: E. pL MOL Tete ta At. mat m - LET zn MS Vw. Pelei s D qe RA nd "p n it i T à VAT hr CES esee IS x a — A. ayy Resin ee S. we T ierat en. o", cut fe aot) trance KRnhASSRNIBM att a ^5 5 "8 xn en ipi Ha ferels Outre Un. fia 2D n) dT DEO! HH te "s ute 5 e # WU cpE EM nns 5 ay m Sarasa Vm Staa mg d om WT NS TS v. Se fs itis (GU EI S fal X E > ab DI TEASE. we NEUEN mw e NI cH y na in NE CTO rell an erii ; RENE RUNE J NLIS Cae ae oe DASS X NM. Te M ana S wn STS. ea APA Ane SL COEM £t 6,2: [ou Writers pni Bs j ^n VR I EROS E [n = H MORE em As. Jj : Ww) Fr EOM Eu) Wags DE SM atural His NT DHT m n "7 e CS ay E i af » ZA zat D ii ARDS 4d lea ILOSOPHICAI || Tranfactions: | GIVING SOME CACCOMPT: D GOSE CRE . | | Prefent Undertakings,Studies and Labours| ; OF .F HE INGENIOUS — Confiderable Parts I5 | OF THE : Ww: €) R = D. IT* For the Year MDC LXXVI. ^L O&N DO NH, Printed by T. R.for Fohn eMartyn, Printer tothe Roa Society j [| (1 atthe Bell in St, Pauls Gharch- yard. Im Mert i. | I 676. qe primatur, | — JONAS MOORE, Reg.S.Vice-Praf. TO LHb RIGHT HONOURABLE | E c s "a | ae az VE -— D A 5 2 n4 jg oar * « 3, t : " d 2 : r4 "e x A qt j f. EJ- EARL of ALISBU R Y, &c. My LORD, : kb: R fiuce I have undertaken to publif the Philofophical Tranf- pu: actions, I have bees concerned, once a year, to feek out a Noble | Patron, to whofe favour 1 might with good affurance addre(f the Coletiions of the wbole Year,when fiuifbed. And for this prefent Volume, I cannot devife better than to lay it before Your Lordfbip , who doth per- fetily apprebend , How the genius of this Age bath countenanced the Re= ftauration of Noble Arts and of goodLiterature,aud that theEnglifh No- ~ bility aad Gentry bave contantly fbemw'd a willingneff to be the Example, Cas it ww firjt Iluftrated and beft Recommended by a Peer of England, the Lord Vifcount of St.Albans 5) and that great and deep Wits in all Forrain: parts round about Us, and in mary Remote placer, do drive it on with no {be paces the Emulation working bigh every where, and performing 10 ad- miration. ! "Ibis being fo well known to Your Lordfbip , I am perfwaded, It will be a divertizing Entertainment , to take notice of the Yearly Growth of Philofophy,and of Philofopbical Aids, in fubllance and in extent,with frefP. Supplies continually to obferve, that the Ingenuous do hold on in a Real: Pregrefls aud toremark, bow, where, and by whom all Novel Inventions. havetheir Rife, and by what Steps and Expedients they are. promoted : Which is tbe belt of Human belps,to excite, encourage and enable for other- beneficial Inventions: And ’tis an ingenuous delight, to fee the Virtuous. advance with gsod Speed. The Philofopbical Poet Lucretius faid: in bis Rapture 5 DUE QM ok, ae ah. | | liba. | Suave; mari magno,turbantibus 2 quora ventis, :. ~ bog . .E Terra magnum alterius {pectare laborem !. The Poet e(leems it a deep pleafure, to behold. (as from a fafe barbour on: firm land.) the deviations and collafions of profound and indujtrious Phi- dofopbers in all former Ages. And certainly it muft be amore Nataral: aud a more agreeable pleafure, and far greater bappineffjto behold: the fer-. vent and [edulous Emulations of tbe moft Civil and maft Accomplilbed Na- tions (and of the acuteft tbe deepefl aud the mof learned among(t them, ); contending with all their (Irengtb and skill, who (hall excel the otber in be. molt beneficial obligings of Mankind. ec UNT . My LORD, I doubt, it will be expetied; I fhould bere reprefent 10 Your. Lord[bipr eye a bint of juft applaufe for-the great Merits of thofe Wortbies,. ‘wha have fo happily brought-in their frefb fupplies : But I muft confine my. felf to a few foft Touches, which the moft referved, Medefty may juftly claim, and wbicb Malice it felf caunot deny,. 3 Here: Here then we bave the accurate Obfervatious of fome judicious and learn^d Travellers; Excellent InftruGions for generous Travellers. We bave feveral Effays towards the Natural Hiftories of Countries , (which is the main drift of our bumble {uit at the beginning of this Volume;,)of Mineral Waters, of fome Animals, chiefly by Anatomical infpection, And the cu- rious Anatome of Plants is bere confirm’d, in fame main Points , by good Micvofcopes. And we have bere fair premifes of imprcving Telefcopes, - which have already fo much enlarged Affronomical knowledge y^ as tbe Mi- crofcope bath derecied a great part of this habitable World , which hath been bitherto Invifible. And an Honourable Perfon of cur Number, bath given us a probable Account of the Syitem of the World from the Super- ficial Figures of Fluids, and from contiguous Liquors. And be hath moft convincingly difcover*d the Origin and Mechanical deduüion of Qualities; Jubfiantially proving, that the famous Authors of Elder times did not throughly difcern or confider the True proceffes of Nature in Generals. And the (ame hand puts a flop to the Neoteric Notions of Chymifts , fince they agree not with the verity of Experiments. The New Theory of Light and Colours is till maintain’d by Optical Experiments : And the flaming Tinüure of Light (trangely tranfmitted from Dead and unputrified fle ‘ta Living Members merely by conta : And Luminoufneft more ftrangely impre[fed, for a time to refide in a faclitious Body. Ihe Mathematicks run on their couvre (Hill, in frelb ground, Aftronomy wants no encouragements, and baftens to perfedion, Phyfick, Anatome, and Medicine, obtain New T ifcoveriess and after Zwelfer, Schroder,and many more ancient and fa- mous Difpenfatories , the Induftrious Charas bath from much experience ‘prepar’d an ample Pharmaceutice. And the Philofopbers of Germany go on to increafe their Curiofities. Ariftotle’s own Natural pbilofophy preferr^d before the Commentaries sf. Schoolmen, and tbe Cartefian before the Ariftotélian. A French Water-Engin to quench Fires. Two Newly devifed Hygrofcopes. An Effay or endeavour to explainthe 'Ufé of the In- clinatory Needle, Yor great "Ufer. í My LORD, I ‘fhall paff by other particulari , and conclude with tbat whichis herein folicited asthe main bufinef of every good man 5 namely, to adorn his own Country with the beft and moft {ubftantial Improvements, OF thefe, Agriculture is the fure(t,the mot in our power,and the moft fun- damentally neceffary of Domeftickrstbe Hortul ane, beft becoming the bands | and care of the Generous: And Trade and Commerce do maintain the Multitudes raife the value of Lands at bome,and render us moft confidera- ble ‘abroad, In both thefe refpetts, we bave bere given fome Additional ace counts:For the Myfteries aud Intrigues of Trade,more than I have been able to dive into: And all England would rejóyce to fee Trade reviv’d,and reacb- ing all over tbe World : Which feems job boneft defign of the late Au- thor of Englands Improvement by Sea and Land. wes My LORD,I cannot doubt of your Lordfbips favourable Patronage in all concernments for the good of England : And fince Your Lordbips counte- nance contributes much to promote all our Affairs, this bath given me a confidence to make this addreff and toentitle my felf, MyLord, —_- TG Your Lordfhips very bumble and faithful Servant, H, OLDENBURG. (-s51 ) - Beginning the Eleventh Year. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS - eJMarch 25. 1 676. js The CONTENTS. “The Preface to this Eleventh Year. A particular Anfwer of Mr.Yaac Newton £e Mr. Linus bz Letter printed in Numb 121, about an Experiment relating to the New dottrine of Light and Colours. Extraits of three Letters of Signor Caffini, containing his fextt- ment of Mr.Flamfted' s account of the laft Eclipfe of the Moon; as alfo his own Obfervations of that phenomenon y and likewife an ob- ferved Occultation of a Fixt Star by the Moon, Mr. Flamfted’s Aufmer tothe former three Letters, together with [ome Celeffial - Obfervations made by the fame. An Account of fome Books: Il. ARCHIMEDES ARENARIUS , cum Notts & Verfione D. Johanpis Wallis, SS.15. D. ec. 1i, Obfervattones Medica eirca MORBORUM ACUTORUM HISTORIAM e Cle -RATIONEM, 4uth Thoma Sydenham M.D. III, De CON- SENSU VET. & NOVAE PHILOSOPHIE Libri 4, - Auth.),B.duHamel,erc. IV. Of EDUCATION, effecially of - Young Gentlemen, c, V. BATHONENSIUM & AQ UIS- GRANENSIUM THERMARUM Comparatio, varias. ad- janctisilufirataaR.P. V1. VIRETUM BRITAN NICHeAM , er aTreatife of Cider, and {uch other Wines and Drinks , a are extracted from all manner of Fruits growing in this Kingdom; with a Method of propagating all forts of Vinos. Fruit-1rees,cc. NE The Preface. x OW thes Preface to my Eleventh Volume, which,under the Divine | I favour, 1 nove begin, I {ball only take notice of what feems to be —. soft deficient, or moff of all to retard the general growth of Phyful- gical knowlege. ET a | "Oe OC And, — Numb.123.- (.552 ) And, E think, lmay fay, that a Natural Hiftory of Countries z moft wanting y which, tf well drawn, would afford us a coptous view, and a delightful profpect of the great variety of Soyls, Fountains, Ri- vers, Lakes,€3c. in the feveral places of this globe; and of the mani- fold effects productions and operations of the Sun, ana perhaps of other Celeftral Influences, upon them all; or of Subterraneal fleams, or pe- culiar winds, arifing at flate or uncertain times. To explain my Intentions, I would not here deny the praifes juftly - due to many Ancient and Modern Geographers, Topograpbers, Hydro- graphers cre. and particularly to fome late Travellers, who have made more accurate and faithful reports of the Countries where they have travelled, aud more e[pectally where they have made fome abode,than © formerly was done. And feveral of the[e have diligently recorded,what confiderable alterations have been made in [ome places by later Culture: Neither can we fubduct fromthe applaufes of thofe Learned and In- quifitive Writers, who have fearched deep into the Antiquities and Revolutions, which have hapned in the places they undertook to de- ferite : And we mujft acknoweledg many excellent, ingenious and truly Philofophical Hiftories of tbe Architecture, and grandeur, and {ci- — tuation of Royal and Noble Palaces, Cities, Cittadels, Fortifications, Towns, Bridges, Rivers, fertil Vales, Rocks and Mountains. But fome of thefe bave a Confideratton a part from Phyfiology, and do rather be- long to Arts and Artifices : And fome Writers are more concerm'd for Panegyricks of the amznities of the place, than will well fort with the trite and modeft-relations of their Neighbours: As, when we read the beginning of the lngenious Barclay’s Euphormio , we are invited to prefer Scotland before any Paradife on Earth y which yet 1 do not blame or cen[ure in that noble Romance: But imour defigned Natural Hiftory we have more need of fevere, full aud puntéual Truth, than of Romances or Panegyricks. And it may deferve another Confideration apart , to record the Plagues, E pidemical Difeafes, Droughts and exceffive or permanent: Heats, extream or lafting Frofis, Famins, impetuous Storms, and Im- undations, devouring {warms of Grafboppers and Locufts ( of divers. hinds of both, which the famous Purchas in his excellent Treatife of &s, ch.31.. bath an Hiftorical Collection,) and other any . Flying Infe tH 6 noyances of Mankind: Whether beginning and ending in one place, And of what continuawce, as the Horfe=plague in our f{re{b memory- aontinucd. about (even years. in England 3 andthe plague of Athens ) wanared: Se NEM RI STU m d A cc MR es wapdred far, and made crael flaughters of Mankind, and of Birds and Beafts alfo: Andinthe daies of Gallus and Volufianus , about the year 250, for fifteen years together,the Plague wandred from Fithio-- pia over all the remote Provinces ; of which Lipfius faith, Nec alia unquám major lues mihi ie&a, fpatio Temporum, five Terrarum. Sometimes thefe annoyances do coaft it from place to place ; fometimes they vage at great diflance of time and place, and [ometimes (contrary toold rules and common expectations) horrid Winters are nearer the South, when in the more Northern Countries the Frofls are remifs, or the Air gentle ; and, onthe contrary, deftroying Heats and Dreughts are in colder Climats, when they have more Refrigerating feafons in the Sunny Climats ; ast# OQ0b. An. 1132 i2 England, the Thames, Severn avd Trent were quite dried, and An.1474. many Woods and Forrefts were fired with Solar heat, and the Danube iz Hungary fo near dried up, that men paJed over on foot. Thefe — a dnflances. feem to confirm thofe Authors*, who * See Numb 119. of maintain. that Fountains and Rivers have their ‘ele Tratts: Originals {rom Rain aud Snow. Thefe few particulars of many hun-— dreds-l fuggeft om purpofe, totbew, How much Mankind is concerned, and Nature difcover'd, by feck Hiftorical Collections ; perhaps in time to find out the caufes of [ome of thefe annoyances, and poffibly to pre- vent them, or to deviferemedies as Epidemically prefervative, athe maladies are Epidemically deftrudtive. Of this kind of Literature | do not complain as negleited, Many excellent and induftrious Chrogo- logers bavetaken much pains init. Alftedius from thofe, who wrote before him, drew doven his Tables tothe year 1630: And our Jackfon re-examined all that laboured in it before his daies; and ‘tis believed, that he bad good aff. flante from tbe Learned Bifbop of Winchefter Dr.Andrews. And we are not without hopes, that as Learning -— grows on,the beft Antiquaries will continue to correct and advance the .— Emendation of Times, with a pecia! afpect into Nature, Concomi- — gants, and Circumflances ; which may be obtained , at good certainty, or many foregoing Ages, And for Celeftial Revolutions ,to the higheft fame, the Tables may be recalculated for the fulleft fatisfattion Aftro- nomically. : LV nou : The laft Confideration, which 1 [ball bere mention, afpires to a very high flight of human Reafon, as merely human, and [earches into one of the greateft depths of Nature, making the fulleft difcovery of Man- kind, as Man isthe Microto[me, subi particula aure; zamely B ccc2 f oh (5547 to collect and digef} in one feries, and to bring as into Methodical Vo- lumes, or under one view, the [bapes, features, ftatures, and all outward appearances, and alfo the intrinfik mentals or intellectuals of Man- kind. Of this,the latter part, concerning the Humsors and propenfions . of the mind, d very elegantly and well done by the forenamed Barclay in his Icon Animorum, a far as they were in bis view , in the chief places of Europe, or as far as it agreed with bis modefty to deliver a free and impartial judgment. And for this purpofe, there are many fit par- cels extracted out of the more ancient Htftoriographers by Joh. Boe- mus Aubanus , publi[bt about 6o years ago: The fmall Treatife is en- tituled, Mores, Leges, Ritus omnium Gentium. — Fer externals, Ligon [bews bis excellent capacities and skill ix painting, by deferibing the different jbapes and features of Indians and Negros, p. 54. of his Barbados. The external difference feems ea[y for vulgar obfervation; the intrin[ecals were intricate: Yet, without great fubtlety , we may diftern avaft difference between the neighbour Nations of France, Spain, Italy, azd Germany ; yea, between the People of the Eaft and Weft, North and Seuth in England. Now I conceive, there is as much difference between thefe characters , heaped up together promia feucufly, and when they are forted to their proper Climats , by longi- tudes and latitudes, for the detedtion of the nature of this eMafter- piece, 4s the faireft, richeft, and beft order d Gardens and Orchards are more beneficial, more beautifull,and give a more [alid delight, than a painted Lanaskip of Bifcaye, or fome wild Grotefco. Yet this lpro- | pofe al[o aa a work apart for my prefent aim y but worthy of more (up- plyes , and future diligence , as knowledg advauceth. | Sueton, hath drawn to life both the Portraidures and Infides of the X:11 Cefars; and others have e[Jay d the like for the Princes, Eminent Perfons,anad - Peoples of feveral Nations ; fo that we want not good Exemplars for the encouragement of this work. tak du | After thefe acknowledgments of tbe juft merit of thofe excellent An- thors, who have recovered the culture and improvements of their Coun-- treys, or the artificial ornaments, Architectures and 1mgenio's ( fuch as may be referr d to the Cabinets , copper Cuts and Engravery of «Mon- fieur De Marolles,as be ts celebrated in Mr. Evelyn’s elaborat Ghalco- graphy p« 1355 136.) 4nd of thofe induftrious Regiflers of the extra- ordinary occurrences in all Ages,which cannot be explicated for Phyfo- logical ufes, but only bythe Methods and Extracts of Chronology ; and laftly of thofe curious and argute Hifferians that have ilufirated the characters ; (555) characters of eJMankind under feveral Deferiptions, 2 many Nations antient and modern: If l may now have leave to clear my prefent [enfe freely by inftances, Lhumbly conceive , that we may fee more of the za- ture of the Places in the learned Defcriptions of many parts of Ame- rica, ana of [ome Gountreys remote,and thinly inhabited in the North, than in the Geography of our moft richly cultivated and polite Neigh- dourbood of France, Italy, Spain, Germany, &c. (excepting always the culture, improvement , and artificial ornaments of thofe lafd nam'd pla- _ cess) where yet there is no [mall number of able and curious Natura- lifts, and whohave advanced far in defcribing many of the moft confi- derable parts and productions of Nature; but have uot hitherto reduced the whole unmix d procefs of Nature into a compleat body,either an- fiverable to our modern progres tn difcovering other Phyftological Phe- “nomena, or to the inftructions for fuch a Natural Hiffory of Countreys, as was timely given ia Numb. r:.of thefe Traits. Neither have we - yet received fatistactory am[mers to [ome of the Inquiries publifbt in our - foregoing Volumes which were intended to folicit a confirmation (after a fevere examen) of [ach particulars as might feem to ws [Irange,but were reported by Authors of good note. | qum In pur [uit of this defign for England, « Learz 4 Doctor hath laid a : good foundation in bis Pinax , abbreviated Num. 20. Azotber worthy Peron hath weil examin'a, what Vegetables are sative bere or in the l/lands about us,and recorded where they azay be found. Several accompts are taken of the Mineral or Healing- Fountains of note amonz ft us, and more of late difeover d than formerly obferv’d. And of Mines there are - good Authors abroad. And from Cornwal we are told of the Shelf or Faft-grounds, which they conceive to have never been mov'd , bow it - differs [rom the moveable or mov'd parts of Earth, Numb.69. And i£: were to be wifbed,that in all Mines and where ever deep wells are dig- - ged, notice were taken, in what order tbe feveral. kinds of Earth, loam, fand, gravel, &c. do lye, For infects, fome have out-gone ( by parcels) - the accuratnefs of Muttet, and former Authors. And for Fithes that may be found in our Lakes and Rivers,we fee a fuller catalogue than we : could expect, inthe 4th Part of tbe Gentleman’s Recreation. Andix . Muffevs Healths Improvement, we have an elder lif? of the fame, ana of fuch Fifb as may be taken im our Creeks and Seas, and bow beth forts may be beft order'd for our Englith diet, And the obfervations on the - Bills of Births and Mortality are ef. manifold.ufe tn relation to life, — and health, amd our Epidemical infirmities , and alfo to our Politicals. | SN ! And » | (356) Edd Ana Mir, Boyle diftover'd and publifbed the ufe of the Barofcope, to remark the weight of theAtmolphere and the changes of that weight in his firft Treatife of Puenmaticals am. 673 that the Mercury af- cended in England to 30 inches, and above; , Exper. 17 5 that tt changed within five weeks to full two inches, Exp.18'>;and the changes, in reference to beat, cold, wind, weather , and other alterations of the air, or whatever fecret circumftances, have been remarked at London, Oxford , far in tbe Welt and other parts of England , thefe 1c years and upwards. The Weel- Barometer perfected, Num.t3. Another Sta- tical Barofcope accuratly devifed, N.14. And many other lnflru- ments conivived and Materials prepared, which may make a deeper and clofer difcovery of the nature of a Place , than hath formes ly been obfiru d. Ana befides what is done as proper for this lfland, there was begun by Dr. Ger. Boate, and publilbt a2. 1* $2. Treland's Natu- ral Hiftory, which if the Author bad lived to finifh, had been much fuller s and tis hoped ibat others will fon give it a larger meajure of perfection. Sothat, though we aré in this addre[s fomevehat tardy, | yet, L think,we are not much behind our neighbours. And [ome have alfo made confiderable refearches which extend far beyoud thefe our Cli- mats, Put | muft forbear. If l aw prolix here, tt may be confideved, that this is a pregnant part of our main buftne[s in Phyfiology; and it my be interpreted for agood proof of no mouopolizing envy of us, ip \ that we are willing to provoke our Neighbors to excel usin things that are truly good and excellent, — P WOO A particular Anfwer of Mr. Tfaak Newton to Mr. Linus bis Letter, printed ia Numb.121. p.499. about an Poxperiment relating ta the iVew Doétrine of Light and Colours: This dn[wer (ent from Cam- bridge in a Letter to the Publilber Febr. 29.1675. ! Sir, & i pec xd Y reading Mr, Lnue's Letter when youfhew'd it tome at Lon- | don A retained only a general vemembrance, that Mr. Lizzsde-. - ny'd what] affirmed,and f» could lately fay nothing in particular to it; but having the opportunity to read it again in Nam, 121. of. the Tran{actions, Y perceive he would perfwade you, that the in- formation you gave bim about tbe Experiment is as inconfi(tent with my printed Letters as with experience ; and therefore, .left any who bave not read thofe Letters fbould take my filence in. this point for an acknowledgment ,' I thought it.not amiís, to.fend'you f:mething in anfwer to this alfo. : He C5s12 | ‘He tells.you that,Whertas you afure bim, Firfl that the Experiment: was made in clear days s [econdly that the Prifia was placed clofe to the bole, fo that the light had 10 room to diverge;and thirdly, that the lmage was wot parallel but tranfverfete the axis of the Prifis: If thefe Af- fertions be compared with my Relation of the Experiment in the Phil. Tranfattion IN. 8o. p. 3076. 2t will evidently appear , they cannot be admitted as being directly contrary to what is there delivered. His reafonsarethele: 9 | . . Firft, that I faid, the ends of the long lpsage feemed [emicircular, which, faies he, never happens im any of the three cafes above-faid. But this is not to fet me at odds with my felf, but with the experiments for it is there defcribed to happen in them all; and I fill fay, icdoth happen inthem. Let others try the Experiment, and judge. Further he faies,that the Przfm is placed at a diflance from the hole in the Scheme of the Experimentin N.84.p 4091. But, whatif ic were fo £bere ? For, that is the Scheme of a demonstration, not of che experiment, and would have ferved for the demon(tration, had the diftance been put twenty timesgreater than itis. - In the schemes of the Experiment ZV. 8o.f. 3086, and JV. 82.5. sot6. it is repre- fented clofe, and clofe enough in the Scheme, /V.83. 9.4061: But Mr. Lzz54 thought fit to wink at thefe, and pitch upon the Scheme of a Demonílration , and fuch a Scheme tooas hath no hole at all reprefentedinit. For, the Scheme + Numb. 84. p. 491 is this; t SeelFig i Fig. Be ILL - in which the rays are not fo far diftant fromone a-- nother at GL, but that the hole, had I expreft ir, inight have been put there, and yet have compre- hendedthem. But if we fhould put the hole at x, their decuffation s yet will it not be any thing to his | purpofe 5 che diftance x G or x L being but about o9 half the breadth of a fide of the Prifm (AC) ~~ Da A 4-49 which I conceive is not the twentieth part of- the diftance requifite in his conjecture... | | | Aw Thirdly, ( 558 ) :3.He fays,that wore might be faid out of my relation to {hew,that the Image was not tranfvers, for if it had beentranfoers,l could not bave been [urprized(as | [aid | was)to fee the length thereof fo much exceed the breadth jt beinga thing fo obvious cr eafte to be explicated by the or=° dinary rules of Refraction. But on the contrary, it may ratherbefaid, — thacif che Image had been parallel, 1 could not have been furpri-. - zed to fee the length thereof fomuch exceed the breadth, ic being a thing foextreamly obvious as not to need any explication. For who that had but common fenfe,and faw che whole Prifm ora good part of it illuminated, could not expe& the light fhould have the fame long figure upon the wall that it had when it came out of the grim? Mr. Lizus therefore, while he wouid ftrergtben his argu- ment by reprefenting me well skilled in Opticks, does but over- throw it. But whereas he fayes, leould mot have been furprized at the length, bad the Image been parallel, it being athing [oobvious and eafy to be explicated by the ordinary rules of refraction. Let any Man take the Ex periment intire as [have there delivered it,that is, with this® condition, that cherefractions on both fides the Prifm were equal, and try if he can reconcile it with the ordinary rules of refraétion. On che contrary,he may find the impoffibility of fuch a reconciliation, -detnonftrated in my Anfwer to P. Pardies N.84,p 4091, [n the laft place,he objeéts,that my faying in JV.8o, 5.3077, that the incident refractions were in the Experiment equal to the emer- gent, prcves again, that the long Image was parallel. And yet that very faying isa fuffiicient argument, that I meant the contrary, bes caufeit be comes wholly impertinent,if apply'd to a parallelimage; | ‘bucintheo her cafe is'a very neceflary circumftance. What isad- — ded therefore of P. Pardies,might have been fpared , efpecially fince that Learned Perfon under {tood my difcourfe to be meant. - of a tranfvers Image, and acquiefced in my Anfwers. ak This inanfwerto Mr. Lzzw's Letter: And now to takeaway _ the like fufpicions from his Friends, if my declaration of my meaning fatisfie nor, I fhall note fome further paffages in my Let- ters, whereby they may fee, how I was tobe underftood from the beginning, as tothe aforefaid three circumftances, ' : ‘ For the Day; I exprefs every wherethat the Experiment was tried in the Sun's light; and in JV. 20, p.3077, that the breadth of the Image by meafure anfwered to the Sun’s diameter: But becaufe it is pretended, I was impofed upon, I would ask, what the Ex- periment as itis advanced to that which I called the Experzmen- tum gs i ( 559) _ tum Crucis, can have to do with a cloudy day? For, if the Expe- - \vimentum Crucis (which is that which I depend on) can have no- thing to do witha cloudy day,then is it tono purpofe to talk of a cloudy day in the fir(t Experiment, which does but lead on to that. But if chis fatisfie not, let the Trazatfions N. 83. p. 4060, be con- fulted: For. there I tell you, how 4y applying a Less to the Prifin, the ftreight edgesof the oblong Image became diftin&er than they . would have been without the Leas: A circumftance which cannot happen in Mr. Lzzuij's cafeof a bright Cloud. For the Pofition of the Prifws 5 1 tell you N80. 7.3076, that it was placed at the San’s entrance into the Chamber,and in p-3085.] "bad tomakea hole in the fhut,and there place the Prifin,and in the next page I fay again, thatthe Prifm ABC is to be fet clofe by the hole F of the window EG ; and accordingly reprefent it clofe in the Figure. Alfoin pag. 3077 I tell you, thatthe diftance of the Image from the bole or prifm was 22 foot ; which is as much as to fay, that the Prifm (füppofe that fide of it next the hole) was as . fav from the Image as the hole it felf was , and confequently that: - the Prifmand Hole were contiguous, Alfo in p,3078,where inftead _of the Window fhut I made ufe of a hole in a loofe board , 1 tell you ex prefly, that I placed the board clofe behind the Prifin. All thefe paffages are in my very firft Letter about Colours; and who therefore would imagine, that any onethat had read that Letter . fhould fo much as fufpect that I placed the Prifin, I fay not atfo . great a diftance as Mr. Lzu fuppofes, but at any diftance worth - confidering ? - Laftly, for the Pofition of the Image , it is reprefented tranfvers to the axis of the Prifinin the figures V.80. p.3086. N.83.p.406r, and /V.85. p.5016. And in WV.38. 9.5093, where! made ufe of two - .crofs Prifins, I tell you exprefly, that the Image was crofs to both of them at an angle of.4« degrees. The calcu'ationsalfo JV. 8o. pe 3077. are not to be underftood without fuppofing the Image crofs. Tor are my notions about different Refrangibility otherwife in- - telligible: For in Mr. Lzzw;'s fuppofition, the raysthat go to the two ends of the Iinage,are equally refradted.So for colours,the red, according to my defcri ption; falls at one end of the Image, and the . blew attheother; which cannot happen but ina tranfvers Image. The fame pofition is alfo demónftrable from what I faid in A480. p. 3076; about ‘turning the long Image into a round one, by the TN | Dddd contrary CUNT (560) contrary refraction of a fecond Prifm, further explained in Nam. 83. P: 4061.- Eor this Is not to be done án Mr. Linus furmife.of. a parallel [mage,and therefore had Mr. Linas confidered ir, be could - never have runintothatfurmife. Med rh This | fyppofe isenough to manifeft the three particulars; any one of which being evidenced, is fufficient to takeaway the fcruple. And therefore Mr. Liza; Friends need not fear but that the further directions I fent them lately, for trying the Experiment are the fame with thofe I have follow'd from the beginning; .nor trouble them felves about any thing but to try the Experiment right. But yer, becaufe Mr. Gajcoin has been. pleafed to infinvate his fufpicion that I do differ from himfelf in thofe dire&ions, I fhallnot fcruple here to reduce them into particulars, and fhew where each particular isto be found, ias ve saibiooss bee: 28 vs 1. Then, he is to. get aPrifm with an angle about 66 or 65 degrees, AV. 8o, p. 3077, and f. 3986. If the.angle beabour 63 degrees, as that was which.I madeufe of /V. 8o. p.3077, he will find all things fucceed exaftly as I defcribed them there, But if it be bigger or lef, as 30, 40,50s0r 79 degrees, the Refraction will be accord. ingly bigger or le(s, and: confequently the Image longer or fhorter, . If his Prifin be pretty, nearly equilateral (fuch as I fi uppofe are ufu. ally fold ia other places as wellasin England) he may. make-ufe of thebiggeítangle, But-he mnít be fure to place the Prifm fo, that . the Refraion bemade by the two planes which comprehend this angle, I could almoft fufpe& , by confidering fome circumftances in Mr. Live's Letter, that his error was in this point, he expecting the Image fhould become as long by a.hittle refradionas by agreat one; which yetbeing,too-grofs.an error to be fulpedted.of any, Q- ptician, I fay nothingof it, but only hint this to. Mr. Gafzoim , that he may.examine abl things)) se; vfisaaes toy. 93 1 celia £033 2. Having fucha Prifm, he muft place it fo, thatits Axis be per- pendicular to.the rays JV; 84, P. 409154/2.18,19. A little error in this point makes,no fenfible variation of the efile, =... 3. The Prifin muft be fo, placed, that the Refra&ions on both fides - be equal JV. 80, f. 3077.:: which how it. was to be readily done.by turning it aboutyits Axis, and. ftaying it when. youfee the Image re(t between.too contrary motions, as. I explained in my late De: fcriptionsfo I hinted before I, 8o.p. 397 7,liz. 34,35, 36. If there fhould bea little error.in this point alfo, it can do no.hurt. -.- . Miti * ! I C - 4. The ; ut. (C sé: ) | à The Diameter of thehole I put 1 of an inch AX. Bo, P. 307 I and placed the Prifm clofe co it, even 1 fo clofe as to be contiguouss AX. 80, p. 3077, 4%. 4,5. But yet there needs no curiofity in thefe - cireumitances. The hole may be of any other bignefs,and the Prifm ata diftance from the hole, , provided things be fo ordered, that the light appear of a round forny, if intercepted perpendicularly at its coming out of the Prifm. Nor needs there any curiofity in the day. The clearer it is the better; butif it bea little cloudy, that cannot much prejudice the Experimenr, fo the Sun do but fhine diftinet! y through the cloud, - Thefe things being thus ordered, if the refra&ed light fall per- pendicularly ona wall or paper at 20foot or more from the Prifin, it will appear in an oblong form, crofs to the axis of the Prifin,red at one end,and volet at the others the length five times the breadth ~ (amore or lef: according tothe quantity of the refraction,} the fides, ftreight lines, parallel to one another, and the ends confufed, Lin yet feeming femi- circular, _ Ihope therefore, Mr. Linw’s Peitiids will. not entertain thew- felves any further about i incongruous furmifes, but try the Exper:- ment as Mr. Gafrozz has promifed. And then, fince Mr. Gafcoin tells you, That the Experiment being of it [elf extraordinary and furpri- zing, and befides ufbering in new Principles into Opticks,quite con- trary to the common and received, it will be bard to perfwade it as a truth, till it be made fo vifible to all as it were a foame to deny it; i£ he efteem it fo extraordinary , he may have the priviledg of making - itfo vifibletoall, that it will bea fhame to deny it. For, I dare fay , after his teftimony no body elfe willfcrupleit. And I make no queftion but he wi! hit of it, it being fo plainand eafy, that lam very much at a lofs to imagine what way Mr. Linus toD to mifs. Dat. Cambridge Feb. 29.1672... An Extratl of a Latin Letter of pes Caffini, eres both bis Con- - fiderations upan Mr. Flamfteed’s account of she basan ee Eclipfe of Decemb.21. 1675 +, and bis own dest 3 See, N. 121. ons f.i the fame Eclipfe, — .. Creed thefe : Clariffimo SUD | | - Dom. d Oldenburg Reg. ‘Soc: à Secretis feat ... $1. Deminicus Cafinea S. P. | O Bfervatia Lunaris Eclipfis, notte precedente diem primam Fantiarhi Anns hujus celebrate, quam mihi a dott fi mo Flamitedio communicaffi inter dificillimas recen[enda eft. Qbliqna uin — dineidentia in Ombram, in hoc par v8 | Au icoo ATNRDE us parvo Defetiu tempora Appulfuum & Emerfionum tam Mayginum quàm Ma- eularum effecit incertiora, perplexofque nonnibil in is determinanda tenuit Obfervatores, chm Umbra diu multumque eafdem raderet maculas, tardufque effet tranfitus à Penambra denfiori ad totalem Umbram, minime pracifis ter- minis coberentem. | Itaque Eclipfin bene Meridianorum differentia exatie determinandis prorshs ineptam cenfuimus , càm differentia temporum earun- dem phafinm, diver(is terre loci notatorum, perplexitates involvat, que eodem in loco differentias exbibere feufibiles poffunt. | Nos, quibus per totam Eclipfis durationem Coli arrifit ferenitas,. cum DD. Richardo & Romero 244 Lunam fimul. diverfis Telefcopiis intenti, communi confenfu phafes determinavimus,comparantes Umbram non modo d Maculm ad quas appellebat, fed etiam ad plures ex maculis circum|lantibus , Umbre fitui determinando idoneis, ut ad equidiftantes ab Umbra, ad eas que cade- vent in reta linea cum cornibus , quorum diflantiam opportunis temporibus cepimus : quod etiam vidso à preclaro Flamftedio fadum. Duo autem precipua à nobis exade determinata [unt, Medium fc. Eclipfis tempus, ejufque Magnitudo, — Medium dedutium et non folam ex compara- tione Initii & Finis, fed etiam duarum equalium Pbafium determinatu facil- limarum, quand fcil. ditantiz Cornuum equalis erat Lung femidiametro, ante Eclipfin capte, 15.29": Scilicet, cum Ynitium Eclipfis exiftimatum fuerit h.2.24'.35". poft mediam uoGiems Finis vero totalisreliGia penumbra | fimili ac fuerit in determinatione Initie, 445.29. . Duratio totius Eclipfis provenit Lin RE ME V X Dimidia O. 55. 25, - Et Eclipfis medium Nu cC - Sexta verb circumferentia pars abfcifiaet 2. 38. 5. |o Witque iterum... 4. 2. 25. Intervallum I» 24. 20. | Dimidinm 31542. Os - Hinc Medium Eclipfis Bet Qos 193 «1n Intra quartam minuti partem priori determinationi conveniens. — joo Parim abeft quin etiam ex D, Flamitedii obfervationibus Medium Eclipfis pari modoeruatur. Is quippe — M P AS | sae ty H.14.29'.30". diftantiam cufpidum obfervavit /— ^ 17.16. Et. H.1$.52. 45. eclipfi decrefcente diflantiam obfervavit 18.57, uno feil.. minuto 41" majorem: Itaque Medium eclipfis propius el. pofteriori obferva- 120ni quam priori. “ ET Medium tempus inter utramque obfervationem fuit h.15.11'.7". Tardiw igitur aliquanto deducitur bine Eclipfis Medium 5 unde differentia Meridia- norum proveniret minor mineg quod minim convenit obfervationibus certio-. ribus Eclipfis precedenti eftive , ex quibus illam deduxi min.10'3, Prior. obfervatio noftra cum priore D.Flamftedii, aliquanto tardiore, comparata, dif- ferentiam, Meridianorum exbibet majorem 8, 3 5". Pofterior noftra, tardior obfervatione pofl eriore.-D.- Flamftedii y differentiam Meridianorum exbiberet ; b à , minorem 9'.40". ci | Finis ©5639) Finis à D.Flamítedio exitimatus 16... 7. 15, 3 Et a nobis 16. 19. 235. Differentiam Meridianorum inferret ^ 9,010. Initium à D.Halleio Londini obfervatum | 14. 16. sag Cum obfervato à nobis —| 2. 24, 35. xd - Differentiam Meridianorum faceret 8. 35. Ex bac igitur Eclipfi differentia Meridianorum erueretur. duobus circiter mi-- nutis minor, quàm ex Eclipfi elatis precedentis , quam tamen buic longé .preferos, non folium fpeciata Majori. facilitate determinandi tempora Appul- feum. & Emerfionum in ea Eclipft totali, quàm in bac partiali veràm etiam ob azris ferenitatem, quà utique equaliter ufi fuimus in ea Eclipfis cum in’ hac. Parifiis celum ferenifmum , Londini fuerit fubnubilum y quo momine Parifienfes obfervationes Londinenfibus cenfeo. preferenda. Differentia au- tem conftitutions Aeris efficit, ut Nos dimbum Lune occiduum in Umbra 12 minutis ante determinatum a nobis Eclipfis finem videre potuerimus 5 chm Flamftedius ipfum uon nifi in fine videre potuerit. SOM Ceterum in Situ umbra & Eclipfis Magnitudine plane conveuimiu. Ab- utrifque quippe noirnn anuotatum eft, Umbram nunquam fuperaffe Poy-- phyridem, Zicet 2r alte in Penumbram fuerit immerfus. Porphyriti proxi-- mus eft Mons parvus albicans , quem tuac Ariltarchi comitem appellavimus, . eo-quod ab ipfo few Porphyrite vix diflet fui diametro. ls montcnlu im- merfis eft in umbram h.2.51'.15°5 emerfit autem h. 3.8.25", totogae tem>- pore interjecto fuit Umbra Porphyriti proxima. "Uterque pariter annotavimus , in (umma Eclipfi Umbram a4. Corficam fere pertigi[fe, nunquam tamen ab eafui[fe team, fed relitinm exiguum in- tervallum, cujus terminiditantia à Lunari margine proxime capta eft 8.175 ciim Flamftedius DIefule ipfis paulo remotioris diftantiam ab eodem limbo in- venerit 8. 39". In[ulam- quoque feu potius Peninfulam.Macram utrique umbre diutiffime adjacentem confpeximus , nos id fieri cepiffe. notavimus (h.3.28415", & per bore quadrantem in eadem diftantia perfeveraffe. Hee dum [cribo, redditum mibi eft cum bumaniffimis literis tus Diarium Aftronsmicum *; à veltris Allrouomis fupputatams > | percommodum fane, previdendifque Obfervationum . * Thisis the R.A’manick ,. epportunitatibus perutile, Erit ilud mibi femper. for the Year 1676, which * : fent hi he: pre oculis , meque ad Obfervatinnes quas annotat SAMT TE Tra comparabo , eafque Vobis vicifins commnunicaba, -.. fesycalculated;and annex- Vale,&c. Pavifiis d.t1sFebr.1676.. 55. 02.1.1 ed-at the end thereof. Another Letter from the fame to Mr.Y lamiteed , upon the fame Argument. | Clariffimo Dom. 7o5: F/lamfledio , Alte. preclariffimo. | (0s ff. Dominicus Caffnus S.P. je ol Qmmunicavit miki Dem. Oldenburgius Obfervationes tuas nupere Lie saris Echpfis, quas in ve[ponfione ad ip(umcum noftris , in Regio Olfer- - vatorio habitis, me compara[fe dixi, Duorum.vel trium. -miuutoram. difcrimen i 3R£CT 7c (X eui. - ( 564.) ‘inter utrafque Obfervationes tribuo difficultati determinandi tempora Phafium 4 ow ^a D.Heaurico Oldenburg Reg. Societati in Secretis. . 9 6. 5. E unt os ae deerant ie S Duis SEN Ccultationem Stelle (equentis duarum in. finillvo pede. pfferiori- Leonis- J- à Luna, quam D.T lamfiediüs fappataverat, im Kegio Ob[ervatorio cum: P.Romer exatie obférvavi 29: Februarii. E ML M Fuit Inmmerfio hora p.m.xo:V9'.3 4. Immerfonis. plaga. fuit juxta finem, Schicardi versus, P hocilidemnzz Selenograpbia Ricciol © Emerfio vero fait hora 11.16'.40". in equalà arecia diftantiz à Vendelino: ' Gt Betaydes so sot sons bodie EL est suc oda ait; ion iae c Per, puntia: Immerfionis & Emerfionis, diligenter notata, dutla retia linea diametrum illi perpendicularem abfcidit im ratione. 6'. 45". ad 26'. 5", Fuit autem diameter Lung ad Mevidianunm accedantás 32'5 $0"... H.12.29'. margo. Lume fnperior fuit in eodem parallelo cum Stellaqwe tunc precedelat Lunam minuto horario y'.go , 7 coq So es eed ETT H.12.. (368) mer: 12:40. 18". Stella precedebat marginen ie gat Lune minutis borar. 2'; 11". Lune diameter pertranfibat 2'.14". | H, 12.5235 . Stella pracedebat euudem marginem 2" ag Altitudo Meridiana limbi inferioris Lune capta eft gr. 39.252 9". Rumor bic percrebuit, vifum Nanneti Cometam valde obfcurum intér Exi- dánum & Leporem. Nobis, ex qui celi. ferenitas affullit , fruftra quefum efl. Hac vero occafione inter "Cani majorem & Navem deprebendi Ne- bulofam vifz pulcberrimam , fi maguis Telefcopiis inpiciatar , eic Stellis eon- fertiffimis compofitam, que celum mediat cum Cane minori... ^ ^^ Infpecia quoque mibi eft Stella nova in ore Ceti , que annos aliquot latuit, Solaribus radiis tempore maxime fulfionis imierfa s nunc vero Stellas tertie magnitudinis facile faperat. | -— Obfervationibus etiam Mercurii , qui nuper à Solaribus radiis emerfit, in- Vigilamu s quod & Aftronomos vetros faciuros putem. Vale, & has Obfer- vationes Dom. Flamftedio ao[ltro ,- cum officii nstri fi gnificatione , impertire. - . Parifiis Z.4.Maxtii 1676. _- Mr.Flamfteeds Anfwer tothe former three Letters , | containing alfo fome - celeftial. Obfervations. 5 (Eum Viro clari fimo i - Domino Johanni Dominico Catiino, Aftton, Repio Patífino. Joh. Flamfiedius S; P. ; T Une ad 33um Leonis appulfum, ferene ad dotum acre tibi obfervare | . contigifje, valde letors quodque ewm mibi consmmunicare voluili, graté - babes. | Paratus eandem Occultationem praftolabar-, fed tubes, colum. un- - diquaque fere ea nocle bic fubtegentes , Hkac nee: felicitate privartt, Op- tandum. equidem, id atrifque nofirim pari tunc ferenitate arvif(Je y melis; quippe ab eadem, accurate obfervata, Meridianoram molrorum differentiam inveftigare potuiffemus, quam vel ab Occultationé ultime Geminorum, Lox- dini & Gedani in Eclipfi Lune Januar. 1.1675. stotata , vel ab Eclipfibus Lune nuperis , quibuad id negotiam batienus ufi fuimus. Differentie e- nim, ab Ecclipfi Lune Junii 27.1675. Londini & Parifiisobfervatajdedudie, vix fidere poffum y quippe, licet tempora phafinm' à Nobis obfervatarum accu ratifime determinata credam , Ego; chm amplior non fuppeteret! Quadrante ulin fui 20 tantum digitorum radio, ad hivologiumecorrigendum, quique nu- da duntaxat. babuit pinnacidia 5 D preptevea de momento pbafis alicujus cer- tior effevin potui quàm ad unum minutum borarium, — Novifimam | Eclipfin: | Decemb. 22. inftruciier obfervavis chim tamén- mibi aer: fubnubilus extite-- rit,&, propter obliquam Lune in "Umbram terre sucidemiam;tardifimur fue-- rit ejut'ad Maculas appulfus , mins apta fuit bee Eclipir buic negoti, De Occultatione ultimeGeminorutn,quam cum Stréetio noftrateEd mundiHalle- - jus obférvarat , quaque ad differentiam Meridianorum: Londini & Gedani fus fum, chm "Hallejum intérrogarem, ingenue faffiw eft, mec accurate adimo- - dum, nec fatis. ampla luffrumentir obférvationem eam faciam fuiffe. Incerta - sgitur inter duo minuta boraria manet. etiamnum Meridianorum ee diffe - ( $66) differentia, quam tamen nullus dubito nos: pro votis aliquando: dekerminaturas effe, fi modo Menfis hujus; phenomena | obfervandis. utrique noftrum. optata. L . A Pra " e , : coli [érenitas pariter fuppeticrite, e rs ‘ | | Conjecturas defuturis Anni bujué phenomenis in Diario editas feftino cala- mo defcribebams Unde evenit, quod quofdam Appulfis, fed panculos omifi 5 quos tamen, exinde iterum perlujvatis Lune diurnis motibus in E phemeride, pravidi. . Horum precipuus, erat Lune [upra Jovem tranfitus, quem die Lu- F " : 2 " dun ; ; ; * " ‘enn ; ] ne Februar.28. St.vet.maue, ut fequitur, obfervavi. V.Fig.2.fuprà; p.557. Hora borologii.correda. b. pue SED LI sow 4. 20,15. * à limbo Lunz lucido 26.. 9. 4. 47. © J&.captadiameter ^^ 31.50. 4. 49.30. Xàcufpideproximo '—|-26.28. ^. | 4. 52. 15. Y xe&tam per cufpides du&am preterierat decimá parte diltantie vel 5' circiter, ocular? per tubum j conjecturá. | | : 4. 56... 0, X à cufpide 27.33. T CS. 2T. P$. ^& tetta per Cufpides" 517249. 4. 3.30. àcufpide ..: 29.22. $17.25. à1e0a. 9.58. S. IO. $0. -- ab eadem 7L1:55. 4$. 1$. 50. -- àcufpide 30.27. $..21. 20. -- à limbo remotiori.dub. 62. 4... . | 5.26. 0. -- à cufpide proximo 231 107 Bou - 5é 31. 25. -- à eta per cufpides 20. 9. 8.374» 0.-- Ycufpide ig 0:36.19. 075 S. 41. 10.-- Je alte 1c2 g. diame- | iibtiitso swovteteimis ores Voy 94459. 5. 48. 30. differentia altit. limbi De — . y-4 _ inferioris & 4. 25s ds 3] 4. 52. 40.4 à cufpide proximo aberat 41.40. | 6s 9+ 40. - à cufpide ^Y 47.29. dubia. - d J 19. 40+ Lux diei fortior adeo De cufpides hebetarat, ut, fovem: Ay . etiamfi potuerim videre, ejus tamen ab iis diftantias ..» diutius.non potuerim determinare. | | Orientem Lunam. à confpetiu meo detinuére primum Horiziontis co iculi; ol deinde vapores, ad ufque ha. As cim Jovis per eos languidó emicantis, pri- mitkrà limbo Lune diftantiam cepi: Sed protinus nebula [uperveniens eam varus excepit, nec, coufpiciendam iterum permifit ante h. 4.473 tunc autem nebula fubito. difeufa , Jovem clare-vidi cum Satellitibus, letiftmaque wfus fui ad exortum Solis ferenitate, Maturtor, hora fere dimidia, apparuit Jovis. v ad ream per cornua dutiam .appulfus , quam promiferant Epbemerides. — Preterea an @vobis obfervatum .boc phenomenon fuctit.,. feire plurimum capio. tem yay X he Y Seige +e dietas ee A d aos toni , $ iot me 7 anon — ( 567.) Apparuife in Germania Cometam audivi , menfe Decembris 5 nufquam tamen ipfe confpexi, nec à noftris alicubi vifum intellexi..— : Hefterna note monitu tuo excitus , Celos infra Procyonem perluftraus, Nebulofam offendi, latam, é Stellulis confertifimam. — Hanc candem credo, quam Tu obferva(li y. certier effem, ( quanta ejus fuerit Declinati vel Alti- tudo meridiana, indicaveris. — Novam etiam in Petlore Cetis fepius ante otto menfes vidi, nec minorem quàm Tu innuis, Sed de Mercurio nibil pronun- eiare poffum, fiquidem nullas eirca ip[um circumpofitas fixas intra tubi capaci- tatem inveni y & ampliora noudum confetia. funt. Infirumenta , quibus ejuf- ‘dem à Stellis remotioribus diflantie rite capi poffint. — Vale Vir Clarifime, &, fi quas. Occultationum futurarum Obfervationes Coli indulferint, perge, ut expifti, me earum facere participem. | Ego meas viciffm lubentiffime femper concedere paratus fum. Grenovici, 4.1676. Martii 4. | An Account of Books, s J, "Apysurdous oe Zugaxeote Yaupinis , xj Kuxa« Méceu(e : Evvous ' AexaAori- Ts cis aomiy Xabuynpn, Oc. Cum Verfione & INotis Joh. Wallis SS. iP. Dect.. Geometrie Profe[Jorzs Saviliant. Oxonii $ Theatro Sheldo- 2Í4Ano, 1676. tc | W ‘Hough this Tract of Archimedes his Arenarivs have been for- merly twice printed in Greek, and thrice in Latin. yet did the Learned Dr.Walls fee caufe enough to publifh another Edition, therein prefenting us with many emendations inthe Original , and with a new Verfionin Latin, and adding fome fhort ftriQure: fere ving to illuftrate the fenfe thereof. And the Book feemed to de- ferve thefe pains, as being not only an elegant and acute piece, wor- thy of Archimedes,but alfo an excellent Monument preferving both a piece of remote Antiquity , as is that of Ariflarchus Samius bis Hypothefis, revived by Copernicus, and that of the Dorick Dialect in Profe. Befides,it exhibits the foundation laid of the Art of Num- bring or rather Noting of numbers, now in ufeamong[t us, with Sa- racepique or rather lzd:zan Cyphers. And it accommodates thofe numbers a, 8, y, 4, «, &v. not only tonumbers proportional in a de- suple ratio; but alfo toany others, inany ratio whatfoever, that are in a continual proportion from the Unite: And they are the fame with what is commonly call'd Unit, Root, Quadrat , Cube , Biqua- drat, to wit, ee PNE "s * r M j A Boy fief n, €. [ E RN loa a4 d a*aà d.e ‘As to the argument of the Book, "tis well enough known to the » "Curious, that it Geometrically fhews a number exceeding that Eeee | which T T ) whichis equal to the number of theSand,capable to »&il Up not only the whole Earth and its cavities, but alfothe whole World, - To this Trad of the Wumber of the Sand, isadded that other : of the-fame Archimedes, touching the Dimenfiow of 4 Circle,becaufe 'tis f-veral times quoted in the former,as the foundation of his Caj- culus nor did ic want emendation, To it is annexed Eatocivs his. fhort "Commentary: upon che faid Dimenfion, which exhibits a Spe- cimen of the form and manner, wherein the later Greeks were wont io write their Comments upon their more ancient Authors; and fhews withal,how laborious it was to make Multiplications, Divi- * Gans, and Extractions of roots before the ufe of the Indias Cyphers was introduced, as a\fo after what manner they were performed. — Hi. Obfervatioues Medie circa e92MORBORALM ACUTORUM HISTORIAM ET egress eis Auth, Thoma Sydenbam M. D. Londini, 4 9»: The Author of this Treatife, aiming priacipitiy 1 in his Prattife Br Phyfick to contribute what he can to the real and confiant cure ii all Difeafes , and: being well aware of that great defideratum in Phyfick of faithful y recording füch Medical Obfervations and. Me: thads of Cure, as. by earidid and careful Phy (icians are made , ‘and with fuccefs employ'd;refolved at length after many f blicitations of thofe of his Friends that knew his Pradtife, and his conftant endea- vours of improving the fame for the common benefit of Mankind to publith ckefe-bis Obfervations, relating to the Hiftory and the fuccefsful and certain Cure of Acute Difeafes, waving therein all Philof ophical Bypotbefes , and delivering nothing büt genuin mat- terof Fatt; diftinguifhing withal the peculiar and. conftant Phe- nomena of Difeafes from thofe accidental and adventitious; and. - very carefully obferving the aptnefs of the feveral Seafons of the Year to occafion the feveral forts of Difeafes reigning in them. — Now this Hiflory and Cure of Acute Difeafes here defcribed,. comprehends his Obfervations of the fifteen lait years of this. Age; a competent time, for rendring an account of the diftin& Species of Epidemicals;: which notonly fortuitoufly. invade us, bata are i one year, or ina certain feries of yeats,of one and the fame kind, and in other. years differentfrom one another. To defcend: to. the particular Matter here performed , our Author hath obferv’d’, that from the years 1661 to. that of: 1676. there have: reigned five ifeveral Conftitutions of the Air, (569) E sched have produced as many fpecies of Epidemical Difeaf es and Feavers feverally named, Of thefe he calls the f/f the Continual Depuratory Feaver., laft- ing from1661 to 1665, whichhe efteems to be the princi pal Fea- ver of Watere, forafinuch as therein the doth fo regulate all the . Symptoms, as to difpofe the Febrile matter, when duly digefted and prepared, tobedifcharged either by a competent fwveat ora liberal tranfpiration. Here he records divers important Obfer- vations of his, and notes the feveral fymptoms of the Difeafe, the . Method of curejand the Diet of his Patient,both during the Difeafe -andafterit ; concluding this Head with deferibing the nature, fym- 'ptoms and cure of the lntermittent aye bred in this firft Con- {titutions |. ^ — The fecond E pidemical Conftitution of another kind he obferves to have been in Lowdow in the years 1668 and 1666. This kind be calls Inflammatory, of which nature the Plague or Peftilence was in the higheft degree, {weeping away, when it was in its height, 8000 inone week, moreorlefs. Here he takes notice , that for ren- dringa rational account both of fuch wafting Difeafes as this, and of fuch that are very gentle, it may be fuppofed,that fomezimes the conftitution of the body of the Air is fuch that it breeds Difeafes that carry away innumerable People ; at other times it affircts but -a very final number of them 5- though it be yet very obfcure to us, ^ wherein that different texture of Air, that hath fach different ei- feds, doth con(ift. | Now of this fecozd fort he very particularly deferibes alfo the feveral fymptoms, and the difficulties occurring in refpe& of thofe Phyficians that advife and ufe l'eze-feczios in the Plague: Where he relates a (range example of the good fuccefs thereof fiere in — England ; asialfo his own ufe of bleeding inthis diftemper for a while, together with his reafon of defifting from it, and the method | i him employ'd afterwards, and the füccefs thereof. | The third Epidemical-Conftiturion; deferibed by him, did ob- | tain in the years: 1667,1668, and pareof 16694 ‘arid it was that of the Swall-pocks; and of a Vavislons Feayer, refembling (excepr the eruption of the puftüls) che Smal-pocks; in fyinptotns and düra- - tion, and vanifhing with the Sniall:pocks. “This was accompanied - with a Diarrbeajefpecially at thé later end of its& it'apprdached fo mear the nature of the Sihall-pocks,that it feed tobe nothing PNE 5. anibss^ Bece 2 but Me ee Wr tr ue C, 7 2E T —— —— —€-—————— P M M QUE) o 7 but the fame turn'd inward: and incumbent on the vifcera. The Phenomena, f, mptoms, and cure of this Feaver, and the diffe- rence between che Diftin& and the Flox- pox, and the flaughter of thoufands fick of thefe Pox for want of a due Method in treating . the patients , and many other confiderable remarks, are with great care and skill. de.iver’d by the Axthor. Sy Th | The fourth € pidemical Conflitution here difcourfed of, was here in vogue Àn. 1670, 167 1, 1672, and is by our Author call'd the D»fenterical Feaver, accompanied with the Meafels , and the Chp- lera morbis, and foilow*d by a Bilious Colick: All defcribed as fo their c£edsand method of cure, with the like care and caution, asthefore-going. ^. osa ! The fifth Conftitution that obtained here was An, 1673, 1674, 1675, viz. À Feaver of a very Anomalous nature, to which the Dyfentery and Diarrhea were only fymptomical, not effential, and upon wbich furven'd. Epidemical coughs, with Pleurefies and Peripneumonia' sas thefe five conftitutions were Stationary fo they had fume latereurrent Feavers, as the Scarlet-feaver , the Baftard Peripseumonia, the Rheumatifme, the Eryfipelas , and che Angina, whichare a'fo accurately defcribed by our Author, both asto their Phenomena and Cure. See the Author himfelf both for his Obferya- tions and manner of the Cure, ) jte ll, De CONSENSU VET. ET NOV& PHILOSOPHIE Libri 1V, few Promota per Experimenta Philofophia pars prima: _ Authore ]. B. Du Hamel P. S. L.& Regie Scientiarum Academia à Secretis, ip 129. | | | Days In this fecond and confiderably augmented Edition the worthy and Learned Author performs fourthingsinfo many Books, — "^ . Inthe firfjhe gives an account of the Principles of the Platonich: Philofophy, and fhews the difference between it and the Peripate- tick 5, delivering in the fame the Natural Theology of the Platoni(ts; and difcourfing fundamentally, from their Principles , of the Exie ftence of God, and his Providence and Concourfe; then of the ~ Origine as. well as the Spirit.of the World ; not forgetting to thew, how that Philofophy endeavours to raife the Mind to the confide- ration of Erernal and Primeval notions, and having diverted it frony immerfing it felf into unftable and perifhable things, converts it to fach as are only perceived.by «he Intelle& 5. which our Author, duely pondering the dignity of Humane Nature., efteems to be.of 3595. exceeding _ an (571) | exceeding great importance, efpecially fince the world now fwarins with thofe that are fo very fenfualas to contend, that nothing can be underftood but Body. | : In the fecond Book he explains fir/ the Principles of Arifotle, and difcourfes at large of the nature and origine of Formes; yet. without determining here, whether the Forms of living fubftances or the qualities of Bodies are things different from matter, or not. - ‘Next, he treats of the Epicurean Philofophy, as lefs difficult and more obvious ;. difcourfing of Atoms, their nature and figures of continuity , and the manner of the cohefion of Atoms, as alfo of vacuity, oe. — xv — Thirdly, he explains the Cartefian Principles; where he hath fre a large difcourfe about the nature of a Phyfical Body, endeavouring to evince, that the effence of it confifts not in a trine Dimenfion, & to fhew,that the Idea of the three dimenfions, ( than which Des Cartes . contends we can have no other ofa Body,)is the Idea only of a Ma- ‘thematical, nota Phyfical Body. — Secozdly , he treats largely. of. . the Nature and Law of Motion. Thirdly, of the Elaftique motion, . and the caufes of that motion, and of the manners in which it is- communicated; as alfo what difference there is in the ccnfi- guration of the partsin Springy Bodies, from thofe that have no — Spring; inquiring alfo, in the Appendix to this Treatife, into the: efficient caufes of Elafticity, concerning which he delivers the fen- timent of Mr. Perrault, after he had alledg'd the Materia fubtilis of Des-Gartes , and the ignited Atoms, and the Ffflwvia of Bodies, whichas fo many wedges do dilate the con(tri&ed paffages of the. infleded Body. As to the opinionof Mr. Perrault, he fuppofes, that the ambient Airis of two forts; ose thicker, compofed of ^ . particles of Earth, Water, ec. infpired by us, not pervading glafs- nor any other folid body ; the other, far fubtiler and more pene-- trant, intermingled with thethicker, almo(t after the manner that quick-lime is mixed with fand,both fwimming and moving in the ether, and mixed with it as lime is mingled with. water. More over, that as the thicker Air, which extends it felf to fome miles, hath: its weight , fothemore fubtile hath a greater weight (many Expe- riments evincing both, ) Now-to this fubtile Air Mr. Perraufe afcribes the Elaftique power and other affedions, as the firmnefs - _and cohefion of Bodies ; forafwuchas the corpufcles, which com- pofeevery thing, having plainand flat and manifold fuperficies’s, T : cannot- EENMMELLDAL LL Litt cmy (532) : cannot be pull'd afander , but they muft remove the neighbouring parts of the Air from their place; and by doing fo fomewhat raife the mafs of the Air incumbent,they being every where preffed from the environieg Air, no otherwife than a Body immerfed in water is on all fides compreffed by water. Wherefore as often as a firm body, e.g. thebranch of a tree,is bent, the convex parts thereof are fomewhat forced afunder ;but when that exterior force ceafeth, than every part recovers its proper figure andfcite; and this, he faith, is mainly effeded by the weight of the fubtiler Air, gc. In the third Book he treats amply of the four Elements , cour monly fo called, Fire, Air, Water, and Earth: where occur many: confiderable Obfervations concerning Fire and Air. The Epica- vean no:ion of Fire is here explained, and the Cartefías li kewifes: and thofe particu'ars difcuffed , that feem difficult in the later. There are alf» recited many phenomena of Flame, and the latent: _ fire in Lime and other Bodies ingenioufly difcourfed of: More- over, what is the natureand ufe of the Air, what the nature of the: - e" thé together with the many Experiments about the Spring: of the Air, made in the Machina Boyliana, in England and eVe- where, ¢¢. | | : — Inthe fourth are explained the Principlesof Chyzifiry, the mix- ture and diffolution of Bodies, Fermentation efe, This alfo is full of new Experiments and Obfervations, made here and in France, and other Countries. So that there being reprefented in this new Edition, as inan Epitome,mof of the fubjeds and enquiries of Na tural Philofophy, and’ they treated with much plainnefs and ele- - gancy, itmay be of great ufe to young Swdents in Philofopby to inftru& thefelves in all thofe matters with brevity and delight. EV. Of EDUC AT LON, efpeciallpy ef Young Gentlemen, in tro parts, the fecond Impreffion with Additions ; Printed at the Theae ter Oxon. 8o. | | | | That eminently Learned and Famous Knight Sir Henry Wotton, did long (ince; at the end of his Elements: of drchitetture, promifey as devoted to the fervice of his .Countrey , a Phtlofophical Survey of Education, which is indeed ( fays he) a Second Building ot Re- pairing of Nature, and a kind: of Moral Architeéture. .Fhis he promifed An. 16245; and he made many Effays, and began forie Chapters, but could never bring his defignto fo nich perfection; as could give fatisfa@tion to hisown mind andintentions, Thisour Author — : C573) | Author, whois pleafed to conceal his Name, is very full and punctual, with Inftructions proper for all conditionsof human life, particularly for the Generous, - The wifett of all Ages have taken care of Education, as funda- mental to profperous Government, and the beft & molt feafonable help to good Literature. — Se/osos for the Eaft,and Daxie] , had . there an extraordinary felicity. ‘Socrates, Plato, Xenophon, TMo- crates, and the Sententious fmall Poets, as we eall them, are, in their - feveral capacities , for Greece, cicero and Quintilian, above all - others, for found Wit and Eloquence, and peculiarly for their Orator , which fhould be their perfe& , compleat and honeft (that is,in their Style, Honorable) Man among the Romans. And fome. of. the acuteft of our Modern have been free of their Advife’s to prompt the Studious: Bedin, for Hiftory ; Clapmarius in his No- bile Studtorum Trienminm, ^ Mfo Grotius, in one or t«o fhects ; Sturmius, with like brevity ; Chr. Colerus De Studio Politico, and Ca[Jelius in a touch: Foac. Pocani De ratione Studiorum Differtatio: For choice or variety of Books, Drexeli#s. And Gabr. Nad- d&i Bibliographia Politica, and his Inftrudtions for ere@ing a Li-- brary, elegantly Englifh’d by Worthy Mr, Evelys. Many curious French have done well for the main; 7. M. argutely in an Englifh - Íheet, &e. | | | ES - But this our Author hath reduced the beft of Antient and Mo-- dern Advifo's into a compact Method,and interlac'd it witha very - great variety of his own feafonable fuggeftions. I fhall give no judgment upon the particulars; and the whole is compofed fo fuc- cincily, that it needs not nor admits any other breviat, But I dare . affirm it, that this Treatife is fingulariy worthy to be perufed by all the Ingenuous, that are or may be concern’d in thofe Funda- - mental afiairs; as worthy alfo to come forth from the Famous | Theatre of Oxford. ue Il. Bathonienfium ci AquisgranenfumT H E RMARUM Com- paratio, variis adjunctis iluffrata à R. P. Londini, dmpenfis : Joh. Martyn, 2d znfigne Campane in Cameterio D, Pauli, 1676. d20davo. > | i | 2 He ingénious comparifon that is made in this Tra& of thefe RM two Baths, regards their Antiquity, Scituation, Strudure, . Caufe of their Heat, Minerals that are their Ingredients, and their : Medicinal Virtues; further, their Number, 8 Difference, and - a Form: © € / OO E—— ng in | COE RU Form: To which is added the diverfity of Time, when the waters of thefe Bathes are to be ufed ; together with the Recreations and. Divertifements that occur in both places. aay oh Yl. VIRETUM BRITANNICI M, er a Treatife of Cider, — and fuch other Wines and Drinks, as are extracted {rom all. man- ner of Fruits growing in this Kingdoms with the Method of propagating all forts of Vinous Fruit-Trees. Anda Defcription of a New invented Ingenio or Mull, for the more expeditious and. better making of Cider. Alfo the method of making Metheglin and Birch-Wine; with Copper-plates: By J. W. Gentleman in ecfavo. : | | : : ‘His is done by the worthy Author of Syffema Agriculture in Fol. who, by the Printer's fault, was omitted Vam, 114, . 322. and only mentioned in the Errata at the end of Nswsb, 116, though he deferves Recommendations much larger than I am able . togive, for his great merits towards the Publick, — -— Printed by 7. R. for John Martyn 7 Printer to the Royal Society | vi at the Bell inSt.Paul's Ghburch-Yard, di € 528) Numb.t24. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. April 24. 1676. The CONTENTS. Mr. Francis Vernon’s Letter, giving a {hort Account of [ome of his Obfervations in bis Travels from Venice through lftria, Dal-. matia, Greece andthe Archipelago, to Smyrna. Advertifements on the Vinetum Britannicum , Cwentioned in the laff fore-going Tract) whith were made asd fent to the Pablifber by Dr. John Beale of Yeovil zz Somerfetfhire, Monftewr Hevelius’s Obfer- . vations of the Lunar Eclipfe of the Firft of January laf, x. ft. at Dantzick. As Account of three Books: 1, and II. in one Vo- lume , viz. eMemoires pour fervir a U Hifloire Naturele des ANIMA! X, and, La MESURE de (4 TERRE. OI. BRITANNIA ANTIQU 4 Illuftrate , or, The ANTIQUITIES of ANCIENT BRITAIN, _ derived from the Phoenicians; the Firft Volame: By Aylett . Sammes of tbe Inner Temple, Ge. . Mr. Francis Vernons Letter, written tothe Publifber Januar.1oth, 167%, giving a fbort account of forme of bis Obfervations in his (Travels from Venice throagh lMtria, Dalmatia, Greece, and the Archipelago, £o Smyrna, where this Letter was written. 583 HR; ! 4 " Muft beg your excufe for not having written to you in fo long I afpace: Thelittlereft I have had, and the great unfetlednefs of my condition is the reafon. Neither have I now any great Curiofities to impart to you; only fome finall circumftances of my Journey I will run over. | TU | Ffff From (576) | ^A From Venice 1 fet out with thofe Gallies which carried their Ambaffadour that went for the Port... We couch’t at moft of the - eonfiderable Towns of I/friaand Dalmatia by the way. In lffria we faw Pola, an ancient Republick. There remains yetan Amphi- theatreentire: Icis of two ordersof Tufcan Pillars, placed one over another, and the lower Pillars ftand on pedeftals, which is not ordinary ; for, commonly they have nothing but their Bafes tofupportthem: Thereis, befides a Temple dedicated to Rome and Augufius, a Triumphal Arch, builtby a Lady of the family of the Sergii, in honour of fome of her kindred , which com- manded in thefe Countries ; befides feveral Infcriptions and an- cient Monuments, whichare in divers parts of the Town, In Dalmatia l1 faw Zahara, which is now the: Metropolis of ' the Country. . It was anciently called Fadera, It's now very well |. fortified, being encompafs'd on three fides with the Sea , and that part which is toward the land extreamly advantaged by: al] the contrivances of Art, having Caftle and a Rampart of very lofty baftions to guard it. I found here feveral ancient Infcriptions, by me copied, which will not find room in the compafs of a Let- ter. We paft in fight of Zebenico, and faw three Forts, which be- long to1he Town, St. Nicole, St. Gioanni, and la Fortezza Vecchia; — but we went not a fhore. That which is moft worth feeing in Dalmatia, is Spalatro, where is Dioclefian’s Palace, a vaft and ftupendous fabrick, in which he made his refidence , when he re- - treated from the Empire. It is as big as the whole town ; forthe whole town indeed is patch't up out-of its ruines, and is faid by. fome to take its name from it. The building is maffive; thereis within itanentire Temple of Fupiter, eight-fquare, with noble Porphyrie pillars , and Cornice, worth any bodies admiration. There is a Court before it, adorned with eAizyptian pillars of that ftone called Pyropoicilos , and a Temple under it,. now dedi- cated to Sta Lucia; and up and down the Town feveral fragments. — of Antiquity, with Infcriptions and other things, worth taking notice of. A ipa de sds e ie: Four miles from Spalatro is Salona; which fhews the ruines of a. great Town. Aboutas much farther from Salona ftands Cliffs up- ona rocky Hill, aneminent Fortrefs of. the Vemesiaus , which is here the frontier againft the Turk ; from whence they repulft him in their late wars with great honour, I was at pes where is Ier" nothing - | Ci) : nothing very remarkable ; but Bzcsdi, that hath written our Eng- lifh Hiftory, was of it. Trawis ancient, and hathgood marks of its being fo. Here I fpoke wih Do&or Stafileo, who put out that fragment of JPetromims Arbiter 5 and I faw bis Manu- fcript. Kan RAR GS) d. P. | 1 was inthe harbour of Ragafi, but not in the town, becaufe we made no ftay there, From hence we paft the gulf of Budua, - and faw the Mountains of Astivari, the Plain of Durazzo and Apollonia, and came to Safino a fmall Ifland, from whence we - could fee the town of P'aloza, and the mountains Acroceraunt , which are very near, and are now called Mountains of C/;- Maa, 00 | I ftay'd a fortnight in Corfs, and had time to view all that was -confiderable inthe Ifland, particularly the Gardens of Alcinows, that is, the place where they are fuppofed to have been, now cal- . led Chryfída 5 a moft delicious fcituation : The ancient Port, now called Nexes34na((o« , and feveral foundations of ancient fabricks. In Zante 1 was likewifea fortnight, where I faw but little of Antiquity: What is Modern, is very flourifhing , and the Ifland "richand p'entiful. — — : | | went from Zante to Patras, atown in Achaia, of good note among the Ancients. Near it isa great Mountain, mention d by — Homer by the name of Petra: Odenía. Inthe town are feveral maflive ruines, which few there know how to give any account of. There are the remains of a large Church, dedicated to St. Andrea, "who, they fay, was Martyr'dthere. Thisis the firft town I faw onthe Continent of Greece, The Plain about it is very fruitful, full of fprings and rivolets; finely wooded with Olive-trees, . Cypreffes,Orange and Lemon-trees, The Citrons here are counted among the beft of the Turkifb Empire, and are fent for Pre- fents to Conflautinople, So are all their Fruits in very good efteem. | | | tg - In Athens Y have fpent two months, Nextto Rome I judge it themoft worthy to be feen for Antiquities of any I have yet beenat. The Temple of Mizervais asentire asthe Rotunda. I was three times in it,and took all the dimenfions, with what exa&- nefs I could ; but it is difficult, becaufethe Caftle of Athens, in which it ftands, is a garvrifon ; and the Turks are jealous, andbru- tithly barbarous, if they take noticethat any meafures it. The » | Ffff 2 length SQUID length- of the Cella or Body of the Temple without-fi "n. 1682 Feet Thefe meafures you may rely . The breadth —— 71 $ Englith.2 on, asexa& to 2a foot. The Portico, of the Dorique Order, which runs round it, hath 8 Pillars in front, 17 on the fides; the length of the Portico i is 230 feet Englifh. I have taken all the dimenfions within , with thofe of the wesveds and Portico's; but they are too long for a . Letter. The f2ffe or fhaft of the Pillars is 192 feet in. circumfe- - rence: The Intercolumnium , t; of the diameter of the pil- lars. The Temple of Thefews i is likewife entire, but ’tis much lefs, though built after the fame model : The length of its cella is but 73 feet, the breadth, 26... The whole length of the Portíco, which lS —mÀ goes round it, 123 feet, "Tisa Dorique building, asis'that ofthe Minerva. Both of themareof white Marble. About the Cornice on the outfide of the Temple of eL TP) isa baffo relievo of men on horfeback , others.in Chariots 5 and a whole proceffion of people going toa facrifice Of very curious fculpture. On the Front is the hiftory , of the Birth of Mi- Hva. 0c In the Temple of Thefzus on the Front within-fide the Portico, at the Weft-end , is the batcle of the Gestaurz ; and at the Eaft- end-feems to bud Continuation of that hiftory : But there are fe- veral figures of Women, which feem to be Pirithous’s Bride, and thofe other Ladies vibih were at the wedding. .'On the outfide the Portico, in the fpaces between the Trig/yphi, are feveral of the proweffes of Thefews, moft in Wreftling with feveral perfons , in which he excelled : All his poftures and. locks are expreft with: great art. Othersare Monfters, which he ‘is: made encountring with, asthe Bull of Marathon, the Bear of Galydon,ere. There isa Temple of Hercules;a round fabrick; only of fix feet diameter , but neat architeure. The Pillarsare of the Coriz- thian order, which füpport an Archi-trave, and: ‘Frife; wherein are - done in relievo.the Labours of Hercules. Thetopis but one ftone, wrought like 4 Shield, witha flower. on theleptiide; which rifeth like a plume of Feathers. 1 eui There is yet ftanding the Tower of Andronicus Girrheftes,which isan OGogone, with the figures of 8 Winds, which are: large, and - of good mtd ; and the names of the Winds remain: le- gible C319) | | gible in fair Greek characters, (where a Houfe, which is built a-: - gainft it on one fide, does not hinder 3) as éwaiems, deos, Bopeas, exieay ,QeoueQ* Each Wind placed againtt its quarter in the heavens ; and the roof is made of little planks of Marble,broad at bottom, and which meet all ina point attop, and make an obtufe pyramid of fome 32 or 36 fides, | 3. Thereis a delicate Templeof the Congue order in the Caflle, whether of .Pagdrzofos , or whom, I cannot tell ; but the work | was molt fine, and all the ornaments moft accurately enpraven.: The Length of this Temple was 6 | : The Breadth——— .. Thefe Pillars which remain of a Portico of theEmperour 4- dríap, are very ftately and noble: They are of the Corinthian or- der, and above 52 feet in height, and 19! in circumference : They are canellate ; and there are now ftanding feventeen of them,with - partof their Cornice onthe top. The building, to which they be- longed, I meafured the Area of , asnearas I. could conjecture ; and found it near a thoufand feet in length, and. about fix hundred. and eightyin breadth. —— vive Without the Town, the Bridge over the El/[[,s hath three arches, of folid ftone-work : The middlemoft is near 20 feec - bread. There isthe f/adius yet to be feen , whofe length I mea-- fured, and found it 630 feet, near to what the precife meafure of a: — fladium ought to be, v2.62. ; i Towards the Southern wall of the Caftle there are the remains. of the Theater of Bacchzs, with the Portico of Eumenes, which is near it; the femi- diameter, which is the right Sine of the demi-- circle which makes the Theatre, is about rgo feet. The whole — Body of the Scene, 256. Monfieur de Ja Guiliietiere in that Book. he hath written of Athens, hath made a Cut of a Theatre, which. he calls that. of. Bacchzs , which is a meer fancy and invention of hisown,nothinglike the Natural one, which by the Plan, he has drawnof the Town, I judge he did not know. . I give you this. - onehint, that you may not be deceived by. that Book, which is- ^ wide from truth; as. will appear to any body who fees the reality, . thoughito one who hath not feen it, it feems plaufibly written. I. have dwelt long on Zbezs, but yet have faid nothing. This "Town alone deferves a whole Book to difcourfe of it well, which now I have neither time nor room to do ; but Y have Nene - i i / Yy- [Feet MÀ et VANUS oa ASIE "by meof all T faws which one day, if it pleafe God,I may thew c OMBEEUS Ae | » Thebes is alarge Town, but I found few Antiquities in ir, ex- cepting fome Infcriptions and Fragments of the Old Wall, and. one Gate, which, they fay, wasleft by Alexander , when he de- molifh't the reft. [t is about fome fifty miles diftant from Athens, as I judge. Tea reat f | Gorigtb is two daies journey diftant : the Caftle or ’Axgoxse:6@* is ftanding, whichis very large, The mainof the Town is de- — . molifh’r, and the houfes, which now are fcatter*d, and a great di- ‘ftance froin one another. So is Arges, which to go round would be fome four or five miles, as the houfes now ftand ; but if they ftood together, they would fcarce exceed a good Village. Vapole della Rumilia isa largetown, and full of Inhabitants , and the Bafha of the Morea vefides there: It is but very few leagues diftant from Argos. — | | | | [20m is quite forfaken ; and Meffra is the Town which is in- habited , four miles diftant from it... But one fees great ruines thereabout ; almoft all the Walls, feveral towers and foundations of Temp'es with pillars and chapitres demotifh’ts A Theatre - pretty entire. It might have been anciently fome five miles in . -coutpafs; andabout a quarter of a mile diftant from the River — «Eurotus, ^ The Plainof Sparta and of Laconia is very fruitful,and long,and well watered. Je willbe about eighty miles inlength, “as I judge. The Mountains on the Weft-fide of it very high, the higheft 1 have yet feen in Greece; the Maviotes inhabit them. But the Plain of Calamatta, which anciently was that of Meffeze, feemsratherricher. Corone is very abundant in Olives. JVavar- vino, whichis efteemed the-ancient Pylos, hath a very {trong Caftle, fortified by the Tarks, and is the beft Port in allthe Morea, Aj. pheus is much the beft River, and the deepeft , and with great rea- fon extolled by all. the ancient Poets , and chofen for the feat of the Olympick Gámess for its very pleafant. The Plains of Els - are very goodly and large, fit to breath Horfes in,and for hunting; but not fo fruitful as that of Argos and Meffene, which are all riches. The beft Woods 1 faw in Peloponmefus are thofe of /4-. -chaia, abounding with Péses and wild Pear, the Ilex and Efeulus-trees, and, where there runs water, with JP/awe- TIEES. ! wale ; Arcadia 1 ee - (881) | Arcadia isa very goodly Champain, and fullof Cattle, büt is all encompaft with Hills, which are very rough and unhewn. _ Lepanto is very pleafantly feated on the Gulf, which runs upas fav . as Corinth; and without the Townis one of the fineft Fountains I faw in Greece , very rich in veins of Warer, and fhaded with huge Plane-treess no: inferiour in any thing to the Spring of Caftalia on Mount Parawaffus, which runs through Delphos,except inthis, that one was chofen by the Mufes, and the othernot ; and Poetical fancies have given immortality to the one, and never mentioned the other, | ET ; -— Delphos it felf is very ftrangely fcituated on a rugged hill, to which you have an afcent of fome two or three leagues ; and yer. that is nora quarter of the way to come up to the Pique of Par-- naffus, onthe (ide of whichhillitftands. It feems very barren to - theeye; butthe Fruits are very good, where there are any. The Wines are excellent, and the Plants and Simples, which are found : there, very fragrant and of great efficacy. : About Lebadia, and all through Baotia, the Plains are very fer- - tile, and make amends for the barrennefs of the Hills which encom- pafsthem: But in Winter they are apt to be overflown for that feaífon, and to be turn'd into Lakes; which renders the Beotias- Air very thick, and fo were their Skulls too, if the Ancients may . bebelieved concerning them; though Pisdar., who was one that. . füblimated Poetry to its higheft exaltation, and is much fancied - and imitated in our Age, ashe was admired in his own, was born - there: And Amphion, who was faid to be fo divine in his Mufick, — that he ravifht the very ftones, had skill enough to entice them to - makeup the Walls of Thebes: So that notevery thing that’s born | ina dull Air,is dull, Thefe Vales I found much planted with Coztoz, — and Sefamum,and Cummin,of which they make great profit and a | -— "great tradeat Thebesand Lebadia, | I went from Thebes into the Ifland of Esca or Negropomt, and | faw the Ewripas, which ebbs and flows much after the nature of our Tides; only the Moon, and fometimes Winds,make it irregular.The~ — - Channel, which runs between the Town,and a Caftle, which ftands - in an i land over againit it, is fome fifty feet broads and there are three Mills onit , which fhew all the changes and varieties that. - happen in the Current.Near the Euripus and.oppofiteto the Town, | - hey thew a Port, which they fay.was Aal#s, and it: is not ero T bable $ | g 5 8 2 * bable; for it mute be thereabouts. Between Negropont and Athens isa high Hill, called Apouaxie , formerly very dangerous, but now - guarded by Albane(es : [t is part of Mount Parzaffe; and near it on the left hand lies Mount Pentelicus , from whence the Athenians anciently fetcht their Stone,and now there is a Convent of Caloiert 3 _ there, one of the richeft of all Greece. In going from Athens by Sea, | embarqued in a Port, which lies juft by Munichia: That which they call Porto Pyrao lies behind ic . . amile diftant, which is a large Port, able to contain $oo Veffels; - There are the ruins of the Town yet remaining, and of the walls, which joyn’d it to the City of Athens, I failed by Porto Phalero, the ancient Havenof Athens, which is rather a Road than a Port. I faw an Ifland called &3i6:£, where the Athenians had anciently Mines. I wenta fhore onthe Promontory of $4aium, to view the ‘remains of the Temple of Mzzerve, which ftood on it. HenceI failed among the Ifles of the Archipelago, Macronefía, Thermea, Ser- phanto,. Siphanto, till I came to Melo. From Melol failed through the Cyclades to comehither. I palt by 4zdros, Tenos, Mycone, Delos; Naxiaand Paros I faw at a diftance.. We failed near the Northern Cape of So, and the Southern of Mytilene or Lefbos , and fo came —nto the Gulf of Smyrna. Within this Gulf ftands Bur/a near fome — ^ fmall [(lands, which is judged to be the ancient Glazomene , Foja, whichis thefame with the ancient Phocea: Near this the River Hermus difcharges it felf into this Gulf. 3 Inthis my Journey I had fome mifadventures: My Companion, Sir Giles Eaffeourt, dyed by the way. At Sea I was plunder'd by the Serphiotes, where] loft all my Letters, and Yours among the reft, which you fent to My Lord Ambaffadour at Conflaptinople, and Con- - fal Rycaut , whom find hetea very civil and knowing Gentleman, and am much obliged to him for his favours. I have been as curious as I could in taking the latitudes of ine remarkable places: Asl find them, I fhall give them you: Gr. m. | GELS ax Athens — 33. 5. Patras - ——38. 40. Corinth — 39.14. Hs ——38. 50. Sparta —— 37. 10. Thebes © = -—— 38. 22. Coron¢ — 37. 2. Negropont or Chalcis—38. 31 1 defire you to prefent my humble Services to the Gentlemen of the Royal Society, Y am, Cc. Adverti- ae (583) — Advertifements onthe Vinetum Britannicum mentioned in the laf foregoingTract ,fent to the publi[ber by the Reverend Dr.].Beal Re- (for of Yeovil sz Somerfetthire ad ove of His Majefties Chaplains. m, | : X 7 Ath much regard to the worthy Author of Visetum Bri- M fannicum for his obligingnefs towards the publick , and for the further encouragement and improvement of our Countrey in Hortwlans , 1am willing to add fome Lines to the mention you made ofit. And this Treatife may do much good, for the greateft and . ficheft part of Ezg/az4, in all our Champion Countries, and in the — very Heart of Exgland,where,through want of the aids here fhew'd, ~ they could do little or nothing for Porzoza: And where an Ap- | ple cannot grow , Shrubs may profper and bear great ftore of deli- cate and rich Wine, by the helpof Sugar; which, when brought into common pra&ice , may in a fbort time prove a great bencfit io our Sugar-plantations, And "tis a point of exceeding good Hut- bandry, when very fhallow Lands may with finall charges and little trouble be improved tobear more delicat and more wholfom Wi- nes, than a Frezcb Vineyard ; and alfo find good Employment for . poor Widows and Children. And hence I beg leave to joyn it to- gether ; That Mr. f. B. inthelater part of Epitome of Hufbandry p. 26, 28. in his uftial plainnefs, teaches an eafy and frugal way to raife profitable Gardens of Efculezz Plants on the barren Heaths; - and this our learnedAuthor demonftrates, how to raife rich Vinous liquors inany fhallow Land, that will bear thorns or bryars: For, in fuch Lands moft of our vinous Shrubs will profper. And then any Gentleman by his own good example may lead on the multitude to drive away lazinefs, and poverty, and to enrich ehemfelves , by turning our wafte Grounds, Heaths,barren Lands and Dow ns(which containa great part of Eaglend ) into Gardens , and Modern Vine- yards. And 'tis more honour to raife a Village or Townfhip with competent relief, on Land that hath been hitherto deferted as hopelefs, than to make depopulations on good Land, as fome have done to their own damage. : "o | 4. The Ingenio's for Cider-mills , by the Author defcribed, are madeby John De la more, a Joyner in Petersfield in Hampjbire, from 20, to 30. Sh. pricea piece, according as they are fingle or double; Nore, that the former Cider-mills, whether with ftone- cafes , or timber-cafes, are in many places, at five-fold, in fome at ten-fold, Gggg in | : (584) in fome at twenty-fold above that price,and very fcarce to be pot- "ten- Andch s. Sed#, 2. p. 86. hefaith; By this Ingenio have been ground very fine, fometimes 4, fometimes s, bufbels of Apples in an hour, and with no barder labour than that two ordinary Labourers may (the one feeding, and the other grinding) hold it , by interchanging all the day. And of the larger lngento,which he there alfo defcribeth, he faith p. 87. By this Ingenio may two workmen, and one feeder, grind 20 bufbels of dpples in an hour, And p. 81. he faith; This isa remedy agdinft the inconventences, troubles and expences tn the feve- . ralwaies hithertoufed: Among v hich inconveniences,he there. na- aneth aa anpleafant taffe of Cider, acquired from the rinds, flems and kernels.of the fruits, vobich in the former Mills were much bruifed. Thus the Authors and this is remarkable for them that would have the beft and pureft Cider... The Cider-mill, or Cicer- prefs inven- ted by Mr. Hook, is decribed by worthy Mr, Evelyn in his fecond Edition of Pomona p.66,67. J guefs, that the Cider-mill, fo highly recommended by Mr. Carew Reyaelin the True Englifb Intereftych. 30; and by him there attributed to the invention of Mr. fobs Wor- lidge of Petersfieid, and f: aid to make tem Peg fbeads a day, isthe fame with thofe herenamed by our Author. And,if in thefe any thing be yet wanting, doubtlefs it will be foon brought to perfection,being infuch skilful handsy >. | 0 TUE -/2, The Author faith p. 186; that Mr. Rackets, Gardiner at Hogf- don, and Mr, R, Ball of Braipford, can furniíh any planter with al] - or iboft of all the choiceft or moft excellent of all the Fruit-trees. mentioned in his precedentCorollary. And in tbatCorollary he men- | tions the beft Fruits for liquors that I caa yet hear of in Eagdand, at common fale. For Walnuts and Filberds,his choice is judicious: - For i have obferved avery great difference inthe kinds ; to which | ~ if he had been pleafed to add ( but indeed they were quite out of his road and method ) the beft Cheftnuts, and the other excellent vegetables for diet and food,mentioned intheFrench Gardiner , he had made an advance ( as well for food, as he did for Jiguids, ) to a. part of the.importance of the Introduction to. your Vol. 10, 9.25 65 and of the Breviat on Sir Hagh Plat. ibid. 2.113, p.304. and eife- where by you fervently follicited, in both refpedts,for veftorative. — food and for refrefhing liquors of the beft kinds, & by modern im- provements. This I fuggelt afrefh(out.of due place)becaufe much of this Garden-food is yet wanting in many places for’Noble Tables, - i is Gherries., : : c ouf s) | "n Cherries, which do hurt eatenraw , and when the body is heated, : may do much good,if made wine,or dried. 1 once fent youaReceipt, whicbl received from Mr. IVemburgh F.R.S. ( who is curtoufly skil- ful in extracting rich liquors, and juftly famous for his healing ex- tract from Elderberries, how to make the beft wine of Céerries,and to make Plum-wines which later,in his way, hath anaulterenes, that muft be allay'd,when *ris inthe glafs, witha little Sugars andnot "till drawn. ‘Tis but froma wild black Plum, much.bigger thana damfin, round and full of juice, of no harfh or unpleafant aufterity; and (doubtlefs)they will yield a good Spirit for Brandy. And fome - kinds of thofe black aud ruffet-tawny Plums may be dried in a kind of Solar ftove,made in a Summer: wall for Prunes,if your Win- ter do not overtake you; or, if that feafon faileth, they may be . dried ina Culinary oven. Thefe Trees bear abundantly , and from a finali parcel of ground, of no great depth: And Cherries and ~ Plums make hafte to regratify the Planter. I have tafted a moft de- ~ licious Boxello ( or winy liquor extraGed by infufions, and com- pounded with fugar) for the Summer heat,made of the red Gardez- currants, by curious Ligonsinftruions. Anda Noble Perfon, fa- . mous fora curious palat, did in my hearing extol a wine made of - Goofe-berries , beyond imagination. And I have often drank a Rafberry-wine, much different , and far more excellent than any of the mixtures,with Syrrup of Rasberries, or any of the ordinary infu(ions. By thefe, and other inftances, which I now forbear, [ am perfwaded, that many Secrets for the beft way of obtaining rich Vinous liquors are not yet publifhed, and the Author is truly wor- thy, to whom they fhould be communicated. And his merits wil! engage him for many more Impreffions, Inall this | do. not mean to. detract from the Author's way of making Currant-wine, Rafberry- wine, or any other of his direQions j but only to invite him in all to inquire che Methods which fucceed beft. And Iam not without, hope of prevailing with my worthy and friendly Neighbour Mr. Newburgh , tofend you fome of his Experimentsin this kind, thae the worthy Author may compare them for his next. Imprefli- on. Sir Ken, Digby’s Poft-hume hath great; varietie of Me- theglins ; but he takes not a fufficient compafs for other vinous > liguors, | -.3. Our Author faith CÀ.s. (2.9, pel 34.3 Green and crude herbs . do dull and flatten the pirits of liquors into. which they are infufed. .. 6888 2 This (586 ). This I have proved often, on many kinds of Vegetables , that the “Plant fully ripe, and fullof feeds , which are much ftronger than ‘the greenleaf, will tafte, if of any bitter or odious kind , ]efs odious and lefs bitter, than the young leaf, and green fpray , ip any infufion ; and will alfo preferve the liquor longer, and make it -more quick, brisk and lively. Gestory feeding, and boiled through- ly, is more tolerable, than the green leaf or bloffom, though but flightly and lefs than half boiled. I knowa family , which made great gain by infufing Wormwood full of ripe feed, dried and of a year old: Thus they made tome veffels very ftrong; and . from thence attemper’d it in Ale or Beer, more acceptable to © every palat: And I have heard very learned and experienced " Phyficians fay, that this drink did generally heal the Dropfical, Scorbutical, and fuch whofe difeafes were caufed by the coldnefs -of the Liver, or want of digeftion. The right and beft Roman Wormwood gives an Aromatick flavour, very pleafing tofome . ‘when young and green; more pleafing to others, when fully ripe «nd kindly dried. — And the tops of ved Sage in bloffom, with the top-leaves kindly dried inthe fhade , and with maturity of time, did excel the famous Thea , the Chinois themfelves being: Judges; as you have recorded it Vol,1. 7.14. p.250 3 and apain in the aforefaid Introduction Volto. p.256. Our Betony is very friend] y forthe Head and Brain, but not, ‘in this refpe&, to be compared with red Sage. - Add, that Fumitory in the bloffom, well. dried, is tolerable, Tanfey, eMugwort and Southernwood, ave lefs odious whenripe anddried. — Rinds of Oranges and Lemons, Citroas, and the like, dried; Roots of Ezula Campana , Herfe- — radi[bes, Burre, Potadoes, and the like, being cut intobitsor - flices, and a little withered, fo moderately , that their Juyces be. not too much wafted , are thus kindeft for Infufions and Decodi-: ons. Andtbetops of Lavender, when full of feeds, and dried, are ufed in Beer in Germany ; ‘and (as Mr. Hartlib told me) the ' Lilly of the Valley (which propagatesit felf by the weight of ‘its feeding tops, defcending into theearth,) is much efteem'd on the Elbe, where they have excellent Beer; and in Wine, in other: parts of Germany , as a fpecifick remedy againft Apopletiical dangers. He faid, that in fome places of England bufhels of it may be mowed. I havenot Mr. Kay now at hand to enquire it of him, For drinksin Spring and Summer, the firft appearing ; Leaves | (587) : Leaves and Blofíoms of more guftful Plants, by a fhott infufion,. will fuffice to good efie&. Baume., the beft delight for a Core - dial: Burnet, moft pleafing in French Wine, in delicate Fronti- - . niac, and in green Cider, (as green as the Rhinifh glaffes were heretofore tinged) made of a green fillet, as they calledit, where they had other kinds of fillers, This which 1 commend (and tried it often) was a finall, round, and green Apple full of black fpots, of a pleafant odour and tafte, and yielded a grateful ftomach-wine, for the extream heat of the following Summer, ‘well agreeing with Burnet. The Thymes, denoininated from Ma- ftic, Lemon, Musk, Yellow and Wh te Thyme, do make a fprighe- ful and fpeedy infufion in Zzge/zeo , agant Contagions or In- fedtions. The Holy Thiftle, an expeller of bad blatis...— Clary, a : ftrengthner of Nature. Sazicle , Comfrey, and the Confounds, healersand knitters of inward ruptures, Burrage, Bugloffe, and _ Cichory, purifiers of the blood , calming and appeafing of. fpi- titss and the Caw/lips of Ferufalem, peculiar to mitigate Hedical - fevers: which by art and mixtures may in time excel the famous Thea, being both Drink and Meat, when duly incraffated ; healing, . reviving, cherifhidg and ftrengthening Nature." But racy Canary, and right Redffrake dodifuain all mixtures: Andin Barbados} they: fay asmuch for Madera. Ic were to be wifhed , that the Author h.5. Sect.9. p.140. had fhewed the belt way of making Sherbet (as he has done Chocolateand Thea; for Sherbet is an excellent beverage, in high efteem, and very proper for hot Countries; and efpecially for our Sugar-plantations ; where they‘have ‘Lemons; Limes, and al] other materials end tequifitesz And alfo, where they have need to be minded, and fupplied with more fober allay ers of thirft, than their Flagrant 44 devil. T2235: 09 tpi 24ol port Thus far | have adventured, too boldly, but with fintere refpeéts ‘tothe obliging Author , and to the ie Jf | with 4 touch onthe by. 4 AB, PAA: 123392] - » 1^1 "m a f » o y i ; i | 4 " 1 JJ í "m m (- Lad 1 1 T5 [1 rp ' c ; Cyt? T i 4 PT 4 i ; : " (1 Gt ° , & 9 A 3 i 3135 G f ; DN . : BOW . ¥ Ph " r[. r " d m 1 k r À “a 3 gv rd > ^ LI - os : Saas « b cH Kali O1521 1L , Mor ' y. " J ea Ak ] , f J a " d Su , ald 3, mM, - ; ^ i » * | "S. * ^ - MP EHETIO d ve . Li , I * wtih à “hae XY y t avi j 4 ^ is 4 un) nh is "^ UTR : ; " » ^ Ly To tS $9 j412^ I Cryer "ee . E ip RD ea . ^ DES L] E . LX. I > i> ; a Peete Fe X To TM i Y Ru 4 t fo 7 3 » : 28 Oe fer v^ GC. LI * 74; " , vw iud lind c ) Y 96 i) T. : ; | * ~ 1 , * i ( 589 ) : Echpfis Lunaris. > Anno 1676, die 1, Fanvarii mane obfervata AS Eade Da Age Nand 2 | à Johanne Hevelio. CE dne Eclipfin Lune celo admodum: fereno obfervare obtigit ,. fie. H dit ip[uts initium, £2 etiam 12. phafes crefcentes, ad maxi- suam u[que ob [curationem ex voto deprehendere Gr deferibere licuerit ; qufl maximum autem defectum. nubes fupervenére , aded ut non nit duas phafes decrefcentes, 14 er 15, annetare, et quidem vix fari accuratt, potucrimus; exindeque finem etiam eninimt eonfptxinms. Optandum quidem fuJet , celum continu) estitif[e ferenum, gud flellulam illam fixam , bora 4. 11. 45^. à. limbo Lune inferiori ct orientali diftantem,exatte obfervare licuiffet ; fed nubes pariter illam pofiea nobis eriputrunt, Dnantum conjicere. datur , fü non a parte Auftraliori Lune ompino tetta eft , baud proca] tamen a limbo Lune inferioviinceffit: Sed de hocce phenomeno alii, quibus celum magis fiit propitium, aliquid certius indicabunt. Notatu dignum in bác Eclipfi praeprimis extitit, quod penumbra ab bora flatim 2. 26'. 40", inteperit. Nam ea parte ad M. Baronium, e? Sinum Apollinis eo. tempore jam paulo obfcurtor Lune limbus videbatur y que pen- "wmbra deinde fueceffrve denfir evafit , ita ut. bor. 3. 8'. jam fatis motabilis extiterit. lpfum vero initium Lclipfeos primum hora 3. 3o*. hic Gedani contigit ; cus tamen juxta calculum Rudolphinum fere 16'citis incidere debuiffet. Pariter quantitas Eclipfis ad integrum. . digitum minor extitit ,-quam calculus eam promi[erat. Quippe non nift 3% dig. ob[carata, ut ut calculus eam 4 dig. 25. oflenderit. Dua difcrepantia ut [atis evidens eft, fis Tabulas multa adbuc correctione -ipdigere offendit. De catero, in bác Eclipfi quoque. probe notandum eff, quàd omnes Sectiones nunquam Montem Porphyritem emasiso texe- vint, [ed ille per totam durationem , etiamin ipsa maxima ob[cura- - tione, inipfoumbre limbo con[picuus perfliterit :.— Deinde, quód du vapte Eclipfi borá 3 46' ingens balo Eunamcinxerit, Obfervatio-: | s C 599 ) Obfervatio Eclipf. Lunaris . "Anno 1676, die 1. Januarii mane habita 1 GY ERD AS ee Tempore ex | Altitu- | |g Altitud. Cor-|dinesFix- Nomina Fi ixarum. S Per quas maculas. tranfiverint Ml Umbre Seciiones. > uitium Bei à Ad Montem Baronium. Penumbra denfior. Denfa penumbra, _ Denfiffima penumbra. uitium Eclipfeos,| Y | 4d Sinuns Apollinis. 2| Per M. Alabaft. & Sin, Hy- A Ad Simm Apoll. (perbor. CMajorem. c tl Per M. Earon c L. Nigr. & Per Inf. Ophiufam. (Min ; — | 71444 M. Porphyr. & L.nigr, ‘Stellula diftab. in| $| Per M. Porph.cM. Serr, limb.56 vel 40.) o|-- Porph.Pr. 3,63 M. Garp. 1 | : e Macroceran. tel Perlaf Corf. M. Arg. M. | |r1| Per M. Porphyrit.& Lac. 1. te ( Trafimenum. 3 ; nr SE Apollinis, e2f.- I5 Chrifii, e Inf. Mar. 55 08 32.33.0 \ Lucida ive. | | | $7 33|22.50.o|Lscide Lyre, | — | M zt Penumbra. | d je Penumbra pone evanuit quoad €onjicere potuimus ob nubes, HALUMWAAARR APA ASE UU UD 0 UO UD UO XO UO UO (9. E. NN An _ | (591) | An Account of fome Books. : f c Y. Memoires pour fervir al Hiffire Naturelle des 4 NI- MAUX: To which à joyged another Trad totally different, id La MESURE dela TERRE. vine Plmprimerie Royale, 167 1, in fol. Great part of thefe two Treatifes having been already given anaccount of in Nwmb.49. and 112. of thefe Trads, as inc there came to our hands ; we fhall now only take notice of what we could not do formerly , becaufe there were not then . defcribed fo many Animals, asthereare now; and, asto the Ac- - count of the New Meafure of the Earth , we then blur a the fecond hand in writing un-printed. But before. I defcend to particulars , I think, it will not be amifs toacquaint the Readers (who will find it very difficult to | get any Copies of thefe Books,) with part of the Introdu@ion , A Varis, pr: premifed by the liluftrious Authors to their Obfervations con- «cerning the Animals examined by them; which examen they ovn to have made as they are a Royal Academy and Body, inftituted by his Majefty of France for the Improvement of Sciences. They fay then, that that which they bear themfelves moft upon an thefe Memoires, (as they call them) is, the uncontroulable Te- ftimony they give toa certain and known Truth. For they were not the work of one particular man, who may fuffer himfelf to be prevented by his own opinion ; who doth not eafil yapprehend but what confirms the firft thoughts he bath entertain'd, for which he hath as great an indulgence, asa parent hath for his children 5 who is not contradicted in the liberty he gives himfelf to deliver whatever he fhall judge capable to bring luftre to his works and, ' ina word, who confiders lefs the truth of. matter of fa&& , than the fine drefs, which he adds to it and forms himfelf, of certain parti- - eularities, which he fuppofes, or difguifes, to make them ferve his turn; infomuch that he would not be well Pleafed to learn fuch Truths and to make fuch Experiments as fhould rune a fine-fpun ratiocination, But fuch Inconveniencies, as thefe, they fay, are ~ not incident to thefe Memoires, which contain nomatter of faà but fuch as hath been verified by a whole Affembly, compofed of per- fons who have Eyes to fee fuch things as thefe, otberwife than the greatett part of the reft of. the world , and that, have Hands to Aearch into them with more dexterity and fuccefs ; who fee very Hhhh well (592) well what is, and who will hardly be made to fee what is not ; why do not ftudy fo much to find things new, as to examine thofe wel] that are pretended to bave been found ; and to whom the very affurance of having been deceived in fome Obfervation; gives little lefs fatisfaction, than a curious and important Difcovery : So much, (they affure as) doth the Love of certainty prevail a- bove any other thing. Now this Love, (they add) is fo much the {tronger, as it meets with no conibat from any other intereft ; for- afmuch as the vain glory, which the fuccefs of an ingenious illu- fion might by a fürprize have carried away , would be to thema very finall thing, it being divided between fo many perfons that do all contribute to this work, esther by the propofitions that each of them makes of new things which he difcovers , ox by his clear- ing up of the Difcoveries made by others, in examining them as others do examine his, with fucha watchful care as a little emu- lation never fails to ftir up amongft Philofophers: So that, in all appearance, füch matters as have paffed fo fri a trial as thefe, are exempt from all deceitandfalfr y. — 1 Having thus introduced their labours, and intimated withal, that they have chiefly given an account of the Ipferzal parts of the Anima!s here exhibited,now and then only adding fome Reflexions upon particularities chat might deferve them , -yet no otherwife ~ than an Effay,and the Firft fruits of that Crop, that one day may be reaped froma whole Magazeen of fuch Obfervations : Having, , T fay, done this, they give us the Anatomical Defcriptions thems felves of 13 fpecies of Exotic Animals ; of which Five (vis, a Cameleon, Caftor, Dromedary, Bear, and Gazelle,) were formerly publithed, and defcribed by the fame Perfons, in a Book in quarto, printed at Paris 1669 * which now are reprinted here in a more magnificent manner, and augmented with the number of Eight - fpecies, which are, two Lions anda Lionneff, a Chat Pard (fuppe- fed tobeengendred by a Leopard anda Sow-catt,) a Sea-fox, a Lupus Cervarius ot Lynx, an Otter, a Civet cat, an Elke, and a. - Qn Mmi of Brájl; 2 200-200 GOEL IED wal bNISO, Firff, they difcourfe of two Lions and one Lionneff ; and,among other obfervations , they take notice from divers circumftances, that one of the two Male-Lions fickned oF a Surfet ; they having: been inform'd, that fome months before he died he wouldnot only not come out of his lodge, but hard]y eat ; and that therefore fome aene | |^. — remedies | ( 593 ) | remedies were order'd for him, and among the reft, not to eat any other flefh but that of young Animals , and to. eat them alive, -. Towhich his Keepers (to render this food the more delicate for him)added the extraordinary preparation of fleaing Lambs alive, and to let him eat divers of thofe; which at firft recover'd him, by reftoring his appetite and fome chearfulnefs. But yet, fay zhey, this food in all appearance bred too much blood, and fuchas was toofübtilefor this Animal, to which Nature hath not given the in- . duftry or care of fleaing thofe Creatures it feeds on ;. it being cre- dible, that the hair, wool, feathers and fhells, which all Animals .ef prey devour, are a kind of neceffary corredif to keep them e filling themfelves by their greedinefs with too fucculent a food. | Next, comes the Ghat-Pard, wherein they chiefly note the defe& of Spermatick veffels , and of other parts abfolutely neceffary to . generation, which they found did not proceed from caftration,buc from fome other caufe : Where they takeoccafion to obferve,that the Sterility, which is ordinary infome of thofe Animals that are born of two different fpecies,muft have in thes fubje& a very parti- . cular eaufe. For, fy they, that which renders Mules fterile, isnot _ - the defe& of any of the Organs neceffary to generation, in regard that the difference which may be found in the conformation of the - matrix of a Mare and of that of a She-Affe cannot,as fome pretend, bea ground of this caufe of fterility ; the Mare, in which fome- - thing is deficient that is found in the She- Affe, not being deftitute of any of the parts abfolutely neceffary to engender , becaufe it doth engender ; and the difference of the organs being not the caufe of barrennefs, forafmuch as the difference of organs, which | is between the fpecies of Horfes and Affes, hinders not the breed- ing of Mules, which do iffuefrom the mixture of thofe two fpecies, — Whence 4iffotle, following Empedocles, imputes this defe& only to the Temperament of thofe Animals, whofe parts have contracted a hardnefs that renders them incapable to contribute to a new mix- gure: Sothat, if it betrue, that moft of. the Animals , whichare born of the mixture of two: kinds, .are.notwithftanding fruitful, they are inclined to believe, that the-conformation of this .Ghat-Pard was peculiar and accidental, and. that the defe& of the parts which it wanted;and which made it uncapable of engendring, proceeded not fromithat: mixture of fpecies's,which by-changing the anie | Hhhne-- Cqn- (594) — Conformation of the parts cannot fo fpoil the fame as to render it unfit for the fun@ions, and is yet lefs capable to make a Mutilati- on; but may moreeafily caufe fome vice in the Temperament , . which is a very natural fequel of mixture 5 and laftly , tbat 'tis - probable, that if the Mule be the only Animal, which the confu- fion of fpecies renders fterile,there is fomething particular in thofe Animals that haveengendred it, which is not found in others; and ‘that is perhaps, as Araforle thinks , the hardnefs of the matrix in Mares and Affes, which like an Earth is rendred fterile by drinefs 3 whereas that reafon hath no place in Leopards, Foxes and others, which are Animals fecond enough totranfmit to their off-fpring the ftrong difpofitions they have for generation, notwithftanding the refiftance which the mixture of different fpecies's may bring. — — "The Third is the Sea- Fox,in whofe ftomach they found a branch - of the Sea-herb Varec, anda Fifh of five inches long , without its head, fcales,skin and bowels, al! having been confumed, except the mufculous fefh, which wasyet entire. Andas to its Cuts , they obferve, that the Upper part of them had a peculiar ftru&üre;and; inflead of the ordinary circumvolutions of Guts , the cavity of thefe was diftingaith’t by many tranfvers feparations , compofed of the meuibrans of the Inteftin turned-inwards, which feparati- - ons were half. an inch diftant from one another , and turn’d ^heli- cally like a Snail-fhel! 5. which may be taken for a caufethatthe . food is ftaied and a long while a paffing; though the way be fhore enough. | agonist 4 The fourtb'is the Female Lys; which is one of the animals,thae have fhort Guts, of which kind the Lion is alfo one, whofe Gurs they Found hardly longer than three times the length of his body: - Which argues fpeedy digeftionand great voracity. © 9) The fifth is the Otter , the difference of which from the Caffor - they have very carefully obferved 5 as they havealfo the peculiar. connexion of the Spleemof the Orter, which they fay is different. from that of almoft all other animals, in which that viens i$ gene rally faftned to the ftomach, whereas inthis Otter it. was faft to the Epiplion. And'as to a foramen ovale, they found no appearance in this Oster, that it had ever had: a hole that’ &ould give paffage ta . the blood fromthe venacava-into the arteria venofa s. which, they | fay, agrecs-welbenough with that: remark, - which all the Ancients lurve made, vie; that che Offer is conftrain’d from time to timeto rife |. Ns (393). | rifeabove the water to breath 5; which a Cafor doth not, as having a far greater facility tobe a long while without refpiration. © The fixth isthe Grvet-Cat, which. they were glad. they had the - opportunity to. compare with a Caffor , forafmuch as thofe two Animals agree in thofe organs that are very peculiar to them, which arethe receptacles wherein that liquor is colle&ed that is fo re- markable for its fcent, but is very fweet in the one, and very uns: pleafing inthe other. Which inade them fearch, whether there was: not fome particular reafon of this diverfity cf fimell but tothem it appear'd not that there was any other caufethan the diverfity of: the Temperament of thefe Animals, the Civer- Cat being hot and- dry, drinking little, aad living in hot and dry Countries: but: the Ca/for, living now in the Water, then upon the Earth;and being, - a very moift Creature, hath not beat enough to concodt and per-: -. fe& its humidity. | Dod. - They had,it feems,t wo of chefe Cats,a Maleand'a Female,which .-were fo like one another outwardly, that there was not fo much as any diftindétion of fex that appeared ; the Male,upon the diffeGion, being found to have its.genitals bid and fhut up within,and the vef fel that contains the odoriferous Jiquor being altogether alike in both. Which veffel isa pouch or fack under the amwsnot under the - tail, as Arifforle puts it in his Hyega (which they make the fame - with the Civet:Cat,) and isdifferent from the matrix; both very accurately defcribed by them. As to the odoriferous liquor,.they foundit.come forth ,. in,the Male as well as the Female, out of a. great number.of glanduls that are between the two coats that com- * pofe the pouches,which were in tte Male very, large;and very fina | : inthe Female; the Male yielding alfo a Civecinore pleafing. than | the Female, though Authors generally affvm the contrary... They - found not, that the fisell of the Civet becomes more? perfe& by being kept a while, nor that it is of an offenfive finell whennew, as — Anat, Lufitangs affirms ; this fmell not feemingto them betterafeer » ^ S a years.time, thanat the timeof the diffedions ^ ' ;; The feventh is the Elk, of which they examine very follici- | touíly its Glaws,together with the tradition of this Animals curing - itfelf of the Epilepfy (to which*tis {aid to be very fubje@) by - putting one of /his feet into his Ear s whence the Claw of that foot is alfo much celebrated among the vzigar,as a fpecifick againft that diftemper, Of its Braja they take notice ; that tbe glandula — jim ridet MU nautas: eee piuealie - vilis eel eee t 0993 j -pinealis therein was of. an extraordinary bignefs, and confidér, that . Lions, Bears, and other bold and fierce Animals have that part fo: very fmall that ‘tis hardly difcernable, and that the fame is exceéd- Ang big in thofe that are very timorous,as the E/é ; this Animal be- ing efteemed to-be fo fearful, that it even dies of fear when it hath received the flighteft wound, it having been obferv'd, that it never -furvives when it feethany of its own blood. | IE .. "The eighth aud laft is the Coat Mondi, a Brafilian Animal, re- - corded by Margravius, Laet, and others, in whofe books the'de- -fcription of that Animal differs only in the defcription “here «made of it, that in the former the Authors defcribenot their teeth, "which have a peculiar conformation, nor the {pars on. their feet ; . .andtlat they make the length of its 247) much longer than the . whole body ; which in this Goatz of our Authors, was but fhort in comparifon ; but may have been eaten off by the Animal it felf, forafinuchas De Laet faith , that this kind of Creatures are wont . tograw their tail, and fometimes quite off ; which when they'do ~ they die of. it. | mn Lujo | So much of oneof thefe Treatifes: The other, being a Newand . with great accuratenefs performed Menfuration of the Earth, hath ‘been largely defcribed, above a year fince, in Numb, 112 of thefe ‘Traéts; to which we fhall refer the Curious Reader. niti Til BRITANNLA, ANTIQUA llifrata, or, The |WENTIOUITIES of ANCIENT BR ITATN, "derived from the Phoenicians, &c, The Firft Volume : By Aylétt | "Sammes, of’ Ghrift’s Colledge 12. Cambridge ; fice, of tbe leaner Temple.London, printed by Tho.Roycroft for the Author; 1676. ' Upaantons and Curious Undertaker of thisdteat Work — hath endeavour'd, inthis his Firft Volume, to ateribure: with ae M E C $9? )' - Roki: and other Cuftomes of the Primitive Inhabitants , illu- - . ftraung many Old Monuments out of approved Greek and Latin. Authors; and delivering withal a Chronological Hiffory of this Kingdom, from the firft Traditional Beginning , until the Year of our Lord 800, whenthe Name of Britai# was changed into that of England: AM "With great induftry and care colle&ted out of the : beft Authors that could give light herein, and difpofed in a better Method than hitherto; together with the Antiquities of the Sax- _ ons as well as Phenicians, Greeks and Romans. Before all which is prefixed a Curious Map of the Ancient World, reprefenting to us, as twere in one view , the Progrefs of the Phoenicians in their remote voyages, and the Countries which they difcover'd together . withthe Names by themimpofed on them ; of all which particu- lars a large explication is fubjoyned. Toobferve fome of the things that are moft futable with the . Nature of thefe Tras ; I fhall frit take notice of that Inquiry, & Whether Britain was ever part of the Continent ? Which he an- fwers by enervating the Arguments that have been hitherro-alledg- ed by flourifhing Authors; among which he examines that with moft follicitude, which from the likenefs of the Soil concludes a Conjunction of Earth; and fhews , that in truth it was nothing more but the fame Vein of spa which ran wader water from one Country to another 5 which he i lluftrates and confirms from Phi-- lofophical Confiderations. Secondly, I fhall take notice of the moft ancient Philofophical Order of peoplein Britain, the Bards, a Phenician appellation of men, who in Poetical ftrains were wont to fing not only of the Praifes of the Gods, the Effence and Immortality of theSoul, the Vertues of Great Men,but alfo of the Works of Nature;the Courfe | of Coeleftial Bodies, and the Order and Harmony of the Spheres ; - though afterwards by their degeneracy they gave the advantage to - the Druids to get the upper hand of them ;. who yet notwith- ftanding, did not abolifh all the Cuftomes and Doétrines of the -. Bards, but retained the moft ufeful parts of them, of which that of: the lpwortality of the Soul was one ;. to which they added the Souls Tranfmigration, according tothe opinion of Pythagoras; a- bout whofe time, ora little after, 'tis believed that the Greeks en- tered thisIfland. Thefe Druids had, after the Bards, a government: ' that was univerfal over the whpia Country, as well in Civil affairs, - PES € $98 y | asin Religion; and they were exempt both from the fervices of War, and from paying any Taxes ; by which Immunities many - were invited to enter themfelves into that Order and Difcipline. ‘What itis, that engaged them to have the Oak in fo great venerati- on,is not fo eafieto determine. It feems,this Order of men was in fo | great reputation, that the Gau/s, though they had themfelves Drw- . ádsin their Country, yet fent their Children into Britaiz, tobe * inftruGed in the Myfteries of the Druids here, | Thirdly, Y cannot pafs-by the Obfervation, which our Author maketh, p.419. & feq. viz. That, asthe Britaigs were originally a Branch of that Nation, vid. the Czmbri, a people of Germany, — who anciently came and feated themfelves in Britain; fo the Saxons, that were invited hither after a revolutionof fo many Ages from that time, werea true branchof thofe very Cimbri, that had feated themfelvés fo long ago before them in this Ifland." Nor need it to be wonder'd, that, if the Ancient Bzztaigs,and the later —— _ Saxons be derived from the (ame ftock (the Czmbrz,) they fhould underftand nothing of each others language at the Saxons entrarice: For, the continuance of Time, and the mixture of the Britains with the Phawicians, Gracians, Gauls and Romans, in feveral ages, was the caufe of that difference; though itisnot tobedoubted put that there are many words in the Britifb congue which agree with the Saxe”, and which in probability they had in ufe long be- -fore the arrival of the Saxons themfelves. —- ia: Errata in Numb. 123. “P.ss1.Jeter. Beginning the Twelfth year, for Eleventh; which was an unhappy over- “fight , ibid.|.1§-r.Arehimedis, ib,l.23.r. Vinetum 5. p.592.l. 25. place, add, or Country yo ere. they were born oy educated y p.§§3.144. for remote r. Roman, ib. l.14« r. Forefés in Germany, 1b l.26.t. our Feackfon, 5 p-594.1.15.T« more intricate, ib.1.24 r. Bofcage for Bifcay, ib.|.25. r.apart from, 1b.1.32.r. wbo bat recorded; 9956.1, Gro Wheels — barometer, ib.],22«t« envy in ut5 p.564 Zura Secrets; p574.1.4.r-Vinetum, "A -Err.in tbà Namb. P2£.590.]. penult.r. pezé cvaniit. |! Printed by-T.R, for John Martyn Printer to the Royal Siiteig? ? at the Rel in St. Paul's Church-Yard. | RI ES zi May 22. 1676. UE The CONTENTS. — wo Inflances of fomething very remarkable in Shining Flefh, from -. Dr.J.Beal. 4 Difcourfe concerning the Spiraliz[lead of the bi- - therto fuppofed Annular, ftracture of the Fibres of the lateftins ; diftover'd and foewn by Dr. William Cole to the R. Society. Monfiear Bullialdus a»4 Monfiear Richelt’s account of the Lunar Eclipfe of Januar.1. 1676. ft.novo, An Account of five Books : ]. Nic. Mercatoris LVSTITUTIONUM .4STRONOMICA- | RUM Libri duo, &c. IL Obfervatiens fur les EAUX MINE- RALES deplufieurs Provinces de France, faites en ? Academie Royale des Sciences a Paris par le Sieur du Clos,erc. I. CO- CHLEARIA CURIOS A, written in Latin by Dr. Molimbro- chius,azd Ezglifb'd by Dr. Sherly. IV. Two Treatifes 5 the one, Medical, of the GOUT, by Herman Bufschof ; 15e other, partly Chirurgical, partly Medical, concerning fome Extraordinary Cafes of Women in travel,azd fome other uncommon Cafes of Difeafes in both Sexes, by Henry van Roonhuyfe : .Exglifh ad out of Dutch. V. New and Curious Obfervations of the Art of curing the Vene- real Difeafe : Englifh’d out of French by Dr. Walt.Harrys. _ T wo lnflances of fomething Remarkable in Shining Flefh, from Dr- [oot Beal of X cavel £a Somerfetfhire, in a Letter to the Publifher. ; SIR ; Fter you have been tired with thenoife of'a piece of Frefh X Beef,which fhined in the Strand in London, vithin few hours after it was bought in the Market; itimay feem füperfluous,or te- dious,to difcourfe more of fuch matters, But for fomething, which [Have not feen formerly remarked, and which fell out in this ~~ Town, and in the Houfe where I dwell; within my own knowledg, |^ [fhall give you the Inftances,as briefly'asPcan. — pm. | Cauet Singo Sd'E Op p y 22255; 771 50? 4. Upon | (600) | t, Upon Friday (Febr. 25. 1675.) a Womanof this Town, bought inthe Market a Neck of Veal, which feemed well colour- — ed,and well conditioned in every refpe& : The Calfja cow-calf, was killedoin the evening the day before’; it was hung toa Shelf ina little Chamber, where fhe and her Husband lay : Upon the fol. lowing Saturday, about g in the night, the Neck of Veal fhined fo bright, that it did put the Woman intoa great affrightment. She calls up her Husband ; he haftensto the Light, asfearingfireand — . flames,and feeing the light come only from the Flefh,he caught the - Flefh in his left hand, and beat it with his right hand, as endea- vouring to extinguifh the flame,but without efíe&. The Flefh fhi- ned as much, if not more,than before, and his hand, with which he did beat the Flefh,became all ina flame;as bright,and vivid,as the Flefh of the Veal was, and fo it continued, whilft he went from place to place,fhewingitto others. Then he thrufts his blazing hand into a‘pail of pure water; this could not extinguifh the flame at all,but his hand fhined through the waterzatlafthe tookanap- . kin, and wiped his hand,till he wiped off all the Light, Thenext day (being Febr.27. )the Veal was dreffed,and fome of the Neigh- bours,who faw it fhining,were invited to eat ofit:all efteemed it as good,as any they had eaten. A part of it was kept for Febr.28, and 29.in which timeit.loft nothing of its fweetnefs.Other circum- ftances I omitfor brevity. . — ski 2. And now I want nota parallel in confort for that part of this Relation, which feemeth ftrangeft : For on Tuefday (being Apr.4. 1676.)afat Pork was killed for my Family; within two days,the — Guts, or (asfome call them ) the Chitterlings, and feet of the Pork were boyled, and after they were throughly cold, they were put, in due order,in foufe: drinkjor pickle,in à low room,on theNorth- fide, which had little lipht.at mid-day, and'was very dark,as foon as night began. 4pr,8. all thofe parts of the guts,and the claws of the feet, which floated on the top of the pickle,began tofhine, and the parts immerfed under water gave no light.;. the light increafed daily more and more in al] the.parts thatfloated. Apr. 1 3.the light feem das brightas the brighteft Moon fhine ; thus it continued. to thine (but fainterand fainter, and infewer. parts) almoft a week longer;for,being often tumbled up,and down,by (low.-degrees;all funk into the pickle;and then all the lightexpired. Whilft the light was vivid, I caus'd.a Maid-fervant.to.rub oneiof, her-hands wpon thefhining part ; after which,ithe came through three rooms, into | | - the es. | (691 ) the place where I fate, between a great fire on one fide,and a candle - .Ot two ona Table nearat hand,on the other fide;and i in this place fhe fhew’d me her hand,all over fhining,as bright as Moon-fhine ; one indeed ftood betweert her hand and the fire, another between her andthe candles. Ihencel went into another room, where there was but a fmall fire,and no candle,but (at that time) a little Moon-fhine through a window, there the fhining parts of her hand, or indeed her hand all over appear'd to me very brigh: flames. Then caufed fome of the fhining Pork co be brought into “the fame room,and examined, whether the pickle did not fhine,and fo might give the flaming cindure to the Maids hand ; but by Wis ping the Pork diligently with a napkin, tillit was perfealy dry- ed, we found, that the flame of the Pork was rather increafed, (as we all thought)}than diminifhed. Then I defired all the company, - (whereof fome were young children, which have the tendereft touch) to try, whether the moft flaming parts bad any perceptible degree of tepidity ;all agreed, that they could feel no warmth, Bue .I continued to dire& them a!l to compare the dark parts with the moft luminous, by that part of their fore: fingers, which hath the moft tender perception; after 3 or 4 trials,all agreed ftill,thar all parts of the Pork were nianifeftly gelid ; but fome thoughr, they perceived the luminous parts lefs gelid than the dark parts, others denied it:for my own part,I found not fo much difference,as could clear me from fufpedinga prepondering fancy. After thefe Tryals, the Maid wiped off the light from her hand, by rubbing her band ftrongly with a napkin, three or four times over. 3. Then! fufier’diny Servants to call in feveral Neighbours to - fee it, night after night, and particularly the Mother and Sifter of the Woman,which bad the fhining Veal, This I did partly to pre- vent, that they might not raife flories of Ghofts in my Houfe ; yet fome were forward at it. If we had had a mind to at Papeantries, or tofpread a {tory of Goblins, you fee how eafily it might have been done, by finearing ones hands and face all over with the tin- dure of light, which adhered fo permanently. And befides,T noted, - that by thisacquired blaze, the face and hands would appeara | great deal larger than they were, and the manner how it was done being concealed, the learned and i ingenious might be ata lofs to ‘difcover what it “might be. - 4. If othersthink fit to vili&e thefe Obfervations,yet I muft ac- knowledg, That I never heard nor read ofthe like;till Honourable bit ive Mr. ( 602 ) Mr, Boyle was pleas'd to obligeus with anaccurate accompt ofa Neck of Veal,and a Pallet, which were luminous,as you have pub- . Jifhedit in JV.89 of your Trads.p.5107-Hiftories report of a fud- dain and fhort fulgor about the countenance of the diving, which they inrerpreted to prefage fomething extraordinary, by which thoft perfons became Illuftrious ; but of deadcarkalfes, which be- came thus luminous, I have read nothing inold Records. That Mackrels, in «heir pickle, did caft a fhiningblaze, fome days be- fore they were ill tafted, or ill fented, ] gave you notice eJMay «e. 1665.a8 tis in your Firff Vol. 1. 13. p.226. Since whichtimel try- ed often toobrain the like, but without fuccefs, though I know not what circumftance was wanting. The pickle in which the Pork was put, was made on!y of pure Water, Bran,and bay-Salr, - and was ar from fhining : It quencht the light by degrees of the fhining Flefh. The Mackrel-pickle( which was boyl'd'with a mix- ture of fweet herbs) by a little ftirring became fo lumingous,that a dropofit in the palms of childrens hands appeared as broad asa fhilling, or broader, fo that a wafh of it might too fitly ferve for. Impofture. j 3 ! T Cn s. For the difficulty of obtaining the fame, and for many o- - ther confiderables, Irefer to Mr. Boyle's Pneumatical Experiment 37. by him obferv'd about 18 years ago. And I think, fhining - Worms are feldom found in Oyfters,as was obferv'd by Monfieur Anzout, in your z.12. p.203. And perhaps one may wait a long : day, before he fhal! fee fucha long-lafting Light in the Iri/b Seas, as was remarked in your Vol.9. z.111. p.240. Sothat I cannot. wonder, ifexpert Chymifts do by fome Chance obtain more,than by Art and much diligence they can repeat again, fince they deal with fuch fickle agents,as Fire and Flame. Ihave heard of fomeDews on Meadows, fhining inthe early morning, before day-light ; but - thofe more frequently. Thefeand much better,fome of Mr, Boyle's Inftances in your forementioned Experiment 37. and more in his Difcourfe of Luminous Gems at the end of his elaborate Treatife’. of Colors may at leaft, by refemblances,inftrudé us to apprehend the - nature of fome fhining Meteors among the Clouds,or in-our lower . Region, of which,they fay, fome have a finging heat, and do blaft, and chat fome:-are to the touch gelid,yet do poyfon or corrupt our flefh. And Ihave read in our Chronicles, That in England, for many. days together, there hath been a fiery incalefcence with light, as if allthe air had been ina flame. Thus we have flaming Air,and fla- | ming | us (603 ) | ming Water, in Seas, and in Clouds, and in Pickle ; yet not fo fre- quent,as to efcape always the fufpicion of being Prodigies. But in the forefaid references more is faid of Light, than I amable to exprefs 5. 1 fhall only add, That I gave full warning to obferve, whether the Light in my two Inftances had any blewifh or green- ihtin&ure; all that faw both, affirmed the Light to be as clearas the brighteít Moon fhine,and fo it appeared to my own eyes ; and I.can perfe&ly remember, that I really thought the beams which - came from the Mackrel,and the ftirred pickle,to be bright Moon- fhine,tilla Servant brought me to the Veffel,to fee the contrary. . JPefifeript.. We had the report bere(whether true or falfe,you may beft know) ofthe fhining Beef inthe Strazd, about the fame time, when the Neck of Veal, firft mention’d, fhined here. And it was here obferved, Thatthe Stars had that night aglaring bright- - -nefsand largenefs,more than ordinary, and fur fome moneths be- fore, and ever fince, the weather hath been more gentle, warim,and dry, thanis vfual in thofe months 5 but *tisabove my skill to de- monftrate, how this belongstothe marterin hand. Note, thatthe Mackrel- pickle was thick and not tranfparent, till itwasftirred and flaming; the Pork-pickle was clear,or tranfparent,yet fhined - not in any part. . : | — *4 Difcourfe concerning the Spiral, inflead of the fuppofed Annular, - ftrugture of the Fibres of the Inteflins ; difcover'd and {hewn by © the Learn’ d and lnquifitive Dr. William Coletothe R.Societye E wXlfcourfing (near two years fince) witha very ingenious Per- 4 J fon, concerning the Mechanical. reafon of the Periffaltick - motion of the Inteftines, which is by Anatomifts deduced princi- pally from Annular fibres,conftituting,according to the received ". do&rine( with the right fibres immediately invefting them,though, by theby, I take thefe to makea diftin& coat) one of the coatsof — them ; his fence was. (which he told me was that likewife of fome others of his acquaintance ) that they might be rather numerous, . though fmal!, Sphin&er-mufcles, than fingle fibres, to which that motion is to beattributed ; Mufcles being in moft, if not all,other : inftances owned to be the adequate inftruments of motions analo- ' gousto this 5 and fibress though abfolutely neceffary, yet beingno » otherwife fo, thanas (a number of them being colle&ed, and fitly difpofed) they conftitute a Mufcle, ia ..— The CoajeQure feemed to me more probable than the vulgarly - [ received - — y (4902) * E -yeceived opinion: but yet (withall refpe& tothe abettors of either ) feveral difficulties occurred to me, whether of the two fuppofitions foever were allowed. . For, fiff, Y conceived it might be doubted (each of thefe, whe- ther Gingle fibres, or mufeles, being fappofed diftind, as 1 tink they generally are, and, if annular, | conceive, wuft be) how the actuating matter,or impreffion (according to the opinion of fome learned men ) fhould be tranfmitted from one to another down along the whole tra& of rhe Inteftines ; (ince Natures ufual way for the propagation of Animal motion,is'by a Continuation of veffels, Cor at leaft fibres, whether they be concave or not) from the part. "where it begins to that to which’tis imparted, either for the con- "veyance of fome a&uating fubftance,. or (according to the other Hypothefis) the communicating an impreffion. But there being, in the Az#ularfuppofition, no fach continuation of- veffels or fi- ‘bres, a lateral contiguity being all that can be pretended, it might perhaps be urged,that the influent and moving matter (according tothat notion ) might be tranfinitted by mutual inofculations be- tween the contiguous fibres along their fides 5. which, ifthere te -no Communication by veffels, was the only way,I could ghefs ar, to folve the doubt ; for,the notion of an lapreffioz would hardly -dothe.bufinefs, fince it feemed not evidenr,that there could be,in that fuppofition of a Continuity of fibres, tenfity enough in the - Inteftins to carry onfuchamotion. Buttothis I confidered, - Secondly, That fuch a fuppofition feemed not very agreeable — to Natures methods, which ordinarily makes ufe of Veffels (and - thofe both clofe, and as direct as the defign and organization of the part will bear,) for the tranfiniffion of the fluid fubftances in — the bodies of animals, not lateral emiffaries ; except where fome Sreat inconvenience is defigned to be prevented by the help of fuch conveyances ; as, for inftance, by the Anaftomofes,difcover- ec to be between veins and veins, arteries and arteries, in which veffels the bloud running with a largeand rapid ftream,, fhould anv of them chance to be obftruáed, the Circulation, fo neceffary. tolife,muft needs be intercepted, without fome lateral conveyance - of it into othersof the fame kind: Which inconvenience yet I fuppofed would hardly be alledged in the prefent cafe ; that fa- brick of thofe veffels feeming to be defigned for extraordinary emergencies,but thefe being,according to the prefent fuppofition, the conftant and neceffary du&s of this a&uating matter. But neverthelefs, ol ae Thirdly, Yt feemed difficult (to me at leaft) to folve this Intefti- nal contraction, though thefe lateral apertures were fuppofed: For, if fibres (whether confidered as (ingle, or as conftitutinga mufcle) be contracted according to their length from fome influ- ent matter,it muft be(according to my fence) from a diftenfion of them in breadth ; and, in order to that, this matter muft undergo fome confinement in the part to be diftended ; but if they have |a- teral perforations (and chofein the oppofite part proportionate . tothofe in that which admits this matter, which muft, I conceive, be granted, fince the contraction is all along the Inteftines propor- tionate,) how canit be fuppofed, a diftenfion (at leaft fuch a one as ' is here required) can happen, when the matter defigned to effe it has foready a paflage forth, efpeciaily its determinationfrom tre impelling caufe being in right lines downward ? If it were objedt- ed, that the motion of this fubftance might be füppofed to be la-- teral as well as direct, in regard there would bea pa(fage for it in- to the fibres as well as through the Anaftomofes, and that in pro- portion larger than through thefe, whence nothing feems to hine- der but that a diftenfion of them might follow; I fuppofed, ic ' might be rep:yed, that, by reafonof fuch a diftorfion of part of the impelled matter, it feems,that the impreffed motion would be foon loft (according to the laws of motion) unlefs the impelling caufe were more violent than I fee reafon in this cafe to imagine ic: tobe. Butindeed I think,no Anatomifts have obferved,that muf- - cles ( fuppofing thefe fuch ) receive their a&tuating matter inat their fides, or, when their motion ceafes, fend it forth that way; buc all, fo far as has been obferved, arefenced with acon(ider. ly compa&, and (comparatively) impervious membrane. Fourthly, \confidered, that all mufcles are obferved to have - two tendons, one at each extremity, by the approach of one whereof toward the other, its motion, which is contradtion, is performed ; but it feems hard to conceive, that thefe tendons - fhould coincide (as in this fuppofition they muft) and,if they do, I pre(ümed it would be difficult to determine, what part of thefe - circular mufcles (iffuch) the tendons are,and where the motion : fhould begin in each;it being obferved,that.all mufcles are faftned ‘ to fome, either (imply or comparatively, unmovable part,toward - which (ordinarily) they move, and by which the in(tin& of moti- onis from the nerves conveyed to them: But no ÁAnatomiíts, (fo : .farasLhad obferved ) -having difcovered, that any one part 3r ‘ s! (606) | thefe mufcles, or moving fibres, whichfoever they be,has any ftri- &er cohefion than other with any of the adjacent parts, I concei- ved, I might be allow’d the liberty to doubt of the Hypotbefis,cfpe- . cially if I could fatisfie my felf betcer by ano:her. — For inftead of thefe folutions there occurred to my thoughtsa . third way, which ( provided experience would countenance it) feemed more mechanically adjufted to folve the Phenomenon; viz. That chofe fibres, which have been efteemed annular, might per- haps be /piral, and (o be continued down in one trat to the loweft extremity of the inteftines; witha!, chat cheir finalnefs, compared with the compafs they fetch about the inteftine, might very cafily, I conceived, impofe upon any, who made notthofe refle&ions, or tried not to unravel chem; their declination being, for that reafon; - not eafily difcermible : Which if true, it feemed probable to me, that when either a bare motion fhall be impreffed on them at their beginning, or any fubftance impelled into them, they being to be fuppofed én flatu saturali moderatly tenfe , fo longas the moving caufecontinues,the motion muft be fucceffively continued all along their traéts, and, that being in ambitum, muft therefore, whilftic las; by abbreviating thefe fibres, firaiten the inteftine, and fo thruft forward what is contained in it, efpecia!ly if they proved to have a mufcular fabrick, The conjecture as ‘twas not difrelifhed by the perfon to whomI propofed it, fogratified me the more for the feeming eafinefs of the performance; Nature's operations be- ing the mofteafy and fimple that can be imagined , though for that reafon very often, I doubt, overlook'd, But che notion lay afcer- ward long dormant, till, about half a year fince,being revived by I know not what occafion, I confider'd 'twas too unphilofophical. to acquiefce in bare fpeculation, when astop/y wight be confulted; -and therefore I fet upon the experiment, which I firft made ina portion in the upper inteftines of an Ox, which, by reafon of their largenefs of proportion to thofe of moft other fpecies of animals, —— feem'd fitteft for che tryal safterwards in thofe of Sheepand Calves, _ befide the repetition of it in Oxen, and not only in the finaller in- ‘teftines, but inthe colon and cetam alfo. The circumftatices and refult of which tryals are as follows, * DIBect DITOR To efíe& a due disjunction of the membranes and fibres(whichT _ found 'cwas hard , if not impoffible, for me to make while 'twas raw, ) I was fain to caufe the inteftine of Oxen to be boiled e or 6 hours, of Sheep 4; whereby the compages of the parts was fo | | Hm | . loofned, : E ; eC Bop) loofned, that the two outward coats, vz.the common one, and that confifting of right fibres were eafily feparated (if it were attempted foon after it was taken out of the water ) from that to which my fearch was deftined , and left thofe reputed ammulay ones naked: - . Kthough, by the way,too long co&ion would prove prejudicial on the ocher: hand, by too much intenerating thefiores.) "Thefe at the tap of the inteftine I attempted to feparate from one anothers and — when thofe, which had been decurtated by the unequal cutting of the knife; were taken off, I found, — : — Eirfi, that I could not feparate a fingle fibre from his fellows to any confiderable diftance, all of them ( to my obfervation ) being very finall, and in the feparation running finaller and finaller, ard withal by reafon of their implication or ftri&er cohefion one with -another eafily breaking; buta congeries of them (to be obferved 'efpecially,though not precifely alwaies,in thofe places, where by -gently extending the inteftines feveral times , and then letting it return again, the cohefion of the feveral feres of them became laof- ~ ned) whichat firft view would refemblea pretty large fibre, would without much difficulty rife together ; the very final! conftituting fibres of which clufters yet, if the boiling had been very long con- cinued, whereby the compages was very much relaxed, would in the — raifing be very apt to feparate from one another , and appear di- -. ftin&, by reafon of their infertions, by and by to be mentioned. Secondly, that when, beginningat the top, T attempted the fe- paration of one of thefe (fuppofed agzu/ar) clufters of fibres to- - wards my. right hand (on chat fide of the inteftine , I mean, which was turned towards me)a whole ring would come off together, Cexcepting that fome fiPrille , which , rifing from contrary parts, decuffated one another at the top in that phafis, would a little re- tain it) which at firft ftagger'd meas to my forementioned conje- - &ure;; bur endeavouring it towards my left, T found, for the moft part, I could eafily enough unravel that clufter to a confiderable length,véz. that of fometimes more than two or three fpans,before guption(of the wholeclufter I mean, ) which yet at laft 'twould be fubje&to,: For, |. - birdly,though thofe convolu itions,as to thegreateft part of them appeared diftin&, yet I found, that from every one of thenrat fhort . diftances fome fibres did obliquely, and the moft of them, to my -beft obfervation, according to the courfe of thofe I have mentio- ned, infert themfelves into the next convolution, and become a part of it; though withal fome I obferved to have a contrary ten- anc Kkkk dency, ? ao ie ( 6 08 ) £i dency,or rather feem'd to afcend fromthe lower to the upper con" volution, ) and help toconítitute it > and fo toobferve the courfe mentioned; nay,fometimes.would go farther than the next convo- Jution, and, running under it, apply theaifelvesobliquely to fome higher, which yet beingiaa fmaller number than the reft that lay in the order contrary to them, did not very much hinder the diffo- ciation of the main ones ; which fibres breaking off, and that in fome places in greater numbers than in others, would at laft (and the fooner if the inteftine began to grow dry , which 'twould quickly do) caufe the whole clufter to break off. . Fourthly’, Y obferved , that as the moft of thefe fibres would by degrees according to the order of the convolutions, infert themfelves into the next,fo fome of them would (in the fame order) pafs over it, and more (fo faras I have obferved ) would run un- der it,and either adjoyn themfelves to fome more remote,or elude my fearching by hiding themfelves under them. This infertion of thefe fibres feems to be the reafon of the ausslar phafis, that I men- tioned even now, in the contrary way of feparation: For, the at- tempting it contrary to their order, muft hinder in fome meafure _the ready diffociation of the next convolutions upwards;efpeci- ally near the fevered extremity, where there is lefs refiftance of the adjacent parts; the mentioned fibres alfo feeming fomewhat big. ger, and confequently ftronger, in the upper, than after their in» fertion into the lower convolution: Thoughindeed . . T _ Eéftbly,| found,that if began at a lower part of the inteftine,and try'd to.unravel epwards,there was not much more difficulty ia fo. doing, than when beginning above, [attempted it dewzwards ; of — which the reafon,I fuppofe,might be thetendernefs of the part oc- cafioned by long boiling, whereby I could not perhaps judg of the - degrees of renitency in thofe finall fizres;. In this contrary way of feparation toosthe operation, I obferv'd, would not fucceed,unlefs. I attempted it in the contrary order,viz.towards my right hand; Sixthly, when before boiling I: caufed- the infide of the inte- ftine to be turned outward, as. I did in two tryals, andafterward: —— by taking off the glandulous and vafcular coats(which I think to bediftin& from,one another; as I faid before of thofe confifting of right fibres, and the fuppofed a»szwár:ones;)endeavoured to unra- vel the fibres, I found they would conie off in the contrary order, viz ftom my left hand toward my right; which; I conceive,con- firms the obfervationabove:deliver'd ; in regard the/inteftine be- | ing inverted , the order of feparation muft be. fo t00;5:. sc PPP. Uy ound ee ( 609 ) e found(or thought) the operation more difficult by reafon of fome fibres lying in the oppofite order (mentioned under the third par- | - ticular)and in this appearaace lying uppermoft. Seventhly , in one of thefe attempts of unravelling the fibres of the inteftine of an Ox, fo inverted, I found, that though the fibres I took up came off in the order I juft now mentioned, yet run- ning over fome others, they made a more oblique excurfion, and for two or three convolutions left betwixt them a confiderable area of fibres, amounting (according to my conje&ure ) to five or fix times, or more, the bredth of thofe that fo came off, till going deeper and deeper among the other fibres, and at laft running un- .. der them, they could be no longer traced, but brake off. Whether this be ufual, or only lafus satura, I cannot determine. | Eighthly, I found it much more difficult (ia that one tryal f ynade) to unravel the fibres of the Cecums, than the other inteftine, ' which feemed more interwoven than thofe of the reft, and to have. contrary tendencies one among another. | This is the fum of my obfervations hitherto concerning this coat, which I take leave to think one concave andHelical mufcle(if I may fo ftyle it:) And that it might be füppofed füch, the fore- mentioned infertions feem'd to evidence, they appearing to me in the feparating appofitely enough to reprefent the fabrick of a . mufcle delivered by theaccurateS£ego. Where the tendons of it are fixed, is not evident ; but, if I may have the liberty to conjetture, . I fhould think the upper of them to be radicated (at leaít ) at the pylorus (if not as high as the /pbinéter gule (if this be not it,) fince, the carneous coat of the ftomach being by the Learned Dr. Willis found to be a mufcular contexture , and there being a continua- tion of motion between that part and the inteftines, it feems to me not altogether improbable they may be but one mufcle ; and the other at the anus. lon^ we | Whether the fuppofed annular fibres of the veins and arteries way not have the fame fabrick as thofe of the Inteffines,fince both thefe kinds of veffels feem to have a periffaltick contraction of their . own, and not to be bare conduit- pipes to tranfinit the impelled bloud, I propofe to be confidered and examined by perfons of more acute hands and judgment ;as I do all what I have here delive- red, not daringtoo much to truft even the informations of my own hands and eyes, till I find them confirmed by thofe of others, more judicious as well as dextrous in making experiments. paie Kkkk 2 Mon(ieur - p s 610 ) fieur Bullialdus sndMsRichelis account of the laft Lunar Eclipfe of Jj amar; E St. novo; whereby itappears that the Rudolphia Tables or Zecker's calcu- los made thereon, do confiderab!y differ from the Heavens both for pereson PA. magnitude, but the Fhilolaigue: Tables, lefs. Tabule Philolaice exhibent in Eclipfi i vila Fanuarii die 1 mane,1676. Uraniburgi Parifiis Decemb 21. St, n0U0.. H. T ^" H. 2 oe } f Initium ^"^" | I4. $3. 29 14. 13. 29. ye ani Max. obfc. 16. 0. 33 15. 20, 33 gDigitos Ill. LI. t UR & Veram 16. 9. 18 15. 29. 18 — ^: finem. ^ 17% 7. 37 16- 27. 37. Sic vero illud deliquium obfervavit Mmael Bullialdus, Capelle Difl. à vertices VM mane : " \Corficam non attigit umbra , neque Lacum Thra[y- menum , propterza Eclipfis non execffit digito 114 XXX. vel minus etiam. Initinm uno ferupulo primovel 45” anteceff t ade notatum, ita ait flarui exa£tius pofit H. 14,22, "32. Hinctota duratio fatis precife H, Y, $1, 24. Quare maxima obfcuratio contigit H. 16, 18. 14. ) Parifiis obfervatum Heckerus Pa ifi fis Hy " Totam durat. Initium Ad 22 32:9 14 8^ e H. 2. 124. **56. ax. obíc. Ig 18 14 I5 20 18 Digitos. IV. '24. Finis 16 I3 56 16 32 36 '31. G. 39 36 | Penumbra tenuis. 40 42 | Penumb. craffior. 41 48 | Obfcurior adhuc. ^ \ “42. 30 | Initium fenfibile &]7- reg.finus Hyperb.| circa gr. 70: 42 50 | Digiti fere H 2 25 48 44. 25 Umbra attigit At- 2 36. LR. lantem minorem. wwe sees 47 28 |Umbra paulo fupra 2 56 27 |] Baronifum, fupra Liguftinum,occu- ] paverat Macr.M. 48 56 |U. attigerat fere ca- tenam Mundi. Tabula ergo Rudolphine eflendunt durat. longiorem obfervata’ 33. ‘13. Magnitudin. deliquii majorem '$4 "31. unius digiti 60, id eft, uno fere digito, Árgenting fi fic obfer. D. Julius Richelt 7rofeff. Matbematumsutcumque ,ut ipfe dicit, ob nondam ram. & med. pa- abfoluta correé£tiora infirumente * Judum Hyperbor. .. |Alto -Ar&uro 32 7 | Occupavit f finumSa-|] 29 1 |G. (4H. * '* garicum & Pe- | - - 30 30|I4 48 48 Initium. ronticum , atque 36 offs 20 $&|U. per Montem Porphyritem & Prox Promont. Lunz. mount. Lunz. $4 $2 |Leucopetra extra 43 21 139 solls 45 44 |U.Strinxit Lacum Thrafymen. Mont. umbram. Baronifum & finum Cercinitem. $$ 40 |Sinus peronticus 3 54 6 144 15|16 13 20 |U. tranfit per Prom. Lune & Montem. extraumbram. . Cimmerium. : ss 48 Sinus Sagaricus ex-|3. 55 12 [46 25 16 27 36 U. tetigit Lacum nigrum minorem & tra umbram. | M. Carpathum. $6 17 SinusGercinites fere|s 58 29 |48 3o|16 41-44 |Defiit in Regione Hyperborea media: emerferat, ) ad Mare Hyperboreume . oe a Srey — $7 16 "Pars fub umb. &qua-|4- 5 38 lis fere latitudini] . a] Paludis Mzoridis. $9 30 |Finis verus € reg. - Mont. Macrocem.] . circa g. 355. go 6 Umso: Tota duratio obfervata Argent. H. 1. “52: d 6. Mesid: Pa-- rifienf. ab Argentoracenfi diftat O^ 22.- ^ 48 ex fine. ic beta 2+ Londini fadtis obfervatum eff, "| Diftat ex hac Eclipfi ad ortum me-- Initium ae 16 9| ridianus Parif. a-Londin. '6. "3$.; Max.obíc. 1$ II 37 'Quj aj ex obfervatione Eclipfis die vii. Finis 16 7 1g julii 1675 apparuit ^ro. ut etiam in : Toda. I $1.15 on xi. Januarii ejufdem anni. . órI . An Accompt of fome Books, P I. Nicolat Mercatoris Holfatz, ? Soc, Regia, LVSTITUTIO NUM ASIRONOMICA KIM Libri duo,de MOTU ASTRORUM c. Gommuni C Proprio, fecundám HYPOTHESES Veterum c - Recentiorum pracipuas, deq, Hypothefewn ex Obfervates confiru- étione : cun TABULIS TYCHONIA NIS Solaribus, Lunaribus, Luna-Solaribus,er RM DOL P HINIS, Solis, Flxarum, e quings _ Errantium,earum@; dtu preceptis € exemplis commonfirato : [ub- - Bmexá Appendice eorum, que noviffrmis temporibus calitus innotue- vant, Londini, 1676. i280. | ^ His Learned and [nduftrious Mathematician hath made it his bufinefs to comprehend in thefe Inflatutions the Sum and Subftance of Aftronomy : And although many Authors before him have done very worthily in treating of this Science, particue larly Meftlinus, Keplerws,Ricciolo,and Gaffendus; yet hath He purs fued feveral things differently from others,and za/i/fed on fuch par- - ticulars,as he thought zf? pertinent to 4s purpofe. For,befides the Reprefentation of the main Ufe of both the Globes in divers | confiderable Problems, and the Trigonometrica! Calculation em- ployed in the dodtrine of the Sphere; he hath witha peculiar dili- gence explained the matter of the Egaation of Time in both the Ptolomean and Copernican Syfteme, as alfothe Luzar Hy pothe- fis of Tycho,and the Ellptical of the Pianets: Nor hath he been lefs - folicitous in teaching the way of raifing Hypothefes from Obfer- vations,and in delivering the calculus of the Celeftial Motions from — the moft approv’d Tables: Explaining alfo with a not ordinary - exaünefs the Keplerian Hy pothefis of the Planets,and fubjoyning - thereto the Aftronomical Hypothefes of Ward, Eullialdus, and his owz, which laft he efteems New , and according to which he teaches how to make a calculus à priori, comparing the fame with good Obfgrvations. The whole he concludes with theexhibition. - of the late Difcoveries madein the Heavens. So that itfeems to be - 3. work very ufeful for all Students of Aftronomy, both laying the true foundation of this Science, and dire&ting the Lovers thereof ' to thofe particulars, that. may render them accomplifhed in the - TaUsec iios: EE | ILnOR- i 612 ) IJ, Obfervations fur les EAUX. MINER ALES de plufieurs Pro- vinces de France, faites en l' Academie Royale des Sciences, en 1 annee 1670, € 1671. par le Sieur du Clos,Confeiller c Mede- eim ordinaire du Roy,de la dite Academie. A París.167 5.42 12*. —E^HE Royal Parifian Academy, refolving to feareh into the j . Qualities of the moft confiderable Mineral waters of France, did not,it feems,proceed to this examen without gréat deliberati- on 5 the reafons of the Ufefulnefs of thefe waters for the recovery of the Health of many fick perfons, being ballanced by thofe of the difficulty of knowing tke Caufes of the proprieties of the faid waters, depending particularly upon the mixtures of certain bo- — . dies they meet with intheir paffages through the Earth,and in the cavities or interftices of Rocks, and whichare divers and very numerous, fuch as Vapors, Juyces,Salts, Farths, cc. : _ They were aware, that the greateft part of thofe matters, with which Mineral watersmay be impregnated, are not difcern'd in them,and that the different mixture which is made of many of them together, ay conftitute fo many kinds of Minera] waters,falubri- ous or pernicious,that it feems impoffible to know them all and to determine them. The Waters of the fame Springs may, fay they,at differen: times receive notable alterations by new mixtures, or by the ceffation of thofe that were made before. They thinkit not likely, that the Waters, called Mineral, are produced of the fole Mineral Vapors condenfed, and. that in the Earth there are Mines in that abundance as continva ly to furnifh Vapors capable,when condenfed,to entertain and feed the perpe tual courfe of thofe waters in Springs that dry not up: But they Judge, that fome Mzzera/ Vapors or Exhalations mix themfelves with the Common waters that traverfe the Earth where they are, and are condenfed,and that thefe waters remain impregnated with their qualities,and with fome volatil Salts not conereted,elevated.. in thofe dry Exhalations,or in thofe moift Vapors. — *- : T hey find, that the difcerning of che Qualities of thofe Exbala- . tions and Vapors is not eafie ; that tbe diver(ity of their matter is . very great ; that the occurfion of their mixtures is cafual ; that the - conditions of the places where they país and where they are de: tained,are not manifeft ; and that the alterations which they pro- duce in the waters,into which they infinuate themfelves,are not al- ways well known. "y M Rs " | They | (6135 They confider alfo, that there is no lefs difficulty in knowing and difcerning the 74yees that may be mingled with the Adizera/- waters,and particularly thofe that receive no Concretion,and that . do not communicate to thefe waters any fenfible quality: For,thofe .. liquid and totally volati! Juyces do país away in the diftillation with the matter of the water,and do not manifeft themfelves but by fuch effects as fimsple watercannot produce. . They note further, that thofe Juyces which are called Concrete, becaufe they are condenfable and refoluble, leave fediments that render them vifible and palpable after the diftillation or evapora- tion of the water wherewith they are mixed ; but that "tis difficult . todifcernthe fpecies and proprieties of them, if they have not - fome refemblance with chofe that are known, .or if there be many of them together, TUR UE Asto Salts and Earths,they look upon themas the moft fepfible and the moft common matters of thofe that are mixed in the wa- _ ters of Fountainsand Wells;fo that there is almoftno Earth which is not participant of fore Salt diffoluble in the waters that pafs through; and the current of thofe waters doth alfo carry always ..— withit fome fine and fübril Earth. But though thefe are the füb-- . ftances that are moft manifeft in thefe waters;yet they find,that the knowledge of thefe Salts and Earths mixed in the waters is nor al- . ways fo diftin& as to enable us todeterminéthe fpecies, and to give a certain Judgement of their proprieties. | - They obferve further, that there are few Concrete Salts that are: known to ws;and that there may be many that have nothing like to. - Commo Salt, Nitre, Allom and Vitriol,which are the four moft vul- gar ofthe concrete Mineral Salts. Thofe, whofe dif] pofi tion to con- cretion is not finifh't , and which are yet embrionated and as- . "twere in their feminality or firft Being, arelefs knowable in that: ftate ; and thofe that are more formed and already concreted or- . capable of concretion, have not (imple and homogeneous fub- .. ftances in each /fecies. | The Salt, that is called Common-Salt, is obferv'd to have two. different portions mixed together sthe omeis condenfed and cryftal-- lifed by cold and in moifture, after the evaporation of a part of the water wherein this Salt hath beendiffolved:the other-will not: be cryftallifed nor condenfed but by a total evaporation of the reft ofthe water. The portion that’s cryftallifed by cold and in moifture,; is the moft ful phureous, and by its fülphureity it will: ID 2 mix (614) mixe it felf with the ful phureous falt of calcined 1 Tartar. refolved inthe moiftAir,or in common water, without turbidnc fs and with- out coagulation: But that portion. of this common falt, which is . not condenfed but by the total evaporation of the water that had diffolved it , hath an acidity that inftant!y coagulates the falt of Tartar refolved, and all other fixed Salts that are ful eee and Nitrous, The Vitriol, which in amoift Air yields an efflorefcence upon fulphureous marcafites, hathlikewife a juicy portion,condenfable only by the total evaporation of its aqueous humidity,and being of avery acrimonious tafte,and of an unctuous confiltence,andquick- ly refoluble-in a: moift Air; whichjuicy portion is very different from that which it condenfeth firft &cryftallifeth by cold in the water where this vitriol hath been diffolved, Thefe cryftals are pure vitriolacid.auftere,of which much mineral earthprecipitates by the mixture of ful phureousand nitrous falts, with which the other.portion will mixe it-felf without turbidnefs, not having, like the former , that acidity upon which the ful phureous falts can - Nork: Which is otherwife in common falt,of which the firft por- . tion is the moft trit and the f: econd the moft acid. - True JVitre is likewife compofed of two different faline por- tions; the one more fulphureous, which cryftallifeth by cold,and- in moiftures and théother, which remains diffolved after this cry- ftallifation,and isnot condenfed but by a heat {trong enough | toex- pel all diffolutive humidity, is lefs fulphureous,and batli fome aci- di ity, which the other hath not. : The £f Beings or Embrions of mineral falts are nothing but vapours, or juices not concreted,totally vaporable;of which fome may be condenfed and in part fixed by the aétion of fire, or difin- gaged from their matrixes ; and made capable of concretion by means of-the.Air; which is obfery'd i in certain Nitrous, Aluminous & Vitriolique falts. The ful phureous falt wis found inthe lime of | certain hard ftenes burnt in the fire, and which isa fpecies of true Nitre, had its Seminal Being in: haw crude ftones; and in that flate of its ürft Being, it is very different fromtbat which it acquires: by the fire, which from Cold and Coagulative , changes it into Cau- ftique and Refolutive. This cold and coagulative quality of this ftony falt in its firft Being, manifeftsit felf enough in the waters of certain Rock-fprings,which are very limpid and cold, and breed cold and fcirrhous tumors under their throats that ordinarily - bur | ( 615 ) drink of them. TheSeminal fubftance of (tonySalt is made nitrous, ful phureous,cauftique and refolutive by the fire, which was able to exalt it, but not able to produce it in calcining thefe ftones, no more than that of burnt fhels of Oyfters , of which alfo a lime is made, which hath not lefs of fulphureous fale in it, This eubrio- nated falt in lime-ftones is a (tony juice,which may mix it felf with the waters that pafs between the beds & interftices of thofe (tones inthe rocks, but which is not eafily difcerned in waters that are impregnated therewith. The Seminal Being of Allwm and that of Vitviol muft alfo be in the . matters from whence thefe fpecies of Saltsareextraüed by the - means of water, after their calcination in the Fire, and their ma- ceration in the Air. TheFire and Air that have exal ted them,could - not produce them. Neither the feminal fubftance of Allum in A- [uminous ftones, nor that of Vitriol in fulphureous marcafites, are in that ftate manifeft to our fenfes , and ofien they come not to be known in Mineral waters but by fome effects , and that without certainty , becaufe thofe may be equivocal. : All thefe varieties of Mineral falts, embrionate , form’d , cry- ftallin, juicy,fulphureous,non- fulpbureous, of the firft and Eoond concretion; thofe of their genus’s, fpecies's, mixtures, proporti- ons, alterations , ec. render difficult and uncertain the judgment CONE TEIRG the proprieties of the waters that partake of them. Again, concerning thofe Swbtile Earths , which do alfo mixe themfelves à in Mineral waters, they may alfo be of different f. rts, difficult to difcern : Some of them are found of different colours, white, gray,yellowifh, reddifh, brown;and of different qualities, fome being diffoluble in diftilled Vinegar , others indiffoluble; fome fufible, others not fufible by the fire, where they take feve- -ral colours; fome are marly, others argillaceous , others creta- . ceous; fome bolar,fome fandy,fome talky,fome limy; others there are that are produced by the concretion.of certain juices, faline or fulphureous, others not; fomearefimply mineral, orhers me- __tallique. Moft of thefe forts not being eafie to be difcerned fepa- rately, they will be lefs fo when they are mixt. with one another. The fimple infufions-of certain fülphureous mineral Earth: may notably alter the waters of Wells and Fountains, with: ut having any thing of thofeEarths remaining in their fediments after diftil- - lations in like manner as nothing is feen in-certain liquours ren- | dred vomitif by the fole infufion of Antimony. bn - L 111 The ( 616 ) - The bor Mineral waters may contratt fome alteration from the ful phureous and bituminous matters,which they meet within their courfe; for thefe matters partake of certain fubtil falts, which thofe waters may refolve and carry away with them. Some Cold or Tepid mineral waters have a fharpifh or vinous tafte, which is not obferved in any of thofe that are confiderably hot: But this tafte i is fo eafie loft upon the leaft heat , and even in. the free Air, that "tis hard to know what it is that produces i it. It is not only found in waters that are efteem'd to be Aluminous - and Vitriolate, but alfo in thofe that are manifeftly Nitrous , and - whichabound in Sulphureous Salt oppofit to Acids. The Caufes of the Heat of fome Mineral waters are little known. There is reafon to doubt, whether there be Subterraneous fires ca- pable to heat chem ; or whether they have received this heat by the exhalations of fome Mineral juyces that are fermentable,or in which fome effervefcence is made by the mixture of other juyces. All thefe difficulties have retarded the publication of thefe Obfervations, which, it feems, this Royal Academy hath'beenthefe four Years a making upon the waters, that have been fent them from divers Provinces of France , and that have undergone their examenas occafion hath ferv’d for it. Having premifed thefe particulars, to manifeft the Difficulty. and nicety of this kind of refearch; they fubjoyn the Method em- ploy'd in this examination; which indeedi is made with that confi- deration that becomes the wifdomand care of that Illuftrious Bo- dy, and is adapted to lead them intoa greater knowledg of thofe waters,than thofeAuthors had that have hitherto written of them, ‘and that very often have not judg:d of them but by the effets, which might be refert*d to divers caufes. Now, according to this Examen made upona great iol df waters from different Springs, both hot and cold,they have parti- cularly obferv'd Salts and Earths of divers qualities , andin dif- ferent quantities, — The Salts, which condenfed after diftijlation, ora flow evapo- . ration of the waters, were brought before them, are here reduced toitwo forts; viz. The one is the N?tre of the Antients, wh they défcribe to'bea ful phureous' mineral Salt; like to the Alcalt of Plants; the other, the Gommion Sale confider'd in either of its dif- ferent portions , or according to the commixture of both toge- ther: : And tis remarkable, me thinks, that innone of thofe "her there ———— | ( 617 ) | thereappear'dany Allum, or true Vitriol, except the water of — Fabis in Dauphine, which yielded a fale that had fome refemblance towbite Vztriol.. qa They take notice, that they did not much apply themfelves to obferve the Forms and Figures of each of thofeSalts they met with in their condenfations, becaufe they found them vary in the fame Salts, according to the manner and degree of the evaporation of the water wherein they were diffolved for refinement. As to the Earths that were found in different quantities in the . waters here examin'd ; they acknowledg likewife, that the parti- cular difcernment of their fpeczes's was yet lefs eafie than that of the fpecies of Salts. Some of thofe Earths were white, fome gray, . fome redifh; and in the evaporation of all thofe waters, their terre- {trial parts form'd themfelves diverfly ; fome into flotine filmes, fome into flocks, fome into mucilages; others into little clodss o- thers into fmall grains of fands ; others into fine brown powder: Again;fome diffolved almoft wholly in diftilled vinegar, with fome effervefcence ; fome diffolved but in part, fome notat all; others only gave to the diftilled vinegar a high tin@ure of hyacinth, w% was loft in few daies: Again, the fire made fome of thefe Earths change colour, others not ; and fome of them it calcined, and vi- trified others. | Thefe obfervations of the qualities, quantities, differences and agreements of the Salts and Earths of fo many waters, examin'd by thefe Philofopbers, (of which a particular Hiftory and account is here given may be very ufeful & ferviceable to thofe Phyfitians . that advife the ufe of them, the better to make choice of thofe, which by reafonof the. mixture of thofe more fenfible mineral matters may fute with their intentions for the reftoring of many Patients to their former health, | Foraiconclufion of this Hiftory, they give us fome Advertife- ments and Corollaries, worthy indeed to be taken notice of as, I. That the great quantity of mineral waters,which Phyficians make thofe to drink, to whom they prefcribe them for the cure of certain contumacious difeafes that will not yield to ordinary re- . medies, giveg us occafion to judg, that the chief effe&, which they | make us expe from them,is the cleanfing of the vifcera by this in- ... ternalablution,: And that this effettis confiderab!e, becaufe moft |. of Chronical difeafes: come from the obftrudtion of the vifcera, |. which this great quantitie of mineral drink may remove. Mean : tre Lill 2 | 5:9. tne. ( 618 ) THE 4 time ’tis to be fear’d,that few Phyficians take pains to fearch intothe parti- Cular qualities of thefe waters,which yet are very differing,and confiderable enough to induce them toan endeavour to know them well, that fo the - may make a better ufe of them,according to the differences of Difeafes.and the different conftitution of the Difeafed. Now thefe Mineral waters may have different particular qualities upon this account alfo,that fome of them come from places lefs diftant from the furface of the Earth, others from deeper ones. The former,traverfing Earths lefs compa , do refolve the: Salts they there meet with,and charge themfelves with fome of the fubtile terreftrial particles found in them, by making them evaporate. The Zater, being rarified in the depths of the Earth, whence they are elevated,do eafily receive the mixtures of Mineral exhalations and vapours, . which are fre- quent in thofe inner receffes ; but thofe mixtures often not being difcerned in waters carried away from their Sources, neither by the fcent, nor by-the tafte,cannot be known but by the effects, which to refer to their caufes is not alwaics fo ealie, nor fo certain. [ - 2« That theknowledg here given of the Salts and Earths of many Mi- neral waters will not fully fatishe the curiofity of thofe, that would like- wife be inform’d of the other caufes of the proprieties of thofe waters;for- afmuch as that, befides the mixture of the concrete matters found therein, there may alfo be found in them matters not concreted,fo fübtile and vola- til,that there remains nothing in thefediments,that may come to be known to differ from the Salts and Earths , and which is nct found any more in what paffes by diftillation. That fharp and vinous taftejabove mentioned, — which is loft in the Air and by heatmutt have for its fübje& a fpirituous 8 very volatil matter; which were worth the being known.. Again,the heat. which fome waters have. in their Sources., and at their iffuing out of the: — Earth, may be aferibed to fome hot vapours, that have mixed themfelves .- with them in their courfe within the fübterrancous depths, where the cold. of the Air hath no free accefs: And certain particular effects of thofe wa- ters upon divers fubjects give occafion to judg, that they are not pure and uncompounded. And into thefe things this Royal Affémbly are refolved to make further inquiries , both for the fatisfa&ion of the Curious: and’ the ' benefit of the Publick. — 3. Mean time the Obfervations of the Salts and : Earths of thefe waters may, in their opinion, ferve both in Phyfick and in — mechanical Arts, to make us capable to judg of the agreeablenefs of fome:: of thefe waters for certain ufes and emploiments. The two kinds of:Salts, to which they have reduced thofe of the Mineral waters of France ;. may.. have differences, which may divide each of thofe kinds into many fpecies, as they have obferv’d in'the Salts that are extracted out of the Afhés of divers Plants,which they have noted to.be like ,'fome to trie Nitre; o-^ thers to Common Salt, and to retain the participation of the fpecifique pro- - prieties of their fubjects. Again,fome of the Earths found: with the Salts ia the fcdiments of Mineral waters evaporated ox diftilled,may alfo,have par— ticular ufes, according to their differences. .SomeGerman.Phyficians have obferv*d, that the white Earth of the Mineral waters of Swalbach is pur- gative:Some bottles of it were brought to the Parifien Academy,of a vinous : ( 619 ) "atid ftrong tafte: T he Salt of its (ediment was nitrous, and made Sublimate diffolved in common water to precipitate in aMother of pearl colour,as the Alcalies of Plants do. The Earth feparated from this fediment was white like Creta but there was not enough to try its purging virtue. - The true Nitre of the Antients being fulphureous, and refembling the Plants of ve- getables, hath , as they have, this faculty of moving the belly. And that white Earth, which is found with the Nitrous Salts of the Mineral waters, . may participate of the fame quality, even as the calx of Salt of Tartar, co- agulated by the fecond Salt of Scea- water, retains fome proprieties of its Salt , though it be infipid, and not diffoluble in water, but only in acid li- quours , asís diftilled vinegar , which diffolves it with an effervefcence, which hath likewife been obferv'd inmany white Earths of Nitrous’ Mi- neral waters. |. j | ioa 4 4. As to the Taffer of thefe waters tranfported, they could only judg of them by what they found when they received them: Thofe that are at che - Spring-head may difcern them better,efpecially. thofe that are {harp and vi- nous, and whofe taíte decayes or is loft when they are kept , or expofed to the Air. They may alfo better come to know the degrees of their Colorati- on by the powder of Galls,by Oak-leaves,and the likes and judg more ex- adtly of their conliftence and weight. Which particulars could not be fo well obferv’dat fuc a dittance, at which great changes may have befal’n the waters in feveral refpects. | | ig i - §. Concerning that Vaporous matter of the fharp and vinous Mineral. waters; that (eems.to be the firft Being of the Mineral fulphur, and of the _ concretions thence refulting. There are found Earths impregnated with this acid matter,being vaporo-fulphureous,of the concretion whereof fom- times. are made fülphureous and .vitriolique Minerals... And often there is not any Mineral concret made that.is known , in thofe Earths, where no Mineral fulphur, ror Vitriol, nor Metal is found. This vaporous and indi- gefted Mineral matter may very well be the principle of Vitriol but in its: firftftate it can't be a vitriolique production,if it be found inEarths where: there isas yet no vitriol. It is more cafy-to»obferve it inits products,when it hath.received (ome mineral concretion, The .moit Air penetrating into the Mine-ftones that are infipid, -but impregnated with a Mineral fulphur, : which makes it-felf fufficiently perceived when itis dilingag’d by fixe, ma- nifefts to the fenfe a fulphureous acidity ,- which was not perceiv'd in it. And of the concret fulphur of thofe Mine-ftones or Marcafites, penetrated by the moift Air,there is'form'd a vitriolique concret; which is the product : of this;Minexal fulphur, the principle ot which» was. an. acid. and very vaporous matter. This fübtilé , vaporous.; acid matter: doth not alwaies produce vitiiolique concrets: it: hapning in many foils’, that: for want: of néceffary difpolitions it remains in its firft fate. ., We have obferved in many waters impregnated with this acid yapour, that for all this there was not any true vitriol init,nor any thing that-had. any refemblance to Allum, and that the Salt which remain’d in their fediment was fuch Nitre as is de- . {éribed’ by the Antients,and which differs as much fromVitsiol and. Allum, asdo the Alcalicsor fulphuteous fixed. Salts.of Plants». E * | : 4 T S The Salts; vitriolsand Alums,and other concrets.xcfoluble inwater,may be fo mingled: in.the Mineral’ waters,as not to be well perceived there bue in their fedimentss. but the fulphurs and.Bitums are alwaies obvious to be difcerned in. the waters-wherein they ane, becaufe they refide in them, or {wim on them, not being capable to be mixed with themas Salts are. Of thefe we have perceived none in the waters that were (ent us, Thofe that were very hot in their fources,, did not appear to us more fulphureous; ex more bituminous than:the other. And if you meet withSulphuc or Bitumen in their Bafons,againft,the walls of their inclofures, or in their: mud, bly there arenot fuch matters inflamed. within the Earth that have heated thofe waters; it being more probable;that fuch waters contract their heat by the. mixture of fome hot- waters they. meet with in the ‘deep places where they pafs;and experience proving, that no combuftible matter takes hire, or any confiderable time keeps it without Air; and that,to extingui(h the fire of fülphurs and. bitums inflamed , there needs no more than to ex- clude the Air from them... And it any matter ( as Gun-powder in mines). takes hre {trong enough not to be.chok'd under ground, it burfts what covers it, thereby to be enlarged , and to take Air. - qn lf there be no.conftant fubterraneal Fires, the heat of (ome Mineral wa- ters,which continue tobe hot in their fources, cannot be afcribed: to them. "Tis more likely;: thatin many. places of: the Earth there are hot vapors, the heat of which is conferv’d in deep and clofe. places, where the Air-hath no accefs to cool them; and where. thofe rarified matters have not room enough to be more rarified;. and foto become lefs hot or more diffipated, And that fuch hot vapors are the caufe of hot. Springs and natural Baths, ‘may be confirmed hence: 1. Becaufe thefe hotMineral waters do notburn the mouth of thofe that drinkof them at theiffue of their fources, as common. water would do heated by fire to the fame degree: Which feemsto’ proceed: . from the thinnefs of the matter that caufes this heat in the water. And the flame of fpirit of wine doth not fo (trongly burn the hand, asa live éoal would do... 2. Becaufe the heat of Mineral -waters works not upon-certain. "tender fubftances, as doth thatioficommon water, : which is contra@ed by: tire in:the fame intenfenefs::: For, whereasthe leaves of Sorrel’ (¢.g..). are foftn'd and quickly. boyled -in common: water moderately. heated by: fire, they did not fo in the Mineral waters of-Nery in the Country of Bourbon; which are the hotteft invall Frances, bat-they only changed colour and. be-: came yellowith.. 3.Becaufe the Mineral waters have no greater difpofition- to boy] upon the fire,than-common cold waters, there being as much time: - requifite for the one as.the other to make théem.boyl upon the fire;deei Mean time, ’tis not fo: obviousto.know the Qualities of: thefe:vapors thus heating the Mineral waters. Itfeems: not neceffary, they fhould all be: Bituminous or Sulphureous,though fome be fo. There are many other fub- ftances that grow. hot:without taking fire,: and the vaporsiof which mix: themfelves in hot. Mineral waters, but:the qualities of which are not dif- cern’d but by the effe&ts which they produce. | ii As forthe different Effe&sof the Minera] waters, both 'hot, tepid-and - cold, in reference to-Health, the Parifian Academy left-the M NE | i Creo ( 621 ) thereof to Phyficians: But asto their Ufes in Mechanical Arts, they take notice of what fome or other of them perform (¢.g.) in the. maceration of Hemp,in the whitening of Linnen, in the tin&ture of Wool and Silk, in the dreffing of Leather,in the tempering of Ironjin the boyling of Legums, in the watering of Plants,in the drinking of Cattel,and the like. -"Touching ‘the obfervations of their different Weights and Confiftences, they intimate, that they can be better made at the fpring-head, where they have not been alter'd in their compofition,nor confiftence. However they defcribe the particular Inftruments by them employed for obférvations of . this nature. IIl. COCHLEARIA Curiof2, or the Curiofities of Scurvy-grals, written in Latin by Dr. Andr. Molimbrochius of Leipfig, and Englifh’d by Dr. Th. Sherley Pbyfician in ordinary to bis Majefty. London, i# 80. 1676. don E. Ingenious Interpreter of this Book being of opinion, that the Author hath handled the Subject thereof fo fully, that there remains little more to be faid uponit thanwhat he hath taken notice of,andbeing de-- firous that thofe of his Country men who are unacquainted with the Latin tongue might reap the benefit of it as well asScholars, thought good to em- ploy thofe hours of vacancy,allow’d him from other bufinefs, to put it into Exglifp. Therein the Reader will find not only a Defcription of the feveral Kinds of this Plant, with its feveral Names, Place and Time of growth, temperature,and general vertues,but alfo an enumeration of the particular ufes, medicinal vertues, and manner of applying each part of this Plant 3 together with a good defcription of all forts of Medicines preparable from. it, either by the Galenick or Chymical way : Befides that it will inftru@all forts of perfons, how to make Wines,Sauces,Syrups,and diftill’d waters of this Plant,for the good of their fick and languifhing neighbours. IV.Twa "Treatife rstbe one,Medical of the GOUTsby Herman Bufschof Senior, : of Utrecht, refiding at Bataviain the Eaft-Indies y the other, partly Chi-- rargical partly Medical, containing fome Obfervations and Pratiices rela- ting to fome Extraordinary Cafes of Women in Travel, and'to fome other uncommon Cafes of Difeafes in both Sexes ; by Hen.van Roonhuyfe, Phy-- | fician in ordinary at Amfterdam. Englifh’d out of Dutch. London in 8c. 1676. | : ! xo^ E; Author of the firft of thefe two T'reatifes, after he hath given us. -." his thoughts of the true zature of the Gout,making it,in its true ori- gina little inward {welling within the perioftizm or membran that covers . the bones, caufed from a dry and cold ill-natur'd vapour, driven thither - out of the arteries,and by being there inclofed ,diftending that moft fenfible - membran,and fo producing violent pairis y after;Y {ay he hath deliver’d this - as the nature of this Difeafe,and withal examin'd all other opinions hither-- to xeceived of the fame,Heis very particular, from Experience,both made upon himfelfand others, in defcribing the Care of the Gout, and that by. ^ burning with a foft and woolly fubftance, call'd Moxa, made by a skilful. preparation of a certain dried. Herb,highly valued by the Chinefés and Fa- gonefer , of which he fent over a quantity to his Brother at Utrecht, from. . Whence Mr, Pits in St. Pauls Churcb-yard hath procured a. parcel for s | ufe (622) . Mfe of thofe that are defirous to employ it, not only far. this purpofe.of cu- ring the Gout, but alío for,that of. removing the EpiJepfie, -Madsef:, and Gatalepfis. — . ‘Ao stint * | à The other T reatife contains feveral happy cures of ftrange ruptures and other remarkable accidents of the Womb the manner of performing the Cefarean Seétion,of curing the falling down of the womb,of curing wombs clofed,and feveral clofures of the Vagina uteri; of a happy cure of a Child’s fundament clofed, and of the Rupture of a Bladder ; of the firm Union of the dura mater to the skulls of. the modern Ufe and Abufe of ‘Trepanuing, which is here (hew'd not to be fooften neceflary,nor ufeful;a$ is common- ly pretended; of grievous wounds inthe Head, well cured without the Tre- pan iof the manner of cutting Hare-mouths,and feveral fuccefsful operati- ons thereof; of the happy cure of a wounded Nerve , and of anuncommon cure perform’d upona woman, out of whofe thigh a great piece of the bone was feparated, without fhortning her leg, or hindring the motion of her going. : | Aa V. New and Curious Obfervatious of the Art of Curing she VENEREAL — DISEASE, &c. Writtenin French by M. de Blegny, Chirurgion to the French Queen, Englifh’t by Walter Harrys M.D. lately Fellow of New Colledge in Oxford. London, 1676. in 8o. Pope THE Ingenious Author, and the Learn'd and diligent Interpreter of this piece have reprefented unto us therein the Nature, Origine, Caufes Differences,Signs and Prognofticks of this Diftemper sand givenug divers confiderable Obfervations on: the Means to cure the fame when it is but Particular, (that is,fixt to fome parts) as alfo on the Natural and Cri- tical Motions, when it turns to be Bniverfal, and hath infeéted the whole body ; and likewife on the ‘Means ferving to raife the Artificial Crifis of it ; together withan explication of the true Method of artificially raifing the Grifes of the Univeral Boxa 5/56: Mv 52, 4. o MER That which feems moft peculiar.to.this Book is, that the Author pre- tends .to have eftablifhed the.Caufe ot the Pox upon Principles wholly newsviz.the Mixture and Confufion of the femen of many different perfons, which at length exert their activities in this heterogeneous fermentation, degenerating into fuch a high malignancy as this Difeafe carries with it. But though.the Author renders a New Caufe of this Malady, . yet hath he the teftimony of the. Medical Faculty.of Parw, that they have not found - any thing in his Method of.Curing, that is not conformable to ancient re- - ceived Maxims 5 they judging withal,that the New Obfervations,which it doth contain, will ferve to increafe an emulation, for the future, towards a more diligent fearch of the truth of things lefs known. Cio SNe Errata \eft un-corre@ed in Numb.124. 770700007 Pag.$79.1.7.r. Zonigue order, p.$ 851.8. 1. 7% beft from. ibid lier sf tbe winter do net overtake us, p.$87.1.2.rethe Bees delight, ibid.l.G,r.of green fillets. ibid-l4i2. forsia Angelicayput a full point inftead of in. or) ah | London, Printed for. Tobn Martyn, Printer to the | oyal Society, p : atthe BeZ in St; Panis Church-yard, 1676... € 623 ) AINumb.l2 6, PHILOSOPHICAT | TRANSAC IION S ira . fune 20. 1676. oet EAC The CONTENTS. | "Mn Account of Virginia dts Scituation/Temperature, Produttions, In- — habitants, and their manner of planting and ordering Tobacco, Cre. - communicated by Mr. "Thomas Glover. _Advertifement of a Degree of a Great Circle, in Englifh meafmres. Obfervations made of the late Eclipfe of the Sun, Junet.1676. An Account of — fome Books: 1. ELEMENS des eMATHEMATI QUES, - eu Principes Generaux de toutes les Sciences qui ont les GR AN. ~DEURS pour object ; par J.P.4 Paris. ILL'4RT de PARLER, - À Paris. I1 LThe manner of ratfing, ordering and improving Forre/t- Trees: alfo bow to plapt, make and keep Woods, Walks, Avenues, | Lawns, Hedges, ec. With Rules how to divide Woods and Land , and bow to meafure Timber, and other folid Bodies,by eMr.Cook. IV, aad V. The French Gardiner ; £o which i annex 't the Englith - Vineyard vindicated ; andthe way of making and ordering Wines _in France. — An Account of Virginia, tts Scituation, Temperature, Producticns, lubabitants,and their man-er of planting and ordering Tobacco, 8c. Communicated by Mr. Thomas Glover, ax ingenious Chiru: gion that hath lived fome years in that Country. Irginta beinga part of the Continent of America, i5 difant M. from the Lizard or Lands-end of Exgland a thoufand Leagues, and is bounded on the Eaft with the main Ocean, on the Weft with thezAppal-JeazsMountains,on theNorth with De /a wares-bay and Ri- | ver,and on the South with the Riverof Roamock 5 the Country lieth within a Bay called the Bay of Chsfepeek 3. the mouth or entrance -whereinto is due weft,being about fix leagues in breadth, and run- neth up into the Country North and by Eaft about one hundred " Leagues, continuing the forementioned bredth a great partof the | way but narroweth by degrees towards the upper end about one half:-Fhe water in the Channel is for the moft part nine fathom,but infome places not above feven: The Southernmoft Cape of ¢! is Bay lieth in 37 degrees and odd minutes North-latitude,and within Bm. | Mmmm UE : aie ( 624 ) id the fameare divers little Iflands , upon fome of which there are Plantations. ES Into this Bay do iffue fo many large, pleafant and commodious Rivers,as | verily believe no fpaceof ground of equal dimenfions inthe whole world can boaft of the like: The moft eminent of thefe are, James River, York,Rapa-han-nock,Poto- mack, Potuxenand Cbop- tanck s the four laft retain their 154í42 names, At the head of the Bay do enter three large Rivers,one whereof is called Swf-ca-han- gab,from a Nation of Ivdians fo called,bordering on the fame; the names Of theother two I do not well remember: Befides thefe,there are twice as many as navigable as thefe, but by reafon they run not above thirty or forty miles, I fhall forbear inferting any of. their names, Potomack, the largeft of all theveft,is at the mouth ten miles broad,and continueth that bredth for twenty miles up ; from which place it is fix miles broad , and continueth that bredth for thirty miles higher,and is in lengthabout two hundred miles. This River lieth about the middle of the Bay,and divideth the Government be- tween my Lord of Baltamore and Sr. Will, Bartlet;the other Rivers, - whofe names are here inferted,are moft of them two Leagues broad at the mouth, and fome of them a hundred and fifty, others a hundred and twenty miles in length. d The Tides are fcarce difcernible, when the winds hold at North- weft ; but at other times they flow as they do in Ezglazd,only they appear notfo large; the reafon whereof may be, becaufe the Tide diffufeth it felf into fo many fpacious Rivers ; neither is it needful, in regard the Bay and Rivers are deep enough without the help of tte Tide to receive the biggeft Ship in the world ; only it is help- ful to bring in veffels when the winds are fmall or oppofite. : In the Rivers are great plenty and variety of delicate Fifh sone kind whereof is by the Englifh called a Sheepfbead, from the refem- .— blance the eye of it bears with theeye of a Sheep: This fith is ge- nerally about fifteen or fixteen inches long, and about half a foot broad; it is a wholefom and pleafant fifh,and of eafiedigeftion, A Planter does oftentimes takea dozen or fourteen in an hours time, with hook and line. There is another fort which the Englith calla Drum; many of | whichare two foot anda half orthree footlong. Thisis likewife , à very good fifh, and there is great plenty of them. In the head of - this fifh there isa jelly, which being taken out and dried in the Sun, then beaten to powder and giveninbroth, procureth fpeedy de- livery to women in labour, ve | ne | [ui u | i At n ( 625 ) oe At the heads of the Rivers there are Stwrgeon,and in the Creeks are great ftore of fimall fith, as Perches, Crokers, Taylors, Eels, and -divers others whofe names I know not. Here are fuch plenty of - Oyflers as they may load fhips with them. At the mouth of Klizabeth ~ ‘River, when it isalow water, they appear in rocks a foot above . water. There are alfo in fome places great ftore of Mujfcle: and Gockles ; thereisalfoa fith called a Stixg-ray, which much refem- blech a Skate, only on one fide of his tay] grows out a fharp bone like a bodkin about four or five inches long, with which he ftrikes and wounds other fifh,and then preys uponthem. d . Andnow it comes into my mind, I fhal! here infert an account of a very ftrange Fifh or rather a Monfter, which I happened to fee in Rapa-han-nock River about a year before I came out of the Country; themannerof it wasthus: Doug * As I was coming down the forementioned River in a Sloop bound for the Bay, it happened to prove calm; at which time we werethree leagues fhort of the rivers mouth;the tide of ebb being then done,the floop-man dropped his grap-line, and he and his boy toóka little boat belonging to the floop,in which they went afhoar for water,leavingme aboard alone, in which time I took a fixall - book out of my pocketand fate downat the ftern of the veffel to read ; but I had not read long before I heard a great rufhing and flafhing of the water, which caufed me fuddenly tolook up, and about half a ftones caft from me appeared a moft prodigious Crea- ture,much refembling a man, only fomewhat larger, ftanding right _up in the water with his head;neck,fhoulders,breaft,and waite, to the cubits of his arms,above watersbis skin was tawny, much !ike that of an ]pdian s the figure of his head was pyramidal, and flick, without hair ; his eyes large and black,and fo were his eye-brows ; his mouth very wide, witha broad,black flreak on the upper lip, which turned upwards at each end like muftachoesshis countenance was grim and terrible;his neck, fhoulders,arms,breaft and walt, were like unto the neck, arms, fhoulders,breaft and waft of a man; his shands,if he had any were under water’; he feemed to ftand with his eyes fixed on me forfome time, and'afterward dived down, anda little after rifeth at fomewhat a farther diftance,and turned his head towards me again,and then immediately falleth a little under water, and fwimmeth.away fo near.thetopof the water, that I could dif- ‘cern him throw ont his arms,and gather them in as a man doth when he fwimmeth. At laft he fhoots with his head downwards,by which means he caft his tayl above the water, which exadly refem- Mmmm 2 led WR (| ( 626 ) Eben; Un bled the tayl of a fifh with a broad fane at the end of ir, On the Bay and Rivers feed fo many wild fowl,as in winter time - they do in fome places cover the water for two tuiles; the chief of which are wild Swans and Geefe, Cormorants, Brants, Shield-fowl, Duck and Mallard, Teal, Wigeons,with many others, — — There likewife keep in the Rivers Bevers and Otters; the Bevers have their teeth fo ftrong and fharp, that they gnaw down trees, wherewith they make damms crofs the waters, under which they keep, which are ufually called Bever-damms , and.in fome places . ferve in the room of foot-Bridges. — d PR The original fprings,that make all thefe Rivers,arife at the foot of the Appa-lean Mountains; but the Cataracts or falls of the Rivers are fixty or feventy miles diftant from the Mountains. — Thefe Mountains have their beginning Northward at the Lake of Canada; and run along the back of the Country to the South-weft as far as the lake U/berre, which is fome hundreds of Leagues. There was one Colonel Gatlez, that was a good Mathematician, who with fome other Gentlemen took a Journey to make fome fur-. ther difcoveries of the Country to the Weftward, and arrivingat the foot of the Mountains early in the morning , they left their - - horfes,and endeavoured to gain the tops of the Mountains, which they accomplifhed about four of the clock in the afternoon , and then looking further forward they difcovered other Mountains, - whereof they took the altitude and judged them inacceffibleswhich - difcouraged them from any further actempts , their defign being chiefly to difcover whether. there. were any Rivers that ran into the South-ocean. | Eo i Above five years fincethere was a German Chirurgeon, who cb- tained a Commiffion from Sr.Will. Bartlet.to travel to the South- welt of Vzrginia, and to make difcovery of. thofe. parts: He went — along the foot of the Mountains as far as the Lake of //fberre, and difcovered them to be paffable in two places, and he gives a relati- _ on,that,while he was in an Indian town adjacent to the Mountains, - there came four Indians on an Einbaffie to the King of that town, from a King.that lived onthe other fide of the Mountains, who by che commandment of the King onthis fide were all ftrangled, with which barbarous ufage he was much abafhed , fearing the like crue elty ; but-they proved more civil to him, permitting him to depart in fafety. nis (ie Hin a At his return he brought an Emerauld , and fome: Spasi[p mony, which he faid he had of «he Indians bordering on the Lake of ' di a Ufberre,, ve (627) | | Ufberve, which caufed fome to think that fome Spanzards are feated near upon the back of the Mountains. — : Having hitherto difcourfed of the Bay, Rivers, and Mountains, I fhall now make fome entrance into the Land ; and firft of the fho- res, which all along the Bay and Rivers are for the moft part fandy, but only in fome points there is fome fhinglecaft up: but che Earth affordeth very few Stones, and thofe that are there, are almoft all of them hard & tranfparent, I have taken up feveral ftones,that would cut glafsas wellasany Diamond. Sr. Hesry Chichely had a ftone,. that was taken up by the Rivers fide, which he put intoa Ring, for which Ring he hath been proferr'd fifteen pounds ; and I do verily think, that there are fome ftones gathered chere that do abate the price of Diamonds; for I have feen fevera! Rings of Virginia ttones, which in my judgment have equalled Diamonds in luftre. | The Chiefs of all the Rivers are full of great veins of Iron-mine; and infome places of che Countrey I have feen Rocks of the fame to lye a foot above the Earch; and generally all the high Lands under - the mould are a meer Rock of Iron ; the confideration whereof to- gether with the infinite plenty of wood did caufe me with admira- tion to enquire., why they did not endeavour the improvement of that advantage which God and Nature bad put into their hands,bv running of this Mineral; but I wasanfwer'd, That an Iron-work . would coft three thoufand pounds, and the Countrey being gene- rally poor, were difcouraged from the attempt by reafon of the ~ charge. I believe the true reafon is, their being fo intent on their Tc-- bacco- Plantations that they negle& all other more Nobleand advanta- - geous improvements, whereof the Gountrey is capable, which with- - out doubt are many. For in their planting Tobacco they find great- eft encouragement from Exgland, by reafonof thé vaft revenue it - brings into the Exchequer. | | They diftinguifh their foil into three forts , viz. High, low and. marfhy Land; all which have fome fand mixed in them, that makes . their Land warmer thanours isin Eagland. Their high Lands are - moft fandy , but do notwithftanding bear very good Crops of To- baccosonly it does not holds its ftrength fo longas the low ground, . whichis very rich, being a b'ackifh mould about a foot deep , or fomewhat more, and will hold its ftrength for feven or eight Crops fücceffively without manuring. Their Marfhlands bear fedges and rufhes after the manner of ours ; and of thefe they have not endea- voured any improvement as yet. Their Land in genera! is as good and fertile as che Land of England ; when the ftrength of ae ! groun "am (628 ) - ground is worn out they never manure it to bring it in heart, buttet it lie for paftare for all Mens Cattel to grafe u pon, and clear more - ground out of the Woods to plant in. ganas cie Mo - As to the Timber of this Countrey, there are divers kinds ; fogy _ , feveral forts. of Oak, very talland finooth. There is alfo another fort . of Timber called Hickery,that is harder than any Oak.There are alfo very large and tall Poplars; and in fome parts of the Countrey great ~flore of ‘Pines, fit for Mafts of Ships: There is likewife black Wal- nut, Gipreff, Cedar, Dogweod, Alb, Elm, Gum-tree, Locuft. Ghé faut, Ha- - fel, Saffafras, Holly, Elder, with feveral others. ^'^ - As to the Fruit-Trees of the Countrey , it affords great ee _ For there are few Planters but that have fair and largeOrchards, fome _ whereof have twelve hundred Trees and upward, bearing all forts of Englifh Apples, as Pear-matus,Pippins ,.Ruffetens, Coftards, Mari- - golds, Kings-apples, Magitens, Batchelours,and many others, Of which - they make great ftoreof Cider.- | - Here are likewife great Peach-Orchards, which bear fuch an in- " finite quantity of Peaches, that at fome Plantations they beat down « to the Hopps fourty bufhels ina year. igs | Here arc alfo great ftore of D) sizces, which are larger and fairer .. than thofe of Ezelasd,and not fo harfh in tafte; of the juice of thefe ‘they alfomake-Quince-drink, — — — | Here are likewife Apricocks, and fome forts of Englifo Plums, but thefedonotripenfo kindly asthey doin England. © = There are fome forts of Pears, butat very few Plantations ; I have feen the Bergamy, Warden, and two or three other forts, and thefe are as fair, large and pleafant as they are in. England, _ Here grow as good Figgs, as there do in Spain, but thereare few planted as yet. | ae en Thofe that take the pains to plant Goofe- berries, have them: but. I never faw any of our Exglifh Currants, (Riberries) there,and it is obferv'd, that Oranges and Limons will not .grow.there, though they do in more Northern Countries, - : : I had almoft forgot to mention their Mulberry-Trees, whereof. they have good ftore about their Houfes; thefe were planted at firft to feed Silk- worms, but that defign failing, they.are now of little ufe amongft them, | | The meaneft Planter hath ftore of Cherries, and they areallover Virginia as plentiful as they are in Kev. The Cherry-Trees grow more large generally than they,do in Exgland, and bear more plen- ! fully without any pains taking. of diggingabout them., -or pruns.. ing chem. as jn ag There - B rex e Erud veas — what finaller than French Claret ;but 1 fuppofe, if fome | | (6295 — - "There eroweth wild in fome places of the Woods a Plum fome- what like our Wheat-P/am, but it doth exceed it, being much more fücculent. : | In the Woods there are abundance of Vines , which twine about the Oaks and Poplars, and run up to the top of them ; thefe bear a kind of Glaret-grapes, * of which fome few of the Plan- * rhefe vines tersdo make Wine, whereof I have tafted ; itis fome- iicet large of thefeW ines were planted in convenient vine- yards, where the Sün. might have a more kindly influence on them, and kept with dili- gence and feafonable pruning, they might afford as good grapes as. the Claret-Grapes of France are. : Thereisalfo in the Woods a little Shrub which beareth.a Berry - like our Elder-berry, and isa very pleafant Berry to eat. | I lately made mention of the Ghefzst , Walnut and Hafel-Tree, . which all of them bear their feveral Nuts : and befide thefe, here is another called a Chincopize, whichis likea Chefnut, with a Burry .- husk, but leffe by far.. pue Their Gardens have all forts of Ezg///) Pot-herbs,and falletssthey: have Cabbages, Colworts, Colly flowers, Par [mips, Tarnips Carrets, Po-. tatoes, and Yams; and fuch Herbs as grow wild in Ezglazd , and do. not grow there, they plant, as Wormwood, Fetherfew , Houfeleek, . Garduus Beneditius, Rue, Coriander, Enula, and the like,. They havelikewife in their Gardens Rofes, Clove-Gillifiowers,. and variety of other forts of Flowers; There grow wild in the Woods, Plantane of allforts, Yellow- : Dock, Bur- Dock ,Solomons- (eal, Egrimony, Centory,Scabious ,Ground- . fet, Dwarf- Elder, Yarrow, Pur[lan, and white Matden-hair the beft that ever I faw. Upon the fides of the Hills, A/arwm;and on the Bay-. | fide, Soldanella or Sea-Scurvygrafin great plenty. | . _ Here groweth the Radix Serpeztaria Nigra, which was fo much. ufed in the laft great peftilence, that the price of it advanced from ten Shillings to three pounds fZer/sg a pound : Hereisalfo an herb: which fome callDirtasy,others Pepper-wort; it isnotDittany of Can- dia,nor Ezgli[b Dittander;it groweth a foot or a foot and half high, : .. the leaves ate about the bredth of a groat , and figur'd likea heart, . and fhort out of the ftalk and branches one of a fide dire&ly oppo- fite to each other; it finelleth hot like Pepper , and biteth upon the Tongue. The water of this herb diftill’d out of a Limbeck, is one of the beft things I know to drive worms out of the Body; and an. ounce of this water taken, provoketh fweat plentifully, E | | ere Here grow two Roots, which fonie Phyficians judg,the, one be Turbitb , the other. Mechoacan; but, whether they be the right or, no, I could not well judg. Both thefe Rootsare purging ,. and in their operations much like thofe we have at the Apothecaries,only fomewhat more forcible; the reafon may be, becaufe there we have them more new and fucculent. Here groweth a Plant about a foot and half or two foot in height, the leaves are rugg'd like to a Borage leaf, but they are longer, and not above two fingers broad; about the ftal k,where the leaves grow out, there hang Berries, which being ripe are ‘yellow: The Exgiifh call'it the Fever and Ague-root. This Root being newly takenoutof - the ground , anda dram and half of it infufed in beer or water the fpace of twelve hours, purgeth downward with fome violencesbut Thave given a dram of the Root in powder, and then it only mo- . veth fweat, and that but moderatly. [t isa little bitter in tafte, and tieréfore fc omewhat hor. ; There are great numbers of Herbs, whofe names, nature, virtues and operations are altogether un known to usin Europe; neither have - there been any Phyficians in thofe parts that have made it their bu- finefs to underfand muchof them; but if the ufe of them were well known, it might provea great and beneficial addition to the eMa- . «ttria Medica, | Now I bave done with the Plants, I will render fome account of. their ftocks of Cattel, which are greater than ours, confidering the | _ quantity of People, ‘and might be much larger than they are, were the Inhabitants as careful in looking after them and providing fod- der for them asthey in Ezglagd are. All that they give their Cartel. ‘in winter is only the husks of their Indian Corn, unlefs it be fome of ‘then that havea little wheat-ftraw; neither do they give them any more of thefethan will ferve to keep themalive, by reafon whereof they venture.into the Marfhy groupes and fwamps for food , Where very many are loft. They have as great. plenty of Horfes, andas good a as we have i in England, As to their Sheep, they keep but few, being difcouraged by the Wolves , whichare all over the Countrey, and domuch mifchief: a- mongít their Flocks. | In the Woodsare great ftore of Deer, and fome Rabbets, which are generally miftaken for Hares. — There are alfo feveral forts of ravenous Beafts , as Wolves ; Ra eqns, Wild eats, Poffums, AUS th Flying Squirrels, weigh t two. other | (631 ) forts; and in the Northern moft parts dí the Countrey fome Bears. |^. "The Fowls that keep the Woods are, wild Turkies, Turkie Buz- cards, Turtle- Doves, Partridges, Hawks of feveral forts, which many others of lefs note. | There are alfo divers kinds of fmall Birds, whereof the Mocking-bird, the Red-bird, and Humming-bird , are the moft re: markable;. the firft, for variety and fweetnefs of notes, the fecond | for his colour, and the laft for the fmalnefsof hisbody. As tothe Mocking. bird, befides his own natural notes , which are many and pleafant, he imitateth all che birds in the woods, from whence he taketh his name; he fingeth not only in the day, but alfo at all - hours in the night, on the tops of the Chimneys ; he is ftrangely antick in his flying , fometimes fluttering in the air with his head rightdownand tailup, other times with his tail down and head up; being kept tame, he is very docible. The Red bird, as I hinted before, taketh his name from his colour, being allover of a pure blood-red, "The. Humming: bird taketh his name from the noife he makes in flying: This isof divers colours, and not much bigger than a Horzet, and yet hathall the parts of abird entire. There are five or fix forts of Szakes, amongft which the Rattle- Swake is moft remarkable, being about the bignefs of a mans legg, . and for the moft part a yard and a half longs he hath a Rattle ac the end of his Tail, wherewith he maketh a noife when any one ap- proacheth nighhim, which feemeth to be a peculiar providence of God to warn people to avoid the danger ; for this Creature is fo - venemous, that the bite of it is of moft dangerous confequence , unlefs they fpeedily makeufe of the proper antidote; of which I fhall take occafion to fpeak fomewhat hereafter. There are alfo long black Swakes, fhort and thick black Suakes ; this latter fort of- ten times fucks the Cows, and caufes them to give bloody milk. . There is another fort called the Corn-Snake , becaufe he is ufually found in Corn-fields ; this is near as big as the Rarz/e- Snake. There are alfo fome other forts of Land- $nakes,allof which are more or lefs venemous ; befides there are very maby’ Water-Snakes, that keep the Springsand Rivers, > Of the Indians themfelues. The Indians ave generally well proportioned as to their ftattre, being fomewhat tall, but no waies corpulent ; their hair black, ufually hanging right down; their eyes alfo black, their skin tawny, inclining to blackifhnefs ; they live together in Towns,and every town 1S eder à feveral King: At the firft coming of the Nnnn - - "Englifb | (632) .. de Engli[b divers Towns had two or three thoufand Bow-menin them; but now, in the Southern parts of Virginia, the biggeft Indian Town hath not above five hundred Inhabitants ; many Towns have fcarce fixty Bow-men in them,and in one Town there are not above twenty, and they are fo univerfally thinned in the forementioned Southern part , that I verily believe there are not above three thoufand left under the whole government of Sir Will. Bartlet ; butin my Lord of Baltimores territories at the head of the Bay, where the Ezglifb were later feated, they are more numerous, there being ftill in fome Towns about three thoufand Indians. But thefe being in.continual wars with each other, are like fhortly to be reduced to a5 finall numbers as the former. .. Inftead of Cloaths they wear a Deer-skin tacked about their middle, and another about their fhoulders, and for Shoes they have - pieces of Deer-skin tied about their feet. H1 | Their habitations are Cabins, about nine or ten foot high,which are made after this manner: They fix Poles intothe ground, and bringthe tops of them one within another, andfo tie them toge- ther: the outfide of thefe poles they line with bark to defend them from the Injuries of the weather, but they leave a hole on the . top, right in the middle of the Cabin for the fmoak to go out ; round the infide of their Cabins they have banks of Earth caft up, which ferve inftead of ftoolsand beds ; they have no kind of houf- bold-ftaff but Earthen-pots, Wooden bowls, and thin Mats to lie . on; all which they make themfelves. pup pus Their diet is Izdian Corn, Venifon, wild Turkies, Oyfters, and. ^A all kind of Fifh the Rivers afford ; andall kind of wild Beafts of the Woods. Su. | Theyare prohibited the keeping either Cows, Sheep or Hoggs, by the Ezglifb, left they fhould make bold with more than their own. : pee They did formerly catch their fifh after an odd manner before the Ezglií5 came among(t them, which was thus: At thehead of their C4zoes they fixeda Hearth, on which in a dark night they would make a blaze with fire put to the fhivers of Pine tree then they would paddle their Ganoes along the fhoar in fhoal- water ; the fifh feeing the light would come as thick as ehey could fwim by each other about the head of the Canoes; then with fticks that were pointed very fharp at the ends, they would ftrike through them and lift them up into the-Camge :: But now they have. | learned of the Ezg/ifp to catch fifh with hook andline , andfome- — | | dL times. 4 | | (633) times the Engli(h do ufe their way in dark nights, only they ftrike with án Inftrument of Iron fomewhat like Mole-tines, Asto their Worfhip, I know littleof it ; only they have Priefts which are generally thought to be Conjurers; for, when they have .great wantof Rain, one of their Priefts will go into a private Ca- _ bin, and by his Invocations will caufe abundance to fall immedi- ately, which they call making of Rain. They offer the Firft fruits of all things ; the iet Deer they kill after they are in feafon, they lay privately on the head of a Tree neat the place where they killedit, andthey fay , no good luck _will befal them that year if they do not offer the ürft of every thing. . They burn the Fodies of the dead; and fow up the afhes in Matts, which they place near the Cabbins of their Relati- Ons. Some of them fay; that the God of the Englifh is a good God, and gives them good things ; but their Ce is an angry God , and oftentimes beats them. .. Almoftevery Town differs in language , nti yet not any of their languages copious ; as may be feen by their frequent expref- fing their meaning to each other by figns. Their mony isof two forts, one whereof is made of a white kind of fhell, which being divided into fmall parts, they put them on a ftring after the manner of Beads; this they call Peacke: The other is of a blew fhell ordered in the fame manner, which they call Roundas this laft is the meaner fort, about half a yard whereof is of equal value with our nine pence. The chief of the Indians do wear fome of this on the Deer-skins about their bodies, laid on like lace, "They have nothing to trade with but Deer skins, and fome Be- ver, which they giis with the Ezg//fb for Guns, Gunpowder, Shot and Brandy ; having nothing before but Bows and Arrows, wherewith they killed their Deer and other wild Beaíts. . They have no other account of Time but by the changes of the Moon. Their Winter is ufually in Movember, December and January. They are very revengful; for,if any one chance to be flain,fome of .., the Relations of the flain perfon will kill the murtherer or fome of his family, though it be two or three generations after , having no - juftice done amongft them in this refpe& but what particular per- fons do themfelves ; if that may be termed juftice. Nnnn 2 The (634) . - The Indians beinga rude fort of people ufe no Curiofity in pre- paring their Phyfick ; yet are they not ignorant of the nature and ufes of their plants, bus they ufe no corredtives to take away the flatuous, naufeous, and other bad qualities of them, They either powder, juyce, infufe or boy! them, till the decottion be very ftrong. -— uS SPP d^ | Thr ufual way of cure for moft inward diftempers is by deco- gion, which they make partly pectoral, partly fudorifick ; thefe they caufethe fick todrink,the quantity of half a pint at a time, two or three cimesaday ;- but they give nothing to procure vomit» ing in any diftempers, as a bad omen that the difeafed will die ; meither did I ever know them to ufe any waies of Blooding or Cupping. . a M rial, If they,haveany Wounds, Ulcers or Fractures, they have the knowledge of curing them. I did once fee an Indian whofe arm had been broken, and viewing the place, I found the bones to be as finoothly confolidated, and as well reduced, as any Ezelifb Chi- _rurgion could have done it, | | poi - All Indians carry a Powder about them to cure the bites of Snakes, and in almoft every Town this powder hath a different. compofition, and every compofition is certainly effe@ual to the corre&ing the malignity of the Venom, Neither was it ever known to us, that any Izdiaa fuffered much harm by thefe bites, butina _ daies time he would be as well as if he had never been bitten: Whereas fome of the Ezelifb for want. of a fpeedy remedy have loft tberrdives; ois on Vet anes | The Indians are frequently troubled with Violent Colicks,. which oftentimesterminate in Palfies.. ot | The manner of planting and ordering Tobacco. = = ~~ In the T welve-daies they begin to fow their feed in beds of fine Mould, and when the Plantsbe grown to the bredth of a fhilling , they are fit to replant into the Hills ; for in their Plantations they make fmall hills about four foot diftant from each other, fomewhat after the manner of our Hop-yards; Thefe hills being. prepared. again{t the plants be grown to the forementioned bignefs ( which is about the beginning of May,) they then in moift weather draw the plants out of their beds, and replant them in the hills, which afterwards they keep with diligent weedings. When the plant ‘hath put out fo many Leaves as the ground will nourifh to a fub- ftance and largenefs that will render them Merchantable , thenthey — take off the top.of the plant; if theground be very rich;they let — | | MD | bt : ^ mc C635 ) .a plant put out a dozen or fixteen leaves before they topit ; ; if mean, then not above nine or ten, and fo according to the ftrength of their foyl, the top being taken if the plant grows no higher ; - but afterwards it will put out fuckers between their leaves, wbich they pluck away oncea week, till the plant comes to perfection, whichit dothin dagaf. Thenindry weather, when there isa lit- tle breez of wind, they cut down what is ripe; letting it lie about four hours on the ground, till fuch time as the leaves, that ftood ftructing out, fall down to the ftalk , then they carry it on their fhoulders into their Tobacco-houfes, where other Servants taking. of it,drive into the ftalk of each planta peg, and as faft as ‘they are pegg "d, they bang them up by the pegs on Tobacco-flicks, fo nigh - each other that they juft touch , much after the manner. they hang . Herrings in Yarmouth; thus they let them hang five or fix weeks, till füch time as the ftem in the middle of the leaf will fnap in tbe- bending of it; then,whenthe Air hath fo moiftned the leaf as that it may be handled without breaking, they ftrikeitdown , ftrip it off the ftalk, bind it up in bundies , and pack it into Hogfheads. for ufe. _ Sometimes they are forced to plant their hillstwiceor thrice. over, by reafon of an Earth-worm which eats the root, and when. the plant is well grown they fuffer damage by a Worm thar de- yours the leaf, called a Horn- worm (an Eruca or Caterpillar which - is bred upon the leaf; if thefe worms be not enti taken off, they will fpoil the whole Crop. In the Year. 1667 in Auguft there happened all over Vi (Tginia- a. gut or ftormof Wind and Rain, which continued for three daies with füch violence that the like was hardly ever heard of, it be- - gan and continued blowing at Eaft with fuch fiercenefs, that above: one half of the crop of their Tobacco which was then (tanding ia their fields was blown away and tora apieces ; the Trees in the: Woods al! over the Country were blown up by the roots inan in- numerable quantity : The Waters in the Bay in fome places were drovea great way into the Woods, and the greateft part of thofe - that houfed Tobacco, had their Tobacco-houfes blown down and their Tobacco fpoiled ; fo that there was not fully one part of three faved of what dd have been made that year. . The Planters houfes are built all along the fides of the Rivers- for the conveniency of Shipping; they build after the Esglif5. manner, whiting the infide of their houfes with Mortar , made of burnt pated infteadof lime. They have pure and wholefm : water, CORD - water, which they fetch wholly from Springs, whereof the Country is fo full, that there isnot a houfe but hath one nigh the door. Advertifement concerning the Quantity of a Degree of 4 Great Circle, 12 Englifh meafares. — Tar ede i Ome while (ince an account was given * concerning the Quan- e tity of a Degree of a great Circle,according to the tenour of a NUR PE Mefure de la Terre. The Publifher not then "knowing what had been done of that nature bere in Exgland, but having been fince dire&ed to the perufal of a Book, compofed and publifhed by that known Mathematician _ Richard Norwood in the. year 1636, entituled The Seaman’s Pra- tice, wherein,among other particulars, the compafs of the Terr- aqueous Globe, and the Quantity of a Degree in Englifb meafures are deliver'd, approaching very near to that, which hath been lately obferv'd in France; he thought , it would much conduce to mutual confirmation, in afummary Narrative to take publick no- tice here of the method ufed by the faid Ezzl/fb Matbematician,and of the refult of the fame ; which,in fhort, is as follows : 4.1635 thefaid Mr. Norwood, Reader of the Ma'hematicks in London, obferv'd, as exadtly as he could, the Summer-Solftitial Me- ridian Altitude of the Sun in the middle of the City of York, by an Arch of a Sextant of more than five foot radius, and found it to be 59 deg. 33'. And formerly (vid. 4. 1633.) he bad obferv'd the like Alcitude in the City of Lozdoz near the Tower to be 62 deg. 1'. Whereupon headtually meafüred, for the moft part,the - way from York to London with Chains, and where he meafur'd not, he paced it, (wherein, 5e faith, through cuftom he ufually came very near the truth ;) obferving all the way he came , with a Czr- cumferentor, a| the principal Anglesof pofition or windings of - the way , with a competent allowance for other leffer Windings, Afcents and Defcents ; rot laying thefe down bya Protracfor after . theufual manner, but framing a Tab/e much exa&ter and fitter for this purpofe 5 asmay be‘feen in the Ezg/;fh book it felf. And by this Method and Meafure he found the Parallel of York from that of Londonto be 9149 chains, every chain being fix poles or ninety nine feet, 16% Englifhbfeettoa Pole. | Now, thefe 9149 Chains _ being equal to 2 deg. 2 $'.(the aforefaid Latitude between thofe two Cities) a little calculation makes it appear, thatoze Degreeof a Great Circle, meafured on the Earth, is 367196 of our feet, ~umero rotundo 367200, or 22254 Poles; which make $56 Furlongs and 14 Poles, printed Frezcb Difcourfe, entituled De /a - - : b (My . 14 Poles,or 69% Exglifh miles and 14 Poles; 8 Furlongstoa mile, and 40 Polesto a Furlong, Which being compared to that meafure of a Degree, whichis deliver'd in the above-mention'd French Dif- .. courfe, will be found to come very near it , they finding 73 miles - feré,at sooo feet to an Exglifh mile, which make 365000 feet ; whereas the 697- Englifh miles and 14 Poles, found by Mr. Norwood, amount to 367200 feet, reckoning $280 feet to an Englifh mile, as . - the true meafure of itiss whence the difference between thefe two meafures appears to be no more than 2200 feet, which is not half aum micby440fet. — ke XN ... If any one defire to know further the whole Circumference, as al- fo the Diameter and Semidiameter of the faid Terraqueous Glo be, : according to this meafure, he will eafily find, The Circumferencetobe == = 25086 fe, The Diameter, «3966: <- The Semidiameter, | 3983 a : Obfervations made of the late Solar Eclipfe on ibe firff of june,1676. ft.v. | : TREE x One, by Francis Smethwick Efquire, as followeth: Nitium defectionis Weltmonafterii- 4.7. 50°, poft med, nobens A Pow, E EXE, b 9. $47. S Juni r. 1676. Totius Eclipfis duratio, bore:2. 4*5, Yer Tempus obfervatum fuit. cum horologio ofcillitario, vibrante minute fecunda, & correcto per obfervationes. Tubus adhibitus fuit bone note, edam 77. jid xar s qn | | The other, by Mr.Codfon at Wapping,near London,as followeth s - Temp.juxta — Solis Tempus corre, horolcfcill, Phafes, alte aati (s - h. ree ik R2. I. 0H 7.3450] 22.46/7.36. OF 7-37-14) 3 3-10/7-38.40 7.3910 dig. 33-30)7°40.48 7-50-40] x | 7:51«5 (Tubo optico effing. dub.8, 8.54]|17 —-— |8. 9.45|Tubo optico menfur.. 8.27.25|2ic | ——— |8.18.36 | 8.27.10/3is ——— (18.28.21 939—127 .— |—— 9.40. — Tubo eflinr. IIS Er eroe ada e 9.49.—| 4 ——- |9.49. — "95422 5|non fenita — — 19.5 5.36 0089-55-55 füita. | 9:57. 6 . 04226. . S| solis alt; 32: 10|4-26.5 6]. . 4.28.58 3,0053 429.52] 4.31. 2l :31:3174:32.16 ; : Ap £ | ( 638 ) Ass ~ An Account of fome Books? — , I. ELEMENS des eMATHEMATIQUES ou Principes Genes raux de toutes les Sciences qui ont les Grandeurs pour Object 5 par J.P. — AParis, 1675.in quarto. | ! | i ^He Author of this Work makes it his bufinefs to delivera B fhort andeafie Method to compare Duantities,and to difco- ver their Proportions and Relations to one another by Charaéters of Numbers, and Lettersof the Alphabet; affirming to have here . demonftrated things in a Geometrical order, and rendred the Alge- braical Analy fis much eafier , and treated the fame more fundamen- . tally than hath been donehitherto. By Quantity he underftands here not only the Extenfion in length, bredrh and depth, but whatfoever we conceive to be capable of more or lefs,and that can be exactly meafüred, whether itbe exa&ly - known,or fuppofed füch. Thus Time, Weight, Celerity, and even the Senfible Qualities, the Degrees of PerfeGtion, being capable of more or lefs,are,to him,the Obje& of the Mathematicks, For, faith — he,if you do exa&ly know thefe perfections and qualities, you may compare them in order to know exactly their proportions, and if you do not know them exaély,you may compare them by fuppofi- tion; For,if you know,that a piece of iron(e g.) is four times hea- vier than fucha piece of Wood; by fuppofing that Wood is a thou- fand times weightier than Air, you may conclude by this fuppofiti- on,that the Iron is 4000 times heavier than Air, . bx He confiders, that though ZArzt bmetick be a Science from which allothers depend; yet 'tis this 4/zebra, which ferves to elucidate, extend and perfe&t,as much as is poffible, Arithmetick, and generale ~ ly all the Sciences that relate to the Mathematicks: It being fo ge- neral,that it confiders all Quantities,and what it demonftrates being capable to be applied not only to Numbers Lines and Figures, Weights and Velocities ; but alfo to all fuch Numbers, Lines, Velo- cities,and particular quantities, as you can conceive in each fpecies of Quantities, gU e a But 'tis not only the Extent and Univerfalityof Algebra, for which he commends it; but alfo the Facility it affords to the mind of difcovering the moft hidden Verities, and which ’tisimpoffible - to manifeft by ordinary Arithmetick and Geometry, or by theaid _ of any otherScience ; fince it not being poffible to give to our un- - derftanding a greater extent and capacity than it hath, this Science only teachesto manage it, £y reprefenting to it under very fhortex- — preffions an Aggregat of many Ideas,by taking itupfolittleby the ^ | fenfes fenfes that it leaves it ina manner altogether to it felf, and dy affift. ing it to run through all the proportions of Quantities which it examines,in a dextrous,expedit and eafie manner: So that nothing efcapes the underftanding in the fubject under confideration ; and - the clear and di(tin& neatnefs of its ratiocinations alwaies difco= vers to it the fhortelt way of refearched Truths, as many of them as it can come to know , or the means which it wants to attain them, if it cannot know them. | Hetakes notice, that, there being particular Sciences that de- » pend from Geometry, there are thofe that confider the fame as the general Principle of all knowledge: And thar, forafmuch as Geo- metry is pleafing enough by reafon of the Figures that fall under the Imagination , there are many that do inconfiderately preferit to Algebra; and that they imagine witbal,that the Geometrical De- monítrations by Linesare the only true ones, becaufe they make .themfelvesas'twere fenfible. To this he faith, that he is not igno- rant, there are things peculiar to Geometry tbat muft be known and demonítrated by Figures; but that, to handle this Science as it ought, weare often obliged to make ufe of Algebra, and that, be- caufe the proofs thereof are the moft general and the moft fimple, they are therefore to be accounted the moft Natural Demonftrati- ons, | : | - ^ And if it be objedted, that Incommenfurable Quantities cannot be difcovered nor expreffed by Numbers, butthey alwaies may by Lines, and fo Geometry is more exact and of a greater extent than the Science of Numbers: Heanfwers, 1. That Incommenfu- rable Quantities may alwaies beexpreffed by Incommenfurable Numbers ; and if the Incommenfurable Numbers are not altoge- ther known, 'tis becaufe the Incommenfurable Quantities, imply- ing fomewhat of infinite and incomprehenfible, are‘not capable of being fully known, 2. That Lines are never the true expreffions of Incommenfürable Quantities,nor even of the Commenfurable, forafinuch as that which maketh the quantity not known, cannot be an expreffion thereof; and that the lines, of which the Geome- tricians pretend toexprefs the unknown quantities, do not make "known their quantities, He grants it to be true, that Geometri- cians do demonftrate , that thofe Lines are equal to thofe Quau- tities ;. but headds, that thofe lines themfelves are unknown to the Underftanding, though they are known by the Eyes or by the Ima- gination ; and thar, if you would have expreffions fpeaking to the Mind and not to the Eyes, you muft recur to Incommenfürable O ooo: . numbers: ~ DIM j numbers: Sothat zbefe numbers are (till more known than thofe. lines, feeing they do better exprefs and reprefent them to the Un- derftanding. As (eg.) this number /2o is much more known, than. the Hy pothenufa of a right angle of. which the fides are 2 and 4 ;. ‘for,’cis at leaft known, that /20o isabout 47 ; and if you will know: it more precifely, youmay, by the rulesof the Approximation of Roots. But you &sow not the bignefs of the Line that fuftains a right angle, though you fee or phancyit. — | | | Heobferves further,that the Analytical (which is the princi pal) part of Algebra, isincemparably more fertil for thedifcovery of Truths,than Figures, and that without it ‘tis in a manner impoffi- ble to refolve.an infinity of Problems, For, faith be, how can any . man émagine that long concatenation of embarafling Lines and Fi- gures, where you ought to fee diftin&ly fo many different propor- tions and refpedts, before you know what it is that the refo!lution. > . fought for do h immediately depend upon. | Now, asto the Order which our Author hath obferved in thofe Elements, they are divided into two Parts. The fir/, containing five: books, explains and demonftrates both the Supputation with JVuzse- bres, which is otherwife'eall'd Arithmetick, and that of Symbols ov Letters,which is called Algebra, The other, in four books more, ex- plicates and treats fundamentally ofthe Avalytical part, teaching to refolve Queftions, and to difcover the General Truths of the — . Mathematicks ; that is to fay,thofe which regard Quantities gene- rally taken, yet without fuppofing other knowledge than what is granted; but making ufe of thofe Operations only that are efta- blifh’t in the firft part. LT or . Inthe firft book of all,the Autbor fhews, that an Unit and Num- bers are che fole Idea's, by which we can regulate the meafure of Quantities, and exa&ly determine what is knowable of them. And after he hath explained the fundamental Idea’s that ferve usto com- — — pare quantities amongft themfelves; he teaches in the fequel of this book thefour firft Operations that are made by Numbers or Entire quantities, which are confidered as Proportions, : whereof. the firft term only is expreffed, and the fecond, which is alwaies à Unit, underftood, er | r.i] te oft The fecond book is of the fame Operations upon Fractions which — are Proportions of quantities,of which every termis expreffed, The third is of Powers and their Refolutions , whereof all the Rules are included in one only Problem, by means of a Table that seprefents in an Epitome all thofe Rules with their Demonftra- tion, | ¢ 640) ) tión after amanner that i is not lef: $ general than fimple and eafie to underftand. And fince this Refolution of the Powers doth not alwaies afe ford Commenfurable quantities, or fuch as are exa&tly known, but . fometimes Incommenfurable ones; thefeare explicated in the fourth ~ book, together wich all the Operations that are made concerning them. The fifthtreats of the Comparifon of Proportions: Which part . he finds to be fo vaft and fruitful,and the ufes thereof to be of füch anextent in moft Sciences , that thereare few, if any, that can be well taught without it. The Geometrical Equalities and Propor- . tions,which are one fort of the gezss of Equalities, are the things that render this part fo confiderable,and for the elucidating of which our Author hath moft of all employed himfelf in this work ; and the four laft books of the fecozd part are nothing but a feque! of what hath been faid of the Equalities in the fifth book of the fir? part. | Now inthe faid four books he fetcles Gift che Grounds of Analy- fis. Nest,after having there given fome idea of the method of Dsa- phantus, and of that of Vieta, he is particular in explaining the me- thod of Des-Cartes, which he efteems to be the moft general, the moft fertil , and the moft eafie of all. Yet feeing that this famous Man hath not demonftrated,nor fo much as explained,all the Prin- . ciples which he hath made ufe of, our Author intimates, that the Reader will not find in his Writings the fame advantages for under- ftanding his Analyfi 5$, as may be had from thefe Elements. For, after he hath clearly explained and demonftrated all thofe Principles, he thence deduces in order not only all the Difcoveries made by Des- Cartes, but alfo other new and more ufeful ones. For it may be feen in the /ef# book , that thofe new Difcoveries furnifh Rules that are much fhorter than the Cartefi an, and one may even draw analytical- . ly from them much of certain and very univerfal knowledge,which he did not believe could be difcovered withoutthe aid of Parabo- licallines, or fuch other as belong to the Geometria compofita, as the Hy perbolick,&c. — ."JBut, forafmuch as the Author. freeing that thefe Elements are principally written for Beginners , and even füch as have not fo Pu much as the knowledge of: Arithmetick, he defires that fuch Rea- ders would have their penat hand, to wake themfelves the opera- tions sof all the different Examples, deliver'd in great number , his ^ o 000 2 ; aim aim being to accuftom them to pradife the Rules , and to make thofe things familiar and fenfible to them , which at firft feem to be abftra& and difficult enough, efpecially to thofe that are not yet , accu(tomed to the exercife of their Underftanding. As for thofe that are already verfed in common Arithwetick and Algebra, they, he faitb,have difcerning enough to exempt themfelves from reading . what they already know, Though he hopes withal,that there will bethofe that will not find it tedious to perufe all, that fo they may . obferve the connexions, which poffibly they had not yet obferved, between all chofe Truths and the different parts of the Mathema- ticks ; and to eftablifhalfo their knowledgeupon principles,that may perhaps appear to them more plain and more natural,and in lefs number than thofe which they have ufed hitherto. - Vi. Del ART de PARLER; à Paris,1675. in duodecimo. S there was printed at Paris, fome years fince , the 4rt of ) Thinking, (whereof an Account was given in Wamb, 106. of thefe Tradts, ) fo there is lately publifhed in the fame place this . Art of Speaking, of which fome'Defcription is intended here. This Author doth not, as is ordinary , crowd his book with a heap of Precepis, whereby the Memory is burthen’d and the Mind embaraffed ; but, likea good philofopher, makes it his chief bu- (inefs to teach the Ground of the Arthe treats of, and its Natural Principles, which being well known, there needs not thar multitude - of Rules, which flip out of the Memory almoft as foon as they are entred. A E Now to make the Reader comprehend the true Reafons of the. Principles of Rhetorick , he begins with explaining, How Dif- - courfe comes to be formed s and there being nothing better than Nature her felf to teach us the form that our Words ought to have for expreffing our Thoughts and the Moticas of our Will, here- | prefeuts to himfelf a Troup of Men newly bornand that never have fpoken before. He confiders what thefe Men would do: He fhews, that being foon tired with expreffing their mind to one ano- ther by Geftures, they would quickly find the advantage of Speak- — ing, and form a Language to themfelves: He inquires, what form they would give to that Janguage ; and in this inquiry he laies the Foundations of all languages , and renders the Reafon of all che Rules prefcribed by Grammarians ; fhewing that this refearch is | very “power over Words : Whereupon he gives Rules to know which are the Laws of Cuffeme, andto obferve them, after he hath inftrudted his Reader which are the Laws preferibed by Reafoz, And thefe are the Contents of the fir? of the Four parts of this Book. | Inthe fecond part he obferves, that the moft fercil Languages are not able to furnifh terms proper to exprefs 4# our Idea’s, and that | therefore we muft have recourfe to Arc, borrowing terms from - things that are in a manner alike, or have fome connexion or rela- tion with thofe that we would exprefs, and for which the ordinary ufe doth n»t afford us proper words: Which borrowed Exprefli- onsare called Tropes; of all the kinds.and ufesof which he treats -atlarge. Inthe fame part he takes notice , that 2s Nature hath fo . difpos'd our Body as that it falls into poftures proper to fhun what may hurt it,or into thofe that are fitteft to receive what may doit good; fo the fame leads us to take certain turns in fpeaking, capa- ble to produce in the minds of our hearers the effe&s we defire, whether it be Meeknefs or Choler, Hatred or Love :. Which: terms are called Figures ; of which the Author treats with a particular. diligence, not being content to give us their Names with fome Ex-~. amples, (as is vu'garly done ) but alfo teaching us the Nature of each Figure, and the Ufe to be made thereof, — Next he confiders in the third part, that forafmuch as the facili-- ty with which men fpeak , and the pleafure that a difcourfe well. pronounced begets,have brought men rather to make ufe of Speech: to fignifie their thoughts, than of any other Sign; they have there- fore ftudted to find in the ranging of Words, that which makes.a. difcourfe to be utter'd more eafily, and to be heard more delight-. fully. And hereupon the, Author enlarges himfelf-by:fhewing, what is to be avoided,and what is to be obferved.in. the difpofition . - of the words to facilitate the Utterance and to pleafe the Ear. And —here it is that hetreats of the compofition of Periods and of the Art of Verfification; and having fhewed what itis that can pleafe the Ear in the found of words, he adds, how: the Rules, prefcribed by Mafters for compofing Periods :and making Verfes in all languae, nnd | | $35; (644) nn ges, have madefor their end the rendering the delivery eafie and pleafant. —— mp pu Inthe fourth part, he treats of Styles or Manners of fpeaking , diverfified according to the feveral inclinations and natural difpo. fitionsof Men. Here he propofes his advice for regulating a Style; and, becaufe every matter muft be handled ina way futable to it, he:teaches how to raife or deprefs, fweetenor afperate a ftyleac-: cording asthe nature of the Subjeé& requireth. On which occafion he examities the quality of tke Styleof Orators, Poets, Philofo- phers, Hiftorians, ^ ^|. io Ac: He concludes the Book with giving us a very fair Idea of the Art of Perfwading, which is very different from the At of Speak- ing, in regard that not all thofe that fpeak well know the fecret of gaining hearts. © | | In the whole, and particularly in the difcovery made of the na- ture of the Art of. Retorick, there areto be found confiderable — reflexions upon our eMind (of which Speech isan Image,) which ~ may contribute not a little to bring us to the knowledgeof our . felves. And every Curious Spirit will doubtlefs be pleafed to learn to know the reafons here given of all the Rules, which the Art of Speaking prefcribes ; This Author, when he treats of what itis that pleafeth in a difcourfe, not contenting himfelf with fay- ing 'tis fomething 1 know not what, but naming the very thing, and leading the Reader to the very fource of that pleafure,and making him underftand the very principles of thofe Rules, which thofe do follow that give delight in Speaking, &c. | Aa III. The manner of vaifingyordering and improving Forreft Trees : — AMfo bow to plant, make and keep Woods, Walks, Avenues, — Lawns, Hedges, Oc. with feveral Figures proper for Ave: nues and Walks to end in 5 and convenient Figures for Lawns: Alfo Rules and Tables, (bewing How the ingenious Planter may meafure fuperficial Figures ; With Rules, How to divide Woods and Land ; amd how to meafure Timber —— and other Solid bodies, either by Avithmetick or Geometry; | 4 Gt, By M.Gooke 5 im quarto.) 9 > 1. N former Times, not only Princely and Noble Palaces , and Seats of Honour, butalfo generally the Manfions of theGen- __ try, all over England, were adorned with Groves on the next — | ii : Hills; | Hills; and, in nearerapproaches , with goodly rows of fturdy Oaks, tall Elms, huge Chefnuts, and other ftately Trees of Eso produdion: To defend the Avenues, Gardens, Orchards , Walks and Ridings from. violent Winds and Storms in the rougheft fea- fons; and for cooling refrefhments in the Heats of Summer : And this was a credit and fhelter in all fair Vil/a’s, which are faid to be morein Ezz/azd , than on fo much ground of any other part of Europe. | Andit was believed,that thefe long-liv’d Vegetables had fome a*finity, congruity , congeniality or propenfion to fultain , . cherifh and lengthen the lives of Mortals; and to have fome- what of thenature of Perennial Fountains ; to retain (roundabout them) a degree of Warmth in Winter Froffs, and of coolnefs (befide their fhades) in Summer Heats, Of Gardens and Orchards Mr. F.W faith,p.147,148. The escercife of Planting, Graffing, Pruning and Walking in them, very much tendetb to falubrity, andto cure feve- - ral diftempers incident to our Natures (as bath been experienced,) and towards the prolongation of fe. And if any of thefe Vegetables participate of the nature of fmoaking Fountains,it may reafonably beapprehended, that they may attemper and mitigate the extre- mitiesof both Seafons, tobe more agreeable to Humane Confti- tutions. 3 : | 2. And ‘tis a real Truth (though I muft here be more fober than to mention it in good earneft, ) that (fometimes) the flateiieft Trees will familiarly creat, and anfwer diftinály to all the Di(- courfes, Noifeand Voices of the Family, from the fofier whifper co the loude(t raillery,with vocalimitation. And they are fo per- fe&tly Mufical, that they will keep Time and true Confort to any Tune, from the higheft Trebleto the deepeft Baffe: And’tisa great pleafureto the Mufical (which are alwaies the be/t) Natures,to en- joyaMuficalHabiadon. || HN SUE lane) kets .. 3. And ferioufly this Vegetable Furniture was held a fure Mark, to diftinguifh,at great diftance, Good Husbands.and Hofpitable Hou[- holders, fcom Wafteful and broken Con[fumers of their Patrimony...— — 4. And much is done lately, both for Ornament and Healthful- nefs, about the Amenities of the Royal Palaces, and of. many other chief Manfions, by planting the moft beautiful, wholefom and ver- dant Trees, in all their Avenues, Walks and Ridings. . .s, And much more may yet be done for the Credit and Repu- tation,as well as for the healthfulnefs and pleafantnefs of Eagland, if we proceed to follow the beft examples. for places of Ancient ey “Ors ac dt 3 a or sas Honour 5 Honour, for Cities and Towns ; and efpecially for both our Fa- mous Univerfities, wbere they have many Colledges with fpacious Walks and fair Gardens, . 6; And for our choice of themoft convenient Plants, ingenious Muffet Cinhis third Chapter of Healtbs: Improvement ) \earnedly inftruás us;by the experience of many Ages and Nations, to avoid fome Plants of a noxious and poyfonous breath, and to adopt Health-breathing Plants 5 of which benign kind great variety is now found by many Trials-to agree with our Soyl and Climate. So that our Univerfities have no neceffity to:yield to the Reputation of Leyden for their Aquatic Arbors, fince ours.may foon be furnifhed with more wholefom , beautiful and fragrant Bloffoms and Ever. greens. And more Effays grow on apace, For all thefe Concernments, I could do no lefs than give pub- lick noticeof the feafonable Aids and Encouragements herein af- . faded Py this our skilful and induftrious Author. Poftfeript. if oe sheir Adorning-Trees due care be had for the gléisins f Mulberry- trees, i» the approaches of Cities amd Towns, they may de well in time for many Poor in England ; asthe care for the fame hath | brought a vaft Treafure into France. IV and V. The French Gardiner reprinted ; to which i annexed the Englifh Vineyard vindicated, and the Way of making and ordering Wines in France; che. Or another Concernment I muft again give notice, that The E French Gardiner, which gives proper Inftruáions, for the cul- cureand propagation of the be(t Efculent Plants , ( which are yet much wanting in Ezg/azd;) is reprinted in a third Edition, Tiluftra- ted with Scilptures: To which is annexed, The Englifb Vineyard vindicated; andy T he Way of making and ordering Wines in France: in odtavo. Sold by Mr. Tooke at the Ship in Paul's Church- ard, dm The Fruits of the Earth, and ef pecially of Trees ( faith Mr, € Y, W.5.148.)were the firft food ordained for Man to eat; ;by eating '* of which (before Flefh became his meat) he lived toa greater — «© age than any fince have been obferved to have lived. Errata-in Numb.12$. P. 602. l. 32. for your read the, ib,l.36erefingeings Londen, Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the Royal Sim, hs at the Bel in St. Pauls Church-yard. 1676, I ie " fer 2$ E is fh. iet Lp pube RAREST mea Aaa. 2 SUS - -- - I e E Vu or . lei ratio y aca me GM ach ape FÉ ramen ee e nS N à Sigua Trans Numb. 127. o Ürzenzuet x Eod. y Juni 2 dug v 167.2. 4 Gad au obrere- a J Hevelio . SS EE E , £t 647 ) : Numb, 127: PHILOSOPHICAT.- TRANSACTIONS. July 18. 1676. ^The QONTENTS. ; An Extract of à Lester written from Dublin ze the Publifber, con- 1 -— taining divers Particulars of a P hilofophical mature. viz.a Narra- tive of a firange effect of Thunder upon a Magnetick Sea-card; fome Remarks concerning the gradual Alteration of the Temperature of the Air in divers Conntreys a contrivance of an uncommon Uy- erofcope;The Musky [cent of certain parts of the Animal called -Musk-quaíh,ec. | eJMr. Leewenhoecks Letter tothe Publifb- er, about the Texture of Trees , and [ome remarkable difcovery in Wine. Monf. Hevelius obfervation of a Solar Eclipfe of A. 1675. Mr. Flamfteads, Mr, Townlyes, Mr. Haltons, Ssgnor Caflini's asd Monfieur Hevelius's, Obfervations of the Late Eclipfe ef the Sun, An extract of aletter of Dr. Matthias Mangold of Bafel , comcerning a Mathematico-Hiftorical Table, defigned in that Univerfity; together with a Defcription of the fame. An Ace - €ount of four Books: 1, Experiments , Notes Gc. about the ME- _ CHANICAL Origin of divers particular QUALITIES 3 among . which is inferted a Difcourfe of the imperfection of the CHYMI- STS DoGrine of Qualities ;together with fome Keflexions upon the — Hypothefis of ALGALI and AGIDILM: By the Honorabie Rob, Boyle £ fg; II. TH. Bartholinus de PEREGRIN ATIONE- Medica €9c. MI. Georg Hier. Velíchij Genturie due Obferva- tionum Phyfico-Medicarum. 1V. Joh. Nicolaus Pechlinius £M, D.. de AERIS et ALIMENT! DEFECT, et VITA SUB EC ELS. 6. ons e E bus — An extract of 4 Letter cre, from Dublin May the 10th, 1676. - SIR, | ns | de Inding amongft my 44er [aria (ome obfervations,that I thought — . might not be unacceptable to you , nor impertinent to your defignof making colle&ions for the Hiftory of Natures I have here fent youa few, of fuch as my other occafions wouldat preíent afford me leifure to recolle&. . This enfuing Narrative, concer- ning the ftrange effect of Thunder upon a Magnetick Sea-card , 1 ad from one Mr. Haward that was Mafter of feveral fhips, anda, 2 man of good credit. FDPDi- He i B4 LM | He tells me, that being once mafter of a fhip ina voyage to Bar- bados , ih company of another, commanded by one Grofton of . New-England, «hey were, inthe Latitude ( as I remember ) of | Bermuda, fuddenly alarmed with a terrible clap of "Thunder, ' which broke this Groftons fore-maft , tore his fayles , and did fome damage to his rigging: But by that time the noyfe , together : with the danger of this frightful accident, was paft, Mr. Haward, to whome rhis Thunder had been more favorable , was however _ no lefs furprifed , to feehis companions fhip fteer dire&tly home- ward again: At firft he thought, that perhaps the confufion that the latemifchance had put them in , might have made them miftake their courfe , andthat they would foon perceive their error; but feeing them perfiít in it, and being by this timealmoft out of call, he tack't and ftood after them ; andas foonas he got near enough to be well underítood , asked where they were going: but by their anfwer (which imported, that they had no other defign, than the profecution of their former intended voyage) and by the fequel of their difcourfe, it at laft appeared, that Mr. Grofton did indeed (teer by the right point of his compafs, but that che card was turned round,the North and South points baving changed pofitions; and though, with his finger he brought the flow- - |. er-de-Lys to point dire&ly North, it would immediatly;a s foon as . at liberty , return to this new unufual pofture 5 and upon exami- nation he found every compafsin the ‘fhip of the fame humor : which ftrange and fuddenaccident he could impute to nothing elfe but the operation of the Lightning or Thunder newly mentioned. He adds,that he lent Groftoz one of his compaffes to finifh the voy- age ; and withall that thofe Thunder-ftrucken ones did never to his knowledg recover their right pofitions again; and that he be- leives,if Mr.Grofton beliving,he hath one of them tothisday, - — That in America (at leaft as far as the Englifh plantations are extended) there is an extraordinary alteration ,-as to temperature, fince the Ewropeans beganto Plant there firft , is the loynt affertion ofthemall; neitherhath it near fo many admirers, as witnefles: in regard that this change of temperature, is, and not without fome reafon, generally attributed to the cutting downof vaft woods, - together with the clearing and cultivating of the Country; but — that Ireland fhould alfo confiderably alter without any fuch mani=- feft caufe, doth certainly , either invalidate the reafon generally - admitted for the alteration of America newly mentioned, or els. evince , that quite different caufes may produce the fame-effe& — d | cite ^ "Per ‘newly brought from fhore, nor could I eafily perceive, it had any relicks of its late corruption. i " That the Tefticles of the Animal called Mask-guafh do {nell flrong of Musk, as Mr. Foffelia* faith, | ats is moft certain: For, I have known fome facer given of 5 of them kept a long time in ones pocket, thefe Traés, jure us till they were become hard and black, and “yet finelt as ftrongly as at firft , which,in my opinion, was nothing inferiour to the fcent of chat, which is commonly fold for Musk in thefhops. Iremember, that one of our Seamen, being laid to fleep too near the fire-place, with one of thefe dried Tefticles in his pockets it happen’d thata coal burn'd through breeches and all to it, and made fo great a fcent of musk,that he might eafily have been felt a good way off , and the fire might perhaps have advanced - where there was a worfe perfume, had not the ftrength of this a- waken'd the man, and fo made him withdraw his breech in time. This Animal deferves tobe further inquired into, efpecially if what . Mr. Theuenot relates be true, viz. That Musk is nothing elfe buc the Tefticles ofa beaft like a Deer,found in the province of Hogar, as 'tis noted in Numb. 14. p. 250. of your Tranfactions. Extract of a Letter. written to the Publifber by Mr. Leewenhoeck. rom Delft, April 21.1676 5. Concerning | dat Ve Texture if Trees, and ome remarkable PENNA MEE Inti | difcovery in Wines together with fome . ter refer to the like figures. Notes thereon *. | inthe Notes made thereon, SI R, Yu 3 A. uoa à A onfieur Conftantin Hagens of Zulichem was pleafed to thew | V B^ methe Comparative Anatomy of the Trunks of Plants, writ-- .ten by Do&or Grew, and told me, that he had very ingenioufly and - learnedly difcourfed upon that fubject; though I, by reafonof my | unskilfuinefs in the Englifh Tongue, could have little more than the- contentment of viewing the elegant Cuts. ^ I have formerly written unto you,viz.in my Letter of Aagu/? 15 1673. that. | had difcovered in feveral Trees (12 two forts of vef- fels or pores,and did conceive;that the matter which ferves forthe “° . increafe of Trees was in C7 the greater ve[[els fent upwards, and a. that fome finall particles did again defcend in the fmaller. Vejfels A «to the roots, whereby was maintained a(3) Circulationalfoin Trees. 3. "But. not finding by the figures of Dr. Grow, that he hath difco- ver'd thofe (4) two forts of Veffelsin the wooddy part, I here takes. PUES | . the. 33 (€ 654 ) the liberty of fending you the Eight part of the tranfverfe Slice of an Afh-fprig of a years growth; and fhall withall acquaint you, ru feltly toconfift of finall globuls, . Thefe great Veffelsaregeneral- . . | that befides thofe two forts of Veffels in wood, Ihave difcover'd a(s) third fort; thefe two going direüly upward, and this * third iffuing out of the middle or the pith, going horizontally tothe circumference: Sothat the ©) whole body of Wood hither- to Viewed by me,confilts of nothing but of finall hollow pipes, Thefe pipes, out of which the firm wood. is made up, are in * -mapy places as(7) clear as cryftal, and inother places, methinks, 1 * fee them to confift in part,of (8) {mail globuls, The great Veffels,. obferv'd and expre(fsd by Dr. Grew, were feenby me very mani- ly furnifh’s with fmall membranes, which being cut thro gh, may be feen tolye obliquely inthe Veffels; and thefe I conceive to be | * (9)valves, n2 IO.:' (19) Thefe three forts of Veffels then, I have obferv’d not only in - 4[b-wood,but alfoin Elme, Oak,Willow,Sbumaok, Lime-tree, Apple, IT, 12. - notneed to difcourfe of it here, - Pear, Plum, Valuut, Hafel-tree &c. — Andall the Veffels, which Dr, Grew hath reprefented in Afb and other wood, though they differ from one another in bignefs, yet, under favour, I take them to be!) of one fort. And though I have fome Obfervations which I keep yet to myfelf ; yetthis which concerns the three forts of pores or Veffels I am willing to comunicate unto you, as [alfo have fhew'd them here to divers curious perfons that were pleafed to vifitme; to whom I have alfo made it out, as well as I could, how "Trees and other Plants do grow inheight and thicknefs, (12) of which I doubt not but Dr. Grew hath. written fo learnedly that I fhall - Tabil. Fig.1. A Bis one of thegreat pores or Veffels of an Ap twig I 3. 14. QN wt of one years growth, cut longways the little twigg, through the middle of the pores; which Veffel confifts of (13) tranfparent glo- buls, where-in you may plainly fee che fmall oblique. membrans by me (14) cal’d valves, which membrans do not ly with their upper. part extended one and the fame way,but they lye fo asthat two fides ofthem with theiruppet end reach towards one another,as CC. and DD, And if we fuppofe, that. the hollownefs of thefe greater Veffels is as large asa hair of ones head, we may then very wellfay, — 15. that thehollownefs (15) ofthe fmall onesisat leat 25 times [maller. — 16. thanfuchahair. | That thefe Veffels (19) confift of globuls, I have, not only feen in Zfb-wood, but alfo in Walnut , Hafel, Apple, Pear, and Plum,trees &c. fala ion (2,8) 51003 bigse MGR S ( j Ie. a pr —À MM emm e "s ^ ( 649 ) For if it be true, as fome compute, that this Kingdom was better ‘inhabited and husbanded before the late bloody war, than at pre- fent , it fhould, according to the reafons alledged for the change oftemperature in America, berathergrown more intemperate, vz: - for want of cultivation : But the contrary is obfervable here, and every one almoft begins to take notice , that this country becomes every year more and more temperate, Now whether there were more inhabitants in Irelazd before the late war than at prefent, I fhall not hereinfift upon, neither do I think it an eafy matter to determine, yet füre [ am , that there hath beenno fuch increafe .of people here within thefe 16 or 2o years, nor fuch improve- mentsas to be accountable forthe great changeof temperature that is oflateobferved, Within lefs chan the time newly mentio. ned, twas not unufual to have froft and deep fnowes of a fortnight | or three weeks continuance; and that twice or thrice, fometimes oftner ina winter; nay we have had great rivers and ‘lakes frozen all over, whereas of late,efpeciallythefe two or three years laft paft, “we have had fcarce any fioft or fnowat all. Neicher can I impute this extraordinary alteration to any fortuitous concourfe of ordi- nary circum{tances requifit to the production of fair weather ; be- - caufe it ismanifeft, that it hath proceeded gradually, every year becoming more temperate than the year preceding. ifany in chis city or country hath kept an exact account of the weather for at leaft a dozen or fourteen years paft, I doubt not but their Iournalls ‘will verify, what I have only in generalobferved, and thus far . infiled upon. For my own part, I was never furnifhed with leifurenor conveniences before this year, to make any obferva- tions in particular of this kind 5 my occafions being fuch as requi- red a removal from place to place, and for fome time to the Hef- Indies. Asfor the laft year, can only tel] you in general] , that all the winter was very mild, and warmer than could be well ex- pe&ed from fuch a feafon , aud but very little rain, having Tn the whole month of February not rained above twice or thrice C at leaft in that part of the country where I was then, ) infomuch that many took upon them to predi&, that fuch unfeafonable weather would certainly be the caufe of fome dearth or peftilence (for all extraor- - dimary appearances of weather, Meteors, &c. according to the Vulgar, muft needs be prefagers of Mifchief ) the enfuing Summer or Autumn; buttheir Predictions proved as falfe as the following Harveft was extraordinary both for health and plenty. This laft winter now newly ended, I have Kept an exact ac- count of wind das weather (as I intend todoe ; God willing ,' Pppp2 for queo». GU MEM for the future ) being well provided with a Barometer, fealed Thermometers , Hygrofcopes, and all things requifitto the perfor- mance of fo niceand neceffarya Task. — Totranfcribe my lournall here would be too tedious ,. and needlefs, until! [ have made far- ther obfervations, Let it fuffice thereforetotell you ; tbat it hath beena very fair and warm, or rather no winter at all; that we have not had above five or fix froíty mornings this winter, and none that lafted longer-than till noon;that we bad Snow but thrice; the firft beforeChritlmafs;the fecónd upon the 1 175.and third upon - ther7t5h. of January: This laft, which was the longeft Snow we had this winter, continued not 48 hours, but thawed. All this winter, we never had two daies of rain together , nor above two or three that could well be called rainy daies. March 14th.we hada fhower of rainand hail together; the wind being S. W. and calm. The Mer- . cury in my Barometer (which is very flender,but carefully filled, and conveniently placed) is for the moft part about 29-* inches high above the furface of the ftagnant Quickfilver ; but yet doth very fen&bly and frequently vary i:s height according to the diffe- . rence of che Atmofpheres gravity: January 1 7tb.(which was the day . it laft fnowed here) che¥ was fubfided to 282 inches. - The next day it was at 28 being towards night fomewhat bluftering,and the fnowthawed. Jam. 19tb. being fair but very foggy, thes was at. - 28>, which is the loweft ftation it was ever at yet with mes the wind was weflerly and calm. The next day it was up sgain to 29 _and afterwards higher. Feb. 15b. in the morning being cloudy, _ 1 the windWefterly and bluftering,thet£ was at 295; and about 1r that night, being fair,clear and calm, it was rifen to 30+ inches. The next day being ftill fair and calm, it was at 30+ inches; which - ‘is the utmoft height I have yet feenit at. Next day it fell a little beneath 3e, and kept, as before, for the moft pare about29-5- or 4, to this prefent; only on tbe 1 rt/zof Mareb it was at 30 again. Thoufh it be obferved,that frofty and fnowy winters make early fprings, and for as little as we have had of either this winter , yet there hath not within theMemory of any now living happened: a forwarder Springin Ireland; fincethis place could produce fome. ftore of ripe Cherries in the midft of Apral. The wind keeps for — - themoft part here between the North-weít and tbe South,feldomat — . | Eaft, and yet feldomer at North or North-eaft, infomuchthat many — | here don't fcruple toaffirm, that for at leafl? ofthe year thé wind is | | -Wefter'y; and we have fometimes known paffengers wait at Che/ter & Holy bead nolefs than three months for a fair wind,to comehither. — | The Hygroftope Y makeufe of , I: thus contrived, I took two? 7 me ide oe eee ( 651 ) pieces di Deal board (Poplar would have been better) each | about two foot long,and a foot or more inbreadtb, (A.B), _ -Thefe I got well plained , and fhotren, that their edges ae fa might meet even together, Of thefe two, fet edge by edge, I fattened each end between two ledges of Oak (C.C,)of two inch- es broad and long enough to reach athwart both boards, (but one ledge, if it be thick enough, might be made to ferve each end, by making hollow furrows or gutters in itto receive the ends of the | boardsJand fo I fixed both boards in,as P are fecin Wainfcot. This done, fappofing of an inch to be the utmoft diftance that thefe two boards wouid fhrink afunder in drieft weather. (for it- mattered not much, though it fhould be fomewhat more or lefs) I took a thin piece of Brafs( D.Jof two or three inches long and! inch ‘broad, and uponone edge towards the end I meafi ür'd ofan inch: Cwhich was the utmoft diftance I fuppofed the two boards would gape affunder;) which fpace (4.4. )I divided into five equal parts, and witha finall file made them into fomany fine teeth, like thofe ofa watch-wheel. . This piece of Brafs I plac'd flat, acrofs the -Tuneture of the two boards, nayling its one end, by meansof two final! holes (b.b. ) to the board A. only, and leavi ng the other end, which is the toothed one, free,and reaching toa competen t diflance over the board(B.) to which it had no coherence. | Next I macea_ pinion, (confifting of as many teeth asthe Brafshad) (e) upon the end ofa piece of thick Iron wire: This Axel(F) with its pinion (e) I fo faftaed to the other board (B) by means of the Brachiolum (E, )and fo adapted to the teeth of the Brafs plate, that when the - - boards do fhrinkaffunder, the Brafs being drawna little away; muft needs turnthis Axel (by meansof its roothed pinion) more or Jefs; and fo if ever it happens, that the boards gape but a quarrer of aninch affünder, this Axel will have made one intire revolution: » Wherefore I pit along index (G.G.) upon the extreinity of this Axel; and madea circle round it with the ufual graduations , num- beréd from what point I pleafed,and the motion of the index back eor forward, fhews me the degrees of the drought or moifture ofthe Ayr. ^ Nowthis Axel may be made to come throvgh a round plate of wood or Mettle that hides the contrivance all but the hand - and figures, asina clock or Watch. Tis to benoted more ovet, thar the boards mnft be faftned to the ledges, only at the outer edp- e$,4s at a.a.a.a. that they may have the more liber ty of {welling and fhrinkingaffunder. The ' commodioufnefs of this kind QE ofcope in .. comparifon of thofe made of wild Oat-Ecards inay beft be obfer- NN - ved | (652 ). . ved by thofe that are furnifhed with both; and therefore I fball only add, that if any one eife hath made ufe, or thought of the like con- trivance, it is more than I know : And withall, that though the one — I make ufe of at prefent, benone of the belt workmanfhip, norexaüly . made after the defcription I have here given you(the boards having not liberty of gaping above + ofan inch) yet I have oftentimes the pleafure of feeing the Ipdex turn no lefs than tc, fometimes 20 de- . grees,in an hour or two; and when the Ayr is changed, will return as [wiftly, by the fhrinking and fwelling oftheboards, — —— Thavehere withalfent you the Figure of an admirable inftance of Natures luxuriancy in hercontrivance even of Infecis.. Tis a Kind of large flying Beetle, of adark fhining brown, with ahuge pair of horns, (in"proportion to the body. ) fhaped and branched exactly like aStaggs, orHarts,from which laft it hath itsdenomination; Our people in Virginia : ‘and New Eng- land calling it a Flying Hart. ltflies high and fwift, and refts moft commonly upon branches or trunks of ftanding Trees ; ; where, as foonasit has taken up its ftation, it begins witha fhrill chirping voice, which it raifes by little and little till it make the whole woods ringagain, and then leffens gradually tillit ceafeth with a kind of filent murmur,as if the little creature had rung it felf afleep: Then flies to fome other place, and begins the fame tune again, Though I have feen and heard many of them,yet I never had the for- tune to light upon any of them dead or alive but one, which not- withftanding [ left in Virginia ,but by good luck had firft drawn Tab. 1 Fig. 2. the. picture of it, according. to the copy youhave here* ; which ^ reprefents i its fhape and fize,exaüly, asit lay upon a book before me. Where it isto be noted that the Hornsare ofa — fhining hard Subftance , and that the tips of them touch the fame plane with the belly.. 1 could willingly have taken fome pains to obferve the anatomy of thefe pretty Infe&s , and their manner of breeding and propagation, but the feafon of the yeartogether with |. my employment were both unfavorable to my defire, and I was therefore forced to defift without further fatisfaction. - Though the Author in Mwmb.27. of your Tranfactions feems in- clinable to believe, that it is peculiarto the Thames-water alone, upon Stinking to be recoverable or potable again; I can affirm up. : on my own knowledge, that Water taken aboard at Mew Losdoz in: * See Fig. AVew- England, though in eight days time it ftunk intolerably , yet. | when we came to Virginia, it recovered fo perfectly, that I made no fcruple to drink of i it in harbour even when we had frefh water — q newly |. S ————— A! Oe n dla ids Rs ue ’ à 4 * * i Pe tcl wo Qro iiit ts an ca plz (m. t 19 h Aa Fi e i fi ^ ur b. : DE ! DN Say * i bu 4 ‘ 3 j N ^ | ^ | | LI ^ r P 5 ei) xi ~ x í bo Ww L - x TM TY: y : ) : Hd D w^ EO * - pt i 3 Cu EE 086555) . Fig. 2. AB exhibits fome of the fmall Veffels that make up the (17)firm wood, cutt of clofe to the Bark longways,likewife of an Ath 19. of one years growth 4 between the pipes of which thefe Veffels are found; which have their rife out of the pith of the plant or twig, and are,asI conceive , increafed by more Vefleis, either out of the great or {mall Veffels that go diredtly upwards. (18) Of thefe Veffels there lie 8. 10, or 12. togeiher, crowded-in long-ways between the -aforefaid pipes,as at C and D,in the manner of a Weavers-fhuttle, lying in fome piaces irregularly, ihe one c.ofe by the other, and in othe: piaces fomewhat more difp:rfed. | -Fig. 2. ABCD is (9) che Bark of the Twig, whichIhaveonly ro. repreiented with bare lines, becaufe that now the plant is growing, T25.1t. whereby the Bark 1s changed from what itis in Winter, And if one would give a pe tinent and exact delineation shereof, it would be requifi.e to cbfcrve it a fortnight toge her «hilft ic is growing, 8e i) And this might likewife be done withthe Wood, AHHDEG EF isthe Eighth part of the Wood of an Afh twig,one- ear old, curt cranfverfly ; wherein you may fee, that it is not made up wholly of firm or clofe parts,but partly too (29) of great 2e: ^ Veffels , which yet differ much among themfelves in bignefs , and -whichare not at all, or feidom, perfe&dtly round, ftanding alfo near the pithinfome places irregular by oneanother ; andthe reft of the Wood being an infinite number (24) of tittle Veffelsor pores. — 2r. (22) G H,are Veffels having their origin from the Pith, and termi- 22. nating in the circumference of the Woody part, I mean, when the Tree isnot growing. (23) Thefe Veffels may not always befeen, 23. ina tranfverfe Cut,to have their rife out of G,and to end in the cir- cumference H, becaufe that in the diffe&ion made with the knife .you donot throughout keep juft the middle of the body that takes hold of thefe Veffels, from the place of the very beginning of them, but in one place,as about C in Fig.2, you will cut through with its. fharp point,and in anorher.place the fame will pafs with its middle, asat D, where itisthickeft ; and.foit comes to pafs, ‘hat your eye fees.thefe Veffels to have their beginning out of G,and run between Gand H into nothing,and again, that the fame do feem to have their beginning in the middle, and- become ftill broaderand broader,un- _ — fill they end in H, vU ei | |. J. I. Are C3) che. very finall Veffels that are counted to bethe 24. - yr: Wood, and which require indeed to be more curioufly defign- ed but to exprefs rhem in cheir natural perfection and order , juft as they lye by one another, in my opinion, caa never be done . by the hand of Man. Qaqq EK 35, 26, 27« | | (646) |. | E K F Isthe Pitbofthe ewig, which likewife cannot be imita- red by arc, forafmuch as it confifts of Veficles or (23) bladders ‘that have 6. 7 or 8 fides, and lye moft curioufly with their fides to one another: In fome of which bladders I have feen fmall (26)darkifh globuis ; and if | had not ih fome other Wood more plainly dif- covered thefe globuls,it would have been impoffible for me to have obferv'd them in this Pith by reafon of their (27) extraordinary fma/nefs. - rds | dun b T ' J beg your favour, Sir,to communicate this to Dr. Grew, with -. my ferviceto him, and to inquire of him, whether he hath feen as "Tab.z. Tab. 2. weii as I, whether the great Veffels or pores, that are expreft by him inhis figures, do not confift of globuls, as in Fiz. 1. A B ;asalfo that in the fame do lye oblique membranes or films;by me call'd val- ves, as CC. DD s again, whether the particlesofthe Wood, which - encompafs the great Veffels, benot all of them very finall Veffels or pores laftly,whether the ftrokes,which in Fig.3. are denoted by G H,coming out of the pich,and running horizontally to the circum- ference, do not alfoall of them confift of Veffels or pores; as thefe alfo, which in Fig. 2. are cut off along the Wood , and run through the faid Veffels, as C D?. An anfwer to which particulars I fhould - be very giad to receive from the faid Dodor. LE I have now fome French Wine of the growth of the year paft, which hath a very delicate taft. The Veffel, wherein this Wine is, was very good and {weet when the Wine was put in’, and a coarfe linnen Cloath dipt in melted Brimftone and kindled had been hung _ overthe Veffel before it was filled. In this WineI have divers times obferved final! living Creatures, fhaped like little Eels, as ape pears in Fiz, 4. A B, havingon their forehead a round convexity : like a crefcent, without having any thing elfe, that I could fee, on the forepart of their body, and that part looked no otherwife than cry ftal; but towards its middle it was madeup of nothing but glo-- buls, which I could very plainly difcern ; and the hinderpart of the body of thefe little Animals appeared as-clear and tranfparent as the fore: part, and running toa very fharp tayl; Thefe creatures ! have kept in my Study fora whole month fwimming in Wine. And though they move ftrongly, yet they make but little way, whereof the caufe may be, that they are quitedeftituteofleggs. © . ^ ^ Some Noteson the foregoing Letter. ^ Thefe Obfervations , as to tbe Texture of Plants , although they a | Cand very many more) have been already made and publifbed by Dri | Grew, and by Sign. Malpighi; yet becaufe that (for the mo( part thep = . EAS ee Ces7r) - may be a further Confirmation of the truth of their Obfervations; 2 thought it not unufeful to have them communicated berealfo. And - withal, to fubjoyn to the principal Paffages hereof , the following Kewmsar ques. : e We un | 1, two forts of Veffels] Thefe two forts of Velfels are defcvibed by Dr. Grew in his firft and general Anatomy of Plants, is bis Anato- my of Roots, and én bis Anat. of Trunks, — -. 2. inthe greater Veffels fent upwards] The chiefufe,whereto Dy. Grew, iz bis (aid 3 Books , affigneth thefe Ve[fels in all parts , % not the conveyance of Sap, but of Air. And heveim Sign. Malpighi doth agree with bim. See him in his Anatome Plantarum de part.Caulem componentibus. Yet zz fore few Plants, and at [ome certain times of the year only, Dr. Grew foeweth, that the {aid Air-Vellels do cor- tain an Aqueous Sap,and how it comes to pals, fee bis Anat.of Trunks | p.2. Ch. 1. and pag, 26. ~ 3. a Circulation] Dr. Grew zs bis aforefaid fic Book fpeaketó — conjcturally of a Circulation, not in the Trunk, but inthe Root only: And that not by Velfels of a different,but the fame Species, fe, Sap.Vef- - fels, fome whereof running through the Pith, by which chiefly the Sap may afcend, and fome through the Bark , by which part of the Sap may ^. defcend. See Ch. 2. of that book, . /— 4 two forts of Veffels in the Woody part | Thefe two forts of Vef- fels ave, as was faid, dit inci ly and largely defcribed by Dr. Grew; ae you will find particularly in his Anat. of Trunks p. 22. to 30. And the Explications of all the Figures do plainly diftinguifh the Air-Ve[fels from the Sap-Velfels. The pores, or mouths of which Sap-Velfcls,are.for their incomparable feallnefs,repre[ented only in figure the 18.where they are wery much wider than ordinary. See alfo p.25. of that Book. S. athird fort ——-— going horizontally | Thefe parts , which Mr. Leewenhoeck calls a third fort of Veflels , Dr. Grew calls the Infertions ; and hath largely defcribed them in all his 3 Books ; particularly , in his Anat, of Trunks, p.20, 21, 22; and bath clearly expre[Jed them in alwsolt every figure of that Book, [c. by white diametral lines (more agreeable, ashe conceiveth, to Nature) which Mr Leewenhoeck( Fig.3.G.H.)hath expre[[ed by black. Thee parts be demonftrateth, efpectally from Herby Plants , to be of the very [ame fubftance with the Pith. Wherein Sign. Malpighi doth alfo moft clear- ly agree with him: See bis Idea Anat,Plant.p.3..3. — - Of thefe Infertions i£ 2s by Dr. Grew further remarked, that they - confift of a number of mof exquifitely {mall Fibres 5 which in all lefs Woody, fofter and younger Plants, are Woven up together into exti ean .Qaa4? fmalt Tab. 2 | ,,, C 6889) [mall Bladders: Which Bladders, Sign. Malpighi bath libewife obfer- ved, calling them utticulos : See him-in the forecited place: But not, their being compofed of fuch Fibres. Thefe Bladders, being(in cleaving a Branch) many of them cut open, Dr. Grew tells me, he conceiveth, ' may be taken by Mr. Leewenhoeck for the Mouths of Veffels. But in enoft bard Woods, the Bladders he faith,are fcarcely to be feen; the faid Fibres being fo clofely couched and drawn up together, as to lye rather after the Manner of the Ve[Jels im the Liver, Tefticles, Glands, and other Vifcera in Animals. ‘ap 6. the whole body of Wood —— confifts of Pipes]Dr. Grew hath formerly gathered upon probable grounds, that not only the Wood; but that the whole of a Plant, doth confift of Pipes. See bis Anat. of Roots, part. 2, Ch, ult, avd Anat. of Trunks p. 18. and p. 34, 35, " See alfo tbe latter Paragraph of the Note 5. | 7. as clear as CryftalU] The fame Dr. Grew hath faid in his Anat, .of Roots, p,—4t1 14, ped ERES ..- 8; of fall G'obuls] Dr. Grew hath given a further and more particular Defeription of the Structure of thefe VefJels; Anat of Roots- | p. 89. and Anat. of Trunks p. 30. aud fig, 24. VU bich, if well mind- ed, will give you the reafon,why they feew,efpectally m Vines, Oak,and [ome other Plants, to confift of Globuls. dion. - €, Valves] Of the fame appearance of pithy Valves, Dr. Grew "makethb mention in his fir{t book of the Anatomy of Plants p, 71. af the beginning, ;: ; ; aite ALD But that in tbe Sap Ve[Jels there are no Valves , he proveth by dis vers arguments: See bis Anat. of Trunks p.45,46. The fame per [on doth alo acquaint me,that he hath made [ome experiments, whereby be proveth, that there are mo Valves neither inthe Air-Veffels: Which. fuppofe he referveth to be Pabli[bed. together with further Obfervati- ons upon Plants. — 1 RIP ES E ro. thefe three forts e—— | Thefe three general Parts Dr.Grew hath as is (aid, de[cribed and reprefented in feveral Figures, (bewing — the different-Texture of fo’ many. feveral fortsof Wood, See Anat. of Trunks p. 20, to 3e. compared with the Figures and tbe Explicati- — 7. onof the fame, Bat for what he faith of ome of the faid three parts, — (which Mr. Lewenhoeck, calls a third fort of Velfels) fee the Note s., 11, ofone Sort] Dr..Grew hath both deferibed, and by his figures (Anat. of Trunks) reprefented two forts of Velfels, dm the Wood of Afb, and divers other Trees. But all thefeVeffels, whofe pores or mouths are ip vai indeed of onefort only; excepting inthe 18, | Figure;which made Mr:Leewenhoeck-( for want of skill inthe Eng- s ( 659 J lif tongue to have recourfe to the explicattons, ) to conceive, there were no other reprefented at all And for Vig, 18, that being but one — Gwhich the Author thonght fufficient for examples fake among ft fo ma- ay more figures, Mr. Leewenhoeck did, it feenss overlook it. See the latter end of the Note 4. 1 | 12. of which] The Canfes of which, are affigned and explicated, in Dr. Grews Anat. of Trunks, part. 2, Ch. 5. dad of 4 great many more particulars throughout tbe whole Occonomy of Vegetation in all. the aforefaid three Books; | —. 12. tranfparent G obuls ]See tbe Note 8. 14, called Valves ] See the Note 9. A 15. ofthe Small ones] of the fize of thefe Values, fee: Dr. Grews computation, Anat. of Trunks p. 18. 19. 16. confilt of Globuls | See zbe Note 8. 17. firme Wood] Dr. Grews Defcription whereof, fee Anat. of . Trunks, p. 22.10 26. — | Del 18, of thefe Veifeis'|See:t5e Note se | 19. the Barke | See-Dr,Grews Defeription and Reprefentation of the Bark in his Anat.of Tranks. And of this very Barke,fig.is.with — the Explication Andit is further to be noted, That the fame Author, 4n his Anat. of Trunks, zeformeth ws, that there are two forts of Vef- - felsV:fibly diftindt tn the Barke of moft. if not of all, forts of Trees and other Piants, aa well as in the Wood.. M hereis Sign. Malpighi doth alfo agree with bim, at leaft, that they are to be found in many Trees of two diftinct (pecies; fee him in his \dea,p.2- towards theend.. dad Dr. Grew, moreover , both obferveth, and fbeweth three diling fpectes of Ve[fels, even in the Barke, of fome Plants See Anat. of Trunks p. 14 to 17. and figures 19,20, 21. . 20, of great Veffels] Which Dr. Grew calleth the Air-Ve[fels , (Mal pighius, Fiftulas fpirales) sd deferibeth Anat. of Roots and Trunks p.26to30,. : | 21. of little Veffels | Which Dr. Grew calls the True Wood, er Olde - Sap-Veffels , defcribed i» his Anat. of Trunks p. 22 to 26. . |... 22. GH the Veffels] Seethe Notes, —— . 23. thefe Veffels may not alwayes «——— untill they end inH] : See the fame thing obferved in Dr. Grews general Anat. of Plants. — And am Example of the fame in the Wood of Sumach, Anat. of Trunks. . Fig. 20; that being of a Branch of the firft years growth, (asis Mr. -Leewenhoecks, ) wherein it is nauch more obfervable than in older - Branches. The caufe hereof is that which Dr.Grew-calls the Braces, ' and Sign, Malpighi, the Superequitations, of the Peffels. - : EE | 24. the a (660) | i 34. the very finall Veffels] The fame with thofe mentioned Note 2t, ‘ag, Bladders] See Dr.Grews Defcription of the Pith,andthere~ — in of thefe Bladders, Anat. of Roots part. 2, dvd Anat. of Trunks, part.2. Ch. 4. ^ 7 e: EIR ux | 26. darkifh Globules] See the fame Ch. p. 34. © y a 23; Extraordinary finallnefs ] See the fame Ch. 32,33. Note, that the{e Bladders, whereof the Pith confifts, Sign. Malpighi doth alfo eb- ferve; but not the Fibres, of which Fibres (mofl admirably Woven up- together) Dr. Grew hath difcovered the {aid bladders tobe compofed. See the fame Ch: p. 35. Sty E duree Eclipfis Solis Anno 1675 , die25 Tai mane ft.n. obfery. Gdá D P] ; a hall! Job. Hevelia. ‘ YT utuon omnes & fingulas pbafes in bác Eclipfi, ab ipfo initio, ob fre- U quentiffimas denfifimafque Nubes bi Gedani obfervare nobis obtigerit ; attamen precipnas crefcentes ex voto annotare, licuit, Sol oriens clariffimus quidem extitit, fic ut ipfam initium admodum. diflin&à, bor. fc. 4. 44', depre- ^ denfumfuerit , paulo autem pofl, bora fc. 5. 6' uubes Solem nobis plane eripi- -ebant, ut nibil quicquam ad b.ram ulque 5. 32' deprebendere licuerit, at ut — -vigiles femper oculos ad Tabulam obftrvatcriam direxerimus. Ex improvifo amen preter omnem fem, hord, ut dixi,5:32' uubes Solem rurfus deferebant, ut ejus Phafes omnes fubfequenter, a 1 ad 23, uti ex Schemate liquet, accurate. defcribere potuerim. Prior phafir ante maximam obfeurationem adbuc anno-. dataefl y maxima namque obfcuratio circa tertiam phafin,bora videlicet 5.39". primum incidit, prout pariter ex ipfo typo videre eft; Finis contigit bora 6, - 23. 30". Quantitas Eclipfeos obfervata eft 6 digit. 42', ad 37' fcilicet major, .quàm calculus Rudolphinus eam promiferat ; imo Initium €» Finis fatis evidenter fecundum ditium calculum. in bac Eclipfi aberravit y quippe liqui- .dum eft, ad 12. integra feré minuta tardins incidiffe: Semidiameter quoque Lune calculo bác vice non reffondet 3 fiquidem circa bor. 5.55', alto fcilicet Sole 15? feré, Semidiam. Lune nonnifi y4'. 37" extitit , citm tamen calcu- dus eam 15.29" mouftraverit, data nempe femidiametro Solis 19S. Hee fuut, que obfervata in hae Eclipf. fuére. vrwoNS sitse dé f Y 1 Calculus Rudolpbiaus. , Obfervatio. - ^ .][BDifferentia, — on. Ok. o uia ry, DR. eii depo RAE, qu. ont" Initium Ce2441, ^4 534 | 421.4. .- MAS C301. 434 V. ‘Maxima ebfur. 5 28. 20] 5. .39*. 6 Po. ar Finis, :' GAAS 2A SO ONG ae S0 neon | Duratio, , I 53 16 I 5o o.. 1125 E zx wv be Quarititas, vj. igit. b. vj. dig. aa^ 9:341 T En v (66r) ! 4 Eclipf. Sol. | Anno 1675, dic os Pen obferv, 5 G ED A4N I. o Animavertenda, Temp: ex {ciat. [Tempore Correcto, eu Hor. ; "ysHog > : rg Solis centrum in borizonte, Ninogi 2d 29 | S Nibil in Sole, 3 56 30 .& Sol fab. nubibus, 4 und c tg (B. Nibil iu Sole, 14 38 (Oy 4433 o Nibil in Sole, 4 37 10 p qq 90379 ^16 Nibil ig Sole, Eo 49 Are ogo Oo Nibil adbuc, | DU wid icu ie o Oo Initium, ; 4. 44 . o Nubes Solem plané oceultarunt , qisbg4 36 Sol nufquam apparuit, 5 6 o I 67 digiti fere obfeurati erant, 5 32 io cim Sol narfas emicuit. ae à 2 65 digit, diei ; F< alge Oo 3 Meine Pu obfcurat. baa wate as 38 5° : $ 40 30 : y Sie 042 o 6 éi * digit; 95: 435* 909 2 6; digit, 5 047 730 $6 digit, [ 4097549 30 9 5idig. IRURE 34, 4 eng) uy 55 o Io 5; dig. iul. pi $e. 97 o II 5 fere digit, . 5 59 030" 12 43 digit, — — 6 2 O 134; dig, — | Ce i Nl 14 4 digit, "y ae 6 6 30 I$ 32 dig, 6. 9 15: |. 16 3* dig, On (Ede. 315 17 2% dig. 6 18 IO 18 2$ dig, | 29. 420 e | 322 dg, ao) 22 oO 20 1. dig, P i m 9... 24. o 21 1: dig, | 7 i aBg Lh2$ . oo 227 " dig. | 6 27 IO 233 UE | 6 8.39:, p30 Finis, if E (2. id.oPs8 h33.- 930 bet HS ) Avi POTUM ‘Altitude. © ape un o «D 1g 22. Altituds © ) [20 . 36rao041 263 |.50 4 . Altitudo ON 27 401 GO). Oo. 1.57 222 - Altitude © 20 (5301 7 Oo 14. Sofar the Learn'd Heveliu 5 who was alfo pleafed to communicate his —. Obfervation of the Figure of $ aturny,as it Ppred to nim i in Zugu[l 1675. to be feen in Tab. T. P $3 Mr, ‘ C 662 ) * "E |. Mr. Flamftead’s Letter, concérning his: Obfervations , and thofe of Mr; Townley, and Mr.Halton; of the late Eclipíe of theSun, — — — T datam fidem liberem , promiffas, Clarifime Oldenburgi, supere E- L .-elipfis obfervationes ad Te mitto "ec mew duntaxat; [ed & Amicorum accuratas, quibus-cium celum fuerit féerenius, non folám. Initium, fed Maxima obfcuratio, Finifque fave diftintie confpecia :- Has itaque breviter fic accipe + noftralque, fi placet, primum. H i; "i | Eclipfishujus obfervationem ut videret, pridie buc defcenderat Ampliffimm . Rei Tormentavie Supervifor, Sed chm inde ab ortu folir-(que ad boram feptimam mane nnbes denfiffime celos undequaque fubiexifent , mollam ez fa- duram ferenitatem crédens, Londinum reverfus e(l, antequam ille debifcere ceperint y. Que licet nobis initium cum omnibus pbafibis poft. bor. 8. 40" furri- puerint, fatis tamen permisére, ut Lune locum vifibilem & latundinem'obti- nerem, etfi diamezrum. ejus invelligare accurate non licuerit s quippe Nubes fub Solem frequentiffime redeuntes , ventufque aliquando àmpetuofror. Tubos . Wognunquam coneutiens, deftinatas in bane finem obfervationes | difficiles & minus certas reddadere, Hifze obfervationibus peragendis focium acciveram a- micum meum Ed. Halleium. Tubos preparaveram duos , alterum digitos 196; longum, quocum & Micrometro Townleian> Ego ipfe otio pba(ium priorum cepi menfurasy alterum, digitorum duntaxat 103,, quocum & Mi- €rametro meo, iis adferiptas menfuras Halleius cepit : In duabu tamen ultimis auimadverfionibus, E20 minori tubo &* Micrometro meo (in buuc ufum altero -aecommodatiore ) diftantiam cepi Azimutharum, per Sols limbum lucidum er cufpidem proximam Eclipfis decidentium y. Hallcio interea partes lucidas & cupidum dillantiam majori Tubo dimetiente. . Paulo ante initium advenerat Nobilifimus Prefes Regie Societatis Dum. Vice-comes Brouncker , qué menfuram diametri Solaris , Tubo longiori captam , fuo jud-cis probavit, | Florá7. 45' Sol primum per Nubes apparuit. Obfervata deinde fie fe. babue- runt : be : | 7 sitet ze Yeh |Cortet, Eug ale tie ET z :7-46.90| 7-45-00 Nulla «i | S1-7.50.00} 7-49.00|Nec etiamaum, Nubes iterum. 1] 7.54«50| 7.53:50 Longiori tubo. "EUM Brevioti. » bas | V. Tabd-Fig.4. 2| 7.58:34| 7.57.24 C. cs) >, 2040 70^ aC 12.27 1| 9.0445 9.5. IDEE .- 2p7$ e:.15. 098] — Tab 4 8.15.40] 9.12.4011 C - »e d» 32590 — 17 52PL 3198=26.18 5|.8.18:37] 8.17.37|PL . .. .. 4973 = 24 . §01C 2334z19.15 6|.8.21.06| 9.20.06 | E P | — : PL 2989=24.3§ ; ^ Sol. diameter,6360 = 31 43! _3350=31.40 7'-8.28.01| 8.27.01|———$»_ —— —É——— jPL 28 8823.57 $! 8.29.61] 8.25.0 r]P LOS °° 4565 shee ^ AD |, O "nw - 9 o 1^$8.35.42| 8.[34.! 2]PL7. .154478 22 18 AY 2310-19.00 i 10, 8.40.20) 8.59.20]|| C... . 4417. 75222 | 00A7 2070%17.02 oa pais e: vo [Sal deinceps, fub nubibus receptiv latuit -wfque ad = | (30.02.00 10,03.00|F mergentis limbus per Nubes defeciu liber apparuit, — - 10,04,00|10,03.00}Prodibat clarius, & nibil in ejus limba deficere compertum, 5. | buch Pro — BEEN tC — — — Pro correciione borologii, acceperam pridie Eclipfis, Maii 31 Mane Hor.horologii. SM da Oo , ° 07.12 altitudinem limbi Solis infer, 27.47 hor. fup. 7.06.09 ——- 1 o pipe . ejufdemlimbi 28.16 iig disais de Iterumque Junii 1. f. m. | Horahorolog. . las: a Oo. h. $ $.32.02. altitudinem limbi Solis infer. 22.06 hor.inde 5.31.06 —— 0.56 35.23. | limbi Superioris 22.06 — — 5.34.34 — 0.49 SEI Ginn 3 Inferioris 20.06 — — — $.44.18 ——o.59 . Denique Junii 2. Maze. Hor.horol. h. a | Cr ag he, " AER 8.09.44. altitud. limbi Solis inferioris 37.347 hor.fup. 3.08.45 —— 0.59 = gh QeZo— - — 0 —38.09- 9.12.34. —— 1.02 15.44 ————— i SL m3 8.2 9 amen : 17.51—-— ——— 00 m 20.47 20.0I SAU S 220.07 8.18.49 ——— r.11 .. "Unde liquet, & motis conf antiam fervaffe barologium, & in Eclipfi debit? fuiffe correcium. | qu Eju(dem Eclipfis obfervationes , babitas a Preflantiffimo Dom, Richardo Townleio, Armigero, amico meo dignifimo ( Micrometri, à me frequentiffime | Vfitati, Inventore, ) Ipfe ad me, in epiftola, eodem die data, modeltius , pro more fuo, defcriptas. mifit, in bune fere fenfum: r Caelum aute Eclipfin valde fmit pluviofum. /— Attamen, nifi defutura fere- do —. nitate defperalfem feró ipfum Defecius Initium non minis accuraté quàm Fi- — mem obfervare, credo, licniffet. Omnino certas effe omnes bas ob(ervationer, a[ferere non aufim y. quippe nubes frequentifime Solem fubtercurrentes , ven- tufque validior tubum aliquando quatiens, baud utique uftas capi menfuras fivére. Accefit & aliud infortunium, quod, chm Phafinm captas meufuras, bi- nir partibus, duobus Micrometri locit oftenfas, retro numerarem y fervus, cni Jeribendi negotium demandaveram, vitiofe aliquando eas defcripfit , quod ta- men percepi, & correxi crede. Quales quales fint obfervationes, tui effe juris jubeo, : | Tab.I. Fig.s. Hora horol. |Corre&. per Menfurz ofcillatorii.| lin.merid. | Phafium. ' ^8: 06 45/8 o8 27|AB 1r90|16 | 09 forfan 1109 = 14 50 -9-.z1 00/8: 12. 42|[C D (1935/26 15 18 oof 19 42|ÀB 1405],9 04 21.00] 22 42|CD 1805|24 30 26 .14| 27 S6óJAAB 1504|l20 47 24. 00 35 42|CD 171125 13 ^ 42 15 43 57|JÀB 1551|21. 03 accurate. !'46 30 ^ 48 1i2/'CD 4170223 20. vel 1720223 r$ UNS ruv Rrrr 9. 54 Hor.hoxo).! Correéta. PhafiMen- yas % QE SALLY UT ROS y i h. ’ B h. i t fure. " n D armolotor. 10H $ 51 «58 53, 27)A'B 155321. o4 accurate; — — , vot 9 oO vog or 42 Qd od atiam 12518 £1 "OST (9 1» 349 147 16lA 1347€ (1 24 "ipe: Br on 9 30)-559° 32 37|ÀB.. B72[1 ^ 59 + nih S 9 41 159 .42 S7|Prectfe. Defut Eclipfir quantum per aeris vibra- tionem potui difcernere, | Exitus locus adeo vertici vicinus erat , utánquam ~ ab ea parteminclinaret, bene non porherim definire y etiamfi bord o. 29" pe borologium Cupides horizonti apparerent parallele, 22573 TI - Solis diameter bora 9. 10! erat 2334 5 fatis, ut putavi, precise. - Deinde, accedente Sole ad Meridiem per lineum longam Meridianam , horologium jufto tardius inventum fuit ferupulis 1' 42". — Magnotamen ZE- guinotiiali feiaterico,quo medias minoré[ve ferupuli borarii partes poftum di- Stinguere, borologium toto boc mane tardius duntaxat 45". hb BR Lineam longam Meridianam iterum prima occafione examinabo, — Interea correciioni per banc fatie potius quàm fciaterico fideudum puto. — — _Townleii Latitudo obfervata (ut ad me fcribit)-53°. 44’, Lengitudo à Meridiano Londinenfi 9 circiter fer. bor. ad occafum. - : | Wingfeldiz, decem circiter milliaria citra Detbiam ad. Boream, fub latitu-. dine 53°..08' eandem ob[ervavit. Eclipin Amicus mews Singularis Immanuel 3 Halton, Armiger,boc modos - as ont 7 50 Nihil fub Sole. | ü 7 $03 Initium accurate. Mii NG 7 52 Notabilis defectus — Vt BORD 9. QO VHP Boa he oN, wie Ae statin (0. AE Ia sere, TOES 5^. visits do aei 9 2r, digiti 2-35. ws wolle ^ 7. 41 9 437i Non finita; imminentefine. ^ ^ 57 Hiec fub fcena, & in obfcurato cubiculo, pro more doiffimi Hevelii, -obfev- vawh. Vale, Dab. Genovici, 741i 10.1676. = ^ c ont Signor Caffinis Letter of Ree Eclipfe ofthe Sun: "- Math. MIRO ict o DRE Dom. Henrico Oldenburg, ., . . Reg.SoccietatiaSecretis | | Ze 47 «4. D, Cdflinus; S. PI. 4^ — M o E! I nupera Solis Eclipfi wonnifi per hiatus nubiam ter vel quateryae I brevibus intervallis Solem conficere potuimm 5 dtaque mec eun Prineiplum , nec Finem babuimus immediate, 0 000 ^ as Sed ca anguftia obfervandi methodum mili fuggeffere qua tribusvel — quatuor temporis minutis tot percipere obfervationes potui , quot fuffi- ciunt detexminando Lune loco apparesti , eju[g; diametro , ac Eclip- fis quantitati s dndéque alias Eclipfis phafes, quas immediate. obfer- — vare non potu? , deducendo. — Scilicet , cum Sol 2 mubibus emergeret, ‘ | riri la Ati. E. (t 3 ( 665 ) | altitudinemgraduum 48 accedens , ad eum dirext Guadrantem, gem ad hanc altitudinem immotum tenui , Vid. Yab.l. Fig. 6. Ex quo, Solis margo fuperior tetigit. filum horizontale c d in foco Tele copii; ad adventum centri b fluxére fecande borarie 104. ab, | | 1 vel, br. — — A tranfitucestrib ad trau[itum marginis Lune [uperioriso, fecua- de 11. velie os A tranfitu centrib ad cornu fuperioris occidentalis e fluxére fecun- de 25;. | DESC | eh. . Aitranfitu centri ad tranfitum corum inferioris et orientalis |, fecua- de93. |... Si | C£ die Hinc determinatur linea cornuum ie ( feclufa variatione) eju[que intlinatio ad horizontem ks et punctum p concur [us tangentis Lunam eum fecante 1e p,et tangens ipa p o Media proportionalis inter pi,p €: et apgulino e, toi; higc angulus Yo e ets triangulumioe Lunar: circumferentia in[criptum , quem tmalui[[em minus Scalenum, fi in mea pote fate fuiJet electio. . 1.959] Ex tis, alii[que ex Aftronomia datis ,| dedaxt Initium effe debui[Je Parifiis ——— h. 7. 55’. Finem veró — (0 ——h. 10 12 vel circiter. —. . God video fatis comvenire obfervationt Domini Smethwickii ve- fri, reductione facté non folum per meridianorum , [ed etiam per . (00 parallaxium differentiam. De ea mihi communicata magnas tibi gratias ago; ex ejus namque collatione cum meis numeris et deline- ationibus incredibilem voluptatem percepi, | Aderat obfervationt D. Bernardus , aliique tres ex Regia Socie- tate, quifrequemter in Obfervatorium venire folent,meque erudit colloquits recreare. Vale, Virclariffime, et fiquas alias natt us eris de hac Eclipft obfervationes , mill impertiri ne graveris. qs bz Parif. die promo SRS sie gt julii 1671. goto e Ole Habemus in Sole [atis ingentem Macslam, qua Solem ipfuto vue dia- vit die 28 Junii b. 4. poft meridiem, cum. latitudine | Anflrali 4°; ejm dillantiam a polo Auftralé Solis ex pluribus obfervationtbus [uppu- favi gr. 795. St fatis habuerit confflemtie ab ab[ol'vendum ctreulum, expel anda re[litutio ejus ad medium diei 25 Julii, vefpere, cum ma , ere latitudine Auftrali, | i tid Eod: Rrrr 2 | Moaf. pecus (666) BE vu --— Menfieur Hevelius bis Obfervations of the fame Eclipfes -—..— » Eclipfis Solaris obfervata Geduit&ke s itta smod ha = Anno 1676, die Jovis 11 Funii ante Merid. Sti... ‘ Tab d | 40HANNE HEVEL 10. Temp, junta\ Alsitudi- \Tempus ex. || Magnitudo VA. ^ Sciatericum| es ©). Altitud.Sol,! | Phafinm Animadvertenda.. && bor.ofcill correct, . E qd AQ, A pp, IN ee ES Due EU 1036 17 59 P. ga oo SUE 5 8 3.3037 3 d. (ruit; - 8 50 30 ol ohnino purus adhuc appa- 9 21 30 Nibil adbuc in Sole, . 9, 22 30 Initium Eclipfeot., — 9 24 10 eres | ! 9 24 55 x digit. '9 27 29 2 dig. | 9 29 49 1 dug [| 9 33 25 rr dig. 9 36 75| i$ fere. gigas 25h. 2 dig. 2.45 49|. pi dig. 9 54 22| 103g dig. jp 7344 22]11|4* dig. 10 9 30 1 4X dir. 10 18. 17 0/13/41 fcre Jo 22 42 : 14l4t cpaulgl | BATAAN 10.26 19| E O15 43 feri. Hor.10,31.0"fereMaxs. 10. 35, 244 BEG 4 22' | incidit obfcuratio.. 10.38 53 38174; fer^. ita 10 47 34| 20184. dig. fer? 10 53 49 3019 31 dig. 10 58 17 203% dig. I1. $4 27 202124 dig. 11 $ §0 44-22 e 2 dig.. II 22 13 82315 feré.- 1T 29 14 1024151. ? 1l 3$ 25 T ru 11 36 59 $526| Lepauplu| — - — (purüs extitit. 11 37 $5 27| ondum Sol. omnino 11 38 35 Nondum, | | Il 29 15 Nondum II 39 40 p _|Finis Eclipfeos. E 4 8 1033 ir Oolrr 18 19 NUR 4 20 O32 25 OT 20 36 d 3 P Ex 4 : C2667.) (d Ex Caleulo | Ex Obfervat. Differ. Tempus, Rudol ph. Horn ,' y Hor, eh Hor — uitzum 9 22 26| 9 .22 Ó O 26 ios . MaxQObfeur. | 10 17, 57| 10. 31. 0 [13 3. Finis IL L3. 26:).21 , 39° 40 120. 14. Dig.Eclip. | 4 21 301 4 22 Of O 30 Semid. (9 0.15 0 ie Semid. . d C. 31 0 I3 92 | r»' TO To 9*6: 9e OUT OOTP si TO: :24- c6 OTI 650 J Q!'cr3 wo nbo (9| vo | «ur Oo 58.0 (o ultimo, Duratio 1:59: 506. 52:.17^ 40 | An Extract of a Letter of the Learned-Dr. Matthias Mangold of ’ Bafel,concerning aMathematico Hiftorical Tab!e, defiened in that Univerfity ; together with a Defcription of the import of the fame. — feterum , hanc mibi infuper. irdulgeo licentiam ut 00 CX » fuper Tabula Mathematico-hifloricá , à Claviffino: Megerlino, Mathefes apud nos Profeffore non:conteunendo, a- dornata(cujusDefcriprio inclu: fceduià continetur)tuam flagicem judicium, et quid de ea apud vos fperare liceat, —— | Bafilee 4 Non. Martii. : | Tuus : MDCLXXVI.. | eMatthias eMangolds . Defcriptio | Tabule Mathematico- Hiftoricz,: A-D'imitationem Geographorum , qui typum totius Terrarum Or- bis unica Tabula xeprafentant, omniatotius Mundi fecula ad - noftrum u[que elap[a , omniumque Gentium Hiftoriam; unica Tabu'a; memorie juvande causa ; ob oculos ponere conatus. [um | idque , ut omnes biatus.evitentur , quam commodiffime fiere pelle putavi , fe- eundum Revolutiones Conjunüionum & Oppofitionum Magnarum Saturni c Fovis ad Trigopum loueum y quarum fimgule -otiingentos annos completéuntur ; acíep:em Revolutiones, ceu feptem Munás - etates , omue evum ab Orbe condito uas: ad noftrum (eculum exbau- iunt: la — lacipit à Creatione ci Adamo: 2. ab Enocho: 3.4 No- abo € Diluvio: 4..à Mofe, & Exituexegyptos 5. ab. F faja, Captivitate A[[yriaca , Olympiadibus , Romulo: 6. à Chriftoncto,er Augufto, denique 7. à Carolo Magno, c Imperio Germanito | Tabulam - dgitur Mathematico-Hiftoricam quatuor foliis à fimiffra ad dextram conglutinatis, Eg (C668) — | -conglusiantis 5 per feptem Columnas .concinnavi, , longitudine equa- les , otto fecula à vertice ad calcem fpatiis qualibus comprehendentess latitudine vero.palde.difpares ,, prout materia hiftorta paulatim cre- ftens id exigebat’: Prima entm & Secunda [unt admodum temnes.cum ves antediluviane fere [int incognite: Tertiam e? Ouartam[gf e re- liquas omnes) {ubdiftinxt im fua quafi latera , quorum lla quatuor', bag. quinque babet , res Ectlefie dfa, Africa , e Europa Orientali 4(q y Occidentalis continentes ; Illa. autem angufta » Quia prater vei Ecclefte veliqna fere amnia [unt fabulo[a : "Cum viti Columna tem- pus Hiftoricum incipit, idecque latera babet. [atis lata, eaque fex ; pri- oribus euim res Europe Septentrionalis feparatim tradite accedunt: Et Awcu{que Prima Pars Tabula fe extendit. ^ Altera'à Chriflo mato ad | noftrum feculum eo duabus [olm (fel. Sexta c Septima) Colamnis latiffimis con[lat , in multalatera, res Ecclefie , Germania, Italie, Hifpante , Gallia, A glia c Scotia , Danis c Sutcia , Polonia, Ungarie, Gracie, dfe, Africe, feparatim exbibentia, divifa, Adjungi po[Jet pars Tertia , rerum noflro feculo per Orbem geftarum. Omaes autem ille Columne fimi oflendunt in margine Signa «Gradus Zodiaci , atque etium anuos Mundi, Pertodt Juliane, € Fpotba Chrifliane , in quibus Conjundliones ille à Oppofitiones Magna ton- tigerunt y attranfuerfim diflintle [uut in quatuor Trigomos Signorum, e borum quilibet in’ duo fecula , quorum quodlibet feu quauis areola, quindecim ligeolis deferibttur.\ At ne nimia rerum, quas tangp, bre vitas Lecforem deflituat, Indicem Tabule addidi lecupletifffmum;eum per [ona ac vebus geftis Chronologiam ci Authores hiftoricos indicantem, qui Commentarii vices praftabit : Sed € alius accedit Commentari- - us brevis Chronologicus , 1n quo u[us Chronologie in hiftoricis oftendi- tur, <» Ex. gr. Anacrifis Blondelli de Joanna Papilfa examina: tar ; cum Appendice Cyclorum Planetarum, quibus mediantibus vera eorundem loéa, e Eclipfes Luminarium, ad fex wille amns ex JE- phemeridibus noftri feculi (acillime depromio(Jumt, 1 8 oS i ! "C ^ w* ^ ^P; tMegerlin; € er ^ ENS : ‘ . K , Mou i L WX fO oe ? k p qe o - me i ST. it k «n4 ‘ “<> (T y»* c * > 3 OHEEEYAAUCS ILIO LER g "4 : A " j , T0 X 4 | Pare ree oe Se ; L WMARRYI , ' 4 i , ‘ ^ " ! * " t4 TX. Y Xi «Ames cJ 1 , & o^ X j J TERIS 4 E ^ we P" CN" t 345 4 7A "An h shy’ | =n » » , A dn - T : (.669 ) - An Account of fome-Books. | I. Experiments, Notes, Gc. about the MECHANICAL Origin of divers particular QUALITIES: Among which d inferted a dif- courfe of the Imperfection of the Chymills Doctrine of Qualities ; 7 together with fome Reflettions uponthe Hypothefis of ALGALI and ACLDUM : Bythe Honorable Robert Boyle Efg; Fellow of the RoyalSociety, London 1675.8. Hefe Tracts area frefh proof both of the Noble Authors con- - M . ftancyin his kindnefsto Experimental Philofophy, «zd of his fagacity in giving a more intelligibleaccount of Philofophical fubjedts, than is commonly received in Schools. The Matters here prefented, by way of Specimen, do.comprehend in a fmall Num- bera great Variety ; there being fcarfe any onefort of Qualities, . ef which there is not an Inftance given inthis fmall Volume; Since. therein: Experiments and Confiderations are. delivered | about HEAT and COLD, which arethe chief of the four Firf:-Qaali- ties 5: about TASTS and ODORS ,, whichare of thofe, that. being: immediate Objects of Senfe, are ufually called Segfible Qualitiess about VOLATILITY, aud FIXITY., -CORRGSIVENESS and : CORROSIBILITY, which;-as-they are found.in, Bodies purely mattiral, are referrable to thofe Qualities, that many Phyfical ' | AWriters call Second D) galities, and which yet, as they may -be~ | — «produced and deftroyed -by2the Chymifts Art, may be:ftyled ‘Chymical Qualities , and the Spagyrical ways of introducing or ex- - pelling them may be referred to: Chymical Operations 5 of which ^ hereisgivena more ample Specimen inthe Mechanical account of « CHYMICAL: PRECIPITATIONS, » To all) which are. added ifome Notes about. MAGNETISM and ELECTRICITY ,. which are known to belong to the Tribe: called Occult Qualities, by dack : ‘Philofophers. : oe)» IX sig) S26 »3 Concerning\thefe particular Qualities,the prefent defigmof, the - ‘Excellent Author is:chiefly, to give an. fntelligent and Hiftorical : Accountiof thé Poflible Mechanical Origination, not of. the Vari-: ots Phenomena of them 5 though his Secondary end is: to-become a.’ Benefactor to the Psffory of Qualities, by providing Materials for himfelfor others : And this hath made himno: fcruple to add to thefe, that tend more dire@ly to difcover the Mature or Effence of the Quality treated of, by deriving it from Meshanicad pring | LG 1 D abi pies. athe 9T ti f - _——————— EE ILS; pem | ( 670 ) : ples, fome others, coming in his way, that acquaint us with fome luciferous phenomena, | And that the Reader may thelefs miftake what is driven-at in many ofthe Experiments:and Reafonings deliver'd and : propofed : in thefe Notes about Particular Quaitties , heacquaints him, that he hath taken upon him to demonflrate, that the Qualities of Bo- dies Cannot proceed from any other Caufes but Mechanical, but precendsonly to prove, that they may be explicated by them, {ince what he needs.to evince, is, not thatthe Mechanical Princi- ples are the neceffary and only things whereby Qualities may be exp'ained,*but tbat-probably «they will be found: fufficient for heir-ex plication ; The making outof which, as fhews the infüffi- ciency of the Peripateticand Chymicad. Theories of Qualities, : fo it recommends the Corps[culariag DoGrine ot them. = Now, astotheExperiments and inftances here imployed in treating of the-Origin of Qualities, they are of three diftinà forts. ‘Some are brought to fhe w , ‘that the propofed Quality may be Me- -chanicallyzatroduced into'a ‘portion of matter where it was not -before ; Others, tbat bythe fame means.the Quality may be no. stably 'Faried as co Degrees; ^or. other not E(Tential attributes: » O- 1 thers laftly,, thatthe Quality is Mechanically Expelled from, or _ Abelifh/d in a portion of matter that was endow'd with it before;and ] a new one próduced by the fameoperatiom , That the fi7/? fort of ‘Kinds of Inftances may be ufefu!!y.employedinthis Subject, hath — — ono difficulty. ©: As to the Second, Since the permanent Degrees as | well as other Attributes of Qualities are faid to flow from , and do : -indeed depend upon , : the fame Principles that the Quality iifelf -does', if efpecially in Ecdies Inanimat a change barely Mechani- :cal doesnorably and permanently. alter the degree or other confide- rable attribute ; it will afford ; thoügh not a clear.praof,, yet a probable!prefumption tBatthePrinci pies whereon cheQuality itfelf ‘depends, are. Mechanical; | zfgais , if bya bate: Mechanical change of the Internal difpofition and Strudure ofa Body , a pet- menent Quality, confeffed to flow from its Subjtantial Form or Inward principle, be abolifbed, and perhaps alfo ‘immediately fucceeded by a new Quality Mechanically producible ^if ; Tfay, this come to pafs ina Body Inanimat , elpecially: if:it'be- alfo, as to fenfe, Similar, fucha Phenomenon willnotalittle favour that Hypethefis , which teaches, that chefe Qualities depend . upon certain Contextures and other Mechanical affections ‘of the finall parts of che Bodiesthat are indow'd withthem ; and confequently [ that - pe eo MR — — — V CANNES EU ( 671 | that may be obferved when that neceffary Modification is de: .ftroyed. - . udin | n . - But having thus briefly fhewed from the Author. the pertinen- cy of alledging differing kinds of Experiments and Phenomena in . favour ofthe Corpufcular Hypotbefis about she Qualities, we mutt refer for the Partienlar Subje&s and Experiments tothe Tradts themfelves not daring to en- gage upon chem here, becaufe of their. great number and choice , which neither. thefe papers have room for,nor the Publifher leifureenough to contract thei. II. Th. Bartholinus de PEREGRINATIONE MEDICA &c Hafnie, 1674.22 fol. we : | —]F^His famous Author makes it his bufinefs in this Difcourfe to M4 — counfel and inftrué fome of his learned Relations. what to . 4o and obferve in their Ttavelsin reference both to Health and - Philofophy. In order to which he premifes a confiderable num- ber of Examples of Ancient Travellers, who by their Converfatic on with knowing and wife men abroad,have exceedingly improved their underflanding, andacquired very beneficial Experience; fuch as were Apollonius Tyaneus , Anacharfis, Pythagoras, Demo- eritus, Plato, Hippocrates, Galen, ee, To which he adds the advantage that may be gained by modern Travellersin fuch Coun- treys that abound with Learned and Knowing men, in which he tells us he travelled himfelf, vz. Italy, England, France, Germany, Holland , Denmark, Sueden. Yn thefe Countries he direéts young Phyficians what to obferve both as to Things, and Men; of both which he difcourfes promifcuoufly, | Sothathe would have them takenotice of the conftitutionof the Air; thenature of the Soy! ; the qualities of Medical Waters ; the vertues of Herbs 3 the Dier, - Difeafes , and methods of Curing them, together with the Chy- rurgical operations , Pharmaceutical compofitions and Chymical - difcoveries. — Particularly commends Exglend for Experimental Philofophy ; and fabjoyns fome of the Obfervations , formerly made by himfelf in his Travels in Italy and ‘Sicily, naming alfo the Naturalifts & Phyficians he converfed with,theRepofitories and . Hofpitals he vifited, the Libraries he frequented’, the Books he fele&ed; e. and taking/particulatnoticeofthe ^ © Manna they gather in the Kingdom of Naples uhr, uo. - from the Afh-treess * of the Vulva bubalina in Fraxinus, p. 1 18. dried, having a Musk-fent 5 of Wine-Veffels [Aw 1 Trttt made made of Cherry-Wood, wherein the-conteined Wine and Water have the fcent of Cherries;of the Sulpherous Bath at Puteelz, and the Sulfatara , where the ground yougoe upon is Sulphur, which in great quantity iscarried away from thence ; of the hafty ripening ofall forts of Fruit about Puteoli, and their quick corruption; of the effe of Nitrous Waters of the Ifle dia in ripening Flax in three days , and rendring it perfedly White, | Being. at Meffina; -and converfing there, amongft other learned Men, with the famous - Pet. Caftellus .. he got his celebrated Ele&vary for Hy pochondri- acaldiftempers , whichhe inferts here pag. 4 1, together with its | change intoa grateful Julep; as alfo his ufval medicine for the ^ Squinancy (p: 82.) frequent there among Children; and invading their parents by converfation. — Hetakes alfo notice of the way the Sici/tans-ufe in waking their Sugars asalfo of the culture of the Sugar-canesin that Iflands and likewife of the Excellent Wine, Saffron and Hony , with which that Country abounds; not paffing by the Coral, Amber, Salt, Azut-Stone, to be found there, nor the Mineral Bezoar., and its medical ufes.. ‘ame o vd" Inthe City JPagormus he obferved efpecially a certain Fountain - call'd Bughuto ,. particularly recommended by Fafelus, yielding — | a tepid Salt- water, which being drunk prefentlylaxes thebelly, — and cures Many Anfurmitiess... «50 Lovosw en Vu caste In fhort , he givesan Example to young Travellers , bow in their peregrinations they are to purchafe the friendfhip.of Worthy and Learn'd mens. toobferve Nature and her produ@ions, and to neg- _ le& nothing that may be ufefull fome way.or other, «°. daol He concludes the whole with prefcribingfome precepts for the confervationof the Health. of Travellers; for which lie - collects - certain heads out of Bernhardus Gordonius his Lélinin Medicine and his Book de Conferv, Vite bum ;. whichprefcripts have refpe& to Sea and. Land , Winter and Summer-voyages.,, and thatboth in hot .. and cold Climats. Among many, things heobferyes,- that the cuft- .om of the Seamen o£ Denmark is... for-the prevention of Sea-ficknefs to drink one draught of Sea-water,, .as.foon asthey come on board. But in no, Voyage he would have Men to' be ;foifond af ; forrain . Countries, as (o forget to.return totheir own 47 -putting.them-in inind of Hormifdas, who being asked whathe thought;of!the flaté$ — | linefs of Rome , anfiyer'd , he, bad found men;Dié-thereas wellias - at home. i. 52* — ae Yo mobaniz sd? ni :dtseoc s mel 70 d ye pete vet ods iu cevitasqiA eff ion : jy* hors ” “wy e: idol: i ? »; of NT y JU tO e Ll boil b vB iw | 9137 og III. Georgie — — Voss $17 } - <> * t V g'enivkl 195 P met ae «YN. Georgii Hieronymi Velfchit Hecatoftea Vl. Obfertátisuum PH — SICO-MEDICAR/M Augüfte Vindelicorum, Fog. iun fF thefe Two Centuries of Obfervations we fhall here touch | # fome of the chief, vz, ph ead IQ pecan 1; Of the fruit of Solasum Veficarium , which being of a {weet- -acidtafte, when gather'd immediately by themouth , grows pre- fently bitter upon the leaft touching of chem with ones finger. 2. Of the Salt of Gestaurium minus (the, [mall Purple-centory) which our Author faith doth, when kindled, make almoft as vehe- ment a noife as Gun-powder : Adding this further Note, that he can prepare out of the Salt of another Vegetable ‘(which he names not) a kind of Gun-powder ,- which whena bullet is put upon it in the free Air, throws it up toa confiderable height , with a great poife , nootberwife thanifit came outofa Gun-barrel, —— — 3, Ofa Man, whofe calling was that ofa Porter,who was found, when open’d after his death, to have his skull of the thicknefs of ones little finger and without any Sutures at all , and yet in his life- time ow iie to have complain'd of the head-ache, 4. Of aWhite Magnet, found in the Repofitory of a Curious | — perfon, of the fame power with the belt of common Magnets. | As - alfoofanother Loadftone in the fame perfons poffeffion, that was fa&itious ; of the manner of making of which the Author gives his thoughtsatlarge. — i 2 re e. Ofan odd effe& ofa Childbearing womans Imagination ; whereby the , being furprifedand frightned with the fight of an Ape carrying a red hat on his head , brought forth a Childe exact-- ly refembline the head ofan Ape fo dreffed , and for thereft like a- human body. Tu (UE | | _ 6. Of Tryals made with the Sympathetick Powder prepared of Vitriol both burnt and unburnt ; Which were thefe: The Author | having by chance wounded his hand , he well wetteda linnen rag | . with the blood of that wound, (w;tPout any ofthe faid fympathetick ^ Powder,)and clofed it up ina cheft, where it was free from the | open Air, fmoak and duft, tying the wound about with nothing | . bue another meer linnenrag; Thenext day he caufed the faid rag | that was laid upinthecheft, to beexpofed to the Noon-heat in one ofthe Dog-days 5 without finding any inconvenience from thence: sa he did neither upon ex pofing the fame to the Fires nor upon im- kn | Tttt2 tas merfing € 674) : xe merfing itinto cold water , wine, vinegar; but found the wound” healed the fame day. Whenceheinfers, thatif any woundsbe . healed. spon the ufe of the faid Powder, the fame might have been as well cured wéthout it , by the meer. winding fome linnen about it, — and keeping the Airfromit. . » | prt 6. Of che Genuefe Balfom(fuppos'd to be the fame with the Spa-.- nifo Balfom of Aquapendente;) in.curing the pain of the exterior. parts of the body, and efpecially thofe inthe Bowels of women that - have fuffer’d violence in travel. Of which, and the like kind of remedies, asalfo of feveral. medicines , obferv'd to have been bene- ~ ficial in the Cure of divers Difeafes , as the Colick , Confumption, Rheumatifin, Epilepfy, Hamorrhoids, Diarrhea, Head-ache, Gour’, Palfy , &c.. the Reader may confule the Author; from whom I fhall borrow but one obfervation more, which is a €ofme~ sick for the face, defcribed in his fecond century, Obf. 31. con- Gifting in this , that he beats ij of the Pearl-bearing Oyfter-fhells into very.fmall duft, and diffolve it in Vinegar; then takes of Benjamin and Venetian Borax 3j ; and having mixed them together, makesa folutionof them in jv of well reüified Spirit of Wine;pow- - - fing onitof white Lilly and Plantin-water , ofeach $vj, and let- ting it {team balf away upona very gentle fire, 3 | r^ (675 Y: A Joh. Nicolai Pechlinii M. D. ec. de AERIS e ALE MENTI DEFEGTU,¢ VITA SUB AQUIS Meditatio.Kiloni, 1676. In 8°, i his Author having received out of Sweden a very extraordi- nary relation about a Man drowned under Ice and revived after fixteen hours time, takes thence occafion to difcourfe in this Tra& in general, how far Air and Aliment are eee to the life of Vegetables and Animals.. He begins with Vegetables, and examines the neceffity of Air - and water to preferve them alive. Where he obferves the ob- - fcure degree of life in Bulbs and Roots during winter: as alfothe * caufe of the diftin&ion of life in-4psoaland Perennial Plants ; to: - | gether with the hafty Growth of fome Vegetables, . ‘Proceeding to Animals, he inquires fir/? into the Life of lb 5 and their apparent Death i in winter , Cwhich he efteems not to be : ^. without a remainder of the principle of Life;) as alfo into the - | .. Changes of fome of them into Aurelia's and Butterflyes.- Here he = | takesnotice, after eMalpighi, of thofe exceeding minute tubes in * Sille worms, through which the Air paffeth and carrieth on the - | motion of the liquor in their annular fibers. . Nest he explains, how. the fame alteration of Life and Death = holds in Birds (particularly in Swallows and Storks,) that is found : inInfe&sg and takesnotice of the Swallows immerging themfelves © under the water on the fides of the Baltick Sea, and remaining — |, there all winter , and reviving again in the Spring , flying about © |. upontheir being taken Bp in winter, and brought into a Hot ftove.. - Thirdly , he attempts to fhew, why Fifhes cannot live long in. - | the open Air ; partly becaufe the current of the Air is more impe- | mous than the nature of Fifhes will bear ; partly, becaufe the ~ | Motion of the Air carries off that vifcous moifture which overlays - | their outfide ; partly alfo becaufe the motion of their fins. 2 whictr the ETT E the blood is madeto circulate in them, having no place in the free Air, the blood muft needs ftagnate inthat Element: Though fome Fifhes , efpecially thofe that emit,and are'covered with,a very vif- cous moiltuee., as Tenches , ‘Skater: Eels’; (which laft, he notes, _doas often fend forth new flime for their cover, as you wipe of -theformer, )will live longer in Air than others. Here he notes, that Fifh under conglaciated water dienot fo much for want of Air ,as from the plenty of the vapors that i(fue from the warm bot- tom, ... Toall which headds the reafon, why Oyfters , Lobfters, Shrimps, .and-the like ,. furvive longer in the Air, thanother in. habitants of the-water. ‘Concluding this Chapter withan account, why the Serpentin Kind grow torpid of themfelues in winter , and after revival caft their skins: gd year. | Fourthly , he difcourfes of fome Quadrupeds hiding be . incaves during winter, as Bears,. Hedge hogs, ec. obferving, that, what-ever the tradition be of Bears (leeping all winter , and fi ücking now and thentheir paws , it will be found, that they ‘fleep foundly at firft for a good while, but afterwards awaken and live upon fome provifion they have ftored up for that dead time of win- rer: And, astotheoleous moifture fweatingoutof the tubulous = — Channels of their feet, that that hathno other ufe, than to foften - and fmooth, by being licked up, the Sinuofities of the ftomach ~ . and bowels that had by long abftinence been much corrugated, and fo prepare them again for the new food tobe ta ken 1 in f the; anis. male | Ree ibis ingand fritlion were gg Then Meg into the Poffibil.- | ity of theliving of Men wader water: Where he begins with the _confideration of the differeuce there is between the lifeof Ezbryos — | and Urinators or Divers , reprefenting , that the former need no. - other Air, than what is conveyed i into them by the mothersrarif- | ed blood , being imbued with an aereal ferment 5 but that the: /af- 3 ter (the Divers, i mean fuch as ufeno Art, are of that temper. and "| confti- -conftitution that their blood being colder than that of others, and there arifing but aflender effervefcence of the blood in the heart; there is no quick circulation, noraneceflity of expiring any great _ plenty of fharp and offenfive fumes 5; which kind of blood tbe Au- ‘thor comparesto that of fifbes , or ratker to that of Amphibious animals , ‘as Frogs, Otters Tortoifes ; Crocodils , ev." being - of that nature, that the Air being once taken in ; and included ii ' the Lungs and the Bladders thereof, the motion of the circtlariag: blood may be entertain'd and continued for a confiderable time. ‘On this occafion he relates that extraordinary Example ofa -- Swedifh gardiner , lately alive, who fome years ago endeavou- ring to hel p another that-was falleninto the water under the Ice, fell intoit him felfto the depth of eighteen Swedifh Ells; where after wards he was found ftanding upright with his feet on the ground; and whence they drew him up after he had remained there for tbe fpace of fixteen hours, wrapping him about. clofe with linnen and woollen cloaths to keep theAir from too fudden a rufhing uponhim, - andthen laying him infome warm place;and rubbing and rolling him, and at length giving him fome very fpirituous liquor to drinksby a] which he was at length reítored tolife , and brought to the Queen Mother of Sweden, who gave hima yearly penfion, and fhew'd | him as prodigy todiversperfons of quality: The fame thing being alfo confirmed by the famous Dr~Laagelot , who himfelfre- - ceived the relationin Sweden fo well attefted that nothing: (aia our Author, can be required more to affert an Hiftorical trurh. To - which narrative\are here fubjoyned fome others, fo much more: prodigious, that we want confiderice to infert them here. | - Tofolve thefe (trange phenomena, Dr. Pechlisziz; pretends, tbat there remained in thefe perfons,fome, though very languid and ob- - fcure , motion of the Blood and Spirits, and that that motion was | reduced ad ipteriora;and there confined toafinall compafs, without circulation; as alfo that all the remainder ofthe faid motion is to be adfcribed to the Nitro-aerial effluviums (which abound in thofe waters of Sweden) having a congruity to the pores of the bodies, through which they are tranfmitted. And that it may not be | thought impoflible that the blood fhould get into the Lungs defti- | tuteof motion, eur Author alledges the lifeiof Urinators, in whom ? \ " 1 H r d cis \ có INN. . boues Si. "tis manifeft- that "ru is a motion ofthe heart and TRE the . refpiration fuppreffed: Where he defires it may beconfiderd-with- - - all,that the Lungs once infpired doe more eafily tranfinit the blood, - than thofe that never had-any commerce with the Airs asalfo, that - : fince part of the blood ina fetws paffeth through the Lungs collap- . fed, without refpiration 5 all the blood may more eafily pafs E through the once inflated and expanded multitude of bladders, - XC Errata i in this Numb; «PF. 665. 4, 9. r. 10 jud P. iub l. 6. r. hath nottaken. ibid, 2. Ya; 7, as in thews. itid. Des aM P. dieser 4 ‘ | Imprima, 1 "NE un 2 1 JON AS. MOORE, [ Se. e "me E tn vi meray . dn be: felis p r Loser; Printed: for d Mary Prone to de Rud Sey? E | at the y» in Sc. Pauls Churcb- yer, 1696, —— - mut | DIN m. e SN iuf) it LIT FTI bi (6) Numb, 128. PHILOSOPHICAL ^ TRANSACTIONS - | Septemb. 25. 1676. for che Months of Zuguff and September. 5 The CONTENTS. A Defeription of an Hydraulique Engin, communicated to the Publifber of the journal des Scavans, from the Regifler of the Royal Academy of the Sciences of Paris, Sigwor Caflini’s Adver- tifemsents to Aftronomers about the Configurations by him gives of the Satellites of Jupiter, for the years 1676, and 1677, taorder fo verifie their Theory. A Direct and Geometrical Method for finding the Aphelions, Eccentricities and Proportions of the Orbes of the primary Plauets, without fuppofing the Equality of the Angle of Motion at the other Focus of the Planets Elipts; by Mr. Ed- . mund Halley Fus. Several Accounts concerning forme Spots new- ly feeninthe Sun. A remarkable Obfervation of Saturn, 4a ‘Tatimation of a (ure and eafie way to work all forts of great Tele- feopic Glaffes; together with a generous offer of furmi[bing indus. — ftrions Aftronomers with them A Letter from Liege coa- cerning eMr, Newton's Experiment of the coloured Spe- Grum ; together with fome Exceptions againft bis Theory of Light and Colors. eMr. Newton's Anfwer to that Letter. - An Account of two Books: Y, Trattatus de V E NT RICU- .- LO ex INTESTINIS , nec non de PARTIBUS C O NTI- NENTIBUS in genere,c in [pecie de Partibus ABDOMILNIS; Auth. Franc. Gliffonio, M. D. Ge. Il. PH ARMACOPEE Royale, GALENIQUE c: CHYMIQUE, par Moyfe Charas. |» Defeription of 4n Hydranlique Engin, taken out of the Re- gifter of the Royal Academy of the Sciences of Patis,aud tnfertea in _ the journal des Scavans,1 675: Englifbed by tbe Publifber, for the |. better Examination of thofe that are skilfull in [uch Engins here - ss England, See Tab. x. Fig.r. : | : : HE Effect of this Enginis, to throw out water to a great |..& diflance, and to what place you will, by the Compreffion of "NM uil Vvvv the | (680) | the water forced out: through a Tube , which € eve- ry way at theend of it, is thereby fitted to dire& the Jet of the wa- ter to the places where the fire is tobe extinguifhed. That which . 4s moft peculiar in this Engin, is, Thatthe Courfe of the water, iffuing out of the Tube that darts it, is continued, not being 1 in- _ terrupted, even when the compreífion of the "Pump's Sucker ceafes, that is, at the time when you raife it again: For, this af- fords a great eafinefs to direct the water well where you would have it. The Engin is à Cheft of Copper, marked A, tranfportable by means of woodden barrs like a Sedan or Chair. This Cheft. is pier- ced with many holes above, BB, and holds within it the Body of a Pump EFM, whofe Sucker DE is raifed and abafed by two Levers C,0; thefe Levers having each of them twoarms, and each arm being fitted to‘be laid hold on by both hands of a man. Each Lever is pierced in the middle by a Mortaife, 4 4, in which an i- ron-nail, which paffes through the handle of the Sucker ,turns round when that Sucker is raifed or lower'd. Near thebody of the Pump there isa Copper-pot, IBK; joined to it by the Tube G;and odis another Tube KNL, which in N may. beturned' every way. - To make this Engin play, water ! is pawred upon the Cheft,to enter " imat the holes that are in the Coverthereof. This water is drawn into this body of the Pump at the hole F, at the time when the Sucker is raifed ; and when the fame is det down, the Valve of the fame hole F fhuts, and forces the water to pafs through the hole M into the Tube G,: of which the Valve H being lifted up, the water enters into the Pot, and’ filling the bottom; it enters through the hole K into the Tube EWNL, in fach a manner , that when the water is higher than the Tube. 'ENL, anid the hole of the Tube G is fhut by the Valve H, the Air inclofed in the Pot hath-no- iffue, and it comes to pafs, that, when you. continue tO.make the water enter into the Pot by the Tube G, which is much thicker than the aperture of the end L,, at which it mutt iffue, itmuft needs - | be, that the fürplusof the water that enters into the Pot andex- — 9 ceeds: that which at the fame time iffues- throbgh | the:fíball endsof the Jét, compreffes the Air to find: placer inthe Pot» which makes, — tha’, whilft the Sucker is raifed again to makenew water. to enter into the body of the Pump, the Air which: has: ‘been compreffed inthe Pot , drives the furplus of the water by the force of its: (pring, meantime that a new compreffion' of the Sucker tnakes new water to ‘enter >. and caufes alfo: a-new compreffion'of Air. : | And (685) opis eff [umma duarum partium quarum in priori analogia fuit differen dia: Hujus Vheorematis demon[lrationem, neminem Analytices modice | peritum latere polfe arbitror, x idcireo ei fuperfedeo:) Jam in Tri- angulo KSL dantur latera KS, LS, ce angulus KSL, queruntur Latus KL,@& anguli SKL, SLK: Dergde in TrianguloK uP, dantur KL, KLP, differentia objervataruns Longitudinum planete, 6 PKL diffe- rentia angulorum SK L ultimo inventi, & SKY Elongationis Planeta a Sole in prima obfervatione , queritur LP: Tum in Triangulo LSP, latera LS, UP, e? angulus PLS elongativ Planete a Sole in fecunda ob- fervatione ,dantur latus SP C angulus LSP requiruntur, quibus inven- tus, ut SP ad LP2t2 Tangens Latitudinit ob[ervate ex Lad Tangentems Inclinationis five Latitudinis ad Solem; & ut Co- fimus Inclinationis ad Radium. ita SP curtata diflantia,ad veram diflantiam plaueta à Sole : — Sic tandem invenimus pofttionem c longttudinem defideratam. Jam , reftat ut oflendam, quomodoex dati tribus diflantiis a Sole cum angulis. interceptis inventenda fit media diflantia cum Eccentricitate Ellipfeos, StS Sol, SA,SB,SC tres diflantie indebita prfitione, ductifque vr, AB, BC, fit AB diflantia foeorum Hyperbole, c SA-SB=EH tras[- Fig.g.- - verfa diameter s quibus pofitis, de [eribatur- linea iffa Hyperbo'ica, cujus focus interior efl puntfum A extremitas linee longioris SA: Pari modo fiat B, C, foci alterius Hyperbole , cujus. diameter SB-SC=XL; ex quibus defcribatur linea Hyperbolica focum babens interiorem a pun~. éto B : Dico. bas duas Hyperbolas (ic deferiptas fefe inter[fecare ia pun- (£o F,qui eff alter Ellipfeos quelite focus, duct Aque linea FA,EB, ved FC, SATFA, SBIEB ve SCtFC equabitur tran{verfe diametro c SF eft diflantia focorum : quibus pofitis defcriptio Ellipfeos facillima e[f.. Gum ver hujusconftructionis ratio nom omnibus: ita facile percipiatur, non abs ve ertt, illuftrationems ejus aliquam afferre ; deo dico, quod exc - notiffima Ellivfeos proprietate SBYPEZSATFA, eh tran(pofitis equati- onis partibus FB-FA=SA-SB , #4 ut etiamf; FBG FA mos lateant, earum tamen differentia equalis fit SA-SB, toc eff, EH, emque fit ex natura Hyperbole, ut babeat. quafvis duas lineas a [sis focis ad quodvis punctum in [ua curva conf anter. differentes quantitate tran[- verfe diametri; conflat, puutlum V effe alicubi in curve Hrperbole, eujus diameter tranfver[a equatur SA-SB, c Foe A, Bz Pari modo demonftrari poteft punctum FE elfe in Hyperbola cujus diameter eft SB-SC , e fort B,C. Ergo neceffe eft, ut fit in inter {eHione dua- rum iftarum Hyperbolarum, que, cum fefe inter[ecent in unico folum puntto, clare oftendunt ubi fit Focus alter Ellipfeos quafite. fam ut id ipfam Analytice expediatur, puta faiium, fitque FE=a, SA-SB=FB-FA=b , AB=c, SB-SC=F@-FB=d, BC=f, fitque Sinus anguli? ABC=S, Co-finus ejufdem=s, Tum (682) | with Fapiter, have alfo the Meridional Latitude in refpe& of his : . center, as Fupiter hath,fince the month of March, in refpe& of the E- cliptique. | | . The contrariety of latitude between one Satellit, being:in the fuperior part of his circle, and another being in the inferior parc of his,is more fen(ible in the encounter of a Dire&, which is always - fuperior, witha Retrograde, which isalways inferior, and parti- cularly near to Jupiter. LEER E E | - Signor Gaffind forefees, 1. That, at the end of March next, the Satellites will no more have any latitude in refpe& of Fupiter’s cen- ter, and that they will appear ina ftreight line in all their configu- — rations between themfelves and with Jupiter, and will eclipfe one another : which,according to Galsleo,fhould have come to país ever . fince the firft months of this prefent year, when Jupiter paffed fronr the North-fide to that of the South, and not the next year, when Fupiter will havea greatSouthern latitude. 2. That the ftreight — | . line of the Satellites will be inclined tothe Ecliptique,contrary to — — the Galilean Hy pothefis. 3. That this difpofition.of the Satellites in a ftreight line in their enccunter will laft buta few days, though Galileo affure us that it lafts many months. 4, That thenextSum- _ mer-the fcituation of the circles of the Satellites will be found in- verted, in refpe& of that which they have now ; for, the fuperior. Semi-circles, which at prefent are turned to the South, will then be turaed to the North: which will overthrow the Hyporhefes of Ma- xiurand Hodierna, who fuppofe them always turn’d the fame way, Thefe Obfervations will ferve to verifie the NodesoftheOrbes — of the Satellites with the Orb of- Fupster, and the Obliquity of the one tothe others; whicharethe two Keys to the Theory of the Satellites. Signor Cafini fettles thefe Nodes towards the thirteenth» _ degree of Leo and Aquarius; but Galileo fuppofed themalways to be with the Nodes of fupiter, which are towards the beginning of Cancer and Capricorm, He finds the Obliquity of-their circles to the orbite of Fupéter almoft double to the obliquity of this orbite — — to theEcliptique; whereas Ga/zigofuppofesitequal. — — Laftly, he (Ca[fsi) retracts the motion, which: be introduced X to the Nodes of the Satellites (fuch as is defcribed'ac the end «of his firft Fables) only to reconcile the Obfervations of Gal/le2with his, — 1 1 and he acknowledges, that the obliquity of their circlesis perma- nent. | | The goodnefs. of Signor Cafinz’s Sy ftem, and the im perfe&ion of *he Hy pothefes of Galéles-are demonftrated by the Eclipfes of:tbe — | ; : Satellites, — rr. | ( 683°) Satellites that come to pafs conformable to the.calculus of Caffrpi, and differ days. and hours from the calculus and predi&ions made. . upon the hypothefes of Ga/zJei : Befidesthat there fhould happen. — agreat many which do not bappen according to the fyftem of Calfini. E.g. according to the hypothefis of Galf/ez, the fourth of the Satellites fhouid bave more than 9o Eclipfes ina year, of the duration of three or four hours ; but according to the fyftem of Ca[fini, the fame Satellit. will be three or four years without fuffer- ing any Eclipfe. Which proceeds from nothing but the falfe fci- tuation of the Orbs fuppofed by Galilei; asthe great difference of thetime of the Eclipfes that happen depends trom this , that neither Galileo nor the other Aftronomers do feparate from the proper motion of the Satellites the appearances which do be- falit by that of Fapiter about the Sun. And therefore 'tis, that. they have taken for a fimple and equal motion a motion compound- ed of an equal and unequal ; whence they have flipped into an error about the Mean motions, which in progrefs of time hath fo increafed,that the Configurations drawn from their hy pothefes for that time have almoft no likenefs at all with thofe that are ob-. ferved. Ls p : ! i Thefe old hy poihefes were therefore far off from ferving to find: ’ _the Longitudes, as their Authors intended them ; finceit was im-: - | poffible for them nor only to obferve the Eclipfesof theSatellites : for fome years tothe nearnefs of an hour, but even to make. us know and diftinguifh at this time one Satellit from another, where- asbythe Syftem of Signor Caffzi one may predià for many years to come the Eclipfes of the Satellites with as much precifenefs, as. thofe of the Sun and Moon by the Aftronomical Tables. .. ^ Methodus direéta & Geometrica, cujus ope inveftigantur Aphelia, : Kccentricitates, Proportionefque orbium Planetarum primari- ^ orum, abfque fuppofita equalitate anguli motis, ad alterum - Ellipfees focum, ab Aftronomis ha&enus ufurpata. Auth. Ed- mundo Hally jun. € Collegio Regine Oxos. | AK Otus Terre annuus per Eclipticam, opticam inaqualitatem 12- ducit motibus cateroram planetarum, -Afironomis Copernica- nis somine Parallaxeos ovbis notiffiniam, quam quidem inequalitatem, ex ob[ervationibus non multa opera datam, methodi fequentss bafin firmiffimam conftitue; ubi preter obfervata nibil. aliud. fupponitur, quam quid orbes Planetarum fint Ellipfes, quodque Sol in foco,omnium: orbibus communi, fit conftitutus, € denique, quod tempora periodica Qs | | o ffngulorues | (6347) fingulorum ita Susote[cant , ut mom fentiatur error aliquis, [altemin: duabus vel tribus revolutitnibus : His conceffis, motus Terra, pra cate- ris Planetis aece[Jario requifitus, primo aggrediendua eft. | Tal — S£ S Sol; ABCDE, orbis Terres P, Planeta eMars,(qut in banc Fig.2. rens plurimis de caufis. longe praferendus efl i) c prime obfervetur | — verum tempus e» locus, quo e Mars opponitur Solt; tunc enim Sol. ct Terra coincidunt in lineam rectam cum Marte ; vel, (quod fere femper accidit) fi babuerit latitudinem , cum puncto , abt perpendicularis à Marte demiJa im planum Ecliptice incidit. Sic iz Schemate, S, A, C P funt in linea recta; deinde poft 687 dies, Mars revertitur ad - ides punti um P,ubi im priori obfervatione Solt opponebatur ; Terra ver, cim monrevertatur ad A, nili poft 730% dies, im By Solem refpicit in linea SB, Martem vero in Itnea BP, c obfervatis longitu- dinibus Solis c Martis, omnes anguli Trianguli PBS dantur, ei» fup- pofita PS 100000, i» Zifdem partibus invenitur longitudo linee SB; pari ratione pofl alteram Martis periodum, "Terra exifientein C.imve- uitur linea SC, nec abfimiliter lineg SD,SE,SF ; differentiague obfer- vatorum locorum Solis, fant angali ad Solem ASB,BSC, CSD, DSE : | Sic tandeza weutum eft ad boc problema Geometricum: Datisitribus : - lineis , in uno Ellipfeos foco coeuntibus, tamlongitudine quàm! — | pofitione,invenire longitudinem tranfverfe diametri, cum diftantid focorum: Cwjws re[olutio extenditur etiam ad reliquos planetas, fi, poft Theoriam moths Terra cognitam, ferutemur ( fecundum methodum: —. | propofitam à Reverendi[J.. Epifcopo Sarisburienfi zs: Aftronomia ejus Geometricd lib.2. part. 2. cap.s.) tresdiflantine planeta altcugus à: Sole in pofitiontbus [uis. — i toniam. uero. Rev. Epifcopus: fuppunit - planetam sta ferri im orbe fuo, ut equalibus temporibus: equales angulos: ad focum alterum-E llipfeos abfolvat-,. ei» et calculum: faum faperfiruit, : non incongruum videtur, oflendere, quomodo id ipfum fieri polfet ab[que.——— 1 fla uppofitione; quam obfervatio nos rejiciendam monet. | : Tab. - $it$,Sol; ALBK, orbis Terre ; P, Planeta, vel Puutiumin plano UP? Ecliptica, ubi perpendicularis, à planeta demilJa, incidit 5. AB linea Apfidum orbis Terra: Ob[erventur prim Planeta, im V, longitudo c latitudo, fimulque Solis Longitudo à Terrain K 5 e pofl periodum. equ[-- dem planete, Terra exifleute in L, obferventur dense pofitiones Plas neta Solifque, ut prius :. Yam ex obferwatis dongitudimibus Solis & Aphelit Terre,anguli ASK, ASL dantur jSvconfequenter latera SK,SL: : (Nam [i angulus Anomalie coequata fit acutüs,proportixeit ut differentia, diftentic media & Co-finus angulo im Ecceptricitatem dudt ied diflanss ^ tiam Apbeliam,ita Peribelia diflantia ad iflamtians Planeta à Solem. — data Anomaliacquod fi ang ulus fuevit obtufus, primus terminwepropertas, — ! ent SS ee Sm ; ; 4 ^ 2 3 \ 1 7 Y Y i " = - | | : : i | , Li / 3 3 EY LI | = \ Í L \ + | X i I / : 2 à , \ 2 ; a , : / à "Fab. Il. vm B PhTo N° 123. [as VM | Fig I. —————À— e ; Ca 6n AE : ha Extra of an ascount given by oNMr, Flamfead of his owe and Mr. Edmvand Halleys Obfervations concerning the Spots in the Sun, appearing in July and Auguft 1676. He following Epemeris was deduced from careful ob- * fervations (made with ihe Micrometer ) of the Di- ftances of the Spots from the Limb of the Sun, and the differ rences of Altitudes and Azimuths from the upper and unde, ' .parts and fides of him. The comparing of the Obfervations made in two diftant places, Greenwich and Oxford, do evince the diligence of the Obfervers and the goodnefs of their Inftru- ments; tbe differences between them beingeafily excufable; — for that the Spot had a diameter more confiderablethan any of - the differences, and was broken into feveral pieces. See TabIf, i Fig. I, ' e 1676.|. Grenovici shes 1676.| Oxonii ^ |Lomg. Lat. Tulii [Lempus obferva- L"&t- [Loi | . vromthe tud. , oot a fl. v. | tionum. © cen- South. jul.25:6.46.P.M.Con|15.40 2.08 A _|ter. 26.2728 dies nubili. Anse : he a 4i| à (4 27. 10.03. A.M.Con.| 9.3 413.25] || 390 DSBAST.. 5-40|2.5 0} |. 29 10.31. A.M. 3.05/2.27|29 (6.21. A.M. 3.55 3.22 2.34. -M. | 2.2§/3.10 30 | 9015. AM.Ant.! 0.373.33|po — |720.4.M. | 0.00 3.37 31 ucc. «- . [te 130s), 740. A. M 3:36 3-28 4,Aug,| 9.242 A.M. 6.48 4.09] |t. Aug.7.03. A.M. 6.54,3:39 | Iu Euer mer 5.06. P.M. 8.07/3:53 HIE: 8.08. A.M, 9.49.3.55]|2 7.16. A.M. :9:57|3:49 E 9.36. A4 M. [12.285.273 5.09. P.M. 13.151390 — | 4.16; B.M. — [12.55/3.59 &02,P.M. |13.25 3-26 4 1739.A.M. = [14,02|4.04]14 17.33. A.M. t inus ; 4.54. P.M. 14443)3:22 Mr- Hally faith, that he faw the Spot again on the fifth day | at 8 30' mane, very near the limb of the Sun, fo that it appear- |! edonly asafineline; but by reafon of its finenefs and the too | great height of the Sun he could not take any meafures to de- | termine its place and latitude by; and that, while the Spot : XXXX continued (688°). : | continued one, as it was Fuly 25, he meafured to the middle of it ; asalfo when the pieces were divided, but not far disjoyned:. Afterwards, whenthey were feparated confiderably, he ob- ferved the middle of the bigger Spot, which was tothe South, apparently, I fuppofes but really, North: for fo only his Ob- fervations will agree with thofeof Mr. Flamftead exaily. — ' Hence it ieems very evident (faith Mr, Flamftead, ) that the Spots way was not inclined to the Ecliptick fix or feven degrees , as Scheimer. and fome others make it, but much lefs, by the joynt confent of the obfervations of- both our Ob- fervers, Mr. Hal/yadds, that confidering the motion of the ‘Spot crofs the Suns difque, as both their Obfervations give it, €itappears, that the Latitude was not fo great at its Entrance * into the Sun as in the Middle of: him. And by Mr. Flapsffeads *Obfervation it was greateft on the firft of. 4ses/?, and'then * again inclining towards the Ecliptick. If you grant this, it ‘will follow, (infers Mr. Flamftead) that the Suns xd was in- ‘clined to the plain of the OrbiseMagnus ; bit tbe quantity - | * of this- Inclination muft not be. very great, The Modes of ‘the Suns Equinox and. Ecliptick he gueffes to be not far from ‘che beginning of Cancer and Capricorn; and that from Cancer ‘to Capricora the Earth is Nortb.of the Suns; Equator; from * Capricorn to Cancer , South of the fame: And the period of “the Suns revolution in refpe& of the fixed Stars 25:daies, ‘9+ hours fufficiently exa@. Of which things, thefe two Ob- fervers fay, they might have been more certain , had not the Spot in its paffage broken into fo many parts, and thofe often - vatied their pofitions to each other. Thefe Conje&ures though - probable, yet when another of. tbe like phesomens appears, will ftill deferve the further confideration of. the Curious. - is Extratl of Spur Caini’s Letter ejicerübig a Spas kes lately een inthe Sun; together with a remarkable Obfer- vation of Saturn, made by the fame. ; 2 Clariffimo Viro Domino Hesrico Oldenburg Regi Societati à Secretis |^ 0 gob. Dominicus Caffinus, S. (o Ratiffma mihi fuit ob[ervatie Solaris macule, quam à Do- | mino Flamftedio exbibitam mibi communicare dignatus es! Eandem hic obfervavimus à die 6 Augulti ad 14 S.N ; collationé- - que obfervationum didicimus , eam medium itineri [ui in Solis dito apparente tennifje circa mediam noctem pofl off auam diem Augufti in diftantia apparenti trium minutorum à centro Anftrums versus. la plures difiradia partesefl, que invicem Boream & Aujftrum versis in dies [atis manifeflo tntervallo disjungebantur, |. adeo- ut, preter motum communem circa Solis axem, fiagula partes (o proprium inter fe direttum habuerint. — Hane porro maculam diverfam e[Je fentio ab ea, quàm pracedenti menfe Junio obferva- veramus. Illa quippe cum medium itineris [ui in difco Solis apparente tenuerit die 28 ejufdem Menfís,ad eundem proxime fitum revera effet C fi fuilfet fuperfles) dze 25 Julii soc£e fequente , nt deducitur tum ex ejus velocitate , tempore (ue apparitionis obfer- wata, tum etiam ex curfié alzarum macularum , que periodum fiiam circa Solem à nobis videntur abfolvere (patio dterum 27 cum triente, vel27cum femilfe. — Ejus praterea. femita diver[a eft A pracedenti ; prior quippe paulo remotior fuit ab eALquatore macu-. larum, quam pojlerior. Hac porro, fi fatis. habuerit. comfiflentie, ad medium Solem redibit. die 5 Septembris mane. — Ex eius de- feriptis phafibus duas [elegi , quarum comparatione ipfius innote[fcit diftractio, Vid. Tab.II. Fig,2 & 3. XxxX 2 Scriba di .€(695) Go : Scribo apud D. d'Alencé, qui mibi AGa tua Philofophica menfis juli communicavit. Obfervationes Solaris Eclipfis ibi- conkent as conferam expendamque: Ex fcbemate Saturni à Glarif- - fiv» Hevelio ante annum obfervato video, . eum Telefcopise, noftris longe inferioribus, uti. — Tunc enim temporis (ut c nunc) cerne- batur nobis. in Saturni globo Zona fubobfcura, paulo Auftralior- centro, inflar Zonarum Fovialium. | Deinde latitudo annuli di- videbatur bifariam, linea obftura -apparenter Ellipticá , re verá. circulari, quafi in duos annulos concentricos , quorum interior ex- seriori lucidior erat, — Hanc phafim flatim poft Emerfionem.Sa- turni é Solaribus radius. per totum annum n[que ad ejus Iemmer- fionem confpexi; primo quidem , TVelefcopio pedum 35 ; deinde. ^ miüseri,pedum 20. — Ejus delineationem, utcunque vudem , pro-- perante calamo bic adjecz, Vid. Tab.ILFig.4, — — + Vale,Vir Clariffime, & me, ut foles/ama. - | - Parifiis die 26 Auguftt 1676. . , An Intimation given inthe Journal des Scavans,of à fure and eafie way to make all forts of great Telefcoptcal Gia[fes, together with a generous offer of furnilbing tndnffrieus A- ftronomers with them. ^3 ^ He Ufefulnefs of greac Glaffes for Telefcopes , and the |. 4 careand pains hitherto taken to perfect this Invention — -isfufficiently known 5 but thedifficulty of the work doth fo much increafe in great Glaffes of that kind, that it hath not been furmounted hitherto. / . Monfieur Boredlz, one of the Royal Academy of the Sciences of Pari, whofe addiction to Natural Philofophy, and chiefly to Chymiftry ,hath been known long (ince,hath found out a fure and very eafie method to work all forts of fuch great Glaffes, . which hath never failed him. He hath already carried the Ex- perience of his Secret to extraordinary bigneffes, having made - one of them very good of two hundred foot, wrought on both : fides on the fame rule : Which fhews , that if he had wrought © it flaton both fides, the glafs would have been of four hundred - foot. | — This eafinefs of making great Glaffes, and the defire of pro- - curing fome advancement to Aftronomical difcoveries, have ine duced him to make prefents of them in divers places to feveral - perfons capable to make ufe of them. : And the fame motive doth now invite him to make the like offer not only to the À- - ftronomers that are difperfed upand downin the Kingdom of ' France, butalfo to thofe that are in forreign Countries ,' efpe- cially inthofe parts, where there is fome eftablifhed Academy — or Society for Aftronomical Obfervations ; offering in this cafe to every one of fuch Societies three very good Glaffes, one of ten or twelve foot for a Chamber ; another of twenty five or thirty foot for ordinary obfervations, and a third of : fixty or eighty foot,ro make new difcoveries with. . Private perfons that are not in a condition to make Engins for great Glaffes, may, at leaft, make ufe of Glaffes of fourteen or twenty foot, which he is willing to fend them, therewith re- gularly to obferve the Eclipfes of the Sztellites of fspiter - | which happen almoft every day’, and afford fo fair a way for eftablifhing C692 ). 3s eftablifhing the Longitudes over all the Earth. For, befides that thefe Eclipfes are very frequent, the Emerfion and Inimetfion of thefe Satellites, efpecially in the fhadow of Fupiter, is fo — .momentany and fo fenfible, that they may be obferved with the - greateft exadtnefs, being altogether exempt from thofe effential inconveniencies that accompany the Eclipfes of the Sun and Moon, which alfoare rare, and whofe beginning and end are al- waies doubtful by reafon of a certain ambiguous light. The Longitudes of places at Sea, Capes, Promontories, and divers Iflands being once exactly known by this means, would doubtlefs be of great help and. confiderable ufefulnefs to Na- Yigauoh — ya 0 TE WE up — Since Monfieur Bore/li hath found this way of working Glaffes , he entrufted the fecret of it to.a perfon-of the Aca- demy above-mentioned 5. and he purpofeth to publifh the fame hereafter, with fome other confiderable Obfervations touching the fame Glaffes. | fae A Letter from Liege concerning Mr. Newton’s Experiment of the coloured Spe&rüm s. together with fome Exceptions again his Fheory of LightandCoiours, © Hon‘? Sir, | 4 R. Gafcoigne having received your obliging Letter of M yen 8, with frefh directions from Mr. Wemton; bur wanting convenience to make the. Experiment according to the faidinftru&ions, he has requefted me, to fupply biswant, In compliance with his requeft.I have made many Trials; the — iffue whereof I here acquaint you with: next, witbfomeex- | ceptions, grounded on Experiments, agai nft.Mr. Mewton's Wed j Se Tipit ec eee - The vertical angle of my Prifm was 69,degsthediftance ofthe — Wall,,whereon the coloured Speéfrumappearedsfromthe Win- | .. dow, about 18 foot :. The diameter of the Holeinthe Window, | : .. fhutsin net the lineo hice A n'occafío as Icon, 11 T T Psi tra&ed to.half. the faid dian l . . fuccefsas to the main of the Experiment. The refra&i- —— | ons on both fides the Prifm, were asnearas I could'make them, — , ‘ equal, - Cory equal, and: confequently about 48 deg.4o’, rie refra@ive power of Glafs being computed according to the Katz» of the Sines gto 3. Thediftance of the Prifm from the hole in the Shuts was about 2 inches: The'Room darkned to that degree as to equal ai darkeft night, while the hole in. the Shuts was cz» vered. Now as to the i(fue of my Trials; I conftantly found the length of the coloured image (tranfverfe to the axis of the Prifm) confiderably greater than its breadth, as often as the Experiment was madeon a clear day; but if a bright Cloud were near the Sun, I found it fometimes exactly as Mr. Live wrote you, namely broader than long, efpecially while the Prifm was placed at a-great. diftance from the ho'e,. Which: Experiment will not, I conceive, be queflioned by Mr, New- top, it being fo agreeable to the received. laws of Refra&ions. And indeed the Obfervations of thefe two Learned perfons; as - to this particular, areeafily reconcileableto each other , and’. both to truth 5 Mr. /Vewres (as appears by his Letter of ‘Nove laft, wherein. don fully he delivers his mind) contending only: | for ‘the length ofthe Image (tranfverfe to the axis of the Prifm) - | ina very clear day 5 whereas: Mr. Line only maintain’d the’- excefs of breadth, parallel to the fame axis, while the Sun is - ina bright cloud. Thoughasto whatis further delivered by Mr. Newton CPhil.Tranfact. IN. 80. p. 3077 3 and oppofed by Mr. Line, N.129. p. 501.) namely that the length of the co- - loured Image was five,cimes the diameter of its breadth; T , never yet have found the excefs above thrice the diameter; or at” | moft3:, while the refractions on both fides the Prifin were, | equal, So much asto the matter of fad. Now as to Mr. Newton's Theory of Lightand Ciliniys T con- . fefs, his neat Sete of very ingenious and natural inferences,was | to me upon the firft perufal a {trong conje&ure in favour of his: | new do&rine; I having formerly obferv'd the like chain of | Inferences upon fearch into Natural truths. But fince feveral | experiments of Refra&ions remain ftill untouch'd by him, I. | conceived, a further fearch into them would be very proper | in order to a further difcovery of the truth of his Affertion. | For, accordingly as they are found either agreeing with, or | -difegrecing from, his new Theory, they muft needs much freng- then | C 694 ) | then,or wholly overthrow the fame. The Experiments I pitch- edupon for this purpofe, are as follow: ; _¥. Having frequently obferved , that the form of Objeds . viewed in the Microfcope (or rather of the Microfcope it felf) . confifts almoft in an indivifible point, I concluded , two very . fmall pieces of Silk, the one fcarlet, the other violet colour, . placed near together, fhould, according to Mr, Newton's Theo- ry, appear in the Microfcope in a.very different degree of clarity, in regard their unequal refrangibility meft caufe the fcarlet rays or fpecies to over-reach the Retina ,. while placed . in the due focus of the violet ones, and confequently muft oc- . cafiona fenfible confufion in the vifion of the former , one and . the fame point of the Scarlet obje& affecting feveral nerves in the Retina. Yet upon frequent trials I have not been able to _perceive any inequality in this point. NN LIU 2. The fecond Experiment I made in Water. Itooka : brafs Ruler, and faftening thereunto feveral pieces of Silk, red, . yellow, green, blew and violet, [ placed it at the bottom of a "fquare veffel of Water: then I retired from the Veflel fofar as _.mot.to be able to. fee the aforefaid Ruler and coloured Silks _otherwife than by help of the refra&ed Ray. Now, did Mr, ANemton's do&rine hold, I conceiv'd, I fhould not fee all the - mentioned Colours in a ftreight line with the Ruler, in regard the unequal refrangibility of different Rays muft needs dif- . place fome more than others, Yet in effeét,upon many Trials, I. — - conftantly found them inas ftreight a line as the bare Ruler had .appeared.in. HM i DOE one 3. Toadvance this Experiment, I adjoyned a fecond refra- . &ion to the former of the Water, by placing my Prifm fo as to receive perpendicularly the refracted fpecies of the Silk and. — Ruler ; whereby only the emergent (pecies fuffered a fecond — Tefra&ion. But ftill with equal fuccefs, as to their.appearing in — aftraight line, tothe eye placed behind the PrifM = == 4. To thefe two Refractions I further added a third, by | receiving the coloured fpecies obliquely upon the Prifm; where- — ‘by both incident and emergent. /pecies fuffered theirrefpe&ive — — | refractions. But ftill with the fame füccefsas formerly, asto the — — | ftreight line they appeared in, Sete ai XI 4 yi I ; - "D dat yes ^i TA vor: E : (695 ) For further affuránce in this Experiment ,-left: prepoffef;- on, occafioned from previous knowledge of the Silks fcitua- - tionina ftreight line, might poffibly prejudice the judgment of theeye(as fometimes I have obferved to happen to the judgment the Eye paffeth upon the diftance of Objects) I cal- led into the room fome unconcerned perfons , wholly ignorant | what the Experiment aimed at 5 and demanding whether they | . faw notthe coloured Silksand Rulerina crooked Ime? they -anfwered in the negative. (fhe 2 3i s, The next Experiment I made in uncompounded Co- lours (as Mr. Newton terms them, Prop. 5 @ 13.) as follows. Having caft two coloured Images upon the Wall, fo as the | Searlet colour of the one did fall in a ftreight line (parallel to | the Horizon) wich the Violet of the other: Ithen looked up- ‘onboth throughanother Priím, and found them ftill appear in aftreight line parallel to the Horizon, as they had formerly doneto the naked eye. Nowaccording to Mr. Newton's At fertion ‘of different refrangibility in different Rays, I^con- | ceive the Violet rays fhould fuffer a greater refradtion in the |— Prifim acthe eye, thanthe Scarlet ones, and confequently both colours fhould not appear in a ftreight line parallel ito the Ho- ¥izon,. "^ | | | | - "6, Another Experiment [ made in order to fome farther difcovery of that farprizing Phenomenon of the coloured Image, which. occafioned Mr. Newtons ingenious Theory of Light and Colours, as alfo his excellent invention of the re- I letting Telefeqe and Microfcope. Having then fometimes fuf- | peéted, that not only the dire& Sur-beams , but alfo other ex. _ | trafneoüs light might poffibly influence the coloured Spectrum, - | hoped to difcover the truth of this füfpicion by means of the Sun-fpots, made to appear in the coloured Image by placing aTeélefcope behind the Prifin. But my endeavours proving dnefieGual herein by reafon of forme intervening difficulties , 1 thought at length of à niore feafible method ‘in order to the defigaed difeovery, as in the following Experiment. | oF faftened a very white Papercircle (about an inch in dia- mete?) upon my Window-fhuts ; ànd beholding it through my | Prifm I found a Coloured image painted theréby upon my *Reiiza, avfwerable in almoft all vefpe&s to the former of the | ISP iud Yyyy .. Sun [ : .( 696 )) | Sun- beams upon the Wall; efpecially: when the Papér-citcle was indifferently well illiminated. This Image indeed appear- ed contrary to the former as to the fcituation of Colours, tbat is, the Scarlet PEDE above, the Violet below , though but faint. Butthis I wasnot furprized at, baving obferv'd upon diffe&ing the eye,that objects are painted on the Retina after a contrary pofture to what they appear to Sight. Having thus | rendred the Coloured image much more traétable than for- merly it was, I conceived good hopes of fome further dif- covery inthe point mentioned. In purfuance then of my former fufpicion, baving fixed my viris p Prifin ina fteady pofture , 1 caufed the paper Cro be Fig. 6. applied clofe up to the Pa per-circle abd: whereupon the former Violet 4, and Scarlet colour of G- vanifhed into whitenefs. Next, | femouad the mentioned Circle from the Shuts,and placed it in the open window, fupported only by | _ the edge. d: whereupon, to my aftonifhment, all the former Co- lours exchanged poftures in the Retina, the Scarlet.now ap- — pearing. below, the Violet above; the intermediate Colours — fcarce difcernible. And here, on the by, ’tis very remarkable, — that, during this Obfetvation, I clearly perceived botb Blews E and Scarlet-light to be tranfparent, I being able to difcern — feveral objects through both 5 namely Steeples oppofit tomy — window. © Whence it íaligwi , that thefe Coloursdo in great — part arife.from the neighbouring light. Laftly, 1 placed the | Paper-circle anew, fo as the one half 6 was faftened to the | Shuts, the other femicircle 4 being expofed to the open Air. Whereupon. the femicircle 4 became, bordered with Violet | “above, Scarlet below ; but the other femicircle 4. quise con- trary. Hencel make the following: inferences. Fir ft, That not only the Light reflected from the Pa ohntsesrale 4 but alfo from the ambient Air, bath great influence upon the - Colcured image;efpecia!ly as to the Violet and Scarlet colours, .: Whence perchanceit- will not hereafier feem ftrange, that the — coloured Spec£rum on the Wallis fo long, but only that the | | breadth is not greater, Secondly, Were thereamore luminous —_ | body behind the Sun, we fhould in all likelyhood have theco- ~ | lours of the Specfrum in a contrary fcituation to what they. | appear in at ipd : Whence (thirdly), it feems to follow,'hat : 3 3 ud: ! d Y a 1 : E I 4 B | é ee ce er Se 697 ) the prefent fcituation and order of Colours, arifeth not from any intrinfecal property of refrangibility ( as maintained by Mr. Newton ) but from contingent and extrinfecal circumftances of neighbouring objects. For accordingly as the body. be- hind the Paper-circle was more or lefs illuminated than the Circle it felf, all the feverai Colours changed their fcitua- tos "v^ ! | .$. Thenext Experiment was made in order to Mr. Newtons dodirine of primary Colours, as Prop.s. Having covered the Hole in the Window-fhuts with a thin flice of Ivory, the tranf- mitted light appeared yellow ; but upon adding three, four, and more flices, it became red. Whence it fcems to follow, that Yellownefs of light is not a primary colour, but a compound of Red,&c. - T | ee re 9, The laft Experiment was made in reference to Mr. New- ton's 12 Prop,where from his own principles he renders a very plaufible Reafon of a furprizing Phenomenon, related by Mr. Hooke; namely of two liquors, the one Blew, the other Red, both feverally tranfparent, yet both, if placed together, be- - came opake, The reafon whereof, faith Mr. Newton, is, be- caufe if one liquor tranfmitted only Red, the other only Blew, . morays could pafs through both. ‘In reference then to this point , 1 filled two finall Glaffes with flat polifbed bottoms, the one with Aqua fortis, deeply died Blew; the other with Oy! of Turpentine, died Red 5 both to that degree, as to reprefent all objets through them refpe- | . &ively Blew or Red. Then placing the one upon the other , I was able to difcern feveral bodies through both: whereas ac- cording to Mr. Newtons Theory, no obje& fhould appear through both Liquors ; becaufe if one tranfmit only Red, the. other only Blew, no rays can pafs through both. | "phefe Experimental Exceptions will not, I hope, be un- . welcome to Mr. Newton, his only aim being the improvement . of Natural knowledge,as it is alfo of, A, ! | Your bumble Servant, : - Anthony Lucas. qas oq up eq to Pup yl ng Poft- 4c bone mist 28) CCI C p no RE Ut upon the clofe of the adjoyned Letter, l. vecetutd from. Mv... Gafcoine, yours of May the fourth. , wherein you are pleafed to favour us with an exact account of the famous Experiment of the coloured Spe&rum, lately exhibited before the Royal Society. 1 was much rejoyced to fee the Trials of that, llluffrious Company, agree fo exally with, ours here, though tn fomewhat ours difagree fromeMr.Newton,, as you. will underfland by the tnelofed impar- sial account. from, AD Ped Jod bh PM iL i Sir, &c.. | 3o Mr. Newton's Anfiver to the precedent Letter, fent to tbe 2 Publifher. bod adii | MI. e Sir V. He.things oppofed by Mr. Line being upon Trials found: ,. trueand granted me ;.I begin with the, new. qceftion. about the proportion of the length of the. Image to its breadth. T his I call a zem one ; for, though Mr. Lzze 1n his laft Letter. fpake againft fo great a length as I aflign, yet, as it feems to. se, it was not to grant any cran{verfe. length: fhorter than that afligned by me,. (for inp his firft Letter he abfolutely; denied that there would be any, fuch length ;), but to. lay, the greater. emphafis upon his diícourf: e. whi Ift in.d efence. .of common Op- . :iques he was difputing in generalagainft, a tranfverfe.Imagez. — And therefore in my Anfwer I did not. prefcribe the juft quan- tity. of the, refracting Ange with. which. I, would | have tke, Experiment repeated: which. would.have been; a, neceffary., 5 Qu, cireum@ance , had the difpute beenaboutthe, “nm ir Late jui proportion of tbe length, to the breadth. ME psoo- |’ Let L added * this. Note, that the, bigger, the T -angleof the Prifm is, the.greater will be the, | length in proportion to the breadth: notjimagining but. that, when he had found. inany Prifin the length of the Image tranf- verfe to. the axis,, he wonld eafily thence conclude, thata Prifm — . witha Erranen ange would make the Image longer, and con- — fequently that by ufing anangle great enough he might bringit — to equal or exceed the length affigned by me; as indeed he wight: for, by taking.an, Angle of 7o or 75 degrees, or a little EDS | greater, ( 699 ) greater, he might have made.the length not only five, but (ix or eight times the breadth and, more. . Ne wonder therefore, tha Mr, Lucas found the Image fhorter than F did , feeing he tried the Experiment with a lefs Angie. | "The Angleindeed which I ufed was but about 63 degrees r2 minutes, and hisis fet down 6o degrees: the difference of which-from mine, being but 3 degrees 12:minutes, is too little-to reconcile.us, but. yet it will bring us confiderably nearer to» gether, .And.if his Angle was not exadtly meafured , but the. round number of 60 degrees fet down by guefs or by a lefs accurate meafure (as I fufpeét by the conjectural meafure of - the refraction of. his Prifin by the ratio of the figns 2 to 3, fet dowa atthe fame time, inftead of. an. Experimental one, ). then | might. it.be twoor three degrees lefsthan.60, if not ftill lefs : | andallthis,if itfhould be fo, would take away. the greateft part of. the difference between us. _ : | .. Buthoweveritbe, I. am wellaffured,my own obfervation. | wasexattenough. For I have repeated it divers times fince - | thereceipt of Mr, Lucas's Letter, and. that without any cons. fiderable difference of my Obfervations either from one anos ther,-or from what [ wrotebefore. And that it might appear experimentally, how the increafe of the Angle increafes the - length of the Image, and alfo thatno body who has a mind to - try the Experiment exa&ly, might be troubled to procure a - Prifin which has an angle juít of the bignefs afligned by me;.1 tried the Experiment with divers Angles, and have fet down my. Trialsin the following Table; where the firft column ex- preffes the fix Angles of two Prifms which I &fed, which - were meafured as exaGly as I could by applying them to the : angle of a SeGor ; and the fecond column expreffes in inches. | the length of the Image made by each of thofe Angles; its breadth being two inches, its diftance from the Prifin 18 feet - and four inches, and the breadth of the hole in the Window- fhutZof,aninch, ^ —— | " : The Aagles of | The Lengths of degr. nnn, ; tbe Image. P | 56.191. 35 el. Ti fd Pring 24), zs is * 63 26] 1o; 15e The Angles of |The Lengthsof —— degr. min. the Image. sugne ata. UN Mb ool ats ie sca the fecond Prifm.462. 12). 10% UT US | 63 48 I0; $i You may perceive, that the length of the Images in refpe& - Of theangles that made them , are fomething greater in the fe- - .. cond Prifm than in the firft ; but that was becaule the glafs, of which thefecond Priím was made, had the greater refra&ive power, —— | | cow . “The days in which I made thefe Trials were pretty clear, - . but not fo clear as I defired, and therefore afterwards meeting. with a day as clear as T defired , I repeated the Experiment with the. fecond Prifm, and found the lengths of the Image - made by its feveral angles to be about 2 of an inch greater than before, the meafures being thofe fet down in this Table. The Angles of | The Lengths of — | degr. min.| the mage X | MP 3g per m - ~the fecond Prin 12| | te Berane Ou So: yr. s rotis 6 “a "The reafon of this difference I apprehend was, that in the . «cleareft days the light of the white skies, which dilutes and -renders invifible the fainte(t Colours at the ends of the Image, is a little diminifhed ina clear day, and fo gives leave to the Co- - .Jours to appear toa greater length ; the Suns light at the fame time becoming brisker , and fo ftrengthning the Coloursand ^ - -making the faint ones at the two ends more confpicuous. For I have obferved, that in days fomething cloudy , whilft the — ‘Prifm has frood unmoved at the window,the Image wouldgrow — .- a little longer or a little.fhorter, accordingly as the. Sun was ' more or lefs obfcured by thin Clouds which paffed over it; the Image being fhorteft when the Cloud was brighteft and the . Suns light fainteft. Whence it iseafie to apprehend, that, if . | the light of the Clouds could be quite takenaway, fo that the — by | HÀ T s Se UNE ( 7or ) Sun might appear furrounded-with darknefs, orif the Suns light were much ftronger chan it is, the colours would fill appear to a greater length. Inall thefe Obfervations the breadth of the Image was juft two inches. But obferving, that the fides of the two Prifms, I ufed, were not exactly plain, but a little convex, (the convexity being about fo much as that of a double Convex-glafs of a fixteen or eighteen foot Telefcope) 1 took a third Prifin, whofe fides were as much concave as thofe of the other were convex 3 and this made the breadth of-the Image to be two inches and a third part of an inch; the angles of this Prifm, and the lengths of the Image made by eachof thofe Angles being thofe.. expreft in this Table. The anta of the Prifm. | The Lengths of the - ( en Image in inches. | [ 87 m 535! m Hr ge 6254+ 10>. Io ibis cafe you fee, the concave ‘figure of the (ides of the © Prifin by making the rays diverge alittle, caufes the breadth of the Image to be greater in proportion to its length than ic would be otherwife. Andchis I thought fitto give you no- tice of, that Mr. Laces may examine,whether his Prifin have not this fault. If-a Prifin may be had with fides exadly plain, it may do well to try the Experiment with that ; but its better, if the fides beabout fomuch convex as thofe of mine are, be- caufe the Image will thereby become much better defined. - For this convexity,of the fides does the fame effect, as if you - fhould ufea Prifm with fides exa&ly plain, and between it- and the hole in the Window-fhut, place an Obje&- glafsof an | 18 foot Telefcope, to make the round Image of the Sun appear diftin&ly.defined on the wall when the Prifin is taken away, and confequently the long Image made by the Prifin to be much more diftinély.defined (ef) poem at its ftreight fides) thanitf - would be otherwife. . Onething more I fhall add : That the utmoft length of the nage i from the fainteft Red at one end to the fainteft Blew at the (913 -theether;muft bemeafured. For in my firft Letter about _lours, «where 1 fet'down the length to be five times the breadth, -] called that length the utmoft length of the image 5 and T fweafüred the uumoft length, becaufe I account all that length to be caufed by the immediate light of the Sun, feeing the Co- lours (as [ noted above) become vifible tothe greateft length in thecleareft days, that is, when the light of the Sun tranf- cends moft the light of the Clouds. Sometimes there will happen to fhoot out from both ends of the Image a glaring lighta good way beyond thefe colours, but this is not to be regarded, asnotappertaining to the Image. If the meafures be taken right, the wholelength willexceed the length of the [treight fides by about the breadth of the Image. .. By thefethings fet down thus circumftantially, I prefume Mr. Lucas will beenabled to accord his tryals of che Experi- ment wich mines fo nearly, at leaft, that chere fhall not remain any very confiderable difference between us. For, if fome lit- tle difference fhould ftill remain , that need not trouble us any - . further, feeing there may be many various circumftances which may conduce toit. fuch as are not only the different figures of prifins, but alfo the different refra&ive power of Glaffes, —— the differenc diametersof theSunat divers times of the year, — - and the little errors that may happenin meafuring linesandan- — | giles, or in placing the prifm at the window 5 though, for my part, T took care to do thefe things as exa&ly as I could. How- ever Mr. Lucas may make fure to find the Image as longorlon- - -per than T have fet down, if he take a prifm whofe fides are not hollow ground, but plain, or (which ts better) a very little — ‘convex, and whofe refra&ing angle is as much greater than that I ufed, as that-he has hitherto tryed it with, is lefss that is, whofe angle is about 66 or 67 degrees, or (if he will) alittle — greater. tt Oa ea oe un 7s Concerning Mr. Lscz/s other Experiments, Tàm muchob- — 'Tiged co him that he would takethefe chings fo far into confide. — ration, and be at fo much pains fór examining them; aud I thank bim fo much themore , becaufe he is the firft that has — fent mean experimental examinationof then. By tbis I may | prefume he really defires to know whát truth there isin thefe | matters, — But yet it will condtice to His more fpeédy- and fall — — | | 703 ) fatisfa&ion if he a little change the method which he has pro: pounded, and inftead of a multitude of things try enly the Ex- perimentum Gaucis, For it isnot number of Experiments, but weightto be regarded ; and where one will do, what need many? . . Had I thought more requifite, I could have added more : For before I wrote my firft Letter to you about Colours, | had taken much pains in trying Experiments about then, and written a TraGate on tbat fubje& 5 wherin I had fet down at large the principal of the Experiments I had tried ; amongft which there. happened to be the principal of thofe Experi- - ments which Mr. Lacas has now fent me. And as for the Expe-. rimeuts fet down in my firft Letter to you, they were only fuck as I thought convenient to fele& out of that Tractate. But fuppofe thofe had been my whole ftore, yet Mr. Luca | fhould not have grounded his difcourfe upona fuppofition of © my want of Experiments, till he had examined thofe few. For. if any of thofe be demonftrative,they. will need no affi(tants,nor leave room for further difputing about what they demonftrate. |. The ain thing he goes about to examine is, the: different ve- frangibilityof Light. And this I demonftrated by the Expe- | rimentum Grucis. Now if this demonftration be good, there needs no further examination of tbe thing; if not good, the | fault of it is to be fhewn: for the, only way. to examine a demonftrated propofition is, to examine the demon- ftration. Let that Experiment therefore be examined ia the firft place, and that which it proves be acknowledged, and | thenif Mr. Lucas want my affiftance to unfold the difficulties | which he fancies to be inthe Experiments he has propounded, he fhall freely have it; forthen I fuppofe afew words may make them plaintohim: whereas, fhould I bedrawn from de- - monftrative Experiment to begin with thofe, it might create us both the trouble of a long difpute, and by the multitude of words, cloud rather than clear up the truth. For if it has al- ready coft us fo much trouble to agree upon the matter of fa& inthe firftand plaineft Experiment , and yet we are not fully agreed; what an endlefs trouble might it create us, if we fhould | give our felvesup to difpute upon every Argument that occurs, | and what would become of Truth in fuch a tedious difpute? Lz72z . The wt | : | pam) | | The way therefore that I propound , being the fhorteft and . cleareft (not to fay,the only proper way, ) I queftion not but Mr.Lucas will be glad that I have recommended it, feeing he profeffes, that it is the knowledge of zrutb that he feeks after. And therefore at prefent I fhall fay nothing in anfwer to his Experimental difcourfe, but this in general ; that it has pro- ceeded partly from fome mifunderftanding of what he writes againft, and partly from want of due caution in trying Expe- riments ; and that among(t his Experiments there is one,which when duly tried, is, next to the Experimentum Crucis, the moft ' confpicuous Experiment,I know, for proving the different re- frangibility of Light, which he brings it to prove againft, — By the Pofé-feript of Mr, Lucas's Letter, one not acquainted with what bas paffed, might think, that he quotes the Obferva- tion of the R.Secietyagainft me 5. whereas the relation of their Obfervation, which you fent to Liege, contained nothingat all about the juft proportion of the Length of the Image to its Breath according to the angle of the Prifin, nor any thing more (fo faras I can perceive by your laft) than what was pertinent to the things-then in difpute,wiz, that they found them fucceed as I had affirined. And therefore fince Mr. Lacas has found the fame fuccefs, I fuppofe, that when he expreffed , that be much rejoyced to fee the Trials of the R. Society agree fo exactly with bis, he meant only fo far.as his agreed with mine. And becaufe I am again upon this firft Experiment, I fhali . defire, that Mr. Locos will repeat it with all the exa&nefs and . ' caution that may-be, regard being had to the information about - it; fet down inthis Letter ; and then | defire to have the length 3 | and breadth of the Image with its difance from the Prifm, fee — — down exa@ly in feet and inches, and parts of an inch, that E- may have an opportunity to confider what relation its length - and breadth have to the Suns diameter. For I know, that Mr. LucasObfervation- cannot hold where the refraGing angle of the Prifin is full 6o degrees, and the day is clear, and the full length. j of theColoursis meáfüred,and the breadth of the Image anfwers tothe Sun's diameter : And feeing Tam well affured of the trütls and exa&tnefs of my own Obfervations, T fhall be unwillingto- | be diverted by any other Experiments, from haying afairend — | made of this inthe firft place. Sir, 1 am,ere. : E os : uS .Poft- | TR | Pofifcript. .— | Had like to have forgotten to advife, that the Experimentum | Crucis,azd fuch others 2s (ball be made for knowing the nature of Golurs, be made with Prifms which refract fo much, as to make the length of the Image five times its breadth , and rather more than lefs ; for, otherwife Experiments will wot fucceed fo plainly with others as they bave done with me. fn. Account of tmo Books : I, Trattatws de VENTRICULO e» LVTESTINIS , cui pro- mittitur alius de PARTIBUS CONTINENTIBUS | iz ge- nere, c in (pecie de Partibus ABDOMINIS; Auth. Franc. Gliffonio, M. D. c* Coll.Med.Lond. Socio, mes sos Scc, Re- galis Collegz.. Londini, 1676. z» quarto. : ^7E^ He eminently learned Author of this Anatomical Trea- tife, having prefuppofed the general Divifions of the parts of an Human Body, taken intheir largeft fenfe, and their inadequate conceptions, upon the account of which they are in divers refpects called Similar or Organical , proceeds di- redtly in this work to the Inferiour and more Pra¢tical divifions _of the faid Body, i ma " . And having firft of all divided the Lowermoft Vester into - áts Regions, and defigned the parts contained in each of them ; be goeson to the divifion of the Casanzeous parts, and confiders the nature, ftru&ure, origin, vitality, and ufes of the Guticula and.€utis vera. Where we cannot but take notice, tbat the Author, as well here, as throughout this wholepiece, builds much upon tbe grounds, he bad laid in the Book, he publifhed four years ago, de Vita Nature, wherein he afcribes much to Natural Perception, which he holds to be an Operation anterior to, and more general and more fimple than that of, Sexfe 5 and in which Perception,accompanied withAppetition and Motion, he makes Original Life to confift, which, to him, 1s nothing elfe but the Energetical or Operative nature of any Being fubfifting by it felf;not;producible by any external power,motion,texture, figure, organization or proporten of parts 4 but by the fole END o m0 C Le ee 2 — Firft (706) Firft Caufe of all things, Without the help of which Natural — Perception he fees-not, how (e.g.) the command of. the Imagi-- nation can be made known to the Mufcles,that do execute then at the beck thereof: Nor, how. the Plaftique power formsa Chick in an Egg,&c. But to leave this Notion to the Judgment of Sagacious Readers, we take further notice of our Authors opinion, concerning the manner of Tranfpiration, which he af- firms to be made not fo much through the Pores,as the very fu£- flance of the skin, and yet denies this kind of ptrfpirabiliry to infera penetration of. Bodies,though it doof Swbflances, bya change of quantity. EIE | ' Having done with the Skin, he difcourfes of the #evéor marks in the skin, as alfo of Nails and Hair, of what they have common with the skin, and wherein they differ 5 why Man is born naked; what Colours do belong or not belong to Hair ; endeavouring toexplain, why the Hairof Animals, though it be referred to the family of Pjants , yet neither are green, nor blew, nor purple; and why the Feathers of Birds are; adding withal the caufe of Curled-hair, and the general caufes of the Fall of hair. ' 3 Next, he treats of the Adeps or Fat,and is inclined to believe, that it proceeds rather from the Sucews mervofus, than the mafs 7 of the Blood. Then he paffes on to the Mujfcles of the abdomen ; . and there takes occafion, amongft many other things, to difcufs tliat famoüs queftion concerning the Inofculation of the Epi- gaítrick vein with that of the Breaftssacknowledging that there . arefuch Anaffomofes, but denying that the confent between the *Womb and the Breafts (which yet healfo grants) depends there: . on. Tothishe fübjoyns the Hiftory of the Peritoseum and Q- mentum, declaring their ftru&ure and ufes,and examining parti- cularly, whether the Omentum be the Seat of the Hy pochondri- 4 acal winds, and the Sink of the body ? ^ Having difpatched this firft Part, he proceed "Gullet, Stcmach, and Guts: Inthe doing of which, he difcuffeth - 1 many confidérable Queftions ; E g. which Animals havegallets, — and which not ? What isthe manner of Ramination, and why — - - fome Animals have more ftomachs than one.? Whether in the ftomachithere be Lymphedn ¢#s diftin& from the Laeals? Wh | : art, hi eeds to the other | | "Part of this Treatife, and therein delivers the Hiftory of the B. at is E C707) is the matter, ftruQure, tenacity, tenfibility, flexiblenefs, vitas: lity, and various ufe of Fibres ? Whether there be a nattral- Perceptionin them? How the Irritability in Animals is govern- ed and directed by the [imagination and the inward SenfitiveA p- petite ; together with the manner, how the Imagination and Ap- petite move the Mufcles? What kind of Motion it is, wherewith the Brain excites the Nerves ; and how the fame cemes to move fome Mufcies, and not others? What che Anima! fpirits con- tribute to che motion of the Mufcies ? Whether the Stomach and Guts have a parenchyma, and,if fo, whether chat be glandular ? Why the cecum in Manis lefs than in other Animals; and why icis double in winged Creatures? &c. : Difcourfing of the AGions and ufe of the Gullet, Stomach, and Inteftines,he firft examines the nature of Hanger and Thirft, and inquires, whether they differ fpecifically from the five Sen- fes? where occafionally he maintains, that the fenfe of Touch difters more than in degree from the other fenfes ; and explains, how the painof Touch differs from the pain of Hunger;adding, that the fenfe of Taf# hath more affinity to Hunger, than that of . Touch. Concerning Thir/t, he confiders,among divers other par- ticulars, that one of the general caufes thereof 1s the defect of | the Jatex: whence he takes occafionto fpeak of the meaning - given by Van Helmont to that liquor, commending,on the occa- fion, that Gentlemans éadu/try, fagactty,and fincerity,but blaming withal his proneneisof ¢sveightng againtt others. | This done,he goes on to the confideration of the Periftaltique -- * Faculty,and the various motions thereof ;as alfo of the powers of Suisioz,Deglutition, Attraction, Retention Cotton, Diflvibu- tion of the Chyle, Secretion, Excretion, Flatuofíty:: Concluding — the whole with an Zppezdix about Fermentation. In all which there occur many notable Difquifitions ; E.g. What are the Re- quifites to a Periffaltique power ? What the organs of Suction? What the proper actions of Deglutition ? Whether there be any - fimilar A¢tradtiow ? Wherein confifts the Ketentive power? Whether the Stomach be che only feat.of Dige/tion 2 What is the principal means of Dzeffion ; whether it be, (as Mabius would have it) a ffirituous and pungent Salt and if fo, what isthe man- ner of its operation? What degree of Hear is required to Di- - geltion; and whether Heat alone be fufficient for ic? What T. : tne DRM L. y the caüfesof Seeds and Eggs ? Whether the approbation of the . Idea of a nature to be introduced muft be preceden: to genera- tion? How the Confent between the parts of Generation, and the Imagination and. Appetite of an Animal is performed ? What natural l#ffinct is? What the Archeus is,and how it differs from an inbred fimple Spirit? Further,as to the matter of the Chyles Diftribution ; how the Stomach difiniffes the Chyle 2 How far the Ghyle is imbibed by the Milky vetfelss and whether that imbibition is made by a parenchyma ? How the piiattais fecre- ted? What arethe Ages of Blood; and how exolete Blood falls afunder ? What are the Stimulating caufes for Excretion? Where he difcourfeth amply and learnedly of the feveral forts of Ex- pulfion, of €rudities, Emeticks and Ab/ter fives? Again,concerning Flatuss 5 what is the matter, and what the figns of them? How many sheir kinds and caufes? What are the moft proper difcu- tients of them? Wherein the Hypochondriac Flazws’s do con- fit? Whichare the parts affected in Rheumsatifms,cogether with a confiderable cure of a Rheumatifm performed by the Author ? Laftlysas to Fermentation,;What are Imaginary and what Genuin Ferments ? What isa Malign,and what a Febrile Ferment?What are the bounds of the beginning, increafe, height and decay of — Fermentation? &c- For thefeand many more Difquifitions, - y handled by our Author, we muft refer the Reader to the Book atifel£c cid sal pelea | | ; - NE) IL PHARMACOPEE Royale, GALENIQUE c CHY- _ MIQUE, par Moyfe Charas, Apoticaire Artifle du Roy en (on jardin Royal des Plantes. A Pavis,1676. 2n quarto. : His Work of the induftrious and experienced Monfieur : Gharas, hath the Approbation bothof the IHluflrious Parifian Faculty of Phyfick,and of the mo(t eminent Phyficians of Parts,füch as are che firft Phyficians of that King and Queen, the Dauphin, and Monfieur the Kings Brother; who give this Teftimony to it, that it contains both what is found beft in the Ancients , and what has been difcovered by the Moderns in Pharmacy, and that therefore it may be very ufeful to all thofe that addi& themfelves to the ftudy and practice of Phyfick. - . The whole Piece is divided into three Parts: The fef, treats of Generals, fuchas the Subje&, Obje&, End and Principles of Pharmacy, both Galenical and Chymical; as alfo of Medicines, and their power in general; of the Choice of the Materia medica, and of the Place and Time fit for that choice: likewife of the Preparation of Medicaments, under which he compre- hends Lotion, Trituration, lafufiow, Coctiom, Fermentation, Di- geftion, Circulation, Cobobation, and many more, To which he © adds a Difcourfe of the Fzre and its Degrees, of divers forts of Furnaces and Gements,as alfoof the Inftruments and Veffels - of both Pharmacies, and the way of cutting Glafs-veffels,toge- - ther with the Weight and Meafures ufed in Apothecary Shops. —— 'fhe fecond, treats of the Galenical Preparations and Com- pofitions, all prefcribed or examined and corre&ed by his - French Majefties Firft Phyfician ;imany of which the Publifher - affirms to be both affured and curious.- This part hath evo | Books; the former of which confiders fuch Preparations as are. . ufedinwardly ; the latter, fuch as are applied outwardly: In | both which the Author iníifts moft on matters of preateft im- portance,and delivers things that are moft grounded upon Ex- perience and Reafon. pen | | The Pid is fpent in the Chymical Preparations of Medicines, | whether the matter of them be Vegetables, Apimalsor eJMinerais: | which fort of Preparations the Author judgeth to penetrate |. more into the inner parts of the Mixt Bodies, by adextrous ~ "n » vt 6 ] e. 1 30100 OR DUM C719) folution of the parts that compofe them, and by freeing them of the impurities which our fenfes perceive not, whereby the pure — fübftances, which are the principal and moft effential parts,be- ing difengaged, may with more efficacy and fpeed produce the efíe& looked for, And this is performed in three Books, ac- cording to the three, lately named, claffes of Materials, Inthe doingof which the Author affirms , that his chief aim being to make knownthe fure(t and the eafieft means of fuccefsfully performing all Chymical Operations,he doth fiucerely communi- cate what himfelf pra&iceth, without any referve, and endea- yours fo to explain himfelf in thofe Preparations that have - paffed through his hands, that by making thofe to be well-un- der(tood, it will not be difficult to fucceed in fuch as he hath not fpoken of. And he hopes, ‘that, having in his faid Prepara- tions confulted' Experience und Reafon , and avoided affected prolixities, he fhall not be blamed for fo doing,and that it wi]l be well taken, that he hath eftablifhed their vertues, dofes and - Ufes upon the principal parts of which the Mixtsare compofed, spon the feveral alterations which they receive in preparing - them, and #pox the Succeffes which he hath noted of them in the feveral ufes he has made of them in very many occafions. Advertifement , _ 5 "To intimate , that tbe Publifber of this Tract intends to tale | another opportunity of Fuftifying himfelf againft the Afperfions —— and Calumnies of an immoral Poftfcript put toa Bookcalled Lam- - pas, publifbt by Robert Hooke: Till which time , "tis hoped, the ‘Candid Reader will [ufpend his Judgment. - tb irat, Pag.68s.lin.6.leg. KPL pro KLP. . Imprimatur, Ocsb.3. | uo ;Sonot .1676. jus e [3er bi VA Br ouncker 9 P.R.S, 2 London, Printed for J. Martyn, Printer tothe R, Society, 1676. — (C 711 ) Numb.t29, | PHILOSOPHICAL | ^ TRANSACTIONS The CONTENTS. | Obfervations concerning [ome of the moft confiderable. parts of Afia. Two Contrivances of Hy grolcopes,ty Mr.Coniers ; azte- vrlor to that, which was publifhed N.127.. The Occultation of the Planet Mars by the Moon,obferved by Monf, Hevelius, Mr. Flams ftead asd Mr.Haliy. Two Letters concerning Rock-Plants,their Figures and Growth. Aw Account of [ome Books:|.Ephemeridum Medico- Phyficarum Germanicarum Annus IV.& V, II. Non: . velle Methode en Geometrie pour les Sections des [uperficies Coniques e Cylindriques, ec. INT, Opb: ha mogvaphta, A. Gu, Briggs 4.M. IV. Longitude found by H. Bo ndi Sea. Obfervations concerning fomeof tbe moft confiderable parts of ASIA. I thefe Obfervations, as they are tofollow, we are obliged to that great Traveller, Monfieur jean Daptiffe Tavernier, who having made fix Voyages into Tarky, Per(ia;and the Eaff- Indies, (five of which were by him performed by Land,)hath lately publifhed the fame in two Volumes in quartoat Pari. The firft whereof,( to be only taken notice of in this Tratt)contains | rz. The different Roads paffable from Parzs to lfpabam, through | the Mortherw Countries of Turky: 2. The fevera! Roads from the | fame City ofParz to lfpaban through theSowtbers Provinces of |; Turky,and through the Defert : 3. The Roads paffable into Turky |. and Perfiathrough the Northern Provinces of Ewrope s where : occurs a particular Relation of divers Countries neighbouring to the Blackand Ca/pian Seas: 4. A Defcription of Perfia , its. Inhabitants, Productions, Govesoment, Cuftoms, Arts, Manu- fa&uresand Commodities. | | | Sonse of the Obfeuuasions tbemfelues.. 1, That Jfpaban is about the bignefs of Par , but that Pars © Rath ten times more people than lffabaz. — 13, That the Airof Gomron fromthe month of | April to that | of November is fo unhealthy, that it breeds a very malign Fe- m ; 5 A K ver ver, which,if it kill not, is followed withthe Jaunders for the remainderof the Patients life: And,that after the end of Marc b the wind changeth, blowing for the moft part from the Weft or Southweft, and being fometimes fo.hot id fuffocating, that it takes away refpiration: whence the Arabsans-give it thename — El-Samiel, thatis, aWind of poyfon. And, which feems very ftrange , if one takean arm or aleg, orany other part of the body, that hath been newly ftifled by that fuffocating wind, it remains in the hand like Greate, and as if the body had been dead a month before, Fhe fame kind of ,Air is, according to this Au- thor, about Monffet and. Bagdat ; . concerning which be relates, that,travelling once upon the road from I/pahanto Bagdat , he had been ftifled, if he had not been in the company of fome - fabian Merchants: Butthefe, as foon as they perceived this wind coming, prefently made him light from; his. Bea(t , and throw himfc1f, together with them ,. flat upon the ground on their bellies, covering themfelves well with their Cloaks. Tn which.conditioa having. remained. for half an- hour, and on. much ado faved chemfelves from being fuffocated,they rofe up, finding their Horfes muck-wet all over,and fo faint, that they _ Were-not able to carry their Riders. But, when men are upon. fome River, though the fame wind do blow in the fame feafon, it doth no harm, though people were ftark naked, Hefaithfure — — ther, that fometimes the blaft is fo hot, that it burns as if Light- ning had pafled, — : | | r 3. Thatall the precious Oyls , Confits and Unguents, that — - our Author had been prefented with by the Great Duke of. Tef-—— cany, did, when he came into thofe hot Countries,boyl from the ' heat reigning there, and even break. the bottles. that contained them: And particularly,that of 24 boxes of Treaclé;that were - a fat fcrewed, not one efcaped whofe bottom was not burftout. — 4 That in Perfia few Children have the fmall Pox, butyine — | ftead thereof, moft of them are troubled with the Scurffon the — 1 head, tilltheyare 100r 12 years old. —— 5. That the Perfiaus know nothing of the Gout orStones — —— only the Armenians, who drink more wine than water, are troue bled withthe latter of thofe two difeafes. 6.That the Perfians,efpecially the better fort of them;are fam 3 d lefs fub je& to ficknefs,than the Ewropeans,becaufe they fail not - E in Spring to take inwardly a. decoGion.of the wood of- Ghina, = ABER which ^^ | | C713) which is a Root coming out of C/;z4,and by our Author faid to. bea kind of Rhubarb,an excellent Prefervative of health. This oot they let boy] for feveral days in water, according to the dofe prefcribed by the Phyfician.E.g.the firft day they put one ounce of it in.three pints of water, increafing the dofe of the Root every day unto the twelfth, and thence to the twentieth, day, This drink is faid to be very agreeable to the tafte, and | of thecolour of our pale wines. Whilft they are drinking this | decoü&ion,they muft eat nothing but a little bread,and a roafted Chicken without Salt; and after they bave done drinking, they mult forbeareating Fruit a whole month. When this Drink is, |. taken, the perfon that hath taken it muft be very well covered |. tofweats; of which iweat , which is copious, his linnen be- | comesall yellow, and evenall the walls of his Chamber. This |»A Rooteafily fpoils, and whilft ‘tis good, the Author faith a | pound of it cofts an hundred Crowns. 5d | 7. Ibat all the Women of the Turkifh Serag/so are frequently — chawing Maftic, as that which takes away the impurity of the Teeth, and keeps them clean and white, _ . 8, "That when the Mogases, afort of Tartars, have received any wound, they ufeno other oynument but fome boiled flefh, applied hot to the wound. And when the wound is deep, they thruft in a piece of fat as hot as the Patient canendure it : And for this purpofe they count the flefh and fat of Horfes beft of all, 13424: n | 9. Thofe that are troubled with the Colick, are order'd to eat Horfe-flefh ; which they fay cures many. | | 10. That 'tis very true , that near the Ifle of Babarez they |. fetch fweet water ftom the bottom of the Sea; and that abouc | Cape Gemoriz and along the coaít of Coromandel and Malabar, | where no fweet water is, the people come with their veffels ac the time of. Low- water asnear to the Sea as they can , digging about two foot in the Sand, where they meet with fweet water good to drink. : rr. That Camels bear their young ones Elevenmonths, and can be without drink many days, even to nine, and that the big- ger fortof themare able to carry a tooo, yea rsoo pound | weight. That their Milk is a foveraign remedy againít the Dropfie. ' TM. | 12, That the Cows about Ba/fara, having no grafs tofeed on, ' iu S 2. S are | ; |C€74) — mM are fed with the heads of Fifhes and Datesboiled together, — — —.. 33. That the Palm-trees in the Country of Balfars are thus propagated. They dig a hole in the earth, in which they range 250 or 3oo Date-kernels, one a top of another pyramid- wife, with the point upwards, foas that the pyramid ends inone kernel: Which being covered withrearth, the Tree grows up. 14. ThatCraw-fifhes do creep up on high of the white Mul. berry-trees about Sun-fer, eating che fruit; and at break of day come down again into the Rivers, near which thofe Trees grow. r5. That Porcupins kill Lions, by darting into their bo- dy their quills. TIS EM MA — 16. That all along the Gulph of Perfia there are vaft num- ‘bers of a kind of Locufts, whichare edible, and of which our Traveller affirms that he opened one that was fix inches long, and found r 7 little ones in its belly,al! of them ftirring. r7; That thereis a Talein Perfia, which being beaten into. pieces as final! as: Lentils, and tinged with what colour they pleafe; they mix it with Chalk well leaked, and rubbing their- . walls withit, make them fhine Jafpis-like, which is very agree. able to-the eye. = A ae 18. That on the weft of the Ca/pzan Sea, a little above Cbi- maki, there isa Rock advancing out upon the fhoar, whence. _ dropsan Oyl, of which the Perfíass male a Vernis,by infüfing — init fome dropsof Maftic. This oyl whilftiffuing out of the rock is as clear as water 5 but afterwards thickens by little — - anc iteiés. c7 > | 19. That tbe beft Glue in the world is.made of Stergeon, it being fo ftrong, that you fball fooner tear the matter thus glned any where elfe than in the place wheretisglued, Themanner —— | of the Turks in preparing it is this:. Whenthey have taken out the garbage of the fifh, they meet with a certain skin that co- vers the fleíh; and thisthey pull away from about the head to - | | the end of the belly.” This skinis very glutinous, ard of the thicknefs of two paper leaves : This they roll up to the thicke nefs of amans arm, and fo put it todry in theSun: And when | they willufe it, they beat ic with an hammer, andbeing well. — | beaten they break it into little bits, which they put and keep 3 in water for about half -an hour-ina little pot, and fo fetitover — | 4 } a gentle fire, ftirring it continually till it become liquid, and | taking heed.of. ‘keeping it from-boyling, which:would utterly | fpoilir; ee 20.Thae | C 715 ) 2e. That the Perfians are exquifitely skilful in damaskining with Vitriol ; but that the nature of the Steel by them ufed con- tributes very much to the good. workmanfhip, they. noc being able io do fo well with theirownor our Steel. This Steel they fetch from Golconda, which isthe only kind known that can be well damaskined. And ’tis very differing from ours : For,when- 'tis put to ihe fire to temper it, they very carefully giveit only a little rednefs like that of a cherry-colour ,. and inftead of quenching it in water, as we do,they only wrap it in a wet piece of Linnen cloth ; for, if they fhould give it the fame degree of heat that we do to ours, it would grow as brittle as glafs, . 21. That the Perfias Countrymen about lfpabaz , coming every morning to fetch away all manner of the ordures of the Town to dung their land withal,take up much rather the excre- ments of the Armenians, fews.and Franks, becaufe they drink wine, thanthofe of the Perfíaus, that generally drink nocc. - .. 22. That in Perfiathey make the running of Foot-men a- Trade,by breeding them up te it, and with foienniry receiving him for Matter of the Trade who performs the Mafter- piece of _running 36 common Leagues ina day, from Sun-rifing «o Sun- fetting, — | So fur the Obfervations of the fiit Volume ;thofe of the fecond we [ball referve for the next opportunity. A Defeription of Mr. john Coniers, Apothecary and Citizen, bes Hygrofcope, in two feveral Contrivances ; togeiber with fomeObfervations made thereon : Communicated in 4 Lester tothe Publi[ber,OGob.23. 1676. | SIR, | y Thought it neceffary to acquaint you, that in my diverfions, among many (at leaft 40) feveral Trials, made by me for the readieft and beft difcovery of the Change or Temperature of the Air and Weather, ! have found out,that by applying a Hand and a Circular Index or a Quarter-circle to a Pannel made of duly feafoned Deal-wood, and that divided or flit in two parts playing loofe in a groove, and only faftned to the frame at each end (as you.may fee by the figures, accompanying thefe lines, ) - you have one of the beft, if not the very beft contrivance for that purpofe. I have made two feveral Contrivances of its - the one I inventedand contrived about five or fix years fince .- _ hereexplained in the firft Figure, together with fome Obferva- L10nS.. ( | (736). Cox tions, by-me made thereon during that time; the other, fome years after the former: Both which I thought fit to communi- cate toyou, to difpofe of them as you fhall think good) — So farthe Letter : Which, together with the Invention and Contrivance it fef, therein mentioned , the Publifher would - have given notice of ere this, and at the tine, when in JV. 127. of thefe Tra&s the like Invention, imparted from Dabiiz, was defcribed , if he had not then been altogether un-acquainted - therewith. Wherefore, to do right to the: Ingenuity of this In- ventor, the Defcription of chis his Inftrument, imits two fe- veral contrivances, fhall now be faithfully fet down here, toge- ther with the Obfervations made by the former of them. The Explanation f the firft Contrivance in Figure I. AAAA, The Frame of ‘wood for the two pannels of Deal to play loofe in at top and bottom, to which at the two ends they "dre Valine o oe TRIPLE A er cr BB, The two pannels of flit-Deal, three foot deep,and three foot broad apiece , witha diftance left in the middle for the fcopé of theniotion. nt gs a C oq C, The Hand placed or faftened by the Axletree to the plate, and alfo withNail-holes whichare to faften it to the middle of the Pannel within half an inch of the {cope for motion; at the lower or fhorter end of which Axletree there is, by a wirelikeanS, - faftned a final! Silver-chain within a ftraws breadth of the Axle- — | tree; which Chain is to be catried and placed crofs the diftance between the two pannels, and faftned to the Pannel oppofire by a brafs:noofe, through which it isto flip , fo as that it may be takenup or let downat pleafure. Ro OE Ao uU D, The Roller witha weight annexed, which by a firing is - faftned to the loweft end of the hand C ; fó that as the Relax _ ives way,the Weight will adjuft the motion of. the hand to the — ndex E. : E soc E, TheIndexof Paper, pifted upon tbe oppofite panne]. — — to the hand,and fo, as it isinthisfigure,placednearthetop, for — | the better advantage of the Hands motion; and this Index,be- — . ing but a quarter of a Circle, is divided into inches more or — | fewer according to the fcope which thé Pannels hand requires for their motion ; but when the Relax fhàll require more roo " - for the hand, thenthechain is to be taken up onelink morejaand — d s fo "EMI i E 1 : € 717.) fo you will be ready for more play upwards and downwards * Which taking up may yet be again repeated, when there i i$ oc" - eafion, or the timie of year requires it. | Now if the Chain be placed near the Axletree, the mótioh - will be the nicer and larger ; if farther off,then it ‘will be lef: - For Example, the motion of 2 more than that of 3, and 3 than thatof 4,&c. as you may perceive by the figures 2, 3, 4,5,63 which are placed in this figure by the lower end of the hand near _ below the Axeltree thereof. From this contrivance it was, that I have for this five or fix years paít made thefe fo, lowing Obfervations, - ~ 1. That thefé Pannels of Deal-wood will move by fhrinking moft in Summer, and {welling moft in Winter-feafons ; but will | vary from this, according to the change to the then more or lefs heat or cold,moifture or drought that the temper or feafon of © the year, füch as Springand Fall, do produce ; it being then more apt to fwell or fhrink on the fudden , but not attaining then to the higheft fhrinking or fwelling,as i iD Suinmer and Win- ter it doth. 2. That for the moft part, ef; pecially i in the Spring and Sum- mer-time, this Motion happens only in the day time; for then generally all night it refts, and moves very feldom. 3. That one kind or manner of chis Motion happens in dry . fair weather, but fometimes in thefore- -partof the forenoon,and | | .fometimes not until the latter part of the forenoon, and then at | thattimeit relaxes or fwells the Deal for about two or three hours i more, feldom; leís,oftens and then all the afternoon after fhrinks ; à May, fometimes even when a fmall Rain hath | newly fallen,or is then falling ; and this not fo often, but more : 1 feldom; in Winter, or cold moift weather. his thrinking is gradual very often,or for the moft part | a litite after a moifl time (v7z,) the firft day after moifture ic . fhrinksa little, the fecond day more,and fo yet more according to thethentimeof year, and asit iethen inclined to moifture or drought,and alteration of the wind and the then heat or cold. | e, The winds being in the North, North-Eaft ,andEaft, winter | aid fummer,for the moft part at that time theDeal fhrinks i in the | night alfoas wellas in the day; bur not fo much : whichis a fign | of drying weather,and fometimes of froft or cold inWinter;heat , or fcorching in Summer, i ina clear day. But on the contrary, the Sout h- aga ( 718 ) | Southwinds blowing, or the Weft and South- weft,the Deal then alwaies relaxes that day, or at leaft is at aftay, provided this happen in the day time; forthen,if in the night, not fo much ; and fo this will do fome confiderable time before Rain. 6,By a conftant obfervation of this Experiment of the Deals Motion and Reft,you may beable to know or guefs at theW ingls fcituation without a Weather- cock,provided you have by yeu a common anda fealed Thermometer, — — D ... 7. Alfo you may know thetime of Year; for inthe Spring . it moves quicker and more than in Winter; in Summer it is more fhrunk than in the Spring ; in Autumn leís in motion thanin the Summer. Other Obfervations may be made more nice; thefe — — only in general at prefént. à RE Only I fhalladd this following Experiment ‘with a Conje- &ure from thence.Confidering with my felf,thata Fagot or other Wood laid upon the fire ,. the. heat then vifibly. caufes moiflure to come out of the Ends only. Thisoccafioned the making of the following Experiment, to find- whether thenthe moifture | was not rarified out of the fmall Cylinder, like ends of the — wood, only, or out of the fidesalfo. 6 eee | I took therefore feafoned Deal, two pieces, weighing the . one pieceand the other the night before; but the ezds of the — one piece I clofed up with Déachylon Plafter, but the fidesof — . this Deal I did not foclofe up; but left thefe fides with the — | other piece without Diachylon. Both being expofed to the open Air, they were found the next day bothof themaliketohave increafed in proportion of Weight, which feemsto prove, that — the Sidesalfo do rake in and let out Moifture, ' Yeritdothap- — pear,that in warmer weatherMoifture paffes free{t and more out — of the Ends of the wood, than it doth in colder weather, | From whence I do conjeéture, that Deal- wood, asit hath — A fit texture and body for motftwre and drought, beat and cold and - fuchlike qualities to be difcovered thereby , fo 1t doth much. like the fame thing with what isalfo performed by the whole - body of the outward mafsof thisglobé of Earths as may be — made appear by forty other Experiments, not commonly — known ; yst this varying according to the time of year, and — clime in Longitude and Latitude, “* |. placed. .( 719 ) The POSU of the Second Gontrivante by 4 Circular Motion for an Annual Revolution, and firlt in the Outward parts ; repre fentedi in Fig. lI, - AAAA, The frame of wood, for the Pannels of Deal to play loofe in,at top and bottom, BBBB, The Croffes of Deal or Iron faftened to the frame on each fide; to ‘which is annexed the Circular Index divided into 12 ; in the Center of which the Axletree 4 for the hands is CC, oe two Pannels af flic-Deal, 3 foot deep, and 3 foot broad, apiece s faftened at each end of the Frame, witha di- ftance “left i in the Middle for the fcope of the Motion. T. be Explanation of the Inward work in Fig.l, ‘AA, The two hands. BB, The two Brafs Pullies or Rollers, the one bigger, the | Other lefs; tothe bigger a flat Leaden-weight i is faftened with , aCatgutfítring; to the fi naller is fattened a fmall Silver-chain, |. whichis by the Noofe or loop of the brafs Gtobe faftened to the Pannel under the middle of the crofs, near che pap or fcope for the Motion;and in that noofe the Chain to have a faftening to be taken'up or let down at pleafure. . D, The Roller or Pully to be placed on the other Pannei | oppofite to the Noofe, and near the gap or fcope betwixt the | two Pannels ; over which Roller the fmall Chain , upon itsie- | turnto the Axle-tree, is to be placed. | . E,The Axletree upon which the two Rollers or r Pullies Bib, are to be faftened, and the two hands 4 4 for the Index. F, The Weight annexed to the biggeft Roller or Pully B, and the ftring or Cat-gut to be moved, is t@#have the contrary pofture for motion to the fmall Roller or Pully upon which the Silver-chain is fa(tened : fo that, as the fhrinking of the Pannel ! moves the Axletree one way, the Relaxing may give way to the | moving the hands or Axletree the other way by the power of | the Weights drawings which contrary poftures will give the niceft account of this Motion» cb Note, C NX T: Note, that the circumference of the finalleft Pully or Roller- B b,upon which the Chain 1s faftened , isto be nobigger than — | juft fo much fcope or diftance as the two Pannels make by the extremity of their utmoft fwelling or fhrinking ; and fo one full . revolution of the hand upon the Index may anfwer the fulleft .. fhrinking and fwelling in tbe year, and the diftance between - the cwo Rollers or Pullies fixed upon the Axletree maft be the thicknefs of your Panneis ; fo that the Weight isto play or move on theonefide of the Pannel, and the Chain on.the other, without difturbance or rubbing again(t the fides of the Pannel or the Crofs, between which, out of fight, in the middle they are to be placed. ds This way was fo contrived E efore this time twelve-month, in. _ the year 1675 ; fome years after the former 5 and fo with Chain and Pullies to avoid the fhaking that would happen by apply- - ing the work of Pinnion and teeth to move the hands; which - was thenalfo propounded to Mr. Tompion the Watchmaker, but. by him rejected, though I think that way may beufed alfo with - a Weight added to regulate the motion. p Now, as to the degree, to which the Deal-board, which fhall - ferve for thefeInftruments, is to be feafoned, and for the kind, . of which the fame ought to be,you mutt take the fineft ftreipht- eft grain of your Dram deal,as the beft for this ufe,and let itlie - drying ia your houfe two or three years, And to know, whether :. it be fufficiently feafoned for this Inflrument, takea fmall part | thereof, and weigh it ina nice pair of Scales, and, if you find — the weight thereof not to have increafed many grains in wet + — ' weather, nor decreafed many grains in dry, you may.thencon-- | clude this Wood to be fit for your purpofe, - * . Occultatio — | ^. i a Ye ; ME | d t9. — .*- Occultatio Martis & quarundam Fixartin b obfervata : : GEDANI Anno 1676, die r.Sepr. ft.n. mane, Tubis inprimis 12. & 20, pedum : jure uit For. Hevelte. | IE 31 Augufti, aér omnino nubilofus , imo circa Ue (perdi FJ pluvius extitit, fic ut vix [pes aliqua [uperfuerit Conjuncti- onem banc arttilimam Lune e?» Martis obfervandi ; nihilominus tamen, celo circa mediam noctem undique. fereno , obfervatio hac - sotabilis, Lund pene dimidiata exiflente, ex voto fucceffft ; ut nom folim ingreffum Martzs fab. Lunam exactiffime , fed etiam egrel- fum ejus omnium optime. animadvertere. nobis obtigerit s uti ex appofita obfervatione liquet, — Initinm accidit fecundum horologinm dde nce altitudinibus Fixarum correif um horá 1.15/.42", atque Finis borá 2.46.29". Mars verà obtectus eft circa Mon- tem Audum, incedens quafi per loca Lune Paludofa, per M. eA£r- nam, infra lu[nlam Lesbicam, [upra Paludem Acherufiam, fupra M. Goraeem, per Paludem Meoctidem, cy paulo fupra lnfulam Alo- peciam eb ipjam Luna centrum ficque rur{us ad Lacum majorem occidentalem exiens. pum | Si queras,unde viam itineraviam bane adeo accurate mihi de- terminare licuerit, ej quidem ad partem Lune obfcuvam, [cias, eo evenilfe, qud Tubis illis meis preciptas Maculas Majores in parte Lune umbro[A [atis diflindie deprehendere potuerim , atque ita dilucide con[pexerim, Martem circa medium feye Paludm Meotidis emicife, — PANT 7 us De catero notandum occurrit, paulo poft Martis egre[[um, aliam infuper flellulam fixam b, globo aliàs mondum ad[criptam, vix ad 3' minut. prim. infra eJMartem ver[us Auflrum, bord nimirm 2.43. 35° exiluiffe circa Paludes amaras; quam quidem Lanam fobire baud animadvcrti : cum totus ineo fherim, ut Martis mo- mentum Occultationis pracife determinarem ; atque fic etiam at- teram flellulamc Lunam appropinquare baud deprebeudi , quam | poffeacirca Martis exitum hora [cilicet 3. 42'. 26", ad cornu Luna inferius ad 4! fero minut.remotars primim con[peximus. Quantum colligere datur flellula bac c à Luna non omnino tetfa eft, fed Lana eans folummodd quafi margine [uo firtnxit. Nibilominus fpe baculum fnit admodüm jucundum , celo perquam [eremo , nor B Biz Tantum | ( 722 ) tantiim e3Martem pror[us occultatums , nec non alteram flellulam.- itidem plan? tectam, fed pariter alteram. flellulam limbo Lune. - adeb arc? conjunttam vidi[Je s && quidem circa Lunam à Qua- draturá ultima recentem, ejufque partem ob[curam rarfus exili- entes; —— | Beh 2, Adbeac plures quidem flellulas incognitascivca Lunam con[pexi- mus y verum cum ille parum ad banece obfervationem faciant, eas. typo nofiro baud. ad[cripfimus. | LEGS Tabulae Rudolphina que nonnumquam evidenter à cal difcre: pant, banc thfignem Martis Occultationem fatis pracife indicarumt. — Siquidem inttium. Occultationis vix. ad s minut, prim, diverfam -sommmon[irarunt, 8 1n fine, G duratione.non nifi ad 3' fero minut, unticipando videlicet, abervarunt. .. : Occultatio Martis, & nonnullarum Fixarum . . . obfervata GE D:A N Ip Anno 1676, die 1.Septemb. (t.n. manes .— E & Be seasick Fob. Hevelia. . Altitüdi- | Temp. ox NeSe altit. corr. ] . - ovt iiem i; 57 19 OL O 24) 1 8 45d diflabat fer. tanto interftitto a limbo p lucido,quanto M.Por- phyrites in M.Atna removetur. X Xompfecuad.] Fixarum hborolofi-| — Nomina. - Hor. &) wp o 1. 1.25 Caude Cygni. 15,2092 431772 pe x : ( Animadvertendz. 36 39 " 1 1 35 42|Mars à Luná omnind te- — 1.45 25 CaudeCypnije; 17 01 44 7| Om. ^ 247 54 bipes 2 46 29|Mar: emicuit; finis nempe | Vosa. iootepitatéou o oT 255 0 |2 53.35|4lie flelula fixa b fub ! L4 Marte egreditur. | $ 19 SojcheatPegafi.45 3 0|3 18 19|Fixa c ad cufpidem Dinfe- | | Ad ae 43 45 | 3 42 20[ rierem obfervata eff... a : y AT E 4 L4 id ^ "s | À ^ RR. & " *" p va is " ; L a j i ; E G923)) Martis à Luna tecti Obfervationes, Grenovicé habite, Auguft? 2 1.1676. à F.Flamftedio, in eorum gratiam qui differentiz Meridianorum in- "veftigande incumbunt ; Editori ab eodem communicate. | A Ugufti 2 1. eate meridiem pro correciione borologii has limbi Solaris altitudines acceperam: | | E ^ Hora borologii. Hor. f'bp. . Horol.error. . he (000: o @ h, 4 a é "T $8.04. 31. alt. limbi. Solis. infer. 26.04 | 8.09 36 | t^ 4- 5s NEM a. E : 260814 |o T0250. 15 4 85 7659 5 ^. s ru, 26.34.) 8.512 534 |[ F4. 55 | 29.10. - E 0026441 814,03 | 4.53 | TOUS e | o ° 26.54.) 8 uo ge) t 4. 57 Coop at es 5.124584. 161 22 Dos FAs 54 — Deinde po Meridiem, calo fereniffime. . Hor borol eC orrecía. . h.- ' n: cR PATER, " UM : | BS LE 10:45.02 10.49.58. Marsa limbo lucido Lune = "SI29-42.09 . ILOÓ.II 11.11.05. eadem diftantia— —————-_ 3$29=31,20 . 20,00. 24.55. terum ——— —— Z007= 24.44 | 35:57). 40:52. Denuo ———.— ——— 1982-1618 » $7.31 12.02.26. 3 Z. five diff. alt. limb, Inf. d — 190197 7135 - | jamque tubo ped. 1.6.3 à limbo—— -1158= 5 47 12,053.00 12.09.55. Planeta nuda oculis diutius confici non potuit. . 9.44| 14.39.d lux cam lumine Lune confufa § Z. 31852 9.44. - 10.03| 14.580 penitus telius a cufpide boreo 3475717 20 18.38). 23.33. 414 & in recia per.eufides duca apparuit. | 20 36|. 25.31. 413. v! alimbo vel cuffs Tubo breviori, 3912=32.10 - 24:58| 29.53-414. v à eufpide iterum eodem tubo — 3935=32.21 |. 4600, §0.55.Lunz diameter longiori tubo, ——— 5$971-29.47 : | 13.64.30 13.09.25. Iterum eodem tubo — ——— $973229.48 . | 10.56| 10.51. Martis emerfio forfan 4" vel 5" citius. 13.29] 18.24. d à cufpide borea —— — 3675=18.20 18.15|. 23.10. eadem diftantia 403 520.08 .. 22.00| 26.55. Lune alte 23° Tabo longiori diameter §988=29,55 .39.00| 43.55. Lung diameter breviori tubo- 3645=29.58 — 417. t fecundum Tychonem locus nunc eff v 17. 5%'; latitudo 1°, 20' Auftralis unde cum Lune tum Martis locus accurate de duci poteft, Sce Fig.1V.- USE Mr. - t E [ . . » . 1 s - | TUOLI UM eM. — Hall y’s Objervations concerning she finie Occil- tation of Mars woe Mw; made 4t Oxford , hh 1676, E TP. M. : ium" cael ' 4 "Mis 43. do T He center of Mats from the e Nen limb » en ce, the. Moon, —— —— — —— — 7191—12.40 11.49. 2 Again, t cie PONE SES EO, n 11.54.58 gai — | — 9'— 7.12 12. 3.25 Tbe center of Mars from ‘be North b Culp v» "Da =I9. uH . 12.10.28. The gibbou part of Mars touched the Moons limb, . 12.10.42. Mars was wholly covered, being diftant from | tbe Caf), —— — ' 963 = 4 12.40.00. At this time a Halo encompaffed the Moon , in whofe Cir- - : cumference was Saturn; the Pleiades, , Capella, "6 the hike - lowing of *the foot of Perfews. | 13. IO4.I0: Mars did emerge, Lfuppofe, bis Center. 13.12.45 Mars was diftant from the Northern born of 5, 1018==17, 55 13.31.10 Mars paffed over a paint noted in the Telefcope. 13:35:15. Ihe Southermlimb of tna paffed by the e point. -13.34«cO Tbelucid limb pa[fed over the [ame point. | 33.52.35 Ihe Moons diamobferved,1698==30'.1". alt.) 31°. cire, 13.57.52 Mars from the Northern born of the Moon, 204 2——36. 5 .14. 2.53 Mars. from the § outhern horn of tbe Mion, 2266——40. 3 - Having carefully confidered the Moons Parallaxes in the obferva- tions of this Occultation at Dantzick and Greezwicb, find from the Innern the difference of Meridians between Greenwich and Oxford — 4'.57'5 between Greenwich and Dantzick T. 14. 50% By the Emerfon the firft of thofe differences is found 4". 59^, the latter: 1.14' 4X5 which — near agreement thews the Exactnefs of all the Obfervations. . Two Letters written by Mr. John Beaumont Junior n Stony- P -Eafton iz Somerfet- fhire , concer ning Rock- Plants and their q rowth, — 1 SiR. m The Firft Letter of April 2s 1676. 3 Lately perufed the greateft part of the PhilofophicalTranf- actions ; in which Ll received fo great a fatisfa&ion, that Ere-_ folved to gratifie your generous Ccmmunications (if I may call : it a. gi atuity ) withfome of the neweft occurrents I have met — with in Nature, which, if as kindly accepted,as freely fent you, —.— I (hall readily do the like for the future as far as my em - | obfervations will help 1 me our, | P | ( 725 ) ! What [here prefent you, is concerning Mineral fubfiances 3 © for, having liv'd fome years on Mendip-bills in Somerfet-(hire, . andrefidingat prefent but a miie on the North-fide of them, E - have had an opportunity to make fome Obfervations in Mines. J find in feveral of the Tranfact ions a mention made of Minerals, but what I fhall here in(it on, relates chiefly to what I find - Nitoo.p.6181; where is a defcription of certain Stones figur'd. like Plants, and by fome obferving men(as you fay )efteem’d to - be Plants petrified , conmnunicated by Mr. Liffer whofe«de- - fcriptions I fha'l confirm and in'arge accordingto my Obfer-- . vations here ; being very joyful, that-fo good a hand has fore- - | . ftald a good part of that little news which I mightotherwife ~ |. have fent you concerning thefe Minera! productions. 4 All the Tzecbite and Entrochi defcribed withtheirfigures ^ —- by Mr, Lifter, are found on thofe Hills;l having had the feveral. fpecies by me thefe maay years,except that figur'd like a fruit. And as to the length of the Extrochi, the thinnefs and thicknefs of their joynts,the finoothnefs of fome in their curward circle, - the ridges and knots of o:hers, the branches, the degrees of : greatneís and finallnefs of the Trochite and the like, my obfer- - vations generally concur with his; and fo concerning their - accidental Injuries. I have that fpecies of Egtrocbi, which is ^ tapering at both ends,and fwells inthe middle , and I find even. © the joynts of fome are of that make; fo that an Eztrocbosfhews. * | Jikea parcel of little barrels, fet one on the other. Ihave like- - | wifehis Summitates or faffigia, being long and flender pieces witha little button on the top ; but moreof thefe in theirdue lace. | : 2. As to their Hollows, 1 find them of all bigneffes, froma - central point to thetaking up of more thana third part of the Stone s fome of the Ewtrochiare fo hollow, that thereisonlya - thin fhell lefr, fmooth witbinand without : Oihers have onlya - thin fhell left, but with fcrews within and without; and fome- times both thefe are one entire piece with feeming futures. The - hollows are generally round according to Mr. Liffer’s defcrip- : tion ; though I have alfo many fingle joynts and Extrechiwhole ^ | hollowsare like a cinquefoil; and though this bore be moft fur: | prizing (as he fays) yet,methinks,'tis moft natural to the zadix, - which has five hollow ftirts ox feet iffuing fide-ways fromit ac: cording to tbe figure: And I find ip fome pieces of radix’s, - (io which ^ (726). which P have by me, that a little furrow paffes sadly from each foot to the top of the ftone, witharidge on theoutfide of _ i: Befides thefe I have a new fpecies of Trochites and Entrochi, which has fix inlets in the ho/low, as che latter hasbutfive 5 but with this difference, that thefe Inlets terminate in Angles, fo that itsa fexangular hollow , whereas the cinquefoil-inlets are _rOund as the leaf is,and not pointed, though I have feen even of thefe with fharp angles. 3. Concerning the Rays, or ridges, and furrows 5 the joynts : aid fockets by which the Eztrocb? are joyn’d together , | finda |. great variety in them ; for, as feveral rays, fhooting from a cen- ter, muft of neceffity leave confiderable wideneffes betwixt 3 them, as they país towards the circumference, according to the bignefs thereof s fo,to fill up thofe wideneffes , l'&nd, that in fome, betwixt two rays, iffuing from thecenter, a third ray rifes about half way on the ftone from the center, and fheots.to the circumference 5 fome have their rays gently widening from ' the center tothe Gireumference: Some havea trunk rifing from. thecente, whichgrows forked towards the circumference : * fometimes betwixt thofe forks there rifes a little ray near the” trunk where the forks joyn,which fhoots to the circumference; (but note,that thefé differences are fcarce difcernable where the: rays are fine, but with the help ofa Glafs ;) fome againare ra- mous, havinga trunk rifing from thecenter, with three, four, or five br anches fhooting tothe circumference: “Some are finooth half way on the ftone from the centre, and‘have a circle of finall rays near the circumference :- Some are fmooth without any rays; thefe are commonly pretty thick, and are joyned inan: Entrochos after this manner : one Trochitea little within the out- ward circle in the upper and lower parts where the rays ufe to be, as round inlets or fockets,pretty deep, fo that only a thin Tympanum hinders , but the Trocbite would be- hollow at this widenefs all through; and in themiddle of this Tympanum there: isa hole, as in other Trochites, which is fometimes round,. fome _ times like a cinquefoil: The Trochites , that anfwer this, on — both fides have finooth joynts (I cannot properly callthem.. — ftrews, having noridges) which enter into thefe fockets thofe:— joynts being hollow alfo , and fo other Trochites with fockets, 4 come onupon thofe again to niakeup the Esfrocbos. Some of — — r thefe have both feckets and rays 5 fome have a focket on the: one | X 727 ) one fide, and rays onthe other without a focket ; fome are all fmooth, only ia fall ridge runs round them a little within the outward circle, which enters intoa fmall furrow anfwering to it; fome areal] fmooth,and joyn'd only per barmoniam, as Mr. | Liffer calls it; fome Trochites hold of an equal thicknefs of fubftance from the center to the circumference ; tome are prete ty thick in the circumference , and grow thinner towards the center; fo that they have concavitieson both fides , to which convexities in other Trochites anfwer : Some hold of an «qual thicknefs half way on the ftone from the outward circle, and ‘then grow concave to the center. Mr. Lzffer mentions one Tro- cbite he found of an oval figure,the rays fcarce apparent, and a very finall point inthe place of the pith: [ have of this fpecies with Entrocht of the fame (if thefe, having loft the figure, may retain the name Of 7e6x@- ; )fome of thefe have good large holes in the middle, like other Trochites 5 but their bore is oval ac» cording totheftone. I havemany other Trochztes of this king, - but with this difference,that thefe have no rays, but are jovn'd together only by one ridge which paffes direály along the mid- dle of the ftone the long way,there being a furrow in the other anfwering to it ; thefe have alfo a finall peck in the middie ma- kin but very little impreffion in.the (tone, and feidom paffing throughir, though I have of this fore with indifferent holes as the other Trocbites, but fuchare commonly pointed at the ends, and not carried out with an oval round as the others. There are fome fingle joynts which are fhap’d with a double oval,that ts, the oval inthe upper part of them ftands clean contrary to the oval in their lower part : In fomeagain the ovals do not ftand fo extreamly oppofite to each other;but only the oval inthe upper part of the Trochite feems a little wrefted from the direct line of the oval inthe lower part,fo that they ftand bend- ways to each other,like a St. Andrews Crofí 5 and thereare Eatrechs made up after this manner’; and I find moft of theoval Extrochi crow crooked and twifting. There are of thefe oval kinds of allde- grees of thicknefs and thinnefsin their joynts, as are found in “the round ones, and fo for the bignefs of their circumference, - their finoothnefs in their outward circle; and their roughnefs ^ with ridges, knots and branches,the length of the Ewtrochi,their Anjuries,&c. aro 9v i T | 4. 'come now to the Radix sof ang lhave one as perfe& : 5 ds C 728 ) as oft that are to be got, and feveral broken pieces of others. — That which is perfect,is about the bignefs of aWallnut;anfwer- ing to Mr. Lzffers, but without any-impreflion of a Trochite on it; the top of it indeed is a little flat with a hole init, butitis withal very fmooth, without the leaft fign ofa ray. Agricole com- pares thefe ftones to a Whee]; and truly the body of it well re- fembles the Nave of a Cart or Coach, the fhape of it being co- - “nical towards one end till you come juít to tbe top, where it is a little flat (as Lfaid) with a hole in it; and it has another hole in the middle of the broad end juft oppofite tothis,very fit foran Axisto país through; and the five hollow flirts or feet, iffuing fide-ways at equal diftances from the broad bottom, fomewhar refemble Spokes ; the faid ftirts ftanding about half an inch out . from the body of the ftone, fo that it may not very improperly — becall'd Modiolus quinque-radiatus; and at the endsof the ftirts, . where the hollows thould fhew themfelves, there grows after a very artificial manner a pretty large feam of the fame ftone juft over the middle of the hollow, from the npper partof the ftirt to the lower part of it,parting the hollow in the middle, and. covering about a third part of it; not that this feam enters far-— ther into the hollow than the mouth of its‘ fo that the hollow of each ftirt prefents it felf ‘with two eyes: Henceit appears, that thofe ftirts or feet were never longer than they are, and that no ftone ever grew tothem; and I think it hardto get one ofthefe ftrones fo perfe& as that I have, it being very difficult: . for a Miner to fave thefe fore-feams, they being very obnoxious to the leaft injury. Mr. Lifer fays, che feet were like Crefcents- _ at the end, whereby I find the fore-feams of hisStones were _ broken offjas two of them are in mine.Theftonefeems wrought - - all over like the Fifh mentioned by Mr.Liffer, beimgcomposd - of Trigonal,Tetragonal,Pentagonal and:Hexagonal] Plates, The - upper part of the Conical end is wrought round with fix large. _ Hexagonal plates,and thefe reach half way the ftone; then fol- — lows a fecorid round, made up of eleven Pentagonal plates,pret- : ty large,and thefe reach almoft to the broad bottom, which isa little convex 5 the bottom it felf and feet contain Platesof alt — makes, but moft of them are very fmall.. "ThisStoneisinfüb- — ftance a whitifh opaque fluor, of the famenature with the Tro- : | ehites s it hasoutwardly a rufty coat,and is blewifh withinlike |. | fome Sea-fhells, ‘When "twas-firft found 'twas full of a fort of. | |. . .. afhcolourd — JU - (Gee) | afhcolour'd-grifty Clay, which is the evident mat erial caufe of itjit being found in a bed of the fame. I eafily pickt out the Clay with a Needle, fo that’tis nowall hollow ; the fhell-like and fparry fubftance being fcarceas thickasa Half-crown. | muft own the knowledge of its being a radix to Mr. Lifler’s hint, though I have Agricola by me, but did noc well mind him ; and | becaufe the perfe& radix was fmooth on thetop, and many o- ther pieces of radix's which I haveby me,they did not well in- dicate the thing, though upona review I find oneof them with finall rays there.I havea great many of the Tetragonal, Pentago- nal and Hexagonal Plates, with concavities, convexities ; thin, fmooth,and indented edges ; little round knots on the convex part,others being only fcabrous, others finooth, as I find many large pieces of the Radix’sare. The fides of fome are very un- | equal; in fhort,they agree in all things with Mr. Liffer’s defcrip- |. tions. I have one fexangular Plate very pretty, whofe convex part has on.it a ftar confifting of fix Emboft rays, which fhoot fromthe center directly to the middle part of the fides berwixt the Angles,and betwixt every two rays there grows a little fiuc after a very elegant manner. | - gs, Togivean account of the place of their birth (though hinted before) I may now fay this; I find the Trochites {ticking to rake-mold ftones, and inthe crannies of Rocks at al! depths, from the grafs to 20 fathom; and doubtlefs there are of them deeper: But I find them moft plenteoufly in certain beds of an afhcolour'd-grifty Clay , and particularly at one place within a yard or two of thegrafs. I found herea fruit with them like a lapis Fudatens(though fomewhat defac’d)if not a fpecies there- of sits about the bignefs of an Acorn, with ridges and furrows | running the long way; it differs from thofe defcrib’d by Mr. Lifter N. 110 ; fff, that this is not bigger,but rather lefs in the middle than at the ends ; and fecondly , that its ridges are not knotted or purl'd. It is infubftance a whitifh opaque fpar like the Trochites, though (as Mr. Lifer fays) fome Trochites are of a dark-colour'd fpar;and I find fome ofa white cawky fubftance, .* and fome have a tin&ure of red ; but thefe differences proceed |. from the Clay of which they are made; for,though an afhcolour - be the chief init,yet there are fome veins of red in it , fome of white, fome of 'a light-blew, foie of a dark-blew &c ; which caufe thefe varieties in the ftones. I find fome Trochites and Ez- INA. sC 2 troche C 739 ) í mer (hap'd in raw Clay before they have attain’d. the confi- {tency of a Stone and thefe, if laid in the Sun, become light and fpungy likea pumex.: Ytook up there a piece of another . ftrange Stone, of the like {parry fubftance 5 ‘tis about the big- nefs of a Wallnüt, hollow, and fill’d with the faid Clays it fomewhat refemblesa Helme: ; che fore-part of it is fmooth,the upper part,which hasa large ridge i in the middle, is all wrought with licele rings, three ata place, encircled within each other. The Stone call’d Gorna Ammonis, fhap'dlike a Rams-horn , is very frequent inthis clay ; the largeít | have is feven inches in length, four inches in compafs at the broad end, and two and a- ha'f at the fwall end ; the topbeing broken off. Tracing its O- riginal, Ifind fome of the firft buddings out of ie about the bignefs of a young Cocks-fpur, and very much likeit. |] have fome in raw clay, and one growing from a white Cawky- ftone. They generally become at lafta whitifh Spar, and: fome milk- - - white as fome of the Trochites are: There are of all intermedia'e proportions betwixt thefe two,though very few of ‘any bignefs are to be found entire, but all broken and 1mperfe& pieces: And I take the feeming fummitates of Mr. Lifer to be only little effays of Nature towards the produdion of this Stone, the alliance being evidently nearer than betwixt them and the Trochites. The texture of thefe Scones is thus:Some have maffy fpar in theirin- - fides, which takes up three parts of the Stone ; then from the fharp top there grow thin flat cells, or finall pipesof Spar, fet cdge- ways, one clofe to the other, all round the Stone; which fhoot towards the broad end, and appear outwardly like finall ridges or feams ; and many of thefe pipes, running down thus after the ftone, fhew their hollows,fome at one place of it,fome at another,and fome nottill they come to the broad'end: And this is the texture of the great Stone, which has rings alfo,though fomewhat defac'd, running round it, tending likewife in their growth towards the broad end asin a Rams-born. Moft of the leffer (tones have very little maffy fpar withinthem, andfome — have none, but appear fomewhat hollowat the broad end;with — | cells coming down inwardly from the top of the ftone, refem- * bling thofein the flowers ofCoral, which terminate its branches; and doubtlefs, if taken from their beds ina feafonabletime, | would yield the like milky-juyces for I find.in the Cells offome — — broken pieces of thefe ftones an: 'evident concretion of füch a ] mil ky - C 731) milky juyce. And I may here acquaint you,that I have a piece of branchy fpar, which I found at a Mineon thefe Hills, growing like Coral,and terminated with buttons or flowers like it.I find very few of the leffer Cerzua Ammonis, whofe Cells do any way appeat or fhew their hollows outwardly, asin the great ftone, whofe outward furface is wholly made up (as I faid) of thofe cells, or thin flat pipes, fet clofe the one to the other, many of which fhew their hollows at feveral places in the ftopes whereas the cells in the fmaller ones appear only inwardly, having one coat outwardly which covers them all, and this coat in fome is fmooth, in others it's all wrought with liteie rings like the Hel- met-ftone beforemention'd ; and fome outfides have ridges or rings round them as a Rams: horn. 6. The Stones, I have given you an account of,general.y move - in Vinegar, the juyce of Lemmons,&c. fending forth bubbles, as ] find Cawk wil! very freely, and moft of our Mineral ftones. Baptifla Porta tells us, |.20, Magze INaturalis,chat he faw a piece of Alabaffer weighing four pounds, and carved. in the fhape of a Tortoife,move fo. The faid. motion feems to proceed from the conteft betwixt the acid fpirit of the Vinegar and the Mine- yal fales fo that the Spirits. by fermentation breaking forth nas | der the Stone produce that effe. | I well know,that an accura'e view would difcover many nice diftin&ions (omitted by me) in the fhapes of all thefe Scones, (our Mineral Salts being almoft as bufie and ]uxuriant, as the volatile Salts in the Air in the figuration of Snow 55 which I. judge would.be beft. perform'd by that perfon who makes it his- |- bufinefs to record thefe things in che Hiftory of Nature, hebe- - | ingtbemoft likely to find theapteft terms to fpecifie them ; and haply the beft fervice we can afford youfromthe Couutry , may - be to furnifh you with the things themfelves,witha diligent ac- count of the. foy! and place of. their birth, and with as full an intimation of their primary rife as we can poffibly arrive at by. a clofe infpe&ion ; leaving the minute defcription of the thing. tothe worthy Hiflorian. —. Should I give you my thoughts concerning their Vegetation, it would lead me beyond the bounds which I am willing to al-. low this Letter, though I fhall readily doit, and what other fer» viceI may, if you pleafe to command it. If I had had the cone. | veniency of an Artift to helpthe failings of my pen with his de- i | de fign, r- ( 732 ) | | ‘fign,haply thefe things might have been more acceptable to you, and to thofe other worthy Perfons, who make ita part of their delight to behold thefe curious fports of Nature, as they gre reprefented by a skilful hand, when they cannot fee them iir themfelves ; but I know your Candour will excufe what could . not be procur'd by him,that is very much, Sy, | Stony- Eaflon, Apr. 7. Your humble Servant, : : 1676. |. J.Beaumont Fun. SIR, The Second Letter of June 1 7.1676, C Incemy laft having ufed fome diligence in fearching Mines, G it has beenmy chance to make good the fufpicion of Mr. . Liffer,to wit, that the Trochitesare parts of Rock plants ; for, . viewing the Earths and Stones caft up out of fevera] Mines where -thofe ftones were, I came at length to a Mine, where well near allthe Eztrochi (fo called hitherto) or bodies of thefe plants -grew tapering and ramous, fome of them having branches iffu- . ing from them near two inches in length, and other fmall bran- ches iffuing from thofe ; and upon a nearer fearch I difcover'd .an Entire plant,though fall, growing up after the fide of a -Stone: Ifoundalfo, that all theclifts in fome Mines are made , up ofthefe Stone-plants ; whereof fome, as appears, were con- -vertedinto the nature of thofe Lime-ftone-rocks , whilft they were in their firft tender growth; others being become Spar -compofe rocks of that fubftance, ! Confidering that all the Clifts for a very large circumference in fome places are made up of thefe Plants, we may truly fay, that there have been,and are, whole fields or forrefts of thefe in the Earth, asthereare of Coralin the Red-Sea, In the Courfes, (or Loads, as fome call them) betwixt the clifts I find of thefe Plants growing up in thegrifty clay, mention'd inmy laft, be- ing rooted on the rake-mold ftones 5 many of them being above — | a foot in height,and about the bignefs of the ftem ofa Tobacco- pipe: AllI have yet feen of chis length,are either raw clay,or — of theconfiftency of a Lime-ftone, and fome of them have out- — wardly evident beginnings of circles and futures. The finall Plant which isentire, and the branched bodies of many others have attain'd their full term of growth , being become perfect Spar : If thefe had ever a height anfwerable to their biguefs, (fome of - 3 | them being near three inches about, they muft have been much. —— higher than thofe before-mention’d: The branchesarealljoynt- -- ed, d Ld ( 733 2 ed, and have the fame bore with the trunks, and are terminated with round and blunt joynts, but very finall.{ find the bores or hollows of fuch as are found to be commonly fill'd with a milky - crudeled fubftance , which probably in their time of growth was fluid like that in Coral. Asit cannot be doubted but many of thefe Plants grow on thofe admirable radix’s of which we have given an account, and whereof I have at prefent fome pieces which have a cinquefoil-bore on the top.others with the imprefiions of oval joynts there, and many other differences 5 . fo I am now fully fatisfied that many of them grow from plain - roots, that 1s, from plain Spar, or Limeffone, without any fuch | figure, as the entire Plant does, and many other trunks which I have noted. | Another obfervable is,that thefe plants do not alwaies grow - up with one trunk or body, but fometimes five or fix fprouts, - near of an equal bignefs,fhoot up together from the fame root; ; asit ufually happens with Coral. As in my laft I acquainted. you, that 1 had fomefingle joynts and pieces of many joynts, which had fix inlets in their hollows ; fo I have fince met with » fome which have only fours others with feven, and doubtlefs : there are of other varieties & this kind. Mr. Lifer is pretty. full in.his account concerning their outward differences ; to which I | may.ada, that fome trunks havea circular edge on every other | |. joynt; the intermittent joynt being finooth without edge or ^ knot: Some Trunks havecircular edges on the middle of every © joynt , but fothat the firft and fifch edges are the higheft ; the - fecond and fourth the loweft; che third is higher than the latter, . | and lower than che former 5 the joynts themfelves being great — .. and finall accordingly, and this order holds all along the Plant. . | Some Trunks have edges according to the fameorder , only the - edges on the fecond and fourth joynts are round and blunt, the - other three being fharp 5 fome have edges after che fame order, - which are all round and b'unt. There are fome Trunks wrought : after the fame manner, only the firft and fifth joynts have a cir- cle of knots round them,the other three have edges:SomeTrunks | have no circles, nor knots, but are only-a little fcabrous like the plates which compofe fome Roots, of which Plates I have alfo.now fome of different figures from what has been obferv'd hitherto, It may bea Q»ere, whether thefe differences in the | bores and outward coats of thefe plants do argue them to BE : o (oM | "A4. ino - of different fpecies, diverfity of figure being ufually a mark of a fpecifical diftin&ion ; “but fince the texture of their fubftance appears to be wholly the fame, and we find no qualities either by the finell or tafte which manifeft any fuch diverfity, it may, perhaps, be as hard to make them out to be diftiné fpecies, as to fhew a fpecifical difference betwixt feveral $now-bloffoms. . Confidering the reafon of that ftrange and mangled diforder . which thefeplants ufuallylie in,fome of them appearing to have been depreft in their infant growth, others to have been broken after they were come to their full confiflency,&c. I gather it to be this: Whilft thefe plants were growing,the clay wherein they grew was foft as a Quag mire, thefe probably requiring fuch a fübftance to fuppore their growth, as Coral does Sea-water : afterwards as they began to fettle to a Stony confiftency, and as part of the clay became of a rocky nature, the whole mafs fank trom its firft pofition, and the moifture pafling away made fome concavities, wafhing down fome broken pieces of thofe (tones with it;and lumps of clay and other ftones,falling down through thofe crannies, added to their confufion , being very apt to be . difordered by the leaft concuffion, either whilft they were in their firft growth,or after they were become Spar, their joynts being very cenderiy fet together; and hence chefe Stones aré ] generally found in Leirey places (as they call it) that is, Ca-- VETHOUS » The beft way to explicate their Vegetation willbe,ferfhtoves — | prefent the feveral ways of the growth of. Spar, which (to pafs by theaccount from Helvetia, that Snow by long lying and continual fro(ts.is hardned into Spar ) I obferve to be three: Either it takesa being from Steams alone; or from Steams coa-. gulating either Dew as it falls onthe ground, or Waters iffuing from the joynts of Rocks undergrouads or it grows from Earths — and Clays, We havean Inítance of the fir? in many Grotto's, wherefome Spars, produc’d from Steams alone , hang fromthe roofs like [cicles ; Lead-oar often growing in the fame manner; | and as this Spar grows downwards,fo in many places from the _ fides of it,there iffue little Plants of Spar, which fhoot upwards contrary to the growth of the other: Thus Spars grow from — fteams about the Baths at Bada in Hungary, according to the res .— lation of Dr. Browne. Anexample of the fecond is given inthe — Tr anfatt,. N.83.p.4068. where ‘cis faid, that atacertainplacein — Italy 3 7 i (7235 ) Italy Cryftals (whichare afortof Spars) are produc d.in clear evenings by a.coagulation of Dew falling on Nitrous fteams. We have fome of the like rife on Mezdip-bills, our Miners find- ing fometimes in roads, where the earth is bare, triangular Cry: -ftals about two inches in length,and an inch over;not with fharp :augles, like the Triangular glaís, but with round and blunt an- gles,and carried up round at the ends like a Coco-nut, none of .thefe being ever found in digging: I havefeen of the fame fore "which were caken up ia Gxceffer-[bire. So again its commonly feen in Grotto's,that fteams,coagulating waters iffuing from the joynts of the clifts, produce Spars of all.colours, As to their third way of generation, to wit from Earths and Clays,becaufe I do not remember to have met in any Author with a fatisfato- ry account thereof, I fhall briefly relate to you what I have ob- ferv'd herein. - | 21 | t. There are on Mezdip-bills, and generally where Mines are, fubterraneous Vaults or Grotto's, whereof fome, which are pret- ty deep, and admit not air too freely,and have other conditions requir d, are faid by our Miners to be quick,having oftenoar in | them, and ftill lively colour'd Earths, with fome moifture and lively Spars: Others, admitting air. two or three ways, and Ea- ving in themblack and moift rocks, and dry and rotten fhelly — Stones,dark Earths, barren Sands,and the like, being faid tobe dead. I have often fearch’d both, and infome of the former, particu'arly in one of them, which is 35 fathom deep by a per- _ -pendicular Line (though the oblique defcent of it makes it a- bove so fathoms to thofe that go into it,)I difcover’d this pro- | .: cefs of naturein the formation of Spar: There are in the botton: | .of this Grotto fome beds of Clay,and others ofa Liver-colour’d earth, which I take to be as good a Bo/e as any now inufe; it is | infipid to the tafte;but finells well,efpecially when dry'd s for, as itlies,it is moift and like pafte, made fo partly by the diftil- ling waters,and partly by a (team incumbent on the place raifed from thofe waters by the Mineral ferments. This Earth and Clay «there fhoots up every where in fpires in all proportions in | ‘height, from the firft buddings out of it, till it comes almoft as -highas a mans finger; the biggeft of them being in thicknefs a- |! bout an inch diameter: Thefe fpires.are all rul’d:up with irre- - gular ridgesand furrows,and fomefooner, fome later begin on - the top to be congeal'd into Spar,and fo,gathering a cruit down- sD ward rere (336 ) - "watd by-degrees, are all at laft turn'd intoan abfolute white Spar,with fome Diapbaneity. | difcover'd the fame Earth in fome places there growing fpherical,which whilft it is Barth,it is {till {ticking to its bed ; but afterwards, as it comes to be crufted over,and at laft to be turn d into Spar like the other, it grows clear off from its root, as fruit falls from the tree when ripe; «I have by ine of thefe Spherical (tones , from the bignefs of an or- dinary Bullet to thatofa great Pins- head, fome turning to Spar fooner than others: I found fome quite grown off, fore half grown, fome white Spar outwardly, and raw Earth in the mid. dle, fochat che procefs was as plain to me as I could with. I faiv the fame Earth infome places there growing in an exact oval form, and turning into Spat not oval, but rais'd onboth fides - with an edge round it like an Apricock-ftone: And as thefe fpherical and oval ftones are moft exact in their figure; fo, not- withftanding the Re&or fails in this Vault to give a’ true fexan- gular figüre co thofe which I. faid fhoot up pyramidally ; yet there is a certain place on thefe hills, where the Spars grow all - fexafigular, both points of them terminating intoa pyramidal | : figure, fexangular likewife,as the vems of Cryftal,found in drap, — produc'd by a coagulation of Dew ; thefe with us probably having the fame rife, lying alfo on the furface of the earth.Here Lmay acquaint you, that | find Ta/con thefe Hills growing fex- angular ; the ruft,which often lies over veins of Lead-oar,inma- | ny. places fhoots up pyramidally , and is bounded round with _ fix anglesjand fometimes with five: Lead-oar it felf often fhoots | up:pyramidally with rough irregular lines round it,and in fome — — | places I find it bounded round very regularly with four angles; — | 3n. other places it grows branched likea Plantas I havefeenina - Mine where the Stone-plants grow, - To come now to the Vegetation of thefe plants, I find,they . begin their growth from the fineft parts of clay,being commonly — white,foft and finooth at firft,and by degrees come to have ridg- — . €5 knots and futures, as they grow towardsa ftony,andfotoa fparry nature.. The pith continues ftill foft and white, as the - whole is at firft-, and its contifiually refrefht by the Mineral | fteams, and moifture, which have free accefs to it through the — "five hollow ftirts or feet in the figur'd roots,or through the mafs — | of clay which commonly lies under the plain roots; this free — ' fupply of. moifture being probably more neceffary for the füp-- — | ; | port. | D LA Bn m a = | (5 QUPO port of thefe plants than for thofe which appear to the day ; fince Nature carries-on her’ Mineral generations with a ftronger -effort than other: Wherefore Field-plants hold a communion -with the fteams and moifture of the earth byperfpiration onl y,as | ' they breath through the roots, which have no open paífage for. them, Nor canit be faid but thofe Stone- plants have true life and growth; for fince in the curiofity of their make they may contend with the greateft part of the Vegetable kingdom, ha- ving parts to affimilate nourifhment by attraction, retention,con- co&tion and expulfion, know not why they:may not beallow'd - as proper a vegetation as any plant whatfoever, And indeed what has been faid hitherto again(t the vegetation of. Stones,to _ prove that they receive their increafe only by juxta: pofition,has been chiefly meant of Common ftones, which have no parts that carry any analogy with plants; whereas thefe are fhap'd like them,having inward pith or fap, and likewife joynts, and run- . -Mings in their grit, and fometimes cells, which may very well fupply the place of veins and fibres, Nor does that argument, which is brought in the Tranfad. IN. 99. againft the vegetation of Coral feem to convince us: For though that Perfoncan - produce a Salt of Coral,which after diffolution will upon coa- -.gulation thoot into a little grove of Plants,as it were,refembling the growth of Coral, this cannot difproveits Vegetation 5 for, | it's well known, that all Plants may be fo prepar'd, that from their afhes they will rife again in their proper fpecies after fuck a manner. : : : - As to that opinion which generally folves thofe various Phenomena of the feveral figur'd Stones, which we find in Mines and elfewhere, by faying that they are parts of Plants and Ani- mals,or whole ones, petrified; it feems not to be grounded on practical knowledge : Thus when we find feveral forts of Shedl- fifbin Mines, as there are fome in the clay where thofe Stone- p'ants grow,we muft not flie co petrifa&ion, as though they had been brought there by the Sea, or otherwife, and fo petrified 5 but sve mult take that to be (as it is truly) thenatural place of their birth; fome of them being raw-clay, others of the fame texture with the Rock where they grow, and others of as abfolute a fhelly fubftance as any in the Sea ; thefe being only different gradations of Nature, which can as wel! produce fhells -in Mines as in the Sea,there being no want of Saline nor Earth- eb ly | QUIS : chy particles. Nor is there any great difference betwixt fome forts of Spars, and Sea: fhells ; neither do I know, why Shells might not as well be produc'd in Mines, as any forts of Spars are in the Seas forinftance , the Fungi Marini, which are of a fparry fubftance, fome of them having their furface all wrought’ with flowers , as it were, which are only-the terminations of- fparry cells,as in Coral and Coral it felf isa fort of Sparywhich: fo wellrefembles our Stone- plants in its growth, efpecially if fame of it be joynted, as Mr, Ray informs us, that ] know not a more apt name for thefe than to call them Mineral Coral ; unlefs fome haply wil! rather fay, they are Pluores arborecentes inter- nodis diftinctis andas 1 find the bodies and branches of fome Coral are all rul'd up with lines, fo are many of. thefe in fome. Mines, and are terminated with cells like it. : | Mr. Lifer N.79. 0f the Tranfact.p,2282, judges, that Shells found in Stone-quarries were never any part of an Animal ;and gives this probablereafon for it, becaufe Quarries of different ftone yield us quite different fpecies of Shells, not only one fromranother,but from any thing in Nature befides, which either the land, fale, or frefh water does yield ; and though fome feem of the fame fpecies, and much like each other, yet there isdi- ftinGion enough to hinder them from being fámpled by any. This Mr.Lilter.l obferv'd the fame-thing foie years fince, when Yendeavour’d to fatisfie my felf-of the procefs of Nature in this kind ; and have now by me-feveral fpecies-or Stones refem- bling Shell-fifb, which I gather’d from Plow'd-fields and Quar- — ries, that are fcarce to be parallel'd, as I judge, by all theCol-- Je&ions of Sea- fhells extant. RS. * Tata | To examine this opinion of Petrifaétion further ; perhaps it might feem rafh to deny a petrifaction of Anima!s znd Vegeta- P bles,fo many inftances being alledg'd on all hands by judicious [ | perfons atteftingit ; though I cannot fay, ihatmy own obferva- — 1 tions haveever yet prefented me with an ocular evidence ofthe — thing: Tonly find, that the thing fuppos'd to be petrified.be- | — | coms firft crufted over with a ftony concretion,and afterwards, | asthat rotsaway inwardly, the lapidefcent juyce infinuatesit — felf by degrees into its room, and makesat lafta irm ftonere- — | fembl' ng the thing in fhape ; which may lead fome to believe it — | ‘really petrified. But,though a real petrifadion were allow’din — | fome c. f&& , it would not- be rational to pleadthis in.all the’ figur'd E 3 ( 739 ) trifaction, becaufe they are prepoffeft with an opinion againft the vegetation of all Stones, and for that they think it impoffi- "ble for Natureto exprefs the fbapes of Plants and Antmals Svhere the Vegetative lifeis wanting, this being a faculty pecu- liarly belonging to that foul, whereas they feem to erre inboth:. For,as what has been faid concerning our Stone-plants,may fuf- fice to prove their vegetation; fo it willbe as eafie to fhew,that Nature can and does work the fhapes of .Plants and Animals without the help of a Vegetative foul;at leaft, asit is fhutup in common feeds and organs. To be fatisfr'd of this, letthem view the figurations in Sow ; let chem view thofe delicate Landskips which are very frequently (at leaft in this Country) found de- pi&ed on ítones, carrying the refemblance of whole groves of Trees, Mountains and Va!lies, &c 5 let them defcend into Coal- - mines, where generally with us the clifts near the Coalare all wrought with curious reprefentations of feveral forts of herbs} - fomeexa&tly refembling Fern-branches, and therefore by our ‘Miners call'd the Ferz-branch clift ; fome refembling the leaves . of Sorrel,and feveral ftrange Herbs, which haply the known Ve- getable kingdomcannot parallel;and though it could, herecan be no colour for a petrifacion,it being only a fuperficial deline- ation. The like may be faid ofAnimals,whichare often found de- - picted on Stones;as all Mineral hiftories will fufficiently inform them. Now fince here is no place for Petrifa&ion, or a Vegeta- tive foul, we can only fay,that here is that feminal root (though — hindred by the unaptnefs of theplace to proceed to give thefe _ thingsa principle of life in themfelves) which in the firft gene- | ration of things made all Plants, and, I may fay, Animalsrife up in their diftin& fpecies ; God commanding the Earth and Wa- ters to produce both, as fome Plants and Animals vife up (till in certain places without any common feed. : | : It feemsto bea thing of a very difficult fearch, to find what. this Seminal root is, whichis the efficient caufe of thefe figures. Many of the Ancients thought it to be fome outward mover * _ which wrought the figures in things for fome end s the Peripa- - teticks rather judg'd it tobe fome vertue implanted im the feed, and in.fubftances having an analogous nature withthe feed. As I. 4 | bu (19) * Khavemnow and then effay'd to find the pature of this Efficient, which works thefe figures in ftones: It feem'd to me not very un- aptto explicate it according to the faying of Heraclitw ; Lux fica, anima [apientilfFma, that is, where there is a flrong internal light to expand the Idea’s, and a drought to terminate them,the — vertue ofa foul is ftill prefent which imprints them in the mate ter: Hence we find Nature is moft bufie inthe kind where her intentions are highly raifed by the prefence of het chief princi- ples, Salts, Sulphurs, and Mercuries promoting her ferments, _ which caufe fome internal light and drought, the Jgmes fatws-be- ing only fhadowy refults from them: Thus we fee over and in beds of Clays and Mn 'hich bave ftrong ferments, being well impreguated with Salts, there often lie beds of Matchafites fa!! of luminous particles, and there we frequently find great numbers of Lapides Serpentari , and Marchafites refembling Snakes ; and fo feveral other figur'd Stones,as the Belemnites, &c. In the joynts of the Lias-ftones.growing over beds of Clay, . we often meet with a great plenty of elegant Landskips. In Coal-mines,where the Sulphurs are ftrong, we find great lumps of very brightMarchafites,and great varieties of Herbs depicted, asisfaid before. In Mines of Metals, where the Mercuries are generally predominant,there are landskips and reprefentations . | both of Land and Sea-animals,whereof fome carry a bulk,others are only fuperficially delineated. Thofe who endeavour to ex- plicate thofe figurations mechanically, feem to havea harder task ; for,if they fay with Hippocrates, \.de Nat.Pueri; Spiritu diffenta omnia pro generis affinitate diftant ; asthough, whenthe —— Mineral fpirit had extended the matter,it fellintothofe figures — upon a fpontaneous receís according to its proper weight, which gives order and meafure to things ; as he mechanically fhews by a Bladder, into which if earth,fand,and filings of lead be put,and water be added to them,and we give them motion by blowing in the Bladder through a reed, ficft they aremixt toge- ther with the water, butina while continuingina gentle motion — they feparate themfelves and retireeach toits like, thelead to — | the lead &c ; I fay, if it be explicated thus,it feems diff&cultto — conceive, how the matter fhou'd come to have fuch a determi- — nate weight to run into fuch figures, without a fpecifical Rector — — to intend and difpofe it, unlefs a general onebeadmitted , in whofe vertueal! known and pofliblefpecies arejwhich, firftin- — troducing — | troducing difpofitions inthe matter, he intentionally works — and, as fometimes he gives that weight tothe matter, not en- dowing it with a principle of life, fo be often difpofes it to re» ceive life and introduces it: which Pofition I conceive will hold good, notwithitanding fome late induftrious effays to prove that there isno Equivocal birth. | "Fhus,Szr,I have inform’d you,that the Trochites are parts of Rock-plants, and have given you fomething of what I conceive and practically know concerning their vegetation, effaying withal to render fome account ofthofe various figures which are found amongft Minerals: Not but my thoughts are very poor of | thefe chings, which can make but a very flender addition to that rich ftore fent you by your learned Correfpondents, I fhall conclude with a requeft to you concerning a thing, which may prove very much to the advantage of thofe who are concern'd in Mineral adventures: It is a conftant opinion amongft our Miners,that Lead-ar difcovers it felf by an Oily-fmell,and that chiefly ina morning a little before the rifing of the Sun, efpeci- ally when fome fhow'rs have fall’n in the night : Thisbeing fo,I find two things inthe Tra»[a/£. which give me hopes that this way of difcovery may be much improv'd by Art: The fp) is |- an intimation of a way fhewnby Sr. William Petty in his Tra& of Double proportions,whereby we may difcover afmellata great - | diftance,and fo confequently the intenfnefs and remifnefs of it | - nearat hand, wherein the chief difficulty will con(ift; for,where | &hefeSmells rife;they commonly diflufe themfelves to a furlongs circumference or more, fo that we are more at a lofs to find ex- a&ly the place whence they rife, than to make a firft difcovery of them. The fecond thing is the Statical Barofcope of Mr. Boyle, which I conceive may give us fome light ef their true fource, there being probably at that place a confiderable variation in the preffüre of the Atmofphere by reafon of the Mineral-fteams | whicharethere in the greateft abundance. I am not ignorant,that fome ftrongly fermented beds of Mineral-earths and rufts, which are fometimes barren, fend forth a ranker fmell than Oar it felf, ' which may now and then deceiveus 5 but becaufe for the moft | partthefe are concomitants of Oar, we may no: look uponthe | attempt as fruitlefs, Now,Szr,my humble requeft to you is, that | you will be pleafed to oblige me with your'opinion of the pro- -bability of the fuccefs,and toinftru& me in the way os Sr. Eu Albian: Cni) | William Petty propofes in his Double proportions s fot [have not read the Tra&;and if I underftand you judge the thing rational , I fhall endeavour to procure the Inftruments , and proceed to practice, and fhall pay you my hearty thanks shy a ready re- turn of any fervice that liesin me, being, | — Stony- Eaflon, June 17. Your obliged and bumble Servant, i de 1676. J.Beaumont jw». An Account of fome Books : T. Ephemeridum Medice phyficarum Germanicarum ANNU $ IV eV, Anni 1673 e 1674,€*c, Cum MÀ siis Fratico- furti en Lipfiz, 1676. in quarto. His induftrious Collection contains 210 Obferiitioné: ; among which not a few feem confiderableand uncommon; E.g. Menfes coming at 8 and 9 years of age: A Prince that lived a great while with great and dangerous difeafes: The Er- rors of Nature in one part,fupplied by another: A prefervation .. from drunkennefs by the gaping of a Suture of the Head: A cure of the Scurvy by a Dog's licking the Patient in.the parts . moftaffe&ed together with the cure of that Dog , becoming al- together fcabby,by Mercurius dulcis :T wo men monthly trou- ‘bled with the Haemorrhoids,from their youth, the one unto the eightieth, the other to the ninetieth year of his age: An Ague recurring every eighth day: Worms of divers forts fallendown _ with Snow in Huagary,not far from the Copper-mines of that Country: Of a young woman, that though fhe did for a while drink wine, yet came afterwards fotoabhor it, that fhe could "take nothing phyfical , that had any thing prepared of Tartar in it,but did fwear, and faint away when it was givenher,though fhe knew nothing of it before hand: The} juyce of Hemlock | mixed only with a little Sugar,for feveral days takeninwardly, - tothe quantity of three ounces at a time, toallay theheatofthe | Liver ; follow'd by no other noxious effe& but adebilitation of the firength of the Patient: The Preparation ofthe Helmontian — _ ludus, together withanaccount, that the Oil, drawnof black Flints, füch as we ftrike fire with, cures the Stone of the Blad- der ; asalfo, that the Spirit of Sea-f; alt, efpecially of Spanifb- fale, is a potent remedy againft the Strangury : Awoundinthe | ‘Breaft and Lungs not mortal: Fontinelsor Iffues naturally aris — "fing in the Armsand Feet,and curinga Patient ofa violent Head: — ache,and troublefom pus of the Head; asalfo ofanIffuein — | |. the abdomen, curing a woman of her Hydropical diftemper : Two perfons preferved alive after they had drunk (unawares) a good quantity of 4qua fortis: Several men cured of the Gout by adeco&ion of Trifolium paluftre, (Marfh-trefoil or Buck- beans:) Many Stones voided by fiege: Fomentations made withthe decodtion of Emmets, very anti-paralytical: Cina- mon-trees, fent out of Cey/oz in Chelts, filled wich thenative Earth of that Ifland, traníinitted into the Low Countries, and there thriving very well, without any confiderable change of their quality: A Girle of eight years old, greedily eating Mortar great ftore, without any other harm than palenefs of her looks: A Man at Prage, from his all-devouring quality called auueaf@-, devouring a whole live Hog by piece-meal, with the briftleson: Of fome Men of unufual ftrength; as, of aPrince of Bavaria, that could lift up from the grounda - ftone of three hundred and forty pound weight, and throw it from him to a confiderable diftance : Of a Man, that upon an | Apoplexy had quite forgot all reading, and knew never a — letter, yet was able readily to write any of the Languages by him known before, though unable to tell any of the letters thus written by himfelf: uere; Whether this cafe might not be | likethat of thofe that can write with their Eyes fhut; the |- phancy working inthe a of writing, but the memory failing. d^ wing and diftinguifhing the letters: Of a young /Man, whofe Hands, and thofe only, at certain times, {melt of Brim- ftone , without any conta& of Brimftone: Of the Spleen cuc out of amanalive, the Patient furviving his Spleen for many years: Of many Horfes breeding the Srone, as well asMen,and of the Bezoar-like virtue of fuch ftones: Of the Juyce of Vinesfrozen, and that Ice reprefenting the figures of Vinee leaves and Grapes: An Anatome of a Tortoife, fhewing, that what the ribs are in other Animals, the upper-fhell is in Tor- toifes, and that to that upper fhell are firmly faftned the fpina! vertebras; fo that this Animal cannot go out of its houfe, as Snails do: Of a Statue, refembling a Man, and reprefenting the Circulation of the Blood, &c. : To thefe Obfervations is added an Account of the Life, ' Studies, Writings, Correfpondence, and Death of the Learned Dr. Sachi. To which is fubjoyn’d an Appendix, taking notice | (744 ) | ee notice of feveral Tra&s publithed by divers Philofophers and ' | Phyficians of Germany ; viz, The three Centuries of the Me: dicinal Mifcellanies of Dr. Ve/fpius: The Hiftory of Dr. El- fooltins of a Steoma füccefsfully cut and cured , together with his Epiftle of a Conception in the Taba Uteri: Some obferva- tions of Dr. Baldwin; concernirg 1. the Regermination of . Silver, by a new artifice ;_ 2. the Urns of tbe pagan Germans. .3. a Fadticious (tone, fhining inthe dark, after ic bath beena while ex pos'd tothe Sun, as the natural Bolomzan (tone is faid - to do, though that artificial one is affirmed to do it in a more excellent manner, forafinuch as, when after the imbibition of the Solar light it is caft into a glafs-full of Spirit of Niter, it doth notwithftanding fhine in the dark; and that more is, when 'tis taken out of the faid liquor, and dried again in the dark to make it lofe its light, and then put again into a glafs- e de full of cold water, and expoféd to the day-lighr, it will for all this refimea fplendent brightnefs even in che cold wat. r it felf: Again, being again taken out of the cold wa:erand dried, and | deprived of its light inthe dark, and then put intoa hot oven, ic will there recover its light, though the room. be - dark. Thereis further mention'd and defcribed in this work Dr, Mentzelius his Tra&, comparing this Shining ftone of D. Balduin with that of Bolonia; asalfo,Dr. Wedelim's Experi-, ments about the Extraction of che Volaril Salt of güpes ^ long (ince performed here by Dr. Daniel Cox, whom he a!fo cites forit: Likewife, an Epiftie of Dr. Reiffelius totheGer- — man Academifts about fome Defiderata in Vhyfick, hitherto . not much confidered, or cared for ; where mention is made of . an Hifloria Medica , expected from Dr. Schaferus. Laftly, an Account given by Dr. Berzitz , che King of Polazds chief Phy-. fician, concerning fome Anti- podagrical remedies, made ufe of inthe cure of Uladiflaws 1V. King of that Country; where, | occafionally, the Herb is named and defcribed, wherewiththe — Eaftern Nations tinge not only the Mains and Tails of their Horfes, but alfo fome parts of theitown body. — - "m - T. Nowoclle 13 ( 745 ) II. Nowvelle Methode en Geometrie pour les Seifiont des Sa- perficies Coniques Cylindriques ;. qui ont pour. Bafe des Gercles ou des Paraboles,des Ellzpfes, e$» des Hyperboles 5 Par Ph. de la Hire, Parifien, A Varis,1673. inquarto., His Author, (who came but very lately toiny hands) in- forms his Reader, in his Preface, that he would not have publifht chis Book, if he had not been perfwaded , that the fimplicity and plainnefs of the New Optical or Projedtive Method, by him found out, after the browillon project ot rough- draught of. M. Des Argues, would be of great ufe to the ftudi- ous of this fubje& , and if he had not been aware, that no Writer had as yet taken this way by him infifted on. For,he faith, that in his firft Propofition he demonftrates all the pro- portions of the Lines, which coming from one point, or being parallel among themfe;ves , and meeting the Sections, are cuc by thefe Sections, or by the linesthat joyn the contads, or by other Tangents: which he affirms doth comprehend a great part of the Propofitions of Apollonius and many others alío of which he hath not fpcken: Which feems to him very eafie | tounderftand , forafmuchas it is nothing elfe but a continual | xepetition of the application of one only line cut in three | parts, which Line he calls cut harmonically; not that the parts | taken feparately arein harmonical proportion, but that, by | takingoneof theextreams for one , and the fame with that of | the middle for another , and the whole for the laft , thefe three | lines fhall be in harmonica! proportion. | . After he had difpatched this Propofition, he faith, that be | was refolved to have conciuded his Book with the Power, Relation, or Habitudes of the Ovdinates by comparing them | to the Redtangles of the parts of their diameters ; but that he found himfelf infenfibly engaged to add to it fome other Pro- pofitions of a more ufeful kind , and which might eafily be demonftrated by the Firft; and then, the Propofitionsof the Ancients about the focz or puncta comparationis, and the demon- ftrations by him givenof them he affirms to be different from thofe of others, that fo this work of his might not only be en- | tire, but new. | | ! a sh 2 : He ETE | C 746 ). He hath alfo givena method of demonftrating the Se&ions of the Conic furfaces tbat have for bafe Parabola's , Ellipfes and Hy perbola's ; as'alfo thofeof Cylindricalfurfaces,which have for bafe the fame Curves as well asthe Circle, Of the Ufe- fulnefs of all which he believes every one that is knowing in Geometry is fufficiently perfwaded. — | : Since the publication hereof, thisfame Author hath printed in Latis a fheet, ath elegant Schemes belonging thereto , De Cycloide & Seidionibus Conicés ; wherein he promifes a continua- tion of this do&trine ; which, together with what is already extant, we expect wholly in Latin, and it is the more defirable , becaufe we find him affirming, that he hath ftudied the Mathe- maticks,and efpeciallythis part of them, for many years, II]. Ophthalmographia , five, Oculi ejufque partium. Deferiptio — | Anatomica. Auth. Guil.Briges A.M. e Coll, Corp. Ghrifli in Acad. Cantabr. Socio, Cantabrigie 1676. iz 12°, | His Author having premifed fone general Confiderations à touching the Eye, and therein given'anaccount, amongft. | Other particulars, of the reafon why there is made but one fen- — fation by both Eyes, and why fometimes the obje& appears to. be double ; defcends to the examination of the parts of that.— Organ; and firft, tothe Mx[c/es , and their Ufes: Thentothe | Goats, where he confiders, why the f/ves or 'Choroides is black — in Men, but of divers colours in Brutes 5 why the Northern — Nations have generally grey , but thofe of the Torridzone, black eyes; and why the Iri, proceeding from the vea, isof — fo variegated a colour iu fome Individuals; concerning which — latter he is of opinion, that that comes from the extream fine eexture of the filaments of the Ira, by way of undulation dif- ~ pofing the lucid matter, froma different reflexion , intofuch — colours.. Further, when he difcourfes of the pupilla, and its — contraction and dilatation, together with the caufe of that mo-- ^ tion, hefuggefls,that,becaufe the pupil cannot be duly dilated, whilft we lift up our eyes, and confequently not admit fo many. | rays as otherwife, the Stars'do appear lefs about the Meridian;. - than in the Horizon. ' Again, when he examines the Reziza, he — takes notice, that that coat is made up of medullar fibres, bes — twixt which and the brain there intercedes a very great commues — ication; upon which account he holds it to be the principal 7 idi V OTRO ee, Eo organ | Cw) : organ of vifion ; undertaking to atc wer thofe Reafonsand Bx: - periments, that have been alledged by Monfieur eMariotte and Monfieur Picard in favour of the Cherceides.. | Having done withthe Tuicles , he pafles on to the Humors, and renders a reafon of their different denfity. Then he affigns the Ufe of the queows humor ; and recitesa remarkable cafe of an Oid mans Sight re(tored ; who being feventy years‘of age, and having ufed Speétac!es for the fpace of ten years,had, upon taking a great cold, this humor fo repaired, that,when the Author wrote this Difcourfe , that Ancient man had then for the time of fix years ufed no Spectacles at all;- but been able without them to read the finalleft print. Speaking of the Cry/falin humor, be obferves, that the ante- rior part thereof, in Man and Quadrupeds ; refembles the fege ment of a greater Ellipfe , and the pofterior, chat of. afinaller, - that fo the rays being duly refratted may pafs as they ought | into che retina : Whereas in Fifbes the figure of this humor is | more globous, to the end that it might the more refraé the rays, which pafling through water, asa mediumof the like denfity withic, would otherwife not acquire their due refra- - | ion... As to the Vitreous humor , he judges it to be of that | mature, that being once loft, it cas sever be repaired, wbatever | Kerckringins do pretend to the contrary-; though our Author thinks, the Aqueous humor may, The Ufe of thefe Humors appears inthis, that vifion chiefly depends fromthe refra&ion | of the rays tranfmitted through thefe humors. Next, he treats of the Arteries , Veinsi, and Nerves of the | Eyes, together with the Motion of the Animal (pirits in them. |. Here, among other particulars, heíhews , that the Fibres of the Optic Nerve about the place of their union are nót at all confounded, but run on from: the Brain diftin&ly as alfo; that when the ervi motori? near the épfundiculum are by fome fharp humor irritated , the Eyes will be thereby. convulfed 5 " concerning whichhe relatetha remarkable inttance of à young man that died of fücha convulfion. As to the Motzon of the | Anivnal fpirits in the Mufcles of the Eyes and in the Optic | Nerve, he conceives, that, when that is gentleand even , we | apprehend things diftindly ; ; buc when "risuneven. and defal- | tory, we then have confufed phantafms of things, as it háp- | pens to young Tobacconi(is and. young Navigators, growing: giddy: (€ 748 ) "ant giddy and fick. Touching the reafon,why Cats and Horfes are’ ' fenfible of the leaft impreffions of light, he alledges it to be this, that they havea great ftock of animal fpirits , keeping the membrans of the Eyes very well diftended : Where he takes notice of a Man, of a hot temper, by him known, who had fuch Cats-eyes, that he could read a Letter inthe dark, where he, the Author, could hardly fee the Letter it felf. The caufe, why fome Animals,as Tarkies and Buffale’s cannot endure the fight of Red, he conceives to be , that the rays of light are thence caft with.a too rapid motion upon their animal f; pirits, and thereby enrage them ; there being required a due propor- tion between the motion of the Spirits and the Lucid rays. ~ Further, he takes notice of the G/asduls and Lymphatic veffels of the Eyes; where he gives an account, why Women and Children are fo prone to cry 3 why tears are falt ; why people do weep both in fudden Joyes, and in Sadnefs, asa'fo in fneezing, violent laughing, and eating of very fharp things, as A Muftard,&c. j MS After this, “he treats of the different Formation of the Eye in divers Animals, and even in Individuals of the fame /pecies. Here he confiders the peculiar ftru&ure of the Eyes of Owles, Bats, Cats, Fifhes, Birds,Oxen, Horfes, Sheep,&c. yet without . noting the extraordinary fabrick of the Cameleow.- => Laftly, he inftru&s young Anatomifts in the manner of the diffe&ion of the Eye,having firft fhew'd the manner how Vifion is performed. | Efides thefe three Books, we cannot but take notice here: of a fourth, which, though a very fima'l one , yet appears . very ufeful, more and more to premotein thefe Kingdoms all © Hortulan affairs: Icisentituled, — : fe Nurferies, Orchards, Profitable Gardens, and Vineyards en- couraged; the prefent Obfructions removed , and probable Ex- | pedients for the better Progrefs propofed: For the general benefit of his Majefties Dominions,ana more particularly of Carabridge, tn the Champain- Gountries , and Northern parts of England: In feveral Letters out of tbe Giumtry, by Dr.Jotn Beale and Mr, _ An hody Lawrence. - * | Of thefe Letters, though hitherto theré be printed but Two; 4 | | yet " ee, Moe Eas ^ o ntitetiübditu 7 Ww, a ae Se $742 E itis prefumed , that more will fhortly follow from the. fame hands. - A Declaration of the Council of the Royal Society, paífed Novemb.20. 1676 ; relating to fome Paflages in a late Book of Mr. Hooke entituled Lampas,ioc. l Hereas tbe Publifber of the. Philofophical Tranfadions bath ‘made complaint to the .. Council of the Royal Society of fome Pafsages ina - | lateBookof Mr. Hooke , entituled Lampas, &c. and - | printed by the Printer of the faid Society, reflecting on the integrity and faithfulnefs of the faid Publifber in bis” management of tbe Intelligence of the faid Society : This Council bath thought fit to declare in the bebalf of the Publifber aforefaid., That. they'knew nothing of the Publication of the faid Book ; and further , That the | Said Publifber bath carried bimfelf faithfully and bonefily in the management ef. the Intelligence of the Royal - | pReciery, and given no juft caufe of fuch Reflections. He Council having thus juftified the Publifher ; he fhall only add that part of a Letter, written to hinby M. Chriftian Hugens de Zulichem the 2cth. of Februar, 1675 , which relates to the taking out a Patent of his , che faid M. Hugens s, Invention ; and then let the world judge of the Poft- feriber’s accufation about an endeavour of defrauding him of bis Contrivance : The words of the faid uen Englifhed ; are thefe ; | For the reff, Sic , if you beli eve, Sale abited: (fo he alisa Patent) in England would be worth fomething, amd that — ert her ~ ner "m ie Th à Society er You might: make fome adua thereof, f, Reps See offer you all I anum osi sd ^ mage A E d if there was a defire in the Publifher to take out 4 a Patent, it was for no other contrivance, but M. Hugems’s, — formerly fent to the Royal Society. » and ii in Numb, f12. 20 of thefe Tranfa&ions. . \. 1 Prep «iso? D [21 a SN du M H Errata, | 2) \ p OE iila. da. TTA p». by H. Bond Sint i 2p A i Antonio ibid.l. M aint d aC BNOMOE bys . ds a Printed for John Martyn, Printer to she Roel Society 167 ? o " " n L T * wx i 2 7 Á f ’ ^ bi D VLELLLLAI LOLA L TLL D LP LLE LLL Ke LS SLLLLSLALL LPS ELALSSSLLPLLLS| ESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SS ew eA ELIE ALLL a ta 1 S \ N N N N 3 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Ny M] hN 3 M A A T Ql MOT V E as - dos PE DPA de ee mo L: ^de ML ae 1 A. . 7 " . d 4 aisi ! £ H 7 4 D . T itm " - e. 4 pn v 4 [ " " . E ! . ^ » 4 * - , , * - " > * 7 * a - * EE on a ct namen ro C es) =—s PHILOSOPHICAL J TRANSACTIONS. | December 14. 1676. The CONTENTS. - More Obfervations of Monfieur Taverniers Voyages, promifed in the foregoing Tract. Some Obfervations concerning the Lake ef Mexico. Ax Account of a Prange and very noxtows fort of Rey, growing fometimes in certain parts of France. A Lester written by Dr. Lucas Hodefon, containing fome Obfervat ions of bis about a Subterraneal re in a Coal-mine near Newcaltle. An Account of [ome Books: |. Roberti Boyle, Nobsliffims Aa- WOR & Su. Regie digniffini Sici, OPERA VA R1AS Geneva. IT. da Account of feveral Travels through a great part of GERMANY in four Fourneys,orce By Edw.Brown, eZM. D.ex. TIL Cafpari Bartholini, Déaphragwsatis ftruflura nova, pa cum Methodo preparandi Vi[cera, cc. YV.Lougitude founa, . &y Henry Bond Senior. V (Tbe Royal Almanack,by N.Stevenfon. - More Obfervations of Monfieur Taverniers Voyages 5 promifed in the next foregoing Tratt. He Second Volume of thefe Voyages treats of Ea/t-Izdia, | and the neighbouring Iflands,in three Books : The firft is of the Roads from I/paban «o Agra, and from Agra to Debli, .. aud Gebanabat, where the Court of the Great Mogol is at pre- fent 5 as alfo to the Court of the King of Golconda, and to that of the King of Vifapour, and to divers other places of India. ffe fecond is an Hiftorical and Political defcription of the Empire of the Great Mogol. The third,a narrative of the Religion of the Mahumetans in thofe parts, and of that of the Izdtan Idolaters ; together withan Account of the Authors voyage by Sea from ^ Suratte to Batavia in Java WEISE fromthence into Holland ; interfperfing many particulars of divers kingdoms of the Eaft, Among the many Obfervables, contain'd inthis Tome , we take notice ; r. That the Author defcribes the Figures of the Golden, Silver and Copper-coins of the feveral Countries of | i ; eF | EJ P C 752) Alia, às alfo of the Shells and other f ubftances which there pafs formony. . -— 2. Thatint youd from: Natio to put by the Way of Brampour and Seronge , there is a Village, called Navapoura, where the Rice, whichis lefs than other rice, acquires the f: cent of Musk by boyling. - 3. That there are to bemet with, -sab]e Jvglers and Moun- tebanks in the road from Swratzé to. Agra by the. way of Ame- dawat by fome of whom the Author affirms he faw done what follows: They kindled a great fire, and in it heated fome Iron- chains red-Tiot, which they laid about their bodies, without re- ceiving any apparent hurt thereby. They took alfo a little piece of wood;and having fix't it in the Earth, they demanded of the Spedators, what kind of fruit they would have grow upon it: It being anfwered, Mangos 5 one of the Juglers crew cover'd himfelf with a Linnen cloth, and ftoop'd downtothe ground five or fix times. At which time one of the pyensior having placed himfelf fo that he could obfer:e what that. Jug! er did, faw,that witha Razor he'cut. his flefh under his arm-pits, and with the blood thence iffuing , rubbed the faid piece of wood. Whereupon every time that he raifed himfelf from ftooping;the planted ftick of wood was vifibly grown; and athis third. rifing,branches came forth with buds, at the fourth, the Tree was cóver'd with leaves:aad at the fifth, bloffoms were feennpon it. But then a Minifier of the Eaglgh Prefident being one of .the Byftanders, when he faw, that out of a piece of dry wood, thofé Juglers did in lefs than half an bour make grow up a Tree of. fonr or. five foot high, with leavesand bloffoms, was - by his zeal carried to. ftop the progrefs,and openly to declare, that be wou)d. never give the H. Communion to any one of thofe that fhould ftay any longer there to fee more of fuch(by him — reputed Magical)things. Which fpoiled the Juglers proceedings, aud made the faid Prefident difinifs both the Company, and the J uglers, together. A4 That in-Apadavat, the eile of a rich Bapian being barren, and yet extreamly. deGirous of children, wastold by a dome- - tick si if fhe would ear of a certain kind of living creature, the would affaredly.be witb.child ; .and that that creature was nothing but e certain little Fifh 5 of which the fhould eat bue three or four. Now, tye geligion of the Banians not permitting them OE eS ae = 1. | «Cus 9 them to eat any thing that hath had life; this woman {crupled to comply with the advice given her. But the Advifer having told her, that he would fo difguife the thing, that nobody fhould know it to be fith, fhe at laft refolved to eat of it : Whick done, the night following fhe had the company of her husband; and not long after perceived her fcIf to be with child ; thougt: fhe was not fo happy as to enjoy the lifeef her husband til! fhe was deliver'd. He therefore being dead, before fhe was brough: to bed,theRelations of her husband,pretendingito his eftace and goods, the widdow oppofed them, alledging that fhe was with | child by him, and defiring they would have patience till. the were deliver'd. They,being furprized hereat, cold her, fhe jefteci with them as having been married to her husband 1 5 or 16 years without ever having been with child. The widdow being con- tinually importun'd by them, addref.’d her feif.to the Gover- nour of the Country, acquainting him with the whole ftory : . wboorder'd thereupon,thae thofe Relacions fhouid ftay til] the was brought to bed. . She being well deliver'd not long after, the kinfinen of the defun&, people of credit, would maintain that the child was not legitimate, The Governour,egdeavouring to know the truth hereof, confulted with fome Phyficians, who defired, that the child might be brought into a bath, and that,if the remedy,by her ufed,were true,the fweat of the child would finell of fifh. Which being done, the matter fell out according to what the Phyficians had predided: Whereupon the Eftate was by the Governour adjudged to the child. But the-Relations not.being fatisfied cherewith , appealed. to the Grand Mogol himfelf at dgre. Which made that Prince to command a Letter . to be written to the Governour , enjoyning him that he fhould - fend to him the Mother and che Child, to make the aforementi- on’d Experiment in his prefence. Which having been done, with . the like fuccefs as before,the Relations of the deceafed husband . were obliged todefift, and the Mother and Child remained in the quiet poffeffion of the Eftate. | | «8. Ip Elepbantorum familia, femellas jacere [upinas im coitus ei libidinis e[lvo percitas , coacervare omnis geueris folia Oherbas,ex . quibus cubile quoddarn fibi firuant valde commedum , unà ctim pul — ‘vinari quodam berbacto, 4 vel $ pedes reliquá lecti parte altiori -. 6. That the Author affirms to have given us an exact Lift of all the Merchantable Commodities,furnifh'd by the Empire of y | sF 2 the C 754 ) m the C. Mogol, and the two kingdoms of Golconda and Vifapour, and other neighbouring States ; and of all what Nature and Art afford there: viz. Silks; various Cloths , white and painted ; Gottons {pun and unfpun ; Indigo, Saltpeter, Spices (Cardamum, Ginger and Pepper,) Diamonds , Rubies, Pearls ,Bezoar, Musk, Sugar; befides fome Drugs, that indeed are found at Suraztes but are brought chither for fale from other Countries, as Sat Armoniack,Borax, Gum-lac, Saffron, Gumin, Mirrhe, Frankin- cenfe, Opium, Lignum Alcés, Licorifb, Caffia, Coffe. To all which he hath annexed an account of the Cheats ufed in divers of thefé commodities, efpecially in the Sz/ks, Cloths, Cottous, Indigo. 7. That the penetrancy of che powder of Indigo is fuch, that- whilft they are fearfing it, ‘or fee it fearfed, they are obliged e- very half hour to drink a draught of Milk to wafh it down; - and that, all chis notwithftandingsthey yet often find,that have- ing been for nine or ten days together bufie about this work, whatever they fpit for fome while, is blewifh.And that the Au- thor hath often obferv’d,that having in the morning put an Ege fear thefe Searfers, it hath béen found in the evening all blew within. t | | : 8. That 'tis certain, that the Nutmeg-tree is not planted, but the fruit of it fown by birds], faid to fwallow the Nutmegs whole, and voiding chem whole without digeftion, cover'd with a vifcous matter ; whereupon they take root and grow up toa Tree. Again,that the Birds of paradife eating this fruit, are intoxicated therewith, and fall downdead upon the places — whereupon Emmets come and eat off their legs,and other parts; 9. That Sugar being kept thirty years, becomes poyfon,and that there is hardly any thing more dangerous: than that, when eaten of that age. | tla je | ro. That the Author affirms to be the firftof Europeans that hath beenin the ;Diamond-mines ; of which he faith there are four known and noted ones; two of thembeing Rivers, out.of which thofe precious Stones are gotten,at one of which he faith - hé hath beef, as well as in the other two that are in Rocky Mountains : Of which two the one isat Raolcomda in the domi: nions of the king of Vifapour ; the other at Gapi Ot €olonre inthe kingdom of Golsonda. ‘The thirdis in the River, at Sommelpour or Gonel , in the fand of which River, when 'tis fhallow, Dia- monds are found, The fourth isinthe- Ifland of Borzeointhe | River | pre ne a — se — ( 755 5 River Swccadon,where,it feems,the Author hath not been: Who obferves,that round about the piace where Diamonds are found; the ground is fandy and rocky, much like that of Foutainbleas in Fragce:, And. that in thofe Rocks are many veins, fometimes ha.fan inch broad,fometimes an inch;the Mine-men having little lron-hooks, with which they fetch out che Diamantin-oar : Which veins, be faitb,do not alwaies run ftreight, but are fomes times.afcending,fometimes defcending. The Oar they wath two or three times, and init feek the treafure. Asto.the flaws, often found in Diamonds, be faizb,that they proceed from hence, that the Mine-men do often ftrikefüch,forcible ftrokes with a great lron-crow,that chat ftuns the Diamond and fo flaws it; To know. .— the value of Diamonds,if they be good every way, our Author. gives this Rule: That if agood Diamond weigh one carat, "tis worth 150 Freach livres.; and thento know,how much a good ftone(e g. )of 12 carats.is worth,you are to multiply r2 in it felf, which makes 144.5 which product isto be multiplied by 14e (ihe price of one of. afingle carat,) which will make 21600 fuch Jjures, the priceof a Diamond of 12 carats. But if the- Diamond be not perfect,then you are to allow but 80 divres for - acaárat ; andif fucha kind of Diamond fhould weigh rs carats, then mu tiply 15. in it.felf, is 225, and this into 80, makes. 20000 livres, the value of that Diamond. According to which rule, the Diamond of the G. Mogol (weighing 2792 carats, being: perfed,and having been handled by our Author) will amount. to 11723278 French livres. If it weighed but juft 279 carats, it would be worth only 11676150 dévres ; the odd Z coming to — 47128 livres in füchaStone,as the Author.computes it. 11. That Rubies, Topazes, Saphirs, H yaciaths and Amethifts, are found in the kingdomof Pegs, in Mount Capellan ; and alfo. that fome of them.are found ina River inthe Ifland of. Ceylon. . Concerning the rate of Rabies in particular, he faith, tbat when . any of them exceeds 6 rata. (a vati being of a carat) and .is —. perfedét, they fell them at what price they pleafe. 12, That Turkoifes are no where found but in Perfia, where he faith there are two Mines of chem,the.one called the Old rock, near Nichabourg, three days journey from. Meched ; the other, the New rock, five days journey from the former ; and that thofe | of thelatter Mine, being. of a faint and whitifh blew, are but little efteenvd,. | : : 13. Gf. : ! C 195 y - | 33, Of Pearls hebath this remarkable obfervation, vte.chat the had one Pearl-oyfter in his hand , that had £e» pearls in it, though of different bigneffes ; they being, in hisopimion, bred "in Oy ftersyas Eggs are in the belly of Fowl, Further, hetakes noticeof a Pearl'in the Cabinet of the King of Perfia, which coft him 32000 Timans, or 14ococo French livres; the great- eft that is known ; as alfo of two Pearls,(hap'd like a Pearjone “of 7o,the other of 56 ratés: and efpecially ofa Pearl belonging to a Prince of Arabia, which, be faith, goes in beauty beyond all the Pearls inthe world ; it being perfe&ly round, and tranfpa- — cent, weighing 14 carats, | 72x 99 Meat S 34. That Musk, when ts ficít drawn outof a certainbagof the Musk-deer,’tis like Blood coagulated: That moft of it comes out of the kingdom of Boutas , between $6auod 60 degr, Nor- thern Latitudes but that Cochin-Chinaalfo and Tunquin do fur- nifh fome quantity. Concerning the faid Kingdom of Botan (which is tributary to the G, Mogol) he notes, that people tra- vel into it from Patna in Bengala, taking their march North- ward, eventothe 60h. degree, fetching from thence not only excellent Musk,but choice Rhabarb, and an ufeful Seed, call’d Worm-feed. Of the People of this Kingdom he relates,that they have had the ufe of Muskets,Canon and Powder for feveral ages; they giving out,that they now have pieces of Canon, on which are found Cyphers or Letters demonftrating them to be above $0o yearsold. This is that very Kingdom (faith ogr Author) through which the Ambaffadors of Mafcovy paffed A. 1659 into Ghina, they taking their road all along the Great Tartary on the North of Botan: Which Ambaffadors , if they had complied with the cuftomes and ceremonies of Chixa, we might probably ‘have at this day a beaten road by land from Mufcovy to China, ‘by the North of Tartaria Magna, and much more knowledge of the Kingdom of Bowtap, whichis neighbouring thereto; and of more other Countries, of which we hardly know thenames: A thing,that might have proved a great advantage to ail Europe. rc. That Bezoar is found among the excrenment that is in the ‘ paunch of certain Goats,that feed on a plant,the name of which «the Author faith he hath forgot. This plant is faid to thrnft out certain buttons, about which and the extremitiesof thebran- ~ ches,eaten by thefe Goats, the Bezoar is form'd'in their belly. ‘Tisadded, that the Bezoar takes its form according to that of - the ( 752 ) the buttons and the ends of the branches 5 whence come fo ma- ny different figures, Tis further noted,that tbe Country-people by feeling the belly of the Anima! that breeds the Bezoar, - know what quantity it bath, and fell itaccordingly.They flide - both hands under the belly ,. and beat the paunch longwaies on both fides, whereby all the ftones are faid to fall into the mid- dle of the paunch, whereby they are enabled to count their . number. "Tis further obferv’d,that the Bezoar is very liable to be counterfeited,even by giving to the fa!fe ones as many coats as the true onesare wontto have. But to difcern the cheat;you - ynuit either weigh it,and then lay it for fome time in luke- warm water ; and jif the water changes not its colour,and the Bezoar lofes nothing of its weight, tisnot counterfeit: Or, you muft touch it with a pointed Iron heated red-hot ; and if the Iron enters,ard makesitbrown like fried meat, tis not natural. Con- cerning the value of Eezoar, our Author affirms that it rifeth: .as that of Diamonds doth: For, if fiveor fix Bezoars together ‘weigh one ounce, they are fold for 15 to 18 French livres ; but. if one Bezoar weighs one ounce, that ounce is worth 100 füch: livres. He faith,that he hath fold one of 4: ounces, for 20eo Fr. livzes. The Goat that breeds thefe Stones,is, by his defcription,. a very fineand tall creature,having hair as fine as fil k, os 16. That there is alfo a fort of Bezoar., yielded by Cows of that Country but not much efteemed, Another fort there 1s,bred- by Apes, in Macaffar, fo (trong;that two grains doas muchas Gx of that of the Goats, This, he faith, is alwaiesround , much: — rarer and therefore much dearer than the other, been 4 7. That there is another Stone, highly efteem’d, called the Porcupin ffone, which is in the head of this Animal, though fomee- times alfo in its belly;faid to be more foveraign againft poylon than any Bezoar, Having been infus'd a quarter of an hour in- water, 'tis here affirm'd to beas bitter as any thing in the world, 19, That the Serpentia-flone, is alfo held very excellent for drawing out poyfon. . | | NB. It was omitted above, in 2.9. that the figure of thar big Diamond of the G, Mogolis that of half a Hens-egg ; as alfo, ' thatthe biggeft Diamond of the G, Duke of Tufcamy-is of 139,- carats, tending fomewhat to a Citron. colour, At Golconda out Author faith.to have feen one of 2425 carats, for which they asked 720000 French livres,or 500000 Reupies;. He adds,that is : : i himfelt: ( 258 ) "Um himfelf bought one of 15 7 * carats, rude ; and that,when cut, it retain'd 94: carats: And,that he bought another of 63 car4ts,Gc. din Extratf of (ome Obfervations , tobe met with in the Journal des Scavans ; concerning the Lake of Mexico 3 4nd 4 ftrange fort of Rey, growing [owsetimes in certain parts of France. T. He Lake of Mexico hath this of extraordinary and | |. perhaps peculiar, that part of its water is Sweet,and the other part Salt; which make it believed to bederived from two fources, whereof the one holds fweet water, the other comes from fome mineral and falin Earth, found in the hills, through which this water paffeth, and is impregnated with the fale which is diffolved inits courfe? Or, if it hath no peculiar fource, it muft be,that that, which makes part of the Lake fale, is the bottom órthe Earth under the water, being in that place fullof fale: which is confirm’d by Experience,much Salt being made of it every day, of which thit City drives a great trade With remote parts,even the Philippines themfelves,whither it is tranfported in confiderable quantities, That part of the Lake which is fweet,is ftill and quiet;the falt part is agitated and mo- ved according as the winds blow. The fweet water is very good and wholefom, breeding plenty of little fifhes. That whichis mov'd, is bitter-falt, breeding no fifh at all. The fweet water is higher than the other, and falls iuto it. The water of the Sale part is feven leagues long, and as many leagues broad, and hath above 22 leagues in compafs. That of the Sweet water is near as big; andthe whole Lake contains about 50 leagues in com- pafs. Fornierly there were near 80 Towns feated round about this Lake, fome of which contain'd $000 Families, and fome above roooo. At the prefent there may bea matter of thirty Burroughs and Villages, of which the greateft holds not above 500 Houfes ; all the reft having been ruined by the revolutions in that Country. Ax ! ! ^. 2. Some years (ince, M. Perrault related to the R. Academy of Paris, that travelling through So/ogze, he had been informed by fome Phyficians aud Chirurgions of that Country , that the Rey was there fometimes fo corrupted, that thofe who did eat of the bread which had much of this corrupted grain in it,were feifed on by a Gangrene, fome in one part,fome in another,fome lofing a finger,others a hand, others a nofe,&c. and that this Gan- grene was not preceded by any fever, nor inflammation, nor n | TR confide- I Y : ( 759 ) - confiderable pain; as alfo that the Gangrem'd parts fell of of themfelves, without any need of feparating them by any reme dies or inftruments. Hy We have viewed fume of thefe grains of Rey thas deiteac- rated. They areblack without; and pretty white within , anc when they are dry, they are harderand clofer chan the natura. good grain. They haveno ill rafte; I have found fome of them, that had hanging at their bafis a fubftance of a hony-talt and - eonfiftence. They become much longer in the ear than the other. There are fome of themthat are 130r 14 lineslong, and two lines large, and attimes you will find 7 or 8 of them in one ear. Itmay befeen in examining thefe Ears, that they are not - bodies of another kind, generated among the grains of Rey, «s fome pretend ; but that they are true grains of Rey,having their coats like the reft, wherein may be diftinguifht the place of the germen and of the furrow. | : Monf. Bourdelin having acquainted us, that 1624 there hap- ned many the likeaccidents at e7Moztargis from the fame caufe, the Company gave M. Dodara order to inform himfelf about it : He accordingly caufed to be brought co him fome Ears of this Rey,and the Company found the grains of them altogether like thofe they had feen formerly. He fent notice hereof to feveral perfons, among others to M, Bellay,chief x fician to her Royal Highnefs Madamoifelle, and to M. Dubé afamous Phyfician at Montargis. He hath alfo entertained therewith M. Tailser Dr of Phyfick of the Faculty of Angiers, a very knowing and very curious perfon, who hath imparted to bim a Letter of M. Chzt- ton, an old and expert Chirurgion at Montargis ; whence he faith he hath learned the particulars following ; . Rey doth in this manner degenerate in Sologge, Berry, the country of Blaéfe,and Gaffinois, and almoft every where,efpeci- ^ ally in light and fandy land. There are few years but fome little . of this ill grain grows. When there is but little the ill effe&sof itare not perceived. It grows plenteoufly in wet years, and moft of all when after a rainySpring therefollow exceffive heats. The conftitution of the Air or of the Rains, - which imprefs this malignicy in the Rey, is rare, there having been found none at eMontargisbut thrice in 38 years, and there having been but few diftempers of it the fecond time , becaufe there was but little of that corrupted grain. LR CSG 4 The € 760)» The m made of the Rey which holds fome of this cor- rupted corn, tafts neither worfe nor better than other. The Rey thus corrupted hath its effects chiefly when 'tis new, yet not till it hath been ufed a confiderable time. T hefe effe&s are,to dry up the milk in women;to caufe fome- ‘times malign Fevers,accompanied with drowzinefs and raving ; to breed the gangren in arms, but moft in legs, which ordinari- ly are corrupted firft , and to which this diftemper faftens it felf,as the Scorbut doth. This corruption is preceded by « a certain (lupefa&ion i inthe | legs ; upon which followsa little pain,and fome f welling with- out inflammation,and the skin becomes cold and livid. The gan- grene begins at the center of the part, and appears not at the skin but a long while after, fo that people are often obliged to open the skin to find only the gangrene lurking under it. _ The only remedy for this gangren is to cut off the part affe- Ged. If it be not cut off, it becomes dry and lean,as if the skin were glued over the bones, and'tisof a dreadful blacknefs, without rottennefs. - Whilft the legsare drying up,the gangren afcends to the fhoul- ders, and one knows not, which way it communicates it felf. We have as yet not lighted upon a fpecifick remedy againft this evil. There 1s fome hope of preventing it by hot Spiritsand volatil Sales, The Orvietaz and ptifane of Lapins do confidera- ble good to the perfon SHORE: Poor people are almoft only fubje& to thefe evils M. Tasllzer writes M. Dodard word, that | in the year 1675. he faw much of this cornuted grain among the Rey of the Country of Gaffixois,and that the Country- people toldhim, that there was much more of it this year., than the laft year , and that it caufed great diforders: And yet 'tis certain, that this Summer bath rather been cold than hor, and that there hath not been. any confiderably intemperate weather. this year , but excefs of - wet, M. Dodard avers, that he hath feen much of this black grain among the Rey, upon fandy. grounds , and the grains and ears he hath brought thence, appear'd to the faid Company al- together like thofe which M. Dubé fent from Montargis. Mean ae alt ‘May | be. doubted. whether thefe gang'ens are the € etrea ou eaten, and whether, the corruption of the Rey P Fa ak that ip the "m in the bodies of men are not m | ents 4 dents equally derivable from the fame conftitution of the Air and independent the one fromthe other. But,if this gangren feifeth on- . ly onthofe that eat Rey-bread , and comesnot upon them but in fuch years when there is much Rey corrupted, it feems to be cer- tain,that this corrup:ed Rey is the caufe of this gangren. To af- -. fure our felves the more of it, the Company gave order to make bread both of this Rey alone,and of the fame Rey mingled in dif- ferent proportions with good Rey,to obferve the different ¢flects of this Rey and of thefe different mixtures upon brutes of dif- ferent kinds. And to omit nothing that may ferve to know the caufes of this corruption; M. Marchand hath been defired by them to caufe fome of that fandy earth where it grows to be brought, and to plant in it fome grains of Rey not corrupted, and to water: them very much during the Spring,to fee, whether there be fome particular caufe of this corruption befides the fuperfluous humi- dity. And to give occafion the better to know,wherein confifts this corruption , they have defired M. Bourdeliz to make a Chymical analyfis of this corrupted Rey, which they intend afterwards to. compare with the Chymical analyfis they have made of good Rey. Whilft chefe Experiments are making, I fhall tel] you (faith M. Dodard)that M.Twtllier has affured me,that inthe year 1630,which was fatal to the poor of the Countries fübje& to thefe evils, he being at Sully, and having underftood by a Phyfician and Chirur- gion,that the corautedRey was the caufe of che gangrens that were then very frequent, being defirous to fatisfie himfelf, whether this. grain was indeed the caufe thereof, he gave of it to feveral Animals, that died of it. is eM "The Company intends to examine very firi&ly this fort of Rey that fhall be brought them fromfeveral parts, thereby to furnifh the Magiftrate with inftru@ions to prevent thofe evils that may be caufed by this corrupted corn, and to ufe füch precautions as they fhall judge neceflary ; of which the chief may be, to ad- vertife the people of this evil, and tooblige themto fift the Rey, and to forbid the grinders of corn, to grind any Rey that has fuch grains init, which isto eafie to know, that there can be no miftake in it. | $6 z | A d (262) | A Letter written dus Lucas Hodgfon , Phyficiam at Newcaftle, if containing [ome rvations made by bim of a Subterraneal Fire ina Coal- mine near that City, ^ SIR, . | eweafleMay the 15. 1676, - Had long fince returned my humble thanks to the Royal Society | for their candid acceptance of my paper ; and particularly to you for your moft obliging Letter, had I not thovghta farther account of what I have obferved in the fire, would be moreac- ceptable to that Illuftrious Body ; particularly to the Honourable Mr. Boyle, for whofe ingenious Queries I give him. moft hearty thanks,accounting my felf happy, that by this oceafion any, thing of minefhould come under the confideration of fo worthy.aper-. fon. Tothe end therefore that I might return more than words,(as y occafions would permit ) I have feveral times vifited the fire, diligently obferving what might occur at the various places of its eruption, whereby I am in fome meafure enabled to givea parti- cular Anfwer to his defire in that matter. | Qu.1, Whether the vents of the Subterraneal fire are not Subjecé to paroxy [ms or great fits of eruption at times ? 3 2. Whether thofe notable eruptions do bappen regularly at any fet times, or fortuttoufly.; andtf at fet times, whether thefe times be the. beginnings middleyor endings,of any of the four feafons of the year ?. 3. Whether from the eruption, the filence or fappreffion , or the. fimoaking of the Subterraneal fires , any certain or probable progno- flick ean be made of changes of weather, or of Meteors, and if they £40 » how long they are wont to precede the things they prefage ? Anf{w. This, Fire. keeping no analogy with other Vulcanio's in any of. the particulars mentioned in thefe three quzries, I thought fit to anfwer them altogether to avoid prolixity , feeing all I can obferve is, that it increafeth or decreafeth according to the fübject | it feedeth on; which is for the moft part a, Day- * The upper Seam — coa]* as they callit,fo that you may light a candle . ef the Coal t MT I M 14 dE eene. atitinfome places, in other places it is fome fa- thoms deep, according as the Day-coal heightens - | or deepens; inother things it is no ways inftru&tive. 4. Whether the Marcafites that are found in or about the Burning Coalpits be of fuch a nature, as being laid on heaps fisall or great, and drench’t with rain,or other water , they will of themfelves aétwally take fire ¢ | Anf. Y remember that Dr. Power , in his book of Microfcopical | —. Obfer- : C 263 ) Obfervations pag.62, takes notice of fuch anaccident 5 but I do not underftand that any with us have obferved the like. - S. Whether in thofe Coalmises they find any actual Sulphur in its proper form, that may [afely be concluded not to have been produced by the action of the fire upon the Marcafites 2 | Anf. I never faw any, nor any man clfe that I can hear of, 6. Whether the Sal armoniac be found any where thereabouts, fave 3» thofe places where am actual frre bath come , and alfo which have been acce[fible tothe Air ? | Anf: No Sal armoniac,nor any thing like itto be found, except at the fire, : 53 Whether at the mouth of thefe lgnedacts, where flowers of Sul- phur and Sal armoniac are found, there do i[[ue forth any fleams or ex- halations that may be rather lookt upon as the productions of altually kindled Sulphur, than of Sulphur barely [ublimed ? Which may be tried by holding over the vent Red rofe leaves, or any of thofe other bodies that are wont to be blanch’t, or made pale by the fume of burn- ing Sulphur ? | | Aaaf. There being fuch a mixtureof the (teams of Sal armoniac and Sulphur rifing together in moft places, itis hard to diftinguifh thems for though the flowers of Brimítone feem to rife firft, yet there is commonly a cruft of Salarmoniac under them ; as for the Experiment, fhall try it as foon as any Rofes are blown, 8. Whether the milky [ubjtance thas is mentioned in the paper , be ever found among Metallin oars, or meerly among flones ; and whe- ther it be found fo furrounded every way with flone, that no channel or other vifible palfage canbe found, at which it may probably be fuf- pected to have entred intotbe Cavity wherein it was lodged 2 Anf. The Milky fubftance is found no where but where the Sal armoniac aNd Sulphur are totally gone, and theacid part or Alumi- - nous Spirit of that white maf s will alfo take wing by the increafe of the fire, leaving a caput Mort.dry,ftiptick and as hard as a ftones. yet J account thar a pound of this mafs, before the fire prefs too ch upon it, will go neat to afford by Sofution,&c, half a pound: of tolerable cryftallin Allum 3but why this fubftance fhould rife - fo highas the furface of the Earth, though I have fame reafons,yet '- they notbeing fatisfa&ory to my felf, I fhall not trouble you with them. | - 9. Whether in the places where the Sal armoniac is found the neigh- bouring foil be mitrous, or do yield any flore of common Salt ? ! Ang 1 4 C264) Anf. The Neighbourieg. foil differs little from other grounds with us, having neither. commen 5a t;- nor Niter init; for though there bea Salt-weil with us, yet it is both on the other fide of Tyne, and a confiderable diftance from the fire. | 10, Whether near the places that bear Salarmoniac, there be any Springs that participate of that ingredient or of fome other fubterra- neal (alt ? which wili be beft knoven by a flow evaporation,in cafe one have not the conveniency to do tt by diflillation, and thereby preferve both the a[cending liquor ana the Kemains and by then confidering the remaining [ubflance, in order to find whether Sal armoniac be impreg- nated with Mineral bodies not difcernable in it by tbe Colour, And there are fomeother Mineral Salts, that, though white, are very dif- fering from all the natural Salts that are commonly known , or that 1 have read of in any Author. | ad Anf. 1 have induftrioufly obferved the Springs that are near the. Fire, and find none of them that give the leaít fufpicion of Sal armoniac. The water that runs from the adjacent Colyeries is vi- trioline, giving as deep a tin&ure with Galls as Scarborough Spaw. Ina word, it differs nothing from the waters that ordinarily drown our Colyeries , and cof? our Coal-owners fo much to be quit of them, The other Springs, moft of whichare dry this year, are of ordinary ufe, containing no Mineral Saltsin them : But I hope you will ceafe to wonder , that Coal thould produce a vola- tile Salt by the aétion of fire, feeing I have gathered Sal armoniac froma burning Brick-kiln, where nothing but Clay and Cual is . burnttogether, and I hope none will expect the volatile Sale in the Sal armoniac from ordinary Clay. The reafon,that firft prom- pted me to feek this Salt there, was, chat the Smell of the Kiln did fomewhat refemble that of the Subterraneal fire. There 1s alfo a fort of Mineral we call a Siate,which is partly Coal, partly Alum- ftone, partly Marcafite, which being laid up in heaps and burnt,are . ufed for hardening the Coal-wayss upon thefe heaps, whilft-burn- ing, I have oftengathered both Brimftone ard Sal armoniac. As for the Experiment of pouring cold water upon the pou- dred Marcafite the event was, that it produced a Vitrioline water, butno heat; though I will not deny but the Experiment may füc- ceed better, if more accurately handled by that Noble Philofo- pher who bath lately been furnifhed with a confiderable quantity. of Marcafites from my worthy Friend and Affociate Dr. Durant a greater quantity of which may .be fent if need require ;. for in. : B) | little ' r oe ERE TURIS — a PARAR RP SRI little quantities I fuppofe the Experiment will not fucceed. _ Ascothe refemblance betwixt this Sa/ armoniac,and that which comes from Mount e/£:;74, where no Coals are fuppofed to be ; whence it feems to follow, chat our volarile Salt may proceed from fomewhat eifethan Coal. To which difficuley I anfwer, that when I deduced ours from Coal, I did not exclude other bitu- minous fubftances that are analogous co it; of which | fuppofe the Country, where Mount e/£za is,affordeth no inconfiderable ibis tity; neither will it foliow,tbat no Coais have bees wrought there- fore there are none 5 ‘and if trial hath been made, and no Coals found, yet it willbe a doubt ftill, whether thofe Trials have been fufficient, However it be, yee I think it were not impertinent (by the way) toenquire, whether the fagacious Vewetzans may not be behoiden to Mount e4%tza,or (ome other Subterraneal fires, for . the great quantity of Salarmoniac they fell to our Merchants: for this Fire affordeth no inconfiderable quantity thereof, efpecially in dry weather; fomeof which I have fent by my worthy and - honoured Friend Mr. Richard Gilpinwho was the perlon that firft brought home part of it from the fire, and in whofe company ic was firft that l experimented it tobe Sz/ armoniac for till then none took notice'of ic. And I the rather put this trouble upon him, that by him you may be informed in circumftances that would be tedious to relate, — The Box I have fent contains a bottleof the Spirit of this Sa armoniac diftilled from Quicklime, in which I ufed a confiderable quantity of Spring-water for the diffolution of both the ingredi- ents, before I diftilled the Spirit from ther. ! ‘The great quantity of grey Salt is the Sad armoniac. as it was. gathered from the fire, fomeof it being fix inches broad, and - above when it was taken up. The white Saltsin the white papers are the fame grey,fublimed per [eina Sugar-mold, irit | The white fnowy Salt in the Jar-glafs is the volatile Salt of the fame, as it comes from thefire. : The Lixivial fale I ufed, was only Potafhes diffolved in Spring-water ;. to the whole I added fome Spirit of Wine, whereby I commonly obtain a greater quantity of volatile Salt informa ficcá,than otherwife I could expec. . Now, though it may feem incredible to fome, that Black coal fhould yield fo white a volatile Salt, yet they that know that all volatile Salts whatever may be freed from their fetor and Ee e | ; colour, "a CM colour, by tranfinuting them into a Sal armoniac by the mediation of anacid, as fpiritof Sale, [pirit of Vitriol, Alam, &c. and then fubliming them ull they be white, will ceafe co doubt of this mate ter. The reafon of which change, I prefume, is, becaüfe, though. thefe volatile Salts carry over a'waies fome of the fetid oy! with them while ina ftate of volatility,yet being thus ina manner fixed, the fetid oy! muft neceffarily by force of fire rife firft, leaving the fubfequent compound Salt, or Sal armoniac withcut finell;though it is ftill a doubt , whether the vo'atile Salt is better or worfe for this Jabour. ! Asto your Poftfcript concerning petrefcent Springs, we have none near us, there is indeed a Cave fome miles off, at the furtheft end of which few have been; from the roof of which hang large . Jumps of petrified water, like Icles, fome of them reaching down to the ground like pillars, thefe icles are, good Limeftone ; as I have tried, 3 | I fhall.conclude when I have acquainted you with a Spirit of Sugar, of whicha Diftiller with us bath a quantity ; it feems to be therefultof fome anomalous fermentation, it is fo ftrong that no wan isable to fmell at it in an open veffel, without being made al- moft breathlefs : neither do I:think the perfon that made it, can make ic again. If it prove worth that confideration of the Noble Mr. Boyle, l intreat a brief account of his thoughts concerning it, particularly whether it may be ufed internally or no,and whether it be a thing ordinary or extraordinary ; for intruth I know nof | what tomake of it. If it fhould prove Antifcorbutick, I hope thofe will retra& their opinion, who deduce the Scurvy from the ufeofSugar. Sir, Your Cre. =f : Poftfcript, Extracted out of Dr.Hodgfows Leser to Dr.Gilpin. gms Spirit of Sugar, here mentioned, was drawn from bare | Supar-water (which is nothing bur the water wherewith the molds, aprons,&c. are wafhed) fermented with the fcum; And it’ was fo exceedingly volatil,that ic would not be carried, but loft. all its force in the carriage, though it was very well ftopped. | |... 4n Account of (ome Books: — 5— | I. Roberti Boyle, Nobiliffimi Angli c Soc. Regie digniffimi Socii, OPERA VARIA; Geneva, ip 49.1677. , "T Works of this Noble Author having been already given an Accompt of in thefe Tranfattions, at the feveral times when they came abroad fingly 5 the Publifher, upon the looking’ over .— Ee RIPE C 767 ) over of this Latiz Edition fhall only inform the Reader; r.'That this Edition hath been put out without che content and knowledg of the Author. 2. Thattheyearin the Frontifpiece thereof is one and the fame, as if the feveral Books contained inthis Latin Volume had been publifhed in one year: and that the Enumeration. of the feveral Treatifes, made in the Catalogue of this Lat.Edirion, . is not according to the time,wherein they were firft printed. For, the firffof the Books mention'd in the faid Catalogue was pub- lifh’d in Englifh 4.1660; the fifth and fixtb, 4. 1661 ; the [econd, Jl. 1662sthe feventh, A. 166 43the fourth, 4.1 6665the tbird, 4.16705 the eighth, 4. 1671 5 the tenth, 4.1672 ; the sintb, 4,1673. So pre- | pofteroufly arethofe Books ranged in chis Catalogue and Volum: Which the Reader was to be inform'd of, that by comparing the - feveral true Dates of the firft Edition of this Authors works with the Books of others,fince printed,the priority of the Experiments, and Confiderations, refpe&ively contained in them, may be truly ftased. 3. That there isno mention made in the General Title,nor in any Advertifement, that thefe Books are all of them Tranflations out of Englifh , in which Tongue the Author hath written them all. 4. That the book of the Origiz of Forms and Qualities,and that of Subordinate Forms, are both omitted in this Volume, though they were printed, even in Latin, at Oxford ever fince the year © 16693 as they had been printed in Ezg/(f,. 4.1667. II.4dn Account of feveral Travels through a great part of GERM 4- NY in four Fourueys,oc. By Edw.Brown, eM. D. Fellow of she Goll.of Phyfic.of London,and of the R.Society.Lond.1677. 5 4% "F^ His Learned and curious Author, having given us a relation EL of fome remoter and feldom-travelled Countries of Evrope inthe year 1673 ; dothinthis piece difengage himfelfof the pro- mifé,he made in the faid Relation, of giving an account of essa ; defcribing withal his Journey unto that place from Exelasd, by the Belgick Provinces and Germany sas alfo his Return from P2es- na,oy AufIria Trans- Danubiana, Moravia, Bohemia, Mi[nia.Saxonia, unto Hamburg; therein giving chiefly an account of the Natural, Artificial and Topographical Obfervables ; together with fome Cuftomes.and Occurrences, which might be acceptable to the In- quifitive Reader, or ferve as hints of further Inquiry, to fuch per- fons as may hereafter travel into thofe Parts. —— | . We fhal! here take notice only of a few of thofe Obfervations that are mention'd in this book: As, of Lymsphatick vetfels fo. it : sH preferv'd, ( 768 ) preferv'd, as to fee valves in them ; of fo greata number of Unj- 4143.2: 111 was built out of ehem in Denmark ; of fome of thofe horns,of 10, and of others, of 15 foot long; of a Veffel at Heidelberg, holding about 200 Tuns,and,inftead of hoops,being built with large Knee- timber like the ribsof a fhip; and having, upon one fideof ita handfom Stair- cafe to afcend to the top of the veffel, upon which top there is a Gallery, fet round with baliftres, 43 fteps high from the ground; of a largerough f4[p4-ftone, lying ip one of the Courts of the Emperors Palace at l?ezza , about 9 foot diameter, dug out ofa Quarry of Saltzburg ; of a fair Manufcript of .Ptolo- my, with tbe Maps drawn in colours; the oldeft MS. and truc Ex- emplar of Livy, without diftinüion of Words or Sentences; an old fair Greek MS. of Diofcorides, written 1 100 years fince ; thefe three rare Books,and many more are in the Imperial Library : Of a Knife fwa!low*d by a Peafant near Prague, which was 9 months in his ftomach,and chen fafely cut out: Of fome Silver- Mines near Guttemberg in Bohemia, which are affirm'd to have been wrought 7ooyearsstheOarof them containing both Silver and Copper,and a blew Earth, which they meet with in digging, affording the beft hopes of Oar: Of the EleGor of Saxozy's Repofitory , furnifhed with very many and confiderable rarities both of Natureand Art; among which; there are two large pieces of pure Virgin-gold, -asit came out of the Mine, and a Gaz fhooting off 4o times without chargingagain: Ofa Mine, call’d Hzmmelfurfl, near Fryberg in Mifnia, wherein bath been found Oar fo rich, as in an too pounds weight to containan 130 marks of Sélver, that is, 65 pounds in. the 100: The richeft Veins obferved to be thinneft:Of a Salphur- ear ,fonie of which contains Silver, fome Copper, and fome both, in afinall proportion: Of the Germaz- manner of making Brafrwith Lapis calaminaris; and of avery confiderable Mine of this Lapis near Aquisgraz, which is faid to have been wrought 300 years, to- gether witha full defcription thereof, &c. — ^ — UE UT HI. Cafpari Bartholini, Thome filii, Diaphragmatis fleu&tura uova, nua cum Methodo praparandi Vifecra, oc. Parifiis 1676.22 80. 7143 ingenious Author, having, in his Preface, declared his. . refolutionon!y to confü!t Nature her feif,and acquiefce in - nothing but Experiment , which he thinks too many of the great profeffors of Anatomy have neg'e&ed tu do ;begins inthe Trad it feif, with fhewing, that the lapfes of Authors both ancient and ; ' modern. 4 = 4 ee wt with one another, either by their connexion, or contents; many of . them, from a light obfervation of afew circumftances, running pre- - fently to analogies. To which purpofe he inftances, frf, in the known diftin@ion be: tween principal and fubfervient parts ; then, in the miftaken notion, as he fuppofes,about mufeulous fleflr, he zllowing nothing to be cal- led flefh but what is fibrous, foft,and contra&ile : And to other fofr, but not fibrous, fubftances, which lie abour the veffels of the vifcera, &c, he leavesthe ufual name of a parenchyma; and afferting, with his famous Tutor Steno, that all the folid parts of our bodies,excepr the parenchymata,are nothing elfe buta texture of the fame kind of fibres ^ vari diver(ified ; affirming, particularly, of bones (after Srexo, ) That they were firft fluid, then tendinons, afterward cartilagineous, and laftly came by degrees to have their hardnefs and folidity. From hence he infers, that there areno fimilar parts but fibres, and che fubftance affufed about them ;(ince all parts,according to him, are re- foluble into them : Which he endeavours to make out from tbe con- fideration of fome of the more obfervable conftituent parts aad inte- guments ef the body, laying down all as preliminary to demonftrate, that not only the Diaphragm, but all parts of the body, both folid and fluid,are moved by Motive fibres, Here he gives the definition of a Mative fibre, delivered by Steno, and politively affirms, that that me- tion belongs only to carneous fibres (whatfoever colour they are en- dued with, for he thinks rednefs is not effential to a carneous fiber as fach) and takes both tendons, and bones, to owetheir motion co: thofe fibres; but believes both membranes and glandules infufficient for motion, which he alfo denies tothe fubftance of the Brain. From hence be defcends to confider the ftru&ure of the Diaphragms; where firt he taxes former Anatomifts, both for affirming it to be one fingle mufcle, and alfo for teaching , that the Oc/ophagus pafles - through the membranous partsofit, whereas he affirms, it paffes through the carneous , declaring it to confift of two mufcles ; where- of the upper,at one of its extremities, adheres circularly to the ribs, at the other, paffes into an apouenrefis, which makesthe nervous center (fo called) of the Diapbragm: The lower, Ze fays, arifes from the vertebré of the loyns,and ends 1n the fame aponexrofis neither proceed- ing from,nor having commerce with, the other, but by that aponenre/is ' afferting withal,that the two appendices of it are made up of feveral tendons, terminated in the feveral vertebre ; that each of thefe muícles has peculiar veffelss and that the fibres of the upper part of the lower mufcle are fomewhat circular, both to make way for the w/ophagus,and to conftringe it; defcribing withal the (ite of the fibres, and thewing the difference between the fabrick of this part in men, and fome brutes; obferving alfo, thatthere is,on both fides,a continuation be- | | 5H 2 tween Xue) tween fome tendons of the upper of thefe mufcles, and the tranfverfe one of the abdamen ; from whence he makes an ingenious fuppofition of a trigafirick mu[cle , as. if it-were (in each fide) only one,made up of . thofe cwo of the diaphragm and that of the abdomen, one of whofe ten- dons is fixed to the vertebra of the loyns,and the other inthe //zea alba : From which connexion of mufclés, in that fuppolition, he affigns the reafon of the dilatation,and contraction of the thorax in Refpiration. The probability of chis notion heconfirms,from the expanfion of the rranfverfe mufcles over the facculs membranacei of Birds, which he de- — fcribes minutely,and renders a reafon of their refpiration, afcribing neverthelefs the motion of thofe membranes not only ro the mufcles _ of thebelly,but much to their proper carneous fibres, ^7 This done,he confiders the chief office of the Diaphragm, viz. Re- fpiration ; which he defines to be, A paífive motion of the lungs, whereby ,upon the dilatation, or contra&ion and ftraitniag, of the thorax, they admit and expel the air, for the cooling the bloud , and perpetuating its motion. And takes notice of two diftinctions, one of - Galen, who makes Refpiration to be threefold, 1.gentle, from the bare motion of the Diaphragm ; 2./tronger from the concurrence of the in. tercoftal mufcles ; 3./fzy, wherewithal the mufcles of the thorax are concerned: Another ef the Honourable Mr. Zoy/e,who makes but two. branches of his diftin@ion, one moderate from the Diapbragm, ano- ther quicker from the intercoftal mufcles, Then, againít Helmont, Fal- coburgius, Cartefius, &c. heafferts that the lungs have fome motion.of their own, from the carneous fibres of the trachea;, affirming, that. though the femicircular cartilages of it are faid, by the Learned Die-- merbrock, to be continued by membranes; yet that thofe reputed mem- branes con(ift of carneous fibres, and that they are tranfyerfly carried: from one (ide of the cartilage to another : Withal he fuppofes, that the fabrick of thefe cartilagesis the fame within the lungs, and that they have thefe continued either by carneous fibres, or fome that are. analogous to carneous ; upon the conítridion of which cartilages. (the motion of the breaít concurring,) the air, according to him, is. expelled,and room made for the admiffion of the bJoud from the heart, which upon their dilatation, and the readmiffion of air, is again ex- truded. Then, refuming his difquifition about the motion of the Diaphragm, having con(idered what others fay concerning its afcent and defcent,he concludes,that,when upon infpiration ?tis compreffed: into the abdomen the thorax israifed,but in expiration being propelled upwards,it drawsthebreaft, the breaft preffes the included air,this the furface of the lungs, whereby. the air contained in the veficula is ex- dis into the branches of the trachea, and at laft by them driven. forth. | a i Next, he endeavours to prove, that the motion of all the Humors as well as Solid parts,is due to motive fibres : Where frit he ranks all the veflels in the body (which contain the humors) under two beads, viz. viz The channel of the aliments,and the fanguineous receptacle;con- lidering in beth, fré,their aptitude, both to conferve their refpective . humor before a fecretion be made , and afterwards to receive other fecreted humors ; fecondly, their conftruction in order to the feveral fecretions to be made out of ir and reducing the feveral excretory veffels to their due cliffes ; afferting withal,thac all humors are fecre- ted only by themediation of peculiar ftrainers, which he takes every where to be glandules. Then, as to the motion of the humors, he will. allow it to be only twofold, the fff, Inteftine, from whence their fluidity fprings ; the other, Tranflative,of a mafs of them: Where be endeavours to refute the Learned Dr Thraffons tripartite divi(ion, This latter motion,which he terms their External, he afcribes to mo- tive fibres, which he proceeds to demonftrate in both the kinds of vef-- fels before named, — And firft in his Channel of aliments, having again premifed his di- frin&ien of its contents, into what is affumed by the mouth, and not- yet altered, and what isfecreted out of the bloud,and mixed with that, in Order to produce fome alteration ia it,he propofes to confider what. influence the motive fibres of all the parts of it whether they be con- cerned before or after fecretion, have upon the humors belonging to it; and. inftances fr? in the 7 ongue, whofe ufef after. Steno )he thinks to. be.not fo much for fpeech,as in order to the fubaction and detrufion of | the aliments , then in the e/ophagus,which by.means of its fpiral fibres feems adapted to continue the motion begun by the tongue; next in. the Diaphragm, through the carneous fibres of the lower mufcle of. . which (according to his former affertion) the efophagus paffing, he. fuppofes to be by that means further conftringed :. Where he endea- vours to give an account of the dy/psea, and fuch like affects,and alfo. ofthe fingultus,and obviates an objection that might be made,from the - confideration of Birds, in which there is no fuch comprefiion of the. erifice from the diaphragm, by, alledging, that the defect of itis fup-.. plied, firft, by the carneous fibres of the Craw (defcrib'd, he fays, by.: Steno) before the entrance of the meat into the {tomach;. then by the - ftrong muícles of their.ftomach, rogether with the affiftance of the lit-- tle ftones they fwallow, which help to grind the meat there. Then he - further confiders, that by the help of the parts concerned in refpirati- on,theexclufion of the aliments out of the ftomach is affifted,and their - protrufion farther continu'ds to promote which along the tracts of the inteftines , and to caufe a fegregation of the purer parts of the- chyle into the vafa /acfea, the periftaltick motion yields its affiftancez.. Where he takes occafion to vindicate his fathers. doctrine about the - Ease a - ig. | C719) : "In the fanguineous receptacle he lkewife confiders two kinds of contents, one whereof is the Chyle, which by various cribrations and circulations,at laft comes to conitieute the whole mafs of bloud 5 the other,the Lympha, which, having beea fecretcd from it, is afterwards refunded to ic. And, toexplais how the motion, both of the whole _ mafs of bloud,and of the humors,to be fecreted from ic, depends upon the carneons fibres, he fuppofes a channel without beginning or end, —from one part of which he fuppofes other channels to branch, and to return again circularly into it ; all the branches in the mean while obfervinga proportionto that part of ic, from whence he beginsthe divifion (defcribing it by two figures;) which he applies tothe feveral - parts,and tbe motion of the liquors through them. After which he un- dertakes to confute the opinion of fome that thínk the Humours, by their effervefcence, havea great hand in the contraction and dilatati- . on ofthe heart, afcribing the bufinefs wholly to the motive fibres of that mufcle. Then he touches upon the opinion of fome, that the Ar- teries have a periftaltick contraction, but forbears to determine it : Only, feems to like Dr Thraffen’s conjeéture,about the Sy/taltick moti- on of the circumjacent parts, for returning the bloud along the veins to the heart ; but adds, that it might with more probability be faid, that the retürn of itbythe veins , isnot only from the propulfion of that which comes out of the arteries into them,but from the proximity: of thofe two kinds of veffels,and the mediation of their coats; the di- latation of the arteries, in regard they all along joyn laterally to the veins, belping the protrufion of the bloud from valveto valve toward the heart:And though they are feparated in the lungs by the bronchia, yet the air upon in{piration (according to Thraffons ingenious fuppo- fition) does,he imagines,the fame thing. Laftly, to confirm his affertion about motive fibres being the caufe of this motion of the Hugnours,he cites Adalpighiws’s obfervation, about the celule of the fpleen, where, becaufe there is not a fufficient compreífion , the affufed blood does, after a fort, ftagnate. shah | From hence he proceeds to confider the Excretory veflelsof this Receptacle, Among which,in the firft place he reckons the Nerves, but. leaves their farther confideration as too obfcure : Next the Lympha- ticks, which (after others) he will have to arife from conglobated. glandules. Of thefe veffels he affirms many to be in the Spleen, and fhews bis way to make them appear to views He feems alfo te own: fome of them in the Liver,though Adalpizbiu: doubt of them s offers to: fhew thofe of the Kidneysto any that detire it ; will not determine a-: ny thing concerning thofe, which Swammerdam fuppofes to proceed from the glandules of the inteftines, if they are diftin& fromthe vafa lattea, which he alledges he has once or twice found full of clear /ym- pha,when he bas opened the animal two hours after meat; but declares: that Ze has difcovered, (at leaft affirms, that he has not met with the fame obfervation made by any other, ) and in feveral fubjects con- {tantly MER. e eoa es Wo. d P A UR Cw cade ee vec. om a od ioa i | E IIS | ftantly found, (ome very large excretory lym phaticks, proceeding from the glandules of the Mefentery ; and terminated in the receptacle of chyle,in the fame manner asthe trunk of the lymphaticks ufes s which new veffels,be fays,are,after and before the time of the diftribution of the aliments, filled with Lympha; only declares himfelf not fatisBed, whether they are fücce ffi vely Glied with chyle and /ympha, as the re= ceptacleand thoracick dew; are : On the occafion of which difcovery be urges feveral confiderable doubts:;about the paflage of the chyle into the receptacle, the /ympha, and conglobated glandules (to be: found in thebook it felf :) Then confiders, whence the /ympbha is deri- ved, and concludes it to proceed not from the animal fpirits, but the. bloud;yet neverthelefs fuppofes not any immediate avzaffomofis between - the arteries and lymphaticks, but only that they have a communicati- on by means of their ftrainers or fome other parcs of the body. The motion of this /ympha, he (after his facher) affirms to be from the cir- cumference toward the center of the body ; bur think: no body has af- fisned the caufe of that morion, which therefore be attributes to apro- pulfion from the heart, which by means of its motive fibres continual- - ly propelling, with che bloud, the matter to be fecreted, (and the blond: atince[[autly depofiting fome of this matter by means of the firainers into thefe- veffels,) this muít conftantly propel the former , to make way foric. felf ; adding withal, chat in regard chefe veffels are frequently wrap- ped about the veins, the motion of the bloud along them may,by com-- preffiug thelymphaticks, accelerate the motion of their liquor, From the fame caufe, viz, Motive fibres , he fuppofes the liquor of the conglomerated glandules may be difcharged by their veffels, In. which parts yet he. conceives Natures Art is very remarkable 5 and inftances in the parotzs conglomerata, the glandules of the.cheeks, thofe: of the palate, and the glandules of the wfophagus in Fowl 5 all which undergoa great compreffion, either from con(iderable mufcles, papil- lary bodies, or cartilages, in order to a copious difcharge of their: liquor, As to the fuccus pancreaticus and bile,he believes their excretion to be promoted by thecompreflion of the mufcles of the abdomen, and: the motion of the diaphragm, according to AZa/pighius’s opinion ; and takes occafionto examine Dr. Cole’s conjecture, about the way that he fuppofes the veficula fells may (perhaps) receive its liquor. Then. mentions,and defcribes, a certain conglomerated glanduleXlately dif-. covered by 7ofephus de Verney) in Cows, at the fide of the vz/va,which he takesto fupply the room of the proffate,and to excrete fome liquor, coitus tempore, to which purpofe, hefays, *tis invelted with carneous. fibres; andconcludeswith examining the Learned Graeff’s affertion about fome other glandules in the neck of the womb, Having finifhed the Treatife, to oblige the Curious, our Author fubjoyns a Difcourfe about His way of preparing the Vi/ceray con-. cerning wbicb,as to the preparation, contrivance,and ufe thereof,the. Reader is delired to perufethe Account it. felf there given. | , xd ENTM nis VV, Longitada.- eee ee C774). "tdg IV. Longitude found, by Henry Bond Senior, Teacher of the Ma the- maticks, London 1676. i” 49. | | | 4 He Attemptand Pains of the Author of this Book are certainly very commendable , forafmuch as he endeavours to explain to ns the Uf of the Inclinatory Needle, and in fodoing makes it known to the world, that, as both the Variation and Inclination of the Needle were found out firít of all in this Nation by two Esg/ifs men, Mr. Ro- bert Norman and Mr. William Burrows s fo he (our Author) hath now made it bis bufinefs to apply itto an Ufe, formerly, for ought we know, not thought of, viz. To find the Longitude.’ Which how be per- forms and makes good,is left to the Sagacious iy to judge. ^. Mean time, the Publifher is defired , hefe to take notice of a miftake committed in this Book , viz, in the page printed next after the Epiftle tothe Reader ; where 'tis fajd; that This Treatife hath been examin’ a by (ix Commiffioners appointed py the King, ana che Truth of it affirmed to his 7Majefly : Whereas of the fix perfons there named, the Right Honourable the Lord Vifcount Zrosscker, Chancelleur to her Majefty, and Prefident to the R. Society, declareth, that he never fo much as faw this Treatife before it was printed, nor was ever prefent atany of the Meetings of the other Commiffioners ; the Quality of . thereport of whom concerning this matter the Reader will doubtlefs ‘be acquainted-with in due time. n V, The Royal Almanack: By N.Srephenfon, one of bis eMajefties | Gunners. London 16777242120. — | - CDS Almanack is a very ufefül Diary of thetrue places of the 4 Sun, Moon, and other Planets; their Rifing, Southing, and Set- ting 5 as alfo of High water at London-bridge with Rules to ferve other places afterthe New Theory of Tides , and Directions of Sir Pomas Moore, To which are added the Ec/ipfes, witha Tableof Equations forthe regulating curious Pesdelum-Clocks, and Movements to the. Sun : Likewife, a Table of the Suns right Afcenfion in time for every day at Noon, and of Thirty of the moft notabie Fixed Stars : Toge- - ther with the Moons and the other Planets Appulfes to the Fixed ^ Stars, for the Meridian of Londex, in the year 1677; as alfoa Tranfir | of Mercury under the Sun, calculated for Octob. 28. next. All done with great care and painsat bis Majefties command. | Errat, p.766.], 14 & 15. r.lcicles; ibid, 1.22.r. the Conftderation, Imprimatur, Decemb. 14. 1676. BROUNCKER,P.R.S. | At tet ttt th a te ee ttt pe London, Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the R.Society,1676, -— z P. 3 ey - E. dE E n ms P 2 : & : PHILO HICAL = TRANSACTIONS: BN I | Januar. 29. 1676, | adapt ‘The CONTENTS. : |». New Experiments made and communicated by the Honourable _~ Robert Boyle Efquire about the Superficial Figures of Fluids, - — efpecially of Liquors contiguous to other Liquors: likely to - .eondtüce mush to the Phyfical Theory of the Grand Syflem of the World, An Extract of a Letter written tothe Publifber, concerning a faltitiows Stony matter or Pafle , [Dining in the dark like aglowing Coal, after it bath been a little while ex- -—- ** pofed to the: Day- or Candle-light. An Account of three Books: - "T. CLAVIS PHILOSOPHIE NATURALIS, f^ Ariftotelica Cartefiana, Editio fecunda, aucta Opn[tnlis Phi- *— Jefophicis varit avgumemti; Auth. Johanne de Raci, ev. | t Anno 1677. 224o.. 1l. NOUVELLE SCIENCE DES - C" TEMPS, e Moyen general de conctlier les Chromologues ; — ^s par le S. Menatd s 4 Parisn129, IIT. ENGLANDS -. IMPROVEMENT 4y Sea and Land,exc. By Andrew Yar- _ "v : _Yanton Gentl. .London,1677. 22 4°. New Experiments made and communicated by the Honourable — Robert Boyle Efquire;about the Superficial Figures of Fluids, . efpecially of Liquors contiguous to other Liquors, YN compliance with your Curiofity, I herewith fend you my . rude Notes about the Superficial Figures of contiguous Liquors, which, belonging toa Paper (concerning the Pores and Figures of. Bodies, ) whereof they made the [afr part, and being themfelves very indigefted ; I fhould by no means ven- ture to expofe them even to a lefs Critical eye thanyours , if I did not hope,that,though a more difcerning Reader will fooner ' difcover their Imperfedions , yet:he may be more inclin’d than an ordinary one would be to think them not ufelefs Tri- fles ;. fince, if thefe Trials and Hints, as mean as they are, be .— profecuted by Naturalifts that have ed Heads, b : | mg aps | C 776 ) | haps.they may conduce more to the Phyfical Theory of the Grand - Syftem of the World, thanat firft one would fufpe&. And that - k-may leave you and your Ingenious Friends the greater op- - portunity and freedom to exercife their Sagacity on thefe Phenomena, \ have purpofely forborn to engage in Specula- tive Difcourfes upon them, contenting my felf to have faith- “fully recited Matter of fa& , and thereby.to have fprung game: for thofe that have more leifure and hability to flieat it. . —Wiltat has been faid about the Pores of Liguors,may be fomes - what illuftrated or confirm'd , if I fubjoyn to it fome of the . Trials I have madeabout the Surfaces of Fluids contiguous to other Fluids, For this being ,. for ought I know , anegleéted Subject, and the little that has been taken noticeof about it; confifting of .a few flight and cafual Obfervations, that feem to have been rather prefented to us, not to fay obtruded upon us, than defignedly made by us; I many years ago thought, it might be worth while to fpend fome hours upon Experiments of thisfort: Which I wasefpecially induc'd to do, becaufe , V think, one may, probably enough fuppofe, thatinthe Trad of » _ the Univerfe that is yet known tous, there is not the hundredth, perhaps not the thoufandth, part, that is form'd into Solid Bodies, fuchas the Earth, the Moon, and the other Planets ; 4 and confequently all the reft is made up of Celeftial Fluids and the Atmofpheres of Solid Globes, which, for ought we know, though not manifeftly differing intranfparency, may be- — difterminated by diftin& Surfaces. Sothat, to obferve and: confider the effe&s of the congruity and incongruity , that Liquors, or fuch fluid Bodies, as dire&tly or otherwife fall under fenfible Obfervation, have, when they are contiguous to one another , or tothe furfaces of Solid Bodies, may not only. improve what is yet known about the Afcenfion of Liquors in fmall Pipes, but may perchance ferve to illuftrate the for- — — mation of thofe great Maffesof Matter, of which the Divine. Archite& has fram'd the Mundane Globes, and fome other con-.. fiderable parts of the Univerfe , efpecially if we admit the - Cartefian Hypothefis, That tbe Sus, and al the Fixt Stars are - Fluid Bodies. | : WR ta | The Caufe, why. Water in narrow Pipes afcends above the levelof thefurrounding water,having been already enquired © into by fome Ingenious men; and particularly by Mr. dn b N ' P * T "ES a aa: C-*»-—- npn ~ | 4 777 fhall not now difcourfe of that Subjeé, nor fo mach as mention. what I have tried about it ; but fhall rather take notice, thar, becaufe I fufpsded, that the Concave Figure, which may be obferved in the furface of Water included in flender pipes, may, at leaft ingreat part, depend upon its relation to the Contiguous fluid, which,in ordinary cafes, is the 4r; I thought fit to try whether this Concave Figure Exp. would not be altered by fubftituting another Liquor in the room of the Air : And accordingly having procured a —. ftrongly Alcalizat Menftrunm Ci ufed that made of fixe Niter, diffolved by the moifture of a Cellar) intoa pipeof glafs, . feal'dat oneend, and not full a quarter of an Inch in bore ; thatthe Cavity, which in a greater breadth would feem lefs deep,might be the more confpicuous : We gently poured on it - fome highly dephlegin’d Spirit of Wine, which we knew would not mix with ir, but fwim above it, and prefently , as we had guefs'd , we found the Figure of the fürface of the lower Li- quor changed, and the cavity quite defiroyed; the furface that feemed, asit were, common to the two contiguous Liquors, appearing flator horizontal. And fücha level Superficies we Zn by putting thofe two Liquors together in a much wider obs — te We found alfo,that by employing Oy/ of Turpentine — Exp.It. inftead of Spirit of Wine, the Liquor did almoft totally lofe its Cavity. - Ie He | . Butif, inflead of deliquated Tartar, we put com- Expill. mon water into the Pipe, we found this Liquor to retain its Concave Surface , though we put to it fome Oyl of Turpentine and left it to reft upon the water a good while. To regard that, when Oil and Water are put together , the Oil that has been employed to produce the Phenomena, wont to be afforded by their Conta& , has ufüally been common Oil , as that of Olives, which is lighter than water; I thought it eXpedient to try what Figures would be afforded by the . Surface of water and alfo by that of Air, when thofe Flu- ids fhould become contiguous to an Oil, heavier than water: of which fort Chymiftry had afforded me more than one or two befides the Effential oils of Cloves and Cina- mon: Having therefore provided fome pureoilof the — Exp.IV. Gum of Gwajacum, and poured a little of it intoa | Re e T9 — — flender ea) ae | flender pipe, we found the upper fwperfiies of it to be concave; almoft, if not altogether, like that which water. would have had in the fame pipe. Bucwhen I puta little Water upon this Oil, it prefently changed the figure of. its fur- face, which became vifibly, though not very much, protübe- ee "-— — rant or Convex. | And in regard this Oil, though heavierthan Water, isnot popa fo heavy as deliquated calt of Tartar , 1 thought fic Exp V. totry, whether the Phenomenon would not be differ- ing upon the Contact of thofe two liquors; and ac- cordingly having put fome Oil of Tartar into the flender pipe, -and put fome drops of the Oil of Gaajacum to it , we found, that this liquor did not manifeftly. alter the Concave figure of | the fürface of the liquor Alcali, asthe Oil of Terpestise had —.— | . done: And having; for Cüriofity fake, warily poured a little ! Water upon the Oil of Gwajacum , I found, as I had reafon | to fufpe&t, that the upper Superficies of it changed prefently ~ from a Concase Figure to a Convex, fo that this Oil in the midft of theother two liquors appear'd like a little red Cy- linder, which, inftead of having Circular £afes, was protube- - ~ gant at both ends, butmore at that which touched the Oil of ‘Tartar. j | : ^ To vary a littlethe Experiment, I put fome Effential Ox (as Chymifts call it) of Cloves into a new flender Exp VL pipe, and having obferved it to be fomewhat Con- . caveatthetop where it was contiguous to the Air, we caufed a little Common water ( perhaps a quarter of.a - fpoonful or lefs) tobeput toit, and found, as we expe@ed, . the furface of this Oil alfo to becometumid. — And in regard this Liquor as well as the forementioned Oil of Gwajacam, though it were fo heavy as to fink in water, wou!d not do fo in deliquated Salt of Tartar, we did, into another flender pipe, put firft fome of this laft nam'd liquor, then fome of the Aro- matic Oil, and laftly a little Common waters by which means we found, that the little Cylinder of Oil did, like that of the — | Oil of Guajacum, appear convex at bothends 5 but was unlike — it inone Circumftance, that the Oil of Cloves appear'd more. convex at the upper end where ‘twas contiguous to the water, . ^ than at the lower, that lean'd upon the furface of the Oil of — Tartar. " Pr Having- - Do € 195) Having made thefe Trials; toalter, by another contiguous - - fluid than the Air, the Concave fuperficies of Water ! and fome Aqueous liquors, I proceeded to try, whe-- Exp. VII. ^ ther a change would not likewife be made on the convex figure of the furface of Qywickfilver included ir. the like flender Glaffes ; and bd having taken one that | was much longer, but of the like bore with the former (for to make the Trials more uniform, 1 had caufed a long Pipe to be by the flame of a Lamp unequally divided into feveral fhort ones) we put into it a finall quantity of Quickfilver; | and having taken notice how the upper faperfucies {welled in. the middle above the level of the parts. where it touched the - Glafs, we poured fome Water uponit, and found a manifeft and confiderable depreffion of the Surface, Les the protu- berance were not quite fuppreffed. This Phenomenon having been for greater fecurity feveral : times repeated, I thought fit to try , what varia» — tion would be made , by the greater orlefferheight Exp.VIll. of the- water incumbent on the Mercury. And fometimes it feem'd, that, when the aqueous Cylinder was wuchlonger, the depreffion of the Mercurial furface was fome- whatgreater, But this did not fo conftantly happen: But we oftenobferv’d, that, though a very little Water fufficed by - its copta& to make, in the judgment of the eye, a manifeft a- batement of the Protuberance ot the Quickfil ver, yet it. had . notthe fame effect on that ponderous Fluid, that it had, when, being increafed almoft as high as the length of the Pipe would - permit, a greater weight of it was incumbent on the Mereury. For then | manifeftly perceived and fhew'd to others,that the fürfaceof the Quickfilver being deprefs'd almoft toa Level in thofe parts of it that were near the infide of the Glafs,there was about the middle of the furface an elevation of. Mercurial mat- ter, that appear*d to be rather more than a half Globe, and was to the height of its full Semidiameter, raifed above the reft .. of the Mercurial furface , and in that flate it continued as . ong as I thought fit to let it do fo. And. left this Tryal . fhould impofeupon me, I caufed itto be more than once re- — geated; and, the better to confirm it, I afterwards caufed the incumbent Water to be little by little fuckt up, and found, asi expe&ed, that ‘when the Incumbent- water began to be | too: 4 : 80 much fhorten'd, the little Teat or Segment of fphere,lately mention'd, began to befomewhat flatten'd, and fabfided more . and more as the Water was further taken off. .. Becaufe the common Atmofpherical Air we breath is a Flu- id body abounding with groffer particles, and is by Exp.IX, divers Philofophers probably füppofed to be much wore denfe and heavy than theeZ£rhereal fübftance, .. thatmakes the other part of the Atmofphere; I thought fit to . try for their fakes, whether or no the foperfictal Figure of Li- quors would bealter'd by having the contiguous Air with- drawn from about them, and fo being left tobe touch'd by the purer cher withoutit ; and accordingly having conveyed in- co one of our Pueamatical Receivers a couple of füch Slender pipes as have been already defcribed , one of them furnifh’d with Common water, and the other with Quickfilver , we caus fed the Commonair to be diligently pump’d out, without ob- ferving any fenfible changein the Concave Figure of the water : but as for the Quickfilver,! knew not what to conclude about it. For having repeated the Trial twice or thrice, the eJMer- evry fometimes fecm'd manifeflly to {well to be more protube- - rant upon the Exhauftion of the Receiver , than when it was put in, efpecially when its Figure was attentively view'd, and - the External air, that was pumpt out but flowly, was fuffered to reenter with all convenient celerity. But that which yet kept me doubtful was, that I obferved,that upon the diligent withdrawing of the Airs preffure on the Quickfilver , there difclofed themfelves in it fome little bubbles, which I fear*d we had not beenable to free it altogether from, and which might be fufpe&ed to have fome intereft in the Phenomenon ; which though it was at that time hinder'd by fome occafions from profecuting further, yet I think it may be well worth the while, becaufe,if any fenfible change do certainly appear to be made in the Superficial figure of the Mercury, it may teach us fomewhat relating to the Conftitution of the ther, which feems to make up far the greater part of the Univerfe known tous: And I fhould not in that cafe think it impoffible, that by expofing many and differing Liquors to its Conta& iz vacuo Boyliano (as *tiscall'd) fome difcovery may be made of differing Subftances, whereof one may fufpe& the ZEther ic felf not tobe uncapable. Butto leave fufpicions that pro- : bably ) ; ( 781 ) | . bably will be thought Chimerical, I fhall only add, which I- . forgot before,that we conveyed intoour Receiver a clear Chy- mical Oil that was heavier than Water, and, whilft *twas con- tiguous to it, had not a Concave but a Convex furface, and » having placed the Pipe furnifh'd with both: Liquors in the Pucumatical Receiver, we pumpt out the Air without finding that the Oil fenfibly altered its Protuberant Surface , as neither E Water lofe the Concave figure of its upper fur- ^. ace, | : ^ When Clouds are condens'd into Rain, and lower aggregates of vapors into Dew, ‘tis fuppofed to be obvious, that the ~ drops of thofe Meteors do, in their paffage through the Air, - (which to them is:a heterogeneous Fluid ) acquire a round © . figure; and when we fhake Oil into Water, the portions of the - former fluid, during the little time they remain difrin& (for ~ they quickly reunite into imaffes) are found to be globular. - ..— Butthefe Phemomena are too few and too tranfient to afford © . any confiderable Obfervation of the Figures of Fluid bodies, efpecially if they be quiefcent, and every way encompafs'd - by other Fluids... Wherefore I thought fit co try what I - could do with Chyinical Liquors unapt for mingling, to - produce Phenomena that may laft long enough to allow Us - to-obferve. them attentively, and in fome cafes to vary - them, — | e For this purpofe, I firft took fixt ter, (or, which is : analogousto it, Salt of Tartar) refolved per De- — gay, - liquium into a. tranfparefft Liquor, and having fill’d_ a clear Vial half full with this, I poured on it a convenient — quantity of Vinous fpirit exactly re&ified, that there might be — » no Phlegm to occafion an union between the two Liquors, which ought, as ours did, to retain diftin& furfaces, and fpee- — dily regain them though the Gla(s were well fhaken, Then. having found by a Trial formerly mention'd, that common Oilof Turpentine, if employed in a competent quantity, will mot totally (and much lefs will readily) diffolve in Spirit of . Wine, and alfo having obferv'd (what may feem fomewhat ftrange) that if this Spirit of Wine be exquifitely dephlegm d, the Oil, thougha Chymical one, will not {wim on it, bur fink init; I warily let fall fome drops of the Oil. into tbe Spirit | : and TE : Lo T ) | and had the pleafure to fee , as I expeáed, that they fell to- wards the bottom of the Glafs till their defcent was ftopt by the horizontal ( for it was not concave ) furface of the Al- calizat liquor of fixe Néter, And becaufe my defiga was . chiefly to obferve the fuperficial Figure ofa Fluid dee paffed by other. Fluids without touching any folid body , T fhall here take notice of the chief Phenomena that were —. . produc'd of that kind, without ftayingto enquire into the -— or the = Goniranener of them, y "ls E: the Oily dob were but fmall ;' dy feem’d to the Eye exaaly enough fpherical. ' For the Oil differing but very little in fpecific Gravity from the Spirit of Wine, the drops . did but juft couch the furface of the fubjacent: Aleali ; ;andthe . fame drops being but finall, their own weight was not great. énough vifibly to deprefs chem , and hinder that roundnefs’ _ which the preffüre of the Ambient Spirit, or their own Vif- eofity endeavour'd to give them. 2. If an Aggregate of drops were contdcisils bigger than thofe newly mention'd , asif it had about a third part “of an Inch in Diameter , it would then manifeftly. lean upon the Alcalizat liquor as upon a floor , and appear fomewhat elliptical, (forfomelittle part of the bottom was a Plain ;) the weight of the upper parts deprefling the drops, and making the horizontal. Diameter. i d longer than the unsere Ifa yet greater portion of Oil were let fall. upon the here Liquor, it would for a pretty while appear in the form of a fomewhat imperfect Hemifphere , or fome other large fedtion of a Sphere, the lower part being cut off; (as if a Globe were divided by a Plain ) by the horizontal furface of the deliquated Salt, 4. But if the quantity of oil were Re too great, een pretty to obferve, that, though at firft putting in, it did . perhaps fpread it felf over the fubjacent Liquor, and jie-as 5 ‘twere flat uponits yet by little and little, (for “twas but — flowly) — EG Tas} flowly ) it would by the a&ionof the Ambient, concurring with its owntenacity, be crouded together into a Figure of a . leffer furface, and confequently lefs hindering the motions of - the Vinousliquor. For by the action of this Spirit, the Oil would by degrees be raifed above the furface of the fluid Niter, and be reduc’d to the Figure, either of half a Globe, or of a greater fegment of a Globe, or even of an imperfe& Ellipfis, according asthe bulk or weight of the Oil made it more or lefs apt to refift che action of the Ambient fpirit, to whofe effe&, as I lately intimated, the natural vifcofity of the | - Oil might (more or lefs) cooperate, as alfo might the weight of — the Spirit of Wine, which in great part difabled the endea- vour of the Oils gravity to make its Figure lefs convex. me d hough thefe Globuls or portions of Oil, did often- - times readily mingle, when they touched one another, yet divers times alfo we obferved, that having warily approached them, we were able (asif fome odd fubtile matter , that the Eye could not difcern, interpoféd, to keep them unconfoun- ded;) to make them touch without mingling: Infomuch, tbat we have with pleafure made themfo far bear againft one ano- thers furfaces , as manifeftly to prefs them iawards , though being parted they would prefently refume their former Fi- - — gure: Whichcircumftance fugeefted to me Sufpicions , that I cannot now ftay to name. But in cafeany of thefe Oily por- tions came by a more preffing conta& to be united, they would thenalter the Figuresthey had whilft feparate , and cake ano- ther, fuitable to the bulk of the Aggregate. - — '6. When a large portion of Oil refted upon the Saline liquors, if then the Ambient fpirit were moderately and wa-- rily agitated , “twas not. unpleafant to obferve the various | Figurations, which the convex and protuberant part of the mutilated Globe would be put into by thefe fhakes, without any vifible folution of continuity, or confiderable motion of the whole bedy, which would very quickly recover its for- mer Figure. Though, if the agitation were too (trong, fome "portions would be quite broken off, and prefently turn’d into little Globes. | | sk I (784). : Exp.XL. [ tried to produce another Phezomenon, that would’ not have been unpleafant , by putting together in afomewhat large Vefiel, wich other Liquors, two Oils, (whereof one , if - |] miftake not, was frou Turpensine,) which firft, by reafon of the Oleaginows nature wherein they agreed, might exa&ly min- gleand make a compounded Liquor; and then, by reafon of their being one heavier , and the other lighter tw fpecie than Water, might by this Liquor be again feparated, and include betwixt them the Liquor that had divided them. But’ I . found ,.that the OZ/s being once United would not be eafily . parted, but according to the Prevalency of the lighter or heavier Ingredient, in the mixture , the compounded Oil would almoft totally either emerge to the top of the - Water, or liebeneath the bottom of it; I fay, almoft totally, becaufe fome parts of the Oil, which was mot perhaps all uni- formly mixt, did not keepina body with thereft; but either was feparated from the Mafs in the form of Globuls , or elfe, fticking to the fide of the Glafs, had the other part of its fuperficies, which was contiguous to the Water, very varioufly . figur'd, according as the bulk and. degree of Gravity. of the - adhering Oil and other circumftances happen'd to. deter- mine. And tis chiefly uponthe account of this various and odd Figuration of our mixture, that I here make mentionof this Trial; which though it prov'd not fuccefsful tome’, yet perhaps may fücceed in the Handsof another, that fhall make it with more leifure and diligence, than I could afford it, E | | ft Thefe are fome of the Phenomens Y obferv'd in Oil of Turpentine, when ‘twas inviron'd only with Fluids; but, if it were permitted to be contiguous to the infide of the Glafs, . and fo to faften part of its furface to a Solid, the greater part of the Surface, -which remaig'd expoféd to one or both - . of the contiguous Liquors, would, partly by their aétion, and partly by the gravity of the Cil it felf, be put into Figures fo various, and fometimes fo extravagant, that "twas much more pleafant to behold them, than.it would be eafie to de- ieribe them; which therefore I fhall not here attempt to da 2 f | Á Pd | Whereas. — TTNEÉPTTOUSESTEERET TRA € 785 ) ‘Whereas I intimated in the Preamble to thefe Notes, Exp.XIT. that Confining Fluids way have diftin& Surfaces, without having,at leaft in many Pofitions, refra&tions differing enough, or refle&ions ftrong enough , to make the Plain, chat difter- —. ginates them, obvious to the Eye ; I fhall here obferve, that when the Oil of Tartar, or Nitroms Alcale, that 1 employed, - happened to be very clear and colourlefs , I have more than once made highly re&ified Spirit of Wine float upon it fo, that in moft Pofitions the Vial feem'd to bavein it but one Uniform Liquor; the Plain that divided the two Fluids being unapt to be difcerned, but ina Pofition, wherein the Rays of Light paffing thenceto the Eye, fell very obliquely on it ; and indeed, when there was no little Duft or other Feculency, fwimming pon the farface of the Oil of Tartar ; I had fome- times much ado to convince ordinary Spe&tators , that the Vial, in two diftin& Regions of it, contain'd two unfociable Liquors. : ) Onthis occafion,I fhalladdan Experiment,which, ExpXlli. though it does not fo dire&]y belong to our Subject , as to — make its Omiffion a fault, is not yet perhaps fo Impertinent as to be unwe!com. We tooka deliquated Ala, made of Airer and Tartar, and deeply tingd with Cochaseel ; and, that the Liquors might not only be heterogeneous , but as differing in gravity - and denfity as wecould make them, we poured on it a pe- ‘culiar kind of Oil lighter than Spirit of Wine , and holding the Plain where the two Liquors were contiguous in a con- venient Pofition , in refpe& of the Light and the Eye, i obferv'd it to make a ftrangely vivid Refleétion of the inci- dentbeams of Light: fo that this Phyfical Surface, which was flat, look't almoft, for *cwas not fo fpecular, like that of Quickfilver i and when I kept it till Night , and confidered itby the Light of a Candle, the bright Figure of the flame was ftrongly refle&ed almoft as from a clofe Specular body; which tempted me to fufpect , that there might be fomething — elfe thanthe bare finoothnefs of the fürface of the 4/calizat Liquor to produce fo brisk a Refle&ion; and the rather, “SK 2 becaufe "becaofé I did notobferve;that the Remains of the fame tinged Alcali, which I kept inanother Glafs., nor a portionof the — fame Oil , which I had alfo by me in a. feparate Vial, did: either of themafford fo vivid a Refle&ion from its: furface 5 though-I did.the lefs wonder at this, becaufe of the great. difpofition to refle& Light, which I had formerly the Curio- (ity to obferve in the forementioned Oil, when [ joyned ic with other Liquors, But, whether this ftrongly Reflecting power, taken notice of in our Jate recited Experiment ,. pro- ceeded from fome mixture, ‘as it were, or confufionof fingly. unperceived particles in the Phyfical Swperficies or Plain,. - where the two Liquors confine ; or, whether fome tuch e7Mz- teria fubtilis, or eAithereal Fluid, as Cartefwsand fome of the Ancients maintained, infinuated it felf bétween our two Li- quors, and made the Difterminating furface more fpecular ; or — whether the Phewomenon. be rather due to fome other caufe, . I fhal! not now flayto make Inquiry: But to help towards it, I fhall add on thisoccafion , that looking on this Liquor, asa body, which, though it have all the:neceffary Qualities of an Oil; does, in regard of its Origin, and fome properties I have found init, differ from common Chymical Oilss I was invited the more to obferve its Phenomena in reference to. . Refleétion, and I found, among other Things, ( not pertinent - tothis place, ) Fart, That the Confining Plain , often men- tioned between the tinged lea and this Liquor, did not appear Red it felf, nor communicate that Colour to the image of the Flame of a Candle refleGed from. it, Secondly, that when I warily fhook the Vial, which con- - tained the two Liquors, the uppermoft wou'd be reduced into a.feeming Froth, confifting of a great number of imper- fe&ly Globular bodies, which after a while would make a. kindof a rude Phyfical Plain; which, though neither very - Horizontal nor fenfibly fmooth, would, at its upper fuper-. ficies, fend back the incident Light with more brisknefs than one wouldexpe& and when the feeming Froth confifted of — — fmaller particles, thefe, whenthey were of a certain fize , and conveniently placed , inreference to the Flame of a Candle and the Eye, would, (as more than- one Trial informed me,). tefle the Incident Light fo many. waies, and fo vifibly , that i VAeTIATAY they | made in Agua fertis. | | (7 CIE) they feemed, for multitude and Splendor, like littlefpark- - ling Corpufcles of polifhed Silver; or almoft like thofe gliftering ones, chat áppear, when. à clean plate of ‘Gopper is firftimmerfed into a much allayed folution of good Sz/ver, . And tothefe two Phemomena \ fall add a third. which is, That,though pure Spirit of Wine be fo thin a Liquor, and our Oilis neverthelefs fo light asto fwim upon it 5 yet I found the Confining furface very ftrongly ‘reflexive. But of this — Liquor, more perhaps may be faid in another place. - Andit may, in the mean while, not be impertinent here tointimateto you, That I found ; that fome other Effential - Oils (as Chymifts call thofe, that are diftilled with Water in Limbecks ) and particularly an unfophifticated Os of L;- mous, did, with our tinged Alcalz, afford moft of the fame - Phenomena; but not lobriska Reflection: I fay, soff, chiefly © becaufe with Sprit. of Wine thefe fubtile Oils, as.T formerly noted , will readily be confounded :.. though our, Amsmalany » Oyl be unfociable with it. ^ BR Ses oho: c S 153 ( 788 ) r m Extrait of à Letter written to the Publifber , concerning a Factitious Stony matter or Pafte, pine. in the dark like a glowing Coal, after it bath been-a tittle while ex- _ pofedtothe Day-or Candle-light. i -Clariffimo: Viro - Domino Henrico Oldenburgio, Iluttriffime Soc. Regia Secr. “ Salutem & obfervantiam v C Obrifiiauu Adolphus Balduinus. fe ‘Uangquam elapfo proxime anno officiofifame feriptas : LL tuas literas teflari continusdebuiffem quanti fa- cerem, religioni tamen duxi id facere, antequam. Phofphorum meum modis omnibus abfolutum darem conficerémques Quod cam non multo ante praftiterim, ecce Tibi eundem im theca argentes inaurata ; quem, ceu munus exiguum, fi fas fit petere à Te, bumillimá fubjectione deferre velis cum ipfi Regie Majeftati. tanquam Fundatort @ Patrono Societatis Veftre , inprimis; tum ver Ejufdem Prafidi Wuftriffimo, ceterifque Affefforibus € Collegis graviffimis 5 nthilque intermittere velis , quodcunque vel Glementia Regie, vel Favori tantorum Virorum conciliando facere arbitreris. Latet in Pho(phoro ifto ionis ci luminis Nature realis fcintilula, imo fecretiffema anima, proindeque intrinfecus | atque invifibilis Sophorum ignis , vifibilem Solis ignem magnetica : vatione.attrahens, {plendorémque ipfius viciffm in Tenebria emit-— gens ejaculan[que. Quo iftud accedit non minus mirum, Signa- tuvam nempe Solis contineri in Univerfals iffo Magnete unde confectus idem ille Phofphorus efl; quod quidem ex adjuntlo - Schemate Phaenomeni * ( per dies [*Hoc phenomenon reprz- gliguot durante ) liquidiffime patet. fentat in vafe vitreo complures — : COE imagines Solis, majores, minores; in quas materia , ab Authore nofiro adhibita, ju- cundiffimo, ut videtur, fpectaculojabiiife; confpeGaa fuit. ‘ P . E TA ? tque , / C 789 ) Atque inde mon ef, quod fubjetto iflo uti defiflam in Übymicis mews laboribus continuandis , quod multó majora mibi. propediem digntoraque ex fe [poudeat, quorumque magis arcana vatio. De quibus omnibus, philofophicá con[netudine ,| Societati llluffrif- fime relaturus per literae fum quecunque certis Experimentis comperero, Servet te Deus, c me porri affectu tno complecfere. Scrib. Hayne, d. 1. Sept. 1676, | | Be "q^ His Prefent being, according to the tenour of this Letter, [ prefented to his Maje/ty,and afterwards to the R. Sociery, it fully juftified the generous Prefenter in the Experiment, made before them both, at feveral times ; and that not only by Day-light, even whenthe Weather was gloomy and mifty, but alfo by che Flame of a Candle. And 'tis hoped , thet che faid Prefenter willfo far extend his generofity , when he 15311 underftand the gracious acceptance his Prefent had with the | Royal Founder of our Philofophica! Company, and the plea- fure; it gave to the Gentlemen that compofeit, as to impart . tothemthe way of preparing the fame; to be Recorded in | "their Regifter books, as a perpetual Monument of his ingenis .- ofity and franknefs, ; din Accent E 790 ) 4n Account if three, Boiks s | I. eLans PHILOSO PH leg. MATURA LIS, Ariftotelica Cartefiana , Editio fecunds, auia. Q po[cnlis - "Philofophicis "varii argumenti, quibus Errores NM rum paffm deteguntur , ac Veritas Philofopbie, quam GARTESIANAM «vocant, confirmaturs Auth, Johanne de Raei, Phil. in Mu(iri ‘Atheneo a Prof: prim. snfteladarai uno 8627«449-4. 24)) JUN € LT Ls .$ the Je Edition of this Elens. Mer many. years fince, contained chiefly Six. Differtations , viz. COD- “cerning: , dy Vulgar and .Philofophical Knowledge: «2 :Philo- fophical ; Principles in general :..3. The Nature Ni Sea ; e 4. The Origin of Motion, together with.an. Appendix, giving | an account of. Arifotle’s opinion of the Fir eMover: s. The Communication of Motion, and the A&ionof Bodies upon one another: 6. ^Khe Subtile. ethereal: Matters. So.this Second Edition is enriched with Seventeen * Difcourfes., which feem to ) be very confiderable, And they are, touch- ing. - fics of the pretended pefieninirs Reiley lof ithe ve from, Dicant. | ) s si sd ag. ;ngM id nolan git e600 2 The Knowledge of i weg eid isy: swhetcin, it)¢on- S fifts ; how the Mzs4. by conceiving and knowing is fo far from being exhaufted and rendred effete y: that thereby, it is made much more fecuzd and vigorous; and. efpecially , that the Natureof the Miénd doth M exclude from i it felf the Corporeal Nature, | : 9. The Faculties of the Mind, ien the pdt cbe Trath ind Falfhood : Thefe Faculties this Author placeth , ‘with his Mafter, in Gogitation , which comprehends all what is within us after fuch a manner, as that we are immediately conícious . The genuine»*Dog&rine of Ariftotle , andthe great dif- | MEM Mn ee Ll. *fed vu 4 ( 791 ) confcieusof ic to our felves: Whether itbe, that the Mind - in perceiving and thimking doth only behold it felf and a& upon it felf, which is zsteligere ; or converts it felf toa Body, and fees therein fomething conform to fome édea, either undetfiood by it felf, or perceived by feníe s which is émaginari, vel fentire. — | 4. The Origin of Error ia our Apprehenfion, Judgment, and Will. j | | . €. The Principles of Human Knowledge, or True eZMeta- phyficks, teaching usto philofophize aright and in good order, and furnifhing the other parts of Philofophy with their due Objets, and giving themtheir certainty and evidence, . - 6. The Truth and Order of human Knowledge ; oppofed - . tothe Seüs of the Academicks , who profefling an Acazalep[y, . affirmed this one thing only to be certain, Néhil certi fciri po | ~ 3. The Ideaof GOD, fhewinga way , whereby every one may find that Idea in himfelf, not only he that believes the Exiftence of God, but healfo that dif-believes it. 8. The Subftantial Form, and the Soul of Man ; out of Ariftctle, againft the 4riffotelians ; fhewing , that that Form of Man, ashe is a Compound of Soul and Body, is no other but that Union, by which the Soulis mancipated to the Body - ‘inmoft of her functions. | «€, TheSyftem of the World, and the Elements thereof; which, with Des-Cartes, he makesto be three ; the ff, that which emits Light, and conftitutes the lucid Stars; the fecond, that which every way tranfmits Light as the Heavens do; the third, that which refle&s Light, or is neither lucid, nor luminous, but opaque, as Comets, Planets and our Earth. | | | sL io The C999) 10, The Vital Spirit in Man and Brutes , which he makes to confit. not only of an Oleagizous, but alfo. a fharp, and - aqueous fubftance, mov'd by, the Girt and (tcónd Element, lately mention'd = the Oleagiacus parc being in its. nature | very movable and inflammable; che foarp’ particles’ acuating | and ftrengthning the force of the fire; the aqucows ones con- tempering the reft, and keeping them from too vehement a motion and heat, füch asit would be, w^ T fj hine Were ione verted into a burning fire. xl | 33001 99996.01 Shere! vate X513 35 rir, Heat and Cold ; their bdo Origin: The watare of the former , a ‘eihegene motion?^of the fmaileft particles inbodies 5 of the /atter, the want of all motion. "The cawfe of the one, theSun and the Heavens ; ; of the other ; | tlie want: of beingmov'd by them, Be cov SON ai Prat 91 (r1 4m 13-03 90: b*035$6 912! lon lan ~~ "d, and 13, Hardnefs indt] Fluidity HiwiidityrabaSiotley: To which are fubjoyned four Difcourfes more ;: wis of Place ; of the Conftitution of Logick, (which he coniprehends’ ‘in four very plain and important Ruless;): of the Confticution of Phy- foleay, whofe office itis, to-explain the phenomena of the . Univerfe by intelligible caufes$ and. of the Wifdow of the Ancients, deduced by him accotding to the feries of times and periods ; wherein ittiath hab ict changedt either for Wc Meca or works | | t E LAM | cL LOND? Sp Re dy eo. CRAM do x62 d ia 6g. yp brida aris, ae ort zw VU YO adr Ji9isd "usw ti3201; Lodi _rboiqanlO donsgari bas, beat . bsiqmyio. disi19nin sir LM 159v fun adi ü 380. Bits "ud 9943 odi Relig ni» tex uh av o 03 901510255. doidw andi loa mal ods i "wtozx 10 jen Ania vnl e to , $. cA " Qorrid. ant 9 scews oz o PEO cr) "| i2310duid 39:111; 50) 21. sv X OF 30111 5. bsigmyTO La a se a4 4 , 6 molt PRETI. uw. € r$ D Y 1 Br 1 , J 5t & y SEAL MAS 03 b d ow SER A HP 10 dir. Hom : ? ; P b EMG. v ! Ó M Bet iy A. ef ‘blame "Bate! Di, CR) ^3 TRI 123 120.1622. . QESWEASA Bhs ARAALAN V. à AMAA Q2 1Dyi yc i? 1113 " " : f > dr d fts SP errs wjunirm &n* by of Q 4 LÀ "DE : ‘ Á RS , bd Dh O74 1 "LM. E AAA 4 ;9 3945234 ^3 iO 31 ridi 4 Ga 2 i X m ‘ X lai - M " ; Py T a 3 m x . S - : 5% *À T T2894] (à i myn’ Alla v é s ASA t-iwer t o " ?" "V. Uk b 3 LOGY? | LAR fae Chil t wf ad d X Lag. IH v MT ! MET. » ' ‘ : &^ ^ 4 ! i9 7 rx an e $2*v « e» aie rinm! Ta ke | ^ RN VP ta V i d ve T? "7^3 MEE ut " 2 ". |] th » T . a «9A sg 2 eti» us IG M ya Hu oe - mer ^4 "*W " ; : » Y . s ‘ 4 » 4 21 v". TT 4208 1H sf te | ^4 d iur Ks f. oh 211-81. " bol ^ ( 793 ) i : Ii, ‘NOUVELLE S- CLENCE. D'ES TEMPS. ..en. Moyer: general de, concilier les Chbromlegues , par de udin Meats; Seigneur d Vergi... A: inis in12o,. t T^ Here E fond fo little certainty among amie Rd ; this Author endeavours to. reconcile them, by pro- opting four principles, whereby he pretends to.make it Out; that they may be made to ABE tagether,, | The £ft is, vidis inevery iyd or way of computing the - Times, other wife called Eposha's, ede are divers Hy pothe- fes, of which fomeare fhorter, fome longer. xls wae fecond, that the new e/£ra's are eltablifhed upon the Ancient, according to their different hy pothefes. «hes third. thatthe different marks of the Time of the E- vents, which depend üpen. different bygorheíte. do tee one bc e lut time. dod forty ninth year of Rome. But the fame year of the fame Olympiad, according to Varro, 1s the three hundred one — .and-fiftieth of Rome: On the contrary, that year which is thethree hundred forty ninth of Rowse , according to Varro, is the third of the ninety third Olympiad, according to Ere. | tofibenes. So that you may fee by this Example, (wherein Pliny makes ufe of the (irt hypothefis of Eratoffbenes , thoughelfe he often ufeth the ficít HE thofe that a refpe& to Esfebius and Varro ) 5L 2 the ro (794). | the truth of all chefe principles: 1. That in the fame e/£ra there are. different, hypochefes: 2, That the different marks of the Time. of the invention of Fermillos , which depend from tbofe different hy poc one and the fame Time: 3. That the difference, which is- found between Varro and Erato[lbenes as to the Olympick. years, is the fame with thar, which would be there found, if both of them had continued to ‘reckon by the Yearsof Troy, which is a certain Epeebauntil the Event propofed :- 4. That Parreonlyaddstwo ycarsto tke Xears of Rome, becaufe he eftablifhes cbe e/r« of Rome upon that of. Troy, according to the fhorteft hy pot! efis.. ~ To learn eafily. the pra&ice- of thefe Principles ; after the explication: given:of che Origin of the eA£ra of datioch’ (of. which no Author hath made any mention before Enfebins, ) of thee/£ra of Spain, and of the Vulgar eZ ra which are the Ghrillian eras, to. which the Incertainty of cbe/Intétval from Exodus unto the Building-of the Temple bach given place ; — -this Author fubjoyns fix Rules , in which he colle&s and ex- plains, what concerns, in Chronology, the Hebrews, Greeks, . Romans , Babylonians. and. Perfiaus. He likewife examines , . what concerns the e/£gypríans upon the occafion of the Eclipfe noted by Jofephus , 11b. 17. v..8. of the Fewilh Aatiquitics ; where he very handfomly explains their Year , and what was their Setbiaque period, He alfo largely treats of the Epocha of the Nativity of our Lord , as well as of the Time of the Reignand Death of Herod, towhoin: he affigns forty years for s Reign, Se. . 55/1550 ‘are ro fF) Dehnemo d E ae * a we P. ; ^ sU [d , aec "x » 7 ee | e ^ 2 $2 — 4 ! y ^ ; V es i rts AÍJ E 29a Pa a i PX: 3*5 : : 64094 OIT«541 CUCUDSUG L'l OR. STU: C T PNE «Fa ec E , : H - G- 3 ^ EE RES ( 795 ) HI. ENGLANDS IMPROVEMENT By Sea aud Land: To out-do.the Dutch without ‘Fighting: Yo pay Debts without: Mony + To a. at work all the Poor in England, with the Growth of our own Lands: To prevent unnecef- a Jat) Suitsin Law, with the benefit of a Voluntary _.. Regifler + :- Direttions, where vaf quantities of "imber may be had for the building of Ships ; With pus A the advantages of making the Great Rivers of England Navigable: ‘Rules to prevent Fires in “London , and other Great Cities: With Direéti- T ONS. , Hoy the feveral: Companies of Handicrafts - - "men in London may alwaies bave cheap Bread, . dd sad Drink, BA Andrew Yarranton Gent, in aes EL Any. Worthy: Aantioras cp ns spen recoim- mended in our Former Volumes) bave written ^ excellent!ly well, to excite and inftru&t. the Planting of i a Forrefts, Woods, Coppices, Nurferies, Orchards, Walled : Gardens, for Delicacies ; Houfhold-Gardens, for Neceffa- ries; Vineyards, Mulberries : To adorn fair Manfions with the faireft Vegetables: To plant Saffron, Licorice, Po- tado's, Hops, Hemp, Flax, Diarsweed , Weld or Would, Oad, Madder, Saffe-flowers: Of manifold. Improvements of Paflure and Arable, and all kinds of Agriculture: Of Vinous Shrubs to mike Sugar- Wines from the fhalloweft — heaths : Of Commerce and | Navigation : The Fifherys - Hunting; dici jpeilhag Fifhing: Of many Inven- tions, ( 796 ) tions ,: aud. New Artifices: Englands Intereíls and Tn provettients The Prevention of Poverty, yt He have publiffed. CNuml oe. n js " fome Advifes, How Granaries are builtand ordered in andabour. London, at Dastzic,and 1 in Mufeovia: - ares Bras is to be fitted and prepared, for Granaries. And (Numb, 96; .j.6092.) we gave notice, How the ein’ of the laft. years growth was, damnified in the. Granaries,at Di ntzick » by much. Thunder and Lightning. the Spring fo! owing. joand what. the " Remedy. Aud *tis averted’ (Nu web, .25.°) that Corn in f Granaries of . Zurich in. Srt oer mds “was pre» ferved eighty | years, and in. Lomdog, thirty two years; Some Of thefe,our Solicitations Cel pecially ' for Cider Orchards ) : tóok fo good effé&& in thé ‘Southern’ parts of - England, that they are thuch enriched. thereby ;.bue, in the; heart of England, and the Northern parts , Nw y haves .snoft need ‘of them, they are. yet much. watiting. . carin -euliurE. I the ‘fund and uum "i Trade, a s "s mercest he f uperftrudture ; an ommon Honefty, 1 eft Joyat ‘atic Bae d fis ABO gm Ps : PME E (Cri sn tot Vg » r Diet cheap.and at hand. | In the. did T Dorferfbire, neat Bimeffer, they do already sin. od make three thoufand hogfheads of good n3 3 fent year they made fome hundreds. above "rond hogfheads : And for fome. private, Ma Man Tow dee ity: they make four hundred, five Jiundfed, fx. hundred, aad; in plentiful years, feven. bündred ho atbeads, of f ftrong and; excellent Cider, , This we fave teem 09 is atid.tbis. Asa good Examplefrom the Welt... 5h ind. Q^ REM SE , al s EES Bh ju ib gie 5bsl tf "gut here’ our Author hath jilted Phe “Myfteries of ‘Trade univerfally for all patts..of Bagland : € Which-I have: Palit yacknowledged, to. id above. my.skilliothe. great T ( 792 ) great Concernments of Lwre.)... And he bath dete@ed the, having been long pra&iced inthat Imployment? WhatRie ~ vers, in England and [re/aud, may-be made Navigable; himfelf . having furveyed chem, and-made fome confiderable Rivers - NUMeEIBPs ABI OF (EMIT 8 | 3d" himfelf- adted diligently, with Inftru&ions and férnithin Seed jor, other, Materials , for the effe&ual Ime provement of the-preacelt. part of Worcefler , Glomcefter. Hereford, Stafford and Shrop(bire , in all their Ryelands. And; like a-Fofeph in Egypt , he here advifeth Granaries, Work-houfes ; and other publick helps for Trade, in the .. fite? places;-all over Ezjlasd; and.a Regifter, which i$ praéticed with good-fücce(s, and is the life of Trade ac — Taunton in Somerfet(bire, and in (ome Forraign parts, where Trade profpers moft aad "tis one of the beft fupports of - EN vt oco TAS QeEE CA ONES. | ... "Thus he runs through all'the Tntrigues of Trade, noting the fecret abufes, and obflacles; apd offering genuine ME MS AN jt F1 0 edes (.798 ) snedies, confirmed by the Experience of Forraigu Nations, large Territories and Principalities. And if the beft of this Authors ingenuous Propofals may be fortified by good Laws, and thofe Laws duly executed, we may hope,that the Trade of England may, in a fhort time ; recover, and profper, asic doth among the Wealthieft of Forraigners ; 5 for the great relief. of our. vaft numbers of Indigents , . and to free this Kingdom from the fhameand burthen of - : sind Beggars, and of fturdy Vagrants, ivi "At the end of this Treatife he postal a Secon part, . confifting of -feven Heads ; -whichare fo promifing;. that we . heartily wifh to feethemabroad with good fpeed,to tape . all hc fbr grim Imprimatur, gamur.25. 0 eli 5: AUT aT A 1675. | — BROUNCKER, PR.S. LONDON, Printed for John Martyn,Printer to the R.Society, 167 6. C799) | ANumb.132. PHILOSOPHICAL ^ TRANSACTIONS. Februar. 26. 1 676. i ties D7 male. The. CONTENT S. | A Continuation of Mr.Boyle’s Experiments, publi[bed in the next foregoing Tratt, about Fluids contiguous to other Fluids, An Ac- count of two Books: I.PALZEOLOGIA CHRONIG 4,6. by Robert Cary,D.LL, 11. J£. TOUCHSTONE for Gold and Silver-Wares exc. by W.B. of London Gold(mith, — p Continuation of Mr.Boyle’s Experiments publifoed n the laff (o Tranfactions , for which there was no rooms there. | IB the Winter time, andat other times alfo. when the Air is . cold enough, the figure, acquir'd by the furface of an Oil contiguous to the Water on one fide, and the Airon the other, may be preferved from varying, and fo may be at leifure ob- ferved by the Dire&ion afforded by the following Experiment, which I devifed for this purpofe. In Cold weather we took Effential Oil of annifeeds, whofe . property it isto coagulate in fuch weather,and having in a gentle warm: h brought it to be fluid , we poured Exp-XIY it intoa (lender Viol more than half filled with Com- mon water, that had been alfo a little warmed, that the Oil ‘might not be too haftily reduced toits former ftate. This Oil *being lighter than fo much Water, and being poured on ina convenient quantity, had its upper furface fomewhat concave, rasthatrof the Water was ; but the lower furface, furrounded -by the Water, was very convex,appearing almoft (for it was not -perfe&ly) of the figure of 'a great Portion of a Sphere. This - being done, the Viol was ftopt,and fuffered to reft for fome time "ina cold place, by which means the Water continuing fluid as | . sbefore; the Ol of Anmifeeds was, as I expe&ed,found coagula- - "ted in a form'approaching tothatit had whilft ina fluid ftate ; t Ei fay approaching, becaufe it was not ‘eafie to difcern the exat caoifosrtas: eM Figure dus (/800.); : : Figure inthe Viol I was fain to makeufe of: and J fufpe that the Oil grown confiftent was become lefs convex than be- fore; but the two /arfaces of it/gave it fome refemblance in point of fhape, but not of tranfparency, toa Copta'dp- Convex Glaf ; but yee much thicker in the middle than is ufual in Glaf- fesof the like breadth, employed for Dioptrteal Parpofes. And indeed (to give here this Advertifement once for all) 1 would. Not have you underftand in too ftri& a fenfe, what my intended brevity, and fome other Motives, make me deliver in naming the Figures of Fluids. For I confefs, that if I were.to write fora rigid Geometrictan, efpecially if he werenice and critical in the Do&rine of Conic Segtions, L fhould think my felf obliged on fome occafions to a greater Curiofity in naming the Figures of Fluids, than you will meet with in this Paper: But fince I write but Notes, and defign to give you rather Experimental . hints, than Geometrical Determinations, 1 prefume, that when you are once cautioned by a plain Advertifement,it may.füffice for me to refer the Fi#ids,I defcribe,tafuchof the more known Figures as they feemed to be the; Jeaft remote from, without troubling you or my felf with maim'd Figures, or with Spbe- voids, Conoids, Paraboloids, and other hard words; which I the - rather abftain from , not only. beeavferhe Particulars, wherein my Fluids refembled them and ditier*ü from them, covid nor be intelligibly declared without many words ; but. becanfe 1 obferved the Figures themfelves of the F/vids to vary’, and . fometimes confiderably too, according to Contingent circum- ftances. And for this Reafonalfo I will not perfwade you to exped, that the event of every Trial, you fhallmake of thefe —— Experiments, will be precifely the fame with: the event of mine. For by reafon of thofecontingent Circumftances, I dane only fpeak Hiftorically of thefe Experiments, and, without pretending that they fhall always uniformly fucceed; content — 1 ay felf to relate fosa fide , what'Trials have been made, and what happen'd to.me thereupon; not defpairing,tbat this: vari- ation it ftlf o£ Events according.to Cireumnftances máy beIn- flrudive, . - hifi bnsaqoft egw fot V ad: ,»mob enisd But to returnto our Jately mentioned Oz/éf. 4Mabifeádetwas — | _worth obferving, how great.adifferencecheré wa between-the = — dull refleftion it made, when^twas.coagulated;and:tbe fineve- — — -flcGion it.had wade wbilft "twasa.Liquor. "Ehelategof whieh t M | Refie&iong. , ..( 80r ) _ Refle&ions brought into my mind, how vivid the tefle&ive power of fome Fluids is in comparifon of that of the genera- lity of Solid bodies, of which there is fcarceany , if there be any at all, that is obferved to have a ftronger Reflecti- ‘on than clean Swickfilver ;and yet (to add that upon Exp.Xv. — theby)I havefometimes found, that this ic felf may be increafed by the addition of a Liquor. For having obferv'd,as I elfewhere note, that Quickfilver, and Reaified Oleum Petra are, the former of them the heavieft, and the later the lighteftof . allthe vifible F/aids that are yet known to us, or at leaft tome; and having alfo obferved the latet of them to be confiderably refledive, 1 had the Curiofity to try among other things, that related to them, the following Experiment. Some (Diftill’d) Quickfilver being put into a fmall Viol, and held in füch a po- fture,that the incident Light was ftrongly remitted to my Eye, I flowly put toit fome Petroleut,that being well reified was ' very ciear,and obferved, that,as this Liquor cover'd the Quick- fileer, there was at the Imaginary Plain, where they both confi- . med, a brisker Reflection than the Qyickfilver alone had given | before; whether thisincreafe of Reflective power proceeded | fromany thing produced upon the confines of the two Bodies, |. erfrom fome Ethereal fluid that flip'd in there,I have above de- clined, and fhal] now forbear,to examine: But on this occa(ion it will not be amifs to take notice, that either the fürfaceof the - Air it felf, as thin and yieldinga Fluid asit is, or the furface of |. aSolid,contiguous to included Air, or fomeinterpofed fubtile |. matter, may refle& the Incident beamsof Light more ftrongly | tbanmoíft men would expe&. To this purpofe I remember,that a Curious Perfon having one day brought me a couple of Ra- - rities, which he told me were two pieces of a folid, but tranf- - parent,body, that he had cafually found ; in one of which there was a Pearl, large,round,and orient, and in the other a lefs per- fe& one; and having defired my Opinion, whether they were |. confiderable enough to be prefented to the King: T, after I had fufficiently view'd them ia differing Pofitions, and efpecially - againft the Light, asked him,whether he were fure the included | bodies were Pearls. Yo which when he anfwer’d,that his Eyes ^| permitted him not co doubt of it, efpecially becaufe he knew ^! 6f no other Gems nor Stones, that had fo ftrong and fine a Re- | fle&ion; I replied, that I thought they might be only seer BE — ‘ | (08M. 2 0 a eer ren evum mann p I x eiim ~ A —-—-—- — Á— «9005 - dii -of. Air, cafually intercepted: in the vifcous matter of the con- taining Bodies, (which I fuppofed,upon good grounds, to have been once fomewhat fsid,) before it came to be hard 5. adding, that His Majeffy, who was Critical in thefe matters,might pro- bably have the Curiofity, I had, to have the worft of them broken, to be fatisfied what kind of bodies the included were. . Hereupon, to content me, one of them was open’d, and that which had appear'd a Pear] was found to be but a Cavity , that contain'd no groffer fubítance than Air. And I have by mea well fhap'd piece of G/aff of a good thicknefs, with an Aerea] bubble in the middle, which by fome qualities, particularly its Pear-like fhape and vivid refleétion, does not il! refemblea fair, though not Orient, Pearl, But in {uch like Obfervations, the Pofition of the Eye,and that wherein the Body receives the beams of Light, may be very confiderable. For I have by me a fall Stone (with which I have puzled the Skilful Feweller of a great Prince to determine what kind of Gemit is) that being — laid flat uponones hand, or a piece of Paper, and lookt on di- re&ly downwards, looks almoft like a piece of common G/aff, and is tranfparent : But if the Eye befo placed , that the Inci- dent beams of Light, by whofe Refle&ion ’cis feen, fall witha convenient degree of obliquity upon the Stone, it makes an - exceeding pretty fhew, fometimes appearing like a fine Opa/, : and fometimes not very unlike an Orzezt Pearl. : 1 It may not be altogether impertinent , and at leaft,for the — Novelty of the way of Trial, it will not probably be ~ Exp.XVI. unpleafing,if I here mention án Attempt totry,whe- . ther, when the Rays of light rebound from bubbles - inviron’d with an uniform Solid body (which cafe is fomewhat - differing from that of Bubbles look'd upon in an exhaufted . Receiver,) the Refle&ion be only, or almoft only, from thegrof- — fer Particles of the Air, and not alfo from fome Subtile matter — harbour’d, as well as they, im the fame Cavities? Buttobring — this queftion to Trial,feemed difficult enough, becaufe it isfo, - to include very rarified Air in a confiftent. body, diaphanous e- nough to let its reflection be eafily obferved. "To compafs this, '— * m the upf, 1 thought upon the following Expedient. We made, of Experiments according.to the eafie dire&ion * elfewhere given, | Philojpy (for other, purpofes,).a competent quantity of a: | Refine or Gammous fubltance, that looked like high colo | I - Surface when contiguous to other Fluids than Airy ‘Aimber, but was eafie to melt. This we put into a deep-round 6lafs with a wide mouth, and held it by the fire-fide in a mode-. Yate warmth,till it was brought into a fluid {tate ; then we tranf- fer'dit into one of our Paeamatical Receivers, where we pre- . funrd, that this Temporary Liquor would, as well as Liquors that are conftantly füch, difclofe Aereal bubbles, when the pref- fure of the Air was withdrawn from it ; and-accordingly ha» ving caufed the Air to be pumpt out by degrees, we found, that ftore of Bubbles appear'd at the top of the Liquor, and made there a copious Froth , many of them being, by reafonof the. vifcofíty of the Fluid, very large, and divers of them, becaufe of the Nature and Texture of it and the Thinnefs of the films, being adorn’d with the colours of the Raigzom, whofe vividnefs made them pleafant. to behold,and fuggefted to Us fome Optical Confiderations. But notwithftanding this Froth, I caufed the pumping to be continued, that thofe Bubb'es that had moft of — common Air in them, and which therefore are wont to rife firft; might get to the top, and the fubfequent Bubbles miphe meet with more refiftance from the Liquor ftill tending to grow cold,and fo might be the more expanded , and yet kept from emerging by the concretion of the Refisous fubftance; and ane fwerably to this we found, that, when this Subflance had refus — med its confiftent form, there were intercepted,between theup- per and the lower [surfaces of it, fome Bubbles that were not finall, which yet. had a confiderable Refle&tion, notwithftanding : the final! quantity of the groffer Particles of the Air, that may be fuppofed to be. contained in Bubbles fo very much expand: ed, (perhaps fo, as to. exceed fome hundreds of times their former Dimenfions.) I might add, that by letting the outward Air intothe Receiver, the Air. in divers of the formerly menti- on'd large Bubbles, at the top of the Glafs, was too much rarie. - fied to keep them from being. broken by: the preffure of the returning Air, But Iam fen(ible, that, in what L have faid of - the Refle&ive power of the-Air, I have already too far digref- - fed, and therefore I fhall ftepintothe way again, and proceed to other Obfervations. . * Water being fo confiderable a Body bere below, 1 thought; i wort ile, to endeavour eitS would be worth while, to endeavour to obferve its ExpXVIE “sis = wr and, if it were poflible, when furrounded by them. For though > "tistaken for granted; chat the falling dropsof Raisare Hecate . cal, yettheir defcent is fo fwift, bothby reafon of their Grae _vity intefpe& of the Air, and the height from whence they fall, that I fear men have rather fuppofed than obferved that. . their figure is Spherical; which will be the more queftionable, if icbe true, whichis vulgarly thought, that Ha] is but Rais frozen in its paffage through the Air. For ’tis evident,that the grains of Hailare frequently of other figures than truly orbi- cular. But becaufe there may another poffible Accouut be gi- ven of this Irregular Figuration of Ha, I fhall not infift on - this Phenomenon , but proceed to what I tried about the Surface of Water; of which I found it the more difficult to make Obfervations, becaufe that Liquor will readily mingle -both with Spirit of Wine and with O#l of Tartar ,and with other Liquors that are analogous to either of thefe. | i The Sarface of Water may have differing Figures, according .as'tis totally incompaffed with heterogeneous fluids, or, as "tis only in. fome places contiguous to one or more of JExpXVHI.. them. Intheformer cafe we found it nor fo eafie to “wake an Obfervation, both becaufe, that, as T lately noted, we know not of any two Liquors(fetting Mercury afide) that will not mingle either with one another, or with water. And becaufe alfoour O# of Guajacum ic felf, though hea- vier than Water, would not be ferviceable on this occafion , in : regard of itsbeing of fo deepa Red, that the figure of the ‘Water inclofed in it could not be difcerned through it ; where: fore I made ufe of Chymical O#/ of Cloves, as being fome- what, aud but a little, heavier in Specie chan Water , fo that fome drops or fmaller portions ef this laft nam'd- Liquor — would be alinoft quite inviron'd with thé other: We cautioufly - therefore conveyed into fome Oil of ‘Cloves , whofe furface the - Veffel permitted to be large enough, fome portions of common . Water cf differing bigneffes , taking care, as faras we could, that they:might not touch one another; by which means theOil being tranfparent, and yet fomewhat colour d , twas eafie to-— obferve, that the,fmaller portions of Water were fo near totally inviron'd with the Oil, that they were reduc'd into almoft perfe& globes thofe portions, that were fomewhat bigger, (as about twice the bignefs of a Pea,) would be ofa toute fomewhat approaching to that of an EJpfis (for “twas — ‘ . fame) ey... faine)) and thdfe’ portions ‘that were yet’ fomewhat fatger ; - though they feein'd to befünk alinoft torally beneath the Oil, yet they held to it by'a final! portion of themfelves, whofe far- . face vias eafily enough diftinguifhable from that of the Oil. Thefe- larger portions of immers'd Water, being almoft wholly i Invi- ron d with the other Liquor, were by ic reduc’d into around figure, which was ordinarily fomewhat Elliptical , but more de- prefs'd in chemiddlé than that figure requires, but all this is to te underftood of thofe portions of Water, that touched only the Oil and the Air: for thofe that touched one another without mingling , and much more thofe that adher'd more or lefs to the fidesof the Glafs, had their furfacestoo differingly and irregularly figur'd to be here: attempted. to be deferie- bed. | As for the Superficial figure of Water, contiguous, both above and beneath, to other Fisids , and laterally to fome Solid body," tis not fo eafie to be fure, whichof the Exp. XIX. contiguous Liquors is of moft force to determine the . figuration of their common fuferficies or Commi[fure. But ote ever | fhall relate, that, having into a flender Pipe of that fort that has been defcrib'd- before, put alittle OZ of Cloves, . and upon this fome O7/ of Turpentine, that fo the Water might both above and beneath be touched b heterogeneous Liquors, I obferv'd not the Oil of Cloves to be very ‘manifeftly cumid - at the top, nor the lower fürface 0f the O;] of Turpentine (for the upper was Concave) to be very Convex ; for fomewhat coz- vex it was, downwatds. And fromthis ‘twill be eafie to. «one | clude,the fiaure of mheC yindrica Bore of Water intercepted : | between thefetwo Oils. ^^ | That Agentor force, -whitever’ it be; that keeps. Liguors fluid, “does likewife, "whilft they. drefo, keep their farfaces ex- ceeding finooth, whetithéy are contiguous to the Airand other. Fluids. But becaufe 1 thought ir doubtful, whether eyen thofe- Liquors that are (a3 Men ufually fpeak). sattirally. fluid , I mean, et as are not e wl fo Au fufion , » eges in them by the- 1 agit, fo as to able che en A die UE ru. Vit ; ' us Ot ‘sate each S et a eS E fee Xl \~ Se MS ( 966 ) ; X thought it not amifs, in orderto the clearing of the- doubt, to make fome Trials with contiguous Ligwors , whereof one would continue fluid when the other had loft its fluidity. - | took then Ol of Annifeeds, thaw'd by a gentle. warmth, aud common Water, and having put them together in a conveni- ^ ently fhaped Glafs, they were fuffer’d to ftand in a Exp.XX. cold place till the Oil was coagulated ; which done, it was parted from the Water, and by the roughnefs of its fuperficies manifefted, as I expected, that,when its parts were no longer agitated and kept eafily difplaceable by the fübtile permeating matter, or whatever other Agent or Caufe it were, to which it owd its Fluidity, then the contiguous Water grew unable to infle&, or otherwife pace them after the manner requifite to conftitute a [mooth furface. And what hap- pen'd to that part of the Oils furface that was touch'd by the Water, happen'dalfo to that which was contiguous to the Air; fave that the afferity of the laft nam'd furface was differing from the other, which, whether 'twere an accidental or conftant — . Phenomenon, further Trial muft determine, But I have often — obferved, thatthe upper furface of Oz/ of Assifeeds, when — this Liquor comes to be coagulated by the cold Air, was far enough from being fmoorh, being varioufly afperated by many flaky particles, fome of which lay with their broad, and others with their edg’d, partsupwards. 5 05 ido An inequality and ruegedne[s of fuperficies Y have alfoob- ferv’din Water, when, having cover d it. with Chymical Qzof | jWuiper, and expos'd it in: very Cold weather, - ExpXXL though the Oil continued fluid, yet the Water, being — ~~ ftozen, had rio longer a fmooth faperficres, as whilftin — its liquid flare 'twas contiguous to the Oil. : And: rhe ‘like’ Ine- quality, or rather a greater, we obferved in the furfaceof Water — frozen, which had’Chymical Ozof. Turpentine fwiunming: over. it; yeta nolefs,if nota much greater,roughnefs may:be aften- times oblerved in the furfaces- of. divers Liquors, that abound. ürpriz d, to find in the: mornjng,a Cake: of. e ‘Ice, that was curioufly figur’d, being full of large flakes fhap'd almoft like thebroad blades of Daggers, but neatly fringed at theedges, But thatwhich ] chiefly-:mention thefe Figures for, is, that they feem to be as it were imboft, being both to the Eye _and the Touch rais’d above the Horizontal plain or level of the -other Ice. aed -^And here I muft not omit to take notice,that whereas in the . recited Experiments the rugged furface was produ- | . eedat the Confines of two heterogeneous and unfocia- Exp.XXII ble Liquors, I have fometimes obferved the like «m Phewomenon in one and the fame Liquor, and particularly, not long fince looking in Frofty weather on a Viol where I had long kept O?/ of Vitrio 1 perceived,that the Cold had redu- ced far the greateft pare of the Menfruum into a confiftent -Maís, whofe upper furface was very rugged and odly figured, - though it lay cover'd all over with a pretty deal of high co- lour’d Liquor, that was not frozen or coagulated , nor feenrd . difpofed to be fo,at leaft in that degree of Cold. —— "This brings into my mind , that not only Bodies, whichin | their Natural ftate (as “cis wont to be call'd)are fluid ; el - büt alfo fuoh, as, by the violence of thefire,are Exp-XXIII. | made to flow,may be conformable to fome naturally : |. Fluid bodies in their füperficial Figures. This may be ob ^ ferv'd inthebeft fort of what the Chymifts call Regulus Maret |- ffellatus, where the figure of a Star, ora figure fomewhat like - "that of the Decottion of Soot lately mention'd, will frequently appear imboft upon the upper fuper[icies of the Regulus; and. fucha'raisd Figure | think I can yet fhew you, on a Mafs of Regulus made of. Aptimosy without Mars, But if, tothofe two bodies, Gopper bealfo skilfully added, the Superficies will be oftentimes adorned with new Figures according to Circum- |. frances; though the moft ufual T took notice of was that of a . Net, that feem'd to cover the furface of the compounded Re- eles. But this isnot fo conftant, butthat I have by mea Mafs of a Conical figure, con(ifting of two very contiguous, but eafil y "fepárable,parts, whereof the lowermoft, which abounds more | Gn Metal, hath itsupper fürface cover'd with round protsberan- | £65, in fhape and bignefs not unlike to fall Pesfe cut in two; | "and tiefe are fo really imboft and elevated above the reft.of the | Japerficies, that the other part of the Cone , which is of a more EU C $N fcorious 0029098. fcorious Nature, has, in its lower fürfáce, which exa&ly fits the. upperof the Regulus, Cavities, for number, fhapeand bignefs, . anfwering to the protuberances: lately mention’d; which ar- gues, that the Regw/w cooled firft with thar inequality of fur-- face we have defcrib'd, and that the lighter and more R ecremen- titious fubftance, continuing longer fluid, had thereby oppor- tunity to accommodate it felf to the fuperficial Figureof the — Regulus, on which it firft lean’d, and was afterwards coagu- - lated: 5 i - So far of this Sequel at the prefent ;- what remains may be. ex- pected at the firft comveniency. qs vale An Account of two Books: 1. PALEOLOGIA CHRONIGA: A Chronological Account q of Ancient time: 1n Three parts; Didactical, Apodeiftical, — — Chronical. By Robert Cary, D.LL. Devon. London,1677,. — Ga fol. Mm DET d - 1^ He Defign of this elaborate Work feems to be, to deter- — B minetlie juft interval of Time betweenthe great Epecha — — of the Creation of the World, and that other of the Defiraifion — — ef Ferufalem by Titus Vefpafian , in order to the affigpment of — fuch particular Time, wherein Perfons and AGions of old had — their Exiftence. For the performance of which, the Learned Author divides this his Book into three main parts. - . EE ‘Inthe firft he treats not only of his Meafure in general, which: * is the Tear, and its partss butalfo of the fulias Year in pattie ——- ‘eular, by him efteem’d the fitteft for his Ufe: confidering it. —— both in it felf, and in relation toother the moft received kinds, —— for the reducing of them to this. Where comes-in the Juias. “Period, of which he difcourfes very fully; fhewing firf, How it is made up, viz. by the Multiplication of the Cycles of the. —— “San, Moon, and Indi&tion into one another, as 28 into 19, — and the produ& thereof into r$, which produces 7980, the — — Falian Period, fo called, becaufe accommodated to the Fulian Tear ; the ground whereof was taken from the Ancient Greek : Church, perfected and promoted in this later Age by fof. $a. dger's dexterity. Secondly, What the contrivance, gres , = E (* ms 19 the Cycle of the Moos, 15; of the Sua,1; of Indi&ion, 15 which three Cycles together will not be found inthe whole Or- der, other than the firft, So it may eafily appear,how the firft year after the Chri/tian Epocha was affected , the Cycle of the Moon,2 3 of the Sus, 10 ; of Indicf.4 : which three Characters belong to the 4714 year of the julian Period ; by the concur- rence of whieh three, this Year is difcriminated from all others. Whence it will be eafie to accord the Year of the 79//45 Pe- riod with any one of the Chriftian Epocha, by Addition or Sube traction: As (e.g.) the 603 Year preceding the Chriftian Epo- cha, if you fubtradt this number from 4714, the remainder, 4111, is the Year of the julian Period: Andif the Year be after Chrift, 1f chen you addto the number of the Year fo given 4713, as this year from Chrift’s Nativity 1676, you'l have it to be the 6389 of the Fulian Period, having forits cha- racters that of the Mooz,5 ; of the $us,5 ; of Indiif. 14: And - fo you havea ready way, by the help of this Period to deter- mine the Chara&ers belonging to any Year. — 5 "m —. Having fhew'd the Ufe of this Period, he adds the Method of reducingthe Years of other Reckonings to the Fulian Year, and to that of the Fulian Period; asthat of the e/£gyptian or JNaboza[Jarean 5. chat of the City of Rome; the Gracias and jewi[b Year,&c. TN / he In the fecond Part , are laid down the two Bafes of Chrono- graphy, viz. Aftronomical Obfervations, and Hiftorica! Tra- ‘dition; Of which the former may be looked upon ascertain and demon(lrative ; the /ater muft be diftinguifhed according to the Hiftorians, as they are with us more or lefs creditable, or more or lefs confonant with others of good credit. Here oc- curs firft, a Thefaurus of. Aftronomical Phenomena, ora Table of Eclipfes and other Celeffial Appearances, together with the ‘Time in which they were obferv'd, according to the Writings - — of Hiftorians and Mathematicians, by our Author fpecified. Next, Creditable Memorials of the Succeffion of Prices and Rulers, ferving to dire& thefe Inquiries, as-is that confiderable Aftronomical Canon deduced from JVabena[Jar; to. Antoninus ;Pigs, under whom Claud. Ptolomaeus , the famous evBoyptias pi 4 sN2 | -—. Mathe E flagrations, and other the like Deftru¢tions ; forafimuch , 1. C810) 4 wathematician, flourifhed. And forafmuch as among the mani- q fold great Events, which have bappen'd in the €ourfe of . Affairs, thofe that have been che Original or Eftablifhment of . ~ great Families, and Empires, and Cities, or the Extinétion and « Subduing of others; the Inftitution and Conftitution of Publick Conventions of People; great Inundations and Con- "a: — oat s ie " a EL nA Pr ^o ratio epe d) qu fay,as fome of thefe have been the occafion and ground of the received Epocha’s of Times our Author makes it part of his bufinefs here truly to ftate them: As that of 3Yalonaffar, of the . Olympiad Computation, of the Foundation of the City of Rome, of the Calippic Period, of the Years of the Seleucide, the Dionyfian, Tyriaw, and many more ; among which are feve- | ral Epoche of Time, antecedent to thofe juft now mention'd; —— as that of the Deftru&tion of Troy; the Floods of Ogsges and Deucalion; and beyond thefe, the Original of thofe Ancient Principalities of Scyeze, Argos and Athens. | And thefe being determined by our Author, he defcends to fome of thofe that are nearer hand ; and inthe firft place, to that Memorable Epocha, wherein all Chronologers, old and: new, doagree, whichis the Beginning of the Principality of . Cyrus, which was A4zz.1. Olympiad, 55, Whenceappearsthe —— true State of the Perfias Succeffion , from €yrus to Alexander, or from the taking of Babylon by the former, unto the taking. of the fame by the later. — Nexr, he paffes to the points of- — — Time belonging to Alex. «Magnus; then, to the Succeffion of the Ptolomaé , to the Death of €/eopatras. then, to the $yro-. Macedonian Succeffion, from Seleucus Nicanor to Antiochus Afiaticus, Fromthis Epocha, he tacks about, returning to the head of the Perfan Dignity under Cyrss , which head was Ar- . | baces's Revolt from the Affyriax Monarchy , here manifefted to. - - bea compleat Century of Years: before the common received Reckoning by Oympiads.. Andasa concurrent in time with , —— the Medes, he-doth in this place explicate the Lydian Succeffi- — — on. After which he exhibits the Babylonian Succeffion;beginning - at Nabona[Jar, unto the expugnation of Babylon by Cyrus, and the extermination of ‘Mabonddass And then, the A[[yriam Suc- ceffion from Belus.to. Sardanapalus.; which he clears fronOb- jeGtions, and efpecially amain.one of Bifhop Uber. Towhich he fübjoyns two other Lines-of, Succeflion precedent tothe- ——— P BM S e ~ - ^4 yn Ce " i , - ^ z A = (Ma. v b: - Arie out fubfequent onc of them to the other, fcil. of the - Chaldean and the Arabian : Where he notes the Extravagance - ef the Chaldean Reckoning. And fo our Author 1s at length got tip to the Head of the 4fa* Government, as far as Human Writerscouldguidehim, . MC italy. After this, he proceeds to the e/gyptzas Succe(lion, and ha- ving taxed the Vaunt of this Nation concerning their Antiqui- ty,ánd confider’d,what other Chronologers do deliver of their Succeffion, he gives us a perfect Scheme of their Chronology, . from Meses, to the Conqueft of eeypr by Alexander Mag- ~ Wisc | This done, he examines the Chineafian Succeffion in their feveral Families, as it is fhew'd by D. Ifaac Voffrss out of Mar- tinius y as alfo by Fob. INzesbofl ; arguing withal the credibility - thereof. we 1 ins | Having thus in many places of the World fearched out the _ Originals of Government, by following the Line of their Suc- | SE !T €eíTions ordine retrogrado ; he pafies in the aft place to furvey the Reckonings of the Holy Land, the Tews and Hebrews of — old Time, according to thofe Ancient Records,the H. Scriptures; that fo if he can obtain thisend of his labours, which is, to fee a good agreement between thefe fevera! Lines, vzz. of the Geatile Draughr;and of the 7ew/[5 protra&ion,men may fic - down well content therewith, as having mafter'd a matter of no finall importance. - Here then, he fhews a füre- (as he efteems it) connexion of Sacred and Profane Story in the firft year of Eoilmeredac ;- reprefents a Scheme of Concarrent Succeffions from JVabope- Jajfar to the death.of Alexander M; gives a trur ftate of the © ‘Babylonian Succeffion from Ewilmerodac to Darivs the Mede ; - expounds Daziels LXX Weeks in the next Literal fenfe, giving ~ withal, in due place, an Interpretation of the fame Week,inthe Myftical fenfe;makes the firft of Cyrus ot the Perfian Monarchy, —- _ the fame with that of the Tewi(b Redu&ion out of Babylon , e- fteeming that-asa-fecond Point of connexion of Sacred and Secular Hiftory... This done, he makes a digreffion to a fober _ inquiry touching the Bufinefs of the Great Synagogue in dige- ^ fting and compiling the Body of H. Scriptures of the Old Te- —— ftament, as by us received, To whichhe fubjoynsaSchemeof - High Priefts, fromthe Return of the Ba^ylonien. Captivity to.— - judge to be mofteffe&üal to recover and revive our Domeftic . - Trade,and to promote Real Improvementsall over Esg/4gdand - Wales.—The veft of this Letter is referved for the Tract of April, — shat the Reader may mot fail of variety, = 9 ovd j i be. "x * Vow Xu 5M M ( E d J Y " +. 2. | C 821.) | Qbévvatins commiiicated to the Pubh(bor by My. Antony van. - bubeewenhoeck) 2» aDoteh Letter of the otbof O&ob. 1676, here Englifo d: Goncerning little Animals by him obferved in -. Rain- Welle Sea» and Snow- water ; as alfo in water wherein - Pepper bad lain infufed, — ; by N the year 167 5:l difcover'd living creatures in Rain water, - I which had ftood but few days in a new.earthen pot, glafed — blew within, This invited me to view this water with great ate tention,efpecially thofe little animals appearingto me tenthou«. fand times lefs than thofe reprefented by Monf. Swamerdam, © and by him called Water-fleas ov Water-lice, which may be per- ceived in the water with the naked eye; | — Ehe fizff fort by me difcover'd in the faid water, I divers times obferved to confilt of 5, 6,7, or 8 clear globuls, without being able to difcern any film that held them together, or con- tained them. When thefe smimalcula or living. Atoms did move, they put forth two little horns,continually moving themfelves: The place between thefe two horns wasflat, though the reft of — the body was roundifh,(harpninga little towards the end,where they hada tay], near four times the length of the whole body,of - the thicknefs (by my Microfcope) ofa Spiders-web; at theend of which appear'd a globul,of che bignefs of one of thofe which — - made up the body; which tayl 1 could not perceive,even in ve- ry clear water, to be mov'd by them. Thefe little creatures, if they chanced to light upon the lea(t filament or ftring,or other | fuch particle; of which there are many in water,efpecially after it hath flood fome days, they (took intangied therein,extending | their body ina long round, and ftriving to dif-intangle their - tayl 5 whereby it came to pais, that their wholebodyleptback . | towards the globul of the tay!, which then rolled together Ser- pent-like, and after the manner of Copper- or Iron-wire that having been wound abouta ftick, and unwound again, retains thofe windings and turnings. This motion of extenfion and contraction continued a while; and I have feen feveral hun- - dreds of thefe poor little creatures, within the fpace of a grain of profs fand, lye faft clufter'd together ina few filaments, -. I alfo difcover'd a fecosd fort, the figure of which was oval; and I imagined their head to fland on the fharp end. Thefe were ———— —À | alittle bigger than the former. The inferior part of their body | is flat, furnifhed with divers incredibly thin feet, which moved | ERIS jaw PERMET. J very (822) . | 3 very nimbly, and which I was not able to difcern till after fevez ral Obfervations, The upper part of the body was round,and had within, 8, 10, or 12 globuls, where they were very clear. Thefe little Animals did fometimes change their figure into a perfect round, efpecially when they came to lye on any dry - place. Their body wasalfo very flexible ; foras foon as they hit againft any the finalleft fibre or ftring, their body was bent in, which bending prefently alfo yerked out again. When puc any of them ona dry place,I obferv’d,that changing themfelves intoa round, their body was raifed pyramidal-wife with an extant point in the middle, and having lain thusa little while — with a motion of their feet, they burft afunder, and the globuls were prefently diffus'd and diffipated, fo that I could not dif- cern theleaft thing of any film,inwhich the globuls had doubtlefs been inclofed: And at thistime of their burfting afunder I wasa- — ble to difcover more globuls than when they were alive. But then obferv'd a third fort of little Animals, that were twice as long as broad, and to my eye yet eight timesfmaller — than the firft, Yet for all this; I thought I difcern’d little — feet, whereby they moved very briskly, both in a round and- — ftreight line. - Fus | | There was further, a fourth fort, which were fo fall, that I. — was not able to give them any figure atall. Thefe wereathou- | fand times fmaller than the eye ofa big Loufe: For I judge, the axis of the eye of fucha Loufe to be more than ten times as long as the axis of any of the faid little creatures. Thefe exceeded - all the former in celerity. I have often obferv'd them to ftand ftill as 'twere upona point,and then turn themfelves about with that fwiftnefs, as we feea Topturn round, thecircumference they — made being no bigger than that of a fmall grain of Sand ; and then extending themfelves ftreight forward , and by and by ly-- — ing in a bending pofture. 3 | RS oc ee I difcover'd alfo feveral other forts of Animals, but thefe | were very big refpeGively;of which I intend not to fpeak here; only this,that they were generally made up of füch foft parts , - as the former,they burftingafünder a$ foon as they cametowant - water. .- Obferv.1T, s E a The 26. May, it rained hard ; the rain growing lefs, I caufed ~ .. fome of that Rain-water, running down from the houfe-top, to - be gather'd in a clean Glafs, after it had been wafhed two or — three . | ( 823 ) three times with the water, And in this! obfetv'd fome few very little living creatures,and feeing them, T thought they might have been produced in the leaden-gutters in fome water,that had there remain'd before. OZferv.llI. On the fame day, the Rain continuing, I took a great Porce- ~ Jain-difh, and expofed it to the free Air upona wooden veffel, abouta foot and a half high, that fo no earthy parts, from the falling of the Rain-water upon that place, might be fpatter’d or dafhed into the faid difh. With the firft water that fell into the difh, I wafhed it very clean, and then flung the water away, and receiv'd fref into it, but cou! J difcern no living creatures therein; only I faw tnany irregular cerreftrial parts in the fame, "The 30.0f May,after I had,ever (ince the 2625,0bferv'd every day twice or thrice the fame Rain-water,! now difcover'd fome, yet very few,exceeding little Animals, which were very clear. . The 31th of May, perceived in the fame water more of thofe Animals,as alfo fome that were fomewhat bigger. And I imagine, that many thoufandsof thefe little Creatures do not equal an ordinary grain of Sand in bignefs: And comparing them with a Cheefe-mite (which may be feento move with the naked eye) T make the proportion of one of thefe fimall Water-creatures to a Cheefe-mite, tobe like that of a Bee to a Horfe: For,the cir- cumference of one of thefe little Animals in water, is not fo big as che thicknefs of a hair in a Cheefe-mite | Obferv. IV. | Fane oth, having received, early in the morning, fome Rain-.— water in a difh,as before,and poured it into a very clean Wine- - glafs, and expofed it about 8 of the clock in tke morning to the Air,about the height of che third ftory ofmy houfe,to find, whe- |. *her the little Animals «ould appear the fooner inthe water , ;hus ftanding in the Air: | | Obferving the fame accordingly thetoz/ of Fune,1 imagin'd, :faw fome living creatures therein ; but becaufe they feem’d to be but very few in number, nor were plainly difcernab!e, 1 _ had no mind to trnft to this obfervation, — |. "The 1 r## of the fame month, feeing this water move in the 1 Glafs froma ftiff gale of wind (which hadblown for 36 hours | without intermiffion, accompanied witha cold , that I could |. very well endure my Winter-cloaths,) I did not thin&,I fhould |- then perceive any living creatures therein; yet viewing it at» Ó- TA Orr tentively | | | ( 824 ) | : Gee I did, with admiration, obferve a thoufand of them in one drop of water, which were. of the fmalleft fort, that I had feen hitherto, | The 12th of Fune,the wind Mie at weft,the Sun fhining with — interloping clouds,! viewed the fame Raip water,and found the - fore: mention'd little Animals fo plentifully in the water which I took up from the fürfice,that one or two thoufand in one fin- ele drop did not make up their number, | The 13th of the fame month, viewing the fame water again, I found, befides the Animals already noted, a fortof creatures, 7) that were eight times as big as they, of almoft a round figure: And as thofe very fuall apimalcula did fwim gently among one another, moving like as Gnats do in the Air ; fo did thefe big- ger ones move far more f'wiftly, tumbling round as gere, and then makinga fudden downfall. The ra4th of Fune | did find thefe. very little creatures in no fmaller number. The 16:5, I faw themas before; and this wa- — | | ter, which had been, in all, ; ofa pint, being now morethan half 7} dryed up, I flung it away. Obferv.N, | The 9£bof Tage; put of the fame Rain-water in a very cian Wine-giafs in my Counter or Study; and viewing. the lame, I 1 | perceived no living creatures in it. Note,that my Study ftands toward the North eaft,in mylAnti- - — chamber, and is very clofe, joyned together with Wainfcor, haz — ving no other opening than one hole of an inch and a half bread, and 8 inches long, towards the ftreet furnifht with 4 windows, of which the two lowermoft open inwards, and by night are clofed with two wooden Shüts;fo that there comes inbut little Air from without, unlefs it be that J ufe a candle in making my Obfervations, in which cafe I lift up a little Cafement,that the | |. fteam of the candle may not offend me ; but yet drawing a Cur- : n tain at that time over almoft all the windows, C doe The roth of Fune,obferving the mentioned Rain- -water,which . now had ftood 24 hours in my ftudy, T noted fome few very ' fimall living creatures, in which, by reafon of their extream mi- 7 nutenefs, I could fée no figure, and among the reft I difcover'd | one that was fomew hat greater, of an oval figure, P Note that when I fay, I have view'd the water, I mean, that I 1 have view'd only 3,4,0f 5: drops ofthe ARIS REOR J alfo flung — away , : ! The P wem DEUS ¢ 825 ) The 11th of june, looking upon this water afrefh, I faw the faid little creatures again, but there were then but very few of | them. " - The r2;5, T faw them as theday before ; befides, I took no- tice ofone figured likeaMuffel-fhell,with its hollow- fidedown- wards, & it was of a length equal to the eye ofa loufe, - The 130, early, I difcover’d the extream fmall creatures in greater number, and among them I faw a bigger one, as I did be- fore. Inthe evening of the fame day I faw the fame very fmall infe&s again in no lefs number, taking notice, that the fame had . a tranfparent part ftanding out behind: | difcover'd alfo fome " Jittle animals which were fomewhat longer than an oval, and thefe were about fix times as big as the extream finall creatures: Their head, which run out fomew hat in length, they often drew - in,and then appear’d to be almoft round ! perceived alfo fome that were altogether round, and the axis of thefe was twice as long as that of the finalleft creatures. — Thefe two greater forts were very flexile, fo that their body did bend at the touch of the leaft and (ineft filament, | _ The 14 of Fune! perceived the oval infects in Wu plenty. The 16.I faw them in yet greater numbers; and they were flat beneath,and round above ; ; and befides,I noted very fall crea- tures, that were three times as long as they were broad: And di- vers other forts, too long to defcribe here. And in the evening of the fame day , | difcover'd little feet inthe fmall oval crea- - tures, which were many in number s as alfo a much bigger crea- ture of the fame figure, which was likewife furnifhed with legs, And here I gave over my Obfervarions as to this warer. Obfero,V ly The. I wth Bkrhis month of Fune i it rained very hard : tnd I | . catched fome of that Rain-water in anew du lain dith. which ~ had never been ufed before, but found no living creatures at all in it, but many terreftrial particles, and,among others, fuchas I thought.came from the fmoak of Smiths:coals, and fome thin thrids, ten times thinner than the thrid of a Silk-worm, which feem’d to be made up of globuls ; and where they lay thick up- on one another, they had a green colour. The 2676, having been eight days ou: of Town, and kept my Study (hut up clofe,whenIwas come home and did view the faid 1 Fates I BC feveral animaleula, that were very fmall. And: 5 Q2 x | here= C 826: y herewith I defifted from making at thís time any farther Ob. fervations of Rain-water, Mean time, this Town of Delft being very rich in water,and we receiving from the River of Maafe fcefh water , which ma- keth oür water very good; I viewed this water divers times, - and faw extream finall creatures in it,of different kinds and co- jours; and even fo fmall, that I could very bardiy difcern their figures : But fome were much bigger, the defcribing of whofe motion and fhape would be too tedious: This only { muft men- - tion here, that the number of them in this water was far lefs than that of chofe, found in Rain-water; for if I faw a matter of 25 of | them in one drop of this Town. water, that wasmuch.- In the open Court of my houfe I have a well, which is about 15 foot deep, before one comes to the water. I t is encompaffed with high walls,fo that the Sun,though in Cancer yet can hardly - fhinemuch uponit, This water comes out of the ground, which is fandy, with fuch a power, that when [ have laboured to empty the well, I could not fo do it but there remained ever a foots depth of water init. This water is in Summer time fo cold, that you cannot poffibly endure your hand in it for any reafonable fime. Not thinkingat all to meet with any living creatures in it, (it being of a good tafte and clear ) looking upon it in Sept. of the laft year, | difcover'din it a great number of living ani- . thals very. ftnall, that were exceeding clear, and a little: bigger than the fmalíeft of allthat I ever faw ; and I think, that in a. grain. weight of this water there was above 500 of thofe crea- tures, which were very quiet and without motion. 3 : Inthe Winter I perceived none of thefe little animals,nor have I feen any of them this year before the month of 7sly, and then they appear'd not very numerous, but. in the month of Auguf Y faw them in great plenty. - july 27. 1676. I went to the Sea-fide, at Schvvelingen > the Jg wind coming from Sea witha very warm Sun-fbine ; and view- ing fome of the Sea-water very attentively, I difcover’ddivers : living animalstherein. Igavetoaman, that wentinto the Sea. — to wafh-himfelf, a new Glafs-bottle, bought on purpofe for that — end, intreating him, that being. on the Sea,he would firft wafhit well twiceor thrice, and then fill it full of the Sea-waterswhich: : defire of mine having been complied with, I tyed the bottle — clofe with a clean bladder,and coming home, and vient r t4 aw | LM U I | m ij! ( 827 ) inita litcleanimal that was blackih, looking as if it had been madeupof twoglobuls. This creature had. a peculiar motion, after the manner as when we feea very little flea leaping upon _ a white paper; fo that ic might very well be called a Water-fleas - but it was by far not fo greatas the eye of that little animal, which Dr. Swammerdam calis the Water-flea. I alfo difcovered little creatures therein, that were clear, of the famefize with the — former animal which I firft obferved in this water, but of ano- - val figure, whofe motion was Serpent-like, I took further noe tice ofa third forr,which were very flow in their motion: Their ~ body was ofa Moufe-colour, clear towards the oval-point ; and before the head,and behind the body there (tood out a fharp lit- le point angle-wife. This fort was a littlebigger, But there was. - yeta fourth fort fomewhat longer than ovai. Yet of all thefe - forts there were but a few of each, fo that in a drop of water I . could fee fometimes but three or four, fometimes but one. uly 3 r.after Thad from the 27.0fthis month viewed this wa- - ter every day,but perceived no little animals in it,lookingup- - on it now,I faw an roo, where before [ had feen but one; but — thefe were of an other figure, and not only leffer, but they were alfo very clear, and of an oblong oval figure, only with this dif- ference,that me thought their heads ended fharper: And although they were a choufand times finaller thana finall grain of fand,yet I difcern'd, that when they lay out of the waterina dry place, . that they burit in pieces & fpred into 3 or 4 very little globuls, . and into fome aqueous matter, without my being able to difeern - any other parts in them, — | The 2d and 4th of Auguft I faw many of the aforefaid-fmall ae - nimals: but the 6¢4 and 875,T did not by far perceive fo many - of chem as before, And thofe few ones I faw the 8tb,werefo very — final,chat even by my Microfcope they were hardly difcernible, Obfervations of water, wherein whole Pepper bad layn infufed — feveral dapes. — d | 1.Having feveral times endeavoured to difcover the caufe of the pungency of Pepper upon our tongue,and that the rather,bee caufe it hath been found, that though Pepper had lain a whole year in vinegar, yet it retained {tillits pungency ; I did puta». - bout = of an ounce of whole pepper in water , placing it inmy Study, with this defign, that the pepper being thereby rendred -foft; I might be enabled che better to.obferve what I propofed | riu to - ( 828 5. - tomy felf. This pepper ie lain about 3 3 weeks inthe water, to which I had twice added fome Snow-water , the other water being in great part exhaled ; I looked upon it the 24.0f April, -1676.and difcern’d init,to my great wonder,an incredible num- ber of little animals,of divers. kinds ; and among the reft, fome that were 3 or 4 times as long as broad ; but their whole thick- nefs did, in my eftimation, not much exceed that of the hair of a Loufe. They hada very pretty motion,often tumbling about and fideways ; and when J let the water run off from them, they curnedasround as a Top, and at firft their body changed into anoval,and afterwards, when the circular motion ceafed, they | returned to their former lengih. The 24 fort of creatures,difcover'd inthis water, were of a | perfed oval figure,and they had no lefs pleafing or nimble àmo-- tion than the former; and thefe were in far greater numbers. And there was a 34 fort,which exceeded the two former in number; and thefe had tails alfo, like thofe I bad formerly obfervd in Rain-water. | The Ath fort of creatures, which moved through the 3 former . .. forts, were incredibly fimall, and fo finall in my eye,that I judg- ed thatif 100 of them lay one by another,they would notequal the Jength of a grain of courfe Sand 5 and according to this efti- mate, ten hundred thoufand of ther cou d not cane the dimen- fions of a grain of fuch courfe Sand. There was difcover’d by me a fifth fort, which had near the - thicknefs of the former, but they were almoft twice as long. 2. The 26th. of april, [took 2:ounces of Snow- water, which — was about three yearsold, and which had ftood either in ny i Cellar or Study ina Glafs-bottle well ftopped.In it I could dif- cover no living creatures: And having poured fome of it into — | a Porcelain Thea-cup,I put therein half an ounce of whole pep- | per,and fo placed it in my. Study. Obferving it daily until the 34 of May,I could never difcover any living thing in it;and. — by this time the water was fo far evaporated, and imbibed-.by — . the pepper, that fome of the pepper-corns began to lye dry. This water was now very thick ofodd particles;and thenTpous — red more Snow-water to the pepper, until the: ‘peppercorns —— were cover'd with water half an inch high. Yun ponviewing .- it again the fourth and fifth of eMay,! foundao living creatures — init; but the fixtb,[ did very many, andthofe exceeding finall |) ones, . M | C 829 ) dileal @Hioke bod y feed to me twice as long as broad; ik they moved very flowly,and oftenrcund-ways. ^ ' . t ^ The 35:5, L faw them yet infar greater numbers. —— The 16/1 put more Snow-water to the pepper, becaufe the former was again fo exhaled, that the pepper-corns began to be dry again. | : * The 13thand 1 415,1 rw thes little creatures as before but the18zA,the water was again fo dryed away,that it made me «Bor on more of it. And the 23:5, I difcover'd, befides the aforefaid licc]e animals,another fort, that were perfedtly oval,and in figure f Cuckow- -egas, Me thought, the head of them ftood on the | fharpend: Their body did confift,within,of 10,r2,0r 14 glo. buls,which lay feparate from one another. When I put thefe azi- - malcula in a dry place,they then changed their body into a per- - fc& round,and often Eurft afunder, & the globuls,together with fome aqueous particles, fpred themfelves every where about, without my being able to difcern any other remains. Thefe glo- . buls,which in tbe burfting of thefe creatures did flow afunder here and there, were about tbe bignefs of che firft very finall - creatures. And though asyet I could not difcern any feet inthem, yet me thought,they muft nceds be furnifhed with very many ,fe- ing that the fwalleft creatures "which I faid before to be very plentiful inthis water, and lay fometimes more than an 100 of | them onone ofthe: oval creatures, were by the motion, made in |- the water by the great ones(t hovgh to my eye they feem’d to lye ftill) driven away by them , inthe manneras we blow away a feather from our mouth.Of the fame oval creatures I never could difcover any very little ones, how attentive foever I was to ob- ferve them, The 24¢h of May obferving thiswater again, I fiunt init the . oval littleanimals in a much greater abundance. And in theeven- ing of the fame day, I perceived: fo great a plenty of the fame oval ones, that ’tis noc one only thoufand which. «34 prenomensr | Jfaw in one drop; and ofthe very f finall ONES, fe= «fim of ihe filming | veral thoufands in one drop *. Ier wie she thor hath bed defived to acquaint us sith his method of obfaruing, that others may confirm fach Obfer. vations as thefe. . The 2s£5, I faw yet more oval creatures: And the 26:5, I found fo vafta plenty of thofe oval creatures, that I believe, there were more than 6 or 8000 in one drop ; befides the abundance - ofthofe very little animals, mee, number was yet far sch js his (9) © This watér I took from the very furface but when I took up . any from beneath,I found that not fo full of them by far,Obferv- . ing,that thefe creatures did augment into vaft numbers, but not being able to fee them increafe in bignefs,I began to think whe- . ther they might not in a moment, as 'twere,be compofed or put together: Butthisípeculation I leave to others, — | "[he26tb of May at night,l difcern'd almoft none of the lic- - tle creatures, but faw fome with tayls, of which I have fpoken heretofore,to have feen them in Rain-water: But there drove in thewater throughout an infinity of little particles, like very thin hair,only with this difference, that fome of them were bent. The 2 7#h 1 perceived none at all of the little animals, but great number of thebigger. The 2875, all forts of chofe living creatures in this peppery water were grown thinner But the 30th, I faw very few living creatures in the water,and where I now faw but one, {had fome days ago feena hundred. And by this. time the water was fo dryed away, that the pepper began to lye bare, Andthen I fill'd my Thea-difh with Snow-water again. "fune 1. che living creatures appear d again in fo great abun- dance,as I had ever feen before;but,as to thofe very fmall ones,I cannot fay that I faw them. Thofe Lfaw,I could nowdifcern to be furnifh’t with very thin legs, which was very pleafant to behold. Thefame day I difcover'd a few of the very fmall creatures, which werealmoft 8 times as big as the fialleft of all. Thefe had fuch a fwift motion through the others, that "tisincredible Thoíe bigger animals,that were about 8 times finaller than the eye of a - Loufe, were in no fmaller number. ot thee : 3. Maythe 2 6tb,l took about of an ounce of whole pepper and having pounded it fmall, ] put it intoa Thea-cup with 2: ounces of Rain-water uponit,ftirring it about, the better to . | mingle the pepper with it, and then fuffering the pepper co fall. ^ to the bottom. After it had fo ftood an hour or two,! took fome of the water,before fpoken of,wherein the whole pepperlay,and . wherein were fo many feveral forts of little animals ; and ming-.— led it with this water,wherein the pounded pepper had lainan | hour or two,and obferved;that, when there was much of the wa- ter of the pounded pepper, with that other,the faid animalsfoon — died, but when litcle, they remainedalive. — . M Fune 2.in the morning,after I had made divers Obfervations | fince the 2675 of May,\ could not difcover any living thing, but — | Mer ad | | ( 931) faw fome creatures, which tho they had the figures of little a~ _ nimals, yet could I perceive no life in them, how attentiv ely foever I beheld them, Fr rui : The fame day at night, about Ita clock, I difcover'd Aen few living creatures: But the 34 of Fwne I obferved many more — which were very fmall,but 2 or 3 timesas broadas long. This water rofe in bubbles, like fermenting beer. : The 4t4 of fuse in the morning I faw great abundance of li- ving creatures; and looking again in the afternoon of the fame — day, I found great plenty of them inone drop of that water, which were no lefs than 8 or roooo,and they looked to my eye, through theMicrofcope,as common fand doth to the naked eye. - On the 5t4,I perceived, befides the many very fmall creatures, fome few (not above 8 or 10 in one drop) of an oval figure, ‘whereof fomeappear’d to be 7 or 8 times bigger than the reft. The 6¢4,:hofe animals were as before;but the 875, the oval a- nimals were increafed in number, fwiming among the faid very finall creatures; and now they were all very rear of one and the - fame bignefs. The 9z5,the oval creatures appear'd yet in greater numbers, but the very fmall ones,in lefs number; and now, ufing a particular method in obferving,! noted,tbat the feet, wherewith the animals were furnifh’c, did plainly move, & that with an in- credible fwiftnefs:And me thought,that now & then | faw,that the globuls, of which I faid that the greareft part of their body ‘was made up, were not perfeétly round , ‘but thatevery oneof - them had a prominent point, Thefe creatures were, to my eye, eight times finaller than the eye ofa Loufe. | Some new Obfervations made by Sig. Caffini and deliver'd in the “Journal des Scavans, concerning the two Planets about Saturn.for- merly di[cover' d by the fame, as appears in N. 92 of thefe Tracts. Ne of thefe 2 Planets , which is diftant from the Center of Satur 1o diameters anda half of his Ring,maketh his re- vo'ution about Saturz in 80 days. He was difcover'd at the Pa- ‘rifian Obfervatory, 4.1671, about the end of Ocz.and in the be- ginning of Nov. in his greateft Occidental digreffion, and after many cloudy days he ceafed to appear, fora reafon which was ‘then unknown,but hath been difcover'd fince. For,after that ma- ny revolutions of this fmall Planet had been obferv'd, he was found to have a period of apparentAugmentation&Diminution, | "by which period he becomes vifible in his greateft Occsdental digreffion,and invifib'e in his greateft Oriental digreffion. It is certain, that this viciffitude of Augmentation and Di- | SUR minution, ( 932 ) | minution,of appearing and difappearing,doth not befall him up- on the account & by reafon of the variation ofhis Diftance from . the Earth and fromthe Sun: For, befides that in one revolution of this Planet about Saturn, he saris not the hundredth part of his diftance;his moft fenfible diminution appears then, when be- ing in the upper part of his circle he defcends towards the low-- er part, approaching to the Sunand the Earth. — ?Tisalfo certain,tbat chis viciffitude doth not befall him from the different expofition.of this Star to the Earth and to the Sun, - asit comesto pafs in theincreafe and decreafe of the Moon for- afinuch as in this great diflance he is always expofed to the Earth and the Sun;as the Glgbe of Saturn himfelf, whom we al- ways fee full of light 5. without a fenfible difference between the Oppofitions and the Quadratures, But it feems, that one part of his furface is not fo capable of refledting to.usthe light of he Sun which maketh it vifible,as the other part is. Whence we may conjecture,that the Globe of this Satellit hath fome diverfity of parts analogous to that of the earth,the one part of whofe furface is cover'd by the Sea,which is not fo fit to refie& from all parts the light of the Sun, as the Continent which maketh up the other part: Sothat this Planet. — by.a converfion about hisAxis,or by an expofition of the fame — Hemifphere to Saturn(much after themanner ofthe Hemifphere — | of the Moon to the Earth, )fometimes turns to us the part analo- gous to theContinent,fomtims that part which anfwerstotheSea.. This viciffitude of phafes in this Planet was the caufe,tbathe - could not be found fince he was firft difcover'd in the year 1671, till the midft of Dez; 1672.5 after which time he difappeared once again until the beginning of Febr.1673 ; at which time,ba- | . ying been obferv’d 13 days fucceffively, he afforded usthe op- | portunity of determining the period of his motion. q Since that time, as often as Saturn kath been diffant enough. | from the Sun to enable one to difcern this Planet,he hath always. © been feen in all his Occidental Digreffions,and in the Conjun&i- ons withSaturn, which have fince happen’d with a great latitude, — as well: in the upper part of his circle asin the lower, & he could . never be feen in his Oriental digreffions,where he remains invifi- - ble in every revolution of 8o days fora whole month together. | | He. beginsthen to appear 2 or 3 days before his conjundion - in the inferior part, and to difappear 2 or 3) days after his con-- — jun&ion in the fuperior part. And fometimesafter he hath begun. | to difappear in-a Telefcope of 32 foot, he hath been fought for — with a.Telefcope of 45 foot, but in vain; The: "The fequel of the ONPEAN be hath cocus that the peri- _ - od of 80 days, which was yet fomewhat doubtful in the fecond -difcovery;is fufficiently juft, and that he doth not anticipate 9 revolutions,whieh are made in 2 years,but by one whole day;& that in the Conjun&ions with Saturn his Latitude augments ‘on . the oneand the other fide,according as the ring of Saturn enlarg- eth it felfsthough the line of his motion is not parallel to the cir- cumference ofthe ring: w^ was noted in the fir(t Obfervations. The other Planet,which was difcover'd about the end of the year 1672, hath his greateft digreffion from the Center of Saturn only t diameter and 2 thirds of his Ring, and the period of. his revolutionabout Saturnis 4 days and a half, but more precifely 4 days, 12 hours,& 27 min. His Latitude augments alfo accord- ing as the Ring enlargeth, and at the prefent that the largenefs of ‘the Ring is greater than the Diameter of the Globe of Saturn, he is to pafs in the Conjunctions without touching neither Saturn nor his Ring. Yet notwithftanding we have not yet been able to diftinguith him in the Conjunctions either inthe upper or low- er part of his circle; but only in his greateft,as weil Oriental as Occidental, digreffions. And this Satellit being alternately one day towards his conjun@ion, and the other day towards hisdi- greffion, he is ordinarily not fcen but every third day,and rare- ly 2 days together, when it falls out that at the hour of Obferva- tion he is inthe middle betwixt the conjun@ion and digreffion. Laftly,the apparent magnitude of thefe Planets is fo little, that pofterity will have caufe to wonder, that their difcovery was begun by a Glafs of 17 foot. And forafinuch as we have endeavour'd wit iih the fame atten- tion and care to obferve, whether there be not the like Planets a- - bout Venus and Mars, and have not been-able to find any, even ' then when their diftance from the Earth was 20 or 30 times lefs than that of Saturn, it may thence be concluded, that Vewwe and Mars have no Satellits, whofe furface enlighten’ d by the Sunand expofed to the Barth is not 20 or 30 times lefs than that of the two Satellits of Saturn, and lefs capable of OH the light of the Sun. | | An Account of Jome Books : | | l PHA RMACOPOEIA Colleg?à Regalis Lond. A.1 67 3 28 foi. 478 ^ His new Edition,reviewed by the Royal Colledge of the Learned Phyfitians of Londoz,hath thefe confiderable ad- ; vantages over the former, that great care hath been taken, not « only to corredt the many Typographical faults committed in the eR 2 | former | | ( 3834. ) : former Editions,but alfo to expunge feveral prefcripts conceiv- ed to be now ufelefs, and to fubftitute in their room a good number of others, found acceptab'e and uferul by experience, .bothas to theChymical andGalenical Preparationsstending very much to the fuller inftru&ion of the Apothecaries,& confequent- ly to the great benefit of thofe that areto be ferv'd by them. IL. Catalogus PLANTARUM ANGLE, & lnfalarum adja centium, tum Indigenas, tum in agris paffim cultas complectens, — (Ce. Edit, fecunda 5 eperá Johannis Raii, M. 4 ? Soc, Regia ; - Lond.impenfis J. Martyn. Reg,Soc. T» poor.ad infigne Campana in Cemeterio D, Vauli, 1677.49 8°. EV N this fecogd Edition the Accurate and Learned Author hath [pret ented the Curious with a confiderable number of Plants . pot contained in the firft; which do amount to about 46; fome of which were forgotten in the formerEdition,fome were newly found out by him, Befides that,here are to be met with nota few ufeful Obfervations, which the Author bath partly lighted upon - inhis reading fince, partly received by the communication of his friends, Compare(if you pleafe) what was faid of the firft E- dition of this Catalogue in /V,63 of thefe Tra£ts; publifh'd 1670. in September. | III. Aero Chalinos,or, A Regifler for the Air eic. By Nathan.Hen- fhaw M. D. Fellow of the R. Society, London, 167 7 in 12°. His alfo isa fecond Edition; which we cannot forbear to give fome account of now,confidering the ingeniofity and ufefulnefs of the difcourfe therein contained, which was,! know . not how, paffed over in the firft Edition. The Traé then contains s Chaprers ; the 1/f is of Fermenta: tion; the 24,0f Chylification; the 34, of Refpiration; the 4th, of — | Sanguification; the sz/,of the Salubrity of frequent changing of Air ; together with a difcovery of a new Method of doing it, without removing from one place to another, by means of an Air- Chamber fitted co that purpofe. | " But the main thing, here undertaken by the Learn'd Author,is, that having confidered the Air to be of fome very general ufe, and proved great quantity of Air in all mixed bodies, as alfo that the Air of a!l fimple bodies, is capable of Dilatation or Conftri&ion(or Rarity and Denfity) by being:ore or lefsmo- | ved by the prefence or abfence , the nearnefs or remotenefsof | the Sun,he enquireth, Whether all Fermentation may not bere- — . duced to this fimple motion of the Air, and doth not depend on i it,as Ona general caufe. Inthe making out of which, if hehave — ~ not im ( 835 ) not failed, he thinks it will be no difficult matter, to reduce all . other motions in the world to that of Fermentation, and proba- bly to refolve many hard Queftions , not as yet fo rightly de« termined. But becaufe Contemplations of this kind are,in cheir Own nature, very unprofitable, ifnot reducible to pradtife ; the Author hath endeavour d to apply the fame to the Cure and ~ Prevention of moft Difeafes. 1V..A Poilofophical E[fay of MUSICK : London, printed for J, Martyn, Printer tothe R. Society, at the Bellin St. Pau’ $ Church yard, 1677. 48 4°. gy ^HisAuthor's defign being to explain the Nature Mus B. he begins to inquire into the caufe of Soand: In order whereuato, he confiders fome of the chief phenomena of Sound,as 1.that it may be produced, according to him, i inthe Torricellian - vacuity:2.thatit caufes motion in Solid bodies and is diminifh- ed by the interpofition of fulid bodies: 3. that if the bodies in- terpofed are very thick,its paffage is whol:y obftruded: 4. that it feems to come to the Ear in [trait lines v hen the obje& ts fo fcituated that it cannot come in a {trait lineto theear: s. that when the Air is no: in motion, its extent is (pherical ; and when ‘there is a wind, the /phere is enlarged on that part, to which the wind b! ows, and diminifhed on the contrary part: 6.that it arrives not to the ear in an inflant , but con(iderably flower than fight: 7. that it comes as quick sgainft the wind as with it, though not fo loud nor fo far, Hence he raifes the following Hy pothefis, He füppofes the Air,we breath in, to bea mixture of different minute bcdies which are of different forts and fizes, though all of them are fo final! as to efcape our fenfes : the groffer of them he makes Ela- ftical, and fuch asare refilled by folid bodies,a ltopether im- pervious to them: The fmaller parts pafs through folid bodies, tho not with that eafe butthat upon a fudden and violent fare of them,they (hock the parts of folid bodies that ftand in their way, and alfo the groffer parts of the Air. Laftly that there may be another degree of moft fubiile Ethereal parts, with which the interftices of thefe and all other bodies are repleat,which find freer paffage every where,and are capable of no compreffion,and confequently are the medium and caufeof the inmediate ccm- munication of Sight. Now, of thefe three, he efteems the middle fort to be the me- . dium dn Cof COE nnd, and that at any time, when the groffer Ait is driven off any fpace, and leaves it to be poffeft by thefe and ( 336 ) sand iilis idee fubtile bodies, si returns by its elaftiéity to its former place, then are thefe parts extruded with violence as - from the center of that place, and communicate their motion as - far as the found is heard, Or, when any folid body is moved witha fudden and violent motion, thefe parts muft be affected thereby: For,as thefe parts are fo much refifted by folid bodies as to fhock them; fo,onthe contrary, they muft needs be mo- ved by the fudden ftarting of folid bodies. So that (according to him)Seuzd may be caufed by the trem- ble of folid bodies without the prefence of groff Airjand alfoby the reftitution of grofs Air,when it hath been divided withany violence. Thus (faith he)we fee,that a Bell will found in the Tor- vicellian {pace: And , when the Airis divided withany fudden force,as by the end of aWbip having all the motion of the Whip contraéted in it, and by a fudden turn throwing off the Air; or by accenfion,as in Thunder and Guns ; or by any impreffion of force carrying it where other Air cannot fo forcibly follow, as . upon compreffing of Air in a bladder till it breaks, or in.a P'ot- gun 4 afüdden crack will. be caufed. | Having laid down this Hy pothefis,and left his Ride: tOap- - ply it to the afore-mentioned phenomena , he proceeds ro tbe -Difcourfe of Mafick it felfjand maketh it a confiderable part of his bufinefs to fhew, How this AGion that caufes Sound, isper- .- formed by the feveral Inftruments of Mafick ; having taught bis |. Reader, fi, What a Teze is, and that the Tones ufeful in Mufick are thofe withinthe Sca/e,in which they are placed as they bave relation to one another. Secondly, herein confifts that Relation of Tones & the union of mixt Sounds. Which done, he explains, how To#es are produced, and what affiftances are given to the Sound by lnfiruments.Where he teaches, that wherever a Body ftands upon a Spring that vibrates in equal Terms,fucha Body, : .put into motion,wil! produce a Teze, which will be inore grave | Or acute, according to the velocity of the returns: Wherefore. Ui Strings vibrating havea Towe according to the bignefs or Ten- | fion of them 5 and Bells that vibrate by crofs Ovals, produce “| Notes according to the bignefs of them, or the thicknefs of their fides; and fo doall other bodies, whofe fuperficies, being dif; placed by force, refults or comes back by a fpring which | carries it beyond its firft flation. And here;to makeit tobe un- | derftood,how every pulfe upon fuch vibrations caufes Sound, | our Author gives us to eonfider,that the grofs Air is thrown T aM by the violence of the motion, which continues fome momen'sof | — . time 4 37 time after the return of the vibrating Body ; ermine fome fpace mutt be left to the fubtil matter, which upon the refilition of the Air ftartsas from a Center ; which a&ion being the fame, by the Author fuppofed to be the cauife of thes er repeated upon every vibration. - Bute finding ic more difficult to no» how Tones are made by a Pipe, where there are no vifible vibrations; he confiders the Frame of a Pipe , andthe Motion of the Air in it, and thereby attemprs to find che Caufe of the Jone of a Pipe, and the pulfe that gives the Souzd: not omitting to explicatejhow Towes are made in Violins, Harpfecords and Dulcimers, To this he fübjoyns an ingenious Difcourfeof the Varying & — - Breaking of Tones, endeavouring to explain, how it is caufed - both in Strings and Pipes where occur divers pertinent Obfer- vations concerning the motion of Pesdulums, the Tr umpet Ma- fine, & the True Trumpet,asalfothe Sackbst, And having fhew'd, that Sowsd doth caufe a motion not only of folid bodies, but of the proffer parcs of Air within the Sphere of it; he confiders, that if the Air, which is moved by being inclofed , ftands upon fuch a degree. of refiftance to Compreffion, that it hath a Spring vibrating i in the fame meafure with the Sound that puts it into motion,there will be the fame effedt,as when 2 Strings are tuned in Unifon;that is,the motion wi ibe fo augmented by fucceed= ing regular pulfes, that the inclofed Air may be brought to ting; and producea Tome. Where he taketh notice of the advice of Vitruvius in his Archite&üre, importing, that in the ftru&ure of - a Theatre, there fhould be vafes or hollow pots of feveral fizes toanfwer all the Notes of Mufick piaced upon the Stage in fuch manner, that the voice of them which fang upon the Stage misht be augmented by the ringing of them : Vetruwiws mentioning di- - versantient Theaters, where fuch were, in ue of Braff, in. fome of Earth. —— After this, he defcends.to the conDdetation of the Nature of Keys in Mufick,and of a fingle Tuve3 which later,he faith,con- fits in the fucceedingNotes having a due relation to the preced- | ing,and carrying their proper emphafis by length, loudnefs and repetition, with variety that may be agreable to the hearer. Next,he treats of Schifmes and the Scale of Mufick ; fhewing that this Scale is not fet out by any determinate quantities of whole or half Notes, though the degrees are commonly fo called; but that the degrees in the Mufical Scale are fixed by the Ear in i thefe places, where the pulfes of the Tenes are coincident, with- gH out | 838 ) cut any cond to the e aod he endeavors to thew, how all the Notes come into the Scale by their Relation and Digni- ties; whence he thinks it will be obv.ous, why, for eafinefs of in- ftru&ion and convenience , the Scale of Degrees of Mufick is madeas Muficians now exhibit i it, : Having difpatched that work, he proceeds to Mufick that confifts of feveral parts in Confort, which is made up of Harmo- ny,Formality and Conformity. Of which, Harmony is the grateful found produced by the joyning of fevefal Tones in chord to . oneanother: PFermality requires, that the cen Notes be - _agreable to the formers and Conformity will,that cach part have thelike tendency to the fucceeding Notes. Laftly, he fpeaks of Time or the meafures of Mufick; the due obfervance of which is grateful for the fame reafon given for the Formality of a fingle Tame,becaufe the fubfequent ftrokes are meafured by the memory of the former,and if they do compre- hend them, or are comprehended by them, it is alike pleafant ; the mind cannot chufe but compare one with the other,and ob- ferve when the ftrokes are coincident with the memory of the former. Whence it is, that, the lefs the intervals are, the more grateful is the meafure, becaufe it iseafily & exactly reprefent- — | ed by the memory ; ; wheieasa long fpace of time that cannot be- | comprehended in one thought, is not retain'd in the memory ip - its exact meafure, nor can abide the comparifon, the time paft beingalways heres by fo much as itis removed from the cime . prefent. - | The whole is conc! ie by two Obfervations, by which: we j fhall likewife conclude this Account: 1.Thatit plainly appears | by the Difcourfe of this Trad, how Mufick comes to be fo copie. — ous; for,confidering the fpecies of keys,the number of them,the variety of Chords,the allowable mixing of Difcorde, the divers fity of meafure ; it is not tobe wondred at, that it fhould, | Ke. Language, afford toevery Age, every Nation, nay,every Perfon, © particular ftiles and modes. 2. That it appears likewife, thac | Tones or eModes of Mufick in ancient time could not beofother | kinds thanare now,fince there can be noother in nature. Where- - | fore the great effcüs it then had,if truly related, muft be imputed — tothe rarity of it,and the barbarity of the people, who arenot | tranfported with any thing after it become commonto them. | 1 eJMarch 29. - Imprimatur, 1677. BROUNCKER, P. R. 5.3 London, Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the R. Society, 1677. — E 1 ( 339 ) Num, 134, PHILOSOPHICAL ^^ TRANSACTIONS. fs aie T. April 23. 1677. The CONTENTS. ‘A Letter of Dr. Wallis, concerning a. new eJMufical Difcovery: | _ An Improvement of the Bononian Stone, fhining inthe dark, Extra of a Letter out of Scotland, concerning a man of a |o flrange Imitating nature;as alfo of feveral human calculus's, of - an unufual bignefs. Mr.Leewenhoecks Letter, giving [ome ace .— €ount of the manner of bis obferving fo vaft a number of live In- fects in feveral forts of water, as was fald in the next foregoing | Tract. A Gontinuation of tbe Hovtulan and Rural. Advertife- - ments, formerly promifed. A Letter of eMonfieur Hevelius, delivering his Obfervations , made for feveral years together, concerning three New Stars. An Account of two Books: I. Traité dela PERCUSSION oa CHOQD des CORPS; par Monfieur Mariotte, de / Academie Royale des Sctenses, 2 Paris. II. Joharni Trithemii STEGANOGRAPHLA, vindicate, - referata, e iluflrata: Auth, Wolfgango Ernefto Heidel, (0 Wormatienfs. | | Dr.Wallis's Letter to the Publi[ber, concerning a new Muafical Difcovery’, written from Oxford, March 14. 1675. rod Ry Have thought fic to give you notice of a difcovery thac Gi hath been made here, (about three: years fince, or more) which I füppofe may-not be unacceptable to thofe of the Royal Society, who are Mufical.and Mathematical. Tis this ; whereas ic hath been long fince obferved, that, if a Viol tring, or Lute | ftring, be touched with the Bow or Hand, another {tring on the | fame or another Inftrument not far fromir, (if an f/pifon to it, | " 529 or ( 840 ) : or an Ostave, or the like) will ac the fame time tremble of its own accord. The caufe of it, (having been formerly difcuffed by divers,) T do not now inquire into. Buc add this to the for- mer Obfervation ; that,not the whole of that other firing doth thus tremble,but the feveral parts feverally , according as they are Unifons to the whole, or the parts of that ftring which is fo ftrück. For inftance, fuppofing AC to be an upper O&ave to ay, and. therefore an Unifon to each half of it, ftopped at &: e p * P4 Now if, while ey is open, AC be ftruck ; the two halves of this.— other, that 15,42 and &y,will both tremble ; but notthe middle — point at 2. Which will eafily be obferved, ifa little bit of pa- - | ger be lightly wrapped about the ftring ey, and removed fuc- ceflively from one end of the ftring to theother. Inlikeman- — ner, if AD bean upper Twelfth to «2, and conféqueTy a an UE y buds Pottebiet setae) iene: iot a DUO ESUESTONPRU SU nifon to its three parts equally di vile ing,y. Now of ad be: | ing open, ADbe ftruck,its three parts, #8, By, yd will feverally 4 tremble, but not the points,&y 3 which may be obfervedinlike : manner as the former. In like manner,if AE bea double e MADEN Game | \ * 4, $$ $$ ‘ & y à. ; to «es the four quarters of thes will tremble, when that i$. ftruck, but not the points £,5,4. So if AG bea Fifth to as; and | Mrd verit cate ea RROD ANI MEER e po ss a v Ds "v — é cH . confequently each half of that topped i in D, an Unifonto each .. third part of tbis topped in yes while thatis ftruck, each part | of this will tremble feverally , , but not the points y,¢3 and- | while this is ftruck, each of shat will tremble, but not the — | point D. The like will hold in leffer concotds ; but the eie EU reinarkably as the number of. divifions increafes. | # This was fi ft of all,(that Y know of )difcovered by Mr, Willi= E ag. Noble, a. Mafter of Arts of .Merton- Colledees and d him | CWE | ( 341 ) | fhewed to fome of our Muficians about three years fince » and after him by Mr.T/omas Pigot, a Batche'our of Arts, and Fellow of Wadham-Colledge , who, giving notice of it to fome others, found, that (unknovwntohim) the fame had been former! y ta- ken notice of by Mr, JVo//z , and (upon notice from him) by. others: and itis now commonly known to our Muficians here. I add this further, (which J took notice of upon occafion of making trial of the other, ) that the fame firing, as «y, being ftruck in the midit et 2, (eacb part being unifon to tbeother,) will giveno clear Sound at a]! 5 but very confufed. And not only fo (which others alfo have obferved, that a firing doth | mot found clear if ftruck in the midft;) but alfo, if ed be ftruck at @ or y, where one part is an OGave to the other ; and in like manner, if «* be ftruckat 6 or? 5 the one part being a double Oftave tothe other. And fo if af be ftruck in yor 2; did ¢ a 3 1 E [| 1 * M. : che one part being a Fifth to the other , and fo in other like confonant divifions : But ftill the lefs remarkable as the num- | ber of divifions increafeth. This and the former ( judge to | depend upon one and the fame caufe 5 viz. the contemporary | vibrations of the feveral Unifon parts, which make the one tremble atthe motion of the other: But when ftruck at the | vefppeétive points of divifions, thefound is incongruous, by reafon that the point is difturbed which fhould be at reft. —— | ~ Pottícript. "A Lute-ftring or Viol-flring will thus anfwer , smt only toe |OF X confonant firing on the fame or a neighbouring Late or Viol 5 but to aconfonant Note in Wina-laftraments: which was parti- | enlarly tried on a Viol , anfwering to the confonant Notes on a | Chamber-Organ, very remarkably: But not fo remarkably, to the | Wireftrings of an Harpfichord. -Which,whether it were becaufe | of the different texture in Metal-ftrings from that of Gut- | rings; or (which 1 rather think) becaufe the Metal-ftrings, though they give tothe Air as fmart a ftroak, yet not [o diffufive as | the other; 1 lift mot to difpute. But Wisd-laftruments give to the Air as communicative a. concuffion, f not more, than that of | Gut-flrinps. And we feel the Wain{cot-[eats, om which we fit or | lean, to tremble conftantly at certain Notes on tbe Organ or other | Sia baa | 5S 2 Wind- C 842 ) | Wind-lnftruments y-as well as at the fame Notes on a Bafe-Viol, ] have heard alfo ( but cannot aver it) of a thin, fine Venice- glaff, cracked with the ftrong and lafting found of « Trompet or Cornet (near it) founding an Unifon or a Con[onant note: to that of the Tone or Ting of the Glaff. And 1 do not judge the. thing very unlikely, though | have not had the opportunity of making the-Trial, ! uu | 00 Vip Improvement of tbe Bononian Stone, [Dining in the dark. ^q ^He Worthy Signor Madpighz ina late Letter of his to the ; Publifher, of the 9thof March, takes notice,"that one Signor Zagonius had a way Of making out of the Bosonian Stone calcined, Sratues and Pictures varioufly fhining in the dark. But he adds (toour forrow) that that perfon lately died, without difcovering to any body his method of preparing.the faid Stone. | — ONEDEUNTSI IUE y | ‘An Extract of a Letter written from Aberdeen Febr.17.165*, eoncerning 4 Man of 4 ftrange Imitating-nature, as alfo of _ feveral buman. calculus's of an unufual bignefse | SIR, " ! d ; - Am very fenfible of the great civility, wherewith you were I pleafed co entertain Matter Scouga//and me,when we waited on you laft Summer and fhall be ready on all occafions to give you that account youthen defired of things philofophical that may occur here, to promote that noble defign. you have in hand. I remember, we had ther occafion to fpeak of a Man inthis. | Country very remarkable for fomewhat.peculiar inhistemper, — that inclines him to imitate unawaresall the geftures and moti- | onsof thofe with whom he converfeth, We then had never feen — him our felves, Since our return we were together at Serach- _ bogie where he-dwells, and, notwithftanding all we had heard . of him before, were fomewhat furprized with the oddnefs of — this Dotrel-quality. This. Donald Monroe.(forthat ishisname,) beinga little old and very plain man, of athinflenderbody, | hath been fubjeét to this infirmity, as.he told us, from-his very infancy. Heis very loath to have itobferved, and therefore | oafts down hiseyes when he.walks.in the ftreets, and turns them __ afide when he isin company,,, We had made feveral trials be. forehe perceived our defign ; and afterward had much ado d El SN E uda TN make Ia >’, C 843 ) make him ftay. We careífed him as muchas we could, and had then the opportunity.to obferve, that he imitated not only the fcratching of the head, buc .alfo the wringing of the hands, wiping of the nofe, ftretching forth of the arms, &c. And we needed not ftrain complement to perfwade him to be cover’d; for he ftil] put off and onas he faw us do, and all this with fo much exaünefs, and yet with fuch a natural and unaffe&ed air,that we could not fo inuch as fufpe& he did it on defign. When we held both his hands, and caufed another to make fuch motions, he preffed to get free: Bur, when we would have known more particularly, how he found himfelf affe&ed, he could only give us this fimple anfwer, That zt vexed his heart — and bi brain, I thal! leave it to your confideration, what peculiar erafís of fpiritsor diftemper of imagination may caufe thefe effets, and what analogy they bear to the involuntary motion of yawning after others, and laughing when men are tickled (which fome - will doif. any body do make that titillating motion with their fingers, though it be ata diftance from them;Jand whether, if his Nurfe have accuftomed him to the frequent imitation of little motions and geftures in his infancy, this may not have had fome influence to mould the textureof his BrainandSpirits, and to difpofe him to this ridiculous apiflinefs ? dus 1 i Befides this, I took occafion lately to vifit a poor Woman in the neighbouring Parifh, who hath been of a long time fadly affliGed with the Gravel, and hath paffed four Stones of an un- ufual bignefs; of which I have one by me, which, though it be not the greateft of the four, is yet more than five inches about the one way, and four, the other: which, if, you pleafe, fhall be fent you. They areall oval ; the firft,and a part of the fecond were fmooth; but the other two very rough ;. and the laft, the | Biggeft, which being come away about Ghriftmas laft, was bloody on one fide when I faw it. This puts me in mind of that Stone of a praeig ious bignefs, which was found laft year in a Gentlemans bla der in this Country 'after his deceafe, aL or nolis 7 j* Vane [13 Str, | EEUU tona ara 35 us Your humble Servant, . 2i orsa JSt. Garden. CUL Ganga (844) . @Monfieur Leewenhoecks Letter to the Publifber, wherein fome account is given of the manner of his obferving fo great 4 num- ber of little Animals in divers forts of water, aswas deliver'd E the next foregoing Tract: Englifb'd out of Dutch. IR, 3 | dad Received your Letters of the 1275 and 22th of the faft month; and I was nota little pleafed , that my Obferva-' . tions about Water had not difpleafed your learned’ Philofo- . phers. Nor do J wonder,they could not. well apprehend.how I had been able to obferve fo vaft a number of living Creatures in one drop of water, that being very hard to conceive with- -outan ocular infpe&ion. Meantime I never affirmed, chact . could determine a certain number of thofe Animals living in water, but Igenerally faid , that I imagined I faw fo many: — | Not that I doubt of the truth of thething, but ufea certain . number for anuncertain, and that not by exceeding the num- ber, but by leffeningit. I thus order my divifion of the Water . and the enumeration of the avimalcula; Ifappofe, that a drop of Water doth equal a Pea in bignefs; and I takea little quan- tity of water, of a round figure, as big as a Millet-grain s this I reckon tobe the one and ninetieth part of a pea: for when the axe of a Millet-feed maketh r, that of a Pea will make 42: whence it follows, that the grainof a Millet: is ac leaft the . 91th part ofa Pea, according to the received Rules of Mathé- — | maticians, This finall quantity of WaterIgatherupintoa very — flender glafs-pipe, dividing by this means that little waterinto - 25 or 30 parts, of which Lobferve one part after another , and’ fhewthefametoothers. - = AH HR ae eS Amongft other SpeGators, I fhew’d itto a not ordinary per — fon,of great fagacity and an excellent fight, who judged withme, — that in 5 part of water, equalling the bignefs of a Millet-feed, — - he faw more than a thoufand living Animals: which when he highly wondred at, he wondred much more, when I faid, I faw in it twoor three kinds of much fmaller Animals befides , which did not appear to him, becaufe I faw them by another Microfcope, which I ftill referve tomy felf alone. Hence it is manifeft, that, if inthe * part of one Millet-feed there are feen tooo, there may be feen 30000 in one fuch whole feed, . and confequently in a drop of water, which 1s 91 times bigger ; than ( 845 ) than fuch a feed, there may be feen 2730000. | 4.5 ^ 2025 91r. 229 — 10125 . 2730060 . VOOR 2-3” Stoo one : qur 2025 91,125 Otherwife I compare the quantity of the Water to the bignefs of a grain of Sand ; in which quantity of water I doubt not at all but that I fee more thana rooe little Animals. Now,if the axe of a grain of Sand be 1, the axis of a drop of water isat leaft 1o, and confequently a drop is a toco times bigger than that fand, and therefore 1000000 living Creatures in one drop of water. In which computation I rather leffen than heighten the number. ‘Fis true, my ca/culvs is not, nor can be, fo exa&, as precifely to determine the number :. But I proceed, as thofe do, who intending to number a flock of Sheep runniag confufedly one among another, make an eftimate by . the breadth of the front, and the length of the fides of a flock, how great the number of the Sheep may be. And as he,that feeth a thoufand Sheep running together , may in his conjecture erre from the truth a matter of an hundred, more or lefs ; the fame may eafily be granted tome; yet I need not yield, that I ever do exaggerate my numbers; becaufe that the fmalleft little Animals, which daily occur tome in water, are more than — 25 times lefs than a globul of blood, becaufe if the axis of .fücha little Animal is one, that of a globul of blood isat leat | three; now 3 : | py | e 2 9 Rely | g7ii | VN "FEhefe, Sir, I thought good to add to the Obfervations , I . have made, and fhew'd to others, withtheapplaufe of the ‘beholders. The reft, and the make of the Microfcopes , em- ployed by me, I cannot yet communicate. After I had fent away my former Letter, I gave not over obferving the aximal- cola. in water; examining alfo diflilled and boiled ies ! m d =f La | ( 846 ) | Laft Winter , when the fevere cold had killed the little Crea- cures, obferving the water thawed by the warmth of the room, in which ithad ftood for a whole day witha fire init, I found, after 24 hours were elapfed ,- and another time, after 17 hours were paffed, that fome living Animals appeared again in that water. When I fhall writenext, T intend, for further fatif- fa&ion, to affert and confirm the truth of what I have related by the teftimony of divers Eye-witneffes. I remain, Sir, .. Delft,Match 23,1677, _ Pee rcm, a The Continuation of the Hortulan and. Rural Advertifements, promifed im the next foregoing Tract 5 communicated by the fame band, Dr. John Beales ^ n e ME He Tract of March, having, as to thefe Hortulan Obfer- | vations, ended with the fifth paragraph ; we now proceed. Fee va > sa lontana admis QR ae Sixth, which is to give notice, That the Cider! Engins for the more fpeédy and commodious making of Cider and Perry, (as thefe Engins are now made by Henry Allun) may be feen at the Cabinet in Exerer -/iree# neat the Savoy ; and inthe Palace. - yard, Weftminfter. ‘They may be compared with the' Cider- Engin belonging to the Cider-houfes at Queen-Hyth, as alfo, with thofe belonging to the Cider-houfes beyond the Tower ; and with the Eneins invented by Mr. Wolridge of Petersfield in Hamp[bire, and the formerly mentioned in JV, 124, 583. An Ingenious Gentleman in this neighbourhood, the Owner of Clifton, a mile hence, having a Corn-mill and a Malt-mill, ona ftream near hishoufe, hath lately built a'Cider-mill on the fame fiream, where it runs through his Orchard, and ’tis faid to grind Fruit perfe&ly well,and with incredibie difpatch, The upper ftone is fitly hollow’d. The.work done by an ingenious Joyner | or Carpenter in a neighbouring Village, And I hear, that others are now devifing to make Cider-mills, like Malt-mills to be drawn about with a Horfe or two, as theiroccafion fhall __ require, Mr. Yarzaptonin his lpmprovement and Dialgue,p.106, ec. defcribeththe Wind- mills and Water-mil!s, which he had feen amongít Forreigners for the great benefit of the Cloathing- trade. [have long fince feen three Mills,a Paper-mill,a Fullers- mill for thebenetit of Bewdley, and a'Mill togrind Scythsand ; other Utenfils of Husbandry, on the ftream which. feeds the — three — AC BEF D three fair Fifhponds at Hureourt-odge, near Kiderminfler in Woreeflerfhire. And I have marvailed; that in this Age of ex- pert Engineers amongft us, we have noc yet any Floating- mills to grind Corn upon fome of our- Rivers, as in Frage, J] thought it a ftrange and pleafant fight, when the Loire about Orleans was all over cover'd with thick Icé , tofee fome hun- dreds, as we thought, of their floating Corn-mills drawn up into the Loiret, within fight of the Spring-head, from which the River Rows immediately. | We may have need of fuch help,where Wears *, which hin» — *Wears are Artifici- der the making of our Rivers navigable, sy Le - fhall be broken down. Some yearsago [have | is great Rivers, to feen Engins bought at Londen about 44, or 4» raifea part of : . € fiream for €ora- 5 /, price, to grind Wheat or Bread:corn by — 54/7, which Wears | the band-labour of a man, fufficient forafull tall be demolift, Family, without much charges. And fo was idera x TAY . all our Malt groun'd by domeftick Malt- que mills, in my memory. The Ancients did grind all their Corn, or pound itin Citiesandin Armies, evenin Rome, inthe Age of hergrandeur, by mens handy labour. And becaufe many do difcourage themfelves from planting Cider-orchards , faying, . that if they had the fruit,they fhould yet want many matters too the neighbourhood round about us,they that make 20 hogfheads |: of Cider yearly,and muchmore, do pound all their fruit in | Troughs, made for the purpofe deep and ftrong, with broad- | -feeted pounders, one, two,or three (as their need requireth) | pounding together in the fame Trough, And to me they hold | the paradox ftoutly, That without more coft or trouble, this | .isthe beft and cheapeft way. Workmen are cheaper in rhe Country at fome feafon, than in fome Cities. And 'tisa charity to employ Men that want employment, rather than Beafts ; and | fometimes ’tis unfafe to truft, either to the Winds or to the Wa- ter. The Needle makers will not take it well, that Needies fhould be madeas eafily, and cheap as Pins: Nor Glaís-houfes, - that Glafs fhould be made malleable. 2 y | Sir, you faid very well,that Cider-Orchards and Houfhold- | Gardens are convenient Adjuncts for Trades-mens granaries, - | IV.121. 5.796. But perhaps the truth of that expreífion extends - | Cade rap Ver “is further - N a . =. coftly for them: For their fakes, I fhall here inftance that in all - ( 848 ) further than you are aware of. I fhall explain it by Inftances, _ which are here apparent before our eyes, and do feem to me ~ worthy to be confidered in moft other parts of England. Ci- der (you know) cofts no fuel to brewit, and the labour is but once inthe year. “Tis drawn by divine Chymiftry ; fo many Trees, fo many huge Alimbecks , which attend to that divine work conftantly all the year ; they need no Furnaces, to fend fertha corroding finoak to choak all the City, to ftrangle them into Confump:ions, and to corrupt all beauties and amenities. Neither Iron, Steel or Marble can refift the fumes of Brewing- houfes; whereas Cider is of a thoufand kinds ("tis as hard to number all forts of Apples and Pears, asto number all fortsof — - Grapes and Figs,) proper to cure many difeafes ; and a kind vehicle for any healing Vegetable, or other Medical matters. To fpeak modeftly and without an hyperbole; the Cider of the beft Pepins duly ripened and kindly fermented, isa pecu- liar remedy for the Confumption ; and generally all flrong and: pleafant Cider (as we have here ) exciteth and'cleanfeth the ftomach (which, if foul, is efteem'd by famous Phyficians the Mother of al| difeafes:) It ftrengthneth digeftion and infal- libly frees the Kidneys and Bladder from breeding the Gravel and Stone. This is(aboveall) the peculiar excellency of the. right Red-ftrakeof Irchia-feld, when itefcapesall fophifti- -— | cations. Dut that which makes Cider fitteft to accompany the Trades-mens granary, is, that if it be made of right Cider- fruits , fo that ic be full bod.ed,, and ftrong,it will ho'd good: without decay, and will yearly be much improved forfome | years, tothe next plentiful year; as ufually itfallsout , and: | beft of allin large Veffels; the larger, the better. Trades- men fhould not be for bottled. Cider, which is commonly more windy, than healthful, It hath been tried from my Child- ^ hood in Veffels of 14, 15, or 16 hogfheads, of the free hou-. — : fhold meafüre, containing between 6o or 70 Statuté-gallons, I have been often told, that Sir fob» Winter bad a Veffel, whick contained 30, or at leaft 28 hogfheads. So that now for — ! a fit match to a Granary ( as Cider increafeth here ) we have need tothink of the great Veffel at Heydelberg., defcribed in. your Numb.130. p. 768. If it be the fame Veffel, which. 3 was made by Michael Vernains, and holds good ftill, it mut. — beof long durance. For,this Cooper was famous (as I have | | it JM ( 849 ) it from good Authors) for making fuch a huge Veffel for Prince Frederick Ele&.Palatine of Heydelberg, An. 1391. Anda far greater, 47, 1593, 1598. for Prince Hegry Fulius, Duke of Brun[wick, | Sir fobx Winters Vetfel is faid tobe hooped with Plates of Iron; thefe with Timber. To conclude this point — foberly; When the Citizens fhall ordinarily drink Cider — well-diluted ; as the French drink Wine, and as the fober people in all our Cider-countreys drink their wafhings of Cider (as they call it) and Cider well diluted in the grinding time, andas they drink in Losdos their Six fhilling Beer, I am perfwaded , it will much conduce to the health, which is the life of the people; For, Vez eff vivere, fed valere, vita. And I have often heard Labouring people affirm , that they — are more ftrengthened for hard work by Cider largely diluted, than by very good Beer. | | "Yet I have much moreto fay for Houfhold.Gardens, as a fit Match for Granaries. — Cato, the Oracleof Rome, under: takes by copious Inftances in his pofitive ftyle, that Coleworts are acure for all Soresand Difeafes. His Univerfal medicine, Golewerts and Cabbages , witha little care, hold out feven or eighe months. Wehave them all the year round 5 good fauce for Bacon as red as any Rofe, as they have it in Hevefordjbire, where the Swine will get a fhare of the fruit, which fall from their hedges: And the Bacon of New Forreff is generally cominended, Thefe are in good houfes always at hands and may be eafily dreffed without wafte of much time, But Roots of all forts, Rapes, Turneps, Carrots, Parfneps, Skirrets, Po- tado’s, do challenge the precedence before Granaries: They are a kind of wader-ground Granaries, and do ofttimes hold out, when Corn faileth ; fpecially the Potado’s of Barbados, or of Virginia, ThePotado’sof Barbados (in our frefh memo- ^. ry) relieved Irelazd from two years Famine, when their Corn _ failed there: As Chefnuts relieved Fraace in the extremity of their Civil war, when their Ploughs were forfaken. Thefe Potado's coft little or no culture, for tenyears together , be- ing only covered with Fern, or other light muck, and that turn d in withthe Earth; and two or three Roots, as often as thereis occafion totake any of them up forufe. And they fhould be taken up, here.and there, (by finall parcels ) where | EE o2. they | ( 850 ) “yas they prowthickeft, A few Acres of thefe will run far to furnifh a City, and the Country round about, | .. — Before and fince you gave notice of them from mé to the R. Society, they havebeen fold in the Markets of Briffo] and Wells, at the price of four fhillings per buthel; deat enough in refpe& of the eafie ‘propagation and eafiy culture, and cheap enough in refpe& of their ufe. Children of poor peop'e thereabout, eat them raw (inflead of Bread and other food) without hurt. Some do roaft them in Embers, as they do Wardens; fome do boyl them, peel them, and eat them with Butter and Pepper, either ferved whole, or chopt, as they do Parfneps, | Some do ftrengthen their Beer or Ale , or . make good Drink with them. So they are, to them, inftead of . Cornand Malt, andan acceptable Treat, Every way they are a {trong and wholefom nourifhment for Labourers, Some do — parboy! them flightly, peelthem, and mince or cutthemin - fimall bits, mingle them with flices of Fat flefh, feafoning all to their palate, and bake them in Pyes or Paítyes 5 and they e- - fteem thema reftorative delicacy, notmuchinferiour to Arti- chocks. Artichocks were once a dainty for Emperours, faith eJMaffet ; and were (in his remembrance) fold for a Crown - apiece in Ezg/and. Now they are cheap, and vulgar in France for more than half the year ; and are eaten raw there with Pepper and Salt when no bigger than a Cloak-button, or fried in fweet Oil or Butter, or dreffed totheir mind , when they come to full maturity. Sir Hagh Platt hath taught us, how to keep ripeArtichocks greenand frefh for all Chriftmas, in his Fewelboufe, chap. 1. and for Eafter, in his C/ofez, 2. 69, So we nay have them young, or ripe for the whole year round, ~ - To return to Potade's ; 1 obferve them to grow and profper — abundantly in much differing kinds of Soil, fromthe North. : of Shropfhire to the Sea coaft of Dorfetfbire, But they like. ‘not a {tiff and ftrongland. I tried them two years ina ftrong Wheat-land, and could get no good of them there. All the Roots, which were there generated, were little biggerthan . the bulbs of Saf/fros. In light and hollow-land of the hotteft. — ferment (which is commonly of little worth for Corn or Pa- a : fture, ) there Potado'sthrive beftand tafte beft. But now I. | amatadifficulty, whether the great difference, which we ^ | : | find — ( 851 ) | find in the relifh, be fromthe differing kinds of the Potado’s of Barbados and Virginia; or, whether thofe differ in kind (for both have the fame refemblance above-ground,) or whether the - difference, which we find, be only from the diverfity of the | SOyl.-- | That the Soy! makes a great difference, and that all may be | - careful to chufea fit Soyl for their Garden-diet, I thal! here - offer fome notable Inftances to proveit. All the people here, (the very vulgar,) do find the Carrots, and Turneps or Rapes, °. - from the common Fields of Mertot, eight miles from hence, ( Weflward , far to excel other very good Turneps and Carrots in fatnefs and pleafing relifh. And Cabbage-plants from the wide Fields of Lydiard, weftward of Taunton (where they havea rich reddifh Soy!) do fo far excel all other the belt | Cabbage plants, thatthefe Lydiard plants are bought in all . placesat 80 miles diftance, In the Spring-time, when the ways ate pretty deep, I fee many Horfes pafs through this Town Jaden with Lydtard-plants, which they fell here, and in all Town many miles beyond Salisbury. All call for Lydiard- — plants, and give more for them than for many other. They become fooner,and furer,and fweeter Cabbages, And Garden- plan's are fometimes much altered in tafte and properties, by the accidents of the year, Inadroughty Summer, the Plague | then being hot in Lowdom, we had Carrots in Northampton{bire | from a kind Soy], were they were wont to be very good ; but then fu rank, dry, and earthy, that we could not endure tofee ehemonthe Table... | I hear that the Turneps of. Hackzey are better than other D Turneps about Londow. We have here very good Turneps, white and yellow, which are fatter and efteemed more reftora- tive. Butall Ezglasd wants the Bohemian Turneps , blood- | redon the outfide; which are extold by Muffet (ashe tound them in Prague ) to be fo reftorative and delicate, that the Em- | perourhimfelf nurfeth them in his Carden. Thefe Arguments. I produce to invite them that have the kindeft Soy! for thefe | amderground Granaries, Potado'sand Turneps, to get them im- mediately from Barbados , ‘Jamaica and Prague, by Merchants, at the firft hand, before they be degraded,or any ways vitiated | by more unkind Soyl And (ince there is a peculiar fort of - Black l | (852) ‘Black Mulberries, which do far excel the reft for our Junkets;as allourold Books tell us all along down, till within thefe 1200 years, we muft fend for them to Waples or Sicily, or to 4Perfía, whence ourSilk.trade came. _ The White Mulberries ^. (as we call them) are for the (ineft Silk. _ The Spani[b Potado requires diligent culture, much Sun,and alight and pregnant Garden-foyl. In the modern Latin t he are called Glamdes Malacenfes, being brought into Spain from Volez Malaga, a Provincein America. They report that more than a dozenof their huge Spasifb. Ships were brought at one time to Seuil in Spaiz, fully fra ghted with thefe Potado's, and were foon difperfed all over Spaiz. | Wefay , the Spaniard is flow at every thing: But shey may fay, The Exgit{bman in : many parts of Eag/and, is more flow at the beft Improvements of our own Country 5 witnefs our want of Vineyards, of — | - Groves, of Mulberries, of the belt Cheftnuts, Wall-nuts, Figs, Almonds , which are wanting inmoft parts, and do not refufe to grow in our Climate. Mr, Haghes,in his American Phyfician, faith, The Potado’s of Jamaica , and of the Leeward Iflands, — Barbados, eic. do much exceed Spawifb Potado's, and are the beít, the moft wholefom and delicious Root in the whole World; that fome of the Rootsare yellowifh, orof a golden colour,fome white. We wifh again, that we had them of all forts at the firft hand, to betriedin light and quick Land, a litle fhelving towards the South. Mufbroms and the Taberes or Tusbera from Libya, were thechoiceft delicacies of Rome for — many Ages, But 1 am not at leifure to ferve Luxury 5 yet ‘tis better, 4 we fhould. have the beft at home, than be always at the charges rofendforthem. And 'tis probable that our own Native foyl will make them wholfom for Eng/ifbmen. SET. » LT» p a ( 853 ) A Letter of. Monfienr Hevelius, giving an account of bà Obfer- -vAtions, made for feweral years together concerning three New Stars, one in the Whale's Neck, the other two wear tbe Head. and in the Breaft of the Swan. | I lluftri Viro Dom. Hesrico Oldenburgio, : Illuftiffimz Regiz Societ. Secretario, o ub. Hevelis, S. (lim nova illa mira Stella in-callo Ceti zuperrtm? ex: infpe- , rato vur[us ex etbere prodierit , etiamfi ad meas ultimas 15 Sept. datas mullum. adbuc refponfum a Te obtinuerim , volui. fameu vos quantocyus certiores reddere,quid de ea bic Gedani mihi- eb[ervare obtigerit. — Nam eum fciam, baud paucos in Mluflriffrena. Regia noflra. Societate inveniri, quivebus etberei impen[(e de- lectantur, putavi me illis vem non u[que adeo ingratam facturum, | fiinprimis bác occafione fimul ordine commemorem, non folim quid | muperis diebus , ratione bujus. Stella, fed etiam quid pariter à. 1o vel 12 fer? annus, incipiendo ab Anno 1665, tam in bac Stella i5 collo Ceti, quam duabus reliquis novit , fab Capite nimirim. co in Pe&ore Cygni exzflentibus, ame fuerit depreben[um. Compertum quidem efl omnibus, nevam bane Stellam in Collo | Ceti ab Anno 1638, ad Annum u[que 1662, continuó, e quidem. | eodem femper Celi loco, obfervatam e[[e s. fed mom femper. eadem | magnitudine, e claritate fuliffe , tum fingulis annis difparuiffe, ac. var fs emicui[fe, anne cittns, nunc tardis, mullo tamem certo tem- | pore fervato: prout exc Hifloriola noftra bujus admiranda Stelle, | Anno 1662. finsul cum Mercurio meoin Sole vifo editá, abunde: | pag.164. patet. At vero. quid de hac ip[a Stellá, fubfe quentibus Annis, praefertim ab Anno 1665, hucufgue acciderit, puto non omnibus eque bene e[Je exploratum. | Atque ideo pro continuanda: | tila Hifforiola, Mercurio meo amuexá , volui in appolita Tabella, | apparitiones illius, quecunque de ea motata fuere,oraine exhibere: | quo umo intuitu cuique liceat ejus ortum cy occafum, quomodo cre- | verit, & decreverit, quando pror{us delituerit, acrur{us refulfe- lf, eopno[cere. Videbis praprimia dtitam nowam Stellam in Collo, Ceti. ( 854 ) a | Ceti ufque ad Anni 1672 Menfem O&obris , finguls armis fefe - cop[piciendam dedi[fe , quanquam diverfiffmá facie, ut modo din cebam 5 poflea vero per integrum quadriennium , ab Anno fcilicet 1672 Menfe circiter OG0bri,ad 23 Decembr. Ami elapfi 1676, ne femel quidem prodiiffe, at ut femper omni fludio vigiles: oculos ad eam, quoties Obfervationibus operam ferenis motkibus dedi, di- yexerim, Boat | ldcircó, quo minns unquam à Veteribus obfervatum fuit , fidera fixa ddmirandas adeo pa[Ja effe viciffitudines , c quidem continui tot annorum [patio s, vuv [us per aliquot. ammos plane delituife, ut ne — qaidem ullo Lelefcopio fuerint deprebenfbiles meréntur. profecto — cà mapis motari y ut Polleros fimul excitemus , ne minis ejufmodi — — pheuomenis fedulo invigilent , ad magna bec Fehove opera plus — plufgue perferutanda, Stelle quidem diver[e nove à Pradecef- Joribus funt obfervate ; [ed, quantum memoria proditum efl, bujus — — generis nulla, fi duas dllaa. excipias, boe moflra quaque avo confpi- . cuas: utpote dllam i» PeGore Cygni,a Keplero primum Am.16o1,.— — fi veste memint, deteilam y alteram [unb Capite Cygni 42.1672... exórtam,. De bis quid pariter-nuperts annis à me obfervatum híc — fuerit, ex Ephemeride asgexà abunde patet : Stellam nimirum illam ip Pe&ore Cygni, que b Anno circiter 1662 plane difpa- — rüerat, vtr[ns Aüno 1665, Calo- feremo revivifcere vifam e(fe s. — fic ut. Ammo fublequente 1666, rurfusinflar Stella minutiffime ob- — ferwari etiam Sextantilws potuevit 3 ab eoverd tempore, paululum: — quidem-crevilfe, fed bucn{que nondum aa priorem maguitudinem .— | (tertii videlicet honoris )atque claritatem Qi [plendorem(quá mag- — nitudiue Anu 169$7; 13658, 6 1649 apparuit) pervenifjes. Six ^ qnidem hac dum feribo nonnift inflar. Sexte maguitudinisadhuc feulzet. At vero ilia fab Capite Cygni, que Anno1670 effate - primum nabis im con[pettum , inflar Stelle tert. magn. venerat, . Menfe Oücb. c Novemb., poffquam fenfim magnitudine e lu- _ pile prius decreverat , plane evanuit s redit tamen rur [us [ube-.— .— quénte Anno 167.1, Menfe Aprili , e tota Ai fate, quanquam. — diver[a facie, fuitconfpicus,ad Annum ufque Y6725 Mea. Matt; — aluotempore ueutiquam amplius in con[pelfum venit, ut ut fapius . ~ Allam diligester.quefiverim. Ex quibus Affrophili. baud. obfenrt J - intelligent omues , quid. hucufque im bis tribus pots Stellis à 12 — elapfts annis. deprebesnfum fuevit ; quid vero im. poflerum. eccidét,. — fequentium annorum Ob[ervationes docebunt. Vale, & faluta meo — . momine quàm officiofiffime Hl), Reg. Noftram Societatem, cuis - CX ex animo omnia faufta ac felicia comprecor. Dabam Gedamé Anno 1677. die 2 Januarii, Stun. Annus, Menf.dies, ^ — Ephemeris NovarumStellarum. 1665 Novemb.28 Stella illa nova in Pedore Cygni, que aliquandiz ab Anno 1662 plane delituit Calo fereno quaft revivifcere videbatar. | 1666 Sept.21 | Nova Stella in collo Geti nufquam affalfit , at vero altera in pectore Cygsi nuda ocula. etiam Luna (Mendente apparuit, 1666 Sept24. Nova ante pecius Cygui, minor erat. ilis tribus Mio "u - * precedextibus in Colle, quas in Globum trauflu- Jis vix 6 magn. videbatur : obfervata eft bac die à Marcab. & Scheat Pegafi. 1667 Januar.7 ——— Nova in Colla Ceti nondum. apparuit: : 13 Nova in Collo Ceti necdum fulfit. Febr. 2 Nova in Collo Ceti prima vice emicuit y equali S xu : erat magnitudine illi inoreyuel ei in Nodo Lini. 166; Febr7 - Nova in collo Ceti erat adbuc equalis illi in ore M ne | Cet; . | IO Nova in collo Ceté clarifimis radiis deprebenfz. 27 Nova in colls Ceti claré admodum fulfit y etfi Luna notabili lumine jam effet imbuta : major | erat illà in ore Ceti. Martiii3 —— Dilucide pariter ea ipfa in colo Ceti apparuit,ea- W dem fere magnitudine. 1668 OGob.26 Nove in collo Ceti bác die primiim vifas fed in- coss oo n M Jfar minutifime Stellule. Novemb.7 Nova in collo.Ceti mediam feré in ore equabat. 16 Novain colo Ceti equalis fere illiin ore Ceti. .1669 . Januar.28 Nowa in collo Ceti minor erat illà in ore. Shee. want tip A Nova is collo Ceté inflar 6 magn. apparait. +. Ottob.16 . Nova in collo Ceti illà in ore major erat e clarior, 24 Nova in collo Ceti Lucidam Mandib. equabat, Novemb.19 Nowa inm collo Cetà major illà in ore, & minor pi More ---* Mandib. MENU aa > 4670 X Auguft27 Nov.in collo Ceti maximo gaudebat lumine,equalis SPSS TANT CHAS fer? Stellis fecunde magnit. & Mandib Ceti. 5 | | Sve DON OT 1699 ? € " . Annis, Menf-dies, "Ephemeris Novarum Stellarum: - ; 1670 1671 1671. g671 ( 856 )- "r6 Sept. 3 Nova in collo admodim fulgida extitit s altera vé- T yb in petiore Cygni crefcere videbatur. 9 Nova in collo Ceti equalis adbue Mandib, Ceti; . Altera fub capite Cygni evidenter decrefcere vi debatur y fic ut vix major illà duarum informi- _ . Wm, caput Cygni praecedentium, [fuperiori mibi S vifa. fit, h.e. 5 magnit.s illam vero in petere Cygni paul b adbuc crefzere deprebendimus. | QAO Nova fab capite Cyl vix ac ne vix videbatur , ut ut caput Cygii, tum nova Petioris fatis elaré | apparuerit, "T 14. Nova fab cap. Cygni ade. UN: ac debi extitit, ut nullàvatione, licet celum perquam effet. fere- A aum, Sextante obfervari potuerit 5 vix enim ac | ae vix nudo oculo deprebendebatur. Decemb.5... Nova in collo Ceti adeo decreverat mt vix Stelle Mes magn, seagate . iba T 9 os fub. cap. Cygné; denu’ 3 nage P ajo, major aliquanto roftro Cygnis imo 0 fere illà in. aucone- inferioris ale y fed paulo minor illa in petlore, tum obtufioris luminis, quàm reffrum € petius. Altera vero illa in petiore. vix major adbmc ap- parait, quàm anuo preterito s . fi quidem Stellis | 6 magn. — Maii 17. — Nova fub capite Cygnt aliquanto minor - TES - réffro Cygni, & illà in bumero Aquile,tum etiam lumine obtufior , major tamen illà im cmfpide- — | | Sagitte, & equalis fere illifeq. in Fuge Lyres Maii 25 Neva fub cap. Cygni minor videbatur, quàm die — 22 April.quá primim vifa fuit ; fic ut decre {cere : videretur. Minor jam erat roftro Cygni, nec uon illà im ancone Ale Auflr., etiam minor illis: in jugo Lyre, & bumero Aquiles vin major 4p- paruit minori duarum in + Beda yen | e illa in. es “uaa Aquiles, Junii26. Nova fab cap.Cygni minor ' apparuit lái in 5 collo Cyg- E nix fie ut notabiliter decreverit 5 alterá vero ame... pettus Cygni major feré videb, quam anno preterito, — Tulti &. Nova fub cap. Cog Inm minor illa in collo Cygni. 1 | D 3 -—— (8857) Annis, Menfdies, ^ ^ Ephemeris Novatum Stellarum: "1671 1671 3671 1671 £672 “a. - 1673 — Julii 18 — Nova fub cap. Cygui vix Stellis $ magn. equiparari videbatur. i j Aug 2 Nova eadem vix 6 mag. apparuit, imd minor quàm re» | a lique omnes circa caput e collum Cygni ei(tenter, per intervalla teutummodo micabat, Aug. 6 Ditia nova adeb decreverat ut vix in oculos incurreves, . . edlo licet adimodum fereno. - mos 7 Nova fub cap. Cygni vix in oculos incurrebat , ut ut omnes oculorum nervos in eam intenderim, 12^ Hecipfa vix deprebendebatur. Aug. 14. * Novam fub capite Cygni vix animadvertere potuimus, E Altera vero in cüllo Ceti equabatur Stelle ad Ge- Ham, imo fere major paulo videbatur. I 15 Novafmb capite Cygni vix amplius confpedia, . 16 Nova fub cap.Cygni vix amplius vifa; —. (17 Nova fab cap.Cygni vix ac ne vix deprebenfa. Nova fub cap.Cygni non amplius fuit confpicua. Sept. 11. Nova fub cap. Cygni baud ampliw confpeiiz. Sept. 12. Nova in collo Ceti equabatur illi in ere, 4. femagnit, OG. 30 Nova in. collo Ceti vix 6 magn. apparuit, Nov. 3 Nova in collo Ceti uon amplius apparnit, Mart.29 Nova fub cap.Cygui vix 6 magn.apparuit. Altera vero _ . - dn pedore quafi adbuc crefcere videbatur. Aug. 9 Nova in collo Ceti, clariffimis fulgebat radiis, major . . erat ila in ore, & minor Mandibula, at verb fub | cap.Cygui nufquam boc auno affulfit, Sept. 17 Nova in collo Ceti minor illà ad Genam,vix quarte, d _ mo quinie magit. : "^ 28 Novaincollo Ceti vix fexte magnitudinis. Sept. 14 — Nova in collo Ceti baud adfuit. OGob.9 | Nova in collo Ceti nufquam apparuit. ^ 18 Novain collo Ceti necdum orta ef. Aug, 10 — Nova in collo Ceti nec adbuc fulfit. Nova in collo Ceti nondum apparebat. SOG. 20 Nova in collo Ceti nondum conjpetia. * Dec. 17 Nova int collo Ceti nondum apparuit. 20 Nova in collo Cetinecdam prodierat. 25. Nove in collo Ceti nondum af uifit, . XT 5 V 2 | Z 27 8 i is ‘Annus, Menf.dies, E phemeris Novaruin Stellarum. 1675 Febr. 15. Neva in collo Ceti bucu(qug nondum prodiit. . julii 22 Nova pectoris Cygni, à quo rurf*5 reluxit, con(lauter NT 20 fingulis nottibus apparuit, fed inflar 6 magn. Aug.19 Nova incollo Ceti nondum apparuit, v 37 -———— necdum affulfit. | Sept.20. ———-—— baud apparuit, . £675 OG, 13 Nova in collo Ceti nondum depreben(a,nec Tubo optico . illam animadvertere potui, ut ut illa minutifime .. . gwvam praecedens diftince obfervari potuerit, : 35 Nova in collo Ceti baud confpetia. Now21 | -—— — uu[quam apparuit. 22 — —— mneutiquam adbuc conffetia. Dec.1o Nova in collo Ceti baud animadver(a. 1676. Jan 13 Nova in collo Ceti nondum adfuit. — 15. Novain collo Ceti nondum apparuit, BC. UR Nov.2§. Nwvain collo Ceti neutiquam adbuc dépreben[a,ut ut eo tempore plurimas Fixas à Mandib.Ceti obfervaverim. 1676 Decrio Bene memini me novam banc in collo Ceti pariter haud vidiffe, licet ea iu cali parte plurimas Stellulas ob- — . | fervaverim y fi adfuiffet utique illam vidiffem. Poft- bac plurimi dies nubilofi extiterunt,ut vefperi Stellas — |. - ebfervare baud potuerim ad diem ufque Dec.23. Dec.23 Qua novam banc in collo Ceti celo admodum ferene cla- rifimé vidimu y & quidem tanta claritate & mag- nitudine fulgentem, ut Mandibulam Ceti non folum .equaret, fed magnitudine cr claritate vinceret, Vo- lebam eam quoque eo tempore ab aliis Stellis diri- — mere, ut viderem , an adbuc firmiter. fuo loco perfi--. — fleret 5. fed totum calum fubito adeo nubibus fuit — |. ebdutium, ut bác vice id fieri baud potuerit, = . Dec31 Nova,in collo Ceti ferà major Mandib. b.e.2. magn. * .1677 jam 1. Nova in collo Ceti clariffime rur{ns- affulgebat, major feré Mandib. Ceti, major quoque quàm Extrema ale & Marcab Pegafi, colore. & lumine. fere equalis 3 Mandib. Memini tamen me olim obfervaffe, quando — Secunda exillebat magnitud, eam paulo albieantiorews — & folendidiorem, | Quid. porro cum bac ipfa Stella. accidet , obferuationes dacebunt, or are removed from, one another, whatever be their own velo- AGH) | Aa Account of two Books: T. Traité de la PERCUSSION on CHOQ, Des CORPS, £s. par Monfieur Mariotte, de ! Academie Royale des Scienses, A Paris, 1673. 112% | ‘His Mathematical Author begins this Book with fome Ge Definitions , neceffary for the underftanding of fome | - terms frequently ufedby him. Ove is that of a Spring y Body, by which he underftands füchan one, as having changed its figure by the percuffion of another body , retakes of it felf its former figure. An other is that of a Body not Spring y, which, ro him, isfuchanone, as having taken a new figure by the preffure of another body, conferves that figure , as Wax, &e. bf "The /sff Definition is that of the refpective Velocity of two bodies, by which he means that, whereby they approach to, / Next he lays down certain Sappofitiows.averred by diversin- telligent Geometricians , and’ grounded upon fundry confide- rable Experiments. Thefe Suppofitions aie, 1, That a Body being put in motion, will always continue that motion the fame way with the fame velocity, if it be not hindred or diverted By ithe encounter of another body, or fome other caufe. with the fame velocity ; will be raifed to the fame height in 2. That the Bodies that are impelled upwards by different forces, are raifed to difierent heights, and that thefe heights have the fame proportion to one another, as the fquares of the velocities , wherewith thefe bodies began to be raifed: And reciprocally’, that the bodies which fall by their own weight from different Altitudes upon one and the fame Horizontal — fütface, doencounter that furface with different celerities , of which the Squares are to one another as their Alti- tudes. 2. That, if a body, (as B *) fufpended | * see the Fig. in the Anthors ataftring AB, is perpendicularly impelled up- ward, and raifed toa certain height, as BD; that- body when it is ftruck horizontally, foas to begin its motion - C, by © & 860)) “byt thearch BC, the line CD being fuppofed horizontal : And if it falls back, whether it be by the perpendicular DB, or by thearch CB, it will reetake inthe point B a velocity equal to that, which had raifed it to the point in C or in D. Which two Suppofitions are well eftablifhed by Ga/Zeé and divers other Geometricians , abfiradtedly from the Refiftance of the Air and of other Impediments; and they are alfo, (faithour | Author) very near conform to Experiment, the refiftance of the Air notwithftanding. But he takes them in this Treatife inan eXa&t precifenefs, to make the Demonftrations themore intel- ligible. 4. That the fall vibrations of a Pendulam are made intimes feafib/y equal, although they defcribe unequal arches : But for the facility of the Dewonftrations, *tis here fuppofed, that thefe times are preczfely equal. From the Experiments which he hath made with the motion of Balls thathave no Spring,this general Confequence is drawn, That if a body not fpringy fhould impel another body not- fpringy and unfhakeable, it would remain without motion, and - mot turn back , there being no new caufe at all for a motion that way. And thus he remarketh, that ‘tis much eafier to flop aballthat is rolling , and to make it lofe its motion , than to -drive it back with the fame celerity 5 becaufe, that befides the — force which is requifite to ftop it, there needs another to give to it again its former velocity. | So that 'tis certain to ourAurhor,(as it is todivers others)that ! all motions of Reflexion are made by a Spring. And, though at firft it feems difficult to believe, that bodies of the ems of Ivory and Steel(for example) which do refle& bodies as hard as themfelves,are flexible,and capable of having fuch an impreffion . | madeonthem.as is required for a Spring; yet our Author eafily refolves this fcruple, by referring his Reader to thofe {mall impreffions and dints, remainingin [ronafterithath been — | ftruck by a hard body, though Iron beharder thanIvory, and a'moft as hard as Steel. — To whichhe adds, that 'twere impof- fible, that a Glafs-ball or a Ball of baked Earth fhould break, if it did not change its figure when it is with great force thrown | : againft another hard body. And inregard we fee, thatthefe .- Balls keep their roundpefs when having been ftruck they break | not, theymuft needs (faith he) exact , retake their former fi- | gure 4 - figure by vertue of their fpringinefs ,' after they hive beena little imprefled upon, . "Befides, he takes notice, on this occafion, of an Experiment, which feems ftrongly to fupport his fentiment,which is, That if you let fail upon a great flat and polifh't Stone a Ball of Clay pretty foft, from the height of 12 or 15 inches, puttinga little paper or linnen rag on the place where the faid ball is to touch the ftone,that fo it may not ftick to it,it will not remount at all, or very little: Butif you let fall upon the fame ftone a Ball full of compreffed Air, you will fee that part , by which it touches the ftone, flatten'd like the ball of foft earth ; but this impreffion fully reftoring it felf, the ball willremount very — high, and it would fly up higher, if the Air, which refifts much. more to a very largeand very light body, than to a fimall and © very ponderous one, did not ftopa confiderable part of its ve- locity, as well io defcending as afcending. Whence, and from other Reafons and Experiments, by him delivered, he concludes, that the greateft part of hard bodies, — | as Steel, Marble,Glaf,lvory, Fafper, &c. have a ready and trong. — fpringy power ; and that all che motions of refle&ing bodies | are only made by fprings. Whereunto he adds, that if it fhould be fuppofed that hard bodies are inflexible , it would be im- | poffible to explicate their’ motions when their weights are un- | equal, and that the phenomena do no ways agree to fuch an | hypothefis. But taking it fora meer Hy pothefis, what he pre- | tends to have demonftrated concerning the Springinefs of Hard bodies, he tells us, that by that means all motions,befalling | thofe bodies, after they have any way impelled one another, _ may eafily beaccounted for, And heis perfwaded, that this truth may eafily be feen by a great number of Propofitions, | which he advanceth in this Book , of which the Demonftrari- onsagree very well withthe Experiments. IL Jo- — fome, and pernicious , magical and necromantical by others; oue ae Bd. II. Johannis Trithemii SYEGANOGRAPHIA, vindicato, "i E ferita, ec iluftrata,&c. Auth, Wolfgango Emefto Heidel, Worten. hii ug dins in aeu TH Steganography, (which word imports the Art of fig- nifying ones mind to another by an occult or fecret way of writing) having been cenfured as fuppofititious.by, ~ this learned Author undertaketh to vindicate it from thofe afperfions , and withal to give us the true Key and meaning thereof, After which vindication and difclofure he explains all the reputed Conjurations of Spirits, made up of the 4rabic, Hebrew, Ghaldaic and Greek, or, according to others, out of .. Barbarian and infignificant words: Subjoyning to all this, fome new Steganographique Artifices, which had been promifed by. _ Trithemius to Arnoldus. Riis’ and had been conted paradoxi- . caland incapable, . | "Erratain Numb, 13 a Pag. 818. lin.6. an Seed for Vd. | nprimatur, eMay sd. — di : : ion 1677. | .BROUNCKER, n R.S, | be 1 5 Pa London, Printed for John Martyn, Printer to she R, Seciety, 16774. — TRANSACTIONS. a J eMay 26. 1677. The CONTENTS. Extract of three Letters of Dr. Wallis, congerming an un- . Mua] Meteor [eem at the fame time in many diflant . places of England. Communications touching four forts of factitious Shining fubflances. Divers Letters about the late Comet , from Signor Caffini, Monfieur Hevelius, aud Mr. Flamftead, Az Account of Four Books: 1. The Natural He- _fory of OXFORD-SHIRE, Gc. By Robert Plott, LL. D. I. L? ARCHITECTURE NAVALE, avec le ROU- TIER des Indes Orientales G Occidentales 5 par le Sieur — Dafüé. Ill. Phélofophical Dialogues concerning the Princi- ples of Natural Bodies; byW.Simpfon,eM.D. 1V. A New Treatife of GHYMISTRY; written in French by Chrifto- .". pher Glafer, asd now Englifbed by V, R.S. Aw Advertife- ment of 4 New Mapp of England. | An Extra of Two Letters , written by Dr. Wallis to the Pub- liber the 20th and 30th of January laff, concerning a confidera- _ ble Meteor feen in many dtftant places of England Dx at the fame time T. : slp 3 + This Was not. IE. y publifbed foon- | er, becaufe more particulars veere expeéled both from other places of Englatid, aud from Forreign parts. I STR, | '€& Do not know, whether in your Tranfa&ions you have any | | where taken notice of that unufüal Meteor which happened on Wednefday Sept. 20th. laft paft, about Seven of the clock at night or fconafter ; which, though it feemed very low, was its | : SX feen AS eo i T | feen in moft parts of Ezglasd muchat the fame time, and much inthe fame manner, I hear of it from divers perfons who faw ^ dtin Oxford, Northampton{hire, Gloucefter{bire, Worcefter{bire, - Somer fetfhire, Hampfbire, Kent, FEffex, London, Gc. and I doubr not but you have heard of divers more. Some herecall ^| ita Draco volans. 1 have fometimés been fancying,itmight be | — higher than they imagined, only caftinga light folow. Andif . | — J had heard any thing from it abroad, fhould have inclinedtg’ think it a Comet, pafling fwiftly by us, very near the Farth, even through our Air, But, if it had beenfo , itinüft be a very littleone, orelfe we fhould have heard more of it. ^A Third Letter from the fame hand, concerning the fame Meteor. Oxford, May 8.1677... rio | rove | S. IX UA i T ge Jg Remember that in jazuarylaft 1 wrote you two Letters, — | I concerning.an unufual appearance which had here happen- | ed not long before,on Wednefday Septemb.2otb. 1676,between | fevenand eight of the clock at night. In thedusk of the E-> | . vweüting (about Candle-lighting) there appeared a fudden lighr, equal tothat of Noonsday ; fo that the fmalleft pin or ftraw might be feen lying on the ground, And, above in the Air,was feen (at no great diftance as was fuppofed) a long appearance as of fires likea long arm (for foit was defcribed to me) with — -agreat knob at the.end of it ; fhooting along very fwifily: .- and, at its difappearing, feemed to break into fmall fparksor | parcels of fire, like as Rockets and fuch Artificial Fire-works in the Airare wont todo. "T was fo furprizing,and of fofhore | continuance, thatit was fcarce feen by any who did not then | happen to be abroad. ’Twas judged, by him from whom I ~ firft heard of it, (for I had not the hap to fee it my felf,) to © continue about two or three minutes: Eur, I find fe tooka | minute to bea very fhort time, (little more than a moment.) From others I am told , it was fcarce longer than whileone | might tell fifteen or twenty at the moft ; which will belefs 4 than half a minute, All this might happen wellenough from | [ome Fiery Meteor inour Air ; asa Draco volaus(as fome have | been pleafed to call this) orthelike, But that whichmakesit tome the more furprizing, isthis; that I find the fame to 29 have been feen in moft parts of England, and at or i the 3 f ame. : ^k A 5 | (95) - ce fame time: As, not only in Oxford and Oxfordfbire , but alfo in AVortbampton(bire, Gloucefter{bire, Worceflerfbire, Somer[zt- fire, Devonfbire, Hamplbire, Suffex, Surrey, Kent, Effex, 20d — (particularly by the Water-men on the Thames in their paffage between Gravefendand London. In how many other parts of © England, or in what parts out of England it might be feen; - [have not yet heard. But thisis a great breadth of ground, - andtoo much for an ordinary Meteor in our lower region of - the Áirto be feen inatonce: Yet (for ought I hear) it is a- greed by all to have been feen at the fame time, between feven - and eight at night the fame day , in the dusk of the Evening. Which argues, that either it was higherthan they imapined, (though the light of it reached the Earth) orelfe, that it hada very {wiftmotion. This made me then conje@ure, (what in thofe Letters | fignified,) that it might be fome finall Comer, | whole linea trajectoria pafled very near our Earth , or upon it. And I therefore enquired from you, what news might be heard of it from beyond the Seas, or in parts of Ezglazd fur- | ther off, and what more particular account thereof you might | have fromthe varietyof your Correfpondents. For I judged |. itnot improbable, that it might, when further diflant from us, appear in the form of a Comet, - That Comet, which hath | now appeared, in this and the laft month, confirms me in |.-the fame opinion; which I conje&ure may be the very | fame which paffed by usin September laft. Why it was uot | foonerfeem, I cannot tell; fave, what. is the common fate of. | oft Comets , that they are feldom obferved till after their - peareft diflance fromus: And, perhaps, it may have been fo | near the Sun (as toits vifible place) as not to be much above our Horizon favein the day time, And for the like reafon it may be, that in September laft, when it paffed by us, it was ‘not more feen abroad in other parts itmight pafs them in the day time, being but in the Twy-light with us;. and, had it | been one hour fooner, the day-light would have hindred us |. from feeing it. Which way its motion was when nearus, | | cannot conclude, foas to fatisfie my felf. For moft that faw it, | being fuddenly fürprized , took little more. notice of it | than that it fuddenly appeared and was fuddenly | gone, but faw it fo little time as fcarce to mark which |^ way. By the account I. had from one in Northampton- : | XS 2 S fpe d | (866) . | fire (between Brackly and Bazbary,) it fhould feem to have moved there towards the South-weft. By the account I had fromone who faw it in Hampjbire (between Winchefter and Southampton) it fhould feem to be towards the South. eaít ; from - others I havenothingof certainty,and therefore can conclude nothing. (Itsmotion might then feem to us the fwifter, if its proper motion were then one way; and the Earths motion here, at the fame time,contrary to it. And it is not impoffible,thar its dafhing again(t the Earth might difturb its motions as when . Clouds, in their paffage , meet with Mountains.) By this time I fuppofe it may be gotten fo far from us that its apparenr motion is very little... And fo late it was before we heard of it here, and it is now fo fmall;and fo near the Sun,and the weather -withal hath been fo cloudy, that I (and fome others who. would willingly have feenit) have not had the hap to fee it at all. My conjecture upon the whole, though perhaps but a con- je&ure, hath at leaft fo much of probability in it, as to deferve fome confideration : and may ferve (if true) to give us fome . - light into the nature of Comets; which perhaps wili feldom. have been found to come fo near us, as this feemsto have done, I add no more, but that I am Yours, eic, John Wallis. i ‘An b ( 867 ) An Account of foar forts of fatlitious Shining Swojlances, commu- nicated to the Vublifher {from very good hands, Bede in printed | fci and in Letters not Tinte Wo of thefe four iub frances have been already fpoken : 1 of in two of the late Tras[acfions , vid. Numb. 131. p.788, and Numb.134.p.842 ; and they are, one of them, the Fadiitiows Pafle of Dr, Palduim, fhining in the dark like a glowing Coal, after it bath been a while expofed to the Day or Candle- light ; the other, the Bezosiag Stone ca!'cin'd, which imbibes light from the Sun-beams , and fo renders it again in the dark, whereas the former needs no Shining Sun , but doth the effect in quite overcaft weather and even in a miíly day, To thefe we fhall now add two other forts. The oveis by the Germans called Phofphorus Smaragdinus, {aid to beof this na- ture, that ic colleds its light not fo much from the Sun-beams, or the illuminated Air, asfrom the Fire it felf; feeing that, if fome of itbe laid upon a Silver or Copper-plate, under which are put fome live coals, or alighted Taper, it will prefently (hine, andif the fame matter be fhaped into Letters, one is able to read it, The other is called Phofphorus Fulgurans, which is a matter, made bothina liquid and dry form, and not only fhineth in the dark, and communicates a fudden light to fuch bodies as ?tis ubi ed upon; but, ae: included ina Glafs- vetfel well clofed, doth now and then ful gurate, and fometimes alfo raife i it felf as'twere into waves of light: Differing very much from the Balduisian Stone, whichis to be expofed to fome fhining Body , asthe Day, the Sun, the Fire or fome lighted Candle, to receive light from thence ; whereas this - - Fulgurating fubftance carries its light alwaies with it, and when putinadark place, prefently fhews the fame. Of which we have this further affurance given us, thata little portion of ir, - having been REDE two whole years , ‘hath not yet loft its power of fhining: So that 'tis believed , if a confiderably big piece were prepared of it, it would ferve fora perpetual,or, at leaft, a very long lafting light. So far this communication;the effect of which tis hoped will - indue time appear bere among{t us, if the Author be compe- tently encouraged thereunto, Be : Signor ( 868 ) Signor Caffini’s Letter, ei ving fome Account of the Obferva- tions made at qure of the late Comet. s) 3 "Mibes ,. que menfe preterito watutino tempore Horizontem NL tenere confucverant, impedimento fucre quo minus Come- tam ante diem 28 Aprilis videre potuerimus. IlumD.Romer, - occafione obfervationis Satellitum Jovis habende , primum ad. vertit, 9, me fatima de rei novitate admonito, hora 8S sts ppt mediam noctem, ejus altitudinem accepimus graduum 12.22", ro". Cum leflrumentum. direxi[Jem ad obfervationem Azimuth Comet, illud, antequam obfervationem abfolwerem , commotuma cur iofo familiari, reftitut non potuit priu[quam Cometa di[paruerit : Fudicavi tamen, fuilfe in verticali declinante ab ortu ad fepten- ivionem grad, 33. circiter. — Die 25 mane, momento per nubes à. D. pier vif ef, t hora $9. 21" pf Hun. in altitudine oraduum 4. 39'. Die 2 Maii mane, afcenfione recta medii Cali ex fixis exiftente gr. 267, altitudo. Comete erat £7. 4. 5" Diflantia verticali a p. feptentrione ad ortum £7.42. 8. circiter. Die 4 mane hora 3. 30’. p.m. n. altitudo Cometa fuit £r. 5. 33. Diflantia azimuthalis à fept. ad ortumgr. 42. 23" circiter. Die e b. 3.32'. altitudo Cometa fuit £^.5: 10. Diftantia’ azbeq muthalis à à feptent, ad ortum £144. 1 O' etretter. Deinceps tempus nubilum mane Gr ve[pere C amete elfervati ones invidit. Que habite funt ob temporis anguftiam optatam excaltitudinem habere non potuere. We tamen initio Lometam reponunt in Tri- angulo, poftremo prope caput Medafe , ofteuduntque Cometam pro- cedere fecundüm Szggorum feriem per lineam proximam, e fere parallelam ill quam defcripfit Cometa Anni $90 menfe Febr, Magnitudo capitis vifi Tele [copio «videbatur ferme equalis Jovis dilco , aut paulo minns, nec perfetto votundum | apparebat , fed figure ovalis, longiore diametro borizouti parallelo ; ; quod rere ioni borizontali videtur tribuendum. — P Coma ejus, Telefcopio vifa, latior, e ferme parabolica ; ; "ndo Atte 3 tem oculo angufta, cr prim inflexa ad occa al videbatur, | Monfieur.—.- : ( 869 ) i Monfieur Heveliusss Letter written to the Publither, containing ^. his Obfervations of the late Comet, feen by him the 27,29, and 3o April, and the firft of May, 1677. (ft. nov.) in DasEAA 700 | HIN VUper reditum ilius mire Stelle in collo Ceti vobis y, Amice N honorande, fignificabam: Nune vero de apparitione wovi - E cuju(dam Comete vos certiores faciam... Prodiit namque bifce diebus Sidus Crinitum, quod prima vice bic Gedani die 27 April. mane ab hora 2 matutina ad 3. 30'. u[que animadverfum fuit. Die fubfequente 28 April., nulla ratione, cb calum omnino ut- bilum, phenomenum iflud obfervari potuit ; at verd die 29 April. SS £ ^ wan, exiflente celo aliquanto benigniori, licàt non omnimode def ecato, pro viribus illum dimenfus fum. Oriebatur, vel potius "dp oculos incurrebat, hora 1.52, Mefaquilonem verfus ( b.e, Nord often tot norden ) capite quidem. baud. adeo. ampio ,. fed tamen fatis [plemdido , ex unico nucleo clariffimo compofito,ad inflar illius, "Anno 1663.con[pe ct 4. Caudam lumine notabilem radiis divaricatis fer [imm ver[(ns, duorum fer? graduum ,exponebat. Linea directionis continuata cauda inter Alamac , lucidum fc. pedem Andromeda, ejufque cingulum incedebat, c quafi diffamtiam barum Stellarum in duas aquales partes fecabat. Verfabatur eo tempore fupra caput | Arieti in Triangulo, inter apicem € borealiorem in ejus bafi, | mempe in 5 gradu Tauri, & in latitud. vg grad. Bor. Diftabat boc | tempore à Sole fecundum longitudinem tantummodà $ grad. , {iso circulo vero maxims 20. — Hintque cim adeo vicinus bic Cometa extiterit [oli, baud potuit. longiorem caudam , ut ut med opinione véverà long? prolixioremn babuerit, ollendere, imo ut puto proximis. | diebus aliquanty adbuc. byeviorem oftendet. Die 30 April. ]- etiamfi colum non omnino ferenum extiterit, obfervatus eft, ea | diligentia qua tum fieri potuit, tam majoribus Organis Aftrononsi- cis quam Tubis vo atque 20 pedum: Depreben[us itaque in 9 grad. ^e, e latitud. A8 bor, fere; a Sole exiflente in v2 wv ; caudam rur[zs duorum grad. Qo» aliquanto longiorem, ad borealiorem in bafi Trianguli exzezs[am (que Stella plane in cufpide caude per Tubos ceptis? confpetta ) exhibebat. Die v Mali Bac ipfa dic ab bord 2.32’. matut, denuo diligenter obfervatus a me efl, à lucido latere - Perfei,Capel!a,Scheat Pegafi,c? capite Andromedz 5 bincque in | rt wrepertus, [ub latitudine borealz 38, im ipfa. pripesmodum con- ] janciione Solis, totidem queque. gradibus a Sole diftans, um rte : ; AGC , | (879). adhue fatis lucidam veferebat , fed paulo breviorem, ut ut latio- rem, quam ad lucidum pedem Andromeda exporrigebat, - Adie 29 April., qua primum a me obfervatus, ad bunc ufque diem v Maii, motu proprio propemodum 5°. 30'. abfolvit ; num an- rem fncceJu temporis motum. velociorem an tardiovem inierit, baud ita accurate affirmare nunc queo: cum intermedia obferva- tio, ob celum tum nubilumnon adeo certa mibt videatur. Sub- fequentes igitur obfervationes id breui oftendent exquifitins, Quantum ex duabis obfervationibus conjicere poffum, wel po- tius mibi divinari datur, fertur motu directo ad finiflrum pedem Perfei, fupra Taurum, ad pedes Geminorum, fi eo w[que perdura- Lit. Nodws defcendens "ver[atur circa 20 grad. Geminorum ( fed ruditer idtantwmimodo refers) atque fic ibidem Eclipticam pertranfibit , fietque tum Meridionalis , fub inclinatione orbita .27 fere grad, Hoc ipfo ve[pere , dabo operam , ut eim etiam in Occiden'a'i plagZ , ut ut a nemine adbuc vifus (uerit.deprehen- —— dere poffim: Fortaffis [ucce[Ju temporis aliquanto melins ibidemim — | confpectum veniet ; [ed im fitu declrviori & crepu[culo velpertino, Hypccircium videlicet verfus, (b. e. Nordweften to Norden) dac tamen conditione , fi nimirum in eo motu, velocitate , nec mon 4ramite perfiflat ; atque. fic [imul matutino: fimul vefpertimo tem- pore uos illuws con[peciuros confide. De quibus tamen omnibus longe certiora, quando plures Obfervationes, Deo favente, impe- travero, fignificare vobis potero: Hac que dicia fuére , tantum- mod) divinare valuis mum vero bene, am male anguratus fuerim, tempus docebit, Quid veftrates Aftronomt de boc cometá, G an alum citins,an tardimsdeprehenderint, avidiffimé a vobis pariter expecto. — luftriffimam Regiaw Societatem, Patromos)Fantores — | Amicofque omnes faluta quam officicciffime ab eus devindtiffime c ad quevis fiudia atque Officia paratifimo Socio, Joh.Hevelio, P Dabam raptim, ut vides, horá 6 matutind die 1 Maii, ftatim poft Obfervationes habitas, propter Tabellarium ftantemin procingu, Anno 1677. Gedam. quet - ~ Ww re e E —————— : Stay «821 .) Another Letter from the fame band , upon the fame Subject with the former. Hluftri Viro : z Dom. Hesrico Oldenburgio, Iluftrifime Regie Societ. Secretario, amico honorando;7eP. HeveliusS. | literas meas, die v Mali nuper datas; [pero Te optime accepiffe, LL atque ex it intellexif[e, Cometam bic Gedani die 27 April, primim illuxilJe : nunc ad continuandam bujus phanomezi Hiffo- violam nonnulla adbuc addam, quid videlicet cum ejus cur [u conti- gerit, cr quando plane hic vifui fefe fubduxerit. | Atque ita die 4 Maii ve[peri,utà in diclis literis vobis per[eripferam,[perabam me Gometam quoque ob[ervaturum ut ut in decliviori fitu; fed adverfa aeris temperies, id omnino tum impediebat s. At veri die 2 Maii ve[peri, Celo rur[us fereno, hora 8. 45', etiamfi ed im parte Cali, walle adbuc Stella emicarent, intenfumque crepufculum exifferet, |. nihilominis Cometam Tubo Optico ivimus quafitum , quem etiam protinus invent, ficutt omnes {pect atores teftabuntur. Paulo poft id lum in altitudine 3. 30' fextante majori, a Capella €? Lucida Ca- thedre Cafliopee dimen[us fum: Caudam referebat, ratione cre- pufculà, valde teunem, quam inter utrumque genu Calliope, pro- | pius famen finiflro exporrigebat : occidebat ea velpera hora 1o Gir | cium ver [us, b.e. Nord Nord weit. Die 5 Maii maze, Celo rur[us | perquàm [eremo Cometa oriebatur Boream ver[As,b. e. Nord Nord | oft bora fcilicet 1.23', quanquam Cauda paulo citius a nobis dete- éta, nempe bor. 1. 18's obfervatus eff a Capella, Lucido Latere Perfei,e Lucida Cathedre Cafliopez, ver fabatur in 14 grad.w, cum Sole fere in ip(a Conjunitione, Latitudinem babens 17 grad-, e tantam etiam diftantiam fer? ab ipfo Sele. Caudam bác die long? | prolixiorem c acutiorem fatifque [plegdidam 2 vel 3 fere grad. | oflendebat. Hincque à me aliisque. {pectatoribus vifu pollentibus nudo otulo ad bor. 3. 34' depreben[us eft, c Telefcopio - aa hor. 3, 40°, in altitudine 11°. 30'; adeó ut Sol eo tempore tantummodds 6 grad. infra borizontem lateret ; im) diutins il- lum vidillemus, mifi nubecule ilum nobis eripui[Jent : Motus diur- nus decre[cere videbatur, quantum conjeciurá ab[que omni calculo a[fequi potui. Nam inter 29 & 30 April.2*.4& fer? exctitit;inter 30 Apr.& r Maii 2°. 155 /ster 1 Ce 2 Maii 1°.55'; inter 2 ($3 "Maii 1.40'; fed ipfe obfervationes calculufque id clarins oftendent. Die 3 Maii vefperi Calum minim? erat ferenum; die vero 4 Mati byefperi, aere admodim fudo, borá 8,53, iterum. Cometa deteitus, ed obfeurior paulo extitit, quam diebus precedentibus,tum Cauda : i Rn ee Ga brevior s SUE | MM. coc brevior ; dimen[us eum [um a Capella, c" LucidáCathedrz Caf- fiopez, Die s Maii mane hora 1.41". Cometa primum apparuit, ab - eb[curiores fcilicet nubes horizontem infidentes 5. obfervatus rur fas eft, à Capella,Cingulo Andromedz, @& Lucido Latere Perfei, caudam dextrum genn CafBiop. verfus exponens; verfabatur in 17 v, i9 16 Latit, Bor. pariter in tamá diffantia à Soles motus proprius à die 3 ad s Maii fuit fere 2°.40', decrefcente Latitudine, ab ipfo initio feilicet fert ad 3 grad.; fic ut in 29 April. motus pro- prius Comete ad 5 Maii propemodum (uerit 12 grad, — E4dem die ve[peri clare quidem ruv [us illuxit, ed minime, ob graviffimas oc- eupationes, obJervatus.. Die 6 Mali mane, rurfus illum dimen(us fam ; fed vuditer tantum, ob nubes,a Capella 2nprimis c Lucida Cathedra Caff.; comsmorabatur eo tempore in 18° w,€ Latit. Bor. 15°30’, Sole exiftente in 17° 3 motus diurnus erat 0", circit. : Quoad caput, quam caudam multe tenuior ac debilior videbatur ob Solem non nifi 162 grad, à Gometà remotum. Die 6 Maii ve[peri vi[us quidem Tubo Optico hor. [c. 8, 35', cauda adbue breviori c dilutiort fed cum in decliviori fitu, | atque in crepufculo intemo exifleret , nullo modo diflincte in nudos tneurrebat oculos, Die 7 Maii depreben[us primum hor, 2. 22' in altitudine 3° ob[er- vabatur rur[us 4 Capella, € Lucido Latere Perfei, ut wt valde tenuis videretursoccupabat eo tempore 19°S,in Latitudine 15°Bor., — €^ dillantiá a Sole Y 6° fere, Sole exiftente ip 18 grad. vs; motus ejus proprius magis magifque decrefeebat.quantum colligere abfque calculo — dabatur. Die 8 Maii mane ab her. 1. fedulo nudis quefitus eft oculis, fed nufquam apparuit, Telefcopiotamen v2 ped. inventus, caudam quidem adhuc pra [e ferens, fed breviffimam, paulo à cireulo verti- cali finiftram ves fus exten[am. Quantum conjectura a[fequi potui ; ver[abatar in 20? 3, in dzflantiá a Sole 15°, qui tum YQ gradum s polfidebat ; flabat fer? boc tempore in lined rei à , cum humero de- xtro Verfei, & Algol. Medufe, exquifit tamen à fixis ob[ervari bodie baud potuit.. Diameter Cometa, ad Jovis diametrum come parata, vix ad dimidiam partem accedebat. De reliquo,Tubi bene- ficio [atis erat adhuc con[picuus, adeà ut eum ad bor. 3. 45 diflincià — con[picere potuerimus, in altitudine fcilicet 9^ fert : unde celligere — datur, arcum vi[ioni vix 5° tum fui[Je. Sol enim vix $ grad, [ub horizonte berebat , quo tempore omnes jam Stella, excepto unico Jove,evanuerunt : Sol oriebatur limbo fuo fuperiori bor. 4. 6' feré, Die 8 Maii ve/peri Cometam nec nudis ocults nec ullo Telefcopio de- tegere amplius potuimus. Die 9 mane cr vefperi, ut ut auxio use — — fitus, nulla tamen ratione con{pectus ; nec die yo Maii ; ficutcer- — | | fum sume fit , Cometam bunc die 8 mane a nobis hic Gedani sltimüm effe deprehenfum, e mo mfi per 12 dies, nmimrmà — 27 Aprilis 44 8 Maii s Celefulfi]]e 5 quanquam , med opinione, /— multd citius detegi potui[Jet , (6. calum nobis annuiffet: Cum circa | Pifcem Boreum, /ub Andromeda adbuc ver[aretur y. pariter long? diutins confpettus fuilJet , fi curfum fuum motu retrogrado inflita- iffet ; verüm cum indies motu directo Solem ver [is latus fuerit, c in Conjunctione Solis fere continue haferit, baud potuit ampliis vi- |— deri, Atque hac fant, Amice honorande,que hac vice,rudiori modo, de hoc Gometa llufiri(]. Regio Notre Societati, cum omnigena feli- citatis voto, figuificare fubmilfe volui. Quid Vos in Anglia, vel ali i» Gallia e» Itali, de bocce Cometa anmtaffis,rur[üs à Te avidiff- — si, prima occafione, expecto. Dabam Gedazi Anno 1677. die 13 Mai, ft.n. Mr. Flamftead's account of his Obfervations of the late Comet ,-— (0 fent ina Letter to the Pablifber, Greenwich, May 18. 1677. tied egg * | : |. 7 Have this day received a Note from Sr. Tomas Moore, in ] which he informs me, that you have received Papers con- _cerning the late Comet both from Mr. Hevelias and Mr.Cafini, and that you defire to know what I obferved of it. I am glad - to hear you have accounts of it from two fuch able perfons, |^ who having obferved and made theories for the Comets which appeared near the fame placetwice of late at twelve years in- terval, 242 in 1653, and 166s, may beft informus , what |^ conformity there is betwixt the Motions of this and them, and ^ whetherit may probably be the fame returned hither after two revolutions;or another: My Obfervations of it,by reafon of our cloudy Nights, were fo few, that I can determine nothing | from them; however perhaps they may be of ufe to others, who had more frequent opportunities, and therefore fuchas - they are, they areat yourfervice, == | .— Thefirft time that the Comet was taken notice of with us, that -.] can hear of, was about the middle of our Eafer week ; I be- lieve it might have been obferved long before, had not the un- wonted cloudinefs of our Heavens (which has permitted me to . Obferve but 4 of almoft so appulfes of the Moon and Planets | to fixed Stars forefeen hitherto) prevented. The firit certain notice I had of it wason Apri] 21. I waited the rifing of the Comet; but immediately after midnight the Heavens were over- oe | e Y 2 fpread (874) | fpread with Cloüds and continued fo till Sun- ife, e, next Morn- ing, preventing me.of my defires. The next. Night Apri 22. I again waited for itsrifing, the Heavens being now exceeding ferene and. clear: at about 2 a Clock after the Midnight fol- lowing [ fawthe Tail raifed almoft perpendicular to the Ho- rizon 3 foon after the Head appeared through a thin vapor, from which the Tail pointed as near , as I could guefs, upon the^k in the kwee of Caffrepea, its length being about 6 degrees, and breadth at the top about 7 or 8 minutes. Viewing the Head witha Telefcope of 16 foot,I found it wasnot perfe&ly round, but indented;and not near one minute diameter. Afterwards D hafted to meafüre its diftances from feveral fixed Stars, which wete as follow : | ii 22, ad à 6s age its head and the foot of Androm. Alam.t3.26. — 47.15 that diftance repeated 11.26.¢0 - $$,63 its head from Gapella | 31.01.15 59.10 sip 31.01,24 15,12.02 its head from Algolin Medufa’s ^— — 8.16.54 21422 ———— from Mirach- 19.35. - 27.54 ^ from Alamech again 11.33.30 15. 36.20 ———— from Gapelaagain |. 30.59.48 —— Ath,15.21'£p,m.the height of the Comet wasabour 5° degr. therefore the diftance of the head of the Comet from LL cor- rect by refra@tion, ——8° 19 s from Miracb, —19 37 — | ) : . And admitting with Mr. Hevelins the dee of Mirach now inv .. 21* 40’ 34", with North latitude 25° 57, its diftance from - Algol willbe 23° 42 40!', and the place of the Headofthe | Comet in ¥ 14° 48%, with North latitude 17? 08'. 1 At 15^ 28! L fate the corre& diftance of the Comets head. ! — from Capella 31^ oo! , from Alameck 11? 40'; and therefore its.— true place in® r4? $o£**, with North latitude 17? 06' 25", _ agreeing very well with the place derived from the susie di- .3 ftances from two other and different Stars. The Tail was not, it feems, diredily oppofite tothe Sun, fo- T the Suns place was. now : 30°07"; ; but the Comet being in . 14^ 47' of the fame Sign, that is 1? 4o' in confequence of the . - Sun, the Tail ought, if it had been exa&ly oppofite to the Sun, to D » ( 875 ) to have lain in confequence of the head; but the &zee of Caf- fopea is now inv 12? 24' inantecedenceof the Comet, whofe Tail lay nor therefore in confequence, but in antecedence of the line paffing through its head and the Sun, at about anangle - ' of 10 degrees. Next Night, being that following the 23 of April, I a- gain waited for the Comets rifing ; but the Heavens were thick of fcattered Clouds, and moft where the Comet rofe, fo that I almoft defpaired of feeing it; till about of an. hour after two I fawits Tail,which appeared much fhorter than laft morning | through a break of the Clouds; which foon after opening wider I faw the head too,and hafting [ meafured its diftance. April 23 at 14^ 51' p.m. from Mirach 21°.09'; but before I could get the plain of the Sextant to. Algo/, the Clouds came o- ~ ver the Comet again,and I could fee it no more. Hence, and froma courfe Obfervation of it fent me by an | ingenious Friend, I found its motion was dired, and its lati- | tude decreafing. I hoped neverthelefs I might fee it again in the Evenings following , and waited for it; but though they proved fometimesclear I could never find it, and I believed, that hence forward to us it would beunobfervable. antis An Account of [ome Books: I. The Natural Hiftory of OXFORDSHIRE, being an Effay toward the Natural Hiftory of ENGLAND: by Robert Plot, LL. D. Printed at the Theater in Oxford, 167 7,i2 fol. ^He worthy and learned Author of this Work, having very | generouíly undertaken to make a fuller and ftri&er fur- vey of the Natural and Artificial things of England, than hath been made hitherto, and being induced to this undertaking by . the confideration of advancing thereby both the knowledge of Nature, and the bufinefs of Trade; hath begun to execute this Noble defign by giving us a very particular account of what . occurred to him , for the moft part upon his. own perfonal enquiry, in Oxford[bire. Anattempt fo confiderable, that if it were purfued by fit perfons all. over the World with care, ]. judgment and diligence, would in time produce a juft Hzffory ef Nature, and furnifh both the Philofopher with good Mate- rials to work with,and generally all forts of men with the plea- fant and ufeful knowledge of the riches and wonders of the World, | Bu lut The Method, obferved by our Author in this County, and doubtlefs to be obferved by him in others,is, that he confiders, 1. Natural chings, fuch as Nature either hath retained the fame from the beginning, or freely produces in her ordinary courfe, as Animals, Plants, and the univer{al Furniture of the World. 2. Nature's Extravagances and Defects, occafioned either by the Exuberancy of matter, or Obftinacy of impediments, as in — Monfters. 3. As Nature is reftrain'd, forced, fafhion'd, or de- termined by Artificial Operations, | More particularly he obferveth what is remarkable in the Heavens and Air,in Waters,in Earths,Sands,Clays,Stones: A- gain, in Trees and Plants, where he difcovers feveral, unknown before at the Oxezias Phyfick-garden, and others not ordina- rily found in this County ; together with divers unufual grains - fown in the fame, Moreover, in Animals, with things uncommon, attending them. To all which he fubjoyns many things of Art, . hemet with in this Country. LEN ls "Togive the Reader, out of this curious and vaft Colle&ion,a — few Samples; I fhall take notice,of an Echo,repeating difting- . ly 17 fyllables in the day time, and twenty in thenight, in — Meoodflock-park « Of Petrifying waters at AVortb- Afbton,Sommer- — ton,cic, Of afort of Sand, which when wafhed and duly or- © der'd, is fold by retailat 20 fhillings a Bufhel, at Késghaw: | Of excellent Fite- and Weather-ftones, at Teyztos and Horton: | Of Marble,at Bletchington: Of Lapides Fudaiciat Hedaington: Of two forts of Pear-trees, bearing twice a year, theoneat — Stanlake, call'd the Hundred pound pear, the other at Latch- . ford, called the Pear of Paradife: Of a rath-ripe Barley,fow’d — -and return'd again intothe Barn in two months time, fetched — from Patzey in Wilt[bire : Of a great fpreading Oak, from | boughs end to boughs end 108 feet; under the fhadow of — Which;43eo men may fufficiently be fhelter'd: Of agreat Old — Elm in eMagdalen-Colledge Grove, barked quite round for: many years,and pithlefs, yet lives; and of another great Elm | having three Trunks, iffued out of one root, in St. Fobn Bapt. — Colledge in Oxford: Of awhite Linnet, at Deddington: Of — two Salmons, the one fomething above, the other fomething | under, a yard in length, catch't ina final] Brook that amanmay - eafily ftep over, not above one furlong from theSpring-head, - about 200 miles from the Rivers mouth, at Lillington-Lovel: — | C877 ) |. Of a Hog near thirteen hands high, at Uperodudnuduns Of a | Cow, at Newington, which whilft a Calf, before the was eleven months old, produced another: which Animals carrying their . burthen ufually no lefs thang ‘months, we muft either admit,thac this Cow took Bull at ten or eleven weeks old, or that the Cow her felf was at firft brought forth pregnant of another, Of Deer in Corubury park,which being for a while (in part at leaft) turn’d into a Cony-warren, the Deer upon it had all dwarf heads, the moft of them irregular, though the Deer theinfelves were wellgrown ; butas foonas the Warren was deftroyed by |. the prefent proprietor, the Deer came again to have as fair bran- ched heads as any Deer whatever in the adjoyning Forreft : Of _ a Woman of fixty yearsold, brought tobed of a Son, both | now living,at Shet/ord ; and of another of 63 years old, then with Child, when the Author wrote: Ofa Woman of 36 years . of Age, married , wanting halfan inch of a yard in height ; born - at Milcomb: Of fome perfons, whereof three are in the han- _ dred year of their age; one, died atthe age of 103; another, | of theageof ri2; a third, of the age of 1 14 years: SED 19 | and p.212. | OF the fifties Bae Art, 1 fhall here take no-ice, r.of Sr. | Chriflopher Wrens contrivance of a Weather.clock, in order to , compofe a Hiftory of Seafons ; with EH MON, which are | the moft healthful or contagious to Men or Beafts ;; which, the | harbingers of Blights, Mildews, Smut, or any other accidents. | attending Men, Cattle, or Grain; fo that at length being inftru- |. Ged in the Caufes of thefe Evils, we may the eafier prevent or find remedies for them. 2.Of a Clock lately contrived by Mr. | gobz jones , which moves by the Air, equally expreft out of - | Bellows: 3. Of Gunpowder invented by Fryer Bacon, and of | the Telefcope knownto the fame: 4. Of an Inftrument of Sir Chr. Wrens, which meafures the quantity of Rain that falls, | whichas foonas *tis full, empties it felf; whereby at the years end it is eafie to compute how much has fallen upon fuch a ‘guanticy of ground forall chat times inorder to difcover the | ‘Theory of Springs, Exhalations,&c. §,Of the Arts and Ways, | by which the feveral forts of Soyls are tilled in Oxfordfhire, |! 6, Of the Manufadture ofthe Stone- or Gollew-wares,as Bottles, | Juggs, &c. as alfo of the difcover'd Myftery of the Heffian | Wares, whereby Veffels are dis to retain all forts of penetra- ting. ( 878 ) ting Salts andSpirits; likewife of an Art of making acertain Englifb Earth as white and tranfparent as Porcelain: All three by Mr. Dwight, 6.Of anexcellent way to prevent the firing of Ricks of Hay and Stacks of Corns asalfoof feveral ways of preferving the latter from being eaten by Rats and Mice ; . whereof one is, by a peculiar kind of Rats-bane , that kills no Creatures but thofe for wbich itis defigned, except Poultry: See p.257.259. 8. Ofa fuccefsful way of grafting white Fron- tiniac upon the Parfly Vine; and the early Ked-clufler or Cur- vant-grapeupon the Fox grape. 9. Of a way of fatting Hogs with fo much husbandry and fo little trouble, that they cannot” fpoil a Bean, 10, Of a Mill,that grinds both Apples for Cider, and Wheat to Flower, which it fifts at the fame time into four different finéneffes 5 as alfo Oats, which it culs from the husk, and winnows from the chaff, into pure Oatmeal ; laftly Mua- ftard. All which is performed at Tufmore by one Horfe and - Man; together, or feverally. 11, Of another Mil), that grinds Corn, curs Stones, and bores Guns, altogether or feverally , at Hanwell, 42. Of a very ingenious device of making flat floors _or roofs of {hort pieces of Timber,continued toa great breadth without either Arch-work or Pillar to fupport them , being fuflained on!y by the fide-Walls and their own texture; by which means many times the defe& of ong timber, or miftakes of Workmen, are fupplied and re&ified without any prejudice to the building ; together with a demonftrationof this Work, given by Dr. Walls in his Book De Mota. 13. Of therare flat Floor of the Theatre in Oxford , unfupported by Pillars, and whofe main beams are made of divers piecesof Timber, from fide- wall to fide wall 80 foot over one way, and 7o the other, whofe Lockages arequite different from any other,and in many other particulars perhaps not to be parallel’d. 14. Of the. curious and fignificant Painting of the Theater, largely ex- plained. 14 Of the Art of finking a Colour a confiderable depth into the body of polifht white Marble, by application of it to the outfide only ; by Mr. Bird. 16. Of an invention of Esehing, perform'd in a very curious dnd fpeedy way, by Sir Chr. Wren. 17. Of Mr, Lee’s Loom of weaving Silk-ftockings. 18. Of the Bhnqueting Trade iinproved at Wirgey. 19. An Account of the 'Starch-trade of Oxford. 20. Of a way of teiching deaf and dumb perfons not only to underftand what they | ( 879 ) | they read, but alfo to fpeak and read intelligibly, by Dr. Holder and Dr.Wailla. 21. Of the Invention of an Univerfal Character, or Philofophical Language,by Mr, Dalgarno and Dr. Fob.Wilkins, late L. Bifhop of Ghefter. 22.4 ftraight line found outequal to a -. Cycloid, by Sir Chr. Wres s and a ftraight line found equal toa Curve,by Mr.William Neil. 23.4 new Method,called the Arith- metic of Infinites, for the more expedit and effectual Inquiry into the Quadrature of Curvilinear figures,or other difficult Problems in Geometry, by Dr.Wallés. 24. Of confiderable phenomena of Mufick difcover’d by Mr. Pigot and Mr. Noble, fhewing, that - though Viol- or Lute-ftrings rightly tuned do affe& one another, . yet moft of chem do it not in all placesalike,as hath til] now been fuppofed : Concerning which phenomena in all their cafes , an exquifite folution hath been given by the Reverend and Learned -Do&or Aarci[Jus Marjo, Principal of St. Alban Hall in Oxford ; — which particular was for want of information omitted in Nam. -. 134 of thefe Tra&s, where this matter was briefly fpoken of,and from whence the Reader ought to have been dire&ed for more fatisfaction to this Hiftory, we are now defcribing ; wherein 'tis fully deliver’d,p.283,c> fegq. 25. Of the Inventionof the Lym- pheducts,by Mr. Fellif of Oxford, 26.Of the many excellent Dif- . coveries,made by Dr.IWillz in his Book of Fermentation,of the — Brain,of the Soul of Brutes,of the Pharmaceutice,&c. 27, Of In- jecting liquors into the Veinsof Animals,by Sir Chr.IWren; and of Transfufing Blood out of one Animal into another,by Dr. Lower. To all which the Author would have added the mention of fome |. ofthe many and new Experiments of the Noble Mr. Boyle, had he diftin&ly known, whichof them were made by him at Oxford, —— "The whole is concluded with a particular Chapier of the 45- tiquities to be found in.Oxford/bire ; but having been already fomewhat prolix in my account of this Hiftory, [ muft forbear to mention any particnlars of that Chapter,and defire the Reader, | to repair as well for this, as many other confiderable Obfervati- ons, to the Book it felf. IT. L' ARCHITECTURE NAVALE, avec le ROUTIER - des Indes Orientales G Occidentales: Par le Sieur. Daffiés 4 Paris 167 7.in 4°. | He Author of this Book would have his Reader look upon it no otherwife than a finall Effay or Forerunner of abun- XB | SZ 2 dance ( 880 ) dance af excellent refearches of his Curiofity, which he faith be is preparing for the publick. His main defiga in-this work he affirms to have beenno other, than to reduce into Art, as metho- dicallyas he could, a Science fo neceffary and ufeful to the State, to render it. familiar, and to quicken thofe that are knowing in the Mathematicks and in Naval Archite&ure, to enquire after infalli-- ^ ble ways of making Ships fail better, and to find out the jut weight of a Ships burden,and its true Spanair ya fo to bring this Art to perfection. The Order,by him obferv'd in this Treaty,is this : In the fri Book he delivers the Terms of Geometry , and the Ufe of the Compaffes neceffary to reprefent the plan and the proportion of a Ship; asalfo the ufual Terms of Marine; the Definitions of the feveral forts of Ve(fels ; the Proportions and Meafures of all the parts of a Ship,exhibited i in their feveral figures ; a gene- ral Defcription of all the Inftruments , Wotkmen , and other - neceffaries for equippinga Fleet to goto Seas tdgether with an accountof the Charges of buildinga Man of War of 106, and of another of 11g feet by the Keel. To which is added alift of the Officers, neceffary to command: and defend a Manof War ; as alfo the Number and Names of the Men of War and their Off- cersnow in the fervice of his French Majefty. Inthe fecond Book, he gives the explication of the Teas for. the building of a Gal:y and Chaloup 3 and withal enume- rates the feverai parts of them, reprefented alfo by their figures; | adding likewife a general Defcription of all neceffaries for fit- _ ting out fuch Veffels, foasto keep fix Months at Sea; together with the Ordersofhis King touching: the Saluces at Sea, - - The third Book contains the Tables of Longitude and Lati- ! | tude of Places, and likewife of the Tydes, and their Currents; 7 together with the Routs, Courfes and Diftances of the principal - Ports of all the four parts of the World,and theShallows, Rocks | and other dangers therein. And forafinuch as the Building of Ships. ferves pulbespal for 4 Trade, the Author hath, for the fake of Merchants, annexed the 7 Routier of the Eaft add Wefi-Indies, extracted out of tbe moft | modern and beft Authors, containing above 3e Navigations, to- | gether with the proper Seafons to make thofe Voyages, andthe | feveral Soundings, Ankerings,and Sea- ports: Promifing withal E to publifh in due time another Treatife under the Title of, The — Sriene of the Pilot. Having a * : - (881) - Having thus given the Reader a. general view of the whole, it may not be amifs, to acquaint him with fome particularities to - be found in this Treatife. As, T , r. That in the fir/? part of it there is to be found a particular explication of the Proportion to be obferved in the building of Ships from 60 feet by the Keel, to Ships of 140 feet; and like- wifeof the proportion to be obferved for Menof War, from goo Tuns upwards to 2co9 Tuns 5 together with a Table to find the proportions for Men of War of the feveral rates, and for the feveral parts of them, and their refpe&ive Guns. — 2. A Lift of the French Fleet in the year 167 1. r 3. -A Lift of the Men of War built fince the year 1671, 4. A particular Difcourfe of the General motion of the Sea, which this Author, amongft many others,affirms to be from Eaft to Weft, inclining towards the North when the Sun hath pafled the Equinodial Northward ; and that, during the time the Sun isin the Northern Signs; but the contrary way, after the Sun hath repaffed the faid Equino&ial Southward: Adding, that _when this general motion is changed, the diurnal flux is changed likewifes whence it comes to pafs, that the Tides in divers places come-in during one part of the year,and go out the other; as on the coaftsof Norway inthe Igdies, at Goa, CochineChina, ere. where whilft che Sun is in the Summer-figns , the Sea runs o the fhoar, when inthe Winter-figns, from it. Onthemolt Southern coafts of. Tungqusin and Chine , for the fix Summer-months the di- J urnal courfe runs from the North with the Ocean; but the Sun "having repaffed the Line towards the South, the Courfe declines alfo Southward, Thofe that fail from:the coaft of Peru Weft- ward, when the Sun is in the Equino¢tial , have the Winds and Tides dire&ly from Eaft to Weft, between the Tropicks, and in a little time Ships arrive from the Mo/seques to Peru. But when the Sun isin the Northern figns, the courfe of the Seaand the Wind tends Northward : And'the Sun being in his greateft de- rt clination, in the Tropick of Gawcer, the Winds and Tides of the Eaft extend themfelves unto the 30/5 degree of. Northerz Lati- tude, and fometimes further. Onthe contrary, thofe that fail in the Southern Hemifphere, are obliged to approach to the Line to meet the Eaftern Winds. Again, whenthe Sun hath pailéd the Line Southward,the Eaftern Winds and Tides extend themfelves unto the 4245 degree of Seutbers Latitude ; and therefore thofe S T : thae -( 882 ) that navigate in the Northern Hemifphere, are conftrain'd in the Pacifique Sea to decline Southward tothe Equino&ial, to meet the Winds and Tides of the Eaft for the Molucques and Philip- ines. 25. P c. Notice is taken, that, fome years fince, a motion hath been found in the Ocean, that givesa flight motion to the whole Ocean in general ; not that "tis vifible,but yet fufficiently perceived by Pilots: Forafinuchas the Eze/i[b have obferv'd, that they fail more fpeedily , with the fame wind, in going from England to Spain , than from Spain to England. The Spaniards alfo have - noted, that they fometimes went out of Spaiz into the We/- Indies in 24 hours; but, that they could not return, how favourable foever the weather was to them, inlefs than four " months. be | | 6. Concerning the particular Voyages, defcribed in the Ros- tier above-intimated, they are, 1. A Voyage from France to the Cape of Good Hope, 2. From the Cape of Lopo Goufalues to the River Congo and Angola, onthe coaft of Gainyand Ethiopis, 3. From Lasbon to Malacca in O&ober, to arrive there in April, which is the time that the Weft- winds reign on the I”déan Coatts. 4. From the Cape of Good Hope to Mofambique and Goa, when one paffeth betwixt the Firm land:and the Ifle of St. Lorentz, s. From Mofambique to Goa in Auguft ; unto the end of which it is good to part, without ftaying any longer. 6. From Mofam- bique to Goa, in the end of March. | 7. From the Cape of God Hope, without the Ifle of St. Laurentz, for Gea or Cochin. . $. Voyage toward the coaft of Africa , when.the Ship is Eaft of the Garayes and of Saja de Malla, the feafon being palt, and the provifion fpent, fo that there is no likelyhood of a poffibility of arriving on the coaft of Imdia, and that one is conftrained to winter at Mombafa or Mofambique , which is the fhorteft way . that can be taken. 9. From Mombafato Goa, in March and A- pri 10. A voyage that may be made , when a Ship comes inthe after-feafon to the Cape of Good Hope, and takes her courf{e be- tween Terra ferma and St, Lasrentz. 11. From Goa to the Cape of Good Hopeby Mofambique , pafling between the Terra ferma and St.Laurentz, 12. From Cochin to the Cape of Good Hope by Mofambique. 13. From Goa to the C. of Good Hope, by paffing — without St. Lawrentz,which is the old rout. 14, From the Cape of Gesd Hope to Lisbon, by the Ifleof St. Helena, 1 5, From the 3 Cape ( 383 ) Cape of Good Hope to. Lisbon again ,~ by the coaft of Angola. 16,From Angola to Lisbon. 17. From Leon to Malacca, in - Otober,to arrive there in Apri!,which is the time of the Weft- winds reignon the Indian Coafts, 18. From Léon to Ma- lacca in the feafon of February and March. 19. From Malacca to. Lisbos. 20. From Ma/lacca to Macao in China, 21, From the lfles of Cantos and the coaft of Chima towards Nyngpo and .. JVanquim. 22. From Lampacon neat Macao towards fapan , as farasthe Ifle of. Firagde, 23. From Macao to Japan and the Ille of Cabexuma, as far as to the Haven of Langua[aque, 24. What courfe isto be taken to enter into the haven of Laz- gua[aque in Tapas. 25.Rout held by the Pilots from Provence tothe Eff- Indies. 26. Fromthe lfle of Gomera, one of the A Canaries,to the 4zf//les,and thence to Cartagena, and Nombre de Dios, andfoto the Havana. 27, The courfeand true marks from the Ifle Defirada, as far as the coaft of Cartagena, Nombre de Dios, New Spain, and the Canal of Havana, 28, From Cafe Vert to Brafil, and to know the Coaft and Havens of the faid Country of Braft/, as faras to the River della Plata, 29. From Todos los Santos, on the coaft of Brafil. 30, From Rio des Ihas, onthe fame coaft. 31, To the haven, Porto Seguro, onthe fame coaít. : 32. To the haven called Spirito Santo, on the fame coaft, 33. From Spir. Santo to the Bay of St.Vincent. 34. From the . Cape Frio,as far as Rio della Plata, with the particulars thereof, 35, The Ankrings and Soundiogs in the Roads and Havens of the Mare Glaciale and the White Sea. 36. The Soundings of - the Havens of the Ba/tique, and the German Sea; asalfo of the Coaft of Exgland, beginning from the Cape of Cornwall, and fo on; likewifeof Ire/aud, France, Bifcay, Gallicia, Portugal, the Coafts of Africa, the Iles of Terceraand the Canaries, of Ame- rica, and particularly of Virginia, Florida, and New Spain. HI. Philofophicat Dialogues concerning the PRINCIPLES ef Natural Bodies; £y W.Simpfon,eM.D. Lond.1677. He Learned and Induftrious Author of thefe Dialogues | . endeavours to deliver in them a confirmation of the Cor- pujeulariaw Philofophy, taking-in Seminal Principles and Fer- ments vo make up the generality of Mixc. bodies in the World. ‘Where he underftands by Seminal Principles certain minute portions of Acid and Sulphar, concentred and wrapt up by the | : Author | ( 984 ) ye Mute of Nature in (iiall rayments of Matter, which Princi- ples are to him the Mechanical Agents included in all thofe bodies commonly called Seeds ; not but that thefe Principles themfelves are alfo material, and, inhis opinion, ultimately re- ducible into Water Cwhich he would have the Material Princi- ple of all Concretes, ) but with this difference, that they are pure Nn very fubtile parts' (engaged in eroffer ‘ones) adapted for that motion; which he fuppofes abfolutely neceffary. in the fabrick of all Mixts. By Ferments he means the aforefaid Principles, Cor Seminal fparks hidden ia matter) a&ually put jntomotion, and by the variety of that motion. producing the variety of bodies, | This fignification of his Seitinal and Fermental principles he illufirates by the Generation both of Vegetables and Animals; -efteeming the faid- generation to be no other than.a natural E- 'volution or’ Expanfion of the implanted Seminal principles ‘contained in the minute Seed or Embrio, and yendred fruitful orprolific by the odour of a fpirituous ferment. So that thefe - Seminal Principles, carried on by a mutual collifion of Mecha- ‘nical Agents, are, tohim, the very groundwork of all natural Fre in bodies, and. that thefe liccle Fires, harboured in fo ma- iny minuce portions of Matter as there are variety of things, give motion and vigour to every body wherewith they are -cloathed, "Moreover, the Author confidering Bodies in their "Generation, and Mutation, and reducing: them to their fev eral Claffes, he finds, there are feven Complications,orfeven ways of - ‘Agereffions of his Principles, Acidsand Sulphurs; and con- "fequently fo many forts of Fires, hid in the boim “of pee ‘according to thofe feven Modifications of the Principles, by which they varioufly combine to the raifing. of bodies, and to _the diffolving of them again. | And thefe feven Complications he thus reckons up: The 17. ' ds, when the Principles comibine'in-füch.a peculiar Coll:fion, . as that the Ethereal matter is interwoven therewith, and is fo- mented by a continual fupply from the’ perpetual citédlation of that Ether; of which fort he makes the Solar Fires to be, becaufe made from the fame principles that the Solar rays are: fuch as Light and’ Heat in the Macrocofm, . The fecond is, when the aforefaid Principles do: accoft ‘each other by a gentle collifion , either progreffive from the Center , as \ ( 885 ) - as Generation; or retrogreflive from the fuperficies, as Putre- faction. | - The zbird is, when the Principles by a f/rosger and more fen- fible collifion hit each other ; which he diftingui(hes into A/a- turaland Artificial ; the former, {uch as is manifeft among Ve- .. getablesin their ripened Juyces, whofe principles ftrugele (in our Authors language) with ftronger collifions : The /az£er, fuch as is feen in every effervefcence bet ween fadtitiousAl calie’s and Acids. | : - The fourth is the moft high and rapid motion the Principles. are capable of,and whence refults the ratio formalis of Culinary or common Fire; and by which complication the phenomena | belonging to that Fire, may be folved, rari! The fifth is, when the Principles, after they are by the moft . rapid coliifion brought toan ignition, are tranfinitted from. their own into other bodies, where having penetrated, they are - bya kind of fixation locked up, and fo become the caufesof- divers phenomena; as itis apparent in the €alces of Mettals . made in forma ficca,as of Lead, Iron,Mercury,&c. . The fixth is , when the Principles are complicated by a cers. - tain colliquation; thence by our Author called Ignes colliqua- ° tivi, and by him diftinguifh't in Cauffical, Corrofrve, and Putre- fective. The fff again into Lixévéal (asthe fixt Alcalies. of Plants, fixt Nitre, Calx vive,) and Veficatory; as Chymical . Oyls, Cantharides, and fome Plants. The fecoud (whichare the . Corrofive ) take their original from Mineral principles colli- quated by forceof Fire; whenceall corrofive Menjfrua. The. third, namely the putrefatf ive, is made threefold again, Pejffi- lential, Venemous, and properly Putrefactive: Concerning all which, he refers us to his Tentamen Phy/fiologicum, intended to . be publifhed by him, | | : The feventh and laft complication is, when the Principles are fixed by an intimate and radical union ; whence arife Fires _ fui generis, which by reafon of the fixity and the infeparable connexionof the principles, fuller no deflagration of parts, nor any injuries by our ftrongeft fire ; fuchas to him are the Philo- | fophbical Elixir,the liquor Alkaleft, and the Mercurius Pbiofo-. phorum. | - So far his Seven Complications; which whether they are. -confonant to the natureof things, and comprehenfive oN | x» | expli- ( 886 y. explicate all phanomena d the World by, muft be left: to the - profeffed and fagacious Searchers of Natureto determine, — — 3 IV. A New Treatife of GHYMISTRY, &c. written in French by. Chriftopher Glafer, asd now faithfully Englifhed dy F,R. S.: London, 1677. 72 8°. His Author having refle&ed vpon the caufes , why many E have declaimed againft Chymical Writers and even a- gainft Chymiftry it felf, maketh it his bufinefs in this Trearife to publifh a fhort and eafie method for the happy attainmépt: of all rhe moft neceffary preparations of Chymiftry ; affuring - us, that the confidering Reader fhall find therein nothing tedi-- - ous, fuperfiious, or defe&ive in any matter that deferves to be known,and that, though indeed the Preparations of all Chy- mical matters cannot be found therein, yet fufficient Examples of them will be had from it; affirming withal , that he hath: deliver’d, no operation , but what he has made and well: eXpe- rienced himfelf, and what any one, following the Rules by bim prefcribed, may do after him. As for the Theory, hefipeaks fuccinüly , yet feems to fay fo muchof it as may fuffice for direction to the Preparations : performing his operations on Minerals, Vegetables, and |fzi- mals, and proceeding therein idee , without omitting any neceffary diregtions, | Advertifement. Dre WITHOUT SCALE and COM PASS: A New large Map of England ib foot fquare, wherein computed and meafured Miles are entréd in figures: Defign- ed by Mr. John Adams iz the Ingér-Temple; Sold by Mr. Gregoty King a£ tbe Ef? corner-Piazza houfe of Jame’s-ftreet Covent-Garden 5 Mr. John Smith Teacher of the Viol and Guit- tar at the Mermaid, next door tothe Bull-head Taverz zz Cheap- fide: Mr. Thomas Baffet at the George wear St. Dunftans | Church ip Fleetftreet; and Mr.Richard Chifwel atthe Rofeand — — : Crown zz St. Pauls Church- -yard. Price ree? make up Two —— Guinies. Jprimatur, eJMay 3t. | exoore a 1677. it: JONAS MOORE R:.SV.Pr. — - London,Prizted for John Martyn, Printer to the R. Society, 1677. TFrans.No, 136. - (887 ) Aum.136 . PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS jue 29. 1677. The CONT EN T S. JA. Letter of eMr. John Conyers , containing an account of 4 very ufeful and cheap Pump, contrived by bim, and al[o put in practice with good fuccefs. Some Confider ations upos Numb. 433 of thefe Tracts. A Demonjtration concerning the Motion . wf Light, ‘communicated from Paris, A Relation of fome ftrange Phenomena, accompanied with mifchievous effects, in 4 | Coal-work in Flint-thire. A Letter from Mr, Leewenhocck, concerning fome Obfervations by him made of the Carneous | Fibresof a Mufcle, and the Cortical and Medullar part of the - Brain, zs alfoof Moxaand Cotton. Tbe Defeription of a Ce- "leffial Globe, artificially made, [bewing the apparent Motions of the Sun, Moon, asd Fixed Stars, ec. 4 Defeription of the « Diamond-Mines,as it was prefented by the Right Honourable, the Earl Marfbal of England, to the Royal Society. dn Ac- count of [ome Books: 1. The Primitive Origination of Maz- - kind, confidered and examined according to the Light of Na- iure; by the Honourable Sir Matthew Hale, K#. Oe. II. Tractatus Medicus de MORBIS CASTRENSIBUS INTERNIS, Auth. Joh.Valentino Willio. II]. Hebdomaes " Obfervationum de Rebus SINIGIS, Auth. Andrea Mullero. IV. The Curious Diftilatory, written originally in Latin by © Joh.Sigifin, Elsholt, azd Englifbed by T.S.c¢. V. Medicina - Statica, or Rules of Health, likewife originally written in La- | _ gin, now made Englifh by J. D. VI. Syftema Horticulture, | ^ containing in Englilo the\Art of Gardening in Three Books ; by - j-W. Gent) oc. 4 coeno d m n. | beue Ee of the Hogrofcope defcribed in Numb. 129 5 i9 which Letter #s contained a Draught and Defcription of a very ufeful aud cheap Pump , contrived by the faid Mr. Conyers; a Trial of which was alfo made at the Repairing of the New Canal of — Fleet-viver in London, and eifewhere. Have here inclofed a Draught of a very ufeful and cheap. Pump, which about the Year 1673 was by me contrived, and by my diredion ufed and made at the New Canal of Fleet- river in Lozdon at the Work there, when the River was lately. . enlarged as now it. is; and this Pump was then found to empty. and raife at leaft twice as much Water proportionably as thofe of the fameor rather bigger bore, that were firft made ufe of and caft by ; for, thés being Taper or Conical all the way, and tbe Cylindrical, thé. would raife and caft out twice as much Water at leaft at one ftroke, as the other Cylindrical ones would do with the fame bore and firength. Now you may difcern by the fafhion, that , as there is no Brafsor Lead work. here, fo it will be purchafed at a cheaper rate than. ufual ; and - asthere-is liberty in the motion, fo there will be no wearing or rubbing upon the fides of the Bucket: Befides this, you may with the fame eafe by which you caft out of a cylindri-. cal bore, caft out twice as much at leaft out of this: So that . bow ufeful this may prove for draining of Low grounds, Pitts, Mines, Fifh-ponds, and for Shipping, Time and Experience - amuít difcover. This Engin was then recommended by Dr. — | Francis Gliffon, as aMo by Dr, Jonathan Goddard to the Royal —— Society, whilft it was ufed in the Canal. abovefaid. | Now this being the largeít yet made about.nine foot in length, and the finaller end or bottom-bore eight inches , and the top onefooteight inches bore, it was found to caft out at leaft eight Gallons at one ftroke.; and this was a.Dore of a fqua- - red fafhion, being made of Plankspailed. together, and Iron- hoops added to ftrengthen it on.the outfide; which: alfo in- A Letter of : Mr.]ohn Conyers, Citizenof London ; the Author - proportion may. be made to what length or breadth you pleafe, | Now, though the Bore be large at the top, there-isno more weight of water that lies.on.the boreat bottom. than juít the breadth there ;. the reft is born up by the fides, and the impulfe. Of Water by that means ismade in the water without grating a- — : : : gainft — ( 889 ) iun the fides of the Veffel ; and fo with much greater eafe and fwiftnefs, The Water in the fame time israifed througha - fmaller patfage, to anfwer an enlarging capacity fromthe top to be vented according to that large provifion for delivery ; : * and it fhews, that Water moves eafieft in Water, and requires a - conical or tapering liberty throughout for its largeft disbur fient “in quantity and eafein that motion, and the differing f'wiftnefs ‘makes amends for the difference of the bore ; for it moves three times as faft through the finaller bore in the (ame time, inanfwer to the delivery of the larger bore at the top, . dtis to beobferved,that no ftrength is loft in this motion,the lateral rubbings being prevented thereby , and this being the -moft genuine figure for the largeft quantity of fluids to move in, raifing the Water fooner and with greateft eafe. | Explanation of Figure I, AA the body of the Pump, made of Ok, Elm, or Deat- planks; witha valve at bottom a. BB the Bucker, inthe midft of which there is a valve 4; not vifible in the Figure, being concealed by the fides of the Lea- ther 54, CCC the Iron to raife the Bucket. - DD the wood at the bottom of the Bucket containing the Valve. EE the handle for raifi ing the Bucker,to be managed by fewer hands than ordinary Pumps are; which may be altered fo asto employ a Horfe,or Mill, or other fuch like way more advanta- - gious than that of this handle, managed by the ftrength of Men. . EF a fquare taper-Box, with holes in the fides, and open at the bottom; into the narrower part of which is inclofed the narrower end of the hody of the Pump. | _. GG anadditional Bucket of a:arger dimenfion, to be pla- ced in the Iron-work of the Pump about H , when it fhall be needful to lengthen tbe Taper of your Pump, ‘and thereby to -raifethe Water more forcibly toa greater height. . II theSpout of the Pump, to caft out the water of the fame breadth with the fide of the Pump, at the place reprefented by the Figure. KK the [ron or Wooden-work fet offjor bent back (if decd be, Jand placed at the back of this Pump for the eafier and more come motion of the Pump-handle, in whichitmoves. r GA 2 t ye) a iia ek It may not be amifs to mention here, that this Pump, which was ufed at the faid New Canal, was eight foot and a half long, and one foot eight inches broad atthe top, and about eight inches broad at the bottom where it is inferted in the Box, and -. did caft out eight Gallons at a ftroke , and twenty one ftrokes being made inoneminute, there Was delivered about 169 Gal- lons a minutes time; whence ‘tis eafie to compute, what quantity is thrown out in-an hour. If it be asked, why the Pump and the Bucket is not of the fame breadth throughout as high as the Bucket moveth? I an- fwer, that it cannot be allowed of any other fafhion thana ta- . pering one, becaufe that the celerity of the motion inthe nar- rowelt part ‘of the Pump would thereby be obftruéed in its fupply ing the delivery of the Water, which is thereby. pro-. vided for the evacuation anfwering to the /bignefs of the upper moft broader pare of the Pump. Note, that this kind of Pump may by the fame contrivance be made of a Tree bored through with a Taper-bore;and a Basket may be ufed at the rine of the Pump inftead of the Box- . Colender. Some -Confi fderations of an obferving perfon in the Country upon Numb. 133. of thefe Tracts , fent ina Letter to is PAP of May 2,1677. STR, Our 'Fra& of Numb: 133. is very pleafing for the great variety of good Arguments, fome very curious,fcme very ufeful, all very confiderable. | I, Yicew Biblace:s is brief and ede And never were noble. Travellers.betrer furnifht with learned and accurate Inftrvái- ons, and with exact and compleat Exemplars , as appears in feveral of your Breviates. Inthe fzf? Volume you fugge(t fome of the moft remarkable Inquiries for many foreign Countries : You.begin with Artificial Inftruments, IM. 1.5.315 more partis _ cu'arly for the Sea, W.8.p.140, further explain'd /V. 24; and - with an Inftrument for drawing any Obje& in perfpe@ive, JV. 45. And now Mr. Moxon, Mr,Seller, Mr.Green, Mr. Morden rs othersare abundantly furnifhed with Sea- -plots for all Na- vigations, Projections, Mathematical Books and Mathematical Inftruments for all occafions of Travellers by Sea or Land; Neither Avacharfis, nox. Democritus, oer nor Apollonius —— - 25e % x (€ 891) Thyaneus, could boaft of füch furniture for their Philof ophical peregrinations. And, befides the Learned Grefbamifs, yowhave many expert Teachers of thefe ufeful Arts. And a Free School is lately ere&ed by his Majefties munificence , to inftru& forty young Scholars in Geometry, Navigation, and other parts of the Mathematicks. Mean while our Univerfities and noble Palaces are, fome Of them, provided of Furnaces and Chymical Ex- ^. pedients ; fome for Aftronomical Obfervatories, fome for Con- fervatories: To draw ftill more Philofophy fromthem all. | 2, The Agreftic Advertifements may mind fome Gardiners,and Nurfery-men, and Country-gentlemen, to do much good for themfelves and for their Country : And may mind Worthy Mer- chants, to bring us home the beft Vegetables for Food, Drink, Medicine ,.or other good ufes; and may excite a more general induftry, to filence all jufl cowplaints of the want of good em- ployment in England. 3. Mr. Leewenboecks Microfcopical Difcoveries are exceed = ing curious,and may prompt us to fufped, that our Air is alfo EE raid idus eon quf perhaps moft of ali inlong Ca!ms, longe be intimates inthe fequel of lafting Eaftern Winds, or much moifturein — 594^ D/frowfo, mich pers aps may be publijbed bere- Springtime, and in feafons of generalIn- afier, fections of Men or Animals. Lord Bacon in his War, Hz/lory makes a Collection of Prognofticks of Infe- tious years, fuch as could be made without fuch curious Inftru- ments. By which perhaps in time we may be premonifhed of _ ]nfe&ions. And if we may be certain of Seafons of great danger, — T think we may be certain of effedua] Remedies, by Gods blef= - fing: As we find by Experience, that Fires and "Smothers duly _ order’d,fo as that the Winds may drive and carry them all over ourOrchards and Gardens,do infallibly deftroy all Caterpillars and other noxious Infe&s: And to interrupt the Calms and o- i Inr annoyances of the Air, we may apply all the hel ps recom- mended in Muffer’s Improvement of Heahis,c. 4. viz. by noife of Bells, Guns, Drums, Trumpets, Tabrets and other Mufical’ Inftruments; by the chearful fhouts of the people, and by cleaning. all our Towns and Villages by Fire and pure Water, | i Shick will be more: effe&ual ,.if it be done every where at the . fame fet time, as when the Feftival Bonefires. were in ufe all over i the Kingdom... : 4,91 gnor-. | ^ (7892 ) | s. Signor Caff;ni's account of the Satellitesof Satara are ve- : ry remarkable. We hear of no expedients to view the back- parts of oar Moons but poffibly by future improvements of Telefcopes we may make fome guefsof the back parts of fome of the Moons of Saturn or Fupiter, as Monfieur Eullialdus hath found blind fides of the Starry Firmament, as we call it. $. Tis well forus, that Mr. Ray is an indefatigable perfon. For, this his latter Task requires a mans age to perform it fo - exa&ly as he bath.done: Befides his other great labours, and - what we exped from his help for the Hiftory of Amimals. 6. Jdero-thalinos was very neceflary after fo mapy wonderful - difcoveriesof sr in.genera!s Much rich Oar is already dige’d -out of. the Heart and from the bottom of Rocks and Mountains ; -but we want many hands to melt it down, and to form it imo U- tenfils, Thefe fubtile Fluids do encompafs usin vaft proporti- — ons, and do befiege us both with ftrong and ftormy violence, and with treacherous and irrefiftible Infinuations. May the bap- -py Author perfevere, and profper in compleating the large branch of moft fubtile and no lefsufeful-philofophy. = 7. I do not remember, I ever faw any thingthat might be compared with this laft philofophical Account of eZMsfick ; nor indeed any thing before, that could fatisfie my own poor and -duli fcruples. And many of thefe Obfervations do feem to me to opena door for great depths , arid great variety of Philofo- phical information. I wasnota little delighted to read in Mr. Boyle’s Track of Mens ignorance of the Ufefulnefs of Natural — Things, in his Second Tome of the Ufefulnefs of that Philofo- _ phy, p.14, That equal wire-ftrings, made of differing mettals, and having a due Tenfion, will yield founds differing as to(barpnefs, — by determinate Mufical Notes or the Divifions of them, e. Ido : not know, whether this Author, Mer[ezzaus, or any other, hath | examined, : How far the proportions of Metalfine mixtures, or — ‘the nature of other fonorous bodies, may be indicated by this : Mufical Ex pedient. Many fuch hints and overtures may be had in this acute, or rather harmonious difcourfe. - | P. Lo E L (393 .) A Demonfiration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated - - from Varis, in the Journal des Scavans, and bere made Exglifh. ~Hilofophers have been labouring for many years to decide - by fome Experience, whether the a&ionof Light be con- __ veyed inan inftance to diftant places, or whether it requireth time. M. Romer of the R-Academy of the Sciences hath devi- fed a way, taken from the Obfervations of the firft Satellit of Jupiter, by which he demonftrates , that forthe diftance of a-.- bout 3000 leagues, füch as is very near the bignefs of the Dia- meterof the Earth, Light needs not one fecond of time, Let (in Fzg.11.) A be the Suz, B Fupiter, C the firft Satellit . of Jupiter, which enters into tbe fhadow of Jupiter ,.to come '; and let EFGHKL be the Earth placed at divers - diflancesfrom Jupiter. : | Now, fuppofe the Earth, being in L towards the fecond : Quadrature of Jupiter, hath feen the firft Satellit at the time - of its emerfion or iffüing out of the fhadow in D ; and that - out of itat D . about 427 hoursafter, (vid. after one revolution of this Satel- - . ht,) the Earth beingin K, do feeit returned in D; itismani- - feft, that if the Light require time to traverfe the interval LK, . the Satellit will be feen returned later in D, than it would have been if the Earth had remained in L, fo that the revolution of this Satellit being thus obferved by the Emerfions, will bere- - tarded by fo much time, as the Light fhall have taken in paffing. from L to K, and that, on the contrary,in the other Quadrature - FG,where theEartb by approaching goes to.meet the Light,the © revolutions of the [mmerfions will appear. to be fhortned by fo much, as thofe of the Emerfions had appeared to be length- © Wed, And becaufe in 42: hours, which this Satellit very near - takes to makeone revolution, the diftance between the Barth : and Jupiter in both the Quadratures varies at leaft 210 Diame- ters of the Earth, it follows, thatif for the account of every Diameter of the Earth there were required a fecond of time, . the Light would take 32 minutes for each of the intervals GF, KL; which would caufe near. half a quarter of. an hour be- tween two revolutions of the firft Satellit ,, one obferved in FG, and the other in KL, whereas there is not obferved any fenfible difference. DT i Yet i it not follow hence, that Light demands no time, For, after M. Romer had examin'd the thing more nearly, he found, that what was not fenfible in two revolutions, became | very confiderable in many being taken together, and that , for - example, forty revolutions obferved on the fide F, might be fenfibly fhorter, chan forty others obferved in any place of the Zodiack where Jupiter may be met with; and that in proper- tion of twenty two for the whole intervalof H E, which is the double of the interval that is from hence to the Sun. Be | ‘The neceffity of this new Equation of the retardment of . Light, is eftablifhed-by all-the obfervations that have been made in the R. Academy, and in the Obfervatory, for the {pace of eight years, and it hath been lately confirmed by the Emerfion of the firft Satellit: obferved at Para the 9th of November laft at e aClock, 35’. 45%, at Night, ro minutes later than it was to be expe&ed, by deducing it from thofe that had been obferved in the Month of aga, when the Earth was much nearer co Fupi- ter : Which M.Romer had predidted to the faid Academy from | the beginning of September. But to remove all doubt , that this inequality is caufed by - the retardment of the Light , he demonftrates , that it cannot come from any excentricity, or any other caufe of thofe that are commonly alledged to explicate the irregularities of the Moos and the other Planets ; though he be well aware, that the firft Satellit of fwpiter was excentrick, and that, befides, his revo- _ lutions were: advanced or retarded according as Jupiter did approach to or recede from the Sun, as alfo that the revoluti- ons of the frimum mobile were unequal.; yet faith he;thefethree — | Yaft caufes of inequality:do not hinder the firft from being mani- - fet. 9» y | | E ity Se OR | : 4 ra Le others, who were Eye-witneffes. —— | ^He Cole-work at Moflyx in Fliat-[birelies ina large par» | celof Wood-land, that from the Countries fide which lies tothe South hath a great fall co the Sea-fide, which is direct . North; The dipping or fal! of the feveral Rocks or Quarries of Stone that are above the Cole , and confequently of the Cole - ]ying under them, doth partly crofs the fall of the ground, fo —.. that the dipping of it falls within a point or lefs of due Eaft, - which is the caufe,chat the Pits that are funk at the Sea-fide in - the fame level with the full Sea-mark,are not fhort of the depth - of the others that are upon the higher ground , above fifteen or . fixteén yards; fo that they lie fome fixty, fome fifty, and the |." ebbeft forty yards under the level of the Sea. This above- mentioned work is upon, a Cole of five yardsin thicknefs, and hath been begun upon,about fix or eight and thirty years ago: —. When it was firft found,it was extream full of. Water , fo that it could not be wrought down to the bottom of the Cole, buta - Witchet or Cave was driven out in the middle of itupona level for gaining of room to work,and drawing down the Spring of water that lies 1n the Cole to the Eye of the pit; in driving of which Witchet, after they had gone a confiderable way under eround, and were {canted of wind, the Fire-damp did by little and little begin to breed, and toappear in creviffes and flitsof the Cole, where water had lain before the opening of the Cole witha finall blewifh flame working and moving continually, but not out of its firft feal, unlefs the Workmen came and held their Candle to it, andthen, being weak the blaze of the Candie would driveit, with a fudden fizz, away to another Crevefs, where it would foon after appear blazing and moving as former- ly. This was the fir(t knowledge of it inthis work, which the - Workmen made but a fport of, and f5 partly negle&ed it cill z de 6 B ha -— (896) | —— MÀ had gotten fome ftrength, and then upon a morning the fir(t- Col- | lier that went down, going forwards in the Witchet with his Candle in hand, the damp prefently darted out violently at his . Candle,that it ftruck the man clear down, finged all his bair and clothes, and difabled him for workinga whileafters fomeother {mall warnings it gave them, infomuch that they refolved to em- . fomeveins of the Ccle, the Fire-damp was not feen or heard of. till the latter end of the year 1675 , which happened as fol-- ploy a man of. purpofe, that was more refolute than the reft, to go down a while before them every Morning to chafeit from place to place, and fo co weaken ic. His vfual manner was to put on the worít raggs he had,and to wet them well in water, and affoon as he came within the danger of it, then he fell grovelling downon his belly and went fo forward, holding in one hand a long wand or pole, atthe end whereof he tied Candles burning, and reached them by degrees towards it, then the Damp would fie at chem,and if it mifs’d of putting them out,it would quench it felf witha blaft,and leave an ill-fented fmoke behind it: Thus they dealt with it cill they bad wrought the Cole downto the bottom, and the water following and not remaining as before in the body of it among ful phureous and braffie Mettal that is in loweth. ! | ; Afer long working of this five yards Cole, and trial made of it in feveral places, i¢ was found upon the rifing grounds (where the figns of the Cole, and the Cole it felf came near the day that. there lay another Roach of Cole at a certain depth under it, which being funk to, and tried upon fome out-skirts of the main work, it was found at fourteen yards depth, and wrought, proving to-be three yards. and a balf thick; and a profitable Cole, but fomething more fülphureous than the other, and to: reach under all the former work. This difcovery of fo premifing. — | a work encouraged. us to fink fome of the ebbeft Pits, «hat we had formerly.ufed on the five yards Cole, down to the loweft Roachsand accordingly we began in one that was about thirty two yards deep, wbich we went down with perpendicularly - from the firft fhaft;and funk down twenry yards before we came: to. the faid Roach, in regard it was at the Sea-fide, and upon the loweft of the dipp(w here che Rocks fücceffively thicken as they fail) having prick’d it, and-being füre of it,we let itreft, having had for a.corfiderable time,as we funk the lower part of itymany: appeate — ( 897 ) appearances of the Fire-damp in watery creviffes of the Rocks we funk through , flafhing and darting from fide to fide of the — Pic, and fhewing Rainbow-colour-like on the fürface of the wa. ter in the bottom 5 but upon drawing-up of the water with Buckets,which ftirr'd che Air in the Pit, it would leave burning, till the Colliers at work with their breath and fweat and the fmoke of their Candles thickned the Air in the Pit,then it would appear again, they lighting their Candies init fometimes when they went out; and fo in this Pit it did no further harm. Having brought our firft Pitthusforward,we were to confider . of another to follow it, both for free paffage of Air, as for fur- therance of the work, and being defirous to get it in fome for- wardnefs before Summer, (when the heat of the weather at fome time,and the clofenefs of the Air in foggy weather at other,occa= fions the Sinothering-damp)it was refolv'd,for expeditions fake and faving of fome charges, to fink a Pit withinthe hollows or deads of the upper work, at 160r 17 yards diftance from the firft Pit; this we. proceeded in till we came 6 or 7 yards deep, then the Fire-damp began to appear as formerly, accompany ing the Workmen ftill as they funk, and they ufing the fame means as afore, fometimes blowing it out witha blaft of their mouth, at other times with their Candles, or letting it blaze without in- tertuption. As wefunkdown and the Damp got ftill more and more ftrength, we found that cur want. of Air perpendicularly from the day was the great caufe and nourifher of this Damp; for the Air that followed down into this Pit, came down at the firft funk Pit at the forementioned diftance, after it had been dif- perfed overall the old hollows and deads of the former work , that were fill’d up with noyfom Vapors, thick finothering Fogs, and in fome places with the Smothering-damp it felf : _Never- -- thelefs we held on finking, till we came down to 15 yards, ply: ingthe work night and day (except Sundays and Holydays) up- on which intermiflion the Pit being left alone for 48 hours and more, and the Damp gaming great ftrength in the interim, by that time theWorkmen went. down, they could fee it flafbing and fhooting from fide to (ide. like Sword-blades crofs one snot her, thatnone durft adventure togo down into the. Pit: Upon this they tooka Pole and. bound Candles feveral times to the end of it, which they; no fooner. fet over the Eyeof the pit, but the Damp would flie up witha long fharp flameand put-out the Can- B" - 6B2 -— dles, | (898) Pone dies, leaving a fou! fimoke each time behind it. Findithat things - would notallay it’; they adventured to bind fome Candles ata hook hanging at'the Ropes end that was ufed up and downin the Pit ; when they had lower'd down thefe alittle way into the fhaft of the Pit, up comes the Damp ina full body, blows out the Candles, difperfeth ic felf about the Eye of the Pir, and burneth a great part of the mens hair, beards and clothes, and dtrikes down one of them in the mean time making a noife like the lowing or roaring of a Bull, but lowder, and in the end lea- ving a fmoke and tinell behind it worfe than that of a Carrion. Upon this diféourágement thefe Men came up, and made no fur- ther erial; after this the Water that came from it being drawn up at the other Pit was found to be blood-warm, if not warmer, and the Creviffes of the Rocks where the Damp kept, were all about fire-red Cazdlemas day following. In this jun&ure there was a ceffation of work for three days and then the-Steward; thinking to fetch a. compafs about from the eye of the Pit that came from thé day,and to bring wind by a fecure way along with him, that. if it burft apgain-ic might ‘be done without danger of mens lives, went down and took two menalong with him, which ferv'dihis turn for this purpofe he was no fooner down, but thereftof the Workmen-that had wrought there, difdaining to beilefe behind imfuchatime of danger,hafted'downafter them, and one of them more ürdifcreec than the reft went headlong with his Candle over the Eye of the damp-Pit , at which the Damp immediately catehed and flew to and fro over all the hollows of the work,with-agreat wind and a continual fire:and as it went, keeping amighty great roaring noife on al] fides. The Men at firft appearance’of it had moft of them fallen on their faces, and hid themfelves'as’ well as they'could in the loofe fleck or fmall Cole; andiunder the fhelter of pofts; yet neverthelefs the Damp returning out ofthe Hollows, and drawing towards the Eye:of the Pic, it came up with incredible force, the Wind and Fire:tore mofbof their clothesoff theirbacks and finged what wásleft, burning theif hair, faces and hands, ‘the blaft-fal- ling fofhatp on their skin, asáfthey-had been whipt with Rods; fosme that had leaft fhelter, were carried r$ or r6 yards from their firft ftation and beaten againftthe roof of the Cóa], and fides of tbe pofls, and lay afterwards a-good while fenfelefs, (o that it was Jongbefore they éould ‘hear ‘or findone anothers As ) $a it ( 899 ) it drew upto the Day: pit, ie caught one of the men along with. it chat was next the Eye, andup it comes with fuch a terrible crack,not unlike,but more fhril! than a Canon,that it was heard fifteen miles off along with the Wind, and füch a pillar of Smoke as darkened all the sky over head for a pood while: The brow of . the Hill above the Pit was 18 yards high, and on it grew Trees I4.0r 15 yardslong, yetthe mans Body and other things from the Pit were feen above the tops of the higheft Trees at leafta — hundred yards. On this Pit flood a Horfe-engin of fubftantial Timber, and ftrong Iron-work , on which lay a trunk or barrel for winding the Rope up and down of above athoufand pound - . weight, it was then in motion, one Bucket going downand the ~ other coming up full of Water. This Trunk was faftned co the — frame with locks and bolts of Iron, yet it wasthrown up and carried a good way from the Pit, and pieces of it,though bound - with Iron- hoops and ftrong Nails; blown into the Woods about; fo likewife were the two Buckets , and theends of the Rope af- ter the Buckets were blown from them ftood a while upright iri "the Air like pikes, and'then came leifurely drilling down: The - whole frame of the Engin was ftirr'd and moved out of its — place, and thofe Mens Clothes, Caps and Hats that efcaped were — afterwards found fhattered to pieces, and thrown amongft the Woodsa great way fromthe Pit. This happened tke third of ~ — February 1675, being a Seafon when other Damps are fcarce felt or heard of, — Mr.Leewenhoecks Letter written to the Publifber from Delf — ee — . Medullar part of the Braia.- p Among other, j. took the fieth'of a Gow > this I -cut afünder the rath of May 1677, concerning the Obfervations by bim ^ made of the'Garneous Fibres of a Mufcle, aud the Corticai amd —— Medullar part of tbe Brain; as alfoof Moxa and Cotton. 7 Ours of the 22¢h of Febrsary mentions, that fome of your “Friends did wifh; I would with all poffible exa&nefs ob-’ - ferve the Carneous Fibres of a Mufele, and alfo the Cortical and ie f acquainted you formerly in my Letter of the firft of Jane 1674, that thofe Carzeous fibres of Mafcles did confit of very - fall globuls ; yet for the further fatisfa&ionof your Friends,’ . Y have laid afide all my former Obfervations,to make quite new: Ont ^ Vra With: .( 9oe ) -witha fharp Knife, and ufing a Microfcope I fever'd before my -eyes the membran from it; whereby | plainly faw that fine membran or film, in which thefe Carneous fibres lie interwoven, and of which] (peak i in the above-mention'd Letter of. the firft . Of fune 16745 wherel fay,that thofe Membrans are made up of ‘fo many filaments or threds, as if with our naked Eye we faw the omentum of an Animal. Obferving thefe Membrans more --narrowly, I faw, that they do wholly and only confit of finall threds running through one another ; of which fome, to my -eye, appear d to be 1o, 20, and (ome $o times thinner thana hair. Having takenoff the faid Membrans from the faid Carneous filaments, [faw very clearly thefe Carneous threds, which in this piece of fcth were as thick as a hair onones hand, Where they Jay fomewkat thick upon one another, they appear'd red ; but the thinner they were fpread, the clearer they fhew’d, I have ufed feveral methods of obferving,to fee the particles -of thefe Carneous filaments, and have always found, that they are compofed of fuch parts, to which I can give no other fi- | gure than globular, Moreover, I have divided before my Eye into many final parts very finall pieces of thefe Carneous fila- ments, which pieces were feveral times fmaller thanagrainof - “Sand ; ,and I have obferved befides, that, whenthe flefh is frefh — and moift, and the globuls thereof are preffed or rubbed, they diffolve and run together, as if you faw an oily orthick waterifh | matter. : Thefe globuls, of which 1 fay that the Carneous ts do confift, are fo finall, that, if I may judge by my fi fight, I muft needs fay,that ten hundred thoufand of them would not make one grain of. gravel-Sand. And having formerly written to you,that the particles, which : do conttitute flefh,fat,bones, hair, &c. (which I call globuls ) are not perfeá globuls, but only come near fuch ; I fhallnow re- _ peat fomething of that ma:ter; Idefire you to confider only, that a great number of Sheeps.bladders , fill’d with water, and held in the Air , and every where fi urrounded by the fame, are round; but if. you throw them together. into a Tun; they wil — lofe their roundefs,and fall clofe together,wherebyeach bladder — will come to have its peculiar figure, they being very flexibles _ tbough the appui in the tun,;) as far as they are: enconpafied 1 y jio ( gor ) by the Air, will retain their globofity. Thus it is with’ the gio- buls of the flefh, which are very foft, as far as they are more of _ lefs furrounded by the Air. Next, [ have examined that membran of che Brain, which is call’d pia mater, and found, that this membran is permeated by very many little veins, befides thofe which withthe naked eye we fee upon thebrain, efpecially having firft: feparated the thin membran from the brain, under which I have feen fmall veins of an admirable and incredible finenefs, and, as faras 1 was ab.e to difcern, they confit of exceeding thin filaments. I have further obferved, that the above-menticn’d great nume ber of veins, which runthrough the thin membran , diffeminate _ their ramifications thorow the brain, after the manner as vines lying upon the earth fhcot roots into the ground ; imagining the Brain to be like theEartb,& theVeins like theRoots intheEarths. — Proceeding to the parts of the Brainit felf, I muft fill fay of them,efpecially where chey lie any thing thick upon one another, . that they confift of no other parts but globuls; but where the Brain lay fpred very thin, cut thorough with a Knife,. as 1f they had been feparated from one another, there they appeared like a very clear matter, as if it had been Oyl. Having view'dthis matter, I imagined, it wasthus-caufed by — the knife, whereby the globuls of the brain had been broken :- But continuing my Obfervations,not only of the Brains of beafts, but alfo of fifhes, and particularly of a Cod-fifh , and repre- fenting it very plainly to my eye, I faw, that the faid o'eaginous- matter had not been caufed by the knife, but that indeed it was a» matter by ic felf,wherein the aforefaid globuls lay. 1 faw more- over, but moftplainly in the brain of a Cod-fifh , that the faid- oleous matter did indeed confift alfo of yet much fmaller glo- buls, than the other. - IND | The former greater globulsof the brain, are,by my eftimati- on, about the bignefs of thofe, which I formerly faid the Blood = was made up of (which render the blood red.) Thefe greater: globuls, which compofe the Brain, are very irregular in refpect: of what thofe of the Blood are : Whereof I conceive the caufe: to be this, that the g'obuls of the Brain lie clofe to one another,. or to the Veffels, and being very foft do no: feparate though: they befhaken s. whereas on the contrary the fanguine globuls- are moved ina more fluid matter, and therefore, haying elbow-- room, keep their roundnefs.. E (902) -I remember , that having heretofore obferv'd the Brain of a 2 Duck, HV then judged, that they were caufed only by the clofeu- ~ . nion, which the globuls ( of which I then thought the whole Brain was made up) had to one another , and which did change into threds by a little ftretching. But continuing my Obferva- tions for almoft a whole month together, I have feen plainly the . very great number of exceeding fmall veins running through the Brain; of which I could not at firft aflure my felf in the Brains of Beafts, that they were indeed Veins, becaufe they are diffi- . cult to difcern: But coming to obferve the Brains of Cod fip, I-very plainly faw thofe many veffels or veins, which were very clear, and withal very many throughout , diffeminating.them- felves by their finall branchings, and being rg or 20 times finer - tbana finglethred of aSilkworm. . Thefe finall veffels or veins _ I have feen in great nnmbers in no greater quantity of the brain than might equal a grain. of Sand: Befides, I faw veffels filled with blood or appearing red ; as alio veffels that had the thick- nefs of a fingle thred of.a Silk-worm, accompanied with great clearnefs. wep | | E Purfuing thefe my Obfervations about the Brainsof Beafts, 1 was able very plainly to reprefent to my felf the veffels above difcourfed of; and I could not without great admiration behold. them, partly by reafon of their great number, partly of their extraordinary fubletysfo that I muft needs fay that if one blood- globul, I mean of thofe that make the blood red, weredivided — into eight parts, and were of a fliff fubítance, it could not país - any of thefe finall veffels. And the oftner 1 repeated my obfer- . vations, the plainer I could fee thofe manifold little veffels with their ramufcles, which were all very feeble, andby the leaft touch broke afunder.. | | Among the faid globuls, of which in part the Brain confifts, I have feen Blood-globuls, which may very plainly be difcern'd . from the Brain-globuls, efpecially by the perfe& roundnefs which the blood globuls had. Thefeblood-globuls, I imagined, came out of the fanguineous veffels,which run through the Brain, and had been cut in pieces by the Knife. | x 4 Between the Cortical and Medullary part of the Brain I can ~ fee l'itt'e or no difference, efpecially when | reprefen: them be- fore me very thin: Only this I noted, thatthe | tile veins or ve _ fels which ran through the Cortex, were of adark and brown colour, ^ es — "à - : ( 903 ) | . colour, whereas thofe in the Medulle were clearer and more -tranfparent. | d Rn dus uo done d eui _, I have feen in the Brain, and moft inthe Cortical part, füch Small fanguineous veffels being ved. (which came out of bigger ones) that I cannot comprehend, bow the globuls could país . through them ; and, (what is more,) when you fee the Blood- globuls fingle,they have little or no colour, whereas on the con- trary the blood in thefe fmall veins was yet red :: Yea, the red colour penetrated through cbe veins , and coloured the neigh- bouring parts of the brain red. But refleding on my former obfervations about Lice, 1 there faw divers times, that when I madea Loufe hungry, and then fet heron to fuck blood, fhe could nor. difpofe of, nor digeft, all the blood; whence it came to.pafs, that the blood-globuls, which rendredit red, came to diffolve in the fluid matter,and fo changed the blood into a more fluid matter ; and this blood came to diffufe it fe]f through the whole body of the Loufe, and through thevery feet and horns, and to.colour them red. The caufe, why the blood was not con- fumed in the Loufe,I imagined tosbe, becaufe the guts, or fmalt veins in tbe Loufe,bad been for want of food dried up, whence the fame was hindred from its due motion, nor could be duly conveyed through the body. Yet this change of blood (I very . well remember) hath.at other times been obferved by me, when the blood had ftood a while ina Glafs. And thus it may beor become red in.the fall veins of the Brain, though they be fo ' flender, that. no globuls , keeping their roundnefs, can país _.*throughthem: —— : aem. i zi [have alfo obferv'd the Spigal marrow ofa Calf, Pullet;Sheep, and Cod-fifh ; which [have found to confift of no other parts than thofe of the Brain; yet with this difference, that, befides the related globulsin the Brain, there Jay in the Spinal marrow “a great number of fhining oleaginous globuls,of divers bigneffes, . fomeof them 5o times bigger than others ; and thofe alfo very ^. foftand fluid. Thefe fpinal marrows were alfo farnifhed with exceed ing thin and manifold fmall veins or. veffels ; and befides thefe very finall veins, there ran up and downalong theft fpinal smatrows brown filaments, of the thicknefs of thehair of ones head, and thinner. Thefe being feen by.me, I imagined firft, whether fuch filamentanight not be a vein; but having further with great attention inquired into ir, I perceived, that each fi- \ Sh SIME PA bre "ana eee edd | Lament was not one fingle veffe! by it felf; but that eachof them — ^ confifted of divers very mail threds or veffels, lyingby one — | ‘another, between which threds there lay very clear veffels of: - ‘the finenefs of a fingle Silk: worm-thred, Here I had thoughts, whether thefe vetfels might not be thofe, that conveyed the ani- mal fpirits through the Spinal marrow. : A while (ince , being at tbe houfe of Moneur Comfantin Huy- gens de Zulichem, he did me the favour to fhew me fome of that Moxa, which by burning it upon any gouty part removeth the Gout, Of this ftuff { took fome along with me, and (out of cu- - riofity only) burnt fome of it upon the back of my hand accord- ing to the prefcript of the Book publifhed concerning it, the better to know if there were any peculiarity in its burning, Which done I found, that upon the skin where the burning was made, there lay a yellow oily matter, which I thought at firft had beencaufed only by the burning of the skin. This burning T gave over, not by reafon of the pain, but of its flow healing ;. audif I bad notfound more trouble in it, than in the cut of my hand made with a Knife, (which Tam wont to fow up, and then ‘count it healed) “I fhould have repeated the burning feveral times, I have more than once examined this Moxa by my Mi- erofcope, and do not find it to be fucha curious preparation of “on excellent dryed herb; but that cis only fome lanugmons ex- -piration or protrufion of afruit, fuch as is the /azsgo feen upon à Peach, Quince,or the like ; and T was of opinion, that] might have gather'd very near the like fübftance from fome herbs ; but that Lhave hitherto failed of. eee 3 Bs q This Moxa agrees in fhape with Cotton: For, as thereisno other difference between Hair and Wool, than that Hair is courf- | er and longer than Wool, both being made up of glóbuls , and they being cleat about the rounder end ; fo little difference is: there between the Moxa and Cotton, for they have both two flat fides.. Such a fhape hath alfo the roughnefs , that is found lying — witbinagainft thered bark of a Cheftnut 5 only with this diffe. —— sence,that that of Moxa is much thinner than that of Cottomand — that of Cotton thinner than of the Chefaut. Y have put fome of . the Moxa (becaufe I would not be troubled with theburningof it upon my skin) on fine poft-paper, and fome Cotton likewife, | * after I had fomewhat cut it afünder with Sciffers, that fo; by ds 3 being fliorter, the fire might the better pafs from oneparttó —— and the matter which lies withina Chefzut againít che red outer skin thereof, and burnt them together one by the other, and I have feen, that they all three, after burning, left bebind them an oleous matter 3 but the Moxa moft: Which may proceed from hence, that though there feemed tobe the fame quantity of all, yetthe Moxa held more, it being finer chan Cotton,and therefore lying clofer together, and confequently yielding more oyl. Whence it appears, that Mr. Baffchof had not fo good reafon to extol the Moxaand its preparation above Cotton or other the like fubftances. — . : | 7 Having confider'd the faying of Chirurgions, that Cortos is fiery and malignant if any wound be dreffed therewith ; 1 have found, that that fierinefs or malignity confifts in this, that Corto - hath two flat fides, (as was faid above) and. confequently every part of ic hath two fharp fides, which being thinner than glo- buls, that makeup the Carnecus filaments, and being alfo ftiffer than the elobular flefh, it comes to país, that Cotfos being laid - upon a wound, not only the globuls of the yet found fieth are annoyed by the fharp fides of it, bur alfo the new matter which | jsconveyed to make new flefh , and is yet fofter than the flefh | already made, is the more eafily cut afunder and diffolved ; | ‘whereas on the contrary, linnen-rags, baving voundifh parts and many of them lying firm together, and fo making up a. greater body, are not capable to wound the globular parts of the flefh. | The Defeription of a Celeflial Globe, artificially made, fbewing the (o — Apparent Motions, from Eaft to Weft, amd from Weft to Eaft, of the Sun, Moon, and Fixed Stars: Made by Monfieur Didier L'Alleman, Maffer Watchmaker at Paris, and communicated to the Publi[per in French, and here by the fame made Englifh, His Globe hath been made conform to the Obfervations of . & themoft famous Aftronomers of this Age, and directed by Monfieur Antonine Agarrat , Profeflor of the Mathematicks at | ae s ac da a LIF ! | 6C2 | The _— es (996): 1 ~ « * v'The bignefsof it isonly of four Inches diameter, ‘Thebody | of. the Globeof burnifh’t Steel; where all the figures of the Cone. ftellations'areidefiened ‘in Siiver/colgur; but rhe-Stars themfelves of all Magnitudes are put on in emboffed Gold. . This Globe moves from Eaft to Weft in 24 hours ; and. you may there fee the Sun exaály rife and fepas in the great World, together with the Moon, as alfo the Stars of the Conftellations ; likewife how the Sun of. this Globe comes to his Meridian, with an admirable regularity, conform to the Primum mobile, : Befides this, you may there fee’, that every day the Sun fent- bly paffeth one degree from: Weft to Eaft, which is its own pro- per motion finifhed by himina year, and thereby de fetibtug to us theInequalityof Days and Nights. ..- Moreover,you may there obíerve every day the Mezs motion . of the Moon from Weftto Eaft, how fhe increafeth according as the removeth from the Sun, fo that it fhews vifibly the firft quar- ter of the Moon,the end of the fecond quarter which is the Full; then the third quarter which is the laft quadrature , and lattly her 'Copjuadion withthe Sun. And thus fhe is feen to finith eves. vy month her Synodical Courfe 5 :and by her diurnal motion of 24 hours fhe fhews the Flux and Reflux of .the Sea,or high and - low water. The Meridian ferveth Aa a Needle to fhew the Hours which — are marked-upon the Zodiack,where the Sunmarcherhregu/ar- — ly; which hath t wo main raysone whercof goeth dire@ly North- ward, the other South- ward, That of the North marks the way or degree , which the Sun - maketh from Weft to Eaft upon the Signs of the Zodiack,and up. on a Circle of Silver; wharethe 360 Degrees of tbe Circle.are . H _warked. The other ray,of the South,marks upon another Circle of Silver the days of the Month, where the 365 days are noted, - This Giobe may generally. ferve for the whole World, feeing you may püt it to allthe Elevations of the Pole. The Circles of the Longitude of the Stars, which rta the Signs,and which come from:the Poles of the Zodiack,are marked — by gold-wires zas-alfo the more tan e Tropicks, and, ‘the Polar Circles. atl the reft in motion, - It is wound up. by the-Antar&ique Pole, and you may wind it er the right or left hand., without » wronging. |^" There is but one great Spring, the primum mobile, which put _ ; C907) wronging any contrary motion. And by the Aréique Pole,- you tmay advance and retard this movement, if you fhould find any, inequality, without altering at all the great Spring. E. _ So far tbe Defcviptton of this artificial Globe, of which we. -- hope we fhall very thortly know the price. A Defeription of the Diamond-mines , as tt was prefented by the | Right Honourable, the. Earl Mar(balof England, to the R. So- _ ciety. | £73 He parts of the World known to contain Diamonds , are. -— &. the Hfland Borneo, and the Continent of India extra €) ia- va Gangem: Pegs is likewife reported to. have feveral; but. the King not potent, his Country being but thinly inbabited, . contents himfelf with his Mines of Rabies,Saphires, Topa[Jes, E- meralds, Gold, Silver, Brafs, Tinw and Lead, and feveral other .. Gommodities his Country affords, in great plenty, rather than to fuffer new enquiries tobe made’, left. che difcovery of fuch - - an additional Freafüre fhould-invite fome of his Neighbours, more potent, to invade him.But leaving the defcriprion of other - places to thofe that know them better, 1 fhall only. keep my felf to the Coaft of .Coromazdel, with which I am acquainted, and ba» ving vifited feveral of its-Mines, am able to fay f{.mething thereof Experimentally. | : | | The Diamond-Mines in thefe parts ave generally adjacent to - - Rocky-hills, or Mountains, whereof begins a.great Ledge or Range near Cape Comorin, extending in breadth about 50 Engii/h - miles, fome conjoyning , others fcatter'd: and running thence in length quite through Bexga/a.. In,among, and near thefe Hills, in feveral places, are known to be (as its believed molt of them have) Mines ;. many of themare poffeffed by petty Princes, or . Rajaes, of the Hundues ; fome driven thither for fheiter by the Mores, who have taken the greateft part of their Country fon _them ;. others never overcome,as the Rajaes, on the Hills in and neat Bengala, who admit. of little or no Commerce with their Neighbours or paffage through their Country, which (being barren, in few places affording good water,the ways craggy and . very toy fom, efpecially toan Army) the Moors covet not, buc Jet them enjoy it peacably ; .yet to prevent danger, they forbid. digging (as the King of Peg does) or dig, fome few Mines-only — very privately, fo: that a great part of the Mines-are unfearcht -and concealed... But the Kingdoms. of Golconda-and Vijiapore Non: | : contain ( 9e» ) contain in them (cope enough of ground, known to have Mines’ fufficient to furnith all the World plentifully with Diamonds ; but their Kings permit digging only in fome places appointed, left, asit is imagined , they fhould become too common ; and withal for fear ot. tempting the threatning greatnefs of Aurenge zebe; forbidding alfo thofe places that afford the largeft Scones, or elfe keeping workmen in them for their own private ufes : So that bur a very final quantity (in comparifon of what might be) and thofe only of ordinary fize, are found. In the Kingdom of Golconda (as near as I can gather from the beft acquainted) are 23 Mines now employed, or that have been fo lately , viz. Duolure, Codawillicul, eMalabar, Buttephalem, Ramiah, Gurem, Mattampellee, Currure, Ganjeeconeta, Lutta- waar, Senagerret, Pirat , Dugulee, Purwiliee, Anuntapellee, Girregeta, Maarmood, Wazzergerree, Mannemurg, Langumboot, Whootoor, Muddemure, and Melwillee or the New Mine. Daolure was the firít Mine made ufe of inthis Kingdom, The Earth is fomething yellowifh, not unlike the colour of our Gra- vel dried; but whiter in fcme places where it abounds with finooth pebbles, much like fome of thofe that come out of our Grave'-pits in England. They ufe to find great quantities in the Vein, if it may properly be fo called, the Diamonds not lyingin | continued Clufters as fome imagine, but frequently fo very fcat- — - tering, that fometimes inthe fpace of = of an Acrelofground,dig- - ged between two or three fathoms deep, there hath been nothing - found; efpecially in the Mines that afford great Stones , lying near the fuperficies of the Earth, and about three fathoms deep; | @ deeper they could not dig for water ; itbeiugin aValeneara . River. In other places the Earth is mixt with rugged Stones, where they feldo mine deeper,though in higher ground;before- the colour of the Earth alters, and the Vein ceafes; which they givea guefs at by the finall Stones they find in the Earth, the principal guide they have in the difcovery of the Mines. The Diamonds found in thefe Minesare generally well-fhaped, mnany of them pointed, andof a good lively white water 5 but it alfo produces fome yellow ones, fone brown, and of other co- lours. They are of ordinary fizes,from about * A Mangelinés for üxina eMangelin * (of which they find but grains. dn we L 1 faith Bord Arbon, * few)to five or fix Mangelias , each; fome of . 10, 15, 20 they find but rarely. They have frequent! a Nee | ( 899°) | frequently a bright and tranfparent skin, inclining to a greenifhy colour,though the heart of the Stone be purely white; but the ^ veins of thefe Mines are almoft worn out. The Mines of Codawillikul, Malabar , and Buttepallem confift of a reddifh Earth, inclining to an orange-colour (with which it flains the clothes of the Labourers that work in it) they dig about 4 fathomdeep. They afford Stones generally of an ex- cellent water and cryftalline skin; finaller fizes than thofe of Quolure, Ramiab, Gurem, and Muttampellee ; havea yellowith Barth, like Qyolure ; their Stones like thofe of the two former - Mines, but mixt with many of a blew water, Thefe five Mines "being under the fame Government with Mefwillee, where the Governour refides; He (10 draw the Adventurers and Merchants. ‘near him,that he may be better informed of the aétions and ad- vantages, and know the better how to fleece them, the general practice of Governours in thefe parts ;) has very lately forbid their ufé; and commanded all to repair to his Refidence, which they muft obey, or flie into another Government. - The next Minein our way is Carrare,the moft famous of them all and moft ancient. It has been under fubjection of the King of Golcomda ; but about 2$ years, taken, with the Country of Kar- naticum, frou the Hendue- Rajaes,about that time,by the Nabod, Meer ,3umis. In it.have been found Diamonds of a feize weight, which is about 9 ounces Troy or 814 Pago's weight, Itis only employed by the King for his own private ufe: The Diamonds. that are found init, are very well fpred, large ftones (it yields few or none fmall,) they have generally a bright skin, which in- .. clinestoa pale greenifh colour , but within are purely white. -. The Soy] is reddifh as many of the others, |. About fixty or feventy yearsago, when it was under the Co- | -vernment of the Hundues, and feveral perfons permitted to ad- venture indigging, a Portugeez; Gentleman went thither from _ Gea, and having fpent in Mining a great fumof mony to the a- mounts of 100000 Page’s,as tis reported,and converted every thing he brought with him, that would fetch any mony, even to . what wearing clothes he could fpare, while the Miners were at work for the laft daysexpence, he had prepared a cup of Poy- fon, refolving, if that night he found nothing, to drink his laft with the conclufion of his mony ; but in the Evening the Work- men brought him a. very fair fpread Stone of 20 Pago's weight ,. IE a iia E | QR) 1, «in commemoration whereof he caufed a great Stone to be.ereGed . inthe place, with an Infcription engraven on it, in-the Hundues or Tellinga Tongue; to the follosiing fied, which remains to be »feento this day ; . [ Your Wife and Children fell, fell what you bave, Spare not your Clothes, nay,make your felf a Slave 5. But money get , thento CURRURE make haft; _ There fearch the Mines, aprize youl find at laf. __. After which he immediately returned with bis Stone to Goa. - Not far from Currure ate the Mines of Lattawaar and Gag- " jeeconta, whichare in the fame Soy! as Carrure,and afiord Stones not unlike: But Lattawaar bath many reprefenting the great end of a Razor-blade, thin on one fide and thick on the other, —very white and of an excellent water ; but the beft of the Mine is ‘worn-out, and Ganjecconta employed only to the Kings private wiles | _Fouagerre, Pine Duculle, Purwillee and Anuntapellee, cont E alfo of Redeearth,#are now employed, and afford many large Stones; part of them of a greenifh water ; but the moft abfolure Mines are of Wazzergerre and Mannemurg, (the other rather re- prefenting Pits than Mines ;) for there they fink through high ~ Rocks till they go fo far. below their bafis , that they can go no further for water, in feme places 4o or 50 fathom deep. The fuperficies of the Rocks confift of hard, firm, white flone, into ~ which they cuta Pit like a Well,of. about 4 Or 5, in fome places . 6 foot deep, before they.come to a cruftof a Mineral Stone, like the Mineral of Iron when.they: fill the Hole with Wood and keep as hota fireas they can there for 2 or 3 days, tillthey think it fufficiently heated ; then they pour-in water till they | have quenchtit, which alfo flakes and-mollifies both Stoneand _ Mineral; both being cold, they dig again, take out allthe ^ crumbled ftuff and dig up what they can befides, before they — heat it anew; the cruft feldom is thicker than 3 or 4 foot, which | cea(ingsthey come to a vein of .Earth,that ufually runs: under the — Rock 2 or 3 furlongs ;- fometimes.much further: This they-dig — all out and fearch , and if their firft attempt prove. fuccefsfu), they go to work again (digging after the fame manner). as deep 4 as they can, tll they come to water; for the drawing. whereof, wanting the help of Engins, known.in Barope , they can.gono — deeper, although theVein lie lower; all lumps of the: ohn, E Drea - —_ E My 74 pe Baez lett Vat un I ] = : Cort) ' break in pieces, and frequently find Diamonds enclofed in them. To work on thefe Mines is very expenfive, but the advantage is commonly anfwerable; yet in refpe& of the certain disburfe, that muft be before any thing be found, they are not fo much frequented as others, where they may try their fortunes with a finaller ftock. The Earth they dig out is red : Many large S:ones - are found here; the fmalleft about 6 in a mangelleen.. They are mixt waters, but the greateft pare good, only of ill-favoured fhapes,many cragged pieces ot ftones, fomeas if they had been parts of. very great ones, others with pieces broken off them; yet I never heard of any that found two feeming fellows, al- though they do thofe that look as if chey had beennewly broken, In Langumboot they digas they do at Wazzergerree and Mun- wemurg; the Rock is not altogether fo folid, but the Earth and Stones it produces much alike. | - Wootoor fhould have been placed next to Carrure,it lying near it, and affording Stones of a like magnitude, fhapes and waters ; 'tis employed only to the Kings ufe : And fingular, in that its Dia- monds are found in black Earth. — | eMuddemurg far exceeds all the reft for Diamonds of a de- licate fhape, water,and bright tranfparent skin,proud,as it were, in difcovering their inward beauties,with which noother Mine can compare; yet it has alfo ftore of Veiny ones, but thofe like- wife of fo curious fhape and water,that its difficult to difcover | themfrom the good,efpecially the fmall ones. It produces Stones of divers magnitudes, from roand 12 ina mangelleea, to 6 or 7 magelleens cach,and befides, (ome great ones. The arth is red,buc | its feared in the Woods,and the water fo bad, that to ail(excepe the people bred there)it prefently occa(ionsFeavers & deftroys | abundance,infomuch that moít of the Adventurers have forfaken | it; notwithftanding which it hath been more profitable than . any of the reft,theVein frequently lying near the fuperficies of the Earth, feldom running deep, and is better furnifht than any other yet difcover’d. The River Kifhuz, of excellent waters , is but -9 miles diftant ; but the Minersor Merchants are either poor that they cannot,or elfe over awed by the Governour; pretend | to be and dare not beat the charges of fetching their water from thence. Divers are of the opinion, that, befides the Water, the | "Townlying in a bottom, environ'd with Hills and Morafs ad- | joyning, the Air may be infe&ed, and contribute to its unbealth- fulnefs. 6 D | Mel- | \ i REEL | Come | ^l Melwillee or the New Mine fo called;becaufe it was but lately found out (or at leaft permitted to be made ufe of) in tbe year. 1670 ; it had then a year employed the Miners,but it was forbids denand lay unoccupied till 1673, when complaint being made at Oi uoleursthat the Vein was worn out, the King again licenfed its ferrlement, The Earth they mine in,is very red, and many of the Stones found there have of it fticking to them, asif it had clung there while they were of a foft glutinous fubftance and had not attained their hardnefs , maintaining its colour on its skin | "(feeming to be roughned with it) that it cannot be fetcht out by grinding on a. rough Stone with Sand, ‘which they make ufe of to clean them. The Stones are generally well-fhaped,their fize from s ar 6 ina mangelleewtothofe of r4 or t$ each,and fome bigger; . bur greateft quantitiesof the middle forts: Moft of them havea thick dull skin, incline toa yellowifh water, not altogether fo itrong & lively as of the other Mines;very few of them ofa.cryftal- lin water & skin. They are reported to be apt to flaw in fplitting; which occafions thefe people to efteem them f. mething fofter than the produ& of many of the otherMines:feveral that flatter by their feeming whitenefs when rough , difcover their deceitfulnefs ha- ving paftthe Mill, and too often a yellowifh tin&ure;to the dif- appointment and lofs of them that have cut them; but what they — want in goodnefs, is in part fupplied by the plenty they find, which, together with their properties,make them the cheaper. | | This being what [have gathered , both by experience of feveral of the places I have feen,and the-beft Informations I could meet with,of the Mines in this Kingdom ; I fhall now: proceed tothofe — in Vifiapore. | HEUS | _. Vifiapore is known:to contain Mines enclofing Stones as large | and good as thofe of Golconda ; but the King,for reafons already | given,makes ufe but of the meaneft: whereby,as:Goleonda is far 1 mous for the largenefs of thofe it affords, Vifapore is noted for | the finalleft 5 whofe Mines, though they feldom or never render — | an Adventurer a fortune or eftate at once, as fometimes thofe of © } Geleonda do,by a great Stone or fevera! found together;yet they | are more populous and better employed, the finall Stones lying — | thicker in the earth, fo that the generality are gainers, and few but they pettheir expences whereas thofe of Golconda dig away I a.confiderable Eftate and find nothing, others not their charges, and where one isa gainer,diverslofe,, 0 ^ , \ There - | | | | | | “There are r5 Mines employed in the Kingdom of Vifapore, viz Ramulconeta, Banugunnapellee, Pendekull, Moodawarum, (> merwillee, Punlkull,Workull, Lungeepoleur, Pootloor, Punchelingull, Shingarrampent Tondarpaar, Gundepellee, Donee and Gaszerpellee. in Ramulconeta- Mines in red Earth,about 15 or 16 foot deep, they feldom find a Diamond of a sazgelieen weight, but finall co 200r 30 in a mangelleen. They are generally of an excellent ae cryftalline water, havea bright clear skin, inclining frequently toa pale greenifh colour, are well fhaped, but few of them pointed ones. There are alfo found amongft them feveral broken piecesof Diamonds, by the Country people called Shemboes. In Banugunnapellee, Pendekull,and Moodawarum, they dig asat Ramulconeta, and in the fame kind of Earth; they alfo afford Stones much alike,being neighbouring places, (— Qummermillee, Paulkulland Workull, are not fax diftant, pro- duce Stones much alike out of the fame coloured Earth, but very finall ones even to a 100 in a mangelleen. | | ^ “Lungepolear Mines are of a yellowifh Earth (like thofe of " Duoleur,) its Diamonds are generally well fhaped,globular,few |. pointed; of a very good cryftalline water and bright skins ; ma- ny of them havea thick dark grafs-green skin, (ome fpotted alfo with black, that they reem all foul, yet are not fo, but within purely white and clean. Their fizes are from 2 or 3 mangelicens downwards,but few very fmall, — | ~~ Pootloor Mines are of. reddifh Earth , but afford Stones much like chofe of Langepoleur, only finaller,under a mangelleen; the general fizes areof ;, +, 7, sofa maggelleen. | Panchelingull,Shingarrampent,and Tondarpaar, ave alfo of red Earth, their Diamonds not unlike thofe of QDuoleur, only rarely or never any large ones are found there. " Gundepellee hath the fame Earth with the former, and prc- duces Stones of equal magnitudes but frequently of a pure cry- ftalline water, wherein they exceed the former. Donee and Gazerpellee dig bothin red Earth likewife, and _ afford Stones alike,the greateft part whereof are of good fhapes ‘and waters. They have alfomany Shemboes , and fome of bad waters, fome brown, which thefe people call foft or weak wa- ' ter'd, being efteemed of a fofter and weaker body than others, - by reafon they have not fo much life, when cut, and are fubject to flaw in fplitting, and onthe Mill; their general produd is in p 6D 2 Stones | ( 914°) E Stones of middle fizes: But Gazerpelice shas befides many large ones, and is the only Minenoted for fuchiin the Kingdom of Vif, — spore. With which concluding the defcription of . the Mines, I, : . fhall givefomeaccount, how the Diamonds are found, and how — they hafidle the the Earth to find them which is as followeth: : The Diamonds are fo fcattered and difperfed in the Earth,and Tie fo thin, that in the moft plentiful Mines its rare to find one in digging, ortillthey have prepared the ftuff, and do fearch pur- pofely for them They are alfo frequently enclos'd in Clods;and fome of thofe of Melwillee, the New Mine in/the Kingdom of Golconda, have the Earth fo fixt about them, that till they grind them ona rough Stone with fand ; they cannot move it. fuffici- ently, to difcover they aretranfparent ;or, were it not for their fhapes,to know them from other Stones, At thefirft opening of — the Mine; the unskilful Labourers, fometimes to try what they have found, lay thein on a great Stone, and ftriking on them with another, to their coftly experience difcover they had brokena Diamond. One I knew who had an excellent Stone of. 8 magel- deens, fervedfoby ignorant Minersheemployed. > ^. "Near the place where they dig, they raife a Wall with füch - rugged Stones as they find at hand (whereof all the Mines afford plenty) of about 2 foot high, and fix foot over, flooring it well with the fame 3 for the laying of which they have no other Mor- tar than cheEarth tempered withWater: To ftrengthen and make ic tight they throw up a bank apainftthe fide of it: In.one where- of they leavea finall vent about two inches from the bottom, by whichit empties it felf intoa little pit, made in the earth to. receive finall Stones , if by chance any. fhould run through, The. vent being ftopped, they fill the Ciftern they have made with. water, foaking therein as much of. the Earth they digout of the- - Mines, as it can conveniently receive at a time, breaking the — clods, picking out the great ftones and ftirring it withfhovels,. till the water isall muddy, the gravelly ftuff falling to the bot. tom, then they open the vent, letting out the foul water and fapplying it with clean, tillall the Earthy fubftance be wafted —— away, and none but a gravelly remains at thebottom. Lhusthey —— continue wafhing till about ro of the-Clock before Noon,when — : they take the gravelly ftuff they have wafhed, andfpreaditon | | a place made plain and fmooth (like a Bowling-alley.).for — - ahe purpofe, near the Cifterm , which being foon. dried by ghe Cat heat of . the Sun at that time afi im ir they very curioufly look © idtover, that the fmalleft bit of a (tone can hardly efcape them. - They never examine the ftuff they have wafht but between the: hours of ten and three, leaft any cloud by interpofing intercepr? the brisk beams of the Sun, which they hold very neceflary ro affift them in their fearch 5. the. Diamonds, not forbearing to re- fle& them when they touch therein, réndring themfelves ther eby the more conf! picuous. | ! - . Some of the experteft Labourers are employed in fearching; he that fets them at work. ufually fitting by,and overlookingsbue its hardly poffible, efpecially where many are employed, to, watch.them fo narrowly. , but that. they may fteal part of what they find, as many times fomeof them do,and, felling it private- ly, convert to theirown ufe. If they. find a large Stone, they’ - carry it not prefently.to their Employer, but keep on looking, - havinganeyeon him till they obferve he takes notice of it;when witha turn of their hand they give him a g'impfe of it, but de- liver it not till they have done work, and then very privately, it being the general endeavour to conceal what they find, leaft ic fhould come to the knowledge of the Governour of the place, . and herequire a fhare, which in the Kingdom of Golconda is u- fually practiced, without refpe& to any agreement made with them. The Miners, thofe that. employ thet, and the Merchants that buy the Stones of them, are generally Ethnickss nota Mafsle- man, that ever I heard of, followed the employment. Thefe La- bourers and their Employers are Telizgá s, commonly Natives of or near the place. The Merchants are the Banians of Guazzarat, who for fome Generations have forfaken their own Country to take üp the Trade, in which they have had fuch fuccefs, that’cis now folely engrofs'd by them; who correfponding with t heic Country-men in Surra£, Gos, Golconda, Viftapore, Agraand Di!- lee, and other places in ‘India, furnifh them all wich Diamonds. The Governours of the Mines are alfo Idolaters; |n the King of Golcondas Dominions a Tellinga Brammee rents moft of them, whofe agreement -with the Adventurer is, that all the Srones they - find under a * Pagoda weight, are tobe their own; -all of that weight and above it to be his, for the *4 pure E ghi .Kingsufe: Butalthough this Agreement be figned ^ ? "nee and fealed unto, he minds not at al] the performance thereof, but endeavours DR. eda endeavours to engrofs all the profit to himfelf by tyrannical - fqueezing both Merchants & Miners, whom he not only taxes ve- ry high, but maintaining Spies among them of their own people; on the leaít inkling thac they have been any ways fortunate he iminediately makes a demand on them, and raifes their Tax; elfe, on a falíe pretence they have found a great Stone, drubs them till they furrender what they have, to redeem their bodies from tor- ment. . Befides, the Excife is fo high on all forts of Provifions, Beetle, and Tobacco, which to them is as abfolutely neceffary.as Meat, or at leaft in their efteem, that it is thereby raifed to dou- ‘ble that price they bear without che Government ; and it is fur- nifht only -by fome Licens'd perfons ; if any other fhould en- - deavour to bring in the leaft quantity by ftealth,he is fined (even. . for one leaf of Tobacco)if itbe a perfonof any repute or worth any thing, elfe feverely drub'd for it; by which courfe there is hardly aman worth 500 7. to be found amongft them, moft of them dealing by Moneys taken up at Intereft of Ufurers, who refide there purpofely co furnifh them, who, with the Gover- nour eat up their gains: fo that one would wonderany of them fhould ftay , and not betake themfelves to places where they might have better ufage; as there are feveral in other Govern: ments, and fome few that have the fenfe to remove; but many their Debts,others hopes of a great hit detains. Both Mer- - chant and Miner go generally naked, only a poor Clout about their middle, and a Shafh on their heads’; they dare not wear a Coat , left the Governour fhould fay they have thriven much, are rich, and fo inlarge his Demands onthem. The wifeft,when | they find a great Stone,concealit till they have an opportunity, - .and then with Wife and Children run all away into the Vifiapore — * Country, where they are fecure. Mig | The Government in the Vifiapore Country is better , their A= -greement obferv'd, Taxeseafier, and no fuch Impofitions on pro- wifions ; the Merchants go handfomly clad, amongft whom are - feveral perfonsof confiderable Eftates, which they are permit- ted to enjoy peaceably, by reafon whereof their Mines are much more populous and better employed than thofe of Golconda. Itis obfervable,that notwithftanding the Apreement withthe | Adventurers of the Mines, that all Stones above a certain weight | Íball be for the Kings ufe ; yet inthe Metropolis of either King- dom, as the Cities of Golconda and Vifíspereate , there isnofei- - zure, gure, all Stones are frees and the late deceafed King, ‘Abdwl/ - Cutopíbaw of the former, and Edelfbaw of the latter,would noc only give very great prizes for large Stones, but richly veft and . prefent the Merchant that fold them with Horfes or fomething - elfe of. value, thereby encouraging others to bring the like, Buc the prelent King of Vifiapore is a Child , and the King of Golcon- da'$ delights folely pleated on light Womer-dancers,and Trick- fhewers, that be neither minds Diamonds, nor many things more . pnecefiary, committing the Government of his Kingdomto a Te/- linga Braminee, which the Mafsleman not well refenting, doesin — fome meafure threaten the ftability of his State. : se Se A Account of [ome Books: whe I. The Primitive Origination of Mazxkind , confidered and exa- mined according to the Light of Nature; By the Honourable Sir Matthew Hale, Kt.date Lord. Chief Juftice of hes Majeftics Court-of Kings Bench. London,1 677. 22 fol. | —]p^He Worthy and Learned Author of this Book ( whofe | EK . Death is exceedingly regretted by all good and intel]i- - gent men, upon the account of his fingular integrity and great . knowledge) hath.therein. principally confidered thefe partie - culars : | | I. That according to the Light of Nature and right Reafon- the World was not Eternal, but hada beginning. Where, having occafionally treated of the Excellency of Human Nature, ke - briefly confiders the feveral Hypothefes concerning the Eternity of the World, refuting. thofe Objections made by fome againit : the Truths deliver'dby him..— IJ, That, if there could be any imaginable doubt of ‘the Worlds havinga Beginning, yet by the neceffary evidence of. Natural Light it doth appear, that Mankind had a beginning, and that the Succeffive Generations of Men were in their Origi- nal ex won-genitis,, Where he delivers Eight Evidences to evince - the Beginning of Mankind, and. thofe fo many Proofs of Fa&t ; . whereof the Firffis taken from the Antiquity of Hiftory and - the Chronologieal Account of Times : The fecozd, from the a p- parent Evidences of the firft Foundation of the greate(t and ancienteft Kingdoms and Empires: The 2rd, from the Invene - tionof Arts: The fourth, from the beginnings of the Religions. — and Deities of the Heathens ;: where the Author conceals not the deficiency of this proof: The fzb, from the Decays of Human - ; Natare® : i (8) » Mature ; ‘The fi inth, from the Hiftory of the Patres familiaris, and the Original Plantations of the Continents and Ilands of the - World :. The feventh, from the Gradual Increafe of Mankind: The eight, from the Confent of Mankind. III. That thofe great Philofophers , who afferted this Origi- nation of Mankind ex von-genites, both ancient'and modern, and rendred it by Hypothe fes different from that of Mofes, were. . miftaken. Here the feveral bypothefes of Plato, Ariffotle, Empe- docles,Epicurus, Avicon, Cardin, Caefalpinus, Beregardus, and o- thers, are examined, and their erroneoufnefs dete&ed. IV.That the Mofaical Sy ftem, as well of the Creation of. Mags . as of the World in general, abftra&ively confidered, without re- lation to the Divine Infpiration of the Writer,is highly confo- - pant to Reafon, and upona bare Rational account highly prefer- - rable before the Sentiments of thofe Philofophers , that either thought Mankind Eternal, or fubftituted Hypothefes of his firít . produétion different from the Mofzical, .. Toall which he fubjoyns certain Corollaries and Deduétions made fromthe Premiffes,as well touching the Being,the Wifdom, - the Power’ and Providence of God, as the Duty and Happinefs - of Mankind. In that Section, wherein the @piiieas of all forts of Philofo- . phers touching Mans Origination are difcuffed,our Author takes Occáfion to examine, whether any Vegetables, and ef pecially any Infeé#s are of a fpontancous. origin, or not rather of fome pre- . exiftent Seed ; afferting and proving the latrer of thefe two opi- nions. Examining withal, whether, fuppofing the Produ&ion of . Jnfe&s were Spontaneous, Equivocal,and ex patrido, any Con- fequence be thence deducible for the like production of per- fetter Animals,and efpecially of Man: And concluding at laft, that de facfo there hath not been any fuch fpontaneous Origination of Mankind; or of any perfec? Animal (as he is plealed to diftin- guifh) either Natural or Cafual. | o lI. Tractatus Medicus de MORBIS. CASTRENSIBUS . - INTERNIS, Auth, Joh. Valentino Willio, Medico Regio Ca- .. Jrenfe. Hafniz, 1676, 3% 4o. ^He Experienced Author of this Book , after he hath dif- courfed in general bothof Health and Sicknefs, and of the . Difeafes in the Field, and their Caufes and Differences ; confi- — | ders the Field Difcafes i in particular, fuch as the Plague, " Malig- E nant | C 9r9 ) nant Fever, Scurvy, Venereal Pox, Dejection of appetite, and Fluxes: And concerning thefe, he prefcribes how they may be both prevented, and cured, — / Ti ye Among many particulars, that feem to be confiderable and "ufeful, he prefcribetb, 1. Some means to appeafe an Exceflive appetite,and particularly that of aTrag[ylvanian V ryer, viz. Take of Poppy feed and White Starch aa 3j. and of Anyj. Dij 5 pulve- rize them,and mix therewith a fufficient quantity of good Honey, and make of ita Cake,which bake well, and a mouthful thereof being often dipped in Spirit of Wine well tinged with Saffron, - and eaten down, wil! keep one from being hungry a whole day. 2. A way of untiring a Soldier after a long march, viz..by ma- king a DecoGionof Mugwort, and wafhing the feet therewith ; or by diffolving fome Gu powder in luke-warm Water. 3. An excellent means of curing the Scurvy, by making only a Deco- .&ionof Trifolium fibrinum in beer, and giving it the Patient to drink largely and continually. 4. À general way of preventing Fluxes, by avoiding all things, that may exafperate and vitiate the acidity, bile and falt of the body. 5. A remedy to cure -Epileptical fits, by taking theSpirit or Salt of Cranium buma- | gum,Or of Hartshorn, or Elk-boofs, ina word,of whatever may - rebate the vellicating acidity of the body. 6. Aneafie remedy toremove the Toothache, by making a Deco&ion of the fha-— |" vingsof Férr-wood inbeer, and holding it hot in the mouth. | 34. Aneafie means to cure the Dropfie, by infufing in Whey fome | qrifolium fibrinum, and Vincetoxicum ov Swallow-wort, together with fome Elecampane-roots, Horfe radifb, Elder-bark,Bnglo[Je- flowers, and Carroway-feed; and drinkinga large draught of it twice or thrice a day,&c. | | | | III. Hebdomas Obfervationum de RebusSINICIS: Auth. - Andrza Mullero, Greiffesbagio. Colonie Brandenburgiz, 4.1674. | d | | T His Tra& being but lately come to the Publifher’s view, he X. thought it not amifs, to take notice of it,by obferving,that in it thereis r. An Epitome of the Hiftory of Chiza,both of the | moft Ancient and the moft Modern... 2. A Conje&ure, that the | true Religion and Knowledge of God hath been known in China, | 3. A Lift of the Kings of hima, out of Mendoza and Marti- | wins. ^4. Aveprefentation of the famous Chinefe Herb,called NNI 6E Guifeng, Teele, EN c Ty ; Guifeng,fo famous for reftoring decay ed bod les;and fo: precious in Chine itfelfjastbat there they pay thrice the, weight of Silver for one pound of it. s. A memorable Conjunétion of the: Planets in the time of JVoabs. Flood. + 6, A Specimenof a Geographical Commentary upon .Pawhws Venetws’s Oriental . Biftory. - 7. Of the Weekly diftribution of Days, and their denomination. taken from the Planets , being ufed among the Chinefe themfelves, To all which is fubjoyned the Hiftory of a ftrange Stony-Moriument found in China in the year 1628, ‘importing, by its both Chinefe and Syrtack Infcription, made in the Eighth Century after Chrift , that the Chriflian Religion, much after the Do&rine and Ceremonies of the Roman Church, had been received and pradtifed in @hina :. Which i: alfo rela- ted by Athan. Kircher in his Ghinalllufirata, printed 1667.. IV. The Curious Diflilatory, Qc. written originally in Latin by » Joh. Sigifin. Elfholt, and Ezgl/fbed by T.S. Med, D. Phy fit, in Ordinary to his Majeffy.. London,1677.in 129, -Qyls;&c. from Vegetables, Animals and Minerals in'the doing of which he intermixes many Experiments eafie to perform, yet curious and ufeful, relatingto the produ&ion of Colours, ' of Confiftence, and Heat , in divers Bodies that are Colourlefs, — Fluid and Cold ; and particularly feveral Experiments upon the Blood (and its ferum) of difeafed perfons. ——— | Asto the produ&tion of Coloured liquors, and the change of Liquors from one colour to:another, the Reader may the better be informed by comparing what is deliver'd here, with what he will meet with in the inftru&Give Hiffory of Colours, publifhed by that Eminent Naturalift the Honourable Robert — Boyle, inthe year 1662. Our Author-tellsus, that having often. confidered with himfelf this Problem, Whether ornoamong fo great a variety of Simple Bodies, Metals and Vegetables, there- were not fome Species, that would, when diftilled, retain their-- own Native colours; he hathfound, that fome of them would- do this, of: which he hath fetdown his. own Experiments and Qbfervations; : To the Chapter, wherein he treats of the Appearances of various Colours; he refers at: the end of his Book an Epiftle of Dr. wil 1 T^He Author of this Tra& makes it his bufinefs, therein to. - deliver the Art: of diftilling Coloured Liquors , Spirits, | ( 921) Dr. Mentzelius 4 chief Phyfician to his Electoral Highnefs of © Brandenburg, concerning the Experiments made upon a certain Stone found near Berliz in.a Wood, called the Grus-wald, | which Stone contained of Mettals, lvowand Copper ; of Metal- | - lin Juyces, Sw/phur and Vitriol, which lay concealed in a Golden Marcafite, wherewith this Stone abounded, To whichEpiftle is . annexed an Experiment made by the Author of it upon that liquor which is contain’d in the Bladder of Gall; in which, he faith, having diffolved, fome years (ince, fome Alves vofatum, the Greew colour of the Bi/e was changed into a true Blood co- . lour, The confiderationof which he judgeth may be beneficial © to all Mankind. : To that Chapter, wherein are deliver^d his Experiments up: on Mettals and other Minerals, he refers, fora Conclufionof: this Tract, a fingular Experiment concerning Tyles, communica-. ted to him in a Letter by Dr. Cafpar Marchius, another of the- prime Phyficians to the faid Elector : The fhort of which is this, That the reddifh Colour, wherewith Tyles are tinged through- - - out, may be fo feparated from them, as that nothing of it fhall © - beleftinthem: Which extra&ing of the Colour by an Alem- - bick froma body that had endured fo great a ftrefs of Fire be- - fore, feems to the faid Dr. Marcius an Experiment worthy cone - fideration.. | : | V.. Medicina Statica,or Rules of Health,originally written by San- - Gorius,zow Englifhed by J. D. London,1676,i2 120. di ** His Ingenious and Ufeful TraG , now appearing in Ezg//[D,- — is known to have been long(ince publifhed in Lazzs by the famous Sascforius, whofe defign in it was, by a certain Ballance - to fatisfie Intelligent perfons, who defire to have care of their - health, that thofe things are true which he hath taught concerns - ing the Weight of Infenfible Perfpiration, and its Caufes, Time, . Advantages and Difadvantages, Excefs and DefeG , as alfo - touching the Air, Meat and Drink, Sleep and Waking, Exercife - and Reít, and the Affe&ions of the Mind. . As for the Ballance it felf, that isa Weighing Chair, which - by being about a fingers breadth diftant from the Hoor ,. cannot eafily be (haken, and is fo framed, that when, by reafon.of the - | Refeétion taken-in, we are come to the juft weight and meafure | prefcribed before-hand, the Chair immediately defcends a lit- | tle s which defcent tells the perfon fitting in it, that he bes | taken EEUU DUM KCN tpi —_—__- E (922) — taken the requifite quantity cf meat and drink. Befides this,there is another advantage arifing from the Ufe of this Chair, viz. that by it we may find out the daily Infenfible perfpiration of our . Bodies; which Perfpiration not being well confidered, medi- cine often proveth ineffeGual, forafmuch as many indifpofitions are occafioned by a leffer or larger perfpiration than is required, - Now; what quantity or weight af wholefom food is conve- nient for every one, and how much the Infenfible perfpiration ought to be in their refpective Bodies, viz, that perfpiration which is commonly weighed by theChair, boththefe things may — — _eafily be underftood by this Book; to which we therefore re- - — -fer the Curious. "VI. Syftema Horticulture , containing in Englih the Art of | ^ Gardening in Three Books ; by J.W. Gentl, 8°, | Cy edt and Nurferies are the Life and Relief, the Health - and the Beauty of London. Thefe with fair Orchards, fa- lubrious Groves and Vineyards, are lately become the Glory of the Campaign all about Losdon,for many miles in Kent, Sur- vey, Su[fex, Middlefex , Hartfordfbire and Effex: I may add - Hamp[btre, Bark[bire, Buckinghamfbire , Oxford[bire , Suffolk, j .and inall the Ezvirozs approaching the Royal Palaces, Vine- yards have climbed up Wzaafor-hill,and (as we hear) they begin . a -to adorn fome of the Moun ains in South-Wales, But many re- mote parts of England are not fo forward for the beft forts of Gardens,asabout London. | Therefore I do here take notice of a New Book for Gar- 4 dens, which treateth fif? of the Excellency, Scituation, Soyl, Form, Walks,&c, of Gardens. Secondly, of allforts of Trees — . planted for Ornament or Shade, Winter-greens, Flower.trees, . and Flowers. Fhirdly,of the Kitchin-garden, and of thegreat variety of Plants propagated for food, and for any culinary: . ' Ufes. {lluftrated with'Sculptures , reprefenting the Forms of. - Gardens, according to fome of the neweft Models. ErratiinNumbi35. ——— | "Pag.878.lin.antepen.read blanqueting Trade. — ^ | .London,Priuted for John Martyn, Printer to the R. Suciety, 1677. | E. * 2 M - * Li zi , 5" É * , x — " "r Y " ^N Y 2 x 1 - ^ x Me wine, 1 k^ * he ae ^B See, PAL Ex " cmi ^ Ri mate agi. B btt 1 ‘ eat ect ARNE rEg AE MER unes iis ie i | TS cU I 1 1 P ] S i = Ix i $ t | AS p "i : ? ! ! N t : ; : Tautniumian qvippe d St eatin ccm, MS Ar Mer ARN GS yb ra ea Je qe al eec eprint aid i =o 3 " ^ T x27 Mf eR inm Lr vain — S - NL " Nec p i ill ; i J 1 i ~ 5 à E : = 7 3 j j : : 1 i FH : i 4 1 " 4 3 r^ t 4 } 1 : i H 1 — Ee ee OR ttm T RA ni TT é ee undam ^ Ah Ut deo ihe Ven igneo I mt mei a ame ———— RR EP Te i T ' / dines.) 3 eMay ° ( 923 ) "s Namb.t37- PHILOSOPHICAT. TRANSACTIONS. Febr. 10. for the Months of Jansary and February, 167;. The Contents. The manner of Hatching Chicken atCaito ; obferved by Mr. John Graves, 4nd communicated by Sr.George Ent, A Re- — latiom concerning Barnacles; by Sr.Robert Moray. A De- - feription of the Ifland Hitta 5 communsated alfo by Sr.Robert Moray. Some Obfervations of 4 Cameleon; made by Dr. - Jonathan Goddard. Aw Account of the Iron-Works in the Foreft of Dean ; communicated by Henry Powle, Efquire, A Relation of the making of Cerufe; by Sr. Philiberto Ver- patti, Aw Account of Two Books ; 1. The true Intellectual Syftens of the Univerfe. The Firft Part, £y R. Cudworth, D. D. M. The Six Veyages of John Baptifta Tavernier, : publifbed in Englifh. | The manner of Hatching Chicken at Cairo, obferved by Mr. John Graves, fometime Profe(for of Aftronomy at Oxford;and communicated by Sr. George Ent late Prefident of the College of Phyfitians, London. - Ae cae : ^y Hey begin in the midft of Fanuary to heat the Ovens: . fpending every Morning an hundred Kaztars ( or an hundred pound weight) of Camels, or of Buffulo's Dung s and the like proportion at Night, till the midf of Fezruary. About which time the Ovens are fo bot, that one cannoc well endure to Jay his hand upon the Walls. After this, they put the Eggs into the Ovens to hatch the Chicken; which they continue ficceffively ti! the end of 6. P2 The a wy (924 3 ‘The Hogs are firft put upon Mats in the lower Ovens, which are upon the ground; feven or eight Thoufand Eggs in pum- ber; and laid only double one ü pon another. In the Ovens above thefe lower. the Fire is made ip lóüg Hearths or little Channels, having fome depth to receive the Fire: ffom whence thé Beat is conveyed into the lower Ovens before mentioned. The Eggs which are direály under thefe Hearths, lie treble one upon another ; the reft,as was faid, on! y . double. .. At Night, when they new-make the Fires i in the Hearths -above-mention'd; they then remove the Eggs that were di- realy undermoft. (lying three one upon another) in the place of thofe which lay on the fides only double: and thefe being now removed, they lay treble under the Hearth , :becaufe the heat S reat; theres bn op the fides where. tbe Ege are only louble. .... $:5tVd Thefe E Eggs continue in p the lowetfOvedk "Mire days and nights: Afterwards they remove them irito the upper Ovens ; which are juft over thelower, In thefe (there beingnow no more Fíreufed) they turnallthe Eggs four times’ —— day ; ; 4e. inevery 24 hours, The 21 0r.22 day the Chicken are hatch'd: vavbich the &rft day eat not; the fecond, they are. feteh'd away by Women, who give them Corn, &c. | The Mafter of the Ovens hath a third part óf the Eggs for his coft and pains: out of which, he is to make füch good: ünto the Owners (who have two ihirds in Chicken. for t eir Eggs) if any happen to be fpoiled or mifeatty. | The Fire in the upper Ovens, when the Eggs are placed in. the lower, is thus proportion’d: . The firlt day, the greateft Fire, The fecond, Jelethan the firft. The third, lefs. The fourth, more than the third. The fifth, lefs. The. fixth, more than die fifth. The feventh, lefs, Theeighth, more, The ninth, without fire. Fhe tenth, a little fire inthe Morning. The eleventh, they fhut all the holes with Flax, &c. making no more. fire; for if they fhould, the Eggs. would break, They take care, that the Einb no hoiter than the Eye of aman, when they are laid upon it, can well endure. : . . When. (925) When the Chicken are hatch’d, they ptt’ them into the lower Ovens, whichare covered with Mats. Under the Mats ig Bran, to dry the Chicken: and upon the Mats,Straw, for the Chicken to ftand upon, + The Ground: plot of the Houfe and Ovens is delineated ac- cording to Fig. 1. a6 A lonpentrance: oneach fide of which are fourteen Ovens (fome places have more, fome icfs.) The bottorns and fidés of thofe Ovens which are onthe ground, are all made of Sun-dry’d Bricks ; upen which they put Mats, and on the Mats che Egos. «« Thetop of thefe Ovens are flat, and covered with fticks, except two long Spaces which are iade of Sna-dry:d Bricks ; and are the Hearths above-mentioned, in which the fires are made, to heat the Eggs lying under them inthe lower Ovens. Above thefe lower Ovens are fo many other, made of Sun- dry'd Bricks , and arched at the top, Where alfo there are fome holes, which are ftop’d with Tow, &c. or left open, as they pleafe to govern the heat in the Ovens below. >» » The Plant of the upper Oven is according to Fig. 2. . & The Mouthof the Oven, opening upon the Jong entrance 4 ut above mentioned, bande Entrances into the vals adjoyning. d e Two Hearths three or four [nches deep , in which they make the fire, to heat thisand the Oven below. The depth of the lower ipea about 2+ foot don The fecond, — e iuimiso — pusilli ps Sr, ros ed foray, mm one of his Majeflies Council for tbe Kingdom of Scotland. N the Weltern Iflands of Scotland much of the Timber, _ wherewith the Common people build their Houfes, is fuch as the Weft: Ocean throws'tpon their Shores. ^ The moft ordi- nary Trees are Firr and Ajh. They are ufually very large, and without branches; which feem rather to have been broken or worn off, than cut: and are fo Weather-beaten, that there is no Bark left upon them, efpecially the Firrs. Being in the líland of. Eaff, 1 faw lying upon the fhore a cut of a large Firr-tree of about 2: foot’ diameter , and 9 or 19 foot long ;. which bad laia fo long out of the water, that it was very dry : . And moft of the Shells, that had formerly cover'd it, were worn (C926) - worn or rubb'd off. Only on the parts that lay next the ground, “there ftill bung mnltitudes of little Shells; having within them litte Birds perfedily fhap’d, fuppofed to be Bar- — males. | 15i The Shells hung very thick and clofe one by another , and were of differentfizes.Of the colour and confiftence of M»fele- - Shells, and the.fides or joyn:s of them joyned withfucha kind of film as Mafcle-Shellsare; which ferves them for a Hing to -moveupon, when they open and fhut. — ! singin | _ "The Figure of the Barsacle:Shell is here repre- See Fig.3. fented *. *Tis thin about the edges, «and about half as thick as broad, . Every: one of. the Shells ‘hath fome crofs Seams or Sutures, which,as I remember, di- vide it into five parts, near about the manner as in the Figure. Thefe parts. are faftened. one to.another, with fucha fiimas - Maufele-Shellsare, : ia bedor: bas nibii qb Thefe Shells. hang at the Tree- by:a Neck longer than the Shell, Of a kind of Filmy fubftance, round, and hollow, and creaffed,. not unlike the Wind-pipe of a Chicken; fpreading out broádeft where it is faftened to the Tree, from which it feems to ‘draw and convey the matter which ferves for the growth and vegetation of the Shell. and the little Bird within E ree tts be i Adan Ci ll et a. 3. "This Bird in every Shell that I opened, as well the leaft ás thebiggeft, I found fo curioufly and compleatly formed, that there appeared pothiag wanting, as to theexternal parts; for making upa perfect Sea-Fowl: every little part appearing fo diflin&ly, thatthe whole looked like a large Bird feen through a concave or diminifhing Glafy j colour and feature being eve- ry where fo clear and neat. The little Bill like that of a Goofe, the Eyes marked, the Head, Neck, Breaft, Wings, Tailand Feet. formed, the Feathers every where perfe&ly fhap’d, and blackifh colour’d and the Feet like thofe of o- ther Water-foul, to my beft remembrance. ~ All being dead and dry, I did not look after the Inward parts of them. But ‘having nipt off and broken a great many of them 5\I carried about 20 or 24 away with me. The biggeft I; found upon the Tree, was but about the fize of. the Figure herecreprefent- ‘ingthem. Nordid I ever fee any of the little Birds alive, nor met with any body that did. Only fome a oDs (922 )- | fons have affured me, they have feen fome as big as their. fit, "d * | A Defeription of the Wand Hirta as tommuiitayell alfo by Sr, Robert Meray.. | | JI RTA lies, from-Ssod in Skye-IMland, Weft and by 7] North. From the neareft Land to it in the Hereifth (from whence people ordinarily take-Boat) it lies due Weft ; and is about. 5o miles from the neare(t Land. ‘There are chree Iflands together, Hirta, Soa, and Burra; but Hirta-only is inhabited, The other two are excellent Pafturage for Sheep: every Sheep there having two Lambs | every year, . - | Howe In Berrethere is no landing, but to the Men of Hzriaonly, . . in regard of the difficulty thereof; there being but about a - foot broad of Landing-place, and thatonly to be attempted. ' when-the Boat rifes. For their ordinary way is, when they - come near the Rock, they turn the Boat and fet the fideto - theShore, two men, one at each end of the Boat; with two — Jong Poles keeping it off, that the Waves dafh it not fo vio- lently againft the Rock, when it rifes ; at which time only the - Fellow, who is to land, makes his attempt, If he mifs his Landing- place he falls into the Sea; and the reft of the people hale himaboard ; he having beforea fmal] Rope faftep'd about his middle to prevent that danger, | But^when hefafely lands; —. (which they feldom mifs to do) the-reft of his Fellows land one by one: except fo many as they leave to attend their little Boat; which ordinarily is of fix Oars, - UE If there be any Strangers, ( as many:go from the nearefz. — Iflands in Summer) they muft betied about the middle with a ftrong Rope; and when the men of: Hirta have climb’d up io the topof the Rock (which is above twenty four Fathom, before they fet their foot on grafs ) they hale up the Strangers to them with the Ropes.- When they have gathered as many "Eggs, and kill'd asmany Fowls as will load their Boat 5 they lower all in the Boat, and the ab!eft Fellow is always left be- - hind ; who; having none to hel p him, muft throw hinfelf into | the Sea, and fo recover the Boat... This Barre lies from Fries. | |. about fix miles Northward. . | | | | $54 - | ( 928 ) Soa lies near Hirta, on the South-weft. In this, except Fowls, there is only remarkable a Creek , where great Seal; haunt. "The people are fo mad, that they go in their Boat, about four of them, in that narrow. paffage, to kill thefe Seals with Poles: having fcarce room for their Oars, and every where feeming to clofe up the mouth thereof. If the Wind changeth during their being there » itis nor poffible: to fave Manor Boat. . . There are fevaral Rocks, rpeleei af tbe Sea, amongft. thefe Iflands, which the People of Hirta call Stacks; fome ten, twenty, twenty four Fathoms above water, withont any Grafsupon them. Onthe rouud tops of the Rocks. à great number af Fowls breed, and in all the Cliffs. («1 c Amongít the reft there is one called Stacka Deb upon. thetop.whereof. breedeth fuch an abundance of Fowls, that though it feems inacceffible , yet the men of Hérta have ven- tured to go thither.. After they have landed. with much difü- culty, a man having room: buc. for one.of his. feet, he mutt climb up twelve or fixteen Fathoms high, Then he comes (0.4 place 5 where haviug but room for his left foot-and leít hand, mult leap from thence to fuch another place before him ; which, if he hit right, the reft of theafcent is eafie: and witha finall Cord, which he carries with him, he hales up a Rope, where- — by all the reft come up. But if he miffetb that Foatflep (as oftentimes they do) he falls into: the Sea, ‘and «he: Company takes him in by the {malt Cord, -and (its ftill until he be a-itele refrefhed, and then he tries it again ; ; for -— eite there, iL not able for that fpore, Hirta Yland is two Miles in. Jehgthi, aeontnted Flue-pengs Land. Jn itthere are Ten Families, - The Men: feldom grow old ; and feldom was it ever known, that any man died in his Bed there, but was either drowned: or broke hisneck, The —— Men are (irong, big, and well skinned, Tbeir Foodisonly . young Fowls.and Eggs ; their Drink Whey and Warer. Much | — given (0 keeping. of Holy- -days; having’a-rumber of Jittle — Chappels, where fometimes, they watch whale eene making merry together wich their Offerings, =. The moft Service of their Wontem is to harrow their Land: which they muftdo, when their Husbands are * climbiog for Fowls for them. r H "d Their | ( 929 ) — "Their ordinary way of dividing their Land, is one Half- peny to every Family. The Rocks alfo are divided, fuch and fuch on every Halfpeny. And tbereisa kind of Officer left by the Mafter of the Ifland, who governs in his abíence, and fo - regulates, that the beft Climbers and the worft are mixed to- gether, that fo none of the Land be unlaboured ; that is, that allthe Shelves of the higheft Rocks be fearched for Egos, ~ The way of their Climbing, when they kil! their Fowls, is thuss They go twoand two with a long Rope, not made of Hemp,but of Cow-Hides falted, and the Thongs cut round about, and plaited fix or ninefold. Each end of the Rope is _tyed about each one of their Middle, and he that is foremoft goestill he comes to a fafe ftanding , the other ftanding firm all that time to keephim up, in cafe bis foot fhould have (lip?d : - When the foremoft is cometo a fafe flanding; thenthe other goes, either below or above him, where his bufinefsis; and fo they watch time about; feldom any of them being loft, when this is obferved. The aforefaid Officer, when any coupleis to be Married, brings them to one of their-Chappels, and adminifters an Oath to them ;. fo they are married. | TUE Their Children, when they come to the Age of 15 or 16. or thereabout, come with the Mafter of the Ifle to the Heres{ch land, and are there Baptized. DO aa go An ordinary way of killing the Fow!s in the Mift is this, Some of thefe Fellows lie befide the Door of rhe little Houfes they have in their Iflands, flat upon their banks, and open their Breafts. Which, when the Fowls perceive, they fit upon thém, andare prefently catch'd, and their necks broke. One Fel- iow has killd hundreds of Fowls in one night, after this man- a i SO era | — Sometimes they fet Grins on the very top of the higheft Rocks, and make them ftrong for great Fowls., One being fetting of thefe Grins, as he was walking along his great Toe was catc'd in one of ‘them, which ‘made him ftumble and fall . down: yet the Grin being faft and flrong, kept him hung with his head downward, till thofe that miffed him came in the morning, and found him fo fallen, — T 6G Some C 93° ) Some Obfervations of 4 Cameleon, made by Dr. jonathan God- dard, late Prae e[Jar of Phyfick at Grefham-College, London, ——— See Vole 4e. ^His wasa female, as appeared by Eggs found | Nk495991. E within. As to the Colour of the.Skip , it clearly appears mixed of feveral Colours, like a medly- Cloth : lighter towards the belly ;, otherwife,near upon it;equa!ly mix- ed. The Colours difcernable axe Green, a Sandy Yellew, a deeper Yellow towards:a Liver-colour :yand indeed one may . eafily fancy fome mixture of all or moft Colours in.the Skin’; whereof fomé are more predominant at fome times, Thereare fome permanent black gps on the ridgeof the Back, and.on the Head. Upon excitationor warming fhe becomes f addegly full Ne black Spotsof the bignefs of Grcac- pins beads , equally dif- perfed on the fides, with finall black freaks onthe Bye lids; al] which afterward do vanifh. | The Skin is grained with globular inequalities,like the "ed ther called Shagreen,or the Eggs of Flies. The groffeft grain is about the Head, next od the ridge of the Back, next on the Legs; onthe Sides and Belly fineft.. Which perbaps in-feveral . poftures, may fhew feveral Colours. . And when the Crea:ure is in full vigour, may alfo have in fome fort rationew fpeculi, and reflect the Colours of bodies adjacent : which, together with ttemixture of Colours in the Skin, may have given occafion to the oid Tradition, of changing into all Colours, The Eyes refemblea Lens or Convex Gla( fet in a Verfatile globular Socket ; which fhe turn’d backward, or any way without moving her Head. And ordinarily, the one a contrary | or quite different way fromthe other. - Her Tongue, (which fhe was never fees to put’ forth of late, though fhe ofien opened her mouth wide)was eafily drawn out, when fhe was dead, to.half the lengthof her Body, being round and full toward the end, like a Peftil, with fome cavity at the - extremity :. having a Bone about half the. length of. it, toward the Roots over which alfo the fore part would (li p: backward. The Bone, where connected to.the Body,is bifureated, Shehath — Teeth plainly to be felt and feen above, and. dog nis on the whole circumference of the Jaw... The Trunk of the Body, for the Stru&ure of it. is all Them "ax or Breaft , having Ribs from the Neck to the feting on of. | ihe ( 931 ) the Tail. Of two forts, the larger above, tending backward from the Spine or Back-bones. The other, from the extremi- ties of the former, tending forward,as in the Breafts of Fowls: being with the fane fort of thofe in Fowls,which by 4gsapen- dent ate called Coffule. | There isa kind of Diaphragm, à thin eranfparent Membran, as in Birds, feparating a final! portion, about the fourth part of che Cavity, next the Belly, from the reft. Wherein is contained — 2 (mall Ventricle,connexed to the Galz: to which is continued an [nteftine, having fomelittle convolution inthe conveyance of it; which extended might be about the ;ength of the whole Body, with Head and Tail. The Excrements therein black, or of a fad French Green. | | She had a fall thin Liver contiguous to the upper part of the Diaphragm: in part divided into two Lobes,of a blackifh or very fad colour. | : - "phe Lungs feemed to be made of Membranous cells or divi- fions, very thin and tranfparent,refembling a little light froth, - The Heart was firm and flefhy, buc very finall; and at rhe very foreend of all the Breaft or Bod a Ac the hinder end of the Body was a double Ovary, confift- ing of five or fix eggs (of the bigaefs of the Greateft-pips. heads, and fticking to the Back) on each fide : of the fame co- -Jourand confiftence with thofe of the Yolk of an Egg. dn, Account of the lron-Works inthe Foreft of Dean, communi-. - cated by Henry-Powle, E/quire. | qe He Foreftof Deas (comprehending that part of Gloceffer- - fbire,that lies beewixe the Rivers of Wye and Severne) confilts generallyy of a ftiff Clay: which, according to the nature of thofe Soyls,is very deep and miry in the Winter,and in the Summer as dry and parched. The Country is full of Hills, but fo as you may rather callit Uneven, than Mountainous, they being ao where high, and rarely of a fteep afcent. Betwixt them run great ftore of little Springs, of a more brownifh co- Jour than ordinary Waters, and often leaving in their paflage tin&tures of Ruft. The Ground isnaturally inclined to Wood, efpecially Hatle and Oak ; of wbich laft fort it hath produced formerly moft ftacely Timber ; though now; almoft totally de- voured by the incrcafe of the Iron- Works. 6G 2 | Upon 4 €93?) » Upon the Surface of the Earth, in many places, lie an abun» dance of rough Stones,fome of them of a vaft bulk; but where they fink their Mines, they rather meet with Veins of Scaly Stone, than hard and folid Rocks. Within the Foreft they find great plenty of Coaland Iron-Ore ; and in fome places, Red. and Yellow Oker« which are all the Minerals, that are yet dif- covered there. | NT I have been the more particular in this defcription, becaufe I think ic noc impoffible, that by anexa& comparing of the Nature and Produdtions of fuchSoy s, whereMinerals are ufually formed, we may arrive to a certain knowledge, or: at Jeaft a very.probable conjecture, in what places we ought to fearch after their feveral forts, and when to defit. The Iron-Ore, which is the principal Manufa&ure here, and by which moft of the Inhabitants fubfift, is found in great a- bundance in moft parts of the Foreft : differing both in colour, weight,and goodnef:, The beíl, which they call their Brufh- Ore, is of a Blewifh colour 5 very ponderous;and full of little fhining Specks like grains of Silver, This affords the greateft quantity of Iron; but being melted alone produceth a Meta! very fhort and brittle, and therefore not fo fic for common ufe. To remedy this [nconveniency,they make ufe of another forc of Material, which they call theic Cynder, and is nothing elfe, but the Refufe of the Oreafter the Metal hath been extra&ed ; - which being mingled with the other ina due quantity, gives ic , that excellent temper of Toughnefs, for which this Iron. is pre- ferred before any that is brought from Forein parts. : But to underftand this rightly, it is tobenoted, That in for- mer times, when their Works were few, and their Vent fmall, they made ufe of no other Bellows, but fuchas were moved by the Strength of men: by reafon whereof their Fires were much lefs intenfe, chanin the Furnaces they now employ. So that having in them melted down only the principal part of the Ore; they rejected the reft as ufelefs, and not worth their charge. Thisthey call their Cynder, which isnow found in an unexhauftible quantity through all parts of the Countrey , - where any former Works have ftood. | fu St 305 | After they have provided their Ore, their. firft) work. isto Calcine it + which is done in Kiins,; much after the fafhion of eur ordinary Lime-Kilns. Thefe they fill np to. the top with | Coal ( 933 ) Coaland Ore, ffratum fuper firatem,until it be full; and fo put- ting Fire tothe bottom, they let itburn till the Coal be wafted, and then renew the Kilns with frefh Ore and Coal, in the fame manner as before, This is done without Fufion of the Metal, and ferves to confume the more droffy partsof the Ore, and to make itfriable; fupplying the Beating and Wafhing, which are ufed to other Metals. From hence they carry it to their Furnaces, which are built of Brick or Stone, about 24 foot fquare on the outfide,and near3o footin height. Within, not above 8 or 10 foot over, where it is swwidelt, which is about the middle; the top and bottom having a narrower compafs, much like the fhape of an Egg, as in the Figure. See Fig. 4. A tbe Taunel,C the Furnace, B tbe Mouth | of the Furnace. Behind the Furnace are placed two huge pair of Bellows, whofe Nofes meet at a little hole near the bottom. Thefe are compreffed together by certain Buttons, p'aced on the Axis of avery large Wheel, which is turn’d about by Water, inthe manner of an Overfhot- Mill. As foon as thefe Buttons are ílid off,the Bellows are raifed again by the counterpoife of weights; whereby they are made to play alternately, the one giving its blaft all the time the other is rifing. At firft, they fill thefe Furnaces with Ore and Cynder inter- mixt with Fuel 9 which in thefe Works 1$ always of Char- coal; layingthem hollow at the bottom, that they may more eafily take fire: But after they are once kindled, the Materials yun together into a hard cake or lump, which is fuftained by the fafhionof the Furnace, and through this the Metal, as it melts, trickles down into the Receivers, which are placed at the bot- tom, where there 1s paffage open, by which they take away the Scum and Drofs, and iet out the Metal as they fee occafion. Before the Mouth of the Furnace lies a great Bed of Sand , wherein they make Furrows of the fafhion into which they de- Gre to caít their Iron. Into thefe, when their Receivers are full, they let intheir Metal 5 which is made fo very fluid by the violence of the Fire, that it not only runs toa confiderabie diftance; but ftands afterwards boiling for a good while. After thefe Furnaces are once at Work, they keep them -confiantly employed for many Months together, never fuf- fering che Fire ro flacken night nor day; but ftill fupplying | the (934) tbe walte of the Fuel and other Materials with frefh, poured inat thetop. Several attempts have been made to bring i in the ufe of Sea- coal in thefe Works, inftead of Charcoal; the former being to be had at an eafie rate, the latter, not without great ex- pence: bur hitherto they have proved inefiectual. The Work- men finding by experience, that a Sea-coal Fire,how vehement foever, will not. penetrate the moft fix’d parts of the Ore, and fo leaveth much of the Metal unmelted, From thefe Furnaces, they bring their Sows and Pigs of. Iron (as they call them) te their Forges, Thefe are of two forts, though ftanding together under the fame Roof: one they call their Finery, che other, the Chafery. . Both of them are open Hearths, cn which they place great heaps of Sca-coal, and behind them, Bellows, like to thofe of the Furnaces, ‘bur nothing near fo large, Into the Finery , they firft put. their Pigs of Iron, placing three or four of them together behind the fire,with a little of one end tbruft into it, Where foftening, by degrees they ftir aad work them with long Barsof Iron, till the Metal runs together into a round Mafs or Lump, which they call a Half-Bloom. This they take out , and giving it a few ftrokes with their Sledges, they carry it (0a great weighty Hammer, raifed likewife by the motion of a Water-wheel : where apply ing it dexteroufly to the blows , they prefently beat it out into a thick fhortfquare. Thisthey put into the Finery again, and heating it red hot, they work it out under the fame Hammer, till it comes into the fhape of a Bar in the middle, with two quare knobs inthe ends. Lait of all, they give itotber Heatings in the Chafery, and more workings un- - der tbe Hammer, till they bave brought their Iron into Bars of feveral fhapesand fizes ; in which fafhion they expofe themto Sale. All their Principal Iron undergoes. all the forementioned preparations: yet for feveral purpofes, as for the Backs of Chimneys, Hearths of Ovens, and thelike, they have a fort of Caft-Ircn 5 which they take out of the Receivers of the Furnace, fo foon as it is melted, in great Ladles, aad pourit. into Moulds of fine Sand: in like manner as they caft Brafs — and other fofter Metals: but this fort of Iron is fo very brit- tle, that being heated, with one blow of a Hammer it breaks 1 all to pieces, Though . Though this fault be moft fund. ‘in this fort of Iron; yet, if inthe working of their Beft fort they omic any one Procef, it will be fure to wantiome part of its calle oats which they efteem its perfection. ‘A Relation of the making of Ceruls, by Sir Philiberto Vernatti. ""Irft Pigs of clean and foft Lead are caft into thin Plates a [g yard long, fix inches broad, and to the thicknefs of the back of a Knife. Thefeare rolled, with fome Art, round; but fos the Surfaces no where meet to touch: for where they do . no Geruff grows. ‘Thus roll’d, they are put each in a Por juft capable to ho!d one, upheld by a little Bar from the bottom, that ic come not ‘to touch the Vinegar, wbich i5 put into each Pot, to effect che converfion. | — Nexta fquare Bed is made of new Horfe-dung, fo big asto hold 20 Potsabreaft, and fo to make up the number of 400 in one Bed. "Then each Pot is covered with a Plate of Lead; and laftly all with Boards, as clofe as conveniently can be. This re- peated four times, makes one heap, focalled, containing 1600 Pots. After three Weeks the Pots are takenup,the Plates unrolled, laid upon a Board, and besten with Battle-dores till all the Flakes come off, Which, if good, prove thick, hard and weighty : if otherwife, fuffy and light ; or fometimes black and burn'd, if the Dung prove not well orderd: and fome- times there will be none. From the Beating- Table the Flakes are carried to the Mill ; _ and with Water ground between Millftones, until they be | brought to almoft an inpalpable finenefs. After which it is moulded into finaller parcels, and expofed to the Sun te dry till itbe hard and fo fit for ufe. The Accidents to the Work are, That two Pots alike ordered, and fet one by the other, without any poffible diftin&ion of advantage, fhall yield, the onethick and good Flakes, the other few, and fall or none : which happeneth in greater quantities , even over whole Beds fome. Imes, MM Sonme- ( 936) Sometimes the Pots are taken upall dry, and fo fometimes prove beft; fometimes again chey are taken up wet. Whether this arifeth from the Vapors coming from below, or the moi- fture that is fqueezed out by the weight of the Pots, we cannot difcern, This we obferve, That the Plates that cover the Pots, yield better and thicker Flakes, than do the Rolls within, And the outfides, next to the Planks, bigger and better than the infides, next to the Roi and the Spirits that firft arife out of the Vi- negar, We therefore queftion much, Whether the ftrongeft bodied Vinegar, or the quickeft and (barpeft, be the moft effeGual ? Ihe. Accidents to the Workmen are, . Immediate pain in the Stomack, with exceeding Gougis iis S àn the Guts, and Coftivenefs that yields not to Catharticks, hardly to often repeated Clyfters: beft to Lenitives, Oil of Olives, or Strong new Wort. It brings them alfo to acute Fevers, and great Afthma’s or Shortnefs of Breath. And thefe we find effe&ed principally by the Mineral Steams in the'calt- ing of the Plates of Lead , and by the Dult of the Flakes. Alfo by the Streams coming from out of the Heaps, when the Pots are taking up. Next, a Vertigo, or dizzinets inthe Head,with continual great _ pain inthe Brows, Blindnefs, Stupidity, and Paralytick Affe- &ions; lofsof Appetite, Sicknefs, and frequent , Vomitings, genera: ily of fincere Phlegm. fometimes mixed with Choler, to ~ the extreameft weakning of the Body. And thefe chiefly in - them that have the charge of Grinding, and over the Drying Place. | : An Meus of Two Books. 7 I. The jc Intellectual Syflem of the Universe. The Firf Part. : Wherein all the Reafon and Philofophy of Athei{m ts confuted, and. its impoffibility demonfirated: By R. Cudworth, DD. London, printed for Rich.Royfton; 1678, infol. He Reverend and Learned Author acquaints us in his Pec face with his whole Defign, it being to demonttrate thefe three Things: 41. That there is an Omnipotent Underftanding Beeing, prefiding over All. _ 2. That this Beeing hath an Effens tial Goodnefs and Juftice: the differences of Moral Good.and. 1 Evil, not being by Will and Law only, but alfo by Nature 5 according | ( 937 ) according to which the Deity acts and governs Mankind. - - g. That Neceffity not being Intrinfecal to the Nature of every thing, but Men having fuch a Power over their own A&ion;, as to render them accountable for the fame 5 there istherefor a Diftributive Juftice running throughthe World, © = |” The firft of thefe (againít Atheifm) taketh up this who:e Book: which is divided into five Chaprers, Whereof,the firft is anaccount of the Atomick Phyfiology, as made the foundation "of the Democririck Fate, that is, the Atomick Atheifm, or Material neceffiry of All things without a God. | OF the Atomick Pbyfioley he difcourfeth principally two things: 1. That it was not the Invention of Dewsocritus or Len- cippus, butof much greater Antiquity. Proved from the Tra- dition tranfmitted by Pofidonius, fc. chat it was derived from Mof[chus a Phenician, living béfore the Trojans Wars, and pro- bably the faine with Mochus, mentioned in ‘famblichws, From Ariflotles Tektimony hereof. And inthat Pythagoras, Empedocles, and moft of the Ancient Phyfiologers, were Atomifis. And by other Arguments. And that therefore, all that wastrue of De- mocritus and Leucippus,is only,tbat they were the firft Atheizers of the Ancient Atomick Phyfiology. ! | .2. Thatthis Atomick Phyfiology, rightly underftood, is no -Nurfe to Atheiftu, but the greateft defence againft it: being founded upon this Principle ,' That Nothing can be caufed by Nothing.From wherice it was concluded, That in Natural Gene= rations there was no New real Entity produced: And confe- quently, That the qualities and forms of Inanimate Bodies, are no Entities really diftiné from the Magnitude, Figure, Site, and Motion of Parts. And, that Souls are fub(tances Incorporeal, nor generated ourof Matter. Afferied by Pythagoras, Parme- nides, Empedocles, Anaxagoras; and all the beft of the Ancients. That upon the fame Principle was founded, the Pythagorick DoGrines of the Praexiftence and Tranfmigration of Souls. -And, that whoever admits and underftands the Atomich Phyfio- — logy, muft a!fo acknowledge Incorporeal Subflance: which is the overthrow of Atheifm. From thefe Premiffes he concludes, That athe ancient Mofebical Phyfielogy-confilted, of Atomical Phyfiology and Preamatology.And was mangled by Democritus, who fuper- feded their Pzeumatology : and by Plato and Ariffotle, who fu- -perfeded their Atomology, ^ > (96 6H In tA —— - In the Second Chapter are contained, all the pretended grounds of Reafon(except thofe peculiar to the Hy/ezoick form, dire&ly contrary to the Atomick)for the Atheiftick Hy pothefis. As; That there is no Idea of God. Nothing can be created out of Nothing. The Univerfe can confift of nothing but Space and. Body. Affertion of a Deity, ari(ing meerly from the abítra& Names and Notions of things. No Beeing effen:ially Incorrup- tible, becaufe Corporeal. The firft Principle, no Underftanding Nature. Soul and Mind begot of Senfelefs Atoms Nothing Im- mortal. No unmoved firft Mover. All Knowledge and Idea’s, junior to the World. The World Ill made. No Providence: nor would it confift. with the Deity. Thei(m incon(iftent with Civil Government. Therefore all fprung from Nature and Chance. All which he laysdown fairly, and to the greateft advantage of the Atheift, : | . 1 The Third Chapter is an Introdu&ion to the confutation of LAtheifia : containing a particular account of all the feveral forms of Atbezfm, And firft of che Hylozoick, not noted by any Modern, Fifi (tarted by Strato;in oppofition to the Dermocritick Hypothefis : and reviv'd of late by fome, fo fagacious as to fee that Hy pothefis indefenfible, West, That before Democritus the moft ancient Athed(tich Hypotbefis was.the Edudion of all things, Life and Underftanding it felf, out of Matter, in the way of ge- nerable and corruptible ‘Qualities; which he ftyleth the Hyl- pathian or Anaximandrian; Anaximander being the Author of it, whofe fupream Deity was Infinite Matter : and who was the — firft Atheiftick Philofopher. Here alfo of the Atheiflick Theago- nifms; which, though it afferted Many Gods, and alfo One Su- pream, yet,that all were generated out of Night and Chaos, and thereinto.corraptible. Befides thefe, of a fourth, whichfeemeth -— to be but the corruption of Sreicifme ; and which he ftyletb, the Cofmoplaftick Form. This concluded the whole World,not:to be an Animal (as the Pagan Theis. generally fuppofed) but tobe 1 One huge Plant,having an Artificial, Plaftickand Vegetab]e Na- -ture;asits higheft Principle. All the faid Forms agreeing in this, "Thatall.Animality confcious Life and Under(tanding is genera- sted out of Senflefs Matter,and.corruptibleintoit. Whereto he fubjoyns.a digreffion of an.Artficial Plaflick Nature; atferting, that itisthe Inftrumentoof the Deity. Agreeable to the fenfe of beft Philofophers, "Tis no Occult quality. X he ios er e n] Haa vna | bodied, he Ww KV— Eq «e ( 939 ) bodied: Its Opificer. Without Confcioufnefs. A&s Fatally and Sympathetically. Incorporeal. Lodg'd in the Souls of Animals, Á Cenfure of R. Des Gartes's Philofophy. In the fourth Chapter the Idea of God is declared, in anf wer to the firft Athesffick Argument. A large account of the Pagan Polytheifm;to remove a grand Objedtion that lay in the Authors way from thence, againit the Natwrality of the Idea of God, as including Unity or Onlynefs in it. The rather by him thus fully given,becaufe he had not met with it fufficiently performed be- fore. Eugubinus,who hath laboured moft in this Subje&, having, befides other chings, given no account of the many Pagan Poe- ticaland Political Gods, what they were; yet a great. part of the Authors performance, to prove them really to have been, but the Polyonymy of One God. The Author alfo largely infifteth up- on the Tzzzityin order tothe givinga fullaccount of the Pagan Theology : it being certain;that the Pytbagoreans and Platonicks, if not others,had their Trgity. Of all which, moft of the prin- cipal Heads difcourfed,are thefe that follow, viz. ^ That there muft be fome unmade Subftance, the principle of Things made. The Aiferters of ewo.unmade Principles,God and the Matter. Omnipotence included in the Divine Idea. Kvows ledge and Poweralone,make not up a God. A Good fuperiour to Knowledge. Morality in the Nature of God. Onlynefs,contained _ inthe Divine Idea: Apainít which, the Pagan Polythei{m the grand Objection. The Dithesftick Do&rine, Of the PlatonickO- rigin of Evils. Pagans,not generally Dithesfs. Things of. Nature perfonated and Deified;but feveral Names of God. All-the Pa- gan goas derived from one Supream. The Pagan Theogonta the fame with the Cofmogouta,The Pagans Eternal gods derived from - one Supream. This, denoted by Appellatives,as A«pov,Tà- Geor. ewui;takenonly for the Inferiors: Champions for Pagani(m aflert one Supream,as Apollonius Tyumeus, Qc. Of the Sibyllize Oracles, The Triplafian Mithras of the Perfians, The Chaldaick Trinity, and Oracles. Hiftory of Orpheus;jno Romance, A Polytheif?, yet -afferterof one Supream. 'A Trinicy, part of the Orphich Gabala. Grand drcanam of che Orphich Theology, that'God is All, This a ground of Pe/yibeifin amongft as well the Egyptians,as Greeks and other Nations. Names of Greeki{b gods from the Egyptianse Who were yet conftant afferters of the Cofmmogonia : and of In- .corporeal Subítance. Some F7i/megiftick Books counterfeit, Es : 6H2 all, € 940 ) | all. The ancient Egypeian Theology, chat God is All, và riz, Pan, God diffus'd throughall. Eicfoz, Ezsepb,and Phtha,the Egypti- 45 Trinity. Poets, depravers of the Pagan Theology, Heftea’s Theogonia,meant of the Inferior gods. Sophocles, Euripides, &c, aff-rtersof one Supream.Confent of the Latin Poets herein. Epi- curus, the only Philofopher afferting many Independent gods, Pythagoras’s Monad. His Tetradys, the Tetragrammaton or He- brew Name of God confifting of four letters, Heraclitus, Anax- agoras, Parmenides Meli[[us, Zeno Eleates, Empedocles, Timaws Locrus, Euclides, Antifthenes, Socrates, Plato, Ariflotle, Speucippus, Xenocrates, Theophraftus, Cleanthes, Cicero, afferters of One Sus preain. So, Symmachus, Seneca, Plutarch,Galen, Maximus Tyrius, Plotinus, t, Varro's Natural Theology, diítin& from the My- thycaland Civil. Vulgar Pagans acknowledg'd alfo Many gods, yet One Supream, The Rowan and Samothracian Trinity or Ca- birt. Kvers taénCov,the Pagan Litany to the SupreamGod, Pagans. held the World to.be one Animal. Not cut off from the Deity. - Their knowledge of One Supream afferted by the Hebrews. * Teftified in Scripture. They worfhipped the re(t as eMediators, "The Supream God Polyonymous amongft them. Pan, Janus, Genius, — "Saturn, tSc, all Names of the Supream God, More popular and 'Poetick Gods,the fame, The Phélofophick and Phyfiologick T heo- logy different. Apuleius reduction of the Pagas Gods to Plato's ‘Idea’s.. God, according to the Pagaz Theology, pervadeth all things. A higher ftrain of the Pagaz Theology, that God is all -things. The parts of the World perfonated and Deify'd, their Phyfiological Theology. This,not Varro’s Natural. They hence approve of worfhiping God in his Works, Accidents and Af- fettions by them perfonated and Deify'd. Of thofe Pagan Theo- -fogers,whomade God the Soul of the World.To thefe,the parts : of the World,the parts of God. This Mundane Animal worfhip- ed in irs feveral parts. Of the P/atozifis fupermundane and Eternal Gods, gv, Nis & oxi. ThisTrinity of thePagass derived from a divine Cabala, A Trinity of Gods... Homsooufian. Yet de- "pendent and fubordinate. The agreement and difagreement of this, and the Chriftian, The Trztbeiflfick Trinity of fome of the ^ Fathers, The true Notion of Ow£(4G-. The Cabalaof the Tri- nity, altered by Junior Platonifts, Proclus's Monad, before the Trinity,&c. i3 a3 34 : > The laft Chapter confutes all the. 44tbeiffick Grounds ; de- f c« H3 - TIR monftrates ( 941 ) monf(trates the Impoffibility of 2226/7 ; and by neceffary In- ference from undeniable Principies, the actual Exiftence of a God. Together with the perfedion of the Creation, Oi. which, moft of the principal Heads are thefe following, viz. ——— Senfe,not Knowledge. Thoughts oí what is uot in fenfe , an evidence of things not fenfib!e.God,not unconceivable,Certain, that Never Nothing. Eferzitya Philofophick Attribute of the Deity. The fenfe of 73 Ger, pSoveptv. Athet (ns founded in diftrutt and ignorance of Caufes. Athesfls ignorant of che caufe of them- felves.: of Motion: of the Mundane Regularity, Things made for Ends. Wature,Mechanical and Vital, Chance, not Artificial, God,not ’Av]ugyav aaa]. Fhe Mechanical Theift confuted, Idea of God,not from amplification of Imperfe& things, or other feign- ing power of the Soul. Athei/m confuted by Apparitions ,W itch: es,and Demoniacks, By Miracles, How they confirm a Prophet. By Oracles. Scripture triumphing over Pagas Oracles. Senfe, phanraftical and relative. Mind, reaches abfolute Truth, The -Gartefiam, and other demonítrations of aGod,from his Idea. In- telle&ion, not the [mage of Senfibles. Eternal truths and Intel- _ ligibles. In what fenfe, Nothing out of Nothing, dtheifts make _more out of Nothing, than Thezffs, Matter, not neceffarily ex- _ iftent, Arguments againftan Incorporeal Deity, confured. Ex- tenfion and Entity, not the fame. Senfe and Imagination, not the . Meafures of things. Souls always united to feme Body, the old Philofophick Cabala, The Souls Spirituous body (fuppofed) — after Death. The 'Av[;s4;, third, or Heavenly Body. Myftery of the Refurre&ion, a fpiritual and heavenly Body, To the majo- _ rity of Fathers,Demons, and Angels Bodied. Reafons for unex- tended Subftance, A Firft Mover, demonftrated. Thoughts,not action of Objedts. Scale of Entity, afferted. Grand Objection. againtt the Subftantiality of all Souls, anfwer'd, Divine Good- nefs afferted. Inclination of the Earths 4xis,argueth Providence, -. Evils, from the neceflicy of Imperfe& Beings. Providence in. the Oeconomy of Humane affairs, Not parts of the World a- lone, but the whole to be confider'd, The Vaftnefs of it. Fu- ture and paft, with prefent. Providence, not laborious and diftra&ious to the Deity. Athezfts Queries, anfwer'd. 41beiffs: Politicks, unravel’d. Founded in the Villanizing of Humane Nature, &c, | The whole Work aboundeth. with variety of good Reading, nd Judicious Difcourfe thereupon. II. The rd "o ONE II. The Six Voyages of John Baptifta Tavernier, Baros of Au- . * bonne, through Tutky iuto Perfia and the Eaft-Indies, lx .. Englifh. Lowdown 1678. in fol. | — ^A Lthough there have been formerly fome Obfervations re- A cited outof this Book ; yet beinga Work fo fullof Na-. tural,as wellas other Hiftory ; it doth therefore juftly merit the following Account. | | The whole Work is divided into Two Parts. The firft, into Five Books: whereof the three former defcribe the Roads . from Paris to I/paham, the'Capital City of Perfia. The cwo lat- ter arean Hiftory of Perfia. — uds Of the Roads, he givesanaccount of ‘no lefs than 21 con(i- derable ones 5 with the feveral conveniencies and inconveni- encies, times and ftations, and ways of Travelling in themall. Particularly of Caravan/era’s and Government of the Caravans, As he paffech, he fets down whatever he faw obfervable of the Ground, Waters,or Air of the Countrey, As for Exaniple,a Plain of 12 hours Ridingall pure Salt, 5.5 r. Another Salt Plain of 2 Leagues broad;and to long, p.39. Ararat and other Moun- tains hid in the Clouds for three months together. Mountains - of Salt, p. 143. Defcription of the Perfiaz Gulph, Lake of An- "tech, Black-Sea,Tigris Euphrates. That Water is fcarce through- out Perfia. That there is no River in it able to carry a Boat, except ras. Seldom rains about I/paham,bur in April, About Lar, fometimes not of 3'years together. The Air of Bandor and Gomron woft unwholfom by the Weft-Southweft Winds after March. Blum | | ! He notes the extent and divifionsof the Empire of Perfia. ‘Defcribes the Countries,Cities, and People of Georgia ; where the beft Souldiers, and'the Women tbe faireft inall Affa. Men- greliajComania, Circafffa, The Gaurs,Kalmouchs,Lefler Tartars, Chriftians of ‘St. Tob», Of Cyprus, Santorini, Chio,Ormus, Malta, Cyclades, Milo, Paros, Of the principal Cities about the Black Sea: Of Ifpaban, Outfa, the capital City of Mefopetamia ; Smyrna Aleppo, the capital City of Syria 5 Syracufe, Meffina, Nineveh, Balfara, Bagdat, Corinth, Athens, Fphefus, Antioch, Sardis Philadeiphia,and many others. —.—— — Of thefe he obferveth f metimes the Original‘and number of — - Inhabitants, Ufually their Buildings, as the great Piazza in — Ifpabam, the Mofqueat Tauriz,Chürches, Colleges, Inns, Private — | | AUI MINAS ‘Houfes, LUUD € 943 ) Houfes, Ruines of the Temple of Dizza, Funeral Monuments, Bridge of Zulpba, Halisacara a great Town, the Houfes whereof built all Under- ground. Chamber, Bedflead, Table, and Cupboard,all hew?d outof the Roch,&c. Some people dwelling only in Hollow Rocks. Others only in Tents and Wagons. Hezardgerib, the faizeft Garden in all Zffia, cc, Their Habits. Games. Hawks taught to fly at the Wild Boar, Afs and Goat.Of their Race-Footmen.Mott exact Shooting.Cuttomces, Languages, Writing,and Seals. | Their Feafts,and Dict.How Potargo made. Acorn- Bread the only food . of the Poor people near Sberazoul. People of Circaff make drink of Mil- Jet,and choofe their Bread of that rather than Wheaten. Leffer Tartars drink no Water by their good will, butonly Milk ; refufe no Diet but Smines-fic(h;never eat Salt,yet live long. How they feed their Cattel,&c. Of their Difeafes, Phyficians,and Cures, fome account. Gangrene in the Throat and Mouth a difeafe common about Erivan. Worms bred in the Limbs of a wonderful length. How the people of Comania and Cir- caffia treat the fick,and cure the Head- ach, &c. ‘Commodities, Trades,and Coins.Taaris the Mart for Turky, Mufcovy the Indies,and Perfia. The Trade of Candy,and the chief Iles of the 4r- chipelago,and of Smyrua,évc. They are excellent Damaskers Have curi- ous Manufactures of Gold,Silver andSilk,the bett whereof from Cachan. . Tells from whence Coréns,Sallet-Oyl,Silks,the beft Glae,the fineft Wool , the Sbagria skin, fine blue Goat-Leather skins,Valauede for dying of Lea- ther,écc.Nothing fold by Meafure,but all by Weight. They have noGold Coyn currant, but only Si/ver and Copper, whereof the Author gives fe- veral Figures;and tells at what rates the exchange of Mozy is made,&c. The Government of the Empire, Juftice,and manner of Executions. The Exchequer.Officers of the Cuftome-Houfes. Divilion of Time. Gé- nealogies of thePerfianKings.How their Children bred. PheirRevenues. Ecclefiaftical Government and Revenues. Marriages, Chritenings, and Burials, Ge. | | : - Of Animals ; as of the breeding,naturc,and forts of Camels, Bufalo’s, Arabian Horfes. 7achauls,a kind of Foxes. Pigeons as big as Hens. Hawks, how bred.A Lake 6 Leagues off Tauris full of red Ducks.Locufls.Grand fithery for Stargeou near Queli,&c. : Of Plants ; asa particular fort of Quince Peppin.Some Orange trees as tail as Wallnut, and thicker than 2 mencan fathom. How they order their Vinesjand keep their Wines. Blue Lillies. Beft Gauls near Tauris. Belt Water-Melons at Cawverftan,&c. . . Of their Pearls: the Ifland Babren the great fifhery and Market for them. A tranfparent Pearl. Large piece of Crytal containing a good quantity of water in the centre, The Stone called Amianthus in Cyprus. Great tranfparent Stones found near Tauris, wherewith they adorn their Houfes : and in which fometimes Animals , asin Amber. With a great number of particulars more, reducible to the Claffes above fpecified, The Second Part confifts of 3 Books, whereto is premifed EE | 3 | ool ee | of Coyns currant over all Afia, being Gold, Silver Copper, (everal forts of. Shells & Almonds:of all which he gives the defcripticns;value,& figures. The fist Book contains the defcriptions of 11 or 12 great Roads from Ifaban and Gebanabat (where the Great Mogul refides,) and to divers other confiderable places in the Indies. bit The 24 Book is the Hiftory of the Empire & Court of the G.Mogul. The third Book, an Account of the Religion of the Mabometan Indi- ans, Ofthe Faquirs, and their Penances. Of the Idolatrous Indians,and their Pagods, Pilgrimages, Burning the Women with their deceafed Husbands sand divers other Cuftomes. In thefe Booksthere are many things obfervable,both Natural,Moral and Cwil,like to thofe above-mention’d out of the firft Part:As of their Cuftome-Houfes and Cuftomes, Exchange,W eights, Meafures óc, Defcri- ptions of Gebanabad, Amadabat,Barocbe, and the Mountebanks there ; Cambaya,Bengala, Bantam,Goa,and the famous Hofpital there; Cape of good Hepe,who cut out the right Tefticles of all their Males. Of Boutan, the wonderful reverence the people have for their King.Of the Bramins and Camocks.The people of Saba, who never live above 40 years. The _ Bannians,who nevér kill any thing. Kingdom of Eipra,where the people have oftentimes great Wens under their Throats,efpecially the Women. Of Afem,Siam and Golconda,Macaffar & their Poyfons, Borneo,govern d not by Kings,but Queens. = . "^ .— | | . He telis from whence Mask, Bezoar, with other medicinal Stones of Animals; the beft Ivory. How they whiten Silk; whence the beft painted Calíco' rand how whiten’d. Whence Cinamon, the beft Carda- moms, Pepper Indigo Opium Gum-Lak, W'ormfeed,Caffiafifl ulara, Amber- greefe,Coral, Agats,Borax,Salt Armoniack, Salt Peter.cc.and the cheats . ufed about them,&c. | ; | jsdiux d aT He informs us how Lions are tam’d ; how Elephants taken, &c. Of the hooded Serpent of Meliude , of Siam with 2 heads, &c. | How long fince,and by whom Coffee brought into ufe. Natmeg-Tree never planted. An Emetick Roct,which the Augans ufe. Tari, thefwect _ juyce of a Tree. A purging Sorrel at St. Helins. At Navapoura, a pure white Kice having the {mell of Musk. T he Cinamou-Tree defcrib'd; &c Of the Diamond Mines whereof there are 4 defcrib'd. The places, | ‘ground, manner of working, &c. The Weights, Money, and Rules to prize the Stones,ufed.at the Mines. - te nga tine 12] Of Pearls how bred as alfo how,and. where fiíhed for;&c. To thefe Two Parts axe added, his Relation of the Inner part of the "Grand Sciguor's Seraglio; never before cxpés’d to publick view. > - To which is fubjoyn'd ( by another Hatd,):a fhort defcription of all the Kingdoms which encompafs the Eaxineand Cafpian Seas ; delivered by theAuthor after above 20 years Travels. Together with a Preface containing 'feveral remarkable Obfervations of the abovefaid Countries. bau: IOMPRIM-A TUR, Lio taduaat NN T jonas Moore, R.S,Vice-Prafes. — : . London,Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the K, Society, 1678. r : (945) ANumb. 138, PHILOSOPHICAL T t TRA N S ACT ION S. March 25. : For the Month of eMarch, 167 ME oes The Contents. 14 Relation of thé Culture , or Planting and Ordering of ‘ Saffron; £y the Honourable Charles Howard , Efquire. An Account of the Tin- Mines iz Cornwall: by Dr.Chri- - -“ftopher Merret. Experiments of the Refining of Gold - with Antimony; 4y Dr, Jonathan Goddard, 4 Rela- tion of amonftrous Birth; by Dr.S. Morris of Petworth. An Account of three Books: Y. The Royal Pharmacopza ; by Mofes Charras , the (French) Kings Chief Operator Jam his Royal Garden of Plants. 11. Decameron Phyfio- logicum ; &y Thomas Hobbes of Malmsbury. Ilf. dz Account of Mr. Jofeph Moxon's Undertaking and Effays, an the Hiftory of Handy crafts, Dd As An Account of the Culture , or Planting and Ordering of Saffron ; by tbe Honourable Charles Howard, Efquire, erst Gat planted ;n a black rich Sandy Mold, or in ) amixt Sandy Laud, between white and red, yields the greater ftore of Saffrow. — A Clay or Stiff-ground , be it never fo rich, produceth little Saffron 5 though increafe of Heads or Roots, if the ‘Winter prove mild. and dry: but the extremity of cold and moifture will rot them, — So that the fineft light Sandy ‘Mold; of an indifferent fatnefs is efteemed moft profitable. 6I Plough (946)? | Plough the Ground in the beginning of April, and lay it very finooth and level, FL Y MIR by d About three weeks or a month after , fpread upon. every Acre twenty Loads of rotten Dung, and plough it in. At eMidfomer plough it again, and iplant.the Saffron- heads in rows, every way, three Inches diftant one from another, and three Inches deep. mE KR | XE The moft expedite way of planting, isto make a Trench the whole length of the Field, three Inches deep with a Spit-fhovel. t | | The Spit-fhovel is to-be madc-of a thin ftreight Iron cer Inches long, and five Inches broad. with a Socket in the fide of it to put aftaff or handle. Lay the Saffren-heads , three Inches diftant in the Trench, and with the Shovel fpit: up three inches of Earth upon them, “> ic Obferve this order in planting of whole Fields , where-- by the Heads will lie every way three inches fquare one from another. _ Only Paths or fhallow Trenches are'to be. left two or three yards afünder , which ferve every year to lay the Weeds to rot,that are to be weeded and pared off the around, ee | n As foon as the Heads begin to fhoot: or fpeer. withinthe " ground (which is ufually a fortnight before Michaelmas) howe or pare the ground all over very thin: and rake lightly all the Weeds and Grafs very clean, left it choak. the Flowers, which will foon after appear; and are then to be gather’d, and the Saffros to be picked and dried for ufe, a PAURA | 20 | _ The Ground muft be very carefully fenced from Sheep or Gattel, which by treading break the Saffron-erafs, and. make the chives come up final], "pr . IneMay the Saffron-graís will be quite withered away, after which, the Weeds and Grafs the ground produceth ‘may be cut or mowed off from time totime to feed Cartel: till about Micbaelmas, at which time the Heads-will begin. to fpeer within the ground. : masc E Then howe,pare and rake the Ground clean,as before, for - afecond crop. The like direQions arc to be obferved the mext year for athird crop, io LEON The | (947) The Midfomer following dig up all the Saffron. heads, and plantthem again in.another new Ground (dunged and ordered as aforefaid) wherein no Saffroz bath been planted, at leaft not within feven years, | | The Flowers are to be gathered as foon as they come up, before they are full blown, whether wet or dry. | Pick out the chives clean from thefhells or flowers, and 4prinkle them two or three fingers thick, very equally, on a double Saffron-paper. Lay this on the Hair-cloth of the . Saffron-Kiln, and cover it with two or more Saffron- papers, a piece of Woolen-cloth or thick Bays, and a Cufhion of Ganvasor Sack-cloth filled with Barley-ftraw, whereonlay the Kiln-board, s | | Put'into the Kiln clean, throughly kindled Char-coal, Oven-coals, or the like, keeping it fo hot that you can | ‘hardly endure your fingers between the Paper and the Hair- cloth. | DA After an hour or more turn inthe edges of the cake with aKnife, and loofen it from the paper. If it ftick faft, wee the outfide of the paper with a feather dip'd in Beer , and ' thendry the papers, Turn the cake, that both fides may be of a colour, | If it ftick again to the paper loofen it, and then dry it with a very gentle heat , with the addition of a quarter of too /, weight laid upon the Kiln- board. The Saffroz- cake being fufficiently dry’d is fit for ufe,and will laft good many years,being wrapt up and kept clofc. The beft Saffron is, that which confifts of the thickeft and fhorteft chives , of a high-red and fhining colour, both without and within alike. vli -—— Saffron is oftentimes burnt, and in knots , fpotted and mixed with the yellows that are within the fhells. It's ufually obferv'd,that one Acre doth yield, at the leaft, 12 pounds of good Saffroz one year with another, and fome years20 pounds. ^ — ! Good Saffron is feldom or never fold at fo low a rateas 30 fhillings per pound, frequently at three pounds per pound, and upward, Wherefore one Acre bearing 12 pounds at 40 fhillings the pound, cometh to 24 pounds per annum. CANT, 2 ' Fhe ~~ wyhich will bear three crops. > | (948) | Tlie gathering and picking of one pound of Saffron is worth one fhilling ;' which cometh:to twelve thillings per Acré ( 32» 1:15:80 aac cmt "T COMISYOTS 28 1919019 The Fire and care of drying may come to 3 fhillings more, at 6 pence the pound ; which isin all15 fhillings. —' The Grafs that is mowed -and cut off the ground for the ufe of Cattel, will be very near. worth as muchas willbcoun- tervail the picking and drying the Saffron ; ithe Soy! being iürich'd not only by the Dung, but the Saffron it felf, 4s ap- — pears by the rich crops the ground yields for feveral years after without any other manuring Or improvements ^. | | .. Sixteen Quarters of Saffron heads are fufficient to plant one Acre. A Quarter of thefe Heads is ufuatly fold in the place for 10 fhillings, which comes to 3: pounds per Acre. Twenty Loads of roten Dung laid on'the ground , may . be worth 4o fhillingsat 12 pencea Load for the Dung; and : as rhuch for carriage into the Field. igh ol For thrice ploughing the ground-20 fhillingsi 2s 192 A For planting the Heads about i4 pounds. Which inthe - whole makes 14 pounds, the charges of. plantingvan Acre, [. o1eqsq 9429998561 . Sothat all things reafonably computed it appears j that anAcreof Saffron will be worth, notwithftanding all cáfu- alties, one year with another, over and above the 14 pounds charges, for the firft years planting (at theleaft) 20 pounds: per annum. Befides the great increafe of .the Saffron hieads, which will be as three for one. rs s The Kilp. It confifts of an Oaken- Frame, lathed.on every fidejwélve- E inches quare in the bottom, two foot high , and two foot fquare at thetop ; upon which is nailed a Hair-clothy and |. - ftrained hard by wedges drove into thefides;a fquare Board and a Weightto prefs it down, weighing aboutaquarterof | a hundred. | [Ree ea - The infides of the Kiln cover’d all over with the ftrongeft: Potters-clay, very well wrought with a little Sand, a little. above two inches thick... i» pant sebaiiog PES oanthhe: | (949) -"fhe bottom muftbe lined with Clay four or five inches thick, which isthe Hearth to lay the fire on: level where- swith is to be made’a littleholeto put the Fire, The ourtfide may be plai(ter*d all over with Lime and Hair. A Relation of the Tinn- Mies, and working of Tinnss the County of Cornwal ; £y Dr. Chriftopher Merret. ? He Stones from which Ti#s is wrought are fometimes " B found afoot or two below the furface of the Earth, but moít ufually betwixt two walls of Rocks ( which are commonly of an Iron-colour, of little or no affinity with the 7/77) inaVeinor Load (asthe Miners callit) betwixt 4. and 18 Inches broad, or thereabout. | — Some fay, the Load runs North and South: but intrüth it runs Eaft and Weft, and all other ways with very great variety.) 057 SLT - Sometimes there isa rich and fat Metal; fometimes hungry. and ftarved ; fometimes nothing but a droffie fubflance, not purely Earth, aer Stone, nor Metal; butalittle refembling the reje&ed Cynders of a Smiths Forge: appearing fome- times of a more flourifhing colour tending to Carnation 5 and fometimes more umbratile: and where this is found, the Miners judge the Metal to be ripe. | The Pits are 40, 50;-and fometimes 60 Fathoms deep; - and more. 3 . &The-Load being very rich and good, above that is: tem fathoms from the grafs, or thereabouts, And below that,: there:s a ftrange cavity or empty place, wherein is nothing But Air for many fathoms deep , as the Miners have tried with long Poles and. Pikes.» This cavity lies between hard’ Stony walls, diftant one from another about fix or nine In- ches The Labourers tell ftories of Sprights or fimall'Peo- ple, as: they call them: and that when the Damp arifeth from the fubterraneal Vaults, they hear ftrangenoiies , hor-: rid knockings, and fearful hammerings, Thefe Damps ren-: det many lame, and kill others outright, withour any vilible hurt upon them... Uo com "T m ij AC ewe ; * (959) ~~ Then, for the moft part, is incorporated with the Stone, or is found init. They break every individual Stone, and if there be any blacknefs in the Stones, they break out a Well, (in their terms) and of this black ftuff produce their Linn. | : . Though this Metal be, for the moft part, made from the Stones; yet fometimes it is asit were mixed with a fmall gravelly Earth; fometimes white, but for the moft part red. From this Earth 'tis eafily feparated with bare Wafhing ; but from the Stone, not without much ftamping, This gravelly 7/77 they diftinguifh from that which is gathered from the Stones,calling it Pryan Tips 5 an hundred © Loads whereof fcarce equalizeth in value fifty of the other; although in different Loads there's great variety of good- nefs. | . Another fort of Ore they have, call'd. Mundick Ore. Being mixed together, the Muadick may be eafily known by its glittering, yetfad brownnefs , wherewith it will foon ' colour your fingers. > Soy Oat 7 The Mundick is faid to nourifh the Tiss ; and yet they fay, where much Adsndick is found, there's little or no 7277; .— and where there is little or none of that, much and good Tinnisfound. Certainitis, if there be any Mundick left inmelting the 7227, it doth it much prejudice, makingit - thick and cruddy, that is, not fo du&ile, as otherwife, For Zinn without it- will! eafily bow and bend any way; but- mixed with it becomes very brittle, and will crack and break. And therefore, ufually draws down the Metal to an abatement,from five fhillings to eight fhillings in the hun- dred pound weight. | fits This Atsndick feems to bea kind of Sulphur: Fire only feparates it from the 7777 , and evaporates it into finoke. Little fprigs or boughs fet in the Chimney, the Smoke ga- thereth upon them into a fubftance which they cali Poyfon, and think itis a kind of 4rfezick ; which being put in- to "" eafily diffolves, and produces very good 7;- triol. * The Water wherein it is diffolved foon changeth finall - 4 Iron Rods pat into it; and they fay, that in a very — — little P 1 (951) little citne, it willaffimilatethe Rods into its own nature, *Tis generally concluded, that Fifh will die inthofe Wa- ters whereinto Z4uzdick is caft: and they commonly impute the death of fome of their Neighbours to their drinking of Mundick- waters. When they burn it, to feparate it from the 77z2,there pro- ceeds from it a ftench very lothfom and dangerous. - Befides the fore-mentioned Stones, &c. found in Tj» Mines, and incorporated with the 7i77; there occurs a Sparr mixed alfo. with this Metal, as it is commonly with Lead and Copper. | | This appears frequently of a fhiny whitifh fubftance; (and therefore called, by fome, Mercury) and cafteth a white froth upon the Water in wafhing it, When firft taken eutof the Earth ’tis foft and fattifh, but foon after grows fomewhat hard. Is feldom found growing,but only fticking to the Metal. The Miners call it White Sparr ; and fome of them think it is the Mother or Nourifher of the Metal. But*tis certain, that Sparr is often met with in Moori(íh grounds, where they never hope to find any Ore. Yet no Tin» Mines are without it. | The Gorzi[b Diamonds, Yo call’d, lie intermix'd with the Ore, and fometimes on heaps: fome whereof are bigenough to havea Coat of Arms engraven on them; and are hard enough to cut Glafs. Some of them are of a tranfparent Red, and have the luftre cf a deep Ruby. 'Thefe Diamonds feem to me to be but a finer, purer,and harder fort of Spar ; - for they ‘are both found together, as on St. Vincents Rocks near Briffoll. RU | | Godolphin Ball is the moft famous of all the Balls or Mines in Cornwall, for the quantity of Metal, Though fome of late years pretend another Mine (which fome call the Silver -Mine, others, the Lead Mine) morerich than that, And - about twelve years fince, I faw an Affay made of fome of that Ore, as?twasfaid, brought from thence; whereof ten pound weight yielded two ounces and quarter of fine Silver. The Agents keep the Countrey in great ignorance con- cerning this Mine. But the difference of other Mines, except 52) “escent in the Pry and Mundick Tinn, is but little, \ The beft Ore is that which is in Sparks; and next co bu that which hath bright Sparr in it. As for the Working of the Ore, 'tis thus performed : The Stones beaten as before, are brought toa Mill call'd; the Stamping-Mill, which goeth by Water, with füch Stampers as Paper-Miils have. The Stones are fo difpofed, as that, by degrees, they are wafhed into a Lattiz-Box with holes, into which the Stampers fall: by which means they are beaten pretty fmall, and by the Water continually paf- fing through the Box, the Ore, through its weight, falls clofe by the Mill, and the parts not Metalline, which they call Caufalty, are wafhed away by the Water, - And thus the firft feparation is made, Then they take that which falis clofe by the Mill, and fo dif pofe it in the faid Mill, that the Water may once more drive it, to make a better feparation of the Caufalty. Next, they dry it in a Furnace on Iron-plates, and then - grind it very fine ina Cra(ing- Mill, with Stones common in the Hills of that Countrey, — After this they re-wafh it, as before, and then dry it a little,and carry it laft of all thus fitted to the Furnace,call’d by thema Blowing-Houfe, and there melt and caft it, There fwims onthe Metal,when it runs out of the- Furnace, a Scum, which they call Drofs ; much like to Sclag or Drofs of Iron; which being melted down with frefh Ore, runneth into Mettal, The Caufalty they throw in heaps upon Banks, whichin - fix or feven years they fetch over again,and make worth their labour, But they obferve, that in lefs time it will not afford ^ Mei worth the spuinsi and. at the prelia none at all, : Experiments .. (933) Experiments of Refining Gold with Antimony 5 made by Dr. jonathan Goddard. : _ The Firft with feveral parcels of frefo Antimony. T^ Here was taken of Crown-Gold (whichis, as they call it, of 22 keratts fine, or 1: ; and the Alloy is part — Silver, part Copper , more of the Copper for the moft part) to the quantity of 7 pezy weight and 10 grains, i.e. 178 yains, This was melted down with two ounces and two drachins of Astimony(about fix times as muchas the Gold.) And becaufe the Gold was put in plates, for the more cer- tain melting and mixtures the firít regulzs of Gold being feparated from the 4simony, both were powdered apart, and the vegul/ws in the Melting-Pot laid upon the fame 4ta- timony, and fo both melted down again, In both which meltings fuch an heat was given,as made all of a clear light, - even red heat, and boiling, Then the Pot was taken out of the fire, and all permitted to feparate, fettie, and cool in ic, . Upon breaking the Pot the regalus of Geld (being vee ry diftin&inthe bottom, and eafily feparated from the 4z- - timony) weighed 6 peny weight and 19 grains (163 grains.) — N.B. That this way of cooling all in the Pots was ob- ferved in all the following Experiments, for the more cer- tain feparation and fettlement of the Regulus , without ef- fufion into the Antimony-Horn (as they call it) or hollow ]ron-Cone. Which effufion, by-confounding and- cooling - the mixture, may Be fome hinderance to a more perfe& fe- paration. And to be fure, in the bottom of the ‘Cone there is always a thin cruft of the crude Antimony, trouble- fomto be feparated, without taking off fome part of the Regulus. ' | Din Note alfo, That Borax was ufed in every Pot , for prevention of the fticking of the Regulus to the bottom, and the Antimony to the fides of it ; fo that both were got- tenoff clean andin full quantity. | e (954)- | Of the Regulus a piece was broken off, which weighed 1 peny weight 14 grains and an half (387 grains, ) and was kept to-berefined upow the (Copel apart. The weight of the Remainder was therefore 5 pemy weight 4 grains and-an | half( 124% grains. ) | ais ! —o This Remainder \ being powder'd:and: put upon" equal quantity of frefh Amtimony, as at firft, (7,e. two ounces and a quarter) and melted. down, tbe Regulas weiphed 3 peny _ weight and 2 grains, (74grains). 00s o — .« The other Piece of 1 peny weight 14 gratus and half, be- ing refined ou a. Copel from the Awfimonial füb(taniee: mix- ed with it (by exhalation, promoted: fometime with ablatt, upon it, efpecially toward the latter end, -as'in allthe fol- lowing Experiments of Refining upon the Copel) weighed 2g peny weight 6 grains and half (302 grais::) and upon melting with Borax ina Crucible, loft not: above half a grain, .. So that the weight of the whole to:the'Gold it held; wasas 382 to. 3045 or the.Gold almoft tof the whole: ^^ The latter. Regulus weighing 3 peny weight and! 2 grains, (4e. 74 grains) being Refined inthe famemanner, weighed 2 peny weight and 15 grains, (1.0463 grains?) the’ Gold holding proportion: tothe whole, as63 to 74, thatlis near upon 4 of the whole, So-that the fame Regulus of (Geld . and Amstimony,) in pafling through new Antimony, though it lofe much in weight, yet there is not a proportionable 'lofs of Gold: but is richer in Gold, as is proved by thisand many other Trials; and fo appears to fenfe,' being of à. vedder complexion, more tough and — to pów- deis. o2 bas 2212009. 005 vd ilis dai We noQ -nes] Both the parcels of. Antimony being faved for feparating the Gold remaining behind in them ; they were feverally mixed with equal-weight both of Tartar and *IVitré , and then fired, and fo reduced toa. Regulus. Then the. Regulus of each,exhaled and blown off upon Copels. Of the firft parcelof: Amtimony, wherewith the Gold. was firft melted, the Regulus being exhaled, there remained: in Gold 1 peny weight 12 grains (36 grains.) Which upon meltingina Cru- — * cible loft fomewhat, but fcarce halfa grain. ^ ^^^ |. Qf (955) OF the fecond parcel of Antimony; wherewith the firtt Regulus of Gold and: Antimony (weighing 5 peny weight 4i grains) was melted, there remained in Gold 1 peny weight 3 grains, (27 grains.) - | - All the other parcels were fine Gold to fenfe , upon the Touch. Only that out of the firft Aptimony, was apparent- ly [unfine and pale, from the SZ/ver in the original Alloy mixed withit, and not from any remainder of Antimony 3 as appeared by the inconfiderable wafte upon melting in a great heat with a blaft upon it: And alfo by the Toughnefs and Malleability : and by comparing it, on the Touch- ftone, with Sovereign-Go/4 allayed with Sz/ver, to which ic. didagree, but wasfomewhat paler; holding, to the judg- ment of fenfe, ‘about a fourth part of Sé/ver, as the Sove- reign-Go/4 doth a fixth. Neither was it altogether free from Copper ; becaufe,upon Nealing,it always turned black . enthe furface. » .Butfor more exact difcovery, it was taken and firft Re- fined with Lead upena Copel, for feparation of any Cop: per that might be in ir. Upon which operation, it came forth 1 peny weight 9* grains ( 332 graims;) which was 22 grains lefs than it was before. Afterwards this laft was melted with betwixt two and three parts cf Szlver, and fo wrought in Agua fortis for feparation of the Silver: and there remained in Gold t peny weight, 4: grains (28% grains) which was five graizs fhort of the former, And yet itap- . peared,upon the Touch, not fine, but paler than Fine-Gold , and'deeper than Crown- Go/4 allayed with Silver. So that what remained in it was neceffarily of Silver ; and it might beéftimated about 23 keratts fine; orto hold in fine Gold about 27 grains, ^ nd bees dc etu | - What lofs of Gold was upon this Refining with Anti- mony, may eafily be computed. — Firft, one twelfth isto be dedugéted from the.Grft quantity of Crown-Gold, being _ 7 ipeny weight and 1° ‘grains , ( 1798 grains ) for Alloy ; which is'r4 grainsand+, ^ Sothe remainder 15,6 pewy weight, EQ grains and, Or 1632graius. —— EK s Then (956) © | Then the feveral parcels of Fine-Go/d recovered and feparated from the Regulss of. Antimony and Gold; and alfo - from the parcels of the crude Astimomy reduced to Re- gulus axe to be added together : that isto fay, 1 peny weight 6 grains, 2 peny weight 15 grains , Y peny weight 3 grains, and 1 peny weight 3 grains (the 27 grains laft mentioned =) All which amount to 6 pezy weight 3 grains. Whiclrbeing .. deducted from the firft quantity of 6 peny weight 19 grains; thedifference is 16 grains, whichis x.tenth and 3 fixteenths of. one tenths o0 55 ej On diei For a more particular eftimate, where and how this lofs of Gold arifeth, it appeareth, that the parcel of Amtimong wherein the. Go/4 was firft melted, isto be charged with 163; grains of fine Gold... Towatd which, the firft Regul weighing 6 peny weight 19 grains, (163 grains) (in propor- tion to that piece of the fame, weighing -1 peny weight 14. grains and half, and producing, upon refining on the Copel, 1 peny weight and 6 grains of pure Gold) muft hold © 128 grains of fine Geld. Then 1 peny. weight and 3 grains (27 grains) of fine Gola, eftimated to be contained in tbe. ..3 peny weight and 12 grains, feparated from this parcelof . Antimony, and refined both by the Copel and Parting- water (as inthe former account given hereof ) beingadded. . to the 128 grains, makes.155 grains: which is fbort of | 163 grains, by 8grains ; and fo much was irrecoverably- loft in this parcel of Amtimony. d X The piece of Regulus weighing 5 peny weight and: 4 grains, (or 124 grains) melted with the fecond parcel of Anti- mony (in proportion to the former piece broke off, weigh- ing 38 gr4ins, and upon refining yielding 30 grains of pure Gold) muft contain 98 gratas of the like Gold, and fo much - this fecond parcel of Antimony muft be charged with. | Toward which, the Regulus weighing 3 peny weight and 2 grains , being refined, produced 2 peny weight and 15. grains (63 grains). And that Gold feparated fromthefame . Antiminy, being 1 peny weigbt-and 3 grains, (27 grains) added to the former, make 9o graims: fhort of the firlt : quantity charged on this parcel of Amtimeny by 8 graios.. | xu. Some - — (957) Some lofs of Gold may be upon powdering of the Re« gulus (richin Gold) in an Iron-Morter, (for the more cer- tain mixture with the Astimony than if it were put in-in lumps) as alfo by the papers neceffarily ufed, But it is moft probable, that the greateft lofs was by fmall fparks, which continually fly up while the Astimony is in a boyling- heat with the Gold; which is always given it for the better fatisfa&ion concerning the through melting and mixture, Thefe Sparks appear heavy, by their rifing not very high, and moft of them falling down again upon the Metal and - within the Pot : but many fly over into the fire, Thefe Sparks appear to be Gold-thus: When the Pét was covered with a plain fmooth Earthen-cover, fo that many of them,uponappulfe, did ftick to it, and colour’d itof:adeep-Red 5 Aq: fortis was firft poured on, which did not diifolve or fetch off any thing: after 4g. Regia; which did plainly work upon that fubftance, and ran off yellow, like a folution of Gold in the fame Wa- ter. . | - [tisnot improbable alfo , that fome lofs of Gold may be upon the firing of the Artimony (after the feparation of the Golden Regulus) for reducing: it-to a Regulus with Tartar and Nitre, which make-a vehement conflagration with abundant fparkling. | - [t hath been fufpe&ed,that fomewhat of the Gold may be - diffipated by the blaft upon the Copels in refining it from - the Antimony remaining init. — But thisis not fo probable; becaufe Gold hath been melted feveral times with a greater proportion of Regulus of Astimeny Simple, than is con- - - tainedin the-Golden Regulus, and refined from it with the | preateft heat and blaft that could be given, : w ithout any lofs. And itisthe conftant pra&ice of fome Refiners, who to give their Fins Gola higher colour for Gilding; to put to it - one third or fourth part-of crude Antimony, or of - Regulus of ^ Antimony, and with a great heat and ftreng blaft work it off; ~ ' in which operation,in fome Ounces of Ge/Z;they lofe not one: - Grain, . The: VN re bus Ci; rn , ff ; Ps 1 p Second, Experiment of repeating the Operation wih the - fame. Antimony. . | There was taken of Crown-Gold. to the RU eg 5, peny weight 232 2 graitis, Which. was melted .withone eyece and & (about .a; fixfold. proportion ) -of Antimony. Fhe Kegulas weighed. s peny.meight and.3.gr... From this, a piece weighing t peny weight and 6 grains, broken off and referved for refining by it felf 5. the re- mainder, bein» 3 pesy weight and. 21. grains ,. was melted down again. with the, fame Antimony , being. powdered and put on the top? and. thereupon, the Regelws..came, forth, weighing 3 peny weight and 19 grains: fo that here was. no confiderable lofs.. . And there is ground to, fufped,, that it might be upon.fome accidental, difference in che managing, that the Rega/us did not fo perfectly feparate and fettle: For in all other Experiments of melting. the fame Regulus again with the fame Aatimeny, the Réguion gained oues; ; asinthe next following... From.this fecond Regulus, a piece ‘broken off and ree ferved for refining apart, weighing X pemy. weight and.12 gr, the remainder being 2 pemy weight 7 grains, was melted down, as the former, and in the fame 4mtimony. Whereupon the Regulus. came forth in weight 3.pezy weight ;, 17 grains being here gained to 55 grains, making the whole 72 gren 5 . 4&6 between 2 and :. The firft piece of 1j peny meight and; 6. irdion 4 being re- fined upon the Copel, “produced of. Fine-Gola rp. weight . juft: \which holds in. propertiom.as 24 t0.30. So: that it contained four fifths of Goll, hia but one fifth of Antinnnial . fubflanceinit, 2. The: fecond: pieces right mi m: "pl k2 m being. re- fined upon the Copelsproducedsof fine Gold-1\paw. and.4 gr. iu proportion: of 281036, which: is rather. le(s than:four fifths, as in the former ; but the difference is inconfiderable for quantity. _ The r | . 4939) The Regaivs, upou the-third melting, weighing:3 peny weight, refined. upon the Copel ,: produced of ‘fine Gold 2 peny weight and 7 graias;) This holds in the proportion of four fifths: bur fomewhat íhort of) the next be- GOR} FIOM? : wes ES Dee tugsut usq A odeur 2/3903 Lis ; Upon: thefe: compavifons, 1n tbis:Es periment of repeat- ing the melting of the Regu with thefame Antimony;thé Regulus gaineth weight each time, but is in proportion lefs rich in Gold: both which are contrary, in repeating the - melting of the \Regé/ws with freth Aztimony, as in the former Experiments. > (lotam À . Theremaining Astimony being reduced to a Regulus by firing with ZVatre and Tartar , of each équal weight to ic felf; and that Regulus exhaled upon the Copel , there re» mained of Gold 19 grains. - This was lefs fine than that — fetched out of the firft Astimony., in the former Experi- ment of: paffing Gold through: feveral: parcels. of Antime- »y 5" though Jofing little fenfible in-weight,; upon melting | with a fttong heatand blaftuponit. So that che impurity sas!not from any remaining \Amtimonial fubftance in its. but fromthe Sz/ver and Copper mixed with it in the firft Alloy. «And thefe were efteemed to b2 about a third parr, by the judgment of the eye:upon the-Tonch-ftone, And fo proved upon re&ning 3 (firfd with Leadupon the Copel, for ferchiup out the Gopper3:wpon: which it weighed 17 grains and halfy:#-¢. one graimand half-fhort of what it was b&- fore: and then with 44. forta, after the melting down with more than the double weight of Si/ver ; upon which Ope- vation there remained r5gr4/2s, and that-not perfe@ fine. butretaining fomewhat of Sévers but. finer than Crown- Gold allay’d with Sz/ver ; upon the Touch, about: twenty theeeRafeo of: fide U5) 9 diiw ci wet cnc ibo For computing the lofs:of Gold upon: this vefining from - the firft quantitys): videlicet, 5 peny weight ox grainsand half,a Twelfth part , (whichis r2 grains, fave, about one fixth of a grain )being dedu&ed for Alloy,the remainder is- e peny weight 9:gr4ius,and :, And the feveral parcels of fine Gold produced of the Regulus, according to the ac- COURE: "A. (960) eount given in particular, added together; wid. mpeny weight, v-peny weight and 4 grains, 2 peny weight and 7 grains, and about 12 grains of fine Gold reckoned for the 19 grains of impure recovered out of the A4stimumy ; all together make 4 peny weight and 23 grains: fhort of.the 5 peny weight and 9 grains, by about 10 grains; i.¢.a810 to 129,.0r.very near one thirteenth. Hr : ^ t ! Tbe Third Experiment of exhaling the whole | Antimony. [tri A parcel of Crown-Geld, weighing 3 peny weight 1o gr, and-half, was melted: down with an ounce of Amtimony (about the proportion of fix to one); and the Antimony was exhaled in the Crucible to a Regulw, Then the Antimonial part of that Regulas was exhaled on a Copel, ‘Whereupon there remained 3 peny weight and 12 grains: which was more than the firft Gold by 17 grain. This muft happen, for want of a heat ftrong enough at laft to force off all the Amtimonial fubftance.. Whence afterward, upon melting in a Crucible, it came.fhort 4 graius; vid. 3 peny weight 8 grains, which was but 24 grains fhort of the firft quantity, and istheleaít part of the proportion of: Copper that muft be init, according to the ufual Alloy of Crown- Gold: which is generally two parts to one of SZlver, or at leaft the half, | ii nadie dite ^: Sótbat Antimony ina far greater proportion, doth not - fo much, as Lead; in exhaling or feparating: Copper from Gold; if the work be done meerly by Exhalation: but doth only retain it with it felf, whilft the Gold feparates - and fettles ina Regalws atthe bottom. | Neither is it fo de- ftroyed , butthatit may, in part at leaft, be: united to the : eth © ^, " BESTE DYPULS ble . : à 4 iq aeo That | (961) | That there remained Copper in this Gold, appeared farther by the black complexion of it upon Nealing. As alfo by . thelofs upon working it with Lead on a Copel: where- | noon it came forth 3 pezy weight 4 grains, à. e. four grains fhort. | A Relation of 4 Monftrous Birth, made by Dre S, Morris of Petworth za Sutfex , from his own ob[ervation : and by him fent to Dr. Charles Goodall of London ; b0th of the Colledge of Phyficians, London. CT Petworth, Decemb. 20.1677. one Joan. Peto, a Butchers Wife, after moft acute pains was by her Midwife delivered of a monftrous Female Birth, | It had two Heads. Both the Faces very well fhap'd. The left Face looked Swarthy: and never breathed. And the left Head was thebigger ; and ftayed longer inthe Bearing. The right Head was perceived to breath; but not heard co ery. Betwixt the Heads was a protuberance, like another Shoulder. The Breaft (and Clavicles) very large; about feven Inches broad. - But two Hands. And but two Feet. Pareus hath a Figure anfwerable to this Defcription , ex- cepting the Protuberance above-faid. | Asto the Inwards : the Brain, in each Head, was very large. The Spina Dorfi, from the Neck to the Loyns, was double. There were alfo two Hearts, one on each fide the Thorax, The left Heart the bigger. And two pair of Lungs; one infolding each Heart. Thofe in the left fide - were blackifh ; the other looked well. The Mediaffizum parted the two Hearts one from the other, | The Aorta and Vena Cava, below the Diaphragm, fingle : the Diaphragm having only three perforations, as is ufua]. But a little above it they were each divided into two Branches, diftributed to the two Hearts in the figure of a ) ET c Greek EUN : Gup — ALME Greek Y. The Ocfophagws; in like manner, a little above the Diaphragm, jcil. about the fifth Vertebra was divided into two Branches, one afcending up into each Throat, — — ^ —— .'Fhere were alfo two Stomachs or V'entrícsli, One fha-. ped, asin a Natural Birth, Theother,a kind of great Bag, -bigger than the Natural Ventricle, In which refpeá it anfwered to the Panch ina Cow or Sheep: but, in regard of its place, rather to the Reticulus , or elfe to: the Abomafum ;. being at the one Orifice continuous with the true Pyloras, and at the other with the Dewdessm. Within it was con- taind a fubftance like eZMecosium, as is ufual in Children. newly born... i 05 bats ps T The Liver , but one ; but very great: and the Cyflis- fellea, proportionable, The Spleen alfo, one; but large.. So were the Inteftines ; and all:the parts of the lower Ven- — tricle ; efpecially the left Kidney. The Z/£erus.of an ufual: - bignefs ; bucthe C/ferís large. Lt smb 23 —.. TheSecundine extraordinary great, weighing about.cight: pounds. uh j ART. MEE A ff a ' y^ La " , er 2 % X > JA 1 $ Mt C: is 7" ! In- = 1 3 ? | dv j "4 (TU ass Aref : =) : CS = ! ME | f : 1 " E (O - d.e Fx ud -" (963) An Account of Three Books, J, The Royal Pharmacopea, Galeno-Chymical , According £o the Practife of the moft eminent and learned Phyfitians of France, and publifbed with their feveral approbations. By Mofes Charras, the Kings chief Operator in bis Royal Garden of Plants. In Engliíh. | y ‘He diligent and Ingenious Anthor having fome years 2 à (ince received Order and Dire&ions from Monfieur ‘Anthony @& Aquine, primary Phyfician to the French King, for compofing a Galeno-Chymical Pharmacopea: his Indu- ftrious purfuance of the fame from year to year, hathat length produced this Work. The greater part of the Contents whereof, although well known to moft learned Phyficians ; yet becaufe there are alfo amongft them many uncommon Experiments, and all made with great accu- rateneís , and deliver'd with equal perfpicuity: it doth therefore very well deferve the following account. - It isdividedinto Four Parts, The firft is of Pharmacy ingeneral. As of the Names and Principles of Chymical Pharmacy. The choiceand preparation of Medicines, as Lotion, Purgation, Trituration, Cribration, Infufion, Hu- me&ation and Immerfion, Nutrition, Diffolution, Fermenta- - tion, Digeftion, Circulation, Cohobation, and thereft. To- gether with the feveral degrees of Fire, and kinds of Fur- naces, Lutes, VefTels;&c. i lee - The Second Part treateth of Galenical Preparations and Compofitioas, intwo Books. Inthe firft, of Internals ; as Juices, Infufions and Decodtions, Julaps, Apozemes, Emul- ~ fions, Potions, Gargarifms,and the reft, Inthe fecond Book, of Externals, as Oils by Expreflion, Infufion and Deco- &ion, Balfams, Embalmiag of dead Bodies,&c. _ The Third Part treateth of Chymical Preparations, in "three Books. In the firft, of Vegetals, And firft of De- ftillation, asof Roots, of moift and cold Herbs, of bitter 6L 2 Herbs, 6 64) . Herbs, of Antifcorbuticks, of Flowers, Odoriferous Wa ters, Ardent Spirits, Seeds, Berries, Grains and Pulfe ; Woods; Soot, Wine, Spirit of Wine ( where alfo of Spiric. of Wine Tartariz’d) of Tartar, Vinegar, Sugar, Manna and Gums. Then of Tin@ures, E.ixirs, Extraéts, Refins, Salts, Tartar cryftalliz'd, Chalybiate, Emetick, Vitrioliz'd, Fo- liated ; of Volatile Salt of Tartar, and of Sal Volatile O- | eaa; In the fecond Book, of Animal Prepara‘ions, As of Humane Skull, Blood and Urine 3 Of Vipers, Harts- Horn, Toads, Frogs, River-Crabs, Storks, Honey, Wax, | and Earthworms , Cantharides ,' Ants, the Peacock and Caítor. In the third, of Mineral Preparations ; as of Earths and Boles, Waters; Lime, Lapidis judaici, Lincis, of the Blood:ftone, €ryftal, Coral, Pearls, Talk, Common and Sea-Salt, dulcify'd Spirit of Salt, Ni:re, Sa] Polychre- ftes, Spirit of. Nitre, Aqua fortis, Aqua Regia, Alum, Salt Armoniack, the Urinous Spirit of Salt Armoniack, the acid Spirit, Vitriol; Monfieur /a Faveur’s Stipe ck Water, Sul: phur of Vitriol, dulcify'd Spirit of Vitriol, Salt of Vi- triol ; Sulphur, LacSulphuris, 5pirit and Salt of Su! iphur; Arfenick , Ambergreefe , Amber. Of Metals, as feveral ways of calcining and refining. of Gold ; and of its Tin- Gures. Refining, Cryítals, and Tin&ture ‘of Silver. The Infernal Stone. | Crocus, Sal, €» Tinttura Martis , Vi- 1riclum e. Spiritus. Veneris, Saccharum, Spiritas tà Balfiw mus Saturai, — Flores ]ovds, Bezoardicum Foviale, ce. The - Cinaber, and feveral Precipitates and Sublimatesof Mer sury, de. The Icy Liquor, Emetick Powder, Philofophick Spirit, and other preparations of Avtimony. . The Fourth Part contains feveral particular Receipts, . taken out of good Authors, with others communicated by, - divers Learned Perfons. - Fhe Work is eo by feveral Copper Pates,. qu Decameron: | " | | (965) EH,Decameron Phyfiologicum: Or,Ten Dialogues of Natural Philofaphy. To which is added (they are the Authors words) the proportion of à fivetght Line, equal tohalf the arch of a Quadrant. By thomas Hobbs of Malmsbary. Am not more certain of the Authors being a learned: || Man, than l am of bis miftakes in feveral Particulars of this Book. Yet my bufinefs is not here to difpute it, but to give a juft account of it, which is as foliows.. The firft Dialogue is of the Original of Natural Philofo- phy; which(from the Authority of Diodorus Siculus) he af- cribes to the Aftronomers of JEtbipia: Many of whofe Pofterity (their only Difciples) were tranfplanted into ZE- gypt, (whence Pythagoras,&c. fetched their Philofophy into- - Greece) and Afyria, and were by the Hebvems there called Ghaldies., ox Chaldim , corroptly, as he conjectures, from Chuldim, as that from Chafazm, as beinga Race of /Erbiopi: an$ ; for Aithiopia and the Land of Chws are the fame. But heconceives, That the firft Studiers of Natural Philofophy commonly fo ca'led,werethe Greeks: That the feveral Se&s hereof were the occafion of Herefies in the Primitive Church; And this and the Scriptures together of the School-men. Whereto he fubjoyns his thoughts of the nature of Body,de- &neingit, a. thing that hath Being init felf without the help OlMBEnfe. - ^. zh | . "The fecond is of the Principles and’ Method of. Natural Philolophy : Wherein he neglecteth all Caufes, but Motion; the univerfal Efficient. This.he defines to be,Change of Place.. Place to be,the fpace whereina Body is contain'd ; or, The I- mageof a Body. Time,the Image of Motion, To whichhe fubjoy neth fome Propofitions, The Third is of Vacuum, which hedenyeth from feveral, by him fuppofed Arguments. Afferteth, That the fpace above the eJMercury inthe Barometre, is fill’d with Air. And that: in working upon-the Pneumatick Engine, there is neverany Air pum ped out.. ; : - Thefourthis, of the Syftem of the World:. Wherein he: *« (966) | he encexvours (chiefly from the Do@rine of Copernicus, Kee pley arid, Galileo) to explicate the Caufe of the motion of the “Earth about the Sun, of the Moon about the Earth, and - both about their own Centres, Why the ZEquinodial and ‘Solftitial Points, arenot-alwaysin the fame point of theE- cliptick of the Fixt Stars. Noting, from the fame Authors, thatthe ZEquinodtial Points proceed from Weft to Eaft, every Hundred years, one Degree or very near; which is 36000 years for one whole Revolution. And laflly, why the Diftance betwixt the ZEquinotial’ and the Sol ftice is not always the fame: JEhe Gftbis, Of the Motionsof Water and Air. Whereia he fpeaks his (enfe of Tides, and their variations ; deducing — them partly from the Motions both of the Earth and Moon; & partly from the fituation of the Sea in refpeé of the Lane. Of the Caufe of Clouds,ee. Of Springs; noting a miftake of Fulius Scaligerabouta River in Savoy, and thence of the Original of Springs. The fixthis,of the Caufes and Effedts of Heat and Cold:. Where he fj peaks hisopinionof the nature of Fire and Ice. ThelInflammability of Gun-powder ; of Thunder and Light- ning; which, he faith, will not: Burn: The feventh is, of Hard and Soft, and of the Atomes, that _fly inthe Air. Whereinhe alfo fpeaks, what he thinks, of fuch Bodies as are generally conceived to be petrified’: of Elafticity,and of contagious Air. "The eighthis, of Gravity and Gravitation: Wherein he pofitively denies, That Oy! poured upon Quickfilver in a bended Siphon (only in at one arm of the Siphon) will caufe the Quickfilver in that Arm to defcend. He doubts nor, but that the Species of heavy,hard,opaque and Diaphanous, - were all made fo at the Creation.In the end, explains a Scheme fhewing the Degrees:of the Inclinatory Needle in paffiag ‘from one Pole to another. The ninth is, of the Leadftone'and its Poles. Where,of the Magnetick Attráüion: The Touching of Needles: The Va- riation of the Compafs , and of that Variation: The veft is offersd,as a Conf tation of the Book called Longitude foand. Afferting, 7 B Ma r D i "Lcd d zuo dau b i m * " v—"sw (967) Afferting, contrary to that Book, The Poles of the Earth, and the Magnetick Poles to be the fame. L 2734] . "Thelaít is, of Tranfparence and Refraüion, Where: he. afferteth, That no Body, whichwas not Tranfparen: from: the Creation, can be madefo by Humane Arf. That Refra- &tion is dependent upon Hardnefs in Conjun&ion with Gra- vity. And concludes with his Opinion of the Power of the - Earth to produce living Creatures. —. To thefe Dialogues , the Author fubjoynsa fuppofed De- qmon(lration of a ftreight Line, equal to the Arch of a. Quadrant. HI. Mechanick Exercifes: Or, the Doctrine of Handy Works; Began jan. profecuted in tmo other Effays, February 1,and _ March t. 1677. Aad intended tobe continued monthly, By: —. Jofeph Moxon, Hydrographer to the King, FTOHE Authors Underraking,to fet down what is already. | known, beinggood; andnot unlikely to give oc» cafion to others to confider of further Improvements in thefe- Matters: it may not be thought improper, that the fame,once: for all,be here reprefented, The Author, ashe faith in his Preface, having for many: years been converfant in Haudy -Works;efpecially Smithery, . Founding, Drawing, Joynery, Turning, Engraving, Printing of Books and Pictures,wakingof Globes,. Maps, Mathematical — Jnftruments; and being wiiling publickly to communicate: hisknowledg herein; hath in his firft Effay begun with: Smithery, as comprehending with the Black-Smiths Trade ,. all other hand y-crafts , ufingeither forge or file, from the- Anchor-Smith to the Watch-maker : Which will be an [ntro- - ' du&ion to moft other handycrafts , as having a-dependance: upon this, And firft; he gives Account of the feveral Parts, , Kinds and Ufes of the Smiths Forge, Anvil, Tongues, Hammer and Sledg, Vice, Hand- Vice, Pliars, Drill ard Drill- Bow,Skrew- Plate and its Taps. Thenof Forging and the feveral Heats | to be given :. Of brazing and foldering, ‘The feveral forts: of Ironand their proper fes; And laftly,of:Filing,and the — feveral forts of- Files; | In: 968); Inthe fecond Ethyjof the making of Hinges, Locks "4 Keys: The manner of Riveting, making of Screws and Nuts. | And particularly,of cutting Wormes upon great Screws. In the third Effay, of the making of Jacks, Bullet-molds, T wifting of Iron, Cafe-hardening. Some Tools not before defcrib’d. ^ The feveral fortsof Steel; the manner of fofts | ning,hardning and sata at the fame. LONDON, lh AMT, printed for jos Hrs Printer to to the Royal Societ 678, (969) Numb. 139. : TRANSACTION S. Bu U > . For the Months of April, May, and Fune, 1678. The Contents. | eJMonfieur Bullialdus's Obfervation of the Occultation of Sa- turn by tbe ipterpofition of the Moon. A Kelatiomof Red Snows communicated bythe Honourable Mr.Boyle. Ana- tomical Obfervations of the Structure of the Nofe ; made by e@Monfienr du Vernay. Obfervations of [ome Animals, and "of a Strange Plant, made in a Voyage into the Kingdom of Congo; £y Michael Angelo de Guattini, avd Dionyfius de Placenza, Of the Sorbus Pyriformis, obferved, by Mr. Edmond Pitt £o grow wild zs England. A Relation of 4 Child, which remained Twenty fix years in the Mothers belly. An Account of fome Books: I, Exercitationes : tres; dy Dr. Wallis. II, Hiítorie Animalium sage tres Tradtatus 5 by Mr. Lifter. IID. Ledfures and Col- — Jediions ; by Mr. Hooke. Advertifement of the continn- ance of the eMechanical Exercifes; by Mr. Moxon. 4nd of a Nem kind of Globe ; tnvented by the Right Honon- vable the Earl of Caftlemain. : Societatis Regie Anglice llluftriffimis , celeberrimis atque ^ Sapientiffimis Viris I/mael Budialdus, S.P, D. Illutriffimi, Celeberrimi ac Sapientiffimi Viri, [ Y Znc à me babitam occultationts Saturni a Luna interceptz ü. B obfervationem ad vos tran[mittere, a vobis olim in Soci- etatem veflramtranfcriptus, decrevi. Eam neque Tabule Ru- _.dolfine, peque mee Philolaice (etfi minus, quam ille, in punti DA 6M eniti | (979) initii d» finis a colo diferepent ) exact? reprefentant, quod ex: Lung Motu, eujus quarta inaqualitas gondum bent cognita eff, accidit ; partimque ex Saiurni motu difcrepantia ila oritur 5 quem Tabula Rudolfine gradus unius femilfe, mee vero triente, quam in ctelo appareat, penes. longitudinem promotiortm offen- dunt, — Celeberrimi Viri. Joh. Hevelii Obfervationes, quas im. lucem intra annum prodituras fperare me julfit ipfe, expetto, quarum ope adjutus Tabularum mearum correctionem agoreffu- rus [umi vitam Deus prorogartt, Cujus annum Septuagefimum tertium. decurrentem, fi ille opt. max. conce[Jerit , Sepremb, proxime venturi die 28 complebo, Ut vos, lllufiriffimi Viri, in- columes fervet, pro[peraque omnia largiatur, totis animi viribus prec, quos fincero pectore obfequiofilfime vemevor, uc offi cion ciffme faluto. Valete e me veftricultorem amate. - . Scribebam Latetie Parifiorum | E: | anno 1678.Maii die 25 ,ft.x0. UN Calculis ex Tabulis Philolazeis 1finaelis Bullialdi apparentis d € & h, que contigit Februarii die 27. poft occafum © ; | anna 1678. exbibet. : | Locum (2 verum X gr. 9. 43. "19. | q X 3. 46. 56.Lat.Mer.g.1.'20."0; in Zodiaco. | b m™ ^ 3. 46. 56. Lat.Mer. 1.38. 0. > | Caditq; hec d. vera Hor. 7.33. "26. Temp.med.Hora vero 7,'23."3 1. T. App. Parifiv. eges Parallaxis Luz.in Longit. gr. o. 53. "40. occafum verfus. | ji Latitud. | 6.24. 1. Sermidip pofitas'15."48.. n Ad Hor. feq. H.8.'25. "3 1. | | SA Parallax Lun. inlongit. gr.o. 31. 15.Parallaxis Horizaltit.56.": x. Differentia Parallaxium © ©. 7:344... ) ^5 VÀ Sx aidan lusz.mot.Horar.verus 0. 39 51. — | -Ablata parallax.differ.vifus o. 23. 17. per quem vifum Horar.diviía priori parallaxi Longitud. datur Intervall. add. H. 1. 'r. "o. vifa "itaque cadit H.8. '24. "31. i aed Intervallo temporis reperto congruit motus ‘Lax. verus gr. 0.3 1.722. major "7, quàm parallaxis pofterior, recte igitur inventa eft d vife- tempus. T latd ak Cotes stated Ti Lat. Lun.vera Merid.defc. gr.1.'22. "20. Parallax.latit. in Merid. — 0. 24. 37. Addita latit.vere datur via. 1.46. 57..—— Lat. Saturn, Mer. 1439. «o vog Lua,centrum aultralius h o 98. § 70. a A (271) Ad Semihor, anteced. vifam Hi Sides Zh Paralax. longit. Lus. Bri. 94027. 17. ; Minor gua reperta Temp.vifz c. " 3« 48. Semihorar. Laz. (H5. 25. Ablatà differ.Paral. Getnilipk tas Q, I1. 27. Parallax latit. 40; 2:41 27 Latit. vera Luz. Mer.Defc. 1.21.46 Ergo addità Parallaxi vifa 1. AR Ble Centrum Luz.infra Saturn. 2M. 82. Ad Semihor. Icquentem vifam H. 8. '54. "31. Parallax. longit. Laz. gr. o ju "BOIS Major paral.Temp.vifz d.o. 3. 15. que ablata a motu Semih. vero dat. Semihorar. vifum ^ o. 12. ro. Parallax,lat. in Aufirum | o. 25. 29.Lat.@ v.gr.1/23.735. ergo don Latit.Law.vifa Mer, Dcfc. 1. 49. — 4.Centr.G infra p gt.o. 11, "4. Scrupula cafüs ^| gr. O. 12. hr E mertionis ©. 12s 42. Maxima immerfio antecedit | d viíam gr. 0.3.2. Cadit idco msx. immer(io H.8.'21."3 6 Tandem dívifis {crupulis incidentiz per femihorar. vifum ante vilam Jd dabitur intervallum temporis ab initio ad maximam immerfio- mem 35. "18. - lifdemque divilis per femihorarium vifum poft vifam d dabitur i in- _tervall. tempor. 4 maxima immerfione ad finem ‘3 1." 15. Totaque duratio H. 1.^4. ' Parifiis itaque hujus occultat-h interventu q fac e, incidit Febr.die 27. Initium H. 7/48."18. Maxima immerfio 8. 21.36. Vila d | C uBi 0d. o. Finis 8.52.51. Tabule celo non canfentinnt. Obfervavit fiquidem Bullialdus initium alto fup. Horiz. ad occa ura Capite Andromede gr.19. 11. uade daiur Hora à Meridie7.'20.T. A. fed med. H.7.'29. "55. Finem vero vidit alta ad occa. Cinguli Androm. auftraliori magn.2. gr.2 1. '17. unde Hora à meridie colligitur T.A. 8.30. "22. Monere hic neceffum eft Tabulas Philolaicas b. promotiorem in Lon- gitudine oftendere, quam in coelo apparet; fcrupulis primis ut- minimum 19. ita ut j; tunc fucrit in. ccelo in Xr. gr. 3. 28. & Lat. Auftr.g. 1. '48. - Pofito hoc } loco H.7. ‘20. Temp. app. ae i occultationis,datur. - Parallaxis Lz.in Longit. gr.o. ‘23. "2 5. Lat. in Auftrum OQ. 24, A. ‘Lat. Lun. vera Mer. D. I., 18. Ir. | Addita parallaxi daturvifa 1. 42. 12. & € centrum Anfiralius I | 6M 2 Saturn. a ear ng (972) ^ Saturn. 4. 48^, pro quibus 5^ accipiemus. Unde colliginius diffe- rentiam longitudinum h & centri« 14^. 59^, fuit itaque Centrum € vifum in IC gr.3. 13^. r1". cui cum addita fuerit parallaxis longit, habebimus prope verum , intra pauca fcrupula fecunda. locum & verum in Zodiaco I gr. 3. 36^. 26^. Itaque Saturni longitudinem - fuperavit Lune 9^, 36”. que-vero motu conficit temporis fcrupul. 16^. 46"., ita ut vera d € & b inciderit H.7.3^. 14". T, A. at Medio H.7. 15^: 9^, Tabulae oftendunt. € in IZ gr. 3. 367. 45^. Coelum vero exhibuit in gr.3. 18^; Gem. propterea motus longit. Lun. exce- dit coelum 8^, 45”, ri m. Juxta Obfervationem incidit vera d b & CT.A Parifiis. H.7 57.1477, Parall. Longit. Lux. gr.o. 204.58 — E Latit. in Auftr. | Q. 24. 18. | ^ Ad.Hor. fequentem | H.8. 5^: 14". | m? Parallaxis Longit. Ls. gr.o.28. $8. 2 Excedit parallax. priorem o. 8. o. que differ. ablata ab Hor. vero exhibet vifum Horar. 0.22.51. per quem divifa parall.temp. ver. Dat.interv.inter ver.&vif.h.o.55. 2. ad.tempori vere. - :: Vifa itaque cadit. H. 7.58. 16. ! | Parallaxis Longit. 0.28.16. Latit. — 22418. Latit. vera gr.1.20. 33. > Vifa ergo 1.44. 51. Centrum c auftralius b 6^. 50/7. Intervallo inter vifam & veram congruit motus @ verus gr.0.28717” — equalis fere parallaxi Temp. vifz, unde momentum hujus ritein- — ventum effe conflat. 34r | | I^ Ad femihor. anteced. vifam H. 7.287.167; . Parall. Longit. € 0.24. 28. Minor inventa tempore vife — | o. 3.48. Semihoraziusergo vifus 0.11.37. Ad Semih.feq.vifam ^ ^ H.8,28. 16, Parallax. Longit. & grs .O.3 1. 47. Major inventa Temp. vile g 0. 3.3T7.. Semihorarius ergo vifus . O.11. $6. Ad Horam 8. 30’. quo momento b exivit & €. - Parallax. Longit. ¢. e.32* 3, E atit. - 0.24.49. . | Latit. € vera M; Def& 1.21.52. ;- TH t Latitudo vifa. ^ ^ x:46.4r: Centr. a infra h 9”. 41^. . EX (9733 Ex fuperioribus latitud. ( & h colliguntur fimul tota fcrupula du- rationis 28^ 24^". diftantia quoque max. immerfion.a vila f reperi tur 1^41^, temporis, quo max. immerfio antecedit vifam. Quare illa max. imm. contigit H.7. 56^. 35". Data funt fcrup. dimidiz durationis 14^. 12/7: quz divifa per femi- horar. vifum ante vifam 11^. 37^". exhibent incidentiam 36^. 41^. divifa vero per vifum femihorar. poft vifam d exhibent emerfioncm 35^. 42/7. ut tota duratio fit H. 1. 12^.25", major obferata 2^. 1/7. Contigit itaque Parifiis hujus occultationis cx fuperiori calculo, &. cx fuppotito p loco. Initium | Hor.7.19^.54".. obfervatio H.7.20/. o", Max. immerf. 7.56. 35. Vila ¥ 7.59. 16, : | Finis . 8.32. 17. Obferv. 9120. 22. Locum hk minus promotum fuppotuimus obfervatione fulti quam habuimus menfe Decemb, 1677. die 29.ft. no. paulo ante Hor. 9. à Meridie H. 8. 58^. tunc enim vidimus in codem azimutho inque NonagefimoEclipticg gradu ab Horizonte k & Borewm oculum 5, qui infra h erat unde Planetam & fixam eandem. in Zodiaco Longitud, obtinere deprehendimus.. Juxta Tycbonem fuit Stella nixa in Gemsin, 81.3.584.55^^. cum lat. Auftr. gr. 2.367. 30". tunc fuerunt motus © & hb juxta Tabulas Philolaicas. | So eRe 7h © Long. med. ab Aquin. 9. 8.50. o. Aphelium — 69.. 6.498.212 Anom. med. 6.12. 1:39. fi quata. 6. 2. 3.46. i£ quatio add. 01204 4.233: Locus Sol. verus We8.5 4.23. —— nie y b Longit.ab Hq. media 2. 10. 4.11. Saturnus crgo juxta Aphelium — — 1 28.26. §. noftras Philolaicas debuit 6 69. 21. 4. $. effe in 3- gr. 4. 17. 311. Anomal.med. gs) 00.98. 6. Aufir. lat. gr. 1.52. qui . #quata $. 10.35.35: nobis obfervatus in I: yt DEAS 89,859 de cam ig NAE i. Au e oftendit, quam Tabul*. - Anomal. Orbis 2002. 34.53.59. exhibent , fcrupulis pri- FE quatio max. O. 6.15; ©. mis circiter 19’, qui Ta- Pars Anom.orb.congr.Sub.o. 3.32.54. bularum. exce flus perdu... Locus f; ex Terra viti X 4.17.31. avit ad occu'tationcrm p | | . à C factam, & adbuc per- Loci hex o diftantia $5. 10. 16.46.20, durare exceffum illum Sinus latit. O. 2. 130. certumeft, quod ita cffe ‘Scrup. prop. latit. Q. 0.58.27. ex. aliis obfervationibus | : | . Decre- cog- 0974) $. gr. , , cognovimus. In hac por- "Decrementum | € 0.024. roobfervatione adhibita - Scrup, prop.Decrem.— ^ 0. 0.47.30. Tluftriffimi Viri Tob. He- Pars decrem. jiscompet. ©. ©. 0.17. — velii Lunaris difci defcri- Scr. prop. /Equata, GL. 0.99.10. ptione;in illa limbi parte, Sinus ipfis congr. O. 1.57.30. quzin reCta linea, à me- Latit. b Mer.Az. © 1.52. 2. dio montis Berofi, per | montes Kipbeos ducta, |. paulo fupra Alanum montem, infraque terminos aultrales paludum hyperborearum fita ett, Saturnum emerliffe afpeximus, quod cum inftituto pofteriore cálculo prope concordat. Calculus occultationis h à & fecundum Tabulas Rudolfinas acceptis locis € & p ex Clariff. Viri Joh. Heckeri Epbimeridibur. Febr.D. in Merid. Longit. Latit.M.Defc. Longit. 'Latit.M.A(c. 274 9gt.20.27':197. gr. 0. 95... burg.3:57'2 ig gets € 28. 35^ 11.953. 2. I. 58. 4. O. I.4I. ‘Leeus € in Orbita:29.27'. 9" in Meridie Teperitur;reductus vero ad Zodiacum ablata redu&tione 3'.20". cft ¥ 29.23, $9". abcft igitur à)58r4.33^ 1". « diurnus eft gr. 12. 25". 43. Hinc horarius in orbita. 214 UE: diurnus eft 3". ergo horar. eft 7". « horar.à h eft 30'.57". Cortigit ergo Vera ( ac b conjunétio jaxta Tabulas Rudolfinis "Uraniburgi D.Febr.27. h.8. 47. 24". T. M. à quo ablata zquatione temporis. 14. datur Temp. App. hor.8. 35'. 24". Bis vero fuit hor.7:53'.24". Scmid.q 15':26". Parallax. Horiz. Alt.6c' « Parallaxis Longit. gr.o. 29'.29". Latit. ^ 0.23. 55. beer | | Ad Hor. fequent. 8. 55'. 24". "Parall.Longit.& gr.o. 36. 56. Latitud. 27... : -Parall.Longit. hoc momento excedit antecedentem repertam tem- pore vere .O. 7. 28. quiexceffus ablatus ab « Horar. Vero ah dat.vifum H.o. 23. 29. » Per huncdivifa parallaxi tempore vere conjunctionis colligitur inter veram & vifam intervall. H. 1. 15'. 19". add. Temp. vera d. Ergo facta eft vifa Parifüs, Hor. o. 8. 9. Intervallo vero tem- | poris congruit verus motus Longit. « 38. iih Func fuit Parall. € Longit. gr.o. 38". 52". Latit... . 0.27. 37. Cum ergo motus @ verus congruens intervallo inter vifam & ve- "ram equalis fit. pitellunl tempat inventum exacté cft tempus vifa. F A (972) Ad fcmihor. anteced. vifam Hor.8. 38'. 46^. Paral]. longit, & | gr.0.35'.20". minor parallaxitemp. vifa. Differentia ambar. 2122: bata àq femihor. vero. Relinquit femihor.vif.o.11.57. Latit. parallax. Q.2 6,47 | Ad femihor. feq. vifam H.9.35'.46". Parallax. longit. @ - gr.o.41. 7. major quam parallaxis Tempore vife,ambar.differ. 0. 2. 15. ablata 3 a femihorar. €. Vero relinquit ‘femihor.vifumo.1 2- de Parallax. lat. 0.28.41, Tempore vif@ y Lat.& vera 1.18.58. AdditaParal.datur vif M.D. 1.46. 33. ‘Latit. Saturn. 1.4%. Centrum € eftau(tralius 0. a - Scrupula durationis totius 0.29.30. Dimidiz, feuincidentie — : 0.14.45. Divifa per femihor. vifum antecedentem vifam ' c exhibent. temp.incid.H.0.37. 2. eadem E per femihor. vi-. Vifamd dant temp. emetf. 0.33.50... (fum fequentem... Totam durationem H.1.10.$2. | | ; Max. immerfio antecedit vifam d temporis 1". 9". quare cadit illa H.9.7. 0. Parifis ergo videri debuerunt Initium H.8.29 DIA Max.imm. 9. 7. 0. ' Vifad 9.8.9. Finis 9:40.50. Junta Tabulas itaque Rudolfinas incipere debuit bec eccultatio enm jam totam tran[atiam fuiffe obfervavimus. x Esxtrad (976) Extract of a Letter fent from Genoua to Sign. Sarotti, the Venetian Refideng here, and by him communicated to the Honourable Mr. Boyle. AN Sr. Fofephs day, upon the Mountains call’d Le | Langhe, there fell upon the white Snow, that was there already, a great quantity of red, or if you pleafe of bloody Snow, From which, being (qteezed | “there came a waterof the fame colour. |. Of this there are here many Eye Witneífes, — | -Anatomical Obfervations of the Structure of the Nofe : made by Monf. duVernay. Taken eut of the Journal des Sca- "ans. account is here given of a Book entitled, Philofophia Dei Vetus c Nova. The Learned Author whereof - hath colleéted aad compofed together into one Syffeme a great number of excellent Obfervations; among(t the re(t of which, here briefly mention’d, we have this, no where elfe publifhed that I know of, fet down at large, asfollows. . . Of the Stru&ure of the Nofe, Monf. da Vernay obferves, E . That the cavities hereof are üll'd with many Cartilagigous Lamines diftin& one from-another : every Lamine being divided into many others, all folded almoft into a fpiral line. That the Os Gribrofum is made up of the extremities of thefe Lamines , which butt upon the Root of the Nofe; the holes wherewith itis pierced, being the intervals between the Lamines. They are defigned to uphold the i inner Tanick of the Nofe, E Which Tunick, being a principal: Organ of Smelling, hah —— | received from Nature avery great expanfion ;. for the com- modious placing whereof, Nature hath folded it round about together with thefe Lamines ; ; that by:this mduftrious Me- chanifima, the may employ all its’ length in a very little fOONm. —— This Tazick is fili'd with an innumerable company of finall Rays; fo many branches of Arteries and Veins; and efpecially Nerves ; by whichit hatha moft exquifite fenfe, Yet becaufe the particles of Odorant bodies are fo fubril, that they can but very foftly glance upon the Organ; Na- ture bath therefore provided by this great meee , that there : 77) there may be place for fo much thegreater number of thefe particles to ftrike it at the fame dime, and fo to render their impreffionmore ftronp, ^. And that thefe odorant particles, which run with the Air into the Nofe, in finelling, might not all forthwith país off from thence into the breaf{: Nature by this Labyrinth, made by the windings of the Lamelle, hath taken care to give themr anarreft and longer ftay. And for the fame red- fon, fhe hath furnifhed the faid Tazick of the Nofe with a great many fmall Glasds, which open thereinto ; and fo moiftenit with a thick and flimy aor the better to entanglethe dry odorant particles, - This Tuszck examined and compat’d in feverl Animals; | fhews alfo much of thereafon of the delicacy of Snieilingin fome, above what it is inothers. For look how mucha finet — Nofeit is that Animals have, they have likewife fo mucha greater number of thefe Lamella; wherewith the faid Tanck is roll'd up in fo many more folds. ‘So the Nofe of a Hound is better furnifhed with them, 5 etr " " The Probleme he fers down thus ; — Expofitis in eodem Plano, quatuor Rectis poftione datis, quintam invenire , qua. ab expofitis ita fecetur , ut ipterjeióa fegmenta fimt. in ratione. datá. | Whereof he gives the folution at large. : The fecond Treatife is defigned alfo. chiefly for the ufe of Aftronomers ;. who often enquire , the mutual proportion either of che Parts of fome one Planetary Syfteme,or of any. two Syflemes. Asafoof the Di(tances and Magnitudes of Ceeleftial Bodies. Which to give in the leaft Numbers, and fo as to avoid greater Fractions, is a performance of as great ufe, as delight, and altogether new, | The Probleme,the Solucion whereof takethup the greater. part of this Exercitation, isas follows, «4. E xpofitá Fratd ione quavis ( puta. 2552252. ). Fradfionems. inventre, qua fit vel bxpofite equals, fi fieri poffts vel: | faltem, qua Expofitam. vel proxime. faperet, vel ab ea pro- xime- deficiat , Denominatorem babens dato Numero non. majorem: (puta, que numerum 999 non fuperet , few tres locos nom excedat :) fitque in Terminis minimi. — For the doing of which, he firft lays down his Method at large, Next, givesa fummary of all the Rules. And then: fubjoyns feveral Examples in both the above fpecified Re- du&ions, ’ Tothishe addsalfo, in theend, the way of finding.out of : the Proportion of the Diametre of a Circle to the Circum-- ference: propofed in his own wordsthus, wid. - Ratio Diametri ad Perimetrum Circuli vero minor, fed: continue cre[cens s fiu. Perimetri ad Diametrum vero ma- jor, [ed.contiuue decrefcens y. donec intra afffgnatos terminos . confiftat. : The laft-Treatife containeth the Solution ofthis Prob-. leme, wid. | Expofito Anno. qui fit, verbi gratia, in Cyclo Solari, . Annis 22, Lunari, 14, laditéionum, 7: quaeritur, quotus. fit ille Annus Periodi Juliane, | | | IL Martini. (932) II, Martini Lifter 2 Societate Regia, Londini, Hihwia. Ani- malinm Angliae tres Tractatus. Unus, de Araneis. Alter,de: Cochleis tu Terreftribus, tum. Fluviatilibus, Tertius, de Cochleis Marinis. Quibus adjettus eft quartta de Lapidibus ejafdem Infu'e-ad Cochlearum quandam imagi- nem figi atis. Londini apud J. Martyn eg.Sor. Typogr. 1678. He Learned Author, in his Preface, acquaints us, a» ] mongít other things, with the great care he took in preparing his Obfervations for this Work. Principally defigning herein a moft exa& diftribution of the kinds of thofe Animals whereof he Treateth, into their feveral forts. Totheend, that what ever Experiments or Obfervations fall be made by others hereafter of thefe Animals, worthy publifhing, they may hereby be referred to their proper laces. i The &rft Fraé containeth two Books, The former where- of treateth of Spiders ingeneral. As a defcription of their feveral Parts, both outward and inward. Of their: Genéra- tion. The Nature and Emiffion of their Thred. Cafting their Cuticle, Of their Food. Venom, Several either falfe or dubious Traditions concerning them. Medicines made of them. The Second Book con'raineth a diftribution of Spiders in- to their feveral fpecies,as followeth in theAuthors own Table, Scutulata Antiquis ditia y fcil. univerfi Tn . macula in eadem plane difpofi tis, in & "4e ) modum Seuti five Orbite. : bm] p Aucupes s. NS Conglobata ; feil. maculis crebris in | qui, Mufea J omnes in circuitu dimenfi lones proce» 9 oe | capiendi ! dentibus. | E: | aud ven. y dels linteoformes , Soil. Reticulorum fili 1482 dunt (o dense inter fe contextis in modum Veli five U3 Pauniculi. | 2 + Venatorii s qui aperto marte. Mufcas infeciantur, cum tamen 4 alias texere po(funt s nimirum Telas ad Nidificationem, (am Aranel v. 4d byberna. See proprie fie ic diti. Cancriformes. - Phalangia, fc Aranei Pulices affultim ingredientés. Binoculi, fere longipedes, Opiliones quibu[dam dicii, Telis digita- | du . th five forcipatir, Cancrornm more armati, Under which, he hath alfo fome other ENDE UMS, made afterwards, in their feveral proper places. OF (983) Of all which he likewife exhibit; the Figures, fets down the Defcriptions, Place, Time of Laying, Manner of Coition. Defcribes their Eges, Nefts, Nets, Threds. Speaks of their Food and manner of Living, very high afcent into the Air, &e, The Work containing many curious Obfervations, not only out of our Country- man D. Mouffet, and other Learne _ed Authors, but of his own likewife, and füch as are altoge- ther new. The Second Tra& hath Three Parts, The firft of Snails in general, Asof their Shells, and other parts both out- ward and inward, Their Sa/?va, Eggs, Food, Ufe in Me- dicine. Diet,&c. The fecond of Land Swails. The third of River Swails. The feveral forts whereof are figur’d, defcribed, and comprized by the Author within the foilow- ing Table, | d | | cTefl acee, feu Teftis contedte, _cBreviore figura, Tefte Apertura claufa - | Opereulo, & Saliva confeclo, ad bye- mem Operculoteftaces, | HE CAT $-E 5 Lougiore figura five Bucciga convoluta | | à Dextra verfus finibram, | à Siniftra verfus dextram, | L wu f^ a Turbinate P. reftres, M : i Compre[fa, — Nude, Linacr quibufdam ditis, \ oed f T Validiore Tef2,Operculs te(taceo claufa. | = | Tenui, pellucida, femper apertas con- X z volute | E | à Dextra in finiftram, C | | maak Fluviatiles, Ueetscumummt, WRONG | à Siniftra dextram verfus. i : | CConmpreffa Tefta, Coccum fundentes. Bivalves, Mufculi quibu[dam didle. LUnivalvis, Patella dicia, The | (994) — : | d Tra& is of Sea-Snails , which by the Author joi fu md diftributed incothe following Table. ! "efte apertura cavaliculata , Buccina rifirat | dida. ' 5 Lever. | C6triate. s Plana Apertura. os Y o0 SFigara produéiione. uv Intotte, fe.. ^ Breviore, — ON anfratuofa. | ES | E Debitis | Cochlez fente. | [^ v gie $ Umbone minime omnium extante, i Si a ee | Neritz Zide. * | Bafi lata & plana, Trochi dide. =|. fe vu: Omnium patensif ma, i. e. Auris marina. c Pe ardé . a clufiles. AIn anguftam rimam formata, i. e. Concha Ve- [s neris, “Non S$triate. | Coni: Afpere, valvis dif milibus, Oftree qe : M me atl Bivalves, { iS 3 | | Serifte, Mafeuli dide, | LStriate. | Aurite, Valvis difi milibus, Pellines. | Non Aurite, Valvis equaliter concavis, Peclunculi. Minus coucave, Tellina quibuf dam. | Lever | Altera aut utraque parte fem rbiante Fe iet d q he fe P , f Striate, ES ; Loco mobiles vertice integro, Patel Vuivalves, vertice i g e Fina, vertice ' aperte, Balani. The (98s) The laft Book de Cochlitis Anglia, prefenteth the Figures and Defcriptions of as many as are contained in this Table, = "T c Guorum Orbes in fe convoluuntur , Cornua Ammonis. Usringsad Dl cans equaliter concavi. Inorte, S. | Striati. [i anfr i | Lever. Ex altera tautum parte. | Umbilico utrinque prominulo, 3 RC: in modum prodaüi. fa) Striati, I ELS à Leves. Produtiiores. Cochlee formes. Qni Helicem, fe. Volutam uon babent. Striati | fubrorundi, ut Echinite. i in omnes partes equaliter procedentibus. Striis inequaliter procedentibus. Leves in acumen faftigiati, ut Belemuite. Utráque Teftá equaliter concava. Figura ex alterácardinis parte diffufwre. £f | ea Ex utráque parte equaliter diffufi. | S A cardine ad imum marginem produciiores. , 5 Ventricofi, quibufdam Bucardite, i Teftis inequalibus. | j Offracite. Conchite roftrati. be he Auriti, Pedinite. Striati Sine auribus, Peciunculite. C VW 1 —. Cochlite Anglie The Author in his Preface to this laft Book , inclines to AIT Opinion, who take not thefe figur'd Bodies for Petri Ged Shells, but to be bred like other Stones, in the Earth. For which he offers fome Arguments either not, or lefs in- d on by others, m hefe DE lat Books are compofed with the fame accu- jn ratenefs as the former. 60 II, Ledares | (986) NA Hf; Le&ures and Collections made by Robert Hooke, Secre- tary of the R. Society, Printed for ). Martyn, Printer ta the R.Society,1678. VP ' } He Work is divided by the Learned Author into two Parts. The firft is called Cometa; containing, befides. Obfervations of the Comets of 1664, 1665,and 1677, dif- _courfe alfo on Comets in general. As amongft other particu- lars, of the Head, Naclewg, and Blaze. That thisis not al- ways oppofite.to tbe Sun, Their Magnitude, Subflance; thought, by.the Author, loofe and confufible; as from.the variation of the Magnetical dire&tion,he fuppofeth that alfo of the inner parts of the Earth to be. Denfity, Mutability, Diffolution, Fluidity, Gravity, Light, Figure, Motion, whe- ther bended or ftrait, with equal or unequal. velocity, &c. . A Digreffion of the method of Speculating the great and firft Principles of the Univerfe, Theory of Comets, as to Parallax hitberto defedtive. What the World expects from Mr. Heve- lius. Parallaxes arifing from Hypothefes of the proper motions either of the Earth, or Comet, or both together ccn(ider*d; arife to a certainty of the Magnitude of Comets: others ,depending on other fuppofitions, not, Allowing ine- quality. of Motion, and more compounded Curve Lines, | nothing can bedetermin'di A gravitation towards the Sun, makes out tte Mo:ion of the Comer, and direétion of the Blaze. Come's wafte in the ether, which isas a Menftrve.. um to diffolve chem. The way of enquiring Parallax by Tee. lefcopes further explain'd, A fecond way by too Obfervers ata diftance propounded: A third way of Sr, Chrift. Wren, - his.Majefties Surveyor General; fet downand demonftrated by a Geometrical Probleme. an Invention altogether new. And.how exa&ly all the Obfervations he bad of the above- faid Comets, were made out by it: together with his own Schemes. Communicated Febr,166*, oe | Speaking of the nature of the Blaze, introduceth a Dif- courfeof the Honourable Mr. Boyle, fc. A Memorial of fome _Obfervations made upon an Artificial fubflance, in the pof- fe(Iton of Mr- Craft a famous German Chymift, that fhines without,any precedent il'uftration. Wherein, amongítother — particulars,isobferved, that two fpoonfuls of matterdid | enlighten.a large Glafs-fphere. Liquor fhaken, hada finoke- | : (987) and flafh'd, A dry fübftance, affirm’d to have continued fhining two years,flafh’d. Seemed to partake of the odor of © Sulphur and of. Oxtons.|t fired Ganpowder firft warmed, And. aWhi e paper,held a confiderable diftance over Coals. To which.are added fume Experiments on the Phofphorus Bald- wini in vacuo, and in the open Air, | To thefe are added Mr.Galles’s Apparatus for obferving © — Gin',and hBobfervations of 4 Spotsin (9 ; con:ained in a Letter to Mr. Ca(/int. Mr. Caffini’s reflexions hereon» And his further difcoveries about the motion of Fupiter upon its own Axis, and feveral new Appearances. of that Planet. Together with Mr. Ha//y's Obtervat, of ¥ fab. (o. Three - Southern Stars never vifible in Exgland. And tbe 2, IMubecule, called by Saylors, the Magellantck Clouds ; ina Letter to Sir Jonas Moore. | ^ | The Second Part is cal'ed eJMierofeopium, - In which, two - Letters from Mr. Lewenhoeck, containing further Obfervati- - ons of the little Animals, of feveral kinds, bred in Water, . after the infufion of Pepper. Likewife of the Particles of: Blood, Milk, Phlegm,Gums diffolved and precipitated,. The manner how the (ame were alfo feen at the Meetings of the RK, Suciety. As alfo how to find.the figureand texture of Animal : and vegetable parts, A defcription both of doubie and fingle - Microfcopes ; and how they are to beufed, Of thelike little - Animals (as above) bred upon fleeping other Grainsin Wa- . ter, as well as Pepper. | cps - Hereto is added a Relation of the Symptoms following the - flipping of à Leaden-bullet into the Wind- pipe of a certain. perfon, and there fticking till bis death , which bapned not - before fome years after.. Together with what was obfervable - ia- his Langs.upon Diffedtion; ina Letter from Mr..Tame: ; Young, an experienced Chirurgion in Plinoath.. To the whole Book areadded Five Tables of Figures, - A5 Advertifement of the Monthly continuation of the Mecha- - nick Exercifes; by Mr.Jofeph Moxon, = —q ^ He Ingenious. Author having, begun and continud his - | three firft Months. Exercifes on. Szaithery: in thefe - «three next; he gives anaccount of; Taygery. WIN | — [n the firft,a defcription of fome fools Ehenmof Setting the — Iron, Of the Joynter, The Strike Block. The Smoothing Plain... Rabhet Plain. The PIow.Molding Plains.GrindingandVher- | : ings - (988) ng the’ Edg-Tools, Of Forms, The Paring-Chiffel, Skew- Former. Mortefs-Chiffel. The Gouge. — In the fecond ; Of the Square. Of Plaining and Trying a piece of Stuff fquare. To frame two quarters Square one into another. The Miter Square. The Bevil. Miter- Box. The ~Gage. the Piercer, Gimblet, Augre. Hatchet.’ Of Saws in -genera!, Particularly of the Pit-S2w. $;714 In the laft ; Of the Whip-Saw. The Hand-Saw.The Frame- Saw,and Tenant-Saw. The Compafs-Saw. The Rule. Compaf- fes. Glew,and Glewing. The Waving Engine. Wanfcoting of ‘Rooms, Together with an Alphabetical Table of Terms ufed -among Joyners, and their Explanation. The Author hath alfo given the Figures of all their Tools. At tbe end of the laft Mechanical Exercife (vid. Namb.6.)the Author giveth notice of anew Invention, Which I think fit likewifehere to do, in bis own words, as follows. 1.28 30 Sa BS Here is invented by the Right Honourable the Earl of Caftle- main.anew'kind of Globe, called (for diftin&tions fake) the _Exglifo Globes being afix’dand immoveable one, performing what the Ordinary ones do, and much more, even without their ufual Appendancies, as Wooden Horizons, Brazen Meridians, Vertical Cir- cles, Horary Circles, cc. For it compofes it felf to the Scite and Po- "fition of the World, without the Mariners Compafs or the like Fo-- rein help ; and befides,other ufeful and fürprizing operations(relating “both tothe Sand Moon, and performed by the Shade alone,) we have by it not only the conftant proportion of Perpendiculars to ‘their Shades, with several Corollaries thence arifing, but alfo an eafy “new and moft compendious way of defcribing Dials on all Planes, as well Geometrically as Mechanically , moft of which may be ‘taught any one in few hours, though never fo unacquainted with the "Mathematicks. : ; | DUSr To this'is added on the Pedeftal a Proje&tionof all the appearing Conftellations in this Horizon , with their Figures and Shapes. And beides, feveral new things in it differing from the common Affrolabe (tending to a clearer. and quicker way of operating) the very Prin- ciples of all Steriographical Projections are laid down and Mathe- matically demonftrated, as isevery thing elfe of moment through- —— out the whole Treatife. : "EXER Thefe Globes will be made and expofed to Sale about Auguft next (God willing) againft which time the Book for its ufe will allo be printed, and fold by. fofepb Moxon on Ludgate-Hill at. the Sign af the Athy. folios 23ab.t, fni seg [ LOO WN UV . Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society, 1678. (999) Numb.140, PHILOSOPHICAL _ TRANSACTIONS. - For the Months of July, and Auguft, 1678. The Contents. Anatomical Obfervations in the body of 4 Woman, who died Hydropical in her left Teftisle: Made and communicated by Dr. Henry Sampfon. eMicrofcopical Obfervations of the Struliture of the Teeth and other Bowes: Made and. commu- nicated, ina Letter, by Mr. Anthony Leuwenhoeck. Of the Grain of Ivory. eMicrofcopical Obfervations of the Structure of Hair: Made alfo and communicated by Mr. An- thony Leuwenhoeck. | Extra? of a Letter written by Signior Boerelli , about the price of bis Telefcopes: Com- municated by Sir Jonas Moor. A zem Imvention of a Clock a[cendent on a Plain luclin djby Mr.De Gennes: Taken out of the Fourwal Des Scavans. A New Engine to make Lines. Gloth without the help of any Artificer 5, Prefented to tbe R. Academy iy MDe Gennes: Taken alfo out of the Four- nal DesScavans, A Relation of a orm woyded by Urine: Communicated by Mr. Ent. An Effay of making Conje-- &ure of difpofitions bythe Voice: Communicated alfo by the oo forementioned perfon. An Account of fome Books: Ex- tratted out of the. Fournal DesScavans. | 1, Mufeo Cofpi- ano anneffoa quelle del famofo Ulife Aldrovandi Defcriz- zione di Loreuzo Legati. If.Syftema Bibliothecae Cole - > legii Parifienfis Soc. Jefu. Mi. Gloffarium ad Scripto- res Mediz & Infime Latinitatis : Autore Carolo du Free fue Dominodu Caugi, «v. IV. Explication Novelle & Mechanique des Actions Animales, Par eV. Duncan D. en Med... - ieee 6 P — | Anal onmi- (em) Anatomical Obfervations in theBody of a Woman about $0 years - eld , who died Hydropical in her left Teflicle , Decemb. 30 1677. Made and Communicated by the Learned Dr. Henry Sampfon, Extratted out of bis. Latine Copy, by the Author of thefe Tram[aciions. ————5— . 3 He had been married , but hadnever born Child. Had been a Widdow for about ten years before her death, In which time fhe was much oppreffed with grief ; and her Belly, by degrees, began to fwell: yet not mucb,till about four years before fhe dy'd, — Inthe year 16785; at which time fhe weighed 216 /. I advifed her to the ufe of Cathar- tick Hydragoges, and Diureticks, after the ufe of which for fome time, fhe weighed but 2007, But ftill the morb:- fick matter was reaccumulated tothe difeafed Part. So that refolving to forbear further Medicines, within half a_ year after, fhe weighed 2504. her belly being, at laft, fo far diftended , as to hang down, as fhe fat, a good way be- low her knees. | is | Being called to openher, I putaPipe into the Cavity of the Abdomen, with intentto exhauft the Serum fuppo- fed to be gathered therein. But hereupon there iffued only fome few drops likethe white of an Egg. At another place there ran about 20/. ofa brownifh water or Serum ; one of the Veficles hereafter mentioned being pierced. Where to en- termy knife next, I wasalmoft ata ftand , her belly being - as yet, fcarce at all leffened. : 2 Having feparated the eMufcles of the Abdomen , 1 found no Serum or Hydropick Water therein; buta heapof Blad- ders , offeveral fifes, prefented themfelves. From the greateft whereof, being pierced, thereiffued above 20 /, more of a brown and thickifh Serum, tiniiur'd with a Se- diment of the colour of Umber.. Someof theleffer were about the bignefs of a Childs head ; which yielded a flimy Serum , inconfiftenceand colour, like the Muctlage of QuinceSeeds, Others were much lefs, fome asbig as a mansfift, fomeasan ordinary Apple, and fome asa Wal- nut, Inmoft of which was conteined a Serum like to the Whiteofan Egg. infomeofthem, muchlefs vifcows and fomewhat white, like Starch newly boyl’d, | ; | | At - C1001) - "At the length! perceived, that all thefe Bladders were parts fome way relating tothe Womb. Wherefore having feperated the Offa Pubes, 1tookout the Womb, with the Pudendum , and parts appendent all together. Andthen, amoneft other particulars, obferved , That the right Te- fficle or Ovary was but finall, white, and its Veficles in a - manner dryed up. But the left tobefwell'd into a Vatt bulk: Theaforefaid Bladders , in one of which were con- . tained fo many poundsof Liquor, being nothing elfe ori- ginally, but the Eggs belonging to this left Ovary. Ima- gine you faw about 4o Bladders, fome of a little Pig, o- thers of a Hog, oraCalf , and fomeofan Oxe: all diften- ded with Liquor, and ty'd, likea Reeve of Onions altope- ther; and you have alfo feen this Ovary. The Teftzcle or Ovary it felf,all the Seram being exhauft- ed , weighed ( together withthe Womb, which was but light) 25/. Outof all the faid Veficles or Bladders toge- ther, were exhaufted.abovean hundred & twelve pounds of Serum, Thus for the Authors own Obfervations. "The Hiftory of the Child that was found in the Mothers Belly out of the Womb, publifhed inthe Tranfadions lat foregoing, fc. Num, 1393 andthisof the Hydropick Te- fficle 5 may be two Argnments , further to fatisfy thofe who have hitherto doubted of the Female Teffzcle its being an O- vary. The former proving the Veficles thereof with the Hu- | . moror Humorsthey contein, tobethe Eges out of which. the Fes is bred. Which asthey are ufed to enter into the Womb by the Fallopian Tube: So in this cafe, it is moft likely that the Ege falling off the Ovary into the faid Tube , by fome preternatural contra&ion of its lower Orifice, was ftopped from iffuing thence into the Womb. Yet being, it feems , near enough to receive the Vital Conta&, It there- upon began to beenlarged ; and fo, byreafonofitsownin- | creafing Bulk , was made gradually to flip back again to- wards the upper and larger Ovifice of thefaid Tube, and at laft, to drop thence into the Cavity ofthe Abdomen; which |- now, infteadof the Womb, became its Neft. This latter Hiftory of the Hydropick Tefficle fheweth , — - Thar itis poffible for the faid Veficles or Eggs, to be en- larged , upon Conception , as muchas is neceffary for the T 6 P 2 Genera- (1602) Generation ofa Child: Thatisto fay , when within the Womb, as muchas they were here, upon the Ovary. sé that itisnot, I conceive, reafonably to be doubted , but that the Membranes , which we call the Secundine or After- Birth , are the Ipdividual ones , which belong tothat Veficle - or Egg which falis from the Ovaryinto the Womb: Being therein, with their conteined Humor, naturally augment- ed and amplified, as here they were preternaturally, inthis . Hydropical Cafe, | eMicrofcopical Obfervations of the Structure of Teeth aud o- ther Bones: Made and Communicated, in a Letter by Mr, Anthony Leeuwenhoeck. ' Have fome time fince applyedaGlafs, (efteemedby feveral Gentlemen, who had try’d it, a very good one) to obferve the Stru&ure of the Teeth, and other Bones, Which both to them and my felfalfo, then feemed to confift of Glbules. But fincethen, havingdrawnout one of my | Teeth, and for further Obfervation , applyed better Glaf- fes than theformer ; the fame Gentlemen, with my felf, agreed, from what we plainly faw, That the whole Tooth was made up of very fmall ftrait and tranfparent Pipes, Six or feven hundred of thefe Pipes put together, I judg exceed ‘not the thicknefs of one Hair ofa Mans Beard, Inthe Teeth ofa Cow, the fame Pipesappear fomewhat bigger, and in thofe of a Haddock fomewhat lefs. phere aiias Fig. 1. Fig. 1. 4B. C. D. F. isa Square é piece of a Bone, whereto, al- . though youapply a good Micro- - ftope,yet at the end A. B.C. it will © feem as if compofed of Globules, Nor will the Pipes diftinély ap- pear on the fides 4.C, D, E.by reafon ofthe thicknefs of the Bone, and | thereby the traje&ionof lefs light, Fig, 2. Isa flat pieceof a Bone, in which the aforefaid ‘Pipesmay befeen, 7°" T [ have alfo obferved part of the Shin-Bone ofa Calf fix or eight weeks old. In which tke faid Pipes are lefs {trait than ina Tooth. And fometimes there fecmed to be feveral leffer CU Pues Pipes joyned together , fo as.to conftitute one greater, Yet thefe Pipes were very fall, which hindred: my better ob- fervatiom of them, And I am apt to think , that there- was one fort of Pipes different from the former, which are continued from the Centre ofthe bone, towardsthe circum- ference , as the [nfertions doin the Wood of aPlant, But Idoubt whether | fhall be able hereafter more diftin&ly to difcover thefe laft faid Pipes , becaufe I cannot handle_the Done after my own pleafure, |: BS p Se E sivas. Fig. bee) | Of The Grain of fury. 2i COUR ‘He Author of thefe Tranfactions ~ UR ALAS hath often taken notice of the YZN x .— Grainof Ivory; andis that which,upon 5 Y a due Dots to the falling light, e AN fibletoa naked Eye Thefeveral pie- — JN ces whereof it iscompofed, appearing — like the Fubres or Threds ofa: Muféle , running inparcels, decw(Jativ, andun- —— . der and'over one another reciprocally;and fo making up one’ Piece of Platted Work:as in Fig.3 isin fome part reprefented, And:as hereafter, & in another place may further befhew'n. — NUN - Microfeopical Obfervations of the Structure of Hair: Made alfo: and Commnnicatea by the abovefaid Mr. Anthony _ .Leeuwenhoeck..' TEM 4 : " Have formerly. examined the Strudture of Hair; and fo |. much asI thought I faw my felf , fhewed to certain lear: ned Gentlemen ; who then all agreed with me , that it confifted wholly of. Globales. As did alfo to my thinking the Hoof ofan Elk, - But not'being fatisfied, without fur- ther inquiry ; I tooktheFlair of ny Beard , after it had been fhaved the firft, fecond, third, and fourthdays, and obferved, That the little particles which we faw through the common AZicrofcopes (which yet were very good) and which appeared round; ‘were indeed, irregular,and Jay very clófely preffed oneupotranother, - Of, thefe particles con- fit the outer parts , or Cuticlé (or ,. as the Author calls them, Glods) of the Hairs’; One of thefe Hairs laret w.tt, which feemed rare, .being on the one fide convex, on the i , 5 r 3 | other (1c04) other fomewhat concave , and looking like two Hatrs con- tinuous or growing together; as is reprefented by this Fig, i33 9 - A.B. Is about a dayes growth: & half out of the skin. » Betwixt 4. B. and D. 'E. are the irregular particles which make the Clodsof the Hair. Thefe irregular particles I judg to beat fir(t Globylarsbut as the Hair grows , to lofe their original Figure. B.¢.D. is the Cut the Barbars Rafor had made in fhaving. Profecuting thisenquiry, I à try'd alfo to obferve thefe Globules or little particles in | UE A the end of the Hair cut tranf- End EC) Ey flue, — verfely , thereby to compute EX AM how many of them were con- ie — teined inícme fmall part of Evers! © the Hair. But I found that ac Par cows T were TA z E. y SES ; T. rn " J y d Di M fe PS ai (On ge Mee Z ee de " 7 ^ ^ PIS d er SS ; a arenes t Lt =, NN ^ Y» n du, n yale TRE ales UE the ftru&ure of the iner partof E E s the Hair , did not agree with fs Eue 24 . ^ thatoftheoutfide or Clods, . ATT I then examined the Roots of feveral Hairs, plucked out . of my Hand, Noftrils, Eye- lid, Eye-brow , and other parts, and clearly faw, hat che wholeRoot, except the Clods , confifted of little. Strings, which I fuppofe to | beVeinsor Veffels. — AndI ^ have fhew'd the Root of a | . Hair with all its Fzbres 5 fo plainly , asif before our Eyes , we had feen lying a common Tree with all its Roots : except that thefe Fibres inthe Root of a Hair, wereall of a thicknefs. | Proceeding further, Ilikewife very clearly difcern'd , that the whole Hair, exceptthe Clods, confifted of little | | | Strings, HTT AH it "ma y TTI Mp PIER PANS FETTE uu J r yr « e Am t i z : EA pf AG ANTAL EDAD 1 DAI AM d E: n A ATO i ; a £2 ey 2 b= ^ ule E 3 zB D LIMEN. Ke Que mt c & we r & M: ’ j v": = KE £ it EA S & PTL tU HT] i i vn ES WU) J LE rU LE roe MN Js DOLLS VET AR 4 x Lnd Imm | (1005) : tias, whereof there were about a thoufand in one Hair -more or fewer, according to the thicknefs of the Hair Whether thefe Strings are hollow, 2e. fo.many Pipes or Vef- fels , Icannot pofitively fay , but it feemeth tome that they are. So that I conceive we may not unfitly compare the -Clods of the Hair (confifting of the aforefaid irregular particles). to the Bark of a Tree 4 and the littie ftrings which compofe all that part of the Hair within the Clods, to. tbe Pipes which make the Wood. Thefe Strings, orif you pleafe, Pipes; do.not lie every where ftretched. out in a ftraight line,but in [ome places are fomewhat crooked, asat P, I have alfo fhewed feveral Gentlemen ie Backes ofa Hog; and therein (being cuc over thwart with a fharp knife ) the faid Strings, very — "which likewile feemed to be hollow. Extract of a Letter written by Signior Borelli. oe the price of bis Telefcopes: Communicated fe Sir Jonas Moore: - Hefaid worthy perlon faith, that T he did. lo at firft intend any more than to prefent his Glaffes to fome of the moft famous Aftronomers ;. yet being earneftly follicited by his Friends from many parts ,he offers to: ice the price of them,according to what the moft known Artifts, fuch as Gampantand Divini , have done, who both have commonly fold their Glaffes at the rate ofa Piftol (4 e. about .13 fhillings and fix pence) the foot, But if any Glafs hath proved extraordinary , they have trebled and quadrupled that price. He faith further , that he had feen. one of .Di- winks of 12 foot, which was fold for 400 Livers (2.e, a- bout 304. Sterling. ). And that Campani fold another of 34 feet, for 2000 Livers.(2,e. about rso/, fterling. ) Note — withfanding which, he is willing to part with the beft of his own Glaffes of $0,60,0r 65 feet for sco. (French) Crowas C £e. about 1 12 Z and ro s. fterling ) which is lefsthan the price of the forementioned Glaffes of 34 feet. — And for the fmall Glaffes, he will let them go: from 6toz2foot,ata ( French) Crown a foot 5 from 12 to 17 or 18, at half a Piflol ; from 18, co 26, at a Pz/lol. y. = (1006) A New Invention of aGlock afcendent on a’ ‘Plain. inclid : By Mr. De;Gennes , an Officer belongizg to the Sea, Ex- — araited oui of the "Journal Des Scavans. X A 7 Ehave formerly feen Clocks, that never go, but V WV "when they are applied upon a Plain inclin’d, But we never yet faw any Clocks that wind up. again of them- felves upon tbe fame Plain.’ There is to:be feenin Mr. Cof- pi’s Study , a Wooden Wheel , which works the fame effect upona Plain Inclin’d, invented by Mr. Bondoni, a Floren- tine Secretary to thefaid Marquis, Butinregard M, Lega- ti-doth not unfold this fecret; and for that M. de Gesae: having found out the fame , hath fuccesfully applyd itto ‘a - Clock; Wie: manne’ eR We which he communicated “unto me, E, i DN HERI A thal! here impart. AG JU Fig. 5.reprefents the AP CM . infide of the Machin placed upon a Plain Inclin'd. The whole Invention | cornfiíts ina Weight, which ^ - :caufes the Machine | to play ‘after the : | following: manner. The Circle F G H im sid upona Plain Inclined, A B is divided into two unequal parts by the Line 1. To reftore to the leaft Se&ure its equilibrium there is faftned to the extremity of the Radius D F, a Weight F. which is fuf- ‘ficiently heavy to recover what the leffer Se&ure lofes by its Gcuation, | ‘That a Wheel or Clock may thus ftand not only in'equilibrium , but alfoafcend upward, there is placed in ‘the middle of the Clock a Drum, which: ‘enclofes the fpring of the Pendulum, upon which Drom i is faften'd the Radius DF. For thusthe fpring being mounted, énforces the — Drum toturn, and foto raife the Weight, whichit can- - not raife, without its becoming moreheavy , in regard that coming to the point E. itis farther from the Centre, than when it was in F, and thus all the Wheel turns on that fide as the fpring gives way. 'M, de Gennes doth not here give divetion: how: the Wheels thit compofe the Clock are to be made, becaufe there. Bs A at ae WE. ok WW) mpi Yt The arm. the Shuttle | = = UNIAN ot TUM | 3 ; | | a ir ^ page emm. a e ry Ma ee [o 44 pee ie cre pr A oe ae ^ "TRU . (1007). CER Clock-maker that; doth not under(tand. hos. toa ply the force of a fpring to the motion ofa Clock, . | | 4 New Moin to viuis Linen- C both without the help of an - Artificer, prefented to the Royal Academy , by Monfieur de « Gennes»; a» Officer belonging to tie Sea, Extract ed ont. 3oof the Fournal de Scavans.. : His Engin is no other thana Mill, to which are apply d : .] -alithe parts of a Weavers ordinary Loom- . "Ehis.Millis compofed offour principal parts ,. that isto fay ; y the Serpent -4 4, two Footfteps or Treddles B ‘bone Glapper Gand two Arms DDDD. | | The Serpent or Iron Barr 4, has twoElbows E E,where- to the ends.of the Ropes are fix’d that raife and put down the Foot fteps B B. F Fare twofourths ofa Circle, that fuc- ceffively reft upontwo Arches or Bows of Iron G G.which are aboverhe Clapper C. to raife it, HZ H are two Teeth of Iron; added to the Serpent making an Angle of 25 degrees . with EE and K K, which ferve to put downa Baftwle or Sweep which is in the Arm that carries the Shuttle, The Foorfteps or Treddles differ in nothing from thofe which are ufgally made ufe of, only the Cords that hold them pen- dent fromthe ground are fixed in theElbows of the Ser penr, whichin turning raifes aud puts them down by the help of two little pullies, upon which the Ropes turn. The Clapper is fupported between two Pillars witha Rope double twifted , which makes it to makea kind of a Spring, mE causa it naturally togive forwards to beat. the Cloth. / LM i is one he da Anas which pafs gite into the Canal jon or Pipe JV WN, fupported by four Pillars of Wood OOQO, |. "The Motion of it proceeds from the following Parts.P © is a Bafiule which,though unequally divided by its ((upporter R,jisyet in Equilibrio i the end PR being made to weigh exadl yasmuchasR@. "Atthe Extremity of this Bafeule i is-ty'da Cord which Men through the Pully Sjand terminatesat the Extremity of the Arm, where it is faftned toa little Bowle M. At the cin iib us of the fame Kon that is tofay towards L, vis 5 alfo | (roof): | 1 a'fo faftned underneath a Cord, which paffes through the Paf. ley T, and which carries the weights V, | At the fame end of the Arm isadded a litcle- Miche Z, a- bout the bignefs of half the Shuttle = thenovera litcle Barr XT, which paffes athwart the Arm,there are two other little peices of Wood having at the end of them two teeth, which. enter into the Niche Z through two holes which ate there of the one fide and t’orher. To the ends of thefe little peices of Wood there is a little bow of whale-bone or Steel, which keeps the two ends afunder, and forces the teeth , which areat the other end,to: enter into the Niche, before the faid peices can themfelves, At the Points t1. are two Ropes , that país through the pul- lies 22. faftned to the Pillars o, 3.0. 4. and have each of them a little weight at the end big enough to keep it from paffing through a little Bow/ which is under each Pulley.. ‘This Arm thus difpofed goes and comes inthehole IV A im the following manner, One Tooth of the Serpent already defcribed , ftrikes upon the Extremity ofthe Bafcale P... and fo cafes the-end 2 torife up, which drawing the Cord. . faftned to the Point P M, makes the Arm L M. to advance forward, But when afterwards the tooth of the Serpent is. come foithagain, then the Weight P ty'd.to the other end: of the fame Arm by a Cord, that paffes through the Pulley 7, forces the faid Arnrby its own Weight to return again, - When the Arm L M isin itsordinary place, the 2 little pieces of Wood , into which enters the Bar X Y, enclofe the Shuttle by means of the Whale.bone Springs. Buc whenthe: _faid Arm approaches the other oppofite Arm,then the cords: ty’d tothe point rr, being alittle too fhort,and the Weight which is at the end of them notbeingableto pafs through ,: the Spring gives way a little, and fo the Shuttle is no longer. enclofed by the Arm-whichcarriesie, but is wholly recei-: ved and‘ grafped by the other ;. which likewife in its curn de-. livers it backagain, inthe fame manner. . .. ps uir The Motion of the whole Machine is made at the rate as you move the handle of the Serpent, . for then the Arms caufe the threads to open, and immediately one of the Arms: begins to flide in towards the oppofite Atm ,. to. which it: carries. (1009) - &arries the Shuttle and reeires, immediately. At the fame time one ofthe Quarters ofa Circle,which held the Clapper ele- vated , forfakesit,and leavesitto flap, and then the op- pofite Quarter ofa Circle elevatingit felf , the other Elbow changes the threads , and the other árm retires, and fo fuc- ceffively. The advantages that may be drawn from this Bapin hove the ordinary Looms to make Linen Cloth are thefe ; 1. that one Mill alone will fet ro. or 12. of thefe Looms at work, The Author has alfoa way to ftop one, for thetying a knot in any thread, while the reft go, 2. You may make the Cloth of what breadth you pleafe, or at leaft much broad- er than any which hath been hitherto made, in regard the Arms will play to wbatextent you defire, 3. ‘There will be fewer Knots in the Cloch, fince the threads wilfnot break fo faft as in other Looms, becaufe the Shuttle, that breaks the greateft part,can never touch them. In fhort, the Work will - be carried on quicker and at lefs charge , in regard that in- ftead of feveral work-folks, which are required in making of very largeClothes, one boy will ferveto tie the threads of feveral Looms as faft as they break, andto order the ‘Quills about the Shuttle, The Author hath alfo an eafy way foto order it, that the Cloth fhall give way of ic felf, as faft asit is made. | 4 Relation of a Worm Voided by Urine; Communicated by Mr. Ent: to whom it was fent by Mr. Matthew Milford, He Worm when I voyded it which was at the fecond Urine , wasthenalive. Ic was Snake-headed, of indifferent (übftance j in the middle, and fivall at the tail. In length above half a yard, I was very ill before it came from me, and have ever fince urin:d a kind of blood. This Rehisoni is here fet down in the Patients own words. "Tis moft probable he bad had a Suppreffion of Urine for . fome time , at the firít making whereof che Worm was Voi- ded from one of the Kidneys (whereinit was bred) into the Bladder; andatthe fecond , from thence into the Por; The Worm being dead and dry, wasofa dull red colour, i in thicknefs about the t 2th. of an Inch, | 602 ! An doe our ' NIMM ; An I [fay tending to make a probable Conjecture of Tempers and .. Difpofitions by tbe eModnlations of tbe Voice in ordinary Dif: course. Communicated alo by the forcmentiontd perfor, €^ Ittinginfome Company , and having been buta little be- S fore Mufical , [ chanc'd to take notice that in ordipary - difcourfe words were fpoken in perfect Notes,and that fom : of che Company ufed Eights , fome Fifths, fome Thirds ; 3 and that his Difcourfe, which was moft pleafing, his words, 4 as to.theirTone,confifted moft of Concords;and where o D.f- —— | cords, of fuch as made up Harmony, The fame perfon was í the moft alfable,pieafanr, and the belt maturedin the Com. —— e eget” Bob gov 1050 15d 0? Veg Tom aad 4 P This fugge@da Redon, why many Diui whichone — hears with much pleafure, when they come to be reac eatce .— — fcemibefame things... Soone whole. pronunciation is not — pe is a naturally mufical., we term. well fi poken: E. avberéaganother may (peak as.good Wit or fenfe, -andyet — — DOLRSHYENS ASCP RAMEE sn rsnotO ssl sevi | ..:, From, the difference of Mufick, in Speech we tay alfo cc 1 je&ure that of Tempers. We know,the DorickMood founds : Gravity and Sobriety tbe Lydian, Buxomnefs and Free — dom ; the Holique,fweet, Stilne(s , and quiet Compofires : the Phrygian, Jolliry and Youchfol Levity; theloniqueisa = ftiller of ftorms. and difturbances arifing from paffion,. And —— why iniy.we not reafoneblyfuppofe,that thofe,whofefpeech = naturally runs into theNo:es peculiar to any of thefeMoods, — — are likewife in Nature hereuntocongenerous? — ;, «9 1 ,' Soalfa fromthe Cliff, ashe that fpeaks in Gamut,,.to — — bemanly.,: C Fail, may, fhow one.to be of anordimary — — Capacity,tho good difpofition. G Sol Ret, to bepeevifh — — and efieminate, and of a weak and timerousSpirit. Sharps — an e(feminare; Flats, a manly or melancholick fadnefs. Wc who bath a voice which will, in fomemmeafure 5 agree. wieh E all Cliffs, tobe ofgood. Partsand fit for variety of Employ- ^ — ments, yet fomewhat af an inconftant Nature, — Likewife from the Times ; fo Semibreifs may. {peak a: Temper dull , and flegmatick ; Minums, grave; .and ferious, Crochets , a prompt Witt ; Quavers, vehemency of Paífion, and Scolds it "a | ufe: “ag Cus m * H C ; - (torr) üfe. them, Semibreif Reft may denote one either ftupid, ot fuller of thoughtsethan he canutter; Minuin- Rett, one that deliberates ; “Chrochet-Rett ; one in a- Paftion ® ; So that from the Natural ule ‘of Mood, ‘Note, and m we may collect Difpofitions: "in An cur of fome Books Extraded out tof the Joural des Stavani. | L eJMufea Clipiane sine 4 sacl del “Tame uif - al. | drovandi et donate alla faa Patria dall I seg mo Signore - Ferdinando. Calpe. Patricio di Bologna € Senatore , Cre. Digest di eee Leti remosife In fil lis oilers á 1628. TM : E! ^ ita “Ferdinand cit Ma:quis of Petreol equally’ illus lv | rious for his Merit, the/Eipployments wherewith'he às ; honoured it in the Cour of T here nd for ud extrabrdina- evened extraordinary care and expence, "hate a Col etin of ila ever be.faw.there that was curious and rare , and beftowed “inupon his Countrey: », the Senate ‘of Boronia 'ha!hy added the fame to that of M drovindus. ^ | An àmpleé and learned Defcription whereofis here made by Mr. Lorenzo Legati : Philofopher , Phy fi ician, and Greek Profeffor i in the 5e dis dg fity of Bowonka ud - He divides the Work into Fic Boogie. . "The firft containsa Defcription of whatever this Mufe- um hath of rarity concerning Muma ies, Beafts, Serpents, Birds and Humane Monfters,in refpect as weil of the inward as theoutward parts : as the Child bornat Bewonia , in Apr. 1660. withtwo heads and two pair of Lungs, yet Sid withinanhourafterit was born, — The fecond Book conteins the Defcriptions and other Remarks of feveral rarities concerning Aquatiles, as of the Flying Fifh, @e, AsaifoofCorals, Pearl, ere, " The SH X _ The fübje& of the third Book , are Works of Art. There being in this Mufeum feveral Volumes of different Paper, and writing. Divers Machematick and Phyfical In- ftruments, | Togerher with the feveral kinds of Weapons and other Inftruments of War. Upon occafion of which latter, the Auctor difcourfes at large of the Original of - . War, and of every Engine and Weapon in particular made ufe-of inan Army. ^ S .. There are here alfo divers Sepulchral Lamps of the Antients. The Fire whereof the Author of the abovefaid Journal well obferves, that it was no otherwife perpe- ‘tual , than that of the Veftals, which they took care to feed every day with freth fupplies of nourifhment.Which is alfo.confirmed by one Article of Mevia's Will reported in L. Mevia 44.tf, de Manumifs. Teftament in thefe words fc. I do affranchife Saccus my Slave , and Ewusyshie and lreze my Servants , on condition that every one of them in their turn , from moneth to. moneth, fhall replenifh the Lamp with Oyle that burns in my Sepulchre. The Fourth and Fifth Books ate concerning the Me- dals .and. Gods of the Antients : Of which a further ac- ‘count is promifed hereafter. uid : IL. Syftema Bibliotheca Collegii Parifienfis Sec. Fel. ls 4 «A Parts cher Sebafties Mabre-Cramoifis 1678, | F | which Library the Author of the faid Journal faith , ( thatit conteins above two and thirty thoufand Vo- jumes. | EN MEN A UN Gu -— : ; ; $ z y 4 ^ OE? queo dn TIT, Gloffaviam ad Scriptores media ch infime | Latini - fatis , in quo Latina Vocabula movate fiznificationis exe plicantur 5 complures avi medii. Ritus c» Mores , Legum, Con[uetudinum Municipalium, ec Furifprudentia recentioris formule C obfoleta veces, utriufque Ordinis. Eccleftaflici c9 - Laici Dignitates c Officia, &c. enucleantur c ila- firantar, innumera dénique Scriptorum loca Grecorum, Gal. Lat. | ftal. Hifpan. German. Anglo-Sax. expenduntur, emendantur , eluctdantur, la fil. 3. Vol, Antore Garolo as Frefue Domino du Caugi Regi a Gonf, c Francie apud. Am- - Llanos Questore.A Paris chez. Louis Bilaine rae S, Fac- ques.devant les. Mathunnis.1678, -] ^ His Gloffary of M. ds Cangi, whichis now complea- A ted,for che meric of the Author,che fubje& created of, and for the Brafs Cuts therein , is a Work fo confiderae ble , that the Learned will not be offended with this Adver- tifement, For which a very great number of Authentick. Writers, as wellin M, SS. as in. Print , were confulted.. The work conteins above two thoufand Obfervables ; to- gether with feveral Learned Differtations upon divers curi-- ous and profitableSubjeds.. ^ — — à IV. Explicatius Novelle e» Machanique des Actions Ani~ males, outheft traite des fonctions del’ Ame, &e. Par, M,. Duncan D. en Med, ds 12.,4 Paris chez. le meme.. 1678: | pue the Knowledg. concerning the Fundions of: 7 the Soul, andAnimal Mo:ions , dependeth much up: on that of the Conílru&ion of the Brain = This Au- thor therefore teaches the Diffection hereof’, after fuch: a manner , as feems more natural than that of Sylvius. . Bartboline , or Willis... although they haveall done ex- cellently well. In this Diffedion , having laid bare the: Vertebral Artery of a Living Animal, and made an In- cifion: udis | f(1e14) A cifion therein big enough ro receive the end ofa Sy. enc he then makes feveral InjeGions into it, either ANE , or of melted Wax mixed with Oyl of Tur- etm , till the Jugular Veins are colour'd therewith and fo prefently makes a Ligature' upon thofe Veins ; whereupon you fhall) "ave the 'pleafure ‘toe fee the branching: and diftributionof the Carotick and Vertebral Arteries , sand of the Jugular'Velns ‘together with. the Communication that is between them all. 5. That you may diftinguifh , in the twinkling: of an: Exe, the Arteries from the Veins ;\ ‘he begins his Inje&ionthroogh the Jugular: Veins ;' having» before ‘emptied thenr of the blood , after he Bach: made à P Bigarute one. Caretick Arteries. : 23h ug ^ Note, that cieli dhe whole accoünt ge bythe Author of the sforefiid Journals" aA od x31 3 r9: liioo -Ol HOW. ser. isto 2000 ic ada dl bis D9vbA sida d: wibs 2d. 3o* on ilie latina Lorsssds , 504 3 jfi UinA to wero 6: y tv s finidw 300. jn * - bealgla 023.319w >. gard uie 28 2,2, Ah nb iw 28 sl 99 ng -O*te3ldav12)dO basi:ott ow: sve in $0121102 AoW Sd'T te Teo - M i LN TE rosis sd seh IDS CI9VIO ml au eli oiiz319 Di boirte 3. ! Vis 12V21 12177 i» 0mm MA Ub us E. med ee E M - I. ( 3 et con > gs d ^) "o àM nA B mG i y ere E! ANS v , e 7c. t : $44 uri : IA. 238 7.3 e ows Wee aye a sd wa 19 8t USER Si muy airs GN i oO Ny Sb (5 arta : dion for foln genomes to the Road Society. 1678. inu Tur HE indi E. Uu v Aa cum R-mus WE emo M uen - " [uU fri (4d 13 wil124 217 Ld eO V1 | Ibili * x übp e iK . " 7 > Ll z * x ' — P » on €, » d - ~ "MX f G iJ M MI 2 943 36 EIL 2 , ] > f? à qv D + ' (Ou Lal DRED: CSU » 3 d ' En E a 15 2 4 (Cw . ) à E "T » " ' ~¢ t e , P 41 ! ? Try YT, 1 - f» [1 - Ag | { r ^? ! ] 1 4d d ak . ] - 303 STRG Dibe SOIVE . MONS. al03 Mt 0 WwW vi $2 «nl os sbsm bas , leminA gaivid slo q1931À [£1cta: iS V (1075) | — JANwmb. 14 v, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of September, Ocfober, and November, 1678. The Contents. e3Monfíeur Caflinis Obfervation of the Lunar Eclips on the 29 Octob. 1678. Monffeur Gallet’s Observation of the So- lar Eclips op the 11 Jene,1676. Extract of a Letter from Monfieur Butterfield about the making of Microfcopes, cc. Extract of a Letter from eZMr. Conyers about his Improve- - ment of Sir Samuel Moreland’s (peaking Trumpet, An Ac- count of two Books: Y. A Difconrfe of the State of Health in Jamaica, vc, by Dr. Thomas Trapham. II. Catalogus Stellarum Auftralium : 2x Mr. Edmund Halley. Clariffimo Viro Domino Nehemiz Greuio Regiz Societatis à Secretis je Dominicus Gaffinius S. P. D. UM zupera Lune Eclipfis à uobis hic in obfervatorio regio C: diligentiffime fuerit ob[ervata , ejus exemplar ad te, Vir Clarilfime, mittendum duxi regia Societatis A ftronomis , imprimif- que D, Flamítedio, communicandum. Inferviet illa eMeridia- norum differentia Parifios aster &* Londinum exa&? definiende, |- fi vobis par celi ferenitas ejufdens obfervande opportunitatens |. ebtulerit, crc, | 6 R . Qr da MM q.- L2 us Obfervatio Lunaris Eclipfis die 29 Octobrien 6] er Phafes lune ci macularum — In obfervatorio In Collegio. fecundum denominatio- Regio Claromontano.. nem Ricciolt. Infra Abe i oco ae Incipit Umbra 6 43° 3° 6 43 40 6 43 54 Grimaldi lymbus fequens. 45. ! 4S 29. Gallileus . B68 D 749 eee ae ee Finis Gallilet. idest be PF Ré ku Merfenus | 48 20 . Chorda Eclipfis dig, 6. | 49 O - Gaffendi initium eo 50. 50.50 | Gaffendi medium | 5! 30 $1. 37 . Schikardi initium .. 51 43. | | IL. digiti Ecliptici — (02 Ariftarchi initium | RE BO | | Ariftarchi medium — AnohÉ Jupsd uS MERERI 7. Morinus $5 Ariftarchi & Morini finis $&i- Dry S f Capuanus five oculus draco- nis gO D Digiti HT. 563b: Chorda 9 digitorum. | — s ARIES Initium terre pruine. &. Copernici $9 $4, - Copernici initium: oum 2 69:10 Copernici medium. 73.9.5794. ;9:40 TI Mortáo Copernici finis 74-9:55. FOSS Ti hez initium. | audis Ae BO, add un Pithez finis. | 3 2 489. exis 32i y Caput Virginis. 2.45. 240 T; 3.18. Harpalus E X Pope m Tychonis initiutn: "oW ZO 4 20 4 d Tychonis medium "Wu T ^ 8 48: 2 Tychonis finis | 5 55. | | Eratoftenes - eg. y 6 20 E Digiti V. (76 50 | Pro- (1017) "Promontorium inter Virgie p+ v nem & Platonem EL o Infula in ultimo finuum me- diorum 7 30 Clara fequens Dn 8 31 Digiti VI. Tymocharis Platonis initium Platonis medium Platonis fini; & initium Manilii — 14 0 Platonis finis j Manilius Finis Manilii T0 12 - Dionyfii initium 17 16 Dionyfius Menelaus - ‘Diony fii finis & Menelai |. initium. 18 28 Plinius incipit 7 20 $6 . Plinius - Picolomineus feu clara fu- praannulum 21 30 Initium fracaftorii feu an- nuli Rey O°: Initium Poffidonii 23 $5 Finis fracaftorii 24 25 Clara ante angulum promon- . torii acuti Angulus promontorii acuti — 25$ 10 Digiti IX, T Palus Somni 28 Initium Endimionis 29 20 Initium Taurentii : 3o 30 Angulus cornuum cum patab lelo 77 15 . Hermetis initium "NE E Finis Taurentii five capitis 31 40 Serpentis 21 IO 13 29 24 38 31 16 Here | (018) | 4a ; wi^4: M. € ie aw i hy ie um "ci La Hermetis finis o 7032« O- -. menos Proclus | 32 Ze'uuuulidcmiilua su . Lymbus maris Cafpii- . (3229 33 3 38 10 . Macula Inferior 7: 833 y vonodsu ban [^ lntium Langeni 34 24 Meffala | (1 184 40 ' Finis E£angeni - «3: | . 35 4o Peninfula in Ca4 DE S C 33 $0. 1M | Finis Cafpiz | 37 99 . 37 50 38 18 Macula oblonga f. 39 16 : Finis 40 41 41 0 4I 4r Un i ^ fobtrab 13* Initiun emerfionis —.— 9 2130 921 30 121 $ Grimaldus _ | 2244 — | 22 10 Grimaldifnis ^^ 23 40 23 40 Galiileus 24 35 L Mare humorum - : 28 15 Schikardi medium ^ — 29 O0 | Ariftarchi initium — | 29-44 . : 29 4I Ariftarchi medium 36 20° . og . Ariftarchus totus 30 25 7 Gaffendustotus Qro e sek baci Kepleri initun 2050 341740 5:3133:56 .Keplerustotus ~ £92 24. ! T Morinus .- | 30 o eT UAR Finisinfulz Kepleri ($4.22. Capuanus totus | .24 40. Initium terre prünz.- 35 43 Virgo 197. ej 1 Aura inter Pitheam & Kee | dod plerum —. d oe 32. ZO. teow Harpalus&claraante Co- gola E dice | (09 37.34. s ingriust mais igiti IIT. 00s CATEG cages Bulliaidus © © 985 98 0. ps = E Initium Copernict . b. |^ 39. o . 39 36 — Tychonis initium 49 BSuiqm i uds ee Ee y d » - * LE. - = D , "1 * m T cs ^ m. ! ' : T P M E ^ À ; = #4 E! - . , O- x " Hx ME , & Langrenus totus. ro Copernicus totus - 9 40 18 Pitheas Tychonis medium 41 0 Tychonis finis | Digit IV, Ty mocharis totus 45 30 Plato incipit Digiti V | Plato totus ay o Platototus | Infula fub (inu medio "o 66 Finis finus medii $0 50 Archimedes bn 37 Digiti VI. " Manilius Fretum | 54 22 Abifeldez initium $4. 40 Abifeldez finis E DNE Ariftoteles& Eudoxustoti 56 o Digiti VII, — Diony fii initium E I2 Menelaus | 57 50 Dionyfiimedium Menelaustotus : ' 89. Q Dionyfius totus «X I5 9. © Digiti VIII. IO I 30 - Oftium lacus mortis Plinius Promontorium fi upra Dio- . nyfium 3e Plinii finis Polfidonius 3 40 Promontorium acutum Hermes 6 o Digiti IX. Chorda umbrz 8 digitorum Meffala pr er - [nitium maris Cafpii 13 30 | R6. I2 IO 53 $2 47 16 I29 II 30 Chorda Ceeies 5. i ; : A u h / 7) j h , n h " re Chorda fex digitorum | 10. | 1416 :yjimisdc: -. Cafpii prior finis. T". 16 50 16 44 ' Cafpiialterfinis —— 17 33 12 25) | Albedoin mari Cafpio — — 18 i5 | Finistotalis - ©. 20 © 20 IO 20 42 Morificur Gallet’s Obfervation of the Solar Eclips on the 11th of. fue , 1676. . Obfervatio Solaris Eclipfis Acta Avenione die 11, unii | ! COLERA Qeon galla Hn - Ante Eclipfin, ENTE BUS praecedentibus , locum aptifffmum elegimu in I quo aere puro frueremur , videlicet Comventum KR. PP, Carmelitarum difcalceatorum, qui re(pectu Civitatis Aven. ad or- tum vergit eS mania flringess acre ,. fumo C vaporibus urbanis: libero gaudet , in medio borti camerana obfcuram tapetibus con- firuximus, Cy im ed inflrumenta ad ob[ervationem nece[faria rit collocavimus, | | (iili Tubofpicillum aptavimus lente oculari comcava yy objettiva convex inffrutium , duplicem babens motum firmo fuflentaculo , _verticalem fcilicet c» horifontalém, affixam tabellam immobilem firmatis cochleis [ecum circumdacens wculari vitro femper. paralle- lam chartá candidi[fivs imdutam, in'qua folarem fLeciem , ‘diflan- tid tubo[picilli determinatam defcripfimus, bujus diametrum cir- culis concentricis in duodecim digitos divifimus, © quemlibet digi- : torum in partes fexagefimas. bici. ORD te Loco quadrantis qui pluribus indiget: cautionibus e5- nimium — ebnoxiu eff vacillattonibus, in bac precipue regione in quafere — — femper [pirat Aguile qui perpendiculum "agitat, Gnomonem ad — captandas umbras Solis in partes 400. optime divifuvs difpofui- — wus ita ut libere moveretur fitum verticalem ope perpendiculi con- fervans. | Tandem horologium rotatile minuta prima co fecunda — tndicans motu penduli cum cycliidegraparavimu., = B ^— "Tempore. - ^ Crozt) Tempore Eclipfis. ele Ho d PSA die Ecliphs undecima Junii bord. uma circiter pofl or- tam Solis, ufque ad initium c finem Eclipfis, fpeciem ejus lacidam infra dejcriptam in charta, [ine inter miffione recepimus e quilibet ex nobis inftrumento fibt deflinato. femper invigilavit 5 Dominus de Beatichamps Mufarum Aventorenfium eMuacenas am- plifimus, Ego queque cum.tilo, tubo[picillo; Dominus de §, Flas vent vifis per [picacifimi, Gnomosis Dominus Moutenter boro- dgio, unacum Domino Marin. Presbytero in mathematicis , (8 bi dfertim borologzis ver[ati[femo. — Statim ac fenfibiliter capit umbra difcime inire , quantitatem partium ob[curatarum, umbram ip partibus Gigomonts (2 boram. horologit notavi e direifo prima posts, ex ita collegi phafes 39, contenias im fequenti tabelia , mon omil]o tempore quo fuerunk £07 24A Solis verticalia Cà» parallela horifonté ,- ei" quo caram occis- dentale [ub coder [nit werticali cum centro Solis. Er Nes. . (1022) Digici U Altitude Altitudo Hora — \Hora core S{ob- |Gnomon. [soi ap- | Solis Horologi! recta per -o Ícur. 'in partibus'parens. | — vera. ; penduli. altitudinem &| austin | | Solis. . ; Gnomen EC | : continet T MM T TM 400 G. M. | G. M. S, lz M. S.H. M. s| Xo 27/56: 35 29' 23135 28 487 ar 0/36/36 44 did 43 287 311 30/520 37 34 7,37 33 e 43 0478 . |39 55 23,39 34 9 53 25456 — 4o 38 3040 3 i. 64 30439 [42 24 1442 23 535 74 40434 |4a 39 $842 39 378 8s 0424 . '|43 19 5343 E sr 95 30412 4$ vit 5 , loó 0394 45 10 5745 Io 39/3 T16 40/375 46 35 5046 35 355 126 5037t | 146 s4 1546 $4 jr 13/77 0366 | 147 17 3947 17 14 747, 208309. * C48 190: 374 ae ase 157 dee 1149 20 i pius ^ - 16 [e ) 17; 35321 ut >) 22550 39 109- I86 25325 $0: 0 1251 o of9 . Igig 25296 — 53 1o 2953 10 19|9 9 205: 0288: .|53 55' 1453 55 . 5 21/4 401283 -|94.27 6,54 26 3579 ! 9 224 35 : 234 0 UNE qve 248 33/266 — i156 3 3556 3 25.3 35262 $6 28 29/56 28 22]. 26/2 30/202 $6 37 3256 eX BEER 27/3 26260 56 43 3456 43 279 283 6254 57 15 $957 15 58p 305 48p49 #187 so 48157 so 439^ 31/2 35/246 58 9 32158 2 26 i 322 26/243 58 26 11158 2 je 33.2 oO 226 $9 I2 33|$9 I2 228|ro aaa gs A 16 59/60 16 gsjIo Ig 2600 40220 60 56 21|s0 s6 16]10 2300 3217 61 16 ui1óri 16 6lto 38)o 20214 61 36 12/61 36 8|to 39\Finis|209 2/62 6 23/62 6 19]10 Poft Eclipfin. ra X fingulis umbris Guomonis caleulo trigonometrico altitudi- b. dinem limbi fuperioris 8 deduci à femidiametro, centri So- - lis apparentem deduxi ; banc correxi cum refractionibus € pa- vallaxibus eflivis tue tabule pofl novas Ephemerides Marchionis Malvafie inferte fol 173. € tandem datis altitudine centri Solis verá declinatione, illius e elevatione poli Avenionenfis, eodem calculo diflantiam Solis ameridie & inde boram cognovi. Proportio diametrorum apparuit equalis in Eclipfi 6. digitorum, tunc enim cornua Solis verticalta diftabant à verticalà Sulis binc inde gradibus circiter 30, Unde patet centrum Luna tuuc ve. periri in peripherid Solis cr lineam diacentron efe aqualem femi- diametro Solis, Verüm pofl medium Eclipfis mutationem aliquam in diametro umbra deprehendimus y apparuit. enim umbra pan- lulum magis convexa c ideo femidiameter brevior , fed fere in- fenftbiliter, | | Ex ob/ervatis figuram fequentem. affrcgomicam | de[cripfí pro tribus phafibus praciputs, videlicet decim, qua fuit digitorum 6. ( in qua cornua Solis fuerunt verticalia:pro 4. que fuit maxime - |. ebfturatiouis, & pro 22, que fuit digitorum 4. min, 39. cb in qua |^. cornua Solis fuerunt parallela horifonti. | Ope figura illius aftronomica, parallaxes Lune ep illius loca vera € vila cognovt, fuppofito vero loco Solis c» vera latitudine Lune, colledis ex Rudolphinis. . Eadem pro omnibus phafibus colligere potui[Jemm equidem, fed nimis laboriofa tot. triangulorum refolutio, C». bec. fufficere mibi | sa fant. | i. | : 6 S os Me. N s T E ad NEN p^ . : (1025) | In Pha 10. , Tn Phill v In Pha’ 2. h f ua Digitorum 6. [maxima obfcurat. BAS 35 : YG M. & "Verus locus Solis. Gunini421 3 1$ ool à Declinatio illius. 23 I1 $0 0p3 SA 32 Aícenfio reda. 80 Ig 32 o80 id ha Tempus converfum in grad, |3:1 1ro [jars sad iud a. Afcenfio reda mediiccli. [31 26 32 ]|36 . 1 | 31 30 Gradus culminans. TaWi|3 41 38 g kc 30 " Deciinatioillius. — - . 12 46 48° (484 : 9 Altitudo zanna Aven (46 9 46 a IS Altitudo grad. culmin. 58 33 48 {60 nas " Diftantia ejus à vertice. 316. Yo os. 129 33 5 Diftantia ejus àloco Solis. — 47 21 37 42 JR ES A titudo Solis apparens. l4s Io $5. 48 8 ie Diftantia ejus à vertice. 44-49 3 ^ Mt eqs Angulus verticalis & ecliptica. 43. 33 40 444 30° 35 Ex datis tribus lateribus, per ve- PIU : folutionem triang. [pbevic. - Angulus orbitz Lunz cum ver- : * ticaliSolis, — . * Ew 138 Exdats bafi ev uno iive in ode a > triangul. DE y M AC Diacentron. . A.B. Is rx A.C, A.' age Ex datis angulis & baft in tri-| 5- ; iD. 18 33 St angul. E i E C. Id -. Latitudo vifa Auftralis.- E.B. 1o $2 . C. : et/G. D. Ex datis angulis & baft in tri- : a MOT ? A oM. o angulo rectangulo. A.E.B. . A.F.C; AS DA. Diftantia loci vifi Lunz à Sole,|A.E. 10 20 34A. F. 1 9 44A.G. 12 r5 48 Ex datis angulis & bafi in tri- 4 ; Angulo vett angulo. A. E. B. A.F.C. A.G. D. Ergo locus Lupz vifus in Eclipt.|E. F, lee | Gemini. 20. < 52 625 2 60 IÓj2 ay Latitudo vera Lunz ex Rudol- P t5 gi AF AB: phinis, Bot. ue tke BY 3. uk. L. ir 1 19M. N. 10 36 34. -. Parallaxis latitudinis. U.O. 2r s6 gL. Po 252 I8 I QN. a. 24 30 35 Parallaxis altitudinis. - H.B. 31 49 36 $e 22 II 6N.D . 32 43 24 - Ex datis angulis € latere zn : i ix ird H. O. B. L, p. C. INQ. D. Parallaxis poplin inis, O. B. 2 8P.C. 22 22 480.1, Ex datisangulis & bafi in eo- ed ed PRU -raE A0..58 demtviang. Ergo ! . Verus locus Lunz in Ecliptica.|H. L. N. | | Gemini. 20 29 50 1820 39 s7 2820 3$ 89 52 Motus horarius verus Lunz à 27 37 14|Motus horarius : Sole. vifus Lung àSole. 26 Io I$ Nam ut differentia temporis Phafium 1o, & 22. ad differentiam locorum Lunz in — eifdem Phafibus; ita hora una ad motus horarios Lunz à Sole, 6 S 2 Burra ." andtakeit up with;the needle on the round fide, prefenting the (i026) Extraid of a Letter from Mr. Butterfield Mashemebigas In- rument-maker to the French King, about the making of Microfeopes with very fall and fi ingle ere and d fome o- ther lpfiruments, Doubt not but. you may be as butte at London as we are - here in makingof Microfcopes of the manner lately brought out of Holland by. Mr. Huigens, whereof I have of: feveral fafhions ready made. — [ have tried feveral ways for the making of Glaffes of the bignefs of a great Pins head and lef; as in the flame of a.Tallow- candle, and of one of Wax.. But the beft . way of all I have yet found, tomakethem clear and withouc fpecks, is with the flame of. "Spirit of Wine well re&ified, and burned ina Lamp. Inftead of Cotton I make ufe of very fina! filver wire doubled up and down like a skein of thred ; , which being wet with-the Spirit of Wine , and made to bark e . inthe Lamp, giveth through the veril of the Lampa very ar- - dent flame, Then take your beaten Glafs, being firft wafhed very clean, upon the point of a Silver needle filed very finall;. and wet with fpiutle, Hold it thus in the flame till it be quite round, and no longer for fear of burning it, and if the fide of the Glafs next the needle be not melted, you-may put it off rough fide to the flame till it be every where very round and finootb, then wipe and rub one or feveral of them together with f: f leather, which makes them much the better. Then. put them betweentwo- pieces of thin brafs, the ‘Apertures ve- ry round and without bur, and that towards the eye fo big al- moft as the diameter of the Glafs: and fo placed in a Frame: with the objed conveniently for obfervation. I publifhed laft year in the Journal de Scavansa trial of. mine Invention witha Tube with Glaffesand a Thred hanging be- tweenfour points, with a weight in a Box fo contrived, that as ^ foon as the Inftrument is fet down, you have your point of Ho: rzon with a great deal of exa&nefs , It hath been fo well ap- proved of, that the River which the King maketh to come c Wenty Leagues off to uis is conducted “apf s ou E. P (1027) At atipterent Iam finifhing another, Inftead of four points it playeth om one Steel point, ftanding on a Diamond : the making of which I do intend to publifh. I hope it will be of great ufe for its exa&nefs and fpeedinefs of working. I am at prefent making a filver Planifphere of two foot di- ameter for che King; the Invention of that famous Aftronomer, and my very good friend, Mr. Caffiné. It fhewetha very eafie way to know and find out moft of the fixed Stars,and the hour of the night very Anda Extracf of a Letter from Mr. John Conyers, of bis dot - ment of Sir Samuel Moreland's {peaking Trumpet, c. | Aving fome year S f ince try'd to make one of Sir S. More- j lane's Peaking Trumpets of Tin, that is, tinned Iron Plate ; — and finding it to ferve, as wellas Copper or Glaís ; I there- upon thought of feveral: ways for reducing the fame into fome ‘more contracted form , without abating its power: andby Dr. Goddard pxefented to theRoyal Society,at one of their Meetings (then ufually at Arundel Houfe) «he Reflect jng Trumpet | here figured, Ic confifteth of two Parts, The unnoft(Bb). - is a large Concdve Pyramid, about a yard long, (or may be of any managable length )* open at the bafe (b), and . clofed, not with a flat, but a cozcave bead , at the Cone (B). NVitbinthis is fa(tned a bended Tube (^ a) as inthe Figure. In the prefence of the Royal Society it was then alfo. experie mented, That this Trumpet did diftindly deliver certain words from the faid Houfe crofs the Garden, and the River Thames, and that againft the Wind which was then ftrong: and the words were written down by ope that was fent over for that purpofe.Whereby itappeared, That a Refle (ing Trumpet after | this or fome other like manner,of Wood, Y in, Pewter, Stone or Farth,or which may be beft,of Bell mettle, w ill carry the voice | as far, if not farther , than the /omg one invented by Sir Sa- | muel Moreland. Befides that it feems to take off from the | aftonifhing noyfe near at hand, which happens in the ufe of the | faid long Trumpet ; fo that it may be ufed withindoors, with | advantage, uponfeveraloccafions. Some TS aita — (1028) | Some othet trials were made to efied the abovementioned Contraction, which were found not to anfwer,, Yet becaufe . they may ferve, in fome part, to fhew, thesmorion. of found, I have added two Examples hereof, . The firft, is Sir Samuel — Moreland's Trumpet Angularly Arched in themiddle; thefe- cond, with three large Angular, Arches reaching almoft from one end to the other , as in the figures: by the former of which the delivery of found , toany diftant or remote place is much fhortened;but by the latter almoft wholly obftruGed. E 8. - 3) Sij lis ( i l 2s gos "w @ Hoa S @ Hs “(BR Asem eam a iy | 9 L : LAXPFTTIT! P eue Dit ga bbb LLLLLLLILO E 5 PED A ta i fe a e e L] , a a5 3 - (029) TTE , Z nm SS | RES eB: ia] E SS SD SS M (1030) - An Account of two Books : = I. 4 Difawf oF the State of Health in the land -- Jamaica , with a Provifion calculated for the fame, from the Air , the » Place, and the Waters the Cuftoms and manner of Living, ce. By Thomas er M. D. et. Med, Lond, Soc. Hom ; » « *His Book is divided by the Ingenious Author into ten . Chapters, with a Conclufion. “Chap. t. Treatethof the Air of Famaica, As, amongft o- theft particulars, of the Winds there, and feveral kinds of Bree- zes ; withghe Diftempers they introduce, Shewing alfo, that ‘tis thick and moift; though very hot, That it aboundeth with a Volatile Nitrous Salt; fromthe fpeedy rufting of Iron , and the great. fruGifying quality of the Rains and Dews there, With a Digreftion ‘of the Nature or ae lta of Pres &c. Chap. 2. of the:Place. As, with aree shatters of note, . Whence not fübje to Hurricanes, Defcription of Port. Roy- ai: withthe advantages and inconveniences therein with re- fpe& to health. "Account of the Sugar-works: and of the - Diftempers which proceed from much drinking of Rum, and — other hot Liquors, Two great Rarities: the one a fort of — — Trees, not rotten, butliving and growing, the Bark of which fhines in the dark moft vividly, efpecially in ráiny weather, The othera fort of Seeds , endued withan inward - throbbing Puls or Spring Of Motion: by: means whereof they will alfo leap fometimes above 2 fpan high upon a Table; and being placed ata diffance, continue that’ leaping motion One towards - another: which power of felf-motion they alfo retain, in fome degree, for many days. -Defcriptions of feveral Partsof the. z Ifland. Of the-Caca4, and other Plants here produced. n Na- tural Hiftory of the Countrey promifed. — Chap. 3. OF the Water. — Ás of the River de Copre. - How - cured by the Spaniards, gc. A better water near the Port, -— — Danger of Well-water, ‘efpecially at Ligas» Rivers and —— Springs abound. A Vegetable Which being cut, affords a co; ^ ~ plous (1931) j piousand healthful Liquor. Ufes of the Geeo Nüt-tree. - "Chap. 4, Of the Cuftoms and Manners of Living. Wherea futable and regular Diet isrecommended. — Beft Wine for the Jamaicans brought from Madera. How the Jamaican to order himfelf in chenight, Whence it is, that in Jamaica four Males dye for one Female. Of Chocolate ( the Manna of the Weft. Indies) its preparation andufe. Of Fruits, Fleth,and Fifi, which the beft. Particularly , the Sea-Tortoyfe excellent food: With feveral obfervations of this Animal. Of the Mazaty or Sea-Cow. The Jew-fifh, @c. Here no venemous Creatures, ec, | Chap. 5. Of the Intemperatures and Difeafes of the Place _in general, and Fluxes in particular. The Difeafes here, few, and fimple. Small Pox, Plague, Confumptions, Stone, bit rare: As alfo the Difeafes incident to Women in Northern Countries: Childbirth eafieto admiration, Symptomes and . cure of the Simple Flux, Bloody Flux, and White Flux. Chap. 6. Of the Fevers in Jamaica. As their Nature, Re- medies. Ufually Intermictent. The ufe of Chiza here- 5 | de : - Chap. 7. Of the Dropfy, called the Countrey Difeafe. A fpecifick Remedy hereof growing in Famaica,called the Damb |» Cane, becaufe, whofoever toucheth it with his Tongue, be- | cometh dumb for fome hours, Applied by the Author only | outwardly. How to be prepared andufed : and its odd effets, Occafionally of the Herb Verbene very fuccefsfully applied in thePleurifie. The ufe of a DecoGionof Savanna Weed,a fort ‘OF Spikenard. | n^ |. Chap. 8, Of Worms. Whence fo frequent in famazca; e- | fpecially in Children, Women, and Infirm. Among(t others, Jamaica Alves one fpecifick for them, cc, |... Ghap. 9. Of the Lees Venerea. Some conjectures of its O- | rigina. Defcription of the Yaws, cured in Jamaica with ' eafe and certainty by a methodical ufe of Vomits, Purging, and Bleeding: together with a Remedy for external fores, of eafe | preparation ; whichisalfodefcribed. A ConjeGure, That many of the Symptomes in the Yaws and Pox,may proceed from Jittle Animals, bred in and about the Spermatick Parts. The ufe of a Balfamick Juyce in the Pox, difcovered by wild Boars. ! a 6 T Chap. j (1032) Chap. yo. Of the Dry-belly ach. How occafioned, Its terribie Syiptomes, Often proves Chronical, | Pathinga fure Remedy. A Specifick to be ufed with the foremenricned Bal- fome. | Pep T ROME 2g 3) Cul The Conclufion. Wherein Baths are recommended for pre- venting mo(t of the forementioned Difeafes, The Author's O- - pinion of the Produ&ion of Ambergriefe.. IT, Catalogus Stellarum Auftralium : five Supplementum Catahgi (— Tychonici, exhibens. Longitudines CG» Latitudines Stellarum | fixarum, qua prope Polum Antartticum fite, in Horizonte Cranpiburgtco Tychont incon[picue (uere, accurato Calculo. , ex Diflantüs fupputatas, e ad Annum 1677. completum corre- | Ga. Cum ipfis.Obfervationibus in Infala S. Helene ( cujus. Latitudo Ys gr. 55 9. Aufir, G Longit. 7 gr. o0 m. ad Oc- cafum à Londino) fumma Cura c Sextante fatis magno de Celo depromptis, Opus ab Aftronomicis hactenus defideratum. Accedit Appendicula de Rebus quibufdam Affromomicis, motatn. non indiguis, Authove Edmundo Halleio, & Co? Reg. — — Oxon. - do) co dao EAT | ^HE diligent and moft accurate Author introduceth — ~ thefe bis Obfervations witha Preface; therein noting, That from his faid Obfervations it is moft clear, that all the Aftronomical Tables hitherto.extant, are defective in Calcu: Jating the Motions of Celeftial Bodies: that Sazurs moveth much more flowly, and Fupiter more fwiftly , than by thofe- . Tables is reckoned upon, That hereupon, he began to go. about to correct them; but prefently forefaw, that could ne- ver be well done, without a more correct Catalogue of the fixed Stars : the performance-whereof, is already un- — | dertaken by other excellent hands. That he therefore chofe rather to take upon bimfelf the ftateing of the places of the — fixed Stars nearthe Southern Pole, and out of our Horizon: which no one, that he knoweth, hath, with proper Inítruments, - before undertaken. What Frederick Houtman's Inftruments. | were, by whofe Obfervations in Sumatra, Blaeu pretended to. — corre& his Celeftial Globe, our Author knows not ; bur faith, — That by comparing that Globe with this his prefent Catalogue, -— (1633) it appeareth he underftood little of A(tronomy. Which confi- dering,and being alfo approved and encouraged by divers per- fons of much Worth and Honour,as ny Lord Brouscker,Sir Fo- feph Williamfon,Sit Fonas Moore,and others, & even by theKing alfo, he thereupon furnifhed himfelf with fach Inftrumenis as were neceffary for his purpofe : which he particularly mentis ons and defcribes. Of thefe, he faith, he made the utmoft and moft affiduous ufe that could be, ina place of fo thick and . cloudy a Sky, as that of St. Helena, contrary to common re- port, prov'd tobe ; having reftored about 350 fixed Stars, which were omitted in Catalogo Tychonico, The places where of he prefumeth he hath truly affigned, takingin, or not with- out refpect to, the places of fome of the Stars in the foremen- tioned Catalogue; in which the Obliquity of the Ecliptick is . fuppofed to be 23 gr. 31 m, 30 f. which (faith our Author ) ismoft certainly too much. * Yet becaufe he defigned not a . corrediion of the wholeSphear and becaufe it appears not, as yet, within ha'f a minute, how great that Obliquity is; and that this his own Catalogue may be cafily reduced to any Obli- quity , hethought not fit to meddle with that. After the Preface, follow the Obíervations themfelves z wherein to his own, the Author hath added an ancient Cata- logue out of C/avius’s Commentaries Iz Spharam Fo. de Sacre- bofeo; and chat of Bartfchius 2 Tabulis. Kudolpbinis Kepleri: that being. compared with thefe his Obfervations, it might evi- dently appear how very much the Ancient Globes do almoft e= very where differ from the Heavens. From thefe Obfervations, as he proceeds, he alfo propofeth fome conjeGures of che corruptibility, or at leaft the mutability of the fixed. Stars. do n | | : Nextthere isa Table of the Right Afcenfions of the Sou- thern fixed Stars, and their Diftances from the Pole: For the ufeof Navigators. : Hereto is fübjoyned an Obfervation of Mercury by. our Au- . thor, fci. d us Merci Tranfitus [eb Solis Difco. OF. 28, Anno 1677. Cum Tentamine pro Solis Parallaxi. Of his conjectures here made about the Suns Parallaxis, in iu | : his La ! (1034) | 1 -hisaforefaid Preface, he faith, That were the. place of Mer- — -eury's Node once found, from this his Obfervation o6 Met ^N the Suns Parallaxis might bededuced, |. *Kivun ae Hereto are added , by our bod Moai quidam pene Geometrici pro Parallaxi Lana unifista Of which, thereare three propofed, Yetthe beft: way of - finding the fame (as the Author noteth in his Preface) would be, by comparing the Meridian Altitudes of the Moon, obferved- bothin St. Helesaand in Europe at the fame time. _ The concluding Chapter is entitled, . | Quadam Lunaris Theorie Emendationem fpeitamia. Wherein itis (asis noted in the faid Preface ) that Aftro- nomy is at prefent moft of all defe&ive, And that the difco- very hereof would lead us to the moft exa& way of ingen the Pontio of T | rid | LONDON, + Printed for John Martyn Printer to the Royal Society. 1679. E ( 1035) Numb. 142; PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS For the Months of December, Fannary, and Febrnary, 1678. The Contents. Anatomical Obfervations of an Abfce(s inthe Liver, &c. Of four Ureters, &c. in an Infant, Observations Di. Anthonii Leewenhoeck, de prognatis & Semine genitali Animalcu- lis, &c. The Art of Refining, An Account of the Englifh Allum-Works. Of tbe Englith Greez-Copperas-Work&s. Of the Salt Waters of Droytwich 4s Worcefterfhire. The Defeription, Culture and u[e of eMaiz. An Account of the manner of making Malt iz Scotland. dw Account of « Book written lately by Sir George Ent, entitled ‘avndarece five Animadverfiones, &c. | Anatomical Obfervations of am Ab[ce[s in the Liver; a great number of Stones in the Gail- Bag and Bilious veffels; an ua- u[ual Conformation of the Emulgents amd Pelvis; 4 flrange Conjunttion of both Kidneys; and great dilatation of the Vena Cava, communicated by Edw, Tyfon 4. M. and M.S. Oxon. . He Anatomie of morbid Bodies, as Dr. Harvey hath ob- : ^. ferved, is moft inftruGive ; thereby we are acquainted | not only with the many Caufes tbat opprefs Nature, but | likewife with the Liberty fhe often takes in forming the parts different from her ufüal Rules our prefent fübje& affords | both. For on September 14th. 1678. opening the Body of a | Reverend'and worthy Clergy-man of this City (where were Dedi 6u prefent | (1036) : prefent likewife Dr. Paget, Dr. eJMorton , Dr. Wittie, Dr. Darel, &c.) weobferved the Liver to be very large and faft- ned to the Diaphragw wore then ufually ; the Colon fo firmly joyned to the Liver near the Gall-Bladder, that I could not feparate it without [ncifion. The Gibbous part ofthe Liver towards the right fide, appeared difcoloured, where making an Incifion there plentifully iffued out a perfe& Pus, very fetid ; as likewife there did from.a wound | made in its Ca- - vous part near the Fiffure. This purulent Matter I found not contained in any particular Cyffjs or Bag, but infeveral Szzus's in that part of the Liver 5 whereas the other parts feemed found and well coloured. Nor did I meet with any where any Tubercules, Glandules, or Schirrhus, This Abfcefs may well be prefumed the Caufe of: that lurk- ing Feaver that took off tbe Patient ; he labouring: under it about fix weeks, yet without much Complaints of ficknefs, | but troubled withirregular heats, yet fometimes fuch as were Anperceptible to himfelf: twice orthrice, but at great diftan- ces, he had paroxyfins of Chill fits like an Intermittent Fea- vor, but fucha fetor and drynefsin his Throat as proved ob- ftinate to all Medicines. His approaching Death was attend- ed with other fymprtoms that ufually follow the affe&ion of the . Brain and Genus Nervofum, Formerly he had been often fubje& to the Yellow Jaundice; and ’cis well worth the en- quiry, why at prefent nothing thereof appeared? fince the Gall Bladder wasnot only filled and crammed with Stones, but likewife the Meatus Cyfticus and Dudtus Communis even to the Duodenum, were very much extended with them, as like- wife in the Poras Bzlarins | met with feveral {mall ones, There wasno fluid Gal! contained in the Bladder, but fome that was . foft, of a deep yellow Ochre colour that filled up the Inter- ftices of theStones. Thefe Stones were of a various bignefs, from that of.a large Nut,or Nurmeg,to a Pepper-corp: their co: lour was of a darkifh yellow Ochre, although in fome there ap-. peared Lamina of a browner colour: to the touch,whena little dry,they feemed foapy ; their weight was light,and their fcent very fetid, refembling that of the purulent matter in the Li-. ver. Their.confiftence was friable.; their figure for the moft: part Triangular, or inclining, to.that figure, but. all Angu2 lar; that (ide towards the Gall Bag was protuberant and con- vex, \ ee ee A M o ^ | (1037) vex, the other two fides were flat;fo that having the leffer Angle towards the Center of the Cavity of the Gall Bag, like fo many - wedges, they more compleatly filled it: I numbred 1 think abovethirty. | ig ..— Whether theirTriangular figure be from the (hooting of any Salts inthe Gall, orfromany other Caufes, tis hard to deter- mines But { do fuppofe ’twill be found that they ufually . affe& thisfigure; asinfomeotbers I have by me, taken out of. the Gall-Bladder of a Woman at Oxon fome years ago, do. more plainly appear, which are alfo light, do feel foapy, confift of Lamize,are of a whitifh colour, not ill fcented . as the former, and of a triangular figure, | . Our enquiry thus far had informed us of the Caufe of the Patients Death, as wellas of his former illnefs, and frequent difpofigon to theJaundice. But profecuting our fearch we were more furprifed, to obferve the unufual ftru&ureand con- .jun&ion of both Kidneys, the Parenchyma of the one being continued over the Spize unto the other, fo that they both made but one continued femilupary Body. This although rare, yet hath been fometimes obferved by fermer Authors, Schenckius mentioneth fromCa[per.Wolphius that Rondeletius fov-.— merly obferved but one Kidney in an Humane Body, qui forma | Lunari erat, ambo nimirum fimul conjuncti, Cafpar Baubinus in his Theatr. Anatom, hath given a figureof fuch a Kidney. — But that which Bartholin defcribes in Hit. Amatom.Cent.2.. Hifi. — 77.comes much nearer our fübjedt,although in fevera! particu- lars different, as will appear by his- Cut there, or as tis ad- ded by Bisfius in his Appendix to BeZgus, de fiructura c wir Renum, ! | The Kidneys here were large , that part that conjoyneth them and lay over the Spize, was fomething leffer then the true Kidney's,and in its outward Tunicle or Membrane had three feams, although that Parenxchyma inwardly feemed not to ob — ferve füch adivifion, but was the fame with the fubftance of ~ the Kidaey's. The Emulgent veffels were very numerous ; for befides two larger veins that were fubdivided into feveral leffer ramifications, there were divers other that were fingle, even to their infertion into the Vewa Gava, The middle Part likewife by which both Kidneys were conjoyned was plen- 6U 2 tifully | (1038) tifully provided with Blood veffels, for it received from the Morta two Arteries, which before their infertion, were each fubdivided into three branches ; and it fent out two veins, - which being joyned afterward into one, entered the Veza . Cava. — Befides at the Seam at the lower pare of the left Kidney, it had a Vein and Artery, which afterwards inferted themfelves into the //;«c branches of the orta and Cava, fo. - that Nature though erring from her wonted Rule in forming this part, yet was provident in furnifhing it with Veffels. ' But to the whole Compages of the Kidney's, there be- longed only two Ureters,but the great dilatation of the Pelvis in each was remarkable ; for that of the left Kidney when blown up, was larger then it is reprefented in the figure,and had atriple origination; The right had buta fingle one and was lef. | Whether this Conformation and ftru&ure of the Kidney’s and its Veffels were of much inconvenience to the Patient, I fhall not define; butam apt to think,that it might occafion as well the great dilatation of the Vena Cava, as alfo of the Pelvis: for the middle part conjoyning both the Kidneys lying over the Vena Cava, by its weight preffing thereon, would hinder the free return of the Blood, which yet would make room for its | felf, by enlargingits own Channel, which was fo capacious as "0 contain three or four of my fingers. So likewife the Wre- cers running over that part that conjoyns the Kidneys like ftrings over the Bridge ofa Viol, infome Pofition of the Body they might have their paffage fo ftreightned, that the Urin be- .ng impeded and regurgitating , might fwell and ftretch the Membrane of the Pe/vis to this greatnefs. The Explication of Fig, 1. Tabi. A The ri ne | B, The left Kidney , : €. Themiddle part conjoyning both Kidneys. - 4. e, f. Three feams in the Tunicle of the Kidneys, G. The. Arteria Aorta, dt eoe bb, Two Arteries from the Aorta which afterwards are ramified into three, and fo inferted into the faid middle part. | | I The | : (1039) J. The Vena Cava; KK. Two Veins arifing from the middle part which uniting into one, entred the Vena Cava, — L. M. A Vein and Artery arifing at the Seam Cf.) which at laít are both inferted into the l//ac branches of the Aorta and Vena Cava, N.N. The Emulgent Artery of both Kidneys, whofe rami- fications are not here reprefented, O.O. The Emulgent Veins; ; whereof fome are fingle, others varioufly ramified, P. P. Pelvis of both Kidneys, that of the left was extream large. AR. The two Vr eters. Aa Anatomical Observation of four Uretersin an Infant, and fome remarks om the Glandule Renales, made by tbe fame dnpénious Perfor. Aving in the former Obfervation given fome remarks of the unufual Stru&ure of che Kidneys, the Emulgent - Veins and Pelvis ; J fhall here add what occurred to me da 23d. 1679. upon the opening the Body of an Infant, relating to thofe parts, particularly of the Ureters ; which here I found double to both Kidneys, their Origination from the Kidneys being at fome diftance from each other ; but afterwards both of the fame fide were inclofed in a Capfula or Membrane even to the Bladder, where thofe of the right fide were inferted fe- verally, yet near each other, but on the left they feemed to enter at the fame Orifice. I have given a Cut of the right Kidney and of both the Glandule Renales, as well to fhew rheir juft magnitude and figure (as they appeared in this Body) as alfo their proportion to each other. As far as I have hitherto obferved, the Glasduwle Rezales in Embryo's and Infants are greater, at leaft proportionably,then im Adultis. They have a large Cavity, which by blowing into then I found emptied themfelves into two Veins ; whereof the right im- mediately paffed into the Vena Geva, the left into the Emul- gent : befides thefe they had other xs ones from theneigh- ils Veffels, Exp. "IcAt fO (1040) Explication of Fig. 2, Tab. Lo 4. The right Kidney, whofe fuper fees to be ariouly divided, B. The Emulgent Vein. C, The Emulgent Artery, | d, d. Two Ureters belonging to this Kidney, Fe 2. Reprefents the two Ureters of the left Kidney, Be a little below the Kidney are both inclofed ina common Gap- fula or Cafe, and fo continued to the Bladder. ) Fig. 4. Reprefents the Glandule Renales, A. The Glandula Renalis of the right fide. B,—— that of the left fide. C. The Vena Cava, d. A vein or ductus opening from the cavity of this Gland and entering. the Vewa Cava, €. AVein from the left Glazdula Renalis,and is inferted into a branch of the left Emulgent. ee i m Obfervationes D. Anthonii Lewenhoeck. de Natis é femine genitali Animalculis. E "n Auctoris barum Tranfattionum Refonfi. Obf ervatoris Epiftola Hoi D.D. cea Brouncker, | Latiné confcripta; Dat. Nov, 1677. quam ipfiffimis buc tranfinifmiffis veibis inferendam Audor Ceptany. = | Nobiliffin Vir, eb eich we Ltime ad Veflram Nobilitatems die ibn. preteriti | menfis decimo fexto, quamvis jam Nob. Vefira utiliffima negotia mou ipterrumpere, anino propofueram, sing tae certo ‘fcirem SS mem NY Aa 1 CTaC. y IS SINN ROGET Nise S al (1641) | feirem quis mibi in futuram adeundus ; Tempus tamen otio terere. dm tantum nequivi, quim fequentia nature miracula. Nob, veftra tran[mittam, firma fpefretus ruppnotay banc, Nobilitatem Veftram in bonam partem accepturam. = = | s Poffquam Exc. Dominus Profeffor Cranen, mévifitatione fua fepius bonorarat literis rogavit, Domino Ham cognato fao, quafdam obfervationum mearum videndas darem. Hie Dominus dam me fecundoinvifens,fecum in laguncula vitrea femenviri,Gonorrhed aborantis, fponte deflillatum, attulit, dicens , fe poft paucilfienas temporis minutas ( cum materiaillajam intantum effet refoluta, ptfiflule vitree tmmitti polJet) animalcula viva in eo ebferva[Je, que catidata, Cv ultra 2.4, horas uon viventiajudicabat : Idem re- ferebat. fennimalcula obfervalle mortua poft. fumtam ab eproto Ferebinthinam. |. Materiam praditam fifiule vitere immilfam prafente Domino Ham, obfervavi, qua[damque in ea creaturas viventess at poft decur [um 2 aut 3 horarwm,eandem [olus matert- am obfervans, mortuas vidis > VEO Pine ov s Eandem materiam (femen virile) non egrotà. alicujus, non diuturaa confervalione corruptam vel pofl aliquot momenta fluidi- orem (actam, fed {ant Viri flatimpofl egecfionernne interlabentibus quidem fex arterie pulfibus, fepiufcule obfervavi,tantamaue in ea viventium animalculovum multitudinem vidi, ut interdum plura quam 1600. in magnitudine arene fefe moverent, Non intoto femine, fed in materia fluida craffiori adberente, ingentem illans animalculorum multitudinem olfervavt y in erafftori vero feminis materia, quafi fine motu jacebant, quod inde provenire mibi ima- ginabar, quod materia illa eva[Ja ex tam variis cobareat partibus ut animalcula in ea [e movere ncquirent. — e Minima globuli fan- guini ruborem adferentibus bac animacula erapt : ut judicem millena millia arenam grandiorem magnitudine mon equatura, Corpora eorum rotunda, anteriora obtufa, posteriora ferme in acu- leum definentia babebant ; canda tenui longitudine corpus quin- quits: fexiefve excedente, € pellucida; crafitiem uero ad 25. partem: corporis: habente. pradita erant, ades ut ea quoad figuram cum cyclaminis minoribus longam caudam babentibus optime com- parare queam: Motu cauda ferpentino, aut ut anguille im aqua natantis progrediebantur, in materia vero aliquautulum craffiort, caudam octies deciefve quidem evibrabant, antequam latitudi, nem capilli procedebant. Interdum mihi imaginabar, wmeinterno- s foere polfe ad buc varias in eorpore borum auimalculorum parte: , TALUS PANE quia. | (1042) quia vero continuo eas videre nequibam , de tis tacebo. His anitmalculis minora adhue animalcula, quibus non mifi globuli figu- ram attribuere po[Jum, permifla erant. xe - Memini me ante tres vel quatuor annos,rogatu DominiOlden- ‘burg B.M. femen virile obferva[Je, c preditta animalcula pro &lobulis babui[Je fed quia faftidiebam ab ulteriori inquifitione e magis quidem a defcriptiome, tum temporis eam omift. Et que adbuc obfervo ea funt, qua ab(que nlla mei peccaminofa coin- quinatione, natura pofl coitum conjugalem relinquit: e$ fiveffra ANobilitas judicet bac vel naufeam,vel (candalum eruditis paritu- va, {ubmixe rogo Nobilitas Veffra fibi [oli refervet, e ubi conful- tur ducit vel promat vel fupprimat. Jam quod ad partes ipfas, ex quibus cra[Jam feminis materiam, quoad majorem (ui partem confiftere faepius cum admiratione obfer- Vault, ea funt tam varia ac reulta omnis generis magua ac parva vaa, ut nullus dubitem ea e[[e nervos, arterias venas : imo in tanta multitudine bac vafa vidi,ut credam mein nnica feminis gut- ta plura obferva[Je quam A natomico per integrum diem fubjectum aliquod fecanti, occurrunt. Quibus vifis firmiter credebam nnllo 45 corpore bumano, jam formatos € vafa que in femine virili bene confittuto, momreperiantur. —— | fait: Semel mihi imaginabar me videre figuram quamdam, ad mag- nitudinem arena quam interna cuidam corporis noflri parti compa- rarepoterazm. Cum materia bec per momenta quedam aéri fuifJet expofita, predidta vafum multitudo in aquofam.magnis oleaginofis globulis permiflam, materiam mutabatur 2 quales globules inter -— medulle (pinalis vafa interjacere antehac dixi, | Htfce oleaginofis globulis. vilis mibi imaginabar , quod foram fuerint vafa con- vehendts (piritibus animalibus in[ervientia : eaque ex tam molli confiftere materia, ut, intermittente bumoris vel fpárituum ani- malium transfluxu, illico inglobulos oleaginofos diver [e magnitus dinis coale[cants pracipuo cum aéri exponuntur, Ee sum pra- dicla materia paucillum temporis fleterat, in €a obfervabantur tri- laterales figure ab ntraque parte in aculeum definentes ,. quibn[- dam longitudo minutifsima arena, aliqua aliquantulum majores, AQ 6 0 ut fig, A. Prateres, adeo nitida ac pellucide, ac fs | eryflalline fui[Jent. FEM | Hec [unt ser Nobilif me Vir, que NobilitatiVeftra;reliquogue, eruditorum. aguini Pbilojophorum communicare ica am d i . | NbNIXÉ (1043) | Subnixt rogans Nobilitas Veftra velit acceptas bas. vefponfo fig- | mificare: interim pofl oblationem omnis generis fervitiorum man- feres, | ! Nobilitati Veftre addictiffimus, & fubfignaverat | ANTHONIIS LEWENHOECK, Audoris ad Obfervatorem R efpoafum, SCIEN, ! Oluit Honoratifs. Vice Comes Brounckerus Te certum fa- ciam, Se tuas Literas Nov. dates , extifque band me- diocrem delectationem, aceepi[[e, QDualem exc earum lectione me ipfum etiam, affeciffe agnofco. Proponerem, Domine, fi non dz[plicuerit eafAem Obfervationes in femine Brutorum, ut Canum, Equorum, aliorumque, tentandas. Ea ratione, wt non folum quas feci/ti ab omni pofl bac dubio melius vindices : verum etiam, fi qua Animalculorum,vel quoad numerum, vel etiam figuram effet differentia, tue fagact invefligationt innotefceret, Quod ad Vala attinet, que Tibi (a/tem videris in parte femi- | siscra[ftoriob[erva[Je ; herere me dubium non diffiteor. Quip- pe cum non videam, quor[um Natura ifliufmodi Vala fabricaf- fet. Omnino enim negat nofter Harvejus (lth. de Generatione Animal.) fe utiquam in Utero flatim à Goitu dilecto, femen mari invenilfe. Et Dodiff de Graff.(lib.de partibus Famin, Gener, ' dicatis ) audacter, e quantum ex propriis Obfervuattonibus tatel- ligo,rettiffime afferuit, Quod Teftres Femines [int bina Ovaria; in quorum aliquo Ove maxim maturo," per Tubam Fallopianam in Uterum illapfo, Fetus efformatur. | Adeo at Semen Maris wibilaliud fit, qusm Vebiculume Spiritis cujufaan fumme volatt- lis ac anirnalis,€&* conceptiont, i.e. Qvo Faemineo contatti um vi- talem imprimentis. | | Quare, e» que Tibi videbatur Vaforum congeries, fortaffis, Semina fant quedam filamenta,haud organicé confirnica, fed dum permeárunt Vala Generationi infervientia, in ifliu[modi figuram Elongata. Non diffimilt modo, ac fepius notatus fam [alivam £raffiorem, ex Glandularum Faucium foraminibus editam, quafi convolutis. fibrilis conflantem... ue. de his ulterius experiri Gen qravatus fueris, avido [pero mz ac cepzurum. Vales Dat, Lond, c4 Jan. 167;. | | | X : Obfervatoris vB uu c "» e Obfervatoris “‘prawitlis Literis Refponfi. Dat. Mart. 18, 2j. . & Teutonice confcripti, Capitula. | Te rogatum efl, ut Obfervationes meas t Semine etiam C Brutorum de[umptas &à repetitas tran[mittam, c8 - Siquando Canes cocunt, Marem à Famina ftatim feponas, ma- teria quedam tennis t aguofa,( Lymphaafpermaticam intel!igit). ? Pene folet paulatim exflilare. Hane materiam numprofiffimis Animalculis répletars aliquoties vidi ; eórum magnituldine,que in Semine Virili confpiciumtur. Quibus particule globulares aliquot quinquagies majores permifcebantur. EUN Dod nd Va[orumáin craffteri Seminis Virilis portione [peHa- biliam Obfervationem attinet, denuo non femeliteratam, faltem. sibimet ipft comproba[Je videor. — Meque omnino per [uafurm ha- beo, Cunttuli, Canis, Felis Arterias Venafve fui[Je 2 periti[Jimo Anatomito baud wrquam magis per[picu? obfervatas , quam mibi — Wafa in Semine Virili, epe per[picillz, in con[pectum venere. — Ohm mibi predifa Vafa primum innotuere, Statim: etiam Pituitam, tum cy falivam Per(pictllo applicavi, — Verum hic mi- | sime exi[lentia Animalia fruftra qua fivi. | A Cuniculorum colts, Lympha [permatice guttulam unam c al- seram? Famella extillantem examini fubjeci ubi Animalia grad.clorum fimilia, fed longe pautlra comparuere, Globuli item quam plurimi, plerique magnitudine Animalium, iifdempermifte (ust. | ERA Horum Animalium aliquot etiam Delincationes tran[mifi, Figura Y. exprimit eorum aliquod vivum, (in Semine Cunicu-- loramarbitror) eaque forma quà videbatur, dum afpictentem me werfus tendit.ABC. Gapitulum cuta Trunco indicant. cD: e ja [devs Caudam. Quam, pariter ut [usn Anguilla, inter natandum. wibrat.’ Horuvi milena millia, quantum. conjetfare eff, Are-- aule majoris molem vix fuperant. Fig. 2,3, 4. [unt ejufdem ge: neri Animalia, fed jam emortua, e d i: Fig. 5, delintatur vivum Animalculum, quemadmodum, in Semine Canino, [efe aliquoties mibi attentius intuenti exhibuit. EFG. Caput cum Traneo ipdigitant: GH. eju[dem Caudam. Fig. 6,7,8. alia funt in Semine Canino, que motu C vita privantur, Qualium, etiam vivortm,mumertm ado ingentem vidi ut judica- vem, portionem Lympha [permatice Arenule medigcri refponden- tem, eorum, ut minimum, decenamillia contivere, . | x a, NIRE (1045) Ex aliis Obfervatoris Literis, Dat. Maii 31. 28. etiam Teu-- tonicé confcriptis, aliquot huc fpe@antia excerpta, QEminis Canini tantillum. Microfcopte applicatum iterum cons contemplatus. [um y incoque antea defcripta Animalia nume- rofilfsima confpexi. Aqua pluvialis pari quantitate adjecta, üf- dem confeftim mortem accer fit, | Ejufdem Seminis Ganini portiunculá in vitreo Tubulo uncie partem duodecimalem craffo fervat. (ex c triginta horarum fpatio €ostenta Animaliavita deflituta pleraque, reliqua moribunda vi- debamtur. 0 i | - Quo de Vaforum in Semine Genitali exiflentia magis sonfiaret, delineationem eorum aliqualem mitto y ut in Fig. ABCDE. Qui- bus literis circum[ceriptum fpatium arenulam modiocrem vix [upe- ead TU | | | De Vafis, quoniam 4s&or dubiis, ex Obfervationibus Anato- micisoriundis, quarum antea eX parte meminit, Immora- turs ideo fequentia regerenda judicavit. — — Que videntur Vafa five partes Organice C Tubulares, revera feminis cocti ey coagulati filamentavifcefae Vafis Tefliculo- zum propriis ejaculata judicamus. Quorfam antem Va[a, ft Fami- ze Ova hac [uppeditent ? Et f¢ Ova Gallinacea, quidni & Muliebria ? Atqui muliebria, ubi, inquis , inventa funt? In ^ Ovariiss Que, iae ipfulfe Tefticula nuncupantur, vel exinde- petet, quod Vala duntaxat. f[angminea, nulla fibi propria obtineant, E contra, Ovarta quam appofite? utpote Ovorum, feu veficula- zum, Lympha vi[cefa, inflar Albuminis Ovi, dtflentarum, du plex congeries, — Adeo autem pertinaciter fibi invicem adberent, quid immature con[piciautur. - Quin neque vel Avitm Ova, prius quam matura, ab(que violenta divulfione ab Ovario /ol- vusiur. Pariter ut videmus Glandes Nucefue Avellanas adhuc minufcnlas, caliculis fuis firma continuttate infixas teneri: qua tamen aftive tempore, tadiuexcutinntur molliffime, — Deinde, fi Filicula iffa vifcofa, qua pro Vafis oftendisvere talia fint ut [uper- viacanea e[fent, ita: etiane Generationt prorfus inepta. 4dto enint — intranftn e Mari in Feneinam ieplicarentur (quod etam offén- dust a Te-exarate figura) wt Natura longe facilins opus moliretur 1 6X2 exiruendo (1046) iub nova Vala quam hac, fi Vafa, im ordinem regularem d generationt idoneam reflituesido, _ Obfervatioues demum. quas y: ran [attiomibus proxime editis & edendis ( Num. 139. 140 ) - inferui,altera de Fatu non matris in utero fed. Abdomineinvento, altera de Tefliculo f. potius Ovario eire pnttierís Hydro rem omni dubio fet fin extricabunt. the Ar! of Refining, ri ynicat i d Dr. Chibóptr Merrit. He end hereof, is the fe eparation of all otherBodi ies From Gold and Silver ;. which is performed four ways, «zz. By Parting, by the T eft by the Almond Furnace or the. Sweep, and by Mercury, — . PARTING is done with Aqua voip which the Refiners make thus, E» Salt Peter ibiii. Dantzick Vitriol ibii,. Let them be well bruifed and mixed in a Morter and iln put into a Lezg-zeck, which is an Earthen Veffel fo named from its Figure, Then fix or.eight of thefe Long necks thus filled, are placed. in each fide of their Furnace, on a Range buile with Iron Barrs, of the form of a parable, at above nine Inches diftance one from another, and clofed at the fides - with Bricks. The upper Arches are left open to put inand takeout the Pots, Over the faid Arches they lay large Bars of Iron, and then cover all the top of the Furnace with Lome, the Body of each Long-neck lying naked to the Fire, theNeck outward; to which the Receivers, whether of Glafs or ers man Pots, are well Luted, Note that ifthe Vitriol be not Dantzick, which is ids: wit h Coppers but Ezg//b , whch is made with cld Tron; the Water will be weaker, and make-a dirty coloured Verditer,: and wholly fpoile its befides, the Silver will not gather fo - well to the Copper after di(Tolution , and thereby becomes black. . Their Luteis made of good Lome, fome Horfe Dung, and a little Colcotbar ; although the two former. do-well,. The dus being well labour’d and applyed, they make a gentle Charcoal. fire under. the Pots, for three hours, and then in- creafe it for three hours more : about the feventh hour, they. make a vehement hot Fire for four hours, and caft inat laít well dried Billets of the length c of the Furnace, whofe flaine. fur- (1047) | futrómndeth all the Pots, and finifheth cherir Work. The mext morning they carefully feparate the Receivers from the Long-necks. Ufually performing this Work Bu OME in 24. hours, fometimes twice. Some Refiners diftill rooth. of the materials put intoa Caft. — Iron-Pots which isthe beft way, efpecially being perfomed after this late(tInvention,v7z. — Build a Furnace two yards high or more; andat the top: - placein your Iron-Pot. To which fit a Head of Earth, like . the Head of a large Diftillatory for Chymical Oyls, which . muft have a largebelly, branching it fe;f, about eight inches from the Iron Por, into three Branches: one whereof in the midít, comes diredily ftreight forwards, two other lateral ones obliquely : all whicn Branches are four or five Inches hollow in diameter, and fiveor fix long. | To thefe Branches are fit- ed Glafs Bodies, narrow and hollow at both ends, large and globous in themidfr. Thefe muft beexceedingly well luted on with Coleotbar, Rags, Flower and Whites of Eggs. To this Grit Glaf;-Body is Juted on another Glafs, of the fame figure and fize, and in order eight aiikeinall, dili tbey come to the Receiver, which is an ordinary Gallon Glafs. All thefe Rowes of Glaffes lye on boards fhelv:ng from the Head tothe Receiver. The twoupper Receivers or Glafs- Bodies need exceeding good Luting, forthe reft ordinary Lute will ferve. The conveniency of this way is, that a little Fire, and that of New Caftle.Coals, wil] do the work, you fave a Long- neck for each five pounds of materials, and you need never "break or un'ute any of the Receivers, but the lowermoft. The Agua fortis being diflilled off, is puc into a large Earth- en Pot, and there is added of fine Silver, one or two peny weight (which is called exes} to every pound of //444 fortis , which within four hours will purge it from all dirt and impurity, and make it fit for Parting, w ge is thus done. If their Silver guilt be fine enough for Wire, they ónly melt it in a Wind-fürnace,and caft it melted intoa large Tub of water, that they may haveitin finall pieces. But if it be but /fand- _ 4rd, they firft fine it on the Te(. Thefe finall pieces taken from the water, being welldryed, are put into a Glafs taper- nno fafhion (1048) fafhion, a foot high, and feven inches at the bottom ; and then the Glaffes are charged with Aqua fortis abont two thirds of it, and fet in a Range of Iron covered two inches deep with Sand, and a gentle Charcoal fire madeunder it. isan il bibles will foonasife, and the water alfo runover, Tf fo, they take off the Glaffes, and hold them, till it doch defervefcere, or eife pour fame of ic into a Veffel which isat band, If Lead be mixed with i it, they cannot keep it from running over. When rhe Water hath oncebeen quieted, from this Ebullis tion, it will rife no more. The greennefs of the Water, thanifeftach the quantity of "Copper contained init. if che water boil over, 'twill penetrate the Bricks and ‘Wood. They commonly let it ftand a night on the Iron Range, witha gentle heat under it, and in the morning fofily pour off the water impregnated with all the Silver; all the Gold ly.ing, like black dirt, at the bottom, which being wafhed out is put into finall Parring-Glaffes, and fet over the Sand ^ with fair Conduit- water for an hour, and then the water poured off. This is repeated five or fix times,to feperate the Salt from the Gold, which is now fit to be melted,and Caft into an Ingot. To regain the Silver they have large round Wafhing. Bowls, lined within with melted Rofin and Pitch (for other- wife the Water would eat the Wood and penetrate the fides of the Bowl) covered with Copper Plates ten inches long, fix. wide, and halformore thick. Into which Bowles they pour good ftore of water (the more, the better the Verditer) and then the Silver-water: which working on the fofter Meta! of Copper, leaves all the Silver in molt fine Sand at the bottom, and fides of the Bowl and Plates of Copper; which being ta- ken out, is wafhed, dryed and melted for.any ufe; Concerning the Plates *tis obfervable, That if any Brafsor. fhroffe Metal be in them; they gather very little ofthe Silver, the latter mixing with the Silver, as'twas proved at the Tower by a Finer queftioned for his Silver. With the Copper- Water poured off from the Silver, and. Whiting, Verditer is made thus, They put into a Tub a. hundred E we ws a cw m (RO Uy hundred pound weight of Whiting, and thereon poure the - Copper-Water, and ftir them together every day, for fome hourstogether, And when the Water grows pale, they take itour, and fet it by for further uíe, and pour on more of the Green-Water,and fo continue till the Verdter be made, Which being taken out, is laid on large pieces of Chalk in the Sun, till. it bedry for ihe Market. The Water mention to be taken from the Verditer is put in. to a Copper, and boil’d till it comes to the thicknefs of Water gruel, now principally confifting of Salt Petre reduced (moft of the Spirit of Vitriol being gone with the Copper into the Verditer.) Adifh full whereof being put into the other Ma-- terials, for Aqua fortis, is rediftill’d, and makes a double-wa ter, almoft twice a: goo6, as that without i it, and fold for neer a double value, 4 COME oext to the fecond way of Refining, fi. by the TEST. Thisífeperates all Metals from Silver, except Gold, | becaufe they fwim over it, wben they are all melted together. The Teff is thus made. They have an [ron Mould, oval, and twoinches deep, At thebottom hereof, are three Arches of Iron fet at equal diftances, two fingers wide, if the great di- ameter of it be fourteen inches long; and fo propoitionably in greateror leffer Teffs, — This cavity they fill with fine powder of Bone-afhes,moiftn- ed with Lixivinm made with Soap-afhes, Some ufe Cakes of Pot afhes or other Afhes well cleanfed, and fo preffed well co- gether with a Muller, that it becomes very clofe and fmooth at theeop.. ..— There is left abovea Cavity in the midft of it, to contain the melted Silver. This Cavity is made greatelt in the middle ; for | the Bone- Afhes come up parallel to the. circumference 33 the Mould; only a finall Channel in that end, which is moft remote from the blatt,for the running off of the bafer Metals, and fo is made declive to the centre ‘Of the Teft, where cis not above half an inch deep. The Teff chus made, is fet annealing 24. hours, and then it is fit forufe, inthis manner. ’Tis fet ina Chimney a yard high, parallel almoft to the Nofe of a great pair of Bellows, and then therein is put the Silver, Which being covered all over with us of barqued Oak, the blaft beginsa nd continues all the while (1650) while AS pen The Lead purified from all "o (which they call the Soap of Metals) firft put in, melts dover with the - Silver, and then the Lead and Copper f wim at the top, and run over the Tef?. Whofe motion the Finer helps with a long Rod of [ron drawn along the furface of the Silver towards the fore- mentioned flit, and often ftirringall the Metal, that the im- purer may the better rife: and by continuing this courfe, fe- eration is made intwo or three hours. The greateft part of the Lead fliesaway infinoak. — . If the Lead be gone before alithe Copper, ‘twill rife in fmall ed firy bubbles ; and then they fay, the Metal Drives, and muft add more Lead. The force of the blaft drives the higher Metals to the lower fide of the Tef, and helps its run- ing over, W hen the Silver is full y fined, it looks like moft pure Quick- filver; and then they take offtheir fogs and let it coole. Inthe cooling, the Silver will frequently from the middle fpring up in fina! Rayes and fall down again. If moift Silver be put into that which is meited, "twill fpring into the fire; A good Teft will ferve two or three firings. | So foon as the Silver will hold together, they take it out of the Te/?, and beat it onan Anvile into a round figure, for the Melting Pot: which being (et in a Wind- Farnace,furrounded "with Coal, and covered with antron Cap, that no ‘Charcoal fall into it, is then melted. If any Drofs or filth be in the Melting-Por, they throw in — fome Tincal, which gathers the drofs together that it qu be feparated from ir. . Thefe Me:ting- Pots are never burned, butonly ded. and will lafta whole dav, if they benot fuffered to cool: buc if they once cool, they infallibly crack. NEXT IS tte ALMOND-FURNAGE or Sweep: Here are feparated all forts of Metals from Cinders, parts of Me’ - ing. Pots, Tefts, Brick, and all other harder bodies; which muft be firft beaten into fmall pieces with aoingue r, and an Iron s P'ate 3, and?tis one mans work. Thofe which (tick but valium to thei Gir. they wath off thus ; they have a Wooden round Inítrument two foot wide, fomewbat hollow inthe middle, witha handle on each fide.’ On this they put the Materials, and hold them ina Tub P ——— c — —M € ——-— —— — (10518) of Water below the fürface, and fo waving it to and fro, all the lighter and loofer matter is feparated from the Metal. The Furnace is fix feet high, four feet wide, and two feet thick. Made of Brick; having a hole in the midít of the top eight inches over, growing narrower towards the bot- - tom of it, where, on the fore part, it ends in a {mall hole, environed witha femicircle of Iron to keep the molten Metal. About the middle of the Back, there is another hole to receive the Nofeof a great pair of Bellows, requiring continually the ftrength of two lufty men. | The night before they begin, Charcoal is kindled in the Furnace to Anneal it : and when it is hot, they throw two or three fhovels of Coal, to one of the forementioned Stuffand fo proceed during the whole Work,making ffratum fuper flratum of oneand the other, After eight or ten hours the Metal be- gins to run; and when the Receiver below is pretty full, they lade it out with an Iron Ladle, and caft it into Sows in Cavities or Forms made with Afhes. They frequently ftop the paffage-hole with Cinders to keep in the heat; and when they think a quantity of Metal is mel- ted, they unftop the hole to pafs it off. If the Stuff be hard to flux, they throw in fome flag (which is the Recrement of Iron) to giveitfufion, Their Irons melt away apace, wherewith they proak out the Cinders from the hole. | . A ftinking blue fmoak proceeds from. the Furnace, and al! by-itanders put on the colour of dead men, The workmen muft be well lined with O yl, Sack,Strong Beer,and goodVidu- als: for the Work continues three days and nights without intermiffion, ufing no other variety, than above faid. . " Alarge Cavity will be madeinthe Furnace: for the Me- tals or the Fire, or both together corrode and wear the great- eft part of the bricks away. | To get theSilver from thefe Metals, they now ufe no other _ Art, than that of the Teff. To Refine their Copper from the Litharge, they formerly laid their Ingots of Lead and Copper on Loggs of Wood fired, which would eafily melt down the Lead or Tinn, and fo leave the Copper full of holes wherein the Lead had been lodged. But now they commit this work alfo to the Teff. 6 Y The (1052) THE LAST way of Separation is by Quick. fiver. And this - is for filings of fmall Workers aid Goldfmiths, wherein Gold and Silver are mixed with duft, ec. - This dufti is put into a Hand- mill with Quick-filver, and being continually turned upon that, and the Metals, an Amalgama is made of them, and fair water poured in, carrys off the duft as it rons out again - by.a fivall Quill.) — This Amalgama is put into an nIronwith a Bolt Head, fet in- to the fire, having a long Iron:neck three feet long, to which is fitted a Receiver, The fire diftils off the Mercury into the | Loc den the Gold and Silver remain in tlie Bolt Head. An Account of the Englith Alam-Works-, communicated by | Daniel Colwall E quire. A Tes is made of a Stone digged out of a Mine, of a Sea /-% weed, and Urine. — The Mine of Stone is found in moft of ifi Hills’ between Scarborough and the River of Tees inthe County of York, As alfo near Prefton im Lanca[bire. E is of ablewifh colour,and will clear like Cornifh-flate, That Mine which lies deep in the Earth, and is indifferent- ly, well moiftned with Springs, isthebeft, The dry Mine is not good, . And too much moifture, cankers and corrupts the Stone ; making’ ic Nitrous, In this Mine are found feveral Veines of Stone called Dog- gers 5 of the fame colour, but not fo good. Here are alfo found thofe which are common! y called Snake- flones, » "The. people have a Tradition, that the Country thereabouts being very much annoyed with Snakes, by the Prayers of St. Hilda there inhabiting, they were all turned in- to Stones, and bes no Snake hath ever fince been feen in chofe. | parts. Forthe more convenient working of the Mine, which fome times lies twenty. yards undera furface or Cap of Earth, (which muft be taken off and barrowed’ away) they begin their work on the declining of a Hill, where chey may alfo be well furni- fhed with Water. They digg down the Mine by ftages, to fave Carriages and. fo sibtawe it down neat the places: where they Calcine ity.” The (1053) The Mine, before it is Calcin'd being eXpofed to the Air, will moulder i in pleces, and yield a Liquor whereof Copperas may be made: but being Calcin'd, is fit for Alww. As iong as it continues in the Earth, or in Water, it remainsa hard Stone, .. Sometimes a Liquor will iffue out of the fide of the Mine, which by the heat of the Sun is turned into Natural 4/s2. The Mine is calcined with Cinders of Mew GaflleCoal, Wood and Furzes. .The Fire made about two feet and a half thick, two yards broad, and ten yardslong. Betwixt every Fire, are ftops made with wet Rubbifh ; fo «hat any one or more of them may be kindled, without prejudice to the reft. After there are 8.0r ro.yards thicknefs of broken Mine laid on this Fewel, and five or (ix of them fo covered: Then they begin to kindle the Fires: and as the Fires rife towards the tops they ftill lay onfrefh Mine. So that, to what height you can raife the Heap, which is oftentimes about twenty. yards, the Fires, without any further help of Fewell, will burn to the top, ftronger than at the fit kindling, fo long as any Sulphac remains in the Stones. In Calcining thefe Stones, the Wind many times doth hurt, by forcing the Fire in fome places too quickly through the Mine, leaving it black and half burnt ; and in others burning the Mine too much, leaving it Red. But where the Fire pat- feth foftly and of its own accord, it leaves the Mine white, which yields the beft and greateft quantity of Liquour, .. The Mine thus Calcin'd is put into Pits of Water, fuppor- ted with Frames of Wood, and rammed on all fides with anys about ten yards long, five yards broad,and five feet deep ; witha Current that curneth the Liquor into a Receptory, ase whence itis pumped into another Pit of Mine. So that every Pit of Liquor, before it comes to boyling, is pumped into four feveral Pits of Mine; and every Pit of Mine is fteeped in four feveral Liquours, before it be thrown away; the laft Pit being always frefh Mine. This Mine thus fteeped in each of the feveral Liquors twen- ty four hours or there about , isof courfe, four days in paf- fing the four feveral Pits, from whence the Liquors pafs to the Boy ling. Houfe. The Water, or Vir arta oft. times gains, inthe fire | 6 Y | Pit, (1054) Pit, two pound weight. In the fecond encreafeth to five pound weight. In the third, to eight pound weight. And in the laft Pit, which is always frefh Mine, to twelve pound weight ; and foin this proportion, according to the poodnefs of the Mine, andthe well Calcining thereof. For - fometimes the Liquors paffing the four feveral Pits, will not be above fix or feven pound weight. At other times, above . twelve pound weight, feldome holding a conftant weight, one . week together, Yet many times Liquor of feven oreight pound weight produceth more, Alwm, than that of ten or ^ twelve pound weight either through the illnefs of the Mine, or, asufually, the bad Calcining thereof. And if by paffing the weak Liquor throughanother Pit offrefh Mine, you brin itto ten or twelve pound weight, yet you fhall make lefs Alum with it, than when it was but eight pound weight. For what it gains from the laft Pit of Mine; will be moft of it Nitre, and Slam, which poyfons the good Liquors, and diforder the whole Houfe, until the Slag be wrought out. That which they call S/am, is firft perceived by the rednefs of the Liquor when it comes from the Pit, occafioned either by the illnefs of the Mine, or as commouly the over or under Calcining of it, as abovefaid; which in the Setler finks to the bottom, and there becomes of a muddy fubftance, and of a darkcolour. That Liquor, wh:ch comes whiteft from the Pits, is the beft, UTD When a Work is firft begun, they make 4/vm of the Li- quor only that comes from the Pits of Mine, without any other Ingredients, And fo might continue, but that it would fpend - fo much Liquor, as not to quit coft. | 3 Kelp is made of a Sea-weed,called Tangle, fuch as comes to Lowdon on Oyfters. It grows on Rocks by the Sea fide, be- tween High- water and Low-waterinark, Being dryed, it will burn and run like Pitch ; when cold and hard, *tis beaten to afhes, fleeped in Water, and the Lees drawnoff to two pound weight, or thereaboutr. ‘ qus | | Becavfe the Country people, who furnifh the Work with: Urine, do fometimes mingle it with Sea-Water, which cannot - be difcovered by weight: they try it,by putting it to fome of the boyling Liquor, For fo, if the Urine be good ; it will work, like Yeft put to Beer or Ale, but if mingied ic will ftir no more than fo much Water, It (1955) It is obferved, that the beft Urine is that which comes from poor labouring People, who drink little trong Drink. The Boyling Pans are made of Lead,nine feet long, five feet broad, and two and a half deep: fet upon Iron Plates about two inchesthick, which Pans are commonly new caft, and the Plates repaired five times in two years. : When the Work is begun,and d/ams once made,then they fave the Liquour which comes from the dlam, or wherein the 4/45. fhoots, which they call Mothers. With this they fill two . third parts of the Boylers, and put in one third part of frefh Liquor vvhich comes from the Pits. Being thus filled up vvith cold Liquor, the Fires having never been dravvnout, vvillboil again in lef» than tvvo hours time. And inevery two hourstime, the Liquor will wafte four Inches, and the Boylers are filled up again with green Liquor. The Liquor if good, will in Boyling, be greafy, as it were, atthe top: if Nitrous, it will bethick, muddy, and red. Ip boylingtwenty four hours, it wil be thirty fix pound weight. Then is put into the Boyler about a Hogs-head of the Lees of Kelp, of about two peny weight, which will reduce the whole Boyler to about twenty feven pound weight. If the Liquor is gocd, as foon as the Lees of Kelp are puc into the Boyler, they will work like Yeft put to Beer. But ifthe Liquor in the Boyler be Nitrous, the Kelp-Lees will ftir it but very little ; and in that cafe, the Workmen mult put in ^ the more and flronger Lees. Prefently after the Kelp Leesare putintothe Boyler all the Liquor together is drawn into aSetler,as big as theBoyler,made of Lead, in which it ftands about two hours; in which time, moft of the Nitre and Slam fink to the bottom. This feparation is made by means of the Kelp-Lees. For when the whole Boyler confifts of Green- Liquor drawn from: the Pits it is of power ftrong enough to cat off the Slam and Nicre : but when Mothers are ufed,the Kel p-Lees are needfull: to make the faid feparation. Then the faid Liquor is fcooped out of the Setler, into a. Cooler,made of Deal-boards,and rammed with Clay. [nto this is put 20, Gallons or more of Urine, more or lefs, according: to the goodnefs or badnefs of the Liquor. For if the Liquor be red, and confequently Nitrous,the more Urine is required. In. | (1056) In the Cooler, the Liquor in temperate weather ; ftands " fourdays, The fecond day the Alem begins to. ftrike , ga- ther and. harden about the fides, and at the bottom of the Cooler. If the Liquor fhould ftand in the Cooler above four days, it would as they fay turn to Copperas, "The ufe of Urine, is as well to caft off the Slam, as to keep the.Kelp-Lees from hardning the A/um too much, In hot weather, the Liquors will be one day longer in cool- ing, and the ///um ingathering, than when the weather is tem- perate.. In frofty weather the cold ftrikes the dium too foon, not giving time for the Nitre and Slam to fink to the bot- tom, whereby they are mingled withthe diam. This pro- -duceth double the quantity 3 But being foul, is confumed in the wafhing. — — When the Liquor hath Rodd four days in the Cooler : Then that called Mothers is fcooped into a Ciftern, the Alum re- maining on the fides and at the bottom; and from thence the . Mothers are pumped back into the Boyler again, Sothat eve- ry five days, the Liquor is boyled again, untill it evaporate or turn into Alumor Slam. The Alam taken from the fides and bottom of the Cooler, is put into a‘Ciftern, and wafhed with Water that hath been ufed . for the fame purpofe, being about twelve pound weight. Af- ter which itis Roached, as followeth. Being wafhed, it is put into another Pan witha quantity: of | Water,” where it melts and boils alittle, Then is it fcooped intoa great Cask, where it commonly ftands ten days; andis then fit co take down for the Market. The Liquors are weighed by the Troy. meichl So that half a pint of Liquor muft weigh more than fo much avait by ae | eri iow weight. © y^ Account of the way-of. making Englith Green: Copperas : Communicated by the fame. tie ( Opperas- -ftones, which. fome call Gold. ftones, a are found — C or. the Sea-fhore in Effex, Hamp[bire, and fo Weltward. There are great quantities on the Cliffs 5 but not. fo good, as thofe on the Shore, where the Tides Ebb and F lor over them. - The . ties The beft of them are of a bright fhining Silver Colour: - The next, fuch as are of a rufly deep yellow. The worft, fuch as have Gravel and Dirt inthem, of a: faddor Umber Colours ©: | In the midft of thefe Stones, are fometimes found theShel!s of Cockles, and other fivall fhe!] Fifhes; fma!l pieces of the Planks of Ships, and pieces of Seacoal. The brighteft of chefe Stones they ufe for Wheel-lock Piftols and Fufies.. | In Order to the making of Copperas, they make Beds accor- " ding as the Ground will permit; Thofe at Debtford, are about an hundred feet long, fifteen feet broad at the top, and twelve feet deep, fhelving all the way to che bottom. They ram the Bed very well, firft with trong Clay, and then withthe Rubbifh of Chalk, whereby the Liquor, which drains out of the Diffolution of the Stones,is conveighed into a W ooden fhallow Trough,laid in the middle of the Bcd;and co- vered witha Board ; being alfo boarded onall fides, and laid lower at one end than-the other, whereby the Liquor i is con- veyed intoa Ciftern under the Boyling Houfe. When the Beds are indifferently well dryed, they lay on the Stones about two feet thick. Thefe Stones will be five or fix years, before they yield any - ‘confiderable quantity of Liquor; and before that, the Liquor they yield is but weak. They ripen by the Sunand Rain, Yet experience proves, | that watering the Stones,although with Water prepared by ly- ing in the Sun, and poured through very fmall holes ofa Wa- cering- pot; doth retard the work. - In time thefe Stones turn into a kind of Vitriolick Earth, which will fwell and ferment like leavened Dough. When the Bed is come to perfeétion,then once in four years, they refrefh it, by laying new Stones on the top. When they make a new Bed, they take a good quantity of the old fermented Earth, and mingle with new Stones, where- by the Work is haftned.- Thus theold Earth never becomes ufelefs. The Ciftern before mentioned is. nde cf ftrong Oaken "boards, well joyned and chalked. Thatat Debtforá wiil cone. -tain feven hundred Tuns of Liquor, Great care is ái be | " taken, (1058) taken, that ‘the Liquor doth not drain through the Beds, or out of the Ciftern. The beft way to prevent the fame, isto divide the Ciftern in the middle by Oaken boards, chalked as before; whereby one of them may be mended in cafeof a defea. | The more Rain ‘alls, the more, but the weaker, will be the Liquor. The goodnefs whereof is tryed by weights prepa- red for that purpofe, Fourteen peny weight, isRich, Or an Egg being put intothe Liquor, the higher it fwims above the Liquor, the ftronger itis, Sometimes the Egg will fwim near half above the Liquor, - A Within one minute after an Eggi is put in, the ambient Li- quor will boil and froth ; and in three minutes the fhell will be quite worne off. A drop of this Liquor falling On the Manufa&ures of Hemp, Flax, or Cotten-Wooll, will prefently burn a hole through it. As alfo in Woollen and Leather. Out of the aforefaid Ciftern, the Liquor is pumped intoa Boyler ofLead,about eight feet fquareycontaining about twelve Tuns, which is thus ordered. — Firít they lay long pieces of Catt fron, twelve inches fquare, as long as the breadth of the Boyler, about twelve inches one from another, and twenty four inches above the furface of the fire, Then crofswife they lay ordinary flat Iron Barrs, as clofe as they can lye, the fides being made up with Brick-work. In the middle of the bottom of this Boyleris laid a Trough of Lead, wherein they put at firít a hundred pound weight of old Iron. .. Thefewelfor boyling, is JVew-Ca(fle Coals. By degrees, in the boyling, they put in more Iron, amountingin all to fif- teen hundred pound weight ina boyling. As the Liquor waftes in boyling,they pump in frefh Liquor into the Boyler, Where- by, and by a defe& in orderingthe fire, they were wont to be above twenty days before it wasenough. — When that is, they try, by taking up a final! quantity of Liquor, intoa fhallow Earthen Pan, and obferving how foon it will gather and cruft about the fides thereof. But now of late by the ingenious contrivance of Sir Nicolas Crifp, the Work is much facilitated. For at his Work at Debtford, they boyl off three Boylers ofordinary Liquor in one Week. Which is done, firft by ordering the Furnace - | ME | fo, (1059) fo,as that the heat is conveyed to all parts of the bottom and fides of the | Furnace. Then whereas they were wont to pump cold Liquor into the Boyler to fupply the wafte in boyling, whereby the Boyler was checked ' fome times ten hours: Sir Nicolas hath now a Veffel of Lead, which he calls a Heater, placed at the end ofthe Boyler, anda little ‘higher, fapported by Barrs of Iron as before, and fild with Liquor, which by a conveyance of heat from the Furnance, is kept near boyling hot: and fo continually fupplys the wafte of thc Boyler, without hindring the boyling. Thirdly, by putting in due proportions of Iron from time to time, into the Boyler. As foomas they perceive the Liquor to boyl flow- . ly, they put in more Iron, which will foon quicken it. Befides, ifthey do not ‘continually fupply the boyling Liquor with © Tron, the Copperas will gather to the bottomof the Boyler and Melt. And fo it will do, if the Liquor be not prefently drawn off from the Boyler into a Cooler, fo foon as it is enough. The Cooler is oblong, twenty fect long, nine feet over at the top, five feet deep,taper'd towards the bottom,made of Tarras.Into this they ~ Jet the Liquor run, fo foon as it is boyled enough. The Copperas here- in will be gathering or fhooting fourteen or fifteen days : and gathers as much on the fides as in the bottom ; fc. above five inches thick. Some put Bufhes intothe Cooler, about whichthe Copperas will gather, But at Deptford they make not ufe of any. That which (ticks to the fides, and to the Bufhes, is ofa bright green, that in the bottom, of a foul and dirty colour. In the end of fourteen days, they convey the Liquor into an other Cooler, and referve it to be boyl'd again with new Liquor. The Copperas they fhovel ona Floor adjoyning, fo that the Liquor may drain from it into a Cooler, The fteam which comes from the boyling is of an acrimonious fmell. Copperas may be boyled without Iron, but with difficulty. Without it; the Boyler will bein danger of melting. Sometimes in ftirring the Earth on the Bcds,they find pieces of Cop- : peras produced by lying in the Sun. An Account of tbe Sale Waters of Droytwich 2 Worcelterfhire 5 fen? - by Dr. William Cole from Dr. Tho. Raftell, who bath lived many years upon the place, and hath there lever! Phats of bis own SIR, Lie heretofore feen in fome of the Tranfa&tions ofthe Royal So- ciety, Queries concerning the Salt- Springs inChefbireand not hear- * . ing of any account hath been given them of ours in JZorce(ler[bire , (which I hoped fome more ingenuous Pen would have done before this time?» to fatisfie the defire of fome friend, I have made as exact tri-.. ‘alls of our Brine as I could, that I might be able in fome meafure to givean Anfwer to the Chefbire piers which if they arc not eh | | Z | € wie (1060) ed fo fully as expected, in what I am deficient (if Imay know ) I fhall be ready to givean Anfwer ; inthe mean time 1 hope my’ Endeavours willbe accepted, and 1 Pardoned. Quer. 1, What kind of Country it is where the Springs are, and what places grow about them? . BG . Auf. The Country, is neither plain neither hath it any great Hills, but many {mall rifings,the greateft Hills near us being the Lichie within fix miles,which fome call Look high, fuppofing it to be the higheft ground in thefe parts, becaufe the Springs that rife there,run into the North and ~ South Seas 5. near to which are Clent Hills about the fame diftance. On the other fide the River Severa are Aberly Hills at about feven miles di- fiance from us. There are many Salt Springs about the Town, which ~ is feated by a Brook-fide called Salwarp-Brook, which arife both in the Brook and inthe ground near it, though there are but three Pits that are made ufe of, For the Plants growing about the Springs I find no other varieties. then in other places, but where the Springs are falteft there grows no- thing at all, but by the brackifh Ditches there grows After Atticus with a pale Flower, which I find no where elfe with us. Quer.2. What isthe depth of the Salt Springs ? Arf. Ehe depth of them is various;fome rife on the top of the ground which are not fo falt as others: thofe that are in the Pits we make ufe of areivarícus alfo. The great Pit which is called Upwich Pit is 30 foot,deep in which are three dittin@ Springs rifing in the bottom, one comes into the Pit North- Weft, another North-Eaft, the third South-Eaft, which is the richefi both in quantity and quality:they all differ in faltnefs,which Ican give no exact account of, it being impoflible to feparate them but there will be fome mixture s The Pit is abouti0o.foot fquare, the fides are made with (quare Elms joynted in at the full length, which I fuppofe is occafioned by the faltnefs of the ground which appears tome to have been a Bog,the furface of it is made of afhes. That it was originally a Bog lam induced to believe, for not many years fince digging to try the foundation of a Seal (for fo we call our houfes we make Salt in) I thruft along Staff over head. - Quer.3 , Whether there are any hot Springs near?and whether the wa- — . ters of the Salt Springs be colder then other water ? | An[w. There. are no hot Springs near us : for the coldnefs ofthe brine it is generally colder than other water, yet it never freezeth,but the rain water that lyes upon the brine (in extream hard Frofts ). will freez, but not much. ! : . : Quer. 4. What kind of Earth itis ? andtn digging whether there are any Shells ? "o | Anfw For Shells I never obferved nor heard of any.For the nature of the Soil about the Town on the lower fide itis a black rich Earth,under : cu which * (1061) ; which two or three foot isa fliff gravelly Clay,then Marle. Thofe that — make Wells for frefh Water, if they find Springs in the Marle, they are generally frefh, but if they tink through the Marle,they come toa whitith Clay mixed withGravel in which the Springs are more ox Jefs brackifh. Quer.5.How firong the Water is of Sait? and what quantity of Brine the Pits yeild ? | Anfw. In the great Pit at Upmicb, we have at one and the fame time three forts of Brine, which we call by the names of Firft- man,Middle- man, and Lafi-man, thefe forts are of different firengths 5 The Brine is drawn by Pump, for that which is in the bottom is firít pumped ^ out, which is that we call firft man; @&c. That I might make an exact trial of the ftrength, I made me a quart that contained 24. ounces Troy, . ofdiftilled water, which quart being filled with the firlt Brine belides the tare of the quart weighed 29. ounces, which madé 7. ounces and 3. drachms of Salt without any addition, the next day 1 weighed the fame Salt again,and it weighed 7.ounces and 6. drachms,by which it ap- pears this Brine yields above afourth part Salt; fo that 4 Tuns of Brine make above one Tun of Salt. The fame quart filled with Middle- man, which is the fecond fort of Brine, weighed 28. ounces, Lalo weighed a quart of Brine as it came immediately out of the Springs which weigh- ed 28. ounces and the third fort 27. ounces, fo that what the firft gets the laft loofeth, which doth precipitate as much in 24. hours as if it ftood much longer time. ; | The quantity of Brine that this Pit yields every 24. hours is as much as will make 450. Bufhels of Salt, which is drawn out twice or three times a day, for {0 oft we ordinarily draw, and that as long as. the Pump will goc. In the beft Pit at Neiberzicb a quart of Brine weighs 28. ounces and a half, this Pit is 18. foot deep, and four foot broad, and yields as much Brine every 24. hours as makes about 40. Bufhels of Salt, there is - butone Spring in the Pit that comes in 2. foot and 8. inches above the bottom, The worft Pit at Netherwich is of the fame breadth and depth as the former, a quart of Brine out of which weigheth 27. ounces and yields asmuch Brine dayly as makes about 50. bufhels of Salt: in this Pit are three Springs,two in the bottom,and one about two foot higher s thefe Pits are within fix yards one of another. - T hefe Pits are near the Brook, the great Pit on the North fide, and a- bout a quarter of a mile lower the two leffer Pits on the South fide. uer, 6. Whether the Springs yield more or lefs Brine at one time than at another ? Anfw. In the great Pit I find little or no variation, either in quality or Grength of the Brine, but the Springs in the other Pits are augmented by much rain, and yield lefs Salt. ó Z2 An[B. (1062) Quer.7. What is the manner of their work? whether there is any thing ufed to make the Salt granulate ? and what it is ? Anfw. For the manner of our Work, that every man may know his own proportion,the Brine is divided into Phats wallings,a Phat walling js divided into 12. weaker Brines, and every weaker Brine is divided into 8. burdens, every burden being a Veffcl that contains about 32. Gallons, whercofevery one hath 6. burden of Firft-man, 6.of Middle- man, and 6. of Laft-man,fo that every man hath not only his juft pro- portion in quantity, but in quality alfo. This Brine is carried in Coo-- - Jers to every mans Seal, by 8. fworn men, which we call Mafters of the Beachin, and 4. Middle-men , and there put into great Tuns for ule: | The fuel which was heretofore ufed wasall wood, which fince the Iron- works,is fo defiroyed that all the Wood at any reafonable diftance will not fupply the Works one quarter of the year, fo that now we ufe .almoft all Pit-Coals which are brought to us by Land 13, er 14, miles. AER For the Phats we boil ourBrine in,they are made of Lead caft into a flat plate $. foot and a half long, and 3. foot over, and then the fides and ends beaten up,anda little rais'd in the middle, which are fet uponBrick- work which we call Ovens; in which is a Grate to make the Fire on,and - an Afh-hole which we call a Trunk; in fome Sealsare fix of thefe Pans, in fome $. fome 4. (ome 3.fome 2. In each of thefe Pans is boil’d at a ~ time as muchBrine as makes 3 pecks of white Salt,which wecalla Ladcs. — and is laded out of the Pan with a Loote, which is a pannel board put flope-ways, on a ftaff about 3 foot Long; and put into Barrows,which are {et inBattalls over veffels we call Leachcoms,that the Brine may run from the Salt, which Brine we call Leach, with which we dre(s our Phats when the cold Brine they firft filled with is fomething boil'd a- way, Inthefe Baftalls the Sale ftands till it is dry which is about four hours, then we carry it into Cribs (which are houfes boarded in the bottom and fides ) where it is kept till Sold, which is fometimes halfa ^ yearor 3: quarters in which time if the Crib is good,it will not wafte a twelfth part, the Salt it {clf being of fo firong a body, whereas in Che- LY fhire they are forced to keep their Salt in Barrows in Stovestodryit - and make it no fafter then they fell. babe 2 | For clarifying our Salt we fhould have little need, were it not for duft accidentally falling into the Brine, - "The Brine of it felf being fo clear that nothing’can be clearer: for clarifying it we ufe nothing but the Whites of Eggs, of which wetakea quarter of a White,and put it into a gallon or two of Brine,which being beaten with ones hand, lathars as if it were Soap,a {mall quantity of which froth put into eachPhat,raifeth all the fcurm;(fo that the White of one Egg will clarifie 20, bufhels of Salt) by which means our Salt is as white sas any thing can be, nei- ‘6 ite v Aner frees) t ther hath it any ill favour, as that Sale hath that is Clarifi.d with b ood. For granulating it we ufe ncthing at all,for the Brine is (o ftorrg of it. felf that unk fs it be often ftirred,it will makeSalt as big grained as Bay- (ilt. I have boyl'd Brine toa Candy hight, and it hath produced clods - of Salt asclear as the cleareft Alum, like Hle of May Salt, fo that we are neccffitated to put a fmal! quantity of Kofin into the B rine to make the grain of the Salt fmall. — — Ouer. 8. What are the feveral forts of Salt? | Anfo. Befides the white Salt I have fpokeof, we have another fort which we call Clod- Salt, which grows to the bottoms of the Pbats that after the white Salt is laded out, is digged up with a picker (which is made like a Mafons Trowtl;pointed withSteel and put upon a (hort {t2ff) this is the ftrongeft Salt 1 have feen, and is mo(t ufed for falting Bacon and Neats Tongu:s, it makes the Bacon redder than other Salt, and makes the Fat eat frm: ifthe Swine are fed with Maft, it hardens the Fat almoftas much as if fed with Peafe, and falted with white Salt. Ie is very much ufed by Countrey women to put into their Runnet- Pots and( as they fay Jis better for their Che:fe: thefe clods,are uled to broil meat with being laid on coals,we account this Salt to be too flrong to fale Beef with, it taking away too much of its fwectnefs. A third fort of Salt we have which we call Knockings, which doth candy on the Stailes of the Burrow, as the Brine runs from the Salt after itis laded cut of the Phats: this Salt is moft ufed for the fame ules as the clod Salt, though it is not altogether fo trong. A fourth fort we have which we call S RUNS. that is a courfe fort of Salt that is mixed with drofs and duft that cleaves to the tops of the fides of the Phats, this Salt is {craped off the Phats when we oe them (that is when we take our Phats off the Fires to beat up the ere? : d is bought by the poor fort of people to falt meat with. A fift fort is Pigeon Salt, which is nothing but the Brine running out through the crack of. a Phat and hardens to a clod on the outfide over the fire. Laftly, the Silt Loaves are the fineft of the white Salt, the grain of which is made fomething finer then ordinary that it may the better ad- here together, which is done by adding a little more Rofin, and is beaten into the Barrows whenit is laded out of the Phat. - Quer, 9. Whether our Salt be more or lefs apt to diffolve in theaiz than other Salc? Anfw.Xt is not foapt to diffolve, as Chefbire Salt,nor as that Salt that : is made by diffolving Bay-Salt and clarifying it which is called Salt upon. Salt, which appears by our. long keeping it without i) hire. Whether it - wil! keep bztter. than French Sait I have made no trial, but I fuppofe it will,(or fuch reafons | (hal! give in anfwer as to the good duefs of our Salt. Qe oe UE (1064) hor. 10: Whether our Salt be as good to powder Beef or other Flefh -as French Salt? A nfm. It is, and I bli there cannot be better white Salt then ours for feveral Reafons. ; 1.There is none can be ree. and confeqnently more free from drofs, 2. It is the weightieft as I have feen my felf, and beeninformed by o- thers,for che baggs of Salt I have ufually (cen brought out of Chebire on Horfeback, contain 6. bufhels and a half or 7. bufhels, whereas the beft Horfes thatcarry Salt from hence (if they carry it above 5. miles) carry not above 3.ftrike and 3. pecks,or 4. ftrike. A Winchefter bufhel of our Salt weighs halfa hundred weight, fothat it muft neceffarily follow, the weightyeft and drieft muft needs be the beft. - 3.In thetime of the firft Datch-Warr,our Salt was carried down into the Weft, where they had before none but forreign Salt, where at the firft ufing ours, they complained that it made their meat too falt, which was becaufe they put as much of ours on theirmeat asof others: if fo, it muftbe better then French Salt. This account I had from him hat carried our Salt into thofe parts. f 4. D[havebeenaffured by many that have made ufe both of ours, and Cbe[bire Salt, that both for Flefh and white-meat they muftlay on more of Cbe[bire Salt then ours, 5. It doth preferve all forts of Fleth for long Voyages,viz. to Jamai- ca, as well as any, which hath been lately tried. 6.1 have feen Herrings that have been falted with our Salt in Ireland, and brought over to this Town, which have been whiter and better raft ed than thofe falted with Bay Salt. 7.lt is an ordinary way of powdering Beef with us, to give it but one Salting tokecp it the whole year. If it is asked why we ufe not Iron-Pansas in Chefbire and other places? There have been tryals made both of forged Iron-Pans and caft-Iron. The former the ftrength of the Brine doth fo corrode, that it quickly wears them out; the latter the Brine breaks. SIR, If there is any thing mofe of which you defire an information, I (hall (if] may know it) indcavour to inform you; oF am Droytwitch March ium bumble Servant -the 16th. 1678, : | THO. RASTEL. |» The (1065) The dades Culture, and Ufe of Maiz. Communicated’ by Mr. Niinthospe He Corn, ufed in New. England before the Englifh Planted there, is called by the Natives, Weachis Known by thename of Maijs in. fome Southern parts of Avitrica, where, and even in the Northern parts, amongft the Engli(b and Dutch, who have plenty of Wheat and Grain, this fort of Corn is fill much i in ufe both for Bread, andother kind of food. T he Ear is for the moft part about a fpan long, compofed of feveral, commonly 8. rowsof Grains, or more, according to the goodnefs of the Ground; and in each row, ufually above 39. Grains. Of various colours, as Red, White, Viellops Blew, Olive, Greenith, Black, fpecked -ftriped, ; &c. fometimes in the fime field, and the fame Ear. But the White and Yellow are the moft common. The Ear iscloathed and armed with feveral firong thick Husks. Not only defending it from the Cold of the Night ( being the latter end of September in fome parts before it be full ripe) and from unfeafonable Rains: but alfo from the Crows,Starlings and other Birds; which be- ing allured by the fweetnefs of the Corn before it hardneth, come then. in great flightsinto the fields, and pecking through the top of the Coo ver, devour as far as they can reach, The Stalk groweth tothe hight ot 6. or 8. feet ; more or lefsjaccord- ing to the condition of the Ground, ox kind of Seed. The Virginian. groweth taller than that of New "England. And there is another fort ufed by che Northern Indianslar up inthe Country, that groweth much (horter than that of New- vieta ?Tisalways joynted like a. Cane. And is full of fweet juice, like the Sugar-Cane. And a Syrup: as {weet as Sugar may be made of its as hath been often try’d. And Meats fweetned with it,have not been diftinguifhed from the like{weet-_ ned with Sugar. Trial may cafily be made, whether it will nct be _ brought to Cryftallize or (hoot into a Saccharine Powder ».5 the juice of the Sugar- Cane. At every joynt there are longLeaves almoft like flags,and at the top,, a bunch of flowers, like the bloffoms of Rye. It is Planted between the middle of March and the beginning of June. But moftcommoniy from the middle of Apri to the middle of May. Some of the Indians take the time of the coming up of a Fith, ‘galled Aloofes , into the Rivers. Others of the budding of foire: Trees. In the pure Northerly parts, they have a peculiar kind calla Mobauks: - Corn, which though planted in Fe, will be ripe in feafcm..— The fialles: of this kind are (horter, and the Ears grow nearer the bottom of the ftalk, and are generally of divers colours. The (1066) ‘The manner of Planting isi in Rows, atcqual diftance every way, a- bout 5-or 6.feet. They open the Earth with an Howe staking away the furface 3. or 4. inches deep,and the bredth of the Howe ; and fo throw in 4. or 5. Granes, a little diftant one from arother, and cover them: with Earth. If twoor three grow, it may do well. For fome of them -are ufually deftroyed by Birds, or Moufe-Squirrels. The Corn grown up an hands length,they cut up the weedesand loo- fen the Earth, about it, witha broad Howe: repeating this labour, as -the Weeds grow. W hen the Stalk begins to grow high, they draw a little Earth about it: and upon the putting forth of the Eare, fo much, as to make a little Hill, like Hop-Hill. Alter this, they have no other -bufinefs about it, till Harveft. After’ tis gather "dit muft, except laid very thin, be prefently ftrip- ped from the Husks 5 other wife it will heat, grow mouldy, and fome- times fprout. The common way ( which they call Tracing) is to weave the Ears together in long Traces by fome parts of the Husk . left thereon. Thefe Traces they hang upon Stages or other. Bear- .€rs within doors, or without; for, bung in that manner, they will | pd good and fweet all the Winter after, pectin: expofed to all wea- thers. The Natives commonly Threfh it as shy gather it, dry it well-on _Mats in the Sun, and then beftow it in holes in the Gicmdl (which are their Barns) well lined with withered Grafs and Matts, and then co- vered with the like, and over all with Earth. and fo its kept very well, till they ufe it. T The Englifh have now taken to a better way of Planting by the help ofthe Plough; in this manner 5 In the Planting time they Plough fin- gle Furrows through the whole Field,about 6.feet diftant, more or les, _ asthey feeconvenient. To thefe,they Plough others a crofs at the fame dittance. Where thefe meet they throw in the Corn, and cover it either | With the Howe,or by running another Furrow with the Plough. When the Weeds begin to overtop the Corn,then they Plough over the reft of the ficld between the Planted Furrows, And fo turn inthe Weeds. This is repeated once, when they begin to Hill the Corn with the Howes and fothe Ground is better loofened than with the Howe, and the ‘Roots of the Corn have more liberty to fpread. Where any Weeds «fcape the Plough, they ufe the Howe. Wherethe Ground.is bad or worn out,the Indians ufed to: put two-or three of the forementioned Fithes, utider or adjacent to each Corn-hill, whereby they had many timesa Crop double to what the Ground would otherwife-have produced. The Englifh have learned the like Husbandry, where. thefe. floater come up in great plenty, or where they are near the Fifhing-ftages ; © having there the Heads and Garbage of Cod-fifh in abundance, -at no charge but the fetching. The | (1067) The Fields thus Ploughed for this Corne, after the Crop is off, are almoft as well fitted for Enugtifb Corn efoecially Summer Grain,as Peaí-. on or Summer Wheat; as if lying fallow, they had hada very good Summer Tilth. The Indians, and fome Exglifh Cefpecially in good Ground,and wel! fifhed) atevery Corn-hill, plant with the Corn, a kind pae acPtos — Tarkey-Beans ; The Stalks of the Corn ferving inftead of Poles for the. Beans to climbup with. And inthe vacant places between the Hills they will Plant Squa(hes and Pompions ; loading the Ground with as much as it will bear. And many, after the laft weeding (prinkie Turnep-feed between the Hills; and fo, after Harveft, havea good Crop of Tur- HEPSs). The Stalks of this Goa. cut up before too much drycd,. and fo laid up, are good Winter-fodder for Cattle. But they ufually leave them on the Ground for the Cattleto feed on. The Husks about the Ear are good Fodder, given for change fometimes after Hay. The Indian women flit them into narrow parts, and fo weave them artificially i into Baskets of feveral fafhions. This Corn the Indians dreffed feveral ways for their food. Some- times boyling it whole till it fwelled and became tender, and fo either cating it alone, or with their Fi(h or Venifon inftcad of Bread.. Some: . times bruifing in Mortars, and fo boyling it. But commonly this way, viz. by parching it in Athes, or Embers, fo artificially ftirring it, as . without burning, to be very “tender,and turned almoft infide outward, and alfo white and flowry. This they fift very well fromthe A thes, and beat it in their wooden Mortars, with along Stone for a Peltle, into fine Meal. This isa conftant food at home, and efpecially when they - travel, being put up in a Bag, and foat all times ready for eating either dry or mixed with Water, They find it very wholíom Diet. And is that, their Souldiers carry with them in time of War. The Englifh | fometimes for novelty, will procure fome of this to be made by the Iedian women, adding Milk or Sugar and Water to it, as they pleafe. | The Indians have another fort of Provifion out of this Corn, which _ they call Swect- Corn. When the Corn in the Ear is full, while it is yet greenjit hath a very fweet Taft. This they gather, boyl, ind then dry,and - foputit up into baggs or baskets, for their ufe: ooiling i it again, cither whole or grofly beaten, when they eatit, either by it felf, or among/t their Fifh or Venifon or Beavers, or othcr Fle(h ; accounting ita prin- cipal Difh. .. TThefe green and fweet Ears they fometimes roaft before the Fire or inthe Embers, and fo eat the Corn. By which means, they have ' fufficient fupply of food, though their old Store be done. Their Souldiers alfo moft commonly at this time goe out againft theis;Ene- Ta mies, (1068 ) mies, having this fupply in their Marches both at home and in the Ene- miesfidlds. — — -— i LE The Englifh, of the full ripe Corn, ground, make very good Bread, But ’tis not ordered as other Corn. For if it be mixed into ftiff Pafte, it will not be fo good, as if made only a little ftiffer than for Puddings ; and fo baked in a very het Oven, ftanding therein all day or all night. Becaufe upon the firft pouring of it onthe Oven-floor, it fpreads abroad , they pour a fecond layer Or heap upon every firft, and there- by make fo many Loves. Which if baked eneugh, and good, will be of à deep yellowifh colour ; if otherwife, white. - [tis alfo fometimes mixed with half or a third part of Rye or Wheat Meal, and fo with Leaven or Yet made into Loaves of very good Bread. | | Before they had Mills, having firft watered and Husked the Corn, and then beaten it in Wooden Mortars; the courfér part fifted from the Meal, and feparated from the loofe Hulls by the Wind, they boyled to a thick Batter : to which being cold, they added fo much of the fine Meal, as would ferve to (tiffen it into Paft, whereof they made very good Bread. But the beft fort of Food which the Exgl#b make of this Corn, is that they call Samp. — Having firft watered it about half an hour, and then beaten it in a Mortar, or elfe ground it ina Hand or other Mill, into the bignefs of Rice, they next fift the Flower, and Winnow the Hulls from it, T henthey boyl it gently, till it be tender, and fo with . Milk or Butter and Sugar, make itintoa very pleafant and wholfom Di(h. This was the moft ufual Diet of the firft Planters in thefe Parts, and is ftill in ufe amongttthem, as well in Feavers, as in Health: and was often prefcribed by the Learned Dr. Wilfon to his Patients in Londow. And of the Indians that live much upon this Corn, the Engl: molt acquainted with. them , have been informed by them, That the Difeafe of the Stone is very feldom known amongft them. The Exglifh have alfo found out a way to make very good Beer of Grain: thatis, either of Bread made hereof, or elfe by Milting it. The way of making Beer of Bread is by breaking or cutting it into great lamps about as big as a mans fift, to be mafh'd, and fo proceeded with - as Malt, and the impregnated Liquor,as Woort, cither adding or omit- ting Hopps, as is defired. ! ! j To make good Malt of this Corn, a particular wiy mult be taken. The Barly-Malt-Mafters have ufed all their skili to make good Malt hereof the ordinary ways but cannot effe& it 5 that is, that the whole Grain be Malted,and tendet and flowry, as in other Malt. For it is found by experience, that this Corn, before it be fully Malted, muft fprout out both ways, i.e.bothRootandBlade ),to a great length;of a fin- ger at leafls if more, the better. For which, it muft be laid die an m eap | (1069) . I heap a convenient time. Wherein on the one hand, if it lyeth of a ful- ficient thicknefs for coming, it will quickly heat and mould, and the tender Sprouts be fo intangled, that the leaft opening of the Heap breaks them off ; and fo hinders the further maturation of the Grain into Malt. Ontheother, if it be ftirred and opened to prevent too much heating, thefe fprouts which have begun to fhoot, ceafe grow- ing, and confequently the Corn again ceafeth to be promoted to the mellownefs of Malt. : To avoid all thefe difficulties , this way was try’d and found ef- fectual: "Take away the top of the Earth in a Garden or Field two or three inches , throwing it up half one way, and half the other. Then lay the Corn,for Malt,all over the Ground fo as to cover it. Then. cover the Corn with the Earth that was pared off; and thereis no more to do, till you fee all the Plot of Ground like a green Field covered over with the Sprouts cf the Corn, which will be within ten daysor afortnight, according to the time of the year. Then take it up, and fhake the earth from it and dry it, For the Roots wild be fo intangled together, that it may be raifed up, in great pieces. To make it very clean, it may be wafhed, and then prefently dry'd ona Kiln, or ín the Sun, or fpread thin on a Chamber floor. This way, eve- ry Grain that is good will grow,and be mellow, flowry and very {weet ; and theBeer made of it,bewholfom, pleafant,and ofa good brown colour. Yet Beer made of the Bread, as aforefaid, being as well coloured, as wholfom and pleafant, and more durable , this therefore is moit in ufe. Aud the rather, becaufe the: way of Malting this Corn, laft defcribed, is as yet but little known amongtt them. Ar Account of the manner of making Malt in Scotland; by " &ir Robert Moray. Alt is there made of no other Grain, but Barley. Whereof there are twO Kinds ; one, which hath four Rows of Grains onthe Ears theother, two Rows. The fir(t is the more commonly -ufed ; but the other makes the beft Malt. | The more recently Barly hath been Threfhed it makes the better Malt. Bautif it hath been Thre(hed fix weeks or upwards, it proves not good Malt, unlefs it be kept in one equal temper; whcreof it eafily failes, efpecially if it be kept up againft a Wall:for that which lies in the middle of the Heap is frefheft,chatwhich lies on the outfides and at top isover dry'd, that which is next the Wall (hoots forth, and that which isat the bottom Rots. So that when it comes to be made into Malt, that which is fpoiled, does not Come well (as they call it) that is, never gets that right mellow temper Male ought to have,and fo fpoils all the reft. For thus fome Grains Come well, fome not at all, (ome half, and fome too much. | ; 7A23 The i (10705 - The beft way to preferve Trefhed Barly long in good temper, is,’ Not to feparate the Chafffrom it. Butas long as it is unthrefhed, it: is always good. Brewers ufe to keep their Barly in large Roomson boarded floores, laid about a footin depth, and fo turned over now and then with Scoops. D AM Barly that hath been over heated in the Stacks or Barnes, before it be fcparated from the Straw, will never prove good for Malt, nor any other afc, Burt though it heit a little after it is Three thed ; and kept in the Chaff, it will not be the worfe, but rather the better for it; for then it will Come the fooner, and more e- qually. | Fosse LM A, | A mixture of Barly that grew on feveral grounds, never proves. good Malt, becaufe it Cowes not equally. So that the beft Barley to make Maltof, is that which grows in one Field, and is kept and threfht together. | | | | Take then good Barley, newly threfhed, and well purged from the Chaff, and put hereof eight Boles, thatis, about fix Eaglif Quar- ters, in aStone-Trough. Where let it infufe, till the water be of a bright reddifh colour ; which will be in about three days, more or lefs, . according to the moiftnels or drynefs, fmalnefs or bignefs of the: Grain, feafon of the Year, or temper of the Weather. In Summer Malt never Makes well. | In Winter. it will need longer infufion, than - inthe Springor Autumn. —— MÉMOIRE It may be known when fteeped enough, by Other marks befides the. colour ot the Water, as the exceffive {welling of the Grain, or, if over ftceped, by tco much foftnefs ; being, when in the right temper, like that Barley which is prepared to make Broath of, or the Barley called by fome, Urge wonder. | Tekst. THe ra mss WW When the Barley is füfficiently fteepd, take it out of the Trough, |. and lay itonheaps, folet the Water drein from it. Then after two or three hours, turn it, over with a Scoop, and lay it in a new heap about twenty or twenty four inches deep. This Heap they call the Come-. ing Heap. And in the managing of this Heap aright, lies the great- . cft Skill. . In this Heap it will lic forty hours, more or lefs, according . tothe formentioned qualities of the Grian, @c. before it come to the: right Temper of Male; which that it may all do equally, is moft to be defired. | H8 Vb cpi eu ue erts Whilft itlies in this Heap, it is to be carefully looked to, after the. fix ft fifteen or fixteen hours... For about that time, the Grains will be- . - gin to put forth the Root, which when they have equally and fully. done, the Malt muft, within an hour after, be turned, over with a Scoop 3" otherwife the Grains will begin to put forth the Blade or’, Spire alfo, which by all means muft be prevented: for hereby the Male. will be utterly fpoil’d, both as to pleafantnefs of Taft, and firength, _ à | ü * ~ (1071) If all the Malt Come not equally, becaufe that which lies in the middle being warmeft, will ufually Come fir; turnitover, fo as the outmoft may lieinmoft, and fo leave it tillall be Comex alike. Sofoon as the Malt is fufiiciently Come, turn it over, and fpread it to a depth not exceeding five or fix inches. - And by that time it is all fpread out, begin and turn it over and. over again, three or four times. Afterwards, turn it over in like manner, once in four or five hours, making the Heap thicker by degrecs, and continuing fo to do conftantly, for the {pace of forty eight bours at leaft. This frequent turning of it over, cooles, drys and deadsthe Grain; whereby it becomes mellow, melts eafily in brewing, and then fepa- rates entirely from the Husk. Then throw up the Maltintoa Heap, as high as you can. Where let it lye, till it grows alfo hot as your hand’ can endureit: which ufually comes to pafs, in fome thirty hours fpace. This perfes the fweetnefs, and mellownefs of the Male. | After the Malt is fufficiently heated, throw it abroad to cool, and turn it over again about {1x or eight hours after, and then dry it upon the Kila. Where, after one fire, which muft ferve for twenty four hours, give it another more flow, and if need be,-a third. For if the Malt be not thoroughly dryed, it cannot be well ground , neither will it diffolve well in the brewing, and the Ale it makes: will be red, bitter, and will not keep. The bef Fewell, is Peat. The next Chartoale. made of Pit-Coat or Cinders 5 Heath, Broom and Furzes are naught. If there be not enough of one kind, burn the beft firtt, hse wee iu the firongeft ienpréttton, as to the Taft, ANTI- leek. ANTIAIATPIBB,: Siue Animadwerfio jones in Malachie Thruttoni M, D. Diatribam de Refpirationis Uju primaria, Aure Georgio Entio, Eq. aur. M.D. c Col, Lond. Soc. i in OG. 1679, - 'Nhis Book: (be befi des he Anatomical Obfervations) feveral opi- A. nions.are propofed, and. defended with the known Elegancy and Learning ofthe Author. I hall here fet them down in the order I find them: and. for the Arguments refer the Reader to the Book it sli: leaft I fhould either do wrong, to the Author, or tranfcribe the whole. Ic feems probable, faith our Author, that the finer part of theAli- mentary Juice, is tranfmitted from the Stomach and Guts,, by mediation of {mall concave. Eibres thereto annexed, (and of which the Body id confifteth ) to the feveral Parts for their nourifhmenty- page I1 That the fame. Alimentary Juice, is that which in the ufe of Vomi- . torics. and Catharticks,is by the fame Concave Fibres difgorged into the. Sion and Guts: and not by Lacteal Veins, or the Auteries. page o. That the Water or Serum which is extravafated in Hydropick per- fons, iffues not from the fanguiferous Veffels. But that it isthe Nu- tritious Juice itfelf, which either by an Ulcer in fome Mefenterick © Gland, which is not unufual, or an Aperture in fome Lympbhedué, oozes into the Cavity of the Abdomen. page 10, is That the Febrifick matter in Intermittents, is not lodged originally in the the Blood. pagelo. - That the Pitaita fuppofed by Dr. Gliffon and others to be fpued out of the Arteries(as having there no further ufe Jinto the Coats of the Sto- mack; is this very Nutritious Juice, tending to other Parts of the Body, but upon the deathof the Animal, by cold and flower motion condenfed, and there arrefted inits way. page 10. "That after the fame manner Milk is alfo transferred to the Breafts. page 10. That neither in Abfceffes, nor in any other Cafe, it is the Wwe Bloo aN (1073) Blood that füppurates, but only the Nutritious or Alimentary Tice. page 124 13, 32. That accordingly in the Smal! Pox, the purulent Matter is not derived or bred out of the Blood, but out of the aforefaid Juice. So that ifa Woman with Child hath the Small Pox, the Child is found to have them too: though not one drop of the Mothers Blood paffeth ipto the Child. page 13. Thatthe Membranes and Nerves fuck in their nourifhment from the Glands of the Mouth and Throat, while we chew our Meat. age. 18. PE That after it is concocted in the Stomach, part of itis filtrated and ‘transferred by the Ocfophagus or Gullet to the Brain. page 18. From whence itis alfo derived to the Nerves and Membranes, efpecially the Membrana Carnofa originated of the Pia Mater. page 19. That the Colliquamentum, which firft appears ina Setting Egg, is ~ the groundwork or beginning of the Brain. page 22. That the Blood ferves not to nourith the Body, but only to foment it, as it were, or Keep. it warm. page. 33, 154. That Gencration is Opus Ideale, and the Semen not to be taken ‘for an ExtraG from the (everal Parts, For Viviparous Animals have «a Placenta, *o which there is nothing analogous in either Parent, &c. Page 40,41. T hat the Puls is rather the Vibration, by a continuation of the mo- tion from the Heart, then the Intumefcence of the Artery. page 47. . "That Urine is not derived to the Reins by the Emulgent Arteries (which bring the Blood only to cherifh and kecp them warm. ) but by the Nerves. In favour whereof divers Arguments are propofrd from page 62.t067. That what are called the Lungs of a Frog,are only Wind- Bladders, analogous not to Lungs, which in a Frog are no where found, but to that Part, which in Fithes is commonly called the Swim. -page 60, That the primary ufe of Refpiration, is not to carry off fuliginous fteams from the Blood, but for the ventilation of the Vital flame in the Heart or Blood, and fupplying it with proper fuel. page 72. That "tis a vulgar error, That the A@ion of Exfpiration is per- formed more flowly, than of Kafpiration. page 72. That in the tipof an Indian naked Dogs Ear, there are no Mufcles found, although he command ¢ into various and nimble motions page 73+ That the only ufe of the Diaphragm, is to facilitate Refpiration by guarding the Heart and Lungs, that the lower Vefcera do not throng in upon them. page 74. That Refpiration is not needful to the motion or circulation of the Blood. page 87. That although heretofore our Author thought the Air in Yofpiration to à KG 1074) to.be mid with the Blood; yet he faith, that after feveral & xperi: ments made, he could notby any good Argument evince the fame. page 925. He hath made the Meier That Whey tinged with Saffron , — beinginjected into the Pulmonary Artery, imediately runs into the left Ventricleof the Heart, without thealfiftance of Infpiration. Meither doth any Blood at the (me time break forth into the Lungs..p. 101. He faith further, He. fappofeth, that Animal Motions, are not made by the influence of the Animal Spirits... But thatin each Part is feated a private fenfe, which is under the command of the Soul. And that therefore there are no Animal Spirits, but thofe in the Blood, called by the Name of the - Calor Natiout. In favour whereof many Arguments are t offered from P 123,t0 I4 I. — That the fufpenfion or Intermiffion of Infpiration [ara certain time, . .doth not alter the Puls. p. 145. That the Caufe of Tranfparency isto be refer’d to the Texture of the tranfparent Body, and its Aptitude to continue the Motion by which Lightis made, p. 179. Much after the fame manner, as Sound is on- tinued through a Window or a Wall, p. 180. — And that therefore the Rays of Light do not pafs through a ‘diaphanous Body, p. 184. _. That Colours arife from the {paring or copious, AEST. or languid Reflections of Light from Bodies varioufly figured; as founds from firings varioufly fized or ftop'd, p.185. So that the Nature of Light, _is as if one fhould caufe all the firings of a Viol to Vibrate together, fo as to make one continued found : that of Colours, as if their Vibrations were diftinguithed by divers and fucceffive ftops, p.188, EO. DO AD osa onda Printed for Fobn Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society. 1679- D " , | 20 The IN DE X tothe Tratts of this Twelfth Year. AUC | Ir,in Ireland asd in all the Eng- glith Colonies in America mach alter’d by the culture of land , and by the increafe of Englilh Jnababitauts. Ana the Air of Dublin examined for weight by the Barofcopesn. 127.p.649, - 650.Compare this with the advice from . Rome for the falubrity of places ,n.66. Two Hygrofcopes newly devi[ed ,to ex- amine the Air,with (sme Ob(ervations, n.126,p. 650, «nd n.129. p.715. Of human life long fuflaiu d under water without air,0.127.p.675. The Air of Gomron peftilent,n.129 p.711. |... Agriculture: Narferies, profitable - Gardens, Orchards aud Vineyards, (ol- licited for Cambridge and the North, .n.129.p.728. Wines made ef Englifh fruits, n.123.p.574.. Advertifements onthe fame, n.124.p.583 How To- - bacco 1 planted and ovder'd in Virgi- nia, n. 126.p.634. Zo adorn Woods, Groves and the avenues of fair Man- | fons. 126.p. 644. i Anatomyscancerning the Spiral,in- ~ flead of the hitherto {appofed Annular, firatlure of the Fibers of the Inteftines, by Dr.Cole,n 125 p.603.0f theVen- tricle and Inteftines, by Dr. Gliffon, n.128.p.705. Ophthalmographia by M. Briggs, n.1:9 p.746. 4 new firu- Lure of tbe Diaphragm, aud a methed of preparing the Bowels byCa{par Bar- tholin,n.139.p.768. 7 be Anatome ef fome Animals at Paris,n.124. p.591. Dr. Grews Anatome of Plants vindi- Gated, n.127.p.6§7. © . Anfwers: Dr.Hodgfons Zvfwers to Mr Boyles Inquiries concerning the Subterraneous Fires in the Coal- mines near Newcalftle,@c. n. 130.p.761. Antiquities: The Britans de/cend- ed fromthe Cimbrians, and firft dif- cover'd by the Phoenicians, n.124.p. 596,998. The Idol Temples and other Heathenifh monuments of Old Greece | | HU preferved undemolijn’a under theTurks ' Dominion, 0.124P.5.75» The Anti~ ee quity of our Baths and thofe of Aquif-- gran compared, n.123. p. §74. T be Confent of Ancient and Modern Phi- lofophy,n.123.p.§70. The Cartefian prefer’d to the Ariltotelian,131.799.. | The means to reconcile C brenologers , N.131.p.793.Paleclogia Chronica, n. 132.p.6C8..4 AMatbematice-biflorical T able, See Artilic.7 bat at Boutan in: the Mogol: Dominions they had the ufe of Muskets Canon, and Powder, many. Ages ago,fome Canon now remarked a- bove $00 years old n. 130. p.756. Artifices : Hygrofcopes, Sce Air. The Pari(ian Water-Engin to quench fires 0.128. p.679. A fattitious Stone which imbibes any ordinary day- or can- dle-light, and for atime retains a fire- like luminou[ne[s ta amy dark place, n. 131. p.788.7 o improve T elefcopes, n. 128.p 691. Sugar-Wines draws from Plauts and Fruits,and to dry all whole- fome fruit ,n.128. p.583.How the Ger- mans make Bra/s of Lapis Calami- naris,130.768.A4 magnificent Throne. is Denmark made of huge Horns of Fifbes which ave tbere cal? d Unicorns horns, 130.766. Thegreat V'e[fel at Heidelberg de/cribed ibid. An Effay toexplainthe-phenomenon of the Incit- - natory Needle, towards the finding the Longitnde.130.774.T he Steel of Gol- conda bef? to be damaskined, and how order'd,129 715. A Talcén Perfia tinged , and mingled with Chalk well fleaked, makes Walls fhine Jal pis-like, ib p.714.T be Left Glue made of Stur- geon, and how order? d bid. How to try true BeZ03r,130:757. Strange mac gical fugling,ib.p.752. A ZMathema- tico-biftoricalT able defign’a\27 .667. Aftronomy :. Sigs. Caflini on the Lunar Eclipfe,Dec.2 1.1675 .ft.v.and the Occultation of a Fixt flar by the Moon 0.123 .p.§65.( compare n.121. 5 frronee — I ND fironomica,0.125 p.611. Hevelius on tbe Solar Eclip[e, Jun. 23.167 $. ff. n. 127.661. Flamftead , Townley,Hal- ley, on the Solar Eclipfe, Jun.1 1676. ib.p.662.Caffini on the fame , ib.p. 669.Hevelius on the fame j1b.p. 666. Caflini's advertifement about the con- figuration of Jupiters Satedites for the years 1676, 1677. n 128.p.681. A diretl and Geometrical method for finding the Aphelions , Eccentricities and proportions of the Orbs of the pri- mary Planets without fuppofing the E - quality of the Angle of Motion at the other Fotzs of the Planets Ellipfis, by -Mr Halley 128.683.Hevelius of the figure of Saturn in Aug.167§ ,n.127. p.661. Caflintadds 4 zoxe about Sa- _ turn, as abort Jupiter, bat more ob- feure,n.128 p.690.Caflini remarks a huge Spot in the $un,127.665. Flam- ftead and Halley onthe fame 128.687. Caflini on the fame again, 1b.p.689. Smethwick onthe Solar Eclipfe, J un. 1.1676 ./f:v.0.126 p.637.approv'd by Caflini, 127.665. © This obferv’d at Weltminfter by 27.Smethwick;24r. Colfon, at Wapping, on tbe fame, p. 723.A4r.Halley,724 AZ Bullialdus and M.Richelts onthe Lunar Eclipfe of Jan. 1.1676.n. 125.p.610. AComet, or New Star, or changing Stars (aid to be f[een,n.123 p.565,567. Animals in Paris diffected, n.124. p.591, Animals in Virginia, 1.126, Q.624,630, at Comorin,Coroman- del, Balfar3,129 713, 214.5 ^ — — Per(ian Animals : Camels forbea drink 9 days; carry 1000].yea1500 |. weight ,n.129. p.713: Cows having no graft to feed on there, are fed with heads -of fifbes and. dates boiled toge- ther,p.714. Porcupins kr Lions by footing quills into their bodies , ibid. Mogollian Animals, How Ele- ‘phants prepare for generation, 8.130. p 753:7 he 7Musk-animalthbe Bexoar- - aximahsthe Porcupin-fLone ,1b.755,7 57. Eele-like Infetts bred and [vwimminy E X bU in good pleafant Wine, 0.127. p.656. Worms falling down with Suow in Hungary,129. 742. A fomentation made of a decottion of Emmets very Antiparalytical, 129,743. Anatome of a Tortoife, many fingularities ibid. B Bos of England andAquisgran ! compared ,n.122 p.573. ‘ " Bezosr, whence and bow to be tri- e4,130.7§6. The Mineral Bezoar, | ana its Medical ufes in Sicily, 127. 672. ! Books, The Royal Almanack,m.13 o. p.774. Animals diffected at Paris, 124.99", W.Badcock’s Touch-ftone for Gola and Silver wares,132. 814. . Th. Bartholin.de Peregrinat. Me- dica,127.671. conia Cafp. Bartholini de Diaphragm. firattura nova una cam Methodo pre- parandi Vifcera,130.768. _ Bathonientium @& Aquifgranén- (ium Ther marum comparatio, varizs. adjuntl is thuftrata a R.P.123:575. - - M.de Blegny of the Venereal Dif-, eafe, 125.622. iis : | M.Bond of Longitudes, 130.774, Mr, Boyles Experiments and Notes * about the Mechanical Origin and pro, duttion of divers particular Qualities: Among which isinferted adifcourfe of — the Imperfetlion of the Chymifts dow rine of Qualities, with fome Reflex- tons upon the Fypethefis of Alcalt and Acidum, The Qualities bere confi- . der'dyare, Heat and Cold T afl s,Odors, Volatility, Fixedne[s,Corrofivene[s and Corrofibility, Chymical precipitation, ^. | Magxetifm, and Elsflicity, 127.669. — Mr. Briggs Opbibalmograpbia, 129. > 749. TOM ee 4 Dr. Edw. Brown's Account of bis — Travits through a great part of Ger- many ,130.767,. à , —. Henr. Buffchof, from Bitaviain — | tbe Eaft-Indies, of tbeGowt and its — cure by Moxa,125,6:1. AA - 3 A | / | | Dr. —Ó CN € n.132. p. 808. Monf.Charas Pharmacopee Royale, Galenique & Chymique 126.711. — . Monf.du Clos,fwr les Eaux Mine- rales des plufieurs Provinces deFrance, - 12$. 612. ! e AMr.Cook, of the Manner of raif- ing, ordering and improving Forrefts, Woods Groves ,to adorn Avenues , with proper Inftruttions in Aritbm.aud Geo- metry A26.044. —— - Of Education,chiefly of Gentlemen, 123 572. 3 | Ephemeridum Medico-phyficarum Germanicarum Ann 4,@ 3. cum p. pendice- 129.742. —. * Er.Giiffonius JZ, D.de Vestriculo € Inteftinis,nec non de partibus conti- sentibus in genere, in [Decie de par- tibus Abdominis, 128.705. : 7. B. ds Hamel de Confenfn Vet. Nove philofophie, 123.570. . M. dela Hire Nouvelle Methode —. en Geometrie pour les Sections des Sa- perficies Coniques & C ylinariques,qui ont pour bafe des Circles,on des Para- ' boles, des Ellip(es & des Hyperboles, E 129,745. - r Anth. Lawrence, Nr[eries,profi- table Gardens Orchards and Vineyards | folicited for Cambridge and the Champian Countries, and the North, 129745. | ; Mr, Mercator, §-. R. S Inflitut. Aft: onomice 125.611. : » La Mefurede la Terre,124.569. compare with this n. 112, and 126. p. 636. ; Dr Megerlins ALathematico-hifto- rical T able defrgned, Y27.667. — Monf. Menard: Noavelle Science des Temps,ou Moyen general de conci- lier les Chr onologues.131.793. | — pr.Molimbrochii Cochlearia cre 33 riofa, Englifbed, A25 621. | E Art de Parler,125.642 ^ Monf.Preftet, Elemens de Mathe. matiques, oun Principes generanx de 568. IGN EDGE x. pr. Carews Palaologia Chronica, . toutes les Sciences, qui ont. les Gran- deurs pour Objett.n.126.p.63 8. Joh. Pechlinius Z4. D. de Aerz C Alimenti defetiu, & Vita fab A- Guis. 127.675. Henr. Van Roonhuyfe Obferv. Chirurgical, with extraordinary Cafes of Women in Travel, Englifoed, 125, 631, | 3 | . Joh. Raei Clavis Philof. naturalis - Ariftorelica Cartefiana. Edit.[ecunda, aucta,131.790. Mr, Sammes, Britannia Antiqua thuftr ata.124.§96s Dr. Sydenham, circa Morborum az cutorum hifteriam & curationem, 123. AMonf. Taverniers Account of bis Voyages over the moft confiderable parts of A113,129.711,424 130.751. Georg. V elfchiiCestzrzs dua O6- fervat. Medice-phyficarum, 127. 673. Viretum Britannicum : How ro make many excellent (orts of Wines of Englifh growth by J.W.geut.123.574., With an advertifement to encourage the fame,124.583 . Dr. Wallis; Archimedes Areuarius cnm Not & Ver fone, 123.567. GC | Hira; 4 paffage to China by —! land from Mufcovia on rhe North-fide of Tartaria Magna, 130, 756, "rae | . Cabinets and Repofitories : of the— G.Mogol,n.130.p.754,755 : of the King of Perlia, ib. p.757, of theG, Duke of Tufcany, ibid. of 47 brone of Unicorns horns i» Denmark, ib, P. 768; of a Jafpis i» Vienna, 9 foot diameter, ibid. of rare Mann[cripts, ibid. The Elett.of Saxonies Repofz- tory farni(bt with very many con[idera- ble rarities beth of Nature and Art, N.130.p.786. Commodities, very excellent in Si- cily,127. 672. and Pbyfico- Medical rarities ibid. | Commodities of the Mogol asd. ' F Períia,n.130. p.734. Tes - eee A ee TUE E "^l res,bow tobe quenched by a Pa. } rifian/Zater- Exgin,n.128.p.679. The Subterraneous Fire , and its pro- dn&lions in the Coal-mines tear New- caftle430.762. Fithes,ia Virginia, 126. 6:4. A frrange Man fifo vee een, 625. Ife: Human life extended long under water ,n27.p.675. i . Light: Ar. Newton defend: bis dottrine of Light and Colonrs,23.$ 36. . in anfwer to Mr. Liaus's Objections, n 121. p.459. Z4r.Linus againff Mr. Newton theory, 128. 692. © Mr. Newton’s defence, ib.p.698 and a- - gainft Mr, Lucas's Light from Dead Hela and tran[mitted meerly by contact, . 125.599. Light returned (or awhile in a Fallitiou [Lone 131.788. Lake: Mexico-L. very fHrange,758* Musk whence 130.7 56. Musky [cent ETE MON qDuEIS nM. | Agnetifm : In force alter'd by NI great claps of Thunder and Lightning, 0.127.).648. Of Magne- tifm, See Mr Boyle of Qualities,&c, Medico-Chirurgical Ob(ervations: In Virginia,126.629.J2 Perfiai29.. 712: Wounds there cured with boyled flefh or with bot fat ,beft of Horfe-flefh, ib. p.713. Perfians very healthful by drinking a decotlion ef China-wood, and they know nothing of the Stone or Gout Abid.Z hePreparation of the Hel. montian ludus, 127. 742. drawn of Black flints, cures the Stone inthe Bladder,ibid. The Si pirit of Spa- ni(h (alt potent againft the Strangury, ib Hemlock with Sugar allays the heat of the Liver, ibid. Trifolium palu- itre cures the Sar ese Atural Hiftory co/e&ed,n.123. A.N p. $51.24 Filo vefembling a mas, ib.p.625 From Dublin, zr 129.715. Nutmeg, planted b bem 130-754. | The Oyl ; GOGNCDOESUICOR Hylick and Chirurgery bow pra- ; P aited inbertia.n 129.Pe712;703, in Virginia 126.629,630. Plants,127 672. 1n Virginia,asd. how Tabacco planted and order’d there, 126.628 Plants and Commodities in Sicily,127.672. J” Perlia, how Palm. trees are propag ted ,129. 714. Iu the Mogol,30.734« That Nutmegs are planted only by Birds dung ing Áb.Cina- -mon-trees (ent out of Ceylon,in chefts filled with the Native earth thrive well in Holland,129.743. Rock-plants : Mr J.Beaumoni proveth,that Plaats, Fifbes , Shells, and figures of Animals are found growing in the Rocks and -clefts of Rocks in Mendip-mines, not brought thither and fo petrified there, — 129.724, 414 737,738. Gunpowder made of the Salt of Centaurium mi- nus 3 but JIronger Gunpowder prepared ott of the Salt of another Vegetable not named,\27.673. A Gangrenizing and infectious Rye at fome (eafons in fome — places of France ,130.758.7 be powder of the Mogullian: Indigo pierces in. credibly,ib. p.754. The Mogullian Sugar being kept 30 years, becomes | poyfon ibid. The fruit of Solanum Ve~ ficarium fuddenly changeth tafte from fweet 10 bstter,127.673. The juice of Vines froxen and reprefexting the fi- gures of V. andGrapes, 129/743. The - like figurat ia Snow, ib.p. 739 The Text, of Trees accurately anatomiz a, 127.696. S57 G Tones bred in many Horfes as well J) as in men and tbe Bexoar-like ver= tue of thee Stones,n.129 p.743. .— T Ravels from Venice through Dalmatia,and Greece, and Ad, | Vernons Account 124 575. CAE W Ater-Engin to quench Fires, Bic Parisj128.679. World:7 he figure of the grand [yflem of the World reprefentea 5. tbe fee fi- cies of Fluids, and by liquors contigne J 044 131.77 $,47d 1324799. hiro NS M DO aot xL ORMI NU ea D sf ES Mee t SNC. Une PE INR E PS ae Pe eT E Mum rese SSS erg MCN ay en a ANE NPs restore “SiR EN teases MESS: Sits LEER VN ERO € NU = Pee yy Aes ES S Mew tels e LE i tS iet UN, ^ Tet MN e ten Reuter ws NT wie we S T NUI ^ zt Tu fie ty RUNI M - Des a^ ny, d