year Eduardo Ruiz del Arco was at work on plans.?*
1 Tbid. (1853), 77, 81, 95, 111. The King’s Wharf is now merged with
the Queen’s Wharf in the Muelle de la Industria. San Gabriel is synony-
mous with Binondo, the parish church of which is dedicated to the
archangel.
™ Actas de Manila (1854), 78.
8 Ibid. (18538), 72-73.
** Welix de Huerta was a Franciscan friar, and at this time was in charge
of the hospital of San Lazaro, Manila. In 1865 he issued a history of his
order, entitled: Estado geografico, topografico, estadistico, historico-religioso
de la ... provincia de S. Gregorio Magno de religioso menores descalzos...
en las Islas Filipinas.
*° Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 59-60.
*° This was aided by a contribution from the Economic Association of
Friends of the Country. Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands
(1906), 42, 320; Actas de Manila (1862), 45-46, 132; Actas de Carriedo
(July 28, 1894); Expediente sobre el proyecto de traida de aguas a
Manila (April 8, May 6, 1862).
VIL, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 191
His assistant was at first Eugenio de Otadui, engineer in charge
of roads in Bulacan, and, when Otadui was forced by sickness
to return to the provinces, Jorge Ponce de Leon. Work was,
however, temporarily suspended by the disastrous earthquake
of 1863, and it was not until 1868 that Genaro Palacios y Guerra,
who was to actualize the desire of Carriedo and serve the city
in the capacity, first, of consulting and then of acting city
engineer for the next seventeen years, entered upon his duties,’""
At the time of his appointment, Genaro Palacios was employed
by the bureau of public works as head of the division of roads,
canals, and bridges, and remained in its service on detail until
1878, when he became a city official on contract from the munic-
ipal board. By November, 1868, he was engaged on the prepara-
tion of plans, and in May of the next year he submitted a
“proyecto” and an alternative, or “antiproyecto.” The “pro-
yecto”’ called for an elaborate system on the Roman plan, to cost
2,289,548 pesos and 75 centavos. It provided for the conduction
of water for an estimated population of 300,000, in a rectangular
stone aqueduct from a point above the town of Montalban, where
a high masonry dam was to be built, to a point near the present
northeast boundary of Manila. The aqueduct was to be of cross
section, 1.5 meters wide by 2 meters high, and was to have a
semicircular arched roof.'°*
It was rejected by the city on the ground of expense. Pala-
cios, little discouraged by the unfavorable reception of the orig-
inal scheme, promptly expressed his willingness to carry into
effect the “antiproyecto,” which was to cost only 745,509 pesos
and which, with certain additions and modifications, became the
Carriedo system as it remained in constant use until 1908.
According to the original plans, 2 pumps of about 15,000 cubic
meters combined daily capacity were to be installed at some
point in the barrio (village) of Santolan on the Mariquina
River. Here the water was to be raised into a rectangular
masonry conduit excavated, for the most part, out of adobe”
formation, through two lines of 20-inch cast-iron pipe. This
conduit, of external section 1.40 by 1.75 meters, was to be laid
* Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 61; Actas de Carriedo
(Dec. 23, 1868).
* Expediente econdmico relativo a la traida de aguas a Manila (April
8, May 6, 1862).
” Mas y Otzet,*Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 59-60.
*° The Spanish term is “toba.” (AS “tuff.”) Actas de Manila (1877),
_ 87; Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 2-3, 71-76; Dieck, Robert
P., Water supply of the municipality of Manila. Manuscript (1902), 1-4.
192 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
to a grade of 1 in 5,000 and extended a distance of approximately
4,800 meters to the reservoir (El Deposito) on the highest point
of the table-land of San Juan del Monte. An inverted syphon
of 26-inch cast-iron pipe, 385 meters long, was to be inserted
where the line crossed a deep ravine. The reservoir was to
consist of two covered basins, hewn from the same rock material
as at Santolan, in catacomb form, with a combined capacity of
56,000 cubic meters (16,000,000 United States gallons) to the
overflow line of 33.51 meters, city datum.
Ventilation was to be provided by 207 shafts, which were to
keep the water cool and free from vegetable matter. The res-
ervoir was to contain about one and one-half days’ reserve,
in wet seasons about two days’ supply.
From these basins the water was to flow in a line of 26-inch
cast-iron pipe along a purchased right-of-way to the city, the
first branch—at the Rotonda in Sampaloc—being about 3_kilo-
meters from the reservoir, and the distribution taking place in
smaller mains, opening into 280 fire hydrants and 390 public
hydrants.
It would have seemed advisable, under modern conditions,
in a western country to have commenced operations at once,
but dilatoriness was characteristic of the Spanish régime in
the Philippines, and in this instance there was no exception to
the rule. The home government did not affix its official ap-
proval to the scheme until June 10 and October 15, 1875, and
work was not actually started until 1878, over nine years after
Palacios had begun on the plans.
This delay was due to two causes. In the first place, there
were various official channels through which the project had to
pass before it was ready for execution, and, in the second place,
there was considerable difficulty in determining the source from
which the money for upkeep, construction, administration, and
operation was to be drawn.
Every engineering detail under discussion, however small, had
not only to be considered by the department of public works,
but had also to be indorsed in Madrid before action could be
taken by the city, and the same process had to be followed in
matters of finance, except that the insular treasurer and the
insular auditor took the place of the department of public
works. Even when structural and financial problems had been
settled, the general public had to wait a further+¢hree years for
the report of the committee of ways and means before the work
was inaugurated, and although the city had sought to commence
VIM, D, 8 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 198
operations in July, 1872, not a spadeful of soil was turned until
six years later.
The financial difficulty arose from the fact that the amount
of the Carriedo fund was far short of the estimate made by
Palacios. When this was considered by the municipal board,
they suggested making up the deficit from the following sources:
Pesos.
From the Carriedo fund 250,000
By public subscription 100,000
By loan from the insular government 100,000
By sale of property belonging to the city 100,000
By a tax on the skins of animals slaughtered in
the matadero (estimated at 40,000 pesos a
year’) for three years 120,000
By the refund from the insular government of
“money expended on the support of the munic-
ipal police (“Guardia Civil Veterana’”’), from
July, 1872, to June, 1874, which had been un-
dertaken in accordance with the royal order of
June 11, 1872 80,000
Total 750,000
Under the scheme, which was finally approved in Madrid on
October 16, 1876, by the council of the Philippines, a committee
of officials appointed by the ministry of foreign affairs, the
expenditure was to be met from the following sources:
Pesos.
By amount available from Carriedo fund on
December 31, 1880 389,509
By a tax of 1 per cent (estimated at 64,000 pe-
sos a year) on every pound of meat of animals
killed in the matadero for four years 256,000
By a loan from the insular government taken
from the local improvement fund 100,000
Total 745,000
This scheme was transmitted to Governor-General Maleampo
on October 26 of the same year, and received by him on Novem-
ber 17. The conditions attached were that the Carriedo fund
should not be touched till the meat tax had been exhausted, that
the work should be finished in 1880, and that Palacios should
not exceed his original estimate.’
This implied that construction should commence on receipt
of the authorization. As, however, the commencement was
delayed until 1878, the city was enabled to dispense with any
“1 Expediente econémico (1872-76), 1-9.
194 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
assistance from the insular government. This they did the
more willingly as there was a general sentiment that the munic-
ipal board which had administered the Carriedo fund for so
many years should undertake the sole responsibility of supplying
the citizens with water.”
The other methods of securing money had been rejected for
various reasons. A public subscription was objected to on the
ground that the previous experiments in this direction—to erect
a monument to Simon de Anda (1868), to relieve the sufferers
from a typhoon in the Provinces of Laguna and Tayabas (1873),
and a charity bazaar (1875)—had been comparative failures,
that the burden of contribution fell ultimately not on the poor,
for whom the water supply was intended, but on the rich, and
that two subscription lists, for a monument to Andrés de Urda-
neta and for the expenses of the recent Jolo war, had but
recently been opened in Manila.1%* The tax on skins met with
strenuous opposition from Regidor Gonzales, who maintained
that other objects, such as the reconstruction of the city hall,
the tearing down of the nipa houses in the stone-material district,
the widening of the approaches to the Bridge of Spain, the
naming of streets and plazas, and the opening of a general
cemetery, needed more immediate attention. It was eventually
dropped in favor of the meat tax, because the latter would be
more productive.
The city property was not sold because a valuation, on Sep-
tember 11, 1876, disclosed the fact that it would bring only
46,960.33 pesos instead of 100,000 pesos as had been calculated.
In the matter of expenditure on the municipal police, the city
received back 62,296 pesos, which were diverted to other pur-
poses.1?°
The meat tax was authorized by a royal order on November
17, 1876. Its full title was a “tax of one per cent on every
pound of beef and pork cleaned in the city slaughterhouse.”
The tax, which was to be farmed out to the highest bidder,
was advertised by public contract on February 14, 1877. The
salaries of the officials who were to supervise its collection and
™ The home government was in favor of such a loan, in view of the
fact that the Lozada Canal in Madrid had been built in 1859 under the
same conditions.
8 Expediente econdmico (1872), 230, 232, 239-240.
™ Actas de Carriedo (Sept. 25, 1875); Expediente economico (1872-76),
19.
“5 Eixpediente econdmico (1872-76), 128, 209; Actas de Carriedo (Sept.
25, 1875); Actas de Manila (1875), 114, 166-167.
VII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 195
administer its profits were secured by a special appropriation.
For the fiscal year 1877-78 the levy brought in 67,000 pesos in
the hands of a lessee. When the contract ran out on June 30,
1878, the city became responsible for the collection and the
administration of the tax, and the average profit per month
was only 4,455.83 pesos. On February 1, 1879, it was again let
for three years to Antonio de la Rosa for 56,273 pesos, a reduction
of 18 per cent from the original amount.’'® The arrangement
continued, under various lessees, until 1890 when it was raised
to a minimum of 90,960 pesos, and, although this was reduced
‘by 10 per cent, Mariano Yu-Chioco was willing on December
4, 1892, to pay 88,003 pesos for a two years’ contract. In 1894,
by order of the governor-general, dated September 30 of the
same year, it was increased further by 1 per cent. It was
finally abolished at the close of the military occupation on August
6, 1901.
Up to July 30, 1883, the total amount spent on the works
was 688,365.47 pesos, of which the meat tax had contributed
323,292.81 pesos and the Carriedo fund the remainder.'" This
expenditure was not in accordance with the desire of the depart-
ment of public works, who would have reduced the estimate
to 513,664 pesos by substituting porcelain for cast-iron pipes,
by using wood as fuel, by placing all the necessary clerical work
in the hands of the regular office staff of the city, and by selling
water from the hydrants, when the system was in operation. It
was fortunate that the authorities in Madrid were vigorously
opposed to the Chamorroy system in which porcelain was used,
even though they were in general inclined to follow the will
of Carriedo.**8
Having thus overcome all the preliminary difficulties, the board
chose August 28, 1878, the birthday of King Alfonso XII, after
whose queen, Mercedes, one of the public fountains was to be
called, as a fitting day to inaugurate the work of construction.
The attendant ceremonies were simple, but impressive. A stone
was blessed by Archbishop Payot and laid by the governor-
general at what was later to be the distributing point—the
Rotonda in Sampaloc. Under the stone were placed in a leaden
casket commemorative medals and copies of the local papers and
of the act authorizing the work. In all, 4,000 pesos were spent
“° Ibid. (1877), 20-22; Expediente econémico (1872-76), 210-213,
™ Tbid.; 306.
8 Tbid., 8-19, 81.
196 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
on the celebration.1® Operations now commenced in earnest,
and advertisements were published in the official gazette, asking
for bids for construction. The contract was let in sections.
The only bidder for the building of the filtration chambers at the
Deposito, of the inverted siphon, and for laying the pipe line
from the watershed to the Deposito and thence to the distrib-
uting point in Sampaloc was Pablo Falcon, the amounts being,
respectively, 10,718.50, 3,874, 7,708, and 6,447 pesos. There
had originally been another bidder for the filtration chambers,
Fermin Castella, whose bid, 9,030.40 pesos, was accepted by the
municipal board. When, however, it was discovered that Cas-
tella already held a contract for street cleaning, after consulta-
tion with the city attorney, it was decided to reopen the bids on
July 10, 1878. On the second occasion only Falcon answered
the official advertisement. The contract for the construction of
the machinery building and of the sheds for coal and_stores
was secured on June 4 by Mariano Rivera.’ The representa-
tive of both contractors was Antonio de Ulloa.12: All contracts
were paid in monthly installments, as aliquot portions of the
work were completed.”
Palacios received a monthly sum for clerical help, salaries,
and incidental expenses, varying from 2,000 pesos in the early
months of 1878 to 20,000 pesos in March, 1882, the month before
the inauguration of the new system.1%2 His own salary was at
first fixed at 6,000 pesos (March 1, 1879). Less than a year later
it was raised to 9,000 pesos (October 1, 1879). His assistant
engineers, Felipe Jové y Padrol and Sebastian Vara y Saez, who
were his own nominees, received at first 2,600, then 3,200, and
finally 4,000 pesos. There were also two foremen of works at
600 pesos each. The machinery was bought in Paris through
* Actas de Manila (1878), 15-16, 19-20.
“Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 56-68. lLiquidacién de las
obras ejecutadas por contrata en la galeria filtrante y esplanaciones para
establecer el tubo ascensional de las maquinas elevatorias de abastecimiento
de aguas potables a Manila (April 14, 1885); Actas de Manila (1878),
87-90, 100-102; (1897), 28; obras parciales del proyecto para el abas-
tecimiento de aguas potables a Manila (Pliego de condiciones) (1878),
41-49.
*1 Actas de Manila (1878), 108-109.
™ Ibid. (1878), 94-97.
8 Cuentas de Carriedo (1878-83). Cf. Liquidacién de obras ejecutadas
en el abastecimiento de aguas potables a Manila. Memoria, planos, va-
loracién (1885). These documents are a valuable asset for the history of
Spanish engineering in the Philippines, as they give not only the wage
list but also the cost of each work unit.
VII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 197
the agency of José de Echevarria, who was appointed purchasing
agent on January 11, 1879. He received a commission of 1.5
per cent on all purchases, which were paid for through a draft
on the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation for 200,000
pesos.*** All materials from abroad were passed through the
Manila custom-house free of duty.'** The cast-iron pipes and
lead were secured in Manila, partly through Frederic H.
Sawyer **° and partly through the old-established firm of Smith,
Bell and Sons, who had bought out the Yengarie Sugar Com-
pany, a bankrupt concern at Mandaloyan, which had been organ-
ized in London to pipe sugar from the northern provinces
(Bulacan, Laguna, and Pampanga) to the capital. New cast-
iron pipe cost 33 pesos a ton delivered in Manila; the old piping
from Mandaloyan 24 pesos and 80 centavos. Lead could be
bought in bars for 75 pesos a ton from Mandaloyan. Sawyer also
sold to the city such galvanized iron roofing as it required.?”’
During the process of construction, there were no serious
hindrances, possibly due to the fact that from 1868 Palacios -
himself lived on the ground in a small house, which came to be
known, under the name of the Casa de Depositos, as a favorite
resort for wealthy citizens, and personally superintended all
operations. Indeed, it was owing to his unfailing energy as
well as to his tact and discretion that such troubles as did occur
were so trivial. An illustration of his capacity in dealing with
awkward problems may be found in the matter of the purchased
right of way, which, according to the conditions of the “pro-
yecto,” had to be cleared for 5 meters on either side.'?8 Although
50 parcels of land, valued at 9,523 pesos and 5 centavos, apart
™ Actas de Manila (1878), 35-36, 64-65, 93; (1879), 84-88, 101-103;
Expediente econdmico (1872-76), 182-183, 185-187; Actas. de Carriedo
(Nov. 22, Dec. 5, 1882).
“° Expediente solicitando se exima del pago de derecho de Aduana todo
el material que viene de Europa (1882); Actas de Manila (1885), 49, 50;
Expediente econdmico (1872-76), 115, 142.
“*Sawyer was an English engineer and agent for Handyside and
Company of Liverpool and for the Eastern Sugar Company. He is the
author of the book entitled The Inhabitants of the Philippines. Charles
Scribners’ Sons. New York (1890).
“" Expediente econédmico (1872-76), 121-123, 245-289; Actas de Carriedo
(Mar. 21, 1882); (June 24, Aug. 26, 1885); (Feb. 16, 1887); (June 25,
1890).
“8 Tbid. (Dec. 23, 1868); (Feb. 15, 1883); Actas de Manila (Aug. 6,
Oct. 13, 1892); Expediente. Expropiacién de terrenos para la traida
de aguas. Documentos 1-5. Ramon Lopez Hermosa. Manila (1885);
Oficios de la ciudad de Manila (June 11, 1878).
117146—3
198 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
from such as were presented by the Augustinians and Paulists,
the former being provided with free water for their house and
hacienda at Mandaloyan as a quid pro quo, were expropriated
on the personal valuation of Palacios, not a single complaint
reached the municipal board.’?® Nor were operations attended
by many accidents or untoward incidents. There was, indeed,
one unavoidable fatality at the Deposito; there was a case of
robbery involving the loss of some 600 pesos in cash; and, in
1881, two small typhoons occurred which did some damage to
the pipe lines and to the roofs of the various buildings. There
was also the inevitable delay due to miscalculation by the con-
tractor as to the nature of the rock formation; but, on the
whole, the work proceeded with more speed than might have been
expected, and a misunderstanding which at one time presaged
a dangerous outcome and was later the cause of serious friction
was removed by mutual agreement. When Palacios was first ap-
pointed, it was arranged that the bureau of public works should
supervise his work, while he was given a free hand as to the
purchase of material by public contract. However, the extent
of this supervision was not defined.*°
The first point under discussion as to whether the necessary
material should be bought through Madrid, or directly by the
municipal board, or in both ways was soon decided by a com-
promise; but when Palacios was found to have made certain
purchases during the month of February, 1878, without calling
for a contract, the board felt that its dignity had been injured,
and consequently called him to account for his action. Pala-
cios,1* in reply, called their attention to the procedure adopted
in the case of the reconstruction of the Bridge of Spain, under
which materials costing between 1,000 pesos and 5,000 pesos
had been bought by contract or privately. In accordance with
the authorization of the bureau of public works, materials which
could be bought for less than 500 pesos had been bought privately
on the sole responsibility of the engineer, and only materials
above 1,000 pesos always by public contract. With the sarcastic
remark that he would soon be prevented from buying even a
cavan of lime without written permission, he expresses his will-
* Actas de Manila (1878), 94-95; Actas de Carriedo (Aug. 26, 1889);
Expediente promovido por la Comunidad de PP. Agustinos proponiendo
se concedan aguas gratuitas al convento de Manila y casa-hacienda de
Mandaloyan (April 29, 1887).
*° Actas de Carriedo (Dec. 19, 1882); (May 27, 1883); (Aug. 5, 1884);
Expediente econodmico (1872-76), 176, 186, 199-200.
*t Actas de Manila (1878), 20, 21, 26, 28-31, 76.
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 199
ingness to resign. His firm determination not to be interfered
with in trivial details, so long as larger matters were proceeding
toward a conclusion, produced the desired result. As Palacios
was notably honest and careful and accounted for every item
of expenditure, the city authorities deprecated any intention of
censure and apologized for their hasty action. During the next
four years there was no further friction, and, at the inaugura-
tion of the water supply, a memorable event in the history of
Manila, the vigor and skill of Palacios met with due recognition.'**
The actual opening of the system took place at eight o’clock
on the morning of July 23, 1882, although the festivities con-
tinued without cessation from July 20 to July 24. July 23 was
chosen to culminate the efforts of one hundred thirty-nine years,
because it was the birthday of Maria Cristina, wife of King
Alfonso XII, the then Queen-Dowager of Spain.
The program of the week was outlined by a proclamation
issued by the governor-general through the official gazette, on
July 18, and repeated the next day in greater detail through the
same channel by Manuel Enriquez y Sequera, who was both
civil governor of the Province of Manila and chairman of the
municipal board,'** corregidor. The program, as carried out,
was in brief as follows: 7°
Monday, July 20.—Music and athletics in the suburbs and on the Paseo
de Magallanes for prizes offered by the municipal board. Eight p. m.,
reception at Fort Santiago.
Tuesday, July 21—Music and athletics as on Monday. Opening of the
Monte de Piedad.
Wednesday, July 22—Massed bands on the Luneta.“ Fireworks on Ba-
gumbayan field. Illumination and decoration of the Luneta ballroom.
Thursday, July 23 Five a. m., massed bands. Six a. m., civic procession
leaves the city hall for Sampaloc. Hight a. m., opening of the Carriedo
fountain accompanied by a distribution of tokens and small coins. In the
afternoon, horse racing on the Bagumbayan field. In the evening, free
theatrical performances in the various theaters, and a grand invitation
ball in the Theater of Varieties.
Friday, July 24.—As on Thursday.
The civic procession on Thursday consisted of thirteen official
carriages, and was accompanied by allegorical floats, the most
He was recommended for the Grand Cross of Isabel II, and was
presented with the freedom of the city, an honor which he shared with
Father Faura, the eminent Jesuit seismologist. Actas de Manila (Jan.
12, 1878), 81-85, 98; (1882), 105.
*8 Gaceta de Manila (July 18-19, 1882).
™ Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 93-102, 106-108.
*S Tbid., 118. The program of the massed bands and of the ball on
July 23 is given in El Diario de Manila of the same date.
200 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
noticeable being those of the mestizo corporation of Santa Cruz,
carrying a bust of Carriedo crowned with laurel; of the officials
of Tondo, with a fountain from which flowed wine and water; and
of the Chinese citizens of Manila, representing a sampan, and
manned by Chinese children.'** Before the opening ceremony,
mass was celebrated opposite the fountain in a temporary struc-
ture erected by the house of Lorenzo Rocha who also entertained
the officials at luncheon after the proceedings.1** In addition
to the bronze and silver medals, which the national mint was
permitted to coin for two months, two gold medals were also
struck, one of which was laid under a commemorative stone,
while the other was presented to the Conde de Peracolls as the
head of the Carriedo family.1** The invitation ball was given
in the Theater of Varieties on Calle Arroceros, and the Italian
Opera Company, from whom it was taken for the night, was
reimbursed by being excused the rent of the building for ten
nights. During the whole celebration, the streets were decorated
by day and illumined by night.!*®° There were decorative arches
on the south side of the Bridge of Spain, and of the Santa Cruz
and Carriedo Bridges, and on Plaza Goiti.
Alms were distributed in commemoration of the event to the
hospitals, the prisons, and the poor; 1*° a degree was conferred
in every department of the university ; money was given to every
parish priest within the municipal radius for a mass for the
soul of Carriedo; and every child born or person married within
the week received a liberal present,'*! thirty-seven couples and
parents of eleven children availing themselves of this latter
offer.‘*? In addition, two of the local newspapers, El Diario
6 Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 107. The whole description
by Maz y Otzet, who was the official historiographer, is very vivid.
™ Actas de Carriedo (July 23, 1882). Invitaciones. Traida de aguas.
Inauguracion de la primera fuente (1882).
*° The medals had on the obverse the words “Reinando Alfonso XII.
Commemoracion de la traida de aguas potables. 24 de Julio, 1882,” and
on the reverse “Gobernando Filipinas el General Marques de Estella.
Carriedo y el Municipio de Manila.”—El Comercio de Manila (July 30,
1882) ; Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 118; Actas de Carriedo
(Nov. 12, 1884); Actas de Manila (1882), 104.
® Tbid. (1882), 938-96, 97. The chairman of the entertainment com-
mittee throughout the celebration was Francisco de Paula Rodoreda, wage
widow is still resident in Manila.
“Mas y Otzet, Carriedo y sus obras (1882), 102-103.
™ Toid., 127-129.
™ Actas de Manila (1884), 191.
VII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 201
and El Comercio, gave special essay and deportment prizes to
the children in the schools.'**
On August 8, the final touch was given to the ceremonies by
a solemn requiem mass in the cathedral, at which the sermon
was preached by Francisco Sanchez y Luna."**
The permanent memorials were a stone in the City Hall and
the Carriedo fountain. The proposal for a monument fell
through, ostensibly owing to disagreement as to the site, actually
because of general unwillingness to be taxed for the purpose,
especially as the total cost of the celebration had already exceeded
the original estimate of 16,000 pesos by 3,630.75 pesos, notwith-
standing the fact that all the wood had been supplied by Mariano
Ocampo.'*®
Fortunately, the opening of the system anticipated and, in
some measure, alleviated the cholera epidemic which broke out
during the next month, and raged with great intensity in the
early part of 1883, as water, more or less fresh, could now be
obtained from the public hydrants. The regulations for private
service were not drawn up until a later date. Palacios was at
work on them in 1884, but they were not passed by the municipal
board until December 4, or printed until 1885, and even at the
latter date the necessary material for house connections had not
arrived from Europe, and had to be provided by the conces-
sionnaires.’*® The regulations of 1885 differed in this respect
from those of 1899, and were also affected by the existence, at
first, of two methods of supply, either by a pipe giving a uniform
amount every twenty-four hours, or by a meter, instead of by
the general meter service adopted under the direction of William
D. Conner, first lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, U. 8. A., the
- first American engineer in charge of sewers and water supply.'*7
In 1912 the Division of Sewers and Waterworks Construction
was separated from the Department of Engineering and Public
Works, and is now administered as a separate department.
During the Spanish régime, considerably more license was
** Actas de Carriedo (March 8, March 11, Dec. 6, 1888); Actas de Ma-
nila (1878), 65.
** Tbid. (1882), 104-106; Actas de Carriedo (April 15, July 29, 1885).
“6 Tbid. (Feb. 6, 1883).
“* Ibid. (April 19, April 29, Oct. 24, 1884); Gaceta de Manila (Nov. 12,
1884) ; Actas de Manila (1884), 191. In 1886, a complaint was raised that
too much attention was being paid to private service.
™ Reeculations for the public and private services of the Carriedo water-
works of the city of Manila (1889).—Reglamentos para el uso piublico,
gratuito y a domicilio privado, mediante distribucion de las aguas potables
del canal de Carriedo. Manila (1885).
202 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
granted under the terms of contracts made with house owners
than now, although defaulters in payment were treated with
like severity. The price of water (about 4 centavos of the
present coinage a cubic meter), with a reduction for a larger
quantity, was slightly less (the price is now 5 centavos), although
the Spaniards had a curious arrangement under which it was
estimated that each day a native servant would use 25 liters,
a member of the family or a Kuropean 50, a horse 80, while 40
liters were allowed for a 2- or 4-wheeled carriage, and 2 liters
for each square foot of garden. The meter used was called
the Kennedy meter, and was purchased from Tylor and Sons, of
Loughborough, England.**°
The two pumps were in position on October 1, 1883, and the
first test was made after they had been at work for over a year
in November, 1884. Under this test, one of the pumps was
kept continuously at work for twenty-four hours, the other for
seventy-two hours, with from 16 to 22 revolutions a minute,
and a pressure of 54 to 60 pounds to the square inch.*® The
coal used not only for this test, but also on other occasions, always
came from South Wales (Cardiff) or Australia. Native (Cebu)
or Japanese coal was always declared to be expensive or too
wasteful.1°°
An experiment with the Japanese coal brought from the Rana-
loza colliery showed that, although it was 3.3 per cent cheaper
than Australian coal, 10 per cent more was consumed, and it
was also more moist and dirty, and produced more ash.*?
The price of coal, which was bought by public contract in
lots of from 200 tons upward, varied from 10.78 pesos to 15 pesos
a ton, with an extra peso for haulage to the Deposito.'*?
The cost of upkeep, as originally calculated by Palacios, was
58,113 pesos, and the expenditure kept within the estimate, al-
though the appropriation did not allow for any extensive develop-
ments. In 1885, a radical change was made in the arrangement
by the resignation of Palacios, owing to friction with the author-
“8 Cartas del Corregimiento de Manila (Nov. 20, 1885); Expediente
econémico (1872-76), 267-270.
* Actas de recepcién de las maquinas elevatorias (1883); Appendix
(Nov. 7, 1884).
* Actas de Carriedo (Dec. 27, 1895).
* Ibid. (Sept. 21, Dec. 6, 1888).
2 Hor the current prices in various years, cf. Actas de Carriedo (April
15, 1884); (Nov. 17, 26, 1886); (March 20, 1888), (April 7, 1889); (Feb.
21, 1890); (Feb. 25, 1892); (Jan. 11, 1898); (May 24, 1895); (Feb. 11,
1896); and (April 11, 1897).
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 203
ities on the question of salary. As has been stated, there had
been some disagreement on the subject of contracts, but this had
been smoothed over, and, although he and the municipal board
were not always at one as to the location of fountains and the
direction of the pipe line, these were matters of detail which
were soon adjusted. The immediate cause of his resignation
was his refusal, in which he was joined by his assistants, to pay
the government tax of 10 per cent of all salaries of officials over
100 pesos a month, which had been ordered on November 18,
1878. Palacios was not averse to accept the deduction, provided
that it only affected his salary as an official of the bureau of
public works, but definitely refused to allow his salary as city
engineer to be touched. The city would not adopt the suggestion
of the insular auditor that his salary might be proportionately
increased to meet the deduction, considering that he was already
being paid enough, so he sent in his resignation on March 24,
to take effect on April 30, 1885. It was accepted by the board,
who tendered him their thanks for his valuable services, although
somewhat curtly, and allowed him his passage money and
expenses to Spain.***
His position was temporarily filled by the city architect, Juan
José de las Hervas, who was given 3,000 pesos for the additional
work, with an assistant at 2,000 pesos.** In 1887 Hervas was
succeeded by Manuel Ramirez y Bazan from the bureau of public
works at 5,000 pesos a year.*®®
Despite the resignation of Palacios, the system continued to
run fairly smoothly, although certain small difficulties would
probably have been lessened, if not entirely removed, by his
presence. He could not, indeed, have anticipated the disastrous
effect of typhoons, which on two occasions wrought considerable
damage,*** or even avoided scarcity of water, which in 1895 was
the source of bitter complaint.*** But he would probably have
guarded more closely against the possibility of accidental 1** or
*“ Ibid. (Feb. 15, March 1, Sept. 28, 1883); (Feb. 6, 1884); (Jan.
20, 1886); (April 16, 1887); Actas de Manila (1882), 165-166, 177-178;
Expediente. Traida de aguas potables a Manila. Administracion facul-
tativa (1885), 394.
™ Actas de Carriedo (March 2, 1887).
*5 Thid. (Feb. 15, March 1, Sept. 23, 1883); (Feb. 6, 18, 1884); (Jan.
20, 1886); (April 16, 1887); Actas de Manila (1882), 165-166, 177-178;
Expediente. Traida de aguas potables a Manila. Administracién facul-
tativa (1885), 394.
** Actas de Carriedo (March 2, 1887).
*" Ibid. (July 7, 1895).
*8 Ibid. (Nov. 4, 1884); (Sept., 1892).
=——_
-t > 4
is. SL
eS
a
a
———
PF
Se
204 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
forced leakage,'*® and would have established a filtration plant
at the Deposito to prevent impurities in the water.’ Moreover,
he would have taken keen interest in the carrying out of his
original plan for fighting fire. A small fire brigade was operat-
ing by January, 1885, as soon as the first fire hydrants had been
installed. The first hydrants were procured from the Domini-
cans at 10.25 pesos apiece,'*! while the second supply of one
hundred was bought by contract from Wilks and Company at
8.50 pesos each, the cost of private installation being fixed at 1
peso. The first fire that the new fire brigade was called to was
in the nipa barrio of Santiago (San Fernando de Dilao) in Jan-
uary, 1885, and another was successfully attacked in Tondo in
the following month.?®
To Palacios also was due the project for the organization of
the waterworks’ employees into a special corps, entitled the
“cuerpo de fontaneros,” who at a later date were given permission
to carry arms,’ and the arrangement for proper hospital service
in case of injury or sickness. It is almost impossible to estimate
the benefit conferred upon the city by Palacios. If Carriedo
deserves commemoration as the originator of the system, Pala-
cios deserves equal honor as the man who despite many difficulties
made the system an actuality.’
By the will of Carriedo, a gratuitous supply of water had been
promised to definite institutions, but this permission was largely
extended, the only condition being that the institutions should
be of public benefit, establecimientos de beneficiencia.1® In all,
more than 50 applications were received, although only 32 were
considered with favor. Among those who were unsuccessful
* Toid. (Aug. 15, 1885). In February, 1887, the natives of San Juan
del Monte were discovered tapping the main pipe. Jbid. (Feb. 4, 1887).
*°In June, 1885, the assistant engineer answered a series of complaints
with the assurance that river water was always dirty, and that all filtra-
tion should take place at home. Jbid. (June 1, 1885); (Aug. 27, 1890);
(Aug. 25, 1893).
+1 Ibid. (March 27, 1886); (March 1, 1887); Expediente sobre contrac-
cién de las 100 bocas de incendio (1885).
2 Thid. (Jan. 22, Feb. 28, 1885).
*% The actual appointments to the “cuerpo” were not made until April 5,
1887, although the appropriation was passed on September 21, 1886.
Expediente para la creacién de doce plazas de peones fontaneros y dos capa-
taces. Incidente relativo al personal de la traida de aguas que necesitan
licencias para traer armas (1894); Actas de Manila (1885), 58-60.
** Major T. F. Case when City Engineer of Manila, paid a well-merited
tribute to his remarkable care and accuracy. Annual Report. Municipal
Board. City of Manila (1903), 58-59.
** Actas de Carriedo (July 11, 1889).
VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 205
were the authorities of the colleges of Santa Isabel and Santa
Rosa and of the school of San Carlos, the military authorities
at Fort Santiago, the officers of the Jolo regiment in the Luneta
barracks and those stationed in the Malate and artillery barracks,
the military hospital, the captain of the port, and Francisco
Godinez, whose houses—6-8 Calle Real, Intramuros—had been
occupied by the municipal board while the city hall was being
repaired.**® The excessive number of free beneficiaries was the
subject of a complaint in 1892, and, although a committee was
appointed to inquire into the matter, in 1894 Gumersindo del Valle
was still voicing the objections. The present number, nine,
is in exact conformity with the expressed terms of the will, with
such additions as have been rendered necessary by concessions
made during the period of construction.'"*
Del Valle’s action was also prompted by the increasing exhaus-
tion of the Carriedo fund and the inadequacy of the appropriation
to meet expenditure, mainly owing to the growing cost of admin-
istration, which swallowed up the meat tax in its entirety.
The minimum appropriation was originally fixed by Palacios at
58,113 pesos, divided in the following proportion: Twenty-one
thousand, five hundred seventeen pesos for distribution and
service, 22,596 pesos for office help and police, and 14,000 pesos
for upkeep and repairs. Before this amount passed the munic-
ipal board in 1884, an attempt was made to reduce it to 54,313.10
pesos, by a committee composed of Mariano Bertolucci and
Jacobo Zobel. This, however, fell through, and until 1897 the
original estimate was duly passed each year.'*® As a matter
of fact, the average expense was considerably below this sum.
Del Valle’s calculations, which were based not on the official
figures but on personal investigations, show that up to June 30,
1894, the total amount spent had been 1,025,940 pesos. Of this,
he claims that 544,315 pesos had been spent on construction,
and 480,652 pesos on running the system. Unfortunately, he
assumed that the work on construction ceased automatically
when the Carriedo fountain was opened, whereas there was a
*° Ibid. (May 26, Aug. 18, 1886); (May 5, Sept. 14, Oct. 24, 1888);
(Jan. 15, July 11, Oct. 24, 1889); (Aug. 4, 11, 1892).
* Ibid. (Sept. 22, 1892); (Feb. 5, 1894).
** Del Valle believed that a portion, at least, of the meat tax should be
devoted to the improvement of the city markets. Actas de Carriedo (Sept.
22, 1894).
*° Copia del expediente de los presupuestos de las obras de abasteci-
miento de aguas potables a Manila para conservar dichas obras. . . (March
26, 1884); Expediente econdmico (1872-76), 774; Actas de Carriedo (Nov.
20, 1883).
206 The Philippine Journal of Science
considerable sum spent in this direction even after July 24, 1882.
Allowing, however, for the general correctness of his figures as
regards expenditure which can be authenticated from the account
books of the fund and of the meat tax, we may draw up the
following balance sheets:
1913
Carriedo fund, June 30, 1894.
Pesos. : Pesos.
To interest on Carriedo Expenditure from fund
fund prior to Jan- during period of con-
uary 1, 1882 63,482.72 struction . 258,406.00
Carriedo fund in hand, Expenditure, July 24,
January 1, 1882 411,554.38 1882, to June 30,
Interest on fund Jan- 1894 192,780.00
uary 1, 1882, to June Balance on hand, June j
30, 1894 3 98,204.90 30, 1894 * 127,056.00
573,242.00 573,242.00
Meat tax, June 30, 1894. eae
Pesos. Pesos.
Receipts, May 1, 1877, Expenditure during
to June 30, 1894 681,953.00 period of construc- ‘
tion 290,909.00
Expenditure, July 24,
1882, to June 30,
1904 285,845.00
Balance on hand, June
30, 1894 105,199.00
681,953.00 681,953.00
(c) Combined funds.
Pesos. Pesos.
Receipts from Carriedo Expenditure during
fund 578,242.00 period of construc-
Receipts from meat tion 544,315.00
tax 681,953.00 | Expenditure, July 24,
1882, to June 30,
1904 478,625.00
Balance on hand, June
30, 1904 232,255.00
1,255,195.00. fe Pe 2bp lO 500
The majority of the board were at one with Del Valle as
to the necessity of economy, although pumps and a new deposito
"This amount was on deposit in the Banco Espanol-Filipino, and con-
sisted of 114,456 pesos in cash and recoverable notes and 12,600 pesos in
bank stock. Twenty-five thousand three hundred three pesos worth of
bad debts (“creditos incobrables”) have been omitted as an asset.
> Cuentas de Carriedo, passim.
VIII, D, 8 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 207
were urgently needed, and the aqueduct required enlargement.
It was determined, consequently, to use well and river water
for street sprinkling,’ and, by a process of consolidation, to
reduce the cost of management.'"' The failure of the concern
to pay its way was undoubtedly due to poor business manage-
ment and the long-existent dislike of the city officials to subject
their accounts to audit.’
Between 1895 and 1897, the troubles due to the insurrectionary
movement and the lack of available funds seriously affected the
work of distribution. The enlargement of reservoirs by the
construction of a new deposito, at a cost of 170,000 pesos to
hold 40,000 cubic meters, was proposed and agreed to, but
never carried out.'** Two more pumps were procured through
the agency of the colonial office from Mirlees, Watson, and
Jardine-of Glasgow, who had installed the original engines,
but were not set up until after the arrival of the American
forces in 1898,'** and work on the aqueducts was suspended
by the events of the same year.’ The growth in consumption,
which was 1,000,000 meters in 1886 and 3,500,000 meters in
1902, called for these developments, and the city declared its
intention of finding a new source of supply and establishing
™ Tbid. (July 24, 1894). Cf. Ibid. (April 25, 1889); Expediente sobre
establecimiento del riego en los paseos y calzadas de esta capital con agua
del canal de Carriedo (Sept. 21, 1886).
™ Actas de Carriedo (Jan. 23, 1895).
“™ Tbid. (June 15, 1892). Cf. Incidente promovido por el tribunal de
cuentas pidiendo se presenten las cuentas de los fondos de la obra pia
de Carriedo. (A series of letters from June 22, 1871, to August 30, 1876.)
Incidente promovido por la Tesoreria General de Cuentas (1876). A
statement of the accounts for 1855 was not secured until January 2, 1874.
*8 Actas de Carriedo (Oct. 20, 1898).
™ Dieck, R. P., Water supply of the city of Manila (manuscript), 4;
Actas de Carriedo (Oct. 17, 1892); (Aug. 14, 1886); Presupuesto de las
obras que se necesitan ejecutar en Santolan (Nov. 10, 1898).
*° Documentos de varias obras de ampliacion de Acueducto de Carriedo.
(The contract was let on June 22, 1896, to Francisco Martinez for
39,970.50 pesos. Work was commenced on February 28, 1897, and was to
be finished by August 28, 1898.) The Spanish authorities did not pay the
liabilities incurred in these improvements, nor their coal bill, and by the
decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that the city of Ma-
nila as constituted in 1910 is liable for the obligations of the city incurred
prior to the cession of the Philippines to the United States, the balance of
the Carriedo fund, consisting, when the functions of the Spanish “‘Ayunta-
miento” were taken over on August 13, 1898, of 18,000 pesos in securities,
was absorbed. Esperanza Trigas Otero et al. v. City of Manila. Ricardo
Aguado v. City of Manila. Cf. U. S. Supreme Court. October term
(1910), No. 207; Acts of the Philippine Commission (1901), chl. 68-75;
Philippine Reports (1903-1912), 9, 513-526, Cases 3282, 3449, 3558, 3703.
208 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
a new system as soon as it was possible. Work was conse-
quently commenced in 1903, and the new system opened on
November 12, 1908. Water is now brought from an almost
virgin watershed of 100 square miles in area, whence it is
carried to a storage reservoir at Montalban capable of holding
210 million gallons (United States measurement), and thence
to two distributing reservoirs at San Juan del Monte, one of
which, 90 feet (about 27 meters) above sea level, can hold 18
million and the other, at 111 feet (about 35 meters), 54 million
gallons.
This system is only barely adequate to the new demands of
the city of Manila, and the remarkable increase in the water
service will be shown by the following comparison from a pri-
vate memorandum dated April 20, 1887, and from a calculation
based on the service of the year 1910-11.17°
Hyarants Services in opera-
. or fire tion—
Length of | Public | EUPlic | ” ana
pipe line. |hydrants. Aaa street
Date.
Meters.
1887 | 58,361.45 408 11 752 213 bg2
1912 | 176, 062.89 219 13 618 9 5, 722
2 Jn 1892 this had increased to 32.
>In 1895 this had increased to over 800. Actas de Carriedo, May 24, 1895.
That the American occupation has resulted in the acquisition
by Manila of a modern system of water supply which would
do credit to the most progressive twentieth century city does
not in any way detract from the forethought and wisdom of
Carriedo, who may still be called the greatest benefactor of
the city of Manila.
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VIII, D, 3 Salt: Carriedo y Peredo 911
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212 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
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Manila. Candido Gomez Orefa, Notario Publico de Santillan (1883).
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE I
Carriedo fountain.
PLATE II
mon gravestone of Dona Mariana de Carriedo and her mother.
| Puate III
of Manila drawn under the direction of Genaro Palacios (1875).
TEXT FIGURE
ture of Francisco de Carriedo y Peredo.
117146—4 213
SALT: FRANCISCO DE CARRIEDO Y PEREDO. | (Pri. Journ. Ser, VIII, D, No, 3.
oe Colores
hl ada ~
PLATE 1. CARRIEDO FOUNTAIN.
“~
SALT: FRANCISCO DE CARRIEDO Y PEREDO.] {Puin, Journ, Scr, VII, D, No, 3.
DSMAIAYC.DMY RAN-
B | eA pPamar
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(PS
PLATE Il. COMMON GRAVESTONE OF DONA MARIANA DE CARRIEDO AND HER
MOTHER.
“(SL8T) SOIOVIVd OYVYN3D 4O NOILOSYIG S3HL YSGNN NMVHG VIINVW 4O NV¥1d ‘Hl 3LW1d
a.
UBER CHRYSOMELIDEN UND COCCINELLIDEN DER
PHILIPPINEN: Il. TEIL?
(COLEOPTERA)
Von J. WEISE
(Berlin, Niederschénhausen, Germany)
CHRYSOMELIDA®
1. Lema torulosa Lac., Mon. Phytoph., Mem. Liége (1845), 3, 345.
Nach einem Exemplare ohne Fiihler beschrieben, wurde von
Herrn Ribbe bei Manila gefangen. Die Fiihler sind linger als
der halbe Kérper, miassig schlank, schwarz, Glied 1 rotgelb.
Beim ¢ ist der Vorderrand des Thorax in der Mitte zweimal
leicht ausgebuchtet, dahinter liegen 3 vorn vereinte Gruben; die
mittlere ist ziemlich gross, viereckig, die seitlichen haben die
Form einer breiten Schragfurche. Der grdsste Teil des Kopf-
schildes ist schwarz.
TICAO ISLAND (6540, R. C. McGregor).
2. Aspidolopha semperi Lef., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1886), 192.
Thorax einfarbig rotgelb, mit 4 wenig gesattigt gefarbten,
schlecht bemerkbaren Makeln in einer Querreihe in der Mitte.
Auf den Fliigendecken ist ein kleiner runder Fleck auf der
Schulterbeule, und hinter der Mitte eine Quermakel schwarz.
Diese hat zackige Rander, tritt nahe an die Naht heran, bleibt
aber vom Seitenrande weit entfernt. Sie ist innen massig breit
und verschmalert sich nach aussen.
Luzon, Mt. Arayat, Pampanga (2978, W. Williamson).
Diese Art ist eine typische Aspidolopha, und es lasst sich
daher nicht entschuldigen, dass der Verfasser einer Clytriden-
Monographie sie zur Gattung Clytra stellte. Die Clytra philip-
pinensis Lef., loc. cit. 191, gehdért nach der Beschreibung eben-
falls zu Aspidolopha, und die Frage, ob A. manilensis Ws.,
Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. (1900), 448, nur eine dunkler gefarbte
und feiner punktierte Form davon, oder eine gute Art ist, bleibt
weiterer Beobachtung vorbehalten.
*Nebst Bemerkungen und Neubeschreibungen von 2 Borneo- und 4 Java-
Arten.
215
216 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
3..Gynandrophthalma impicta sp. nov.
Dilute lutea, subtus pubescens, supra nitidissima, obsolete
punctulata, antennis apicem versus infuscatis, articulo tertio
minutissimo.
Long. 3.8—4.8 mm.
MINDANAO, Zamboanga (T.C. Zschokke).
Type, No. 13641, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Blass brdunlich gelb, oberseits lackartig glanzend, die Spitze
der Mandibeln und die letzten Fiihlerglieder angedunkelt, nam-
lich Glied 4 bis 7 auf der erweiterten Innenecke, die folgenden
Glieder fast ganz. Die Art ist durch den Fiihlerbau ausgezeich-
net, Glied 1 ist dick, annahernd kugelig, 2 viel kiirzer und wenig
schmaler, quer, 3 ist dusserst klein, leicht zu tibersehen; es bildet
einen kurzen, feinen Cylinder, die folgenden Glieder sind nach
innen zahnfé6rmig erweitert, quer, das 4. nur wenig schmaler
als die tibrigen. Stirn mit einem Langseindrucke und einigen
Punkten zwischen den Augen. Thorax und Schildchen zerstreut
punktuliert. Fliigeldecken mit einem weiten Quereindrucke hin-
ter der Schulter, dusserst fein gereiht-punktiert, die Punkte nur
in der Nahe des Quereindruckes, an den Seiten und dicht vor
der Spitze unter starkerer Vergrésserung bemerkbar.
4, Exema philippina sp. nov.
Quadrato-elongata, atra, opaca, prothorace carinis sex, elytris
subseriatim punctatis, singulo tuberculis decem munitis.
Long. 2.5-2.7 mm.
LUZON, Manila (Charles S. Banks).
Type, No. 7018, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau
of Science, Manila.
Den beiden bis jetzt bekannten asiatischen Arten mit 6 feinen
Langsleisten auf dem Thorax und 3 auf dem Pygidium sehr
' @hnilich, aber breiter gebaut und ohne merkliche Langsleisten
auf den Fliigeldecken. Langlich viereckig, matt, schwarz, Kopf
und Thorax dicht und fein nabelig punktiert, die Punkte werden
auf dem vorderen Abfalle des Thorax, namentlich im mittleren
Teile, grésser und tiefer. Fliigeldecken in Reihen punktiert,
die durch je 10 niedrige Hocker gestoért werden. Der 1. liegt
an der Basis in der Ausrandung des Thorax, der 2. dahinter
zwischen der zweiten und dritten Punktreihe, neben diesem,
aussen an der 4. Reihe, befindet sich der 3. Hocker, welcher in
Form einer schraég nach vorn und aussen laufenden Querleiste
VII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 217
mit der dicken Schulterbeule verbunden ist. In der Mitte liegen
Querhécker (einer an der Naht, der andere am Seitenrande),
dahinter 3 (einer an der Naht, die beiden andern weiter nach
aussen hintereinander), vor dem Hinterrande der Fliigeldecken
endlich 2 Hocker.
5. Coenobius manilensis sp. nov.
Oblong-ovalis, niger, nitidus, antennis articulis 5 primis,
pedibus anticis, tibiarum posticarum apice tarsisque testaceis,
prothorace utrinque stria profunda oblique impresso, disco postice
parce punctulato, elytris punctato-striatis. Long. 2 mm.
Luzon, Rizal, Montalban (Charles S. Banks).
Type, No. 5220, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau
of Science, Manila.
Durch die Punktierung des Thorax und die Farbe der Beine von
den ihnlichen asiatischen Arten verschieden, am ndchsten mit
dem grésseren C. sulcicollis Baly aus Japan verwandt, bei dem
Kopf und Thorax rot gefirbt sind.
An den Fiihlern sind die ersten 5 Glieder gelbbraun, die fol-
genden erweiterten Glieder pechschwarz. Der Thorax ist glatt,
Von Borneo liegt mir eine breiter gebaute Art vor:
Coenobius basalis sp. nov.
2 ovalis, fulvus, pectore, limbo basali prothoracis scutelloque nigris,
elytris (limbo apicali excepto) nigro-coeruleis, punctato-striatis.
Long. 2 mm.
BorNEO, Kina Balu.
Durch Staudinger erhalten.
Der Ko6rper ist gelblich rot, Fiihler, Taster und Beine heller und mehr
gelb, Seiten der Mittelbrust und die ganze Hinterbrust schwarz, der
vordere Teil des ersten Bauchringes angedunkelt; ebenso ist ein Basalsaum
des Thorax und das Schildchen schwarz. Die Fliigeldecken sind sehr
dunkel metallisch blau, ein Saum am Hinterrande, der von dem letzten
Punktstreifen begrenzt wird, rotgelb. Der Thorax ist ziemlich glatt, vor
dem dicht und stark punktierten Streifen, welcher den Hinterrand em-
porhebt, liegt eine weniger tiefe und unregelmassig punktierte Querlinie,
die an den Seiten tiefer und breiter wird, hier schrig nach aussen und
vorn lauft und in 4 Lange nahe dem Seitenrande endet. Die Zwischen-
streifen der Fliigeldecken sind breit, leicht gewoélbt, glatt und glinzend.
Bucharis constricticollis und Melixanthus aterrimus Jacoby, in Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genova (1896), 382 und 383, haben auf der Stirn zusammen-
stossende Augen sowie ein lanzettliches Schildchen und gehéren daher mit
Bucharis oculatus und laevicollis Jac., die ich bereits, Deutsche Ent.
Zeitschr. (1903), 33, Anmerkung 1, richtig stellte, zu Coenobws; dagegen
ist Coenobius discoidalis Baly, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1877), 212, mit
getrennten Augen, ein Jsnus.
218 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
die vertiefte Punktreihe vor dem Hinterrande dicht und stark,
ausserdem befinden sich in der Mitte auf der hinteren Hilfte der
Scheibe wenig dicht stehende feine Punkte. Die Querlinie hinter
dem Vorderrande ist fein, aber tief; hinter ihr liegt eine 2. fei-
nere Linie und jederseits hinter der Mitte eine kurze Quervertie-
fung, welche sich zu einer Rinne ausbildet, die schrag nach vorn
und aussen zum Seitenrande zieht, wo sie, etwas vom Rande
entfernt, wenig vor der Mitte endet. Die Punktstreifen der
Fliigeldecken sind massig stark und tief, der 4. ist hinten abge-
ktirzt, der 6. sehr kurz. Beine pechschwarz, die Vorderbeine,
die Spitze der Schienen an den 4 Hinterbeinen und die Tarsen
sind gelbbraun. In der Basalhalfte der Vorderschienen ist der
Riicken leicht angedunkelt.
6. Scelodonta aeneola Lef.
Die Fiihler sind nicht ,,an der Basis rotgelb,’”’ wie in der
Diagnose steht, sondern die ersten 5 oder 6 Glieder kupferrot,
das 3. bis 5. zuweilen mit metallisch griinem Anfluge; die 3
schwarzlichen Querflecken jeder Fltigeldecke heben sich sehr
undeutlich aus der dunkel metallischen Grundfarbe heraus.
LUZON, Montalban Gorge (9505, W. Schultze) ; Bataan, Lamao
(9822, H. E. Stevens).
7. Scelodonta nitidula Baly.
Baly hat die Art von Borneo und Singapore beschrieben, Ja-
coby, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (1889), 279, von Sumatra nachge-
wiesen, und ich erhielt sie durch Staudinger von Java. Ob diese
Tiere wirklich auf S. nitidula zu beziehen sind steht dahin, denn
die Fiihler sind nicht ,,einfarbig schwarz” (was bei keiner mir
bekannten Scelodonta vorkommt), sondern haben die ersten 5
Glieder metallisch kupferig griin, ebenso ist die Querstrichelung
des Thorax nahe dem Vorderrande nicht durch ,,einige tiefe
Punkte,” sondern durch eine dichte, einfache Punktierung ersetzt.
Die Art ist vielleicht am besten an der Skulptur der Fliigeldecken
zu erkennen, auf denen die Punktreihen einander paarig gena-
hert und die graden Zwischenstreifen vorn und hinten gewolbt
sind. Der Schenkelzahn, namentlich an den Mittelschenkeln, ist
bei den Palawan-Stiicken merklich grésser als bei denen von
Java.
PALAWAN, Iwahig (12287, C. M. Weber).
8. Pagellia signata sp. nov.
Oblong-ovalis, fulva, antennis apicem versus prothoraceque
(apice excepto) infuscatis, elytris fortiter punctato-striatis, in-
VIII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 219
terstitiis costiformibus, limbo laterali usque pone medium macu-
lisque tribus in singulo elytro nigris, sutura rufescente, femo-
ribus posticis apice pectoreque nigris.
Long. 3-3.4 mm.
LUZON, Manila (1391, 1604, Charles S. Banks).
Neben P. acuticosta Lef. gehérig, linglich eiférmig, missig
gewolbt, rétlich gelb, die 5 Endglieder der Fiihler und der Thorax
mit Ausnahme eines Streifens am Vorderrande, zuweilen auch
noch der Scheitel jederseits angedunkelt, zuletzt schwirzlich,
Schildchen und Naht der Fliigeldecken rotbraun. Auf den Flii-
geldecken ist ausserdem ein Seitensaum bis hinter die Mitte nebst
3 Makeln schwarz, die 1. auf der Schulter, die 2. hinter dem
Basaleindrucke, die letzte hinter der Mitte.
Makel 2 und 3 werden vom dritten und fiinften Punktstreifen
begrenzt. Bei den dunkelsten Exemplaren dehnt sich Makel 3
bis an die Naht und den Seitenrand aus, und es entsteht so hinter
der Mitte eine gemeinschaftliche Querbinde. Unterseits ist die
Mittel- und Hinterbrust, sowie die Spitze der Hinterschenkel
schwarz. Kopf miassig dicht, fein punktiert, die Punkte der Stirn
strichférmig, und meist zu langeren feinen Langsstrichen vereint.
Thorax ausserst dicht, fein langsrunzelig punktiert, vor der Mitte
gerundet-verengt. Der Hinterrand bildet eine feine Leiste, vor
welcher zuerst eine feine, einreihig punktierte Querrinne, sodann
ein schmaler glatter Querstreifen liegt. Fliigeldecken in den
Schultern heraustretend und breiter als der Thorax, dahinter
ziemlich parallel, im letzten Drittel verengt und an der Spitze
gemeinschaftlich breit abgerundet, auf der Scheibe etwas abge-
flacht, tief gestreift, und in den Streifen dicht und kraftig punk-
tiert; der 7. und 8. Streifen vereinen sich vor der Mitte zu einem.
9. Lindinia tibialis Lef.
Die Art ist 5-6 mm. lang, lebhaft und glanzend braunlich rot
gefarbt, Fiihler gelblich, Spitze der Schenkel nebst Schienen
und Tarsen schwarz, Klauen rot. Mit dieser Form wurde
zugleich L. tibialis Aberration nigripes gefangen, bei der die
Beine, Mittel- und Hinterbrust und der groésste Teil des ersten
Bauchsegmentes tief schwarz gefirbt sind. Ubergangsstiicke
fehlen.
LuZzON, Benguet, Trinidad (8168, 8233, Charles S. Banks).
10. Chrysopida nigrita sp. nov.
Elongata, subcylindrica, nigra, parum nitida, antennis arti-
culis 4 primis, vertice femoribusque leviter aeneo indutis, pro-
thorace tumido, opaco, parce obsoletissime punctato, elytris
«228 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
infra basin impressis, striato-punctatis, subtiliter griseo-pubes-
centibus, fasciis duabus glabris.
Long. 8 mm.
LUZON, Benguet, Irisan River (R. C. McGregor).
Type, 7219 in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau of
Science, Manila.
Schwarz, die ersten 4 Fiihlerglieder zuweilen rotbraun, nebst
dem Raume zwischen Fithlerwurzel und Auge, dem oberen Ran-
de des Scheitels, dem Schildchen und der Basalhalfte der Schen-
kel mit einem wenig in die Augen fallenden metallisch dunkel-
griinen Anfluge. Clypeus massig dicht und fein punktiert, von
der Stirn tief geschieden ; letztere sparsam punktuliert, mit einer
durchgehenden Mittelleiste, die unten in eine kurze Rinne tiber-
geht. Thorax langer als breit, an den Seiten schwach gerundet,
oben héckerartig gewolbt, matt, sparsam und ausserst verloschen
punktiert, an den Seiten greis behaart. Fliigeldecken in regel-
massigen Reihen vor der Mitte stark, dahinter schwach punktiert,
sehr kurz und fein greis behaart mit 2 kahlen Querstreifen. Der
1. liegt vor der Mitte, hinter dem kraftigen Quereindrucke, der
die Basalbeule emporhebt, und ist ziemlich breit, der 2. hinter
der Mitte ist schmaler. Unterseits sind ein dreieckiger Raum
an den Seiten der Hinterbrust und die Epimeren dicht weisslich
behaart, der Schenkelzahn ist kraftig, spitz.
11. Colasposoma rugiceps Lef.
LUZON, Bataan, Lamao (9148, W. Schultze).
12. Abirus philippinensis Baly.
MInporo, Mansalay (11406, D. C. Worcester) ; PALAWAN, Ba-
cuit (11808, C. M. Weber). :
13. Phytorus gibbosus Lef.
LUZON, Bataan, Limay (11936, R. J. Runes
14, Phytorus lineolatus sp. nov.
Ellipticus, convexus, testaceo-rufus, nitidus, antennis pedi-
busque fulvis, prothorace minus dense subtiliter punctato, limbo
laterali sublaevi, elytris punctato-striatis, striis brunneis, mar-
gine laterali haud dilatato, femoribus posticis dente minuto ar-
matis. “i ak
Long. 5-6 mm. ~
BATAN ISLAND (R. C. McGregor). BD wal. Ne
Type, No. 7786, in der secrete eens des Bureau
of Science, Manila.
ae)
if Catan VM
_
VIII, D, 8 Weise» Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 221
In der Grésse dem P. puncticollis Lef. ahnlich, jedoch ohne
Spur einer Erweiterung des Seitenrandes der Fliigeldecken;
grésser, bedeutend breiter gebaut als P. simplex Lef., den ich
von Borneo besitze.
Elliptisch, hoch gewélbt, gesittigt braunlich rotgelb, Fiihler
und Beine heller und mehr gelblich, die Punkte in den Streifen
der Fliigeldecken in einem schwirzlich-braunen Kreise einge-
stochen, so dass die Decken dunkel liniert erscheinen. Kopfschild
am Vorderrande in 3 Bogen ausgeschnitten und hier breiter als
lang, nach oben etwas verengt und von der Stirn scharf ge-
schieden. Letztere ist unten glatt, mit kurzer Mittelrinne, darii-
ber verloschen punktiert. Thorax doppelt so breit als lang, vor
der Basis am breitesten und von hier aus nach vorn gerundet-
verengt, wenig dicht, fein und namentlich flach punktiert, an
den Randern fast glatt. Fliigeldecken an der Basis so breit
wie der Thorax, mit abgerundeter Schulterecke, an den Seiten
bis + der Lange erweitert, dann ziemlich parallel, im letzten
Drittel verengt und hinten nicht breit gemeinschaftlich abgerun-
det, oben fein gestreift und in den Streifen fein punktiert. Die
inneren Zwischenstreifen sind fast eben, die dusseren leicht
gewolbt. Die Vorderschenkel sind einfach, die Hinterschenkel
haben ein Zahnchen.
15. Cleoporus cruciatus Lef.
MINDORO, Magaran (12272, C. M. Weber).
16. Oides metallica Jac.
Wurde auf Borneo von Herrn J. E.. A. Wahr in einem Exem-
plare gefangen, welches durch das oberseits schwarzliche erste
Fiihlerglied abweicht.
17. Oides flavida Duviv. :
Luzon, Laguna, Mt. Makiling (8598, Charles S. Banks).
18. Oides sternalis sp. nov.
Ovalis, convexa, albido-flava, nitida, elytrorum disco dilute
ochraceo, antennis articulis tribus ultimis infuscatis, metasterno
piceo; capite, prothorace scutelloque sublaevibus, elytris sat cre-
bre subtilissimeque punctatis.
Long. 7.5 mm.
LUZON, Cagayan, Tauit (D. C. Worcester).
Type, No. 11825 in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila. .
Bap The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Den tibrigen Philippinen-Arten namentlich O. subtilissima, fla-
vida und elliptica Duviv. tiberaus ahnlich, aber an den Fiihlern
sind die 3 letzten Glieder und die Spitze des achten Gliedes
schwarzlich, die Hinterbrust (ohne die Seitenstiicke) pech-
schwarz. Thorax etwa dreimal so breit als lang, nach vorn
schwach verengt, die Hinterecken breiter abgerundet als die
Vorderecken, die Scheibe fast glatt. Auf den Fliigeldecken sind
die Punkte sehr fein, erscheinen aber grésser, weil sie von einem
feinen, braunlich durchschimmernden Ringe umgeben sind. Die
Scheibe hat aussen, hinter der Schulter, einen schwachen Quer-
eindruck; zuweilen liegt etwas hinter diesem, dicht vor der
Mitte, eine kleine, gerundete schwarzliche Makel.
19. Aulacophora uniformis Chap.
Bei reichlichem Materiale diirfte sich herausstellen, dass diese
vom Autor subopac genannte Art nebst A. albicornis Chap. nur
Skulptur- und Farbenabanderungen von A. rosea F. sind. Un-
ter den auf Negros gefangenen Exemplaren mit einfarbig roten
Fliigeldecken befanden sich auch solche, die hinter der Mitte
jeder Decke eine gerundete, schwarze Makel besitzen, welche
vom Seitenrande und der Naht ungefahr gleichweit entfernt
bleibt: ab. bipunctata.
NeEGRos, Mount Canlaon (12879, Charles S. Banks).
20. Morphosphaera peregrina sp. nov.
Nigra, nitida, articulo ultimo antennarum albido, scutello,
elytris pectoreque rufo-brunneis, abdomine fulvo; prothorace
punctulato, elytris sat dense punctatis.
Long. 6-6.5 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 11800, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Kopf schwarz, fast glatt, mit einer Querfurche zwischen den
Augen und einer weiten Mittelrinne zwischen den Fiihlern.
' Letztere reichen bis hinter die Mitte der Fliigeldecken und sind
ahnlich verdickt wie bei M. sumatrana Jac., schwarz, Glied 1
lang, 2 kurz und diinn, 3 um die Halfte langer als 2 und nach der
Spitze hin etwas erweitert, 4 so lang als die beiden vorhergehen-
den zusammen, aber, nebst den folgenden Gliedern, dicker. Diese
nehmen allmaéhlich an Lange etwas ab, Glied 10 und 11 sind
eine Spur diinner, 10 wird nach der Spitze hin rotlich, 11 ist
gelblich weiss. Thorax fast dreimal so breit als lang, vorn un-
VII, D, 8 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 993
bedeutend schmiiler als hinten, die Seiten leicht gerundet, Vor-
derecken stumpf, Hinterecken abgerundet, die Scheibe zerstreut
und sehr fein punktiert, glinzend schwarz, Schildchen und Flii-
geldecken hell rétlich braun, ersteres glatt, letztere massig dicht
punktiert. Die Punkte nehmen nach aussen und auf dem Ab-
falle zur Spitze an Stiirke ab. Unten ist die Mittel- und Hinter-
brust blass rétlich braun, der Bauch mehr gelblich, Beine
schwarz, Enddorn der Schienen sehr klein, Klauen mit Basal-
zahn. Vordere Hiiftpfannen offen.
Die Art, von der mir 2 nicht ganz ausgehartete Stiicke vor-
liegen, weicht durch die Farbung und den nach vorn wenig
verengten Thorax erheblich von den iibrigen Arten ab.
21. Galerucella philippinensis Boh.
LUZON, Benguet, Trinidad (8203, Charles S. Banks).
22. Galerucella mindorana sp. nov.
Albido-flava, dense brevissimeque cinereo pubescens, antennis
ab articulo quarto nigris, fronte deplanata, punctata, prothorace
crebre punctulato, impressionibus obsoletis, elytris creberrime
subruguloso-punctatis, disco leviter brunnescentibus.
Long. 5.5 mm.
MINpDoRO, Bongabon (W. Schultze).
Type, No. 8393, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Der G. sumatrana Jac. sehr &hnlich, kleiner, die Fiihler
schwarz, nur die 3 ersten Glieder und die Basis des vierten hell
bradunlich gelb, die Stirn bildet mit dem Scheitel eine grosse,
abgeflachte und dichtrunzelig punktierte Flache, und die Vertie-
fungen des Thorax (eine Mittelrinne und eine Querrinne jeder-
seits davon) sind sehr flach und verloschen. Die feine und
ausserst dichte Punktierung der Fliigeldecken ist in beiden Arten
ahnlich, zu zarten Querrunzeln verbunden.
23. Pseudocophora ventralis sp. nov.
Brunneo-flava, nitida, ventre flavo, metasterno pedibusque
quatuor posticis nigris.
Mas: segmento ultimo abdominali trilobato, lobo intermedio
deplanato, elytris infra basin fovea magna suturali, antice tu-
berculum conicum suturalem terminata, impressis.
Femina: pygidii apice toruloso.
Long. 5-5.8 mm.
PALAWAN (Staudinger).
294 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Den tibrigen, bis jetzt bekannten 17 Arten* in der Korper-
form ahnlich, aber durch die Farbung leicht zu unterscheiden.
Der Korper ist glanzend rotlich gelbbraun, die Hinterbrust und
die 4 Hinterbeine schwarz, der Bauch weisslich gelb. Beim
é ist der breite Mittelzipfel des Analsegmentes abgeflacht, das
Pygidium breit abgestutzt, und jede Fliigeldecke besitzt unmit-
telbar an der Naht eine ovale Grube, die vorn durch einen zahn-
formigen Hocker begrenzt und vom Schildchen geschieden wird.
In dieser Grube ist die Nahtkante fein und nicht besonders hoch,
in der Mitte unmerklich verdickt und mit einem Biischel von
kurzen, weisslichen Harchen besetzt, die nach aussen gerichtet
sind. Der Hocker ist vorn, dicht unter der Spitze, leicht grubig
vertieft, hinten sparsam bewimpert. Beim @¢ ist der hintere,
wulstartig verdickte Teil durch eine tiefe, gebogene Querfurche
*In meiner Sammlung befinden sich noch folgende zwei Arten:
Pseudocophora monticola sp. nov.
Fulva, nitida, pectore, abdomine pedibusque quatuor posterioribus nigris.
Mas: segmento ultimo ventrali trilobato, lobo intermedio deplanato,
elytris infra basin fovea magna, antice tuberculum suturalem conieums
crassiusculum terminata, impressis.
Femina: pygidii apice toruloso.
Long. 5-5.5 mm.
BorRNEO, Kina Balu (Staudinger).
Von P. ventralis nur in folgenden Punkten verschieden: Der Hinterleib
ist tief schwarz, wie die Hinterbrust und die 4 Hinterbeine, der zahnformige
Nahthoécker des ¢ hinter dem Schildchen etwas dicker und hoher, die
Erhebung der Nahtkante in der Mitte der Grube ebenfalls deutlicher,
starker behaart und die wulstartige Verdickung am MHinterrande des
Pygidium beim @ ist vorn von einem tiefen, aber weiten, gebogenen Querein-
drucke begrenzt.
Pseudocophora flavipes sp. nov.
3o flava, pectore, abdomine (medio segmenti ultimi excepto) elytrisque
nigris, his pone medium fulvis, infra basin fovea magna impressis.
Long. 4.5 mm.
JAVA (Scriba).
Kopf, Ftihler, Thorax und Beine sind hell gelb, ebenso ein Langsstreifen
in der Mitte des letzten Bauchsegmentes, welcher genau die Breite des
Mittelzipfels einnimmt, der tibrige Teil des Bauches, die Hinterbrust und
die Fliigeldecken sind schwarz, letztere mit einem gemeinschaftlichen rot-
gelben Flecke, welcher die hintere Halfte einnimmt und nur einem am
Hinterrande etwas erweiterten schwarzen Seitensaum frei lasst. Bei dem
mir allein vorliegenden 3 hat jede Fltigeldecke hinter dem Schildchen an
der Naht eine ovale Grube, die aussen und vorn nicht scharf begrenzt
ist, keinen Zahn, aber hinter der Mitte eine verdickte und leicht erhéhte
Nahtkante besitzt. Der gelbe Mittelzipfel des Analsegmentes ist ebenfalls -
abgeflacht.
VIII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 995
vom vorderen geschieden. Die Punktierung der Fliigeldecken ist
wie bei den anderen Arten, hinter der Mitte fein und verworren,
vor derselben dichter und stiirker und unregelmissig gereiht.
24. Dercetes soluta sp. nov.
Testaceo-flava, nitida, antennis articulo ultimo apice infuscato,
prothorace latera versus punctulato et parce punctato, elytris
infra basin haud impressis, crebre punctatis, fascia basali com-
muni et maculis duabus in singulo pone medium nigris.
Long. 5.5—6 mm.
LuzoN, Benguet, Trinidad (Charles S. Banks).
Type, No. 8201, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Durch die nach hinten nicht erweiterten Fliigeldecken, auf
denen. keine Spur eines Eindruckes hinter der Basis vorhanden
ist, von den meisten iibrigen Verwandten‘ abweichend. Der
K6rper ist hell braunlich gelb, Beine und Fliigeldecken blasser
gelb, die Endhalfte der letzten Fiihlerglieder angedunkelt und
die Fliigeldecken schwarz gezeichnet. Diese Zeichnung besteht
aus einer gemeinschaftlichen Querbinde und zwei Makeln auf
jeder Decke. Die Binde liegt an der Basis und nimmt etwa 4
der Linge ein, sie verbreitert sich aussen und zieht dort saum-
formig bis zur Mitte. Die innere Makel ist quer, innen breiter
als aussen, vorn bogenférmig, hinten mehr gradlinig begrenzt,
beginnt wenig vor der Mitte und dehnt sich von der Nahtkante
bis neben die 2. Makel aus. Diese bildet einen Saum am Seiten-
rande ungefahr von 4 bis # der Linge und beriihrt zuweilen an
der inneren Vorderecke die 1. Makel. Der Thorax ist in der
Mitte glatt, nach den Seiten hin fein punktiert, mit eingestreuten
starkeren Punkten.- Die Fliigeldecken sind in den Schultern
breiter als der Thorax, dahinter fast parallel, am Ende schmal
abgerundet, auf der Schulter glatt, sonst fein punktiert.
25. Haplosonyx albicornis Wiedem.
PALAWAN, Iwahig (10738, W. Schultze) ; Mt. Capoas (12383,
C. M. Weber).
26. Haplosonyx banksi sp. nov.
Subparallela, convexa, fulva, antennarum articulis intermediis
fuscis, prothorace lateribus subparallelo, disco utrinque foveo
“Diese Arten wurden seither als Antipha Baly, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1865),
III, 16, 251, gefiihrt, miissen aber den dlteren Namen Dercetes Clark,
Ibid. (1864), III, 15, 146, erhalten.
226 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
rotunda impresso, elytris saturate cyaneis, hic illic viridiaeneo-
micantibus, crebre punctatis.
Long. 14-15 mm. '
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, Bago (Charles S. Banks).
Type, No. 6276, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau
of Science, Manila.
In der Korperform dem H. chalybaeus Hope (elongatus Baly)
am ahnlichsten, aber die Fliigeldecken starker gewolbt, mit viel
hoherer, besser begrenzter Basalbeule und ganz verworrener
Punktierung; in der Farbung mehr dem H. nigripennis Jac.®
ahnlich, jedoch schlanker gebaut, die Beine einfarbig rotgelb, der
Eindruck jederseits auf dem Thorax nicht quer, sondern rund,
grubenformig, der mittlere Teil der Scheibe fast eben. Die
Fiihler sind in allen drei Arten schwarzlich, die ersten drei Glie-
der rotlich gelbbraun, dahnlich auch die drei letzten, oder das End-
glied heller als die beiden vorhergehenden, mit schwarzer Spitze.
H. concinnus Baly, der dem nigripennis Jac. verwandt sein
diirfte, ist durch das 3. Fiihlerglied ausgezeichnet, welches ganz
gegen die Gattungsdiagnose viermal so lang als Glied 2 und ziem-
lich so lang als Glieder 4 und 5 zusammen sein soll.
27. Haplosonyx fulvicornis sp. nov.
Crassiusculus, fulvus, prothorace fovea transversa utrinque
impresso, elytris cyaneis vel cyaneo-viridibus, subtiliter punc-
tatis.
Long. 13-18 mm.
LUZON, Cagayan, Tapil (H. M. Curran).
Type, No. 10664, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Breiter gebaut als H. nigripennis Jac., rotgelb, nur die FIli-
geldecken metallisch dunkel blau bis blaulich griin, glanzend.
Fiihler bis zur Mitte der Fliigeldecken reichend, beim ¢ viel
dicker als beim ¢, Glied 3 kaum doppelt so lang als 2, 4 wenig
langer als die beiden vorhergehenden zusammen. Der Thorax
ist fast dreimal so breit als lang und hat ziemlich parallele, vor
der Mitte nur leicht gerundet-erweiterte Seiten, auf der Scheibe
jederseits eine grosse Quergrube und im mittleren, etwas abge-
flachten Teile 2 sanfte Vertiefungen, vor der Mitte und vor dem
Schildchen. Die Fliigeldecken sind fein und wenig dicht punk-
tiert, mit einer kraftigen, gut umgrenzten Basalbeule.
* Haplosonyx nigripennis erhielt ich von Borneo, Bangkei und Celebes.
Bei ihm sind die Fliigeldecken sehr dunkel blau bis violett gefarbt, ohne
griine Beimischung, in seltenen Fallen rein schwarz.
VII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 997
28. Haplosonyx philippinus sp. nov.
Oblongus, fulvus, nitidus, antennis flavo-albidis, articulo tertio
parvo, tibiis tarsisque plus minusve infuscatis, prothorace sub-
tiliter punctato, utrinque profunde transversim impresso, elytris
minus dense subtiliter punctatis, punctis ante medium hinc inde
subseriatis.
Long. 10.5-12 mm.
MINDANAO, Agusan River (12535, A. Celestino).
Wenig grésser als H. sumatrae Weber und von diesem durch
helle Unterseite und Fiihler, das kurze 3. Fiihlerglied, deutliche
Punktierung des Thorax und verloschenere Punktierung der FIlii-
geldecken verschieden, auf denen Punktreihen nur vor der Mitte
angedeutet sind. In Farbe und Fiihlerbildung mit H. indicus
Jac. fast iibereinstimmend, die Fliigeldecken aber vor der Mitte
nicht doppelreihig punktiert und gerunzelt. Die Beine sind in
den hellsten Stiicken einfarbig rotgelb, haben aber auf dem
Riicken der Schienen und Tarsen einen dunklen Anflug; andere
Exemplare, deren Oberseite mehr rot gefarbt ist, haben schwArz-
liche Schienen und Tarsen.
29. Cynorta signifera sp. nov.
Elongata, citrina, nitida, metasterno abdomineque (lateribus
excepto) nigricantibus, capite, prothorace scutelloque fulvo in-
dutis, elytris obsolete sulcatis (apice excepto) nigro limbatis,
singulo maculis duabus nigris, 1, 1.
Long. 5.5-6 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 12262, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila. :
Der C. 4-plagiata Ws. in Ké6rperform und Farbe 4hnlich,
citronengelb; Kopf, Thorax und Schildchen mit etwas rotlicher
Beimischung, Hinterbrust (ohne die Seitenstiicke) nebst der
Mitte des Bauches schwirzlich, die Spitze des Bauches und die
Seiten gelblich, ein Saum am Vorder- und Seitenrande und an
der Naht, sowie 2 Makeln auf jeder Decke schwarz. Der Naht-
saum ist in } der Lange und der Seitensaum nach der Mitte
hin verbreitert, beide verengen sich nach hinten und lassen den
Hinterrand frei. Der Basalsaum ist schmal. Die Makeln jeder
Fliigeldecke sind klein bis massig gross, linger als breit, oval,
die 1. liegt in + der Lange in dem weiten aber kraftigen Ein-
drucke, welcher den Basalhécker emporhebt, die zweite etwas
hinter der Mitte. Fiihler sehr schlank, fast so lang als der
Korper, die Spitze des letzten Gliedes unbedeutend angedunkelt.
Stirn und Thorax fast glatt, weitlaufig und sehr verloschen
223 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
punktuliert ; auf letzterem sind die beiden Quereindriicke zu einer
weiten und ziemlich tiefen bogenfé6rmigen Querfurche vereint.
Fliigeldecken dicht mit dusserst feinen, von einem dunkel
durchscheinenden Hofe umgebenen Punkten besetzt; die Scheibe
ist vom Hindrucke hinter der Basis bis auf den Abfall zur Spitze
der Lange nach sanft gefurcht, mit leicht gewélbten Zwischen-
streifen.
Das ¢ hat keine Stirnauszeichnung, aber einen durch 2
Hinschnitte gebildeten quadratischen Mittelzipfel des letzten
Bauchringes.
30. Cynorta discoidea sp. nov.
Elongata, citrina, nitida, postpectore abdomineque (lateribus
excepto) nigris, scutello brunneo, elytris obsolete sulcatis, pone
basin transversim impressis, impressione vittaque pone humeros
fuscis.
Long. 6 mm. =
PALAWAN, Iwahig (W. Schultze).
Type, No. 12264, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bu-
reau of Science, Manila.
Der vorigen ahnlich, unterseits dunkler gefarbt, wie auch die
Seitenstiicke der Hinterbrust schwarz sind, das Schildchen braun
und die Fliigeldecken vollig abweichend gezeichnet. Hier ist
der Basaleindruck neben der Naht und eine Langsbinde jeder
Fliigeldecke braun bis schwiarzlich. Diese Binde beginnt hinter
der Schulterbeule, nach aussen von dem dunklen Querfiecke im
Basaleindrucke, und liuft grade nach hinten. Bei dem einen
der vorliegenden beiden Stiicke endet sie plotzlich dicht hinter
der Mitte, bei dem andern setzt sie sich, indem sie schnell nach
aussen biegt, neben dem abgesetzten Seitenrande bis vor die
Spitze fort. Auch die Naht ist angedunkelt. Die Skulptur
der Oberseite ist dhnlich wie in der vorigen Art, der Thorax
hat aber einen weiten und tiefen graden Quereindruck, der den
grossten Teil desselben einnimmt.
31. Monolepta baeri All., Naturaliste (1888), 3, fig. 1.
Diese hiibsche Art wurde von Herr Banks auf Luzon. gefan-
gen. Sie ist schwarz, Fiihler grosstenteils rotlich gelbbraun,
das Kopfschild, 2 Langsbeulen des Scheitels, 2 Basalmakeln
des Thorax und 4 Makeln auf jeder Fliigeldecke (1, 1, 1, 1)
weisslich gelb. Makel 1 ist die kleinste, langlich, hinter der
Basis nahe dem Schildchen, 2 und 3 liegen in der Mitte der
Scheibe in ungefahr 4 und 3 Lange, 4 ist quer und befindet sich
vor dem Hinterrande, nahe der Naht.
LUZON, Zambales, Olongapo (7584, Charles S. Banks).
VIII, D, 8 Weise: Chrysomeliden wnd Coccinelliden 299
82. Monolepta puncticollis All., Naturaliste (1888), 3, fig. 2.
Der Name erweckt die falsche Vorstellung, dass der Thorax
stark oder dicht punktiert sei, die richtige Bezeichnung wire
etwa ,,maculicollis,” weil der Thorax 4 schwarze Makeln besitzt,
2 gréssere, dicht neben einander, in der Mitte, und 2 kleine, weit
getrennte nahe der Basis. Bei dem einzigen mir vorliegenden
é ist der Seitenrand der Fliigeldecken hinter der Schulter auf
eine kurze Strecke in leichtem Bogen erweitert und verdickt
und mit einem schmalen Liangsgriibchen besetzt. Etwas weiter
nach innen liegt in der braunen Querbinde eine gréssere runde
Grube. Die Fiihler sind verhaltnismiassig dick, gelbbraun, Glied
11 schwirzlich.
LUZON, Manila (3725, Charles S. Banks).
33. Monolepta hieroglyphica Motsch. ab. simplex.
Bei der Stammform aus Vorder- und Hinterindien, Nias, Su-
matra, etc. verlangert sich die schwarze Querbinde der Fliigel-
decken, die vor der Mitte liegt, auf der Scheibe jeder Decke
nach hinten in einen Ast, der sich zuletzt nach aussen kriimmt.
Dieser Ast fehlt den Stiicken von Luzon stets. In allen tibrigen
Merkmalen stimmen diese Tiere mit M. hieroglyphica tiberein.
Mit letzterer, die Motschulsky, Etud. ent. (1858), 104, falschlich
als Luperodes betrachtete, ist M. elegantula Boh., Resa Eug.
(1859) , 183, identisch.
LUZON, Benguet, Trinidad (8199, Charles S. Banks).
34. Monolepta (Candezea) palawana sp. nov.
Ovalis, convexa, nigra, nitida, capite antico, antennis tenuis-
simis et elytrorum apice fulvis, ventre flavo, fronte, prothorace
scutelloque rufis; prothorace obsolete transversim impresso,
elytris crebre punctatis. _
Long. 6 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 11806, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau
of Science, Manila.
Durch eigentiimliche Farbenverteilung ausgezeichnet. Mittel-
und Hinterbrust und die Fliigeldecken sind tief schwarz, die
Beine pechschwarz, der Bauch blass gelb, der Kopf unterhalb
der Fiihler und diese selbst, sowie etwa das letzte der Fliigel-
decken rotgelb, Stirn, Thorax und Schildchen rot. Die Fiihler
sind sehr diinn, Glied 3 doppelt so lang als 2, 4 langer als 2 und 3
zusammen. Thorax doppelt so breit wie lang, an den Seiten
leicht gerundet, mit einem weiten und flachen Quereindrucke
117146——5
230 — The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
nahe der Mitte der Scheibe; in der Mitte fast glatt, nach den
Seiten hin punktiert, tiber den Vorderecken dichter und feiner
als dahinter, Fliigeldecken in den Schultern breiter als der
Thorax, dahinter bis an die Abrundung zur Spitze wenig erwei-
tert, hinten gerundet abgestiitzt, ohne Basaleindruck, dicht und
ziemlich fein punktiert.
35. Nacrea philippina sp. nov.
Oblonga, convexa, fulva, nitida, prothorace sublaevi vix vel
haud impresso, elytris subtiliter punctatis, latera versus sublae-
vibus, limbo lato basali et laterali nigro-coeruleis interdum aeneo-
micantibus.
Mas: antennis articulo tertio valde dilatato, compresso, uni-
dentato.
Long. 7.5-8 mm.
PALAWAN, Iwahig (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 11642, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Durch Skulptur und Farbung, sowie den kleinen Zahn am
Innenrande des dritten Fiihlergliedes beim ¢ ausgezeichnet.
Rotlich gelb, stark glanzend, ein Saum am Vorder- und Seiten-
rande der Fliigeldecken schwarzlich blau, zuweilen griinlich
schimmernd. Dieser Saum nimmt vorn den Raum von der Basis
bis an den Quereindruck in etwa + der Lange ein und zieht sich,
bald etwas schmialer, bald breiter, am Seitenrande bis zur Naht
in der Spitze, so dass ein mehr oder weniger grosser, schildfor-
miger, gemeinschaftlicher Scheibenfleck (vorn abgestutzt, an den
Seiten parallel, hinten abgerundet) rotgelb bleibt. Bei frischen
Exemplaren lasst der Seitensaum oft den Rand selbst frei und
ist hinten abgekiirzt. Der Thorax ist quer, vor der Mitte am
breitesten, nach vorn etwas mehr als nach hinten, im ganzen
aber wenig verengt, die Scheibe sanft gewolbt, glatt, die beiden
normalen Gruben kaum angedeutet. Die Fliigeldecken sind wie
in den anderen Arten gebaut, hinten gerundet.abgestutzt, innen
sehr fein punktiert, aussen gewohnlich fast glatt. Das 2. zusam-
mengedriickte und stark erweiterte Fiihlerglied des ¢ dhnelt
dem von N. fulvicollis Jac., hat aber am Innenrande ein spitzes
Zahnchen.
Bei einem ¢ sind beide Fiihler gleichmassig verkriippelt, 9-
gliedrig, Glied 3 breiter als gewohnlich, 4 nach oben erweitert,
8 in der oberen Halfte und 9 vor der Spitze verdickt.
Die Gattung wurde von Jacoby zuerst Neocharis (vergebener
VIII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 231
Name!) und spater Metellus genannt. Diese Bezeichnung kann
jedoch nicht Geltung erlangen, da Baly inzwischen den Namen
Nacrea eingefiihrt hatte. Sonach wiirde die Gattung folgende
Gestalt haben:
Nacrea BAty, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1886), 29 (Marz).
Neocharis JAC., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1881), 448.
Metellus Jac., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (1886), 68 (Otober); Ent.
Zeitg. Stett. (1899), 298.
1. fulvicollis JAc., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1881), 448; Notes Leyd. Mus.
(1884), 56. Java.
maculata Baty, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1886), 29; Jac.,
Ent. Zeitg. Stett. (1899), 298.
femoralis Atu., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. (1889), comptes rendus
115; JAc., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. (1894), 197.
2. apicipennis BALy, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1886), 29. Java.
3. laevipennis JAc., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (1886), 62; Ent. Zeitg.
Stett. (1899), 297, Taf. 1, Fig. 12. Sumatra.
4. nigripennis JAc., Ent. Zeitg. Stett. (1899), 297. Sumatra.
5. costatipennis JAc., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (1886), 498. Sumatyra.
6. philippina WS., huj. op. Palawan, Mindoro.
26. Sermyloides banksi sp. nov.
é oblongo-ovata, flavo-testacea, supra vix aeneo-micans, niti-
' dula, antennis crassiusculis, articulo tertio ante medium dilatato,
prothorace subtilissime punctulato, elytris sat crebre punctatis.
Long. 7.5 mm.
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, Mt. Canlaon (Charles S. Banks).
Type, No. 12938, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
- Bureau of Science, Manila.
Von den iibrigen Arten durch bedeutend starkere Fiihler und
den einfarbig rétlich gelben K6rper ausgezeichnet, welcher wie
gewohnlich oberseits eine Spur metallisch griinen Schimmers
zeigt und massig glanzt. Der Kopf des ¢ (mir liegen 2 Exem-
plare vor) ist normal gebaut; die Fiihler sind hoch auf der
Stirn eingefiigt, so dass der obere Rand der Stirnhécker, welche
einen ziemlich flachen, durch die Mittellinie geteilten Quer-
streifen bilden, in gleicher Héhe mit dem oberen Augenrande
liegt. Der Raum unter den Fiihlern ist viereckig, schwach con-
cav, und tragt tiber dem abgestutzten Vorderrande jederseits
ein kurzes, schrag aufgerichtetes Stabchen. An dessen Spitze
ist ein viel lAngeres, hautig durechscheinendes, weissliches Stab-
chen befestigt, welches aus mehreren Harchen gebildet zu sein
scheint und schraég nach innen gerichtet ist, so dass sich die
Spitzen beider Stébchen beriihren. Die Fiihler sind nicht ganz
232 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
so lang als der Korper, Glied 2 sehr klein, die tibrigen lang und
unter sich ziemlich von gleicher Lange, nur Glied 4 eine Spur
linger, und die 3 Endglieder etwas kiirzer. Die Glieder sind
vom 8. an leicht zusammengedriickt und das letzte endet in
eine deutlich abgesetzte Spitze, die durch eine dicht bewim-
perte Kante vom Basalteile getrennt ist. Thorax an der Basis
mehr als doppelt so breit wie lang, nach vorn anfangs wenig,
zuletzt starker verengt, dusserst zart punktulirt. Die Borsten-
poren sind gross, die 1. liegt hinter den Vorderecken, die 2. in
den Hinterecken. Schildchen lang dreieckig, Fliigeldecken
ziemlich dicht punktiert, mit verloschenen Piinktchen in den
Zwischenriumen.
Mit Sermyloides Jac., Notes Leyd. Mus. (1884), 64, ist Praeo-
chralea Duviv., Ent. Zeitg. Stett. (1885), 245, identisch und die
in den Sammlungen meist vertretene Art basalis Jac., loc. cit.,
65, synonym mit Galleruca pallicornis Fabr., Syst. Eleut. (1801), —
1, 482.
37. Ozomena weberi sp. nov.
@ nigra, capite prothoraceque, rufis, elytris cyaneis vel viridi-
aeneis, creberrime subseriatim punctatis et obsolete elevato-
lineatis.
Long. 5.5-6 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Type @, No. 11782, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Gestreckt, schwarz, Brust und Bauch mit blauem Schimmer,
Kopf, Thorax und Vorderbrust rot, Fliigeldecken metallisch dun-
kel blau oder griin. Fiihler etwas kiirzer als der Korper, Glied
2 klein, 3 fast so lang als 1, die folgenden bis zum zehnten
Gliede nehmen allmahlich eine Spur an Lange ab und sind nebst
dem dritten dicht behaart. Thorax ziemlich glatt, so lang als
breit, an den Seiten unbedeutend gerundet, die beiden Gruben
der Scheibe gross und tief. Schildchen schwarz, glatt. Fligel-
decken sehr dicht punktiert, mit feinen, leicht erhdhten Langs-
linien, zwischen denen die Punkte in 2 bis 3 unregelmassige
Reihen geordnet sind. Es liegen 2 2 vor.
Die Art diirfte durch die einfarbig schwarzen Fiihler und
die Verteilung der beiden anderen Farben leicht zu erkennen
sein. Bei frischen Stiicken sind die Hiiften nebst der Mitte —
der Mittel- und Hinterbrust rotbraun.
VII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 233
38. Nisotra gemella Er.
Durch die Punktierung der Fliigeldecken in klaren Doppel-
reihen ausgezeichnet und wahrscheinlich nur auf die Philippinen
beschrankt, obwohl verschiedene andere Arten aus der Indisch-
malayischen Fauna darauf bezogen worden sind.
LUZON, Rizal, Montalban Gorge (9508, W. Schultze).
39. Acrocrypta variabilis Duviv.
An den Fiihlern sind die 3 Endglieder weiss und von den 3
pechschwarzen Querbinden der Fliigeldecken ist die 1. auf einen
Basalsaum beschrankt, die beiden andern sind ziemlich breit, die
vordere, in 4 der Lange, ist mit dem Seitensaume verbunden.
MINDANAO, Zamboanga (13649, T. C. Zschokke).
40. Aphthona wallacei Baly, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1877), 178.
Gefliigelt, unten schwarz, die Beine, mit Ausnahme der Hin-
terschenkel, und die ersten 4, seltener 5 oder 6 Fiihlerglieder
rotgelb, Oberseite metallisch dunkel blau, violet oder griin,
ausserst zart gewirkt, matt. Nasenkiel leistenf6rmig, Stirn-
hécker quer, schief gestellt, ringsum scharf begrenzt, Fliigel-
decken verloschen punktiert. Zuerst von der Insel Flores be-
schrieben.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (12350, C. M. Weber).
41. Longitarsus manilensis sp. nov.
Alatus, oblongus, convexiusculus, pallide flavescens, ore fe-
morum posticorum apice ventreque nigris, antennis, (base ex-
cepta) fuscis, elytris subtiliter punctatis, sutura infuscatis.
Long. 2 mm.
LUZON, Manila (W. Schultze).
Type, No. 2703, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Den kleinen, europdischen Arten L. pratensis, tantulus, nanus,
etc. ahnlich, blass gelb, mdssig glanzend, Thorax, Mitte des
Kopfes und die ersten 4 Fiihlerglieder mehr rotlich, der Mund
schwarz, der Scheitel bei ausgefarbten Stiicken angedunkelt
und die Fiihler vom fiinften Gliede ab schwdarzlich. Unterseits
sind die Seitenstiicke der Hinterbrust, der Bauch und die Hin-
terschenkel auf dem Riicken in der oberen Hi§alfte schwarz.
Nasenkiel hoch und ziemlich scharf, Stirn tiber den Fiihlern
mit einem Querstreifen von Punkten, ohne Hoéckerchen, dariiber
glatt. Thorax viereckig, um die Halfte breiter als lang, ver-
234 The Philippine Journal of Science : 1913
loschen punktuliert. Fliigeldecken deutlicher als der Thorax ver-
worren punktiert, ein feiner, beiderseits abgekiirzter Nahtsaum
braun.°®
* Leicht wieder zu erkennen dtirfte die folgende Art sein:
Longitarsus vittipennis sp. nov.
Alatus, sat elongatus, convexus, testaceo-flavus, nitidus, antennis articulis
4-9 fuscis, ore, femoribus posticis apice nigris, elytris substriato-punctatis,
sutura vittaque media postice abbreviata nigris.
Long. 2 mm.
JAVA, Montes Tengger (frihstorfer).
Die Stirnhécker sind nicht getrennt, sondern bilden einen schwach ge-
wolbten Querstreifen, der oben in eine gerade Querrinne abfallt, der Nasen-
kiel ist hoch und sehr scharf. Fitihler so lang als der Ké6rper, die ersten
3 Glieder rétlich gelbbraun, die folgenden 6 schwarzlich, Glied 10 weisslich ©
gelb, ebenso die Basis des letzten, wahrend der iibrige Teil etwas ange-
dunkelt ist. Thorax viereckig, wenig breiter als lang, zerstreut und ver-
loschen punktiert, Schildchen schwiarzlich. Fliigeldecken in den Schultern
breiter als der Thorax, ziemlich cylindrisch, hinten gemeinschaftlich ab-
gerundet, auf der Scheibe fast regelmdssig gereiht-punktiert, ein feiner
Nahtsaum und eine Liangsbinde jeder Decke schwarz. Die Binde beginnt
schmal an der Basis, lauft dann auf der Innenseite des Schulterhéckers
nach hinten und endet in 2? Lange; sie erweitert sich hinter der Schulter
und nimmt in der Mitte genau 4 der Breite ein, so dass sie hier von der
Naht und dem Seitenrande gleichweit entfernt bleibt.
Nach der Beschreibung steht diese Art wohl dem L. annulicornis Jac.
am nachsten.
Zu den Gattungen mit offenen vorderen Huftpfannen gehért auch Thrasy-
chroma Jac., die vom Autor an eine ganz falsche Stelle gebracht worden
ist.
Mir liegt davon noch folgende Art vor:
Thrasychroma javana sp. nov.
Subtus testacea, antennis (basi excepta), tibiis apicem versus tarsisque
fuscis, capite, prothorace scutelloque testaceo-flavis, prothorace latera
versus subtiliter punctato, elytris metallico-cyaneis, subtiliter punctatis.
Long. 3.8-4 mm.
JAVA, Tjitatjap (Drescher).
Der Thr. submetallica Jac., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (1885), 71, sehr
ahnlich, breiter gebaut, die 3 oder 4 ersten Fihlerglieder nebst der Unter-
seite rotlich gelbbraun, die tbrigen Fiihlerglieder, sowie Schienenspitzen und
Tarsen schwiarzlich. Thorax ohne merklichen griinen Metallschimmer, an
den Seiten nicht dicht und etwas feiner als die Fliigeldecken punktiert..
Diese Gattung ist sehr kenntlich an dem langen dritten Fiihlergliede
und den 2 Quergruben des Thorax, von denen sich eine jederseits nahe der
Mitte befindet. Die Gegend vor dem Schildchen is abgeflacht und der
Hinterrand dort leistenformig aufgebogen.
VII, D, 8 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 935
42. Dimax media sp. nov.
Breviter-ovalis, convexa, fulva, nitida, antennis articulis
5-10 nigris, tarsis leviter infuscatis, prothorace subtiliter punc-
tato, impressione sublaterali parce punctata, elytris dorso brun-
nescentibus, apice dilutioribus, dorso subtiliter punctatis.
Long. 5-5.5 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 12265, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Breit oval, stark gewolbt, rotgelb, glanzend, die Fiihlerglieder
5 bis 9 schwarz, 10 weniger dunkel gefarbt, die Tarsen ge-
braunt. Fliigeldecken dunkel braun, an den Randern und vor
der Spitze heller und mehr réotlich. Fiihler halb so lang als der
Korper, Glied 1 das langste, 2 das kiirzeste, kaum doppelt so
lang wie breit, 3 um die Hialfte langer als 2, die 4 folgenden und
das Endglied dem dritten ungefahr gleich, 8 bis 10 etwas kiirzer.
Stirnhécker flach, dreieckig, durch die Spitze des Kopfschildes
getrennt, seicht umgrenzt. Thorax wenigstens doppelt so breit
als lang, die Seiten sanft gerundet, ziemlich parallel, an der
vorderen Borstenpore, die vor der Mitte eingestochen ist, leicht
heraustretend, davor wulstartig verdickt und fast gradlinig ver-
engt. Die Scheibe ist schwach gewolbt, nicht dicht, aber
flach und fein punktiert, vor der Mitte etwas starker als dahinter ;
nahe den Seiten glatt, mit einigen kraftigen Punkten in dem
Langseindrucke tiber dem Seitenrande. Der hintere Borsten-
kegel ist kurz, stark. Fliigeldecken wenig dichter und starker
als der Thorax punktiert, mit einer weitlaufigen starkeren Punkt-
reihe am abgesetzten Seitenrande. Die Schulterbeule ist ziem-
lich gross, der normale grubenformige HEindruck dahinter ist
massig stark.
Ausser den in Ins. Deutschl., 6, 1052, angegebenen Merkmalen
von Dimax sind noch folgende zu erwahnen: Der Thorax hat
einen mehr oder weniger tiefen EKindruck parallel dem Seiten-
rande und auf den verworren und fein punktierten Fliigel-
decken liegt eine kleine grubenformige Vertiefung hinter der
Schulter. Die Arten sind tiber die Indisch-malayische Fauna
verbreitet, aber von Baly und Jacoby ohne Grund zu Sphaero-
derma gerechnet worden. In vielen Sammlungen ist z. B. Dimax
laevipennis Jac. (Sphaeroderma) aus Sumatra vertreten, auch
diirfte hierher der Argopus angulicollis Clark, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (1865), 148, gehoren.
936 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
43. Sphaeroderma negrosanum“ sp. nov.
Subhemisphaericum, fulvum, nitidum, antennis articulis sex
ultimis nigris, prothorace, subtilissime punctato, elytris subti-
liter punctatis, punctis hinc inde seriatis, seriebus 8 et 9 integris.
Long. 2.2-2.5 mm.
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, Bago (Charles S. Banks).
Type, No. 251, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau
of Science, Manila.
Fihler halb so lang als der Korper, die ersten 4 Glieder
rotgelb, das 5. rotbraun, die folgenden etwas verbreiterten
Glieder schwarz. Thorax doppelt so breit wie lang, die Seiten
leicht gerundet und nach vorn convergierend, die Scheibe stark
queriiber gewolbt und nicht dicht, sehr fein punktiert. Fligel-
decken massig dicht, fein punktiert, vor der Mitte sind einige
kurze Punktreihen bemerkbar, die 8. und 9. Reihe sind deutlich
und vollstandig, der Raum zwischen der 9. Reihe und dem
Aussenrande ist massig breit, fast glatt.
44, Enneamera thoracica Baly.
Es wurde nur 1 Exemplar gefangen, bei dem der Thorax
schwarz ist, ein schmaler Saum auf dem abgesetzten Seitenrande,
in den Vorderecken makelformig verbreitert, und ein Streifen
am Innenrande von den Epipleuren der Fliigeldecken braunlich
gelb.
LUZON, Benguet, Cabayan (D. C. Worcester und R. C.
McGregor).
45. Enneamera nigra Jac., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (1896), 137.
Ist von Mentawei beschrieben; ich erhielt 2 Stiicke von
Palawan durch Herrn Oberdorffer.
"Durch die Farbung ausgezeichnet ist:
Sphaeroderma cyanescens sp. nov.
Breviter-ovatum, convexum, subtus piceum, antennis articulis 3 primis
palpisque fulvis, supra cyaneum, nitidum, prothorace sublaevi, elytris
subtiliter striato-punctatis.
Long. 2 mm.
JAVA ORIENTALES, Montes Tengger (Friihstorfer).
Die Fiihler sind schlank und reichen bis hinter die Mitte der Fligel-
decken, die 5 Endglieder sind unbedeutend verdickt. Der Thorax hat fast
gradlinige, nach vorn wenig convergierende Seiten und ist ziemlich glatt,
nur vor dem Hinterrande sind unter starker Vergrésserung einige
Piinktchen zu bemerken. Die Fltigeldecken sind mit regelmassigen feinen,
einfachen Punktreihen versehen und haben in den Zwischenstreifen eine
kaum bemerkbare Punktreihe; die beiden ersten Reihen an der Naht
sind durch staérkere Punkte in den Zwischenstreifen gestort. Die Punkte
der neunten Reihe werden vor der Mitte kraftig.
VIII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden PY
46. Enneamera neglecta sp. nov.
Rotundato-ovato, sat convexa, sordide testaceo-flava, nitida,
capite, antennis (articulis 2 vel 3 primis testaceis exceptis),
femoribus posticis apice, pectore et interdum abdomine nigris,
tarsis infuscatis.
Long. 3.5-4 mm.
PALAWAN, Iwahig (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 11988, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Kleiner, breiter gebaut als EL. thoracica, groésser als nigra, der
Kopf ist sparsam, der Thorax dichter und sehr fein punktiert,
letzterer ausserdem mit feineren Punkten in den Zwischen-
raumen. Fliigeldecken nicht dicht und sehr fein punktiert, die
Zwischenraume dusserst dicht und fein punktuliert.
A7. Botryonopa collaris Ws., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. (1911), 75.
PALAWAN, Iwahig (12546, C. H. Lamb).
48. Botryonopa bipunctata Baly.
MINDoRO, Magaran (11731, C. M. Weber).
49. Anisodera thoracica Chap.
MINDANAO, Zamboanga (13642, T. C. Zschokke).
50. Callispa flavescens Ws., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. (1911), 75.
LUZON, Rizal, Montalban Gorge (9270, W. Schultze).
51. Bronthispa depressa Baly.
LuZON, Manila (11902, Charles S. Banks).
52. Promecotheca cumingi Baly.
PALAWAN, Puerto Princesa (10775, W. Schultze).
53. Promecotheca apicalis Ws., Ann. Soc., Ent. Belg. (1911), 75.
TIcAO ISLAND (7482, R. C. McGregor).
54. Gonophora apicalis Baly.
LUZON, Rizal, Montalban Gorge (5342, Charles S. Banks).
55. Gonophora femorata sp. nov.
Pallide fulva, subopaca, antennis, elytrorum apice extremo,
femorum apice, tibiis tarsisque nigris, ventre rufo vel infuscato;
elytris tricostatis, costa tertia obsoleta.
Long. 5 mm.
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, Bago (1611, Charles S. Banks), PAwa-
WAN, Bacuit (11678, C. M. Weber).
An der Farbung der Beine sofort zu erkennen. Letztere sind
schwarz, die Vorderschenkel in der Basalhalfte, die tibrigen,
238 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
namentlich auf der Unterseite, noch weiter roétlich gelb, ebenso
sind die Fiihler einfarbig schwarz und die Ausserste Spitze der
Fliigeldecken ist schwadrzlich. Die anderen Teile des Korpers
sind blass rotgelb, der Bauch dunkler. Am meisten erinnert die
“Art an G. fulva Gest. von Sumatra, ist aber breiter gebaut und
hat dickere Fiihler. Thorax etwas breiter als lang, die gezah-
nelten Seiten an der Basis parallel, davor gerundet erweitert,
vorn stérker verengt und nahe den Vorderecken eingeschniirt,
die Scheibe gewolbt, uneben. Ausser der feinen Mittelrinne die
in einem erhodhten Streifen liegt, bemerkt man noch die 4 ge-
wohnlichen Vertiefungen, welche mehr oder weniger zahlreich
punktiert sind. Auf den Fliigeldecken sind die beiden ersten
Rippen kraftig, glanzend, die 3. ist schwach, undeutlich, zwischen
die 3. und 4. Punktreihe schiebt sich vorn eine iiberzahlige
Reihe.
56. Monochirus callicanthus Bates. =
Luzon, Manila (10550, Charles S. Banks).
57. Monochirus moestus Baly.
LUZON, Benguet, Bued River (9833, H. M. Curran).
58. Dactylispa dimidiata Gest.
BOHOL (6782, A. Celestino).
59. Dactylispa infuscata Chap.
MINpDoRO, Magaran (10768, W. Schultze).
60. Dactylispa vittula Chap.
CEBU, Danao (7560, W. D. Smith).
61. Platypria ferruginea sp. nov.
Subtus flavo-testacea, supra ferruginea subopaca, prothorace
utrinque lobo elongato quinque-spinoso, elytris, bilobatis, lobo
antico 5-spinoso, postico 3-spinoso, dorso striato-punctatis, bi-
spinosis, humeris 4-spinosis.
Long. 5 mm.
MINbDoRO, Magaran (C. M. Weber). :
Type, No. 13437, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
In der Grésse und Bewaffnung der Seitenlappen des Koérpers
mit P. longispina Chap. iibereinstimmend, aber durch die gleich-
missig rostrote Farbe der Fliigeldecken und deren Bedornung
sehr verschieden. Am Seitenrande der Fliigeldecken befinden
sich zwischen den beiden Lappen 2 Dérnchen (selten einer),
hinter dem zweiten Lappen 6 Dornen, von denen die beiden
ersten missig lang, die folgenden kiirzer sind und nach der |
VIII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 939
Nahtecke hin kleiner werden. Die Schulter trigt 4 Dornen in
einer Langsreihe, der letzte ist wenig hdher aber bedeutend
dicker als die vorhergehenden; auf der Scheibe stehen 2 dicke
Dornen, der 1. vor der Mitte auf der ersten Rippe ist der stirkste
von allen, der 2. hinter der Mitte auf der zweiten Rippe ist
etwas kleiner als der 4. Schulterdorn. Ausserdem sind hinter
der Mitte noch mehrere Doérnchen zu bemerken.
62. Megapyga coeruleomaculata Boh.
LuzZzON, Laguna, Los Banos (13083, EH. M. Ledyard).
63. Prioptera palawanica sp. nov.
_ Subrotundata, convexa, testaceo-flava, nitida, antennarum
articulo ultimo nigro, prothorace sublaevi, elytris subtiliter, hinc
inde seriatim punctatis, antice retusis, gibbosis, disco antico
fovea magna impressis, singulo maculis quatuor magnis nigris.
Long. 9-9.5 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Type, No. 11786, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila. .
In die zweite Abteilung der Gattung gehorig*® und von P.
4-impressa Boh., mit der sie am na&chsten verwandt ist, durch
folgende Punkte zu unterscheiden: Der K6rper ist in beiden
Geschlechtern breiter gebaut, heller und mehr gelblich gefarbt,
die Fliigeldecken erweitern sich hinter der Basis nicht geradlinig
und sehr schwach, sondern in leichtem Bogen bis hinter die
Mitte und sind auf der Scheibe weniger uneben und merklich
feiner punktiert. Insbesondere erhebt sich die Querleiste,
welche das ansteigende Basaldreieck begrenzt, an der Naht zu
einem niedrigen, stumpfen Hocker, die Grube hinter } der Lange
ist wenig grosser, aber viel flacher und die 2. Grube, schrag nach
hinten und aussen von der ersten, ist nur noch angedeutet. Die
zahlreichen und kraftigen Querrunzeln, welche die beiden ersten
Punktreihen der P. 4-impressa durchsetzen, sind in der vorlie-
genden Art fast geschwunden und die Punktreihe zwischen der
Scheibe und dem Seitendache ist nicht halb so kraftig; dafiir sind
“Ich teile Prioptera in 2 Abteilungen:
1. Die Woélbung der Thoraxscheibe setzt sich in der Mitte bis auf das
Seitendach fort und teilt dies dadurch in einen grosseren, ausgebreiteten
Teil vorn und einen grubenformigen Teil hinten. Hierher gehoren wenige
Arten z. B. die Type der Gattung, P. 8-puntata Fabr. sowie nigricollis Ws.
2. Das Seitendach des Thorax ist gleichmidssig ausgebreitet und bildet
einen Langsstreifen mit ziemlich parallelen Randern, der von der Scheibe
der ganzen Lange nach durch einen bogenformigen Langseindruck getrennt
wird. Hierher gehort P. westermanni Bohn., und das Gross der Arten.
YA0 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
aber die 4 schwarzen Makeln jeder Decke bedeutend grésser.
Die 3 ersten sind oval; die 1. nimmt die Grube und einen Teil
davor ein, die 4. hinter der Mitte auf dem Seitendache ist quer
und zieht ein Stiick auf die Scheibe hinauf.
64. Prioptera sinuata Ol., ab. deficiens Ws.
Bei diesen Stiicken fehlen die schwarzen Makeln 2 und 8 der
Fligeldecken, wahrend Makel 4 und namentlich 5 grésser als
gewohnlich sind.
65. Aspidomorpha fraterna Baly.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (11789, C. M. Weber).
66. Aspidomorpha biradiata Boh.
LUZON, Laguna, Calauang (14165, R. C. McGregor).
67. Aspidomorpha bilobata Boh.
LuZzON, Laguna, Calauang (14179, R. C. McGregor). =
68. Aspidomorpha orbicularis Boh.
SIBAY ISLAND (11409, D. C. Worcester).
69. Aspidomorpha fusconotata Boh.
In der Zahl, Grosse und Anordnung der braunen bis pech-
schwarzen Makeln auf den Fliigeldecken sehr veradnderlich.
Leicht falsch zu deuten scheint mir die Angabe von Boheman
[Mon. Cassid. (1854), 2, 280], ,,der Nahthécker ist.mit einem
kleinen schwarzlichen Ringe versehen.” Dieser Ring ist fast
immer vorhanden, besteht aber meist aus 2 Bogen unmittelbar
hinter dem Hocker, wenn dieselben vorn geschlossen sind, reichen
sie grade auf die héchste Stelle des Hockers.
LUZON, Bataan, Lamao (9795, H. E. Stevens) ; Cagayan Valley,
Ilagan (9797, H. E. Stevens).
Hierher rechne ich auch 1 Exemplar von Luzon und eines
von der Insel Dalupiri (11573, D. C. Worcester und R. C.
McGregor), welche 2 dunkelbraune Seiteniste besitzen. Der 1.
liegt dicht hinter dem Schulterrande, ist ziemlich breit und
zuweilen nur hinten durch eine feine Linie mit der dunklen
Zeichnung der Fliigeldecken verbunden; der 2., hinter der Mitte,
ist schmal.
70. ? Metriona westringi Boh.
Die hierher gehérigen Arten sind durch Boheman oberflach-
lich beschrieben worden und noch heute nicht specifisch zu unter-
scheiden, weil sich aus Mangel an reichlichem Materiale nicht
nachweisen lasst, wie weit die Zahl und Grosse der gelben
Reliefmakeln auf den Fliigeldecken zu oder abnehmen kann.
VIII, D, 3 Weise: Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden 941
Das typische Stiick Boheman’s soll 9 solcher Flecken auf jeder
Fliigeldecke haben, wovon einer an der Basis liegt.
LUZON, Bataan, Lamao (9796, H. E. Stevens).
PALAWAN, Bacuit (11793, C. M. Weber).
71. Metriona recondita Boh., Mon. Cassid. (1862), 4, 396.
MINDANAO, Agusan River (13688, W. Schultze).
COCCINELLIDZ
1. Chilocorus ruber Ws.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (12328, C. M. Weber).
2. Phaenochilus monostigma sp. nov.
Oblongo-hemisphzricus, fulvus, nitidissimus, elytris ante
medium macula communi, elliptica nigra.
Long. 4 mm.
MINDANAO, Agusan River (W. Schultze).
Type, No. 18686, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
Langlich halbkugelig, hell rotlich gelb und oben stark glin-
zend, eine gemeinschaftliche gerundete Makel der Fliigeldecken
schwarz. Diese Makel ist langer als breit, beginnt unmittelbar
hinter dem kleinen Schildchen und endet in der Mitte. Stirn
langlich viereckig, nach unten wenig verengt, ziemlich dicht-
und fein punktiert und kurz behaart, Augen unten in ein Dreieck
verlangert, dessen Spitze abgerundet ist. Thorax stark quer,
nach vorn zusammengedriickt, die schwach gerundeten, fast
parallelen Seiten daher steil abfallend, nach vorn in einen
dreieckigen, sparsam behaarten Zipfel verlangert, der bis zum
unteren Augenrande reicht. Die Scheibe ist dusserst fein und
nicht dicht punktiert. Die Fligeldecken sind hoch gewolbt und
fallen gleichmdssig bis an den abgeschragten, nicht breit ab-
gesetzten Seitenrand ab; sie sind sehr fein flach punktiert. In
der dAusseren Halfte werden die Punkte grosser und tiefer, aber
der Rand ist fast glatt. Die Bauchlinien bilden einen Viertel-
kreis, der vor dem Hinterrande des ersten Segmentes nach
aussen lauft.
3. Serangium spilotum sp. nov.
Subhemisphaericum, testaceum, prothorace (limbo laterali
interdum excepto), scutello elytrisque nigris, nitidis, his in sin-
gulo macula elongata, sublunata, rufa.
Long. 2.5 mm.
LUZON, Manila (G. Compere).
Type, No. 10244, in der Entomologischen Sammlung des
Bureau of Science, Manila.
242 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Kopf kurz und breit, rotlich gelbbraun, glanzend, die Stirn
von der Mitte der Augen bis zum Vorderrande mit einem breiten,
halb aufstehenden gelben Haarbiischel besetzt. Thorax 24 mal
so breit als in der Mittellinie lang, schwarz, an den Seiten zu-
weilen rotlich gelbbraun gesdumt, nicht dicht, in der Mitte feiner -
und sparsamer als an den Seiten punktiert, jeder Punkt mit
einem aufgerichteten weisslichen Harchen besetzt. Schildchen
dreieckig, glatt. Fliigeldecken unter starker Vergrdsserung
kaum sichtbar punktiert, nahe dem Seitenrande mit einer vorn
unregelmassig verdoppelten starkeren Punktreihe, in welcher in
jedem Punkte ein weissliches, nach aussen gerichtetes Harchen
entspringt. Die rote Langsmakel jeder Decke reicht ungefahr
von + bis # der Lange und hat eine annaherend mondformige
Gestalt; ihr Innenrand liegt nahe der Naht und lauft dieser
parallel, der Aussenrand ist 4ahnlich wie der Seitenrand gebogen.
Die Unterseite ist dunkel rétlich gelbbraun, mit helleren Beinen;
der vorgezogene Teil des Prosternum ist angedunkelt.
4, Pullus brunnescens Motsch.
LUZON, Benguet, Twin Peaks (8197, Charles S. Banks).
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THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY,
AND ANTHROPOLOGY
Vou. VIII AUGUST, 1913 No. 4
A DESCRIPTION OF SOME PHILIPPINE THALASSEMA WITH A
REVISION OF THE GENUS
By LAWRENCE D. WHARTON
(From the College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines)
Two plates and 8 text figures
During a residence at the marine biological station of the
University of the Philippines and the Bureau of Science at Port
Galera, Mindoro, in 1912, I collected 3 species of Thalassema.
One of these, Thalassema sorbillans Lampert, was described from
the Philippines in 1883 and has not been recorded elsewhere.
Another, Thalassema semoni Fischer, has been previously re-
corded from Amboina by Fischer, and from the Maldive
Islands by Shipley, but has not before been found in the Philip-
pines. The third species is new, and I have called it Thalassema
griffini in honor of Dr. L. E. Griffin by whose aid and encourage-
ment I have been able to complete this paper. Later in the year,
Mr. A. L. Day, of this laboratory, on a trip of the Government
cableship Rizal, obtained one specimen of a species which seems
to be T. formosulum Lampert. A brief description of this
specimen has been included.
Thalassema sorbillans Lampert.
Thalassema sorbillans LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1883), 39,
340; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 352.
Numerous specimens of this species were collected from a
sandy beach on Buquete Island, Port Galera. The sand was
fine, containing much organic matter to a depth of about 15
cm.; at this depth it passed abruptly into a layer of coarse, clean
119837 243
244 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
gravel. Thalassema sorbillans was found in the top layer of
sand, more than 100 specimens being collected in a space 1 meter
square. I was able to keep a number of individuals alive in an
aquarium for several days, but was so busy with other work that
I did not have much time for observing them. They were able
to burrow in the sand without any difficulty, and fed by taking
up pellets of sand and passing them through the intestine.
The body of this species is from 3 to 5 cm. in length, and the
proboscis is more than half as long as the body. Both the body
and proboscis may be extended to about twice the usual length
when the animal is feeding or moving about on the surface of
the sand. The diameter of the largest specimens measures
from 14 to 16 mm. The body is rather pointed at both ends,
and 2 short curved setz are borne from 5 to 10 mm. back of the
mouth on the ventral surface. The body wall is so thin that
the internal organs often may be seen through it. Small pa-
pille are scattered over all parts of the body, but are most
numerous and prominent on the posterior region.
As in Lampert’s specimens, there are 13 bundles of longitu-
dinal muscles. Even in the largest specimens these are very
small and thin, and in the smaller and younger individuals they
cannot be detected by means of the microscope.
Cross sections were made of the central part of the body wall
of 4 specimens ranging from the youngest to the oldest, in order
to compare the dermal muscle layers. In the youngest speci-
men the longitudinal muscle is continuous and of very nearly
uniform thickness. In the next individual there are 13 longi-
. tudinal swellings of the longitudinal muscle, although it remains
continuous all the way around the body. In the third specimen
the bundles have become thicker, while between the bundles the
muscle has decreased considerably in thickness. In the fourth
and oldest specimen the longitudinal bundles are comparatively
thick, while the muscle between the bundles has become atten-
uated, as if it had been pulled out, until it has a thickness of
only one row of fibers in some places, and in others it even has
disappeared entirely. In all the sections the oblique muscle
layer is very thin, but it is continuous and uniform in thickness,
and follows the outline of the longitudinal muscles. In the
spaces in which that muscle is lacking, the oblique layer is
separated from the circular layer only by connective tissue.
The color of the living worm is a rich brownish pink. The
presence of the longitudinal muscles is indicated in the larger
specimens by 13 white longitudinal lines. The proboscis is pale
cream color on the dorsum; faint green lines run along the edges
sb dl pp Fle | PAE I %
very, is
245
In formalin both the body and
Vl, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx
of the groove on the ventral side.
proboscis become nearly colorless.
There are 3 pairs of unusually small nephridial sacs, of which
the posterior pair is always the largest. In a specimen 7 cm.
long the sacs measured, respectively, 2, 3, and 5 mm. in length.
The anterior pair always lies in front of the ventral sete, the
second pair about an equal distance back of the setz, and the
second and third pairs are always about twice as far apart as
the first and second. Each sac bears 2 spirally twisted ne-
phridia which enter the sac by a common opening on the dorsum
just within the attachment of the sac to the body wall. :
The anal trees are long, brown in color, and open into the
rectum on the left side. Lying between
them is a small spherical diverticulum of
the rectum (fig. 1). The anal trees are
covered with short ciliated funnels which
are plainly visible under a magnification
of 50 diameters.
The alimentary canal has a total length
of about 36 cm. in the largest specimens.
It may be divided into 5 parts—cesoph-
agus, crop, gizzard, intestine, and rectum.
This form differs from the majority of
echiuroids in that there is no muscular
pharynx, the mouth opening directly into
the thin-walled cesophagus, which is a
straight tube about 1 cm. long. The
“heart” is attached to its dorsal surface,
and the two connecting blood vessels pass
around it. Behind the “heart,” the crop
Fic. 1. Diagram of the inter-
nal organs of Thalassema
sorbillans Lampert. opr,
proboscis; ne, nephridial
sacs; oes, esophagus; cr,
crop; giz, gizzard; int, in-
testine; c. int, collateral
intestine; r, rectum; d, di-
verticulum ; at, anal trees;
nm, nerve.
forms a loop, which when straightened
out is about 1 cm. long. From it the gizzard, or “midgut,”
runs transversely to the left. This organ has a length of
about 2 cm., and is smaller in diameter than the crop. At
the end of the gizzard the canal widens greatly, the walls
become much thinner, and the intestine may be said to begin
at this point. The intestine is divided into two parts. The
first part has a diameter of from 4 to 5 mm., a length of
about 15 cm., and bears the collateral intestine throughout its
length. The latter organ is about 1 mm. in diameter, and its
walls are thicker than those of the main part of the intestine.
Both of its openings into the intestine may easily be found. The
second part of the intestine, which begins at the end of the collat-
eral intestine, is a little longer than the first part, but is much
246 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
smaller in diameter. The course of the intestine is rather com-
plex, but seems to be nearly constant in the specimens I have
examined. From the gizzard it runs posteriorly on the left side
almost to the rectum. Then it turns to the right, and extends
forward to a point about even with the posterior surface of the
crop. Here it turns ventrad, and passing under the other parts
runs posteriorly until it reaches the left side of the rectum again.
Turning to the right it forms an S-shaped loop and enters the
rectum from the right. The rectum is less than a centimeter
long ; its diameter is only a little greater than that of the intestine.
In addition to the intestine, it receives the anal trees, and bears
a small spherical rectal diverticulum.
The cesophagus is attached to the body wall for the first 5
mm. of its length by means of 2 sheets of muscular filaments
which run laterally to the wall just back of the mouth. The
remainder of the canal is held in place by means of thick mus-
cular bands which extend latero-ventrad from its ventral sur-
face to the body wall. These bands are very numerous along the
upper part of the intestine, but decrease in number toward
the posterior end. The rectum has a radial mesentery, and
the diverticulum is attached by filaments to the sheath of the
nerve cord.
In one specimen dissected a very remarkable variaton of the
crop was noted (Plate I, fig. 1). In place of the simple loop,
the walls of the tube had grown together in such a way as to
form a heart-shaped sac which was partially divided into 2
chambers by the fusion of the adjoining walls of the tube. The
esophagus was slightly constricted where it entered the sac,
and the gizzard was somewhat shorter than usual.
The vascular system of Thalassema sorbillans agrees very
closely with that of other species of the genus which have been
described in detail. The dorsal blood vessel enters the body
cavity from the proboscis. It runs backward on top of the
cesophagus until it reaches the posterior part where it is en-
larged to form a sac-like “heart.” Out of the posterior end of
this “heart” run 2 vessels which pass around the cesophagus
on opposite sides and join the ventral vessel. This vessel runs
forward, and divides into 2 branches which enter the proboscis
as the lateral vessels of that organ. The body cavity is filled
with a clear fluid containing brownish red corpuscles. In the
coelomic fluid of all the specimens which were examined there
were also great quantities of the “corpuscular bodies” which have
been described by Ikeda(20).
The nervous system consists of a long ventral cord which
VIII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemex 247
runs from behind the mouth to the anus. At its anterior end
it divides into 2 branches which run around the esophagus and
enter the proboscis. The cord bears no ganglia, but it gives off
numerous small branches which supply the body walls.
Thalassema semoni Fischer.
Thalassema semoni FISCHER, Zool. Forschungsr. in Australien, etc,
Semon (1896), 5, pt. 8, 338; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899),
pt. 3, 351; Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive
Archipelagoes Echiuroidea (1902), 1, pt. 2, 129.
Two specimens of Thalassema semoni Fischer were collected on
Buquete Island in holes in a sandstone rock along with many
- specimens of T. griffini (see page 249).
The body when extended was about 7 cm. long. The proboscis
was about three-fourths that length, and was broad, flat, and
slightly truncated. The proboscis broke from the body very
easily, and did not leave a visible scar. Both of the specimens
were perfect when they were found, but their probosces were
broken off before they could be brought to the laboratory. The
bodies of the preserved specimens are 4 cm. in length and 15 mm.
in diameter; the probosces are greatly contracted. The body
wall is rather tough, and is covered uniformly with papille.
The two ventral hooks are present, but are very small and in-
conspicuous. The longitudinal muscle layer is continuous, show-
ing no division into bundles.
Both the body and the proboscis were olive green when the
animals were alive. In formalin they turned to dirty gray.
There are 2 pairs of nephridial sacs each bearing spirally
twisted nephridia. The sacs are very long in proportion to the
length of the body, the posterior pair in one specimen being
longer than the body when straightened out. They are con-
stricted at intervals, and contain partly developed eggs. The
anterior pair opens in front of, and the second pair behind, the
ventral hooks.
The anal trees are slender brown tubes about two-thirds as
long as the body. They are covered with very small ciliated
funnels.
The alimentary canal is about 34 cm. long. It is composed
of 5 parts—pharynx, cesophagus, midgut, intestine, and rectum.
The pharynx is about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, and
has thick muscular walls. It is held in position by means of
2 lateral mesenteries. The cesophagus is very much twisted, but
has a length of about 2.5 cm. when it is removed and straight-
ened out. Its walls are very much thinner than those of the
pharynx. The next part of the canal, which I have called the
248 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
midgut, is about 5 cm. long; it runs backward from the end of
the csophagus for about half its length, then turns on itself
forming a U, and runs forward again where it turns to the right.
The walls of this part are thicker than the cesophagus, but there
is no indication of any separation into crop and gizzard such as
is found in many other forms. The intestine as usual is com-
posed of two parts. The first part, bearing the collateral in-
testine, is about 10 cm. long, and is much wider than any other
part of the canal except the rectum. The second part is longer
and narrower than the first part, and is filled with small regular
pellets of sand. The rectum forms the last 15 mm. of the canal.
It is a sac-like organ about 8 mm. in diameter, and bears the
anal trees at its lower end.
The vascular and nervous systems agree in almost every
respect with the typical forms of the genus.
Thalassema formosulum Lampert.
Thalassema formosulum LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss Zool. (1883), 39,
339; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 240.
One individual of this species was collected by Mr. A. L. Day
near Catbalogan, Samar. It was brought up on a cable from a
depth between 10 and 24 fathoms. The bottom was of fine mud.
The length of the preserved specimen is 4.5 cm., and its
greatest diameter is 18 mm. The proboscis is about 1 cm. long,
and forms a tube at the mouth. The body is slightly pointed
in front, while the posterior end is broad and flat with the anus
opening on a small projection. The body wall is very thin, and
is sparsely covered with small round white papille which are
nowhere arranged in rings.
The longitudinal muscles show 7 narrow bundles, the spaces
between the bundles being from two to three times as wide as
the bundles. On sectioning, the dermal musculature was found
to be unusually thick in proportion to the remainder of the body
wall. The longitudinal muscle was found to be continuous,
although it has the 7 thickenings which have been mentioned.
The muscle of the bundle is between two and three times as
thick as that of the region between the bundles. In all 3 layers
the muscle has an unusual lack of compactness; the fibers, which
are very large as compared with other forms, being scattered
in a loose connective tissue which is full of small sinuses. The
ventral sete are long and hooked, with orange-colored tips. In-
ternally, they are attached to the body wall by strong radial
muscles, and their ends are connected by a powerful interbasal
muscle.
VII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 249
In formalin the body is colorless, except the flattened posterior
end, which is white.
There are 2 pairs of very small nephridia which open behind
the ventral setz. Owing to the smallness of the nephridia and
the poor state of preservation of these organs, the character of
the internal openings could not be determined.
The anal trees are about 2.5 cm. long and rather broad and
sac-like. They are suspended from the body wall by muscular
filaments. The structure of the funnels could not be distin-.
guished. A spherical, rectal diverticulum is present.
The intestine was filled, except for the first 2 cm., with very
- small sausage-shaped pellets of mud.
Although this specimen is somewhat larger than 7. formosulum
as described by Lampert, the number and position of the ne-
phridia, the arrangement of the longitudinal muscles, and the
general external appearance of the specimen seem to justify
identifying it as this species.
Thalassema griffini sp. nov.
Locality—Port Galera, Mindoro. This species was first col-
lected on the inner side of Buquete Island in a soft blue sand-
stone rock just above low-water mark. The rock was honey-
combed with burrows made by a boring mollusk (Gastrochena?),
and the Thalassema was found in these old burrows along with
Gebia and other crustaceans. In order to get them out, it was
necessary to break up the rock with a crowbar. They were
found-in this place in considerable numbers during the entire
time the station was occupied (March 12 to June 18). They
were also collected in great numbers on the outer side of the
island during most of the month of April. Here there is a
small cove with a rock bottom into which numerous shallow
potholes have been worn by wave action: These are partly filled
with sand, gravel, and small stones. Thalassema was collected
from the deeper holes. In one hole not over 60 cm. in diameter,
11 specimens were found and in another, 10, along with an equal
number of sipunculids. They seemed to lie directly on the rocks
with the sand and gravel covering them, and no definite burrows
or openings could be observed on the surface. On the Ist of
May they had entirely disappeared from this place, and could
not be found there during the remainder of our stay at the
station.
Size.—The bodies of the largest specimens reach a length of
from 12 to 14 cm. when fully extended, with a diameter of from
10 to 12 mm. The proboscis varies in length from 5 to 8 cm.
250 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
If the animal be irritated, its body contracts to the shape and size
of a large olive, and the proboscis is much shortened. I suc-
ceeded in killing specimens fairly well expanded by leaving them
in sea water to which a little atropin was added from time to
time.
The greatest thickness of the extended body is just back of the
mouth, from which it tapers to a point at the posterior end.
The two sete are orange tipped, and are placed on the ventral
_surface near the mouth. The body wall is tough, and the
longitudinal muscles are prominent. They are found in 17 or
18 bundles, the proportion of specimens having 18 bundles to
those having 17 being nearly as 5 to 1. The surface of the body
is covered with small papille which are especially prominent on
the terminal regions, those of the posterior end being arranged
in more or less definite rings.
Color.—In the living specimens the general color of the body
is red, with broad white stripes running lengthwise. These
correspond in number to the longitudinal muscles. The pro-
boscis is bright green on the ventral side along the edge of the
groove, and shades to a cream color on the dorsal surface. The
tip is bright yellow, and the groove is pale yellow. When the
circular muscles contract, the surface of the body is broken into
deep red squares which appear and disappear as the peristaltic
wave passes along the body.
Nephridia.—All of the specimens examined possess 8 pairs of
nephridial sacs, the anterior pair always opening in front of the
sete. Each sac bears 2 spirally coiled internal openings. The
sacs are always very much elongated, in some specimens the
posterior sac being as long as the body; all contained eggs or
spermatozoa when collected.
Anal trees.—These organs are clear transparent sacs, and
are about one-half the length of the body. They are covered
with microscopic, sessile, ciliated funnels.
THE BODY WALL
(FIGS. 3, 4, AND 5)
For the purpose of description it will be necessary to divide
the body wall into three parts; namely, the anterior and pos-
terior terminal regions and the middle portion. The anterior
and posterior terminal regions are thickly covered with papille,
and show no differentiation of the longitudinal muscle into
bundles. In preserved specimens they extend for about 1 cm.
from each end of the body. On the middle portion, the papille
are smaller and scattered, and the longitudinal muscle is divided
,
F
VII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemzx 251
into 18 distinct bundles. The body wall is rather thick in both
terminal regions, but becomes much thinner in the middle of the
body.
As in other forms the wall is made up of a corium—consist-
ing of the cuticle, epidermis, and dermis—the muscular layer,
and the endothelium. The corium layer resembles the usual
forms very closely. The cuticle is very thin and transparent.
The epidermis consists of a layer of long cylindrical cells, the
inner ends of which are produced into fine tapering processes
such as are described by other writers. All over the surface and
especially in the terminal regions, the epidermis is pushed out
by thickenings of the dermis to form small papille. In the
epidermal layer of these papille are found groups of long club-
shaped cells which have a granular appearance and open on the
surface by common pores in the cuticle. The dermis consists
of a clear ground substance containing numerous long anas-
tomosing fibers and very few cells, which gives it a more or less
reticular appearance. Its thickness varies greatly: in different
places as it forms the main internal mass of the dermal papille.
Inclosed in the dermis are found numerous large rounded bodies
containing granules which stain deeply with hematoxylin. They
do not appear to be connected with the surface, and no explana-
tion of their function has occurred to me.
On taking up the study of the dermal muscle layer it was found
to be so different from any other form that it seemed worthy
of a rather detailed description. The description and drawings
were nearly finished when a paper by Spengel(48) was re-
ceived; Spengel describes specimens of T. erythrogrammon, in
which the skin muscle layer is very much the same as in T.
grifini. Spengel has compared 7 different specimens which have
been described at various times as T. erythrogrammon. They
are:
1. The original example of the species found by Riippell in the Red Sea.
2. A specimen described by Lampert in 1883 as T. caudex and later re-
ferred to the species T. erythrogrammon.
3. An example in the Vienna Royal Museum, from Bourbon, identified and
described by von Drasche in 1881.
4, Sluiter’s specimen from the Island of Billiton, between Sumatra and
Borneo, described in 1883.
5. A specimen collected by Willey in the China Straits near New Guinea
and described by Shipley in 1899. ;
6. An example from the Bahamas described by C. B. Wilson in 1900 and
a specimen from Florida in the possession of Spengel.
7. Specimens collected by Gardiner at the Maldive Islands and identified
by Shipley in 1902.
252 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Spengel has studied the dermal muscle layer of all of these
forms, and on the basis of the difference in this structure he has
divided the genus Thalassema into three separate groups, with-
out regard to the number of longitudinal muscle bundles which
they display. In the forms which have been described as having
separate bundles of longitudinal muscle, he finds that “all have
an uninterrupted, continuous layer of longitudinal muscle which
is regularly thickened and intermittently thinned,” thus giving
the appearance of separate bundles except when examined very
carefully under the microscope. He says also that in all forms
the circular or ring muscle forms a continuous uniform sheet.
Therefore, he separates his groups according to the degree in
which this thickening and thinning of the longitudinal layer is
found and the manner in which it occurs.
The first group for which he retains the generic name Thalas-
sema and for which he takes the type species, T. neptunii
Gaertner, as the type, has the following characteristics. The
longitudinal muscle is of uniform thickness throughout, and the
oblique muscle is also of uniform thickness and completely covers
the longitudinal layer. The second group to which he gives the
generic name Listriolobus is characterized as follows: The lon-
gitudinal muscle is thickened into bundles at intervals, and is
not interrupted between the bundles, but simply becomes
thinner, forming undulations. The oblique layer is like that
of Thalassema; that is, of uniform thickness and completely
covering the longitudinal layer. To this genus he assigns
T. erythrogrammon of Sluiter and Wilson and the specimen
which he has from Florida. To the third group he gives the old
generic name of Riippell—Ochetostoma. This group is charac-
terized by having the main part of the longitudinal muscle in-
terrupted by “intervals,” so that longitudinal bundles are formed
which appear to be separated, but are in reality connected by a
very thin layer of longitudinal fibers between the bundles. The
oblique muscle does not follow the longitudinal layer in the inter-
vals, but bridges the intervals on septal bands of connective
tissue. Also, the oblique muscle is not a continuous sheet as in
the other forms, but is separated into bundles over the “inter-
vals,” so that these are connected with the ccelom by openings
between these oblique bundles. In this genus he places the orig-
inal T. erythrogrammon of Riippell and Lambert’s T. caudex.
The position of the other specimens he does not define.
The dermal muscle layer of T. griffint bears a very close
resemblance to that of 7. erythrogrammon Riippell, but there
are some differences from the condition which Spengel describes
eee ee ee ee
VII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemzx 253
and some points have been noted which he does not bring out in
his description. In T. griffinit the dermal muscle layer consists
of four parts. The first of these is a single layer of muscle cells
lying at the base of the dermis, which runs in a longitudinal
direction and covers the body throughout, completely separating
the corium from the deeper muscle layers. This layer is so
thin that it is very difficult to see in cross sections of the body
wall, but it is easily found by peeling off the corium in glycerine
and then examining with the microscope. On account of its
position and relations to the surrounding parts, I have called
it the external limiting muscle. Within the external limiting
muscle are the three regular muscular layers—the circular or
ring muscle, the longitudinal muscle, and the oblique muscle.
In order to make clear the relations between these muscles,
it will be necessary to describe the middle or longitudinal layer
first. In the two terminal regions which have been mentioned,
the longitudinal muscle forms a thick continuous sheet without
any separation whatever into bundles (fig. 5). At about 1 cm.
from each end, this sheet gradually becomes separated into 18
large longitudinal bundles. In cross section these bundles have
the shape of a more or less regular isosceles triangle with the
base lying against the inner oblique layer and the apex turned
outward. Between the bundles are the “intervals” of which
Spengel speaks. He says that in Riippell’s specimen of T. ery-
throgrammon a very thin, but continuous, layer of longitudinal
muscle continues across the intervals from the apex of one bundle
to the next. In Thalassema griffini traces of this layer may be
found, but in place of the continuous layer of which Spengel
speaks it is broken up into small bundles of fibers and these
bundles are scattered across the interval. These little bundles
rarely consist of more than 10 muscle fibers, and they are in
almost all cases separated by a space greater than the width
of the bundles and in some cases the space between them may
be as wide as half the whole interval. They are surrounded by
connective-tissue fibers and overlaid by the endothelium (fig. 3).
The circular muscle on the outside of the longitudinal muscle
is a continuous sheet in the terminal regions, about half the
thickness of the longitudinal layer. In the middle region of the
body the circular layer also changes in character. It becomes
much thinner, and is spread out flat over the large longitudinal
bundles, but over the intervals between them it is drawn together
more or less to form bundles which are connected by a very
thin layer of fibers.
The oblique or diagonal muscle on the inner side of the
954. The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
longitudinal layer is also continuous over the terminal regions
although somewhat irregular in thickness, and it follows closely
the outline of the longitudinal layer. In the middle region its
condition is exactly like that described by Spengel; that is,
between the longitudinal bundles, the oblique fibers are gathered
into compact cords -which bridge the intervals (fig. 2). On
reaching the edges of the longitudinal bundles, the oblique fibers ~
spread out fanwise, so that the middle of the longitudinal bundle
is covered by a complete, but thin, layer of oblique fibers. The
oblique fibers do not pass freely across the intervals, but lie
on the inner edge of extremely thin connective-tissue septa which
rise from the outer side of the interval (fig. 4) which, as Spengel
says, are like dams across the interval, separating it into a great
number of small 4-sided
compartments opening
into the celom between
the oblique bundles.
These “septal bands”
are, as Spengel says,
composed of the cell-poor
connective tissue of the
muscle layer, but in my
j specimens the _ septal
ies Rv rs Ph bands have been found to
Pane aa a oe ey | contain a few isolated
UI iain era een es muscle fibers.
Fic. 2. Diagram of the body wall of Thalassema griffini The entire inner Los
SO er feaentn casera eee See face, including the in-
masse, Fo lonieacinal muslin So Soot Eeryala: aap naue man
epithelium ; st, stomata in celomic surface. cles, and the bands, is
covered by an endothe-
lium composed of small, rounded, irregular cells. From this
description it will be readily seen (1) that the body wall is
divided into 18 longitudinal intermuscular spaces; that is, “in-
tervals,” by the 18 longitudinal bundles; and (2) that these
intervals are again divided transversely into rows of narrow
compartments, “stomata,” by the septal bands and oblique
bundles. As each one of these “stomata” is connected with the
celom, they are, of course, filled with the coelomic fluid, and as
Spengel points out the contraction of the muscles would account
for the small square ‘‘Buckeln der Haut” which are so charac-
teristic of the living animal.
As to the function of these stomata, when we consider that
they are covered only by the corium and a very thin layer of
==
rr Py PF.
a Soh 0,26 2e5?
2550 5882. ~
Sés0 25° wa
pogee 2
VII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemex 955
circular muscle, it seems very reasonable to assume that they are
more or less closely associated with the respiration of the animal.
The importance of the dermal muscle layer, as a means of
classification, will be discussed later.
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
The alimentary canal is about four times as long as the body.
For the first fourth, its course is definite, but the remainder
seems to vary a little in different individuals. As in most
worms the differentiation of the various parts of the canal is
so slight that it has been very difficult to assign definite names
and functions to them. This form does
not seem to agree with any of the pub-
lished descriptions which are at hand.
The part of the canal from the mouth
to the beginning of the intestine has
been described differently in almost
every species. Reitsch calls it simply
“intestine buccal; Spengel divides it
into pharynx, cesophagus, and crop;
Jameson speaks of the pharynx, cesoph-
agus, gizzard, and crop of T. neptunii;
Embleton divides this region of Hchiu-
rus unicinctus into pharynx, crop, and
gizzard; and Ikeda describes a pharynx,
cesophagus, crop, and midgut in T. Fic. 3. Diagram of the inter-
nal organs of Thalassema
teznoides. Moreover, this difference is Fst bce mit Eee Paee
not simply a difference in names but in cis; ne, sedchaea: pees
oes, wsophagus; cr, crop;
the structure of the parts themselves. mg, midgut; int, intestine;
For example, in Hchiurus unicinctus, Paya collate a nLeAtaE;
r, rectum; d, diverticulum ;
at, anal trees.
the gizzard, which has very thick walls
‘of circular muscle, reduced epithelium,
and no glands, corresponds in position to the midgut of T.
tzenoides in which the epithelium is folded and glandular and in
which thin layers of both longitudinal and circular muscles’ are
present.
In T. griffini three distinct regions can be made out in this
part of the alimentary canal. These may be called esophagus,
crop, and midgut for want of better terms to describe them.
They are followed by the intestine and rectum. The cesophagus
is a straight tube about 1 to 2 cm. long and 2 mm. in diameter.
The epithelium is ciliated, and is slightly folded. The muscle
layer is rather thicker at the anterior end than in any other
part, but the difference is not great enough to justify speaking
256 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
of itas a pharynx. The upper part is held in position by means
of a mesentery radiating to the body wall. At the posterior
end, the dorsal surface is covered by the “heart,” and the two
“connecting vessels” pass around it on opposite sides. The crop
is about 1 cm. long and from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. It forms
a loop at the end of the esophagus and turns to the left. It is
the thickest part of the canal, the thickness being due, not to
muscles, but to the large villus-like folds of the epithelium. The
remainder of the canal in front of the intestine is the midgut.
It passes posteriorly from the crop almost to the end of the body
and forms a U, turning again anteriorly. Here it widens into
the intestine. The midgut has a little larger diameter than the
crop, but the walls are very thin, and the folds of the epithelium
are much reduced. The beginning of the intestine is marked
by the opening of the collateral intestine, the siphonal groove
not extending beyond it. The intestine can as usual be divided
into 2 parts, the first part in this species being much shorter
than the second, which begins at the end of the collateral in-
testine and extends to the rectum. It bears a siphonal groove
all the way to the rectum. The first part is the widest region
of the alimentary canal, having a diameter of about 4 mm., while
the second part is considerably smaller. The walls of both are
very thin. The rectum is short, and into it on the left side
open the 2 anal trees. A small spherical diverticulum lies be-
tween them, and is attached by muscular filaments to the sheath
of the nerve cord.
The cesophagus, crop, and intestine are held in place by means
of thick muscular filaments attached to their ventral surface.
The midgut is not attached to the body wall. A radiating mes-
entery connects the rectum to the posterior part of the body
wall.
Microscopic structure.-—The wall of the cesophagus (fig. 6) -
is composed of three layers—the epithelium, the muscle and
connective-tissue layer, and the ccelomic endothelium. The epi-
thelium consists of a layer of very long, slender, ciliated cells
with small nuclei at their bases. Lying between the ordinary
cells and opening on the surface are a great many long club-
shaped gland cells containing a granular material which is more
or less vacuolated. 'The submucous layer consists of a connective
tissue in which the muscle fibers are held. It varies in thickness
on account of the folding of the epithelium. The connective-
tissue cells are small with large nuclei and very long fibrous
outgrowths. In the inner part of this layer, muscle fibers of
VUl, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 257
various kinds are regularly scattered, becoming more compactly
arranged toward the outer surface. In the upper part of the
cesophagus, from which the figure is taken, the muscle is moder-
ately thick, but it gradually becomes thinner and less compact
toward the posterior end. The endothelium consists of irreg-
ular, rounded cells which are very indefinite and indistinct, and
seem to lie in a matrix of some kind. The basement membrane
is distinct.
The structure of the crop (fig. 7) differs considerably from
that of the esophagus. The folds of the mucous membrane
increase so greatly that the surface seems to be covered with
villi. The epithelium is of the pseudo-stratified columnar type,
ciliated in the anterior part. The nuclei of the cells present
a very peculiar arrangement of the chromatin. In the newly
formed cells lying near the base of the epithelial layer, the
chromatin is in the form of many small discrete granules which
do not appear to be connected by any chromatin network. As
the cells approach the surface of the epithelium, the number of
these granules decreases. Finally, near the surface the nuclei
of some cells are clear and apparently altogether lacking in
chromatin. Small droplets of mucin appear in a fairly regular
row just below the inner surface of the epithelium. The main
part of the villi consists of connective tissue. In the outer part
of the submucous layer is a thin layer of circular muscles, and
on the outside of this, particularly toward the posterior end,
is a thin layer of longitudinal fibers. The endothelium is more
regular than that of the cesophagus.
The walls of the midgut are much thinner than those of
either the cesophagus or crop. The projections of the mucous
membrane are in the form of low, parallel ridges running lon-
gitudinally, with a thin layer of epithelium and a very loose
connective-tissue layer. Here we have a definite sheet of lon-
gitudinal muscle fibers on the inside, but this has a thickness
of only 2 or 3 fibers, and outside of it is a thin layer of circular
muscles. In both the crop and the midgut the circular muscles
are scattered loosely in the connective tissue.
The walls of the first part of the intestine are very thin, but
have much the same general structure as the midgut. The sub-
mucous layer is very loose, so that in some places there seem
to be sinuses. The collateral intestine has thicker walls, but
they seem to be of the same general arrangement as the main
part of the intestine. The second part of the intestine has the
siphonal groove running its entire length to the rectum.
258 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Vascular and nervous systems.—These two systems of organs
do not require description as they agree very closely with the
ordinary forms.
Reproductive system.—In all the specimens which were dis-
sected, the nephridial sacs were full of spermatozoa or well-
developed eggs; also, in the stomata of the body wall numbers
of unripe eggs were often encountered, but although sections
were studied from almost every part of the body, including the
sheath of the nerve cord, the blood vessels, the body walls, and
the nephridial sacs, no traces of reproductive tissue of any kind
were discovered. Therefore, it seems probable that the forma-
tion of ova or spermatozoa must be limited to definite seasons.
From the finding of the partially developed eggs in the stomata,
it would seem probable that they are developed from the body
wall.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS THALASSEMA
Since the publication of Shipley’s paper on the revision of the
Echiuroidea in 1899, in which there is given a key to the genus
Thalassema and a brief outline of the characters of the then
known species, there has been no attempt to revise the genus
as a whole. In the meantime, the number of known species
assigned to this genus has increased from 22 to 35. Also, a
number of the species mentioned by him have been obtained
in new localities, and in some cases important details have been
added to the descriptions.
Shipley bases his classification, first, on the condition of the
longitudinal muscles of the dermal muscle layer and, secondly, on
the number of pairs of nephridia. In 1912, Spengel(43) provi-
sionally divides the group into 3 genera on the basis of the mi-
croscopic structure of the dermal muscle layer, without regard to
the number or arrangement of the nephridia. The characteris-
tics of these 3 genera have been stated already (page 252). In
regard to the first two genera, Thalassema and Listriolobus,
the comparison of the muscle layers of T. sorbillans at different
stages (page 244) seems to indicate that these two are too
closely related to be separated into distinct genera; the condition
found in the Listriolobus type—a thickening and thinning of
the muscular layer—seems to be brought about, from the form
in which the muscle is uniform in thickness, by a growth in
the regions of the bundles and a consequent pulling apart and
thinning of the interbundle region. In fact, in the 4 individuals
of T. sorbillans which were examined, all the stages from one
~_——" = |
anti a
Vl, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 259
with a slight thickening but an almost continuous and uniform
layer to a differentiation into distinct bundles may be seen. In
T. formosulum a condition midway between the two extremes
seems to exist. In the case of 7. griffini and of T. erythrogram-
mon of Riippell, if we study only that part of the dermal muscle
layer in which the bundles are seen, it would seem to be entirely
different from the other forms (figs. 3 and 4), and only a study
of the development of the species would show how this differ-
entiation has occurred. However, a glance at a section of the
body wall taken in the anterior terminal region (fig. 5), in which
the longitudinal muscle is continuous and uniform in thickness,
will cast grave doubts on the essential difference of this charac-
teristic also. From these facts it seems probable that with
more material at hand it would be possible to arrange a series
showing the gradual differentiation of the muscles from T.
neptuniti at one end to 7. griffini at the other.
Therefore, it does not seem advisable to take the dermal muscle
layer as the essential characteristic for a division of the group.
The other character suggested and used by Shipley in his key
to the species of Thalassema; that is, the number of pairs of
nephridia, seems then to be the most important and essential
ontogenetic character on which to base the larger divisions of
the group, going back as it does in the ontogeny of the group
to the disappearance of the segmentation. It seems probable
that the most primitive type in the group is that in which
3 or more pairs of nephridia are present; the greater number
of pairs, the more primitive the form. Undoubtedly, the sim-
plest forms in that group are those which have a continuous
and uniform longitudinal muscle layer. From this type the
differentiation of the nephridia occurs in two directions. First,
that in which more than 2 nephridia are developed in each
segment; as, for example, in T. elegans Ikeda. Secondly, that
in which the nephridia decrease in number to 2 pairs or 1 pair.
As proof of this, a note on the variation of the nephridia in
T. neptunit by Stewart(44) is of interest. He found, in dis-
secting some specimens of this species from Plymouth, 1 indi-
vidual in which a third unpaired nephridium was present, on
one side, midway between the first and second pairs. By taking
careful measurements on this abnormal individual and a number
of other normal specimens, he came to the conclusion that this
abnormal nephridium represented a segment, lying between the
2 segments which regularly bear the nephridia, from which in
normal individuals the original pair of nephridia has been lost.
1198372
260 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
From a study of the position of the nephridia of those forms
having only 1 pair of nephridia, it seems probable that that
pair represents the most anterior pair in those forms with 2
and 3 pairs and that in the differentiation from 3 pairs to 1,
first, the middle pair disappears and then the posterior pair.
Therefore, in this arrangement of the species of the group, it
has been divided; first, according to the number of nephridia
and, secondly, according to the arrangement of the muscles and
other less essential characters.
In examining the various species of Thalassema which have
been described, 1 species is found which varies from the Thal-
assema type in such essential characteristics that I propose to
make it the type of a new genus, and possibly it ought to be
made the type of a new family. This is the species described
by Ikeda(20) as T. txnoides. Its most striking character is
its enormous size, its total length being some 2 meters. On
taking its internal structure into account, there are two very
deep lying and essential differences from the Thalassema type.
They are: first, the number and arrangement of the nephridia
and, secondly, the position of the longitudinal muscle in the
dermal muscle layer. In all other species of Thalassema the
nephridia are always in pairs or paired groups, the greatest
number of pairs recorded being 4, in T. decameron Lanchester ;
and of paired groups, 8, in T. gogoshimense Ikeda.
In this form there are an enormous number of nephridia which
are not arranged in pairs, but are scattered irregularly on each
side of the nerve cord. Ikeda says:
They were never less than 200 in total number, and in certain individuals
I have estimated this to be nearly 400. Moreover, unlike all other known
Echiuroids, there is no indication of their segmental arrangement nor of
their strictly paired disposition. On the contrary, they occur densely and
irregularly crowded together in two longitudinal zones, one on each side
of the ventral nerve cord, beginning in front just behind the ventral hooks
and extending posteriorly to a length of 10 to 18 cm.
Also, there are no spirally twisted internal openings, but all
the nephridia end in a terminal funnel.
In all the Thalassema where descriptions of the dermal muscle
layer are given, the longitudinal muscle always is found lying
between the circular and oblique layers. In this species Ikeda
says that the muscle layers are as usual, but his figure of the
body wall shows that the thick longitudinal layer lies directly
under the corium and to the outside of both the circular and
oblique layers.
—_ ~~ a a
VII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 961
On account of these characters, I propose to erect the genus
Ikeda with the following characteristics:
Genus IKEDA novum
Nephridia, indefinite in number, not arranged in pairs, and
provided with terminal funnels; longitudinal muscle of the der-
mal musculature lying on the outside of the circular and oblique
layers. This genus at the present time includes only the type
species, Ikeda txnoides (Ikeda).
On account of the scattered condition of the literature on
Thalassema, it has seemed advisable to give as nearly as possible
a complete bibliography of each species of Thalassema, and this
has been added at the end of the key to the genera Thalassema
and Ikeda which follows.
Key to the genera Thalassema and Ikeda.
a‘. Gephyrea in which the nephridia are arranged in pairs. The longitudi-
nal muscle of the dermal muscle layer lies between the circular and
oblique layers. No posterior ring of setz.. Genus Thalassema Gaertner.
b*. Forms possessing 1 pair of nephridia.
c’. Longitudinal muscles continuous.
d', Nephridia without spirally coiled internal openings.
e’. Proboscis about as long as the body and forming a tube just
before it joins the body. Anal trees very short and trans-
parentolike: classiscc. ee eee ee ee T. diaphanes Sluiter.
e’. Proboscis small. Anal trees of moderate size with irregular
ROT AATI CH Spree ee ts MARLEE NE = ER Se ee ae T. faex Selenka.
*. Proboscis less than half the length of body. Anal trees bear
large funnels situated close together on long’ stalks.
T. owstoni Ikeda.
*. Proboscis about 4 length of body. Anal trees as long as body
with few short, ciliated funnels........................ T. fuscum Ikeda.
*. Proboscis trilobed at tip. Anal trees short and sac-like.
T. gigas Max Miiller.
*. Proboscis short. Anal trees short, with funnels on short stalks.
Anal trees attached to body by means of muscular filaments.
T. arcassonensis Cuenot.
d@. Nephridia with spirally coiled internal openings.
e’. Proboscis bilobed. Anal trees branched with funnels at tips of
Las}
iss)
dS
s
PrAn CHES a Soe Peres bese fe T. lankesteri Herdman.
c’. Longitudinal muscles forming bundles which may or may not be
separated.
da‘, i aba with spirally coiled internal openings.
. 10-11 muscle bundles. Proboscis about 4 the length of body.
T. hupferi Fischer.
6’. reo possessing 2 pairs of nephridia.
1. Longitudinal muscle continuous.
i a Length of proboscis 3 to 4 times the length of body when expanded.
T. neptunii Gaertner.
962 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
ad’. Proboscis 2 as long as body. Anal trees thin and brown and over
half astione as body: ee ee T. semoni Fischer.
ad’. Proboscis short. Anal trees short............ T. sabinum Lanchester.
c’. Longitudinal muscles forming bundles which may or may not be
separated by “intervals.”
da’. 7-8 muscle bundles. Proboscis 4 as long as body. Anal trees
broad.-and \sac-like:....-2.20-3)3 T. formosulum Lampert.
d@. 8 muscle bundles. Proboscis several times as long as the body.
T. mellita Conn.
ad. 8-10 muscle bundles. Anal trees small............ T. exilii Fr. Miller.
ad‘. 18 muscle bundles. Proboscis longer than body. Anal trees
short with simple diverticula, each ending in a funnel.
T. pellucidum Fischer.
@. 14 muscle bundles. Anal trees longer than half the body. Rectal
diverticulum! presentnssse cee eee T. manjuyodense Ikeda. |
d°. 17-19 muscle bundles. Proboscis shorter than body. Anal trees
long with short branching outgrowths............ T. baronii Greef.
b®. Forms possessing 3 pairs of nephridia. Always with spirally coiled —
internal openings.
c’. Anterior pair of nephridia opening in front of ventral sete.
da’. Longitudinal muscles continuous.
e’. Proboscis one-half as long as body. Anal trees long and brown
with few small funnels......_.........00-.2-:00000--- T. inanense Ikeda.
e’. Proboscis as long as body. Anal trees long and brown with
MICLOSCOPIC) FUNNEL Se eee eee eee T. moebii Greef.
d@. Longitudinal muscles forming bundles which may or may not be
separated by “intervals.” No interbasal muscle. Funnels of
anal trees always sessile.
'. 13 muscle bundles. Proboscis over 4 as long as body. Anal
trees long with microscopic funnels. Rectal diverticulum.
T. sorbillans Lampert.
*. 14 muscle bundles. Proboscis shorter than body. Anal trees
thin and brown. Rectal diverticulum. :
T. erythrogrammon Max Miller.
e*. 15-16 muscle bundles. Anal trees 4 as long as body with
prominent funnels! == T. stuhlmanii Fischer.
e*. 15-17 muscle bundles. Anal trees with numerous funnels. Rec-
talidiverticulum sss. 22s ieee ee T. leptodermon Fischer.
e*. 16-18 muscle bundles. Proboscis 4 as long as body. Anal trees
with long brown tubes.................c::csc--002 T. caudex Lampert.
e°. 17-18 muscle bundles. Proboscis short. Anal trees with well-
marked #funnelst2 2.3 ee ee T. kokotoniense Fischer.
e’. 17-18 muscle bundles. Proboscis 2 as long as body. Anal trees
2 length of body with small funnels. Rectal diverticulum.
T. griffini sp. nov.
ce’. All three pairs of nephridia open behind the ventral hooks. Longi-
tudinal muscle continuous.
d*. Proboscis absent (?). Anal trees thin, long, and brown.
T. vegrande Lampert.
@. Proboscis short. Anal trees 4 the length of body with small
funmielS) s.ccos)cesi tt oh ag ele: See eae T. mucosum Ikeda.
VIII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 263
b*. Forms possessing more than 3 pairs of nephridia.
ce’. 4 pairs of nephridia. Longitudinal muscle divided into 10 bundles.
T, decameron Lanchester.
c. Nephridia arranged in paired groups, each group containing a vary-
ing number of nephridia. Longitudinal muscle continuous.
da‘. 7 paired groups with 1-8 nephridia in each group.......... T. elegans
Ikeda.
@. Nephridia in female in 8 pairs. In male in 8 to 8 paired groups
with 1-4 nephridia in each group............ T. gogoshimense Ikeda.
‘a*. Gephyrea of unusually large size in which the nephridia are indefinite
in number, not arranged in pairs, and are provided with terminal
funnels. The longitudinal muscle of the dermal muscle layer lies on
the outside of the circular layer............ Genus Ikeda Wharton nov.
b'. Body length 40 cm. Proboscis length 150 cm., nephridia 200-400 in
number. Anal trees 6—7 cm. in length, fixed at the tip by a muscle,
and covered with tubules bearing funnels.... Ikeda tenoides (Ikeda).
Note. T. viridis Verrill, T. verrucosa Studer, and T. papillosum (Delle
Chiaje) have not been included in the key. The first two. because of the
indefiniteness of their descriptions, and the last because I have not seen the
description.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES
OF THALASSEMA GAERTNER AND IKEDA WHARTON
THALASSEMA Gaertner
1. Thalassema arcassonensis Cuenot.
CuENOT, Procés-verb. Soc. Bordeaux (1902), 6, 1-28. Locality: Ar-
chachon.
2. Thalassema baronii Greef.
GREEF, Nova Acta Acad. German. (1879), 41, pt. 2, 151; SELENKA,
Challenger Results (1885), 13, pt. 36, 8; SHIPLEY, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1899), 55; Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 345; LAn-
CHESTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1905), 34. Localities: Lazarote,
Canary Is. Bahia 7-20 fath., Christmas Is. Lifu, Loyalty Is.,
Zanzibar.
3. Thalassema caudex Lampert.
LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1888), 39, 340; SHIPLEY, Proc. Zool.
Soe. London (1894), 472; Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3,
846; SPENGEL, Verhandl. d. deutsch. zool. Ges. a. d. 120. Jahres-
vereins zu Halle (1912). Localities: Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Ro-
tuma.
4, Thalassema decameron Lanchester.
LANCHESTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1905), 35. Localities: Chewaka,
Zanzibar.
5. Thalassema diaphanes Sluiter.
SLuITeR, Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Ind. (1888), 48, 244; SHIPLEY,
Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 8, 8366 and 346; Fauna, etc., Mal-
dive & Laccadive Arch. (1902) 1, pt. 2, 128. Localities: Bay of
Batavia 110-12 fath., Pigion Island, New Britain, Hulule, Maldive
Is., Minikoi, Laccadive Is.
964. The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
6. Thalassema elegans Ikeda.
IKEDA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905), 20, 65; Journ. Col.
Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1907), 21, 47-55. Locality: Japan.
7. Thalassema erythrogrammon Max Miiller.
GREEF, Nova Acta Acad. German. (1879), 41, pt. 2, 147; Von
DRASCHE, Verh. Ges. Wien. (1881), 30, 624; StuiTer, Natuurk.
Tijdschr. v. Neder]. Ind. (1884), 43, 58; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool.
Results (1899), pt. 3, 347; Wiu~son, Biol. Bull. Woods Hole (1900),
1, 174; SHIPLEY, Fauna, etc., Maldive & Laccadive Arch. (1902),
1, pt: 2, 128; SPENGEL, Verhandl. d. deutsch. zool. Ges. a. d. 120.
Jahresvereins zu Halle (1912). Localities: Red Sea, Isle de Bour-
bon, Billiton, Malay Penin., China Strait, New Guinea, Hulule,
Maldive Islands, Bahamas, Florida.
8. Thalassema exilii Fr. Miiller.
LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1883), 39, 341; SHIPLEY, Willey’s
Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 347. Locality: Destino, in Brazil.
9. Thalassema faex Selenka.
SELENKA, Challenger Reports (1885), 13, 7; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool.
Results (1899), pt. 3,347. Locality: Off the coast of Norway.
10. Thalassema formosulum Lampert.
LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1883), 39, 339; SHIPLEY, Willey’s
Zool. Results (1889), pt. 3, 348. Localities: Cavite and Samar,
Philippines; Shanghai.
11. Thalassema fuscum Ikeda.
IkepA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905), 20, Act. 4, 69.
Locality: Japan.
12. Thalassema gigas Max Miller.
GREEF, Nova Acta Acad. German. (1879), 41, pt. 2, 149; SHIPLEY,
Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 348. Locality: Trieste.
13. Thalassema gogoshimense Ikeda.
IkeDA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905), 20, Act 4, 66.
Locality: Gogoshimense and Morioso, Japan.
14, Thalassema griffini Wharton, sp. nov.
Locality: Mindoro, Philippines.
15. Thalassema hupferi Fischer.
FiscHer, Abh. Ver. Hamburg (1895), 13, 20; SHipLEy, Willey’s Zool.
Results (1899), pt. 8, 8348. Locality: Nyango, W. Africa.
16. Thalassema inanense Ikeda.
IkEeDA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905), 20, Art. 4, 71.
Locality: Inanense, Japan. i
17. Thalassema kokotoniense Fischer.
FIscHER, Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensch. Anstalt (1891), 9, pt. 2, 82;
SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 349; IkepA, Journ.
Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905), 20, pt. 4, 60. Localities:
Kokotani, E. Africa; Blanche Bay, New Britain; Japan.
18. Thalassema lankesteri Herdman.
HERDYAN, Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. (1898), n. s. 40, 381; SHIPLEY,
Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 8, 349. Locality: Off the Isle of
Man; 50 fath.
VIII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 265
Ge
20.
ai.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Thalassema leptodermon Fischer.
FISscHER, Jahrb. Hamburg. Wissensch. Anstalt (1891), 9, pt. 2, 84,
1 pl.; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 8, 349. Locality:
Zanzibar, Bueni Riff.
Thalassema manjuyodense Ikeda.
IkepA, Ann. Zool. Japan (1903-06), 5, 172. Locality: Negros, Phil-
ippines.
Thalassema mellita Conn.
CoNN, Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. (1884-87), 3, 851; SurpLey, Willey’s
Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 850; Torrmy, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
(1908), 14, 165. Locality: Beaufort, North Carolina, U. S. A.
Thalassema moebii Greef.
GREEF, Nova Acta Acad. German. (1879), 40, pt. 2, 152; Von
DRASCHE, Verh. Ges. Wien (1881), 30, 621; FiscHER, Zool. Forsch-
ungsr. in Australien, etc., Semon (1896), 5, pt. 3, 388; SHIPLEY,
Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 8, 350; Fauna, ete., Maldive &
Laccadive Arch. (1902), 30, pt. 2, 129; LANCHESTER, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1905), 34. Localities: Mauritius, Amboina, Upolu,
Hulule, Minikoi, Zanzibar.
Thalassema mucosum Ikeda.
IKEDA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905) 20, Art. 4, 68.
Locality: Moroiso, Japan.
Thalassema neptunii Gaertner.
GREEF, Nova Acta Acad. German. (1879), 41, pt. 2, 145; LANKESTER,
Zool. Anzeiger (1881), 350; Camus, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest
France II (1892) ; SHipLrey, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 331;
JAMESON, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Anat. (1899), 12. Localities: English
Channel, South Irish Coast, Bay of Biscay.
Thalassema owstoni Ikeda.
IKEDA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905), 20, Art. 4, 62.
Locality: Uraga Channel, Japan. .
Thalassema papillosum (Delle Chiaje).
JAMESON, Mitth. a. d. zool. Stat. Neapel (1819), 13, 1899.
Thalassema pellucidum Fischer.
FiscHerR, Abh. Ver. Hamburg (1895), 13, 19; SuHipLey, Willey’s Zool.
Results (1899), pt. 8, 351. Locality: Whydah, W. Africa.
Thalassema sabinum Lanchester.
LANCHESTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1905), 40. Locality: Tale Sab,
Singora.
Thalassema semoni Fischer.
FiscHeER, Zool. Forschungsr. in Australien, etc., Semon (1896), 5, pt.
8, 388; SHIPLEY, Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 351; Fauna,
etc., Maldive & Laccadive Arch. (1902), 1, pt. 2, 129. Locality:
Amboina, Hulule, Maldive Is.
Thalassema sorbillans Lampert.
LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1883), 39, 340; SHIPLEY, Willey’s
Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 852. Locality: Philippines.
266; The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
31. Thalassema stuhlmanii Fischer.
FISCHER, Jahrb. Hamburg. wissensch. Anstalt (1891), 9, pt. 2, 82;
Abh. Ver. Hamburg (1895), 13, 20; SuHipLEy, Willey’s Zool. Results
(1899), pt. 3, 852. Localities: Zanzibar, Bueni Riff; Pangani, Ras.
Muhasa.
32. Thalassema vegrande Lampert. ;
LAMPERT, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1883), 39, 341; SHIPLEY, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1848), 472; Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3,
352; Fauna, etc., Maldive & Laccadive Arch. (1902), 1, pt. 2, 130.
Locality: Philippines, Rotuma, Hulule.
33. Thalassema verrucosa Studer.
Stuper, Arch. f. Naturg. (1879) 45, 124. Locality: Betsy Cove, Ker-
guelen.
34. Thalassema viridis Verrill.
VERRILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1879), 2, 188; SHIPLEY, Willey’s
Zool. Results (1899), pt. 8, 358. Locality: Off Head Harbor,
Campo Billo Is., U. S. A.
IKEDA Wharton, genus novum
35. Ikeda tenoides (Ikeda).
Thalassema tzxnoides IKEDA, Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1905),
20, Art. 4, 63; Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1907), 21, Art.
4, 16-47. Locality: Misiki Marine Laboratory, Corcan Strait, Gulf
of Tokyo, Japan.
LITERATURE ON THALASSEMA
(1) AucENER, H. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gephyreen nach Unter-
suchung der im Gottinger zoologischen Museum befindlichen Sipun-
culiden und HEchiuriden. Arch. f. Naturg. (1903), 69, 297-371.
(2) AUSTRALIAN Mussum, SypNEy. List of the Gephyrean worms of
Furafuti (1899), Memoir 3.
(3) BAND, W. Monograph of the species of worms belonging to the sub-
class Gephyrea. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1868), 77-114.
(4) Cou~tin, A. Gephyreen gesammelt von Herrn Oberstabsarzt Dr. Sander
anf der Reise S. M. S. Prinz Adalbert. Arch. f. Naturg. (1892),
58, 177-182, Pl. xi.
(5) Conn, H. W. Life history of Thalassema mellita. Stud. from the Biol.
Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. (1884-1887), 3.
(6) CuErN6t, L. Contributions & la fauna du bassin d’archachon (Hchi-
uriens et Sipunculiens). Procés-verb. Soc. Bordeaux (1902), 6,
1-28, 1 pl.
(7) EmBLeTon, ALicE L. On the structure and affinities of Hchiurus
uniunctus. Trans. Linn. Soc.-Zool. London (1900), II, 8, 77-97,
4 pls.
(8) Fischer, W. Ubhersicht der von Herrn Dr. Fr. Stuhlmann auf San-
sibar und ander gegentiberliegenden Festlandktiste gesammelte Ge-
phyreen. Jahrb. d. Hamburg. wissensch. Anstalt (1892), 9, 79-89.
(9) Ip—EM. Die Gephyreen des naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg.
Abh. a. d. Gebiete d. Naturwiss. (1895), 13.
(10) IpEm. Gephyreen. Hamburg. Magalhaensische Sammelreise. Ham-
burg (1896).
VII, D, 4 Wharton: Some Philippine Thalassemx 267
(11)
(12)
(18)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
IDEM. Gephyreen. Zool. Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem
Malayischen Archipel. Denkschriften d. med.-naturwis. Ges. Jena
(1896), 8, pt. 3, 837-39.
FORBES and Goopsir. Natural history of Thalassema and Echiurus.
Edinburgh. New Phil. Journ. (1841), 30.
GREEF. R. Die Echiurien (Gephyrea armata). Nova Acta Acad.
German. (1879), 40, pt. 2, 152.
IpEM. Uber den Bau der Echiurien. Sitzungsber. d. Ges. z. Beford.
d. gesamm. Naturw. z. Marburg. (1879).
IDEM. Uber die Organisation der Echiuriden. Sitzungsber. d. Ges. z.
Beford. d. gesamm. Naturw. z. Marburg (1874).
HATSCHEK, B. Uber Entwicklungsgeschichte von Echiurus und die
systematische Stellung der Echiuridae. Arb. a. d. zool. Station
Triste (1880), 3, 45-79, Pl. 4-6.
HERDMANN, W. Note on a new British Echiuroid Gephyrean with
a remark on the genera Thalassema and Hamingia. Quart. Journ.
Micros Sci. (1897), 40, 367.
IkepA, Iwast. Gephyreans collected by Prof. Dean at Marignyodi,
Southern Negros, P.I. Amnnot. Zool. Jap. Tokyo (1905), 5, 169-174.
Ip—EM. The Gephyrea of Japan. Journ. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo
(1905), 20, Art. 4.
IpEM. On three new and remarkable species of Echiuroids, Bonella
aiyajamai, Thalassema txnoides, and Thalassema elegans. Journ.
Col. Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo (1907), 21, Art. 8.
JAMESON, L. H. Contributions to the anatomy and histology of
Thalassema neptunit Gaertner. Zool. Jahrb. Jena, Abt. Anat.
(1899), 12, 585-556, pl. 28-30.
Ip—EM. Thalassema papillosum (Delle Chiaje). A forgotten Hchiu-
roid Gephyrean. Mitth. a. d. zool. Stat. Neapel (1899), 13.
LAMPERT, K. Uber einige neue Thalassema. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.
(1883), 39, 334.
LANCHESTER, W. F. I. Marine fauna of Zanzibar. Gephyrea. II.
Sipunculids and Echiuroids from the Skect expedition to the Malay
Peninsula. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1905), 28-41.
LANKESTER, R. On Thalassema neptunii G. Zool. Anz. Leipzig
(1881), 87, 350-356.
PoURTALES, L. Gephyreans of the Atlantic Coast of North America.
Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1851 (1852), 5, 39-42.
QUATREFAGES. Historie des Anneles (1865), 2.
REITSCH, M. Etudes sur les Gephyris armes ou Echiuriens. Thése
de doctorat, Paris (1886), and Recuil Zoologique Suisse (1886), 3.
RUPPELL et LEucKART. Atlas zu der Reise im Nordlichen Afrika.
Zoologie (1828), Pl. 2. .
SELENKA, Emin. Challenger Report on Gephyrea (1885), 138, pt. 2,
1-25, 4 pls. |
Suiptey, A. E. Gephyrea. The Cambridge Natural History (1896),
2, 411-449, 25 figs.
Ip—EM. A report on the Gephyrea collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gar-
diner at Rotuma and Funafuti. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1898),
468.
268
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
The Philippine Journal of Science ~- 1913
IprEM. Notes on a collection of Gephyrean worms found at Christmas
Island by Mr. C. W. Andrews. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1899),
35-41.
IpemM. On a collection of Hchiuroids from the Loyalty Islands, ete.
Willey’s Zool. Results (1899), pt. 3, 335-355, 2 pl.
IpEM. Fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archi-
pelagoes. Hchiuroidea (1902), 1, pt. 2, 127-130, 1 pl.
Skorikoy, A. Gephyrea aus der zoologischen Ausbeute des EHisbre-
chers “Ermak” im Sommer 1901. Annuaire Mus. St. Petersb.
(1908), 8, 274.
SLUITER, C. Beitrage z. Kenntnis der Gephyreen aus dem Malay-
ischen Archipel. Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Ind. (1881), 41, 495.
IpEM. Die Evetebraten aus der Sammlung des koniglichen natur-
wissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niederlandisch Indien in Batavia.
Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Ind. (1890), 50, 102-125, 2 pls.
IpEM. Gephyreens provenant des campagnes de l’Hirondelle et de la
Princesse Alice 1886-97. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques
accomplies sur son yacht pu Albert I. Prince de Monaco (1900),
15, 30.
IpEM. Gephyriens provenant des campagnes de la Princesse Alice,
1898-1910. Jbid. (1912), 36.
IpEM. Die Sipuneuloiden und Echiuroiden der Siboga Expedition,
nebst Zusammenstellung der tiberdies aus dem Indischen Archipel
bekannten Arten. Siboga Expedition, Monographie (1902), 25,
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des Kopflappens der armaten Gephyreen. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.
(1912), 101, 342-384.
Ip—EM. Uber den Hautmuskelschlauch gewisser Thalassema-Arten
und seine Bedeutung fiir die Systematik dieser Tiere. Verhandl.
d. deutsch. Zool. Ges. a. d. 120. Jahresvereins zu Halle (1912),
309-17.
Stewart, F. W. Note on the variation of the number of genital
pouches in Thalassema neptunii. Ann. Nat. Hist. (1900), 5,
218-219.
StupErR. Arch. f. Naturg. (1879), 45, 124.
TORREY, J. C. The cell lineage of the mesoblast bands and mesen-
chyme in Thalassema. Science (1902), 15, 576.
IpEM. Early development of the mesoblast in Thalassema. Anat.
Anzeig. (1902), 21, 247-256.
Ip—Em. Eggs of Thalassema from Beaufort, N.C. Annals N. Y. HOES
(1902), 14, 187.
Von DRASCHE. Uber eine neve HEchiurus-Art aus Japan, etc. Ver-
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Witson, E. B. Our North American Echiuroids. A contribution
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ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE I
Fic. 1. Abnormal crop of Thalassema sorbillans Lampert.
HMHOotry
9 ZBMrAS
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE I
Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford. Forewing.
Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford. Forewing.
Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford. Apex of left antenna.
Epipsylla pulchra Crawford. Male claspers, rear view.
Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford. Head and prothorax, lateral view.
Euphalerus nigrivittatus Crawford. Forewing.
Epipsylla pulchra Crawford. Forewing.
Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford. Head, front view.
Dynopsylia cornuta Crawford. Tip of hind tibia and basal tarsal
segment.
Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford. Head, front view.
Epipsylla pulchra Crawford. Male genitalia, lateral view.
Euphalerus nigrivittatus Crawford. Head, dorsal view.
Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford. Male genitalia, lateral view.
Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford. Head and prothorax, lateral
view.
Epipsylla pulchra Crawford. Head, lateral view.
TEXT FIGURE
Fig. 1. Paurocephala psylloptera Crawford. A, head, front view; B, male
genitalia; C, forewing.
301
SAS "hale 6
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CRAWFORD: NEW PSYLLIDA. | [Puim. Journ. Scr., Vou. VIII, D, No. 4.
PLATE I. DETAILS OF NEW PHILIPPINE PSYLLIDA.
ZWEI NEVE PHILIPPINISCHE CLERIDEN
Von SIGMUND SCHENKLING
(Berlin-Dahlem)
Callimerus schultzei sp. nov.
Niger, supra densissime albo- vel ochraceo-squamosus, ore,
antennis pedibusque albis, prothoracis linea mediana elytrorum-
que limbo et lineis tribus curvatis denudatis.
Long. 6-6.5 mm.
LUZON, Benguet, Baguio (Charles S. Banks).
Typus No. 1598 in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bu-
reau of Science, Manila.
Cotypen (No. 1392, Negros Occ., Bago; Charles S. Banks) im
Deutschen Entomologischen Museum zu Berlin-Dahlem.
- Gehort in die Gruppe C. gratiosus-pulchellus, die gleichfalls
auf den Philippinen vorkommen und bei denen die Oberseite
ebenfalls sehr dicht beschuppt und ausserdem dicht behaart ist.
Bei frischen, unabgeriebenen Stiicken ist der Kopf ganz dicht
beschuppt, auf dem Halsschild scheint aber die Langsmitte stets
unbeschuppt zu sein. Auf den Fliigeldecken sind ausser Naht
und Rand 3 gebogene Querlinien kahl und daher schwarz, nam-
lich: eine hufeisenférmige Binde (Offnung nach der Basis der
Fliigeldecken) im vorderen Fiinftel, die Basis nicht erreichend;
eine kurze, ziemlich breite Querbinde dicht hinter der Mitte,
die nicht ganz bis zur Lingsmittellinie der Fliigeldecken reicht
und hier in eine halbmondformig gekriimmte Binde tibergeht,
deren Enden die Naht nicht erreichen und deren vorderer Arm
etwas linger ist als der hintere; endlich eine Querbinde im
hinteren Fiinftel, die die Naht gleichfalls nicht erreicht; alle 3
Binden stehen mit dem kahlen Seitenrande in Verbindung. Die
Fliigeldecken lassen auf den kahlen Stellen eine dichte, ziem-
lich grobe Punktierung erkennen. Brust und Hinterleib an den
Seiten dicht weiss oder gelblich beschuppt. Beine lang, hell
behaart.
Ich widme diese Art freundschaftlich Herrn W. Schultze,
Assistent fiir Entomologie am Bureau of Science in Manila.
303
804 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Dasyceroclerus banksi sp. nov.
Flavo-brunneus, supra longe nigro et albo setosus, antennis
brunneis, articulis duobus flavis, elytris seriatim punctatis, flavis,
humeris fasciisque duabus, e maculis longitudinalibus compositis,
nigris vel brunneis, pedibus albis, femorum apice, tibiarum ante-
riorum annulo tarsisque brunneis vel nigris.
Long. 6—7 mm.
PALAWAN, Bacuit (C. M. Weber).
Typus No. 12364 in der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bu-
reau of Science, Manila. ;
Cotypen im Deutschen Entomologischen Museum zu Berlin-
Dahlem.
Unter der Artengruppe, deren Mittelschienen auf der Mitte
dunkel geringt sind, leicht an der Farbung kenntlich. Die
Glieder der dunkeln, aber meist durchscheinenden Fiihler diinn,
fast parallel, einzeln lang behaart, das Endglied allmahlich zu
einer stumpfen Spitze verschmdlert, 14 mal so lang als das
vorhergehende. Die gange Oberseite mit aufgerichteten langen
schwarzen, an den Korperseiten weissen Borsten. Halsschild
oben ziemlich gleichmassig gewdlbt, braungelb, kurz dicht
graugelb behaart, auf den in der Mitte gerundet erweiterten
Seiten mit einem Griibchen. Fliigeldecken vor der Mitte etwas
eingedriickt, mit regelmassigen Reihen ziemlich feiner Punkte,
die Punktierung hinter der Mitte mehr einzeln und zuletzt erlo-
schend. Die am Ende zugespitzten Fliigeldecken sind braun-
gelb und wie der Halsschild dicht kurz gelblich behaart, die
Schultern (mitunter der halbe Basalrand) und zwei aus Langs-
flecken zusammengesetzte Querbinden hinter der Mitte schwarz
oder braun, zuweilen auch ein runder Fleck hinter dem Schild-
chen jederseits der Naht schwarz. Unterseite braungelb, Brust
schwarzlich. Beine weissgelb, die Schenkelspitze, ein Ring auf
der Mitte der Vorder- und Mittelschienen und die Tarsen dunkel.
Herrn Charles S. Banks, Entomologist des Bureau of Science,
Manila, gewidmet. ;
STUDIES IN PHILIPPINE DIPTERA, I *
By M. BrEzz1
(Turin, Italy)
An extended series of studies on Philippine Diptera has been
made possible by copious material furnished by Professor C. F.
Baker, nearly all which has been taken in the vicinity of Los
Banos, Laguna Province, Philippine Islands, by Julian Valdez y
- Hernandez, Professor Baker’s Cuban collector.
It seems advisable to preface this series of papers with an
enumeration of the species of Diptera hitherto known from the
Philippine Islands. In his paper of 1882 Osten Sacken : brought
together all that was then known of the Diptera of the Islands,
and added much to the then scant knowledge of this region. The
collection studied by him contained about 250 species, only a few
of them described. Formerly this collection was in Turin in the
hands of the late Professor L. Bellardi. In the Bellardi collection,
now in the University Museum, some of this Philippine material
is yet to be found. In the general work of 1895 by Elera?
nothing is added to the Diptera; and but few species, except in
one family, have been added subsequently by Brues, Ricardo,
and Speiser. In one family, the Culicidee, numbers of species
have been described by Giles, Ludlow, C. S. Banks, and Knab.
CATALOGUE OF THE DIPTERA HITHERTO RECORDED FROM THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
BIBIONIDZ °
Plecia fulvicollis Fabr. 1805.
TENDIPEDIDZ (CHIRONOMIDA)
Tendipes trochanteratus Thoms. 1869. Pelopia manilensis Schin. 1868.
* Proof read by C. F. Baker.
? Diptera from the Philippine Islands brought home by Dr. Carl Semper.
Berl. ent. Zeitschr. (1882), 26, 88-120 and 187-252,
2 See the account by Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. (1904), 12, 58-59.
® Osten Sacken records also an undetermined Lycoria (Sciara).
305
306 The Philippine Journal of Science ‘Sis
CULICIDA&
ANOPHELIN 2
Anopheles pallidus Ludl. 1905.
Anopheles formosus Ludl. 1909.
Myzorhynchus pseudobarbirostris
Ludl. 1902.
Myzorhynchus barbirostris Wulp.
1884.
Myzorhynchus sinensis Wied. 1828.
Myzorhynchus vanus Wulp. 1860.
Myzorhynchus ? megregori Banks
1909.
Myzomyia rossi Giles 1899.
Myzomyia rossi indefinata Ludl.
1904.
Myzomyia rossi mangyana Banks
1906.
Myzomyia ludlowtt Theob. 1903.
Myzomyia thorntoni Ludl. 1904.
Myzomyia ? funestus Giles 1900.
Nyssorhynchus theobaldi Giles 1901.
Nyssorhynchus fuliginosus Giles
1901.
Nyssorhynchus philippinensis Ludl.
1902.
Nyssorhynchus freere Banks 1906.
Nyssorhynchus lineatus Ludl. 1908.
Nyssorhynchus stephensi Liston
1901.
Nyssorhynchus flavus Ludl. 1908.
Nyssorhynchus ? kochti Don. 1901. _
MEGARHININA:
Toxorhynchites lewaldiui Ludl. 1904.
Toxorhynchites argenteotarsis Ludl.
1906.
Toxorhynchites (Worcesteria) gra-
tus Banks 1906.
CULICIN 44
Banksinella luteolateralis Theob.
1901.
Stegomyia fasciata Fabr. 1805.
Stegomyia fasciata persistans Banks
1908.
Stegomyia scutellaris Walk. 1859.
Stegomyia amesii Ludl. 1903.
Stegomyia aurostriata Banks 1906.
Stegomyia punctolateralis Theob.
1908.
Stegomyia crassipes Wulp. 1892.
Stegomyia leucomeres Giles 1904.
Stegomyia striocrura Giles 1904.
Stegomyia desmotes Giles 1904.
Stegomyia nigritia Ludl. 1910.
Stegomyia quasinigritia Ludl. 1911.
Kingia gregoryi Ludl.
Blanchardiomyia obturbans Walk.
1860.
Blanchardiomyia fusca Theob. 1908.
Blanchardiomyia joloensis Ludl. 1904.
Blanchardiomyia panalectoros Giles
1901.°
Howardina (Scutomyia) nivea Ludl.
1908. ;
Howardina (Scutomyia) samarensis
Ludl. 1903.
Quasistegomyia gardnerti Ludl. 1905.
Neomacleaya indica Theob. 1907.
Popea lutea Ludl. 1905.
Hulecoeteomyia pseudoteniata Giles
1901.
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) poicilia The-
ob. 1903.
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) flavipennis
Giles 1904.
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) melanoptera
Giles 1906.
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) aranetana
Banks.
Ochlerotatus (Reedomyia) pampan-
gensis Ludl. 1906.
“There is also recorded Mucidus mucidus Karsch, which, however, seems
doubtful.
°Grabhamia spenceri is a North American species.
VIll, D, 4
Ochlerotatus (Reedomyia) niveoscu-
tellata Theob.
Ochlerotatus (Pecomyia) ceca Theob.
1901.
Ochlerotatus (Pseudoskusea) nigri-
tarsis Ludl. 1908.
Ochlerotatus (Duttonia) alboannulis
Ludl. 1911.
Mansonioides uniformis Theob. 1901.
Mansonioides chrysogona Knab. 1909.
Mansonioides annulipes Walk. 1857.
Mansonioides annulifera Theob. 1901.
Etorleptiomyia luzonensis Ludl. 1905.
Aedomyia catasticta Knab 1909
(squammipenna Arrib.).
Teniorhynchus argenteus Ludl.
1905.
Tzniorhynchus lineatopennis Ludl.
1905.
Tzxniorhynchus
Ludl. 1909.
Tzniorhynchus ager Giles 1901.
Tzniorhynchus pagei Ludl. 1910.
Chrysoconops aurites Theob. 1901.
Chrysoconops conopus Frauenf. 1867.
aureosquamatus
Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I
307
Culex rubrithorax Meig. 1850.
Culex argentinotus Banks 1909.
Culex taytayensis Banks 1909.
Culex auropunctis Ludl. 1910.
Culex fatigans Wied. 1828.
Culex concolor Desv. 1825.
Culex tigripes Grandpr. 1900.
Culex fragilis Ludl. 1908.
Culex rizali Banks 1906.
Theobaldiomyia gelida Theob. 1901.
Theobaldiomyia gelida var. cuneata
Theob. 1901.
Theobaldiomyia whitmorei Giles 1904.
Oculiomyia fulleri Ludl. 1909.
Pardomyia quadripunctis Ludl. 1910.
Hodgesia niveocapitis Ludl. 1911.
Mimomyia (Ludlowia) chamberlainii
Ludl. 1904.
Mimomyia (Ludlowia) minima Ludl.
1907.
Uranotznia falcipes Banks 1906.
Uranotznia lateralis Ludl. 1905.
Uranotznia ceruleocephala Theoh.
1901.
Uranotznia powelli Ludl. 1909.
Culex microannulatus Theob. 1901. Uranotznia ? philippinensis Giles
Culex vishnui Theob. 1908. 1904.
Culex sitiens Wied. 1828. Pseudouranotenia parangensis Ludl.
Culex impellens Walk. 1860. 1908.
Culex ludlowi Blanch. 1905 (annul- Pseudouranotenia triangulata Ludl.
iferus Ludl.). 1908.
Culex alis Theob. 1903. Anisocheleomyia albitarsis Ludl.
Culex annulioris Theob. 1901. 1905.
Culex hirsutus Theob. 1901. Harpagomyia ceruleovittata Ludl.
Culex vagans Wied. 1828. 1905.
SABETHIN 4
Wyeomyia nepenthicola Banks.
? Dendromyia scintillans Ludl. 1904.
CHAOBORIN 4
Chaoborus manilensis Schin. 1868.
TIPULIDA&
Dicranomyia saltans Dol. 1857.
Libnotes semperi O. S. 1882.
Libnotes termitina O. S. 1882.
Libnotes familiaris O. S. 1882.
Mongoma tenera O. S. 1882.
Eriocera perennis O. S. 1882.
Eriocera mansueta O. S. 1882.
119837——5
' Tipula pedata Wied. 1821.
Pachyrrhina luconica O. S. 1882.
Pachyrrhina ortiva O. S. 1882.
Pselliophora suspirans O. S. 1882.
Pselliophora idalia O. S. 1882.
Pselliophora doleus O. S. 1882.
Scamboneura dotata O. S. 1882.
808 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
STRATIOMYIDA&
Artemita azurea Gerst. 1857. Musama ? paupera Walk. 1864.
Ptilocera amethystina Vollen. 1857. Nemotelus albiventris Thoms. 1869.
Ptilocera smaragdina Walk. 1849. Eulalia claripennis Thoms. 1869.
Tinda indica Walk. 1851 (bispinosa Hulalia ochropa Thoms. 1869."
Thoms. 1869). Microchrysa flaviventris Wied. 1824
Rosapha bicolor Big. 1877.° (annulipes Thoms. 1869).
Negritomyia maculipennis Macq.
1849.
TABANIDZE
Chrysops cincta Big. 1892. Tabanus ixion O. S. 1882.
Chrysops dispar Fabr. 1798. Tabanus vanderwulpi O. S. 1882.
Chrysops manilensis Schin. 1868. Tabanus striatus Fabr. 1794 (mani-
Chrysops signifer Walk. 1861. lensis Schin. 1868).
Chrysozona lunulata Macq. 1867. Tabanus factiosus Walk. 1860."
? Diachlorus flavipennis Macq. 1850.
RHAGIONIDA
Atherix limbata O. S. 1882. Chrysopilus correctus O. S.°
Chrysopilus ferruginosus Wied.
ASILIDA&
Leptogaster princeps O. S. 1882. Promachus forcipatus Schin. 1868.
Stichopogon peregrinus O. S. 1882. Promachus maculosus Macq. 1884.
Damalina cyanella O. S. 1882. Promachus manillensis Macq. 1838.
Damalina semperi O. S. 1882. Promachus varipes Macq. 1838.
Damalis immeritus O. S. 1882. Philodicus integer Macq. 1846.
Damalis vitripennis O. S. 1882. Philodicus longipes Schin. 1868.
Damalis nigellus Wulp. 1872. Philodicus albispina Thoms. 1869.
Laphria dimidiata Macq. 1846. Neoitamus ? longistylus Wied. 1828.
Laphria partita Walk. 1857. Ommatius chinensis Fabr. 1794.
Laphria phalaris O. S. 1882. Ommatius nanus Walk. 1851.
Laphria pseudolus O. S. 1882. Ommatius retrahens Walk. 1859.”
Laphria scapularis Wied. 1828. Emphysomera aliena O. S. 1882.
*The species, R. habilis Walk. 1860, was given by Kertesz, Cat. Dipt.
(1908), 3, 8, as from the Philippine Islands, but this error is corrected in
Amn. Mus. nation. Hung. (1909), 379.
"Osten Sacken also records some unnamed species of Geosargus and
Ptecticus.
* Osten Sacken also records 1 Chrysozona and 10 undetermined species of
Tabanus.
° Osten Sacken mentions 3 undetermined species of Chrysopilus.
* Osten Sacken records also undetermined species of Leptogaster, Da-
malis, Matra, Laphria (7), Promachus (3), Ommatius (6), Asilus (12),
and Proctacanthus. Macquart has erroneously recorded Microstylum dux
Wied. and Hoplistomerus serripes Fabr.
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 809
BOMBYLIDZ&
Hyperalonia oenomaus Rond. 1875. Hyperalonia umbrifera Walk. 1849.
Hyperalonia flaviventris Dol. 1857. Anthrax distigma Wied. 1828."
THEREVIDA
Psilocephala lateralis Esch. 1822.
EMPIDID4®
Elaphropeza exul O. S. 1882."
DOLICHOPODIDA&
Agonosoma vittatum Wied. 1819. Diaphorus aeneus Dol. 1856.
Agonosoma crinicorne Wied. 1874. Diaphorus maurus O. S. 1882.”
SYRPHIDA&
Asarcina aegrota Fabr. 1805. Eristalis plistoanax Walk. 1849.
Asarcina consequens Walk. 1856. Megaspis errans Fabr. 1787.
Baccha pedicellata Dol. 1856. Axona chalcopyga Wied. 1830.
Graptomyza literata O. S. 1882. Tubifera celeber O. S. 1882.
Graptomyza microdon O. S. 1882. Milesia bigott O. S. 1882.
Eristalis agyrus Walk. 1849. Milesia ritsemae O. S. 1882.
Eristalis babytace Walk. 1849. Milesia semperi O. S. 1882."
PHORIDAE
Aphiochaeta banksi Brues 1909. Aphiochaeta curtineura Brues 1909."
TACHINIDA
Scopolia spinicosta Thoms. 1869. Stomatorrhina lateralis Wulp. 1881.
Rutilia dubia Macq. 1843. Cosmina prolata Walk. 1860.
Sarcophaga frontalis Thoms. 1869. Phumosia abdominalis R. D. 1830.
Sarcophaga spininervis Thoms 1869. Lucilia tagaliana Big. 1877.
Sarcophaga brevis Walk. 1864. Lucilia philippinensis Macq. 1843.
Sarcophaga sericeonitens Walk. 1861. Lucilia fortunata Walk. 1860.
Rhynchomyia indica Rond. 1875. Lucilia ditissima Walk. 1861.
Stomatorrhina muscina Rond. 1875. Chrysomya dux Esch. 1822."
“Osten Sacken records a Hyperalonia near Tantalus and an undeter-
mined Anthrax.
* Osten Sacken has also a Noeza sp.
* Osten Sacken records an undetermined Agonosoma and a Diaphorus.
“Osten Sacken records some undetermined species of Syrphus (2),
Sphaerophoria, Baccha (2), Neosseia, Graptomyza, Eristalis (3), Tubifera,
and a Milesia near conspicienda Walk.
* Osten Sacken records an undetermined species of Phora and a species
of Dorylas (Pipunculus).
** Osten Sacken records also some undetermined species of Dexia, Pros-
ena, Masicera, Miltogramma, etc.
310 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
MUSCID An
Musca conducens Walk. 1860.
Musca niveisquama Thoms. 1869.
Musca bivittata Thoms. 1869.
Musca favillacea Walk.
Anthomyia manillensis Frauenf.
1867.
Lispa grandis Thoms. 1869.”
Coenosia picicrus Thoms. 1869.
SCIOMYZIDA
Sepedon javanensis R. D. 1880.
CELYPHIDAs#
Celyphus obtectus Dalm.
Celyphus scutatus Wied. 1830.
Celyphus levis Wulp. 1881.
LAUXANIIDA
Lauxania latifrons Thoms. 1869.”
LONCHAEIDA®
Lonchaea punctipennis Walk. 1860.
ORTALIDA
Scholastes cinctus Gueér. 1830.
Lamprogaster placida Walk. 1849.
Notopsila sexpunctata O. S. 1882.
Notopsila curta O. S. 1882.
Rivellia fusca Thoms. 1869.
Pseudepicausta chalybea Dol. 1859.
Plagiostenopterina aenea Wied. 18238.
(abrupta Thoms.).
Antineura stolata O. S. 1882.
Antineura sericata O. S. 1882.
Philocompus cupidus O. S. 1882.
Aenaspis polistes O. S. 1882.
Plagiostenopterina calcarata Macq. Naupoda platessa O. S. 1882.”
1843.
Plagiostenopterina trivittata Walk.
1849.
TRYPANEIDA
Chaetodacus ferrugineus Fabr. 1794. Ptilona brevicornis Wulp. 1880.
Chaetodacus icarus O. S. 1882.
Adrama determinata Walk. 1857.
Enicoptera proditrix O. S. 1882.
Gastrozona cassandra O. S. 1882.
Acanthoneura maculipennis Westw.
1848.
Acanthoneura alcestis O. S. 1882.
Rioxa lanceolata Walk. 1857.
Rioxa manto O. S. 1882.
Spheniscomyia sexmaculata Macq.
1843 (melaleuca Walk.).
Acidia fossata Fabr. 1805 (elimia
Walk.).
“Acinia’” stellata Macq. 1843.”
DIOPSIDAh
Diopsis subnotata Westw. 1848.
Teleopsis belzebuth Big. 1874.
Teleopsis motatrix O. S. 1882.
Teleopsis selecta O. S. 1882.
Sphyracephala cothurnata Big. 1874.
* Osten Sacken mentions an undetermined species of Lispa.
* Osten Sacken records also 10 undetermined species of Sapromyza.
* Osten Sacken mentions an undetermined Lamprogaster.
** Osten Sacken records also a Rioxa and a Tephritis.
a
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 311
SEPSIDA®
Sepsis revocans Walk 1860. Sepsis linearis Walk. 1849.”
TYLIDA
Taeniaptera chrysopleura O. S. 1882. Hurybata hexopla O. S. 1882.
Taeniaptera galbula O. S. 1882. Eurybata semilauta O. S. 1882.
Taeniaptera nigripes Wulp. 1881. Telostylus maccus O. S. 1882.
Taeniaptera monedula O. S. 1882. Gymnonerius duplicatus Wied. 1830.
Taeniaptera coarctata Walk. 1861. Gymnonerius fuscus Wied. 1824.
Trepidaria territa O. S. 1882.
PSILIDAL
‘Chyliza selecta O. S. 1882.
CHLOROPID As
Chlorops vittipennis Thoms. 1869. Gaurax dimorphus O. S. 1887.
EPHYDRIDA®
Dryxo digna O. S. 1882. Discomyza obscurata Walk. 1860.
Dryxo spreta O. S. 1882. Ephydra pleuralis Thoms. 1869.”
Notiphila sternalis Thoms. 1869.
DROSOPHILIDA
Drosophila ananassae Dol. 1859. Drosophila hypocausta O. S. 1882.
GEOMYZIDA
Cyrtonotum arcuatum O. S. 1882.
HIPPOBOSCIDAi
Ornithoctona nigricans Leach (bat- Myiophthiria reduvioides Rond. 1878
chiana Walk.). (capsoides Rond.).”
Olfersia nigrita Speis. 1905.
Total, 283 species.
FIRST CENTURY OF THE BAKER COLLECTION
The types of the new species here described are to be found
in the collection of Prof. C. F. Baker, and cotypes, so far as
specimens were available, in my collection.
1. Evaza bipars Walk. 1857.
A rare species, previously known only from Borneo, New
Guinea, and New South Wales.
™ Osten Sacken has 2 other species determined as Sepsis testaceus and
S. basifera, by Walker.
* Osten Sacken records also a Paralimna sp.
* Cyclopodia dubia Westw., recorded by Walker, belongs to some other
species.
312 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
2. Ptilocera smaragdina Walk. 1849.
I think that Osten Sacken’s specimens are identical with these.
3. Rosapha bicolor Big. 1877.
An endemic and very characteristic species.
4, Negritomyia maculipennis Macq. 1849.
A common species, widely spread over the Malayan Archipel-
ago and New Guinea.
5. Microchrysa flaviventris Wied. 1824.
Common throughout the whole Oriental Region, and found
also in New Guinea.
6. Solva flavipes Dol. 1858.
Described from Amboina and recorded also from New Guinea.
In our specimens the antennz are yellow at the base, and the
dark abdominal spots are almost fused together, forming a
longitudinal stripe.
7. Solva vittipes nom. nov. (vittata Dol., 1858, not of Walker,
1837.)
Very distinct by the black longitudinal stripe on the underside
of the hind femora. The abdomen is sometimes entirely black.
The wings are wholly hyaline, not infuscated at the tip; the
coxe, however, are yellow, and the stripe of the femora is com-
plete, differing therefore from the recently described S. javana
Meij. of Java.
8. Chrysops signifer Walk. 1861.
Previously known from Batchian and Borneo.
9. Tabanus rubidus Wied. 1821.
Recorded from India, Java, and Sumatra. The single speci-
men examined shows the pattern of the abdomen as described
by Schiner for his 7. manilensis; but in regard to the form of
the frontal callus, I think that Ricardo is right in considering
the latter species as synonymous with the following. |
10. Tabanus striatus Fabr. 1794.
Common over all the Oriental Region. Both sexes are rep-
resented in the collection, the males being the more numerous.
11. Chrysopilus ferruginosus Wied. 1879.
A common oriental species. Our specimens correspond very
well with others formerly received from Formosa.
iz
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 313
12. Chrysopilus correctus O. S. 1882.
A very distinct endemic species.
13. Laphria dimidiata Macq. 1846.
Widely spread over the Malayan Archipelago.
14. Philodicus longipes Schin. 1868.
An endemic species. I think it very probable that Hrax
integer Macq., 1846, is the same species.
15. Ommatius chinensis Fabr. 1794.
This is O. fulvidus of Osten Sacken’s paper, a common species
in the Oriental Region.
16.. Emphysomera aliena O. S. 1882.
An endemic species.
17. Systrophus sphecoides Walk. 1860.
We have a single specimen which corresponds well enough
with the description of this species. Previously known only
from Celebes and Macassar.
Thorax entirely black, with a yellow vertical stripe from the
humeri to the front coxz which are black; metasternum distinctly
bluish, with many transverse furrows. Front legs almost en-
tirely yellow, only the femora brownish below, and the last
tarsal joints dark.
18. Agonosoma vittatum Wied. 1819.
A beautiful species, widely spread over the Oriental Region.
19. Paragus serratus Fab. 1805.
Common in the Oriental (and also in the Ethiopian) Region,
and also known from Formosa.
20. Melanostoma planifacies Macq. 1848.
A true Melanostoma, very distinct by the form of the face
as described by de Meijere. Previously known only from Java.
The previously unknown male has the abdomen entirely yellow,
with very narrow black lines at the hind margins of the seg-
ments; genitalia of greater size, black, placed asymmetrically, the
strong yellow penis prominent below. Legs entirely yellow.
21. Asarcina egrota Fabr. 1805.
A common oriental species, known also from Formosa. Sack
places it in the genus Didea, but it seems better to allow it to
remain in the present genus, on account of the form of the
oral opening, of the position of the ocelli, and of the presence
814 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
of a very distinct thoracic collar. The species is wanting in the
synopses given by me in my papers on the genus, but it is
easily known from any other by the broad blackish band on the
wings.
22. Syrphus nectarinus Wied. 1830.
This species is only an oriental variety of the common S.
balteatus DeG.
23. Baccha pulchrifrons Aust. 1893.
A distinct species previously known only from Ceylon and
Java.
24, Baccha purpuricolor Walk. 1859.
Seems to be a common species. Known before from Key
Island and Mysol. =
25. Graptomyza brevirostris Wied. 1820.
Formerly known from Java and the Nicobar Islands. A well
differentiated species, new for the Philippines.
26. Megaspis errans Farb. 1787.
A common species in the Oriental Region.
27. Syritta orientalis Macq. 1842.
Formerly known only from India and Java.
28. Eumerus flavicinctus Meij.
Described from Java. Easily distinguished by the yellow
scutellar margin. It seems to me very probable that HL. figurans
Walk. from Celebes is the same species.
29. Eumerus bimaculatus Dol. 1858.
A species described from Amboina, well distinguished by the
coloration of the abdomen. The enigmatical Citibaeus aurata
Walk. from Borneo seems to be an allied form.
30. Prosena pectoralis Walk.
Seems to be a common species. Formerly recorded only from
New Guinea.
31. Stilbomyia fulgida Big. 1859.
A very fine species, originally from Celebes, and new to the
Philippines. From Formosa I have received the allied S. fus-
cipennis Fabr.
32. Lucilia fortunata Walk. 1860.
Corresponds very well with the description of the type from
Celebes, and is a true Lucilia.
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 315
33. Pseudopyrellia lauta Wied. 1830.
Described from Java and common in the Oriental Region.
34. Stomoxys calcitrans L. 1758.
A specimen from the Philippines is identical with others from
Europe. Very common.
35. Lispa pectinipes Beck.
Our specimens agree with cotypes from Cairo in my collection.
Formerly known from Egypt, Canary Islands, and Delagoa Bay.
Stein has recorded it also from Java.
86. Pygophora lobata Stein. 1900.
Described from Singapore and New Guinea, and recorded
from Java. Easily distinguished by the shape of the antennal
arista and by the enormous male genitalia. The female is with-
out doubt that described by Stein, and is very different from
the male; there are specimens of both sexes in this collection.
37. Sepedon plumbellus Wied. 1830.
This is S. javensis of Osten Sacken’s Enumeration, page 193,
a species which, according to Hendel’s paper, 1911, is widely
spread in the Oriental Region and New Guinea.
38. Sepedon violaceus Hendel. 1909.
Described from Hongkong, recorded from Calcutta, and com-
mon in Formosa. The present specimens have the tip of the
wings distinctly infuscated.
39. Celyphus levis Wulp. 1881.
This species has the arista dilated, and is certainly not a
Paracelyphus. It seems to be variable in the coloring of the
body and legs, from black to brownish yellow. The determination
for the present is doubtful.
40. Steganopsis bakeri sp. nov.
Male.—Very near S. pupicola Meij. from Java, distinguished
by the greater size, the front tarsi being entirely black, and the
femora not being yellow at apex.
Length of body, 4 mm.; of antenne, 1 mm.
A very distinct and interesting species, belonging, without
any doubt, to this genus, erected in 1910 by de Meijere. The
anterior fronto-orbital bristle is turned forward, as shown in his
figure, and not backward as stated in the description.
Head entirely shining black; frons as broad as the eye, with
a middle longitudinal furrow and some transverse furrows; face
cylindrical, oblique, with very numerous but thin transverse
316 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
furrows; prelabrum broad, prominent, shining black; proboscis
and palpi black; antenne very long, brownish yellow near the
base, the third joint blackish, very much restricted after the
insertion of the arista which is plumose. Thorax shining black,
thickly punctulate, very short pilose; pleurz whitish yellow;
chest and sternopleure shining black, but the last with a narrow
yellow streak on the upper margin. Bristles: 2 pairs of dorso-
central, 1 humeral, 1 presutural, 2 notopleural, 3 supra-alar, 1
fine mesopleural, and 1 sternopleural. Scutellum black, flattened,
punctulate as is the mesonotum, bare, with 4 strong bristles,
the apical not crossed. Metanotum shining black. Halteres
black. Abdomen flattened, entirely shining black, and very short
blackhaired. Genitalia very small and black. Legs shining
black; middle and hind tibize yellow with black tips; middle and
hind tarsi yellow; front legs entirely black, the femora reddish
beneath; front tarsi distinctly broadened. Wings brownish, al-
most black along the costal margin to the second vein; veins
black, arranged as in pupicola.
41. Pachycerina apicalis sp. nov.
Male.—Very closely related to P. javana and P. seychellensis
Lamb, 1912, but distinguished by the coloration of the wings,
which have a brown costal margin and a narrow whitish apical
lunule between the ends of second and fourth veins.
Length of body, 2.5 mm.; of antenne, 0.8mm. Frons opaque
yellow, reddish toward the eyes, with a round opaque black
spot on the ocelli, not prolonged forward; frontodrbital bristles
inserted on brownish dots; face shining reddish, slightly convex,
not prominent, with a round black shining spot on each side;
prelabrum reddish; palpi black at the apex; antenne yellow,
the third joint very long, brownish black; arista short plumose,
not feathered. Mesonotum shining reddish, almost bare; brown
longitudinal stripes very indistinct; a broad yellowish streak
extending from propleura along mesopleura to the hypopleura.
Thoracic chzetotaxy normal; 1 mesopleural and 1 sternopleural
bristle. Scutellum, like mesonotum, with 4 bristles, the apical |
two parallel. Abdomen shining reddish, scarcely pilose; geni-
talia round, light yellow. Legs entirely yellow; front tarsi
black, the first joint with yellow base. Wings with the second
longitudinal vein, at the base, very divergent from the third,
afterward passing near to the costa; third and fourth veins
straight and almost parallel. Wings grayish; the costa brown
from the end of the first vein to the end of the second, from
whence it continues more diffused, to the hind margin of the
r’
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 317
wing, ending below the apex of the fourth vein. The whitish
apical lunule is very distinct.
42. Lauxania (Sapromyza) lucida Meij. 1910.
Described from Java. An entirely shining yellow species
with a black ocellar dot, and with the acrostichal bristles ar-
ranged in 6 series. The third antennal joint is darkened.
43. Lauxania (Sapromyza) punctipennis Meij. 1908.
Described from Java, and distinguished by the pattern of
the wings, which is very like that figured by Lamb for his S.
striata.
44, Lauxania (Sapromyza) ornatipennis Meij. 1910.
Formerly known only from Java, and easily distinguished by
the coloration of the wings, antenne, and legs. The allied L.
lunifera Meij. has been found in Formosa.
45. Trigonometopus albiseta sp. nov.
Allied to brevicornis Meij. from Java, and exhibiting also 2
pairs of frontoérbital bristles (T. monocheta Hendel has only
a single pair), but very distinct in the color pattern of wings
and legs.
Female.—Length of body, 3.5 mm. Head grayish yellow;
frons with a broad brown middle stripe; a black triangular spot
between antenna and eye; a vertical brown stripe on each
side of the face below; 2 horizontal stripes on the cheeks below
the eyes, the superior being broader; antenne light yellowish,
the second joint darkened above, the third not pointed; arista
whitish, rather long pubescent. Mesonotum and scutellum yel-
low, with 4 equidistant brown stripes on the back, the 2 middle
ones prolonged on the scutellum; there is also a short brown noto-
pleural stripe; mesopleura dark brown, toward the middle with
a yellowish horizontal stripe; sternopleura brown, with the supe-
rior border yellow. There are 3 pairs of strong dorsocentral
and 2 pair of prescutellar bristles. Halteres whitish. Abdomen
yellow, each segment with a brown hind border, which is nar-
rower in the male and broader in the female, the abdomen of
the latter becoming almost all brown. Male genitalia rounded,
yellow. Legs with the coxe yellowish white; tibiz with black
apices; middle and hind femora outwardly with a broad oblique
black band near the base; tarsi darkened. Wings whitish gray,
last portion of the fourth longitudinal vein as long as twice the
preceding and without stumps; costal cell hyaline; a brown fore
border from the end of the auxiliary vein to the end of the second
318 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
vein, reaching below to the second vein; a broad apical brown
band, fused with the costal border and reaching the hind mar-
gin of the wing; a whitish apical lunule between ends of second
and fourth veins; the 2 cross-veins have also broad dark margins,
the dark margination of the hind cross-vein forming a preapical
band.
46. Trigonometopus bakeri sp. nov.
Somewhat allied to the preceding species, showing also 2 pairs
of orbital bristles, but well distinguished by the unicolorous yellow
legs, long and thin brown arista, and different color pattern of
head and wings. :
Length of body, 5 mm. Head yellow; frons with a very nar-
row middle longitudinal brown stripe; a small black spot be-
tween antenne and eyes; face retreating, wholly yellow, without
black stripes, the lateral carinze only being narrowly brown;
cheeks with a short black stripe just below the eye. Antennze
short, wholly yellow, the third joint rounded at the apex; arista
brown, very long, hair-like, short pubescent. Mesonotum and
scutellum as in the preceding species, but with the brown stripes
broader, the notopleurals being almost fused with the externals.
Halteres with brown knob. Abdomen dark yellow, lighter at the
base; segments with a black hind border which is broadened
laterally ; genitalia small, yellowish; venter pale, bristles black.
Legs wholly whitish yellow, without any distinct dark marking;
tarsi darkened at apices; front femora like the preceding, with
3 or 4 very long bristles beneath. Wings narrow and long; third
and fourth veins parallel; cross-veins less approximate; distal
portion of fourth vein once and a half as long as the preceding,
without stumps. The brown of the costal margin fills up the
costal cell, and, beginning at the base, is dilated to the fourth
vein, after the hind cross-vein; there is no hyaline apical lunule;
the cross-veins are very narrowly bordered with fuscous.
Genus LONCHAEA Fallén.
This collection includes very numerous species of this im-
portant genus, partly reared from different kinds of fruits by
Professor Baker. None of these species are at all similar to
any of those described by Kertesz, Meijere, or Lamb. I present
here a table separating the species, remarking that all of them
agree in the following characters: eyes bare; cheeks narrow;
antenne reaching the epistome; legs entirely black.
VII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 319
Key to species of Lonchaea.
a’, Squamule brown, black behind.
b*. Scutellum on the sides with numerous short bristles; arista long
plumose; abdomen black, very shining; length about 5 mm.
citricola sp. nov.
b*. Scutellum having, besides the usual bristles, only a few short bristles
near the apex; arista short plumose; abdomen brownish, less shining;
length abota’ mime core eee ne eee Se Deere 2 ficiperda sp. nov.
a’. Squamule white or light yellowish; white haired.
c’. Males.
d.* Last abdominal segment twice as long as the preceding, deeply
excavate in the middle, terminating in the form of two points,
SEACH ON TIOSOr. ener ese es eee cee haa ete excisa Kert.
d@’. Last abdominal segment shorter, not excavated, and more or less
pilose.
e*. Last abdominal segment less pilose; hypopygium small, with a
prominent vellow, }penise...2 222. 28h eats, chewdcancee filifera sp. nov.
e*. Last abdominal segment long pilose; hypopygium more developed,
but without prominent penis................0.......--------- setifera Meij.
c. Females.
f’. Arista rather long plumose as usual; scutellum with some bristly
hairs on the sides and at the apex.
g. Scutellum not pollinose, shining black; abdomen brownish; wings
hyaline; ovipositor exserted.............-..-.--..--------- ficiperda sp. nov.
g?. Scutellum grayish pollinose; abdomen shining black; ovipositor
MEUEACLE Cire meets | oe nee Sank RH SEEN, ee eae filifera sp. nov.
f’?. Arista very short plumose; scutellum aeneous, not pollinose, with
the usual 4 bristles and only a pair of shorter bristly hairs be-
tween basal and apical bristles............2.2.222.-2..2.--------- calva sp. nov.
47. Lonchaea citricola sp. nov.
A shining black species, distinguished by the black squamule
and very bristly scutellum, and by its greater size. It was reared
from Citrus fruits, together with Monacrostichus citricola sp.
nov. It seems to be allied to L. biroi Kert. and L. obscuripennis
Meij. ;
Male.—Length of body, 4.5 to 5 mm. Frons opaque velvety
black, one-fifth as broad as of the head; face gray pollinose;
arista black, yellowish at the base, rather long plumose; third
antennal joint broad; lunule black; palpi black and bristly.
Mesonotum and scutellum not pollinose, the latter with very
numerous bristly hairs on the sides, at least 14 or 15 pairs, 2 or
8 of which are apical. Last abdominal segment short and not
specially pilose; hypopygium very small, with the penis not prom-
inent. Wings grayish hyaline, with yellowish veins.
820 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
48. Lonchaea ficiperda sp. nov.
A small, brownish, less shining species, distinguished by the
different coloring of the squamule in both sexes. Reared from
maggots in fruits of Ficus megacarpa Merrill.
Male and female.——Length of body, 3 to 3.2 mm.; of the
exerted ovipositor, 13mm. Face and frons as in L. citricola,
the frons of the female twice as broad as that of the male. Third
antennal joint narrow; arista black, shorter plumose. Scutel-
lum not pollinose, with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral bristly hairs, 2 or
3 on the sides ‘and 1 on the apex. Halteres black. Abdomen of
the male with the last segment short and not especially pilose;
hypopygium small, with penis not distinct. Wings hyaline.
49, Lonchaea excisa Kertesz, 1901.
A shining black species, well distinguished by the shape and
pilosity of the last abdominal segment of the male, as figured by
Meijere. L. plumata Lamb, 1912, from the Seychelles seems to
be a very closely allied species, if not the same. The pollinose
scutellum bears 3 or 4 pairs of small bristles, 1 pair being apical.
50. Lonchaea filifera sp. nov.
A shining black species, with white squamule in both sexes,
distinguished by the prominent yellow penis of the male.
Male and female.—Length of body, 3.5 mm. Frons of male
rather broad, one-fourth of the width of the head, somewhat shin-
ing sericeous; antenne slightly brownish at the base, the third
joint gray, arista rather long pilose. Mesonotum posteriorly
and scutellum pollinose, the latter with 3 or 4 pairs of small
bristles, 1 pair being apical. Last abdominal segment of male
once and a half the length of the preceding, not setose; hypopy-
gium very small; penis prominent, in the shape of a thin pale
yellow hair, longer than the usually black surrounding hairs; of
the female ovipositor only the point is visible. Wings hyaline or
slightly infuscated.
51. Lonchaea setifera Meijere, 1910.
A shining black species, closely allied to the ies aera but
distinct by the last abdominal segment, as figured by Meijere.
Scutellum the same as in the preceding.
52. Lonchaea calva sp. nov.
Shining zneous on mesonotum and scutellum, black on the ab-
domen. Very distinct from any other species in the short pilose
arista and the bare scutellum.
Female.—Length of body, 3 mm.; of ovipositor, 1 mm. Frons
i
oh lhe Ed ae
d
.
:
\
4
VII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 821
as broad as one-fourth the width of the head; arista black, very
short pilose. Scutellum small, with only a pair of lateral small
bristly hairs. Halteres black. Ovipositor exserted. Wings
hyaline.
53. Plagiostenopterina #nea Wied. 1830.
A common species in the Oriental Region. Known also from
Formosa.
54. Plagiostenopterina calcarata Macq. 1848.
Well distinguished by its beautiful shining blue coloring and
by the strong trochanteral spine of the male.
55. Plagiostenopterina trivittata Walk. 1869.
Distinguished by the color pattern of the thorax; the same as
P. zonalis Rondani, from Borneo. Walker placed it originally
in Dacus.
56. Elassogaster sepsoides Walk. 1861.
Described from Amboina and Batchian, and as EH. uwnimacu-
latus Kert. from New Guinea. Found also in Formosa. Its
similarity to Sepsis viduata Thoms. is very striking.
57. Rivellia basilaris Wied. 1830.
Described originally from Sumatra, and recently recorded
from Formosa.
58. Rivellia fusca Thoms. 1869.
An endemic species.
59. Gorgopsis cristiventris Gerst. 1860.
A very peculiar species, described originally from Amboina.
60. Naupoda platessa O. S. 1882.
A very interesting endemic species.
61. Chrysomyza enea Fabr. 1794.
A common species in the Orient. Known also from Formosa.
62. Chetodacus caudatus Fabr. 1805.
Common in the Oriental Region. A specimen in this collec-
tion agrees with the description of the var. nubilus Hendel, from
Formosa, having the posterior cross-vein only shaded below,
but it has the brown spot at the apex of the femur.
63. Chetodacus cucurbite Coq. 1899.
The present material agrees with my specimens from India.
The allied synnephes Hendel, from Formosa, has four scutellar
bristles.
822 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
64. Chetodacus ferrugineus Fabr. var. pedestris nov.
Mesonotum, pleure, and metanotum intensely black, with the
typical yellow streaks and spots; the brown spots on the frons.
very well marked, including a central large round dot. Tibize
dark brown, the posterior ones black; all the femora with a broad
black ring before the apex most strongly developed on the fore
pair, on the middle and hind pairs distinct at least on the under-
side. Costal border. of the wings broader and darker.
Length of body, 6to 8 mm. |
This form of the variable species is closely allied to C. dorsalis
Hendel from Formosa (which may be a form of C. ferrugineus),
but is at once distinguished by the color of the legs. The typical
Indian form has the legs more yellow; var. obscuratus Meij. has
no yellow lateral stripes on the dorsum; C. cilifer Hendel has
the yellow lines, but shows a wholly black abdomen. =
Genus MONACROSTICHUS novum
According to my paper on Indian trypaneids, true species of
Dacus are wanting in the Oriental Region, where are to be found
only species of Bactrocera and Chaetodacus. Professor Baker
has, however, sent to me what is in certain characters a true
Dacus, but it has no anterior supra-alar and no preescutellar bris-
tles. This form shows, however, so many other unique peculiar-
ities, that I think it better to erect for it a new genus, the type
of which might perhaps be considered Dacus longicornis of
Wiedemann (not of Guérin-Méneville which is a Bactrocera),
although it is certainly well represented by the new species M.
citricola. It may be characterized as follows:
Like Chztodacus, but without anterior supra-alar and pre-
scutellar bristles; antenne very long and geniculate; abdomen
conspicuously constricted about the base, club-shaped as in
Conops; front femora with some spines beneath near the apex;
second abscissa of the fourth longitudinal vein very sinuose be-
fore the small cross-vein, the discoidal cell being therefore very
distinctly narrowed near the base.
A particular feature of this genus (or at least of the species
described below), and which I have never before noted in any
trypaneid known to me, is the presence of a single but rather
strong, acrostichal bristle placed on the middle line before the
suture, and therefore not paired. Of 5 specimens examined, 3
do not have this peculiar bristle, 1 has it on the suture, and 1
before the suture.
The type of the genus is Monacrostichus citricola sp. nov.
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 323
The genera of true Dacine known from the Oriental Region
can be distinguished as follows:
Key to the genera of Dacinex of the Oriental Region.
a’. Femora not spinose beneath; anterior scutellar and prescutellar bristles
present.
RAAT TEC GSM] SLOG Ls BR eee ea See RN eA a eR Bactrocera G.—M.
Cire WOLD RE TIO UW DELI acon tease cceent creat Savona ence ttre ncccctentcorvactese Chetodacus Bezzi.
a*. Femora spinose, at least those of the first pair.
ce’. Anal cell drawn out in a long point; second basal cell dilated; arista
bare; abdomen club-shaped.
ad. The first 2 joints of the antenne united in a single joint, forming a .
CEERIG ECS. TOTS EG El (a ane ae ele eR ae re eee Callantra Walk.
@. The first 2 joints of the antenne wholly separated.
4 Monacrostichus gen. nov.
ce’, Point of the anal cell very short; second basal cell not dilated; arista
short plumose; abdomen cylindrical; all the femora spinose.
e’. Antenne much longer than the face............ Meracanthomyia Hendel.
e*, Antenne shorter than the face.......................---ce-eeeceeoe Adrama Walk.
Key to the presumptive species of Monacrostichus.
a’. Wings cinereous, tawny along the costa and along the veins, blackish
toward the apex; face with a broad triangular black spot in the
middle; mesonotum tawny with a black dot on each side of the fore
border; length ‘8 lines;” (Waigoe.) (This species is perhaps a
DELLE) aoe cia Ae ER SE pI eGR a RT RE sepedonoides Walk.
a.” Wings grayish hyaline, with a brown streak along the costal border;
length 8-9 mm.
b*. Dark costal margin of wings extending to the fourth vein; anal cell
with a brown streak; face with an elongated black mark on each
side; femora broadly blackish brown. (Gosford, N. S. W.).
aequalis Coq..
b?. Brown costal border not reaching the fourth vein; anal streak wanting.
c’. Face with a black oral border; brown border of wings passing the
third vein; femora yellowish or blackish.
d‘. Palpi yellow; face with a black dot on each side; yellow spot on
sternopleura small; femora yellowish (Java).
longicornis Wied. (vespoides D.)
@, Palpi black; face broadly black below; spot on sternopleura
broad; femora blackish, somewhat yellow at both ends (Java).
conopsoides Meij-
c¢. Face in the middle with a transverse black band united with the
black antennal cavities; this band is dilated below toward the
middle and prolonged to the mouth; dark yellowish costal area of
wings hardly passing the third vein; femora yellow, with a broad
black streak below; palpi yellow.......................... citricola sp. noy.
65. Monacrostichus citricola sp. nov.
A very distinct waspish-looking fly, which seems to be allied
to longicornis, but is easily distinguished from that and its
allies by the peculiar color pattern of the face. Professor Baker
1198376
894 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
has reared this from Citrus fruit, at Los Bafios, P. I., together
with Lonchaea citricola sp. nov.
Male and female.—Length of body, 9-10 mm.; of wing, 8-9
min.; of the antennez, 3 mm.; of the ovipositor, 1.5-3 mm. Head
as described by Meijere for his conopsoides; frons without
lateral spots, but with a large rounded middle spot; the peculiar
black middle band of the face with the yellow portion over it
prominent in the form of a broad tubercle; the palpi are some-
times infuscated, brownish; third antennal joint black; arista
dark reddish; there is only the basal pair of fronto6rbital bris-
tles. Mesonotum blackish brown, with 2 approximate broad
longitudinal gray bands; the median triangular yellow spot be-
hind the suture is well developed; pleural yellow stripe ending
on the middle of the sternopleura; metanotum black, yellow
laterally, this yellow uniting with the yellow hypopleural spot.
Scutellum yellow, narrowly black at the base, with a pair of
weak apical bristles. Pteropleural bristle distinct, but not very
strong. First abdominal segment black; second black with a
narrow yellow hind border, and a broad yellow median band
interrupted centrally by a black line; other segments reddish
yellow, with golden pubescence, and a broad black band on ante-
rior half; third segment of the male not ciliated; ovipositor
short, flattened, reddish with brownish base. Legs yellowish
red, all the femora below with a broad black longitudinal band;
hind tibize brown; first joint of all the tarsi whitish. Front fem-
ora with 3 or 4 black spines near the apex. The dark yellowish
costal area of wings extends caudad to fourth vein as far as the
origin of basal cross-vein, after which it extends little caudad of
the third; anal cell hyaline, its point very long and acute, the
stump of the sixth vein very short.
66. Enicoptera proditrix O. S., 1882.
A very fine species, which on account of its complete chzetotaxy
cannot be placed among the Dacinz, which it resembles only in
the want of the sternopleural bristles. Enderlein has recently
recorded this species from Sumatra.
67. Gastrozona capillata sp. nov.
This and the following species can be placed in my genus
Gastrozona on account of the form of the antennez, want of
ocellar bristles, and color pattern of the wings; but they differ
from the typical species in having very numerous (6 or 7) lower
frontoérbital bristles.
Female.—Length of body, 6 mm.; of ovipositor, 1.5 mm.
Vill, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 325
Head whitish; frons yellow; a black spot on the middle of the
occiput; all the bristles black, the genal bristles rather strong;
no distinct ocellar bristles; the 6 pairs of lower frontodrbitals
are bent inward; antenne yellow, not reaching the epistome,
the third joint rounded at the apex; arista long but thinly plu-
mose; palpi yellow, short pilose, very much dilated. Mesonotum
shining black; the humeri and a broad oblique band crossing the
metapleura and reaching the pteropleura are whitish; hypo-
pleura and sides of metanotum also whitish; chztotaxy com-
plete, nearly all the bristles black, only the 2 or 3 mesopleural
ones yellow. Scutellum wholly white, with 4 black bristles
and some yellow hairs on the middle. Squamule grayish; hal-
teres whitish. Abdomen shining black, with black pile and
bristles at end; first segment yellow with yellow pile; a quadrate
yellow spot toward the middle of the penultimate segment;
ovipositor flattened, shining black. Venter yellow. Legs with
coxz and tarsi entirely pale yellow; all the bristles yellow;
middle tibiz with a single black spur; row of hairs on the hind
tibize short but strong. Wings with the third vein bristly to the
end; small cross-vein a little before the middle of the discal cell.
Wing pattern brown, very similar to those of Plate VIII, figs. 17
and 18, of my paper on Indian trypaneids; but the brown costal
area is entire, not interrupted after the stigma, which is wholly
black, showing only a small hyaline spot before the base and
another beyond the apex; the subapical cross band is united
with the costal band; the band on the hind cross-vein is pro-
longed obliquely to the anal vein, forming a band almost parallel
to the hind margin.
68. Gastrozona luteiseta Sp. nov.
A yellow species with black and white markings, allied to the
preceding, but distinguished by a different wing pattern, and
entirely yellow bristles, only the dorsocentrals being black.
Male.—Length of body, 6 mm. Head and its appendages as
in the preceding, but all of the bristles, including those of the
occipital row, yellow; no ocellar bristles. Mesonotum yellow
with yellow pile; the white pleural markings as in the preceding
species; a spot over the humeri and the hind border of the back
along the base of the scutellum, black; a spot on the hypopleura
and metanotum black; chetotaxy normal, the bristles yellow,
only the two dorsocentrals black. Scutellum whitish, yellow
on the sides above, with 4 yellow bristles, and numerous and long
yellow hairs on the middle. Squamulz and halteres white.
Abdomen wholly yellow, shining; there are on the middle 2
326 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
parallel, longitudinal black stripes, from the second to the fourth
segment; sides of last segment black beneath; genitalia yellow;
hairs yellow, but some black bristles on last segment. Legs
entirely as in the preceding. Wings with a similar pattern, but
the costal area is yellow, not brown, and distinct from the costa,
the costal cell with the stigma being hyaline; the gray band on
the hind cross-vein is isolated and narrow; there is a small gray
spot toward the middle of the anal vein; the apical and sub-
apical bands are gray, not brown.
69. Acanthoneura maculipennis Westw.
This characteristic and not rare species is represented by a
male. r
70. Ptilona brevicornis Wulp.
Our specimens represent the typical form, very distinct by
reason of its reduced cheetotaxy. I have seen it also from For-
mosa.
71. Rioxa caeca sp. nov.
Very near the female of lanceolata (as described by Ender-
lein), but distinguished by the want of the apical hyaline spot
of the wings.
Female.—Length of body, 9 mm.; of ovipositor, 2.5 mm.
Head with its appendages yellow; all the bristles black; orbital
bristles 2 and 38, the first very small. Mesonotum and pleurz
light yellow, dark brownish on the back but without distinct
color pattern; chetotaxy complete. The middle pair of lateral
bristles on the scutellum only a little weaker than the others.
Halteres yellow with brownish knob. Abdomen shining black,
the basal yellowish middle stripe very narrow, less distinct, not
surpassing the third segment. Legs with the tarsi entirely pale
yellowish. Wings with the characteristic black foremargin of
R. lanceolata, without any hyaline spot on the stigma and with-
out any hyaline indentation; there are only 2 very small hyaline
discal dots, one near the base of the first posterior cell, the other
near the apex of the discal cell; 2 larger dots are to be seen in
the second posterior cell at the hind margin; a dot on the apex
of the third posterior cell, which is hyaline in its greater part
as is also the axillary cell. There is also a yellowish, less distinct,
spot just over the small cross-vein; the hyaline apical spot be-
tween the ends of third and fourth veins is wholly wanting. The
second longitudinal vein is a little wavy, but not so much so as
in Acanthoneura.
VII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 327
Genus SPILOCOSMIA novum
It is necessary to erect this new genus for a species in this
collection which shows a striking coloring of the body, combined
with a pointed third antennal joint, and want of ocellar bristles.
Head broad; eyes rounded; third antennal joint not reaching
the epistome, and with its external angle very pointed; arista
plumose; orbital bristles, 2.2 mm.; occipital row with thin,
black bristles; genal bristle strong. Palpi rather narrow, bristly.
Thoracic chetotaxy complete; a very strong pteropleural; 2 meso-
pleurals. Scutellum with 4 bristles. Abdomen bristly at the
end. Front femora with a row of bristles beneath; middle tibiz
with 2 spurs; hind tibize with a row of strong hairs. Wings
broad, with a strong costal bristle; stigma short; second vein
straight; third vein bristly over its whole length; a small cross
vein after the middle of the discal cell; anal cell drawn out in a
long point. Body yellow with black spots. Wings with yellow
and brown cross bands, without basal streaks.
Type: Spilocosmia bakeri sp. nov. ;
This genus seems to be allied to the Bornean Chelyophora
Rondani.
72. Spilocosmia bakeri sp. nov.
A yellow species, with 12 black spots on the body and with 1]
yellow and 2 brown bands on the wings.
Male.—Length of body, 8 mm. Head pale yellow; frons
darkened in the middle above the antennz; there is also a very
small black ocellar dot; a rounded black spot occurs on the
face toward the middle of the epistome; antennz yellow; palpi
yellow, with black bristles. Mesonotum and scutellum entirely
shining yellow; the rounded black spots are as follows: One on the
humeral callus, 1 on each side of the median dorsal suture, at the
second notopleural bristle, 1 at the inner supra-alar bristle (the
largest of all), and 1 on the end of the scutellum. All the bristles
are black. Squamule and halteres yellow. Abdomen elongate,
entirely shining yellow, black pilose; last segment with a black
spot on each side. Genitalia black. Venter yellow, with a mar-
ginal black line from second to fifth segment. Legs entirely
yellow, black setose. Wings with yellow veins; stigma yel-
low; from it arises a yellow band which passes over the basal
cross-veins to the anal cell; the 3 brown bands are narrow; the
first band begins near the middle of the costa between the ends
of the first and second veins, and passes obliquely over the small
eross-vein to the hind margin, reaching it at the end of the anal
398 The Philippine Journal of Science salle
vein; the second begins a little before the end of the second
vein, and, passing over the hind cross-vein, ends (where it is
dilated) at the hind margin near the middle of the third pos-
terior cell; the third band has the shape of an apical arch, which
extends from the end of the second vein to the end of the fifth;
this last band is broader than the others, but is interrupted
toward the middle by an oblique hyaline streak, which ends at
the apex of the fourth vein.
73. Spheniscomyia sexmaculata Macq. 1843.
A widely spread species, the distribution of which is from
South Africa to the Philippines and Formosa.
74. Rhabdochaeta bakeri sp. nov.
Nearly allied to the type species of the genus (R. pulchella
Meij. from Java), but distinguished by the scutellar bristles and —
wing pattern. '
Male and female.—Length of body, 2.5 mm. Head and its
appendages as in R. pulchella; third antennal joint very decidedly
pointed; palpi feathered; fronto6rbital bristle dilated. Thorax
as in R. pulchella; scutellum with 6 dorsal bristles; there is a pair
of smaller white bristles before the basal pair, which are longer
and darker; the apical pair is crossed, and under this is to be
seen another pair of smaller bristles, which are also crossed.
Ovipositor short and truncate, and of a shining reddish color.
Middle and hind femora with a single dark ring (the apical),
which is mostly indistinct. Pattern of wings very much like that
of R. pulchella, but around the blackish spot placed just above
the hind cross-vein there are 3 reddish brown spots disposed in
a triangle; the largest spot is in the discal cell, just below the
small cross-vein. The coloring of the spots is very much like
that of the similar spots in Schistopterum moebui Beck.
75. Oxyna parca Bezzi. 1912.
The present specimens are identical with those from India.
76. Oxyna sororcula Wied. 1830.
Agrees with my Canarian specimens.
77. Trypanea amoena Frauenf. var.
Some of our specimens agree with those from India, but differ
in the want of the superior part of the brown streak issuing
from the stigma and in the lack of the brown spot on the fifth
vein.
78. Diopsis subnotata Westw. 1848.
A characteristic species, very distinct by its great size.
2 ee re
VIII, D, 4 - Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 329
79. Teleopsis belzebuth Big. 1874.
The specimens from Formosa, referred to this common Phil-
ippine species by Hendel, seem to belong to some other species.
80. Sepsis viduata Thoms. 1869.
A very distinct dark species, previously known only from
China.
81. Sepsis spectabilis Meij. 1906.
Previously known from Singapore and New Guinea.
82. Taeniaptera galbulaO. S. 1882.
This fine Philippine species has recently been found also in
Formosa.
' 83. Eurybata semilauta 0. S. 1882.
An endemic species, very distinct in the peculiar wing pattern.
84. Telostylus maccus O. S. 1882.
The present specimens differ from the type by the want of
the black spots on sternopleura and on hypopleura; the pro-
pleural spot is, on the contrary, very broad. This variability
shows, perhaps, that T. maccus is only a form of the typical
species 7. binotatus Bigot; the allied T. decemnotatus Hendel
from Formosa is possibly, also, only an extreme form.
85. Telostylus niger sp. nov.
Very near T. maccus in all plastic characters, but distinguished
by the general black coloring, by reason of which it seems to be
allied to the recently described neotropical 7. vittatus Cressen.*!
Female.—Length of body, 5.5 mm.; of antenne, 2 mm.; of ovi-
positor, 1.3 mm. Head black; frons velvety black with a red
spot above the antennze; face red, with a velvety black
spot on the cheeks; a pair of orbital bristles, 2 pairs of verticals,
and a pair of crossed postverticals; antenne red, the third joint
a little infuscated near the tip; arista longer than remainder of -
the antennz, white and short white pilose. Thorax brownish
black on the dorsum, shining black on the pleure; on each side
of the suture there is a dark reddish triangular spot, and above
the root of the wings a broad velvety black one. Scutellum
black, with 4 bristles, the basal pair very small. MHalteres pale
yellow. Abdomen shining black, short black haired; ovipositor
with red tip. Legs reddish yellow, hind coxe, tarsi, and fore
tibiz black; femora with a narrow black ring on the last third;
* Hint. News (1912), 23, 390.
330 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
middle and hind tibiz darkened. Wings as in JT. maccus, but
the apical third infuscated; there is also an infuscation on the
fourth vein between the cross-veins.
86. Gymnonerius fuscus Wied. 1824.
Known also from Formosa through Hendel.
87. Megamerina annulifera Big. 1886. .
A very distinct species, originally described from Celebes,
and well placed in this genus by its author. The frons bears a
distinct frontoorbital bristle.
88. Gobrya bacchoides Walk. 1860.
I think that Walker is in error in describing the arista of this
species as pubescent; in the specimens before me it is very
clearly plumose as described and figured by Meijere for his
Javan G. simulans. This last, however, has a shining black
abdomen, while in G. bacchoides there are 2 yellow bands, 1
narrower at the end of the second segment and 1 broader at the
end of the third. The position of this strange insect among the
Tyline is very doubtful; it has also but a superficial likeness
to the Psilinze; it is probably better to place it in a special sub-
family Megamerininz with some other genera, such as Toxara,
Syringogaster, and Syrittomyia.
89. Chyliza elegans Hendel. 19138.
We have a female specimen of this species which was only
recently described from Formosa. It differs from C. selecta in
having the 2 basal joints of antennz deep black, the legs entirely
yellow, and the frons black toward the middle.
90. Metopostigma sauteri Beck. 1911.
This species is described as being common in Formosa. Our
specimens agree very well with the description, but the frons
shows in its anterior part an oblique brown spot on each side,
of which Becker says nothing.
91. Chlorops ochracea Beck. 1911.
Originally described from Java, and easily distinguished by
the black antennz and the wholly yellow pleurze and legs.
92. Chromatopterum elegans sp. Nov. .
This pretty species seems to be more nearly allied to the Ethio-
pian C. delicatwm than to the Australian C. pubescens.
Female.—Length of body, 2.5 mm. Head whitish yellow;
occiput entirely shining black; frontal triangle of greater size,
j
|
:
|
VIII, D, 4 Bezzi: Philippine Diptera, I 881
shining black and smooth, convex, reaching the base of the an-
tenn, where it is rounded and not pointed, and allows only a
narrow streak of the yellow color on each side; antennz short,
dark yellow, the third joint almost rounded and brownish; arista
brown, microscopically pubescent. Thorax shining black, but
there are on the mesonotum before the suture 2 pale yellow paral-
lel streaks, which thus give it the appearance of having 3 united
black stripes; pleurz shining brown, with a broad whitish stripe
in, the notopleural region, which reaches the middle of the meso-
pleura. Scutellum shining black, pale yellow toward the middle
above; 2 very strong apical bristles. Halteres pure white.
Abdomen shining black, pale yellow on the venter. Legs with
the coxe yellow; last-tarsal joint blackish; hind femora dark-
ened on the last half. Wings as figured by Becker ?> but the
black fore border not surpassing the second vein at the base; api-
cal brown spot surpassing the third vein and reaching the middle
between the end of the third and fourth veins.
93. Gaurax nigricornis Beck. 1911.
Our specimens agree very well with the description in the color-
ing of the antenne, legs, and wings; but the scutellum is entirely
black above, being also as coarsely. punctate as the mesonotum,
and only below reddish or yellowish; the brown fore border
of the wings covers almost all of the third vein.
94, Gaurax dimorphus O. S. 1882.
A female specimen is before me which I take to be the female
of Osten Sacken’s male, while the female of Osten Sacken’s
species belongs probably to some other species. This was not
known to Becker. From Osten Sacken’s description of the male
there are the following differences: the basal joints of anten-
nz are black; the face and palpi are black; the first abdominal
segment and the middle of the second are pale yellow; all the
cox are yellow; middle femora narrowly black near the base;
hind tibiz broadly blaek toward the middle; hind femora wholly
yellow.
95. Pseudeurina maculata Meij. 1904.
A very distinct species previously known only from Java.
96. Notiphila sternalis Thoms. 1869.
An endemic species and a true Notiphila.
Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. (1910), Pl. 13, fig. 10.
399 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
97. Paralimna nitens sp. nov.
Near P. javana Wulp., but distinguished by the color of the
head and of the thorax; P. chinensis Wied. seems to be another
allied species, while P. sinensis Schiner is very different.
Male and female.—Length of body, 3.5 mm. Head black,
shining on the occiput; face, cheeks, and prelabrum light gray;
frons dull, shining along a middle broad longitudinal stripe, with
2 small white dots on each side near the eyes, velvety black in
front; cheeks velvety black above, with a white spot; antennze
short, black, the second joint with a white spot above; arista
with 9 or 10 rays; palpi and proboscis black. Thorax on the
pleure of as light a gray color as that of the face, shining black
on the dorsum, dark gray on the sides and along the suture.
Scutellum gray on the basal half, dull black on the apical. Hal-
teres yellowish. Abdomen dull black and black pilose; second
segment almost entirely whitish gray; third, fourth, and fifth
with a broad apical band of the same color, which is broadly
interrupted in the middle. Legs black, gray pollinose, the first
joint of the front tarsi and the first 2 joints of the others are yel-
low. Wings grayish hyaline, with yellowish veins.
98. Discomyza maculipennis Wied. 1830.
Widely spread over the Australian and Oriental Regions. D.
obscurata Walk. is very probably the same species.
99. Ochthera innotata Walk. 1860.
Our specimens agree with this species in the entirely black
legs. Originally described from Macassar and Ceram. The
front is shining black, showing only a narrow yellowish streak
on each side near the eye. Antenne very short; arista with 3
rays. Thorax and scutellum coarsely punctate, with bluish re-
flections toward the middle. Abdomen with grayish spots on
the sides of the segments, only those of the last segment being
visible from above and forming an interrupted cross band. Mid-
dle tarsi sometimes yellowish. Scutellum with 2 distinct but
small apical tubercles; no apical bristles (perhaps broken in
these specimens).
100. Chalcidomyia apicalis Meij. 1911.
This Javanese species is very distinct. The antennz, which
were broken in the specimen described by Meijere, are, in our
specimens, of the same shape as in the other species. The
sternopleura has no yellow spot on the upper hind corner.
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THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE -
D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY,
AND ANTHROPOLOGY
Vou. VIII OCTOBER, 1913 No. 5
THE MORPHOLOGY OF EUDENDRIUM GRIFFINI SP. NOV.
By S. F. LicHt
(From the Department of Zoélogy, College of Liberal Arts, University of
the Philippines)
Two plates and 5 text figures
Eudendrium griffini sp. nov.
Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus nonfascicled, irregularly branched,
more or less recumbent, attaining a length of 35 mm. or more
and a height above the hydrorhiza of from 10 to 20 mm.; pedicels
long, varying from 6 to 13 mm. in length and sometimes show-
ing from 2 to 6 more or less perfect annulations just above point
of junction with hydrocaulus; diameter of hydrocaulus, 0.17 mm.
Hydrorhiza resembling hydrocaulus, sometimes anastomosing
to form a network over surface of support, rooted by short
processes characterized by a cap of enlarged ectoderm cells.
Perisarc, 1.5 to 3 pp» in thickness; color of perisarc over entire
trophosome, transparent white to light yellow. Male hydranths
and sexually immature or sterile female hydranths long, slender,
and vase-shaped, varying in length from 2 to 3.5 mm.; fertile
female hydranths shortened and thickened and often atrophied;
all hydranths with a “‘sense ring” near proximal end consisting of
2 zones of enlarged glandular ectoderm separated by a groove;
tentacles, 50 to 70 in 2 or 8 closely appressed rows, directed
distally so as to hide the hypostome, and bearing numerous small
nematocysts in groups of 2 or 3; hypostome short and slender,
distinctly trumpet-shaped; when extended, about 0.35 mm. in
height and 0.18 mm. in diameter at widest point, with a zone of
large nettling cells near the distal end.
120986 333
334 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Gonosome.—Female gonophores of the streptospadiceous type
with the spadix almost completely encircling the ovum, but with
proximal end not recurved or bifurcated, borne on the hydranth
in verticils of from 4 to 6 just distal to the sense ring. Ova often
found attached to perisarc of pedicels. Male gonophores 2- or
3-chambered, paddle shaped, often bifurcated distally in a vertical
plane, typically 2 to a hydranth on opposite sides, occasionally 1
or 3.
Color.—The live hydroid is dull sepia brown. Alcoholic
specimens are white, and those fixed in corrosive sublimate are
grayish pink.
Habitat—In shallow tide channels on coral reef, Bantayan
Island, P. I.
Type.—No. C894, zodlogical collection, University of the Phil-
ippines. =
Systematic position —Eudendrium griffini is a very distinct
form of the genus. It resembles LE. parvum Warren (’08) in its
growth habits, but differs from it in the shape of its hydranths,
in the form and arrangement of its male gonophores, and in the
absence of scattered annulations. It differs from any other
described species of Eudendrium in the number of its tentacles,
having from 50 to 70 borne in 2 or 3 rows, and in the form of
its hydranths with their long, tapering pretentacular region and
their relatively small hypostome hidden by the distally directed
tentacles.
This hydroid was collected by Dr. Lawrence E. Griffin in the
shallow tide channels which are found on the inner portion of
the coral reef at Bantayan Island.1. It grew there in consider-
able quantities on stones, sponges, and seaweed. Some good
*Bantayan Island is a small island belonging to the Province of Cebu,
P. I., and lying about 30 kilometers to the westward of the northern end of
Cebu Island. The island and its outlying islets are low and flat, connected
by reefs, large areas of which are exposed at low tide. The most extensive
reef is on the west coast of Bantayan Island opposite the town of Bantayan,
extending nearly a mile from the shore. It is crossed by several channels
from 20 to 50 meters wide which contain from 0.5 to 1.5 meters of swiftly
running water at low tide. This species of Hudendrium was found in great
quantities along the edges of these tidal channels, attached to grasses,
sponges, and dead branches of corals, and sometimes densely covering an
area as much as 10 centimeters square. Many of the colonies must have -
been out of water at extreme low tides. At a little distance the living
colonies resemble tufts of brown moss. The color of the entire colony in
life is a rather rich dark sepia brown. The individual polyps are colored
a light sepia. The colonies were found only in those parts of the reefs
which were free from mud and silt. L. E. G.
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendriwm 8385
specimens were obtained, but no attempt was made to secure a
series for extensive study. The only female material collected
was part of a colony which formed a dense growth on a sponge,
most of the hydranths bearing verticils of gonophores. One
large male colony, bearing gonophores, was also growing on a
sponge. The other colonies, four in number, were growing on
the flat leaves of a seaweed, Thalassia hemprichi (Ehrenberg)
Ascherson ; ? they bore only a few gonophores, all immature. All
measurements, descriptions, and figures are based on preserved
material.
The hydrocaulus is monosiphonic, in the form of numerous
outgrowths of single or branched stems from a creeping filiform
hydrorhiza, which branches irregularly to form a network over
the surface of attachment. These outgrowths are more or less
recumbent, their height above the hydrorhiza being only 1 to 2
centimeters. They are numerous, crowded, and form a dense
growth, having the appearance of a great number of single
pedicils arising from a common hydrorhiza. When branching
occurs, as it usually does, it is irregular as shown in fig. 1. The
buds arise both from the hydrorhiza and the hydrocaulus. The
only annulations to be found on Hudendrium griffini are from
2 to 6 more or less regular wrinkles found at the proximal end
of some of the pedicels.
The hydranth of Eudendrium griffini is vase-shaped, unusually
long and slender, graceful in form, and delicate in appearance.
It expands gradually from a base often less than twice the diam-
eter of the pedicel to a region just proximal to the tentacle zone
which is from two and one-half to three times the diameter of the
pedicel. This increase in width is small when compared with the
length of the hydranth below the tentacle zone (1.2 to 2 mm.).
All measurements of hydranth lengths in this paper refer to the
length from the base of the hydranth to the tip of the tentacles.
These measurements are used because of the position of the
tentacles, which are distally directed and are so numerous and
closely packed as to hide the hypostome. This was possible as
the tentacles have not contracted irregularly in killing and fix-
ing as do those of so many hydroids. All hydranth measure-
ments, also, unless otherwise specified, are for the normal male
hydranth which I find to be normal for the species. The average
length of the hydranths (thus measured) is 2 to 3 mm., but they
vary remarkably in length and proportions. The length of the
* Identified by Dr. W. R. Shaw, assistant professor of botany, University
of the Philippines. *
336 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
tentacles is fairly uniform—1.2—1.5 mm.—the difference in length
of the hydranths being mainly due to variation in the region below
the tentacle zone. At the base of the hydranth there is a groove
separating two regions of very large ectoderm cells, the whole
corresponding to the sense ring of Weismann (’81), Congdon
(06), and others. The large ectoderm cells just distal to the ring
contain a considerable number of large, irregularly placed
nematocysts.
The trumpet-shaped hypostome is slender and small in propor-
tion to the size of the hydranth, measuring, when extended,
about 0.35 mm. in height and 0.18 mm. in diameter at the widest
part which is near the distal extremity. When expanded, it is
very short and broad with a wide aperture and everted lips.
Because of the small size of the hypostome, the large number
of tentacles, and their being distally directed, the hypostome is
only rarely to be seen in uncleared specimens.
Under the low power of the microscope the tentacles have a
very rough appearance due to the irregularity of the ectoderm
and to the presence, especially in their distal portions, of nu-
merous small nettling cells in groups of 2 or 3.
The female gonophores are carried in a verticil of from 4 to
6 just above the sense ring on the shortened, and oftentimes
partially atrophied, female hydranths. Each gonophore is in
the form of a circular tube of endoderm, continuous with the
endoderm of the hydranth, having the ovum in its crook, the
whole surrounded by a layer of ectodermal cells continuous
with the hydranth ectoderm. They measure when mature about
0.5 mm. in height, 0.5 mm. in breadth, and about 0.25 mm. in
thickness. In many cases the endodermal tube relaxes and
allows the ovum, encased in mesoglea, to hang down beside the
pedicel, to the perisarc of which it becomes attached, and where
it remains after the tube and, in the majority of cases, the
hydranth have entirely disappeared.
The male gonophores are also borne on the hydranths, usually
2 to a hydranth. I have noticed several cases where only 1
gonophore was produced and a few in which there were 3, but
in far the greater number of cases there are 2 gonophores de-
veloped on opposite sides of the hydranth near the tentacle zone.
They are paddle shaped and 2- or 3-chambered, measuring in
length about 0.6 mm., in breadth about 0.4 mm., and in thick-
ness about 0.3 mm., and are often longitudinally divided at their
outer extremities. The shortest axis of the gonophore is in the
line of the greatest axis of the hydranth.
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendriwm 337
This species is named in honor of Dr. Lawrence E. Griffin,
chief of the department of zodlogy of the University of the Phil-
ippines, through whose kindness I was enabled to use the material
and at whose suggestion I took up the study of this interesting
form. Any value which this paper may have is due largely to
his help, and I wish to thank him here for his kindly aid and
advice.
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
Hydrorhiza.—The hydrorhiza differs but little from the hy-
drocaulus in appearance. It is slightly thicker, with a heavier
perisare and a more irregular appearance due to wrinkles in the
perisarc, to its very irregular branching, and to the presence of
particles of the substance of attachment which remain attached
to its sides and undersurface. Its perisarc, also, often has a
slightly more yellowish tinge than that of the hydrocaulus. The
main tubes are from 0.18 to 0.20 mm. in diameter and their
branches from 0.18 to 0.19 mm. The main hydrorhizal tubes
are rooted by finger-like outgrowths which are swollen at their
distal end and characterized by a cap of unusually large ectoderm
cells. Branches are given off all along the hydrorhiza which may
either be hydrocauli or continuations of the hydrorhiza. The
hydrorhizal branches sometimes anastomose, forming a network
over the surface of attachment. This is best seen in those col-
onies growing on seaweed (fig. 2). These hydrorhizal branches
are simply the finger-like processes spoken of above, but here
found growing on the surface instead of rooted in it. They
differ from the hydrocaulal elements in that they originate as a
simple evagination of the ccenosarc, never assuming the appear-
ance or structure of a hydranth, whereas the hydrocaulus buds
arise as hydranth buds on the hydrorhiza and show hypostome,
tentacle zone, and sense ring before the pedicle is produced.
It may be interesting to note here that in two instances hy-
drorhizal elements were found apparently developing hydranth
buds at the end of the tube. This was noticeable because of the
length of the tube as compared with the stage of development of
the bud, which contrasted strongly with conditions as found in
the hydrocaulus where young buds have little or no pedicel. In
both these instances the hydrorhizal elements extended some
distance beyond the surface of attachment, thus simulating the
habit of a hydrocaulus.
Hydrocaulus.—A single hydrocaulus may bear from 1 to 10
or 12 hydranths, each on a separate pedicel. The length of these
pedicels (6 to 13 mm.) in proportion to the size of the hydranth
238 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
is unusual for Hudendrium. The branching is very irregular.
The hydrocaulus originates as a hydranth bud on the hydro-
rhiza. As this hydranth develops, the pedicel is produced be-
tween it and the hydrorhiza and becomes decidedly elongated.
In its simplest form the hydrocaulus consists of this pedicel and
terminal hydranth (fig. 1, a). The pedicel may remain single
or send off a bud, which usually appears near the distal end (fig.
1, b). While the bud grows and develops a pedicel of its own,
the original pedicel still increases in length, and a form results
such as is Shown in fig. 1,c. Both of these pedicels may bud and
send off new pedicels, or, as is more commonly the case, only the
terminal pedicel buds, producing a form such as is seen in text
fig. 1, d and e. The production of pedicels along the original
outgrowth from the hydrorhiza usually continues until there are
several unbranched pedicels arising from the original hydrocaulal_
trunk as in fig. 1, e. This may be the permanent form of the
hydrocaulus, or one or more of the upper pedicels may produce
buds which develop into hydranths with pedicels as in fig. 1, f, g,>
Li es
Fic. 1. The branching of Hudendrium griffini.
and h. In a closely packed colony, the lower pedicels of such
hydrocauli have as a rule lost their hydranths (fig. 1, h), which
is probably due to crowding and inability to get food, while the
terminal one or two hydranths, especially in a female colony,
are sterile and attenuated and drop off at about the time of the
maturing of the gonophores. The intermediate hydranths appear
to be normal, healthy individuals either bearing gonophores or,
if not, being of normal size and appearance. The degeneration
of the terminal hydranths may be attributable to senility since
they are the original and oldest hydranths of the hydrocaulus.
The hydrocauli are so numerous and the hydranths borne by
them so close together that a healthy colony forms a mossy
growth over the entire surface of attachment, hiding the hydro-
rhiza and the hydrocaulus with the exception of the pedicels.
This gives the colony a superficial appearance more like Stylactis
or Tubularia than like Hudendrium. In the recumbent position
of its hydrocauli and in the close resemblance between its hydro-
cauli and the hydrorhizal elements, this species differs decidedly
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 889
from the typical Eudendrium with its tree-like growth ‘habits.
In this particular, EF. griffint resembles EF. capillare Alder (All-
man, ’72) and still more strongly E. parvum Warren (’08).
Hydranth.—The hydranth is unusually long and slender. Its
length, which is very variable, depends on several factors. Some
of these factors are sex; stage of sexual development; preserving
material; and, of course, age. Male hydranths, whether sex-
ually mature or not, are long and slender, averaging between 2
and 2.5 mm. in length. Among the male hydranths are a few
attenuated, sterile hydranths, sometimes as much as 4 mm.
in length. In section they show decided signs of degeneration
and breaking down of the tissues. The oldest and largest male
colony is living on a sponge which has grown up around the
hydrocaulus, making it impossible to determine in every case
the position of these hydranths on the hydrocauli, but in a
number of instances they were found to be the terminal
hydranths. Also, a number of terminal pedicels were found
which had lost their hydranths. Furthermore, none of these
degenerating hydranths were found which
could be proved not to be terminal; and,
finally, all terminal hydranths found in this
colony were sterile and showed some signs
of degeneration. In the female colony, as fric.2. A young colony of
in the male, the terminal hydranths are Ree te en
sterile and the intermediate hydranths are
fertile. The sexually mature female hydranths are very greatly
shortened and thickened, averaging about 1.2 mm. in length.
The terminal hydranths show the same attenuation and breaking
down of tissues found in terminal hydranths of the male colony,
often dropping off, leaving fragments of their tissues attached to
the pedicel. In the female colony, sexually immature hydranths
are few and not fully grown. These young fertile hydranths,
however, are of much the same proportions as those of the male
colony, which would seem to show that the type of hydranth found
in the normal male may be called normal for the species. All but
-one of the male colonies are very young with no long hydrocauli
and consequently no very old hydranths. Hence, if the atten-
uated condition of the terminal hydranths is due to senility, we
would expect to find that the terminal hydranths of the young
colonies exhibit it much less markedly than those of the older
colony, and such is the case. The terminal hydranths of these
colonies while longer than the other hydranths are by no means
as long as in the older male and female colonies and show no
340 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
signs of degeneration. Furthermore, none of these terminal
hydranths bear gonophores, although they are the longest and
oldest in the colony, thus making it probable that we have in EL.
grifimt a distribution of function, at least, if not two distinct
types of zodids. Whether we have here two types of individuals,
nutritive and reproductive, or whether this condition is simply
due to the greater age of the terminal hydranths, or whether, as
seems most probable, the conditions under discussion are due
both to a distribution of function and to the effect of age, cannot
be fully determined until more and, perhaps, living material is
available. es!
The shortening of the gonophore-bearing female hydranths
may be attributed to the absorption of their protoplasm by the
gonophores as suggested by Hargitt (Congdon, ’06) in the case
of the spadix tubes of H#. ramosum, and it may be considered.
as a stage in the atrophy of the fertile hydranth which is very
common in this as in other species of the genus. The normal
hydranth of the female colony seems to be similar to that of the
male colony, that is, long and slender, yet when gonophores are
present on a hydranth it is always found to be shortened. This
shortening is more marked in hydranths bearing mature gono-
phores and less so in those where gonophores are few or just
appearing; and it is followed by the atrophy of the hydranth and
the depositing of some of the ova on the pedicel.
This atrophy is found in FL. griffint only in the sexually mature
female hydranth, not in the male as is the case in many species
of Hudendrium. If the shortening of the fertile hydranth and
its ultimate atrophy, so characteristic of the genus Hudendrium,
is due, as seems probable, to the appropriation of its food supply
and tissues to provide for the rapid growth of the gonophores
and ova, we would expect to find the extent of the process varying
in different sexes of the same species or in the same sex of
different species in proportion to the number of gonophores borne
by a single hydranth. That is, where many gonophores are
borne on a single hydranth, we would expect to find a great
shrinkage of the hydranth and its early and complete atrophy;
and, conversely, where few gonophores are borne on a hydranth,
we would expect to find only a slight shortening of the hydranth
and little if any atrophy. The female hydranths of almost all
described species, as well as the male hydranths of many species,
such as E. ramosum, E. racemosum, and E. capillare, are ex-
amples of the first condition. Here we have the production of
many gonophores on a single hydranth accompanied by atrophy.
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 341
The male hydranths of E. maldivense Borradaile (’05) which bear —
one or several gonophores and those of EF. griffinit which usually
bear two are examples of the second condition, where we have
few gonophores to a hydranth and little or no signs of shortening
or atrophy.
At the base of the hydranth and lying just above the ter-
mination of the perisarc is a region in which the ectoderm cells
are very large, stain heavily, and contain a considerable amount
of granular material. This region is separated from the upper
portion of the hydranth by a groove, most conspicuous in hy-
dranths not fully grown. This region of large ectoderm cells
together with the groove and another region of enlarged ectoderm
cells just above the groove constitute a “sense ring”’ similar to
that spoken of by Weismann (’81), Congdon (’06), and Warren
(08) for E. racemosum, E. capillare, E. hargitti, E. parvum,
and FE. angustum. The cnidophore described by Weismann (’81)
and mentioned by Congdon (’06) was found in only two speci-
mens of FE. griffini, both fertile females, and seemed to be in the
nature of an aborted gonophore.
The hypostome, which is very small in proportion to the size
of the hydranth, arises from the center of the distal end and
is usually hidden by the tentacles. When extended, it is very
slender with a very small aperture, but when expanded it is
very short with everted lips and an aperture wider than its
greatest diameter below the aperture. In most species of H’uden-
drium the hypostome is large and conspicuous, but in FH. griffini
the opposite is true, giving the hydranth an appearance quite
different from that of the typical species of the genus.
The tentacles are from 50 to 70 in number. This is almost
double the number possessed by any known species of the genus,
the nearest approach to this number being found in EF. hargitti
Congdon which has from 35 to 42 tentacles. The tentacles arise
in 2 or 3 closely packed rows, and in preserved specimens ex-
tend almost directly forward, forming a dense fringe which com-
pletely hides the hypostome. The tentacles have a roughened
appearance due to the irregularity of the ectoderm, and in cleared
specimens have the characteristic segmented appearance of
hydroid tentacles. They are armed, particularly in their distal
portions, with numbers of nematocysts in groups of 2 or 3,
giving them a spiny appearance.
Gonophores.—The female gonophores are found in regular
verticils on the hydranths just above the sense ring. They are
of the typical streptospadicious form of the genus, being very
similar to those described and figured by Agassiz (’62) for
842 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
E.. dispar Agassiz and by Allman (’72) for EH. insigne Hincks.?
They differ from those described by Congdon (’06) and others
for E. ramosum in that the spadix is never recurved or bifur-
cated. There are no orthospadicious gonophores found in this
species, although the ova from the regular streptospadicious
gonophores which become imbedded in the perisare of the
pedicels of atrophying hydranths have a superficial resemblance
to that type of gonophore. |
The process by which this deposition of the ova on the pedicel
takes place seems to be somewhat as follows: The endodermal
tube of the gonophore relaxes; whether from death of the tissues
or because of some stimulus afforded by the results of atrophy
in the hydranth was not determined. This relaxation allows the
whole weight of the ovum to rest on the ectodermal covering.
This layer, probably weakened by lack of nutrition due to the_
atrophy of the hydranth, is unable to support the weight and
breaks away. This allows the tube, with the ovum on its inner
surface, covered with the mesogloea and remnants of the ectoderm,
to hang down along the pedicel (Plate I, fig. 3). The pressure
of the ovum against the pedicel forms a depression in the
perisare (Plate II, fig. 4), and, the mesogloea becoming attached
to the perisarc, glues the ovum in position. The perisare then
becomes thickened at this point, the endodermal tube dis-
integrates, and we have the ovum firmly attached to the perisare
of the pedicels (Plate I, fig. 4). Upon superficial examination
this imbedded egg might be mistaken for a form of orthospa-
dicious gonophore like that found in H#. ramosum, but my material
furnishes specimens showing all the stages in the process de-
scribed, and I have been unable to find any orthospadicious
gonophores.
That this process is due to the early atrophy of the fertile
female hydranths and the necessity of giving the ovum some
place of support during fertilization and the early stages of
development is the only explanation which seems to be plausible.
The fact that in most cases when the ovum is so placed on the
pedicel the hydranth has either entirely disintegrated or is be-
ginning to show signs of disintegration gives a strong basis for
this supposition.
The male gonophores of E. griffint are not borne in verticils
as is usually the case in this genus, but in a single pair on
opposite sides of the hydranth near the distal end of the hy-
* Figured by Allman in his Monograph on the Tubularian Hydroids under
the name #. humile Allman.
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 348
dranth (Plate I, fig. 1). They are 2- or 3-chambered, very
similar to those described by Agassiz (’62) for EF. dispar. The
width of the gonophore is greater than its thickness, and the
division of the distal end when it occurs is in a vertical plane.
HISTOLOGY
Perisarc.—The perisarce in this hydroid is a transparent white
or pale yellow. It is extremely thin, being from 1.5 to 2.5 pp
in thickness on the pedicel and only slightly thicker on the
hydrorhiza. This seems to be much thinner than the perisarc
of the better known species of Hudendrium. In E. parvum
Warren (’08), with a hydrocaulus only 0.10 mm. in diameter,
the thickness of the perisarc is 4.4 pp, and in E, angustwm Warren
(08), with a hydrocaulus 0.19 mm. in thickness, nearly the same
as in the present species, the perisarc is 6.1 pp» thick. The thin-
ness of the perisare of EH’. griffini may account to some extent for
the recumbent growth habit of most of its hydrocauli.
As mentioned before, the perisare of the proximal end of
many of the pedicels and hydrocauli is irregularly wrinkled or
annulated. There is also a thickening of the perisare at the
junction of the hydrocauli and hydrorhiza, and a thickening is
found on the distal end of the pedicels of those hydranths whose
gonophores have begun to relax.
Near the upper end of the pedicel, the perisarc thins very
rapidly. In one specimen, in which the normal thickness of the
perisare was 2.5 pp, this thickness was maintained to within 0.7
mm. of the sense groove. At 0.15 mm. below the groove it had
thinned to 1.6 pp, at 0.10 mm. it was 1 » thick, and at 0.01 mm.
it was only 0.8 » in thickness. At a point opposite the lower
limit of the “cambium tissue” of Jickili and Seeliger, usually
between 0.15 and 0.2 mm. from the base of the hydranth, the
perisare seems to lose its stiffness, becomes very thin, and is
much wrinkled (Plate I, fig. 1). It seems, typically, to end in
a groove in the cambium tissue near its upper limit. This
groove is by no means as definite as that figured by Warren for
E. angustum Warren (’08) and EF’. parvum Warren which seems
to be the equivalent of the groove of the sense ring. I do not find
a double perisare as noted by Warren in H. angustum.
In sections of the pedicels of some young hydranths, where the
perisare is being formed, a very peculiar condition is found.
The ectoderm cells, which are comparatively large, seem to send
off tube-like continuations of the cell walls, which, twined to-
gether, form the first perisarcal covering. These tubes seem to
844 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
coalesce and run together to form the smooth perisare of the
mature pedicel.
Ceenosarc.—There is very little variation in the ectoderm of
the coenosarc, except in the region immediately below the hy-
dranths and in the processes of the hydrorhiza used for attaching
it to the surface on which it is growing. In the normal ccenosarc,
the ectoderm is a very thin layer, consisting of flat, 6-sided, or
irregular cells averaging 38 by 7 wy. These cells seem to be
much larger and in a more flourishing condition in the upper
part of the pedicel than in the lower portions (Congdon ’06).
Indeed, sections of the lower portions of pedicels often show
a very thin ectoderm from 3.5 to 5 mp» in thickness, while in
the upper regions of the pedicel the ectoderm layer is from 6
to 10 pp» thick. The ectoderm of the ccenosare as a whole takes
a more diffuse.and darker stain than the endoderm. The nuclei
are small, and the nucleolus when present stains a slight brownish
tinge in Delafield’s hematoxylin or safranin. The ectoderm
sends out scattered extensions to the perisarc. Some of these
extensions contain a central region of mesogloea, but most of
them are protoplasmic processes. These are particularly nu-
merous near the distal end of young pedicels where the perisarc
is being formed from tubes produced by the ectoderm cells.
The hydranth is joined to the pedicel by a constricted region.
Covering this neck and extending below it for some distance and
above it to the groove of the sense ring is a region of enlarged,
heavily staining, glandular ectoderm, evidently similar to the
cambium of Jickili (’82), of Seeliger (’49), and others. The
ectoderm of this region consists of cells distinctly different from
those of the normal ectoderm. They are large, rough, irregular
cells, with their long axes at right angles to the long axis of the
stem, filled with pigment granules, and very evidently glandular
in their nature. Where eosin or Congo red was used as a plasma
stain, these cells were the only ones to take the counterstain,
and with Delafield’s hematoxylin they stain a diffuse bluish pink
which contrasts with the sharp blue of the endoderm or the more
diffuse blue of the other ectoderm cells. Weismann considered
the upper portion of this region to belong to the sense ring, but
in EF. griffini there seems to be no real distinction except in size
between the cells of that part of the sense ring below the groove
and those of the cambium region; indeed, one joins the other
without a break. The maximum thickness of these cells of the
lower part of the sense ring or, as seems the more natural ter-
minology, the upper part of the cambium region, is 60 pp.
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 345
This thickness is only found in the shortened and widened fertile
female hydranths, that in the normal hydranth being about 30
py. These cells have the characteristic ‘“dunklere Farbung”’ of
the ectoderm of the base of hydra.
The endoderm of the ccenosare consists of rather large cells
with well-defined cell walls. An average cell measures 31 py
in length, 12 »» in breadth, and 21 pp» in thickness. The nuclei
are more easily distinguishable than are those of the ectoderm.
They are small, spherical in shape, with no definite chromatin
figure excepting a more or less constant nucleolus which stains
a blackish tint in hematoxylin. They are found near the distal
wall of the cell. The cytoplasm is much denser than that of
the hydranth endoderm, and contains, toward the distal end,
thickened granular protoplasm which takes a deep stain. Near
the upper end of the pedicel the cells are crowded together and
consequently elongated (fig. 3). Zodxanthelle are not so nu-
merous here as in the endoderm of the
hydranth, many cells containing none, others
from 1 to 3.
Hydranth.—The ectoderm of the lower
part of the sense ring has already been
discussed under the ccenosare. It is sepa-
rated from the rest of the hydranth by the
groove of the sense ring. The ectoderm of
the hydranth above the sense ring is much 4,, 3 Gross section of a
the same throughout, differing mainly in the _ pedicel just below the
size of the cells. The cells are flattened, — }yirenthin Budendrium
rough, and irregular, stain deeply, and con-
tain a considerable amount of granular material. The nuclei are
small and easily distinguishable. The ectoderm, although thin,
is distinct on the body of the hydranth below the tentacles, but
it thins out rapidly on the base of the tentacles and is almost
undistinguishable in many places on their distal portions.
The ectoderm of the tentacles seems to consist of a very thin
layer of protoplasm lying between the mesoglcea which has here
become very thin and an outer continuous wall corresponding to
the cell walls of more normal ectoderm. There seems to be little
if any separation of this layer into individual cells, and nuclei
cannot be distinguished. The nematocysts cause decided swell-
ings of this thin layer of ectoderm (Plate I, fig. 2). It is
worth noting that the ectoderm of all sides of the tentacles is of
the same thickness, not being, as in so many hydroids, thick
on one side of the tentacle and thin on the other. So thin is
this ectodermal layer and so close together are the mesogleal
346 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
layer and the outer wall that, under any but the highest magni-
fications, the ectoderm seems to be lacking and the whole looks
to be a single, slightly thickened layer of mesoglea. The ecto-
derm cells of the hypostome are large and distinct, the shape
of the cells depending on the amount of contraction of the
hypostome when fixed. Those of the distal end are enlarged, and
contain large nematocysts which form a zone just below the
aperture (Plate II, fig. 3). This zone of nematocysts on the
hypostome was noted by Congdon (’06) in E. hargitti Congdon,
and it was considered by him to be a case of usurpation by the
hypostome of the protective function of the tentacles, as the
tentacles of EF’. hargitti have very few if any nematocysts. This
hypothesis does not seem to apply in the case of E. griffini,
however, as the tentacles are very heavily armed with nema-
tocysts. The ectoderm of the upper portion of the sense ring
is very striking. It consists of very large, elongated cells,
thicker than broad, with roughened outer ends (Plate II, fig.
5). The first 3 layers above the groove seem to be glandular,
having a granular deposit in their distal portions. These cells
in the male hydranth average between 25 and 30 wp» in thickness,
but they are much thicker in the shortened female hydranth.
This region of thickened ectoderm of the sense ring is furnished
with a number of large oval nematocysts.
The threads of these nematocysts are long and, when extended,
stain deeply in hematoxylin, often making a very noticeable
fringe just above the sense groove (Plate I, fig. 1). Doctor
Griffin, who collected this hydroid, tells me that these nema-
tocysts are discharged with sufficient force ta pierce the skin of
the back of the hand or the arm, inflicting a severe sting.
The typical endoderm of the hydranth consists of very large,
lightly staining cells much thicker than broad. The free ends
of some of these cells seem to have amceboid properties, sending
out pseudopodia into the gastric cavity. The cell walls are
distinct, and the nuclei are situated near the cell wall at the
distal end of the cell and only occasionally show nucleoli. While
remarkably clear and lightly staining, these cells are not vacuo-
lated. Scattered among these cells, however, in the upper walls
of the gastric cavity are found a number of gland cells with
vacuolated protoplasm and granular content (Plate II, fig. 1).
The average cells measure 75 by 45 by 25 wy». Each cell con-
tains at its inner end from 3 to 10 or more zoéxanthelle.
The endoderm cells of the gastric cavity, which average about
75 pp in thickness, become much elongated on the upper surface
of the gastric cavity surrounding the opening from the hypostome
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 347
to form a mass of very long, deep-staining, gland cells about
160 «» in maximum length and exhibiting the bulging shape
characteristic of gland cells. These cells often contain one or
more zooxanthelle at their proximal end, sometimes one or two
near their distal end, and numerous vacuoles and deeply staining
material in several forms, such as small spheres, large spheres,
granules, spindles, etc. They show very little, if any, traces
of mucus by the toluidin blue test. The endoderm cells change
rather abruptly from these very long, slender, dark-staining cells
to the smaller, clearer cells of the passage from the hypostome to
the gastric cavity and then to the slender closely packed cells
of the hypostome. These endoderm cells of the hypostome are
very characteristic, having their long axis at right angles to
the long axis of the hypostome, which gives them a columnar
appearance. They have very well-defined cell walls and distinct,
but small, nuclei. They contain irregularly placed masses of
very deeply staining granular
material, and many of them,
particularly toward the distal
end of the hypostome, have /&\j/
densely staining areas com- / £3)
posed of small vacuoles with Fe=
very dense protoplasm between \
them (Plate II, fig. 3).
The endoderm extends into =
the tentacles as a solid core of M1 + Trane oe ea monopnore
large disk-shaped cells. These
cells average 19 pp» in diameter. Their pheriphery is lined
with zo6xanthelle to the number of 25 or 30 which gives them
a very characteristic appearance in sections or in surface view.
The nuclei of these endoderm cells are situated in the center
of the cell with radiating fibers of dense, deeply staining proto-
plasm (Plate II, fig. 2). This is best brought out in sections
stained with Bismarck brown. These nuclei show irregular
nucleoli, and take a rather light but diffuse stain.
Gonophores.—The ectoderm of the female gonophore, which
is, of course, merely a continuation of that of the hydranth, is
considerably thicker than that of the hydranth above the sense
ring, being about 16 pp» in thickness at its thickest point. The
cell walls are more distinct, and the protoplasm stains much less
deeply than in the hydranth. The ectoderm nuclei are rather
small, but are deeply staining. The endoderm cells of the spadix
resemble in shape those of the upper ccenosarc, being long and
slender, about 35 pp in length by 7 pp» in thickness. These cells,
| 348 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
however, differ from the typical endoderm of the gastric cavity
by having a greater staining capacity and containing much gran-
ular material. The mesoglea is thin, about 1 ,» in thickness
except at the inner edges of the spadix where it is thickened as
a reinforcement to the tube. The egg itself lies in a cavity lined
with mesoglea. It seems to be attached along the inner edge
of the spadix. The ovum is large, sometimes reaching a length
of 0.8 mm. and a breadth of 0.15 mm., its long axis being paral-
lel to the sides of the hydranth. The bulk of the egg is made up
of large polyhedral deutoplasmic granules which give the egg
a reticulated appearance. The nucleus is large, 26 wp in dia-
meter, with a nucleolus 3.5 »» in diameter. Scattered among
the deutoplasmic granules in the egg are many zodxanthelle.
They are especially numerous around the nucleus of the egg
and near the periphery, probably ingested by the egg with endo-
derm cells (Congdon ’06). Of these zodxanthelle, ‘especially
in the younger eggs, many are in stages of division (fig. 4).
Congdon (’06) says with regard to the question of the included
bodies found in hydroid eggs:
There has been a diversity of view as to the fate of the nuclei of cells
absorbed by hydroid eggs as well as to the method of absorption. Ciami-
cian, ’79, applied the term “Pseudozellen” to spherical bodies found in the
egg of Tubularia mesembryanthemum which he considered to be formed
after the nuclei of the absorbed cells had disappeared. Brauer, ’91, pub-
lished the results of the study of the same species, in which he agreed with
the conclusion of Ciamician as to the origin of the pseudo-cells. Also, in
a contribution to the development of Hydra, he says that pseudo-cells are
formed in the cytoplasm and are not degenerating nuclei.
The three papers already mentioned, by Déflein, Smallwood, and Allen
described the nuclei of absorbed cells as undergoing divisions and degener-
ative changes characteristic of pseudo-cells. That name is therefore ap-
plied to them.
In this species, the history of the nuclei does not exactly correspond to
any that have been outlined above but finds its closest parallel in the per-
sisting of nuclei as pseudo-cells.
Congdon himself (’06) finds the included bodies of the egg
of FE. hargitti to be nuclei of included endoderm cells, but he
does not find them passing through the division stages described
by Smallwood (’99) and Doflein (’96) for Tubularia and Pen-
naria. In the egg cell of H. griffinit there are to be found a
number of zodxanthelle, many of them in stages of division,
which in size, position, and appearance agree so closely with the
included nuclei as figured by Congdon (’06) that the question
arises whether Congdon and, perhaps, the other authors men-
tioned above have not mistaken included zodxanthelle for nuclei
of included endoderm cells. Since the absorption of endoderm
VII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 849
cells by the egg cell is an admitted fact, if any zodxanthelle were
found in the hydroid described, they would be taken in with the
included cells. Furthermore, since inclusion in the egg cell has
been shown to be an important means of transmission of these
algz from generation to generation of hydroids (Mangan, ’09),
we would expect to find them in the egg cells of any hydroid which
contains zodxanthellz. Allen’s (’00) figures of Tubularia (Pary-
pha) crocea show several ‘included nuclei’ which look suspi-
ciously like zodxanthellz, one of them (fig. 1, a, p. 305) even
showing a pyrenoid with the surrounding clear area. Whether
the spherical bodies in the eggs of #. ramosum and E. hargitti,
in Pennaria, in Tubularia, and other hydroids be the nuclei of
included endoderm cells, as described by Congdon, Allen, and
others, or bodies which develop after the breaking down of the
included nuclei as held by Ciamician and Brauer, or zodxanthellze
as I believe, must be left for future workers to decide, but the
fact remains that sections of the ova of E. griffini show no in-
cluded nuclei or pseudo-cells
and do show many unmistak-
able zodxanthelle which re-
semble in form and position
the pseudo-cells and included
endoderm nuclei described
and figured by the above-
mentioned authors.
The ectoderm of the male
gonophore is about twice as thick as the normal ectoderm of the
hydranth wall. It is composed of narrower cells more closely
packed together, with more definite outer walls and more gran-
’ ular contents. A few small nematocysts are found in the
ectoderm, and several large nematocysts are usually found either
in the ectoderm of the base of the gonophore or in the ectoderm
of the hydranth immediately above or below the base of the gono-
phore. The endoderm which constitutes the spadix consists,
in the stalk of the gonophore, of a single layer of cells much
like those of the female gonophore, being granular and deeply
staining. In the region of the sperm chambers they are large
irregular-shaped cells with their long axes parallel to the long
axis of the gonophore. The sperm cells themselves are closely
crowded in the chamber between the ectoderm and endoderm,
making a characteristic labyrinthian figure (Plate II, fig. 6).
Nematocysts.—The nematocysts of E. griffini are of two very
distinct types—large oval nematocysts found in a zone just above
Fic. 5. Outline of a large nematocyst and
thread from Eudendrium griffini.
120986——2
850 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
the groove of the sense ring and in a zone just below the distal
end of the hypostome and small tear-shaped nematocysts found
on the tentacles and now and then in almost all parts of the
colony. The large nematocysts average about 17 pp» in length
by 6.5 »u in diameter. The thread is not coiled about a central
axis as in Hydra, etc., but in a number of coils laid the long
way of the capsule (fig. 5). The nematocysts of the zone just
distal to the sense ring measure 16 by 6 pp. They have long
coarse threads which, when discharged, form a fringe around
the base of the hydranth. The nematocysts of the hypostome
measure from 18 to 19 by 7.5 py. Those of the tentacles and
those scattered through the ectoderm of the ccenosarc are alike
in form and size. They are small, tear shaped, about 7.5 py in
length, and taper from a basal width of about 3.5 pp to a point.
They can be seen to lie in a clear nonstaining capsule (Plate II,
figs 2 a) 2
Zobxanthelle.—Any description of the morphology of E. grif-
fini would be incomplete did it not include some mention of the
zooxanthelle which are found in large numbers and in great
regularity of position within the cells of this hydroid, and, since
the literature on this subject is scattered and incomplete and
the resemblance which these alge often show in form and
position to cell nuclei is apt to cause confusion, I give a short
description of those found in E. griffini and a comparison with
those found in Millepora.
Zooxanthelle are found living symbiotically within the cells
of many of the lower marine and fresh-water animals, partic-
ularly in the phylum Ceelenterata. They usually give a green,
yellow, or brown color to their hosts. In the case of E. griffini
they give the hydroid a sepia-brown color, which fades in the
preservative to white or faint yellow. Mangan (’09) in
describing the zodxanthelle of the meduse and ova of Millepora
says:
These cells have been figured by Moseley (’81) who was able to examine
fresh material. He remarks that they closely resembled those of other
hydroids. They contained irregular granules of a bright gamboge-yellow
colour, the cell-contents frequently dividing into two, and sometimes, more
rarely into four. In the older portions of the colony the pigment was of
dark-brown hue. The spherical nucleus exhibited a mass of closely-packed
chromatin granules. A pyrenoid was always present, the clear space
around which, in most cases, gave the reaction for starch. The pigment-
bearing granules, varied in number and size, did not always stain to the
same degree, and in some cases had a little starch associated with them.
The cell membrane did not respond to cellulose tests. I observed in a few
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 351
cases division of a cell into four. Their average diameter was somewhat
over 9 uE.
Those in E. griffini are spherical in outline, 6 to 6.5 pp in
diameter, and have a very distinct nucleus and pyrenoid. The
nucleus, which is roughly spherical, or oval, stains very deeply
in hematoxylin, safranin, hemacalcium, Bismarck brown, etc.,
and seems to be a homogeneous mass, not showing the granular
composition found by Mangan (’09) in the nuclei of the zo6xan-
thelle of Millepora. The granules in the cytoplasm are nu-
merous and irregular, seeming to form a sort of network. This
shows very clearly in sections stained with Delafield’s hzma-
toxylin and counsterstained with eosin. In sections stained with
eosin alone these granules are strikingly shown, together with
the pyrenoid and its surrounding clear area. As this stain does
not bring out the nuclei, it is useful in distinguishing between
them. The pyrenoid, with its surrounding clear space, has a
very characteristic luminous appearance. It is spherical, and
stains much less deeply than the nucleus. The clear area about
the pyrenoid is very definite in its boundaries. The sharply
spherical shape, the lightly staining pyrenoid with its luminous
clear area, and the deeply staining nucleus enable one to distin-
guish between the alge and the cell nuclei which they often
resemble closely to the untrained eye.
Under the low power of the microscope a cleared or stained
hydranth of EF. griffini appears covered with minute dots and
the tentacles appear marked with transverse rows of closely
‘packed dots. This is due to the zodxanthelle which inhabit the
endoderm cells, and are easily seen through the thin ectoderm.
The endoderm cells of the entire colony—ccenosare, hydranth,
tentacles, and gonophores—contain these alge in numbers vary-
ing with the region, the number in a region seeming to depend
on the amount of light there available. In general, they are
found at the bases of the cells, forming a layer just inside the
mesoglea. In the gonophores they are scattered through the
endoderm of the spadix, and in the female are found in the egg
cell and in the male at the edges of the sperm chambers. If
living in the ectoderm, they are few and scattered, and I have
been unable to identify any of the few spherical bodies of the
ectoderm cells as zodxanthelle. They are least numerous in
the ccenosarc, but here there are often as many as three or
more to a cell, and most numerous in the tentacles where they
form a closely packed layer just within the peripheral walls of
the large disk-shaped endoderm cells. In the walls of the gas-
" 252 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
tric cavity they are found in large numbers, the large endoderm
i cells containing from 3 to 10; in the mass of glandular endo-
derm cells surrounding the proximal aperture of the hypostome
and in the endoderm of the hypostome itself they are not so nu-
merous. Their presence in such enormous numbers in the ten-
Hi tacles is without doubt due to the fact that there they receive
most freely the light which is so essential for the carrying on of
the photosynthetic processes. They are often found dividing
into 2 and more rarely into 4. This division is particularly
frequent among those included in the ovum as noted by Mangan
C09):
SUMMARY
Eudendrium griffin is a very distinct species. Its most im-
portant distinguishing characteristics are the large number of
distally directed tentacles, the long and slender hydranth body,
the small size of the hypostome, the presence of but 2 male
gonophores to a hydranth, and the deposition of the ova on the
pedicels.
The terminal hydranths of both male and female hydrocauli
are sterile, making it probable that we have two types of zoids,
nutritive and sexual, or at least a distribution of function. In
older colonies they are attenuated, and in various stages of de-
generation, due probably to their being the original and oldest
individuals of the hydrocauli.
As a result of the early atrophy of the female hydranths, the
gonophores relax and allow the ova to hang down beside the
pedicels, in which their weight makes a depression and where
they become attached by their mesogloeal envelope and probably
-remain during their early developmental stages.
Great numbers of zodxanthelle inhabit the endoderm cells
of the ccenosare, gastric cavity, and tentacles, lying in the bases
of the cells next the mesoglea. They are found in the process of
division. They are not so numerous in the ccenosare, but in the
large endoderm cells of the tentacles they form a closely packed
layer just within the peripheral walls, as many as 30 or more
being found in a single cell. No nuclei of included cells or
pseudo-cells are found in the ova of HE. griffini, and, inasmuch as
the zodxanthelle show a marked resemblance in form and posi-
tion to the included nuclei and pseudo-cells figured by other
authors, it seems very probable that the spherical bodies found
in hydroid ova and described as included nuclei or pseudo-cells
were in reality zodxanthelle taken in by the ova with absorbed
endoderm cells.
VIII, D, 5 Light: Morphology of Eudendrium 353
LITERATURE
Agassiz, Louts. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States
(1862), 4, 285, Pl. XXVII.
ALLEN, C. M. A contribution to the morphology and development of Tu-
bularia (Parypha) crocea. Biol. Bull. (1900), 1, 291-815, Pls. I-III
and 4 figs.
ALLMAN, G. J. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
London, Ray Society (1871-1872), 332.
BorRADAILE, L. A. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Lacca-
dive Archipelagoes. Hydroids (1905), 2, pt. IV, 886-845, 1 pl.
BRAUER, A. Uber die Entwicklung bei Hydra, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.
(1891), 52, 169-216, 4 pls.
Ipem. Uber die Entstehung der Geschlechtsproducte und die Entwicklung
von Tubularia mesembryanthemum Allm. Zeitschr f. wiss. Zool.
(1891), 52, 551-579, 3 pls.
CIAMICIAN, J. Uber den feineren Bau und die Entwicklung von Tubularia
mesembryanthemum Allman. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1879), 32,
323-347.
CoNGDON, E. D. Notes on the morphology and development of two species
of Eudendrium. Biol. Bull. (1906), 11, 27-46, 11 figs.
DOFLEIN, E. D. Die Eibildung bei Tubularia. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.
(1896), 62, 61-73, 1 pl.
HINcKS, T. A catalogue of the Zodphytes of South Devon and South Corn-
wall. Ann. Nat. Hist. (1863), III, 8, 1538-161, 1 pl.
JICKILI, CARL F. Der Bau der Hydroidpolypen. Uber den histologischen
Bau von Eudendrium Ehrbg. und Hydra L. Morphol. Jahrb. (1883),
8, 373, 4 pls.
MANGAN, JOSEPH. The entry of Zooxanthelle into the ovum of Millepora,
and some particulars concerning the Medusz. Quart. Journ. Micros.
Sci. (1909), 53, 697-709, 1 pl.
MoseLey, H. N. On the structure of the Milleporide. Challenger Reports,
Zoology (1881), 2, 13-31, 2 pls.
SEELIGHR, O. Uber das Verhalten der Keimblatter bei der Knospung der
Celenteraten. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. (1894), 58, 152-188, 3 pls.
SMALLWooD, M. A contribution to the morphology of Pennaria tiarella.
Am. Nat. (1899), 33, 861-870, 7 figs.
WEISMANN, A. Uber eigenthiimliche Organe bei Eudendrium racemosum
Covolini, Mitth. aus der Zool. Station zu Neapal (1882), 3, 1-14, 1 pl.
WARREN, ERNEST. On a collection of hydroids, mostly from the Natal coast.
Ann. Natal Gov. Mus. (1908), 1, 269, Pl. 3.
32 =
FIG.
ILLUSTRATIONS
(All drawings are from camera lucida outlines. Plate I, fig. 1, is from a drawing by
T. Espinosa; all other figures are from drawings by the author.)
PLATE I
1, A typical hydranth of Hudendrium griffini sp. nov. with 2 immature
male gonophores. x 15.
_ 2, A female hydranth with gonophores, showing the shortening of the
Fie.
fertile female hydranth. x 21. (Tentacles indicated.)
8. A female hydranth with 2 relaxed gonophores, showing the ova,
’ ineased in mesoglea, hanging down beside the pedicel. (The
upper portion of the hydranth is not shown.) xX 48.
4. An atrophied female hydranth, showing 2 ova attached to the per-
isare of the pedicel. The spadix of 1 gonophore remains attached
to the hydranth, the other has disappeared. x 48.
PLATE II
1. The upper portion of a median longitudinal section through one
side of a normal hydranth of Eudendrium griffini with extended
hypostome. x 47.
a, hypostome. e, gland cell.
b, large nematocyst. f, tentacle.
c, nucleus. g, mesoglea.
d, zooxanthella. h, vacuoles.
2. A few cells from the distal portion of a longitudinal section of a
tentacle. x 172.
a, nematocyst. c, zooxanthella.
b, the extremely thin ectoderm layer. d, nucleus of endoderm cell.
3. A few cells from near the distal end of the hypostome, seen in
longitudinal section. X 307.
a, ectoderm. e, vacuoles.
b, mesoglea. f, nucleus.
c, large nematocyst. g, granular material.
d, zooxanthella dividing in four.
4. A few cells from the wall of the hydranth in longitudinal section.
Le
a, ectoderm. c, nucleus.
b, zooxanthella.
5. Portion of a longitudinal section through the region of the sense
re X72:
a, nucleus, d, groove of sense ring.
b, zooxanthella. e, enlarged glandular ectoderm cells
c, nematocyst. of the sense ring.
6. A longitudinal section of a male gonophore of 1 chamber. x 78.
a, Sperm. c, nematocyst.
b, zooxanthella.
_ 355
356 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
TEXT FIGURES
Fic. 1. The branching of Hudendrium griffini.
2. A young colony of Hudendrium griffini growing on a piece of sea-
weed. X2.
3. Cross section of a pedicel just below the hydranth in Hudendrium
grifini. X 87.5.
4. Transverse section of a female gonophore and egg from Hudendrium
griffin. 175.
5. Outline of a large nematocyst and thread from Hudendrium griffini.
x 1500.
Light: MorPHOLOGY OF EUDENDRIUM.] [Puit. Journ. Scr, VII, D, No. 5.
Fig. 1.
PLATE |. EUDENDRIUM GRIFFINI SP. NOY.
LIGHT: MORPHOLOGY OF EUDENDRIUM. | [Puiw. Journ. Scr, VIII, D, No. 5.
PLATE Il. EUDENDRIUM GRIFFINI SP. NOV.
FILIPINO EARS: IV. ILONGOT AND MANGYAN
By ROBERT BENNETT BEAN
(From the Anatomical Laboratory, Philippine Medical School,
Manila, P. I.)
Twenty plates
This is a study of contrasts and parallels. The Ilongots live
in the interior of Luzon; the Mangyans in the interior of Min-
doro; both are said to have Negrito blood. Considering the in-
dividual as a whole and the characteristics of the individuals
independently of each other, the two tribes are both alike and
unlike in physical make-up, and other contrasts and parallels
will develop as the study continues.
FRONT AND PROFILE HEAD VIEWS
PLATE I
Four Mangyans of Bulalacao, Mindoro, appear in this plate,
and the four, although different in some respects, resemble each
other in important characteristics. The Mangyan of figs. 1 and
2 has modified Iberian ears, type A, and the Mangyan of figs.
3 and 4 has modified Iberian, type B; the two have relatively
‘long faces and straight noses and their general similarity is evi-
dent. European (East Indian?) blood lies back of these men
somewhere in their ancestry. The two other Mafgyans, figs. 5,
6, 7, and 8, resemble types other than the European, although
some resemblance to the latter may be seen. The man of figs.
5 and 6 has modified Alpine ears, wide face, prominent cheek
bones, narrow, aquiline nose, and is similar to the North Ameri-
can Indian, especially in prefile. The man in figs. 7 and 8 looks
like a woman, and but for the brown color might be taken for a
European. The face is rather wide, but not so wide as that of
the man in figs. 5 and 6; the nose is long, high, slender, and
straight; and the ears are modified Iberian, type A.
PLATE II
By contrast with the Mafgyans of Plate I, the Ilongots of
Plate II have short, broad faces, short broad noses that are de-
pressed at the bridge and turned up at the tip, and ears that are
857
| 358 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
not Iberian, although an indication of slight eversion of the
concha is present; nor are they true Primitive ears, but a modi-
fied Primitive of peculiar type. The ear may be described as
follows: Short and not broad, with overturned and inrolled upper
helix, slightly everted concha, and small pendant lobule, resem-
bling somewhat the true Negrito ear. It is found exactly as de-
scribed, or somewhat modified, on all the Ilongot men and women,
although on the latter it partakes more of the Primitive type.
The Ilongots are modified Primitive people in contradistinction
to the Mangyans who are modified Iberians.
The hairy face of certain Ilongots is a noticeable feature, and
one in striking contrast to the smooth physiognomy of the Malays
in general. It would be of scientific value to determine the
hereditary characteristics of the face hair, to determine if its
presence and absence follow Mendel’s laws, or if it blends in
inheritance.
PLATE III
The Ilongots of this plate have longer faces and longer,
straighter noses, with higher bridges than the Ilongots of Plate
II, and the ear is more like the Alpine, although it still is
distinctively the Ilongot ear. Varying quantities of hair appear
on the face, from the Ilongots in figs. 1 and 2 with goatee and
moustache to the smooth face of the man in figs. 7 and 8, which
indicates that presence and absence of hair on the face may blend
in heredity.
PLATE IV
The Ilongot women of this plate are decidedly Primitive in
type, and also the Mangyan girl (figs. 7 and 8), although the
noses are not broad and the nostrils do not turn forward to such
a degree as in the pure Primitive. Therefore, they would come
under the head of modified Primitive people, or blends of the
Primitive type. The ear is characteristically Primitive, although
retaining the Ilongot type already noted. The small, prominent
forehead, the vertical profile of the face, and the small, reced-
ing chin complete the picture of a Primitive type. The Mang-
yan girl, so much like the Ilongots, is only another parallel
between the two tribes.
PLATE V
To continue the parallel and contrasts, a Mangyan man (figs.
1 and 2) is placed beside an Ilongot woman (figs. 3 and 4)
and an Ilongot man (figs. 5 and 6) is placed beside a Mafgyan
VILL, D, 5 Bean: Filipino Ears 359
man (figs. 7 and 8). All have ears of a like kind, a combination
of Primitive and Iberian C not unlike the ear of the Igorots.
The ear is oblong, with everted concha, square lobule, and
slightly overturned upper helix, and it stands almost flat against
the head. In many respects this ear resembles the B. B. B.
In conjunction with this ear the nose is straight and the face is
oval and elongated, and projects slightly forward, except in the
Ilongot man where the Primitive characteristics of the Tlongots
are retained.
PLATE VI
-This plate shows a series of gradations in ear form from the
modified Iberian (fig. 1) to the modified Primitive in fig. 4, and
paralleling the change in ear form is the transition from a
straight nose with a high bridge to a retroussé with depressed
bridge. Three of the individuals are Mangyans (figs. 1, 3, and
4), and one is an Ilongot (fig. 2). Two of the Mangyans,
a man and a woman (figs. 3 and 4), are more Primitive than the
Ilongot who is a modified Iberian, which may indicate that the
Ilongots represented by the photographs are not all modified
Primitives and the Mafgyans are not all modified Iberians.
The Mangyan woman from Baco River (figs. 5 and 6) is
a Primitive with Primitive nose, face, and ears; whereas the
Mangyan woman from Bulalacao (figs. 7 and 8) is a modified
Primitive as indicated by the same features modified, which is
additional evidence of the Primitive among the Mangyans. The
Primitive Mangyan girl of figs. 7 and 8, Plate IV, is another
link in the chain of evidence. Here, as elsewhere, the women
are more Primitive than the men.
PLATE VII
The Mangyan of figs. 1 and 2 is a modified Primitive man,
and the one of figs. 3 and 4 is a modified Iberian B with Alpine
characteristics in ear form and physiognomy, which indicate
that the Primitive form is not confined to the women. The two
Mangyans of figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8 are supposed to have Negrito
blood because of the curly hair of the one and the Negrito fea-
tures of the other. However that may be, the one is a modified
Primitive and the other a modified Australoid-Iberian, which
does not exclude the possibility of Negrito blood. The ears have
Negritoid qualities, especially those of the man in figs. 7 and 8.
If it be true that this man is part Negrito, he is an evident ex-
360 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
ample of the dominance of straight hair over kinky in a popula-
tion where straight hair predominates, else he is a pure recessive
from a Negrito cross.
PLATE VIII
The Mangyans of this plate form a separate group coming from
Lalanigan, but as usual both Primitive and Iberian character-
istics appear, although the noses of these Mangyans are inclined
toward the Australoid type—broad, straight, and heavy. The
woman of figs. 1 and 2 has almost pure Iberian ears, type B, of
the kind often seen on American Negroes. The men of figs. 3, 4,
5, and 6 have modified Primitive ears and the man of fig. 7 has
modified Iberian ears, type B, that are not so pure as those of the
woman of figs. 1 and 2. The woman of fig. 8 has ears that
resemble the Iberian in the lower part and the Primitive in the
upper part, but it is difficult to determine the exact character of
the ear in the last two individuals because only the side view is
given and the position is bad in both. This group of Mangyans
cannot be differentiated from Negroes by ear form, and although
the hair is straight the features are not unlike those of the
Negritos.
PLATE IX
Negrito blood is evident in at least one man in this plate (fig.
3), and it may be present in others, especially in the man of
figs. 1 and 2 who has wavy hair, Negrito ears (modified Prim-
itive), and Negrito features. The man of fig. 4 has modified
Iberian ears, type B. The man of figs. 5 and 6 is a modified
Primitive in ear form and features, with the Mongoloid fold at
the inner canthus of the eye, which is not a Negrito characteristic.
The only other individual in this series of pictures with a well-
marked inner fold is the Igorot of Plate V, figs. 5 and 6, who is
also a modified Primitive with ears that resemble the ears of some
Siberian women photographed by Frau Dina Jochelson-Brodsky.
The three women are from eastern Siberia, north of the Sea of
Okhotsk, and are modified Primitive in type. They are of the
Turko-Mongol stock, and are related to the Eskimo on the one
hand and the Chinese on the other. This stock may have entered
the Philippines through the Chinese or Japanese, and it is prob-
able that the men with the Mongoloid fold of the inner canthus
*Arch. f. Anthrop. (1906), 5, Pl. II, fig. 1, and Pl. III, figs. 1 and 2.
VILL, D, 5 Bean: Filipino Ears 861
mentioned above have derivative Mongolian blood somewhere in
their ancestry. This assertion is supported by the similarity of
the Siberians and Ilongots in respect to their Primitive features
and ear forms, and one is led to believe that the same stock exists
in the two peoples, however it came about.
PLATE X
The Ilongots of this plate are modified Alpine in respect to ears
and physiognomy, with Primitive attributes well marked in the
man and woman in the lower part of the plate. The man of
figs. 1 and 2 resembles the North American Indian, and the one
in figs. 7 and 8 resembles the Igorots, although the ears are Ilon-
got in character and not unlike true Negrito ears. The man of
figs. 3 and 4 and the woman of figs. 5 and 6 have Alpine ears
with modified Primitive characteristics. The woman is more
Primitive than the man.
PLATE XI
In marked contrast to the smooth-haired Ilongots of the pre-
vious plates are the curly-haired Ilongots of Plate XI who are
supposed to be of mixed Negrito blood. The evidence is in the
hair alone.
They vary in character from the decided Primitive of figs.
1 and 2 to the modified Primitive or Alpine in fig. 6, with vary-
ing intensity of hair curl in decreasing rate to the woman of
figs. 7 and 8 with straight hair. If the curly hair is due to Ne-
grito blood, the indication is that Primitive and Negrito are syn-
onymous terms. However, it is not impossible that the curly hair
of the Negrito is a character separable from the type of the in-
dividual, and thus may occur on pure Iberians as noted on one
Zambales Negrito, or it may occur on pure Primitives as seen
in this instance. The hair of the pure Iberian Zambales Ne-
grito was kinky, and the hair of this pure Primitive is curly,
which indicates also that there may be blending in hair form.
PLATE XII
The men of this plate have familiar faces similar to those that
have often been seen in the backwoods of the Atlantic States in
America, and their ears partake of a modified Alpine type. The
two men in the upper part of the plate have more Iberian than
Primitive in their make-up, and the two in the lower part have
362 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
more Primitive than Iberian. The curly hair of the man in figs.
5 and 6 may indicate Negrito blood. The man in figs. 7 and 8
is not unlike pictures I have seen of the Ainos. This element
may have existed among the early Ilongots and has persisted only
in this group. Such types as these are found also in Mindanao,
and may be remnants of what has been called the Indonesian,
which Montano maintains may be encountered in the interior
of Luzon and Mindanao. It cannot be denied that there are
European types in these places, and this may be only a rare type
of their expression in a remnant that has remained little con-
taminated by surrounding blood. The hairy Ilongots may be
referred also to the hairy Ainos, and if not derived from them
are of the same stock.
PLATE XIII
The women of this plate partake largely of modified Iberian
characteristics in gradually increasing amount from fig. 1 to
fig. 8, although the Primitive characteristics are also present.
These women resemble Igorot women more than Ilongot, and
there must have been some infiltration of Igorots from the west.
The women of figs. 1, 2, 7, and 8 are strikingly like the Igorot
women of Bontoc or Benguet. Both women have Igorot ears
(Iberian C modified). These individuals pertain to the early
Indonesian of Montano and other writers.
To summarize: The Mangyans are largely Iberian and the
Tlongots are largely Primitive. The former give evidence of Ne-
grito characters, especially those from the interior of the Island
of Mindoro. The Ilongots, especially those of Oyao and Cana-
dem, are similar to Siberians of the Mongol stock, which may
be due to Chinese elements among them. Some Ilongots also
resemble Negritos and others resemble Igorots. The Ilongots
have hairy faces, whereas the Mangyans’ faces are glabrous.
VIEWS OF THE FULL FIGURE
PLATES XIV AND XV
The four men in Plate XIV are Mangyans, and the four in
Plate XV are Ilongots. The Mafngyans are long legged, the Ilon-
gots short legged, an indication of Iberian in the former and
Primitive in the latter. Other characteristics that have been.
described may be seen, such as the long face and long nose of
the Mangyans and the broad face and broad nose of the Ilon-
gots. The headdress and belts of the two peoples are the same
VIII, D, 5 Bean: Filipino Ears 363
in style but different in structure. The clout of the two is dif-
ferent, the apron of the Mafgyan being an additional distinction.
PLATE XVI
The difference noticed in Plates XIV and XV between the long
legs of the Mangyans and the short legs of the Ilongots is em-
phasized in the four men of this plate, and the other character-
istics may also be seen. The necklaces of the Mangyan men are
very elaborate, and add distinction to their long necks.
PLATE XVII
The women of this plate well represent the Mangyan group,
from the young girl on the left who is mixed Primitive to the
old woman on the right who is Australoid, probably part Negrito.
The changes in the breasts with advancing age may be seen also.
Several styles of skirts are to be noted, from its complete absence,
through the small apron, to the full skirt.
PLATE XVIII
The Mangyans of Banganay have much Negrito blood, and
the various conditions of wavy and curly, to almost kinky, hair
may be seen in this plate. The long and short legs, the modified
Iberian ears, the modified Primitive ears, and the Australoid
noses are to be noticed. These are the remnants of Negritos
said by Meyer to exist in Mindoro, yet they are Mangyans not
greatly unlike others that have been portrayed.
PLATES XIX AND XX
The Ilongots of these plates give evidences of intermixture
with people having longer legs than themselves, because they
have legs of intermediate length, whereas those of the Ilongots
are usually short. Their features and ears are more Igorot than
Ilongot, although the Ilongot characters are present in both.
Their costumes are similar to those of other Ilongots but more
elaborate, and certain points of similarity to the Mangyans may
be seen, such as the apron and the neck ornaments, although these
are only incidental in the make-up of the fully armed warrior.
To summarize the full figures: The Mangyans are long legged,
the Ilongots short legged, although some of them have legs of
intermediate length; from which it may be inferred that the
Ilongots are more Primitive and Alpine than the Mafgyans,
who are more Iberian and Australoid than the Ilongots.
364 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
CONCLUSIONS
The presence of Negrito types among the Mangyans, with
straight hair and glabrous faces, indicates that these two char-
acters are dominant in a population where they predominate, and
the two characters may follow Mendel’s laws in cross mating.
The presence of all grades of hair from the kinky to the curly
and straight, and the presence of all grades of abundance of
hair on the face from full heads to the glabrous condition, in-
dicates also that these characters blend in heredity.
The Mangyans who resemble the Negritos are more like the
Mariveles Negritos than like those of other parts of the Phil-
ippines, whereas the Ilongots that resemble the Negritos are
more like the Negritos of other parts of the Philippines and
less like those of Mariveles than are the Mangyans.
The Mafgyans of the interior resemble Negritos; those of the
coast resemble Europeans. The Ilongots of Oyao and Canadem
resemble the Siberian type;‘other Ilongots, the European type;
others, the hairy Aino; and yet others are modified Negritos.
ILLUSTRATIONS’
Plates I to VII and XIII to XVII; Plate IX, figs. 4 to 6; Plate X, figs. 1, 2, 7, and 8; Plate
XI, figs. 1, 2, 7, and 8; and Plate XII, figs. 1 to 6 are from photographs by Charles Martin.
Plate XVIII is from photographs by Dean C. Worester. Plate X, figs. 8 to 6; Plate XI,
figs. 8 to 6; Plate XII, figs. 7 and 8; and Plates XIX and XX are from photographs by
Merton L. Miller.
PLATE I. MANGYANS
Fics. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8. Front and profile views of Mafgyans of Bulalacao,
Mindoro. Note long, wavy hair and light beards, showing admixture
of Negrito blood. Note effeminate features of man in figs. 7 and 8.
Fics. 5 and 6. A Mangyan chief.
PLATE II. ILONGOTS
Fies. 1 and 2. Front and profile view of typical Ilongot man. Fics. 3 and 4
Front and profile views of Ilongot man. Note the very scanty beard
and earrings in the upper margins of the ears. Fics. 5. 6, 7, and 8.
Front and profile views of typical adult Ilongots. Note typical Ilongot
hair net.
PLATE III. ILONGOTS
Figs. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of middle-aged Ilongot man. Note
the remarkable features of this individual who is of a type far superior
to that of the majority of his tribe. Fics. 3, 4, 5, and 6. Front and
profile views of typical Ilongot men. Fics. 7 and 8. Front and profile
views of young Ilongot man.
PLATE IV. ILONGOT AND MANGYAN WOMEN
Fics. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of Ilongot woman. FIGs. 3 and 4.
Front and profile views of Ilongot girl just approaching maturity.
Figs. 5 and 6. Front and profile views of mature, married Ilongot
woman, showing typical headdress. Fics. 7 and 8. Front and profile
views of young Mangyan girl.
PLATE V. MODIFIED IBERIAN EARS, TYPE C
Fics. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of Mangyan man. FiGs. 3 and 4.
Front and profile views of adult Ilongot woman. Fics. 5 and 6. Front
and profile views of Ilongot man in his prime, of Oyao, Province of
Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon. He shows with great plainness the admixture
of Negrito blood. Fics. 7 and 8. Mangyan man of Bulalacao, Mindoro.
* The descriptions of these photographs are taken from the catalogue of
Dean C. Worcester.
120986——3 365
366 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
PLATE VI. TRANSITIONAL MANGYAN EAR FORMS, IBERIAN TO PRIMITIVE
Fic. 1. Profile view of Mangyan man of Bulalacao, Mindoro. Modified Ibe-
rian C. Fig. 2. Profile view of typical Ilongot man of Oyao, Nueva
Vizcaya. Modified Iberian C. Fic. 3. Profile view of Mangyan man
of Bulalacao, Mindoro. Modified Primitive. Fic. 4. Profile view of
Mangyan woman of Bulalacao, Mindoro. Modified Primitive. Fics. 5
and 6. Front and profile views of Mangyan woman of the Baco River,
Mindoro. Primitive. Fics. 7 and 8. Front and profile views of Mang-
yan girl of Bulalacao, Mindoro. Modified Primitive.
PLATE VII. MIxED MANGYANS
Figs. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of an old Mangyan man of the Baco
River, Mindoro. Modified Primitive. Fics. 3 and 4. Front and profile
views of Mangyan man of the Baco River, Mindoro. Modified Iberian-
Alpine. Fics. 5 and 6. Front and profile views of typical Mangyan
man, showing particularly strong evidence of Negrito blood. Modified
Primitive. Fies. 7 and 8. Front and profile views of Mangyan man_of
Bulalacao, Mindoro. Modified Australoid.
PLATE VIII. NEGRITO MANGYANS OF LALAUIGAN, MINDORO
Figs. 1 and 2. Front and profile view of a Mangyan woman. Modified Ibe-
rian B. Fics. 3 and 4. Front and profile views of Mangyan man. This
man is especially tall for a Mangyan, and has a perceptible moustache
and beard. Modified Primitive. Fies. 5 and 6. Front and profile
views of a young Mangyan man. Modified Primitive. Fic. 7. Profile
view of a Mangyan man. Modified Primitive. Fic. 8. Profile view of
a Mangyan woman. Modified Primitive.
PLATE IX. Mixep MANGYANS OF BANGANAY, MINDORO
Fics. 1 and 2. Profile and front view of Mangyan man. Modified Primitive.
Fig. 3. Front view of Mangyan man, having every indication of Negrito
blood. Note his curly hair and flat nose. Pure Negritos are not known
to exist in Mindoro, but a man of this type affords ample proof that
they formerly existed there. Australoid. Fic. 4. Front view of a
Mangyan man who had received a terrible wound in a fight. This is
a most unusual occurrence as the Mangyans are extremely pacific
among themselves and very friendly toward outsiders. Modified Ibe-
rian B. Figs. 5 and 6. Front and profile views of Mangyan man of
Bulalacao, Mindoro. Modified Primitive.
PLATE X. Mopiriep ALPINE AND PRIMITIVE ILONGOTS
Figs. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of middle-aged Ilongot man. Note
the remarkable features of this individual, who is of a type far superior
to that of the majority of his tribe. Modified Alpine. Fics. 3 and 4.
Front and profile views of Ilongot man of Dupax, Nueva Vizcaya. .
Modified and Alpine-Primitive. Figs. 5 and 6. Front and profile views
of Ilongot woman of Sugat, Nueva Vizcaya. Modified Primitive. Fics.
7 and 8. Front and profile views of Ilongot man of Delapping, Nueva
Vizcaya, of the bearded type. Modified Primitive.
VIII, D, 5 Bean: Filipino Ears 367
PLATE XI. CuRLY- AND STRAIGHT-HAIRED ILONGOTS
Figs. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of bearded type of Ilongot, of De-
lapping, Nueva Vizcaya, showing: painly admixture of Negrito blood.
Fic. 8. Front view of Ilongot man of Kauayan, Nueva Vizcaya. Fic. 4.
Profile view of Ilongot man of Kauayan, Nueva Vizcaya. Fic. 5. Front
view of Ilongot man of Gading, Nueva Vizcaya. Fic. 6. Profile view
of Ilongot man of Sugat, Nueva Vizcaya. Fics. 7 and 8. Front and
profile views of Ilongot woman of Canadem, Nueva Vizcaya.
PLATE XII. Harry ILoNcots
Figs. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of old man of Delapping, Nueva Viz-
caya. Note his gray hair and beard. He has lost most of his teeth.
Modified Iberian. Fics. 3, 4, 5, and 6. Ilongot men of Delapping, Nueva
Vizcaya, of the bearded type, showing plainly the admixture of Negrito
blood. Modified Iberian and modified Primitive, respectively. Fics. 7
and 8. Front and profile views of an old Ilongot man of Dupax, Nueva
Vizcaya. Modified Primitive.
PLATE XIII. Mopiriep IBERIAN ILONGOT WoMEN
Fics. 1 and 2. Front and profile views of young Ilongot woman, of Canadem,
Nueva Vizcaya. Fies. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Front and profile views of
Ilongot women of Delapping, Nueva Vizcaya.
PLATE XIV. MANGYAN MEN
Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Mangyans of Bulalacao, Mindoro. Fic. 4. A Mangyan
chief of Bulalacao, Mindoro. The rattan about the waist was stained
a bright scarlet.
PLATE XV. ILONGOT MEN
Fic. 1. Adult Ilongot man of Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya. The typical Ilongot
ornaments and hair net may be seen particularly well in this photo-
graph. Note especially the metal band about the left arm and the
shell girdle. Also the admixture of Negrito blood, evidenced by wavy
hair and scanty beard. Fic. 2. Ilongot man of Canadem, Nueva Viz-
caya, Showing typical dress. Note the very scanty beard and earrings
in the upper margins of the ears and the ornamental rattan and braided
cord about the waist. Fic. 3. Ilongot man of Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya.
This man shows with great plainness the admixture of Negrito blood.
Fig. 4. Typical Ilongot man of Canadem, Nueva Vizcaya. Note the
hair net, shell girdle, and light growth of beard.
PLATE XVI. MANGYANS AND ILONGOTS
Fic. 1. Mangyan man of Bulalacao, Mindoro. Fie. 2. Young Ilongot man.
Fig. 3. Typical Ilongot man. Note beard and long hair. Fic. 4.
Mangyan of Bulalacao, Mindoro.
PLATE XVII. MANGYANS
Fic. 1. Typical Mangyan woman of the Baco River, Mindoro. Fic. 2.
Mangyan woman of the Baco River, Mindoro, showing typical dress.
Fic. 8. Mangyan girl of Bulalacao, Mindoro, showing typical dress.
Fic. 4. Old Mangyan woman of the Baco River, Mindoro, showing
evidence of Negrito blood.
368 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
PLATE XVIII. MANGYANS OF BANGANAY, MINDORO. MIXED NEGRITOS OF
THE AUSTRALOID TYPE
Fic. 1. Mangyan about to throw a.lance. Fic. 2. Mangyan, full-length
front view, showing relative size. This man has very evident indica-
tions of Negrito blood. Fics. 8, 4, and 5. Full-length front view of
three Mangyan men standing.
PLATE XIX. TypicAL ILONGoTS OF DUPAX, NUEVA VIZCAYA
Fic. 1. Ilongot man armed. Fic. 2. Ilongot man, fully armed, profile view.
Fic. 3. Ilongot man, profile view. Note headdress made of the head
of a hornbill (Hydrocorax).
PLATE XX. TYPICAL ILONGOTS
lois ale Ilongot man of Gading, Nueva Vizcaya. Fic. 2. [longot man of San
José, Province of Tayabas, Luzon. ;
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Fig. 1. Modified Primitive. Fig. 2. Modified Primitive.
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Fig. 5. Modified Primitive. Fig. 6. Modified Primitive,
PLATE IX. MIXED MANGYANS,
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BrAN:
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
TYPICAL ILONGOTS.
PLATE XX.
HIRUDO BOYNTONI, A NEW PHILIPPINE LEECH
By LAWRENCE D. WHARTON
(From the Department of Zoélogy, College of Liberal Arts, University of
; the Philippines)
Hirudo boyntoni sp. nov.
Individuals of this species show a wide variation in size. The
following measurements are taken from a specimen slightly
larger than the average: Length in extension, 14 cm.; length at
rest, 7 cm.; width, 12 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. The greatest
width is about the middle, and the body tapers toward both ex-
tremities, but more toward the anterior. The cephalic lobe is
broad and rounded in front. The acetabulum is circular, about
9 mm. in diameter, and attached in the center.
On the dorsal surface the skin is divided into square papille,
each annulus having from 16 to 20 of these papillae. When the
body is contracted the annuli are ridged. There are 102 dis-
tinct annuli, counting on the dorsal surface. The first 4 of these
form the cephalic lobe. The 5th and 6th annuli, called by Whit-
' man the “buccal annuli,” are fused laterally as are the post-
buccals, the 7th and 8th. In addition, the groove between the
6th and 7th disappears on the ventral surface so that all 4 of the
annuli form a broad lip ventral to the mouth.
There are 5 pairs of ocelli borne on the Ist, 2d, 3d, 5th, and
8th annuli. In position the first pair corresponds to the median
pair of sensory papillz and the others to the inner lateral papil-
le of the succeeding somites. These sensory papille can first be
distinctly seen on the 5th annulus as small transparent spots.
There are 4 pairs on the dorsal surface—a median pair, an inner
lateral, an outer lateral, and a marginal pair—and 3 on the
ventral surface. After the 5th annulus they are found on the
8th, 11th, and 14th, and from there on to the 94th on every 5th
annulus. After this they are found on the 97th, 99th, and 101st
annuli. In addition, 8 radial rows of the organs can be seen
distinctly on the dorsal surface of the acetabulum.
Using these sensory papille as a means of determining the
somites, I find the body to be composed of 26 somites made up as
369 -
370 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
follows: Somites I and II consist of 1 annulus each; III and IV
of 2 annuli each; V and VI of 3 annuli each; VII of 4; VIII to
XXIII of 5 annuli each; and XXIV, XXV, and XXVI of 2 annuli
each; making a total of 102 annuli.
The most prominent features of the ventral surface are the
genital orifices, the male opening lying between the 30th and
31st annuli of somite X and the female between the 35th
and 36th annuli of somite XI. The 17 pairs of nephridial
pores are also distinctly visible. The first pair is in the post-
erior edge of the 13th annulus, somite VII, and the last in the
93d annulus, somite XXIII. In each somite the openings are on
the annulus just in front of the one bearing the sensory papille,
which is the second annulus of the somite in every case except
somite VII, in which there is only 1 annulus in front of the
papillee-bearing annulus.
The anus lies in the last, or 102d, annulus.
The structure and arrangement of the maxille and the in-
ternal organs is much the same as is found generally in the genus
Hirudo. :
The color and markings in this species are very constant in all
the specimens which have been examined. On the dorsal sur-
face the ground color is olive green mixed with a little yellow.
Mid-dorsally there is a longitudinal line of a darker green from 2
to 4 mm. wide. Running parallel to this line on each side are
4 narrow black lines. The margins bear an orange stripe about
1mm. wide. Lying along the dorsal edge of this marginal stripe
is a row of deep-green squares, one lying on each third annulus.
Ventrally the color is a uniform dark olive green with a velvety
appearance. The acetabulum is the same color as the rest of the
body.
The number of annuli and their somite arrangement, the num-
ber and position of the eyes and sensory papille, the number and
position of the nephridia, the position of the genital openings,
and the structure of the maxilla place this leech in the genus
Hirudo. The peculiar papillation of the skin, the prominence
of the sensory papille both on the body and on the acetabulum,
the union of the 6th and 7th annuli on the ventral surface, and
the distinctive color marking stamp it as a new species. The
species is named in honor of Dr. W. H. Boynton of the Bureau of
Agriculture of the Government of the Philippine Islands, who
has been studying it with reference to its ability to hold the virus
of rinderpest alive in ingested blood, and to whom I am indebted
for first calling my attention to the species.
VIII, D, 5 Wharton: Hirudo boyntoni’ STL
This leech is very common in ditches, small streams, and pools
in the rice paddies of the lowlands of Luzon and of other islands.
This description is based on specimens from Novaliches, Rizal
Province. Specimens have been obtained from practically all of
the lowland provinces of Luzon and from Negros, Iloilo, Palawan,
and Cebu. I find that it is sold in some of the native drug stores
of Manila in place of H. medicinalis. Although a paper on the
leeches of the Philippines is in the course of preparation, it seems
advisable to publish a diagnosis of this species at once. A more
detailed description with drawings will be given at a later date.
DIE TENEBRIONIDEN DER PHILIPPINEN
Von HANS GEBIEN
(Hamburg, Germany)
Die Herrn Entomologen des Bureau of Science, Manila, hat-
ten die Freundlichkeit, mich mit der Bearbeitung der Tenebrio-
niden aus der Entomologischen Sammlung des Bureau zu beauf-
tragen. Ich gebe im Folgenden eine Aufzahlung aller von den
Philippinen gefundenen Arten. Diese stiitzt sich in erster Linie
auf das mir gesandte Material und umfasst auch eine Anzahl
Arten, die nur in meiner Sammlung vertreten sind und das
gesamte Material des Kgl. Museums in Berlin.
Zweifellos stehen wir erst am Anfang unserer Kenntnis der
Philippinen-Fauna. Soweit die aufgefundenen Arten bekannt
waren, habe ich Notizen iiber die geographische Verbreitung
gegeben. Ich bemerke, dass sich die Typen aller neuen Arten
in meiner Sammlung befinden; war mehr als 1 Exemplar vor-
handen, so befinden sich weitere Stiicke in der Sammlung des
Bureau of Science und des Berliner Museums.
Ethas carinatus Eschsch.
‘ Mir lagen nur die beiden Typen (Manila, Eschscholtz) vom
Berlin. Mus, vor.
Mesomorphus villiger Blanch.
Diese von Australien bis Afrika verbreitete Art besitzt das
Berliner Museum von Luzon (Jagor) und Manila (Eschscholtz).
Die verkiirzten Epipleuren bringen diese neue Gattung in die
Nahe der echten Opatren. Sie hat grosse Ahnlichkeit mit
Gonocephalum, von dem sie sich durch die Bildung der Vorder-
tibien unterscheidet. Am nachsten steht ihr die Gattung
Adavius (Cyptus), die sich aber durch bewimperte K6rperseiten
unterscheidet.
Scleron ferrugineum F. (= denticolle Fairm., discicolle Reitt.,
tuberculatum Bess.)
Vorder- und Hinterindien, Indo-China, Java, Sumatra iiberall
sehr haufig. Von den Philippinen bisher noch nicht bekannt.
373
374 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Vier Exemplare: LUZON, Manila (1748, W. Schultze; 2972
Charles S. Banks), ebendaher auch im Berliner Museum
(Eschscholtz) .
Genus CNEMODASUS novum
(Opatrinarum)
Kurz elliptisch, massig gewolbt. Ganz von dem Aussehen der
Cyptus-Arten. Kopf breit, am Canthus viel breiter als an den
Augen, da er stark winklig nach aussen tritt. Die Augen
ungeteilt, aber von dem Canthus von vorn bis tiber die Mitte
eingeschniirt, der Innenrand zu einer Falte erhaben die aber
nach der Stirn hin nicht durch eine Furche abgesetzt ist; Clypeus ©
mit dem normalen, schmalen, tiefen Ausschnitt. Das Kinn ist
gehdckert, die Seiten des Submentums und zwar die Wangen _
zwischen Auge und Grund der Mandibeln stark gewolbt oder
in der Wolbung mit langer Furche. Mandibeln sehr dick und
robust, am Ende geteilt, Fiihler kurz, die Mitte des Halsschildes
kaum erreichend, gegen das Ende gekeult; die Keule abgeflacht,
Glied 3 viel langer (circa 12 mal) als 4. Thorax stark quer,
an den Seiten ohne langere Wimperborsten, die Basis wie bei
Adavius (Cyptus) in der Mitte stark lappenartig nach hinten
gezogen, hochstens seitlich gerandet. Fliigeldecken kurz, Fliigel
vorhanden, vollstandig, Seiten der Elytren ohne eigentliche
Randwimpern. Oberfliche wie bei den meisten Gonocephalen
fein beschuppt. Die Vorderschienen gegen das Ende mehr oder
weniger lappenartig verbreitert, seitlich entweder mit deutlichen
Zahnen oder nur fein gekerbt. - Vorderseite der Schienen
gefurcht und gekielt (Tarsalfurche!). Epipleuren vom 4.
Segment ab fehlend. Der Fortsatz des 1. Abdominalsegments
ist breit, abgestutzt.
Cnemodasus rectangulus sp. nov.
Kopf halb so breit wie der Halsschild, dicht und grob, aber
nicht sehr tief punktiert, die beiden, durch den Ausschnitt des
Clypeus gebildeten Lappen fast halbkreisf6érmig, innen neben
den Augen ist der Rand erhaben, etwas faltenartig. Fiihler
glanzend, mit kurzen starren Borsten besetzt, die vorletzten
Glieder stark quer, fast doppelt so breit wie lang, von der Mitte
nach hinten fast garnicht, nach vorn sehr stark verengt, die
Hinterecken scharf rechtwinklig, die vorderen dagegen ganz
breit verrundet. Die Basis ist breit lappig vorgezogen und
reicht daher viel weiter nach hinten als die Hinterwinkel,
* Diese Nummern beziehen sich auf die Accessionsrecorde der Entomolo-
gischen Sammlung des Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.
VIII, D, 6 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 875
jederseits der Mitte ein flacher Eindruck an der Basis. Randli-
nien an den Seiten der Basis fehlen. Oberflache an den Seiten
tiefer, in der Mitte flacher grob und dicht punktiert, jeder Punkt
mit sehr kurzem, dicken Bérstchen. Die Zwischenriume der
Punkte bilden seitlich mehr oder weniger laingliche Ko6rnchen.
Fliigeldecken kurz, circa 11 mal so lang wie zusammen breit,
ihre Punktstreifen fein, wenig vertieft, so dass die Zwischen-
rfume ganz plan sind, diese Interstitien haben je circa 3
unordentliche Reihen sehr kurzer aufgerichteter, dicker
Borstchen, die viel kiirzer sind als ihre Entfernung von einander
(von vorn nach hinten) betragt. Die basale Randkante der
Elytren ist entsprechend der Kurve des Halsschildes beim
Schildchen nach hinten gezogen und lasst diese in der Mitte vor
sich, so dass es nicht zwischen die Fltigeldecken tritt. Die
Propleuren nach vorn mit nicht sehr dichten, starken, scharfen
Kornchen und mehr nach den Hiiften und hinten hin groben
Langsrunzeln. Das Abdomen beborstet und mit scharf reibeisen-
artigen Punkten besetzt. Vorderschenkel glanzend, mit sehr
stumpfer Ecke an der Unterseite vor dem Ende. Die Vorder-
schienen gegen das Ende stark verbreitert, die Aussenecke
lappenformig, dariiber an der Aussenkante 1 bis 2 grosse Zahne
(aber nicht ann&hernd so wie bei Melanesthes), die untere
Erweiterung etwa so breit wie die ersten 3 Fussglieder lang,
die Kante an der Vorderseite sehr undeutlich, in der Oberhalfte
ganz geschwunden. Prosternum tiber die Hiiften hinaus ver-
langert, wenig, gesenkt, am Ende zugespitzt. Der zarte Penis
am Ende flach und zweispitzig. :
Lange 7.5-8.5 mm., Breite 4 mm.
Zwei Exemplare.
LUZON, Batangas, Vulkan Taal (Charles S. Banks).
Von der vorliegenden Gattung liegen mir noch 3 neue Arten
vor, von denen 2 (von Neu-Guinea and Neu-Pommern) bald
beschrieben werden; die vierte von Bali? unterscheidet sich
*Cnemodasus tenuipes sp. nov.
Der vorigen Art ahnlich aber viel flacher, die hinteren Ecken des Hals-
schildes scharf rechteckig, die vorderen stumpf, schwach verrundet, die
Basis jederseits der Mitte tiefer eingedriickt, eine Randlinie jederseits
vorhanden, aber nicht sehr deutlich, die Propleuren sind nicht sehr deutlich
gekornt und schwach gerunzelt, das Prosternum wagerecht, am Ende breiter,
flacher und stumpfwinklig vorgezogen, ohne spitze Ecke. Die Vorder-
schiene schmal, nur das Ende schwach lappig verbreitert, der Vorderseiten-
kiel ist scharf und auf der ganzen Lange vorhanden, Zahne an den Seiten
fehlen.
Lange 7 mm.
INSEL BALI (Doherty). Meine Sammlung.
876 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
sofort durch die schmalen Vorderschienen mit vollstandigem
Kiel und anderes Prosternum. Die Arten vom Neu-Guinea-
Gebiet haben andere Vorderschienen, gerandete Basis des Hals-
schildes und nicht verrundete Vorderwinkel.
Gonocephalum depressum Fabr.
Die als eigene Art oder als Varietat aufgefasste Form Opatrum
bilineatum Wlk. lasst sich nicht scharf von ihr trennen; sie liegt
mir vor aus:
LUZON, Benguet, Trinidad (8255, Charles S. Banks) ; SIBUYAN
(7663, R. C. McGregor); Berliner Museum: Ins. Philippinae
(Cuming).
Gonocephalum adpressum Germ.
Sechs Exemplare im Berliner Museum, von Manila und Ins.
Philippinae (Cuming); ferner 3 Exemplare von LUZON, Ba-
tangas, Vulkan Taal (17043, Charles S. Banks).
Bradymerus elongatus sp. nov.
Korper langgestreckt, parallelseitig, schwarz, oder schwarz-
braun, glanzend (soweit nicht der Korper mit einer Schmutz-
kruste bedeckt ist), Fiihler und Taster rot, die ersten Fussglieder
braunlich. Kopf lang, flach, ohne deutliche Querfurche und
ohne Augenfalten; Augenfurchen fein, schmal, tief, nur am In-
nenrande liegend; Clypeus gerade abgestutzt, der ganze Kopf
sehr gedrangt, lingsrissig punktiert, auch auf dem Clypeus, die
Wangen vor den Augen ziemlich geradlinig verengt. Das 3.
Fihlerglied 14 mal so lang wie das 4., die ersten 5 Glieder langer
als breit, das 6. schwach quer, die folgenden immer starker quer,
die vorletzten fast doppelt so breit wie lang. MHalsschild quer,
kaum 14 mal so breit als in der Mitte lang, wesentlich schmaler
als die Fliigeldecken, besonders an der Basis, die Seiten vor den
scharf rechteckigen Hinterwinkeln nicht oder kaum ausge-
schweift, die Vorderwinkel verrundet, kaum vortretend, die Rand-
partie gleichmassig breit, doch ziemlich schmal abgesetzt und
etwas aufgebogen, der eigentliche Rand nicht oder wenig deut-
lich gewellt, die Basis ganz gerandet, der Rand in der Mitte
breiter als an den Seiten und mehr furchenartig. Die Oberflache
sehr dichtgedringt, grob punktiert, die Ausserst schmalen Zwi-
schenrdume der Punkte glanzend, stellenweise Langsrunzeln,
stellenweise mehr feine Kérnchen bildend. Das halbkreisfor-
mige Schildchen ebenfalls dicht und ziemlich grob punktiert.
Die Fliigeldecken sehr gestreckt, parallelseitig, oben abgeflacht,
nach gehériger Reinigung schwarz, und ziemlich glanzend, mit
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 877
ziemlich tiefen Punktstreifen, deren Punkte meist langlich sind,
_ die Zwischenraiume sind fein lederartig punktiert gerunzelt und
mit einer Reihe etwas abgeflachter, meist langlicher, ungleich
dicht stehenden Kornchen versehen; diese Koérnchen laufen auf
den mehr erhabenen Intervallen zu einer mehr oder minder
krenulierten Rippe zusammen. Der 1. Zwischenraum im letzten
Achtel stark erhaben und im Spitzenwinkel mit der siebenten
Rippe verbunden, der 3. Zwischenraum vorn und hinten gekielt,
in der Mitte mehr abgeflacht, der 5. und 7. der ganzen Lange
nach stark gerippt, der 7. bildet von oben gesehen den Rand und
verdeckt, namentlich vorn, die Seitenpartie, lasst aber hinten den
8., ebenfalls schwach gerippten Zwischenraum, sichtbar. Die
Pleureh des Halsschildes sind grob und dicht gedringt, stellen-
weise runzlig punktiert, das Prosternum zwischen den Hiiften
gewolbt, undeutlich, doppelt gefurcht, am Ende niedergedriickt
und mit feiner, wenig deutlicher Spitze versehen, das Mesoster-
num steil mit nicht sehr tiefem V-fo6rmigen Ausschnitt. Abdo-
men glanzend, ziemlich fein und massig dicht punktiert. Beine
schlank, Tibien diinn, an den Hintertarsen ist das Klauenglied
ktirzer als die andern 3 zusammen.
Lange 9.5-10 mm.
Fiinf Exemplare.
‘LUZON, Benguet, Pauai, 2,250 Meter (11196, R. C. McGregor).
Diese Art ist von allen Gattungsgenossen durch den ge-
streckten, flachen K6érper ausgezeichnet, die Oberseite ist schwarz,
der Halsschild verhaltnismassig fein skulptiert, sein Rand fast
glatt. Von den bekannten Arten ist keine der vorstehenden
ahnlich ausser der folgenden.
Bradymerus alternicostis sp. nov.
Diese Art ist der vorigen sehr ahnlich, ebenfalls langgestreckt,
oben flach, die Fliigeldecken aber braun, stark glanzend. Der
Halsschild ist an den Seiten deutlich krenuliert, die Basalrandung
- stark glanzend; in der Mitte der Basis vor dem Rand eine glatte
Stelle. Die Rippenbildung der Fliigeldecken ist durchaus ahn-
lich, doch sind die Zwischenraume sdmtlich spiegelglatt, ohne
Spur von Punktierung, einzelne Kornchen finden sich nur auf
der hinteren Halfte des 6. und 8. und vollstaéndig auf dem 9.
Zwischenraum, die Rippen ebenfalls glatt, nur an der Spitze
etwas uneben.
Lange 9 mm.
Kin Exemplar.
LUZON, Laguna, Mt. Banajao (7206, Charles S. Banks).
378 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Bradymerus impressicollis sp. nov.
Korper ebenfalls ziemlich schmal, gestreckt, oben etwas abge-
flacht, braunschwarz, matt, besonders ‘auch auf den Fliigeldecken,
die ersten 5 Fiihlerglieder, die Taster und die Tarsen rostrot.
Kopf flach, die Clypealfurche sehr fein aber deutlich, nahezu
halbkreisformig, die ganze Oberflache fein aber scharf langs-
riefig, nur der Canthus vor den Augen und der Vorderrand des
Clypeus mit mehr oder weniger runden Punkten, der Clypeus
ganz gerade abgeschnitten mit ganz verrundeten Ecken, Augen-
falten fehlen, eine schmale, kurze, scharf eingeschnittene Augen-
furche befindet sich jederseits am hinteren Innenrande der
Augen. Fiihler ahnlich wie bei den vorigen Arten, doch sind
die letzten Glieder dunkel, auch das 6. ist stark quer und fast
doppelt so breit wie lang. Halsschild quer, fast doppelt so breit
wie in der Mittellinie lang, die Mittelpartie des Vorderrandes
nicht sehr stark vorgezogen, vorn der Quere nach stark, hinten
schwach gewolbt, der Seitenrand schmal gleichmassig breit
abgesetzt, die Vorderwinkel spitzwinklig, ziemlich scharf vor-
tretend, die hinteren rechtwinklig, die grésste Breite liegt etwa
in der Mitte, die Verengung nach vorn starker als nach hinten,
so dass also die Basis wesentlich breiter als die Spitze ist. Die
Basis ist ganz gerandet, die Randung in der Mitte nur wenig
breiter als neben den Hinterwinkeln; die Oberfliche ist durch
einen mittleren, breiten, aber ziemlich flachen Langseindruck
uneben, der in der Mitte mehr einem flachen Griibchen dhnelt;
der Seitenrand ist fast glatt, vor den Hinterwinkeln nicht oder
kaum merklich ausgeschweift. Das grob und dicht punktierte
Schildchen hat eine deutliche Spitze. Die Fliigeldecken sind
deutlich aber nicht viel breiter als der Halsschild, die ersten
Zwischenréume sind ziemlich flach, doch nach der Spitze hin
konvex, die Ausseren Zwischenraume mehr gewédlbt, alle tragen
einen sehr schmalen, feinen, geraden, vielfach unterbrochenen
Langskiel, an der Spitze treten der 3., 5. und 7. Zwischenraum
mehr hervor als die anderen, der 8. ist hinten scharf gerippt und
lauft bis in die Spitze. Die ganze Vorderbrust mit den Pleuren
ist grob und dicht punktiert aber nicht gerunzelt. Das Pro-
sternum zwischen den Hiiften ungefurcht, das Ende nieder-
gedriickt mit feiner nach hinten gerichteter Spitze. Metaster-
num und Abdomen glanzend, nicht sehr dicht, aber deutlich
punktiert. Mittelbrust mit niedrigem Steilabfall und geringém
bogigem Ausschnitt. Beine diinn und schlank; an den Hinter-
tarsen ist das Klauenglied so lang wie die andern zusammen.
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 879
Lange 7—7.5 mm.
Zwei Exemplare.
LUZON; Benguet, Baguio (9923, H. M. Curran).
Diese Art hat in der ziemlich gestreckten und flachen Gestalt,
dem seitlich ungezaihnten Halsschild und in der Kopfskulptur
Ahnlichkeit mit elongatus und alternicostis, aber ganz andere
Fliigeldeckenskulptur. Von den andern bekannten braunen
Arten unterscheidet sie sich durch den fein aber scharf langris-
sigen Kopf, durch die Bildung des Halsschildes etc.
Bradymerus sequecostatus Fairm., Notes Leyden Mus. (1893),
15.20.
Mir liegt von dieser Art 1 Stiick von Siid Palawan (meine
Sammlung) vor, das ich von Exemplaren vom Kinabalu, Borneo,
nicht unterscheiden kann.
Bradymerus ? crenulicollis Fairm., Notes Leyden Mus. (1882),
4, 221.
Zwei Exemplare, die mir zugesandt waren, stimmen mit einer
Anzahl von Java in meiner Sammlung iiberein; nur ist der
Halsschild am Rande fast glatt, doch finde ich Ubergange dazu
unter den Javanern. Ob aber die Art richtig gedeutet ist,
bleibt bei der Menge sehr ahnlicher Arten, die zum gréssten
Teil unbeschrieben sind, zweifelhaft.
MINDORO, Bongabon (8412, W. Schultze).
Bradymerus carinatus Fairm. (= corinthius Fairm.).
Eine durch die lebhaft metallische Farbung der Fliigeldecken
leicht kenntliche Art, die aber sehr variabel ist. Drei Exem-
plare des Berliner Museums haben griin-metallische Fliigeldecken
und fast schwarzen Vorderkorper, die Seiten des Halsschildes vor
den Hinterecken sind fast gerade oder mehr oder weniger deut-
lich geschweift, auch die Rippenbildung ist sehr veranderlich.
LuZzON (Jagor), Manila (Hschscholtz) ; CEBU, Toledo (6758,
R. C. McGregor).
Bradymerus violaceus Pasc., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1883), V,
11, 437.
In der auffallenden Farbung nur mit der folgenden Art und
mit B. cyaneipennis Pasc. zu vergleichen. Von dieser letzten Art
unterscheidet sie sich durch andere Farbung der Fiihler, Beine
und der Unterseite und das nicht langsgestrichelte Abdomen
380 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
durch die vortretenden Halsschildvorderwinkel etc. Die Un- .
terschiede zwischen violaceus und der folgenden Art finden sich
dort. :
Drei Exemplare.
INSEL CAMIGUIN (7814, &. C. McGregor).
Bradymerus ceruleipennis sp. nov.
Glanzend schwarz, auch die Fiihler und Beine, die Fliigeldecken
glinzend blau. Kopf gestreckt, Augenfurchen deutlich, tief,
kurz, nach hinten aber verbreitert und nach hinten gedffnet,
also nicht dem Augenrand parallel; der Canthus nicht breiter
als die Augen, aber durch einen deutlichen, winkligen Ausschnitt
von ihm abgesetzt, dadurch die Augen ziemlich hervortretend, die
Furche, welche den Clypeus absetzt, ziemlich fein, nicht scharf,
glinzend, seitlich etwas mitten zwischen Canthus und Clypeus-
ecke ausmiindend; diese ziemlich breit verrundet, der Vorder-
rand sanft ausgeschnitten; die Oberflache massig dicht und
ziemlich fein punktiert, der Grund A4usserst fein lederrunzlig,
die Keule der Fiihler nicht deutlich abgesetzt, 4-gliedrig, die
vorhergehenden Glieder wenig breiter als lang. Halsschild in
der Mittellinie etwa halb so lang als an der breitesten Steile
breit, der Vorderrand ganz gerade abgeschnitten, weder die Mitte
noch die Vorderwinkel vorragend, diese breit verrundet, Basis
und Vorderrand gleich breit, der Halsschild queriiber ziemlich
stark, auch an der Basis gewdélbt, die Wolbung geht seitwarts
fast bis zum Rande, der nur sehr schmal abgesetzt ist, der
ausserste Rand ganz glatt, die grésste Breite des an den Seiten
stark gerundeten Halsschildes liegt in der Mitte, die Hinter-
winkel scharf, circa 100° gross, die Seiten davor kaum ausge-
schweift; die Basalrandung ist an den Seiten schmadler und
scharfer abgesetzt als in der Mitte, dort ist sie flach und mehr
eine breite Furche. Die Oberflache ist durch einige sehr flache
undeutliche Eindriicke uneben, nicht sehr stark, und wenig dicht
punktiert, an den Seiten noch sparsamer; der Grund ist ausserst
fein lederrunzlig. Fliigeldecken nach hinten schwach erweitert,
gewolbt, hinter dem dreieckigen, glatten Schildchen mit flachem,
grossem Eindruck, der Seitenrand von oben nirgends sichtbar.
Oberflache mit Reihen (auf der Scheibe) oder Streifen (seitlich)
grober, fast griibchenf6rmiger Punkte, die meist im Grunde ein
langliches Strichelchen haben, die Interstitien auf der Scheibe
flach, an den Seiten stark gewolbt, der 3., 5. und 7. an der Spitze
etwas mehr erhaben als die andern. Propleuren mit einzelnen
ziemlich groben Punkten, Prosternum zwischen den Hiiften
°
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 881
gefurcht, dahinter vollstandig niedergedriickt. Abdomen glan-
zend, ziemlich fein punktiert. Mesosternum breit V-formig
wenig tief ausgeschnitten. Beine schlank, an den Hintertarsen
ist das Klauenglied so lang wie die andern zusammen.
Lange 10 mm.
Ein Exemplar.
LUZON, Benguet, Mt. Pulog, 2,250 Meter (10257, H. M.
Curran).
Diese blaue Art ist durch den schwarzen, weitlaufig punktierten
ganzrandigen Halsschild, dessen Vorderwinkel nicht vortreten,
und durch die Fliigeldeckenskulptur gut gekennzeichnet.
Tabelle der Bradymerus-Arten der Philippinen. -
HreOnerseite blaw) oder. metallischs.2 cn ke Re tad 2.
G@herseite! schwarz oder brawn 24.5 c2s...csten dn consce sheds hee ssssceeede tee 4,
2. Halsschild weitlaufig punktiert, Vorderrand gerade abgeschnitten,
Punkte der Fliigeldeckenstreifen sehr grob, seitlich griibchenartig.
ceruleipennis sp. nov.
Halsschild gedrangt punktiert, Vorderwinkel spitz vorragend, Punkte
der Fliigeldeckenstreifen sehr fein... ............eeeceeceeeeceeseneceeseeeeeceeeeeees 3.
3. Fligeldecken leuchtend griinlich bronze oder schwarzlich griin, Proster-
num kaum gefurcht, hinter den Hiiften schwach gesenkt, mit senk-
MECMLEMecADSt UMA isos oe aes es aera Gt carinatus Fairm.
Oberseite lebhaft blau oder violett, Prosternum kraftig gefurcht; hinter
den Hiiften ganz niedergedriickt mit feiner Spitze....... violaceus Pasc.
4. Beine ganz rot, Korper schwarz, gewolbt, Kopf und Halsschild granu-
Mente (ex iiairmaire) ie iis ssi ee ee ose Aes | ferruginipes Fairm.
UG CHESCON Ss GIGI ReekT SCT TO bee ee cere re retea, Sy CBS oe BTN 5.
5. Gedrungene, gewolbte Arten, Stirn und Halsschild gedringt kérnig
(PULTE GIR Fer eae eae aS el a ea A eel eas tha eee eee 6.
Gestreckte, flache Arten, Stirn dicht und fein langsstrigos...................- 165
6. Die alternierenden Streifen stark erhaben, rotbraune Art.
crenulicollis Fairm.
Alle Streifen (ausser den ersten) scharf gekielt, schwarzbraune Art.
zquecostatus Fairm.
7. Halsschild in der Mitte mit Eindruck, Vorderwinkel ziemlich spitz vor-
ragend, alle Streifen vorn gekielt, Fiihlerkeule schwarz.
impressicollis Geb.
Halsschild gleichmassig gewdlbt, Vorderwinkel schwach, gerundet
vorragend, die abwechselnden Streifen erhabener, Fiihler ganz rot.... 8.
8. Grund der dunkelbraunen Fliigeldecken spiegelglatt, die Rippen auf der
SKU NETI Bes BERIT Cr Fea 1 A a ea ee alternicostis Geb.
Grund der schwarzen Fliigeldecken sehr fein lederrunzlig, die Rippen
TORN CORD peas ose eres fer eo ee Sh ee) beak elongatus Geb.
Byrsax satanas Sp. nov.
Form und Grosse etwa wie bei B. gibbifer Wesm. und B. ceno-
sus Pasc., nicht viel langer als breit, schwarzbraun, matt, Korper
120986——4
382 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
jedoch ganz mit den Resten des Wirtspilzes bedeckt, welche die |
Skulptur zum Teil verdecken, Fiihler und Taster rotbraun.
Kopf flach, sein Hinterrand scharfkantig, die Stirn davor fast
etwas ausgehohlt. Vorderrand hat jederseits zwei Zahnchen,
das eine ist der Canthus, das andere liegt in der Mitte zwischen
Canthusecke und Clypeusecke, diese selbst ist aber ganz verrun-
det, der Vorderrand gerade abgeschnitten, auf dem Vorderkopf
befinden sich beim gut entwickelten ¢ 2 sehr lange Horner, die-
erst aufwarts und dann nach vorne gerichtet sind, ihr Vorder-
rand bildet einen ziemlich regelmassigen Fiinftelkreisbogen (von
der Seite gesehen), die Horner divergieren (genau von vorne
gesehen) mit circa 50°, der Innenrand der Augen hat keine
deutliche Augenfalte. Beim @ ist der Kopf ganz flach mit
einfachem Clypeus, der Vorderrand ohne Zahnchen, die Horner _
fehlen ganz und die Stirn ist mit Kérnchen von ungleicher Dichte
und Feinheit bedeckt; beim zweiten ¢ sind die Horner sehr kurz,
fast gerade in die Hohe gerichtet und am Ende abgestutzt,
wahrend sie bei dem normal entwickelten, am Ende etwas flach
gedriickt (aber nicht wie bei den verwandten Arten verbreitert
sind), der Hinterrand ist dort mit wenigen deutlichen Kerbzahn-
chen versehen. An den Fiihlern ist das 5. Glied so breit wie
lang, die folgenden sind, allmahlich breiter werdend, nach innen
erweitert, das letzte ist gestreckt, langer als breit, von der Breite
des vorletzten. Halsschild an der breitesten Stelle weit hinter
der Mitte, circa 3 mal so breit wie in der Mitte lang, die Vorder-
winkel beim ¢-scharf rechtwinklig, beim @ spitz und etwas
ausgezogen. Die Hinterwinkel ganz kurz stumpfwinklig (z. B.,
die seitliche starke Verflachung des Halsschildes, die bis an den
Hinterrand Zahne zeigt, hat nach innen von dem letzten Zahn
eine flache Ausrandung—die bei Byrsax cornutus Fabr. etwa
halbkreisf6rmig ist—und nach innen davon erst die Hinterwin-
kel) ; es sind am Seitenrand etwa 15 rechtwinklige Zaihnchen
vorhanden deren jedes auf der Oberseite ein Koérnchen tragt,
ausserdem hat die seitliche Verflachung einige wenige grébere
Tuberkeln; eine Reihe ebenso grosser steht am Vorderrand,
dahinter eine unordentliche, stellenweise doppelte Querreihe;
auf der Mittellinie jederseits einige noch grébere Tuberkeln,
die eine flache Mittelfurche freilassen, ferner noch auf dem
ibrigen Raum ein paar teilweise reihig gestellter Tuberkeln.
Die wie bei cenosus hochgewdolbten Fliigeldecken haben einen
regelmassig gesdgten Seitenrand, dessen Zahnchen rechtwinklig
sind, und nach hinten zu an Grosse allm&hlich abnehmen; aber
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 3883
auch die Zahnchen des Spitzensaumes sind sehr deutlich. Der
flache Seitenrand ist fein und ziemlich regelmassig quergefaltet.
Jedes Zihnchen hat, etwas entfernt von der Spitze, eine feine
Tuberkel, ungefahr jede 2. Falte weiter nach innen zu eine
wesentlich gréssere. Jederseits der Naht befindet sich ebenfalls
eine Reihe feiner, aber weitlaufiger Ko6rnchen, und jederseits die
3 grossen Hocker, von denen der letzte, kleinste, am Beginn des
Absturzes steht, die Hocker sind in der Anlage rund, haben aber
jeder auf der Spitze einen kurzen Langskiel. Der Grund der
Fliigeldecken ist sehr grob, griibchenartig, nirgends reihig punk-
tiert. Die Propleuren sind glinzend, fein aber deutlich punk-
tiert, das Prosternum ganz heruntergebogen, das schmale Meso-
sternum ist nur nach vorn kielig (nicht wie bei macleayi scharf
meisselfo6rmig) erhéht und endet vorn mit kleiner, zahnf6rmiger
Tuberkel. Analsegment ohne Tuberkel. Vordertibien aussen
nicht abgeflacht, ungekantet.
Lange 9-9.5 mm. (ohne Horner), Breite 6.5 mm.
Zwei 6,1 2.
LUZON, Cagayan, Aparri (10585, H. M. Curran).
Diese Art steht dem gibbifer Wesm. am ndachsten. Ihre
Hauptmerkmale bilden die Bewaffnung des Kopfes beim
Mannchen, den beim Weibchen ganz einfachen Thorax, das ganz
niedergebogene Prosternum, das nur vorn erhobene Mesosternum,
die grossen, nicht reihig gestellten Punkte der Fltigeldecken,
deren Rand auch an der Spitze scharf, wenn auch fein gesagt
ist, auf den Elytren sind nur 3 grosse Hécker vorhanden, die
Augenfalten fehlen etc.
Atasthalus serratus sp. nov.
Ziemlich gedrungen, parallelseitig, ganz mit graubraunem
Erd- oder Schmutziiberzug bedeckt der die Skulptur einhiillt.
Vorderrand des Kopfes mit zahlreichen Hérnchen oder Zacken,
der Canthus spitzig vorragend, von dort ist der Seitenrand fast
geradlinig nach hinten verengt, da die Augen kaum aus der
Wolbung des Kopfes hervortreten. Die Mitte des Clypeus, mit
2 aufrechten dreieckigen Hoérnchen, am Innenrand der Augen
je eine spitze Tuberkel, 2 weitere in derselben Linie auf der
Stirn, der Vorderkopf wegen des aufgeworfenen Clypealrandes
ausgehohlt, jederseits aber in der Mitte zwischen dem Clypeal-
horn und dem Canthus eine langliche, etwas kielfoérmige
Erhohung in der Richtung nach innen und hinten. Die Ober-
flache ist ziemlich grob punktiert (in den tieferen Teilen) und
884 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
fein granuliert, namentlich hinten. Die Clypealfurche scharf,
aber wie iiberhaupt die Skulptur des Kopfes unter dem Uberzug
nicht erkennbar. Das 1. Glied der Fiihler sehr kraftig, die
folgenden klein, perlig, vom 6. an quer, das 10. ist an der Spitze
sanft ausgeschnitten zur Aufnahme des 11. Gliedes, das etwa
so lang wie breit ist. Halsschild stark quer, seine Seiten
abgeflacht, die grésste Breite in oder hinter der Mitte, der
Seitenrand mit circa 6 fingerartigen, nicht zugespitzten Zahnen,
der Vorderste bildet die vorgezogenen Vorderwinkel, die Hinter-
winkel sind etwa rechtwinklig und ganz an den verflachten
Seitenrand verlegt, nicht wie bei voriger Art, mehr nach der
Mitte der Basis zu; die Basis ist in breitem, sanftem Bogen nach
hinten vorgezogen und jederseits der Mitte schwach geschweift.
Vom Vorderrand des Halsschildes erheben sich 2 etwas nach
oben und vorn gerichtete Horner, die aber (von hinten gesehen)
nach aussen gekriimmt sind. Die Horner sind am Grunde so
dick, dass ihr Hinterrand etwa die Mitte der Scheibe erreicht,
sie tragen an der Spitze einen Haarpinsel, beim bestentwickel-
ten M4nnchen sind die Horner linger als Kopf und Halsschild
zusammen. Oberfiache des Halsschildes und die Horner sind mit
ziemlich grossen Kornchen weitlaufig besetzt, hinter den Hérnern
befindet sich jederseits eine Gruppe etwas groésserer Korner
welche die Mitte grubig oder langsfurchig freilassen. Fliigel-
decken so breit wie der Halsschild an der breitesten Stelle, ihr
Seitenrand mit circa 15 groben fingerartigen Zahnen, die nach
hinten viel feiner werden und am Hinterrand fein kerbzahnig
sind; jederseits der Naht in etwa 4 der Scheibenbreite stehen
3 grosse Hocker von denen der hintere, am Rande des Absturzes
stehende, der grdsste ist; durch die Bildung dieser Hocker
erscheinen die Fliigeldecken aus einiger Entfernung oben ab-
geflacht mit fast senkrechtem Absturz, an den Seiten noch einige .
spitze grobe Tuberkeln die ebenfalls nach hinten grésser werden,
und dort von oben gesehen den Seitenrand tiberragen, jederseits
der Naht und an der Spitze steht eine Anzahl kleinerer Korner.
Der Grund der Fliigeldecken mit ziemlich grossen, dichten, aber
nirgends reihig gestellten Punkten. Das Endglied der Labial-
palpen mit Haarpinsel; das Mentum héckerartig gewdolbt, die
Mundteile durch einen glatten Rahmen seitlich eingefasst, der
scharfkantig, seitlich senkrecht nach den Augen zu abfallt. Das
Prosternum in der Liangsrichtung scharf rechtwinklig, nach
vorn und hinten gleichmassig gerade abfallend, zwischen den
Hiiften am héchsten. Mittelbrust zwischen den Hiiften erhaben,
VII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 885
kielf6rmig, mit scharfem Winkel ganz schrag nach vorn
abfallend. Abdomen ziemlich grob und dicht punktiert.
Schienen an der Innenseite ungekantet.
Lange 6.5—-7.5 mm.
Drei (¢) Exemplare.
Negros Occidental, Maao (1113, 2851, Charles S. Banks).
Diese ausgezeichnete Art ist sofort an der Gestalt der am Ende
beschopften Horner und an den groben fingerartigen Zahnen
am Seitenrand der Fliigeldecken zu erkennen. Ich kenne keine
naher verwandte Art.
Ceropria induta Wied.
Eine im ganzen Indo-Malayischen Archipel verbreitete gemeine
Art findet sich auch auf den Philippinen.
Sechs Exemplare.
LUZON, Rizal, Montalban Schlucht (5468, Charles S. Banks) ;
Bataan, Lamao (9860, H. M. Curran).
Ceropria dolorosa Fairm.
Fairmaire hat diese Art von der Insel Saleyer stidlich von
Celebes beschrieben. Vier Exemplare meiner Sammlung stam-
men von Mindoro. Ich habe allerdings die Typen nicht gesehen,
aber die Beschreibung passt vollkommen.
Hemicera bivittata sp. nov.
Von der Gestalt und Grésse der H. splendens. Kopf und
Halsschild dunkel golden kupfrig, Fliigeldecken mehr braun
kupfrig, die Naht und ein langer Langsstreifen auf jeder Decke
grin. Die Epipleuren lebhaft braun metallisch oder griin
glanzend. Unterseite metallisch, die ersten Fiihlerglieder
braun. Kopf dem von H. splendens durchaus ahnlich gebildet,
‘zwischen den Augen flach gleichmdssig gewolbt, am Innenrand
der Augen nach hinten zu eine scharfe, schmale, nicht sehr lange
Furche. Die Querfurche deutlich. Der Vorderkopf sehr schmal,
von den Augen fast um ein Drittel so breit wie der Durchmesser
der Augen, der Clypeus gerade abgeschnitten, Oberflache des
ganzen Kopfes mit feinen, gleichmassigen ziemlich weitlaufigen
Punkten, der Grund bei sehr starker Vergrésserung (65-fach)
ausserst fein lederrunzlig erscheinend. Die ersten 5 Glieder der
Fiihler braun, glanzend, schlank, Glied 3 doppelt so lang wie
2, die letzten sechs plotzlich breiter und grésser, matt, schwarz,
grob punktiert, nach innen starker als nach aussen erweitert,
6 und 7 etwa so lang wie breit, die folgenden allmahlich mehr
386 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
quer, das letzte kreisrund. Das Mentum schwach gewdlbt,
einzeln behaart, das letzte Glied der Maxillartaster ganz schrag
abgeschnitten, so dass die Aussenkante etwa doppel so lang ist
wie die Innenkante, aber viel schmaler als bei splendens. Man-
dibeln an der Spitze schwach ausgeschnitten. Halsschild von
der Gestalt wie bei splendens, iiber doppelt so breit wie lang,
an den Hinterwinkeln am breitesten, gleichmassig nach vorn
verengt, vor den Ecken nicht ausgeschweift, die Vorderwinkel
ganz verrundet, der Vorderrand also nicht ausgeschnitten. Die
Vorderrandlinie seitlich breit, in der Mitte schmal unterbrochen ;
die Seiten breit und scharf gerandet, die Basis ungerandet, die
Mitte nach hinten lappig vorgezogen, der Lappen gerade ab-
gestutzt, die Scheibe vor der Basis quertiber eingedriickt, Hinter-
winkel rechteckig. Die Oberflache wie die des Kopfes sehr fein,
wenig eng, gleichmdssig punktiert. Scutellum etwas langer als
breit, lackglanzend, Ausserst fein lederrunzlig und mit wenigen
groberen Punkten, die Spitze scharf. Die Fliigeldecken mit sehr
feinen Punktlinien. Der Nahtstreifen griinlich, die Naht selbst
sehr schmal griinlich, ein griiner, bei einem Individuum rot-
kupfriger, fein griin gerandeter Streifen nimmt den fiinften
Zwischenraum ein; er reicht von vorn, hinter der Schulterbeule,
wo er stark verbreitert ist, bis dicht vor die Spitze, dort ebenfalls
tiber die Punktstreifen hinausgehend; meist ist auch der abge-
setzte Seitenrand schmal griin. Die 4. und 5. Linie sind vorn an
der Basis vertieft und ihr Zwischenraum etwas gewolbt, die 7.
ist an der Spitze tiefer eingeschnitten und verbindet sich dort
mit der 2. Linie. Die Zwischenraume sind vollkommen fiach
und dusserst fein punktuliert. Prosternum hoch erhaben, vorn
gekielt, von der Seite gesehen vollkommen wagerecht, nach vorn
zugespitzt mit etwas abgesetzter Spitze, nach hinten mit verrun-
detem Ende hinter den Hiiften aber senkrechtem hohem Abfall,
die Platte und das Ende fein rings gerandet. Mesosternum
gerundet steil abfallend. Abdomen sehr fein punktiert. Schen-
kel schwarzbraun glanzend, Vorder- und Mitteltarsen der Mann-
chen deutlich verbreitert, Glied 1 der Hintertarsen ist gleich dem
vierten. Analsegment ganz einfach verrundet, an der Spitze
ungerandet. Die dusseren Anhdnge der weiblichen Geschlechts-
organe gabelformig in 2 sehr feine scharfe Spitzen ausgezogen.
Lange 7-8 mm.
HKinige Exemplare beider Geschlechter von Nord-Luzon (White-
head) und der Insel Negros ( Whitehead) in meiner Sammlung.
Oo Clype no 23596 USNM Jrenct Yaocde 1990 .
pt
}
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 887
Die Art ist von den Verwandten durch die gleichmassig metal-
lische Farbe von Kopf und Halsschild und durch die beiden grii-
nen Streifen der Fliigeldecken ausgezeichnet, sie ist viel weniger
bunt als die anderen Arten, hat aber stark glanzende Oberseite.
Hemicera caudata sp. nov.
Viel schmaler und gestreckter als irgend eine andere Art, nach
hinten nur sehr schwach erweitert. Oberfliche glanzend braun
metallisch, der Kopf und die Rander des Halsschildes besonders
breit, die Basis und die schmale Mittelline kupferrot, auf den Flii-
geldecken sind Naht und der 5. Streifen griin und kupfrig,
auch die Unterseite, besonders das Abdomen, ist schon metal-
lisch, die Segmente queriiber blaulich und griin, seitlich goldig
und kupfrig, Beine und die ersten Glieder der Fiihler braunrot.
‘Kopf gleichmassig fein und nicht sehr dicht punktiert, die
Clypealfurche deutlich, oberhalb dieser 2 Griibchen. Augen-
furche fein aber scharf, Clypeus gerade abgeschnitten. Die
ersten 5 Glieder der Fiihler rétlich, das 3. kaum 14 mal so lang
wie das 2., die 6-gliedrige Keule wie bei der vorigen Art. Das
Mentum flach gewolbt, Seitenrainder gerade; letztes Glied der
Maxillarpalpen auf beiden Seiten gleichmassig, nach dem Ende
zu spitz. Halsschild etwa doppelt so breit wie lang, Seiten fast
gerade nach vorn yerengt, die Spitze gerade oder fast etwas nach
vorn gezogen, Vorderwinkel breit verrundet, Hinterecken scharf,
etwas stumpfeckig, Randung vorn in der Mitte unterbrochen.
Seitenrandung wie gewohnlich breit und stark, die ungerandete
Basis mit vorgezogenem, gerade abgeschnittenem Mittellappen.
Oberflache fein und massig dicht punktiert, die Partie vor der
Basis queritiber seicht niedergedriickt. Schildchen so lang wie
breit, seine Spitze verrundet, mit einzelnen Punkten und im
Grunde Ausserst fein lederrunzlig. Fliigeldecken an der Basis
um ein geringes breiter als der Hinterrand des Halsschildes; mit
sehr feinen Punktlinien, deren Punkte fein, nicht gedringt
stehen, der 5. ist neben der Schulter deutlich vertieft, auch an der
Spitze sind die Aussersten und innersten Streifen fein einge-
schnitten. Die Naht und der 5. Streifen griinlich. Das Proster-
num ist vorn nicht dachfo6rmig, sondern von vorn nach hinten
plattenformig, ganz wagerecht, zwischen den Hiiften bis zur
Spitze, die verrundet ist, vollstandig gerandet, Mesosternum steil
abfallend. Abdomen im Grunde Aausserst fein lederrunzlig und
wenig dicht, fein punktiert; das Analsegment in einer kurzen,
288 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
parallelen, am Ende kurz verrundeten Fortsatz ausgezogen. An
den Hintertarsen ist das Klauenglied linger als das erste Glied.
Lange 7.5 mm.
Ein Exemplar von Nord-Luzon (Whitehead) in meiner Samm-
lung.
Die Art ist an dem gestreckten Korperbau, der Bildung des
Prosternums und an dem in einen Fortsatz ausgezogenen Anal-
_segment—eine Bildung wie sie bei keiner mir bekannten Tene-
brionide vorkommt—sofort zu erkennen.
Die Gattung Hemicera steht bis jetzt bei den Diaperiden. Sie
ist aber eine Cuodalonide und aufs nachste mit Hucyrtus ver-
wandt, einige Arten dieser Gattung gehdren entschieden zu
Hemicera. Ihre Merkmale sind in erster Linie die folgenden:
der sehr kurze Vorderkopf, der gerade abgeschnittene Clypeus,
die 6 grossen Endglieder der Fiihler, die ungerandete Halsschild-
basis, deren Mittellappen gerade abgeschnitten ist, die stark
erhabene, vollkommen wagerechte Vorderbrust, die nicht aus-
gelappten Tarsenglieder und die beim ¢ erweiterten Glieder der
Vordertarsen.
Genus TAGALUS novum
‘(Ulomidarum)
Korper klein, ziemlich cylindrisch, nur etwas flachgedriickt,
kurz. Kopf halb so breit wie der Halsschild. Augen frei, weit
vom Vorderrand des Thorax entfernt, klein, rund, vorn durchaus
nicht vom Canthus eingeschnitten, Augenfurchen fehlen. Can-
thus sehr gross, aber seitlich nicht tiber die Augen hinausgehend.
Vorderrand des Kopfes sehr breit, da er vom Canthus an quer-
liber abgeschnitten ist, fast gerade, der Clypeus also nur sehr
schmal und schwach weiter vorgezogen als der Canthus. Ober-
lippe schmal, etwa so lang wie breit, frei. Mandibeln frei,
vorragend, aber klein, ihr Innenrand von der Oberlippe verdeckt,
Aussenkante ziemlich scharf stumpfwinklig geknickt, das Ende
scharf 2-spitzig, Spitzen ungleich. Mentum trapezisch, Seiten
gerade, die Mitte schmal dreieckig (die Basis dieses Dreiecks ist
die Basis des Mentums) sehr stark erhoht. Unterlippe von der
Breite des Mentums, ihr Vorderrand ganz gerade, letztes Glied
der Labialpalpen cylindrisch, ebenzo wie auch das letzte Glied der
Maxillartaster, die sehr gestreckt sind. Fiihler kurz, das erste
Glied dick, die folgenden klein, perlig glanzend, die beiden letzten
bilden eine stark abgesetzte Keule. Halsschild quer, rings ge-
randet, Vorderrand fast gerade, Vorderwinkel nicht vorragend.
Schildchen deutlich, langer als breit. Fliigeldecken mit starken
Punktstreifen, ohne Scutellarstreif, der innere Punktstreifen wie
VIM, D,5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 389
bei den Phrenapatinen beim Scutellum nicht ausweichend, der
Seitenrand ist von oben gerade noch sichtbar. Prosternum steil
abfallend, iiber die Hiiften hinaus verlangert. Abdominalfort-
satz spitz. Epipleuren nach hinten stark verbreitert, am vor-
letzten Segment am breitesten, dann schnell verengt und an den
Spitzen geschwunden. Schenkel sehr kurz und dick, ihre Unter-
seite der Linge nach ausgehohlt, diese Aushoéhlung mit sehr
scharfen Kanten. Tibien mit grossen Enddornen, die vorderen
und mittleren an der Aussenkante mit kriftiger Zaihnung, die
hinteren glatt. Klauen zart, Onychium deutlich.
Diese Gattung ist besonders durch die 2-gliedrige Keule der
Fiihler von allen Gattungen der alten Welt geschieden, auch die
freien Augen und die Bildung des Mentums und der Ligula sind
sehr charakteristisch. Zwei-gliedrige Fiihlerkeule- findet sich
bei den amerikanischen Gattungen Arrhabzus und Dioedus, die
aber eine andere Kopfbildung haben.
Es diirfte sich sehr empfehlen, eine ganze Anzahl Gattungen
der bisherigen Ulomiden zu den Phrenapatiden zu stellen und
zwar alle, die hervorragende Mandibeln, vortretende Oberlippe,
runde Augen, gerade Fliigeldeckenstreifen (die beim Schildchen
nicht ausliegen), grosse Enddornen der Schienen und meist stark
vergrosserte Endglieder der Fiihler haben. Zu den bisherigen
Gattungen der Phrenapatine gehoren dann also ausser der vor-
liegenden Gattung noch Arrhabzus, Dioedus, Platycilibe, Bra-
chycilibe, Phthora (Clamoris), Daochus und vielleicht noch die
eine oder andere mir gegenwartig unbekannte Gattung.
Tagalus impressicollis sp. nov.
Glanzend schwarzbraun, Fiihler und Beine etwas heller, Kor-
per kurz, fast cylindrisch, aber etwas flacher, Kopf von den
Augen nach vorn schwach, und gleichmassig verengt, der Can-
thus sehr dick, schmialer als die Augenpartie, zwischen den Augen
flach eingedriickt, der Eindruck bis zum Clypeus, die Clypeal-
furche, oder iiberhaupt ein Quereindruck fehlt. Die Oberfliche
ist ziemlich grob, flach, vorn feiner, nicht sehr dicht punktiert.
Das erste Glied der Fiihler dick und gross aber nicht schaftartig,
das dritte nur wenig linger als das 2. und 4., die folgenden
etwas mehr quer, aber nicht langer, mit einzelnen, ziemlich langen
steifen Borsten besetzt, die letzten zwei stark vergréssert, matt.
Halsschild etwa um $ breiter als lang, seitlich (von oben gesehen),
ziemlich parallel, alle Ecken verrundet, die vorderen kaum vor-
tretend, die hinteren in der Anlage ganz stumpfwinklig, die
Seitenrandlinie ist von der Seite gesehen nur in schwachem
Bogen nach unten gezogen; alle Kanten gerandet, die Vor-
390 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
derrandkante in der Mitte verbreitert und verflacht, die Basis
jederseits dem 2. Zwischenraum gegeniiber sehr flach und kurz
ausgebuchtet. Die Vorderpartie queriiber fast der ganzen Breite
nach eingedriickt, der Eindruck nicht sehr tief, schlecht begrenzt.
Oberflache ziemlich weitlaufig und fein (feiner als der Kopf)
punktiert. Schildchen glatt, die Spitze verrundet, etwas langer
als breit. Fliigeldecken mit kraftigen Punktstreifen, die an der
Spitze feiner werden, ja zu Punktreihen, die stark gewdlbten
Zwisehenriume mit vereinzelten ausserst feinen Zwischenraumen,
der erste Streifen, wie tiberhaupt bei den Phrenapatinen, beim
Schildchen gerade. Vorderschienen gegen das Ende verbreitert,
ihr Aussenrand mit circa 6, nach der Spitze zu gréber werdenden
Zahnen, die Innenseite nach der Spitze zu gelb behaart, auch die
Mittelschienen mit einigen etwas feineren Sdigezihnen, die Hin-
terschienen glatt, innen am Ende mit einzelnen Haaren, das erste
Glied der Hintertarsen so lang wie 2 und 3 zusammen, das
Klauenglied etwas kiirzer als die drei ersten zusammen genom-
men. Unterseite, nahmlich Hinterbrust und Abdomen, seitlich
grob und dicht, in der Mitte viel feiner punktiert. Prosternum
fein, vollstandig gerandet, das Ende verrundet, die Vorderbrust
in der Mitte dichter, an den Seiten weitliufiger punktiert.
Lange 6 mm.
Kin Exemplar.
LuZON, Laguna, Mt. Banajao (7207, Charles S. Banks). -
Tagalus schultzei sp. nov.
Diese Art ist von der vorigen gut geschieden.. Die Farbe ist
ein glinzendes Braun, wie bei den meisten Ulomiden, die Grosse
eine viel geringere, der Halsschild ist vorn nicht eingedriickt,
sondern gleichmassig gewolbt, vorn in der Mitte breit ungeran-
det, die Hinterecken viel kiirzer verrundet, Glied 3 der Fiihler
13 mal so lang wie das vierte, die Punkte der Fligeldeckenstrei-
fen an der Spitze kaum feiner, die Vorderschienen sind nur
ziemlich fein gesagt, Prosternum ungerandet, aber in der Mitte
vertieft.
Lange 4 mm.
Ein Exemplar.
LUZON, Benguet, Mt. Pulog (10400, H. M. Curran).
Genus BOLITRIUM novum
(Aff. Tribolium)
Etwa von der Gestalt des Tribolium mit dem die Gattung
weitlaufig verwandt ist. Kopf vor den Augen schmal, der Can-
thus nicht vorspringend, sondern ganz zuriicktretend, die Augen
VIII, D, 6 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 391
volistandig, rund, grob wie bei Triboliuwm facettiert, Fiihler mit
4-gliedriger Keule. Zwischen Oberlippe und Clypeus ist keine
Gelenkhaut sichtbar, die Verengung des Vorderkopfes von den
Augen an sehr stark, der Vorderrand daher kaum breiter als die
Oberlippe. Mandibeln am Ende gefurcht; das Endglied der
Maxillarpalpen dreieckig. Halsschild etwas quer, vorn und hin-
ten gerade abgestutzt, Vorderrand ungerandet, die Seitenrinder
krenuliert. Schildchen halbkreisformig. Fliigeldecken verwor-
ren punktiert, der Seitenrand von oben sichtbar, die Epipleuren
volistandig, vom ersten Abdominalsegment an gleich breit, Pygi-
dium ganz bedeckt. Schenkel kurz und dick, Vorderbein schmal,
Enddornen kaum erkennbar, die Gelenkhéhlen der Mitteltibien
seitlich geschlossen. Die Tarsen sind kurz, das vorletzte Glied
aller Fiisse ist lamellenformig unter das letzte gezogen, das
Klauenglied also nicht am Ende, sondern oben auf dem vorletzten
Glied eingelenkt.
Diese Gattung ist in mehrfacher Beziehung eigentiimlich. Sie
gehort zu den Ulomiden. Die Gestalt, der gerade Hinterrand
des Halsschildes, die vollstaindigen Epipleuren hat die Gattung
mit den Triboliinze gemein, die Bildung der Tarsen erinnert an
die Alegoriiden, die nicht gestreiften Fltigeldecken und die Kopf-
bildung sind aber ganz abweichend. Hs ist nicht moglich diese
Gattung in eine der Abteilungen der Ulomiden einzureihen wenn
man nicht der natiirlichen Systematik grossen Zwang antun will;
es muss viel mehr eine besondere Abteilung: Bolitriini errichtet
werden, deren Merkmale die folgenden sind: Augen rund, nicht
geteilt, Vorderkopf stark verschmdlert, Canthus viel schmdéler
als die Augen, Basis der Thorax gerade, Elytren verworren
punktiert, Pygidium bedeckt, Epipleuren vollstandig, das Klau-
englied auf dem vorletzten Gliede eingelenkt.
Bolitrium crenulicolle sp. nov.
Schmal, glanzend rotbraun. Kopf vorn mit seichtem, jeder-
seits etwas vertieften Quereindruck, Canthus sehr klein, Punk-
tierung nicht sehr dicht, tief, sehr deutlich. Fiihler die Mitte
des Halsschildes tiberragend, Glied 1 dick, kugelig, 2 den
mittleren.Gliedern an Linge gleich, 3 iiber 14 mal so lang als
4, die letzten 4 Glieder bilden eine gut abgesetzte Keule, 8-10
gleich lang, etwas linger als 7, aber quer, das letzte etwas
kugelig. Der Halsschild etwa 14 mal so breit als lang, die
grosste Breite in der Mitte, zur Basis etwas mehr als zur Spitze
verengt, der Vorderrand und die Basis ganz gerade abge-
schnitten. Seiten vor den Hinterecken etwas ausgeschweift,
diese daher scharf rechtwinklig, die Vorderecken scharf stumpf,
>
392 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
der Seitenrand krenuliert, die Wolbung reicht seitlich bis an den
Rand, Oberflache punktiert wie der Kopf. Fliigeldecken oben
missig flach, von den Schultern nach hinten schwach diver-
gierend, der Seitenrand von oben tiberall sichtbar, die Basis ist
viel breiter als die des Halsschildes, die grésste Breite ist fast 14
mal diejenige des Halsschildes. Die Punktierung steht nirgends
in Reihen, sie ist regelmadssig, ziemlich tief, etwas grdber als
die des Halsschildes, die Entfernung der Punkte von einander
ist viel grésser als die Punkte selbst. Die Propleuren wie der
Halsschild punktiert, ebenso die Seiten der iibrigen Unterseite,
die Epipleuren mit einer einfachen, vorn doppelten Reihe von
Punkten, Prosternum schwach erhaben, grob punktiert, unge-
furcht, der Fortsatz schwach gesenkt, am Ende gerade abge-
stutzt, nicht vorragend, Schenkel fein punktiert, das Klauenglied
der Hinterfiisse ist so lang wie das erste, aber viel diinner, und
so lang wie 2 und 3 in ihrer ganzen Lange zusammen.
Lange 2.75-3 mm.
Vier Exemplare.
Negros Occidental, Bago (1599, Charles S. Banks).
Tribolium ferrugineum F.
LUZON, Manila (1821, W. Schultze). 7
Uloma orientalis Cast.
Uloma orientalis Cast. 1840.
Uloma denticornis FARM. 1882.
Uloma retusa F., Syst. El. (1801), 1, 150 (mec. U. retusa F., loc. cit.
149.)
Die Beschreibung Castelnau’s passt auf eine ganze Anzahl
Arten. Wollen wir seine Art anerkennen, so miissen wir sie
zu deuten suchen, da die Type, so viel ich weiss, verloren
gegangen ist. Die Angaben passen am besten auf U. denticornis
Fairm. die auf Java sehr haufig ist. Bates hat* durch eine
beilaufige Bemerkung iiber die Fiihler die Castelnau’sche Art
genau gekennzeichnet (d. h. falls er die richtige vor sich hatte).
Seiner Auffassung habe ich mich anzuschliessen, da nichts
dagegen einzuwenden ist. Fairmaire’s Art ist also synonym.
Noch alter als beide Namen ist der von Fabricius gegebene
U. retusa F.4 der aber ebenfalls verschwinden muss, weil dieser
Autor noch eine andere Uloma-Art (die bekannte siidamerika-
nische) U. retusa nannte.
Vier Exemplare.
* Ent. Mon. Mag. (1878), 9, 188.
“Gebien, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. (1906), 220.
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 393
MINDORO, Bongabon (8410, 8605, W. Schultze) ; Negros Occi-
dental, Pulupandan (10604, Charles S. Banks).
Uloma fracticollis sp. nov.
Glanzend rotbraun, parallelseitig, schlank, Beine und Fihler
gelbrot. Clypeus gerade abgestutzt, flach, nicht aufgeworfen,
seine Ecken verrundet, die vordere Furche halbkreisformig, in
der Mitte stark vertieft, die hintere (hinter den Augen) gerade,
auf der Stirn verflacht, die erste ist auch an den beiden Enden
sehr deutlich, die Punktierung vorn sehr fein, in den Vertie-
fungen und am Hinterkopf wesentlich gréber, der Canthus
schmaler als das Auge hinter ihm, aber ganz verrundet. Fiihler
kurz und dick, die Mitte des Halsschildes kaum erreichend, das 3.
glied etwas langer als das 4., 5-10 stark quer, aber normal,
nicht in Zahne ausgezogen. Das Mentum hexagonal, die Vor-
derecken etwas abgerundet, die Mitte stark der Lange nach
erhoht, die Erhohung seitlich scharfkantig, an jeder Seite eine
tiefe, langliche Grube, die Ligula vorn nicht sehr stark (viel
schwicher als bei orientalis) ausgeschnitten; der erhéhte Mittel-
teil seitlich nach den Palpen zu scharfkantig begrenzt. Hals-
schild von der gewohnlichen Form, quer, Vorderecken breit und
vollstandig verrundet, die Hinterecken stumpf, sehr kurz ver-
rundet. Die Oberflache fein und wenig dicht, an den Seiten
etwas deutlicher und im Eindruck noch grober punktiert. Basis
ungerandet, die Vorderrandlinie vollstandig, aber dusserst fein,
die Seiten wie gewohnlich stark gerandet, flach gerundet. Der
Eindruck beim Mannchen ist ganz flach, wie abgebrochen,
ahnlich wie bei picicornis und westringi, er nimmt etwa #% der
Breite ein, ist ungefahr bohnenf6rmig, hinten nicht deutlich
begrenzt, ohne die gewohnliche feine doppelte Tuberkel. Fliigel-
decken parallelseitig, so breit wie der Thorax, stark punktiert,
gestreift, die Streifen hinten nicht flacher werdend, Zwischen-
raume konvex, im Grunde dusserst fein (65 * vergr6ssert)
lederrunzlig, und mit dusserst feinen, weitlaufigen Piinktchen
bedeckt. Die Punkte der Streifen rund, ziemlich tief und grob,
die eingeschnittene Streifenlinie geht durch sie hindurch. Pro-
sternum jederseits fein aber scharf gefurcht, am Ende gerundet
niedergedriickt. Propleuren ziemlich grob punktiert. Die Ab-
dominalsegmente ziemlich stark langsrunzlig und punktiert.
Vorderschienen robust, seitlich mit circa 8 grossen Zahnen, auf
der Vorderseite ist der Kiel sehr kurz und undeutlich, auf der
Riickseite befinden sich circa 4 gréssere Zahne.
Lange 9.5 mm.
Ein Exemplar (¢ ).
Q
394 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
LUZON, Benguet, Mt. Pulog (10274, H. M. Curran).
Verglichen mit der gemeinen und in allen Sammlungen ver-
breiteten indo-malayischen Art U. orientalis ergeben sich fol-
gende Unterschiede:
Die Grodsse ist geringer, der Clypeus nicht aufgeworfen und
zweizahnig, die Clypealfurche scharf, die Fiihler der ¢ ohne
Zahne am 5. und 7. Glied, das Kinn ist ganz anders, der Ein-
druck des Halsschildes von ganz anderer Gestalt. Uloma pici-
cornis ist vielleicht die nachst verwandte Art, ist aber kleiner,
stark glanzend schwarzbraun, schméler, und das Mentum des
Mannchens ist ganz anders, flachgewolbt, ohne seitliche Gruben
und gekantete mittlere Erhebung.
Uloma contracta Fairm.
Vier Exemplare im Berliner Museum. Davon eines von Cha-
misso auf Kotzebue’s Reise um die Welt gesammelt (Manila),
3 von Luzon (Jagor). Sonst von Sumatra und von Borneo.
(Zahlreiche Exemplare in meiner Sammlung.)
Alphitobius diaperinus Panz.
Ein Exemplar von Manila in meiner Sammlung (Kosmopolit).
Alphitobius piceus Ol.
Ebenfalls tiber die ganze Erde verbreitet.
Ein Exemplar.
LUZON, Manila (11428, W. Schultze).
Alphitobius (Diaclina) quadrimaculatus sp. nov.
Lang-oval, flach, von der Gestalt unseres europdischen A. tes-
tudineus, aber schmaler. Oberseite glanzend schwarz, 4 Flecken
auf den Fliigeldecken blutrot. Fiihler und Beine braunrot, Un-
terseite schwarzbraun. Kopf lang, flach, sanft gewolbt, der
Canthus schmaler als die Augen, Clypeus nicht aufgeworfen
gerade abgestutzt. Oberfliche sehr fein und dicht aber nicht
gedrangt punktiert. Mentum buckelig gewolbt, aber nicht ge-
kielt. Die Fiihler kurz und dick, die letzten 6 Glieder bilden
eine Keule, sie sind tiber doppelt so breit wie lang, das letzte
etwa kreisformig. Halsschild von der Basis an nach vorn ver-
engt, die Basis fast doppelt so breit als die Mittellinie lang,
doppelt, ziemlich stark gebuchtet, die Stelle der tiefsten Hin-
buchtung sanft eingedriickt, die Vorderwinkel sehr kurz ver-
VIII, D, 5 Gebien: Tenebrioniden der Philippinen 395
rundet rechtwinklig, die hinteren scharf, etwa 80° gross, die
Vorderecken heruntergedriickt. Die Oberflache ist queriiber bis
an den Rand flach gewodlbt (an den Seiten starker), sie ist
ausserst fein und weitlaufig punktiert, die Basis mit 4usserst
feiner Randlinie, die Spitze ungerandet. Die Basis der Elytren
ist dem Hinterrand des Halsschildes entsprechend 2 mal vor-
gezogen, der Seitenrand ist wie bei unserer europdischen Art
schmal abgesetzt. Die Oberfliche mit feinen Reihen dicht ge-
drangter Punkte, die nach den Seiten zu schwacher werden, die
ersten beiden zuweilen fast etwas streifenartig, alle Streifen an
der Spitze geschwunden. Die Zwischenraiume flach, kaum sichtbar
punktuliert. Schulterecken scharf, stumpfwinklig. Die Fleck-
en nicht sehr deutlich, blutrot, dunkel, die vorderen rund, hinter
der Basis, die hinteren die Spitze einnehmend. Prosternum
wagerecht, lanzettformig, das Ende aber verrundet, mit senk-
rechtem Absturz. Das Mesosternum U-foérmig ausgeschnitten,
steil abfallend, die Kanten des Absturzes scharf. Abdomen fein
und ziemlich dicht punktiert. Alle Schenkel dick, ihre Unter-
kante gerade, die Oberkante stark gerundet. Die Hintertibien
der Mannchen etwas gekriimmt, an der Basis diinn, von der Mitte
an verbreitert.
Lange 5—5.5 mm.; Breite 2.75 mm.
Diese Art steht unseren europidischen sehr nahe, sie unter-
scheidet sich durch andere Farbung und Zeichnung, schmaleren
Korper, durch die Bildung der Hinterschienen des Mannchens,
bedeutendere Grosse, etc.
Alphitobius rufotinctus Fairm. ist ebenfalls mit unserer Art
verwandt, aber viel kleiner, starker gewolbt, ganz anders gefarbt,
die Fiihlerglieder innen scharf gewinkelt. Ausserordentlich
ahnlich ist eine neue Art aus Java, die aber etwas andere
Farbung und einen spitzen Prosternalfortsatz hat.
Sieben Exemplare in meiner Sammlung.
Insulae Philippinae: NEGROS (Whitehead) und SUD PALAWAN.
Die ersteren von H. Rolle, Berlin, die letzten von Sopa und
x Cc 23772, VSN orchased 17
Bang Haas erworben. Saolive Ro GaeN ES dy om Qebien™ ae Janets Formosa. Gitex)
Hypophleus analis sp. nov.
Rotbraun, glinzend, gestreckt, Beine und Fiihler gelbrot.
Kopf fein und nicht sehr dicht punktiert. Clypealfurche deut-
lich aber fein, die Scheitelquerfurche breit, einer Einschniirung
gleichend. Augen gross. Fiihler dick, etwa bis zum ersten
396 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Viertel des Halsschildes reichend, Glied 5 doppelt so breit wie
lang, die folgenden noch starker quer, die vorletzten etwa 3 mal
so breit wie lang, das letzte ungefahr kreisformig. Mentum
stark quer, flach, fast doppelt so breit wie lang, grob und dicht
punktiert. Halsschild circa 14 mal so lang wie breit, die Mitte
vorn breit vorgezogen, die Vorderwinkel scharf rechtwinklig,
deutlich vorragend, die Seiten in der Mitte auf kurze Strecke
parallel, nach vorn und hinten gleichmassig verengt. Hinter-
winkel scharf stumpfwinklig. Oberfliche sehr fein und weit-
laufig punktiert. Die Seitenrandkanten der Fliigeldecken in den
ersten Zweidritteln gerade noch tibersehber. Oberflache mit
Linien feiner Punkte, die nirgends zu Streifen werden. Zwisch-
enradume mit einer unregelmassigen Reihe ebenso grosser,
aber viel weitlaufigerer Punkte. Prosternalplatte wagerecht,
hinter den Hiiften verbreitert, durch einen kleinen mittleren
Ausschnitt zweizipflig. Hinterbrust mit fast vollstandiger
Langsfurche. Abdomen sehr fein punktiert, Analsegment
grober, mit etwas querer ziemlich tiefer Grube.
Lange 3.5—4.66 mm.
Fiinfzehn Exemplare in meiner Sammlung.
Philippinen: NEGROS (Whitehead) ; FORMOSA: Kosempo (Sau-
ter) ; MENTAWEI, Si-Oban (Modigliani) .\ When expanded it has the appearance of some
of the species of Nephthya, but the larger polyps and, the longer,
more slender, and more pointed tentacles give it a more open
and delicate appearance than that of the ordinary reef Nephthya.
On being disturbed a remarkable contraction of the entire colony
takes place, the colony contracting to one-third or one-fourth its
size when expanded. One who has seen only the contracted,
preserved specimens with their hard rigid appearance can have
but little idea of how delicate and graceful the expanded colony
is. Length, breadth, and the relative proportions of the parts of
the colony are very uncertain quantities in this species as they
differ greatly with the degree of contraction.
There is so much variation in the form of the colony, the
branching, and the position and arrangement of the polyps that
I have found it necessary to distinguish three varieties of this
species. Typical specimens of these varieties are quite distinct
in general appearance and in certain characters; but the fact
that they are very similar in their spiculation, which seems to
be the most basic diagnostic character in this genus and the
fact that there are some specimens which seem to be connecting
links with the typical forms make it inadvisable to consider
them of specific rank. On the other hand, it would be very
inconvenient and confusing to place them all in a single un-
divided species. This division into varieties is tentative, as
I expect in the near future to undertake a study of the anatomy
of the species and varieties described in this paper with a
view to finding some additional diagnostic characters which
440 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
will make it possible to determine with greater security their
exact systematic position, and which will be of aid in the diag-
nosis of the other new species of this genus, which I have no
doubt further and more widespread collecting will discover in
the Philippines and in other localities.
The 50 specimens might be superficially divided into two
groups on the basis of the consistency of the colony, the first
group containing those colonies which have a stiff rigid con-
sistency and in which the canal walls are thick and the spicules
of the canal walls and stem cortex closely approximated; the
second containing those specimens in which the colony is soft and
flabby and the spicules of the thin canal walls and of the stem
cortex are not closely approximated. This would, however, be
simply separating those colonies which were killed contracted
from those killed expanded, as all the soft flabby specimens are
colonies which I allowed to expand in an aquarium and anzsthe-
tized with magnesium sulphate before killing. :
Much more real criteria on which to base a division are the
length and diameter of the stem and its proportion to the polyp-
bearing portion, the method of branching, and the position and
arrangement of the polyps. Using these characters the spec-
imens fall into 4 distinct groups as follows:
(1) Capnella philippinensis forma typica.
Those colonies in which the barren stem portion is short and thick,
expanding distally to give off the short thick branches and polyp-
bearing lobes.
(2) Capnella philippinensis var. mindorensis var. nov.
Those colonies in which the stem portion is long and slender, and
the polyp-bearing portion is small and composed of short thick
branches and polyp-bearing lobes.
(3) Capnella philippinensis var. arborea var nov.
Those specimens in which the colony has a distinctly tree-like form
with branches several times divided, in which the lobes are the
terminal twigs or their lateral branches and in which the polyps
are not scattered on the main stem and branches.
(4) Capnella philippinensis var. albida var. nov.
Those specimens in which the colony is tree-like in form but in which
the polyps are scattered on the surface of the main stem and
branches and on the slender terminal twigs which are not lobe-like
in form.
Capnella philippinensis var. mindorensis var. nov. Plate I, figs. 3
and 4.
The stem is long and slender, in contracted specimens hard and
rigid, in expanded specimens soft and flabby, and divides distally
to form a polypary of a few short, thick, irregularly placed
VI, D, 6 Light: Philippine Alcyonaria 441
branches which in turn bear the short, thick, conical, polyp-
bearing lobes. The polyps, usually somewhat smaller than in
the colonies of C. philippinensis forma typica, are crowded on
the lobes. The spiculation is the same as that of the other
varieties of the species. The canal walls are very thin, and
there is no hint of a central axis.
The color in formalin is greenish gray in contracted specimens
and light yellow with a brownish tinge in expanded specimens.
Locality: Sabong Cove and Port Galera Bay, Mindoro.
Type specimen No. C. 317 in the zodlogical museum of the
University of the Philippines.
There are 3 specimens from Sabong Cove collected by Griffin,
and 11 expanded colonies which I collected at Port Galera, Min-
doro. The great difference in appearance and consistency be-
tween colonies allowed to expand in an aquarium and anezsthe-
tized by slowly adding magnesium sulphate to the water and colo-
nies thrown directly into the preserving fluid whether it be alcohol
or formalin is worthy of notice. The worker in such contractile
forms as the Aleyonacea must use characters of general form
and consistency with great caution, and it would seem that only
rarely, if at all, are they of sufficient diagnostic value, when
taken alone, to warrant the naming of new species. These
specimens were, like all the others in the collection, found grow-
ing on the shallow coral reefs in water from 0.5 to 2 meters
deep at low tide.
The 3 from Sabong Cove measure, respectively, 47 mm., 53
mm., and 57 mm. in height; 20 mm., 25 mm., and 12 mm. in
breadth of polpary; and 11 mm., 12 mm., and 8 mm. in diameter
of stem. Two of these colonies have a common, irregular, en-
crusting base. The 11 from Port Galera were killed expanded,
and so have a different general appearance. The largest of
these colonies measures 75 mm. in height, 25 mm. in breadth of
polypary, and 20 mm. in diameter of stem. The smallest meas-
ures 30 mm. by 10 mm. by 8 mm., the others varying between
these limits. Owing to the relaxation of these colonies, they
have a swollen, fleshy appearance. The lines which mark the
insertion of the canal walls can be seen as fine longitudinal stria-
tions. The canal walls are very thin and delicate, the spicules
being much thicker than the walls in which they cause distinct
swellings.
Capnella philippinesis var. arborea var. nov. Plate I, fig. 7.
The large colony is distinctly tree-like, the moderately thick
stem giving off along its distal portion irregularly placed, stout
442 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
branches. These in turn bear numerous secondary branches
which again divide to form other branches or the terminal twigs
which bear the small conical lobes densely packed with rather
small, club-shaped polyps, averaging 1.3 mm. in length by 0.8
mm. in diameter. There are no scattered polyps on the stem or
branches. The spiculation agrees with that of C. philippinensis
forma typica; except that there are an unusually large number
of the small, smooth, 4-rayed stars present both in the canal
walls and in the base. The following measurements in milli-
meters were taken:
(a) Small, 4-rayed stars of the canal walls: 0.183 by 0.08; 0.11 by 0.08;
0.1 by 0.076; 0.098 by 0.076.
(6) Small, smooth, 4-rayed stars of the base: 0.11 by 0.08; 0.083 by 0.08;
0.083 by 0.064; 0.08 by 0.083.
The canal walls are thick. A large irregular axis is present
in the stem. :
Color, grayish green in formalin.
Locality: Sabong Cove, near Port Galera, Mindoro.
Type specimen No. C. 282 in the zodlogical museum of the
University of the Philippines.
There is a single colony collected by Griffin at Sabong Cove,” on
the shallow reef, which is wonderfully rich in Alcyonaria. This
is the largest specimen of the species, and measures 80 mm. in
height and 50 mm. in breadth. The stem is somewhat bilaterally
compressed, measuring 20 mm. by 15 mm. in diameter. At a
point 35 mm. above the base the first branch is given off on one
side, the other side of the stem being barren to a height of
50 mm. The stem gives off in all 8 branches including the 2
terminal ones. The first branch, which is characteristic, breaks
up at a point 1 cm. from its origin into 3 secondary branches.
These in turn divide into 5, 3, and 3 branches, respectively,
which in turn divide into terminal twigs bearing one or more
lateral lobes about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. thick and a terminal
lobe about 7 mm. long and from 4 to 5 mm. thick at the base,
or form only a single terminal lobe. The club-shaped polyps—
slender at the base and enlarged at the tentacles zone, about
50 to a terminal lobe and 20 to a lateral lobe—are closely
packed, covering the entire surface of the lobes. The tentacles
and tentacle points are folded over the outer edge of the oral |
surface making a regular 8-pointed figure, the central area
being uncovered.
* Sabong Cove is the second small cove to the left of the eastern channel
of Port Galera Bay, Mindoro.
VIII, D, 6 Light: Philippine Alcyonaria 443
A study of the anatomy of this colony may show it to be
specifically distinct, but it would be premature in the present
state of our knowledge of the anatomy of the genus and on
the present basis of specific diagnosis to so consider it.
Capnella philippinensis var. albida var. nov. Plate I, figs. 5 and 6.
The colony is tree-like, and the secondary and tertiary branches
and twigs are slender. The rather long, narrow, distinctly club-
shaped polyps average in contracted specimens 2.1 mm. in length,
1mm. in diameter at the tentacle zone, and 0.35 mm. in diameter
at the base, and are scattered irregularly over the surface of the
main, secondary, and tertiary branches and the slender ter-
minal twigs. They are more numerous on the twigs, but here
they-are much more scattered than in the typical form of the
species. The canals are narrow in both expanded and con-
tracted specimens with thick canal walls. They are practically
absent in the center of the stem, the thickened canal walls form-
ing a large irregular central axis containing many large spicules.
The spiculation is in general similar to that of C. philipinensis
forma typica, but the polyp capstans are consistently smaller,
and the spindles of the canal walls and base are the predominat-
ing forms and larger than in the forma typica.
The following measurements in millimeters have been noted:
(a) Polyp capstans: 0.95 by 0.08; 0.087 by 0.08; 0.064 by 0:047; 0.06 by
0.45.
(6) Base spindles: 0.357 by 0.228; 0.38 by 0.19; 0.247 by 0.15; 0.247 by
0.136.
Color in formalin, whitish to light yellow.
Locality: Port Galera Bay, Mindoro.
Type specimen No. C. 260 in the zodlogical museum of the
University of the Philippines.
This well-defined variety may very well prove to be specifically
distinct. I have 4 specimens collected on the reefs in the in-
closed bay at Port Galera, Mindoro. All of them were growing
on small rocks and coral fragments in from 0.5 to 2 meters of
water. Two of them were anesthetized and killed expanded,
and are soft and flabbly with the polyps opened and tubular in
shape, the narrowing at the base which is probably due to con-
traction béing absent in most of the polyps of these two colonies.
Two of the coldnies are imperfect, lacking the base, but are of
about the same proportions as the other two. The two complete —
colonies (one of which is expanded) measure, respectively, 50
mm. and 45 mm. in height and 37.5 mm. and 30 mm. in breadth.
444 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
Capnella philippinensis is most closely related to Capnella
capitulifera (Wr. and St.) and C. imbricata (Q. and G.). It
seems to be especially close to C. capitulifera, a description of
which, since it is a Philippine species, is given at the beginning
of the paper. Of the 50 colonies that I have examined, only 3,
belonging to the varieties arborea and albida, approach the tree-
like form of C. capitulifera, and only 1, variety arborea, agrees
with it closely. The principal distinction between the two
species, however, is the difference in the form of the spicules of
the canal walls. In the original description, Wright and Studer
(1889) do not state that the canal walls contain foliaceous clubs,
but they make the statement that the spicules of the species are
foliaceous clubs and in their spicule drawings show spicules of no
other type except some spicules resembling the capstan-like forms
found in the polyp armature and stem cortex of C. philippinensis.
Kiikenthal (1903), in his revision of the genus, following .
Studer’s description (1894), says: “Die Ausserst zahlreichen
und engen Candle enthalten in ihren Wanden zahlreiche Blatt-
keulen von 0.17 mm. Lange, die an einem Ende meist in einem
langen spitzen Dorn zulaufen.” Capnella philippinensis has no
foliaceous clubs in the canal walls, and indeed this type of spicule
is found only in the distal portion of the polyp and in the ten-
tacle points, the spicules of the canal walls being cross-shaped,
4-rayed, and spindle-shaped forms. The spicules of the polyp
and stem cortex are also somewhat different in that the central
portion of the foliated distal end of these spicules is cylindrical
rather than flattened as in C. capitulifera. Kiikenthal also says
in his diagnosis: “In der Stammrinde liegen compacte vierstrah-
lige Sterne * * *,” Although he mentions no other spicules
of the stem cortex, it is probable that he here refers to the
spicules of the inner stem cortex, for Wright and Studer (1889)
say in their original description: ‘‘The spicules are small, closely
placed, foliaceous and spiny clubs. The broader portion of
Bae spicule, which, in the polyp, projects above the surface
* *,” evidently including in this statement the spicules
of the ahs. stem cortex as well as those of the polyp.
This is made more certain by the fact that in C. philippinensis,
a closely related form, we find capstan-like spicules in the outer
stem cortex somewhat similar to the foliaceous, clubs described
and figured by Wright and Studer for C. capitulifera and 4-
rayed forms in the inner stem cortex similar to those spoken
of by Studer and Kiikenthal as occurring in the stem cortex of
C. capitulifera. Furthermore, it is generally characteristic of
VII, D, 6 Light: Philippine Aleyonaria 445
the species of this genus that the spicules of the polyps are
similar, in general form at least, to those of the stem cortex.
Capnella philippinensis differs from C. imbricata in the
structure of the spicules of the stem cortex and polyp, C. philip-
pinensis having capstan-like spicules and C. imbricata foliaceous
clubs with the distal end flattened in one plane and ribbed. It
differs also in the size of the spicules of the stem cortex and
their proportion to the size of the spicules of the canal walls,
those of the inner stem cortex of C. philippinensis being about
0.18 mm. in diameter, if anything smaller than those of the
canal walls, while in C. imbricata they are 0.34 mm. in diameter ;
that is, twice the length of those of the canal walls.
Capnella philippinensis forma typica resembles C. fungiformis
Kiikenthal in the massive form of its colony, but differs de-
cidedly in spiculation.
Of the 81 specimens belonging to C. philippinensis forma
typica, one was collected at Sabong Cove by Griffin. It measures
30 mm. in height, 30 mm. across the polypary, and has a stem
15 mm. in length and the same in diameter. The polyps are
moderately large, reaching a length of 25 mm. and a breadth of
1.5 mm.
One colony was collected at Doong Island, Bantayan Islands,
by Griffinand Wharton. The colony is very symmetrical, 45 mm.
high, 45 mm. broad, with a stem 20 mm. in diameter (Plate I,
fig. 2). In this specimen the lobes are longer and more slender
than in the more typical colonies and the spicules are somewhat
smaller throughout, but as there is only a single colony and
its form is in general similar to that of C. philippinensis forma
typica I have not considered it necessary to describe it as a
new variety.
There are 10 specimens from the reefs near Taytay, Palawan.
These are all small colonies from 20 to 40 mm. high and from 15
to 40 mm. broad and with stems from 10 to 20 mm. in diameter.
They are low and thick with little if any branching of the
capitulum, the polyp-bearing lobes being direct outgrowths of
the expanded distal surface of the colony or of very short, thick,
conical branches. These colonies were growing on the dead
coral and débris of the reefs in water from 0.5 to 2 meters
deep at low tide.
There are 18 colonies from Silanga Channel between the
Island of Matiguit and the mainland of Palawan, connecting
Taytay and Shark’s Fin Bays. These are all low thick colonies
with broad, more or less flat, capitula. They are from 30 to
446 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
70 mm. broad and with stems from 18 to 55 mm. in diameter
and from 20 to 60 mm. in length.
The one colony from the Pabellones Islands (Plate II, fig. 4)
is attached to the coralline alga which has overgrown a thick
stalk of dead Porites. The base is somewhat expanded and
encrusting, the stem is almost lacking, the indistinct branches
or the lobes arising practically from the base. The surface of
the polypary is level, symmetrical, and nearly circular. The
contrast between such a form with its very short and broad,
flat capitulum and general rigidity and forms such as C. philip-
pinensis var. arborea and var. mindorensis gives a good idea of
the great range of variation in the form of the colony to be
found in this species.
Capnella parva sp.nov. Plate I, fig. 8; Plate III, figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3e.
The small rigid colony is slender and tree-like, with a wrinkled
stem, which is long in proportion to the size of the colony, and a
distal portion which gives off the simple or compound polyp-bear-
ing lobes or catkins. The distal portion of the stem may divide
to form a number of main branches, giving the colony a bushy
appearance. The polyps are closely crowded on the lobes, and
appear singly or in small groups on the main stem. The lobes
are cylindrical with rounded ends, reaching a length in the
simple forms of 4 mm. and a diameter of 2.5 mm. and a
length of 10 mm. in the compound forms. The colony appears
smooth to the naked eye, but with a slight magnification shows
a general granular appearance over the entire colony. In con-
tracted specimens the knob-like polyps are turned inward and
closely appressed to the surface of the catkins. They measure
from 0.8 mm. to 1.6 mm. in length and from 0.4 mm. to 1 mm.
in diameter. The polyp armament consists of a continuous coat
of rather large spinose and knobbed spindles and clubs. The
following types and measurements have been noted:
(a) Clubs:
(1) Clubs with the spines of one end much enlarged, numerous, and
sometimes foliated: 0.27 by 0.06; 0.19 by 0.06; 0.3 by 0.08;
0.28 by 0.04; 0.22 by 0.03.
(2) Smaller, smooth, slender clubs: 0.15 by 0.03; 0.14 by 0.04.
(6) Spindles:
(1) Curved spindles with thickened central portions bearing spiny
or foliaceous processes on their convex surfaces; ends slender
and fairly smooth: 0.26 by 0.068; 0.296 by 0.045; 0.266 by
0.057.
(2) Thicker spindles with central enlargement and thicker ends cov-
ered with spines: 0.27 by 0.08. i
°
VIII, D, 6 Light: Philippine Alceyonaria 447
(a) Spindles—Continued.
(8) Slender, curved, spindles without central enlargement: 0.266 by
0.0386; 0.21 by 0.08.
(4) Thicker more heavily spined spindles without central enlarge-
ment: 0.277 by 0.06; 0.28 by 0.06.
(c) Irregular forms: 0.095 by 0.057; 0.17 by 0.095.
The stem cortex contains many short thick spindles, usually
constricted in the middle, with rather high narrow warts. The
folowing measurements have been taken: 0.155 by 0.055; 0.137
by 0.074; 0.133 by 0.08; 0.127 by 0.066; 0.11 by 0.06; 0.11 by
0.064. Besides these there are scattered, irregular, club-like
bodies of which the following measurements have been taken:
0.125 by 0.076; 0.1 by 0.08; 0.087 by 0.045; 0.08 by 0.068.
The spicules of the canal walls are thick, heavily warted
spindles somewhat similar to those of the stem cortex and a few
thick, irregularly knobbed and warted club-like bodies. The
following types and measurements have been noted:
(a) Short thick spindles with a central constriction and 2 zones of warts:
0.16 by 0.09; 0.155 by 0.1; 0.133 by 0.095.
(6) Long irregularly warted spindles: 0.2 by 0.1; 0.18 by 0.098.
(c) Irregular knobbed club-like forms: 0.133 by 0.107; 0.12 by 0.079; 0.095
by 0.08.
The thickness of the canal walls is several times the diameter
of the canal, but there is no central axis.
Color of colony in formalin, brown with a grayish tinge on
the polyps.
Locality: Tide channels in the reef at Doong Island, Bantayan
Islands.
Type specimen No. C. 269 in the zodlogical museum of the
University of the Philippines.
I have named this new species from two small but perfect
colonies collected by Griffin and Wharton at Bantayan in 1909.
The largest of these (Plate I, fig. 8) is 82 mm. in length, and
consists of a rigid stem portion 5 mm. in diameter which passes
into the polyp-bearing portion of the colony at a point 20 mm.
from the base, giving off 4 short branches in a sort of whorl.
These measure, respectively, 8, 4, 3.5, and 2.5 mm. in length,
the first two bearing 4 lobes each, the other two bearing each
a single terminal lobe. The main stem beyond this whorl gives
off 4 catkin-like branches, and ends in a compound ecatkin. In
this colony, as in C. ramosa and C. philippinensis var. albida,
there are scattered polyps on the main stem and branches.
The thick canal walls containing numerous spicules make the
colony very stiff and rigid. The canals are regularly distributed
448 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
in the stem, and there is no suggestion other than the very thick
canal walls of a central axis as found in C. ramosa and in some
colonies of C. philippinensis.
The other colony is smaller with a somewhat different method
of branching. The entire colony is 15 mm. in height, the stem
dividing at a height of 18 mm. into 3 main branches about 6
mm. in length, covered with polyps and each having a smaller
branch or two, each branch with its branchlets making up a
sort of compound catkin.
This species differs from any of the described species of the
genus not only in the small size of the colony but im its spicu-
lation. While it agrees with some of the named species in certain
characters, it does not agree with any of them in its total
characters. In spiculation it approaches C. ramosa, but the form
and size of the colony and the arrangement of the polyps is
radically different in the two species. It differs from C. philip-
pinensis in the form of its colony and in the spicules of the
polyp and stem cortex which in C. philippinensis are capstans
and foliated clubs, while in C. parva they are spindles and clubs,
the latter showing little if any foliation. From C. capitulifera
and C. imbricata it differs among other things in the form of
its polyp spicules. In its spiculation it suggests C. spicata
(May), but the larger size of the clubs of the polyp, the presence
besides the clubs of many spindles in the polyp armature, the
larger size of the spicules of the stem cortex, as well as the
difference in size and form of the colony make it impossible to
consider it as belonging to C. spicata. Capnella fungiformis,
although resembling C. parva somewhat in its spiculation, differs
radically from it in the form of its colony and the method of
branching. From the other known species of Capnella it differs
even more widely than from those mentioned.
T have selected the specific name parva, because of the small
size of the perfect and apparently mature specimens.
Capnella ramosa sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 1-8; Plate III, figs. 2a—2¢.
The tree-like colony is profusely branched. The rigid stem is
short and cylindrical, measuring in the single specimen 35 mm.
long by 18 mm. in diameter, and is covered with fine longitudinal
ridges which extend out on to the main branches. The entire
colony is about 130 mm. in height and 100 mm. in greatest
breadth, the stem breaking up at ‘a height of 35 mm. into the 5
main branches which extend somewhat laterally and are pro-
fusely branched, giving the colony a bushy appearance. The
secondary and tertiary branches bear the long slender twigs.
VIL, D, 6 Light: Philippine Alcyonaria 449
The polyps are scattered singly or in groups of 2 or 3 over the
surface of the main and secondary branches and more thickly
and regularly over the surface of the terminal twigs, which reach
a length of 30 mm. and average 4 mm. in diameter. The club-
shaped polyps are not closely packed, but are usually separated
by a space at least equal to the diameter of a polyp. They
reach a length of 2 mm. and a diameter at the tentacle zone
of 1.2 mm., being smallest near the base and largest at the
tentacle zone. The upper portion is turned in when at rest
or in a state of contraction, but the basal portion always makes
an angle of from 75° to 90° with its support. The tentacles in
the preserved specimens are thick, with plump, closely packed
pinnules, and were probably long in life.
The polyp armature consists of small, slender, bluntly spined
and foliaceous clubs and straight or slightly curved bluntly
spined spindles. These run out into the tentacles as similar
but smaller spicules. The clubs consist of a long bluntly spined
thorn with the large end set on one side with long, sometimes
branched spines, and in many cases a toothed or spined foliaceous
expansion. The clubs lie with the large end toward the distal
end of the polyp and with the spines of that end toward the
outside and often projecting. Many of the curved spindles
have a group of spines on the center of the convex surface
which also project. The spicules of the stem cortex are straight
or curved spindles and toothed and foliated clubs. There are
two types of spindles, a thick type with more or less regular
zones of blunt projections bearing many short tooth-like spines
at their outer ends, and a more slender type in which the pro-
jections are fewer and more spine-like. The clubs have one end
much enlarged and irregularly foliated, spined, and toothed; the
other end consisting of a longer or shorter thorn, bearing blunt
projections similar to those of the slender spindles. The canal
walls and base contain many very thick spindles, a few smaller
double-headed spicules, and a few cross-shaped spicules.
Spicule measurements.
(a) Polyp spicules:
(1) Spindles: 0.218 by 0.028; 0.254 by 0.016; 0.24 by 0.016.
(2) Clubs: 0.235 by 0.057; 0.19 by 0.05; 0.231 by 0.05; 0.21 by 0.06.
(6) Stem-cortex spicules:
(1) Spindles: 0.2 by 0.05; 0.23 by 0.06; 0.22 by 0.06; 0.16 by 0.056;
0.174 by 0.114; 0.167 by 0.076; 0.136 by 0.078.
(2) Clubs: 0.21 by 0.08; 0.167 by 0.068; 0.163 by 0.085; 0.144 by
0.068; 0.144 by 0.08.
(3) Irregular forms: 0.08 by 0.057; 0.05 by 0.045.
123230-—4
450 The Philippine Journal of Science 1918
(c) Canal-wall spicules:
(1) Spindles: 0.2 by 0.098; 0.18 by 0.087; 0.171 by 0.114; 0.1383
by 0.095; 0.144 by 0.095.
(2) Double headed forms: 0.087 by 0.064; 0.1 by 0.06; 0.08 by 0.06.
(d) Base spicules:
(1) Spindles: 0.19 by 0.098; 0.19 re 0.08 0.17 by 0.138; 0.16 by
0.072; 0.16 by 0.095.
The canals of the stem and main branches are very small
with thick walls. The center of the stem contains a large
irregular axis containing many spicules which is pierced by
a few very small canals.
Color, uniform olive-green with a grayish tinge.
Type specimen No. C. 297 in the zodlogical museum of the
University of the Philippines.
I have only a single specimen of this very distinct species col-
lected by Griffin at Sabong Cove, Mindoro. It is much the largest
specimen of the genus in the collection and in fact the largest
yet reported. While its general appearance, the shape of its
polyps, and its spiculation make it impossible to consider it
as other than a species of Capnella, yet the fact that the polyps
are scattered singly on the branches and twigs and the presence
of a large and very distinct central axis in the stem and main
branches are characters which do not agree exactly with the
- system of classification given by Kiikenthal (1903) in his re-
vision of the family Nephthyidee* and would seem to necessitate
a revision of the generic diagnosis.
In having a central axis it approaches in common with many
of the colonies of. Capnella philippinensis and particularly those
of C. p. var. albida, the genus Scleronephthya Wr. and St. It
differs very decidedly from this genus, however, in its spic-
ulation and in that the polyps are scattered singly over the
branches and twigs and not typically arranged in little groups
as in Scleronephthya.
Because of these characters I propose the following diagnosis
of the genus Capnella:
The colony is upright, tree-like or bushy; the nonretractile
polyps, without a “Stiitzbiindel,’’ are grouped on lobes or scat-
tered singly on branches and twigs, and are thickly covered with a
coat, usually one spicule deep, of minute foliaceous clubs or clubs
*This helpful and basic work has greatly facilitated my research in
the family Nephthyide, and every worker in this group must feel grateful
for the order which Doctor Kiikenthal has brought from the chaos of poorly
defined and incorrectly named genera and species.
VIII, D, 6 Light: Philippine Alcyonaria 451
and spindles which is continued with some changes in the form
of the spicules on to the stem cortex. The canal walls contain
numerous spindles, clubs or cross-shaped spicules. The canals
are numerous and small with fairly thick walls. Their cavities
are sometimes very small or lacking in the center of the stem,
resulting in the formation of an irregular central axis.
Kiikenthal in his revision of the genus (1903) recognized 5
species; namely, C. capitulifera (Wr. and St.), C. imbricata (Q.
and G.), C. rugosa (Kiikth.), C. spicata (May), and C. fungi-
formis Kiikenthal. Since Kiikenthal’s work 2 new species have
been added to the genus; namely, Capnella morula Thomson and
Mackinnon (1910) and C. gilehristti Thomson (1911). Capnella
manaarensis Thomson and Henderson (1905), as Kiikenthal
says, cannot be placed in the genus Capnella, and Thomson and
Mackinnon (1910) have erected a new genus, Sclerella, for Pa-
ranephthya pratti Thomson and Henderson (1905).
With the 3 species and 3 varieties added in this paper, we
have now 10 species and 3 varieties in the genus Capnella re-
ported from the following localities:
(1) Capnella capitulifera (Wr. and St.). Zamboanga (Wr. and St.),
Sulu Sea (Studer). :
(2) Capnella imbricata (Q. and G.). Duke of York (Q. and G.), New
Ireland (Studer, Kikth.).
(3) Capnella rugosa (Kikth.). Indian Ocean (South African coast)
(Kiikth.), Pacific Ocean (Kiikth.).
(4) Capnella spicata (May). Zanzibar (May), Aru Islands (Kikth.).
(5) Capnella fungiformis Kikth. Indian Ocean (coast of Dar es Salaam)
(Kiikth.), Coetivy (Thomson and Mackinnon).
(6) Capnella morula Thomson and Mackinnon. Southwest Indian Ocean
(Thomson and Mackinnon).
(7) Capnella gilchristi Thomson. Cape of Good Hope (Thomson).
_ (8) Capnella philippinensis Light. Sabong Cove and Port Galera Bay,
Mindoro; Doong Is., Bantayan Islands; Taytay, Silanga and the
Pabellones Islands, Palawan (Light).
Capnella philippinensis var. mindorensis Light. Sabong Cove and Port
Galera Bay, Mindoro (Light).
Capnella philippinensis var. arborea Light. Sabong Cove, Mindoro
(Light). .
Capnella philippinensis var. albida Light. Port Galera Bay, Mindoro.
(9) Capnella ramosa Light. Sabong Cove, Mindoro (Light).
(10) Capnella parva Light. Doong Is., Bantayan Islands (Light).
LITERATURE
KUKENTHAL, W. Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien. II. Die Familie
der Nephthyiden, Teil 1. Zool. Jahrb. (1903), 19, Systematik, 99-172,
Plates 7-9.
452 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913 -
May, W. Beitrage zur Systematik und Chorologie der Alcyonaceen. Jena
Zeitschr. Naturwiss. (1899), 33, 1-80, Plates 1-5.
STUDER, TH. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Mu-
seums in Litibeck. Mitt. d. geog. Gesell. u. d. Naturh. Museums in
Liibeck (1894), Il, pts. 7 and 8.
THomson, J. A. The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope and Natal,
Alecyonacea. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. (1911), 47, 549-589, 4 plates.
THoMSON, J. A. and HENDERSON, W. D. Report on the Alcyonaria collected
by: Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the Government
of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar by W.
A. Herdman, D. Sc., F. R. S., P. L. S. With Supplementary Reports
upon the Marine Biology of Ceylon, by other Naturalists. Part III.
Royal Society, London (1905).
THOMSON, J. A. and MACKINNON, D. L. Alcyonarians collected on the Percy
Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. Stanley Gardiner, M. A., F. R. S. Part
II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia and Stelechotokea,
Trans. Linn. Soc.—Zool. (1910), I, 13, 165-211, Plates 9-14. _
Wricut, E. P. and Stuprer, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by
H. M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Rep. Sci. Res. Voyage
H. M. S. Challenger—Zool. (1899), 31, No. 1.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE I
(Photographs by Light)
Fic. 1. Capnella philippinensis sp. nov. forma typica. % natural size.
2. Capnella philippinensis forma typica. A rather divergent colony
from Bantayan (p. 445). 5 natural size.
3. Capnella philippinensis var. mindorensis var. nov. A colony killed
after being anesthetized. 5% natural size.
4. Capnella philippinensis var. mindorensis. A contracted colony.
; 54 natural size.
Figs. 5 and 6. Capnella philippinensis var. albida var. nov. % natural size.
Fic. 7. Capnella philippinensis var. arborea var. nov. 4 natural size.
8. Capnella parva sp. nov. % natural size.
PLATE II
(Photographs by Light)
Fig. 1. Capnella ramosa sp. nov. %po natural size.
2. Part of a branch of Capnella ramosa. % natural size.
3. Section of the stem of Capnella ramosa, showing the arrangement
of the canals and the irregular central axis. % natural size.
4. Capnella philippinensis forma typica. A colony from the Pabellones
Islands, Palawan, showing extreme shortening of the stem and
flattening of the polypary. % natural size.
PLATE III
(Drawings by J. Santos from camera lucida outlines)
Fic. la. A “capstan” spicule from the stem cortex of Capmnella philippi-
nensis. X< 250.
16. A small 4-rayed spicule from the inner stem cortex of Capnella
philippinensis. 5.
1c,d,ande. Spicules from the canal walls and base of Capmella phil-
ippinensis. XX 75.
1f,g, and k. Spicules from the distal portion of the polyp of Capnella
philippinensis. X 75.
2a and b. Spicules of the outer stem cortex of Capnella ramosa. x 15.
2c,d,and e. Spicules from the polyp armament of Capnella ramosa.
>< 15:
2f and g. Spicules of the canal walls of Capnella ramosa.
3a, 6, and c. Spicules of the polyp of Capnella parva. X 15.
3e. A spicule from the stem cortex of Capnella parva. x 15.
453
Light: SPECIES OF CAPNELLA.] [PHIL. JourN. Scr, VIII, D, No. 6.
PLATE |. SOME SPECIES OF CAPNELLA.
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PLATE Il. CAPNELLA RAMOSA AND C. PHILIPPINENSIS.
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PLATE III.
TYPES AMONG THE INLAND TRIBES OF LUZON AND MINDANAO
By RoBeRT BENNETT BEAN
(From the Anatomical Laboratory, Philippine Medical School, Manila, P. I.)
Nine plates and 1 map
Luzon and Mindanao are the largest of the Philippine Islands.
Therefore, one would suppose that the tribes in the interior of
the two islands have been influenced less than those on the coast
by recent mixtures with the Malay and European, and the types
among those tribes would represent the primary elements of
the Filipinos. Having this supposition in mind, I have attempted
to select representative individuals from the best known groups
of the interior of the two islands to serve as a basis for a fuller
study of the inland tribes, which is to be undertaken subse-
quently. i
The tribes selected for this study are the most numerous of
all in the Islands and include the Bontoc Igorots, Benguet Igorots,
Ifugaos, and Kalingas of Luzon; and the Moros, Bagobos, and
Subanuns of Mindanao. The photographs were selected from
the collections of Mr. Dean C. Worcester and of the Bureau of
Science.
THE BONTOC IGOROTS
The Bontoc Igorots are so well known and have been so fully
treated by others that it is not necessary to do more than men-
tion them, but it is of interest to note the presence of the Iberian
and Primitive types here as elsewhere among the inland tribes.
in Plate I, figs. 1, 2, and 5, may be seen two Iberian men of
Bontoc. The evident Iberian characteristics are the long nar-
row face, the long narrow nose, the pointed chin, and the
Iberian ear type A—recognized by absence of lobule, eversion
of concha, and rolling out of helix at the lower part. These
men have long narrow heads which cannot be determined ex-
actly from the photographs because of the hair. The Primitive
type of Bontoc Igorot is represented in Plate I, figs. 3, 6, and 7.
The young woman has the broad flat face, short broad nose with
depressed bridge and flaring nostrils that open somewhat down-
ward, and the bowl-shaped ear with much rolled-in helix; the man
455
456 The Philippine Journal of Seience 1918
has a somewhat longer face, straight nose with nostrils opening
downward, and modified Alpine ear that has qualities of the
Iberian type A in the absence of lobule and somewhat everted
concha, and of the Primitive in the rolled-in helix, denoting
a mixed type. In a former study of the Benguet, Lepanto, and
Bontoc Igorots three types were selected and entitled M, A, and
N, which may now be designated as the Iberian, Australoid,
and Primitive, respectively. The three types may also be seg-
regated by the examination of photographs using descriptions
as an aid in their interpretation as in the previous study.
THE BENGUET IGOROTS
Two characteristics of the Benguet Igorots are the prettiness
of the women and the ugliness of the men. Three pretty girls
may be seen, one in Plate I, fig. 8, the others in Plate III, figs.
1 and 2. Benguet men are shown in Plate II, figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6. The men of figs. 1, 2, 8, and 4 are modified Primitive
in type as may be seen by their ears and physiognomy. The
Iberian type is present in Benguet, modified in form, but dis-
tinctly European in physiognomy, as illustrated by fig. 6. The
high head and long face, the moderately high nose—not broad
and flat—the nostrils opening downward, and the ears with-
out lobule and with everted concha and somewhat rolled-out
helix stamp this man with Iberian characteristics. The accom-
panying fig. 5 of a younger man is distinctly modified Primitive
in type, with broader head, shorter face, wider nose, and bowl-
shaped ears. Evidence favors the view that the Benguet Igo-
rots are more Primitive than those of Bontoc, which points to
an infiltration into Benguet from the lowlands; Bontoc, being
more inaccessible, has retained to a greater extent the earlier
elements of the Iberian type that came from Europe, probably
through India, in prehistoric times; or else there has been a
migration into Bontoc of Iberians who did not reach Benguet.
-Evidence of the Indian Iberian is not lacking throughout the
Philippines, a large part of the Iberian element having come in
the early settling of the Philippines by Hindu Malays. The
Iberian and the Primitive occur among all the Filipinos.
THE TINGIANS
Adjoining the Igorots on the west, and separating them from
the Ilocanos of the coast, are the Tingians who are modified
Iberian to some extent, as may be seen in Plate III, fig. 3, and
viu,pd,6 Bean: Inland Tribes of Luzon and Mindanao 457
Plate IV, figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The women are pleasing in ap-
pearance, and the Tingian men are not unattractive. Their
physiognomy is distinctive and different from that of the Ibe-
rians of Bontoc and Benguet. The Bontoc Iberians are purer
in type, the Benguet Iberians are the least pure, and the Tin-
gians are intermediate, each having a characteristic form that
appears to have become somewhat stable and fixed as a type that
can be differentiated. Endogomy and differences in the relative
proportion of the type to start with have been largely influential
in producing the differences, but habits and conditions have also
played a part in molding the three groups in different directions.
THE KALINGAS
Turning next to the Kalingas, who live to the north of the three
groups, another distinct modified Iberian type is encountered,
different from, and purer than, any of the preceding. The man
of Plate II, figs. 7 and 8, and the man of Plate V, fig. 1, represent
them well, and the man of Plate V, fig. 2, is another representa-
tive member of the tribe although somewhat mixed intype. They
have the wide open eyes of the East Indian, not shown well
except in Plate V, fig. 1, and this, coupled with the relative
purity of the Iberian type, indicates that they represent at least
in part a remnant of that early East Indian element that must
have entered the Philippines, and the type is purer here than
elsewhere.
THE IFUGAOS
The Ifugaos who are south of the Kalingas and east of the
other Igorots also have some of this Iberian element, as indicated
by the woman of Plate IV, figs. 5 and 6, who is placed beside the
Primitive Australoid Mangyan woman (figs. 7 and 8) for com-
parison and contrast. The Mangyans are largely of the Ibe-
rian types and probably of East Indian origin, as demonstrated
in a previous study, but there is also the Negrito element in
the interior, and the Primitive is present as well. Throughout
the Archipelago these three types are fundamental—the Primi-
tive, the Australoid, and the Iberian—with the Iberian pre-
dominant in local areas.
MINDANAO
Passing from Mindoro we may go to Mindanao, and in doing
so we cross the Visayan Islands, the middle group of the Archi-
pelago, between the two large islands, Luzon in the north, and
458 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Mindanao in the south; and in the Visayas a modified Primitive
type similar to the one shown in Plate V, figs. 3 and 4, may be
seen. -
The people of Mindanao are largely of four groups: the Moros
of the south, the Subanuns of the north, the Bagobos of the
Gulf of Davao, and the Bukidnons in the interior. A few Ne-
gritos are said to exist in the northeastern part of the island.
Photographs of the last two groups are not available, therefore
they are omitted necessarily.
The Subanuns are distinctly Iberian in character as may be
seen in Plate V, figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8, and Plate VI, figs. 1 and 2,
although mixed and modified Primitive and Australoid types are
not altogether absent. The Iberians are unlike those of Luzon,
and resemble the Moros from whom they were probably derived
in large measure. Therefore, they are of more mixed Iberian
type, having come through Arabia and being more recent in
origin than the Indian Iberians. However, types similar to those
of central Luzon may be seen, and the man of Plate V, fig. 6,
is an example. This man resembles an Ilongot of a previous
publication, and the two represent an early European migration
that came directly through the intervening territory without
great mixture on the way. They are not unlike European types
that may be seen in the United States. Subanuns, as in Plate
VI, figs. 5 and 6, are similar to the Bontoc Igorots of Plate
I, figs. 6 and 7, although somewhat more Primitive. Types
similar to this are found in Benguet, as the men in Plate II, figs.
3 and 4 show; also among the Bagobos, as is shown in Plate VIII,
figs. 1 and 2. The ears of these people are mixed Primitive and
might be termed the Australoid although simulating the Alpine.
This modified Primitive form is a fundamental type of the
Islands. The other Bagobo is also a fundamental type of the
Islands, and resembles the Benguet Igorot of Plate II, figs. 1 and
2, the Bagobo of Plate VIII, figs. 3 and 4, and similar types
elsewhere. The Igorot is more Primitive than the Bagobo, who
is almost typical B. B. B. The square face, head, and ear are
unmistakable.
The Moros are almost all modified Iberian types as may be
seen in Plate VII, which portrays only high-class Moros—sul-
tans and datos. The sharp nose with high bridge, the long face
with pointed chin, and the ear of Iberian types, although some-
what modified and resembling the Alpine in Plate VII, figs. 3,
4, and 8, signify a derivative origin from Europe. The Moro
vi,D,6 Bean: Inland Tribes of Luzon and Mindanao 459
Iberians are different from the Iberians of Luzon, but similar
to the Subanun Iberians. Arabian blood in the Moros may ac-
count for the difference. Three individuals of Mindanao in
Plate IX represent the Bagobo, Subanun, and Moro, respectively,
and the three persons are very much alike in physical charac-
teristics, which is to be expected of the inhabitants of a single
island.
This glimpse of inland Filipino types serves to impress one
with the prevalence of the Iberians, especially among the leading
men of the tribes, for it is true that such men are as a rule
the ones whose photographs have been taken. The uniformity
of distribution of the Iberian is exceeded only by the diversity
of type, each group or tribe having an Iberian form different
from the other groups. Thus the Iberian Kalingas and Bontoc
Igorots are similar to the Hindu Iberians, the Moros and Su-
banuns are similar to the Moors or Arabs, and in the heart
of Luzon and Mindanao are types similar to existing European
types in America.
In addition to the Iberian types there are Primitive, modified
Primitive, and Australoid types among the inland tribes, as
well as those with modified Alpine and modified B. B. B. affin-
ities, which represent forms of the Orient that are not of
European origin, but have been modified by European types.
Therefore, it seems to me, from this and previous studies,
that the fundamental types, Iberian, Primitive, and Australoid,
have entered into the population of the Philippines throughout
the Archipelago, and for that reason all the people of the Philip- -
pines are similar in type. The different islands, and different
localities in any one island, have received varying proportions
of the three fundamental types—sometimes pure, sometimes
mixed with each other—coming from different places, where
fusion had already fashioned a modified type; local conditions,
endogamy or exogamy, inbreeding or breeding out, and dif-
ferences of soil, climate, food, and water have affected the
groups in many ways with the result that one tribe differs from
another at present, although individual members of the dif-
ferent tribes resemble each other. Other European types such
as the Alpine and B. B. B. may have entered the Islands from
time to time or the modified Alpine and B. B. B. types may
be the result of combinations in various ways of the Iberian,
Australoid, and Primitive.
460 The Philippine Journal of Science 1913
Three distinct migrations from Europe are evident from the
three modified Iberian forms; one from Europe direct, without
mingling with intervening peoples, as represented by the almost
pure European types in the heart of Luzon and Mindanao; one
by way of India in which the types are the Indian and the
so-called Malay; and one from Arabia and north Africa, the
Mohammedan of history. There is also evidence among the I[lon-
gots of another European element migrating through Siberia,
possibly through China, and also from Japan. The Australoid
type may antedate the Negritos, it may have resulted from
them by crossing ‘with other types, or it may have been brought
in with the other types in the mingling migrations of the
Europeans. The Primitive type is probably oriental in origin,
although I have seen modified Primitive Europeans.
There have been waves and waves of migration, which have
apparently come largely from the south, and each succeeding
wave finds the drift of the preceding one and in receding leaves
its own, sometimes penetrating farther than its predecessor,
sometimes falling short and retiring before having reached the
remaining portions of previous waves. A crescent would re-
present the form of the wave, the center advancing farther
than the sides. Three crescents might be placed across the
Archipelago to represent the three European migrations: The
first would center in northern Luzon about the Ilongots, rep-
resenting the purest European types, the crest of the wave
having crossed central Mindanao, leaving traces among the Su-
banuns; the second crescent would cross the Island of Mindoro,
but would have an eddy or advance point among the Kalingas
and Bontoc Igorots; the third has its center in Sulu. The Mo-
hammedan crescent advanced farther northward, but receded
to Sulu when the Spaniards came.
The fields of greatest hopefulness for results in research, now
as heretofore, are the interior of Luzon and the interior of
Mindanao.
I have touched only the outskirts of the problem that con-
fronts the racial anatomist in the Philippines, and whatever
I have done is suggestive rather than conclusive.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Plate II, fig. 5, is from a photograph by Worcester; Plate V, figs. 3 and 4, and Plate VII,
figs. 1, 2, and 7, are from photographs by Miller; Plate IX, fig. 8, is from a photograph by
Ball; the photographer of Plate VII, figs. 5, 6, and 8, is unknown; the remaining cuts are
from photographs by Martin.
PLATE I
Figs. 1 and 2. A Bontoc man. This man has a notoriously bad character.
3 and 4, Front and side half-length pictures of Bontoc woman, show-
ing typical ornaments, dress, and in some instances tattoo. The
_ women as a rule tattoo the arms only.
Fic. 5. A Bontoc man.
6. A Bontoc man. Note this tremendously powerful neck.
7. The Bontoc man of fig. 6, side view.
8. Gabi, the youngest sister of Loyan and the prettiest girl of Pico.
Taken in 1904.
PLATE II
Figs. 1 and 2. Igorot men of Benguet.
3 and 4. Igorot men of Ambuklao and Kayapo (showing typical
dress).
Fig. 5. Igorot man of Irisan, showing method of wearing blanket.
6. Acop, one of the wealthiest Igorots in the subprovince of Benguet.
7. A young Kalinga man, showing the peculiar form of the Kalinga
eyes to special advantage.
8. Side view of young Kalinga man.
PLATE III
. Gabi, a girl of Trinidad, Benguet. Taken in 1901.
. Two girls of Kalayan school. The taller one was teaching at
Daklan at the time the picture was taken.
3. Full-length view of a young Tingian girl of Abra.
PLATE IV
Fie.
Ne
Fics. 1 and 2. Typical Tingians.
3 and 4. Tingian men, showing typical dress.
5 and 6. Ifugao women, showing typical dress and ornaments.
7 and 8. Yeung Mangyan women, showing scaly skin disease which
is common among the wild tribes of the Philippines and is partic-
ularly common among the Mangyans inhabiting the lowlands of
Mindoro.
PLATE V
Fic. 1. Man of Lubuagan, showing feather headdress.
2. The presidente of Nanong, perhaps the most influential man in the
subprovince of Kalinga.
Fics. 8 and 4. Views of a young Bukidnon man.
461
462 The Philippine Journal of Science
Fic. 5. A Subanun man of the District of Zamboanga. Note style of tying
turban. .
6. An old Subanun man of the District of Vannboatien! Note strag-
gling gray beard and mustache. The occurrence of a beard among
these people is unusual.
Fics. 7 and 8. An old Subanun man of the District of Zamboanga. He has
a relatively thick mustache and beard which is probably accounted
for by the presence of some Arab blood.
PLATE VI
Figs. 1 and 2. Subanun men with long hair.
3 and 4. Front and side views of typical Subanun man.
5 and 6. Subanun man who has his hair cut short and has light
hair and mustache. His features are quite different from most
of the Subanuns. “
7 and 8. Front and side view of Subanun women of the Peyo River,
near Sindangan-Bay, Mindanao, showing physical characteristics,
typical dress, and ornament. Note especially the load of neck-
laces worn by them. _
PLATE VII
Fries. 1 and 2. Typical Bilau men of Davao, Mindanao, showing dress and
ornaments.
3 and 4. Front and side view of a Moro dato.
Fig. 5. Dato Mastura. : a
6. Judge Kali Punga. a : “a
7. Dato Dacula, at Zamboanga, Mindanao. ay
8. Moro youth, Samul Suwaan type. — ¥
PLATE VIII re
Figs. 1 and 2. Bagobo men, showing typical dress and ornaments. Note ws
the spotted headdress, indicating that the warriors have killed __
enemies. i
3 and 4. An old Bagobo man. The light spots with dark centers on
the handkerchief wrapped about the head show that he has killed a
_ enemies. Note particularly the headpiece and embroidery. In
side view, note the large opening in the lobe of the left ear, which __
evidently was at one time large enough to admit one of the ivory
ear ornaments, but has now closed up somewhat. a
Puate 1X a
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Fic. 1. A Bagobo, showing typical dress and ornaments. Note bead work i
on carrying bag. i
2. View of a well-to-do Subanun woman, showing characteristic dress
-and ornaments. Note the numerous necklaces, the ear ornaments,
embroidered upper garments, and the anklets.
3. Side view of young Yacan Moro.
MAP
Map of the Philippine itlands) showing distribution of inland tribes con-
sidered in this paper.
Vol VIII, Sec. D, No. 5, of this Journal was issued February 25, 1914.
YID LANDN3E VY GNVY SLOYOD!I ‘1 3LWi1d
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BEAN: INLAND TRIBES. ] [Puit. Journ. Ser, VIII, D, No. 6.
Fig. 1. Mixed Primitive ears. Alpine. Fig. 2. Mixed Primitive ears. Alpine.
Fig. 3. Mixed B. B. B. ears. Fig. 4. Mixed B. B. B. ears.
PLATE VIII. BAGOBOS.
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BEAN: INLAND TRIBES.]
[PuHin. Journ. Sci., VIII, D, No. 6.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
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MAP OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF INLAND TRIBES.
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INDEX
(New names are printed in heavy-faced type;
numbers in italics indicate synonyms or
references of minor importance.)
A
Abirus philippinensis Baly, 220.
Acanthoneura alcestis O. S., 310.
maculipennis Westw., 310, 326.
Acidia elimia Walk., 310.
fossata Fabr., 310.
“Acinia” stellata Macq., 310.
Acrocrypta variabilis Duviv., 233.
Adrama Walk., 323.
determinata Walk., 310.
Aedomyia catasticta Knab, 307.
squammipenna Arrib., 307.
Agaonella Baker, 72.
larvalis Baker, 78, 81, 82.
Agelasta mediofasciata Heller, 135, 157.
sulphure Pasce., 157.
Agonosoma crinicorne Wied., 309.
vittatum Wied., 309, 313. |
Alleeuliden der Philippinen (Coleoptera), |
Lagriiden und, 43. |
Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson, 121.
Alphitobius diaperinus Panz., 394.
piceus Ol., 394.
rufotinctus Fairm., 395.
testudineus, 394.
(Diaclina) quadrimaculatus Geb-
ien, 394.
Amarygmus, 420.
aereus Eschsch., 422.
angustus Gebien, 419.
callichromus Fairm., 419.
' Amphicordus Heller, 151.
inproportionatus Heller, 135, 152. |
Anisocheleomyia albitarsis Ludl., 307.
Anisodera thoracica Chap., 237.
Anopheles formosus Ludl., 306.
pallidus Ludl., 306.
Anopheline, 306.
Anthomyia manillensis Frauenf., 310.
Anthracias elongatus Schauf., 401.
Anthrax distigma Wied., 309.
Antineura sericata O. S., 310.
stolata O. S., 310.
Aphiochaeta banksi Brues, 309.
curtineura Brues, 309.
Aphthona wallacei Baly, 233.
Argopus angulicollis Clark, 235. .
Arrhinotermes Wasmann, 276.
japonicus Holmgren, 276.
Artactes latreillei Cast., 419.
Artemita azurea Gerst., 308.
Asarcina egrota Fabr., 309, 313.
consequens Walk., 309. *
i
|
Asilide, $08.
Aspidolopha manilensis Ws., 215.
semperi Lef., 215.
Aspidomorpha bilobata Boh., 240.
biradiata Boh., 240.
fraterna Baly, 240.
fusconotata Boh., 240.
orbicularis Boh., 240.
Asytesta philippinica Heller, 135, 141.
Atasthalus serratus Gebien, 383.
Atherix limbata O. S., 308.
Aulacophora albicornis Chap., 222.
rosea F., 222.
uniformis Chap., 222.
| Axona chaleopyga Wied., 309.
B
Baccha pedicellata Dol., 309.
pulchrifrons Aust., 314.
purpuricolor Walk., 314.
Bactrocera G.-M., 323.
BAKER, C. F., A study of caprification in
Ficus nota, 63.
. Banksinella luteolateralis Theob., 306.
BEAN, ROBERT BENNETT, Filipino ears:
IV. Ilongot and Mangyan, 357; Types
among the inland tribes of Luzon and Min-
danao, 455.
BEYER, H. OTLEY, Origin myths among the
mountain peoples of the Philippines, 85.
| BEZZI, M., Studies in Philippine Diptera, I.,
305.
| Bibionidze, 305.
Blanchardiomyia fusca Theob., 306.
joloensis Ludl., 306.
obturbans Walk., 306.
panalectoros Giles, 306.
Blastophaga nota Baker, 70, 81, 82.
Bolitrium Gebien, 390.
erenulicolle Gebien, 391.
Bombylidz, 309. ri
BORCHMANN, FRITZ, Lagriiden und Alle-
culiden der Philippinen (Coleoptera), 43.
Botryonopa bipunctata Baly, 237.
collaris Ws., 237.
Bradymerus equecostatus Fairm., 379, 381.
alternicostis Gebien, 377, 379, 881.
czruleipennis Gebien, 380, 381.
carinatus Fairm., 379, 381.
corinthius Fairm., 379.
? erenulicollis Fairm., 379, $81.
eyaneipennis Pasc., 379.
elongatus Gebien, 376, 379, 381.
impressicollis Gebien, 378, 381.
violaceus Pasc., 379, $81.
| Bronthispa depressa Baly, 237,
463
464 The Philippine Journal of Science
Bucharis constricticollis, 217.
laevicollis Jac., 217.
oculatus, 217.
Byrsax coenosus Pasc., 381, 382.
gibbifer Wesm., 331, 383.
satanas Gebien, 381.
j c
Callantra Walk., 328.
Callimerus gratiosus-pulchellus, 303.
schultzei Schenkling, 303.
Callispa flavescens Ws., 237.
Calotermes Hagen, 272.
inamurai Oshima, 271, 272.
koshunensis ? Nawa, 278.
koshunensis Shiraki, 273.
kotoensis Oshima, 274, 275, 276.
ogasawaraensis, 271.
satsumensis Yano, 274.
sp. Shiraki, 273.
(Cryptotermes) formose Holmgren,
74.
kotoensis Oshima,
274, 275.
ogasawaraensis
Oshima, 274, 275,
276.
(Glyptotermes) fuscus Oshima, 274.
hozawz Holmgren,
274. ,
satsumaensis Holm-
gren, 274.
satsumensis (Mat-
sumura), 273.
(Neotermes) koshunensis Holm-
gren, 278.
koshunensis_ Shiraki,
2738.
Calotermitine Holmgren, 272.
Capnella capitulifera (Wright and Studer) , 435,
444, 451.
fungiformis Kiikenthal, 448, 451.
gilchristi Thomson, 451.
imbricata (Q and G.), 444, 451.
morula Thomson and Mackinnon, 451.
parva Light, 446, 448, 451.
philippinensis Light, 436, 441, 442, 448,
44h, 445, 448, 450, 451.
var. albida Light, 440,
“448, 444, 446, 447, 450,
451.
yar. arborea Light,
440, 441, 444, 446, 451.
var. mindorensis
Light, 440, 446, 451.
Tamosa Light, 438, 447, 448, 451.
rugosa (Kiikth.), 451.
spicata (May), 448, 451.
Caprification in Ficus nota, a study of, 63.
Capritermes Holmgren, 279.
Wasmann, 279.
nitobei Oshima, 279.
sulcatus Holmgren, 279.
(Capritermes) nitobei (Shiraki),
279.
| Carriedo, Francisco de, y Peredo, 165.
Casnonidea albopilosa Schauf., 46.
atricapilla Fairm., 46, 57.
brevicollis Fairm., 56.
colon Borchmann, 50.
concavipes Borchmann, 54,
diversipes Borchmann, 52, 54.
var. dissimilis, 53.
impressifrons Schauf., 46, 47.
mimica Borchmann, 48.
mollis Borchmann, 46.
perforata Borchmann, 47.
serra Borchmann, 51, 54, 56.
tenera Borchmann, 49.
terminata Fairm., 50, 57.
Catapiestus mediocris Guér., 405.
Celyphidez, 310.
Celyphus levis Wulp., 310, 315.
obtectus Dalm., 310.
scutatus Wied., 310.
Cepurellus cervinus Heller, 185, 136. ae
Cercidocerus flavopictus Heller, 186, 147.
| Cerogria dohrni Borchm., 45.
meloides Borchm., 45.
| Ceropria dolorosa Fairm., 385.
induta Wied., 385.
| Chztodacus Bezzi, $28.
caudatus Fabr., 321.
cilifer Hendel, 322.
cucurbitz Cog., 321.
dorsalis Hendel, 322.
ferrugineus Fabr., 310.
var. pedestria
322.
icarus QO. S., 310.
synnephes Hendel, $21.
Chaleidomyia apicalis Meij., 382.
Chaoborine, 307.
Chaoborus manilensis Schin., 307.
Chelyophora Rondani, 827.
Chilocorus ruber Ws., 241.
Chloropidz, $11.
Chlorops ochracea Beck., 330.
vittipennis Thoms., 311.
Chromatopterum delicatum, 330.
elegans Bezzi, 330.
pubescens, 330.
Chrysididz of the Philippine Islands, 287.
Chrysis lyneeae F. var. 7, 291.
(Dichrysis) . bidenticulata Mocsary,
289. :
(Hexachrysis) comottii Grib. var.
igniceps Mocs., 291.
laevicollis Buyss., 291.
(Holochrysis) philippinensis Bisch.,
288.
(Pentachrysis) lusca Fabr., 291.
palawanensis Mocs.,
291.
(Tetrachrysis) atrata Bisch., 291.
diademata Moesary, 291.
fuscipennis Brullé, 291.
(Tvichrysis) aspera Brullé, 290.
bakeri Mocsary, 290.
luzonica Mocs., 290.
Index
Chrysis (Trichrysis) aspera Brullé, 290.
miri Brown, 290.
sauteri Mocs., 289.
singalensis Mocs., 290.
Chrysoconops aurites Theob., 307.
conopus Frauenf., 807.
Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden der Philip-
pinen: IJ. Teil (Coleoptera), 215.
Chrysomya dux Esch., 809.
Chrysomyza znea Fabr., 321.
Chrysopida nigrita Weise, 219.
Chrysopilus correctus O. S., 308, 313.
ferruginosus Wied., 308, 312.
Chrysops cincta Big., 308.
dispar Fabr., 308.
manilensis Schin., 808.
signifer Walk., 308, 312.
Chrysozona lunulata Macaq., 308.
Chyliza elegans Hendel, 330.
‘selecta O. S., $11, $30.
Cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fabr.)
in the Philippine Islands, 1.
Cistelomorpha anaematica Borchmann, 59.
calida All., 59.
distincticornis Pic., 57.
flavovirens Fairm., 60.
hypoxantha Fairm., 60.
rufiventris Borchmann, 60.
semipellita Borchmann, 57, 59.
subcostulata Fairm., 57.
Citibaeus aurata Walk., $14.
Cleoporus cruciatus Lef., 221.
Cleriden, zwei neue philippinische, 303.
Cnemodasus Gebien, 374.
rectangulus Gebien, 374.
tenuipes Gebien, 375.
Coccinellide, 241.
Coccinelliden, tiber Chrysomeliden und, der
Philippinen: II. Teil (Coleoptera), 215.
Coconut leaf-miner beetle, Promecotheca
cumingii Baly, 127.
Coenobius discoidalis Baly, 217.
manilensis Weise, 217.
sulcicollis Baly, 217.
Coenosia picicrus Thoms., $10.
Colasposoma rugiceps Lef., 220.
Coleoptera, Lagriiden und Alleculiden der Phil-
ippinen, 43.
Coleoptera, iiber Chrysomeliden und Coccinel-
liden der Philippinen: II. Teil, 215.
Columbia serratifolia DC., 297.
Coptotermes Wasmann, 276. *
formose Holmgren, 271, 276.
formosanus Shiraki, 276, 284.
gestroi Oshima, 276.
gestroi Wasmann, 283.
Coptotermitinz Holmgren, 276.
Cosmina prolata Walk., 309.
Cossyphus striatus Wiedem., 396.
COWLES, R. P., The habits of some tropical
Crustacea, 119.
CRAWFORD, D. L., New genera and species
of Psyllidz from the Philippine Islands, 293.
Crustacea, the habits of some tropical, 119.
123230——5
465
Cryptodromia tuberculata Stimpson, 119.
Cryptotermes Banks, 274.
Culicids, 306.
Culicine, 306.
Culex alis Theob., 307.
annuliferus Ludl., $07.
annulioris Theob., 307.
argentinotus Banks, 30?.
auropunctis Ludl., 307.
concolor Desv., 307.
fatigans Wted., 307.
fragilis Ludl., 307.
hirsutus Theob., 307.
impellens Walk., 807.
ludlowi Blanch., 3807.
microannulatus Theob., 307.
rizali Banks, 307.
rubrithorax Meig., 307.
sitiens Wied., 807.
taytayensis Banks, 307.
tigripes Grandpr., 307.
vagans Wied., 307.
vishnui Theob., 307.
Curculionidae, 135.
Cyamobolus (?) palawanicus Heller, 135, 140.
Cyclopodia dubia Westw., 311.
Cyclotermes Holmgren, 278. ®
Cynorta discoidea Weise, 228.
4-plagiata Ws., 227.
signifera Weise, 227.
Cyrtonotum arcuatum O. S., 311.
D
Dacinge, $28.
Dactylispa dimidiata Gest., 238.
infuscata Chap., 238.
vittula Chap., 238.
Dacus, $21.
longicornis, $22.
Damalina cyanella O. S., 308.
semperi O. S., 308.
Damalis immeritus O. S., 308.
nigellus Wulp., 308.
vitripennis O. S., 308.
Dasyceroclerus banksi Schenkling, 304.
Dendromyia (7?) scintillans Ludl., 307.
Dercetes soluta Weise, 225.
Derosphaerus rotundicollis Cast., 403.
simillimus Fairm., 408.
Diachlorus (7?) flavipennis Macq., 808.
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 299.
Diaphorus aeneus Dol., $09.
maurus O. S., 309.
Dicranomyia saltans Dol. 307.
Dietopsis sericans Fairm., 57.
Dietysus amplicollis Fairm., 422.
luzonicus Fairm., 422.
Dimax laevipennis Jac., 285.
media Weise, 235.
Diopside, 310.
Diopsis subnotata Westw., 310, 328.
Diptera, I, studies in Philippine, 305.
Discomyza maculipennis Wied., 332.
obscurata Walk., $11, 332.
Dolichopodide, 309.
AGG The Philippine Journal of Science
Drosophila ananassae Dol., 311.
hypocausta O. S., 311.
Drosophilidz, 311.
Dryxo digna O. S., 311.
spreta O. S., 311.
Dynopsylla Crawford, 295.
cornuta Crawford, 295.
é
E
Ears, Filipino: IV. Ilongot and Mangyan, 357.
Echiurus unicinctus, 255.
Elaphropeza exul O. S., 309.
Elassogaster sepsoides Walk., 321.
unimaculatus Kert., 321.
Ellampus (Holophris) bakeri Mocsary, 287.
marginellus Mocs., 287.
Emphysomera aliena O. S., 308, 318.
Empididz, 309.
Endymia effusa Faust, 144, 145.
geminata Pasc., 144.
marmorata Kirsch, 144.
philippinica Heller, 135, 143, 144.
vipio Pasce., 144.
Enicoptera proditrix O. S., 310, 324.
Enneamera neglecta Weise, 237.
nigra Jac., 236, 287.
tHoracica Baly, 236, 237.
Ephydra pleuralis Thoms., 311.
Ephydride, 311.
Epipsylla albolineata Kuwayama, 298.
pulchra Crawford, 297.
Brax integer Maca., 313.
Ergania decorata Heller, 135, 137.
var. zamboangana Heller,
185, 187.
proxima Faust, 137.
Eriocera mansueta O. S., 307.
perennis O. S., 307.
Eristalis agyrus Walk., 309.
babytace Walk., 309.
plistoanax Walk., 309.
Ethas carinatus Eschsch., 373.
Etorleptiomyia luzonensis Ludl., 307.
Eucaustes malayana Guer., 160.
palawanica Heller, 136, 159.
tagala Heller, 136, 160.
Buclea gigantea Boh., 159.
illecebrosa Pasce., 159.
rhombifera Heller, 135, 158.
tagala Heller, 159.
Eucyalesthus aeruginosus F., 404.
coerulescens Guér., 404.
nitidipennis Fairm., 403.
striatus Gebien, 404.
Eucyrtus acutangulus Gebien, 416, 419.
clypealis Gebien, 415, 419.
excellens Gebien, 417, 419.
gloriosus Kraatz, 414, 419.
lisae Kraatz, 415, 419.
nigripes Kraatz, 414, 419.
ovipennis Gebien, 416, 419.
subcostatus Fairm., 416, 419.
Eudendrium angustum Warren, 341, 343.
eapillare Alder (Allman, ’72),
339, 340, 341.
Eudendrium dispar Agassiz, 342, 3/3.
griffini Light, 333.
hargitti Congdon, 341, 346, 348, 349.
humile Allman, 342.
insigne Hincks, 342.
maldivense Borradaile, 341.
parvum Warren, 334, 339, 341, 348.
racemosum, 340, 341.
ramosum, 340, $42, 349.
Eulalia claripennis Thoms., 308.
ochropa Thoms., 308.
Eumerus bimaculatus Dol., 314.
figurans Walk., 314.
flavicinctus Meij., 314.
Euphalerus citri (Kuwayama), 299.
nigrivittatus Crawford, 298.
vittatus Crawford, 298.
Eurybata hexopla O. S., 311.
semilauta O. S., $11, 329.
Euryphagus maxiliosus var nigricollis Heller,
135, 155.
*Eutermes Miiller, 279. es
longicornis Oshima, 279.
nitobei Shiraki, 279.
parvonasutus Oshima, 279.
takasagoensis Oshima, 279.
(Eutermes) parvonasutus Oshima,
279.
piciceps Holmgren, 279.
takasagoensis Oshima,
279.
watasei Holmgren, 279.
Eutornus luzonicus Heller, 135, 148, 150.
rufobasalis Heller, 135, 150.
stricticollis Heller, 135, 149.
Evaza bipars Walk., 311.
Exema philippina Weise, 216.
F
Ficus megacarpa Merrill, 320.
nota (Blanco) Merrill, 63.
roxburghii, 68.
ulmifolia Lam., 293, 294.
Fig insects occurring in Ficus nota at Los
Banos, 69.
G
Galerucella mindorana Weise, 223
philippinensis Boh., 223.
sumatrana Jac., 228.
Gastrazona capillata Bezzi, 324.
cassandra O. S., 310.
luteiseta Bezzi, 325.
Gaurax dimorphus O. S., 811, 331.
nigricornis Beck., 331.
GEBIEN, HANS, Die Tenebrioniden der Phil-
ippinen, 378, 401. E
Geomyzide, $11.
Glyptotermes Holmgren, 273.
fusecus Oshima, 274.
longicephalus Oshima, 274.
Gobrya bacchoides Walk., 330.
simulans, $30.
Gonocephalum adpressum Germ., 376.
depressum Fabr., 376.
Index
Gonophora apicalis Baly, 237.
femorata Weise, 237.
fulva Gest., 238.
Gorgopsis cristiventris Gerst., $21.
Grabhamia spenceri, 306.
Graptomyza brevirostris Wied., 314.
literata O. S., 309.
microdon O. S., 309.
Gymnonerius duplicatus Wied., 311.
fuscus Wied., $11, 330.
Gynandrophthalma impicta Weise, 216.
H
Haplosonyx albicornis Wiedem., 225.
banksi Weise, 225.
chalybaeus Hope, 226.
concinnus Baly, 226.
fulvicornis Weise, 226.
indicus Jac., 227.
nigripennis Jac., 226.
philippinus Weise, 227.
‘sumatrae Weber, 227.
Harpagomyia cceruleovittata Ludl., 307.
Hedychrum philippinum Mocsary, 287.
Hedychrum stantoni Ashmead, 287.
HELLER, K. M., Neue Kafer von den Philip-
pinen, 135.
Hemicera bivittata Gebien, 385.
caudata Gebien, 387.
splendens, 385, 386.
Kenarrhodes Heller, 152.
macgregori Heller, 185, 153.
Hippoboscidx, $11.
Hirudo boyntoni Wharton, a new Philippine
leech, 369.
Hodgesia niveocapitis Ludl., 307.
Hodotermopsis Holmgren, 272.
japonicus Holmgren, 271, 272.
Hoplistomerus serripes Fabr., 308.
Howardina (Scutomyia) nivea Ludl., 306.
samarensis Ludl., 306.
Hulecoeteomyia pseudoteniata Giles, 306.
Hyperalonia flaviventris Dol., 309.
oenomaus Rond., 309.
umbrifera Walk., 309.
Hypophleus analis Gebien, 395.
ecolydioides Lew., 396.
exilis Mars., 396.
filum Fairm., $96.
floricola, 396.
gentilis Lew., £96.
Hysterarthron Thoms., 45.
I
Ikeda Wharton, 261, 263, 266.
tznoides (Ikeda), 261, 263, 266.
Isoptera, 272.
J
467
K
Kiifer, neue, von den Philippinen, 135.
Kingia gregoryi Ludl., 306.
L
Lagria concolor Blanch., 44.
crassa Borchm., 45.
cribratula Schauf., 43.
denticornis Fairm., 45.
fulgidipennis Borchmann, 44.
hirticollis Borchm., 44.
ionoptera Er., 43.
prasinella Fairm., 43.
pruinosa Chevr., 43.
Lagriiden und Alleculiden der
(Coleptera), 48.
Lamprogaster placida Walk., 810.
Laphria dimidiata Macgq., $08, 313.
partita Walk., 308.
phalaris O. S., 308.
pseudolus O. S., 308.
scapularis Wied., 308.
Lasioderma serricorne Fabr., 1.
Lauxania latifrons Thoms., $10
lunifera Meij., 317.
(Sapromyza) lucida Meij., 317.
Philippinen
ornatipennis Meij.,
317.
punctipennis Meij.,
317.
Lauxaniide, 310.
Leech, Hirudo boyntoni, a new Philippine, 369.
Lema torulosa Lac., 216.
Leptogaster princeps O. S., 308.
Leucotermes Silvestri, 277.
flaviceps Oshima, 271, 277, 278.
speratus (Kolbe), 271, 277.
speratus Shiraki, 277.
Leucotermitine Holmgren, 277.
Libnotes familiaris O. S., 307.
semperi, O. S., 307.
termitina O. S., 307.
LIGHT, S. F., Notes on Philippine Alecyonaria,
Part I: The Philippine species of the genus
Capnella, 485; The morphology of Euden-
drium griffini sp. nov., 333.
Lindinia tibialis Lef., 219.
Lispa grandis Thoms., 310.
pectinipes Beck., 315.
Lonchaea Fallén, 318.
biroi Kert., 319.
calva Bezzi, 319, 320.
citricola Bezzi, 319, 320, $24.
excisa Kert., 319, 320.
ficiperda Bezzi, 319, 320.
filifera Bezzi, 319, 320.
obscuripennis Meij., 319.
plumata Lamb., 820.
punctipennis Walk., 310.
setifera Meij., 819, 320.
JONES, CHARLES R., The cigarette beetle | Lonchaeidz, 310.
(Lasioderma serricorne Fabr.) in the Phil- | Longitarsus annulicornis Jac., 284.
ippine Islands, 1; The coconut leaf-miner |
beetle, Promecotheca cumingii Baly, 127.
manilensis Weise, 233.
nanus, 238.
|
468
Longitarsus pratensis, 233.
tantulus, 233.
vittipennis Weise, 234.
Lucilia ditissima Walk., 309.
fortunata Walk., 309, 314.
philippinensis Macq., 309.
tagaliana Big., 309.
Lycoria (Sciara), 305.
Lyprops luzonicus Gebien, 405.
piceus Fairm., 406.
sinensis Mars., 406.
M
Mansonioides annulifera Theob., 307.
annulipes Walk., 307.
chrysogona Knab., 307.
uniformis Theob., 307.
Megamerina annulifera Big., 330.
The Philippine Journal of Science ;
Musca bivittata Thoms, 310.
conducens Walk., 310.
favillacea Walk., 310.
niveisquama Thoms., 310.
Muscide, 310.
Myiophthiria capsoides Rond., 311.
reduvioides Rond., 311.
Myths, origin, among the mountain peoples of
the Philippines, 85.
Myzomyia (7?) funestus Giles, 306.
ludlowii Theob., 306.
rossii Giles, 306.
indefinata Ludl., 306.
mangyana Banks, 306.
thorntonii Ludl., 306.
Myzorhynchus barbirostris Wulp., 306.
(?) megregori Banks, 306.
pseudobarbirostris Ludl., 306.
sinensis Wied., 306.
vanus Wulbp., 306.
N
Megapyga coeruleomaculata Boh., 239.
Megarhinine, 306.
Megaspis errans Fabr., 309, 314.
Melanostoma planifacies Maca., 313.
Melixanthus aterrimus Jacoby, 217.
Meracanthomyia Hendel, 323.
Mesomorphus villiger Blanch., 373.
Mesotermitide Holmgren, 276.
Metatermitidz Holmgren, 278.
Metialma obsoleta Heller, 135, 145.
Metopostigma sauteri Beck., 330.
Metriona recondita Boh., 241.
westringi Boh. ?, 240.
Microchrysa annulipes Thoms., 308.
flaviventris Wied., 308, 312.
Microstylum dux Wied., 308.
Milesia bigoti O. S., 309.
~ ae ritsemae QO. S., 309.
semperi O. S., 309.
Mimomyia (Ludlowia) chamberlainii Ludl., 307.
minima Ludl., 307.
MOCSARY, A., The Chrysidide of the Philip-
pine Islands, 287.
Monacrostichus Bezzi, 322, 323.
aequalis Coq., 328.
citricola Bezzi, 319, $22, 323.
conopsoides Meij., 328.
longicornis Wied., 328.
sepedonoides Walk., 323.
vespoides D., 323.
Mongoma tenera O. S., 307.
Monochirus callicanthus Bates, 238.
moestus Baly, 238.
| Monolepta baeri All., 228.
elegantula Boh., 229.
i hieroglyphica Motsch. ab simplex,
i 229.
puncticollis All., 229.
(Candezea) palawana Weise, 229. TAs
Moplion’ tineaipenr sara: - theobaldii Giles, $06.
Morphosphaera peregrina Weise, 222. re)
sumatrana Jac., 222. Ps
Mucidus mucidus Karsch, 306. Ocalemia prasina Heller, 135, 154.
Musama (7?) paupera Walk., 308. vigilans Pase., 154.
Nacrea apicipennis Baly, 231.
costatipennis Jac., 231.
fulvicollis Jac., 230, 231.
laevipennis Jac., 231. ;
nigripennis Jac., 231. q
philippina Weise, 280, 231.
Nanoplazxes Heller, 138.
| ferruginea Heller, 135, 139.
merrilli Heller, 135, 138, 139.
Nauphaeus sexmaculatus Heller, 135, 146.
Naupoda platessa O. S., 310, 321.
Negritomyia maculipennis Maca., 308, 312.
Nemostira Fairmaire, 45. :
marginata Borchmann, 55. By
melanura Borchm., 56.
var. atripennis Borchm.,
57.
villosa Borchm., 47.
Nemotelus albiventris Thoms., 308.
Neogria concolor Borchm., 45.
Neoitamus (?) longistylus Wied., 303.
Neomacleaya indica Theob., 306.
Neotermes Holmgren, 273.
Nisotra gemella Er., 233.
Notiphila sternalis Thoms., 311, 331.
Notopsila curta O. S., 310.
sexpunctata O. S., 310.
Nyctobates podagra Fairm., 402.
sanguinicrus Fairm., 403.
Nyssorhynchus flavus Ludl., 306.
freere Banks, 306.
fuliginosus Giles, 306,
? kochii Don., 306.
lineatus Ludl., 306.
philippinensis Ludl., 306.
stephensii Liston, 306.
*
Index
Ochlerotatus (Duttonia) alboannulis Ludl., 307.
(Finlaya) aranetana Banks, 306.
flavipennis Giles, 306.
melanoptera Giles, 306.
Poicilia Theob., 306.
(Pecomyia) cca Theob., 307.
(Pseudoskusea) nigritarsis Ludl.,
307.
(Reedomyia) niveoscutellata
Theob., 807.
pampangensis.
Ludl., 306. )
Ochthera innotata Walk., 332.
Oculiomyia fulleri Ludl., 307.
Odontotermes Holmgren, 278. |
formosanus Holmgren, 278.
(Cyclotermes) formosana (Shi-
raki), 278.
Oedemutes physopterus Gebien, 406.
pretiosus Pasc., 407.
varicolor Gebien, 407.
viridulus Kraatz, 407.
Oides elliptica Duviv., 222.
flavida Duviv., 221, 222.
metallica Jac., 221.
sternalis Weise, 221.
subtilissima Duviv., 222.
Olfersia nigrita Speis, 311.
Ommatolampus haemorrhoidalis var. pygidialis |
Heller, 135, 148,
Ommatius chinensis Fabr., 308, 313.
fulvidus, 313.
nanus Walk., 308.
retrahens Walk., 308.
Opatrum bilineatum Wlk., 376.
Origin myths among the mountain peoples of
the Philippines, 85.
Ornithoctona batchiana Walk., 311.
nigricans Leach, $17.”
Ortalidz, 310. |
OSHIMA, MASAMITSU, Notes on the ter-
mites of Japan with description of one new |
species, 271; Two species of termites from |
Singapore, 2838.
Oxyna parca Bezzi, 328.
sororcula Wied., 328.
Ozomena weberi Weise, 232.
P
Pachycerina apicalis Bezzi, 316.
javana, 316.
seychellensis Lamb., 316.
Pachyrrhina luconieca O. S., 307.
ortiva O. S., 307.
Pagellia acuticosta Lef., 219.
Signata Weise, 218.
Paracelyphus, 315.
Paragus serratus Fab., 313.
Paralimna chinensis Wied., 332.
javana Wulp., 332.
nitens Bezzi, 332.
sinensis Schiner, 332.
Paranephthya capitulifera Wright and Studer,
435. |
469
Paraspongodes capitulifera May, 485.
Paratermes canalifrons Oshima, #76.
Pardomyia quadripunctis Ludl., 807.
Paurocephala Crawford, 298.
psylloptera Crawford, 294.
Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford, 296.
setifera Crawford, 297.
Pediris longipes Motsch., 402.
sulcigera Boisd., 401.
Pelopia manilensis Schin., 305.
Phaenochilus monostigma Weise, 241.
Philocompus cupidus O. S., 310.
Philodicus albispina Thoms., 308.
integer Macq., 308.
longipes Schin., 308, 313.
| Philotrypesis ashmeadii Baker, 80, 82.
collaris Baker, 80, 82.
similis Baker, 78, 82.
Phoridz, 309.
Phumosia abdominalis R. D., 309.
Phytorus gibbosus Lef., 220.
lineolatus Weise, 220.
puncticollis Lef., 221. -
simplex Lef., 221.
Plagiostenopterina abrupta Thoms., 3/0.
zenea Wied., 810, 321.
calearata Macg., 310, 321.
trivittata Walk., 310, 321.
zonalis Rondani, 321.
Planodes quarternaria Newman, 157.
schultzei Heller, 135, 156.
Platolenes Gebien, 420.
rufipes, 421.
Platycrepis violaceus Kraatz, 414.
Platypria ferruginea Weise, 238.
longispina Chap., 238.
Plecia fulvicollis Fabr., 305.
Popea lutea Ludl., 306.
Prioptera nigricollis Ws., 239.
8-puntata F., 239.
palawanica Weise, 239.
4-impressa Boh., 289.
sinuata Ol., ab. deficiens Ws., 240.
westermanni Bohn., 239.
Promachus forcipatus Schin., 308.
maculosus Macq., 308.
manillensis Maca., 308.
varipes Maca., 308.
Promecotheca apicalis Ws., 287.
cumingii Baly, 127, 237.
Prosena pectoralis Walk., 314.
Protermitidze Holmgren, 272.
Pselliophora doleus O. S., 307.
idalia O. S., 307.
suspirans O. S., 307.
Pseudabax chalceus Gebien, 418, 414.
formosus Kraatz, 410, 414.
frater Gebien, 412, 414.
nigricollis Gebien, 411, 414.
purpureomicans Gebien, 410, 414.
Pseudepicausta chalybea Dol., 310.
Pseudeumolpus iridipennis Gebien, 408.
polychromus Gebien, 409.
superbus Kraatz, 408.
He
Pseudeurina maculata Meij., 331.
Pseudocophora flavipes Weise, 224.
monticola Weise, 224.
ventralis Weise, 223, 224.
Pseudopyrellia lauta Wied., 315.
Pseudostrongylium aberrans Kraatz, 424.
aeneum Kraatz, 425.
banksi Gebien, 423.
cyanipes Gebien, 424.
opacum Gebien, 422.
semperi Kraatz, 422, 428.
Pseudouranotenia parangensis Ludl., 307.
triangulata Ludl., 307.
Psilidz, $11.
Psilocephala lateralis Esch., 309.
Psyllide, new genera and species of, from the
Philippine Islands, 293.
Ptilocera amethystina Vollen., 308.
smaragdina Walk., 308, 312.
Ptilona brevicornis Wulp., 310, 326.
Pullus brunnescens Motsch., 242.
Pygophora lobata Stein., 315.
Q
Quasistegomyia gardnerii Ludl., 306.
R
Rhabdochaeta bakeri Bezzi, 328.
pulchella Meij., $28.
Rhagionide, 308.
Rhynchomyia indica Rond., 809.
Rioxa caeca, Bezzi, 326.
lanceolata Walk., $10, 326.
manto O. S., 810.
Rivellia basilaris Wied., 321.
fusca Thoms., 310, 321.
Rosapha bicolor Big., 308, 312.
habilis Walk., 808.
Rutilia dubia Maca., 309.
Ss
Sabethine, 307.
SALT ALEXANDER E. W., Francisco de
Carriedo y Peredo, 165.
Sarcophaga brevis Walk., 309.
frontalis Thoms., 309.
sericeonitens Walk., 309.
spininervis Thoms., $09.
Scamboneura dotata O. S., 807.
Scelodonta aeneola Lef., 218.
nitidula Baly, 218.
SCHENKLING, SIGMUND, Zwei neue philip-
pinische Cleriden, 303.
Schistopterum moebii Beck, $28.
Scholastes cinctus Guér., 310.
Sciomyzidz, 310.
Sclerolips ochrodiscus Heller, 135, 142.
Scleron denticolle Fairm., 373.
discicolle Reitt., 8738.
ferrugineum F., 373.
tuberculatum Bess., 378.
Scopolia spinicosta Thoms., 809.
Scotaeus seriatopunctatus Heller, 414.
Sepedon javanensis R. D., $10.
- A470 The Philippine Journal of Science
Sepedon javensis, $15.
plumbellus Wied., 315.
violaceus Hendel., 315.
Sepidiosternus pradieri, 430:
Sepside, 311.
Sepsis basifera, $11.
linearis Walk., $11.
revocans Walk., 311.
spectabilis Meij., 329.
testaceus, $11.
viduata Thoms., 821, 329.
Serangium spilotum Weise, 241.
Sermyloides banksi Weise, 231.
Setenis aequatorialis Blanch., 402.
brevicornis Schauf., 402.
manillarum Fairm., 402.
penecilligera Geb., 402.
puncticollis Motsch., 402.
Solva flavipes Dol., 312.
vittata Dol., $12.
vittipes Bezzi, 312. ee
Sphaeroderma cyanescens Weise, 236.
negrosanum Weise, 236.
Spheniscomyia melaleuca Walk., £10.
sexmaculata Maca., $10, 328.
Sphyracephala cothurnata Big., $10.
Spilocosmia Bezzi, 327.
pbakeri Bezzi, 327.
Steganopsis bakeri Bezzi, 315.
pupicola Meij., 315, $16.
Stegomyia amesii Ludl., 306.
aurostriata Banks, 306.
crassipes Wulp., $06.
desmotes Giles, 306.
fasciata Fabr., 306.
persistans Banks, 306.
leucomeres Giles, 306.
nigritia Ludl., 306.
punctolateralis Theob., 306.
quasinigritia Ludl., 306.
seutellaris Walk., 306.
striocrura Giles, 306.
Stichopogon peregrinus O. S., 303.
Stilbomyia fulgida Big., 314.
fuscipennis Fabr., $14.
Stilbum cyanurum Forst. var. amethystinum
Fabr., 288.
flammiceps
Mocsary,
. 288.
Stomatorrhina lateralis Wulp., 309.
muscina Rond., 309.
Stomoxys calcitrans L., 315.
Stratiomyide, 308.
Strongylium ambiguum Maekl., 425, 431.
binodosum, 428.
cupreolineatum Gebien, 428, 481.
elegantissimum Gebien, 427, 431.
erythrocephalum F., 425, 481.
foveolatum Maekl., 425, 481.
foveostriatum Gebien, 425, 431.
gravidum Maekl., 426, 427, 428, 481.
insolitum Gebien, 429, 481.
mindorense Gebien, 430, 431.
Index
Sycophaga nota Baker, 74, 81, &2.
Sycoryctes philippinensis Baker, 77, 8/, 82.
Syringogaster, 330.
Syritta orientalis Macqa., 314.
Syrittomyia, 330.
Syrphidz, 309.
Syrphus balteatus DeG., $14.
nectarinus Wied., 314.
Systrophus sphecoides Walk., 313.
uh
Tabanide, 308.
Tabanus factiosus Walk., 308.
ixion O. S., 308.
manilensis Schin., 308, 312.
rubidus Wied., 312.
striatus Fabr., 308, 312.
vanderwulpi O. S., 308.
Tachinide, 309.
Taeniaptera chrysopleura O.S., 3/1.
coarctata Walk., 312.
galbula O. S., 311, 329.
monedula O. S., $11.
nigripes Wulp., $11.
Tzniorhynchus ager Giles, $07.
argenteus Ludl., 307.
aureosquamatus Ludl., 307.
lineatopennis Ludl., 307.
pagei Ludl., 307.
Tagalus Gebien, 388.
impressicollis Gebien, 389.
schultzei Gebien, 390.
Teleopsis belzebuth Big., $10, 329.
motatrix O. S., $10.
selecta O. S., 310.
Telostylus binotatus Bigot, 329.
decemnotatus Hendel, 329.
maccus O. S., $11, 329.
niger Bezzi, 329.
vittatus Cressen, 329.
Tendipedide (Chironomide), 305.
Tendipes trochanteratus Thoms., 805.
Tenebrioniden der Philippinen, 373.
Termes (7?) canalifrons, 276.
flavipes Oshima, 277.
formosana Shiraki, 278.
satsumensis Matsumura, 27%.
sp. Matsumura, 273.
speratus Kolbe, 277.
vulgari ? Nawa, 278.
vulgaris Haviland, 279.
Shiraki, 278.
(Leucotermes) speratus Oshima, 277.
(Macrotermes) gilvus Hagen, 286.
singaporensis Oshima,
284.
Termites, two species of, from Singapore, 283.
Termopsinz Holmgren, 272.
Thalassema arcassonensis Cuenét, 261, 263.
baronii Greef, 262, 263.
caudex Lampert, 251, 252, 262, 268.
decameron Lanchester, 260, 263.
diaphanes Sluiter, 261, 268.
~
| Thalassema elegans Ikeda, 529, 268, 204.
erythrogrammon Max Miiller, 262,
264.
Riippell, 251, 252,
258, 259.
Sluiter and Wil-
son, 252.
exilii Fr. Miiller, 262, 264.
faex Selenka, 261, 264.
formosulum Lampert, 248, 248,
259, 262, 264.
/ fuscum Ikeda, 261, 264.
} gigas Max Miiller, 261, 264..
} gogoshimense Ikeda, 260, 263, 264.
/ griffini Wharton, 248, 247, 249, 251,
252, 258, 255, 259, 262.
hupferi Fischer, 261, 264.
inanense Ikeda, 262.
kokotoniense Fischer, 262, 264.
/ lankesteri Herdman, 261, 264.
leptodermon Fischer, 262, 265.
manjuyodense Ikeda, 262, 265.
mellita Conn., 262, 265.
moebii Greef, 262, 265.
| mucosum Ikeda, 262, 265.
neptunii Gaertner, 252, 255, 259, 261,
265.
owstoni Ikeda, 261, 265.
papillosum (Delle Chiaje), 268, 265.
pellucidum Fischer, 262, 265.
sabinum Lanchester, 262, 265.
semoni Fischer, 248, 247, 262, 265.
sorbillans Lampert, 243, 245, 246,
258, 262, 265.
stuhlmanii Fischer, 262, 266.
teenoides, 255, 260.
vegrande Lampert, 262, 266.
verrucosa Studer, 263, 266.
viridis Verrill, 268, 266.
Thalasseme, a description of some Philippine,
with a revision of the genus, 243.
| Thalassia hemprichi (Ehrenberg)
835.
Theobaldiomyia gelida Theob., 307.
var. cuneaia Theob., $07.
whitmorei Giles, 307.
Therevide, 309.
Thrasychroma javana Weise, 234.
submetallica Jac., 234.
Tinda bispinosa Thoms., 308.
indica Walk., 308.
Tipula pedata Wied., 807.
Tipulidez, 307.
Toxara, 380.
Toxicum flavofemoratum Redtenb., 397, 400.
planicolle Gebien, 398, 400.
quadricorne F., 396, 398, 400.
ramiferum Gebien, 397, 400.
Toxorhynchites argenteotarsis Ludl., 06.
lewaldii Ludl., 306.
(Worcesteria) gratus Banks,
$06.
Trepidaria territa O. S., 3/1.
Ascherson,
AT2
Tribes, types among the inland, of Luzon and | Uloma orientalis Cast., 392, 393, $94.
Mindanao, 455.
Tribolium, 890.
ferrugineum F., 392.
Trigonometopus albiseta Bezzi, 317.
bakeri Bezzi, 318.
brevicornis Meij., 317.
mono-heta Hendel, 317.
Triplatoma exornata Heller, 136, 160.
maclayi Lac., 161.
Trypanea amoena Frauenf., 328.
Trypaneide, 310.
Tubifera celeber O. S., 309.
Tubularia (Parypha) crocea, 349.
Tylide, $11.
Types among the inland tribes of Luzon and
Mindanao, 455.
U
Uloma contracta Fairm., 394.
denticornis Fairm., 392.
fracticollis Gebien, 393.
The Philippine Journal of Science
Cisy
Picicornis, 393, 394.
retusa F., 392.
westringi, 398. ‘
Uranotenia cceruleocephala Theob., 307.
falcipes Banks, 307.
lateralis Ludl., 307. ;
(?) philippinensis Giles, 307.
powelli Ludl., 307.
Ww
WHISE, J., ther Chrysomeliden und Coccinel-
liden der Philippinen: II. Teil (Coleoptera),
215. : ee
WHARTON, LAWRENCE D., A description
of some Philippine Thalasseme with a
revision of the genus, 248; Hirudo boyntoni,
a new Philippine leech, 369.
Wyeomyia nepenthicola Banks, 307.
ae
Xenaspis polistes O. S., 310.
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