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PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS:

GIVING SOME

OF THE PRESENT
Undertaking , Studies, and Labours

OF ete

INGENIOUS

3 IN MANY
CONSIDERABLE PARTS

OF THE,
ea Legal: lots 4

| Wal L
| For Anno 1665, and 1666,

In the S 4V Or.

i Psinted by T.N. for Fobn Martyn at she Bell, a little with-
out Ta bese , and Fames Alleftry in Duck- Lane,
Printers to the Royal Society,

. i: rt
yan on deena Hy eee

% a7, nee F ,
. ihe donc ae a a\t anh
RR, NBA
P P , we 7 ; $ 4 ‘ H

We se WZ AT will not become me, to adde any
WAS ESS Atiributes to a Title,which bas a
~ Bulnefs of Luftre from bis Ma-
jefties Denomination. |
“ In thefe Rude Colleétions, Sich

Po Be onoh the Gleanings of my private diverfi ions
in broken hours , ti may appear , that many
Minds and Hands are in many places induftri-
oufly employed , ‘under Your Countenance and by
Your Example , inthe purfuit of thofe Excellent
Ends . which oe to Your Heroical ‘Under-
3 taking: Saas
Some of thefe a are but a Latinbinth of large
Compilements. And fome Eminent Members of
Your Society , have obliged the Learned World
with: Incomparable Volumes ,_ which are not
herein mention'd , becaufe they were finifht , and
in great Reputation abroad , before I entred upor
this Taske. And no fmall Number are at

ies magnet a Kae weighty Produttions,
which |

Epiftle Dedicatory. |
which require both Lime and Affiftance, for
their due Maturity, So that no man: can froin
thefe Glimpfes of Light take any juft Meafure
of Your Performances, or of Your Profecutiz
ons; but every man may perbaps recetve fome bes
—nefit from thefeParcels, which I gueffed to be
fomewhat conformable to YourDefign,
T his my Solicitude , That, as ought not to
be unfaithful to thofe Counfels you have. com-
mitted tomy Truft , fe 0 alfo that I may not altoye-
ther wafie any minutes of the leafure you afford —
me. And thus have I made the beft ufeof, Lome of
them, that I could devife, To fpread abroad Enz
couragements , Inquiries, Direétions , and Ratz
terns, that may ammate, ahd draw on Univer.
fal A fsiftances, 5.8. wd oot clade Wma

7 be Great God profper. You in. the J

| oble,

Engagement of Difperfing the true Luftre of pir
Glorious Works , and the Happy Inventions of.
obliging Men all over the World ; tothe General
‘Benefit of Mankind: So wifbes with real.
Affettions , kik we REN, ola

Your humble and obedient Servant | yi

HENRY OLDENBURG.

| “99 oe Namb.1.
PHILOSOPHICAL
PAR AN SAG LTO NS.

| Munday, March 6, 1665.

ck The Contents.

An Introduction to this Trad, An Accompt of the Improvement of
Optick Glafles at Rome. Of the Obfervation made in England,
of aSpotinone of the Belts of the Planet Jupiter. Of the mo-
tion of the late Comet preditied. The. Heads of many New Ob-

_ fervatious and Experiments , in order to an Experimental Hifto-—
ry of Cold; together with fome Thermometrical Difcourfes and

’. Experiments. ‘A Relation of a very odd Monftrous Calf.

_ @ pecuizar Lead-Ore iz Germany., very ufeful for Effays. Of

_. anHungarian Bolus, of the fame effet with the Bolus Armenus.
Of the New American Whale-fifhing about the Bermudas. A Nar-_
vative concerning the fuccefs of the Pendulum-watches at Sea

_. for the Longitudes 5 axd the Grant of a Patent thereupou, A

_ Catalogue of the Philofophical Books publifht by Monfieur de Fer- -
mat, CounfeHour at Tholoute, lately dead. | 7 |

ne Introduttion:

IS, ting the improvement of Philofophical Matters, —

S
BNE IS than- the communicating to fuch , as apply their
NENOE Studies and Endeavors that way , fuch things as are
@GZAegS S dilcovered or put in practice by others; It 1s there-
\ fore thought fit to employ the Prefs > as the moft proper way
togratifiethofe,; whofe engagement in fuch Studies, and delight
4m the advancement of Learning and profitable Difcoveries ,
doth entitle chem to the knowledge of what this Kingdom, or
other parts of the World, do; from time to time, afford, as a

" e
e.,

: 41 |
of the Progrefs of the Studies,Labors, and.attempts of the Cu-
rious and Learned in things of this kind, as of their complete
Difcoveries and Performances : To the end, that fuch Produ-
ctions being clearly and truly communicated , defires after fo-
lide and ufeful knowledge may be further entertained , ingeni-
ous Endeavors and Undertakings cherifhed , and thofe, addi-
cted to and converfant in fuch Matters,may be invited and en-
couraged tofearch, try, and find-out new things, impart their
‘Knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to
the Grand Defign of improving Natural knowledge , and per-
fecting all Philofophical Arts, and-Sciences. All for the Glory of
God, the Honor and Advantage of thefe Kingdoms, and the
Univerfal Good of Mankind. ony FF

An Accompt of the improvement of Optick Glaffes..

There came lately from Paris a Relation, poner oey the Im-
provement: of Optick Glaffes, not long fince attempted at Rome -
by Signor Ginfeppe Cawspant ,and by him difcourfed of, ina Book,
Entituled, Ragguaglio.di nuone Offervationz, lately printed in
the faid City, but not yet tranfmitted intothefe parts; wherein.
thefe following particulars, according.to the Intelligence, which
was fenthither,are contained.. t ee , °

The Firft regardeth the excellency. of the long Tele/copes,made
by the faid Campani, who pretends to have found a way to
work great Optick Glafes with a Turne-tool , without any
Mould: And whereas hitherto it hath been found by Experi-
ence , that {va Glafles are in proportion better, to fee with,
upon. the Earth,then the great ones;that Author affirms,that his
are equally good forthe Earth, and for making Obfervations in —
the Heavens. Befides, he ufeth three Eye-Glaffes for his great
Telefcopes,without finding any Zris or {uch Rain-bow colors,as do
ufually appear in ordinary Glaffes, and’ prove an impediment to
Obfervations, ‘thea

The Second, concerns the Circle of Saturn, in which le hath
obferved nothing, but what confirms Monfieur Chriftiam Huy-
gens de Zulichem his Syfteme of'that Planet, publifhed by. that
worthy Gentleman in the year, 1659. ne

° ’ “he

. tby ,

The Third, refpects Jupiter , wherein Campani affirms he hath
obferved. by.the goodnefs of his Glafies, certain protuberancies
and fvequalities ,much greater ‘then thofe that have been feen
therein hitherto. He-addeth, thathe is now obferving, whe-
ther thofe {allies in the {aid Plavez do not change their fituation,
which if theyfhould be found todo, he judgeth, that Jupzter —
- might then be faid toturn upon his 4xe3 which, in his opinion,
would ferve much to confirm the opinion of Coperxicws. Belides
this, he affirms, he hath remarked in the Belts of Fapiter, the
fhaddows of his fatel/ites, and followed them, and at length
feen them emerge out of his Disk.

ne A Spot in one of the Belts of Jupiter.

The Ingenious Mr. Hook, did , fome months fince, intimate
toa friend of his, that he had,with an excellent twelve foot Te-
lefcope, obferved, fome days before, he then {poke of it, (v7-
del. on the ninth of Atay, 1664. about 9 of the Clock at night ))
a {mal]] Spot in the biggeft of the 3 obfcurer Belts of Fupzter,
-andthat, obferving it from time to time, he found, that with-
In 2 hours after, the faid Spot had moved from Eaft to Weft, a-
bout half the length of the Diameter of Jupiter. |

The Motion of the late Comet preditted.

There was lately fent , toone of the Secretaries of the
Royal Society a Packet , containing fome Copies of a Printed
Paper, Entituled, The Ephemersdes of the Comet, made by
the fame Perfon , that fent it, called Afonfieur Auzout , a.
French Gentleman of no ordinary Merit and Learning, who

_ defired, that a couple of them might be recommended to

the faid Society , and one to their Prefident, and another to —
his Highnefs Prince Kypert, and the reft to fome other Perfons,

~ nominated by him in a Letter that accompanied this prefent,

and. known abroad for their fingular abilities and know-
ledge in Philofophical Matters. The end of the Communica-
tion of this Paper was, That, the motion of the Comet, that hath
Jately appeared, having been predicted by the {aid Adonfieur Au-

| ies | A 2 | zouk

oy

- ( | et
zout, after hehad feenit (as himfelf affirms) but 4or§ times,
the Virtuo of England, among others, might compare alfo their’
Obfervations with his Ephemerides , either to confirm the Hypo-'
thefts, upon which the Author had before hand. calculated the
way of this Star, or to undeceive him, if he be in a miftake.
The faid Author Dedicateth thefe his conceptions to the moft
Chriftian King, telling him, that he prefents Him witha defign,
which never yet was undertaken by any Affroxomer’s all the’
World having been hitherto perfwaded, that the moticns of
Comets were fo irregular, that they could not be reduced to any
Laws, and men having contented themfelves, to obferve ex- -
actly the places,through which they dd pafs; but no man, thathe. —
knows, having been {o bold‘as-to venture'to foretel the places,
through which they jhould pafs , and where they fhould ceafe to.
appear: Whereas he exhibits -here the Ephemerides, determi-
ning day by day , in what place of the Heavens this Comet fhall:
be, at what hour it fhall be in its Aderidzav, and at what hour:
it fhall fet; until irs too’great remotenef§,- or, the approach of
the ‘Sun’, hide it fromour eyes. Defcending to particulars, he
faith, that this Star, being difengaged from the beams of the Sun,
might have been obferved , if his conjectures be good, ever:
fince it hath beenof 17 or: 18 degrees Southerz Latitude , and
that about the middle of November lat , and fooner., unlefs it
have been too fmall.:. Thathewever-it hath been feea in Holand |
ever fincethe 2d. of December laft, at.whichtime, according
to his reckoning, the Diurnal motiomof. the Comet fhould alrea-
dy amount to17 or 18 minuts. He finds, that this Star mo-
veth ju? enough in the Plan.of a Great Circle, whichinclmeth to
the Eguinottial about 30 degrees, and tothe Echptick about
49d. or 49 4; cutting the Equator at about 45 d. 4, and the
Echptick.at the 28d. of Aries, ora little more. He faith juft.
exough, becaufe he thinks, there may perhaps be fome paral/axe 5 |
which he wifheth couldbe determined.

Hence,( fo he goes on) every one who pleafeth,may fee, in tracing *
the Comet upon the Globe, through , or by which Starrs it hath.
paffed and fhall pafs; adding, that there will be wezther caufe
to wonder, that having defcended to about 6. degr.beneath the.
Tropick of Capricorz, he hath remounted afterwards, and fhall go °

3 ~ On.

on sipediabos fo, as to pafs the Lebeireiiel and perhaps proceed
to 15. degrees Norther Declination, if it do not.difappear

before that time, by reafon of its remotenefs.: Nor to believe,

that there have been two Comets, wpon its being feen again the
21. of December 5 fince, according to him,it ought to have been
fo,if it continue to move ina Great Circle.
Having hereuponfhewed, ‘how the motion is to be traced up- -
on the Globehe finds; that , according to his Calculation, this Co- -
met was to pals the Tropick of Capricorn about the 16.0f De-
cember, and being entred into the Sign of Fsrgo on the 20. of the
{ame month, and having been in Quadratwith the Suz, it fhould
{till defcend, until the 26. of December in the morning, and then
enter into Lee; that having entred, the 28. of the fame month,
into Cancer, and been, a little! after that time, inits greatelt In-
clination to the Ecliptick, vid. in the 28. degree of Leo, it was

to repals the Soatherz Tropich,, over againtt the ttle Dogg, On -

the 29. of December about 9. or 10. ofthe clock in the morning, |
after it had been oppofite to the Suz 2. or 3. hours-before 5 and)
that on the 29. of December in the evening it fhould be jin »
Gemini, andat-the rey beginning of the New year, enter into:
Taurus.

- ‘After this, our Author finds, that this Cometjaccording to his.
zecount, fhould pafs the quater on the 4. of Faanary before.
noon, and that about 5. or 6..of the clock in the evening of.
that day it was to come into the Jaw of the Whale, and the 9..
of the Lime, at 6. of the clock, it fhould come clofe to the {mall .

Starr of the Whale, which is in its way, a little below. At length,

he finds that it was to enter into Aries on the 12. of Jamuary,
and to cut the Ecliptick.on the 16..of the fame month. about.
noon, at which time it was to be again in Quadrat with the Sue;
whence drawing a little to above the Northern Line of Pifeess it:
fhould in his opinion ceafe to appear a little beyond that place,
without going as far as to the middle of Aries, if fo be that its -
remotenefs makeit not difappear fooner..

He continueth, and faith, that this Cowet fhall not: arrive to.
the place over. againtt the Line of Pifces,till the 10.0f Febrvary,&
that then its Dia#rwal motion {hall not exceed 8. minuts3and not:
5. minuts about the 20. of the fame month ; and.that inthe be- ~

ginning.

6)
ginning of AZarch, if we fee Bs su the faid motion thal net
exceed 4. minuts, and: fo-hall.be ftill diminifhing ; except the
Comet become*Retrograde, which, as very important, he would
have-well obferved ;-as alfo,whether its;motion will be about
the end more or lefs {wift,then he hath calculated it.

He fubjoyneth, that the greateft way, which. this Star
could make in 24. hours, hath been 13. 4.255, and in one hour,
about 34’; and thinking it probable; that:about the.time, when
it made fo muchway, it fhould:be neereft to the Ezrth, he con-
cludeth that its motion in 24. hours muft be.in its leaft diftance
fromthe Earth, as about:3, to r4yor 1. to 47, and that its motion
in one hour was to be to the fame leaft diftance., as about r.
tO TOI IMNS! OGI10. 1 .Dovine wolved Jeds to:

But that,which he Judgethmoft remarkable, is, that he found
by his Calculation, that the faid leaft diftance fhould be on the
29. of December, when the Comet. was oppofite to the Suz; which
“ he does not know whether it may not ferve to decide the grand
Queftion concerning the Motion of the Earth. \ bed 3

‘He taketh further notice, that»the Tay! of the Comet was to.
turn Weffward, witha point tothe North, until the 29. of Decen-
ber, at which time it was to be oppofite to the Sv, and that then
the faid Tay! was to look directly North; but that, after that
time, the Tay/ wasto turn Eaftward, and continue to do fo, until .
it difappear’; "and that it fhall draw a little towardsthe North,un-.
til the 8.or 10. of February, at which time the Tay! isto be pa-
rallel tothe Zquator , andif the Comet be yet {een for fome time
after,the Tay/thall goa little lower towards the South, but grow —
faiallete (10 cr * yh ‘arit.o

‘He finds by his Hypothejis, that on the 2. of December, which is.
the firft obfervation, that he hath heard of, this Star was to be .
about 7. times more remote from the Earth, then when it wasin
its Perigeum 5 and that it will be again in an equal remotenefs
fromthe Earth, onthe 27. of Fanuary ; {othat heis of opinion,
that in cafe this Comet have not been (och before the 2.0f Decem- .
ber it will not be feen-any more after the 27. of Famuary..

He wifhes above all things, thatit might be very exactly ob- .
ferved, at what Angle the way of the Comet cuts the Zguator,
and, moft of all, the Ecliptich; that{o it may befeen, wengiher

there

‘

there hath not been fome ParaMaxe in the Cirele of his Moticn 5

as alfo,that fome obfervations could be had of its greateft defcent

beneath the Tropick, of Capricorz in the more Southerx parts,

where he faith it would have been without Refracfions ; More-

over, ofthe Time, when it hath beemin Qwadrat with the Suz

about the 20. of December ; and that alfo very exact Obfervation
might be made of the time of its being again in Quadrat with

the Su,which,according to him,was to be Janwar..16.

He wifhesalfo , that fome in Afadagafcar may have obferved
thisStar ; Seeing that it began to appear over the middle of that
Ifazd,and pafied twice over their Heads; he judgeth,that they
have feen it before us.. And he wifhes laftly, that there were
fomeintelligent perfonin Guzaza to obferve it there,feeing that
within.a few daies, according to his reckoning, it will pafs over
their Heads, and will not remove from thence but 8. or 10. de-
grees Northward, where he faith, it will difappear; thinking it
By habs: that it can {till appear, after the Sa fhallhave paf-
ea It. ’

. This Account beareth Puceiendhens Janu ary,new ftile,1665, |
andthe Author thereof addeth this Note, That, feeing it could

not be printed nor diftributed fo foon as he defired, he hath had
the. opportunity to verifie it by feome Obfervations, from which

he affirms he hath found no. fenfible difference; or, if there be,

that it preceeds only from thence, that the Stars have advanced,

-fincehis Globe was made. He concludeth, that if this continue,

and the firft Obfervations do likewife agree,or that the differen-
ces do arrive within the Times, ghefled by him, that he hopes,

he fhall.determine both the Diffance. and the Afagwitude of this
Comet; and that perhaps one may be enabled to decide the

Queftion of the Azotion of the Earth, Inthe interim,he aflureth, —

thathe hath not changed:-the Jeaft number in his Calculations,and

that. Monfienr Huygens, & feveral French Gentlemen,to whom,he ©
faith,he. hath giventhem long fince, can bear him witnels that he
hath.done {fo-5. as alfo many other friends of his,who faw upon
his dene feveral daies before, the way-of the Comet from day —
to day. : ;
Thus farr the Parifian Account of the Comet, which is here i-
ferted at large, that the intelligent and curious. in Exgland may
Tete compare

LY
compare their Obfervations therewith, cither to verifie thefe Pre-
dictions, or to. fhew wherein they differs which is (as was allo
hinted above)the defign of this Philofe anbical Prophet 10 dilperfing
his Conceptions, who declareth himfelf ready, in cafe he be mif-
taken in his reckoning, tolearn another Hypothefts, to explicate
thele admirable appearances by

“An Experimental Hi iftory of Cold.

There isin tiie Prefs, a New Ti reatije, entituled, New Obferva-
tions and Experiments in order to an Experimental ‘Hiftory of Cold,
_ begun by that Noble Philofopher, Mr. Hobert Boyle, and in great
part already Prmted; He did lately very obligingly prefent fe-
veral Copies of fo ane as was Printed, to the Royal Society, with
a defire that fome of the Members thereof might be engaged to
perufe the Book, and fele@ out of it for trial, the hints of fuch
Experiments, as the Anthour there wifheth might be either yet
made or profecuted. The Heads thereof are, ,
1. Experiments touching Bodies capable of Ff reezing ‘thet,
2. Experiments and Obfervations touching Bodies Dilpoted
to be Frozen.
3. Experiments touching. Bodies, Indifpofed tobe F rozen,
4. Experiments: and Obfervations: touching the Degrees of
Cold in feveral Bodies.» |
5- Experiments touching the Tendency of Cold Upwards or
Downwards.
6. Experiments and Obfervations touching the Prefervation
and Deftruction of (Eggs, Apples, and other) Bodies by Cold.
7. Experiments touching the Expanii ion of Water jes Aque-
ous Liquors by Freezing. |
8. Experiments touching the Contradtion of Liquors by Cold.
9. Experiments in Confort, touching the Bubbles, from which
the Levity of Ice isfuppofed to proceed. _
ro. Experiments about ithe Meafure of the Expanfion and the
Contrattion of Liquors by Cold.:
11. Experiments touching the Expanth ve Force of Freezing
Water. —
12.Experiments touching a! New way of oftiih atta the Expan-
five

| 9
five ae Congelation, and of highly compreffing Air with-

out Engines,

13. Experiments and Obfervations touching the Sphere of
Adtivity of Cold.

4. Experiments touching diichne Mediums, throu oh which
Cold’ may be diffufed.

15. Experiments and Obfervations touching Ice.

16. Experiments and Obfervations touching the duration of —
Ice and Snow, and the deltroy ing of — by the Air, and feve~
ral Liquors.

17. Confiderations and Experiments. touching the Primi
Frigidum. |

18. Experiments and Obfervations touching the Coldnefs and

_ Temperature of the Air.

~ 19, Of the ftrange Effects of Cold. ;
_ 20. Experiments touching the weight of Bodies frozen and

unfrozen. 3
or, Promifcuous Experiments and Obfervations concerning
Cold.
This Treatife will be difpatched within a very fhort time, and

~ would have been fo,ere this.if the extremity of the late Fr oft had

ug ftept the Prefs. It will be accompanied with fome Difcourfes
the fame Authour, concerning New Thermometrical Experiments

and Thoughts, as alfo, with an Exercitation about. the Decrine of

the Antiperiftafts : In the former. whereof is frfé propofed this
Paradox, That‘not onely our Senfes,but common Weather-glafies,
may mifinform us about Cold. Next, there are contained Im

_ ‘this part, New Obfervations about the deficiencies of Weather-

glafies, together with fome confiderations touching the New or
Herwetical Thermometers. Lajtly, they deliver another Para-
dov, touching the caufe of the Condenfation of the Air, and
Afcent of water by Cold in common Weather-glaffes. The
latter piece of this part contains an Examen of Aztiperiftafis, as it
Is wont to be taught and proved: OF all which there will, per-
haps,a fuller account be given by the Next. |

| B ) An

oor” rae ee eee oe ee

Oe :
— An Account of avery odd Monftrous Calf. —

By the fame Noble perfon was lately communicated to the
Royal Society an Account of avery Odd Monttrous Birth , pro-
duced at Limmsington in Hampfhire, where aButcher, having
caufed aCow (which caft her Calf the year before ) to be co-
vered, that fhe might the fooner be fatted, killed her when fat,
and opening the Womb, which he found heavy to admiration,
faw in it a Calf, which had begun to have hair, whofe hinder
Leggs had no Joints, and whofe Tongue was, Cerberus-like, tri- .
ple, to each fide of his Mouth one, and one inthe midft: Be- -
tween the Fore-ieggs & the Hinder-leggs was a great Stone,on
which the Calf rid:The Sterz#,or that part of the Breaft,where
the Ribs lye,was alfo perfect Stone; & the Stone,on which it rid,
weighed twenty pounds and a half; the outfide of the Stone
was of Greenith colour, but fome {mall parts being broken off,
it appeared a perfect Freeftone. The Stone, according tu the
Letter of Mr. David Thomas, who fent this Account to Mr. Boyle,
is with Doctor Haughteyn of Salisbury,to whom he alfo referreth-
for further Information. | : |

Of a Peculiar Lead-Ore of Germany , and the Ue
ere Ko ? )

_ There was, not long fince,fent hither out of Gerwazy from an
inquifitive Phyfician, a Lift of feveral AZiverals and Earths of that
Country, and of Huxgary, together with a Specimen of each of
them-among which there was a kind of Lead-Ore, whichis more
confiderable thenall the reft, becaufe of its fingular ufe for E/- ©

fays apon the Coppell, {eeing that there is not any other Aéttal
mixed with it. Tis found in the Upper-Palatinate,at a place called
Freyung, and there are two forts of it, whereof one is a kind
of Cryftalline Stone,and almoft all good Lead; the other not fo
rich, and more farinaceous. By the information, coming along
with it, they are fetcht, not from under the ground, but, the
Mines of that place having lain long neglected, by reafon of the
Wars of Germany and the increafe of Waters, the people, living —
there-

(11)
_ thereabout, take it from what their Forefathers had thrown a-
way, and had Jain long in the open Air. The ufe above-men-
tioned being confidcrable, the perfon, who fent it, hath been
intreated, to inform what quantities may be had of it, if there
fhould be occafion to fend for fome.

Of an Hungarian Bolus , of the fame Effect with the
Bolus Armenus. — ante

The fame perfon gave notice alfo, that,befides the Bolus Ar-
menus, and the Terra Silefiaca, there is an Earth to be found in
Hungary about the river Teckay, thence called Bolus Tockavien-

fis, having as good effects in Phyfick, as either of the former
two,.and commended by experience inthofe parts, as much as
it is by Sexnertus eut of Crate, for its goodnefs. |

Of the New American Whale-fifbing about the Ber-
— tmudas. : :

_ Here followsa Relation, fomewhat more divertifing,then the
precedent Accounts 5 which is about the new Whale-fifhing in the.
Weft-Indies about the Bermudas,as it was delivered by an under-
ftanding & hardy Sez-man,who affirmed he had been at the kil-
ling work himfelf.His account,as far as remembred,was this; That
though hitherto all Attempts of maftering the Whales of thofe
Seas had been unfuccesful,by reafon of the extraordinary fierce-
nefs and fwiftnefs of thefe monftrous Animals; yet the enter-
prife being lately renewed , and fuch perfons chofen and fent
thither for the work,as were refolved not to be baifled by a Sea-
montter.they did profper fo far in this undertaking,that,having

been out at Sea, neer the faid If{le of Bermudas, {eventeen times,
- and faftned their Weapons a dozen times, they killed in thefe
expeditions two old Female-Whales, and three Cubs, whereof
one of the old ones.from the head to the extremity of the Tay!,
was 88. Foot in length, by meafure 5 its Tay] being 23. Foot
road, the {wimming Finn 26. Foot long, and the Gills three
toot long: having great bends underneath from the Nofe to
the Navil; upon her after-part,a Finn on the back 5 being within
~B 2 paved

| | Gis)” |

paved (this wasthe plain Sea-mans phrafe ) with fat, like the
Cawlof aHog. — a RA SEV a! See id

_ The other old one, he faid, was fome 60.Foot long. Of the -

(Cubs , one was 33; the other two, much about 25. or 26,Foot ~

long. hace cil Ue ee

The fhape of the Fifh,he faid, was very fharp behind, like the
ridge ofa houfe:the head- pretty bluff, and full of bumps.on both
fides : the back perfectly black,and the belly white. « .

Their celerity and force he affirmed tobe wonderful, info-
much that one of thofe Creatures,which he {truck himfelfjtowed —
the boat wherein he was, after him, for the {pace of fix or feven
Leagues, in of anhourstime. Being wounded, he faith, they
make a hideous roaring, at which, all of that kind that are with-
in hearing, come towards the place, where the Animal is, yet
without ftriking, or doing any harm to the wary. 3

He added,that they {truck one of a prodigious bignefs, and
by ghefs of above 100. foot long. He is of opinion, that this Fifh
comes neereft to that fort of Whales, which they call the jz- |
bartes; they are without teeth, and longer then the Greew/and-
Whales,but not fothick. _ hn 7 eee

Hie faid further that they fed much upon Grafs.crowing at the
bottom of the Sea; which,he afirmed,was {een by cutting up the
great Bag or Maw, whereinhe had found thoneof them about
two orthree Hogfheads of a greenifh graffy-matter. (99,

As to the quantity and nature of the Oy! which they yield,
he thought, that the largeft fort of thefe Whales might afiord’
feven or eight Tuns if well hufbanded, although they had loft
much this firft time, for want of a good Cooper.having brought
home buteleven Tuns. The Cubbs, by his relation, do yield
but little, and that is but a kind of Jelly. That which the old
ones render, doth candy, like Porks-Greafe, yet burneth very
well. He obferved, that the Oy! of the Blubber is as clear and.
fair asany Whey: but that whichis boyled out of the Lean, in-
terlarded,becomesas hard as Tallow, {pattering in the burning ;
and that whichis made of the Caw], refembleth Hoggs-greafe.

One, but fearce credible, quality of this Oy], he affirms to be,
that though it be boiling, yet one may run ones hand into it
without fealding ; to which he adds, that it hath a very healing

Vertue

, | 12
Vertue for cuttings, lamenefs, ec. the part affected being an-
ointed therewith. One thing more he related, not tobe omit-
ted, whichis, that having told, that the time of catching thefe |
Fifhes was from the beginning of AZarch, to the end of Afay, af-
ter which time they appeared no more in that part of the Sea:
he did, when afked, whither they then retired, give this Anfwer,
That it was thought, they went into the Weed-beds of the Gulf
of Florida, ithaving been obferved, that upon their Fins and
Tails they have {tore of Clams or Barnacles, upon which,he faid,
Rock-weed, or Sea-tangle did grow a hand long ; many of them
having been taken of them, ofthe bignefs of great Oyfter-thells,
_ and hung upon the Governour of Bermudas his Pales.

_A Narrative concerning the fuccefs of Pendulum-Watches
at Sea for the Longitudes, :

+ The Relation lately made by Major Holwes, concerning the
fuccels of the Pexdulum-Watches at Sea ( two whereof were
- committed to his Care and Obfervation in his laft voyage to
Guiny by fome of our Emiment Virtuof, and Grand Promotors
of Navigation) ts as followeth ; a
_ The faid Agjor having left that Coaft,and,being come to the
- [He of St.Thomas under the Lize,accompanied with four Vefiels,
having there adjufted his Watches, put to Sea, fand failed Weft-
ward, feven or eight hundred Leagues,’ without changing his
—_courfe ; after which, finding the Wind favourable, he iteered
- towards the Coaft of 4frick, North-North-Eaft.. But having
failed upon that L7ve a matter of two or three hundred Leagues,
the Mafters of the other Ships, under hisCondutt, apprehend-
ing that they fhould want Water, before they could reach that
. Coaft,did propofe to him to fteer their Courfe to the Barbadoes,
to fupply themfelves with Water there. Whereupon the faid
_ Major, having called the Maftersand Pilots together,and caufed
them to produce their Journals and Calculations, it was found,
that thofe Pilots did differ in their reckonings from that of the
Major, one of them eighty Leagues, anoeher about an hundred,
and the third,more; but the Major judging by his Pesdzl-
Watches, that they were onely fome thirty Leagues diftant from
: the

14) |

thelfle ofF #ezo,which is one @ the Ifles ofCape Verd,and that they
~ might reach it next day,and having a great confidence in the faid

‘Watches, refolved to f{teer their Courfethither,and having given
order {0 to do, they got the very next day about Noon,a fight of
the faid I{le of Fuego, findiag themfelves to {ail directly upon it,
‘and fo arrived at it that Afternoon, as he had faid. Thefe
Watches having been firft Invented by the Excellent Mounfieur
Chriftian Hugens of Zulichem, and fitted to go at Sea, by the
Right Honourable, the Earl of Ki#cardiz, both Fellows of the
Royal Society, are now brought by a New addition to a won-
derfull pertection. The faid Monfieur Hagezs, having been in-
formed of the fuceefs of the Experiment,made by Major Holmes,
Wrote toa Friend at Pars aLettertothisetfect;

Major Holmes.at his return, hath made a relation concerning
the ufefulnefs of Pesdulums, which furpafleth my expectation.
I did not imagine that the Watches of this firft Structure would
fucceed fo well, and I had referved my main hopes for the
Newones. But feeing that thofe have already ferved fo fuccef-
fully, and that the other are yet more juft and exad, Ihave ©
the more reafon to believe,that the Invention of Loxgitudes will
come toits perfection. In the mean time, I fhall tell you, that
the States did receive my Propofition, when I defired of them a

Patent for thefe New Watches, and the recompenfe fet a-part for
_ the invention in cafe of fuccefs; and that without any difficulty
they have granted my requeft, commanding me to bring one
of thefe Watches into their Aflembly, to explicate unto them
the Invention, and the application thereof to the Longitudes ;
which] have done to their contentment. Ihave this week pub-
lifhed , that the faid Watches fhallbe expofedto fale, together
_ with an nformation neceflary to ufe thematSea: andthus I ~
have broken thelIce. The fame Objection, that hath been made
in your parts againft the exactnefs of thefe Pendulums, hath alfo
been made heres to wit, that though they fhould agree toge-
ther, they might fail both of them, by reafon that the Air atone ©
time might be thicker, thenatanother. But [have anfwered,
that this difference, if there be any, will not be at all perceived —
in the Perduls , feeing that the continual Obfervations , made
in Winter from day to day, until Summer, have fhewed me, oe

they

us (15) ,
they have always agreed with the Sun. As to the Printing of
the Figure of my New Watch, I fhall defer that yet a while: but
it fhall in time appear with all the Demonttrations thereof, toge-
ther with a Treatz(e of Pendulums, written by me fome days fincc,
which is of a very fubtile Speculation. ,

The Char aéter, lately publifbed beyond the Seas, of an Exninent
Perfon, not long fince dead at Tholoule , where be was
Councelior of Parliament. ,

It is the defervedly famous Avonfieur de Fermat , who was,
(faith the Author of the Letter) one of the moft Excellent
~Men of this Age, a Gewiws fo univerfal, and of fo vaft an ex-

_ tent, that if very knowing and Icarned Men had not given
teftimony of his extraordinary merit, what with truth can be
faid of him, would hardly be believed. He entertained a con-
{tant correfpondence with many of the moft Hluftrious Mathe-
maticians of Exrepe, and did excel in all the parts of Mathema-
tical Science: a Teftimony whereof he hath left behind him in:

the following Books.

A Method for the Quadrature of Parabola’s of all dégrees,

A Book De Maximis & Minimis , which ferveth not only for -
the determination of Problems of Plaiws and Solids, but alfo '

_ for the invention of Tangents and Curve Lines, and of the Centres
of Gravity in Solids 5 and likewife for Numerical Queftions.

An Intreductionto the Dottrine of Plaizs and Solids, which
isan Avalytical Treatife, concerning the folution of Plaims and
Solids , whichhad been feen (as the Advertifer affirms ) before
Monfieur Des Cartes had publifh’d any thing upon this Subject.

A Treatile De Contattibus Sphericis , where he hath demon-
{trated in Solids, what Mr. Viet, Mafter of Requefts, had but.
dementtrated in Plains. | |

Another Treatife, wherein he eftablifheth and demonftrateth ©
the two Books of Apollonius Pergens, of Plains.

_ And a General Method for the dimenfion of Curve Lines, Oc.
Befides, having a perfect knowledge in Antiquity, he was con-
fulted fromall parts upon the difhiculties that did emerge there-
in; he hath explained abundance of obfcure places , thatare —

found

(16) he

found inthe Antients. There have been lately printed fome of
his Obfervations upon Athenews ; ‘and he that hath interpreted |
Benedetto Cafteli, of the Meafure of running waters, hath
thence inferted in his Work a very handfome one uponan Epi-
ftle of Synefins, which was fo difficult , that the Jefaie Petzuiws,
who hath commented upon this Author, acknowledges, that he
could not underftand it. | : fs he aha SAL
He hathalfo made many Obfervations upon Theon of Smyrue,
anc.uwpon other Antient Authors: but moft ‘part of them are
not found but {cattered in his Epiftles , becaufe he did not write
much upon thefe kinds of Subjects, but to fatisfie the curiofity of
his friends. Jeo gid 7 ‘ |

Allthefe Mathematical Works, and all thefe curious fearches
in Antiquity, did not hinder this great Virtuefefrom difcharging
the duties of his place with much affiduity , and with fo much
ability, that he hath had. the reputation of one of the greateft ¢7-
wilians ofthis Age. ee |

But that, whichis moft of all furprifing to many,is,that with all
that ftrength of underftanding , which was requifite to make
good thefe rare qualities, lately mentioned, he had fo polite and
delicate parts, that he compofed Latiz, French and Spanifh Verfes
with the fame elegancy, as if he had lived in the time of Avgu-
tus, and pafied the greateft part ofhis life at the Courts of France —
and Spat... 2 , Ag Sgt ees

More particulars will perhaps be mention’d of the Works of
this Rare perfon, whenal! things, that he hath publifh’d , fhall
be recovered , and when liberty fhall be obtained of his Worthy
Son, toimpart unto the World the reft of his Writings, hitherto’
unpublifhed. = | Savery bean |

OEIC, Lt PAOLA LOLS LONE LIS G,

Printed with Licence, For John Martin, and James Aliifiry,
Printers to the Royal Society.

\

mi

—
|

TI

1

a ee
=. ¥
x ;

‘ ee — Namba.
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

Munday, April 3. 1665.

a ee ee ee ee

The Contents.
Extrait of a Letter written ne Reme, concerning the late Co-
_ met,azd aNew oxe. Extrad of Gaia: Letter from Paris,
containing fome Reflexions on the precedent Roman Letter.
Ar Obfervation concerning fone particulars » further confide-
rable in the Monfter, that was mention din the firfe Papers of
tbefe Philofophical Tranfactions. Extrad of a Letter writtez
fromV enice, concerning the Mines of Mercury 77 Friuly.Some
_ Obfervations , made in the ordering of Silk-worms. Az Ac- |
_ count of Mar. Hooks Micrographia, or the Phyfiological deferi-
pions of Minute ce sean by Magnifying, slates ee

- Byoradl of a Lette, lately written from Roind, such the
late Comet, anda New one.

T) Cannot chet wonder at the ftrange agreement
AS of the thoughts of that acute French Gentleman,
< Monfieur 4uzonut, in the Hypothefis of the Comets
«ef motion, with mine; and particularly, at that of
_ the Tables. Thave-with the fame method, »where-
by I find the motion of this Comet, eafily found the Principle
of that Author's Ephemerides,which he then thought not fit to
declare : ; and ‘tis this, that this Comet moves about the Great
Dog, in fo great a Circle , that that portion, which i 15 qa i
G €

( 18 »)
bed, is exceeding {mall in refpect of the whole circumfe-
rence thereof,and hardly diftinguifhable by us from a ftreight
HC. |

Concerning the New Comet you mention,] {aw it on the 11.
of February, about the 24. deg. of Aries, with a Northern
latitude of 24. deg. 40. min. The cloudy weather hath not
yet permitted me to fee it in Azdromeda, as others affirm to
have done. — ; .

Extraél of a Letter, written from Paris , containing fome
Reflections on part of the precedent Roman Letter.

As tothe Hypothefis of Georg.Domenico Calfini.touching the
motion of the Comet about the Great Dog in aCircle, whofe
Centre isina ftreight line drawn from the Earth thorough the
faid Star , I believe it will fhortly be publifh’d in print, as a
thought I lighted upon in difcourfing with one of my Friends,
who did maintain, that it turned about a Centre, becaufe that
its Per7gee had been over again{t the Great Dog, ast had noted
inmy Ephemerides. This particular I did long fince declare
to many of my acquaintance,whereof fome or other will cer-
tainly do me that right, as to let the world know it by the
Prefs. Ihave added an Obfervation, which! find not, that
Signior Caffinz hath made,viz.that there was ground to think,
that the Comet of 1652. was the fame with the prefent, feeing
that, befides the parity of the {wiftnefs of its motion, the Pe-
rigee thereof was alfo over againit the Great Dog, if the Obfer-
vations extant thereof,deceive not. But,to make it out,what
_ ground I had for thefe thoughts , I faid, that if they were
true, the Comet muft needs accomplifh its revolution from
12. to 12. years, or thereabout. But, feeing it appears not —
by Hiftory, that a Comet hath been feen at thofe determi-
~ nate diftances of time, nor that over againft the Perigee of all _
the other Comets,whereof particular obfervations are recor-
ded, are alwaies found Stars of the firft Magnitude, or fuch
others, as are very notable, befides other reafons, that might
be alleged , I thal not purfue this fpeculation; but rather |

F fuggeft

Sere eioe

ae

eae

C19)

fuggeft what I have taken notice of in my reflexions upon

former Comets, which is, that more of them enter into our
Syfteme by the fign of Lébra and about Spica virginis , then

by all the other parts of the Heavens. For, both the pre-—
fent Comet , and many cthers regiftred in Hiftory, have ©

entred that way, and confequently pafied out of it by the fign
Aries, by which alfo many have entred. | _ ;
I did found my Hypothefis upon three Obfervations only,

wiz. thole of the 22,26, and 31.0f December. Nor have

I done, as fome have fancied of me, who having been able
to obferve the Comet, the 27, 28,29, 30, and 321. of Decem-

ber , and to fee the diminution of its motion , have judged,

that I had only determined that diminution for the time to
come,conform to the augmentation thereof in time pafled

until the 29. of December. For fanuary 1. (on which day]

compofed my Ephemerides ) Lknew not (nor any perfon here)
that the motion of the Comet did diminifh; but on the con-
trary, moft men believed, it was not the fame Comet. But

Signior Caffizz knows very well, thatthat was not neceflary,
fecing that two portions of a Tangent being given, and the

Angles anfwering thereunto, ‘tis eafie to find the pofition and
magnitude of its circle. The reafon,which I think the true

one, of the diminution of its Motion in Longitude , and of
its Retrogradation, by meconjeCtured in my Ephemerzdes, 1

began to be affured of, Febr.10. For until the fixth, the Co- |

met had alwaies advanced , as Signior Caffiz alfo hath very
wellnoted - but after that day, I found that it returned in
augmenting alwaies its Latitude. And [| have conftantly
obferved it, until Azarch 8. between many Stars, which muft
be the fame with thefe mention’d by Caffmi, whereof the

~ mumber was fo great, that I think, I faw of them Afarch 6,

with ‘one Aperture of my Glafs, more then 40. or 50. and e-
fpecially, above the head of 4ries 5 but I did not particular-

ly note the fituation of more than 12. or 15 5 amongtft

which I have obferved the pofition of the Comet fince Fa-
nuary 28. every day, when the weather did permit, vz.
Fannary 29. February 3,6, 10, 17519524,26,27. and March ¢
scaey 7 } C2

=

79

)

8.

(20) |

7,8 left it on Afarch 8,at the 18. of the Horn of Aries, al-
moft in the fame latitude; and Iam apt to believe, it will be
Eclipfed; which I wifhI may be able to obferve this evening,
ifit benot already paffed, __ ; |

Tf Signior Caffmi hath obferved it on thofe daies that 1
have, he will be glad to find the conformity of our Obferva-
tions, I fhall only add, that on February 3.we were furpfi-
zed, to fee the Comet again much brighter then ordinary,
and with a confiderable Train. Some did believe, that it ap.
proach d again tous. But having beheld it witha Telefcepe,
1 foon faid, that it was joyned with two {mall Stars, whereof
one was pretty bright, which I had already feen, on Fe-
bruary 28, and 29: And this conjunction gave the Comet
that brightnefS, as ic happens to moft of che Starrs of the
fifth and fixth magnitude, where 2 or 3. or more are con-
joyned,which perhaps would fhew but faintly fingle,though
by reafon of their proximity to one another, they appear
but one ftarr. Hence it was, that! afiured my friends here,
that the following days we fhould no more fee it fo bright,
becaufe [knew, that there were none fuch {mall bright Stars
in the way,which by my former obfervations I conjectured it ©
was tomove.” | | ; | .

An Obfervation imparted to the Noble Mr. Boyle , by
Mr. David Thomas, touching fome particulars far-
ther confiderable in the Monfter mentioned in the
Sart. Papers of thefe Philofophical Tranfactions.

Upon the ftricteft inquiry, I find by one, that faw the Mon-.
ftrous Calf and ftone, within four hours after it was cut out of
the Cows belly , thatthe Breaft of the Calf was not ftony (as-
{ wrote ) but that the skin of the Breaft and between the Legs
and of the Neck ( which parts lay on the fmaller end of the.

‘ftone ) was very muchthicker, then on any other part, and

. that the Feet ofthe Calf were fo parted as to be like the Claws. -
of a Dog. The {tone [have fince feen; itis bigger at oné end
F then:

ae

| (21)
thenthe other 3; of no plain superficies,but full of little cavi-
ties. The ftone,when broken,is full of {mall peble {tones of an
Ovall figure: its colour is gray like free-ftone, but intermixt
with veins of yellow and black. A part of it Ihave begg’d

of Dr. Haxghten for you, whichI have fent to Oxford, whi-

ther a more exact account will be conveyed by the fame
perfon. Toy C
Extratt of a Letter, lately written from Venice by the
Learned Dofior Walter Pope, to the Reverend Dean of
Rippon, Doétor John Wilkins , concerning the Mines
of Mercury in Friuli; and a way of producing Wind,
bythe fall of Water,
The Mines of Mercury in Friuli, a ‘Territory belonging to.
the Venetians , areabout a days Journey and a half diftant
from Goritza Northwards, ataplace calld idria, fituated in

aValley of the Julian Alps. They have been,asI am inform’d,.

thefe 160. years in the poffeflion of the Emperor, and all the
Inhabitants {peak the Sclavonian Tongue. In going thither,
we travell'd feveral hours in the beft Wood I ever faw be-
fore or fince, being very full of Firrs, Okes, and Beéches, of
an extraordinary thicknefs, ftraitne’s, and height. The
Town is built, as ufGially Towns in the 4/ps are, all of wood,.
the Church onely excepted, and another Houfe wherein the

Overfeer liveth. When I was there , in 4agu/é aft, the Val-.
_ ley, and the Mountains too, out of which the Afercury was

dugg, were ofas pleafant a verdure, as if ithad been in the
midft of Spring, which they there attribute to the moiftne’s.
of the Aferevry, howtruly, I difpute not. That Mine, which

_ we went into, the beft and greateft of them all , was dedica--

ted to Saint Barbara , asthe other Mines are to other Saints,

- thedepthof it was425. paces, every pace of that Country
being, as they inform’d us, more then § of our Feet. There

are two ways down toit; the fhorteft perpendicular way is
that, whereby they brine up the Mineral in great Buckets,and

a ae

by which oftentimes fome of the workmen come up and
down. The other, which is the ufual way, isat the beginning
not difficult , the defcent not being much; the greateft trou-
bleis, that infeveral places you cannot ftand upright: but
this holds not long , before you come to defcend in earneft by
' perpendicular Ladders, where the weight of on’s body is
found very fenfible. At the end of each Ladder, there are
boardsacrofs, where we may breath a little. The Ladders,
as was faid, are perpendicular, but being imagined produced,
do not make one Ladder, but feveral parallel ones. Being
atthe bottom, we faw nomore then what we faw before, on-
ly the place, whence the Mineral came. All the way down,
and the bottom,where there are feveral lanes cut out inthe
Mountain, is lined and propt with great pieces of Firr-trees,
as thick as they can be fet. They digg the Mineral with Pick-
axes, following the veins: ‘tis for the moft part hard as a
{tone, but more weighty; of a Liver-colour, or that of
Crocus Metallorum. hope fhortly to fhew you fome of it.
There is alfo fome foft Earth, in which you plainly fee the Azr-
_cury in little particles. Befides this, there are oftentimes found
in the Mines round {tones like Flints, of feveral bignefles, ve-
ry like thofe Globes of Hair, which I have oftenfeen in Exg-
land, taken out of Oxes bellys. There are alfo feveral
Marcafites and ftones, which feem to have-{pecks of Gold in _-
them; but upon tryal they fay, they find none in them. Thefe
round {tones are fome of them very ponderous, and well im-
pregnated with Adercury; others, light, having little ornone
inthem. Themanner of getting the Afercury is this: They
takeof theEarth, brought up-im Buckets, and put it into
a Sive, whofe bottom is made of wires at fo great a diftance,
that you may put your finger betwixt them: ‘tis carried to a
ftream of running water, and wafh'd as long as any thing will
pafsthroughtheSive. That Earth which pafleth not, is laid
afide upon an other heap : that which pafieth, referved in the

hole, G.in Fig.1.and taken up again by the feeond Man,and fo - »

on, to about ten or twelve fives proportionably lefs. It often
happens in the firft hole, where the fecond Man takes up his
: ~ Earth

(23)
Earth, that there is Afercury at the bottom; but towards:
the farther end, where the intervals of the wires are lefs, ‘tis
found in very great proportion. The Earth laid afide is
pouaded, and thefame operation repeated. The fine {mall
Earth, that remains after this, and out of which they can
wafhno more Jéercury, is put into Iron retorts and ftopt , be-
caufeit fhould not fall intothe Receivers, to which they are
luted. The fire forces the Mercury intothe Receivers: The
_ Officer unluted feveral of themto fhew us; I obferved in all
“of them, thathe firft poured out perfect Adercury, and after ’
that came a black duft, which being wetted with water dif-
cover d itfelf to be Avrcury, as the other was. They take
the Caput mortuum and pound it, and renew the operation as
long asthey can get any Mercury out of it. 7
This is the way of producing the Adercury , they call Ordz-
nary, which exceeds that, whichis got by wafhing , ina very
great proportion, as you will perceive bythe account an-
next. | Allthe Agrcury got without the ule of Fire, whether
by wafhing , or found inthe Mines ( for in the digging, fome
little particlesget together , fothat in fome places you mighe
take up two or three {poonfuls.of pure Asercury) is call'd by
them Virgin-Mercury, and efteem’d above the reft. I in-
quir'd of the Officer what vertue that had more , then the
other; he told me that making an Amalgama of Gold and
Virgin-Adercury , and putting it to the fire , that Adercury
would carry away all the Gold with it, which common Aferca-
ry would not do. oy |
The Engins, employed in thefe Mines, are admirable; the
Wheels, the greateft that everI fawin my life; one would
think as great as the matter would bear : all moved by the
dead force of the water, brought thither in no chargeable
Aqueduct from a Mountain, 2 Miles diftant: the water
pumpt from the bottom of the Mine by 52 pumps, 26 on a
fide, is contrived to move other wheels, for feveral other
purpotes. : es
| The Labourers work fora Julioaday, whichis not above
6or7 pence, andindure not long; for, although none ftay
: under

Cay
under ground above 6 hours; all of them in time ( fome
jater. fome fooner) become paralytick, and dye hettick, —

We faw therea man, who had not been in the Mines for
above half a year before , fo fullof Asercury, that putting a
piece of Brafs in his mouth , or rubbing it in his fingers, it
immediately became white like Silver: I mean, he did the
fame effect , as if he had rubb’d Azercury uponit, and fo pa-
ralytick, that he could not with both his hands carry a Glafs,
half full of Wine,to his.giouth without {pilling it, though he
loved it too well to throw it away. ; !

I have been fince informed,that here in Vewice,thofe that work
on the back-fide of Looking-glafies, are alfo very fubjec:
to the Paley. did not obferve, that they had black Teeth; it
may be therefore, that we aceufe Azercury injuftly for {poiling
the Teeth, when given in Vexereal difeafes. I confefs,[ did not
think ofit upon the places but, black Teeth being fo very rare
in thisCountry , [chink could not but have markt it, had all
theirs been fo. Ms A |

They ule exceeding great quantity of Wood , in making
and repairing the Engins, and in the Furnaces ( whereof
thereare 16, each of them carrying 24. Retorts; ) but prin-
cipally in the Mines, which need continual reparation, the
- Firstrees lafting but a {mall time under ground. They con-
~ yey their Wood thus ; About four miles from the Mines,
on the fides of two mountains, they cut downthe Trees, and ©
draw them into the interjacent Valley , higher in the fame
Valley, fo thatthe Trees, according to the defcent of the
water lye betwixt ic and Idria: with vaft charges and _
quantities of Wood they make a Lock or Dam, that fuffers _
pot any water to pafs; they expect afterwards, till there be
water enough to float thele Trees to Idrias for, if there be
not a {pring, (as gencrally there is, ) Rain, orthe melting of
the Snow, ina fhort time, aflord fo much water, as is ready to-
yun over the Dam, and which (the Flood-gates being cpen‘d_)
carries all the Trees impetuoufly to Jdria, where the
Bridge is buile very ftrong,and at very oblique Angles to the

ftream, on purpote to ftop them, and throw them on fhore
neer the Mines. | Thofe

‘

(25) | : |
‘Thofe Mines coft the Eperour heretofore 70000. or
80000. Flerezs yearly , and yeilded lefs Mercury then at

_ prefent,although it cofts him but 28000. Florens now. You

may fee what his Imperial Majefty gets by the following

account , of what Mercury the Mines of Idria have produ-

ced thefe laft three years. . :
hoor ~ 4, | “166 2. I.
Ordinary Mercury 198481 | Ordinary Acrenry 225066
Virgin Mercury 6194 | Virgin Agrcury _ 9612_
204675 ho Chet 234078
1663 L, | |
Ordinary Afercury 244119
Virgin Azercury 11862
| 255981

- oe : : :
There are alwaies at work 280 perfons,according to the

relation I received from avery civil perfon, who infor-
med me alfo of all the other particulars above-men-
tioned, whofe name is Achatie Kappenjager 5 his Office,
Contra-fcrivano per fua Maefia Cefarea iw Idria del Mder-
curi0. bey ;
To give fome light to this Narrative , take this Dia-
gramme: F, is the water, C. B. a veflel, into which it runs,
DG.EH. FI. are {treams,perpetually iffuing from that veflel:
D.E. F. three fives, the diftance of whofe wires at bottom
leflen proportionably. G. the place, wherein. the Earth,
that pafsd through the five D, is retained; from whence
‘tis taken by the fecond man; and what pafles through
the five E. is retained in H. and fo of the reft. K.L. AZ walt

water, which is fo much impregnated with Afercury , that
it cureth Itches and fordid Ulcers. See Fig. 1..

I will trefpafsa little more upon you , in defcribing the

contrivance of blowing the Fire in the Brafswerks of Tivoli
neer Rowe (it being new tome ) where the Water blows

the Fire, not by moving the Bellows, (which is common)

but by affording the Wind. SeeFig. 1. where A. is the
| et D 7 River —

7 Beit (26)

River, B. the Fall of it, C. the Tub into which it falls, Zc.
a Pipe, G. the orifice of the Pipe, or Nofe of the Bellows,
GK, the Hearth, £.a hole inthe Pipe, F.a {topper to that
hole, D.a place under ground, by which the water runns
away. Stopping the hole E, there is a perpetual ftrong
wind, iffuing forth at G : and G. being f{topt, the wind comes
out fo vehemently at E, that it will, I believe, make a Ball
play, like that at Fre(catz.

An Extraét of a Letter , containing fome Obfervations,

made in the ordering of Silk-worms, communicated —
by that known Vertuofo, Mr. Dudley Palmer, fron
the ingenuous Mr.Edward Digges.

I herewith offer to your Society a {mall parcel of my
Virginian filk. What I have obferved in the ordering of
Silk-worms,contrary to the received opinion, is:

1. That I have kept leaves 24. hours after they are ga-
thered ; and flung water upon them to keep them from
withering; yet when ( without wiping the leaves) I fed
the worms, I obferved, they did as well as thofe frefh ga-
thered. ° SEB Liay > | ay

2. I never obferved, that the fmell of Tobacco, or {mels
that are rank, did any waies annoy the worm. * faba oe

3. Our Country of Virginia is very much fubject to
Thunders : and it hath thundered exceedingly when I
have had worms of allforts, fome newly hatched; fome
half way in their feeding; others {pinning their Silk 5 yet
I found none of themconcern'd in the Thunder, but kepz
to their bufinefs, as if there had been no fuch thing.

4.I have made many bottoms of the Brooms ( wherein
hundreds ef worms fpun) of Holly: and the prickles were
fo far from hurting them,that even from thofe prickles they
firft began to make their bottoms. | Hg 31) a :

I did hope with this to have given you affurance, that
_ by retarding the hatching of feed ,two-crops of Silk or aA :

: | | might

Se oe (ay )
might be made.in a Summer : but my fervants have been
remifs in what was ordered, I mult crave your patience
till next year. , 7

An Account of Micrographia,or the Phyfiological De-
{criptions of Minute Bodies, made by Magnifying
~ Glaffes. - : |

‘The Ingenious and knowing Author of this Treatife, Mr. -
Robert Hook, confidering with himfelf, of what impor-
tance a faithful Hi/fory of Nature is to the eftablifhing of a
folid Syfteme of Natural Philofophy, and what advantage
- Experimental and Mechanical knowledge hath over the
Philofophy of difcourfe and difputatien, and making it,
upon that account, his conftant bufinefs to bring into that
vaft Treafury what portion he can, hath lately publifhed
a Specimen of his abilities in this kind of {tudy, which cer-
tainly is very welcome to- the Learned and Inquifitive
world,both for the New difcoveries in Nature, and the New
* Inventions of Art.

_ As to the ferwer,the Attentive Reader of this Book will
find, that there being hardly any thing fo {mall, as by the
help of Aficrofcopes, to efcape our enquiry, a new vilible
world is difcovered by this means, and the Earth fhews
- quite anew thing to us, fothat in every /ttle particle of

its matter, we may now behold almoft as great a variety —
‘of creatures, as we were able before to reckon up in the
whole Uziverfe it felf. Here our Author maketh it not
improbable, but that, by thefe helps the fubtilty of the
compofition of Bodies, the {tructure of their parts, the va- _
rious texture of their matter , the inftruments and man-

ner of their inward motions, and ali the other appearan-
ces of things, may be more fully difcovered, whence may
emerge many admirable advantages towards the enlarge-
ment of the dive and Méechanick part of knowledge,
- becaufe we may perhaps be enabled to difcern the fecret
ange © ae! workings

(28) |
Workings of Nature, almoft in the fame manner, as we do
thofe that are the productions of Art, and are managed
by Wheels,and Engines, and Springs, that were devifed by
Humane wit. Tothisend, he hath made a very curious
Survey of all kinds of bodies, beginning with the Porat of
4 Needle, and proceeding to. the Ascrofcepical view of the
Edges of Rafors, Fine Lawn, Tabby, Watered Silks ,. Glafs-
canes, Glafs-drops, Fiery Sparks, Fantaftical Colours , Aetal-
line Colours, the Figures of Sand, Gravel in Urine, Diamonds
in Flints, Frozen Figures, the Kettering Stone, Charcoal,Wood
and other Bodies petrified, the Pores of Cork, and of other
fubftances, Vegetables growing on blighted Leaves,Blew mould
and Mufhroms, Sponges, and other Fibrous Bodies, Sea-weed,
the Surfaces of fome Leaves, the ftinging points of a Nettle,
Cowage, the Beard of a wild Oate, the feed of the Corn-vie-
let, as alfo of Tyme, Poppy and Purflane. He continuestodef- -
cribe Hair, the fcales ofa Soal, the fling of a Bee, Feathers in
general,Jand in particular thofe of Peacocks 5 the feet of
Flies; G other Infedssthe Wings and Head of a Fly;the Teeth of
4 Snails the Eggs of silk-worms the Blue Fly3a water Infecs
the Tufted Guat 3 a.White Moth ;the Shéepherds-(pider ; the
Hunting Spider, ihe Aut 5 the wandring Mite; the Crab-like
infedthe Book-worm, the Flea, the Loufe, MitesVine-mites.
_ Heconcludeth with taking occafion to difcourfe of two
or three very confiderable fubjects, viz.The zuflexion of the
Rays of Lights inthe Air; the Fixt ftarrs 5 the Moon. |
_Inreprefenting thefe particulars to the Readers view,the
Author hath not only given proof of his fingular skil in deli-
neating all forts of Bodies(he having drawn all the Schemes
| ofthele 60 Aficrofeopical objedts with his own hand ) & of
his‘extraordinary care of having them fo curioufly engraven
by the Mafters of that Art; but he hath alfo fuggefted in the
feveral reflexions,made upon thefe Obje&s,fuch conjecturs,
as are likely to excite and quicken the Philofophicall heads
tovery noblecontemplations. Here are found inquiries.
concerning the Propagation of Light through differing me-
. diums;.

(29)
diums; concerning Gravity; concerning the Roundues of
Fruits, {tones, anc divers artificial bodies ; concerning
_ Springinefs and Texacity 3 concerning the Orieizal of Foun-
tains; concerning the difolution of Bodies into Liquors ;
concerning Filtration, and the afcent of Juices in Vege-
tables, and the ufe of their Pores. Here an attempt ismade
of folving the ftrange Phexonena of Grafs-drops;experiments
are alleged to prove the Expanfton of Glafs by heat, and
the Contraction of beated-Glafs upon-cooling ; Des Cartes his
Hypothefis of colours isexamined : the caufe of Colours,
moft likely tothe Author, is explained: Reafons are pro-
duced, that Reflec#iox 1s not neceflary to produce colours,
nor a double refradiion : fome confiderable Hypotlefes
are offered, for the explication of Light by Motion; tor
the producing of all colors by Refraction ; for reducing all
forts of colors to two only, YeYow and Blew 3 for making the
Airy, a diflolvent of all Combuftzble Bodies : and for the ex-
plicating of all the regular figures of Salt, where he alleges
many notable inftances of the Mfathematicks of Nature, as
having even in thofe things which we account vile,rude and
ecorfe, fhewed abundance of curiofity and excellent Gee-
metry and Afechanifm. And here he opens a large field for
inquiries,and propofeth Models for profecuting them; 1.By
making a full collection ofall the differing kinds of Geo-
metrical figurd bodies; 2. By getting with them an exact
Hiftory of their places where they are generated or found:
3. By making ftore of Tryals in Diflolutions and Coa- —
gulations of feverall Cryftallizing Salts: 4. By making
- trials on metalls, Minerals and {tones, by diflolving theny
in feverall Azenftruunes, and Cryftallizing them, to fee what
Figures will arife from thofe feveral compofitums: 5. By
- compounding & coagulating feveral Salts together into the:
fame maf{s, to obferve the Figure ofthat product: 6. By in-
quiring the ¢lofenes or rarity of the texture of thofe bodies,
by examining their gravity, and their refraction, &c.. 7. By
examining what operations the fire hath upon {everal kinds.

of Salts, what changes it caufes in their fiigures, Textures,or
: Vertues

: (30)

Vertues. 8. By examining their manner of diflolution, or
_ acting upon thofe bodies diffoluble in them;and the Texture
of thofe bodies before and after the procefs. 9. By con-
fidering, by what and how many. means, fuch and fuch
figures, actions and effects could be produced, and which
of them might bethe moftlikely, &. yes

‘He goes on to offer his thoughts about the Pores of bo-
dies, and a kind of Valves in wood; about {pontaneous gene-
ration arifing from the Putrefaction of bodies; about the na-
ture of the Vegetation ofmold, mufhromes, mofs. fpunges;
to the laft of which he fearce finds any Body like it in tex-
ture. He adds, from the natural! contrivance, that is
found in the leaf of a Nettle, how the ftinging painiscrea-
ted, and thence takes occafion to difcourfe of the poyfoning
of Darts. He fubjoynsa curious defcription of the fhape,
Mechanifm and ule of the fiivg of a Bee; and fhews the ad-
mirable Providence of Nature in the contrivance and fa-
brick of Feathers for Flying. He delivers thofe particulars
about the Figure, parts and ufe of the head, feet, and wings
ofa Fly, that are not common. He obferves the various
wayes of the generations of Infects, and difcourfes hand-
fomely of the means, by which they feem to act {fo prudent-
ly. Hetaketh notice of the Aéechanical reafon of the Spi-
aer’s Fabrick, and maketh pretty Obfervations on the hunt-
ing Spider, and other Spiders and their Webs. And what.
he notes of a Flea, Loufe, Mites, and Vinegar-worms,
cannot but exceedingly pleafe the curious Reader.

Having difpatched thefe Matters, the Author offers
his Thoughts for the explicating of many Phenomena of the
- Air, from the Zuflexion , or from a Mdultiplicate Refracii-

ow of the rays of Light within the Body of the Atmofphere ,
and not from a Refraétion caufed by any terminating /z-
perficies of the Air above, nor from any fuch exactly de-
fin'd fxperficzes within the body of the Atmofphere: which
conclufion he grounds upon this, that a medium , whole
parts are unequally dexfe, and movd by various motions
and tranfpofitions as to one another , will produce all nee

¢ AIDIC

3!
vifible effects upon the rays of Light, without any other
coefficient caule: and then, that there isin the Air or Atmo-
Sphere , fucha variety in the conftituent parts of it , both as
to their denfity and rarity, and asto theirdivers mutations
and pofitions one to another.

He coneludeth with two Celeftzal obfervations ; where=
of the ove imports, what multitudes of Stars are difcove-
rable by the Telefcope, and the variety of their magni-
tudes : intimating withall, that the longer the Glaffes are,
and the bigger apertures they willindure, the more fit they
are for thefe difcoveries : the other affords a defcription of a
Valein the Afooz , compared with that of Hevelzus and Ric-
ciolo; where the Reader will find feveral curious and plea-
fant Annotations, about the Pits of the Jfoon, and the
Hills and Coverings of the fame; as alfo about the varia-
tons in the Adoov, and its gravitating principle, together

with the ufe, that may be made of this Inftance of a gravity
inthe Agox.

As to the Inventions of Art, decribed inthis Book, the
curious Reader will there find thefe following : )

1. A Barofcope, or an Inftrument to fhew all the Minute:
Variations in the Prefure of the Air, by which he STs
that he finds, that before and during the time ofrainy wea
ther, the Preffure of the Air is lefs; and in dry seculen
but efpecially when an Eafferly Wind ¢ which having paft
over vaft Tracts of Land, isheavy with earthy particles )
blows, itis much more, though thefe changes be varied ac-.
cording to very odd Laws.

2. AHygrofcope, or anInftrument , whereby the Watery
fteams, volatile in the Air, are difcerned , which the Nofe:
it felf is not able to find. Which is by him fully defcribed.
in the Obfervation touching the Beard-of a wild Oate, by the
means whereof this Inftrument is contrived.

3. An Inftrument for graduating Thermometers , to Pole
them Staxdards of Heat and Cold.

4. A Nem Engin for Grinding Ope GIafes és, by means of

which he hopes,, that any Spherical Glafles,, of what length:
(oevers,

_foever, may be fpeedily Ae which feemsto him moft
_eafie, becaufe, if itfucceeds, with one and the fame Tool

may be ground an Obje Glafs of any length or breadth
requifite, and that with very little or no trouble in fitting
the Ezgiz, and without much skillin the Grizder. He thinks
it very exact, becaufe to the very laft ftroke the Glafs does
regulate and rectifie the Tool to its exact Figure; and the
longer or more the Too! and Glafs are wrought together,
the more exact will both of them be of the defired Figure.
He affirms further, that the motions of the Glafs and Tool
do fo crofs each other,that there is not one point of eithers
— furface, but hath thoufands of crofsmetions thwarting it,

fo that there can be no kind of Rings or Gutters made , ei-
ther in the Tool or Glafs.

5. A New Inftrument, by which the RefraGiox of all kinds
of Liquors may be exactly meafured , thereby to give the
Curious an opportunity of making Trials of that kind, to
eltablith the Laws of Refradien, to wit, whether the Szves
of the Angles of Refrakion are refpettively proportionable to
the Sines of the Angles of Incidence : This Inftrument being —
very proper to examine very accurately, and with little
trouble,and in {mall quantities,the Refractiex of any Liquor,
not onely for ove inclination, but for 2/; whereby he is en-
abled to make accurate Tables. By the fame alfo he af-
firmsto have found it true, that what proportion the Siveof
the Angle of the one ixclination hasto the Sine ofits Angle
of Refradion, correfpondent to it, the fame proportion —
have allthe other Sizes of Inclination to their refpective |
Sines of Refractions, | | | ©

Laftly, this Author defpairs not that there may be found
many Mechanical Inventions,to improve our Senfes of Hea-
ring,Smelling,Tafting, Touching,as well as we have improved
that of Seeing by Optick Glaffes. |

~_-

London, Printed with Licence for Joby Martyn, and Fames
Allefiry, Printers to the Royal Society.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

eS ee ne a oN

Munday, May 8. 1665.

_ The Contents.

Some Obfervations and Experiments upon May-Dew. The Motzon
of the Second Comet preditted, by the fame perfon, who preditted
that of the former. A Relationof the Advice, given by a French
Gentleman, touching the Conjunttion of the Ocean and the Medi.
terranean. Of the way of kiting Ratle-{nakes , a/ed in Virgi-
nia. A Relation of Perfons kill'd with Subterraneous Damps. Of
the Mineral of Liege, yielding both Brimftone, and Vitriol , and
the way of extracting them out of tt, ufedat Liege. dn Aecount
of Mr. Boyle's Experimental Hiftory of Cold. |

Some Obfervations and Experiments upon

_ May-Dew.

wie; HAT ingenious andinquifitive Gentleman,
memes Matter Thomas Henfoaw, having had occa-
a5 fionto make ufe of a great quantity of May-
Ames dew, did, by feveral cafual Effayes on that
Sy Subject, make the following Obfervations
A\§S and Tryals, and prefentthem to the Royal
Aes? Soczety. | :

BE That

(34)

That Dew newly gathered and filtred through a clean Linnen
cloth, though it be not very clear, is of a yellowifh Colour,
fomewhat approaching to'thatof Urine. _

T hat having endevoured to putrefy it by putting feveral pro-
portions into Glafs bodies, with blind heads, and fetting them
in feveral heats, as of dung,.and gentle baths, he quite failed of
his intention: for heat, though never fo gentle, did rather cla-
rify, and preferve it {weet, though continued for two months
together, then caufe any putrefaétion or feparation of parts.

That expofing of it to the Sun fora whole Summer in Glaf-
fes, that hold about two Gallons, with narrow mouths, that
might be ftopp'd with Cork, the only confiderable alteration,
he obferved to be produced init, was, that Store of green ftuff
(fuch as is feen in Summer in ditches and ftanding waters) float-
ed on the top, and, in fome places, grew to the fides of the

That putting four or five Gallons of it into a half Tub,as they ©
call ir, of Wood, and ftraining a Canvas over it, to keep out
Daft and Infeéts, and letting it ftand in fome flrady room for
three weeks ora month, it did of it felf putrefy and ftink ex-
ceedingly, andlet fall to the bottom a black fediment like
‘Mudd. aye saotn : S “

That, coming often to fee, what Alterationsappeared in the
putrefaction, He obferved, that atthe beginning, within twenty
four hours, a flimy film floated onthe top of the water, which
after a while falling to the battom, there came another fuch film
in PMC WA MULIIOKO DAD THOMAS sig

That if Dew were put into along narrow Veffel of Glafs,fach
as formerly were ufed for Receivers in diftiiling of Aqua Fortis,
the flime would rife to that height, that He could take it off with
a Spoon 3" and when he had put a pretty quantity of it into a
drinkingGlafs,and that it had fiood alkni eht,and the water drei:
ned/from it, if He had.turned it'oat of his}hand, it would ftand
upright in figure of the Glafs, in fubftance like boyled’ white ©
Starch, though fomething more tranfparent, if his memory
¢ faith he ).fail him not. ne glawil par & Tbe 3 ahs

That having once gotten a pretty quantity of this gelly, and
put itinto a Glafs-body and Blind-head, He fetitinto a bar

. : Bath,

(35)
Bath, with an intention to have putrefied it,but after a few days
He fonnd,the head had not been welllutedon, and that fome
moifture exhaling, the gelly was grown almoft dry,and a large
Mufbrom grown out of it within the Glafs. It was of aloofe wa-
trifh contexture, fuch an one, as he had feen growing out of
rotten wood,

That having feveral Tubs with good quantity of Dew in
them, fetto putrefy in the manner abovelaid, and coming to
pour out of one of them to make ufe of it, He found in the water
a great bunch, bigger then his fift, of thofe Infeéts, commonly
called Hlog.lice or Mullepedes , tangled together by their long
tailes, one of which came out of every one of their bodies , a-
bout the bignefs of a Horfehair: The Infedts did alllive and
move, after they were taken out. |

That emptying another Tub, whereon the Sun, it feems, had
ufed fometimes to fhine, and finding, upon the ftraining it
through aclean linnen cloth, two orthree fpoonfuils of green
ftuff, though not fo thick nor.fo green as that above mention-
ed, found in the Glaffes purpofely expofed to the Sun, He put
this green ftuffin a Glafs, and tyed a paper over it, andcoming |
fome. dayes after to view it, He found the Glafs almoft filled
with an innumerable Company of {mall Flyes, almoft all wings,
fach-as are ufually feen in great Swarms inthe Aire in Summer
Evenings. : ; |

That fetting about a Gallon of this Dew ( which, he faith, if
he mifremember not, had been firft putrefied and ftrained ) in
an open Jarre-Glafs with a wide mouth, and leaving it for many
— weeks ftandine ina South-window, on which the Sun lay very
mucn, but the Cafements were kept clofe fhut; after.fome
time coming totake account of his Dew, He found it very full
of little Infeéts with great Heads and {mall tapering Bodies,
fomewhat refembling Tadpoles, but very much lefs. Thefe,
on hisapproachto the Glafs, would fink down to the bottom,
as it wereto hide themfelves, and upon his retreat wriggle them-
felves uptothe top of the water again, Leaving it thus for
fome time longer, He afterwards found the room very full of
Gnats, though the Door. and Windows were kept fhut. | He
-adds, that He did not at firft {ufpe@, that thofe Gnats had any

: | Hs relation.

(39)

relation to the Dew, but after finding the Gnats to be multiplied
and the little watry Animals to be much leflened in quantity,
and finding great numbers of their empty skins floating on the
face of his Dew,He thought, he had juft reafon to perfwade him-
felf, the Gnats were by a fecond Birth produced of thofe little
Animals. | |
That vapouring away great quantities of his putrefied Dew
in Glafs Bafons, and other Earthen glafed Veffels, He did ar
laft obtain, as he remembers, above two pound of Grayi/b Earth,
which when he had wafhed with more of the fame Dew out of
all his Bafons into one, and vapoured to ficcity, lay in leaves
ene aboyeanother, notunlike to fome kind of brown Paper,
but very friable. alas |
That taking this Earth out, and after he had well groundit
ona Marble, and given it a fmart Fire, in a coated Retort of
Glafs, it foon melted and became a Cake inthe bottom, when -
it wascold, and looked asif it had been Salt and Brimftone in
a certain proportionmelred together; but, as he remembers,
was not atallinflamable. This groundagainona Marble, be

faith, did turn Spring water of areddith purple Colour. |
That by often calcining and filtring this Earth, He did at Taft
extract about two ounces of a fine fmall white Salz,which,!cok’d
on through a good Mucrofcope, {eemed to have Sidesand Angies

in the fame number and figure, as Rochpeeter, 3

The Motion of the Second Comet preditted , 4
by the fame Gentleman , who preditted that
of t be former. |

Monfieur Axzout, the fame Perfon, that not long fince com-
municated to the World his Epbemertdes touching the courfe of.
the former Comet, and recommended feveral Copies of them to:
the Royal Seciety, to compare their Obfervations with his Ac-
count, and thereby, either to verifie his Predictions, orto fhew,
wherein they differ, hath lately fent another Ephemertdes con-
cerning the Motion of the Second Comet, to the fame end,that
invited him to fend the ather.. Tn,

(37)

tn that Tract he obflerves, firft in General, that this fecond
€omet is contrary to the precedent, almoft inall particulas: fe-
ing that the former moved very fwift, ths, pretty flow; zhat, a-
gaintt the Order of the figus from Eaft to Weft, ches, following
them, from Weft to Eaft: that, from South to North, chzs, from
North to South, as far as it hath been hitherto, that we hear off,
obferved: that, onthe fide oppofite to the Sun, ¢hzs, on the
fame fide: that, having been in its Perzgee at the time of its Op-
pofition, this, having been there, out of the time of its Con-
yunction : where he taketh alfo notice, that this Comet differs in
brightnefs from the other, as wellin its Body, which is far more
yivid and diftind, as in its Trazz, whofe fplendor ismuch great-
er, fince it may be feen even with great Tele/copes, which were
ufelefs inthe former, by reafon of its dimnefs. After this he
defcends to particulars, andinformsus, that he began to ob-
ferve this Comet Apri the fecond, and continued for fome days
following, and that as foon ashe had made three or four Ob-
fervations, he refolved totry again an Lphemerides; but that,
having noinftruments exact enough, and the Comet beingin a
place, deftitute of Stars, and fubje& to Refractions, he feared
to venture too muchupon Obfervations fo ncer ove another,
fince in fuch matters a perfect exactnefs is neecflary, and wifh-
edto fee fome precedent Obfervations to diredt him: which
having obtained, he thereby verified what he had begun, and
refolved to carry on his intended Ephemerides, efpecially being
urged by his Friends, and engaged by his former undertaking,
that fo it might not be thought ameer hazard, that made him
hit inthe former ; as alfo, thathe mighttry, whether his Me-
thod would fucceed as wellin flower, as in fwifter Comets, and
in thofe, that are neer the Suns asin fuchas are oppofite there-
unto, tothe end, that men might be advertifed of the determi-
nation of itsufe, if itcould not ferve butin certain particular
Cafes, — 1 | |
Herelateth therefore, that he had finifh’d this New Epheme-

vides Apruthe fixth, and putit prefently tothe Prefs; in doing

of which, he hopes, he hathnot difobliged the Fublick : { ecing
that, though we fhould loofe the fight of this Star within a few
days, by reafon of its approach tothe Sun, yet having found,

that. .

(38) )
that itis always to rife before the Sun, and that we may again
fee it better, when it fhall rife betimes, towards the end of May,
aud in the beginning of June, if the cleernefs of the Day-break
hinder usnot; he thought it worth the while to try, whether
the truth of this Ephemerzdes could be proved. |
. He affirms then, that the Lame defcribed by this Star refem-
bles hitherto a Great Cirele, as itis found in allother Comets in
the midft oftheir Courfe. Hie finds the faid Circle inclined to
the Ecliptique about 26.d, 30. and the Nodes,where it cuts it,to-
wards the beginning of Gemmnz and Sagzttary : that it declines
from the Eguater about 26.d,and cuts ititowards the 11. d.
and confequently, thatits greateft Latetude hath been towards
Pifces, where it muft have been March 24. and its-greateft De-
_ clinatzon, towards the 25. d, of the Equator, where it was to have
been Apri tr. | | |
He puts itin its Pertgee March 27. about three of the Clock
in the Afternoon, when it was about the1 5. degreesof P2/ces,
alittle more Wefferly then Mfarchab, or the Wang of Pega/us, and
that it was to be in. Conjunétzon with the Sun, Apralg. Where yet
he noteth, that according to another Calculation, the Perzgee
was March 27. more towards Night, fo that the Comet advan- |
ces a little more towards the Za/f,and retards towards the Weft;
which not being very fenfible in the firft days , differs more a-
_ bout the end, and in the beginning ; which he leaves to Obfer-
vation. 7 Ga
He calculateth, that the greateft Motion it could make in one
day, hath been 4. d. and 8. or 9’; in one hour,about 10’, and25”.
fo that its Diurnal Motion is to its left diftance from the Earth a
little more than as 1. to14. andits Hourly Motion, as 1. to 330.
He wonders, that it hath not been feen fooner; the firft Ob-.
fervations that he hath feen, but made by others, being of
March t7. Whereas he finds, that itmight.have been feen fince
Fanuary, atleaft inthe Months of February and March, when it
rofe at 2 of the Clock and before : becaufe it is very likely,that,
confidering its bignefs and brightnefs, when it was towards its
Perigee, it was vifible, fince that towards the end of February it
was not three times as much remote from the Earth, than when
it was in its Perzgee, and that towards the end of Fanuary it was
not five times as much, | | In

G9)

In theinterim, faztb be, the other Comet could be feen with

the nakedeye until famwary 31. when it was more than ten times

farther remote, than in its Perzgee, although it was notby far {fo
bright, nor its ftreamer fhining as this hath appeared.

LHe withes, thatall the changes that fhall fall oat in this Comet ,
might be exactly obferv'd;becaufe of its not being fwift,and the
Motion of the Earth very fenfible, unlefs the Comet be extream-
ly remote, we fhould find much more light from this; than the
former Star, about the Grand Queftion, whether the Earth
moves ornot: this Author having all along entertained himfelf
with the hopes, that the Motion of Comets would evince, whe-.
ther the Earth did move or not; and this very Comet feemed to
him to have by defign appeared for that end, if it had had more

Latitude, and that confequently we might have feen it before
Day-break. He wifhes alfo, that, if poffible, it may be accu-
rately obferved, whether it will nota little decline from its great
Circle towards the South; Judging, that fome important truth
may be thence deduced, as well as ifits motion retarded more,
than the place of its Perigee ( which will be more exa@tly known
when all the paffed Oblfervations fhali have been obtained) and
its greateft Motion doe require.

He fears only, thar it being then to rife at Break of Day, ex-
aét Obfervations cannotbe made of it: but he would, at leaf
have it fought with Tele/copes, his Ephemerides directing wheres

- about it is. to.be. |

April ro. it was to be over agaiift the point of the Treangle ,
and from thence more Southerly by more than two degrees; and

Apri v1. over againft the bright Star of Arzes: April 17. over

_againft the Stars of the Fly, alittle more Southerly, and May a,

it is to be over againft the Plecades, and about the fourth or ffir

~ of the fame Month, it is to be once more in Conjunéiion with the

Sun; after which time, the Sun will move from it Eaffward, and
leave it towards the Weft; which willenable us to fee it again
ata better hour, provided the cleernefs of the Day-break be no

impediment to us, HWeaddeth, that this Star muft have been
the third time in Gomjunétzon with the Sun, about the time when
it firftbegan to appear: and forefees, that from all thefe par-
ticulars many confiderable confequences may be deduced.
Ee leth It

(40)
It will cut the Eckptzck about the end of Fully, new Style, a lit.

_ tle more Eaffmards than the Eye of Taurus : at which time there

will be no {eeing of it, except it be with a Tele/cope.

~ It will be towards the End of Apri, new ftyle, twice as far
diftant as it was in its Peregee, thrice as far, May the fourth,four
times, May the eighteenth, and five times, Fune the firft, @c.

He would not have Men furprifed, that there have been two
Comets within fo fhort atime; feeing, /azth be, there were four,
at leaft,three, in the Year 1618. andinother Years there have
been two andmore atthe fame time. What he adds about
their fignification, we leave to A/frologers to difpute it with him.
He concludeth with asking pardon,it he have committed mif-
takes, which he hopeth he hall obtain the fooner, becaufe of
the {mall time he hath had for thefe calculations: and he wifhes
that he could have made all theObfervations himfelf,feeing that

itis eafie to fail, when one muft truft to the Obfervations of o-

thers, whereof we know not the exaétnefs: where he inftan-

—-ceth, that, according to his Obfervations, the way of the Co-

met {hould go neerer the Ecliptick than he hath marked it, even
without having any great regard to the Refractions: but fince
he would fubject himfelf to others, he hath made it pafs a little
higher, which, he faith, was almoft infenfibly fo, in thofe few
days that he was obferving and writing, but that this may per-
haps become fenfible hereafter : which if it be fo,he affirms that
it will cut the Ee/ptich and Equater fooner, than he hath mar-
ked it, &c. However, he thinks it convenient, to have given a-

forehand a common Notion of what.will become of a Comet, to

prepare men for ail the Changes that may fall out concerning |
it: which he affirms he hath endeavouredtodo ; the reft being
eafie to correct, as foon as any good Obfervations, fomewhat
diftant, have been obtained, confidering, that there need bur
two very exact ones, alittle diftant when the Star isnot fwift,to —
trace its Way ; although there mutt be at leaft three, to find out -
all the reft. But, then would hehave it confidered, that al-
though his Methed fhould be very exadt, if there be not at hand
Ioftruments big enough, and Globes good enough totruft te,
nothing can be done perfealy in thefe kind of Preditions.

A Relation

(41)

A Relation of the advice givenby Monfreur
Petit , Intendant of the Fortifications of
Normandy. touching the Conjunttion of the

~ Ocean and Mediterranean.

This Intelligent Gentleman, Monfieur Perit, having beex
confulited with, touching the Conjundtion of the Ocean and
Mediterranean, delivers firft the Propofition, and then giveth
his thoughts upon ic. ao
The Propofitionis, That there being about two Leagues be-
low Caftres in Languedoc a Rivolet, called Sor, paffing to Re-
vel, there may by the means thereof be made a Communication
of the two Seas, by joyning the Waters of this Rivolet by a
Channel (to be kept full all the yearlong ) With thofe of St.
_ Papoul, and others, which fall into Fre/queil ( another {mall
River ) that runs into the Aude below Carcaffone, and go toge<
ther to Narbonne, fituated upon the Medtzterranean. |

Having given the Propofition, he adds fome particulars, to
illuftrate the fame, before he declares his judgement upon it. For
herelateth, that there is but one way, after the divifion of the
Waters, to pafs to the Mediterranean, which is by a Rivolet, cal-
led Fre/queil, that isconjoynd with the 4ude: But, to pafs to
. the Osean, there are threes One, by Azege, entring into the Ga-
ronne above Tholoufe 5 the other, by Lers, pafling on the fide,
and below the fame Town; andthethird, by Sor, falling in-
- tothe River Agouft under Caffres, afterwards into the Farne,
and thence to. Agontauban, and laftly into the Garonne. And
_ that, to compafs thisdefign, allthefe Rivers and Rivolets are

‘firft to be made Navigable unto their S/uces ; that of ade and

| Fre/queil for the Mediterranean, and one of the others, fuch as

fhall be chofen, for the Ocean. Headdeth, that,as to the feverat
_ Ways paffing to the Ocean, all of them commended as proper -

and convenient, and the three Countries concerned therein,
fpeaking every one for their advantage: Thofe of Caffres and
ot ye Montauban,

(a2)

Rantnabay; are for the River Agoufis thofe of Tholeufe, for.

Riege; and the reft, for Lers. .

_ Now concerning his Opinion upon this Propofition , he
thinks, that all that hath been reprefented touching this matter,
can fignifyvery little, feeingthat the main thing iswanting,which
isthe affurance, and certaia and pofitive menfuration of the
height and quantity of the Waters, neceflary to fall into both
the Channels of the dade and Garonne: that there muft be plen-
ty of that,to furnifh acall times and alwaies the higheft and firft
Séuces, fince what once ifluesthence, doth never enter again

into them sand after fome Boats are paffed, if there fhould not |

bea fufficient fupply for thofe that come after, either to go

up, or to go down, all would ftand dry,and Merchants and their
Commodities would {tay long enough expeGting the fupply of
Rains, to their great detriment. He concludeih therefore ,
that ne knowing and difcreet Perfon is able, iu matters of this

nature, to give a pofitive anfwer, without having before him a.

large and exact Topographical Map of thofe places, and of

the fources of all the Rivolets, that are to fupply the Water to | ]

the Head of the pretended Channel, together with a) full ac-
count of the farvey and menfuration of all the places, through

which it isto pafs; ofthe Nature of the Ground, whether it be

ftony, fandy, rocky, &¢. of the exactlevel of all the places ,
where it is to be made, and of the feveral rifings and depreflions
thereof, to be affured that the Water may be conveyed to the
greateft rifing, and to the higheft S/uce ; and laftly,of the quan-
tity, that may be had at high, middle, and low Water, to have e-
nough for all times; that all chefe rhings being firft made out,
“tis then time enough to judge of the poffibility of the thing,and
to calculate the Charges neceflary for Execution.

This Artift having thus prudently waved this Propofition, di-

verts himfelf with refle@tiag upon feveral others of thelike na- |
ture, among which he infifts chiefly upon two, whereof oneis -

that fo much celebrated in Egypt, ; the other, of Germany. And

he is of Opinion, that the moft important of allis that, of con- _

joyning the Red /ea by the Nile with the Afediterranean, which

he looks upon as the moft excellent conveniency to go into the |

Eaft-Jndies without doubling the Cape of Good-Fiope s and yet it
| : ~~ could
&

~ '

(43)

could not be executed by thofe great Kings of Egypt, that rai-

fed fo many ftupendious Pyramids ; although in his Opinion

the reafons alleged by Adz/forzans to juftifie them for having a-
bandoned that undertaking, are ot no validity, and that the

- Red Seacannot be, as they feared, higher thanthe Ne/e, and

therefore not indanger the inundation of Zgypt.
The other Propofition was made to Charles Magne, Anno 793.
for joyning the Ewxzne Sea and the Oceantogether, by a Chan-

nel, which was begun for tharend, and dcfigned to be 2000.

paces long, and ro. paces broad, betwixt the River 4/tmull,
falling into the Danuie above Ratbone, and the River Rott,paf-
fing at Nurenderg, andthence running into the Maza, and fo
intothe Rézne. But yet this alfo proved abortive, though there
was great appearance of fuccefs at firft.

Of the Way of killing Ratle-Snakes.

There being not long fince occafion given at a meeting of
the Royal Soczety to difcourfe of Ratle: Snakes, that worthy and
inquifitive Gentleman, Captain Sz/as Taylor, related the man-
ner, how they were killed in Vergimia , which he afterwards

_ was pleafed co give in writing, attefted by two credible perfons

in whofe prefence it was don; which is, as follows.

The Wild Penny-royal or Ditany of Virginia, groweth ftreight
up about one foothigh, with the leaves like Penny-roya/, with
little blue tufts atthe yoyning of the branches to the Plant, the
colour of the Leaves beinga reddifh green, but the Water di-

- ftilled , of the colour of Brandy, of a fair Yellow: the

Leaves of it bruifed are very hot and biting upon the Tongue:

and of thefe, fo bruifed , they took fome , and having tyed

them in the cleft of a long ftick, they held them to the Nofe of

the-Ratle-Snake,who by turning and wriggling laboured as much
as fhe could to avoid it: but fhe was killed with it, in lefs than

half anhour’s time, and, as was fuppofed, by the fcent thereof ;
_ which was done Anno 16 $7.in the Month of Fuy,at which feafon,
_ they repute thofe creatures to be in the greateft vigour for their

poifon.
if | A Relation

Ps
3

(44)

A Relation of Perfons killed mith fubterraneons

Damps. :

This Relation was likewife made to the Royal Sesiety, by that
Eminent Virtuofe Sir R. Moray, who was pleafed,upon theirde-
fire, to give it them in writings as followeth,

In a Coal-pit,belonging to the Lord Sznclatr in Scotland where
the Coalis fome 18 or 20 foot thick, and antiently waited to a
great depth: The Colliers, {ome Weeks agoe,having wrought
as deep as they could, and being to remove into new Rooms
(as they call them) did, by taking off,as they retired,part of the
Coal that was left as Pillars to fupport the Roofand Earth over
it, fo. much weaken them, that within a fhort {pace,after they ©
were gone out of the Pitt, the Pillars falling, the Earth above
them filled up the whole Space , where the Colliers had lately
wrought, with its ruins. The Colliers being here-by out of
work, fome of them adventured to work upon old remains of
‘Walls, fo near the old waftes, that ftriking through the flender ©
partition of the Coal-wall, that feparated between them and the
place, where they ufed to work, they quickly perceived their
Errour, and fearing to be ftifled by the bad Air,that they knew,
poffeffed thefe old waftes, in regard not onely of the Damps,
which fuch waftes do ufually afford, but becaufe there having. —
for many years been a Fire in thofe waftes, that filled them with
fifling fumes and vapours,retired immediately and faved them-
{elves from the eruptionsof the Damp. But next day fome fe-
ven or eight of them came no fooner fo farr down the ftaires,
that led.them to the place,where they had been the day before, —
as they intended, but upon their ftepping into the place, where.
the Air was infected, they fell down dead, as if they had been
fhott: And there beingamongft them one, whofe Wife was in. —
formed he was ftifled inthat place, fhe went down fo far with-
out inconvenience, that feeing her Husband near her, ventu- »
red to go tohim, but being choaked by the Damp, as foon as.
the came near him, fhe fell down dead by him;

This.

(45) :
This Story Sir R. Moray affirmed to have received from the
Earl of Weymes, Brother in Law to the Lord Sznelazr, as it was
written to him from Scetland.

Of the Mineral of Liege , yielding both Brin-
{tone and Vitriol, and the way of extracting
them out of it, ufed at Licge. |

| The Account of this 4/ueral, and of the way of extracting.

both Brimflone and Vitriol out of it, was procured from Liege,
by thelately mentioned Sir Rebert Moray, and by him commu-

—nicated tothe Reyal Soczety, as follows.

The Afzneral, out of which Brimffone and Vitriol are extracted,
isoneand the fame, not much unlike Lead-ore, having allo
oft times much Lead mingled with it, which is feparated from

it by picking iroutof the reft. The Mines refemble our Englifi-

Coal- Mines, dugg according to the depth of the 2tmeral, 15, 20,
or more fathoms, as the Vein leads the Workmen , or the fab-
terranean waters will give them leave, which in Sammer fo 0-
verflow the Mines, that the upper waters, by reafon of the
drought , not fufficing to make the Pumps goe, the Work.
ceafes, : ;

To make Brimffene , they break the Stone or Ore into fmall
pieces, which they put into Crucibles made of Earth, five foot

Jong, f{quare and Pyramid. wife. The Entry is near afoot fquare.
_ Thefe Crucibles are laid floaping, eight undermoft, and feven:

above them, asit were betwittthem, that the Fire may coms
atthemall, each having its particular Furnace or Oven. Th

Brimjtone being diflolved by the violence of the hear, drops out:

at the fmall end of the Crucible, and fails into a Leaden-
Trough or Receptacle, common to all the faid Crucibles,
through which there runs a continual Rivolet of cold water,
conveyed thither by Pipes for the cooling of the diffolved
Sulphur, whichis ordinarily four hours in melting. 1 his done,
the Afhes are drawn out with a crooked Iron, and being put

imto-an Iron Wheel-barrow, are carried ont of the Hutt, and

being:

(46)

being laidinaheap, are covered with other elixed or drained
Afhes, the better to keep them warmjwhich is reiterated,as long
as they make Brimjtone. ies Abii nah

To make Coperas or Vitriol, they take a quantity of the faid
Athes,and throwing them into a {quare planked pit inthe Earth,
fome four foot deep, and eight foot fquare, they cover the
. fame with ordinary water, and let itlye twenty four hours, or
uotill an Egge will {wim upon the liquor, whichis a fign, that
itis trong enough. Whenthey will boyl this, they let it run
through Pipes into the Kettles, adding to it half as much Mo-
ther-water, which is that water, that remains after boyling of
the hardued Coperas. The Kettles are made of Lead, 434 foot
high, 6 footlong, and 3 footbroad, ftanding upon thick Iron
Barrsor Grates. In thefe the Liquor is boyled with a ftron
Coal-fire, twenty four hours or more, according to the ftrength
or weaknefs of the Lee or Water, When it iscometoayjuft
confiftence, the fire is taken away, and the boyled liquor fuf-
fered to cool fomewhat, and then it is tapp'd out of the faid
Kettles, through holes beneath in the fides of them, and con-
veyed through wooden Conduits into feveral Receptacles,
three foot deep and four foot long ( made and ranged hot un-
like our Tan-pits) where it remains fourteen or fifteen dayes,
or folong till the Coperas {eparate it felf from the water, and be- —
comes icyand hard. . The remaining water is the above-men-
tioned Motherewater ; and the elixed or drained Afhes are
the Dreggs, or Caput mortuum, which the Lee, whereof the
Vitriol is made, leaves behind it in the planked Pitts.

A further Account of Mr. Boyle's Experimen- .
tal Hittory of Cold. is a

In the firft Papers of thefe Phzlofophical Tran{aétions, {ome pro-
mife was made of a fuller account, to be given by the next,of the
Experimental Fitftory of Cold, compofed by the Honourable Mr.
Robert Boyle ,it being then fappofed,that this Hz/fery would have”

been altogether printed off at the time of publifhing the second

Papers.

(

(47)

Papers of thefe Tran/aéizons s but the Prefs, employed upon this
Treatife, having been retarded fomewhat longer than was ghef-
fed, the faid promife could not be performed before this time:

wherein it now concerns the inquiring World to take notice,

that this fubjedt,as it hath hitherto bin almoft totally neglected,

fo itis now, by this Exceellent Author, tn fach a manner hand-

led,and improved by near Two hundred choice Experiments and

Objervations,that certainly the Curzous and Intelagent Reader will

in the perufal thereof find caufe to admire both theFertility of a

Subject, feemingly fo barren, and the Author’s Abilities of im-
proving the fame to fo high a Degree. |

_ But to take a fhort view of fome of the particulars of this Hz-
jlory, and thereby to give occafion to Péi/ofepbical men,to take
this Subject more into their confideration, than hitherto hath
been done ; the Ingenious Readers will here fee,

1, That not only all forts of 4ccdand Aleahzate Salts,and Spi-
. fits, even Spirit of Wine s but alfo Sugar,and Sugar of Lead mi-
xed with Snow, are capable of freezing other Bodies,and upon
what account they are fo. } :

2, That among the Subftances capable of being frozen, there

are not only all grofs forts of Saline Bodies, but fuch alfo as are

freed from their groffer parts, not excepting Spirit of Urine,the :
. 5 p 5 >P

Lixiviam of Pot-athes, nor Oyl of Tartar, per deliquium, it felf.

3, Lhat many very fpirituous liquors,freed from their aqueous
parts,cannot be brought to freeze,neither naturally,nor artifici-
ally: And here is occafionally mentioned a way of keeping
Moats unpaffable in very cold Countries, recorded by Olaus
Adagnus.

4, What are the wayes proper to eftimate the greater or leffer
Coldnefs of Bodies ; and by what means we can meafure the
intenfiefs of Cold produced by Art, beyond that, which Na-
ture needs to. employ for the freezing of Watet ; as alfo, in

what proportion water of a. moderate degree of Coldnefs will
| be

: (48)

be made to /brink by Snow and Salt, before it begin by Conge-
lation to expand itfelf; and then, how to meafure by the diffe
ring Weight and Denfity of the fame portion of Water, what
change was produced init, betwixt the hottef time of Sammer,
and firft glaciating degree of Cold, and then the higheft, which
our Author could produce by 4r¢: Where an Inquiry is an-
nex’d, whetherthe making of thefe kind of Tryals with the |
waters of the particular Rivers and Seas, men are to fail on,may
afford any ufcful eftimate, whether or not, and how much, fhips
may on thofe waters be fafely loaden more in Winter, thania
Summer. Yowhichis added the way of making exact Difco-
veries of the differing degrees of Coldnefs in differing Regi-
ons, by fach Thermometers, as are not fubjed to the altera-
tions of the Atmo/phere's gravitation, nor to be frozen.

5. Whether in Cold, the diffufion from Cold Bodies be made
more ftrongly downwards, contrary to that of Hot Bodies:
Where is delivered a way of freezing Liquors without danger
of breaking the Veffel, by making them begin to freeze at the
bottom, not the top.

6. Whether that Tradition be true, that if frozen Apples or
Eggs be thaw’d neer the Fire, they will be thereby {poil'd, but
if immerfed in cold water, the Internal Cold will be drawn out,
as is fuppofed, bythe External Cold; and the frozen Bodies —
willbe harmlefly thawed? Ztem, Whether Iron, or other Me-

tals, Glafs, Stone, Cheefe, @¢. expos’dtothe freezing Air, or

kept in Snow or Salt, upon the immerfing themin Water will —
produce any Ice? /tem,What ufe may be made of what happens
in the different waies of thawing Eggs and Apples, by applying
the Obfervation to other Bodies, and even to Men, danger-
oufly nipp'd by exceffive Cold. Where is added not only a
memorable Relation, how the whole Body of a Man was fuc-
cesfully thawed and cafed all over with Ice, by beinghandled, —
as frozen Eggs and Apples are; butalfo the Luciferoufnefs of
fuch Experiments as ahh and likewife, what the effeéts of
Cold may be, asto the Confervation or Deftruction of the
Textures of Bodies: and in particular, how Meat and Drink |
may -

(49)

may be kept good, in very Cold Countries, by keeping it un-
der Water, without glaciation? as alfo, how in extreme Cold
Countries, the Bodies of Dead Menand other Animals may be
preferved very many years entire and unputrefied > And yet,
how fuch Bodies, when unfrozen, will appear quite vitiated
by the exceflive Cold? Where ic is further inquired into,
whether fome Plants, and other Medicinal things, that have

_ fpecifique Vertues, will loofe them by being throughly con:

gealed and ( feveral wayes )thawed? And alfo, whether fro-
zen and thawed Harts-horn will yield the fame quantity and
ftrength of Salt and faline Spirit, aswhen unfrozen? Item,
Whether the Eleéirical faculty of Amber, andthe Aitratiive or
Diretiive Virtue of Leadjiones will be either impaired, or any
wayes altered by intenfe Cold? This Head is concluded by
fome confiderable remarks touching the operation of Cold up-
on Bones, Steel, Brafs, Wood, Bricks. ,

_ | 3, What Bodies are expanded by being frozen, and how

thatexpanfion isevinced? And whether it is cauifed by the in-
trufion of Air? As alfo, whether, what is contained in icy bub-
bles, is true and Springy Air, or not. | :

8, What Bodies they are, that are contracted by Cold; and
how that Contractionis evinced? Where ’tis inquired, whe-
ther Chymical Oyles will, by Congelation, be, like expreffed
¥ Oyles, contracted, or, like aqueous Liquors, expanded

“9, What are the wayes of Mea/uring the Quantity of the Ex-
panfion and Contraction of Liquors by Cold? And how the
Author’s account of this matter agrees with what Navigators
into cold Climats, mention from experience, touching pieces
of Ice as high as the Mafts of their Ships, and yet the Depth
of thefe pieces feems not at all anfwerable to what it may be
fuppofed to be. wea

10, How ftrong the Expanfion of freezing wateris 2 Where

e —e i"
are enumerated the feveral forts of Vellels, which being ales
- : | G with

(50) he
with water, and expofed to the cold Air,do burft; and where
_ alfo the weight is expreffed, that willbe removed by the expan.
five force of Freezing? Whereunto an Inquiry is fubjoined
whence the prodigious force, obferved in water, expanded by
Glaciation, fhould proceed? And whether this Phenomenon
nay be folved,. either by the Cartefian, or Epicurean Wypo~
thefis >. oT :

11, What is the Sphere of Aétivity of Cold, or the Space, to
whofe. extremities every way the AGtion of a cold, Body is able
toreach: where the difficulty of determining thefe limits, to-
gether with the canfes thereof, being with much ‘circum{pei-
on mentioned, it is obferved, that the Sphere of Aétivity of
Cold is exceeding narrow, not onely in comparifon of that of
Heat in Fire, butin comparifonof, asitwere, the Atmo/phere
-of many odorous Bodies; and even in comparifon of the
Sphere of Adivity of the more vigorous Loadftones , infomuch,
_ that the Author hath doubted, whether the Senfe could difcern
a €old Body, otherwife then by immediate Contra&. Where
feveral Experiments are delivered for the examining of this
matter, together with a curious relation of the way ufed in Per.
fa, though a very hot Climate, to fnrnifh their Confervatories —
with folid pieces of Ice of a confiderable thicknefs: To which |
is added an Obfervation, how far in Earth and Water the Froft
will pierce downwards, and upon what accounts the deepnefs
of the Froft may vary. After which, the care is inculcated;
that muft be had, inexamining, whether Cold may be diffufed
through all Mediums indefinitly, not to make the Trials with
Mediums of two great thicknefs : where it is made to appear;
that Cold is able to operate through Metalline Veffels, which is
confirmed by a very pretty Experiment of making ley Cups to -
drinkin; whereof the way isaccurately fetdown. Then are re- ©
lated the Trials, whether, or how, Cold willbe diffufedthrough
a Medium, that fome would think aVaewum, and whichto-others _
would feem much lefs difpofed to affift the diffufion of Cold,
than‘Common Airitfelf. After which follows.a curious Ex-
periment, fhewing whether a Cold Body can operate through

| a

ae,

(51)
a Medium actually hot, and having its heat contiaua'ly renewed
_ by a fountain of heat, Nee | P80)
12, How to eftimate the folidity of the Body of Ice, or how
ftrong is the mutual adhefion of its parts > and whether differ-
‘ing Degrees of Cold may not vary the Degree of the compact-
nefsiof Ice, -And our Author having proceeded as far as he was
able towards the bringing the ftrength of Ice to fome Eftimate
by feveral experiments, he communicateth the information, he
could get about this matter among the Defcriptions that are gi-
ven us of Cold Regions: And then he relateth out of Sea-mens
Feurnals, their Obferyations touching the infipidnefs of refol-
ved Ice made of Sea-water; and the prodigious bignefs of it,
extending evento the height of two hundred and fourty Foot
above water, and the length of above eight Leagues, To
which he adds fome promifcuous but very notable Obfervatic
ons. concerning Ice, notforeadily reducible to the foregoing
Heads : wzdelcet, Of the blew Color of Rocky pieces of Ices
and the horrid noife made by the breaking cf Ice, likethat of
Thunder and Earthquakes , together with a Confideration of
the Caufe, whence thofe loud Ruptures may proceed,

13, How Ice and Snowmay'bemade to laftlong; and what
Liquor diffolves Ice fooner than others, andin what proporti-
on of quicknefs.the folutions in the feverab Liquors are’ made,
_ where occafion is offered to the Author,, to..examineé,, whether
- Motion will impart a heat to Ice > After which,he relates an Ex-

periment of Aeatimg a Cold Liquor with Ice, made by himfelfin —

the prefence of aGreat and Learned Nobleman, and his Lady,
who found the Glafs wherein the Liquor was, fo horthat they
could not endure to hold it in their Hands. Next, it is examined,
whether the effedts of Cold do continually depend upon theac-
tual prefence and influence of the manifeft Efficient Caufes, as

_ the Light of the Air depends upon the Sun or Fire, or other
Luminous Bodies. ‘To this is annexed an Account of the /ta-
lian way of making Confervatories of Ice and Snow, asthe Au-
thor had received it from that Ingenious and Pelite Gentleman,.
Matter F. Evelyn, — But:

(52)

But want of time prohibiting the aecomplifhment of the in.
tended account of this Rich Piece: what remains, muft bere.
ferred tothe next Occafion. It fhall only be intimated fora
Conclufion, that the Author hath annexed tothis Treatife, an
Examen of Mafter Hobs's Doétrine touching Cold; whercinthe —

Grand Caule of Cold and its Effects is affigned to Wind,info —
much that ‘tis affirmed, that almoft any Ventilaian and ftirting 4
of the Air doth refrigerate.

“LONDON,

Printed with Licenfe, By Fobn Marvy and James Al- ; |
leftry, Printers to the Sot ae 16 65. ;

(53) - Numb. 4,

PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

pinion june 5. 1665.

The Gontena.

AA Relation of fome extraordinary Tydes m the Wett-Iiles of Geom
land, by Sr. Robert Moray. The judgment of Monjfreur Aus
_ Zout, touching the Apertures of Object-glaffes, and their pro.
portions zn sipelt of the feveral lengths of Telefcopess toge-
ther with a Table thereof, Conftderations of the fame Perfon
_apon Mr. Hook’s New Engine for grinding 6 of Optick. glaffes.
_ Mr. Hook’s Thoughts thereupon. Of a means to iluminate an

| ~ Objekt in what proportzon one pleales) ; and of the diftances, that

_ are requifite to burt Bodies by the Sun. A further accampt by-
Monfieur Auzout.of Signior Campants Book, and Performances
_ about Optick-Glafles. Campani’s Anfwer thereuntos and Mr,

. Auzout’s Animadverfions upon that Anfmer, An accompt of Mr.

. Lower’s newly publifoed Vindication of Dr. Willis’s Dzatréba de.
_ Febribus.

A Relation of “Dine extraordinary Tydes in the

Weft-Ifles of Scotland , as it was commu

- anicated by Sr. Robert M oray-

Snshas N that Tract of Ifes. on the Weft of Scotland, batisa

: ae by the Inhabitants, the Long. Lfland, as being about 3
s) 100, miles long! fon North to South,there is a mul
titude of fmall IMands, Gtuated ina Fretum,or Friih,

that paftes between the Ifland of Bu, and the Herrés ; amoneft

which, there 1 is one called Berneray, fome three miles long, and

more. -

sega ae
more thana mile broad,the length running from Eaff to Weff,as
the Frith lyes, At the Eaf end of this /fand,where I ftayed fome
16, or 17, dayes, l ob/erved avery {trange Reciprocation of the
Flux and Re. flux of the Sea, and beard of another, no lef re-
markable. ~ aOR : ee
Upon the ef? fide of the Long Ifand, the Tides,which came
from the Sourh-weff, run along the Coaft, Northward; fo that
during the ordinary coarfe of the Tides, the Flood runs Za in
the Frzth, where Berneraylyes, and the Ebb Weff. And thus the
Sea ebbs and flows orderly, fome 4. days before the full Moon,
and change, and as long after (the ordinary Spring.tides rifing
fome 14.0r 15, foot upright, aud allthe reft propertionably, as
in other places ) But afterwards, fome 4. days before the Quar-
ter.-moons, and aslong after, there is conftantly a great and fin-
cular variation. Vor tben,(a Southerly Moon making there the
full Sea) the courfe of the Tide being Eaffward, when it begins
to flow, which is about 94 of the Clock, not onely con-
nues fo ull about 3+ in the afternoon, that it be high water, bur,
after it begins to ebb, the Current runs on ftill Za/iward,during
the whole Ebbsfo that it runs£affward 1 2 hours together,that is, —
all day long, from about 9~ in the morning,til about 9 at night.
But then, when the night- Tide begins to flow,the Current turns, _
and runs Wefiward all night,during both Floud & Ebb,for fome —
12. hours more,as it did Ea/fward the day before. And thus the
Reciprocations continue,one Floud and Ebb,running 1 2.hours.
Eaftward, and another twelve hours Weftward,till 4. days before
the New and Ful/Mooniand then they refume their ordinary re-
gular courfe as before, running Fa/?, during the fix hours of
Floud, and Weff, during the fix of Ebb. Andthis I obferved
curioully, during my abode upon the place, which was in the
Moneth of /4uzu/?, as I remember.

But the Gentleman, to whom the J/land belongs at prefent,and
divers of his Brothers and Friends, knowing and difereet per-
fons, and expert in all- fuch parts of Sea»matters, as other //lan-_
ders commonly are, though I fhrewdly fufpected their skill in
Tides, when Ihad not yet feen what they told me, and I have
now related of thefe irregular Courfes of the Tides, did meft
confidently affure me, and fo did every body I fpake with
| | about

(55)

about it, that there is yet another irregularity in the Tides,
which never fails, and isnolefs extraordinary, than what I
have been mentioning: whichis, That, whereas between the
| Vernal and Autumnal Equinowes, thatis, for fix Moneths toges
ther, the Courfe of irregular Tides about the Quartermoons,
is, to run all day, that is, twelve hours, as from about «2 to 94,
10h to 107 Be. Eajiward, and all night, thatis, twelve hours
more, Weftward: during the other fix Moneths, fromthe 4u-
tumnal to the Vernal Equinox, the Current runs all day Weffward,
and all Night Eafiward. |

Of this, though [had not the opportunity tobe an Eye. wit-
nefs, as of the other,yet I donot at all doubr, having received
{o credible Information ef it. | |

To penetrate into the Cau/es of thefe ftrange Reciprocations
_ of the Tides, would require exact defcriptions of the Situation,
Shape,and Extent of every piece of the adjacent Coalts of Fu?
and Herras s the Rocks, Sands, Shelves, Promontorys, Bays ,

Lakes, Depths, and other Circumftances, which I cannot now
fet down with any certainty, or accuratenefs, fecing, they are
to be foundinno Afap, neither had I any opportunity to fur-
veythem; nor dothey now occur tomy Memory, asthey did
fome years ago, when upon occafion I ventured to make a
Map of this whole Frith of Berneray, which not haying copied,
I cannot adventure to beat it out again. :

Monfieur Auzout’s Fudgment touching the A-
pertures of Obje@-Glafles, and their Pro- -
portions, 27 refpetz of the feveral Lengths of
Telefcopes. Roe Aa

HL 2. the:

(sy

the Reader, that he hath found, that the Apertures, which Optick-

slaffes canbear with diftinétnefs, are in about a /wbduplicate
proportion to their Lengths ; whereof he tells us he intends to give
the reafon and demonftration in his Dzoptzeks, which he is now
writing, and intends to finifh, as foon ashis Health will permit.
Inthe meantime, he prefents the Reader with a Table of fuch
Apertures s- which is here exhibited to the Confideration of the

ae!

Ingenious, there being of this French Book but one Copy, that

is known, in England. !

A TABLE of the Apertures of Objett-Glaffes.
Fhe Points putto fome of thefe Numbers denote Frafions.

Lengths of |For excellent For good |For ordinary Lengths of \For excellent For goed \ For ordinary

Glafses. ones. ones. "ones. Glafses. ones, | ones, ones.

Hie Inches. Tuch, Lines. Inch, Lines.\Inch, nee Inches,|Inch, Lines, Inche Lines,\ Inch, Lines.
A A. 4 (Blah cc den ot 4)? Loe: ‘Sa:
6 ir iy ANSRs cy 8 So 8 ok ieee he |
Giri OF 5135 4 03 4-j2. 10
L 6| 9 8. Fide 63 10 2,
2 © hie. fe) 8 50 & 914 03 4
2 Sees oad 9155. Od) BB 6
3-0 aOlE> yo ha hk O 1O|60 5 214 613. §
3 a abi 2 I 16 5 y Al4 8/3 «10
4 oles 4. 2\I O70 Y 7\4, 10/4
Se sr Bee YEAS Sts 95 o]4 2.
5 oif 6\t 4lf 1/80 5 ALS uz .,
6 I 7 \L 5\t - 2/99 6 Als : 64 #7
7 I 9|I 6\r 3|100 6 sig 94 10
8 f 101 8 |x 4\120. /7 516 55 3
9 See in na 9\I — 51Ts0 of O17 05 It
ae) 2 HE tols 6/200 {9 6/8 a6 9
12 2 4/2 O|L 3/250 i9 = 6/9 a'y 8
14 eine eid 2\r 9.300 {iI 610 08 5
16 2 8/2 4\r II./350 {12 6110 99 re)
18 2 roj2 6/2 ri400 =(|13.s ditX 69 8
20 3 0/2 We. 2,

6)

) Confederations of Monfreur Auzout ion Mr.
Hook's New Inftrument for Grinding of
Optick-Glafles. ‘ Sa

In the above-mentioned French Traét, there are, be-
fides feveral other particulars, to be reprefented in due place,
contained fome Conftderatzons of Monfieur Auzout upon Mr.
- Hook's New Engine for grinding Oprick-Glaffés. Where he pre-

- mifes in General his thoughts touching the working of Great Op-
tick-Glaffes, and that by the help of a Turn lathe; affirming
firft ofall, that not only the Engen isto be confidered for give-_
ing the Fzgure, but the Matter alfo, whichought to be brought -

to greater perfection, than it hath been hitherto. For, he
finds it not foeafie ( at leaft, mbere he 2s) to procure Great pie-
__ ces of Glafs without Vezns, and other faults, nor to get fuch, as
are thick enough without B/edbs; which, if they be not, they
will yield to the preffure and weight, either when they are fitted
_ tothe Cement, or wrought. ia :

Secondly, He finds it difficult to work thefe Great Glaffes of
the famethicknefs, which yet is very neceflary , becaufe, that
the leaft difference in Frgures fo little convex, can put the Center
_ outof the Asidle, 2 or 3 Inches s and if they be wrought in Afoulds,
the length of time, which is required to wear and to {mooth
them, may fpoil the beft Mould, before they be finifhed. | Be-
~ fides, that the ftrength of Man is folimited, that he is unable
to work Glaffes beyond acertain bignefs, fo as to finifh and
_ potith them all over fo well, as /mal Glaffes; whereas yet, the
_ bigger they are, the more compleat they ought to be: And if
any weight or Engine be ufed to fupply ftrength, there is then
’ danger of an unequal preffure, and of wearing away the En-
~~ gines In the mean time, the precifenefs and delicatenefs is

oreater,
gre ALN 3 8

69 mete erie

(58)
~ greater than caneafily be imagined. Wherefore he could never,
having fome experience of this precifenefs, conceive, that a
Turn-lathe, wherein muft be two different, and in fome manner
contraty motions, can move with that exactnefs and fteddinefs,
thatis required, efpecially, for any confiderable length of time.
Having premifed this,he difcourfes upon Mr. Hook his Turne,
intimating firft ofall, that he was impatient to know what kind
of Turne this was, imagining,that it had been tried, and had {uc-
ceeded, as coming from a Society that profeffeth, they pub-
hth nothing but what hath been maturely examin’d. But that he
was much furprifed when he faw the Mzcrography of Mr. Fook ;
and found there, that his Engene was publifhed upon a mecr
Theory, without having made any Experiment, though that
might have been made with little charge and greatfpeed; ex.
pence of Money and Time being the onely thing, that can ex.
cufe thofe who in matter of Engznes impart their inventions to.
the publick, without having tried them,to excite others to make
trial thereof. : :
Whereupon he propofes fome difficulties, to give the Inven-.
tor occafion to find a way to remove them. He affirms there.
“fore, that though it be true inthe Theory, that a Circle, whofe
Plain isinclined to the Axes of the Sphere by an Aapgle; whereof
half the Dzameter is the Szne, and which touches the Sphere in.
its Pele, will touch in all its parts a /phertcal Surface, that fhall
turn upon that 4xe. Butthatit is trae alfo, that that muft be
but a Afathematical Corele, and without Breadth, and which pre-
cifely touches the Body in its middle; Whereas in the praétice,
a Circle capable to keep Sandiand Putty,muft be of fome dreadth;.
and he knows not whether we can find fuch a dexterity of |
keeping fo much of it, and for fo long a time,as needs, upon |
the Brim of a Keng that is half an Inch broad. He adds, that itis.
very difficult to contrive, that the middle of the Glafs do al- |
ways precifely anfwer to the Brim of this Keng, feeing that the |
pofition of the Glafs does always change alittle inrefpedt.ef the
King, in proportion as'tis worn, and_as it muft be prefied be. |
caufe of its inclination. He believes it alfo very hard, to give
tothe Axis orto the Adandril, which holds the Glafs, that little
Inclination,

| (59)

_ dnslination, that would be neceffary for great Glaffes, and to
make the two Mandrd/s to have one and the fame P/azn, as is ne-
ceffary. And,having done all this, he perfuades himfelf, that it is
exceeding difficult, if not impof_ible, for two contrary motions,
where fo many pieces are, toreft for along time fteddy and
firm, asis requifite fer the not {warving from it a hair’s thick-
nefs, fince leis than that can change all.

He goes on,and, feeing that this Javentor fpeaks cf Glaffes of a
thoufand,&ten thoufand foot,which he fuppofed not impoflible
to be made by this Lngzne, difcourfes of whatis neceflary for
the making Glaffes of fuch bignefs ; which he believes this /»-
~ yventor may perhaps not have thought of. Wherefore he affirms,
that if the Tab/e, made by himfelt for the Apertures of Glafles
(which is that, thatis above delivered) be continued untoa
thoufand feet, by taking always the Subduplicate proportion of
Lengths, it will be found,that for pretty good ones, the Aperture
muft be of 15. Inches; for good ones, more than18.and for
fach as are excellent, morethan 21. Inches: whence it may be
judged,what piece of Glafs, and of what thicknefs it muft be,to
refift the working, But ke proceeds to foeak of the {nclinatzon,
which the Mandra muft have upon the P/aza of theRing,when the
Ring fhould have 10.0r 12 Inches; and finds,that it would make
but 6 vor. 7. minutes of inclination, and thata Glafs would have
le{s Convexity,and confequently,lefs difference froma Glafs per-
feétlyplain,than the 7.or 8.part of a Line. And then he leaveth it
to be judged,whether a Glafs of fuch a Length being found, we
ought to hope, thata ‘Tura canbe firm enough to keep fucha
piece of Glafs in the fame Inclination, fothat a Mandril donot
recede fome Minutes from it: and, though even the Glafs con'd
be faftned perfectly perpendicular to theMandrd, that thefe
two Mandrils could be put'in one'and the fame place, & that that
little Inclination, whichis requifite, could be given, and the
Mandril be continued to be preffed in thatefame Jne/znatesn, ac-
cording as the Glafs is worn. All which particulars,he conceives
to be very hard in the practice ; not to mention, that the weight
of the Glafs,that fhould be inclined tothe Horizon, as ’tis repre-

fented by Mr. Hook, would make it flide upon the Cement,and fo
: chance

(60)
charige the Center s and that the Glafs is not preffed at the fame
time by the Azag butin one part on the fide, wd. about a fourth;
aud-that the parts of the Glafs are not equally worn away, @e.
What then, /aith he; would becomof a Glafs of nocoe feet,
which, according to the faid Table, would have more than four
feet, or four feet and nine inches, or five feet, feven inches /4-
perture,and of which the Rzng,though it were two feet nine inch-
es, would have but one minut of Inclination, and the Glafs of 5
feet Aperture would have but 4 minuts, andthe curvity of it,
would be-lefs than the hundred part of a Line. bist s

But, faith be, let us confider, only a Glafs of 300 foot, to fee,,
_ whatis tobe hoped of that, and.to know at Jeaft the difficulty,
tobe met within making a Glafs only of that Length. <A Glafs

then of 300 foot, according to his Table, muft have more than

8 inches Aperture, which maketh but 16 minuts of its Cercle, and
it fhould have more than 11 inches, ifit be an excellent one:
IfMr. Hook (-addshe ) did ufe but his Rig of 6 inches, which
he would ufe from twelve toan hundred foot Glafs, the Jne/z

nation, which the Axzts, or Mandrdl, that bears his Glafs, fhould.

have, fhould be but 16 minuts, andthe Curvity ofthe Glafs
would be lefsthanthe eighth partofaLine, and.if he fhould
afe a bigger, the Lmelinatzon would be proportionable. |

Whenceit may bejudged (continues he) that we are yet ~

very far fromfeeing Animals &¢. in the Afcon, as Monfieur Des
Cartes gave hope, and Mr. Hook defpairs notof., For, he be-
hieves by what he kuows of Tele/copes,; that we are not to look
for any above 300. er 400 foot at moft ;, and he fears, that nei-
ther Matter nor Art will go even fo far, - plaktoay
Whentherefore (faith he) aGlafs of 300 foot fhould bear
an Eye-glafs of 6inches ( which would appear wonderful ) it
would magnifie but 600. times:in Dzameters; that, is, 360000
times in Serface: but fuppofe,that fuch could be made,as would:

magnifie a 1000 times in Deameter, and.1000000. of times in,

Surface, admitting there were but 60000 leagues from the Earth
to the A/oon, andthat the fmalnefs ofthe Aperture of the Glafe
fes ( whichyet would diminifh the Light morethan 36 times )

and the obftacle of the Air were not confidered, we fhould nog |
| 3 : fee.

2S
at SS. heel

Oe ES teh ae

Say
‘fee the ALoon, but as if we were a 100, or at leaft, 60, leagues di-
ftant from her without a Glafs. He here wifhes, that thofe,
that promife to make us fee Animals and Plants in the Moon,
had thought on what our naked Eyes can make us difcern of
fuch Objects, only at 10 or 12 leagues diftance. ©
But this he would not have underftood as a difcouragement
from fearching with all care and earneftnefs after the means of
_ making long Telefcopes, or of facilitating the working thereof;
but only as an Advertifement to thofe, who light upen-the The-
ery of any Engine, not toexpofe it prefently as poflible and ule-
ful, before they have tried it, or ifit have fucceeded in fmall ,
- notto endeavour to perfuade, that it will allo fueceed in great,
As itmay happen (/azth be ) thatthe Engin of Mr. Flook may,
by ufing all neceffary precautions, fucceed in the makingof Eye-
Glaffés yor mall Optick- Glaffes, but not inmaking great ones ;
as we fee,that aninftrument compofed of two Rulers, where-
with are traced Portions of Circles, fucceeds well enough in
{mai,but when there is no more than half a Line, a quarter ofa
Line, or lefs convexity,it will be no longer juft at all,as he tells
us to have made the proof of it inCircles drawn by the means of
one of thefe Inftruments, made by one of the beft Workmen
inhistime, who, whilft he lived, efteemed them above price,
although they be notjuft ; as others and my felf ( faze he) have
bytryal found, when weendeavoured to make Moulds by their —
means, & as thofe,who by the like Inftrument laboured to trace
portions of Circles of $0 or 100 foot, Se. Diameter, can attett.
But, notwithftanding allthis, he hath thought upon two or
three things, which he thinks may remedy {ome inconvenien-
ciesof Mr. Aeox his Turn. Thefrr/tis, to invert the Glafs, and
to pur it under theReng,that fo not only theGlafs may be placed
more [forizontally,and not flide upon theCement,but that the Sand
alfo,and the Putty may ftay upon the Glafs. | :
The other is, thatthere muft be two Poppetbeads, into which
the Adandral muft pafs, where the Ring is to be faftned ; and the
_ Mandril mult be perfeétly Cylindrical, that fo it may advance
upon the Glafs as it wears away by the means of its weight, or
by the means of a fpring, prefling it, without wrigling from one
place to another, asit would prefently happen in the fafhion ,
| \ J as

os sor
as the Tarais compofed. For, when the Glaffes do wear, e-
fpecially when they are very convex, it catinot be otherwife, but
the Mandral will play and wrigle, before the Scrue be made
. firm. ; 3 |
But he doubts, whether all can be remediéd, which he leavs.
to the induftry of Mr. Hook, confidering what he faith in the
Preface of his Mzcregrapbhy, touching a Method, he knows, of
finding out as much in Mechanieks, as can be found in Geometry
by Algebra, 7 | 3
Befides this, he taketh notice, that moft of thofe that medle-
with Optick-Glaffes, give them not as much Apertare, nor charge-
them {o deep as they ought. And he inftances in the Te/e/cope,.
which His Maye/ly of Great Britain prefented the Duke of Or-
Jeans with, videl. that it did’ bear but 2 inches, and 9 lines French;
for its greatelt Aperture, though there be 5 or 6 lefler Apertures,
of which it feems ( /azth ve) the Artificer would have thofe,.
that ufe it, ferve themfelves more ordinarily, than of the great-.
eft; which conveys but almoft half as many Rays as it fhould do, _
according to his Calculation, which is, as9 to 16 ; “Whereas, ac-
cording to his Table of Apertures, an excellent 35 foot Tele/cope-
fhoutd bear 4 inches Aperture in proportion to excellent {mall
ones. He notes alfo, that the Eye-glafs of the faid Telefeope, -
compofed of: 2 Glaffes, hath no more effect, when it is moft
charged, than a Glafs of 42 inches 3 which makes it magnifie
notaroo times. Andhe finds by Mr. Hook, that he efteemsa-
Tele/cope made in London of 60 feet, (which amount to about 57.
feet of France, the foot of France being ta that of England as a-.
bout 15 tor6:) becaufe it can bear at leaft 3 Englefb inches A=.
perture, and that there are few of 30 feet, that can bear more -
than 2 inches, (‘which is but 22< Lines.French) although he (M...
Auzout) gives'no lefs Aperture. than fo, toa 15 foot-Telefcope,
and his of ar feet hath ordinarily 2 Tnches, 4 Lines, or2 inches, |
6. Lines Aperture. | shins est
This Difcourfe he Concludeth with exhorting thofe, that-
work Optick.Glafves,to endeavor to make them fuch, that they
may bear great Aperitres and deep Hye-glaffes; feeing itis not:
the lerigth that gives éeém to Telescopes s but on the contrary
renders them lefs eftimable, by reafon of the trouble accom-.

panying.

(63)
panying them, if they perform nomore, than fhorter ones.
Where, by the by, he takes notice, thathe knows not yet, what
Aperture Signor Campani givesto his Glaffes, feeing he hath as
yet fignified nothing of it ; but thatthe fmallone, fent by him
to Cardinal Antonio, hath nomore Aperture, than ordinary ones
oughttohave. | |

He promifes withall, that he will explicate this way in his
Treatife of the ufefulne/s of Telefoopes, where he intends to aflign
the Bignefs of the Diameter of all the Planets, and their propor-
tion to thatofthe Sun; as alfo,that ofthe Stars, which he e-
fteems yet much lefs, than all thofe have done, that have writ-
tenofit hitherto; not believing, that the Great Dog, which ap-
pears to be the faireft Star of the Firmament, nath 2 Seconds in
Diameter, nor that thofe, which are counted of the fixth Mag-
nitude, have 20 ¢herds 5 nor thinking, that all the Stars, that are
in the Férmament. do enlighten the Earth as muchas a Luminous |
— Bady of 20 /econds in Diameter would do, or, becaufe there is

but one half of them at the fame time above our Horzzon, as a
Body of 14 /econds in Dzameter ; and asthe 18432" part of the
Sun would enlighten us, or as the Sun would do, ifwe were 14
times more diftant fromit, than Saturn, and 137 times further,
than the Earth: Which, he /aith, would not be credible, if he
did not endeavor to evince it both by Expertenceand Rea/on.
_ And he doubts not, but that Venus, although fhe fends us no
‘Light but what is reflected, does fometimes enlighten the Zarth
more, than allthe Stars together. Yet he would not have us i-
magine,from what he hath {poken of the fmalnefs of the Stars,
that Tele/copes do not magnifie them by reafon of their great di-
ftance, as they do Planets ; for this he judgeth a Vulgar Error,
to be renounced, Tele/cepes magnifie the Stars (faith he) as
much in proportion, as they do all other Bodies, feeing that the
demonftration of their magnifying is made even upon Parallel
rays, which do fuppofe an infinite diftance , though the Stars
have none fuch: And if the Tele/copes did not magnifie the Stars,
how could they make us fee fome of the fftzeth, and it may
be fome of the bundreth, and twobundreth Magnitude, as they
do, andas they would thew yet much leffer ones, if they did

magnifie more > |
| T 2 Mr,

(64)

Mt. Hook’s Anfwer to Monfeur Auzout’s

Conftderations, in a Letter tothe Publifher.
of thefe Tranlacions. hea

SIR, | hasta
Together with my moft® hearty thanks for-the favour you

were pleafed todo me, in fending me an Epitome of what had

been by the ingenious Monfieur duzout animadverted on a de=

feription, Ithad made of an Engine for grinding [pherical Glaffes,.

Fthought my felf obliged, both for your fatisfaétion, and my

own Vindication,to return you my prefent thoughts upon thofe

Objections. The chief-of which: feems to be againft the very -

Propofitiow it felf: For itappears, that the Odjedfor is fomewhat

anfatisfied; that I fhould propound a thingin Theory, without

| having firft tried'the Practicablenef of it. But firft, Lcould wifh

that this worthy Perfon had rectified my miftakes, not by fpe-..
culation, but by experiments. Next, I have this to anfwer,that .

(though I-did nottell the Reader fo much, tothe end thathe _
might have the more freedom to examineand judg of thecon-. |

trivance, yet) it was not meer T beory 1 propounded, but fome-

what of Heftory and matter of Fait: For, 1 had made trials, as -

many asmy leifure would permit, not without fomegoed fucs
cefs ; but not having time and opportunity enough to profecute
them, I thought itwould not be unacceptable to fuch,as enjoyed

both, to havea defcription ofa way altogether New, and Geos
metrically.true, and feemingly, not uapracticable, whereof they ©

might make ufe,or-not, as they fhould fee reafon. But nothing
furprifed me fomuch, as, that ke is pleafed (after he hadde-
clared it a fault,to write-this Theory, without having reduced it to

ohne

practice)to lay it,as he feems to do,in one place of his book,p.22 »

upon the Royal Society. Truly, Scr; 1fhould think my felf moft
injurious to that Noble Company, had I not endeavoured, evenin
the beginning of my Book, to prevent fuch a mifconftruction.

And. therefore I cannot but make this interpretation of what |

Monfieur exo faith in this particular,that. either he had notfo -

(65)
much’ of the Language wherein I have written, as to un-
- derftand all what was faid by me, or, that he had notread.
my Dedicaiton to the Royal Soccety, which if he had done, _
he would have found, how carefull was, that that L//uftrzous
Soctety fhould notbe prejudiced by my Errors, that could be
fo little advantaged by my 4éfzons. Andindeed, for any man
tolook upon the matters publifhed by their Order or Licence,
as ifthey were Their Senfe, and had Ther Approbation, as cer-
tain and true, *tis extremely wide of their intentions, feeing they, |
in giving way to, or encouraging fuch publications, aim ehiefly
at this, that zegenzous conceptions, and important phelofophical mat.

ter of Fact may be communicated to the learned and enquiring.
World, thereby to excite the minds of men to the examination
and improvementthereof. But, toreturn; Asto his Olyeétions «
againft the Matter,I do find that they are no more againft mine,
than any other way of Grinding Glaffés; nor is itmore than]
have taken notice of my felf in this Paffage of the fame Para--
graph, of which fort are alfo thofe difficulties he raifes about -
Long Glaffes, which are commonly knowntofuch, as are con-
verfantinmakingthem. J¢ would be conventent al/o (thefe are my ©
words) and not very chargeable, to have four or five feveral Tools:
One, &c. And, of curiosity foall ever proceed fo farr, one for all
lengths, between 1000. and 10000. foot long 5 for imdeed,the Principle
a5 (uch, that fuppofing the Mandrils well made, and of a good length, -
and fuppofing great care be ufedin working and polifling them, I fee
no reajon,but that a Glafs of 1000. na’), 10000. fost long may be made, -
as wellas one of 10. For,the reafon ts the fame, [uppofing the Mandrils =
and Tools be made fufficiently firong, (0 that they cannot bend ; and
fuppofing alfo,that theGla/s out of which they are wrought,he capable of
fo great a regularity tm tts parts, as tots Refraction. But next, I
muft fay that his Odjeétzons to me, feem not fo confiderable, as *
perhaps he imagines them. For, as to the poffibility of getting ~
_ Plates of Glafs thick and broad enough without veins, [think -
that not now fo difficult here in Fagland, where I believe is made
_as good, if not much better Glafs for Optccal Experzments, than -
ever I fawcome from Vemce. Next, though it were better,that
the thickeft part of a long Objeé?-Gla/s were exactly in the -
middie, yet I can affure Monfieur. Auzeue, that it may be a yan ah
" : good .:

&

(66)
good one, when it is an Inch ortwo out of it. AndIhavea
good one by me at prefent, of 36. foot, that will bare an Aper--
ture, it Saturn or the Moon in the ¢w7light, be look d on with it,
of 3+ Inches over,and yet the thickeft part of the Glafs is a great
way out of the middle. And I mufttake the liberty to doubt,
whether ever my 4nimadverfer faw a long Glafs,that was other-
wifes ashe might prefentlyfatisfie himfelf by a way I could fhew
him’'(if he did not know it)whereby the difference of the thick-
~nefs ofthe fides might be found to the hundreth part of a Line.
Asto the exceeding exadctnefs of the Figure of Long Objeét-
Glaffés, tis not doubted, but that itis a matter difficult enough to
be attained any way: but yet,! think, much eafier by Engine,chan
by Hand; andof all Engines, I conceive, none more plain and
fimple,than that of a Mandril. And for making /pberical Glaffes
by an£ngzne,1 am‘apt to think,there hardly can be any way more |
plain,and more exact, than that which I have defcribed ; where«
inthere is no other motion, than that oftwo fuch Mandrils,
which may be made of fufficient ftrength, length,and exactnefs,
to perform abundantly much more, than I can believe poffible
to be done ctherwife than by chance, by a man’s hands or
ftrength unaffifted by an Engzne, the motion and ftrength being -
much more certain and regular. I know very well, that in ma-
king a 69.footGlafs by the ftrength of the hand,in the common
way,not one of ten that are wrought, will happen to be good, as
Ihave been affured by Mr. Reeves; who, I am apt to think,-was
the firft that made any good of that length. For the Figure of
the Tool in that way is prefently vitiated by the working of the
Glafs, and without much gagzng will not do any thing confider-
able. Befides,the ftrength of a man’s hands, applied to it for the
working and polifhing of it, is very unequal, and the motions
made,are very irregular ; but in the way,! have ventured to pro-
pofe,by Mandrids,the longer the Gla/s and Tool are wrought to-
gether, the more exact they feem to be and if all things be or-
dered, as they fhould be, the very polifhing of the ,Glafs, does

feem moft of all rectifiethe Fegure. Me |
Asto what he objedts,that the Tool does only touchthe Glafs
ina Mathematie al Circle , that is true,perhaps, at firft, but before
the Glafs is wrought down to its true Figure,theEdge of the rior

. Wi

(67)

will be worn or grownd away,fo as that a Ring of an ineh broad
may be made to touch the Sphertcal Surface of the Glafs ; nay,
if it be neceflary( without much trouble,efpecially in the grind-
ing of longer Glafses}) the whole Concave Surface of the Teol
may be made to touch a Glafs.,Befides,that as to the keeping a
quantity of the fame fand and Powders of feveral finefses, ac-
cording as the glafs wears, the fame is poffible to be don,as with.
the fame Sand wrought finer by working in the Ordinary way.

The giving the Leclination to the Mandri/s, is not at all diffi-
cult; though perhaps to determine the length exa@ly which:
the Glafs fo made fhall draw, is not fo eafie: But ’tis1o matter, .
what length the Glafs be off, foitbe made good, whether 60
or 80 foot, or the like, ‘Nor isit fo very difficult, to lay them: |
bothinthe fame Plats. And to keep them fieddy, when once.
_fix’d, is moft eafie.

As to the Calculation of the propriety of a Glafs of a thou-
fand foot, perhaps for that particular Length, I had not, nor
haveas yet calculated, thatthe Convexity of one of cighteen
inches bread, will not be abeve afeventh part ofa Line. But.
itdoes not thence follow, that I had not.confidered the diffi.
culties, that would bein making of it. For, Imuf tell him, that
Ican makea Plano convex Glafs though its convexity be a {mal- -
er {phere than is ufual for facha length to be an Oljed-Glaf of a--
bout 150 foot in Length, nay of 300 foot, and either longer or-
- fhorter, without at.all alterzmg the convexity, So that, ifhe will
by any Contrivance he hath,give me.a Plano-convex Glafs of 20, .
or.40 foot Diameter, without Vers, and truly wrought of that Fe- -
gure, will prefently make a T e/efeope with it,that with a fingle Ey- -
elafs fhall draw a thoufand foot: Which Invention, I fhall fhortly -
difcover, there being, I think, nothing more eafie and certain, .

And ifa Plano-convex Gla{sican be made of any Sphere between
twenty and fourty foot radiws, fo.as that both the Convex and
Plaimfade of the Glafs be exactly polifl’d of ja.true Figure,] will
fhortly thew, howtherewith may be made a Tele/cope of any-
Length, fuppofing the Glafs free from all kind of Vezns, or ine- .
oguality of Refraction. | |
As forthe fliding of the Glafsmpon-the Cement, I fee no rea-.
fon at.all-for it; avleaftinthe Cements Iimake ufe of, having ne-
_ over obferved any fuch accident in hard Cement. And.

(68)

And for the Bearing of the Ring againft one fide of the Glafs
only atatime, I cannot fee, why that fhould produce any ine-
quality, fince all the fides of the Glafs have fucceffively the fame
reffure.
: His ratiocination concerning a Glafs of 300 foot, is much the
fame with the former, about the difficulty of working a true
furface of aconvenient figures whichhow confiderable both
tbat and his Conclufion thereupon ( vzdel. That we are not to ex-
poet Glaffes of above 300 or 400 foot long at moft , and that netther
Matter mer Art willgo fo far) is, may be judged from what I
have newly told you of making any odjef¢- Gla/s of any Length.

And for his good wifhes, that thofe, who promife to make

him fee Plants or Animals inthe Moon ( of which I know not
any, thathas done fo, though perhaps there may be fome, not-
withftanding his Objections, that do not yet think it impoffible
to be done) had confidered, what a Man is able to fee with his
bare Kye at 60 Leagues diftance: Icannot but return him my
wifhes, that he would confider the difference between feeing a
thing through the Gro/s and Vaporeus Air neer the Earth, and
through the Air over our heads : Which, if he obferve theMoon
in the Horézon, and neer the Zenith with a Tele/cope, he will ex-
perimentally find; and, having done fo, he will perhaps not be
fo diffident in this matter. | |
Concerning his Advertifement to fuch, as publifh Theorzes ,
1 find not, that he hath made ufe of it in hisown cafe. For, in
his Theory about Apertures he feems to be very pofitive, not at
all doubting to rely upon it, ved, that the Apertures mult be thus
and ¢hus in great Glaffes, becaufe he had found them /é or fo in
fome /mall ones. | :

For his Propofal of amendments of fome inconveniencies in
this way,I return him my thanks é but as to his firft I believe,that
the matter may be conteined as wel in the €encaveTool,as on the
convex Glafs. And as tothat of 2 Poppet-beads,1 do not well un-
derftand it,if differing from mines and the keeping of the Tool
upon the Glafs with a {pring or weight, muft quickly fpoyl the
whole; fince, ifeither of the Mandrzls will eafily yield back-
wards, the regularity of all will be {poiled : and as to the wrigling
and playing of the Mandrél, 1 do not at all apprehend it. rs)

| His

| | (69)
His Theory of Apertures, though he feems to think it very au.
thentick, yettome it feems net fo cleer. For, the fame Glafs
-willendure greater or leffer Apertures, according to the leffer
or greater Light of the Oljed?: Ifitbefor the looking on the
| Sum or Venus, or for feeing the Diameters of the Fix'd Stars,then
fmaller Zpertures do better; if for the Afoon in the daylight, or on
Saturn,or Fupiter, or Mars, then the largeft. Thus I have often
_ madeufe of a 12 foot-Glafs tolook on Satura with an Aperture
of almoft 3 inches, and with a fingle Eye-glafs of 2 inches dou.
bleconvex: but, when with the fame Glafs I looked on the
_ Sanor Venus, 1 uled both a fmaller Aperture, and thallower
Charge.And though M. 4uzoue feems to find fault with the En-
glifoGlafs of 36 foot,that had an Aperture of but 2? inches French;
as alfo, with a 60 foot Tube,ufed but with an Aperture of 3 inch-

_ ess yet 1 donot find,that he hath feen Glaffes ofthat length,thac

would bear greater pertures, and ‘tis not impoffible, but his
_ Theory of Apertures may fail inlonger Gfafles. :

Of a means to tluminate an Object in what pro-
_ portion one pleafeth ; andoftbhe Diftances re-
quifete toburn Bodies by the Sun.

_ Qne of the means ufed by M. 4zzout to enlighten an Object,
in what proportion one pleafeth, is by fome great Odjeé-Gla/s ,
_ by him called a Planetary one, becaufethat by it he fhews the
_ difference of Light, which all the Planets receive from the San,
_ by making ufe of feveral Apertures, proportionate to their di-
_ ftance from the San, provided that for every 9 foot draught, or
-thereabout, one inch of Aperture be given for the Earth. Doing

this, one fees (faith be) that the Light which Mercury receives,
is far enough from being able to burn Bodies, and yet that the
fame Lightis great enough in Satern to fee cleer there, feeing
_ that (to him) it appears greater in Saéern, than it doth upon our
_ Earth, when it is overcaft with Clouds: Which (he adds) would
fearce be believed, if by means of this Glafsit did not fenfibly

appear fo; Whereof he promifes to difcourfe more e in his
ce Treaizfe

|

MM, Auxzout's Opinion of what he had found New in the Treatzfe

: : 70.
‘Treati(e of the afefulne/s af ‘i Oe cniliel where he alfo in-
tends to deliver feveral Experiments, by himmade, 1. Touch- -
ing the quantity of Light, which a Body, thatis 10. 15 and 20
times, &¢. remoter than Saturn,would yet receive from the Sus. —
2. Touching the quantity of Light, by which the Earth is illu-
minated even inthe Eelep/es of the Sun, in proportion of their
bignefs. 3. Touching the quantity of Light, whieh is neceffa-
ry to burn Bodies: he having found,that not abating the Light,
which is reflected by the Surfaces of the Glafs (whereof he con-
fefseth,he doth not yet exa@ly know the quantity) there would
be necefsary about so times as much Light,as we have here, for
the burning of Black Bodies ; and neer 9 times more for the
burning of White Bodies, than forthe burning of Black ones:
and fo, obferving the immediateproportions between thefe two,
for burning Bodies of other Colors.. Whence Che tells us) he
hath drawn fome confequences, touching the diftance,at which |
we may hope, to burn Bodies here, by the means of great Glaffes

and great Looking-glaffés. So that ( faith he} we muft yet be feven

times neerer the San, than we are, to be in danger of being bur. _
ned by it. Where he mentions, that having given Jaffrudtions to _
certain perfons, gonto travel in Het Countrzes, he hath among O- —
ther particulars recommended to them,to try by meanis of great
Burning-glaffes,with how much lefs /perture they will burn there,
than fere, to know fromthence, whether there be more Light _
there than here; and how much ; fince this perhaps may be the
enly means of trying it, f{uppofing, the fame matters be ufed: al-
though the difference ofthe Air already heated, both in bot Coun-\ —
tries,and inthe Planets,that are neerer than we,may alter,if not
the quantity of Light,at leaft that of the Heat,found there.

A further Account,touching Signor Campant's Book and Per= |
_— formances about Optick-glalses. |

In the above-mentioned French Tract,there is alfo conteined
of Signor Campant, which was. {poken of in the firkt Papers of
thefe Tran/aétions,concerning both the Effect of the Tele/copes, —
contrived after a peculiar way by the fatd Campane at Kome, and —

his —

+

: i)
_ his New Obfervations of yi and Fupiter, made by means
thereof. | : |
Firft therefore, after that M. Auzout had raifed fome fcruple
againft the Contrivance of Signor Campant for making Great
Optich-Glaffés without Moulds,by the means of a Turn.lath , he
examines the Od/ervatzons,made with fuch Glaffes:W here, having
commended Campant's fincerity in relating whathe thought to
have feen in Saturn, without accomodating itto M.Alugens’s Fy-
i pothefis she affirms, that fuppofing, there bea Ring about Saturn,
Signor Campani could not fee in all thofe different times, that he
obferved tt, the fame A ppearances,which he notes to have atiual-
iy{een. For, having feen it fometimes in Trawe. A/peéi with the
Sun,and’Orcental ; fometimes, in the fame 4/pect, but Gccrdental ;
fometimes in Sext2 A/pect,and Occidental, at another time,again
in Trine,and Orzental, this Author cannot conceive, how Saturn
could in all thefe different times have no difference in its Pha/s,
or keep always the fame Shadow; feeing that, according to the
| Aypothefis of the Riug,when it was Orienca/, it mult caft theShad-
| dow upon the /eft fide of the Rng beneath, without cafting any
onthe right fide: and when it was Occ7dental,it could not but caft
_ it on the rzgh¢ fide beneath, and nothing of it on the other.
_ Concerningthe Shadow above , which Campani affirms tobe
made by the Kzng upon the Body of Saturn, M. Auzout judges ,
that there could be no fuchPhenomenon,by reafon of its Northern
_ Latitude at the times, wherein the.ob/ervations were made,vd, in
| April 1663; inthe midft of Auguff,and the beginning of Oétober,
_ next following,and in April 1664, except it were inOéober,and
the Shadow {trong enough to become vifible.
_ But asto the Shadow below, he agrees with Campanz, that it
| does appear, yet not as he notes it,feeing thatit muft be fome-
_ times on the one fide, fometimes on the other; and towards the
| Quadrat with the Sun it muft appear biggeft,as indeed he affirms
| to have feen it himfelf hs year, infomuch that fometimes it
| feemed to him, that it covered the whole Ring,and that theShad-
| dow, joyning with the obfcure {pace between both, did interrupt
) the circumference of the Reng ; but beholding it at other times
| ina cleer Sky, and when there was no Trepidation of the AY :
| | K 2 G

" (73). bai
he thought, that he faw alfo the Light continued from without,
although very flender. But he acknowledges, that he could ne-
ver yet preci/ely determine, by how much the largenefs of the
Ring was bigger than the Diameter of Saturn's Body. Asforthe —
proportion of the Length to the Breadth, he affirms, tohave al- *

-waies eftimated it to be two and a half, or very neerfo; andto —
have found in his Ob/ervazzons, that in January laft, one time, the ‘7
length of Saturn was 12 Lines,and the breadth 5. Anothertime, —
the length was 12. Limes, and the breadth 4. and this bya peculi- 7
ar method of his own, But yet he acknowleges alfo, thatfome-
times he hath eftimated it as 7, to 3. and at other timesas 13.0 7
5. and that ifthere do not happen a change in the magnitude of |
the Rzag (as it is not likely there does) that muftneeds proceed |
from the Conftitution of the air,or oftheGlafs’s having more or ©
lefs Aperture, or from the difficulty of making an exact eftimate |
of their proportions. However it is not much wide (faithhe)of J
two and an half, although Campant. make the length of the |
Ring but double to its breadth. a 4

Monfieur 4uzeut believes,that he was one of the firft that have |
well obferved this fhadow of Saturn's Body upon its Rigs ©
which he affirms happened two years fince; when, obfervingin |

Fuly for the firft time, with a Te/e/cope of 21, and then another of ©
27. foot, he perceived, that the Angle of the obfcure {pace on the —
right fide beneath, was bigger and wider, than thethree other —
Aagles, and that fome interruption appear’d there, between the _
Riag, and the Body of Saturn; of whichhe faith to have given |
notice from that time to all his friends, andin particular,asfoon J
as conveniently he could,to Monfieur Frugens, | q
He confeffeth,that he hath not had the opportunity of obfer-- |
ving Saturn in his Oriental Quadrat ; yet he doubts not, but that §
the /badow appears onthe Left-/ide, confidering, that the Exz. 7
fience of theReng can be no longer doubted of, after fo many 05. |
fervations of the /oadow caft by Saturn's Body uponit, according |
as it muft happen, following that Afypethefs; there being no §

reafon, why it fhould café the faid /hadow on one fide, and not |
‘on the other, ere ite
Concerning the Obfervation of Jupiter and its fatelltes, §
the. famous Aflronomer of Bononia, Caffinus , pene Pal i
[ i e bi i

} (73)

- fifhed, that on the 30,’day of Fuly, 1664, at 2% of the clock in
_ themorning, he had obferv'd, with Campanz’s Glafles, that»
there paffed through the broad ob{cure Be/t of Fupiter two ob-
{curer /pots,by him efteemed to be the /badows of the Satellites,
moving between Fupeter & theSun,and eclipfing him,and emerg-

ing from the Occidental Brim therecf: This Authour did firlt.
conceive, that they were not/hadows, but fome Sallies, or Proe
minencies in that Belt; which he was induced to believe, becaufe
he perceived not,that thatPromznency, which he there faw,was fo.
black, nor fo round as Caffint had reprefented his /pots 3, where-
fore, feeing it but little differing in colour, from the Be/t, and fo
not judging it round,becaufe it did {tand only about half its dia-
_ meter out of the Belt, he perfuaded himfelf, that it was rather a
Sally, or Prominency of the Belt, than a round /badom,as that of a.
| Satellite of Fupiter mult have bin. But having been fince inform--
ed of all the Ob/ervations made by Caffini and Campani, with the
_ New Glaffes, and feen his Figure, he candidly and publickly.
wifheth,that he had not fpoken of that Sally, or Promineney 3 ad-
vowing that he can doubt no longer,but that it was the /oadew of -
the Satelit between Fupiter and the Sum, having feen the other.
emerge, as foon as witha 29, foot Glafs he made the Obfervati-.
_on,and having not perceiv d thefe /badows with a 12. foot Glafs: :
But although he grants that they did ghefs better than he,yet he»
doth it with this prowz/o, vd. in cafe they made that Obfervati-.
on of Fuly 30..not with their 36. but 12, or 17. foot Tele/cope..
Ifit be wondredat, that Monfieur 4uzoue did not fee this/he-.
dow move, he allegeth his indifpofition for making Jong Cb/erva-
tions arid addeth,that it may be much more wondred at,that nei- -
ther Campani nor himfelf did fee upon the obfcure Be/t the Bo- -
dies of the Sate//ites,as parts more Luminous than the Be/t. For
(faith he although the Latitude was Meridional,it being no more -
‘than of 9. or to.minutes,the Body. of the Sazelites f{hould,thinks
he, pafs between ws and the Belt, efpecially according to Campa-
_ mtywhomaketh the Belt fo large,and puts the /badows farr enough:
within the fame. This maketh him conclude, that either they
-have not obferved well cnough,or that the motion of the Sate/-
ites doth not exactly follow the Belts, andis inclin’d unto them.
Whereupon he refolves,that when:he fhall know that they are to
pafs between Fupiter and ws, and to be over againft the Belr, ae |
, | then.

’

7 .
then he will obferve, shane can fee them appear upon the
Belt,as upon a darker ground,efpecially,the third of them,which
is fenfibly greater,and more Luminous,than the reft. He hopeth
alfo, that in time, the /badow of Saturns Moon will be feen upon
Saturn, although we are yet fome years to flay for it,and to pre-
pare alfo for better Glaffes. 3 |

From this rare Obfervation, he inferrs the Proportion of the
Diameter of the Satellztes to that of Fupzter ; and judgeth, that mo
longer doubt canbe made of the turning of thefe 4. Satellites,
or Maons about Fupiter, as our Moon turns about the Earth, and
after the fame way as thereft of the Celeftial Bodies of our
Sy/ieme do move:whence alfo a {trong conjecture may be made,
that Saturns Moon turns likewife about Satarn,

Hence he alfo taketh occafion to intimate,that we need not
fcruple to conclude, that if thefe two Planets have Moons wheel-
ing about them, as our Earth hath one that moves about it, the
conformity of thefeMfoons with our A/0on,does prove the confor-
mity of our £arth with thofe Planets,which carrying away their
Moons with themfelves, do turn about the Sux, and very proba-
bly make their Moots turn about them in turning themfelves
about their 4x0 ; andalfo, that there is no caufe to invent per-
plex’d and incredible Alypothefes, for the receding from this |
Analegie fince (faith he) if this be truth, the Prohibitions of pub-
lifhing this doctrine, which formerly were caufed by the offence
of Novelty,will be laid afide,as one of the moft zealous Do@ors
of the contrary Opinion hath given caufe to nope, witnefs Ez-.
frachius de Divinis, in his Traé againft Monfieur Hugen’s Syfteme
of Saturn, p.49. where we are inform d, thatthat learned Jefuit,
P.Fabry, Penitentiary of S Peter in Reme, {peaks to this purpofe:

a * It hath been more than once asked of your
“Ex veltris, tifque Corypheis Chreftains , whether they hada Demonftratz.
non femel quefitum eft,utrum : , |

on for afferting the motion of the Earth? They

aliquam haberent demonftra- ; Hdl
tionem pro Terre motu adttru- duff never yet affirm they bad 5 wherefore noe

endo. Nunquam aufi {unt id thing hinders, but that the Church may unders

afferere. Nil igitur obftat,quin eh gs

loca illain fenfuliterali Eccles f?and thofe Scropture-places, that /peak of

fia inrelligat, & intelligenda 4}4, matter, in aliteral fence, and declare

effe declaret,quamdfu nulla de | :

montftratione contrarium evin- they fhould be fo under (tood,as long as the con-
trary cs not evinced by any demonftration 5

which

’

Light, which, he faith, his Glaffes did .difcover, Mr, Auzout does.

which, ef perbaps zt foould be found out by ¥0% citar, qua fi forte aliquando 4
(which 1 can hardly believe tt wil)in thes cafe nobis: erin ke ( duce re
| crediderim) in hoc cafu nullo
the Church will not at all [eruple r@ declare, modo dubitabit Ecclefia des
that the/e places are tobe underftoed i a fi- clarare;loca illa is fenfu figu-
cy AR , | rato & improprio intellipenda.
gurative and impreper fence , according to ee. ancy
that of the Poet, Terreque Urbefque re- srbe/que recedunt.
cedunt, —

Whence this Author concludes, that the faid Fe/urte afluring
us that the zquifitzon hath not ab/olate/y declared,that thofe Scri-
pture- places are to be underftood /rterally, feeing that the Chureh
may make a contrary declaration, no man ought to {cruple
to follow the Hypothesis of the Earths motion, but only forbear to:

maintain itin pud/eck, tillthe prohibition be called in. Butto

return tothe matter in hand,this Author,upon all thefe obferva-

tions and relations of Caffinz and Campanz,doth find no reafon to:
doubt any more of the excellency of the Glafs ufed by them,
above his s except this difference maybe imputed to that of
the 4ir, or of the Eys. But yet he is rather inclined to afcribe it

tothe goodnefs of their Glaffes, and thatthe rather, becaufe ,.

he would not be thought to have the vanity of magnifying his:
ewn; of which, yethe intimates bythe by, that he caufed
one tobe wrought, of 1§0 Parzfian feet; which though it pro-

. yed none of the beft, yet he defpairs not to make good ones of
phat, and of far greater Length.

Signor Campani’s Anfmer: and Monfienr

Auzout’s Animadverfions thereon.

The ocher part of this French Trad, conteining Campani’s An=
{wer, and Mr, Auzout his Reflections thereon, begins with the pres

tended Shadows of the Réxg upon Saturn,and ot Saturn upon the

Ring.Concerning which, the faid Campani declareth, thathe ne-.
ver believed them to be /badows,made by the Rig upon the Dzsk,
of Satura,or by the bedy of Saturn upon the Rzg,but theRzmmis
of thefe bodies, which being unequally Luminous, did thew. thefe.
appearances. In which Explication, forasmuch asit reprefents,,
that the faid Campani meant to note onlythe Inequality of the

{o. °

‘, (76) : |

- fo far acquiefce, that he tig wifhes,that hisown Glaffes would —
fhew him thofe differences. Nexttothe Objection, made by
Monfieur Awxout, again{t Signor Campanz, touching the Propor-
' tion of the Length of the Kyng to its breadth, Campant replyeth,
that the Glaffes of Monfieur 4uzout,fhew not all the particulars,
that his do, and therefore are unfit for determining the true
Figure and breadth ofthe apparent Ellzpfis of the king. To
which M. Auzouérejoyns, that he is difpleafed at his being de.

~ fticute of better Glaffes;but that it will be very hard for the fy.

ture to convinceCampani touching theProportzon of the Ring, fein o
that the breadth of the Evzp/s is always diminifhing, although,

if the declination of the Rag remains always the fame, one

can at alltimes know,which may have beenits greateft breadth,

But he affures,that the breadth of the Reng is not the half of its

length,and that it doth not fpread out fo much beyond Saturn's

Body,as he hath alleged. And witha! defirs to know,what can be

‘anfwered by Sig. Campantto M. Fiugens,who being perfuaded,

that theDeclination of the Reng is not above 23 deg. 30’ having

feen the Rzwg to fpread out above the Body of Saturn, con.

cludes, in a Letter to M. Auzout, that the length of the Ring is.
more than treble the Dzameter of Saturn's body,which,accordin o
to Campani,is only as about 67 to 31. Which difference yet dos
“not appear to M, Auzout to be fo great ; but that M, Alugens ae:
haps will impute it to the Opticalreafon, which he (Auzeut)hath
alleged of the Advance of the light upon the obfcure {pace ;

although he is ofOpinion,he fhould not have concluded fogreat

a Length, if he had not feen the Breadth {pread out more, than |
~ hehath done: for (/aith be ) ifthe Length of the Ring be to
the body of Saturn, as 23 to r. and the Lachnationbe 23 deg, 30°

the Ring will be juft as large,as the body, without {preading outs - )

but if the Reng be bigger,tt will a little fpread out ; and if it were

treble, it muft needs fpread out the half of its breadth, which

hath not fo appeared to him. | | ae
Further, to M. Auzout's change of Opinion,and believing, that

the Advance or Sally, feen by him in Fupiter , was the Jhadow of E

one of his Moons,Campani declares, that he would not have him
guilty of that change: Whereupon M, Aazout wonders, why
Campani then hath not marked it in his Fzgure s and would glad-

(77)

ly know,whether that Sa/ly be more eafie to difcover, than the
Joadows of the Satellites, which Campani believs, Auzout hath not
feen ; and whether he be affured,that thofe obfcure parts, which
he there diftinguifhes, donot change: for if they fhould not
change,then Fupeter would net turn about his 4x, which yet,he —
faith, it doth, according to the Ob/ervatzon made by Mr. Hook,
May 9 1664. inferted inthe firft papers of thefe Tranfadions,
The full Difcovery of which particular alfo he makes to bea
part of Caffina's and Campani’s work, feeing that they fo diftin@.
ly fee the inequalities in the Be/ts, and fee alfo fometimes other
Spots befides the /hadows of the Satellites: where he exhorts
_allthe Curious, that have the convenieacy of obferving, to en-
deavor the difcovery of a matterof that importance, which
would prove one of the greateft Analogzes for the Earth’s Metion.

An Account of Mr. Richard Lower's newly
| publifbed Vindication of Door Willis’s
Diatriba de Febribus. |

‘The Title of this Curious piece, is, Dzatribe Thome Willifia
Med. Doét, & Profejs. Oxon, De Febribus Vindicatio, Authore R1-
chardo Lower, Sc. Init are occafionally difcuffed many confi-
derable Medical and Anatomical inquiries, as, Whether a

Fever does confiftin an Effervefcence of Blood? And if fo,
of what kind? Whether there be a Nervous and Nutritious
Juice? Whether the office of fanguification belongs to the
Blood it felf, exifting before thofe Vifcera Cat leaft}) that are
commonly efteemed to be the Organs of tanguification How
Natritzon is performed, and the nourifhing fubftance affimila-
ted? Whether the Blood affords boththe Matter for the ftru-
- cture of the Body, and fuclr parts alfo, as are fit for the nourifh-
ment of the fame? Whetherthe Pulfe of the Heart ceafing ,

_ there remains yet a certain Motion in the blood, arguing, that
- Pulfeand Life do ultimately reft in the Blood? Whether the ©
Umbilical Veffels conyey the blood of the Mother to the

- Child, or whether the Fwtus be for the moft part form'd and
lL. - aded

- _ ture of the Bleed, and what difference there is between the Ve-

re ON id te

acted by the circulating blood, before the exiftence of the Um-
bilical Vefsels, or before the connecting of the Ferus with the
Uterus? Anew Experiment to prove, that the Chyle is not
tranfmuted into Bleod by the Lever. A difcourfe of the Na-

=

*galand Arterial blood, and forwhat Ufesboththeoneandthe —
other are particularly defigned. Where it is confidered, what |
Life is, and whence the Soul of Brates, andits fubfiftence, and
operations do depend. Itis alfoinquired into, what the ufes
ofthe Lungs are inbet Animals? And many other fuch mate-
rial difquifitions are to be found in this {mall, but very Ingeni-
ous and Learned Treatife.

‘A Note touching a Relation, inferted in the lat 4
. Tranfactions._ |

- Inthe Experiment of killing Ratle-Snakes, mentionedinthe
laft of the precedent Papers (wherein, by amiftake, thefe
words, The way, were put for Away, or An Experiment) it
fhould have been added, that the Gentleman there mention‘d,
did affirm, that, in thofe places, where the Wild Penny.Reyal
_ or Dittany grows, no Ratle-Snakes areoblervedtocome, ==

aR Errata, _ : . 5
[>*: 59. line rr.read, bzgneffés, 1. 20. r. endure, for,refift. 1.30. x
r. thofe, for, thefe, |. 31. r. Place, for, place. }

RE ee

LONDON, 4

Printed with Licence, By John Martyn, and James AL $
leftry, Printers to the Royal-Society, atthe Bellin
St, Pauls Church-Yard. 1665.

‘
-

d
4
¥
i
:

A ge

(79) Numb. §.

PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

Munday’ , Fuly 3.1665.

The Contents.

An Account, how Adits and Mines are wrought at Liege wethoue
- Air-fhafts, communicated by Sir Robert Moray. A may te
break ealily and {peedily the bardeft Rocks ; zmparted by the
fame Perfon,as be recetved it from Monfeur Du Son,the Inven-
tor, Ob/ervables upona Monftrous Head. Ob/ervables in the
Body of the Earlof Belcarres, fent out of Scotland, A Rela-
tien of the defigned Progre/s to be made in the Breeding of Silk-
worms,and the Making of Silk, im France. Enquiries touching
Agriculture, for Arable and Meadows. ©

An Account bow Adits & Mines are wrought
at Liege without Air-thatts,communicated

by Sir Robert Moray.

QT is well known to thofe converfant in
se Mines, that there is nothing of greater in-
e7f== convenience inthe working or dreving, as
they call it, of Adies or Adets under -
4) ground,for carrying away of Water, or
ZS. luch Minerals as the Mzne affords,than the
x4 Damps, want, and ampurity of Air, that oc-
| M | cur

j Mies (80)
~ cur, when fuch 4dits are wrought or driven inward upon a
Level, or near it, 20, 30, or 40. fathom, more or lefs: Afwel
_becaufe of the expence of money, as of time alfo , in the Ordi.
“nary way of preventing or remedying thofe inconveniences ,
which is, by letting down /hafts from the day(as Miners {peak)
to meet withthe Adz; by which means the Air hath liberty
to play through the whole work, and fo takes away bad va-
pours and furnifhes good Air for Refpiration. The Expence
of which /bafzs, in regard of their vaftdepth, hardnefs of the

Rock, drawing of water ge.doth fometimes equal,yea exceed

the ordinary charge of the whole Adie. Be
Amongft the £xpedients that have been devifed to remedy

this, there is one practifed in the Coal-mines, near the Town of

Liege (or Luyck) that feems preferable to all others for Effi-
cacy, Eafe, and Cheapnefs: the defeription whereof fol-
loweth. ;

At the mouth or entry of the diz there is a ftructure raifed.

of Brick, like a Chimney, fome 28. or 30. foot highin all: at

the bottom,two oppofite fides are (or may be) fome 5+ foot.

broad; andthe other two, 5. fcot: the wall 1} Brack thick.

Atthe lower part of it, isahole, fome 9. or to. inches {quare, |

for taking out of the Afhes, whichwhen itis done, this Afh-
hole is immediately ftopt fo clofe, as Air cannot poffibly get

in at any part of it. Then, fome 3. foot above ground or

more, there is onthat fide, thatisnext tothe 4a7t or Pit, a
fquare hole of 8.or 9. inches every way, by which the Air
enters to make the Fire burn: Into this hole there is fixed a
f{quare Tube or Pipe of Wood, whereof the Joints and Chinks
are fo ftopt with Parchment pafted or glewed upon them,
that the Air can no where get in to the Pipe but at the end:
And this Pipe is ftill tengthned , as the Adt or Pit advanceth,
by fitting the new Pipes fo, as one end is alwaies thruft into
the other, and the Joints and Chinks ftill carefully cemented

and ftopt as before. Sothe Pipe or Tube being ftill carried ©

on, as near as is neceflary, to the wall or place, where frefh.

Air is requifite 5 the Fire within the Chimney doth ftill attra&

(fo.

—

(fo to fpeak) Air through the Tube, without which it cannot |
burn, which yet it willdo, asis obvious to conceive, (all Il.
luttrations, and Philofophical Explications being here fuper-
fluous,) and fo, while the Air is drawn by the fire from the far-
theft or moft inward part of the Mane or Adit, frefh Air mut
needs come in from without,to fupply the place of the other,
which by its motion doth carry away with it all the vapors,
that breath out of the ground; by which means the whole
Adit will be alwaies filled with freth Air,fo that men will there
breath as furely as abroad, and not only Candles burn, but.
Fire, when upon occafion there is ufe for it for breaking of
the Rock. |

Now thatthere may be no want of fuch frefh Air, the Fire
‘mutt alwaies be kept burning inthe Chimney, or at féaft as
frequently as is neceffary: For which purpofe there muft be
two of the Iron Grates or Chimneys, that when any accident
befals the one, the other may be ready to bein its place, the
Coals being firft well kindled init: but when the fire is neer
fpent;the Chimney or Grate being haled up tothe dore,is to
be fupplied with frefh fuel, |

The Figure of the Fabrick, Chimney , and all the parts
thereof being hereunto annexed,the reft will be eafily under-
ftood, ae

_ Figure 1.

A, The Hole for taking out the Afhes. |
B. The Square. hole, into which the Tube or Pipe for convey-
ing the Air ts to be fixed. :
C. The Border or Ledge of Brick or Irow, upon which the Iren-
grate or Cradle, that holds the burning Coles,is to reft, the one
being exactly fitted for the other.
~ DD. The Afole where the Cradle is fet. -
E. The woodden Tule, through which the Air is conveyed
towards the Cradle. ‘
F, The Dore, by which the Grate and Cradle is let in, which is
ie : M 2 to

(82)
to be fet 8,or 10.foot higher than the Hole D.and the Shutter —
made of Iron, or Wood that will not fhrink, that it may fhut
very clofe ; this Dore being made.large enough to receive the
Cradle with eafe.

G. The Grate or Cradle, which is narrower below than a-
bove,that the Afhes may the more eafily fall,and the Air excite
_ the Fires the bottom being barred as the fides. | |

H, The Border or Ledge of the Cradle, that refts upon the
— Ledge C. | .

i Four Chains of Iran faftned to the four corners of the
Cradle,for taking of it up,and letting of it down.

K, The Chazn of Jron, to which the other are faftned.

L. The Pulley of Jren er Bra/s, through which the Chazn paf-
feth.. | “ise | |

M, A Heok, on which the end of the Chazn is faftned by a
Ring, the Hook fixed being placed in the fide of the Dore.

N.A Barr of Jren inthe Walls,to which the Pulley is faftned.

The higher the Shafé of the Chimney is , the Fire draws
the Air the better. And this Invention may be made ufe of
in the Pits or Shafts, that are Perpendicular , or any wife inchi-
ning towards it, when there is want of frefh Air at the bottom
thereof, or any moleftation by unwholfom Fumes or Vapours.

A way to break eafily and fpeedily the bardeft |
Rocks, communicated by the fame Perfon,

as be received it from Monfreur Du Son,
the Inventor. are |

Though the Invention of breaking with eafe, and difpatch, —
hard Rocks, may be ufeful on feveral occafions, the benefit is
_ incomparably great, that may thereby accrue tothofe, who

have Adis or Paflages to cut through hard Rocks, for making

paffage for Water torun out by, in Mines of Lead, Tim,orany -
other whatfoever;thefe 4azts appearing to be the fureft, chea- .

peft, and moft advantagious way imaginable, for draining of _
the fame. That _

_ fufpended by a Shaft turning uponia Pin, or otherwife, fo as’

ut

(83)

‘That which is’here to be defcribed, was invented by one
of the moft Excellent asechanieks in the World, Monfeur du
Son, who lately put it in practice himfelfin Germany,at the de-
fire of the Elector of Mentz. The manner is, as followeth.

The Mine or Adtt is to be made feven or eight foot high,

which though it {eem to make more work downwards, yet will

be found neceffary for making the better difpatch by rendring
the Invention more effeQual. ©

There is a Too! of Jron well-fteeled atthe end, which cuts
the Rock,(of the fhape fhewed by Fzg.2. here annexed ;)20.
or 22. Incheslong or more, and fome 22 Inches Diameter at
the fteeled end, the reft being fomewhat more flender. The
{teeled end is fo fhaped, as makes it moft apt to pierce the
Rock, the Angles at that end being ftillto be made the more
obtufe, the harder the Rockis. This TYee/ is to be firft held
by the hand, in the place, where the Hole, to be made for the
ufe, which fhall here be fhewed, is tobe placed; that is, in the
middle between the fides of tne Rock, that is to be cut, but as
near the bottomasmaybe. The Tool being placed, is to be
ftruck upon with an Hammer, the heavier the better, cither

one man may manage the Hammer, while another holds the

Se
é

ToolorPiercer. Ititbe hung ina Frame, or other convent- .

ent way, he that manageth it hath no more to do, butto pull it

up at firft as high as he can, and let it fall again by its own

weight, the motion being fo direGed, as tobe furetohit the
Piercerright. After the ftroke of the Hammer, he that holds
the Piercer, isto turnit alittle on its point, fo that the Edges
or Angles at the point may all ftrike upon a new place: and fo

it muft ftill be fhifted after every ftroke, by which means,fmall

Chipps will at every ftroke be broken off, which muft from

time to time be taken out, as need requires. And thus the

work muft be continued, till the Hole be 18. or 20. Inches
deep, the deeper the better. This Afole being made as deep
as is required, and kept as ftreight and {mooth in the fides, as is
poffible, there is then a kind of double Wedge to be made, So

| oe fitted

| (84)
fitted exactly forit; the fhape whereof is to be feen inthe an-
nexedg. Biourés, f “7: | 3
This double wedge, being 12. or 13. Inches long, each piece
of it, and fo made, as being placed in their due pofition, they
may make up a Cylinder, cut Dzagonal-wife. The two flat
fides, that are contiguous, are tobe greafed or oyled, that the
one may flip the more eafily upon the other; aad one of them,
Higa to be uppermoft,¢having at the greatend a hollow |
CreafeCut into it round about, for faftning a Caréridge, full of
Guripowder, to. itwith a thred, the round end of the Wedge being
pared as much, as the thicknefs of the Paper or Paftboard,that
holds the Powder, needs to make the outfide thereof even
withthe reft of the Wedge. This Wedge muft have an Hole e,
drilled through the longeft fide of it, to be filled with preming
Powder, for firing of the Powder in the Cartrédge; which needs
have no more, than half'a pound of Powder, though upon oc- -
cafion a greater quantity may beufed, asfhallbe found re-
uifite, | |
Then this Wedge, being firft thruft into the Hole with the Car-
tridge, the round fide, where the Priming-hole is, being upper-
Jf moft, the other Wedgelis to be thruft in, home to the due pofi-
tion, care being taken, that they fit the Holeinthe Rock as
exactly asmay be. Then theend of the lower Wedgelbeing g 9
about an Inchlonger, thanthat ofthe upper outwardly, and
-flatned, priming Powderis to belaid upon it, and a piece of |
burning Match or Thread dipt in Brimflone or other fuch pre-
pared combuftible Matter, faftned toit, that may burn folong,
before it fire the Powder, as he, that orders it, may have time,
enoughto retire quite out of the Pit'or 4dzt, having firft pla:
ced a piece of Wood or Iron fo, as one end thereof, being fet
againft the end of the lower Wedge, and the other againft the
fide-wall, fo as iccannot flip. Which being done, and the Man
retired, when the Powder comes to take fire, it will firft drive
out the uppermoft Wedge, as far as it will go; but the flaunt-
ing figure of it being fo made, as the farther it goes backward, -
the thicker it grows, till at the laft it can go no farther,then the
| fire

(85) |

‘fire tears the Rock to get forth, and fo crackesand breaks it

all about, that at one time a vaft deal of it will either be quite

blown out, or fo crackt and broken, as will make it eafy to be

removd: And according to the effect of one fuch Cartridge,

more may be afterwards made ufe of, as hath been faid,

Obfervables upon a Monftrous Head.

This was the Head of a Colt, reprefented in the annexed
Figure 4. firft viewed by Mr. Boyle, who went into the Stable
where the €o/¢ lay, and got the Head haftily and rudely cut off,

~the Body thereof appearing to his Eye compleatly formed,
without any 4fonffrofity to be taken notice of init, Afterwards
he caufed itto be put into a Veffel, and covered with Spirit of
Wine,thereby chiefly intending,to give good example,together
with a proof, that by the help of the faid sperct, (which he hath
recommended for fuch Properties in one of his Effays of the
Vfefulnefs of Natural Phalofophys the parts of Animals,and even
_Monflers, may in Summer it {elf be preferved long enough, to
afford Anatomifts the opportunities of examining them.

The Head being opened, and examined, it was found, —

Farf?, That it had no fign of any No/e inthe ufual place, nor
hadit any, in any other place of the Head, unlefs the double
Bage CC, that grew out of the midf of the forehead, were
fome rudiment of it.

Next, That the two Eyes were united into one Deuble Eye,
which was placed juft in the middle of the Brow, the Nofe be-
ing wanting, which fhould have feparated them, whereby the
two Eye-holes in the Scull were united into one very large
round hole, into the midft of which, from the Brain, entred
one prety large Optich Nerve, at the end of which grew a great
Double Eye: thatis, that Membrane, called Sclerotzs, which con-
tained both, was one and the fame,but feemedto havea S ve

| (85)

by which they werejoined, to go quite round it, and the fore
or pellucid part was diftinctly feparated into two Cornea's by a
white Seam that divided them. Each Cornea feemed to have its
Iris, (or Rain-bow-like Circle) and Apertures or Pupils di-
ftin& ; and upon opening the Cornea, there was found within
ittwo Balls, or Cryftalline Humours, very wellf{haped; butthe
other parts of it could not be fo well diftinguifhed, becaufe the
eye had been much bruifed by the handling, and the inner
parts confufed and diflocated. Ithad four Eye-browes, plas

ced inthe manner expreft in Figure 4. by 44,64; aa repre- _

fenting the /ower, and 6 4, the apper Eyelids.

Lafily, That juft above the Eyes, as it were in the midft of
the Forehead, was a very deep depreffion,and out of the midft
of that grew a kind of double Par/e or Bagg, CC, containing
little or nothing init ; but to fome it feemed to be a producti-
on of the matter defigned for the Nofe, but diverted by this
Monftrous Conception ; perhaps the Proceffus mammillares
joined into one, and covered with a thin hairy skin.

Obfervables in the Body of the Earl of

~ Balcarres. »

Thefe following Obfervations, were a while fince fent out
of Scotland by an ingenious perfon, an Eye-witnefs, to Sir Ro-
bert Moray, | |

1. That the Belly of ‘his Nobleman being opened, the 0-
mentum or Net was found lean and {mall: his Lever very bigg ;
the Spleen bigg alfo, filled witha black and thick humour. Fis
Stomach and Entralls all empty, of a Saffron-colour, diftended

with wind onely. The Bladder of Gall {welled with a black ~

humour : the Krdneys filled with a kind of grumous bloud.,

2. That in the Thorax or Cheft, the Lobes of the Lungs were all.
entire, but of a bad colour; onthe keft fide fomewhat black |

and blue, and on the right, whitifh; with a yellowifh knob

under one of the Lobes,

3. chat

| (87)

3. Thatthe Perzcardium or the Ca/e of the Heart being open.
ed, there appeared none of that water, in which the Aleart ufes
to fwims and the external Surface of it, from the Ba/e to the
Tipp, was not fmooth, but veryrough, It being cut afunder,
a quantity. of white and infpiffare liquour run out,and beneath
the Ba/e, between the right and left Ventricle, io /rexes were
found, whereof the one wasas bigg as an Almond, the other,
two Inches long and one broad, having three Aarzcles or crifped
Angles: And in the Orifice of the right Ventricle, there was
a flefhy fatcifh Matter. i
_ 4, Yhat the whole Body wasbloudlefs, thin, and emaciated,
of a black and bluith Colour.

s+ The Scull being opened, both the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
were bigg in proportion to the Body ; and out of it run much
more Bloud, than was feen inboth the other Regions toge-
ther. as:

Of the defigned Progrefs 1o be made in the
Breeding of Silkworms, andthe Making of
Sill, 7 France. |

The French King Henry the Fourth,having made a general Efta-
blifhment all over France,of planting and propagating of Mul-
berry-trees, and Breedeng of Silkworms, in order to fet up and en-
tertaina Sz/4tradethere; and having profpered fo well in that
Defign, that in many parts of his Dominions great ftore of
fuch Trees were raifed, and Multitudes of Silk-works propa-
gated, to the great benefit of the French people, forafmuch as
it was a confiderable beginning to avoid the tranfport of feve-
ral Millions abroad for buying of Silks, and withall an excel-
lent means of well-imploying abundance of poor Orphans and
Widows , and many old, lame, and other indigent and help-
lefs people; The prefent French King , hath lately revived
and feconded that Undertaking, by giving exprefs order, that
it fhould be promoted by all poffible means, and particularly
in the Azetropolts of that Kingdom, and round aboutit; and

thac for that end the whole way concerning that Work and
oN Trade

f (88)

‘Trade fhould be fully and punctually communicated in Print ;
, which hath alfo been executed by oné Monfeur Ifnard, ina
Treatife publifhed at Paris, in French, Intitled, Inftrugtions for
the Planting of White Mulberryes, the Breeding of Silkworms, and
the Ordering of Silkin Paris, and the circumjacent Places, In which
Book,the Method being reprefented,which that Great Prince
Henry 1V. ufed in eftablifhing the faid Work and Trade, toge-
therwith the fuccefs thereot, and the advantages thence deri-
ved to his Subjects, the Author, from his own Experience,and
long Praéizce, delivers (and feems to do it candidly ) all what
belongs inthis bufinefs in'four'main heads. Far/f, he teaches
the Means of fowing, planting, and raifing White Mulberryes
{asthe Foundation of Silkworks ) fhewing how many feveral
wayes that may be done. Secondly, Lhe Breeding of Sz/krvorms;
the choofing of good, Eggs, and their hatching, as alfo the
Feeding of the Worms,and preferving them from Sicknefs,and
Curing them of it, together with the way of making them fpin
to beft advantage. . Thirdly, The manner of winding their Silk
from their Bottoms, adding the scheme of the Jnfrument
ferving for that purpofe. . Fourthly, The way of heepeng Silk.

worms Eggs for the en{uing year. ; oe Me He
Through the whole Book are {cattered many not inconfi-
derable particulars, though perhaps known to moft. I he White
Mulberry Tree, as itis in other qualities preferable to the sayin
fo this Author efteems it the beft,not ouely for the durablenefs
of the wood, and its large extent of ufefulnefs in Carpentry
and Joyners work; but alfo forthe fitnefsof its leaves ( be-
fides their principal ufe for the food of Sz/kwerms) to fatten
Sheep, Goats, Cowes, and Hoggs, only by boyling and ming-
jing them with Brans The Berryes themfelves he commends
as very excellent to fatten Poultry, andto make them lay Eggs —
plentifally. Inthe Changes, Workeng, and Generatzen of this In-
fed, heis very curious toobferve many things. Their Meta...
morphofes,as is known, are four, whereof the form of the one

hath noconformity with any ofthe reft:: The firft from an

Egge (of the bignefs of a Muttard-feed,and of a darkifh Gray

Colour, when good) ta. a IForm or Caterpillar, but of a dome-

ftick, noble, and profitable kind; Black, > when itfirft comes
forth |

ca 3 ROB)

forth, but growing whzze at laft; having 24. feet, 8. on each
fide of the body, and 4. befides, clofe to each fide of the head.
During this form, they undergo conftantly 4. Sickneffes, in
which they caft their Skins,each ficknefs lafting about 4: days,
wherein they feed notat all; but grow clearer, fhorter, and
thicker, Thefecond, froma Wormtoan Aurelia or Chryfalzs,
having the fhape of aimall Plum, whereunto it is transformed
after its {pinning time is pafts in which ftate it lyes fhut up, in
hot Countries, tor 14. or 15. dayes; in more temperate ones,
18. or 20. without any Food or Air, known tous. During
which time this /n/eé leaves two Coats, both that of a Werm,
whence ‘tis changed into an Aurelza, and that of an Ausrelza,
whence it becomes a Papzlro or Butterfly, in the Theca or Cafe.
The third is, from an Aurelia to a Butterfly, coming out of the
Theca with a head, leggs,and horns; for which paflage it makes
way by a whitifh water, it cafts upon the Silk,which moiftning,
and thereby in a manner putrefying it,the new creature thrutts
out its head through the tharp end of the Cafe, by a Hole as big
asitsfelf, There is found no Excrement inthe Ca/e, butthe
two Skins onely, juft now mentioned,

Before they beginto fpin, and about the latter end of their
feeding, they muft, faith the Aurhor,be often changed,and have
Air enough, by opening the Windows of the Room, they are
in, if it be nottoo ill Weathers elfe, faith he, the Silk that is
intheir Belly, will caufe fo extrordinary a heat in them, thatit
burns their gutts, and fometimes burfts thems and the fame
( being afabftance that refembleth Gum cr Burgundy Pitch )
will putrefy and turn into a yellowifh matter. |

He maketh the beft marks of their maturity for {pinning to
be,when they begin to quit their white Colour,and their green
and yellow Circles, and grow of the Colour of Fieh, efpeci-
ally upon the tails having a kind of con/:/fene {oftuels, fhewing
that they have fomething fubftantial in their Stomachs.

As for their Working,he gives this account of it, that the firft
day they make only a Wedd sthe fecond,they form in this bd
their Cafes, and cover themfelves all over with Silk; the third
day, they are no longer feen, and the dayes following they
thicken their Ca/es, alwayes by one end or thread, which they

| 2 never

o..

never break off, themfelves. This, he affirms,they putout with

fo much quicknefs, and draw it fo fubtle and fo long, that,
without an Afyperdole, the end or thread of every Cafe may have
two Leagues in length. He advertifeth, that they muft be
by no means interrupted in their work, to the end, that all the
Silk, they have in their bellyes, may come out. seid

Some eight dayes after they have finifhed their Work, as
many of the beft Ca/es,as are to ferve for feed, viz.the firft done,
the hardeft,the reddeft and beft coloured,muft be chofen,and
puta-part; and all diligenceis to be ufed to.winde off the filk
with as much {peed, as may be, efpecially if the Worms have
nimbly difpatched their work.

Here he {pends a good part of his Book, in giving very, parti-
cular Inftrutions, concerning the way of winding offthe filk,
fetting alfo down the form of the Oven and Inftruments ne-
ceffary for that work, which is the painfulleft and niceft ofall
the reft.

_ Touching their Generatzon, he prefcribeth that there be ha

fen as many male as female-Ca/es ( which are difcerned by this,
that the males are more pointed at both ends of the €a/es, and
the females more obtufe on the ends, and bigger-bellyed ) and
that care be had, that no Ca/es be taken, but fuch wherein the
Worms are heard rolling; which done, and they being come
forth in the form of Buzterflyes,having four wings, fix feet, two
horns, and two very black eyes, and put in a convenient place,
the males fluttering with their wings, will joyn and couple with
the females, after that thefe have firft purged themfelves of a
kind of reddifh humour by the fundament: in which pofture
they are to be left from Morning ( which is the ordinary time
of their coming forth) till evening,and then the females are to
be gently pulled away, whereupon they will lay their eggs, ha-
ving firft let fall by the Fundament another humour,efteemed

to proceed from the feed of the males; but the males are then
thrown away as ufelefs, He advertifeth, that if they be coupled.
longer then 9. or ro. hours,(which they willbe,and that fome-

times for 24. hours together, if they be let alone) either the fe-
male will receive very great hurt by it, or much feed will re-
main inher belly.

The a

De I Rn ey ee ee

1
The feed at firft coming ea ces white, but within a day
it becoms greenifh, then red, at laft by little and little gray,
which colour it retains alwaies,the moft coloured of an obfcure
gray, being the beft ; thofe grains, which never quit their white-
nefs, having no fecundity in them, |

Each female emits ordinarily fome 300. grains,more or lefs,
fome of them not being able to render them all, and dying
with them in their belly. One ounce of feed will require an
hundred pair of Cafés, of as many Males as Females.

Care mutt be taken,that no Rats,Mice, Ants, or other Ver-
min, nor any Hens, or Birds, come neer the Seed, they being
very greedy to eat them. Ae

This is the fubftance of what is contained in this French
Author, publifhed at Par¢s on purpofe to promote the Making
of Sk there, as wellasit is practifed already in other parts of
that Kingdom: which is reprefented here,to the end,that from.

this occafion the defign, which the Englifh Nation once did
entertain of the zncreafing of Afulberry-trees, and the Breeding of
Silk-worms, for the makeng of Se/k within themfelves, may be |
renewed, and shat encouragement, given by King James of
Glorious memory for that purpofe ( witnefs that Leéter which —
he directed tothe Lords Lieutenants of the feveral fhires of
England) and feconded by his Moft Excellent Majelly, that
now is,be madeufe of, for the honour of England and Vierg:-
aia, and the increafe of wealth to the people thereof: efpecially .
fince there is canfe of hope, that a double Silk-barvef? may be
made in one Summer in /érgenza, without hindring in the leaft .

the Tebacce- Trade of that Countrey. i

_ Enquiries concerning Agriculture.

Whereas the Royal Society, in profecuting the Improvements
of Natural knowledg, have it in defign, to collect Aifforces of’
Natureand Arts, and for that purpofe have already , accor-
_ ding to the feveral Inclinations and Studies of their Members,
divided themfelves into divers Committees, to execute the faid
defion: Thofe Gentlemen, which docontftitute the Committee
for confidering of Agriculture, and the Hiffory and Improve-

ment thereof, have beguu their work with drawing up certain
_ Heads

| (92) eee
Heads of Enguiries, to be diftributed to perfons Experienced
9a Husbandry all over England, Scotland, and Ireland, for the
procuring a fazthful and /eld information of the kuomledg and
_ prattice already obtained and ufed in thefe Kingdoms 3 where-
by , befides the aid which by this means will be given to the
general End of collecting the aforementioned Hz/lory, every
-place will be advantaged by the helps,that are found in any,
and occafion miniftred to confider, what improvements may
be further made in this whole matter. Now to the End,that
thofe Lxguirces may be the more univerfally known, and
thofe who are skilful in Husbandry, publickly invited to
impart their knowledg herein, for the commen benefit of their
Countrey, it hath been thought fit to publifh the effeé of
themin Print, and withall to defire,that what fuch perfons
fhall think good from their own Knowledg and Experience to
communicate hereupon, they would be pleafed to fend it
to the Printers of the Royal Soczety,to be delivered to either of '
the Secretaries of the fame. The Enquiries follow.

1.For Arable. ©

1. The feveral kinds of the foyls of England, being fuppo-
fed tobe, either Sandy, Gravelly, Stony, Clayie, Chalky,
Light-mould, Heathy, Marifh, Boggy, Fenny, or Cold wee-
ping Ground ; information is defired , what kind of foyls
your Country doth moft abound with, and how each of them

-is prepared,when employed for Arable? ae
2.What peculzar preparations. are made ufe of to thefe Soyls
for each kind of Grain; with what kind of Manure they are ~
preparedswhen,how, & in what quantity the Manure is laid on?

3. At what feafons and how often they are ploughed ; what
kind of Ploughs are ufed for feveral forts of Ground?

4. How long the feveral Grounds are let ly fallow >? :

s How,and for what productions, Heathy Grounds may be
improved?And who they are(if there be any in your Country)
that have reduced Heaths into profitable Lands : |

6. What ground Aarle hath over head? How deep gene.
rally it lieth from the furface ? What is the depth of the Marle
it felf? What the colour of it ? Upon what grounds it is ufed?

What .

What time of the year it is to be laid on? How many loads
toan Acre? What Grains Marled Land willbear , and’ how
many yearstogether? How fuch Marled Land is to be ufed
afterwards, @cr PRR
7. The kinds of Grain or Seed, ufual in England, being fup-
pofed to beeither Wheat, Mifcelane, Rye, Barley, Oats,Peale,
Beans, Fitches, Buck. wheat, Hemp, Flax, Rape; We defire to
know,what forts of Grains are fown in your Country,and how
each of thefe is prepared for Sowing? Whether by /feping,
and in what kind of Liquor? Or by mixing it,and with what?
g. There being many forts of Wheat, asthe White or Red
- Lammas, the bearded Kentifh Wheat , the gray Wheat, the.
red or gray Pollard, the Ducks bill Wheat, the red-eared.
bearded Wheat,@c. And fo of Oats, as the common Black,
Blue, Naked, Bearded in North-rales : and the hike of Barley,
Peafe, Beans, &¢. The Enquiry is, which of thefe grow in
your Country, and in what Soyl; and which of them thrive
beft there; and whether each of them reguire a peculiar Til-
lage ; and how they differ in goodnefs ? :
9. What are the chief particulars obfervable in the choice
of Seed corn, and all kinds of Grains and what kinds of
Grain are moft proper to fucceed one another 2
to. What Quantity of each kind is fown upon the Statute-
- Acre? And in what feafon of the Moonand year tts fowed ?
11.With what inftruments they do Harrow,Clod and Row!,
and at what feafons ? :
12. How much anAcre of goodCorn.well ordered, generally
ufeth to yield,in very good,in leis good,and in the worft years?
43. Some of the common Accidents and Difeafes betalling
_ Corn inthe growth of it,being Meldew, tlafting, Smut 3 what
are conceived to be the Caufes thereof, & what the Remedies?
14. There being other Annoyances, the growing Corn is
expofed to, as Weeds, Worms, Plies, Birds, Mice, Moles, €e..
_ how-they are remedied, ) Q yy 3 J :
1%, Uponwhat occafions they ufe to cut the young Corn im
the Blade,or to feed it; and what are the benefits thereof 3
16 VVhatare the feafons and waies of Reaping and Or-
dering each fort of. Grain , before it be carried off the
~ Ground? moe ee #7.V Vhas

17. VVhat are the feveral waies of preferving Grainin the —
Straw, within and without doors;from all kind of Annoyance,

as Mice, Heating, Rain, @&¢ ¢ .

18, VVhat are the waies of feparating the feveral forts of
Grain from the Straw, and of dreffing them? _ “

19. VVhat are the waies of preferving any ftores of fepa-
rated Grain, from the Annoyances they are obnoxious to ?

2. For Meadows.

1. How the above-mentioned forts of Soyl are prepared,
when they are ufed for Pafture or Meadow?

2. The common Annoyances of thefe Pafture or Meadow
Grounds being fuppofed to be, either Weeds, Mofs, Sour-

’

grafs,Heath, Fern, Bufhes, Bryars, Brambles, Broom, Rufhes, —

Sedges,Gorfe or Furzes; what are the Remediesthereot ? _
3. VVhat are the beft waies of Drayning Marfhes, Boggs,
Fenns, eo ? . a Oe | Bs,
4. VVhat are the feveral kinds of Grafs, and which are
counted thebeft?>) : |
5. VVhat are the chief circumftances obfervable in the
Cutting of Grafs; and what inthe making and preferving of
Hay? )
: VVhat kind of Grafs is fitteft to be preferved for win-
ter-feeding> And what Grafs is beft for Sheep, for Cows,
Oxen,Horfes,Goats, &c. ee a:

Advertifement. ot

The Reader is hereby advertifed, that by reafon of the prefent
Contagion jn London, which may unbapptly caufe an interrup-
tion a/wel of Correfpondencics, as of Publick Meetings, the
printing of thefe Philofophical Tranfactions may pofftbly for a
while be tntermitted, though endeavors foall be ujed to continue
them, if it may be. sag :
“EO NDOw-iboitonem yar sto

Printed with Licence, By John Martyn, and James Al-
lefiry, Printers to the Royal-Society, at the Bellin .
St. Pauls Church-Yard, 1665. |

a

—— + -

i . Gi a : C95) | = Numb. 6
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTION &

20S © Monday, ‘Novem. 6. 1665,

An Account of anot ordinary Burning Concave, lately made
at Lyons, aad compared with feveral others made formerly.
. Of Monficur Hevelius hi promife of communicating to the
"World his Invention of, waking Optick Glafies 3 and of the
| hopes, givenby Atonfeeur Chriftian Hugens of Zalichems
bo per form fomething of the like nature 5. as alfoof the Exe”
peBations,, conceived of fome Perfons iv England, to i=
_ prove Telefcopes. : An Ietimation of a way of taking
, More lively Coniterfests of Nature in Waxy. thenare extant
_in Painting 3. avd of 4, new kinde of Maps iz alow Relievo,
or Sculpture, boib pradifedin France... See Anatomical
_ Obfervatious,.of Wilk found in Veins instead of Blood
, andof Grafts found inthe, Wind- pipes of fore Animals.
Of va placein Englands where, without petrifying Water,
_. Wood s turn dinto Sioue. Of the mature of a.certain Stone, -
~! found inthe Ladies iz the head of aSerpent. . Of the way,

rs 48

“ “nfedin the Mogol’s Dominions, to wake Saltpetre. An

_ Account of Hevelins :his Prodromus Cometicus, and of

© fome Animadverfions made upon it by a French Philofopher 3
as alfo of: the Je(wit.Kircher’s, Mundus Subterraneus. ..

An Accouat of ¢ not ordinary Burning Concave ,
- Mately made af Vos, ani canepared with feveral

AN opportunity being prefented torevive the publifhing
of thefe Papers; which for fome Moneths hath been
a : O ~ difcontinued

www ae o &
.

(96)
Cicouiad by. reafon of the-great Mortality in London, —
where they were began to be Printéd; it hath been thought
ficto embrace the fame, and to make ufe. thereof for the
gratifying of the Curious, that have been pleafed to think
well of fuch Communications: To re-enter whereupon,
there offets it felf firftof alla Relation of an un-common
Burning Glas, not long fince made in France, inthe City of
Lyons, by one called Monfieur.de Vilette, as it wasfent to
the Publifher of thefe Tracs, intwo Letters, whereof the one
was in ative, the other in French, to this effet :

Concerning the Efficacy of Monfieur de Vilette his Burning
Glafs, ‘all what the’ P. Bertet ‘hath written of it, is true.
We have feet the Effects of it repeated over and over again,
inthe Morning; at'Noon, and in the After-noon, always
performing very ; powerfully § 5 burning or melting any Mat-

ter, veryfew excepted. The Frgureof it isround, being
_ thirty Inches, and fomewhat better, in Diameter. On ene
fideir hatha: Frame ‘of a circle of Steel, vo the end that it
may keep ‘its juftMeafure: "Tis eafie to remove it from
place to'place; though it be above an hundred weight, and
‘tiseafily put in‘all forts of poftures. The burxing Point is di-
ftant from the Centre of the Glafs, about three Feet: The
Fodxs is about half 'a Louys d'or large. One may pafs ones
band ‘through it, if it be ‘done. nimbly 5 for if it ftay there
thetime of a fecond Minute, there is danger of receiving
much hurt.

Green wood takes fei in it, in an infant, ‘as do alfox many
other: Bodiéss2/0°"

A fimall piece oF PotuIron was melted, and

Ye |
ready to drop down, in mia ee
A Silver Piece of 15 Pence was pierced, AM. alco wlacdl

A grof: Nai €called leClon de paifan) was melted,in ice
The end of a Sword- blade of Olinde, was: buro "d, in’ ‘43-

A “Brafs Countér was pierced, in 06.
A piece of red OLS was seer, ready to ) drop |
come qa’ . Y} 3 A2.

>
a

Cor”

A piece of a Chamber Quarry-flone was vitrified, : fees a

and put intoaGlafs-drop, ia | yee
Steel, whereof Watch-makers make their fprings, =
wasfoundmeltedjin =~ 09.

A Afineral-jioxe, {uch as is ufed ia Hargiebufles.
~ aroxét, was calcin'dand-vitrified, in. A Jw ft
A piece of Aforter was vitrified, in , 52.

In fhort, there is hardly any Body, ‘which is not deftroy-
edby this Fire. If one would.mele by itany great quantity
of Mettal, that would require much time, the Action cf
Burning not being perform’d but withinthe bignefs of the
Focus, fo that ordinarily none but {ma!! pieces are expofed
toit. One Monfieur @ Albert buysit, paying for it Fifteen
hundred Livres. ee ae oO aa

Since this Information, there were, upon occ2fion given
- from hence, upon the fame fubje&, further communicated
from Pérz the following Particulars: — Pe Me

I fee by twoof the Letters, that you incline to believe,
the Glaffes of A/aginvs and Septalive do approach, to that of
Lyons: But¥ can aflure you, they come very far fhort of it.
You may confult A¢4aginus his Book, where he defcribes his 5
and there are fome Perfons here that have feen oné of his
beft, ‘which had but about twenty Inches diamerer 5 {fo that-
this of Lyons muft perform at leafttwice as much. As to
| Septalius, we expe the Relations of it from [nrelligent and

Impartial Men. [t cannot well: be compared to that of
Lyons , but in bignefs5 and in this cafe, if it have five —
Palms (as you fay) that would be about 32 feet French, and
foit were a Foot bigger, which would make it half as much
sreaterin furface: But asto the Effects, feeing ir burns fo
far off, they cannot be very violent. And Ihave heard one
fay, that had feenic, thatic did not fet Wood on Fire but
after the time of faying a Atifereres’ You may judge of the
difference of the Effeds, fince thar\of Lyexs orthers its
Beams together withinthe {pace of feven or eight Lizts 5.

: | O02 and

ie ae ee
and that of Sepialive mutt fcatter. theniin ‘the: Compafs of
threeInches. Some here dointend to make of, them, yea

and bigger ones, but we muft fay till they bedone, orc. -

, of Monfienr., Hevelius’s:-Prowif e of imparting to

the World his Invention of making Optick
Glaffes; and of the hopes given by Monfteur
Hugens of Zulichem, to perforve fomething of
the like natures as alfoof the Expettations ;
conceived of fome Ingenious Perfors in England,
to improve Telefcopes, a. a ve

That eminent’ Aftronomer of Davizick, Monfieur Heves -
)

lius, writes to his Correfpond¢ nt 1a Loxdon, as followeth :

What hathbeen done in the. grinding of Optick glafles-

in your parts, and how thofe. beginnings, mention’d by
you formerly,:do continue and fucceed, very much ¢ovet

‘tohear. ‘Tisnow aboveten Years, fince I myfelf invent- -
eda peculiar way of grinding fuchGlafles, and-reduced it.

alfointo prattife ; by which ‘tis eafie, witheut any confider=
_able danger of failing, to make aad pollith Optick glaffes of
any Conick Section,,and that(which ts moft notablé)inany
difh.of any SeCtionof a Sphere : which Invention :T have ds
yet difcovered to none, my purpofe being, fer the Improve-
ment of Natural Knowledge, to defcribe the whole me-
thod thereof in my. Celeftial Atacbine, and to propofe it to
the Examination and Judgement of the Royal Societys mot
doubting at all, but they will finde the way trueand pra-

Cticable, my felf having already made feveral Glaflesby it, ~

which many Learned Men have feen andtryed. —
Monfieur Hygens, inquiring alfoin a Letter, newly writ-

ten by him toa Friend of his in Exglend, of the fuccefs of

; )
Se ee ane eee oe

the attempts made by an Ingenious Exgili/hMan for perfect- — 1

ing fuch Glaffes, and urging the profecution of the fame,

O°,

| C99)
fo as to thew by the Effects the practticablenefs of the Inven-
tion, mentions thereupon, That heintends very fhortly to
try fomething in that kinde, of the fuccefs whereof he de-
_ glaresto have good hopes. | _ | poz :
_. Monfieur dw Sov, that excellent Mechanician, dothalfo
at this very prefent employ himfelf in Lozdowz, to bring Te-
'e{copes to perfection, by grinding Glaffes of a Parabalical
Figure, by the means whereof he hopesto enable the Cu-

‘rious to. difcover more by a Tube of one Footlong, or

thereabout, furnifhed with Glaffes thus figured, then can
ve done by any other Tubes of very many times more that
length: The fuccefs hereof will (its thought) fhortly ap-

An Advertifement of away of making more lively
€ounterfaits of Nature in Wax, then are ex-
tantin Painting; Aud of a new kinde of Maps

. inatlow Relievo ; both prattifed in France.

This #vs communicated by the Ingenious Mr. Fohu Evelyn,
to whom it was fent from Parzs in a Letter, as followeth :
'. Here is in eur Neighborhood a Frezch-man, who makes
_ more lively Counterfeits of Nature in ax, then ever I yet
(aig in Paiating, having an extraordinary addrefs in model.
ling the Figures, andin mixing the Colours and Shadows 3
_ makigg the Eyes fo lively, that they kill all things of this
Art Lever beheld : He pretends to makea vifit into Eve.
_ land with fome of his Pieces. ee rae
-Thavealfo feena new kinde of ‘Zaps in low Relievo, or
- Sculpture: For example, thelfleof Avtibe, upona {quare —
of about eight Foot, madeof Boards, with a Frame like a
_ PiGure: Thereis reprefented. the Sea, with Ships and other
Veffels Artificially made, with their Casons and Tackle of
Wood fixed upon the furface, afrer a new and moft ad -
‘mirable manner. The Rocks about the Ifland exa@ly form d,
eye | es as

4

eeu ( 100) ;
ag they are upon the Natural Places and the Iflandit felf,
ith all its Inequalities, and Hills and Dales; the Town,
the Fort, the little Houfes, Platform, and Canons mount-
eds and even the Gardens and Platformsof Trees, with -
their green Leaves ftanding upright, asif they were grow-
ing in their Natural Colours: In fine, Men, Beafts, and
_ whatever you may imagine to have any protuberancy a=
bove the level of theSea. This new, delightful, and moft
‘jnltructive form of Aap, or Wooden Country, you are to look
upon either Horizontally, or fidelong, andit affords equally
a very pleafant object. | is

Some Anatomical Obfervations of Milk found in
Veins, inftead of Blood; and of Grafs, found
in the W. ind-pipes of fome Animals, oie.

N@

~ Acurtous Perfon wrote not long fince from Paris, that
there they had, in the Houfe of a Phyfician, newly open’d
a Mans Vein, wherein they found 47/4, inftead of Blood.
This being imparted to Mr. Boyle at oxford, his Anfwer
was, That the like Obfervation about white Blood, had been
made bya Learned Phyfician of hisacquaintance, andthe =
thing being by him look’d upon as remarkable, he was de-
firous to have it very circumftantially from the faid Phyfi-
tian himfelf, before he would fay more of it. The next
Moneth may bring us inthis Account. — | pnt
- Theother Particular, mention’d in the Title of this Head,
came ina Letter, fent alfoby Mr. Boyle, in thefe words: ©
{ fhall acquaint you, That two very Ingenious Men,
Dr. Clurk, and.Dr. Lower, were pleas’d to givemean ac-
count of a pretty odde kinde of Obfervation :' One of them
affuring me, That she hod feveral times, in the Lungs of
Sheep, fouod confiderable quantity of Grafs in the very
Branches of the A/pera Aeteria :And the otherrelatingto |
me, That a few Weeks fince, He, anda couple of Phyfi- é
, i Claris

~

: C tor)

tians, were invited to look upon an‘Ox, that had for two of
three days almoft continually held his Neck ftreight up, and
was dead of a Difeafe, the Owner could nor conjecture at 3
whereupon, the parts belonging to the Neck and Throat,
being open‘d, they found, totheir wonder, the 4/pera Ar-
teria in its very Trunk all ftuff'd with Grafs, as if it had been
thruft there by main force: which gives a juft caufe of
marvelling and inquiring, both how fuch a quantity of
Grafs fhould get in there; and how, being there, fuch an
Animal could live withie folong, = 9

Water, Wood is turned into Stone.

The fame Searcher of Nature, that was alledged in the
immediately precedent Obfervations, did impart alfo the
following, in another Letter from Oxford, where he faith :
~ Twas a while fince vifited by a Gentleman, who tells me,.
That he met with a Place in thefe parts of Exgland, where,
though there be no petrefying Spring{for that I particularly
asked) Wood is turned into Stone in the Sandy Earth it {elf,
aftera better manner then by any Water J have yet feen :.

For Thad the Curiofity to goto look upon pieces of Wood; :

he brought thence, and hope for the opportunity of making
fome tryalsto examine the matter a little further,, then I
_haveyetbeen abletrodo. Thus farthat Letter; =
Since which time, He was pleafed to give this further Ins
formation of the fame matter, with a Afantiffa of fomeo-
_ ther Particulars, belonging to this. Subje&t, in~ thefe
Words. | hes, Te gy es
I was lately making fome Tryals: with the. petrifyed
Wood I told you off, which 1 finde to bea very odde fub-
ftance, wonderfully hard and fixed. If 1 had opportunity
to Re-print the Hiffory of Fluidity and’ Firemefs, 1 could
adde divers things about Stoner, that perhaps would not be
difliked; andIhope, if God vouchfafe me a little leifure,.
‘ | to»

\

C102)

eo infert feveralof them in fit places of that,Hifory, againkt

the next Edition.. .Here is acertain Stone, that.is thought;
to be petrefyed Bone, being thap’d like a Bone, with the

Marrow taken out but with a fit Afenfirunm, I found that
Icould eafily diffolve it, like other. fofe Stones: and poffi-

bly it may prove as fit-as O/teorolla; for the fame Medicinal

e if ¥

of the nature of 4 certain Stone, found in.the In +.
dies, inthe headof aSerpent. i rn

There was, fome while ago, fentby Sit Phileberto-Verdatti
from jeu major, where herefides, to. Sir Robert Aforay, for
the Repofitory of the Royal Society, a certain Stone, affirm*
ed. by the-Prefenter to be found in the Head of a Szake,
which latd upon any Wound, made by any venomous Grea-
ture, isfaid'to ftickto it, and fo draws away all Poyfon :
and then, being putin Milk, to void its Poyfon therein, and
to make the Milk turn blew 3..in which mannerit mult be
yfed, tillthe Woundbecleanfed. ss

The like Relations having been made, by feveral others, -
of fuch a Stone, and fomealfo in this City,affirming, to have -
madethe Experiment with fuccefs, it was thought worth
while, to inquire further into the truth.of this Matter : fince
which time, nothing hath been met with but an Informa-

tion,delivered by that Ingenious Parifian,Monfieur Thevenots

in his fecond Tome, of the Relations of divers: coufidirable

Voyages, whereof he lately prefented fome Exemplarsto his

Friends in England. The Book being in French, and.not ~
tommon, ‘tis conceived it will not be amifsto inferthere

m" ‘

the-faid Information, which istothiseffe@: 3...) 2. - —
fn the Eaft Indé-s,and inthe Kingdom of Quamfyin Chizas
there is found a Stone inthe Head of certain Serpexts (which
they call by a namefignifying Hziry Serpents which healsthe
birings of the fame Serpent, that.elfe would kill in 24 hours.
This Stone is round, white in the «middle, and.aRowt ANS g

| edges

tc. (103) a
edges blew or grcenifh. Being applyed to the Wound, it
_ adheres to it of it felf, and falls not off, but after it hath
_ fucked the Poyfon: Then they wafhit in ilk, wherein ‘tis
left awhile, till itreturn toits natural condition. It is a
rare Stone, for if it be put the fecond time upon the Wound,
and ftick to it, ‘tisa fignit had not fuck'd all the Venome
- during its firlt application 5 but if ic Mick not, ‘tis a mark
that all the Poyfon was drawn out at firft. So far our French
Author: wherein appears noconfiderable difference from. -
the written Relation before mentioned, |

: 0 if the i ay, nfed in the Mogol’s Dontiniozs, to
. make Saltpetre. " ee

This is delivered in the fame Book of Monfieur Thevewor,
and the manner of it having-been inquired after, by feve-
ral curious Perfons, to compare it with that which is ufed in
Europe, tis prefum’d,: they will not be difpleafed to finde it
inferted here in Exelifh, which isas followeth - 0 e

Saltpetreis found in many places of the Eaf? Indies, but
chiefly about 4gra, and in the Villages, that heretofore have
- been numeroufly inhabited, but are nowdeferted. They
draw it out of three forts of Earth, black, yellow, and
white: the beft, is that which is drawn out of the black, for
it is free from commoz Salt. They work itinthis manner :
They make two Pits, flat at the bottom, like thofe where-
~ incommon Salt 1smade; one of. them having much more
compafsthen the other, they fill ¢4é with Earth,upon which
they let ran Water, and by the feet of Peoplethey treadir,
- and reduce it to the confiftency of a Pap, and fo they let ic
_ ftand for two days, that the Water may extract all the Sale
thatisinthe Earth: Thenthey.pafs this Water into another
- Pit; inawhich i¢ chriftallizes into Saltpetre., They let it boil
-onceortwice ina Caldron,, according asthey will have it
whiterand purer. Whilfticis over the Fire, they feum it
continually, and fillic outinto great Earthen Pots, which:

‘ ie Ln

hold.

Bo (104). ;
hold each 25 or 30 pounds, and thefe they expofe to clear
Nights and if there be any impurity remaining, it will fall

tothe bottom: Afterwards trey’ break the Pots, and dry —

the Saltin the Sune One might make vaft quantities of Salt-
petre in thefe parts} but the Gountry People feeing that We
buy of it, and thatthe Ezgli/h begin todo the fame, they
~ now fellus a. aon of 6 pounds for two Repias and a half,
which we had formerly for half that price. |

An Account of Hevelius his Prodromus Cometicus,

together with fc ome Animadverfions made upon
_ it by a¥French Philofopher. |

This excellent Dautifcan Aftronomer, Hevelins, in his Pro
drowus. (by him fo call’d, becaufe it is as a Harbinger to his —

Cometograpby, which hath already fo far paffed the Prefs,
that of twelve Books there are but three remaining to be
Printed) gives an Account of the Obfervations he hath
made of the Férf of the two late@omets 5 referving thofe

he hath made of the fecond, for that great. Treatife, where
he alfo intends to deliver the Matter of this fir/f more parti:

'

cularly and more fully then he hath donehere. |

In this Account he reprefents the Rife, Place, Courfe, q

Swiftnefs, Faces and Train of this Comet, interweaving
his Conceptions both about the Region of Cometsin gene-

ral (whether it bethe 4/7, orthe Zther ?) and theGaufes —

of their Generation : In the fearch of which latter, he in-
timates to have received much afliftance from his Telecope.

He obferved this Comet not before Decemb. 4, (though he - 7
conceives it might have been feenfince Novem. 23. fi) &he
faw itno longer then Febr. %,: though feveral othershave —

feenit both fooner, and later and though himfelf continu-

ed to look out for it till A¢éarch 7. ft. 2. but fruitlefly, where-_

of he thinks the reafon to have been its too great diftance
and tenulty. ris, | |

He. i,
i ”

a Cres). . |

He finds, itsapparent Motion was not made in a Ju/? great
Gircle, but deviating confiderably from its and conceives,
that every Comet falls to this deviation, when this apparent
Motion grows flow,and the Star becomes Stationary (which,
as he faiths ic doth in refpect of the &ecliptick , not its own
Orbite.) Here he obferves, That from Decemb. &.to Decem.
30. jan.g. itscourfe was almoft ina great Circie: but, that
ther it began to deflect from that Circle towards the North 3
fothat afterwards, with a very notable and confpicuous

Curvity, it directedits courfe towards Primam Arictis : Of

which deflection, he ventures to affign the caufe from the
Cometical Matter, the various pofition and diftance of the
Comet from the Barth and the Sun, the annual Motion of

the Earth, and the impreffed Motion, and the inclination
of the difexzs of the Cometical Body. :

He is pretty pofitive, that without the avzua! Afotiox of
the Barth, no rational Account can be given of any Comet,
but that all isinvolved with perplexities, and deform’d by

-abfurdities. :

He inquires, finceali Comets have their peculiar Izgenite

_ Motion, what kinde of Line it is, they defcribe by that.

Motion of their own’ whether circular, or ftreight, or

curve, or partly ftreight and partly curve? Andif curve,

whether regular or irregular? if regular, whether Elliptick,
or Parabolar, or Hyperbolical> Heanfwers, That this Mo-
tion is Conical 5 and judgeth, that by the Coxzick path all
the Phenomena of Comets can, without any inconveniency,
be readily folved 5 evenof that, which (by Hiftory) in fifty

days, paffed through more then the 12 Signs of the Zodiack;

And of that, which in two days run through eight Signs :

and of another, which in 48 days pofted through all the

Signs, contra feriew. Which how it can be explicated upon
the fuppofition of the Earths ftanding {till, and upon the

‘denying of the annual Motionthereof, he underftands not
Ata: | | |

Peau, ; He

=
te

Nii ‘Gases va
- He wife to his iil thefe DifguiGtions £ whe.
ther all Comets (in their innate Motion) move equal Spaces

in equal Times ¢-which is the fwifteft, and which the floweft -

- Motion they are capable of ?> what the caufe of ‘this accele-
ration and retardation of ‘their true Motion ?))

He puts it out of doubt, that they are in the sk by it felf,
preducing Reafons for it that are very confiderable, ‘and ale

ledging among others, That the Parallaxes doe clearly e~—

vince it, which he finds far tefs in Comets; then in the Alcon,
yea then fometimes in’ the Sum it felf.. Where healfo repre-
fents, That he hath deduced the Horizontal Parallax of this
very Comet from one onely Obfervation, made Febr: 4. fi.x.

by which he found, That then it was diftant from the Earth

5000 Semidiameters of the fame, or 4300000 German miles. -

From this its diftant fromthe earth,he deduces, That on that

Day when it was fo remote from the Earth, its true Diameter —
was. 2560 German miles, which is three times bigger then the -

iametch of the Earth, and. almoft Gx times bigger then

that of the Moon, whofe Diameter,according | to his reg 4) :

is 442 German miles.

Hefinds the Matter of Cometsto be imelie ther i it felf, {

making the Atber and the Airto differ onely in purity, and
efteeming, ‘That the Pluzets:do emit their Exhalations, ‘and

have their 4t~o/pheres like unto our Earth: Wherehe af:

firms, ThattheSun alone may caft out fo inal Matter at
any time in one Year, asthat thence {hall be produced not:

one or two Comets, equalling the Moon in Diameter, but —

very many 5 which if fo, what contribution may not be
expected from the other Planets? >

Of this Cometical Matter, he thinks, That firft it is is by
incle and little gathered together, then coagulated and con-

denfed, and thereby reduced to alefs Diameter; butthen,;
after a ‘while, it refolves again, and growsdilute and pate,
and at laftis diffipated. And accordingly he affirms, That’
he hath obferved the Head of this Comet at firft more con-

fufed, thin a nd pale, afterwards clearer and clearer. é
“Fie

* Yu
eS

gy: co See

‘He conceives, That all Comets do refpect the Su# as their
King and Centre, as Planets do, making them a kinde of Sps-
vious Planets, Unat emulate the trwe onesin their Motion al-
inettinalirhings.4) bos Myer Toso wosos an i

» TheTraiz, he: makes nothing elfe but the Beams of the
Sun, falling on the head of the Comet, and pafling through
the fame, refracted and reflected. And amongtt his Obfer-
wations and Schemes of this Comet, there occurs one, where»
in the: Tail is carve, fofeenby him Decewd.2y. | He afligns
_ the caufeswhy the Trains do fomuch vary, and fhewsalfo,

on what depends their length. :

Whether. the fave Comets retura again, asthe Spots in
the Sun? and, Whether in the time of great Coxjunt ions
they are more. eafily generated? and whether they can be
certainly foretold ?. with feveral other Inquiries, he refers
for tohis great Book, _ : |
_ Asto Progzoffications, he fomewhat complains, Fhat Men
edo more inquire what Comets figuifie, then what they are,
or how'they are generated and moved 5 profeffing himfelf
to be of the minde of thofe that would have Comets ra-
ther-aderired then feared; there appearing indeed no cogent
reafon, why the Author of Nature may not intend them ra-

ther as Monitors of his Glory and Greatuefs, then of his

Auger or Difpleafures. e{pecially: fecing that fome very dili-

-gentMeao(among whoniis Gewese Frifews) take notice of
as great a number of good as bad Events, confequent to Co-
metss. §& seca alfo relating, That that Comet which appears
-edimhis Vime, was fohappy; that it did Cometis detrabere
gnfaviaw, w cleared the credit of Co
plehave good thoughts of them. «>

Having given fome Account‘of what may be look'd for

in this Prodromus, it follows, That fome alfo fhould be ren.
dred of the Amimadverfions meéention’d to have been made:

uponthefame, This was done by that Parzfzz Philofopher.
Monfieur 4vcoui; in a Letter of his to bis Country-man
- Monfieur Petit > in which he ttrongly conceives, That this

| | I rodromus

mets, and made Peo-.

f

| | " € 108)
Preodromus contains fome miftakes, of which he chiefly fingles
out one, asmoft confiderable, in Hevelivs’s Obfervation of
Febr..%, and declaresthereupon, That he, and feveral very
intelligent A/fronomers of France and Italy concurring with
him therein, (whereas M. Hevelius to him feems to ftand fin-

gle, ag to this particular) found by their Obfervations, That

_ this Comet could not,on that day of February,be there where
M. Heveliws placeth it, viz. in Prima Aricts5 unlefs it be

faid, That it vifited that Star of aries on the 18% and return. -

ed thence the 19 into its ordinary courfés in which, ac-
-cording tohis, and his feveral Correfpondents Obfervations,
the Comet on Febr..17. was: diltant from that fire. Star of

Aries at leaft 1degreeand 17 minutes$ and.on February 19.
(he having miffed, as'well as his other Friends,the Obferva-
tion on Febr. 18:3 wasadvanced in its way 12 or 13 minutes,
but yet diftant from the faid Star fome ~einutes above a whole
degree, and confequently far from having then paffed it.
Afier which time M. 4uzextafirms to have feen it, as. well as

feveral others, for manydays, and that until Azarch 4%: 0b- |

ferving, That about Febr. 26. or 27, when the Comet was
neareft to the often-mentioned firft of Aries, it approached
not nearer thereunto, then at the diftance of 50 minutes, —
‘This important Difference between two very) Learned,

; M4 ae el ; ee: | / “
and very deferving Perfons, | being come tothe knowledge

of fome of the ableft Phitofophers and Affronomers of England,

hath been by them thought worthy their Examination: and
they being at this very prefent employed in the difcuffion
thereof, by. comparing what hath been done and publifh’d
by the Diffenters, and by confronting with them their own
Domeftick Obfervations, are very likely to difcernw here
the miftake lies; and having difcern‘d it, will certainly be
found highly impartial and ingenuous in giving their fenfe
of. the fates: % a2. bine nak wero oi mu eb do bath

! »

~
Ce a ee ee cae eee

Cie). -.

Of the Mundus Subterraneus of Athanafius
Kircher, Oy. |

This long expected Subterraneous World, is now come to

fight, dedicated (at leaft the Exemplar, that hath been per-
~ nfed by the Publifher of thefe Papers, who hears, That other
Copies bear Dedication to other Great Princes) both to the

prefent Pope,as being efteemed by the Author to have a pare

_ of his Apoftolical Kingdom there 5 and to the Rowan Emperor

now Regnant, who indeed in his Kingdom of Hungary, and
in feveral Provinces of Germdvzy, hath very many and very
confiderable things, worthy to be obferved, under Grouzd,

To give the Curious a tafte of the Coxtents of this Volume,

and thereby to excitethem to a farther fearch into the re-
cefles of Nature, forthe compofure of a good Natural Hi-
flory; they may firft take notice, That the Author, having
given an accoure in the Preface, what encouragement he re-

— ceived, for writing this Book, from the opportunity of Tra-

yelling with the Cardiwal of Haffza into Siczly (in which Voy~
age, hefaith, He met with, asit were, an Epitome of what
may be obfervablein the Subterraneous parts of the Earths.
wy in particular, with an Earth-quake of 14 days duration, —

-yery inftrnétive fo him concerning feveral great Secrets of
Nature :) having, f fay,thus Prefaced,he divideth his Work
- §nto 12 Books, whereinhe affirmsnot onely to have explica-

ted the Divine Strndture of the under-ground World, and
the wondrous diftribution of the Work-houfes of Nature, |

-_ and her Majefty and Riches therein 3 but alfo to have open-

ed the Caufesof her Effetts-and Produétions; whence, by
the Marriage of Nature and Art, a happy I{fue may follow
for the ufe and benefit of Humane Life. a
Inthe fir? Book, he confiders the nature of the Gentre of
the Earth, where he delivers feveral Paradoxes touching the —
fame, and Difcourfes of the Motion of heavy Bodies, of
Pendulems, of Projectils.

CEEO) ©

In the eee ms treats of the Fabrick of cheizenvefinial:.
Globe,of the Influences it receives from the Coelcftial Bodies,
‘efpecially the Sux and doen, of both which Lawinaries he
gives a Schemes of the proportion of the Earth tothe Sun
and Moon of the external conformation of the Earth, its
Mountains, and their concatenations, decreafe and increafe,
together with the {trange transformation, thereof. Further,
of the Waters encompafling the Earth, and their various
Communications by hidden Paflages; asalfo of the heighth
of Mountains, and of the dépth of Seas; the dimenfion
of the Sicilian Straights; the Magaetical Conftitution of
the Earth, its Heterogencous Nature, Interior Frame; La-
boratories, Caves, Channels, *c..

In the third : Of the Nature of the Ocean, and the di-
verfity of irs Motions; of its general Motion from E4/? to
Weft, Currents, Reciprocations, Gulfs, White: ‘pools, Salt-
nels, Gc.

in the fourth: OF the Nattire of the Subtéttatieons Fire, -
its neceflity.d diffufivenefs, food, prodigious Effedts through
ignivomous Mountains 5 s as alfo of the Nature of Airand
Winds, their power and variety 5 of the general Wind, how
and whence generated; of Periodical and’ Anniverfary
Winds, and their Gaufes; asalfo of the production of Arti-
ficial Winds, for refrefhment and other advantages. To
which he fubjoyns a ‘Difcourfe, tending to prove, That-all
Meteors owe their Nativity. to the Fires of the Subterrane-
ous World. ~

In the fifth: OF the Original of Springs, Rivers, Lakes;
various differences and qualities of Waters, andthe marks
where they are to be met with under Ground; of Waters ~
Medical, hor Baths, and their Differences, Caufes, Vertues 5
together with the’ wonderful Qualities and Properties of —
fome Springs, as to thcit Colour, Tafte, Smel! WiSipES Salur
brity, Flox and reflux, Petrifying power, 2c.

inth< fixth: Ot the Earth it fel If, and the great variety”
carfeainied in the Wothb thereof > of the manifol d Produ-

Wi

(ur)

Gions made therein, bythe vertue of Salt and its Auxilia-

ries, the differences whereof arelargely difcourfed of, toe
gether with the way of extracting the fame. In particular
of Saltpeter, its Generation, Nature, Vertues5 of the way
of making Guzpowder, and the various ufes thereof; asalfo
the Nature, Qualities, Preparation, Medical and other ufes
of Alume and Vitriol. © bik
Inthe feventh : OF fome Foffils, as Sand, Gravel, Earths,
and their various Differences, Qualities, ufes Economical,
Ghymical, Medical : together with the ftrange varieties and
changes happening inthe Earth, and their caufes; as alfo
the requifits to 4griculture. 3 iat
In the evghth : Firlt, of Stones, their Origine, Concretion,
difference of Colours; and in particular, of Gems and
their variety, caufes of generation, tranfparency in fome
and coloursin otherss as alfoof their various Figures and
Pictures, by Nature formed both in common and precious
Stones, with their Caufes, Secondly, of the Transformation

of Juices, Salts, Plants, yea of Beafts and Men turn‘d into |

Stone: together with the generation of Bony Subftances
under Ground, by many efteemed to be the Bones of Gyants 5
and of Horzy Subftances, taken for Uzicorzs horns ¢ as alfo
of Fofftle wood and Coals. Thirdly, of Bituminous Flowers,

lapis Asbeftos, Amber, and its Elecfrical vertue 3 together
with the way how Infects, little Fifhes, and Plants are In.
tombed therein. Fourthly, of Subterraneous Avimals ,

Moles, Mice, Birds, Dragons 5 where is alfo treated, of thofe

Animals that are found in the midit of Stones.
- Inthe zizth : Firft, of Poyfons, their primeval Origine

from Minerals, and their accidental Generation in Vege-

table and Animal Bodies, together with their differences 5
“where ‘tis difcourfed, not onely how Poyfons may be bred
in Men, but alfo, how the Poyfons of fome Animals do in-
fe and killMen3 and, wherethe Venom of Vipers lodges,
and how mad Dogs and Tarantula’s fo communicate their
Poyfon, as that it exferts not its noxioufneds, till after fome

: | time :

\

ae | (1H) :
times Where alfa occafion is taken to difcourfe of the Os
riginal of Difeafes, and cure of Poyfonous ones. Secondly,
of the wonderful Nature of Salphar, Antimony, Quick: flvcrs
their origine and qualities; together with the productions
of CoralsandPearls. ai; €
Inthe tenth: Firltof Adetallurgys and the way bow that
unctuous Body, outof which Mettals are prodaced, is ela-
borated by Nature, and what therein are Sulphur, Salt, and
Mercury 3 befides, what it is that renders Mettals fluid in
the Fire, but not Stones and Vegetables Gc, Secondly, of
the Requifitsto a perfect knowledge of the Adetallick Art,
and of the Qualities of the A#ize-mafter; then of the Dil-
eafesof Mineemen, and their Cure, and the ways of pur-
_ ging the Mines of the Airs malignity 3. a3 alfo of Adetallo-—
gnomy, or the figns of latent Mettals, and by what Art they
may be difcovered. Thirdly, feveral Accounts fent tothe
~ Author, upon his Inquiries by the Mine-mafters themfelves,.
or other chief Over-feers of the Mine-works, touching the
variety, nature and properties of Minerals, andthe many.
' Accidents bappening in Mines, particularly the Hazgariaxz
ones at Schemnitz, andthofeof Tyrol. Fourthly, of feve-
‘gal both Hydraulick and Wind.Engines, to free the Mines ~
from Water and noxious damps.. Fifthly, Of theway of
working Mettals, Gald, Silver, Copper, Iron, and parti-
cularly of the method ufed at Potof in Perm, of extracting.
the Silver out of the Mineral: to which is added, a Dif-
eourfe of Sa/t-pits, and the way of making Sale. — a
Inthe eleventh, Firft, of Alchimy, its Originaland An= —
tiquity, the Veflels and Inftruments belonging thereuntce.
Secondly, of the Philofophers Stone, what is meant by ir,
and whether by means thereof true Gold can be produced?
And in general, whether there be any juch thing, asatrue
and real Tranfmutation of one Metal intoanother ? Where
are delivered the feveral Procefies of the reputed Adepti, —
Raymund Lulle, Azoth, Arnold de Villanova, Paracel{us, Sen. —
_ divogius,&c. but allexploded asfalfe and deceitful. Abindly, q

| (113) Ciao
of the-decifionsin Law concerning Chymica] Gold, true or
falfe. Fourthly, what the celebrated ?hilofophers Stone was

Ss

among the Ancients, and what they underftood by the —

fame? | |
Inthe twelfth: Firlt, Of the seizal Principle of all things,

its origine, nature and property; of the way how Nature

proceeds in the Generation of Asinerals, Vegetables, Aninzalss

of fpontaneous Generation ; of Zeophyts, Infedts of all

forts, and particularly of the Worms bredin Men ; toge~
ther with the caufes why Nature would produce fuch
fwamrs of infinice forts of Infects. Secondly, of the va-

riety and differences of Vegetables 5 of the requifitsto know ~

- the verines of Plants, and of the feveral ways of Exgrafting.

/

‘of, andthe ways of making Squibs, Fires burning in Water,

Thirdly, of the 4rt of Diftiling, whereby Nature isimi- —
tated, as doing all her under- ground Works, inthe Opi-
nion of this Author, by Di/ii/atiov. Fourthly, of the La-
boratories of varions Arts, in which, according ta Natures
pattern, ufed in her Subterraneous Operations, frange

things may be performed: where treating of Chymical Se=
- -erets, the truth of the Preparation of Aurum potabile is dif-
eufled, and the A¢agi/feries of Gold, Silver, Iron, Tin, Gop- _

per and Lead, examined: to whichis fubjoyned an Appex.

_ dix, furnifhing fuch Rules, whereby Students in Chyzifiry

may be directed in their work, and erue Operations diftin-

_guithed from falfe ones. Fifthly, of Azetailoflaticks, wheres

by the mixture of Mettals and Minerals may be certainly

known 5 eee witha way of weighing the Proportions

of moift and dry, exiftent in every Compound, as well Ve-

- -getable and Animal, as Mineral. Sixthly, of Gla/s-wahkings

where is treated of the Nature of Glafss of the Artificial

~ Pyeduction of all ioe of PreciousStones, partly from the
_ Authors own Experim

ents,partly from the Communication
of his Friends, and the Colle@ion of the beft Writers upon

‘that fabject. Seventhly, of Fireworks, where the Inven-

tion and Preparation of Gunspowder is largely difcourfed

Q 2 and

Pd

tal can be fpun out. | kee

4

in Water, fo degenerated from him
more likean Amphibium, then a Man, who, by the conimand —

¢ 1g). | |
and many others, ufed in Publick Feftivities, “are deferibed.
Eighthly, of fome Azechanical Arts, as that of Gold-/iizii]+,
Black: {miths, Copper={wmiths,Wyre- draversy i in the laft where-
of he refolves this Problem a certain weight of Mettal,and
the bigaefs of the hole, through which the Wyreisto be
drawn, being given, to finde into what ee fo mach Met-

ay

Thus you have a view of this whole Volume; towhichit |

may perhaps not be amifsto adde, for a Conclufion, fome

of thofe Particulars which are efteemed by the Author to ——
out-fhine the re{t, and are here and there! inter-woven mes oe

fuch. For example, inthe Firft Part. —

The ufe of Pizdules, for knowing by their-means the

fate of ones Health, from the different beat ings of the Pulfe,
Pag. 51,

‘The Chain of Mountains, fo draves over the Earth: that |

they make, asit were, an Ax#, pafling from Pole to “Poles 5
and feveral tranfverfe duéfus, fo cutting that Axis, as to
make, inamanner, an Equator and Tropicks of Mountains:
by which concatenation he imagines, That the feveral parts
of the Earth are bound together TF more firmnefs, pag.69.
A Relation of a {trange Diver, by his continual converfe
v7 If, That he was grown

of a Sicilian King, went down tothebottom of Charybdis,
and brought a remarkable account of the condition of that

place pag. 98.

A Defcription of the Origine of the Nile, 2 as this ‘AGtlior ae
found it ina certain 47S of oneof his own Society, called —

Peter Pais, whom he aftirms to hayek en an Eye-witnefs,

and to have viflted the Head of the Emperor of Ethiopia
ufcript, he faith, was brought -
to Rome, out of e4frica, by their Procurator of India and

\ 4 ie
, : The ..
/ ‘

himfelf Anzo 1618. which Asan

we page 72.

. s . +
} : 2 , ¥
‘ 4 ‘ apa ee =e Magia oe ‘ f z : e : - se
r ee, RE ci Nn) LT REE Eee ee Oy SE BN Nee Sea ee a a a a ee ae ee

important Ufes, pag. 111.

(115) Re

The Communication of the Seas with one another by Sub-

terraneous Paflages, viz. of the Ca/pian, with Pout Euxin

and the Perféan Gulfs of the Afare Mortunm, with the Adare
Rubrum, andof thislatter with the Mediterranean 3 as allo

of Sepa with Charphdis, pag. 85.:10T- ~

The Subterraneous Store-boufes (in all the four parts of

the Earth) of Water, and Fire, and Air; together with their

An Account of the ftate of the Earth about the Poles ;
howthe Waters are continually fwallowed up by the Nor-~
thern, and running along through the Bowels of the Earth,

do regurgitate at the Southerz Pole, pag. 159.

A Defcription of Mount Vefuvias and Zitua, both vifited

_ by the Author himfelf, 4#z0 1638. their Dimenfions, Com-

munication, Incendiums, Paths of Fiery Torrents,caft out

by them, @c. as alfo of the Vulcaws in Iceland and Groculand,

and their Correfpondence and Effects, p. 180. |
An Account of that famous and ftrange Whirl-pool upon —

the Coaft of Norway,commonly call’d, The Atzel {trom 3 which
- this Author fancies to havea Communication, by a Subter-
-raneousChannel, with another fuch Whir!-poolin the Bod-

nick Bay; by which commerce, according to him, the Wa- |

ters, when, upon their accumulation and crowding toge-
ther in one of thefe places, they are fwallowed up by the
Gulf there, carrying along with them whatfoever isin the

way, and lodging itina certain receptacle at the bottom
thereof, are conveyed through the faid under- ground

Channel to the other Gulf; where again, upon the like con-
flux and retumefcence of Waters, they are abforbed, and
through the fame Channel do reciprocally run tothe former

- Gulf,and meeting in their impetuous Paflage with the things

formerly funk down into the Repofitory, carry them aloft,

with themfelves, and caftthem up again on the Coalt of
Norway, p. 146. : : A

A Relation of ftrange Earth- quakes, P. 2206
Pay 3 | : An

ep “Cage ) gees My
~ An Enumeration of allthe celebrated A/edical water and —
hot Baths, in all the parts of the World, p. 263. et/eg.

In the Second Part, fome of his {pecial Obfervations, are,
How Stozes are coloured and figured under ground, p. 13.

ogy Sith
Ivaftives skill in Pazwting of Stones, p, 22. |
« Awhbole Natural Alphabet reprefented upon Stoves; and —
~ ‘allforts of Geometrical Figures, naturally Imprinted upos
them, p. 23> | 4 q
" Thecaule of the variety of Colours in Prifmes, andthe —
Authors fevere Judgement concerning thofe, that hold them —
to be meerly Phantaftical, pag. 15, 16,17. Where he alfo —
delivers an Experiment, by him counted wonderful, exhi- ~
biting all forts'of Colours by the means of Adercury, coagu-
lated by the vapour of Lead, and put ina Brafs {poon upon ~
burning Goals. pehintee Doe Gee isd g
The caufe of the curious Coloursin Birds, p. 17. ‘
The way of Naturein the Generation of Diamonds, p. 21. —

- Away of preparing fuch a Liquor, that fhall fink into,and —

at

colour the whole Body of Marble, fo that a Pi&ure made

;
i

onthe furface thereof,fhall, the ftone being cut through, ap-
pear alfo in the inmoft parts of the fame, p. 43. ¢
AStory of a whole Vilageia 4frica turned into Stone,
with all the People thereof; p. 50. 9 200509 Seas: ;
- AnExperiment, reprefenting the Generation of the Stoze
in the Bladder, p.-52. — PAL 28 Te tice
An Asbefié2 Paper, thatfhalllaft perpetually, p74.
Several Relations of numerens Societies of People: living |
‘under grotind, and their Occoxomys whereof aftrangeone |
is ‘alledged' ‘to have'beenfound in Exzlazd, attefted by an |

Engh Authors p. 97, 9819900) Co MYO 2s Sa Gs og ae
A Relation of a'Man, ‘that'bred a Serpent in his Stomach, |

~ which came from him of the length of one Footanda half, |
affirmed bythe Author to have been feen by himfelf, p..126, |
-Of whole Forrefts of Coral at the bottom of the Red sea,

P 48. 159- | Them

Lay
The vanity of the /#rge Divivatoria, p. 181.

A peculiar way of wafhing out very {mall Duftegold, -

Peers. PS |
Pe Of fome extraordinary big pieces of perfect Natural Gold
and Silver, p. 203. |

Of a very rare Mineral, fent to the Author out of the;

Hungarian Mines, which had pure Silver branching out into
Filaments, and fome fplendent.yellow parts, which was pure
Gold, and fome dark parts, which was Silver mixed with
Gold, p. 189. » DERG e i .
Salt, the Baffs of all Natural Productions, and the admi-
rable variety of Salts. p. 299. Ao iiebrad dic

Strange Figures of Plats, pe348.

.. "The way of reproducing Plants, p. 44s |
In how much time a Swallow can fly about the World,

p- 418. Gres “ “ |

This may fuffice, to give oceafion to the Searchers of Na-
ture, to examine this Book, and the Obfervations and Ex-

‘periments contained therein, together with the Ratiocina- |
tions raifed thereupon, and to make feverer and moremi> _

mute Inquiries and Difcuffions of all.

A farther Account of an Obfervation aboveemen-

tioned, about white Blood. -

Since the Printing of the former Sheet, thereis this far-

ther account from the fame hand. Mr, Bogle,

4 Thave-at length, according to your defire, receiv'dfrom

the Ingenious Dr. Lower, an account in Writing of the Ob=
fervation about Chyle found in the Bloods which though
you may think ftrange, agrees well with fome Experiments

of hisand mine, not now to bementien'd. The Relation,

though fhort, comprizing the main Particulars of what he
had more fully told mein Difcourfe, 3 fhall give it you with

Sittle or no variation from bis own Words,
: | 2 | A Maid,

&

poRENOTS Ware: Oat paca esse Ec
The Reader of thefe Papers is defired , that in’ thofe of

Numb. g. pag. 60. lin. 10. be would pleafe to readeight, in-

ficad of hundred 3 this laster word having been put in by a
great over-fight, and, without this Corre@ion, injuring that Au-

thor, whofe Confiderations are there related, This Advertifer
“ment fhould have bec given in Numb. 5. but was onitied for

bafte. sie

4 ee J

Imprimatur Rob. Say, Vice-Cancel. Oxon.

‘Oxford, Printed by Leonard Lichfield,
for Richard Davis. F665. ° :

bf

|
|

ieee - C119) ae Naw, 7
PHILOSOPHICAL
—- TRANSACTIONS.
; . Monday, Decemb. 4. 1665.
: The Contents. |

a] ‘ f wl
Monfeenr de Sons progre(s ix working Parabolar. Glaffés: -
Some {pecnlations of Monfieur Auzout concerning the cbhan-

. ges, likely tobe dsfcoveredin the Moon. ‘Ibe infiance of.
_ the fame Perfonto Mr, Hook, for commanicating his Con-
__ trivance of making with Glaffes of a few feet Diameter ,

‘Telefcopes drawing feveral hundred feet; togetber with
his Offer of recompenfiny that fecret with another, which
\ teaches, Howto meafure with a Telefcope the Diftances of |
~ Objects upou the Earth. The Experiment of Kircher, of °
- + preparing 4 Liquor, that fhall finkinto, and colour the whele
Body of Marble , delivered at length, As Intimation of a
Way foundin Europe, to wake goodChina-Difhes. Az
Account of anodd Spring in Weltphalia, together with an
Information touching Salt-Springs 3 and a way of firaining
~Salt-water. Ofthe Rife and Attempts of away tot conveigh —
Liquors im acdiately inte the Mafs of Blood.

» OF Monfienr de Sons Progrefs in working Parabolas
BRR boio709. 1s Hania Hs ees

fines what was mentioned in the immediately precedent
.)TraZ,touchingMonfieur de Sox's noble attempt of grinding
Glaffes of a Purabolical Figure, the Publifber of thefe Papers

hath himfelf feen two Fye- glaf/es of that fhape,abour one inch |
| &ahalfdeep, and one inch anda quarter broad,wrought by
_ this Eminent 4rf7/? with a rare Steel.inftrument of his own
contrivance-and workmanfhip, and by himfelf alfo polifhed
| toadmiration. And certainly it will be wondred at by tholes
AO atleree - who

—_

CAIN) i. | |
who fhall fee thefe Glaffes,how they couldbe truly wrought
tofucha Figure,with fuch a Cavity & yet more,when they
fhall hear the Author undertake to excavate other fuch Eye-
' Glafses to above two inches , and Odjed- glaffes of five inches
Diameter. He hath likewife already begun his objcé&-glaffes
forthe mentioned two Ocularones, of the fame Figure of
~ about two inches Diameter, which are to be left all open, yet
without caufing any colours.. Ofall which ‘tis hoped , that
‘fhortly a fuller and more particular accompt will be given.

Monfteur Auzout’s Speculations of the Changes,likely
to be difcovered inthe Eatth and Moon , by their
_vefpective Inhabitants, : ie BF

This Inquifitive Philofopher in a leteer of his lately written
— tohis correfpondent in Loxdoz, takes occafion to difcourfe
of his confiderations concerning thofe Changes, mentioned
— inthe Title, asfollowes5 = | 426 |

[have ( faithhe ) fometimes thought upon the Chazgey,
. which ‘tis likely, the fuppofed Inhabitants of the J/oon
might difcover i our Earth, to fee, whither reciprocally I
could obferve any fuchin the Joon. For example, me<
thinks, that the Earth would to the people of the 4z0ez ap~
pear to have a. different face in the feveral feafons of the

year; and tohave another appearancein Wizter, when

there is almoft nothing green ina very great part ofthe
Earth 5 when there are Countries all covered with fnow ,

-_ others, all covered with water , others, all obfcured with

Clouds ,. and that-for many weeks together: ¢4zotherin_
Spring, whenthe Forrefts and Fieldsare green. Avotherin
Sumer , when. whole Fields are yellow &c. Methinks,
I fay, that thefe changes are confiderable enough in the force
of the reflexions of Light to be‘obferved , fince we fee fo.
many differences of Lights in the Afoon. We have Rivers
confiderable enough to befeen, and they enter far enongh
} into

| : C12).
~ into the Land , and have abredth capable to be obferved.
There are F/wxes in certain places,that reach into large Coun-
- tries,enough to make there fome apparent change;& in fome
of our Seas there float fometimes fuch bulky maffes of Ice,
that are far greater,thanthe Objedts,which we are aflured ,
wecan feein the 4fo0n, Again, we cut down whole Forrefts,
and drain Marifhes, of an extent large enough to caufe a
notable alteration: And men have madefuch works, a3
have produced Changes great enoughtobeperceived. In
many places alfo are Vulcans , that feem big enough tobe
diftinguifh’t , efpeciallyin the fhadow: And when Fire
lights upon Forrefts of great extent, or upon Towns, it —
can hardly be doubted, but thefe Luminous Objects would
appear either in an Ecclipfe of the Earth, or when fuch parte
_ ofthe Earth are not illuminated by the Sun, But yet, [know
_mno man, who hath obfervedfuch things inthe Atvoz; and
one may be rationally affured that no Valcans are there, or
orthat none ofthem burn atthistime. Thisitis Cfo he
goes o# ) which all Gurious men , that have good Telefcopes, —
ought well to attend; andI doubt not; but, ifwehadave- _
ry particular 42p of the Af00z,as I had defigned to make one
with a Topography , as it were, ofall the confiderable places
therein, that We or our Pofterity would find fome changes

in Her. And if the 4fapps of the 4f00z of Hevelins,Divini,and

|‘ Riccioli,are exact,{ can fay,that I have feen there fome places
confiderable enough, where they put parts that are clear,
whereas Zthere fee dark ones. °“Tistruethatif there be Seas
inthe Afoow , it can hardly fall out otherwife, than it doth
upon our Earth, where Alluvium’s are made in fome places,
_and the Sea gains upon the Land in others. . / fay, if thofe
Spots we fee in the Afoon, are Seas, as moft believe them to
bes whereas I have many reafons, that make medoubt ,
whether they be fo5 of which I fhall fpeak elfewhere. And
i have fometimes thought, whether it might not be, chat all
the Seas of the Afooz , if there muft beSeas, were on the
fide of the other Hemi/pbere, and that for this caufeit might
be that the 4é902 turnsnet uponits 4xis, asour Earth,
es | R 2 : wherein

f | (42%) } Lowen |
" wherein the Lands and Seas are , as it were, ballanced: That
thence alfo may proceed the non-appearance of any Clouds
raifed there, or of any Vapors confiderable enough to be
feen , as there are raifed upon this Earth; and that this ab-
fence of Vapors is perhaps the caufe, that no Crepufcle is
there, as it feems there is none, my felfe at leaft not ha-
ving hitherto been able to difcerne any mark thereof: For,
me thinks, it isnot tobe doubted, but that the reputed Ci--
tizens of the Afeen might fee our Crepu{cle, fince we fee, that
the fame is without comparifon {tronger, than the Light af
forded us by the Afoox, even when fhe is full; for, a little
after Sun fet, when we receive no more the firft Light of the
Sun, the skyisfar clearer, than it isin the faireft night of
the fall Adoons Meanwhile, fince we feeinthe Afoon,when
fhe is increafing or decreafing , the Light, fhereceivesfrom
the Earth, we cannet doubt, but that the People of the
Moon fhould likewife fee in the Earth that: Light , where-
with the Mon illuminates it, with perhapsthe difference, _
there is betwixt their bignefs.. Much rather therefore fhould)
they fee the Light of the Crepufcle, being, as we have faid ,
~ Jncomparably greater. Inthe mean time we fee not any
faint Light beyond the Se@iox ofthe Light, whichis every
where almoft equaly ftrong, and we there diftinguifh no-__
thing arall, not fo much thaticleereft pare, whichis called
Aristarchws,or Porphyrites , asI have often tryed5 although
one may there fee the Light, which the Eart4 fends thither,
which is fometimes fo ftrong , that inthe 474o0n’sdecreafel
have often di/?inily {een all the parts of the 440on,that were
not enlightned by the Sux, togerher with the differenceofthe
clear parts, and the Spots, fo far astobe ablerodifcern-
them all. The Shaddows allo of all the Cavities of the 4002
feem tobe ftronger, thanthey would be, ifthere were a2 ~~
Second Light. For, although a far off, che fhaddowsofour
Bodies, environed with Light, feem ta Us almoft dark; —
yet they doc not fo appear fo much, astheShaddowsofthe
Moon doe ; and thofe that are upon the Edge of the whe:
; 3 Ou.

|

(123 )
fhould not appear in the like manner. But, I will determine
nothing of any of thefethings, When I fhall hereafter have
made more frequent Obfervations of the Moon with my
great Tele{copes, in convenient time, I fhall then perhaps learn
moreof it, thanI know at prefent, at leaft it will excite the.
Curionsto endeavor to make thelike Obfervations; and it
may be, others, that J have not thought of. ou :

. The Inftance of the fame Perfon to Mr. Hook, for

- . communicating bis Contrivance of making,with a
<< Glafs of a Sphere of 20 or 40 foot diameter,2 Te-
——— Iefcope drawing feveral hundred footyand his of-
_. fer of recompenfing that Secret with another,teach-
ing To meafure with aTelefcope the Diltances
of Objedts upon the Earth, :

- Yn Nab. 4. Of thefe Papers, pag. 67. Mr. Hook had inti-
mated, that he would fhortly difcover a way of his, with a
Planoe-convex Glafle of a Sphere of 20. or 40. feet Diameter,
without Veizes,-and truly wrought of that Figure, tomake —
a Telefcope, that with a fingle Eye-g/a/s fhould draw 300,
400, yea tooo feet, without at all altering the Convexity:
Monficur 4ezout returns this confideration, and offer upon
it, which follows: eine ; |
To perform (faith he) with a leffer Objed -gla/s the effect of
a. great Telefcope, we muft find out a way to. make
fuch an Obje-glafs to receive as many Rayes as one will,
without their being fenfibly diftant from one another3 to
the end, shat by applying to it a fironger Eyeoglafs, there
may be {till Beams enough tofee the Object, and to oblite-
rate the fmall fpecks and imperfe@ions of the Ey--g/a/s.
And if Mr. Hook hath this Invention, I efteem it one of the
oreateft, that can be foundin the matter of Telefcopes: -If
he pleafe to impart it to us, we fhall be obliged tohim ; =
om | : vm) hg 1 with,

l

(124) has
I with, I hada fecret in Optic£s to encourage him to that
communication. IfI did believe, that this would be eftee- _
med one, To meafure with a great Tele/cepe the diftance of
objeGs uponthe Eurtk; which have found long fince, and
propofed to fome by way of Paradox ; Locorum diftantias
ex unica (tatione, abjque ullo Infirnmento Mathematico,metiri;
- ¥ doe here promife to difcover itto him, with the neceflary
Tables, as foon as He fhajl have imparted his to me; which
1 willufe, ashe fhall order me. For, although the Praéife
doe not altogether anfwer the Theory of my Invention, be-
caufe that the length of the Te/e/copes admits of fome Lati-
tude5 yet onecomes near enough, and perhaps as Juft, as
by meft of the wayes, ordinarily ufed with Inftruments.
_- ‘That, which Iam propofing, I doubt not but M. Hook will
{oon underftand, and fee the determination of :all Gafes
-pofsible. I fhall only fay, that if we look upon the fole The-
ery, we may make ufe of an ordinary Te/e/cope,: whereof the
Eye-glafs isto be Convexe for, by putting the Glaffes ar a lit-
tle greater diftance, than they are, proportionably to the
diftance for which it is to ferve, and by adding to it a ~ew
- Eye-glafs, the Objet will be feen diftincét, though obfcure ;
and if the Eyc-glafs be Coavexe, the Obje will appear erect.
They may be done two manner of ways; either by leaving
the Telefcope in its ordinary fituation , the Objec-gla/s before —
the Eye-glafs; or by inverting it, and putting z4%# before |
that. Butifany will make ufeof two Obje#-gla/fes,where-
of the Focuss are known, the diftance of them will be
known. Ifit be fuppofed, that the Focus of the firft be B.
“and that of the fecond C, and the diftancegiven, B+ 2D,
and that D minus C. be equal to F'5 for, this diftance will be
equaltoBtCtF--rF=C*.. Andif you have the Focus of the
firft Obje- glafs, equal to B, the diftance, where you will
put the fecovd Glafs equalto BTtGtD. the focus ofthe 2d
Glaffe will be found equal to aa And if you will that the
‘Obje& thall be magnified as much with thefe two Glaffes,
as it would be with a flogle one’, whereof Bi el
yt ould

C8eae

fhould be of the diftance given , having the Focus of
the Objett-glafs given equal to B, and the diftance
given to Bt Df; the diftance between the firft and the
fecond Glaf$ will be equal to eee whence fubdudting B
(the Focus of the Objed-glafs given) there remains p BB :
andif this fum be fuppofed equal to C, we fhall eafily
know,by the precedent Rule ,the Focus of the {ecozd Glafs. -

So far M. Auzout, who, I truft, will receive due fatisfa=
tion to his defire, as foon asthe happy end of the prefent
Contagion fhall give a beginning and life again to the Studies ©
_ and A@tions of our retited Philofophers. ;
I fhall onely here adde, That the Secret he mentions [ of
weafuring the diftance of Placesby a Telefcope (fitted for that
purpofe) and from one fiation | is athing already known (if
Tam not mif-informed) to fome Members of our Society 5
_ who have been a good while fince confidering of it, and

have contrived ways for the doing of it ; Whether the fame
with chofe of Mr. Auzovt, Tknwwuor. Nor have I (at the
diftance that Iam now from them) opportunity of particu-

Jar Information. __ 3

_ An Experiment of a way of preparing a Liquor, that
_ feall fink into, and colour the whole Body of Mar-
“ble, caufing a Picture, drawn on a furface, to
_ appear alfo in the wmokt parts of the Stone.

This Experiment, having been hinted at in the next fore~
- going Papers, out of the Adundus Subterraneus of Athanafivs
Kircher, and feveral Curious Perfons, who either have not
the leifureto read Voluminous Authors, or are not readily
skilled in that Learned Tongue wherein the faid Book is
written, being very defirous to have it transferred hither,
it was thought fit tocomply with their defire herein,

The Author therefore of the Adunzdus, &c, having feen
| | ome

os (126) | eS
~ fome {tones reputed to be watural that had moft lively, PiG-

ures, not only upon them, but pafling thorow their whole
fubftance, and thereupon finding an Artif, fkilfulto per-

form fuch rare workmanfhip, did not only pronounce fuch
ftones to be ertificial, but when that 4rtz/t was unwilling to
communicate unto him his Secret, did joymhis ftudy and
endeavors with thofe of one Albertus Gunter a Saxon, to find
it out themfelves: wherein having fucceeded, it feems,they

_ made the Experiments wh ch thisInduftrious and communi- -

cative Je/uit delivers in this manner : ° | 3 oe
The Colours, faith he, are thus prepared 5 1 take of 4-
- qua fortis and Aqua Regis, two ounces .and5 of Sal Armoniack

one ounce 3.of the beft Spirét of Wine, two drachms; as much _
Gold as can be. had for nine Julio's ( a Julio being about

fix pence Englifh) of pure Silver, two drachmes. Thefe
things being provided, let the Silver, when calcined, be

put intoca Vials and having powred upon it the two —

drachmes of Agwa fortis, let it evaporate, and you fhall
havea Water yiclding firfta blew Colour, ‘and afterwards
a black. Likewife put the Gold, when calcin’d, tnto’4 Vial,
and having powred the 4qua Regis uponit, fet it by to eva-

porate: then put the Spirit of Wize upon thé Sal Armoniack,

leaving it alfo till ic be evaporated 5 .and you will have a
Golden coloured Water, which.will afford you divers Co-
Jours. And, after this manner, you may extract many Tin-
@ures of Golours out of other; Mettals... This done; you
may, by the means of thefe two Waters, paint what Picture
you pleafe upon white Marble, of the fofter kind , ‘renew*

ing the Figure every day for feveral days with fome freth fu-

peradded Liquor, and you fhall find in time , that the Pi-.
dure hath penetrated the. whole folidity of the Stone, fo that

cutting itinto as many parts as you will, it will alwaysrepre-

fent unto you the fame Figure on both fides. © ~ :
, 80 far be, which how far it anfwers expectation, is referred
tothe Tryal of Ingenious Artifts.’ In the mean time there

are not wanting Experienced Men that feruplethe Effect, but
b as ‘erase: UA ieee

|

| 6 houres, back again with a great noife , and fo forcibly, as
id S :

Coe ee. : .
yet are far from pronouncing any thing pofitively againtt ir,
fo that they doe not difcourage any that have convenien-
cies, from trying. ae a -

But whether the way there mentioned will fucceed, or
not, according to expectation: Sure it isehat a Stone-cutter |

in Oxford, Mr. Bird, hath many years fince found out a way

of doing the fame thing, in effect , that is here mentioned 3

and hath practifed it for many years. _Thatis, he is able fo

to apply a colour tothe outfide of poliihed Marble,as that ic
fhall fink a confiderable depth intothe body ofthe ftones

_and there reprefent like figures or images asthofe are on
theout fides ( deeper or fhallower according ashe continues

the application , alonger, or leffer while. ) Of which kind
there be divers pieces to be feen in Oxford, London, and elles

-where. And fome of them being fhewed to his Majefty ,

foon after his happy reftauration, they were broken in his
prefence, and found to anfwer expeétation. And others may
be dayly feen, by any who is curious, or defironsto feeit.

~ China-difhes. |

Notice was lately givén by an inquifitive Parifean toa friend

ofhigin Lovdow , that by an Acquaintance he had been in-
formed, that Signor Septalio, a Canonin Millaz, had the

_ Secret of making as good Porcelane asis made in Chive it felf,
_ anderanfparent 5 __ adding that he had feen him make fome.

_ This asit deferves, fo it will be further inquired after »
if God permit. bet \ fee

An Account of an odd Spring in Weltphalia, together

with an Information touching Sale-Springs and
. the. firaining of falt-water,

An obferving Gentleman did lately write out of Gerwany,

that in Wefiphalia in the Diocefs of Paderboru, is a Spring ,
which loofes it felf twice in 24 houres ; coming always, after

to

7 me)
to drive 3 Mills not far fromitsfource. The Inhabitants
seal itthe Bolderborn, as ikyou fhould fay, the Boyfterous
Spring. | ; 0 a a

the fame Per(ov, having mentioned the many Saltesprings
in Germany, asthofe at Lunenburg, at Hallin Saxony, at
Salizwedelin Brandenburger Mark, in Tyrol, &c. obferves,
that no Sale- water, which-contains any Metal with it, can
well be fodden to Salt in a Veffel of the fame Metal , which
it felf contains, except Vitriolin Copper Veflels.
He adds, that, to feparate Sale from Salt-water, without —
Fire, if you take a Veflel of Wax, hollow within , and every
where tight 5 and plungeit into the Sea, or into other Salt-
water, there. will be made fuch a feparation, that the vef=
fel fhall be full of fweet water, the Salt ftaying behind: bur,
though this water haveno faltifhtafte, yer, be faith , there ©
will be found a Salt in the Eflay , which 1s the Spirit of Salt,
fubrile enough with the water to penetratethe Wax.

An Account of the Rife and Attempts , of aWayto
. conveigh Liquors immediately into the Mafs of —
Bloods, = 0: vgs aMe is a ae

Whereas there have lately appeared in’ publick fome
Books , printed beyond the Seas, treating of the Way
of InjeBing liquors into Veines 5 1n which Books the Original’
of that Invention feems to be adicribed to others, befides

— him, to whom it really belongs3It will furely not be thought q
atnifs, if fomething be faid,whereby the truefavextor’s tight | —
may beyond exception be aflerted & preferved;.Towhich —

end, there will need no more thanbarelytoreprefentthe
Time when, and the Place where,& among whomit wasfirft
{tarted and put totryal. To joyn allthefe circumftances —
together, "Tis notorious, that at leaft fix years fince (a good

while before i¢ was heard off, that any one did pretend to 7
have fo much asthought of it) the Learned and Ingenious

Dr. Chriftopher Wren did propofe in the Uxiverfity of Oxford
( where he now isthe Worthy Savilian Profeflor of 4/rono-
my, and where very many Curious Perfons are ready den |@

te |

| | (1299) ~

teft this relation ) to that Noble Benefactor to Experimenta!
Philofophy, Mr. Robert Boyle, Dr. Wilkizs, and other deferv-
ing Perfons, Thathe thought , he could eafily contrive a
Way to conveigh any liquid thing immediately into the
Mats of Blood ; videl: By making Ligatures onthe Veines ,
and then opening them on the fide of the Ligature towards
the Heart, and by putting into them {lender Syringes or
Quills, faftened to Bladders ( inthe manner of Clyfter-
pipes) containing the matter tobe injected 5, performing
- thar Operation upon pretty big and lean doggs,that the Vel:
fels might be large enough and eafily acceflible,
This Propofition being made,M.Boy/e foon gave order for an
_ Apparatus,to put it to Experiment; wherin at feveral times,
upon feveral Doggs, Opin & the Infufion of Crocus Atetallo-
rua were injected into that part of the hind-iegs of thofe A.
nimals,whence the larger Veflels, that carry the Blood, are
moft eafy tobe taken hold of: whereof the fuccefs was,
that the opie, being foon circulated into the Brain, did

svithin a fhort time ftupify , though not kill the Dog 5 buta
large Dofe of the Crocus Metallorum, made an other Dog vo.
mit up Life and all : All which is more amply-and circnm- ©
“f{tantially delivered by Mr- Boyle in his Excelent Book of the

Ufefulnels of Experimental Philojophy, Part. 2. Effay2.pag.

53. §4- 55- Where’tisalfo mention’d, that the fame of
this Invention and of the fucceeding Tryals being {pread ,
and particularly coming to the knowledge of a foreign 4u-
_ baffadour , that was Curious, and then refided in Loudon, —
st was by himtryed with fome Crocus duectalloram, upopa
-‘MalefaGtor, that was an inferiour Servant of his 3 with this
fuccefs, that the Fellow, asfoon as ever the Injection began
tobe made, did, either really or craftily, fall into a fwoon3
whereby, being unwilling to profecute fo hazardous an Exe
periment, they defifted, without feeing any other effect of ir,
fave that it was told the Ambafladour, that it wrought once
downwards withhim. Sincewhichtime, it hath been frex
quently practifed both in Oxford &Londonsas well before the
‘Royal Society, aselfewhere. And particularly that Learned

. . Se2 Phyfitian,

3 pe eee, pe
Phyfitian, Dre Timothy Clerk, hath made it part of his bufi-
néfs, to purfue thofe Experiments with much induftry, great

accuratene(s, and confiderable obfervationsthereons;which —_

above two years fince, were by him produced and read be-
fore the Royal Society, who thereupon: defired him, as one of -
their Members, tocompleat, what he had propofed to him-
-felfupon that fubje&t , and then to publifh the fame: the
- Effest. whereof ‘tis hoped , will now fhortly appear, and

not prove unwelcome to the Curious,

Some whereof,though they may conceive,that liquors thus -

injeted into Veines without preparation and digeftion, will |
make odde, eommotions in the Blood, difturb Nature, and
—caufe ftrange Symptoms in the Body , yet they have other
thoughts of Liquors, thatare prepared offuch things,» as
have pafled the Digeftionofthe Stomach forexample, of
_ Spirit of Urine, of Harts- horne , of Blood &c. Andthey —
hopelikewife, that befidesthe 4ZedicalUfes, thatmaybe
made ofthis Invention, it may alfo ferve for Avatomical
_purpofes, by: filling, after this way, the-veffels ofan Ani- ~
mal as full, as they can hold, and by exceedingly diftending
them, difcover New Veffels, &c: Butnotnowtoenlarge ~~
upon the Ufes, the Reader may fecurely take this Narrative,
as the naked real Matter of Fact, whereby ‘tis asclear, as
Noon day (both from the Time,and irrefragable Teftimo=
ny of very many confiderable Perfons in that Univerfity,who ~~
can jointly atteftic ; as well as from that particularungue- _
ftionable one of, Mr. Boyle and his worthy Company , who —
were the firft Eye-witneffes of the Tryals made, ‘that to Ox=-
ford, and in it, to Dr. Chrifiopber Wren,this Invention is dues -
and confequently, that all othets , who difcourfeor writ? of
it, doe either deriveit from Him, or arefallenuponthe
fame Devifefeveral years after Hims

ae
oe

-

” Publifhed with Licenfe,

Oxford, Peneed by 4: & L: Lichfield ; | i:
for Ric: Davis. 1665,

“ =
P - €
is

C131) Num, Be

3s 4CT10 NS

¢ fi

5 ae ; a wade envaih ebral Ba, a :

i

THI IL Os

The Contents. :

. ing Re tS 5 » 3

G2 ot mom J oofiee wicne of odd Chebbitubians i line ao
—@ Of away, ufedia Italy of preferving Ice and Snow by Ghaffés

Directions for Sea-wen bound for far Voyages, drawie up by.
Be BMafler Rook, JateGeometry Prefeffour of Grefhan Col- °
to edge. “some. Obfervations. of Jupiters Eclipfed by. one of.
Bis EAectlieekt: and of bis Gonverfion about his Axis, Of fome
“te ais Curious jatigoe that are feerty to conse As

“broads 0

wy

iy ye

Cage ‘Aveoinit of fee uel seiiles in Taly ef Can |

OS gai Optic Calls,

won

LN Joquifiti itive. Pavifian an writes to ti Cortefpondent i in
‘A London, as followss 128
oye rect ved lately news fron Robie, froma very Curious :
{Oni c our ‘deg ildintance,importing,tharCampani hath had
vantage OF Divin?) ThéGreat Duke of Torkany pand
Prince Leopold, hisBrother; upon Tryal, made of both their
Giaffes, have found thofe of Campaniexcel the other , and
— them ses have been able, ie ily to diftinguifh people

at

(132)

at 4 Ppa diftance : te us I intend you more patticu- “
darshereafter. 2... |
Among them.are pxpedied the Le ath of thee Telefipe a

_ and the Largenefs of the Apertare of their Objef-glaffes. In —
‘the mean time, the Parabolical-glaffes formerly mentioned a
tobe in hand here at London , are finithing with all ‘poffible —
care and induftry. | y

AF aie Relstion ws 16 Whale-ffhing about the 3
Bermudas , and on the seek RE tak and (4
New-Netherland, oe | a

~

The fame Pérfony: that tabtanasaa tent pepsi a a-
bout che new Whale-fithing near the Bermudas, mentioned
. . inthe firft ofthefe Tra@s, givesthis furtherInformation;
That there have been fince taken by orderofthe Bermudas —
Company ; > fixteen of thofe Whales, the Oyle whereof. to
the quantity of §0 or 60 Tuns arrived i in Ireland at. biwsrich,
fome few months agoe. 4
‘He adds, that about two years fince, tHere teanded upon ~
the Coaft of New-England adead Whale, ofthat fort, which ~
they call rumpo , having Teeth refembling thofe of a Mill ,
and its mouth at a good diftance from , and under the Nofe 4
or Trunk , and feveral boxes or partitions in the Nofe, like
thofe of the Tailes in Lobfters; and that that being open’d ~
thererun out of ita thin oily fabftance, which would candy —
in time 5 after which, the remainder , beinga thick fatty ~
fubftance, was taken out of the fame part > witha eres 4
And this fubftance he affirmed to bethe Sperma Ceti s ad= —
ding further, that the Blubber, as they callic, it felf, ofthe —
fame fort of Whales, when {tewed, yields on the topacreas =
my fubftance, which taken off, ‘and thrown upon whe ip
“dime, lets fall a dirty heterogen cous fediment, but what _ .
remains aloft, affords a epi Seh like matters 7

4 ‘ ali: a Gee
pe 4 4 x : 4 ~ Pe ton

ae ’ (433

He concluded his relation with obferving,that thefe whales
_were to be met with,between the Coaft of NeweEnglandand °
New-Netherland, where they might be caught eight or nine.
monthsinthe year, whereas thofe about the Bermudas are to
be found there only in the Months of February , 2¢arch and
Aprile . GD ME Oe |
‘ Govieetaine the death of the Whale, which hath been re-
_ Jated to have ftranded upon New-Exgland, it is not very ime

probable, but, (that Fifth having alfo more than one Ene-
my,whereofa {mall Fifh called the Treffer, 1s one, who, by
Mr. Terry's Relation in his Ea/t-Indiaw Voyage , with his
nimblenefs vexes him as much , asa Bee does a great Beaft
on the land; and a certain horny Fifh another , who runsits
horn into the Whal’s belly ) it may have been kill’d by the —
~Jacter ofthefe twos which kind of Fifh is known, fometimes
- torun its horn into Ships ( perhaps taking them forWhales)
and there {napping it afunders as hapned not long fince to.an

Englifh Veflelinthe Weft-Indiax Seas; thebroken pieceof _
that Horn being by the Mafter of that fhip prefented tothe ©
King 5’ and now kept in His Majefties Repofitory: the like |
-“wherof befela French Veflel:, failing towards the Baff-1#-

dies, according tothe Relation, madeby Monfieur Theve-
wot in his fecond Tome of Curious Voyages. Ramat

Of a remarkable Spring , about Paderborn in Ger-
- Aninguiring Gentleman of thofe parts writes to his Friend
we random, setolowss: Pe ‘ RO1 arte
_ Ta this Diocefs of Paderborn » about 2 leagues from that
~ Town, is atreble Spring call'd Adetborz, which has three
flreams, two wherofare not above one foot and anda half
- diftant from one another , and yer of fo differing qualities ,
_ that whereas one of them islimpid,, blewif), lukewarm,
~bubling, and holding Sal-armonia¢k/Ochra, Iron, Virriol,
gem | ee Tos: ~~ Allum,

‘

JE STE St a) ee | |
Allum , Sulphur, Niter’s Orpiment;; ufed agaiaft Epilepfies
bad Spleens, andthe Wormes 5 ce nthec label ascbid |
and whirith, muchftronger in taft; andheavier than the fore —

mer, holding much Orpiment,, Salt, Iron, Niters and fome

Sal-Armoniack,. Allum and Vitridls, Of this all Birds., “ob+

- ferved to drink ofit, doedyes which I have alfo privately

experimented by taking fome. of it home,’ andgivingitto

Hens, after f had giventhem Oates, Barly and Bread-crums:

For, . foon, after they\had drunk of it, they became giddy

reeled, and tumbled'upon their backs, with. conyulfion-fitts, ~

and fo dyed withagreat extention, of their leggs....Giving
them common-fale immediatly after they had drunk, they
dyed not fo foon; giving them vineger,they dyed.notat all, —
but, feven,or eight days, after were troubled with.the Pipp.
-Thofe that dyed, being open’d, their Lungs were found. quite
fhrivelled together-!-.Yet fome men, that aretroubled —
with Worms, taking.a litle, quantity of it,..anddiluting ic
in.common water;, have: been.obferved by thisimeansito kill
-the Worms in theirbellies; fo that.a great Pin at 4
worms come fromrthem 3 whereupon though they.are fick, —
yet they dye not... As tothe third ftream, thatlyeslower —
than the other, two:, about 20 paces diftant from them, itis —
of a greenifh colour , very clear, and ofa fowre {weet taft, _
pleafing enough. It hath about a middle weight berween —
the other two; whence wee guefs, that itismixedofthem —
both, meeting there together: to confirm which, wehave —
mixed equal quantities, of thofetwo, with an addition ofa ~
‘Hithe common well-water, and have found.that they, being ©
ftirred together and permitted tofetle , made juft a water —
ofthe fame colour andtaft ofthisthirdftream. =

Of fome other not-common Springs at Batel aud in —

A Curious Pexfon writes. from thofe Places ia manner fol-
bowing: fed | ; oo A

en ee (135). ) |
Ac BafeltheSpring, running inthe Gerbergaffe ( or Tan-

_ persfireet ) from St. Leonard's Hill; is of a Blewith colour ,
and fomewhat troubled, holding Copper, Bitumen, and An- .
timony., about ‘3 parts of the firft, one ofthe fecond, and
two of the laft, ashas been examined by skilful Perfons°
Our Tanners do water their Skinsin it; and being a well-
tafted and wholfome Water, it is both much drunk, and u-

fedto Bath in. It mingles with another Spring water, call’d.
the Birfick, and with it, between the Sa/t-tower and the.
Rhine-gate yunsintothe Rbize. : Hey
‘Inthe fame Town (which abounds with Spring-waters).

_ theréaretwo, among the reft, called Bundulpb’s-well, and —
Bran Zum Bruunen, that are more obfervable then the other 5.__

_ the formerof them having a Camphory and drying Quality, —

- and ufed againft Hydropical Diftempers ; the latter contain-

ing fome Sulphur, Saltpeter and Gold, and being an excel-
lene Water to drink, much ufed in the principal Tavern of
the City, where the chief of the Town do refort, and near
ee oe
‘In 4/fatiz in the Valley, called Lebertbal, near Geésbhach

(an ancient Mine-work) there runs out of aCaverza foul,

Fattith, oily Liquor, which, though the Country-men of ©

_ that place employ to the vile ufe of greafing their Wheels,

- inftead of ordinary Wheel-greafe; yet doth it afford anex-

cellent Balfom, by taking aquintity of it, and putting it in

an Earthen Pot we'll luted, thac no t:1m may exhale; and
then witha genrle Fire ac 1-%, Oat a ftronger afterwards,
boylingicforcthres houss ogethe-3 ‘a which {pace it will

- boylin a fou-th yar’, aad >. #archen Matter, like Pitch, will

fetcle it felf at the boreun: but onthe top thereof, when
cold, there. will fwiin 4 fatty Sudtance, like Lyne-Oyl,
limped and fomewhat yellowith, which is to be decanted

- from the thick Sedimenr, and then gently diftilled in an A-

— lembickin 4reszz by which means, there will come over

two differing Liquors, one Phlegmatick, the other Oily,

erads ; aes al which

%

mie oo CARB)

which latter (wimming on the Phlegm, is to be fevered from
ite The Phiegm is ufed as an excellent Refifter and Curer
of all che Putrefactions of the Lungs and Liver, and it heals
all foul Wounds and Ulcers. ‘The Oily part, being diluted
with doubleits quantity of diftilled Vineger, and brought
. three timesoverthe Helm, yields arareBalfom, againft all
inward and outward Corruptions, ftinking Ulcers, heredi-.

tary Scurfs and Scabs: ‘Tis alfo much ufed againft Apople-

xies, Palfies, Confumptions, Giddinefles, and Head-aches,
Inwardly they take it with Succory-water againft all cor-
ruptions of the Lungs, It is a kind.of Petroleum, and con-
tains no other Mineral Juice, but that of S#/phur, which feems
to bethus diftilled by Nature under ground ; the diftillation

of anQyl out of S#lphur by Art, being not fo eafie to per-

form.

Of the richeft Salt-Springs in Germany: Te)

* An Account having been defired of thofe two chief Salt- | :

Springs in Germany, at Hall and Lunenburg, it was lately
tranfmitted thus: ale |

|
‘

The Salt. Springs at Hallin Sexony are four,. called Gutia=
av, the Duich- Spring, the Mettritz, and the Hackel-dorn;.
whereof the three firft hold near the fame proportion of Salts
the laft holds lefs, but yields the pureft Salt. The three firft
hold about feven parts of Salt, three of Marcafit, andfour-°_
teen of Water: They are, befides their Oeconomicalufe,
employed Medicinally to Bath in, and to drawa Spirit out of
it, xhibired with good fuccefs againft Venom, and thé pu- —

trefaction of the Lungs, Liver, Reins, andthe Spleen. |”

The Salt-Water at Lunenburgh, being more greenifh then
white, and not very tranfparent, is about the fame nature |

and hold with that of Hal/, Ithatha mixtureof Lead with

it;whence alfo it will not be fod in Leaden Panssand if it held
nO Lead at all, it would not be fo good, that Mettal being —
judged to pugrefic the Water : whence alfo the Sale of Zy- .
cM | ht mengnrgl

ee a ;
~so t ee e - Pg ho SO
-% ty hae tee” oor ed

Ty is te « ; ‘
: igs eps sae il ih a Se pi SE are eS OE a ee aa a
Be nen rt ee Re oO eee ee ee

ba dad

: (137)
wenbarg is preferred before all others, that are made of Sal¢.
_ Springs, siya git pe
a | ‘Some Obfervations of farms of firange InfeEis,.

and the Mifchiefs done by them, |

Argreat Obferver, who hath livedlongin New England,
_ did upon occafion,relate to a Friend of hisin London, where
he lately was, That fomefew Years fince there was fucha
{warm of a certain fort of Infe@s in that Exglifh Eolony,
that for the {pace of 200 Miles they poyfon’dand deftroyed
vallthe Trees of that Country 3 there being found innume-
‘rable little holes in the ground, out of which thofe Infecs
broke forth inthe form of Adaggots, which turned into Flyes
that hada kind of taile or fting, which they {truck into the
Tree, and thereby enyenomed and killed ir. z
The like Plagueis faid to happen frequently in the Coun-
try of the Cofack: ot Vkrani, wherein dry Summers they are
infefted with fuch {warms of Locufts, driven thither by an
Ea(t, or Soxth-Eafé Wind, that they darken the Air in the
faireft weather, and devour all the Corn of that Gountry 5
laying their Eggs in e4utumz,and then dying 5 but the Eggs, -
of which everyone layeth two or three hundred, hatching ~
__thenext Spring, produce again fucha number of. Locults,
that then they do far more mifchief than afore, unlefs Rains
do fall, which kill both Eggs and the Infetts themfelves, or
unlefs a ftrong North or North- eff Wind arile, which drives
them into'the Exxia-Sea : The Hogs of that Country loving
- thefe Eggs, devour alfo great quantities of them, and there-
~ by help to purge the Land of thems which is often fo mo-
lefted by this Vermine, that they enter intotheir Houfes and
Beds, fall upon their Tables and intotheir Meat, infomuch —
“that they can hardly eat without taking down fome of them;
. in the Night when they repofe themfelves upon the ground,
they cover it three or four Inches thick, and if a Wheel pafs
i ce es eC over

RVG

a er

C1 38).

ever sti: they emit a {tench hardly to be endured : All
~ which, and much more may be fullffeeninthe Frézch De-
_ f{eription of the Countries of Poland, made by Monficur de
Beauplan, and by Monfeur Thevenot, in his Relation of the
Cofacks, contained i in the Firlt pare of his Cariens Wayages.

An Bh ict touching the Bodies aa Snakes a )
Vipers. |

3 es #

‘Several have taken notice, that there i is a difference Ha
». tween the brooding of. Snakes and Vipers, thofelaying their

Eggs ia Dung-hills, by whofe warmth they are hatched’ ieee a
thele (Vipers) brooding their Eggs within their Bellies; a
- bringing forth live Vipers. To which may be added, “ a

fome affirm to have feen Saabs ia upen their Faget Hens 4
fit upon theirs. seals Al %

ST ss AE y

| Some Obfer ervations of odde C Conlin of Bodie: q
A very curious Perfon, Fudge! Phyfick at iy Pes ca to F
‘@hon had been imparted thofe Relations about a Milky Subs. —
ftance in Veins, heretofore alledgéd in Numb. 6. ‘returns, by 2
way of gratitude, the following Obfervations. ~ xo S
_ “There was (faith he) not many Years fince, in clits Ghote a
try a Student, who being much addicted to the ftudy of .4- —
fironomy, and fpending very many Nights ‘im Star-gazing, 7
had, by the Nocturnal wet and cold’ temper of: the Air,{in
* tach a manner obftructed the pores of ‘his skin, that little ‘or
_ nothing exhaled from his Body 3 which appeared: hence, be- |
_ eaufe that the fhirt, he had worn five orfix weeks; wasthen
~ as white as if he had worn’ it but one day.» a themean a
while he gathered a° fubeutanéous Water,’ “of which yetibe
Was afterwards well cured: !° 092.) nodb ‘
_ Wehavealfo (faith the fame) feen heveca: ‘young Maid, of a
“about thirteen Years of age, which fromthe time that fhe
was but fix Years old, and began tobe about her Mother i He a
a ae

| pis (139) e
the Kitchin, would, as often as the was bid to bring her Sale,
orcould elfe come at it, fill her Pockets therewith, and eat
it, as other children doe Sugar : whence the was fodried up,

and grown fo ftiff, that the could not ftirre her limbs, and

was thereby ftarved to death. Le ne
- That Learned and Obferving Do&or Jobz Beal, upon the

_ perufal of the forementioned Nw, 6. was pleated to come

municate this Note | : Naidh: :
» To your Obfervation,of Milk in Veines, I can add a Phe.

_nomenor of {ome refemblance ta it, which I received above
20+ years agoe from Thowss Day, an Apothecary in Came

bride; vid. That himfelt let a man bleud in the arme, by
order of Doftor Eade, a Phylitian there. The mans bloud
was white as Mi ky, asic run out of his arme, it bad a little di-
lute rednefs, but 1mmediately, as it fell into the Veffel, it was

prefently white ; and it continued likedrops of Milk onthe
_ pavement, whereever it fell. The conjecture which the |

. faid Phyfitian had of the caufe of this appearance, was, that
_ the Patient had much fed on Fifh; affirming withall,that he |
had foon beena Leper, if not prevented by Phyfick’.

' ssi A way of preferving Ice and Snow by Chaffe. a

~ The Ingenious Mr. William Ball did communicate the re-

- lation hereof, as he had received it from his Brother, now re-
| fiding at Livorne, as follows 5 : htc
| . ‘The Snow, or Ice-houfes are here commonly buile on the
| fide of a fteep: hill, being only a deep hole in the ground, by
_ which meanes, they eafily makea paflage out from the bot-
_ tom of it, to carry away all the water, which, if it fhould re-
| main ftagnating therein, would melt the Ice and Snow: bute
_ they thatch it wich ftraw, in the fhape of a Saucepan:cover,
| that the rata may not come at it.The fides (fuppofing it dry)
_ they line not with any thing, as is done in St Jeames’s Park,
- by reafon of the moiftnefs of the ground. This Pit pede
a scone Noe vy } i

+

NE

cqneats &e. So far this Author. —

| C140) Mae
Gill of Snow or Ice (taking care that the Ice be made of thie
pureft water, becaufe they put it into their wine ) over-
{preading firft the bottom very well with Chaffe-s. by which
I mean not any part of the ftraw, but what remainsupon
the winnowing of the Corn; and I think, they here ufe Bar-
ley-chaffe- . This done , they further, as they put inthe
- ‘Jee, of the Snow , (.whichlatter they ram down »)lineit

- thick by thefides with fuch Chaffe, and afterwards cover
stwell with the fame and in halfa years lying fo, ‘tis found
- got to want above an cight part of what it weighed, when
--firft put in. Whenever they takeit out intotheAire, they
‘wrap it in this Chaffe, and it keepsto admiration. ‘Theufe
of it in Exgland would not be fo much for cooling ofdrinks, —
gs "tis heregenerally ufed ; but for cooling of fruit, (weet-
- The other ufual way both in Italy and other Countries ,
eo conferve Snow and Ice with Straw or Reed, isfer down
fo punctually by Mr. Boyle inhis Experiment el Hiftory of Cold,
pag: 408. 409. that nothing isto be added. Ie feems Phny —
could not pafs by thefe Confervatories, andthe cooling of
drinks with Ice, without paffing this fevere, though elegant.

and witty, Animadverfion upon them: Hi Nives, illiglaciem

— potant, paerd/que montium in voluptatem: gule vertust : Serva- —
gur algor aftibus > excogttaturque gt alienis menfibuen ivale |
geat, lib. 19. cap. 4- But the Epigramsueatif? {ports with it
huss: ere ye re

- Nompetare mivem, fed aquam potarerigentem =

penive, commenta eft ingeniofa fits Martial, 14. pil Te G

aii plea? pppoe oe ia
Direétzons for Seaamen, bound for far Vo y age age

Xt being the Defign of the R. Society, for the better at-
taining the End of their {aftitution , to ftudy’ Nature rather
than Books, and from the Obfervations, made of the Phan
womena and Effects the prefents, to compofefuch a Hilto~

ee (141) |
ry of Her,'as may hereafter ferve to build a Solid and Ufeful |
Philofophy upon; They have from time te time given or-
der to feveral of their Membersto draw up both Inquiries of
thiags Obfervable in forrain Countries , and DireZions
forthe Particulars,they defire chiefly to be informed about.
And confidering with chemfelves, how much they may in-
creafe their Philofophical ftock by the advantage, which
England injoyes of making Voyages into all parts of che
World , they formerly appointed that Eminent Mathema-.
tician and Philofopher MafterRooke, oneof their Fellowes .
and Geometry Profellor of Grefoam Colledge ( now deceafed
tothe great detriment of the Common+wealth of Learning)
~ to think upon and fet down fome DireZions for Sea-ween gor
ing into the Ea/t & Weft-Indies, the better to capacitate them
for making fiuch obfervations abrdad’, as may be pertinent
and fuitable for their purpofe 3 of which the faid Sea-men
Should be defired to keep-an exa& Diary, delivering at their
-yeturn a fair Copy thereof tothe Lord High Admiral of Ex-
gland, his Royal Highnefsthe Duke of York , andanother to
-- Tyinity-houfe to be perufed by the R. Society. Which-Cata-
_dogue of DireGZions having been drawn up accordingly by the
faid Mr. Rook, and by him prefented to thofe, who appoin-
ted him to: expedite fuch an one, it was thought nottabe |
unfeafonable at this time to make it publique, the more con-
_ veniently to furnifh Navigators with Copies thereof. They
aréefuch, asfollow; ores oie cee we
1. Toobferve the Declination of the Covpafs, or its Va-
siation from the 24eridian of the place,frequently 3 marking
.. Withal, the Latzinde and Longitude of the place, wherever
~~ fuch Obfervation is made, as exadly asmay be, and fetting
down the atethod , by which they made them. :
2. To carry Dipping Needles with them, and obferve
the Iaclination of the Needle inlikemanner, = = ~ |
3. Toremark carefully the Ebbings and Flowings of the
Sea, im asmany places asthey can, together with all rhe Ac-
ee Va cidents»

~

: Te Ne er ee
dents, Ordinary and Extraordinary, of the Tides; as, their =
precifetime of Ebbing and Flowing in Rivers, at Promonto-

vies ox Capes 3 which way their Current runs , what Perpen- ; .
dicular diftance there is between the highelt Tide and lowe

eft Ebb, during the Spring- Tides and Neap-Tidess; what =
Gay of the Asoons age,and what times of the year, the higheft.
and Joweft Tides fall out : And allother confiderable Acci-
dents, they can obferve inthe Tides, cheifly neer Ports, and
abour Tlands:, asin Se. Heleza’s land , and the three Rivers
there, at the Bermodas Bae he chy

4 To. make: Plotts. and Draughts of profpect of
Coafts, Promontories, Iflands and Ports,marking the Bear-
ings and.Dittances, as neeras they can. - at Hoi a
. §) Tofound.and marke the Depths of Coafts and Ports,
soe fuch other places nefe the fhoar , as they fhall think
6 Totake notice of the Natureof the Ground at the
bottom of the Sea, in all Soundings, whether it be Clay,
Sand, Rock , @c. oer sitat! valet Soman
. 9. To keep.a Regifter of all changes of Wind and
- Weather at allhoures, by night and by day, fhewing the
point the Wind blows from, whether ftrongor weak: The
Rains, Hail, Snow and the like, the precife times oftheir bez
-ginnings and continuance,efpecially Hurricans and Spoutssbut =
above all totake exatt care to obferve the Trade-Wines,a-
_ bout what degtees of Latitude and Longitude they firft begin,

whereand when they ceafe, or change, or grow ftrongeror
weaker, and how much 3 as near and exact as may be.

8. To obferve and record all Extraordinary Aseteors, ~~
Lightnings, Thunders, Igvesfatui, Comets, @c.e marking
- fill the places and times of their appearing’, continu=-
ance, &c. ) nai val eo abe a

g: Tocarry with them good Scales, and Glaffe-Violls of
@ pint or fo, with very narrow mouths, whichareto befilld
with Sea-wateria different degreesof Latitede, as oftenas

: Las they

a

|
/

“i (143) |

_ they pleafe, and the weight of the Vial full of watertakenex=) —

actly at every time,and recorded, marking withall the degree

of Latitude, and the day of the Month: And that as well of :
water near the Top} as.atagreater Depth. | DO VOI BA

Some Obferwations concerning Jupiter, Of the foa-
dow of one of bis Satellites feex, by a Telefcope
— paffing over the Body of Jupiter, -

_» [have received an Account from very good hands, That
on the 26th of september lat, at half hour after {even of the
Clock, wasfeen, both in Hel/azd and in France (by curious
Obfervers, with very good Telefcopes) the fhadow of one
of the Satellites of jupiter, pafling over his Body. One of
thofe fmall Stars moving about his Body ( which are there-
fore called his Satellites.) coming between the Sun and it,
madea {mall Eclipfe, appearing in the Face of Jupiter as a
jittle round black Spot. The Particulars of thofe Obferya-
~ tions, whenthey fhall come to our Hands, ‘we may (if need
be) make them publik: Which Obfervations, asthey are
_. In themfelves very remarkable, and argue the Excellency of
the Giaffes by which they were difcovered5 So are we, in
part, beholding to Monfieur Caffini for them, who giving
notice before- hand of fuch Appearances to be expected, gave
occafion tothofe Gurious Obfervers to look forthem.

_ Of a permanent Spot in Jupiter : by which is mani-> _.
_ fefted the converfion of Jupiter about his own Axis.

Befides that Tranfient Shadow laft mentioned, there hath
- been obferved, by Mr. Hook firft (as is mentioned in Nusb,1.
of thefe Tranfad.) and fince by M. Caffinz, a permanent Spot
in the Difque of Jupiters by the help whereof,they have been
able to obferve, not onely that. Jupiter turns about upon his
own Axis, but alfo the Time of fuch converfion ; ere he.
ee rahe oy eftimates.

s 144)
_eftimates to be, 9 hours and §6 minutes..

_. For as Kepler did before conjeture, from the motion of
the Primitive Planets about the Sun as their Center, that the:
~ San moved about its own Axis, but could not proveie, till
by Galileo and Shzwer the Spots in the Sun were difcovered 5
fo it hath been thought reafonable, from the Secundary Pla-
nets moving.about jupiter, that Fapiter is alfo moved about
his Axis; yet, till now, it hath not been evinced by Obfer-
vation, That it doth fo move; muchlefs, in what Period of
Time. And the like reafon there is to judge fo of Saturn, be- -
caufe of the Secundary Planet difcovered by Monfieur Hs-
gens de Zulichems to move about it 5, (though fuch motion be
mot yet evinced from Obfervation ;:) as well as that of the
Earth, from itsAttendantthe Jéoon, |
Whether the fame may be alfo concluded of the other
Planets, Jars, Venus, and Mercury, (about whom have not
yet been obferved any Secondary Planets. to move, ) is not
fo evident, peter may be fomewhat, of like. probability
— inthofe. Not onely, becaufe it is poffible they may have
Secundary Planets about them, though not yet difcovered;

(For, we know, it was long after thofe of Jupiter, before that

- about Saturn was difcovered ; and who knows, what after

times may'difcover about the reft?) But becaufethePrimary

~ Planets:being al! in like manner inlightned by the Sun , and:
(in all likely hood) moved by it; it is likely thar they be
moved by the fame Laws aud Methodss and therefore,turn'd

.. abouctheirown Axis, as it is manifelt that fome of them

But, a8 for the Secundary Planets, as well thofe about

Jupiter, as that about Sature it is moft likely that they have _ [
no.fuch Rotation upon their Axiss Not {0 much, becaufe,

by reafon of their {malnefs; no {isch thing hath been yet ob-
ferved;\ or, mdeed, could’be, though it were true5) Butbe-
_ eaufethey being irre a our Moow, iv is moft likely
that they aremoved in'‘like manner. Now, though it be:

arabe | | true,

(145)

true, that there is fome kind ofLibratiox of the Moon's body;

8 ore OF the Origine of Forms and Qualities, deduced from

vere to be found in thofe parts. The Author yet Anonyaeas.

nomer, who was Great-Grand-childe to the famous Tamer=

ory,

C146) és
lane, and one of his Sueceffors in fome of his: Kin dems)
"made at Semarcand, hia cheief feat, (for the year of the He-

gira 841, for the year of Chrift 1437.) whonot finding the

Tables of Ptolemy to agree fufficiently with the Heavens , did
“with great diligence, and expenfe,make obfervations anew
as Tycho Brabe hath (ince done, Itisafmall part of a larger
- Aftronomical Treatife of his, whereof there be divers Perféan
-Manufcript Copies in Oxford. Out of which this is Tranflae

“ted and Publifhed, both in Perftaz and Latine, by Mr. Thomas”
Hyde, now Library Keeper tothe Bodleyan Library i in Oxford:

(with Commentaries of his annexed :) Like as another ‘part
of it hath formerly been by Mr. Jobe Graves... Aad it were

a defirablework that the whole were Tranflated , that we :

might be the better: acquainted. with - wag Was sabe Safes
‘Afftonomy at that ti timee 4

"Oxia, Printed by d A: &L: Lilt, Ga.
ete ek ee Den 1666," |

£

ey
ee

(149) oy Num; o,

PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

- Munday , Feb, 12. 1668.

The Contents. |

An Apendix to the Directions for Seamen, bound for far voyages. :
Ofthe judgment of fome of the Englilh Ajffronomers , touching
the difference between twe learned men, about an Ob/fervation

_ made of the firft of the two late Comets. Of a Correfpondency,
tobe procured, for the finding out of the Yrue diflance ef the Sun
and Moon from theEarth.Of an Ob/ereation not long fince made in
England of Saturn..An Account of fome Mercurial Ob/ervatzons,

| made with a Barometer, and their Refults, Some Obfervations
of Vipers, made by an Italian Philofopber. :

An Appendix to the Dire@tions for Seamen,

bound for far Voyages.

Pee ee Hereas it may be of good ufe,both Naval
a> fe and Philefopbical , to know, both how to

fe /p2 {ound depths of the fea without a Line,

‘9)f@ and to fetch up water from any depth of
Wye thefame; the following waies have been
Dre, contrived by Mr. Hook to perform both;
eg (which fhould have beenadded to the
lately printed Dzrections for Seamen,if then

it could have been conveniently done.) i
xX Firft,

mi (1148)

Firff, for the founding of depths without aCord, confider

. Figure 1, and accordingly take a Globe of Firr, or Maple, or.

other light Wood, as A: letit be well fecured by Vernith,.
Pitch, or otherwife,from imbibing water. then take a piece of
Lead or Stone , D, confiderably heavier. then will fink the
Globe: letthere bealong Wire-ftaple Bsin the Ball A, anda:
{pringing Wire C, witha bended end F, and into the faid fta-

ple, prefs in with your fingers the. {pringing Wire on the-
~ bendedend: and omit hang the weight D, by itsring E, and

fo let Globe and all fink gently into the water, in the pofture

reprefented in the firft Fezure, to the bottom, where the weight”

D touching firft, is thereby ftopt; bat the Ball, being by the
_ Impetus, it acquired in defcending, GMrried downwards a little
after the weight is ftopt, fuffers the {pringing wire to fly back,
_ andthereby fetsit felf at liberty to reafcend. And, by obfer-

ving thetime of the Ball’s ftay under water. ( which may be . :

‘done by a Watch, having minuts and feconds, or by a good
Minut-glafs, or beftof all, by a Pendulum vibrating feconds)
you will by this way, with the help of fome Tables, come to
know any depth of the fea. BE ae

o

Note, that care muft be had of proportioning: the Weight
vand fhape of the Lead, to the bulk,weight,and figure of the ~~

Globe,after fuch a manner, as upon experience fhall be found
moftconvenient: ‘De ome ted te

‘Infome of the Tryals already made with this Inftrument,

the Globe being of Maple-wood’, well covered with Pitch to 4

hinder foaking in, was 516 inches in diameter, and weighed

a, pounds: the Lead of 47 pounds weight, was of a Conical fi- —
gure, U1. inches long, with the fharper end downwards,1j¢ine
ches at the top, and j. at the the bottom indiameters Andin ©
thofe Experiments,made in the Thames, in the depth of 19.foor: 7
water, there paffed between the Immerfion and Emerfion of ~
the Globe, 6, feconds of an hour; and in the depth of ro.foot
water,there paffed 3° feconds or thereabout: From many of ~
which kind of Experiments it will likely not be hard to finde —

? : gut @

* -
a a ee

. 1 (14

out a method to calculate, what depth is tobe conciuded
from any other timeof the like Globes ftay under water.

In the fame Tryals,made with this Inftrument in the faid Ri-
ver of Thames, it hasbeen found, that there is no differenee in
time, ‘between the fubmerfions of the Ball at the greatett
depth, when it rofe two Wherrieflength from the place where
it was let fall (being carried by the Current of the Tide) and
when it rofe within a yard or fo of the fame place where it was
Tet down. < i &

The other Inftrument, for Fetching up water from the depth
of the fea, is (as appears by Figure 2.) a fquare woodden Buc-
ket C; whofe bottoms FE, are fo contrived, that as the weight
A, finks the Iron B,(to: which the Bucket C,is faftned by two
handles DD, on the ends of which are the moveable bottoms
or Valves EE, )and thereby draws down the,Buckets the refi-
ftance of the water keeps.up the Bucket in the pofture C;
whereby the water hath, all the while itis defcending, a clear
paffage through ; whereas,as foon as the Bucket is pulled up-
wards by the Line F,the refiftance of the water to that motion
beats the Bucket downward, and keeps it inthe pofture G,
whereby the Included water is preferved from getting out,
and the Ambient water kept from getting in. |

_ By the advantage of which Veflel; it may be known, whe.
ther fea water be Salter at and towards the bottom, thenat or
nearthe top: Likewife,whether in fome places of the fea,any
fweet water is to be found at the bottoms the Affirmative
whereof is to be met with in the£af? Indian Voyages of the in-

duftrious Johu Hugh Van Linschoten, who page 16 of that Book,
as ‘tis Englifboed, records, thatin the Perfian Gulph, about the
Hand Barem, or Babarem, they fetch up with certain Veflels
(which he defcribes not.) water out of the fea, from under the
falt-water, four or five fathom.deep, as fweet, as any Fountain
water. | . :

XX 2 Of

(150) :
Of the Fudgement of fome of the Englith Aftro-.

nomers, touching the difference between two
learned men , about an Obfervation made of

the Firft of toe 1120 late Comets.

Whereas notice has been taken in Num. 6, of thefe Tran/z
aiions, that there was fome difference between thofe two de-
fervedly celebrated Philofophers, Monfeur Hevelius and Mon-
freur Auzout, concerning an Obfervation, made by the former
ofthem, on the ,§ of February 1665. & thatthereuponfome B-
minent Engli/b Aftronomers,confidering theimportance of the
difpute, had undertaken the examination thereof; it will,'tis
conceived, not be unacceptable to fuch, as faw thofe Papers, —
to be informed, what has been done and difcerned by them
-inthatmatter. They having therefore compared the Printed:
Writings of thetwo Diffenters, and withall confulted the ob-
fervations made with Te/e/copes at home, by fome of the mof
intelligent.A ftronomers amongit them, who have attentively:
obferved the Pofition of that Come¢to the Telefcopical tars,
that lay in its way; Do thereupon Joyntly conclude, that,

vie igini - whatever that Appearance was, which.
o mi hrf : tie pr was {een near the Farfi fiar of Aries, by
+ yaaa Nase by she Menfieur Fevelias (the truth. of whofe

help of aTele/cope. reliition concerning the fame, they do in

: ‘ nowile queftion) the faid Comet did not:

come neer that Star inthe left Har of Ardes, where the faid M;
Hevelius {uppofes icto have paffed,but took itscourfeneerthe
Bright Star in its Left fiorn, according to Bayers Tables. And —
fince that the Obfervations of judicioas both French,lialian,8¢

eS a

Dutch Aftronomers(as many-of them,as are come to the know- _ :
ledgeof the Engli/p) do in the main fully agree.with theirs,they.
do not atall doubt, butthat, there being fuchanunanimous. —
| con. @

:

Fe

(161 |

confent in what has been jult isc « the Controver-
fie being about Matter of fatt,wherein Authority, Number,and
Reputation muft caft the Ballance, Monf. Hevelius, who is as
well known for his Ingenuity, as Learning, will joya and ac-
quiefce in that fentiment. ,

Of aCorrefpondency,to be procured, for the Fin-
ding out the True diftance of tbe Sun and
Moon fromthe Earth by the Paralax,obfer-
ved under (or neer) the fame Meridian.

Seeing that the knowledge of this diftance may prove of im:
portant Ufe, forthe Perfecting of Aftronomy, and for the
better eftablifhing the doftrine of Refraédtions; it is in the
thoughts ef fome very. curious Perfons in England, for the
finding out the fame, to fettle a Correfpondency with fome
others abroad, that are underftanding in Aftronomical mat-.
ters, and live in places farr diftant in Latitude,. and ender ( or
near.) the fame AMerzazan. :

To perform which, the following Method is propofed to
be obferved; viz, That at certain times agreed on by two.
Obfervatours, making ule of Tele/copes, large, good and well!
fitted for this purpofe, by a meafuring, rod, placed within:
the Bye-glafs ata convenient diftance, that it may be diftind-
ly fen, and ferve for meafuring {mall diftances by minuts

and feconds ¢ whichis eafieenough in large Tele/copes ) that, ao

I fay; each of fuch obfervers, thus furnifh’t, fhall obferve the -
vifible way of the 4/oon among the Fext flars, ( by taking her
exact diftance from any Fixt farr, that lyes inor very near
her way, together with the exact time of her fo appearing )
and the then apparent Diameter of her Disk 5 continuing
thefe Obfervations every time for cwo or three hours, that fo,
et if:

| 152) ; ,
df poflible, two exact cate of her Apparent place a.

mong the Frxt ffars being made, attwo places thus diftantin
Latitude, and as near as maybe under the fame Meridian, by —
thefe Obfervators concurring at the fametime, her true and
exact’ diftance may be hence collegted, not onely for that
time, but at all other times, by any fingle Obfervator’s view-
ing her witha Tele/cope, and meafuring exactly her Apparent
‘Prameter. It were likewife defirable, that as often as there
-happens any confiderable ZEclip/e of the Swn, that this alfo
might be obferved by them, noting therein the exact mea-
‘fure of the greateft Obf{curation compared with the then /p-
parent Diameter of his Disk, For by this means, after the di-
itance of the Moon hath been exactly found,the diftance ofthe
Sun willeafilybe deduced. ~~ , ane :
As for the time, fiteeft for making Obfervations ofthe —
Moon, that will be,when fhe is about a Quarter or fomewhat _
- Jefs illuminated, beeaufe then -her light-is not fo bright, but
that with a good Tele/cope fhe may be obfery'd to pafs clofe
‘by, and fometimes*over feveral Féxt flars 3 which is about.
four or five days before or after her Change: Or elfe at any
other time, when the Afoon paffes near or over fomeof the _
' . bigger fort of Fist ftars, fuch as of the firftorfecond Mag. —
nitude ; which may be eafily calculated and forefeenyOrbeft —
_ of all, when there isany Total Eclip/e of the A¢eon; for then
the {mallet Tele/copreal fears may be {een clofeadjoyning tothe —
very body of the Moves, Of all which particularsthe two ©
Correfpondents are to: agree, as foon ashe,thatistojoyna-
broad, fhall be foundout; whereapon they are mutuallyto
communicate to each orher,what they fhallhave thusobferved
in each place, ae ON ees
Of an Obfervation, uot long fince made in Eng-
land, of Saturn. : :

This Obfervation was made by Mr, Wiliam Bal, oe ¥
panied

6

panied by his brother, Dr, 5p Offober 13.1665, at fix of
the Clock, at Mainhead near Exeter in Devonjbire,with a very
good Tele/cope near g8footlong, and adouble Eye-glafs, as
the obferver himfelf takes notice, adding, that he never faw
that Planet more diftinét. The obfervation is reprefented by
Figure 3. concerning which, the Author faith in his letter toa
- friend, as follows; ‘This appear’d to me the prefent figure of
Saturn, fomewhat otherwife, than Il expected, thinking it
would have been decreafing, but I found it full asever, anda
little hollow above and below. Whereupon the Perfon, to
whom notice was fent hereof, examining this fhape, hath by
Letters defired the worthy Author of the Syfleme of this Pla
net, that he would now attentively confider the prefent Fzgure
of his Anfes or Ring,to fee whether the appearance be to him,as
inthis Fzgwre, and confequently whether -he there meets with
nothing,that may make him think; that itis not ome body of a
Circular Figure, that embraces his Diske,.but trvo. _

And tothe endthat other Curious men, in other placesmight .
be engaged,to joyn theirObfervations with him,to fee,whether’
they can find the like appearance to that, reprefented here,
efpecially fuch Notches or Hollowneffes, asat Aand B, it was —
thought fit to infert here the newly related Account.

7.

A Relation of fome Mercurial Obfervaiions,
and their Refults. ekereh naa

Modern Philofophers, to avoyd Circumlocutions, call that In-
ftrument, wherein a Cylinder of Quickfilver, of between 2%:
and 31. Inches in Altitude,is kept fufpended after the manner
of the Torricelzan Experiment, a Barometer or Barofcope, fyrit
made publick by that Noble Searcher of Nature. Mr. Boyle,
and imployed by Him and others, todetect.allthe minut -va-
siations in the Preffure and weight of the Air, For the more

| | | curions .

/

| TY
-curious.and nice diftinguifhing of which fmall changes, Mr.
Flook inthe Preface to his Adicrography, has.defcribed fuch an

Inftrument with a Wheel, contrived by himfelf, and, bythefe

two laft years trials of it, conftantly found moft exact for that
purpofe: which being foaccurate, and not difficult to be

made, it were defirable, that thofe who havea Genius and op-

portunities of making Obfervations of this kind, would fur-
nifh themfelves with {uch of thefe Inftrnments,as were exa@ly
made and adjufted according to the Method, delivered inthe
newly mentioned place. ) :

To fay fomething of the Obfervations, made by this In-
-{trument, and withal to excite ftudioas Naturaliffs to a fedu-

lous profecution of the fame, the Reader may firftake notice,

that the lately named Mr. Boyle hath (as himfelf not long fince
did intimate to the Author of thefe Traés ) already made di-
vers Obfervations of this kindin the year 1659. and 1660.
before any others were publick, or by him fo much as heard
of 3 though he has hitherto forborn to divulge them, becaufe

_ of fome other Papers (in whofe Company they were toap-

pear)which being hindred by other ftudies and employments,
he hath not as yet finifhed. .

Next, that, befides feveral others, who, fince have had the

curiofity of making fuch obfervations,the Worthy and Inqui-
fitive Dr. Jobn Beal, is doing his part with muchaffiduity ( of
which he hath by feveral Letters acquainted his Friends in
London) both by obferving himfelf , and by procuring many
Correfpondents in feveral places in England for the fame pur-

pofe ; judging it of great importance , that Obfervations of 4

this kind be made in parts fomewhat diftant from one another,

that fo from many of thofe , accurately made and thencom-

pared, it may be difcovered, whether the Aire gravitates more

in the parts of the Earth lying more Zaff or Weft, Nerth or

South ? whether on fuchas lie neererto the Sea, or further up

into the Mazuland? in hotter or colder weather? whether in |

-~ high

2 "
%

) (155)

high Winds or Calms? whether in wet weather or dry? whe-

ther moft whena North, or whena South, whenan Eaftora

Weft wind blows? and whether it keeps the fame feafons of

Changes? and whether the feafons and changes.of the Air
cand Weather can bethereby difcover’d, and the now hidden

caufes of many other Phezomena detected? ee

The faid Doctor is fo much pleafed with the difcovery alrea-

dy made by the help of this Inftrument,that he thinks itto be
one of the moft wonderful thatever was inthe World, if we
fpeak of ftrangenefs,and juft wonder,and of Philofophical im-
portance, feparate fromthe intereft oflucre. Vor ( faith heya
ane of bis Letters) who could ever expe@t, that we men fhould
find an Art, to weigh all the Air that hangs over our heads, in
all the changes of it,and, as it were,to weigh,and to diftinguifh
by weight, the Winds and the Clouds? Or, who did believe, -
_ that by palpable evidence we fhould be able to prove,the /ere-
_ neft Airto be moft heavy,and the cheehe/? Air,and when darkeft
| Clouds hang neereft to us, ready to diffolve, or dropping, chen
tobe lighteft. And though ( /o be goes on) we cannot yet reach
~to all the Ufes and Applications of it; yet we fhould be en-
| tertain'd fora while, by che truly Honourable Mr. Boyle, as
» the leading perfon herein, upon the delight and wonder. The
| Magnet was known many hundreds of years before it was ap*
| plied to findout New Worlds. Tome (faith he) tis a wonder~
| fal delight, that I have alwaies in my Study before my eye fuch ~

a Curious Ballance.

| ~ Having thus in General expreffed his thoughts about this In-
vention, and the fingular pleafure , he takes inthe Obferva-
| tions made therewith, he defcends to particulars, and in feve-
yal Letters communicates them to his Correfpondent, as fol-
lows ;- |

x, My Wheel-barometer 1 could never All fo exactly with
Mercury, as to exclude all Airs and therefore I truft more
a ee ee CO

6) a ne
? toa Mercurial Cane, and take all my:
The Exclafion of all Air Notes fromit, This Caneis but 35,
is here neceffary , becanfe Inches long,of a very {lender Cavity,
Air being fabjetl tothe ope- and thick Glafs. This may eafily be
ration of Heat and Cold,if conveyed to any place, for Trials.
any of it remain in the Ba- TI fet Poe che i Sey es
rometer, st will caufe it to oi Ve ad tte agnating arners
vary from fhewing the true ery, into which the faid Cane is im-
Preflure of the Air. — merfed, is about two /ncebes wide. The
| _ . Mereuryfo well filld, that for fome
daies it would not fubfide , but hung to the top of the Glafs-

cane. Ikeepitina Clofet pretty clofe, 9. foot high, -8. foot —

_broad, 15. footlong;neera Window. ‘This I note, becaufeé
poffibly the clofenefs of the room may hinder, that it gives

not the full of all Changes, asic mightin a more paffable © :

Air. Ms

2.Inallmy Obfervations from May 28, 1664 to this pre-- 4
fent (December 9.1665.) the Quickfilver never afcended but ~

very little above 302 Inches. .

_. 3. Itafcended very feldom: fo high ( videl, to 303 Inches)’ }
_ chiefly in Decemb, 13. 1664. the weather being fickle. fair, E- a

venin g.

4. I find by my Calender of Fune 22: 1664. at s.inthe Mor- —
ning, in a time of long fetled fair weather, that the Mercury ~
had afcended about half an Inch higher then 30: but I fear ©
fome miftake, becaufe I then took no impreffion of wonder at
it; yet for 3, or 4. daies, at that time it continued high,in well, —
fetled, fair and warm-weather s moft part above 30. Inches. So
that I may note, the Mercury to rife as high inthe hotteft Sum- —

mer, as in the coldeft Penter-weatber.

s+ Yet furely Ihave noted it afcend alittle higher for the t
Colduefs of the Weather; and very frequently,both in Win--
a tor oe

a

(157) le.
ter and Summer to be higher in the cold
Mornings and evenings, then inthe warmer
Mid day.

Perh ips thes os from
fome included Air,

6. Generally in fetled and fair weather bothof Winter and
Summoer,the Mercury is hi gher, than a little before er after,or iM
Raioy weather. |

7, Again, generally it defcended lower after Rain, than ic
was betore Rain.

8. Generally alfo it falls in great winds; and fomewhat:it
feem’d to fink, when Lopen’d a wide door to it, to let in ftor-
my winds; yet Ihave found it co continue

Tt feems thefe were ante in del in
; -erw hich, ina lone ftormy wind of 2. or a.
Eaftern winds. One Bits me) bi , 3 | 4

9. Again, generally it ishigher in an Laff and Northwind.
( Coteris partous ) than ina Seuth and Weft-wind,

10. Ttryed feveral cimes,by {trong fumes and thick {moaks
to alter the “Air in my Clofet; but 1 cannot affirm, that the
Mercury yiclded any more, then might be expected from
fome increafe of heat. Suchashave exact Woeel-Barometers,
may try whether Odors or Fames do alleviate the Air.

ax. In this Clofet I have not in all this time found the ex-
treameft changes of the Quickfilver to amount to more, than
to 23, orto 2%, inches, at moft. |

_ 2. Very often I have found great changes in the Air,
without any perceptible change in the Barometer ; as in the
dewy nights, when the moifture deicends in agreat quantity,
and the thicknefs fometimes feems to hide the Stars row us:
In the days foregoing and following, the Vapors have been

Loa drawn

ory | | (158) Me
- drawn up fo Javifibly, that the Air and Sky feem’d very clear
_alldaylong. This Eaccount a great change between afeend-
ing and defcending Dews and Vapors ( which import Levity
and Weight,) and between thick Air and clear Air: which
changes do fometimes continue in the Alternative courfe of
day and night, for a week or fortnight together s and yet the
Barofcope holding the fame. » % |

' 42. Sometimes (I fy not often) the Barofcope yields not
_to other very great changes of the Air. As lately ( December
18. ) an extraordinary bright and clear days and thenext
following quite darkned, fome Rain and Snow falling; but the
fdercury the fame : fo in high winds and calms the fame.

t4. Ido-conceive, that fach as converfe much Sad dio,and
walk much abroad, may find many particulars much more |
exactly, then I, who have noleifure for it, can undertake. ©
To inftance in one of many, December. 16. \aft, wasaclear —
cold day, very {harp and ftrong Eaff wind, the Mercury very.
near 30. inches high, about three in the afternoon, I fawa |
large black cloud, drawing near us from the Eaf avd South- —
Ea/ff,, with the Zaft-rwind. The Mercury changed not that day —
nor the day followings the Stars and moft of the sky were ©
very bright and clear till Nine of the Clock; and then fud- —
denly all the sky was darkned, yet no change of weather hap- —
peneds December 17.the froftheld, and’twasaclear day, till ~
about two oftheclock inthe afternoon; andthenmany thick ~
clouds appear’d low in the Weff; yetno change of the wea-
ther here; the Wind, Froft, and Quick-filver, the fame, —
December 18. the Mercury fell almoft , of an inch, andthesky
and Air fo clear and bright and cold with an Eaft-wind, that 1 |
-wondred what could caufe the Mercuryto defcend. TEx. ©
pected, itfhould have afcended, as ufually it does in fuch
clear skys. -Cafually I fent myfervantabroad, andhedife
covered the remote Hills, about 20, miles off, coverd hips 2
| mone {now

ue (159)
fnow, This feem’d to maniteft, that the Air, beine difcharged
_ of the clouds by fnow, became lighter, a

15. [have feldom feen the change to be very great, at any
' enetime. For, though Ido not now take a deliberate view
| of my Notes, yet I wonder’d once to fee, thatin one day it

fubfided about 3 ofan inch,

| 16. Of late I have altered my Method upon the Barometer,

| obferving it, asitis before my Eyes, all daylong, and much»
ofthe night, being watchful forthe moments of every par-

ticular change, to examine, what caufe inthe Airand Heavens

- may appear for fuchchanges. And nowmy wonder is,to fee,

| how flow itis, it holding moft’ between the nine and twentieth
andthirtiethinchoflate.

‘tz, Imuft now( January 13. 1662 ) tell you, thatthe Mer-
_ cary ftands at this time (asit did alfo yefterday )a quarter a-
| ove 30. inches; yet both daysvery dark and cloudy, fome-
_ times very thick and mifty Air s which feldom falls out. For;
| for the moft part, 1 fee it higher in cleareft fetled weather,
| than in fuch cloudy and mifty Foggs. This thick Air and
| darknefs hath lafted above a week; lately more Cold, and
- Eaft and North-Eaft wind. Se
Thus far the Notes of this Obferving Divine 3 of which Mr,
Boyle,to whom they were alfo communicated, entertains thefe
thoughts, that they feem to himvery faithfully made, anddo
for the main, agree well enough with his obfervations, as
far as heremembers, inothaving them,itfeems, at that time,
when he wrote this, at hand ;: and thongh it be withed byehim,
AB Te poyt ded orl isthat thehObferver’s Glafs-Cane had
This feems tobe wifoedbt- een formewhat bigger; yet his dili
| caufe the motion of the Mer- — ee ee
— eury may be more free in a B°BCE 1D fitting it fo carefully, eats
Be cue ob i9n » ther fo skilfully, as is above-mentio-
bat Ys'sova _ned,is much by him commended.
Some

oo ee
Some Obfervations of Vipers,

‘A curious Italzan, called Francefco Reda; having lately had
an opportunity, bythe great number of: Vipers, broughe to
the Grand Lake of Tefeany for the compofing of Theriac or
Treacle, to examine what is vulgarly delivered and believed
concerning the Poyfon of thofe Creatures, hath, Caccording
to the account, given of itinthe French Leurnal des Scavans,
printed January 4. 0664). performed his undertaking with —
much exactnefs, and publifhid in an Italian traét, not yetcome
into England, thefe Obfervations.

x. He hath obferved, that the poyfon of Vipers is neither
in their Teezh, nor in their Tayle, nor in their Gals but in
the two Veficles or Bladders, which cover their teeth, and which —
coming to be compreffed, when the Vipers bite, doemita —
certain yellowifh Liquor, thatruns along the teeth and poy-
fonsthe wound. Whereof he gives this proof, that he hath
-rub'd the wounds of many Animals;with the Gai? of Vipers,
and pricked them with their Teeth, and yet no confiderable

ill accident follow’d upon it, but that as oftenasherubbed —
the wounds with the faid yellow Liquor, notoneof them ex
{caped. | .

2 Whereas commonly it hath hitherto been believed, that

‘the poyfon of Vipers being fwallowed,was prefentdeath ; this 4

Author, after many reiterated Experiments, is faid to have
obferved,that.in Vipers there is neither Humour, nor Excre-
menty nor any part; not the Gall it felf, thar, beingtakeninto

the Body, kills. And-he affures, thathe hath feen men eat,
and hath often made Bruit Animals {wallow allthatisefteem’d

moft poyfonous ina Viper, yet without the leaft mifchief to _
them. Whence he fhews, that it needs notfomuchto be —
wondred at, that certain Empirisks {wallow the juyce of the

3 oe ; moft

]

i

|

|

:

(161) on
moft venomous Animals without reeeiving-any harm theres
by; adding, that, which isadfcribed to the vertue of their
Antidote, oughtto be attributed tothe natureof thofe kinds

of Poylons, which areno poyfons, whenthey are fwallow'd, -

( for which. Dodtrine he alfo alledges Cel/us ) but onely when
theyare putinto wounds. Whichalfohas been noted by Lu-
can, who introduces Cazo thus {peaking ;

Noxia ferpentum eff admifto fanguine peftis,
Mortlu virus babent, 6 fatum dente minantur y
Pocula morte carent. : |

And what alfo fome Authors have afirm’d, w7del; That it is:
mortal,to eat of the Flefh-of creatures killed by Vipers 3-orc.
-to drink of the VVine wherein Vipers have been drownedsor’

to fuck the wounds that have been made by them, is by this

Authour obferved to be wide of truth. For he affures, that:

many perfons have eaten Pullets and Pigeons, bitten by Vi-
pers, without finding any alteration from itin their health,
On the contrary, he declares, Thatitis a foveraign Remedy
againit the biting of Vipers, to fuck the wound; alledging
an Experiment, made upon a Dog, which he caufed to be

bitten by a Viper at the nofe, who by licking his own wound |

faved his life. Which he confirms by the example of thofe

people, celebrated in Aliffery by the name of Marfand Pfilz, .

whofe Employment it was, to heal thofe, that had been bitten
by Serpents, by fucking their wounds.

3. He adds, that although Galen and many modern Phyfizi-
ans do affirm, that. there is nothing, which caufeth fo much |
thirft; as Vipers-flefh, yet he hath experimented the contrary

and knowa divers perfons, who did eat the flefh-of Vipers at
all cheir meals, and yet did affure him, they never were lefs dry,
then when they obferved that kind of Diet, ,

4. As for the Salt of Vipers, whereof fome Chymi(ts ave
; ; fe)

(162) |

| fo great efteem, he faith, that it hath no Purging vertue at all
init: adding thateven of all Salts, none hath more vertue
thananother, as‘he pretends tolhave {hew'd in an other am a
of his, De natura [alium; which alfo hath net been yet tranf-
gnitted into thefe parts.

y. Hedenies, what Arifforle affares,, and what. Galen faith
to have often tryed, that the Spzctle of a Fafting perfon kills
Vipers ,. andhe langhs at many other particulars, that have
been delivered concerning the Aatipathy of Vipers unto cer-
tain things ; and their manner of Conception and Generation,
and feveral other properties, commonly afcribed to them :

which the alledged Prench Author affirms to be refuted by fo
maby experiments: made ‘by this Jzaléan Philofopher, ‘that it
{eems to hiin, there is no place left for doubting,after fo au.
SHEBEOE a: pabitwnd'y |

_ Advetifnen.

He Readers shisle Tranfaftions i is defired to correct thefe

. Errata in Number 8. viz. page. 132. Jine penult, read
Wine “te Lime, and page 133, line 10, read Threfoer for Tres —
pher,as forme Copies cing 3 cane Page: ge line ah peor burifie :
ae its “ethan 4

| LONDON, bi Shr | a
Printed oe thin Mer and. James Aes Primers to
Se erie sed mine os 6 bau ion d Hele

4707 I livtilaw
“SLED Ld a4 sees do woe uy fees
“ a

ay

_ Graeff de Natura @ U/u Sucei Pancreatict.

oHILOSOPHICA

TRANSACTIONS.

Munday , March 12. 1663.
| The Contents.
Obfervations continued upon the Barometer,or Ballance of the Air. -
A Relation concerning the Harth-quake neer Oxford; together
with feme Obfervations of the fealed Weatherglals and Barome--
ter thereupon by Dr, Wallis. 4 more full and particular Account
' of thofe Obfervations about Jupiter, that were mention:d in Numb. .

8. .An Account of fome Books, lately publifbt, videl. Mr. Boyles «
Fiydroftatical Paradoxes; Steno de Mu/eulis 8 Gladulis; De

Obfervations continued upon the Barometer, or rather Ballance of
the: Air, - OTS (be CG cere

Hefe ‘Tranfastrons being intended, not only to -
=e be(by parcels) brief Re cords of the Emer-
EZ= \ gent|W orks ‘and’ Productions in the ‘Uni-
[E--eAY verfe; Of the Myfteries of Nature of ‘later
PSses | difcoveries; And, of the growth of Ufeful
IW liiventionsand Arts} dur alfo, and’ chiefly,
Mes tofollicitéimiall partsmutuall Ayds and
pg al an Collegiate endeavours for jthe farther ad-
vancement thereof : We fhall'beginithis Second year'of our Pub-

4
‘if

~ lications in this kind (inwhichjfor 3-moneths the Printing-pref-
_ fes were interrupted by the:publick Calamity) with a-few- more:
_ particular Obfervations upon the Ballance of the Airjas they are

moft happily invented and direted by Mr. Boyles and deferve:
_ tobe profecuted with care-and diligence in all places.

- But it is to 'be premifed, that that Worthy perfon; who was

_ alledged as the Author of she Obfervations, “délivered of this

kind in the laft-of thefe Traffs.(Dr, Beale) gives notice, That:
aie | vr ee Acs he.

=

hé:did-not pretend to exaétnefs,but only toexcite thecarefuls .

nefs of others in the feveral diftant places, and chiefly fuch, as
can have the affiftance ofa Wheel-balance perfeftly filled : with-

out bothwhich aids he hopes not to obtainall the benefits and -

ny {terfes-of this Invention. Pas.

This being thus briefly intimated , the Account of the Ob.
fervations themfelves,- as they were extracted out of a late Let-
ter of the fame Perfon, are,as followes: .

1. AsI have fitted and filled the Szagle Cane, I can fay in the
general, That I have not yet found.any.fuch infallible Progno-
itick of thefe changes of weather, which do follow along fere-
nity,orfetled weather... And perchance in brighter Climats it
imay be conftantly infallible. In thefe Nerthern Ifands, the
Clouds are fo fhort, and narrow, and by fickle changes are
fometimes emptied upon us, fometimes fo neer,as may make fo

‘little variation in the weight.of the whole Atmofphere of Air,
as may fometimes deceive us, or {mother and hide from.us the
caufes of fixednefs,or of changes. I wifh I could fee a good Ca-
lender or Journal taken.in Tanger, and in fome of our Northern
and moft Southern parts of America, 1 have ftore of Aygro/copes
pet te a ocr eesti
flure and Drought of the Air.

Ballance|; Thofeothers aré often changed by Dews, which do
notatall alter the Balauce , nop alter the ftate of the'weather :
And the open Weather-glafs is known to fignifie nothing at

certainty having adouble obedience totwo Maftersfometimes
to the. Weight of the.Aer, fometimes. to, Heat,as the fervice-is com.

ja

; (

&

ba ta ihOVSGo 4 BIBIO iO
2: And}in further. confirmation of this Note, I may adde to

the former, Thatin. January \aft 1665, from the fourth ,and ma ore
e!pecially fromahe /reerith day; | formany daies it continued ve-

ry darkyfo.thatall nien,expedcted daily. neat rain; yet.the Méer-

cury held pery highspeerto the greateft height; And though ia
thofe daies fometiphes thick mitts arofe.and fome {mall rain fell,
yet the Quick filverheld at a great height: which did indicate to

me, there couldithen be no great change of weather.As the fmall
rain fell, it yeilded fomewhat, ‘not much; and that does more:

con.

of divers kinds, and I do remark.

and as many other famed Progno-
OW Dengan sg fticks,as I can-hear-off;but can find
nothing foneenly.indicative of the.chan ge of weather; as this _

F > *
ee ee a

MOA” Wn = > J vas eet AE Sat ae

4
“ae
oud
. “py ee 22

(165)
-confirmthe indication. And morelately,in very dark daics,I
had the fame confidence uponthe fame ground, and I was not
difappoint: d.

3, Again, if the Mercury afcends to a good height after the fall
of rain (asfometimes , but lefs often it does) then Took fora
fetled ferenity; but if it proceeds after rain in a defcending mo-
tion,then I expe a continuance of broken and fhowry wea-
ther. Butinall,as I only fay, For the moft-part,{o I dare not pofi-
tively declare it an affirmative refult, but do refer itte the re«
marks of others,And this may explicate the Notes6 and 14 of
Num.g.into more clearne{s. _ |

4. That we find the Weather and our Bodies more chill,
- cold, and drooping, when the Mercury is loweft, andthe Air

lighteft, befides other caufes,1 guefs, That as Air is to us the
breath of life,as water is to Fifhes ; fo,when we are deprived of
the ufual meafure of this our food, ’tisthe fame tous, as when
the water is drawn ebb from Fifhes. But 1 would much rather
be inftructed by others,then offer much in this-kind. |
5. The loweft defcentot the Mercuryin allthe time, fince.
have obferved it,was 0c0b.26.1665, inthe Evening , when it
was very near at 27 3 Inches.Which I find thus circumftanced
with the weather in my. notes. :
* Inch, :
@&.25. Mornings Afercury at 2€3. Great ftorms and mucii rain.
0#.26.Morning; Averc. at 28. winds quiet,thick dark clouds.
O.26.Evening; Mere. at 273, That day, and fome daies fol-
lowing, the weather was variable, frequent rain, and as.
you fee, the Mercury lower,than-ufual.
6, Overthe place, where this Mercurial Cane ftands, 1 have fet
a Wind vane, with purpofe of exadtnefs, of a Streamer in Brats
{fo large,and pointing to a Board indented inthe Margin, that
Ican ata fure Level upon the Vane, take every. of.the 32. points
of the Wind, half points, and quarter points,at good diftance.
Other wile we may find our gueffes much deceived , as the belt
eucflers, upon trial, do acknowledge. And this exactaels may
_ become the Wheel-ballance, which fhews the minute ft variations
-almoft beyondimegination, And thus anyfervant, atthe ap--
proach of athick Cloud, or other Meteor, higher orlower,or at
the rifing ofa ftorm or frefh wind in the night,or day,may bring
areport of the Weightof the Air, as certainly and almoft as -
a L.2 eafily:

~ } &

(66)
eafily, as of the Sun from the Dzal ina Sunfhine. Tt were good
to have an Jadex of Winds, that difcover’d as ‘well their Afcent
and Defcent,as their Side-coaftings. |
Al Relation concerning the late Earthquake neer Oxfords together
with fome Obfervations of the fealed Weathergla/s, and the Bare.
meter both spon that Phenomenon,andin. General, . _

Dr. Wallis, as follows : il } Ib
Onthe 19. of January 1665. Stylo Anghe Cor Fan, 29. 1666.

_ This Relation was communicated by the excellently learned

fiylo novo) at divers places neer Oxford, was obferved a {mall —

Earthquake (as at Blechington, Stanton-St. Fobns, Bril,&c.) to-
wardsevening. In Oxfordit felf, I doe not hear, that it ‘was
_ obferv'd to be an Earthquake ; yer 1 remember about that time
(whether precifely then or not, I cannot fay) I took notice of
‘fome kind of odde fhaking or heaving,1 obferved in my ftudy,
but did impute it to the going of Carts or Coaches, fuppofed

to be not faroff'; thowgh yet Idid take notice of it, as alittle

differing from ‘what is ufwalon fuch occafionss (and wondered
the more, that I did not hear any:) But not knowing, whatelfe

to refer itto, Ithought no more of it.- And the like account 1.

have had from fome others in Oxford, who yet did not think of
an Earth-quake ; it being a rare thing withus. ‘Hearing after-
wards of an Earthquakeobferved by others; I looked on my

Notes concerning my Thermo/cope and Baro/cope,to fee if any al- —

teration confiderable had then happened. |
My Thermo/cope confifts of around large Glafs, containing

about half apint or more; from whence iffues along Cylin-

drical neck of 'Glafs, about two foot and a half in length, and

lefs than quarter of aninch diameter ; which neck was her=

metically fealed at the top, to'exclude communication with the

External Airs but before the fealing of it,the whole Glafs was ©

filled with spzrzt of Wine ( tinged with Cochmmeel, to make it the
more difcernable to the Eye)fo warmed, that it filled the whole
content of the Glafs;but afterwards, as it cooled did fo fubfide,
as to leave a void foace in the upper part of the Neck. Which
Inftrument, fo prepared, doth by the rifing or falling of the tin-
ged liquor in the neck(confequent upon the expanding or con-

trating of the whole liquor contained in it and the Ballbe-

low)give avery nice-accountof the Temperature of the Air,’ he
as a

| (167)
asto Feat or Cold: Even fo nice, as that my being or not being
in my Study I find to vary its hight fometimes almofta quarter
of an inch.

My Berofeope, 1 callanother Inftrument for eftimating the
Weight or Preffure of the Incumbent Air, confifting of along
Gla/s-tube of about 4. foot in length, and about a quarter of an
inch Bore: which tube (/ermetically {ealed at the one end)being
filled with Quickfilver (according to the Torricefian Experi-
méent)is inverted, fo as to have the openend of it immerfed in
Stagnant Quickfilver, containedin a larger Glafs under it, ex-
pofed tothe preffure of the outward Air: Ont of which open
end (after fuch immerfion) the Quickfilver in the Tube being
{uffered tc run out, as much as it will, into the Stagnant Quick-
filyer, in which that mouth or openend is immerfed, there is
wontto remain ( as is commonly known to thofe acquainted
with this Experiment ) a Cylinder of Quickfilver fufpended in

the Tube,about 28, 29, or 30. inches high ; meafuring from the

furface cf the Stagnane Quickfilver perpendicularly s (but
more or lefs, within fuch limits, according as the Weight or
Preffure of the Air incumbent on the External Stagnant
Quickfilver expofed to it, is greater or lefs:) leaving the up-
per partof the Tube void. ( Both which Inftruments being
the contrivance of the Honourable Robert Boyle, they areby
him more particularly defcribed in his Phy/feo-Mfechanical Expe-
riments touching the Air, Exper.17,and 18. and in his Thermome-
trical Difcourfes, premifed to his Hzftory of €eld.)

Now, according toboth thefe Inftruments, having kept a

_ daily Regeffer of Obfervations for more than a whole year ( fa-
_ ving when Ihave been for fome fhort time abfent from home)

I find my Notes for that day to be thefe.

| January. Thermo/cope. | Barofcope. 1665.

Day. Hour.| inches. inches. :

twos 6] Mor) 14 fe ag:%) OW Eard trot: Clofe:

A oe iven |! one's, 29%. ‘Hard froft, Cloudy, -
9 Even. 14.0% 29%. Rain. Wind
eecie. Morn!) ay 2. 28%. Sunfhine.. Wind.

|

So that,there being inthe morning: (fansary 19.) ahard froft

(which began the day before about 4. of the Clock in the after-

noon

| : (168) | iy tt
noon(faa.x1$.)and continued(with us)till about ¢. of the Clock
in the afternoon of that day, fan.19. with fome fiercenefs) and
the weather, fan.19.being in the morning,clofe; and cloudy all
the day,with little of Sun-fhine ; the Liquor in the Tbermo/cope
was very little raifed,by 4. of the Clock afternoon, that is, but -
& of anineh (which, had the Sun fhone, would, it’s likely, have
been nearanInch:) and after that time(or fomewhat before)
~ had there been no confiderable change of weather, it would
upon the Sun’s fetting have fallen (and probably foir did, till a-
bout s. of the Clock, though I took no.Obfervation in the in-
erim. ) But,contrary to what would have been expected, it was
at g. of the Clock at night, higher by +of an inch, than ichad
been at 4, occafioned by the change of weather, the Froft
{uddenly breaking,with us, between 5. and 6, of the Clock ; a-
bout which time alfo it beganto rain, and continued raining
that Evening and good part of the Night. And the next morn-
ing 1 found the Liquor yet higher by half an inch, o7d. 15 pin-
ches: (by reafon of the Air that night being fo much warmer,
than it had been the day before ; ) whereas commonly iris con-
faderably lower in the morning, than over night. |
As to the Baro/cope, for the Weight or Preflure of the Air s- I
Gud, that for the 1, 125 13, 14, 15516, and 17. dayes, the Mer. ©
~ eury inthe Tube, was (by the ballaneing Preffure of theincum:
bent Air‘on the ftagnant Quickfilver,expofed to it) kept upto.
the height of near 30. Inches above the furface of the External
Quickfilver,(though with fome little variation,as 30, 29 73, 29%, |
29 3, but never fo low,all that time,as 2975) whichis the great.
eft height I have know it at, (for Ido not find,that Lhaveever, |
till then, obferved it to be,in my Glaffes,full 30. Inches, theugh |
it have been very near it: the. Weather having been almoft |
continually Foggy,or very thick Mifts,all that time, January 18. |
it came downto 29%, in the forenoon, andafternoon to 294. |
about the time the froftbegan: And Fan. 19. it was, at 8. inthe |
morning, comedownto 2935 at4. in the afterneon, to 293. |
Butat g. in the evening(when the Earth, quake had intervened) |
it was rifen half aninch,vd. to 29 ¢. And, by the:next morning, |
‘fallen again a whole inch,vd,to 38; s which fail Lateribute Gat |
leaft in part) to the rain that fellin the night. al
- This being what Lobferyed out of my Regz/fer of thefe In- |
fruments, (which, if I hadthen thought.of an eS i
INOUIG: |

(169)

fhould have more nicely watched) what I have further gather.

ed from Reports, is to this purpofe.
Lhear, it was oblerved at Blechington, above ¢. miles to the
North of Oxferd,and fo along by Boftol,Horton,S tanton-St.fobns,

and fo towards Whately, whichis about 4, miles Eaffward from

Oxford. Not at all thefe places at the fame time, but moving for-
ward from Blechzngton towards |Vhately. For it wasat Stanton
about 6. of the Clock or later (as Iunderftand from Mr. Boyle,
who washere at that times) but had been at Blechington a
good whilefooner. And {am told, that it was taken notice of

_ by Doctor Holder (a Member of our Soczety) who was then at

Blechington , tobe obferved by thofe in the further part of the

Garden, fome very difcernable time before it was obferved by
thofe inthe Houfe; creeping forward from the one place to -

the other. What other placesin the Country it was obferved
at, have not been informed: but at Oxford (which, it. feems,

was about the skirts of it) ic was fo {mall, as would have been
_ hardly noted at all,had not the notice,taken of it abroad, infor-

med us of it. |

_ Upon this Occafion,it will not be unfeafonable to give fome

General accounts of what I have in my Thermo/cope and Baro-
[cope obferved. | i :
My Téermo/cope, being fitted fomewhat at adventures, I have

found at the loweft to be fomewhat more than 12. inches high, ©

in the fierceft time of the long Froft in the beginning of the

if
‘

laft year 166 5, and about 27. Incheshigh, at the highett, in the
hotteft time of the laft Summer: ( which I mention,thac it may

appear at what temperature in proportion, the Air‘was at the
_ time above-mentioned.) But! muft add withall, that this ftand-

ing fo,asnever to be expofed tothe Sun,butin a room, that has
a window only to the North, it would have been raifed much
higher than 27, inches, if it were put in the hot Sun-fhine in
Summer; this,as itis placed, giving therefore an account onely

ofithe Temperature of the Airin genera/, notof the immediate

heatiofthe Sun-fhine. , i
This Inftrument,thus fimated, when itis about 15. inches, or
lower,is for the moft part hard froft; but feldom a froft, if high-

erthanr6. Yetthis I have often obferved, thatthe Air bythe |

Thermo/(cope has appeared confiderably colder, (and the liquor
lower).at fometimes when there is no Froft, than at fome other
times, when the Froft hath been confiderably hard. Ns

SO et re en

(170)
-In my Barofcope, Lhave pst found the Quickfilver higher’
than 30. inchesynor lower than 28. (at leaft, {carce difcernably,
not.,of aninch higher thanzbat, or lower than this: ) which I
mention,not only to fhew the limits,within which I have-obfer-
ved mine to keep,w7d.full 2 inches,but likewife as an Eftimate
of the Clearnefs of the Quickfilver from Air. - For, though
my Quickfilver were with good care cleanfed from the Airs yet
I find tnat which Mr. Boy/e ufeth, much better: for, comparing
his with mine atthe fametimes, and both in Oxford, -atno great
diftance; I find his Quickfilver to ftand alwaies fomewhathigh-
er than mine (fometimes neer a quarter of an Inch; ) which I
know now how to give amore probable account off, than that
omy Quickfilver is cither heavier than his; or elfe, that his is
better cleanfed from Air; (unlefs., poflibly,. the difference of
the Bore, or other circumftances of the Tube, may canfe the
alteration ; m‘nz being a taller Tube, and a bigger Bore, than
his.)And upon like reafon,as his ftands higherthanmine;fe ano.
ther, lefs cleanfed from Air, may at the fame time be confidera-
bly lower, and’ confequently under 28. Inches at the loweft. »
Inthick foggy weather, Ifind my Quickfilverto rife; which I
adfcribe to the heavinefs of the Vapours inthe Air. And B
lave never found it higher, thanin the foggy weather above-
mentioned. Bok | | bi
In Saa/biny weather,it rifeth alfo (and commonly. the clearer;.
the more; ) which, Ithink, may.be imputed partly tothe Va-
pors raifed by the Sun,and making the Air heavier ;, and partly: |
to the Heat, increafing the Elaftickor Springy power of the
Air, Which latter-I the rather add,becanfe I have fometimes ob+.
ferved in Sunfhiny weather, when there have come-Clouds for —
fome confiderable time ({uppofe an hour or two) the Quieki.
filver has fallen ; and then, wpon the Sahs breaking.ontagain, |
it has rifen as before. | : i ete iden sg gaa
In Rainy weather,it ufeth to fall (of which the reafomis obyi-e-
ous,becaufe the Airis lightned, by fo much as falls 2)’ Ti Stiomy-
weather, likewife,but not fo much as in Razm, ‘And fometimes I: |
have obferved it, upon a Hoar-freff, falling in thenight!.» | |
For Windy weather, I find it generally to fall ; and that more: |
univerfally, and more difcernably, than upon Rain: (which? |
attribute to the Winds moving the Air collaterally, andthereby |
not fuffering ic to prefs fo much:drreftly downwards: es |

rot

|
id

\ {~<

were mentioned in Numb. 8.

nae (171)
which we fee in fwimmirg, &c.) And I have never found it lower
than in high Winds. * ' ie
Lhave divers times, upon difcerning “7 he Author of thefe Obfer-
my Quickfilver to fall without any vifible aici Rags bie ig
caufe at home,looked abroadsand found from’ what points ‘bale
(by the appearance of broken Clouds,or yrinds blow, that make the
otherwife ) thatit had rained not far off, Qmeksilver thas fubfide.
though not withus : Whereupon,the Air — |
being then lightened, our heavier Air (where it rained not) may
have,in part,difcharged it felf on that lighter.

A more particular Account of thofe Obfervations about Jupiter, that
Since the publifhing of Nwmb.8. of thefe Tran/aétzons, where,
among other particulars, fome fhort Obfervations were fet down
touching both the shadow of one of Fupiter's Satellits, pafling over
his Body,and that Permanent Spot, which manifefts the Converfion |
of that Planet about his own 4xzs 5 there is come to hand an Ex.
traéé of that Letter, which was written from Rome, about thofe Dif-
coveries,containing an ample and particular Relation of them, as
they were made bv the Learned Caffinz, Profeflor of Affronomy in
the Univerfity of Bononza. That Exétraédt,as itis found in the French

“Journal des Scavans of Febr, 22. 1666, wethus Englih.

_Monfieur Caffinz,after he had difcovered(by the means of thofe
Excellent Glaffes of 50. palmes, or 35: feet, madeby M. Campant)}
the Shadows , caft by the 4 Moonsor Satellits of Fupzter upon his
Diske, when they happen to be between the Sun and Him; after
he had alfo diftinguifhed their Bodies upon the Diske of Jupiter ;
made the laft year fome Predictions for the Months of /agu/?

_.and September, noting the dayesand hours, when the Bodies of

the faid Satellzts and their Shadows fhould appear upon Fupeter, to
the endthat the Curious might be convinced of this matter by

their own Obfervations. :

Some of thefe Predidtions have been verified not only at Rome,

and in other places of /taly , butalfoat Parm by M. Auzout , the

moft Celebrated andthe moft Exact of our Affronemers; and in
folland,by M. Hugens. And we can now doubt no longer,of the

rotation of the Satellzts about Fupéter,as the Moon turns about the

‘Earth; norbelieve, that Juperer or his Attendants have any other

Light,than that,which they receive fromthe Sun; as fome did af-

| | Aa fure
;

| | (172)

_ fure before thefe Obfervations, There remained tofind by Ex.
perience,whether Jupiter did turn about his 47s, as many believe,
thatthe Zarthturns about her’s. And although moft 4fronomers
had conjectur'd,it did fo,either by this Analogy,or by other Con-
eruities , yetit was much with’d,that we might be affured thereof
by Obfervations, And this itis, for which weare obliged to

M. €affini, who, having by the advantage of the fame Glafles dif _
cover'd feveral changes, as well inthe three obfcure Belts, com.
monly feen in Faprter,as in the reft of his Diske,and having alfo ob-

ferved Spots in the midft of that Planet, and fometimes Brightneffes,
fuch as have bin formerly feen in the Swa,hath at length difcover'd
a Permanent Spot in the Northern part of the moft Southern Belt, by
the means whereof,he hath concluded,that Fup:ter turns about his
Axtsin 9, dayes,56. minutes,and makes 29 whole circumvoluations
in12. dayes 4- minutes of ours,and 360. in 14g. dayes. For he has
found,that this Spot was not caufed by the Shadow of any Saze//it,
as. well by reafon of its Situation. as becaufe it-appeared, when ©
there could beno Shadow. Befides,that its motion differed from
that of the Shadows, which is almoft equal, as well towards the
Edges as towards the Middle of Fuprter:, Whereas, on the contra-
ry, this Spot hath all the accidents, that muft happen toa thing, »
which is upon the furface of around Body moving; for example,
to move much more flowly towards the Edges, than towards the
Middle,. and to pafs, over that part,, which ts.in the middle of the
Diske, equal to the half of the Dzameter,, in the fixth part of the
time,it takes to make'the whole revolution:he having feen this half
pafs’d over,in 99 or reo minutes juft,as it mult happen, fuppofing
the whole circumrotation is made in 9. hours ¢¢.minutes. |

He hath nét yet been able to determine the. Situation of the
Axissapon wh chthismotion is made,becaufe the Be/ts,according
to which it is made,have for fome years appeared ftreight,though —
inthe precedent years, other A/fronomers have {een them a litdé
crooked: Which fheweth, that the 4. of the diurnal motion of ©

- Fupiter is alittle inclined to the plain of the Keliptick. But in time

we may difcover, what certainty there is in this matter. y
After this excellent Difeovery, he hath calculated many Tables,
whereof he gives:the Explication and Ufe inthe Letters by him —

Thefe abled ats telok ye addreffed tothe Abbot Falconterz. pe the

fen cveri bu’, *tis bored, Means of them, one may know , when this :
will be, eve long. Spot may be feen by, us: HO Ee

ti idered’

f
fidered itin relationto the Sun, in refpe& whereof, its motion is
regular, he confiders the fame in relation to the Earth, where We
-obferve its and {thews by the means of his Tad/es,what is to be ad-
ded or fubftracted, to know, at what time the faid Spot is to come
into the middle of, fupzter's Diske, according as he is Oriental or
Occidental. He hath alfo confidered ir in relation to an unmova-
ble point, which he has fuppofed tobe the firlt point of Aries, be-
caufe we thither refer here upon Earth the beginning of all the

Celeftial motions, and there is the Przmum mobile, that one would ”

imagine,if we were in Jupiter, as we do here imagine Ours of 24.
‘hours, |

The Difcovery is one of the beft, that have been yet made in

the Heavens ; and thofe,that hold the Motion of the earth, find in
itafull Analogy. For, Jupiter turning about the Sun, does never-
thelefs turnabout his Axis; and although he be much bigger
than the Earth, he does neverthelefs turn much more fwiftly than
it, fince he makes more than two Turns, and a third part, for its
one; and carries with him 4. Moons,as the Earth does one.

This Obfervation ought to excite all Curious perfons to endea-
vour the perfecting of Optick Glaffés,to the end that it may be difco-
vered,whether the other Planets,as Mars,Venus and Mercury,about
whomno Moonhath as yet been difeovered, do yet turn about
their Axes,and in how much time they dofo; efpecially Mars, in
whom fome Spot is difcover’d, and Venus, wherein M Burattint
hath fignified from Poland, he has obfervd Inequalities, asin the

Moon. |

- Itwill be worth while, to watch for the feeing of Fupzter again
this Spring,thatthis happy Obfervation may be confirmed in di-
vers places, and endeavours ufed to make new ones, -

An Account of fome Books, lately publifbed.
I. Hydroftatical Paradoxesymade out by New Experiments ( for the

rues moft part Phyfical, and Eafie) by the Honourable Robert Boyle. This

‘Treatife,promifed in Numd.8. of thefe Papers, is now come forth:
And was occafioned by the perufalof the Learned Monfieur Pa/-
challs Tract, of the Aquilibrium of Liquors, and of the Werght of the
_ fir: OF which two Subjeéts, the /atzer having been more clearly
_ ‘made outin England by Experiments, which could not be made by

%

‘Monfieur Pa/chal and others, that wanted the advantage of fuch-

_ Enginesand Iuftruments, as have here been frequently made ufe
. Aa2 off 5

is |
off 5 Our Noble Author infifts nt upon giving us his thoughts of
the former,v7de/.the Axquilibrium of Lequors: Which Difeourfe cons. _
fitting partly of Conclafrons, and parthy of Experiments, the former
feem'to Him,to be almoft all of them confonant tothe Principles
and Laws of the Frydroftaticks ; but as for the /atter, the Experi.
mental proofs,.offered by M, Pa/chall for his Opinions,.are by-our

Author efteemed fuch,that he confeffes, he hathnomindtomake ~
ufe of them: for which healledges more reafonsthan ones which,

* doubtlefs, will appear very Satisfactory to Intelligent Readers.

- Wherefore, inftead of thole Pa/chalian Experiments, there is in
this. Zreatz/edeliver’d a far more Expeditious way,to make out, mot:
anly moft-of the Conclufions, agreed on by thefe two Authors, dat o-.
thersalfo, that M Pa/chall mentions nots and that with fo much

more eafe and:clearne(s,that perfons, but ordinarily-verfedinthe

- gommon principles of Hydraffatichs, may readily apprehend, what-

is deliver’d, ifthey will but bring withthem a due Attention, and

Minds difpofedto prefer Reafon and‘Experience to Vulgar opi-
nions. and Authors. — | eon bar
it not being our Aathors prefent: Task, to deliver a Body of-
Fiydreftatecks, but only fome-Paradoxes, which he conceives to be
proveable by his New way of making them.our, he delivers them:
inasmany diftin& Propofitions 5 after each of which, he endea-
- vours,ina:Proof, or.an Explication,to fhow,both that it is-true,and:
_ why itought to be fo. . iy VOx nny, |
The: Paradoxes themfelves (after a premifed Poffalatam ) are ~
thefe: - | |
x. Thatin Water, and other Fluids, the Lower partsare prel-. —
fedbythe Upper: 4 igo pe
2. That a lighter Fluid may. gravitate or weigh upon a:
heavier. < i
3. That, if a Body, contiguous to the Water, bealtogether,or 3
in part, lower than the higheft level of the faid Water, the lower
part of the Body will be prefféd upward by the Water,that touch- _
es it beneath: | + ee a
4. Thatin the Afcenfion of Waterin Pumps, &¢, there needs.
nothing to raife the Water, buta Competent weight of an Exter- —
nal Bluid. : yc
§- That the preflure of an External Fluid is.able to keep an-
Heterogeneous. Liquor fufpended at the fame height in feveral-
Pipes,though thefe Pipes be of.very. different Diameters, L
| G, ii

a

(LPe | : |

6. fa Body be placed under Water, with its uppermoft Surface
parallelto the Horizon; how much Water foever there may be
on this or that fide above the Body, the direct preflure fufteined
by the Body (for we now confider not the Lateral nor the Recoy-
ling preffure,to which the Body may be expofed, if quite environ.
ed with Water)is no more,than that of a Column of water, having:
the Horizontal Superficies of the Body for its Bafis, and the Per-

pendicular depth of the Water forits height. |
And fo likewife,

If the Water, that leans upon the Body, be contained in Pipes:
epen at both ends;the preffure of the Water is to be eftimated by
the weight ofa pillar of Water, whofe Bafis is equal to the lower

Orifice of the Pipe Cwhich we fuppofe to be parallel to the Hori-
zon)andits height equal to a perpendicular,reaching thence to the
top of the Water 3 though the Pipe be much inclined towards the
Horizon, or though it be irregularly fhap'd, and much broader in.
_ fome parts, than the faid Orifice. , eo
. 9, Thata Body,immerfed ina Fluid, fuftains a Lateral preffure
fromthe Fluid ; and that increafed, as the depth of the immerfed
Body, beneath the Surface of the Fluid, increafeth,
§: That Water may be made as well to deprefs a Body lighter:

than it felf,astobuoyitup. | 3

9g. That, whatever is faid of Pofitive Levity, a parcelof Oyl
lighter than Water, may be kept in Water without afcending in tt.

10. Thatthe cafe of the Afcenfion of Waterin Syphons,and-

of its flowing through them, may be explicated without having a
recourfe to Nature’s abhorrency of a Vacuum, phe.

tr. Thata Solid Body,as ponderous as any yet known,though

near the Top of the water it will fink by itsownweight 5 yet if it

be placed at agreater depth, than that of twenty times its own
-thicknefs;it will not fink,if its defcent be not affifted by the weight.

of the incumbent Water, — : | :

Thete are the Paradoxes, evinced byour Authour with much

- evidence and exactnefs , and very likely to invite Ingenious men :
to-cultivate and to make further difquifitionsin fo excellent a part
of Philofophy, as are the Alydroflatscks ; an Art deferving great

_ Elogiums, not only, upon the account of its Theorems and Problems,

which are moft of them pure and handfome productions of Rez. -
fon, very delightful and divers of them furprifing , and befides,
“much conducing to the clear explication and thorow-underftand-
=

ss

(176) eee:
ing of many both familiar and abftrufe Phenomena of Nature ; but
allo, upon the {core ofits Praétical ufe, fiace the ropofitions, it
teaches, may be of great Importance to Navigation, andtothofe
that inquire into the Magnitudes and Gravities of Bodies, as alfo
tothem , thatdeal in Salt-works: Befides, thatthe Alydrofaticks
may be made divers waies ferviceable to Chymifts,as the Author in-
timates,and intends to make manifeft, upon feveral occafions, in
his yet unpublithe part of the U/efulne/s of Natural and Experimen-
tal Philofopby. , | et
Thefe Propofitions are fhut up by two important Appendixes,
— whereof the ove contains an Anfwer to feven Objections by a late
learned Writer,to evince, thatthe upper parts of water prefs not
upon the lower ; the other, {olves that difficult problem, why Urina-
tors or Livers,and others, who defcend to the bottom of the Sea,
are not oppreffed with the weight of the incumbent water? where,
_ among other folutions, that is examined,which occurs ina printed
Letter of Monfieur des Cartes,butis found unfatisfactory. ,
LL. Nicolad Stenonis de Mu/culis 6 Glandults Obfervationum pect.
mens cum duabus E piftolis Anatomicis. Inthe /pecimen it felf,the Au-
thor, having defcribed in general,both the'Structure and the Funétion
of the Adu/cles,applies that defcription to the Heart,to demonftrate
that that is alfo a true Mu/cle:Obferving fir/?,that in the fabftance of
the Heart there appears nothing but Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Fbres,
Membrans;and that that,& nothing elfe is found in a Mu/(cle; affir-
ming withall,that which is commonly taught of the Ma/eles , and
particularly of the Heart's Parenchyma, as diftin@ from Febres , is
due,not to the Sen/ées,but the Wt of Anatomifts : {0 that he will nor
have the Heart made up of a fubftance peculiar to it felf, nor con-
fidered asthe principle of Janate beat,or of Sanguification, or of vi- -
tal fpirits. He obferves nexz,that the Heart performs the like opera.
tion with the Afu/cles , to wit,to contract the Flefh; which a@tion -
how itcan havea different caufe from that of the Contra@ion ©
made inthe Muj/cles., where there is fo greata parity and agree~ —
ment inthe Veffels, he fees not. And as for the Phenomena, that
occur,of the Afotzon of the Heartshe undertakes to explicate them —
all,from the Duétus or Pofition of the Fibres, but refers for the pere
formarice of this undertaking to another Treatz/e , he intends to”
publifh. 3 4
_ As tohis Obfervations abous Glanduls , he affirms, that he has
been the Firft,that has difcover’d that Veffel,which by him is call'd
Salivare,

Salivare Exterins, palling fromthe Parotides (or the two chief Arteries that

are on the right and lef fide neer the Throat) into the Mouth.and conveying the

Spittle : Where he alfo givesan account of feveral other Veffels and Gianduls,
fome about the Lips , others under the 7; engue , Others in the Palate &c. To
which he adds the Veffels of the Zye-/ids, which have their root in the Glandals
that are about the Fyes,and ferve for the fhedding of Tears. He mentions allo fe-
veral things about the Lyphatick veffels, and is of opinion, that the knowledge
thereof may be much illuftrated by that kind of Glanduls that are called Conglo-

bate, and by their trve infertion into the

; ] : ;
veins, the miftake of the latter whereof, _ oanelabits Glenduls are called
he conceives to have very much mifled ? fe ee Wied 3 oe were, of on:
the Noble Ludovicus de Bills , notwith- COG [@ bigee ”. Fue aneven
landing his excellent method of diffeltion, [MPErfcies 5 waeredt there are many

. oat inthe Mefentery, andincther pla
And here he obferves firf, that all the fe Vinnie HEN Wie

Lymphatick. veffels have fuch a commerce

wit the eh none of them is bear the oe of Conglomerace
found in the body, which either has not its Glanduls,which are made up of feve-
origine from, or is inferted intoaGlan- "Ml [male tice , ace ae he Pan-
anle: And then, that Glandu/s area kind creas,the Salivating Glanduls, ec.
of Strainers,fo form’d, that whilft the Blood paffes out of the Arteries into the

Veins through the fmall Capillary veflels, the Serous parts thereof , being freed.

from the Saxguineons, are by vertue of the heat expell’d through fic pores into-

*

the Capilaries of the Lymphaticks, the direction of the Nerves concurring,

Of the two annex’d Epiffles the Firft gives an account of the diffe@ion of two
Raja’; or Skates, and relates that the Author fonnd inthe bellies of thefe Fithes
a Haddock of 13 {panlong,and a Sole,a Plaife,and nine midd e-fized Sea-crafifhes.
whereof not only the three former had their flefh, in the fifhes ftomack , turn’d-
into a fiwid, and the Griftles or Bones into a/c jt fubfiance , but the Crafjhes had
their fhels comminuted into very {ma'l particles, tinging bere and there the Chyte
near the Pylorus, which he judges to be done not fo much by the heat of the Ei-
fhes tomack, as by thehelp of fome digefling juyce. Coming to the Urerus of
thefe Fifhes he takes occafion to examine, with what ground feveral famous Na-
taraliftsand Anatomifts have affirm’d,that Eggs are the wtervs expofed or ejeXed :
out of the body of the Animal. Taking a view of their Heart, he there finds but

_ one ventricle and difcourfes of the difficulty arifing from thence. As for the Lungs,

he faw no clearer foot{teps of them inthefe, thanhe had donein other Fifhes:
but within the mouth he trac’d feveral gaping fiffures,acd found the receffes -of

_the Gills fo form’d,that the water taken in at the mouth, bting let ont by thefe-

dores,cannot by them re-enter,by reafon of akin ourwardly palling over every
hole,and covering it. Where he intimates that though ¥ifhes have nor tre Lungs,

yet they want not a Succedancam thereto, to wit the Gill: , and if water may. be

to Fifhes, what Air isto rerreftrial Animalsfor Refpiration: -afferting , thar
Whereas nothing is fo neceffary for the confervation of Animal life,asa reciprocal |

“Accefs and Recefs of the Ambient to the fanguineous veffels, tis allone, whether

that be done by receiving the Ambient within the body , or by its gentle paffing :
by the Prominent veffels of the Gills.

The other E pif: contains fome Ingenious Obfervations.tovching the way by
which the Chicken, vet in the fheil,isnourith’t, widel. not by the conveyarce of
the Yolk,into the Liver by the Umbilical veflels , rorinto the Sromack by che

| Ad enths

oa, but by a Peculiar duttns, by himdefcribed, into the Znteftins, where ace
cording to his alledged experience,it isturn’d into Chy/e : which he affirms , he
hath difcover’d by taking an Egge from under.a brooding Hen, when the Chic-
ken was ready to break forth , and when he was looking for the paffage of the.
Yolk, out of its integument into the Liver, by finding it pafs thence inte the Jy-
teftixs,ashe found the phite to do by the mouth into the bcl/y, Whence he
inclines to infer, that,fince every fetus takesinat the mouth the liquor it
fwims in, and finee the Chicken receives the white of the Eggeinto the mourh,
and the yolk by the new difcovet'd dufias into the Jnteft ns it cannot be certainly
made out, thac a part of the Chyle is conveyed into the Liver ,before it pafles inte
the Heart: Exhorting in the meantime the Patrons ofthe Liver that they would
-produce Experiments to evince their Ratiocinations,,
Il}. Regueride Graeff, de Succi Pancreatict Natura & nfu, Exercitatio Ana-
tomico- medica in this Tra@,the Induftrious Author, after he has enumerated the
various opinions of Anatomifts concerning the ufe of that kernelly fubftance, —
call'd Pancreas (in Englifo,the Sweetbred) endeavours to prove experimentally
that this Glandule was not form’d by Nature, tofeparate any Excrementitions —
humor,and to-convey it into the Jutcftins, but to prepare an #/efal juyce out of :
- the Blood and Animal fpirits,ofa fomewhat Acid tafte, .and tocarry the fame —
into the Gut, call’d Daodenum, to be there mixc with the Aliment, that has been
in fome degree already fermented in the Stomack_ for a further fermentation, te
-be produced by the conflax of the faid acid Pancreatick juyceand fome Bilious ~
matter,abounding with volatile Salt,caufing an Effervefcence, which done, that —
juyce is,together with the purer pare of the nourifhment,carried into the AZilkie
veins, thence into the common receptacle ol the Chyle and Lymphatick liquor, and,
fo through the daélus Thoracicus into the right Ventricle of the Heart. =
This A ffertion, firft advanced (faith the Azthor) partiy by Gothofredus Afebins, —
partly by Francifcu: de le Boe Sylvins, he undertakes to prove by experiments,
which, indeed, he has with much induftry tried upon feveral Animals, to the end ©
that he might collect fome of this juyce of the Paxcreas for a tafte: which having —
at laft obtained, and found it fomewhat acid, he thereupon proceeds to deliver ~
his opinion both of the cen(titution and quantity of this Svccusin healthy Animals, —
and the vices thereof,in the azbealrhy : deriving moft difeafes partly from its too ©
great Acidity ,or from its faltnefs or harfhnels , part/y from its paucity or redun-
dancy: but efpecially, endeavouring to reduce from thence, as all setermittent ~
Feavers (ofall the Phenomena whereof he ventures to affign the caufes from this —
Hypothefis) fo alfo the Gout ,Syncope’s, Stranguries Oppilations, Diarrbeas, Dyfen- %
teries, Hyfterical and Colick paffions &c. All which be concludes with mentioning
the waies and remedies to cure the manifold peceancy of this juyce by Evacuati- —
ons and Alterations, | ohn aa
This feeming to be a new as well as a confiderabie difcovery,it is hop’d that o- —
thers-will by this intimation be invited to profecute the fame by further experi= |
ments,cither to confirm what this Author has ftarted,if true,or to reCtifie it,ifhe |
be miftaken. NOTE. 4 ie a
In Fig. 1.0f Num. of thefe Tracts,the Graver hath placed the bended end |
of the /prizging Wire C ¥ above the wire-ftaple B, between it and the Ring Ey |
of the weight D , whereas that end fhould have been fo expreffed, as to pals am- |
der the wire-ftaple betwixt its two Wires,into the faid Ring. <>

: oe
London, Printed for Fohu ALartyn, and Fames Allefiry,Printers to |
the Royal Society. 1666. an

— . (iz9) Nam,
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

a > April2. 1666.

The Contents.

A Confirmation of the former Account touching the late Rarth-
quake near Oxford , and the Concomitants thereof , by
_ Mr.Boyle. Some Obfervations and Direttions about the.
Barometer, communicated by the fame Hand. General
Heads for a Natural Hiftory of a Country , fall or
great , propofed by the fame. An Extrat of a Letter,
written from Holland, about Preferving Ships from be-
ing Worm-eaten. An Account of Mr. Boyle's lately
publih't Traét, entituled, The Origine of Forms and
Qualities, i//uftrated by Confiderations and Experiments.

A Confirmation of the former Account touching the late Karth-
quake near Oxford,and the Concomitants thereof.

Bue ;His Confirmation came from the Noble
Ce, Mr Boyle ina Letcer,to the Pudlifier, as fol-
= loweth:

Fa 2 As to the Earth. quake, your au about
Exe itmakesme forry, that, mong) Ithink, I
was the firft, that gave notice of it to fev eral

SMM GVS of the Vertuof at oxford; yet the Account,
that Ic can fend you: about i it, is not fomuchof the Tézag it felf,
: Bb as

(180) 7

as of the Changes of the Air, that accompanied it. To inform you

of which, Imuft relate to you, that riding one Evening fome-
what late betwixt Oxford & a Lodging,I have at a place, 4.miles

diftant from it, the weather having been fora pretty while ~

Frofty, 1 found the Wind fo very cold, that it reduced me to
put on fome defenfives againft it, which I never fince, nor, if I
forget not , all the foregoing part of the Winter was obliged
- 9 make ufe off. My unwillingnefs to May long in fo trouble-
fome a Cold,which continued very piercing, till I had got half
way home-ward, did put me upon galloping at no very lafy
rates and yet, before could getto my Lodgings, I found the
Wind turned,and felt the Rain falling ; which, confidering the

fhortnefs of the time, and that-this Accident was preceded by -

afetled Froft, was furprifing tome 5 and induced mie to.men-
tion itanmy return, . as one of the greatest and fuddaineft Al-
terations of Air, Ihad everobfervid : And what changes I

found, have been taken notice of in the Gravity of the At- —

mofpbere atthe fame time by: that Accurate ‘Obferver* Dr.
ye ea ahaa 71 oe a of what follow'ds ‘as I fup ofe, he
time of the printing whereof this has ere this told you himset : Soon
Relation of Mr. Boyle Was wor after ; by my guels about an h our,
yet come fo bana: Nie there was.a manifeft- Trembling in:

eka the Houfe whére, I was ( which

ftands high in compatifon of Oxford.) Bur it was notthere fo

great, butthatI, who chanced to have my thoughts bufied e-

uough on other matters,than the-weather,fhould nothaye taken —

notice of it as an Earth-quake, but have imputed it to fome o-

ther caufe, ifone, that youknow, whofehandis employedin ‘

this Paper, and begins to bea diligent obferver of Natural

things, had not advertis'd me of it; as being taken notice of by

himandthe reft of the people of the Houfe. And foon after
there hapnedia brisk Storm: whereupon I fent tomake inquiry
at a place eall’d Brdl, which ftanding upon-a much higher
ground, I fuppofed might be more obnoxious to the effeéts of

the Earth-quake (of which, had Thad any fafpition of it, my ha-—

_ ving formerly been in one neer the Lacus Lemanus, would have
made me the more obfervant:) But the perfon I fent to, being

difabled

(181) |

difabled by ficknefs to come over to me (which he promis’d to
_ do, as foon as he could) writ me only a Ticket, whofe fubftance _
was, That the Earth.quake was there much more confiderable,
than where Llodged, and that at a Gentlemans houfe,whom he
names (the moft noted Perfon,it feems,of the neighbourhood)
the Houfe trembled very much, fo as to make the Stones mani-
feftly to move toand fro inthe Parlour, to the great amaze-
ment and fright of all the Family... The Hill, whereon this
_ Brillftands, Lhave obferv'd to be very well ftor’d with Mineral
_fubftances of feveral kinds ; and from thence I have been in-
form’d by others, that this Earth-quake reach’d a good many
miles; but I have neither leafure, nor inclination to entertain
you withuncertain reports of the Extent and other Circum-
ftances, efpecially fince a little further time an inquiry may en-
able me to give you a better warranted account. #

Some Obfervations and Direttions about the Barometer, com-
__ municated by the fame Hand, to the Author of this Tract.

_., Thefe fhallbe fetdown, as they came to hand in another
Letter ; vzdel. au
_, As tothe Barometrical Obfervations(as for brevities fake I ufe
to callthem)though you * gueffed Sky
aright, that, when I faw thofeof —* see Num. 9. of the Phil.
the Learned and Inquifitive Dr, Tranfact. p.159. the laff para=
Beale, LhadnotMinebyme, (for staph.
_ Tleft them, fome years fince,inthe
hands of a Virtuofo, nor have I now the leafure to Jook.after
_thofe Papers; ) yet fince by.the Communication, you have —
made publick, ‘tis probable, that divers Ingenious men will be
- invited to. attempt the like Obfervations, I fhall (notwithftand-
ing my prefent hafte) mention to youfome particulars , which
perhaps will not appear unfeafonable, that came into my mind
upon the reading of what you have prefented the Curious.

_ When I did,.as you may remember ; fome years agoe, pub-
lickly exprefs and defire that fome Inquifitive men would
baie | Bb 2_ make

| (182) ) |
make Baro/copical Obfervations in feveral parts of England (if
| not in forrain Countries * alfo; )
and to affift them, to dofo, prefens
ted fome of my Friends with the
neceffary Inftruments: The decla-
red reafon of my defiring this Correfpondence was ( among

* Some whereof have been'fince
invited by the Publifhter, to give
their concurrence. herein.

other things ) that by.comparing Notes, tbe Extent of the At=

mefphertcal Chances, in point of Weight, might be the better eftis
mated.’ But not having hitherto received fome account;
that Phoped for, I fhall now, without ftaying for them, intimate
_thus muchto you: That it will be very. convenient, that the

Obfervers.take notice not only of the day, but, as near as they ©

can, ofthe Howre wherein the height of the Mercurtal Cylinder
is obferv'd: Eor- I have often found, that within lefs than the
compafs of one day, or perhaps half a day, the Altitude of it
has fo confiderably vary'd, as to make it in many cafes difficult,
to conclude any, thing certainly from Obfervations; ithat agree
bp votha day et Ne ka :

‘

It will'be requifite alfo, that the Obfervers give notice of
the Scztuatzon of the place, where their Barometers ftand, not
only; becaafe it will affift men to Judge, whether the Inftru.

ments were duely perfected, but principally, becaufe, that
though: the Bare/cope be good (nay, becaufe it is fo ) the Ob-
fervations will much difagree, even when the Atmofphere is
in the fame ftate, asto Weight, if one of the Inftruments

ao ot ee %

ftand in a confiderably higher. part of: the Countrey, than the _

other. - |

To confirm both the foregoing admonitions, Tmuft now in-

_ form you, that, having in thefe parts two Lodgings,the one at

Oxford; which you know ftands ina bottom'’by the Thames fide, ,

aid the other ata place,four imiles thence,feated upon a modée
rate F4ill, 1 found; by comparing two Baro/copes, that 1 made,

the one at Oxford, the other at Stanton St. Fobns,that,thoughthe —
fermer be very good, and’ have been noted for fuch; during
feme years, andthe latter-was very carefully filld; yet by

reafon, that in the Aigher-place, the incumbent part of the 4é- ~ i

mo/phere muft be lighter, than in the Lower, there isalmoftal-

i) ways ie

(183)
ways between 2 and 3 Eights of an Inch difference betwixt
them: And having fometimes order’d my fervants to take
notice of the Difparity, and divers times carefully obferv'd it
my felf, when I pafs‘d toand fro between Oxford and Stanton,
¥- generally found, that the Oxford Barometer and the other,
did, as it were by common confent, rife and fall together fo,
as that inthe former the Mercury was ufually $.higher, than in.
the latter.
| Which Obfervations may teach us, that the Subterraneous.
fteams, which afcendintothe Air, or the other Caufes of the
varying Weight of the Atmo/phere, do, many. times, and at
Jeaft in. fome places, uniformly enough affect the Air to a
eee height, than, till Thad made this tryall, Idurft con-
elude, & 9 mutA (ho are ged
But, as moft of. the Barometricall obfervations‘are fubject
to exception, fol found the formerly mentionedtobe. For
( to omit leffer variations ) riding oné Evening from Oxford to:
Stanton, and having, before Itook horfe, look't on the Baro/-
cope inthe former of thefe 2. places, I.was fomewhat furprifed,
to find at my comming to thelatter, that in places no farther
diftant, and notwithftanding the fhortnefs of the time ( which :
was but anhour and ahalf, if fo much) the Barometer at Stan-
ton was short of its ufual diftance fromthe other, mearaquarter
of an Juch,though, the weather being fairand'calm, there ap--
pear'd nothing of manifeft change inthe Air, to whichI could |
ad{cribe fo great a Variation ; and-thongh alfo, fincethat time, .
the Mercury in the two-Inftruments hath, for the moft part, pro-

_ eeeded.to rife-dnd,fallas beforgser 3} vhlod noitewe) .
And thefe being the only Obfervations, I have yetmet withs .
wherein. Barofcopesy at, fome Piffance of Place, and Difference
ef Herght, have been compar'd-Cthough I cannot now fend you :
the Refléxions, Ihave elfewhere made upon them: ) as the -
opportunity Ihad to make them my {elf, rendred them not
unpleafant to me; fo, perhaps the Novelty will keépthem from :
being unwelcome to you.. And I confefs; I have had fome ‘fly-
ing fufpicions, that theodd Phenomena of the Barofcope, which :
have hitherto more pos d, thaninftracted us, may in time; if2
| COMs:-

(184) : |
competent number of Correfpondents do diligently profe-
cute the Inquiries ( efpecially with Baro/éopes, accommodated

* with Mr, ‘Hooks ingenious additions) make men fome Luciferous

difcoveriés; that‘poflibly we do not yet dream of,
~ IT know not, whether it willbe worth while toadd; thatfince
I was oblig’d to leave London, Thave been put upon fo many
- leffer removes, that I have not been able to'make Barofcopical
Obfervations with fuch a conftancy, as I have wifhed,' but, as
far as I remember, the Quick-/lver has been forthe moft part,
fo high, as to invite me to take notice of it; and to defireyou
to do me’ the favour to inquire among your correfpondents
whether they have obferv’d the fame thing. * For, if they have,
oe ol oo this lafting (.though not uninter-
* This hath been inquired inte, rupted ) Altitude of the Qurchofil-
aad is found, that feveral Acca- yer, happening, when the Seafons

rate and Curious perfoss (asthe ofthe year have been extraordina-
Atsft Noble Prefidenc of the aon hy tae

Royal Society,the Lord Vifcount

Hook'&c. ) have obferved the the late Gazettes informs us, ' fome
fame. SP BAG | |
| a3 O80) run conftantly) it may be worth
inquiry, whether thefe obftinate Droughts, may not by cleav-

ing of the ground too deep, and’ making it alfo'infome places

more porous and as it'were, {pungy, give a more copious Vent,

than is'ufwalj tofubterraneal fteams, which adfcending into the -
Air,increaféthe gravity of it, ‘The inducements I have to pro-

pofe thisinquiry, I muft not now ftay to mention. But perhaps,
if the Obfervation holds, it may prove not ufelefs inreference
to fome Difeafes.. 101 C7, YO. 50 90190 sige Bat

‘

Perhaps it will be needlefs to put you in mind of. directing |
thofe Virtuof, that may defire your. Inftructions about Baro/-

copes, to fet down in their Diarys not only the day of the month,
and the hour of the day, when the Mercurzes ‘height is taken,
but (ina diftin&Columae) the weather, ¢f{pecially the Winds,

both as to the Quarters, whettce they blow ( though thatbe —

not always fo eafy nor neceffary, ) and as to the Violence or
Remifnefs, wherewith they blow. For,though it be more ger tee
ns . | ag) than

ry dry (fo much as to become a
Brounker, Dodtor Beile, Mr. grievance, and to dry up, ‘as. one of —

fprings near Waymoarb, that ufedto

See
Cree see =

ae (185)

than onewould think, to fettle any general rule about the ri-
fing and falling of the Quick-ilver; yet in'thefe: parts one of
thofe, that feem to hold oftnelt,-isy ip ae Ue
* that when high windsblow., the — * Sve Namber'o. Phil, Tranf-
Mercury is the lower; and yet that ack. p. 157.§.8.@ 9. where
it felf does fometimes fail: For, the word, Generally, figaifies .

ps | i re | no more, than for the moft
this very day (March 3.) though mat |
onthat hill, whereIlam, thefome- * — ,
what Wefterly Winds have been bluftering enough, yet ever
fince morning the Quckflver has been rifing, and is now rifen
near? ofan Jach. | ee
Thad thoughts to add fomething about another kind of Ba-
rofeope ( butinferiour to that inufe ) whereof I have given fome
intimation in one of the Preliminaries to the Hiffory of Cold,
- But you have already too much of a letter, and my occafi-
' ons, &e, : ! | 3

So far that Letter, Since which time, another from the fame
Noble Obferver intimates, That, as for that caufe of the height
of the Qurck-/lver in Droughts, which by him is fufpeéted to be
the elevation of fteams from the (rufi or Superficial parts of
the Earth, which by little and little may add to the Weight of
the Atmo/phere, being not, asin other feafons, carried down
from time to time by the falling Rain, it agrees not ill with
what he has had fince occafionto obferve. ~ For, whereas a-
bout Aferch ath, at Oxford, the Quick flver was higher, than, -

for ought he knew, had been yet obferv’d in England, viz. a-
_ bove Z above 30. Inches, upon the firft confiderable fhowers,
that have interrupted our long Drought, as he affirms, he
foretold divers hours before that the Quzch-filver would be very
low, (a bluftering Wind concurring with the Rain) fo he found
itat Stanton to fall2 beneath 29, Inches, * . ,

* Dr. Beale concurs with this Obfer vation, when he faith, in a late
Letter af March 19. to his Correfpondent‘in London ; By change of:
- Weather and Wind, the Afercury is funk more thanan Jsch,
fince I wrote to you on Munday lait, Afarch 12. This lat nighr,.
by Rain and South- wind; ts funk half an Inch,

General

(x86)

General Heads for a Natural Hiftory of a Countrey,Great ;
or (mall, imparted Tikewifeby Mr. Boyle. |

It having been already intimated (Num.8. of Phil. Tran/act.
p. 140.141.) that divers Phi/o/ophers aime,among other things,
-at the Compofing ofa good Natural Hiftory, to {uperftrud, in
fime, a Solid and U/eful Philofophy upon ; and it being of no
flightimportance, to be furnifht. with pertinent Heads, for the
direction of Inquirerss that lately named Benefattour to Expert-
mental Phtlofophy, has been. pleafed to communicate, for the |
ends abovefaid, the following Artzcles, which( as himfelf did |
fignifie) belong to one of his Effays of theunpublifht partof |
the U/efulne/s of Nat. and Experimen. Philofophy. ae

But firft he premifes, that what follows, is defign’d only to
point at the more General heads of Inquiry, which the pro-
pofer ignores not to be Divers of them very comprehenfive, in |
fomuch, thatabout fomeof the Subardinate fubjets, perhaps
too, not the moft fertile, he has drawa up Articles of inquifition
about particulars, that take up near as much room, as what ts
here to be deliver’d of this matter.

i _. The Heads themfelves follow ;
The things, to be obfery’d in fuch a Hiftory, may be vari. —
oufly ( and almoft at pleafure ) divided: As, into Supraterrane-
ous, Terreftrial, and Subterraneons s and otherwife: but we will
at prefent diftinguifh them into thofe things, that refpect the
Heavens, or concern the 4:r, the Water, or the Earth. a
1. Tothe Férf fort of Particulars, belong the Longitude’
and Latitude ofthe Place (that being of momentinreference |
tothe obfervations about the Air Sc.) and confequently the |
length of the longeft and fhorteft days and nights, the Cli- |
mate, parallels @e. what fixt ftarrs are and what not feen |
there: What Conftellations ‘tis faid to be fubje& to? Where- |
unto may be added other Aftrological matters, if they be
thought worth mentioning, - : |
2, About

i Ge
_.2, About the 77 may k.. obferv’d, its Temperature, asto
the firft four Qualities (commonly fo call’d ) and the Mea-
fares of them: its Weight, Clearnefs, RefraGtive power: its
Sublety or Grofsnefs: its abounding with, or wanting an E/w-
vine Salt: its variations according to the feafons of the year,
and the times of the day ; What duration the feveral kinds of
VVeather ufually have: VVhat Meteors itis moft or leaft wont
to breeds and in what order they are generated; and how |
long they ufually laft: Efpecially, what Winds it is {unbject to ;
whether any of ‘them be ftated and ordinary, ee. What di-
feafes are Epidemical, that are {uppofed to flow from the Air:
What other difeafes, wherein that hatha fhare, the Countrey
isfubject to; the Plague and Contagious fickneffes: What is
the ‘ufual falubrity or infalubrity of the Air; and with what
Conftitutions it agrees better or worfe, than others. :
_ 3. About the Water, may be obferv'd, the Sea, its Depth,de-
gree: of Saltnefs, Tydes, Currents, @¢. Next, Rivers, their
Bighefs: Length, Courfe, Inundations, Goodnefs, Levity
Cor their Contraries) of Waters, &¢e. Then, Lakes, Ponds,
Springs, and efpecially. Mineral waters, their Kinds, Quali-
_ ties, Vertues,andhowexamined. othe Waters belong allo
Fifbesy what kinds of them (whether Salt or Frefh-water fifh )
are.to-be found in the Country 5 their Store, Bignefs,
Goodnefs;-Seafons, Haunts, Peculiarities of any kind, and
the -wayes of taking them, efpecially thofe that are not purely
Mechanical. :
_&#. Inthe Earth,may be obferyed,

phinpnlsdeifisd adi io cio Pbe os bh
22) 2, [ts Lnhabitants,and its Produétions, arid thefe External,
ViciosqtanedwWerndinT cositu. zis ol SI

-. Fiefls ithe Earth: felf}, may. be obferv’d, its. dimenfions,
fcituation, Eaft, Weft, North, andSouth: its Figure,its Plains,
and Valleys,’ and their Extent); its Hills arid Mountains, and
the height ofthe talleft, bethin reference to the neighbouring
Valleys or Plains, andin referenceto the Level of the Sea: fe

211382 ! Ce | allo

(188)

alfo, whether the Mountains lye {eattered, or in ridges, and’
whether thofe run North and South, or Eaft and Weft, @e,
What Promdéntories, fiery or fmoaking Hills, @c. the Coun-
try has, or hath’ not: Whether the Country be coherent, or
much broken into Hands. What the Magnetical Declination is
in feveral places,and the Variations of that Declination in the
fame place ( and; if either of thofe be very confiderable, then,
-what circumftances may affift one to guefsat the Reafon’ as
Subterraneal fires, the Vicinity of Iron-mines, &c, -)whatthe
Nature of the Soyle is, whether Clays, Sandy, gc. or good
Mould: and whatGrains, Fruits, and other Vegetables, do
the moft naturally agree with it: As alfo, by what particular
Arts and Induftries the Inhabitants improve the Advantages,
and’remedy the Inconveniences of their Soyl:: Whathidden
qualities the Soyl may have-((as that of Ireland, againft Veno-
mous Beatts er.) ) odds ye

Secondly, above the ignobler Produftions of the Earth, there

muft be a careful account given of the Inhabitants themfelves,

both Natives and Strangers, that havé-been long fettled there >

And in: particular, their Stature, Shape, Colour, Features,

Strength, Agility, Beauty ( or the wantofit)) Complexions,
Hair, Dyet, Inclinations, and Cuftoms that feem not due to

Education. Astotheir Women (befides the other things)may.
be obferved their Fruitfulnefs or Barrennefs: 5: theie hard or

eafy- Labour, @e.. And bothin Women and Men muft be tas

Ken notice of what difeafes they are fubje@ to, and in thefe

“op . ‘_
ee ee

whether there be any fymptome, orany other Circumftance,

that is unufual and remarkable.
As to the External Productions of the Earth, the Inquiries:
may be fuch asithefes:\ What Graffes,, Grains, ‘Herbs, ( Gar-
den and Wild }) Flowers, Fruit-trees, Timber-trees Cefpecially:
any Trees, whofe wood is confiderable }) Coppices, Groves,.
Woods, Forrefts, ¢¢. the Country has or wants. What pecu-
liarities are obfervable in any of them: What'Soyles they moft
like or diflikesand'with what Culture they thrive beft.. « What

Animals the Country has>or: wants; both as to wild-Beafts,

Hawks, and-other: Birds of Prey: and as to.Poultrey,°and

Cattle:

| C189}
€attle of all forts, and Babs Ae whether it have any
Animals, that arenot common, or any thing, that is peculiar
in thofe, that are fo. bh eee pe
~The Internal Productions or Concealments of the Earth are
here underftood to be,the riches that ly hid underthe Ground,
and are not already referr'd to other Inquiries,

Among thefe S ubterraneal obfervations may be taken notice

of, what forts of Minerals of any kind they want, as well as
what they haves Then, what Quarries the Country affords,and
the particular conditions both of the Quarries and the Stones:
Asalfo, how the Beds of Stone lye; in reference to North and
South, &¢. What Clays and Earths it affords,as Tobacco-pipe-
clay, Marles, Fullers-earths, Earths for Potters wares, Bolus’s
and-other medicated Earths: What other Minerals it yields, as
Coals, Salt-Mines, or Salt-fprings, Allom, Vitrial, Sulphur,
-&¢. What Mettals the Country yields,and a defcription of the
Mines, their number, feituation, depth, figns, waters, damps,
- quantities of ore, goodnefs of ore, extraneous things and ways
_ of reducing their ores into Mettals, @&c. |
_.To thefe General Articles of inquiries ( faith their Pre-
pofer) fhould be added; 1 Inquirces about Traditions concern-
ing all particular things, relating to that Country, as either pe-
culiar to it, or at leaft, uncommon elfewhere, 2 Inquiries, that
require Learzing or Shill in the Anfwerer: to which fhould be
fubjoyned Propo/als of ways, to enable men to give Anfwers to
thefe more difficult inquiries.

Thus far our Author, who, as he has been pleafed to impart
thefe General (but yet very Comprebenfive and greatly Direéfzve )
Articles; fo, ‘tis hoped from his own late intimation, thathe
will fhortly enlarge them with Particular and Subordinate ones.
_ Thefe,in the mean time,were thought fit to be publifht,that the
“Anquifitive and Curious,might,by fuch an Affiftance, be invited
not to delay their fearches of matters, that are fo highly con-
ducive to the improvement of True Philofophy, and the well

fare of Mankind.

Gc2 | ‘An

7 | An Extratt apie is ok
Df a Letter, Written from Holland, about Preferving of
Ships from being Worm-eaten. | i

This Extraé is borrowed fromthe French journal des Scavans
of Febr. 15, 1666. andis here inferred, to excite Inventive
heads here, to overtake the Propoferin Halland) The letter
paris thnse UR Boe Se daaheates bh THIS

Although you have vifired our Port ( 4mfterdam) I know.
not whether you have noted theill condition, our fhips are in,
that return from the Jndes.. There is.in thofe Seas a kind of
{mall worms, that faften themfelves to the Timber ofthe thips,
and fo pierce them; thatthey take water every where ; ‘or it
they do not altogether pierce them thorow, they fo weaker
the wood, that it is almoftimpoffible to repairthem. VVe

have at prefent aMan here, that pretends to have found ag ~
admirable fecret to.remedy this evil. That, which would —

render this fecret the more important,is,that hitherto very ma-

ny ways have been ufed to effe&@ it,but without fuccéfs, Some
lave imployed Deal, Hair and Lime,@e. and therewith lined:
their fhiips;but,befides that this does not altogether affright the

worms,it retards much the fhips Courfe. The Portugals {eorch:

their fhips, fnfomuch thatin the quick works there is madea —

coaly cruft of about.an Jnch thick. But as this is dangerous,

ithappening not feldom, that the whole veffel is burnt's fo. —

the reafon why worms eat not thorow Portugal fhips, is:con:

ceived to be the exceeding hardnefS of the Timber, employ-

edby them...)

_ We expeét with impatience the mature and effect of this Pro» —

‘

pofition. Many have'already ventur’d to give theirthoughts. —
concerning it. Some fay, there needs no more, butto build’ —
Ships. of afiarder kind of Wood, than the ufaak.’ Others-has

ving-obferved, that thefe Worms faften not to'akind of wild’

Indian Pear.tree, which is highly.bitter, do thereupon fug-,
| . geft,

i
4
‘

Y (itis) 2

eft, that the beft Expedient aula be > to find outa Wood
Favine that quality. But certainly there being now no Tim-
ber, fit for Ships, that is not known, ‘tis not likely that any will
be found either more hard, or more bitter, than that, which
has been hitherto employed. Some do imagine y that the
Propofer will, by certain Lixrwiums, give to the ordinary
Wood fuch a quality and bitternefs, as is found in the already
mention’d /ndzan Pear-tree, But this alfo will hardly fucceed, —
-fince it will be requifite not only to make Lzxzvzums, in great
quantities at an eafie rate, and ftrong enough to penetrate
the thick fides of a Ship, but alfo to make them durable e-
nough, notto be wafht out by the Sea. Yet notwithftar-
ding, inthefe matters one ought to fufpend on's judgement,
untillexperience do fhew,what is to be believed of them.
So far the Exiraé.To which it may perhaps not be unfeafo-
nable to add, that a very worthy perfon in London, fuggelts the
Pitch, drawn out of Sea coles, for a good Remedy to feare-
away thefe noyfome infets.

Of a Book, very lately publifb't, -entituled, The Origine
_of Forms and Qualities, i/uflrated by Confidera-
_ tions and Experiments... by. the Honourable . Robert

Wee '” Boyle. ‘is Od ist
~ ‘This Curious and Excellent Piece, is a kind of Zntrodu€fion-
to the Principles of the Mechanical Philefophy, explicating , by
very Confiderable, Obfervations and Experiments, what may
be, according to fuch Principles , conceived of the Nature
and Origine of Qualities and Forms; the knowledge whereof,
either*makes or fuppofes the Fundamental and Ufeful part of
Natural Philofophy. In doing of which, the Author, to have
his.way.the clearer., ‘writes rather for the Corpu/cylarian Phi-
Tofophers (as he is pleafed to call them) in General, than any
: ia , : Party.

(192)

impoflible ; or that there are fuch Global: Celefles , or fuch a
Materia Subtilis, asthe Cartefans imploy to explicate moft of
the Phenomena of Nature.) .- ee he

The Treazi/e confifting of a Speculative, and an Hiflorical
part, the Author, with great modefty leaves the Reader to
judge ; Wether in the Ferfé part he hath treated of the Nazare
and Origine of Formsand Qualities in a more Comprehenfive
-way,than others; Whether he has by fit Examples, and other
means; rendred it,more intelligible, than- they have done: _
_ Whether he has added any confiderable number of Notions
and Arguments towards the compleating and confirming of ©
the propofed Aypathefis: Whether he has with reafon difmiffed
Arguments unfit to be relied on; and Whether he has prepo-
fed fome Notions and Arguments fo warily , as to keep them
from being liable to Exceptions and Bvaftons ,; whereto ‘they
were obnoxious, as others have propofed them. And, asto
the Second and Hiz/forical part, he is enclin’d to believe; that the
Reader will grant, he hath done that part of Phyficks, he is trea-
ting of,fome fervice, by ftrengthning the doctrines of the
New Philofophy (as'tiscall'd ) by fuch particular Experiments, —
whofe Nature and Novelty will render themas well Accepta-
ble as Inftrudtive. |

The /umme of the Mypothefs; fully and clearly explicated in
the Firft Part, is this ; : , a

That all Bodies are made of one Catboliek matter,commonto —
them all, and differ but in Shape, Size, Motion or Ref, and
Texture of the {mall parts, they confift off; from which Affe-

| | | ~ Gions |

| (193) :
é&tions of Matter, the Qéalizes , ike difference particular Bo-
dies, refult: whence it may be rationally concluded, that one
kind of Bodies may be tranfmuted into another s ¢hat being
in effect no more, than that one Parcel of the Univerfal Mat-
ter, wherein all Bodies agree, may have a Texture produced in
it, like the Texture of {ome other Parcel of Matter,common to
them both, | fold

To this Alypothe/s, is fabjoin’d an Examination of the Scho-
laftick opinion of Subffantzal Forms; where the Author,F/,
States the Controverfie; next,gives the Principal reafons, that
move him to oppofe that Opinion ;' then, anfwersthe Main |
arguments employed to evince it 3 further, affigns both the
Farft Caufe of Forms ( God 3} and the Grand Second Caufe
thereof(Losal Motion:). and laffly; proves the Mechanical Pro-
duction of Forms; grounding his proof; part/y upon the Man-
ner, by which fuch a Convention of Accidents , as deferve to

afs for aForm,may be produced; as that the Curious Shapes
of Salts (believed to be the admirableft Effects and ftrongeft
Proofs of Sub/tantial’ Forms). maybe the RefultsofTexture ;

_ Art being able to produce Vitriol as well as: Nature: partly,

upon. the poffibility of Reproducing Bodies by skill, that have

~ been deprived of their reputed Sub/lantial. Ferme: » VVhere
_ he.alledges the Redintegration of Saltpetre:, Luccesfullyperfor-
- med: by himfelf;, though his: Attempts ,):made'tpon the dif-
fipation‘and, re-union of Amber, Alum, Sea-Salt, and. Vitraol,
| proved) ( by,.reafon; of acc¢dental hindrances rather, than

of any impoffibility in the Nature of the Thing): lefs fuc-
cesful. :

«An. the. Second and. Aiifferzcal Part, the Author, appealing
to the Teftimony of. Nature, to verifie his Dottrine, fets down,
both {ome Obfervations, of what ~Nature does without being

_ over-ruled by the power and skill of mans and fome Expe-

lig ab The Firft 1s taken from what happens: in the Alatching of*

_ iments, wherein Nature is guided,and as it were,maftered by

Art, , |
| \ i ° Whe Obfervations are fours © >.

a

an:

—-

Baia ee ae |
an Eggesoutof the White whereof, which is a fubftance Simi-
lar, infipid , foft »diaphanous, colourlefs, and readily dif.
foluble in, cold water, :there:is by the Newiand Variews cons
trivement-of its {malbparts, ‘caufed by the Incubation ‘of the
Hen, an Animal produced, fome of whofe parts are opacous)
fome red, fome: yellow, fome>white, fome fluid, fome con.
- fiftent, fome folid and frangible, others tough: and flexi. ~~
ble, fome well: fome ill-tafted; fome with fprings, {ome with-
Out {priags, Be) susie cuwio Vitnallnd patio pusial

2. The: Second is fetcht from Water, which being fluid, taf.
lefs, inedorous, diaphanous, colourlefs, volatile,?c. may by
_ alDiffering Texture of its:parts, be brought to conftitute Bodiés,
having qualities very: diftant from thefe, ‘as: Vegetables, that
have‘firmenefs,qpacity, odors, tafts, colours, ‘Medicinal yer.
tues s: yielding, alfo 'a:true Oyle, that refufes to mingle with
Beaten? Bari ods weni 2s tt | SC: YE AV BOE
ogcoatt bos 2ddHe floidetitabs odis¢ e2 baysiigd) won 10
3, hhd Ehend, from Tnorulation’s wherein, a fall Bad is

able fo to tranfmute all the fap; ‘that arrives at it, asto make
it conftitute a Fruit quite otherwife qualified, thenthar,; which
isthe genuine production of the Tree,fo that the fame fap, ‘that
inone pattof the Branch conftitutes (for Tnftance )aLalfer of
Haws, in-another part. of the fame Branch; ‘may make a Peat!
VVhere the Author mentidnsidivers other vefy confiderable
Effects of Inoculations,andinferts feveral Hiftoriesallcouns

eo | ; ge. SrarTit » ey!
Boe aa EAA mee ;

ar a "4
af

tenancing(his doctrine, O Dwg Ss a
4, Sh
bs “Fhe Fourth; from Putrified: Cheefe s wherein, the rotten is |
part , by the alteration of its Texture,’ will differ: from‘the
Sound, in colour, odor, tate, confiftence, vermination, ge)
of con, > ow The Experiments-are ten/- aiotsiw AN ss

; bad | : ss i . a 7 Late

1. A Solution of Vitriol and Camphire ; in which By a change
of Texture, appear’d the Produdtion‘ofiadeep colourfroma |

3 | white

, (193) | .
white'Body,and a clear Liquor without any external heat:
The deftruction of this Colour, by adding only fome fair
water: The-change of an Odorous Body, as Camphire, into
an Inodorous, by mixing it.with a Body y that-has {carce
any fenfible odour of itsown: The fudden'reftauration of
the Campizre to its native {cent and other qualities, by com-

2. Sublimate, diflill’d from Copper and Silver, which both
_ did wholly loofe their Metalline forms, and were melted
into brittle lumps, with colours quite differing fromtheir
own; both apt to imbibe the moifture of the Air, @e. >

3. A [olutzon of Selver into Luna Cornea: V Vhereby the opa-
cous, malleable and hardly fufible Body of Sewer, was, by
the addition of alittle {pirit of falt, reduced into Chryftals,
differing from thofe of other Mettals ; diaphanousalfo, and
brittle, and far more eafily fufible, than Silver; wholly un-
like either a Salt or a Mettal,but very like to a piece of fora,
and withall infipid,though the Solution of Silver,be very. bit-
ter; and the fpirit of falt, highly fowre;@e. A Wate 7

4. An Anomalous Salt; (whichthe Author had not,it feems
the libertyto:teach the Preparation off) whofe Ingredients —
were purely Saline, and yet the Compound, made up only
of falc, fowre, and ftrongly tafted Bodies, was rather really
fweet, than of any other tafte, and when a little urged
withheat, itsodour became ftronger, and more infuppor-
table than that.of 4qua fortis, diftilled Urine, and even /pirit
of [alt Armeniacks but yet when thefe Fumes fettled again
into falt, their odour would again prove inoffenfive, if-not
pleafant, &e, ev

1. 304 Sea+falt, whence Aqua fortis had beendiftillea: Where
the: Liquor, that came over, proved an Aqua Regis: the
_ fubftance‘inthe bottom, had not onely a mild tafte, and

‘e | Dd affected

(196) )
affe ed the Pallat much more like falt-peter,' than Common
{alt ; but was alfo very fufible, and: inflammable, though
produced of two ua-inflammable bodies: and the fame {ub-
france, confifting of Acid falts , by a certain way of the Au-
‘thor;produced a fit fates © i as

6. Oyle of Vitriol poured upon a Solution of Bay:-falt: whence
was abftracted a liquor, that by the fmell and Tafte ap-
peared to be aifpirit of falt: Inwhich operation,the mixture,
by working agreatchange of Texture, did fo alterthe na-
ture of the compounding Bodies, thatthe fea-falt,though a
confiderably fixt Body,-was diftill'd over in a méderate
Fire of fand, whilft the Oyl of Vitriol, though no fuch
grofs falt; was by the fame operation fo fixt, as to\ ftay be-
hind: Befides that the fame, by a competent heat :yeilded.
afubftance, though not infipid, yet not at. all of thé tafte
of Sea-falt, or of any other pungent one, mitch lefs haying
the highly corrofiye acidity‘of oylof Vitrioleée, 5 0.

7. A difflvent, made by pouring a fireng [pirit of Nitre on
the reétified Oyl of the Butter of Antimony, and then diftilling off
all the liquor, that would come over, Se, This Menfiruum (cal-
led by the Author Peractutum') being put to highly: refined
Gold, -deftroyed its ‘Texture, and produced, :after the me-
thod prefcribed in the book; a true'S¢dver, ds its whitenefs
in colour,diffolublenes.in Agua fortzs,and odious Bitternefs,
did manifeft: which:change of a Mettal,commonly efteemed
to be abfolutely indeftrudtible by Art, thoughit befar from”
being Lueriferous; is yet exceedingly Jaftrudtive}: as is alfo:
the way, ‘the Author here adds, | of Volatilixzng Gold; by the:

powerof the fame Diffolvent. 9. 0) Ay” ie ire

8. Aqua fortis,concoagulated with differing Bodiesyproduced
very differing Concretes :\And thesfame; Numeral Saline~
Corpufcles, that. being affociated with thofe.of one Metal,
had: already produced.a Body ¢minent:in-one Tafte, did'af~
° ; yo Ee Cera.

| 197)

terwards, being freed from that Body, compofe a Liquor of a
very differing tafte;and after that too,being combin’d with the
parties of another Mettal, did with them conftitute a Body
of a very eminent Tafte, as oppofite as any one can be
to both the other Tafts ; andyet thefe Saline Corpufcles,
being inftead of this fecond Mettal,aflociated with fuch aone
as that, they are driven from, did therewith exhibite again the
firfttof the three mention’d Tafts.

9. Water tran(muted into Earth, though the Author faith of
this Tranfmutation,that it was not fo perfect, as he wifh’d, and
as he hopes to make it. i

10, A- mixture of Oyle of Vitriol and Spirit of Wine. ‘Thefe
two Liquors, being of odd Textures in reference to each o-
ther, their conjunction and diftillation made them exhibice
thefe Phenomena: vid. That, whereas Spirit of Wine has no
great, nor good fcent, and moderately dephlegm'd Oy! of
Vitriol is wont to be inodorous ; the Spirit, that firft came
over from their mixture, had a {cent not only very differing
from Spirit of Wine,but from all things-elfe, that the Author
ever {melt; the Odor being very fragrant & pleafant,and fo:
fubtle, that in fpight of the care taken in luting the Glaffes
exactly together, it would perfume the neighbouring parts of
the Laboratory, and afterwards f{mell ftrongly at fome diftance
from the Viol, wherein it was put, though ftopt with a
clofe Cork, covered with two orthree feveral Bladders. Bur,
after this volatile and odoriferous Spirit was come over, and
had been follow’d by an Acid Spirit, it-was at laft fucceeded:
by a ftrongly ftinking Liquor,ée.

But Manum de Tabula: the Book it felf will certainly give a’
fatista€tion far beyond what here can be faid of it.

| Some

where te

(198)
Some New objervations about the Planet Mate: , communica
ted fince the Printing of the former fheets.

* } { :

There was very latelypreduced a Paper, containing eo
_ obfervations, made by Mr. Hook, about the Planet Mars;
in the Face whereof he affirmed to have difcovered, in the late
months of Februaryand March, that there are feveral Macule
or Spotted parts, changing their place, and not returning to
the fame Pofition, till the next enfuing night near about the
-fametime. Whence it may be colledted,that asars (as well as
Jupiter, and the Earth, &c.) does move about hisown Axa.
ofwhich a fuller account will be given hereafter, God per-

mitting. This fhort and hafty intimation of. it, is intended

onely to invite others, that have opportunity, timely to make
Obfervations, Ceither to confirm,or rectify) before Mars oes
out of fi fight. | |

_ Printed with pea: for toh. Dearipuaus Jame Alle sey,
| a tothe Baya! prea) 166 ve

(199) pee 3

PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

ara

Se cr eS

Munday, May 7. 1665.

The Contents.

A od of Preferving Birds taken out of the Egge, “and osher {nalt
Fetus’s s communicated by Mr Boyle. An Extraéd ofa Lecter,
lately fent to Sr. Robert Moray outef Virginia, concerning an
unufuall way of Propayating Mulberry. trees there, fer the better
aumprovement of the Silk-Work ; together with feme other particu.
lars, tending ta the good of that Royall Plantation. .4 Method,
by which a Glaf of a (mall Plana-Convex Sphere may be made to

| vefrati the Rayes of Light toa Focus of a far greater Has.

- than ts ufuali, Obfervations about Shining Worms zn Oy/lers.
Objervations of the Effeits of Touch and Fridtion Some par-
ticulars, communicated from forrain Parts, concerning the Pere

manent Spottin Jupiter; and a conteft hieiaeen, two Artifts about
Optick- Glaffes, fe An Account of a Book writienby Dr,
Thomas Sydenham, entetuled, Methodus Curandi Febres,
proprits Obfervationibus fuperitructa.

A way
| Of oe Birds taken out of the Egge , and other fmall
| lied 83 communicated by Mr Boyle.

C2 CO Klis was. imparted in a Dene: as flows! 5

oo) fae The time ef the year invites me to intimate to

you, that among the other Ufes of the Experi-

ment, I long fince prefented the Society, of pre-

| ist ferving Whelps taken outof the Dams womb,

Bai other Feiuss , orparts of them, in Spirit of Wine ; ee
| Re : member

| (200)
member, I did, when I was follicitous to obferve the Proceffe
of Nature inthe Formation of a Chick, open Hens Eggs,
fome at fucha day, and fome at other daies after the be-
ginning of the ‘Incubation, and carefully taking out the
Embryos, embalmed each of them in a d:ftinét Glafs (which
is to be carefully ftopt ) in Sperat of Wine: Which 1 did,
~thatfo I might have them in readinefle, to make on them,
at any time, the Obfervations , 1 thought them capable of af-

fording ; and to let my Friends at other feafons of the year,

fee, both the differing appearances of the Chick at the third,
fourth,feventh, fourteenth, or other daies, after the Eggs had
been fate on, and (efpecially) fome particulars not obvious in

. Chickens, that go about; as the hanging of the Gutts out of —

the Abdomen, &c. Wow long the tender Embryo ot the Chick
foon after the Puntium faliens is dif{coverable, and whilft the
Body feems but a little Organixed Gelly , and fome while

after That, will be this way preferv’d, without beingtoo much

fhrivel'd up, I was hindred by fome mifchances to fatishe my
felf: but when the Fetus's,I took out,were fo perfectly formed

as they were wont to be about the feventh day, and after, they :
{o well retain’d their fhape and bulk , as tomake menot re- —
pent of my curiofity: And fome of thofe, whichIdid very —

early this Spring, Ican yetfhew you. I kaow I have men-

tion ’d to yeu an eafie application of what 1, fome years fince,
made publick enough; but not finding it to have beea yet ~

made by any other, and being perfwaded by Experience, that
it may be extended to other Fatws's, which this feafon (the
Spring ) is time to make provifion off, I think the Zdverte/é.
ment will not’ feem anfeafonable to fome of our Friends’s

though being now-ia hafte, and havinginmy thoughts divers |
particulars, relating to this way of Preferving Birds taken out |
of the Egge, and other fmall Fetus’s, I muft content my felf to |
have mentiond that, whichis Effengial, leaving divers other |
things, which a little practife may teach the Curious, unmen- |
tiond. WNotwithftanding which, I muft not omit thefetwo |

Circumftances ; the one, that when the Chick was grown big,
before Ltook it out of the Egge, Ehave (but not conftantly )

mingled’ |

PY pee Fe eet
Se eee ee

| (201) a
mingled with the Spirct of Wne,a little Spirit of Sal Armomack,
made(as I have elfewhere delivered by the :
help of Quick-lime : which Spirit I choofe, = Tn the palate of
becaufe, though it aboundsin aSale noc 77 e F a
“Sowre,but Urinous, yet I never obferved it» 3
(how ftrong foever I made it)to coagulate Spirit of Wine. The
ether circumitance is, that I ufuaily found it convenient, to fet
the little 4azmals,{] meanttoimbalme, lie fora little while in
ardinary Spirit of Wine,to wath off the loofer filth,that is wont
to adhere tothe Chick, when taken out of the Egges and
then, having put either the fame Kind of Spirit, or better upon
the fame Bird; I fuffer'd it to foak fome hours (perhaps fome
daies, prorenata) therein, that the Liquor,haviug drawn as it
were what Tin@ture it could, the Fetas being removd into
more pure and well dephlegmd Spirit of Wine, might nor
dif colour it, butleave it almoft as limpid, as before it was
‘put in.

| An Extratt
Of a Letter, fent lately to Sir Robert Moray out of Vir-
ginia, concerning an unulual way of propagating Mul-
berry trees there, for the better improvement of the Silk-
Work ; together with fome other particulars, tending to
the good of that Plantation. ii

Yam difappointed at this time of fome Rarities of Minerals, |
Mettals, and Stones; but you may have them any others time,
as conveniently, @¢. Ihave planted here already ten thou-
fand Mulberry trees ; and hope, within twoor three years, to
reap good filk of them. IT have planted them ina way unufual
here, which advances them two or three years growth, in ref
pect of their being fownin feed: And they are now, at writing
hereof all holding good, although this has been a very loug
and bitter winter with us, much longer and colder, than ever
Edid finditin Scotland or England, Vintend likewife to plant
a | he = them

(202)
ope all, , asif they were Currants or Goos-berries, fo thick as
hedges; whereby one man may gather as many of them,as o-
therwife, when they are planted in trees at diftance, four
perfons may do. Expedient is the benefit of this Trade. Hav-
ing difcourfed of this new way-to all here s they are geuerally-
inclinable to ic; confidering that the Planting their Trees, as.
before,at diftance, andletting them grow high, has been the:
main obftruction of that work hitherto, and the lofs of their
‘timeand gain: but being in hedges, they will be always young:
tender plants : 5 and confequently will be eafily cut in great:
quantites witha pair of Garden Sizzers. But there may be
fuggefted yer another, and perhaps a better ways whichis, to’
fowe fome Acres with Mulberry /eed, andto cut it with a fith,
andevertokeep.itunder. Ihave alio bethought my felf of a.
new me for a. few handsto ferve many Worms, and that.
more cleanly than before: which alfo will be a means, without:
more trouble or pains, to feparate unhealthy worms from
healthful ; and by which a great many more may be keptina

room, thanotherwife upon thelues, asisufwalhere. Beftdes
this, I have fown alittle French Barley and Rice.feed, andam

thinKing ona way of un-husking them with expedition, and fo
preparing them for the Merchant, astheyufe tobe: Butif you
can inform me, how they are prepared, you, may. fave me
fomefabour. If Thad any Coffeein husks, or any other ve-
getable commodity, from the Streights to try, T would here
make tryalwithtbem. Its like, that fome of thofe Merchants
thatare of your Society,and keep aCorrefpondency there,may
affit in procuringthem, by the latter fhips Pintend'to fend:

youa New fort of fweet fented Tobacco, wich Lhave not yet.
had? time to improve,

ms Method, by which a Glafs of a fmall Pla elie Sphere
may be made to refract the Rayes of light to a Focus. of
afat greater di eee than w ufual..

This is pro ofea' Mr, Mook, in confequence of whatrwas
pvr y o. q
“men>

eT

f

(203)
mention’d from him in Num, 4 pag. 67; of thele Tran/atte-
ens. : : sau
. Prepare ( /acth be) two Glaffes, the one exa fly flat on both
fides, the other flat on the one fide, and convex on ‘the other,

of what Sphere you pleafe. Letthe flat Glafs bea little broa-
der than the other. ‘Then letthere be made a Cell or Ring.
of Brafs, very exadtly turn’d, into which thefe two Glaffes
may: be fo faftned with Cement, that the plain furfaces of —
them may lye exadtly paralell, and thatthe Convex-fide of the
Plano-convex-Glafs may lye inward; butfo, as notto touch:
the flat of the other Glafs. Thefe being cemented’into the
Ring very clofely about the edges, by aimall hole in the fide
of the Brafs-ring or Cell, fill the interpofed fpace between
thefe two with Water, Oylof Turpentine , Spirit of Wine, Sale
Liquors, Be + then ftop the:hole with a {crew: and: accord-.
ing to the differing refraction of the interpofed: Liquors;,
fo fhallthe Focus of this compound. Glafs be longer or fhor-:
tere. : 4 OF z

- But this (adds the Propo/er ) T would only havelook’t upon,.
as one-inftance of many ( fortheretmay be others) of the:
Poffibiuity of making a Glafs, ground in a f{maller Sphere, to’
conftitute a Telefcope of a much greater length: Though:
( notto raife too great exfpectation ) | muft add, That of:
Spherical object glaffes, thofe are the beft, : whichare made of
the greateft. Sphere; and: whofe fubftance hath the greatelt:
refraction. © 111 Mniiw.8 1O.<e raiw.bar Jy

Thefe Obfervations-occurin the French ournal.of April 123.
1.666. in two letters, written by M. /uzout'to.M; Dela:
Moyes whereof the fubftance may.be reduced to the following:
particulars... f ae ee eR nan ae

1,. That M. Dela Voye having obferved, ashe thoughr,.
a. | fome. >

(204)
- fome fhining Worms in Oyfters; M. Zuzout, being made ac-
quainted with it, did firft conceive, they were not Worms
(unlefs they, were crufhed ones) thatfhin’d, as having not
been ablethento-difcern any partsof aWorm; but only fome
fhining clammy moyfture s which appeared indeed like a little
Star of a blewifh colour , arid ftuck to the Oyfter-fhell; be-
ing drawnout, fhone. in the Air its whole length(which was
about four or five lines.) and:when put upon the Observers
hand, continued tofhine there for fome time. |

2. That M. Auzout afterwards, caufing more than 20. dou-
zen. of Oyfters to be open’diat Candle-light, really faw,
inthe dark, fuch fhining worms in them; and thofe of three
forts. One fort was: whitith , having'24.0n25. feeton each
fide, forked; ablack {peck onohe fide of the head ( taken
by him for'a Cry/fallan) & the back'like an Eele,ftript off her
skin The /econd, red, and refembling the common G/en-
worms, found at Land, with folds upontheir backs , and feet
like the former; andwithanofe like that of a dog, and one
eyein the head. © The ted fort was {fpeckled, havingahead
like that of a'Sole, with many tufts.of whitifh hair on the
fides of it, ‘ : | -

3. That, befides thefe, the @b/erver faw fome much bigger,
that were gtayifh, with a big head, and two horns onit, like
thofe ofa Snayl, and with 7.or 8.whitith feet,but thefe,though
kept by him in the night, fhin’d not.

. That the two firft forts are. made of.a matter eafily re-
foluble, the feaft fhaking or touch turning them into a yif-
cous and aqueous matter s which falling from the fhell, ftuck

tothe Ob/ervers fingers, and fhone there for the {pace of 20.

feconds: and if any little part of this matter, by ftrongly fhak-

ing the fhell, did fall tothe ground; it appear “d like a little |

piece of a flaming Brimftone ; and when fhaken off nimbly, it

became like a {mall fhining Line, which was diflipated before

it came to the ground. | : : |
5. That

Jamahiets Nf; Ce a a Do
ese FN cs Lee Ee ee ee ee

s. That this fhiniug matter wasof differenteolour s fome,
whitifh, fome, reddifh; but yet that they afforded both, a
light which appear'd a violet to his eye. 7

6. That it is very hard to examine thefe worms en-
tire (efpecially the white ones) becaufe that atthe leaft touch
they doe burft, and refolve into.a glutinous moyfture; whence
alfo if it were not for their feet, that are difcover’d in their
matter, none would judge them to be Worms. :

iy eles

-7, That among thofe, whichbe obferved, he faw two more
firm, than the reft, which fhone all over ; and when they fell
from the Oyfter,twinkled likeagreacftar, fhining ttrongly,
andemitting rays of a violet-light by turns, for the fpace, (as
touch’t above ) of 20. feconds. Which Scintillation the 65-
ferver imputes to this, that thofe worms being alive, and fome-
times railing their head, fometimes their tayle, like a Carpe,
the light increafed and leflened accordingly; feeing that,
when they fhone not, he did, viewing them by a Candle,
find them dead. iy sett, . badad.2' a

8. That forcibly fhaking the Oy fter-thells in the dark, he
fometimes faw the whole ihell tullof lights, now and then as
big as a fingers end; and abundance of this clammy matter,
both red and white, ( watch hejudges to have been Worms);
burft in their holes. :

9. That in-the shaking he faw all the Communications of
“ : ‘ Sa Ee ae | SUC) att BE) Meath Pouvinccw eh eoodd if
thefe little Verminulous” holes, like tothe hole of Worms in

Wood.

x0 That in more than 20 douzen of Oyfters he fhook no
fhell (to. or 12. excepted) butitemitcedlight: And found
fome of this light ia fixteen of the Oyfters themfelves.

tr. Thatthis light occurs more frequently ip big,than fimall
Oyfters; in thofe that are pierced by the Worm,, oftner, than:
: ts 1m

(2106)

in thofe that are not,;-and rather upon the Convex-fide, than

_ the ether; and’more in frefh ones, than in the ftale.

12. That having fomewhat fcaled the Convex-fide of the
fhell, and difcover'd the Communication of the holes, where.

in the often-mention’dvifcous moyfture, thathasanyformof _

infects, is found she {melt afcent,that was like the water of a
fqueefed' Oyfter, Ly” 4399 |

13. That the Worms give no light, when irritated, but if
they do, the light lafts but a very little time,whereas that which
appears in thofe, that were not angred before, continues a
great while; the Od/erver affirming to have kept of it above
2 hours, | Ot 2p y LIT: ive Qiysa

So far the fournal des Scavans ; which intimates withal,that
if the Ob/erwers had had better Mfccro/copes,they could have bet-
ter examin'd this matter...» ar idg |

But fince the curious;here in Eugland are fo well furnifh
with good ones, ‘tis hoped, that they will employ fome of
them for further and more minute Obfervations of thefe

Worms; it being a matter, which, joyned with other Obfer-
vations, already made by fome excellent perfons here, (efpe-
cially Mr. Boyle), upon this fubje&t of Light, may prove very

luciferous to the doétrine of it, fo much yet in the dark.

Some Obfervations
Of the Effects of Touch and Fridtion, .

The Operations and Effects of Touch and Friétzon having
been lately much taken notice off, and being looktupon by
fome, asa great Medical Branch, forthe curing of many di-
feafes and infirmities ; it will perhaps.not be uafeafonable to
mention (here alfo) fome Obfervations relating thereunto 5
which may give an occafion to others, to confider this fubject
more, than has been done heretofore, and. to make fur-

ther

\
~ ee ‘ “ .
OO eS | _ —— =

(207)
chee Obfervations and Tryals concerning the power of the
lame, | | 3

And Firft, the Iluftrious Lord of Verulam, in his Fiiflory of
Lifeand Death, Hiftor. 6. §. 3. obferves, That Motzen and
Warmth (of which two, Freéion confifts) draws forth,into the
parts, New Juyce and Vigour. And Canon, XIII. he affirms,
That Frifzons conduce much to Longevity, See the fame, -
Connex. ix, 8.26. Ge.

Secondly, The Honourable Rovert Boyle, in his U/eful- -
ae/s of Experimental Philefophy, (edt. 2.6b.15. confidering the
Body of a Living man or any Animal, asan Engine, {oe
compofed, that there 1s aconfpiring communication be-
twixt its parts, by vertue whereof a very flight impref-
fion of adventitious matter upon fome one part, maybe
able to work, on fome other diftant part, or perhaps on

the whole Engine, a change far exceeding, whac the
fame adventitious matter conld do upon a Body not fo
contrived: Reprefenting, fay, an Animal in this man-
ner, and thence interring, how it may be alter'd for the bet-
ter or worfe by motions or impulfes, confefledly Mechanz-
call, obferves , How fome are recover’d froma fwouning
fits by pricking s others grow faint and do vomit by the »
_ bare motion of a Coach; others fall into a troublefome
_ fickne!s by the agitation of aShip, and by the Sea.air
_ Cwhence they recover by reft,and by goingafhore.) A.
| gain, how in our Stables a Horfe well-curried is half-fed:
How fome can tell by the Milk of their Affes,whether-that
_ day they have been well curried or not: Arguing hence,
_ that if in A@/k the alteration is fo confiderable, it fheuld be
_ fol:kewife in the Bleod, or other Juyces, of which the Blood
is elaborated, and confequently in divers of the principal
parts of the Body. Where alfo ( upon the authority of
Pife he refers the Reader to the oe PApehewocs
: R wil

coi ee ite aie ORD ESE

bef A

as

: 4

: | | (2068)

wild Fr@zons,as unskilfully as they order them; do: ftrange
things, both in preferving bealth, and curang difeafes ; curing
Cold and Chrenical ones by Friééien,as they do Acate ones,by
OUntiton. | wr | ma

Thirdly, Thelearned Dr. fobs Beale,did not long fince coms
municate by fome-Letters s Ferff, that,he could make good
_ proof of the. curing or killing a very great and dangerous
Wen (that had been very troublefome: for two or three
years, ) by the application of adead mans hand, whence:
the Patient felt fuch a cold ftream pafs tothe Heart, that it
.. did almoft caufe in him a fit of fwouning Secendly,that,upon
his brothers knowledge, a certain Cook ina Noble Family
of Enoland (wherein thatbrother of his then lived.) having’ .
been reproached for the uglinefs of his Warty hands, and
return'd foranfwer,.that he hadtried many remedies, but
found none, was bid by his Lord, to rub his hand with:
that of adead man; and that this Lord dying foon after, .
the Cook made ule both of his Lords advife and hand, and
{peedilyfound good effect. (Whichis alfo confirm’d by what —
Mr. Boyle relates in his. lately: mentioned Book, of Dr.Har-
vey s frequently fuccesfulltriall, of curing fome Tumors ©
or Excrefcencies, by holding on them fuch a Hand.) Here
is Freétion er Touch,to mortifie Wens, to drive away fwellings
and Exerefcencies: And why not to repell or diffipate Spi- ~
rits, that may have a dangerous. influence upon the Brain; 7
or other parts; as wellas to call forth the retired ones-into —
the habitofthe Body, for Invigoration? Thirdly, thata |
Gentleman, who came lately out of Ireland, lay. at his Houfe,
and informid him of an aged Knight there, who having: —
great pain in his. feet, infomuch that he was unableto ufe:' |
them, fuffered, as he was going to: bed, aloving SpamteH to: |
fick his feet; which was for the prefent very pleafingto him;: |
Jothat he ufed.it mornings and evenings, tillhe foundthe: |
gain appeafed, and. the ufe. of his feet reftored.. hie af
. has 4 {hes

: . (209) ;
the Relator, was agentle touch, andtranfpiration; forhe
found the Spirits tranfpire witha pleafing Kind of Titillati-
on. Fourthly, thathe canaffure ofan honeft Blackfmith,
who by his healing hand converted his Barrs of Iron into

‘Plates of Silver; and had this particular faculty, that he
caufed Vomitings by ftroaking the Stomack; gave the
Stool by ftroaking the Belly; appeafed the Gout, and o-
ther paines, by ftroaking the parts affected.

Some particulars , communicated from forraign. parts ,
concerning the Permanent Spott in Jupiter ; and
a Conteft between two Artifts about Optick Glal-
fes, doc. :

_ Eujftachio de Divinis (faith the Informer, ) has written a
large Letter, wherein he pretends, that the Permanent
Spot in Jupiter hath been firft of all difcovered with ba
laffes ; and that the P. 3
Gotigmes is the firft that See Numb. 1. of thefe Tranf-
hath thence deduced the actions; by the date whereof it will ap-
Motion of Jupiter about his Pe47¢> that that Spot was ebferved in
a eos England, a good while before any [uch
xis ; and that Sienior “*. :
5 thing was [o ranch as heard of.
Caffim oppofed it at firft;to . Ls 3
whom the faid Gorignies wrote a letter of complaint there-—

— Bpon.

_ ~ The'fame Euffachzo pretends likewife, that his ‘great:
Glaffes excell thofe of €ampami ; and that in all the tryals,
made with them, they have performed better; and that
- Campani was viot willing to do, what was neceffary for well
comparing the one with the other. wx. To put equal] £ye-
géaffesin them, orto exchange the fame Glaffes, ee
The faid Divini affirms alfo, that he hath found a way to:
titi! FF 2. know

(210)

know, whether an Object glafs be good or not, onely by -

‘looking upon it, without trying. This would be of good
ufe, efpecially if it fhould extend fo far as to difcerne
the goodnefs of fuch a glafs, whilft it is yet on the Ces
ment. 7 tha

s °

An Account

Of Dr. Sydenham’s Book, entituled, Methodus Curandi

_ Febres, Propriis obfervationibus fuperftrutta.

~ This Book undertakesto deliver a more certain and more
genuine Method of curing Feavers and Agueéss than has
obtained hitherto: And it being premifed, Fe/?, thata Fe-
_ veris Natures Engine,fhe brings into the field, to remove
her enemy + or her handmaid, either for evacuating the im-
purities of the blood, or for reducing it ‘nto a New State :
Seconaly,that the true and genuine cure of this ficknefs con-

fifts in fuch a tempering of the Commotion of the
Blood, that it may neither exceed, norbetoo languide:

This, fay,being premifedby the Author, he informs the
Reader 5 , FOL Hefae. 3

In the Firf# Sefzon, of the different Method, to be ent,
ployedin the cure of Feavers,not only in refpec& of the difs.
fering conftitutions and ages ofthe patients, butalfoinre-
gard of the differing feafons of one and the fame year, and’
of the difference of one year fromanother,. ; As to the For)
mer, he fhews, in what forts of Patients, and at what time
of the Feaver, Phlebotomy,or Vomiting, or both,are to.be:

afed; and when and where net: In what {pace of time the
Depuration. if nature-be not difturbed or hindred in her work,,
will be perform'’d: When Purgatives are to be adminiftred ¢

Low. that.Diarrbea's happen, if the Pazzent had in the begin-

ning ae

(261))

ning of the Feaver an inclination to vomit, but no vomit
was givens and thatthofefymptoms, which commonly are
imputed toa malignity, do, for the moft part,proceed from
the Relaxation of the tone of the Bloud, caufed by Medi-
eines too refrigerating, or by the unfeafonableufe of Gli-
- fters inthe declination of the difeafe. As to the Latter, he
_obferves, that one of the chief caufes, rendring the Cure
of Feavers fo uncertain and unfuccefsfull issthat Pragtitioners
do accommodate their obfervations, they take from the
fuccefsful cure of fome Feavers in one feafon of the year,
or in fome one year, to that of all Feavers in any feafon, or
in any year whatfoever. And here he obferves, firfl, how
vigorous the blood is inthe Spreag , and how difpirited in
Autumn; and thence regulates the letting of bloud, and’
Vomiting, and the giving of Glifters, Next, how difficult it
is,to affign the caufe of the difference between the Feavers
of Several years ; and to prognofticate of the falubrity or
infalubrity of the following part of the year: where yet he
infinuates, that, when Infette do fwarm extraordinarily, and’
when Beaversand Agues( efpecially Quartans’) appear very.
early, as about Mdza/ummer, then Autumn commonly proves
very fickly. ZLe/fly, what method and Cautions: are to be
ufed inthe Cure of Epidemical Beavers) 6) 1) vy

‘Inthe Second section, he treats of the Symptoms, accom-.
panying Continued Feavers; as Phrenfies, Pleurifies; Coughs,
Aicoughs, Fluxes,$c. Shewing, both whence they are caufed,,
and how they are te be cured: Where having inferred a
confiderable Paragraph, touching a certain: Sympteniatical
Feaver in the Spreng, tobecurediike Plurifies; he mentions:
among many Obfervables, this, as achief one, thatLauda-
num, or any other Narcotzch given againft the! Phren/y, in-
the beginning, progrefs,or height ofa Feaver; does rather™

hurt, than good, but in the declination thereof, isufed with:
good fuccefs, To all which he fubjoins a particular ac-.

Compr $

. (212);

ccompt of the dizac Paffion ( efteem'd by him to be fometimes
a Symptome alfo of Feavers;.) not only difcourfing of its
caufe (a prepofterous inverfion of the inteftins ,proceeding
either fron» Obftruction, or Irritation, ) but adding alfo a
very plain way of Curing the fame ; and that net.by the ufe
of Quick-filver or Bullets (by him judged to be frequently
noxious ) but only by Afnt-water; and the application of a
Whelp toithe Patients ftomach 5 to, ftrengthen the fame,
and to: reduce it again to its natural motion,

» In the Third Seéiion, he treats of Intermittent Feavers, or
of Agues: Where:he difcourfes of the times of the Co/d and
Hot fits, iand: of that of the Separation of the fabdued aguifl
matter: | Finds difficulty in giving a fatisfatory,accompt.of

the retarn of Frts: diftinguifhes Agues into Vernal and Au:

tumnal: Lakes netice, thatasthere are few Continued Fea-
vers, fo generally there are only Quotzdians and. Tertian:s, in
the Spreng:sand only Fertzans and Quartans.in Autumn; Of
whica having offered Reafons,that feem,confiderable, he
proceedsto his Methed of curing them and, laying much

weight upon the faid difference, he prefcribes and urges.

different ways to.be ufed in that cure: Interferting among
other things thefe notes; fife, that:the Period of: Fer-
mentation in Feavers, both Continued and Intermittent, is

( if left to Natures own condudt,and wellregulated,if need
be,by Art) perform’d in about 336. hours or 14. dayes; {ub-
ducting in Zutermittent ones, the hours of intermiffion, .and_

counting 5}; hours for every Paroxifm; and .imaputing the
" excurfien beyond that time :to the difturbance.given 10 na-
ture by; the error of Practitioners. ; Secondly, that. who-
ever hath had a Quarten formerly, though many years
be paff'd, fhall,: if he chance to have another, be /eon freed
fromit ;.and that-a Phyfician knowing-thet,may confidently
prodideiien tooth soimailos} eds ni de bdenn !
OR TREE m eatorsyl of doidues ta, GTi icadsosn)y # In,

’
ee =

3 F é ~ Ae “4 ~~ - 4 =
ESE ee

BK
;
J
i

- the Method, he would nfe for his own only Son, if he fhould:

7 Ce

Tn the Fourzh Seétion, the Author, in conformity to the

Cuftom of thofe that write of. Feavers, difcourfes.of the
Smallpox s and Farfi, examining the caufe of this ficknefs
and its. univer!
{ once atleaft in a Mans life ) and isinclin‘d to preferr the
fame to the received doctrine of its malignity. Then, hav-
jug laid'down, for a foundation ofthe Cure, the two times,
of Separation: and Expulfion, he argues aswell againft too

high an Ebullition or too hafty a feparation ( bya hot diet

or high Cordials) as againf toolanguid a one (by Blood=
ing, Purges,. and Cooling medicines.) The hke he does

to the Time of Expulfon, forbidding both immoderate —
Heat(whereby Nature’s expelling’ operation is diftarbed by

a precipitated and too thick a crowd of the protruded pu-

ftuls, )-and toe much Cooling, whereby due Expulfion is.
> hindred, In fhort, he advifes, to permit Nature to do her

own work, requiring‘nothing of the Phyfician, but to regu:
late her, when the is exosbitant,andto.fortifie her, when fhe
istoo weak. Heconcludes all, withdelivering.a Model of

falbinto. this Sicknefs.

ae

Advertifement,.

Whereas ’tis taken notice of, that feveral perfons per=
fwade themfelves, that thee Philofophical Tranfactions
are publifh't by the Royal Society, notwith/landing many.
_ circumftances, to be met with inthe already publifh t: ones,.
ae | thate

ality, delivers his peculiar opinion of the
bloud’s endeavouring a Renovation: or a New Texture

RG) ce ee

| tbat import the contrary: . The Writer thereof Pe though
fit, exprefly here todeclare , that that perfwafion , if
dee be any [uch indeed, is a. meer miflake + and aa 1
he, upon bis Private account ( as a Well-wifber to the
advancement of ufefull knowledge, and a Furtherer
thereof by. fuch Communications, ashe is capable to fur-
nif by that Philofophical Correfpondency, which be enter-
tains, and bopesto enlarge) bath begun and continues both
the compo(ure and publication thereof : Though be denies
not, but that , baving the honour and advantage of being
a Fellow of the faid Society, be inferts at times fome of-
the Particulars that are prefented to them ; to wit,fuch as
he knows he may mention without aioe them,or tranf-
greljing their Orders; tending only to adminifler occafion
to others alfo, to oF der and carry them further, orto
Objerve or Expertinent the like, according as the nature of
fuch things may require. |

Printed with Kicench for John Martyn,and afi Ay
sia tothe Rents Society. 4696: )

| ; 7 ; t | * et 4
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(215) Nurs. 13:

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANS ACTIONS.

iunday , Fune 4. V666.

The Contents.

Certain Problems touching (ome Points of Navigation, Of a new -

Contrivance of Wheei-Barometer,much eajier to be prepar’d,than
others. An account of Four Sans which lately appeared in France;
_ and of twe,unu/ually pofted, Rainbows, /feen in the fame Kingdom.
A Relation of an Aceident,by Ehunder and Lightning, in Oxford.
As Experiment, to examine, what Figure or Celerity of Motion
begetteth ov encreafeth Light and Flame. Some Confiderations
touching a Letter in the Journal des Scavans of May 24, 1666,

senate

Certain Problems |
Touching [ome Points of Navigation. —

REESE Hele Problems are prefented by the Learned and
Gm Induftrious Nicolaus fdercator, for the advancing
+ of that Excellent and Beneficial Science,Navzga-

Sey tion, as follows : : ey |
Crs The line of Artificial Tangents, or the Logarith-
mical I angent-line beginning at 45. deg. and taking every half
degree for awhole one, is found to agree pretty neer with the
Meridzan.line of the Sea.Chayte s they both growing, as it were,

after the fame Proportion. But the Table of Meridional degrees

being calculated onely to every Sexagefmal minute of a degree,
fhews fome {mall difference from the faid Logarithmical Tan-
gent-line; Wlenceit may be doubted, whether that differencé
doe not arife from that little errour, which is committed by cal-
culating the Table of Merzazonal degrees enely to every minute,
‘ G 24 Mr,

ain ia) :
Mr. Gugbered inthe V 1. Chap. of his Navigation, annexed to
the Book, entituled, The Circles of Proportion, and the Flerizontal
Infirument,&c, mentions anArtifice, by himfelf difcover'd , by
_ which it may be effected, that the fmall parts af the Aseridian be
not one minute( which on the.face of the Zarth an{wets to.above
an Englifo Mile) but the hundred-thoufanth, or, if need be, the
millioneth part of a minute, fcarce exceeding one fifteenth part
of anInch: Which thing, de (aith,, he isable to perform in
Tables unto the Radius 10000000; yet nothing at all differin
either in their form or manner of working from thofe that are
now commonly in ufe. .2ifs7soDafT
But which way this is to be done, this 4uther hath not made
known tothe Publick. And,thongh fuch Tad/es unto the Ra-
dius 10000000. had been broughtto light, yet would they not
be fufficient to prave the identity or famenes of the faid two
Lines, as to continue the comparifon between them as far, as
the one of them,videl. the Logarithmicall Tangent lene,is already
calculated,that is,to Ten places, befides the Charafteriftcek.
Now therefore , if a certain Rule could be produced, by
which the Agteement ‘or Difagreement of the faid two Lines
might be fhew’d, not onely tothat Extent of places, to which
that Taagent line is already calculated ,’ but alfo to as many
raore, as the fame;may be yes further extended unto, in tnfinetum
wfques furely that rule would not onely' fave us the labour of
making Tables unto the Radius 102000003 but alfo the Prelex
or Spiral Line of the Ships Courfe would be reduced to a more
precifeexactuefs, than ever was pretended by Him: and this
moft Noble and Ufeful Science (as He juftly calls it) which 1s

the. Bond.of moft.disjun& Cowntries, and the Confociation of

Nations fartheft remote, would attain its full luftre and per-
~. Befides ,..that the Jame Rule would alfo difcovera far eafier
way of making Logarithmes,than ever was praGifed or knowns

and therefore might ferve, when ever there fhould be occafion, ©

te extend the Legerithmes beyond that number of places,thatis
alpeady extant... | ae

Moreover. fucha Rule would enable men to draw the Meridian
line Geomefracally,thar is, without Tables or Scales: which indeed

s

L/ | - ; ct might ‘

(217)
might alfo bedone, by fetting if the Secants of every whole
or half degree, if there were not this Inconveniency in it (which
isnotinmy Rule: ) That a Line compofed of {o many {mall
parts, would be fubjectto many errours, efpecially in a {mall
compafs. :

The fame Rule alfo will ferve,to find the Courfe and Diftance
between two Places affigned, as far, as practice fhall require it ;
and that, without any ‘Table of Merzdional parts, and yet with
as much eafe and exadtnefs. © a 3

And {feeing all thefe things do depend onthe folution of this |

- Queftion, Whether the Artefcial Tangent-lene be the true Meridian.

eS

line ? Ie is therefore, that Iundertake,by God's affiftance, to

- refolve the faid Queftion, And to let the world know the readi-

nefs and confidence, I have to make good this undertaking, !
am willing to lay a Wager againft any one or more perfons that
have amind toengage, for fo much as another Invention of mine

(whichis of lefs fubtlety, but of far greater benefit to the pub-

lick ) may be worth to the Inventor, ie
For, the great advantage, that all Merchants, Marriners, and
confequently the Common-wealth, may receive from this other

- Anvention, is, in my judgment, highly valuable; feeing it will
oftentimes make a fhip faile, though, according to the common

way of failing, the wind be quite contrary, and yet as near to
the place intended, as ifthe wind:had been favourable: Or, if »
you will, ic will enable one to gain fomething in the intended
way, whether the wind be good orno( except onely when you
go directly South or North, ) bur the advantage willbe moft,

where there is moft need of it,that is, when the Wind is contrary:

So that one may very oftengain a fifth, fourth, third part, or
more of the intended voyage ; according asit is longer or fhor-
ter; vz. always more in a longer Voyage, where the. gain is
more confiderable, and more: welcome ; not only by faving
Time, but alfo; Victuals, Water,Fuel, Mens health, and fo much

Meme CNG. kt, at ot
_ All this, which is here pretended, the Propofer is to make
good by the Verdict of fome Able Men,who alfo may give a
guefs, what this latter Invention may be worth to the owner:
And for fo much, and no more, he will fand engaged againft a-
| : Geos ny

(218) |
ay one or more Perfons,that he will and fhall refolve the Que ion
above-meationd, wx. Whether the Artificial Tangent-line be the
true Meridian-line, yea ornof And if he donot,that then He will
loofe, and tran{portto the other Party the whole benefit of the
laft mentioned invention. But if,on the contrary,he do preve or
difprove the Identity of the {aid two lines, to the Judgment of
fome able Mathematzeians, That then {oc mach money be paid
him by the other Party,as. the faid Inveation was valued.

And, whereas there are often Wagers laid abeutthingsthac
concern the Engagers little or nothing; ‘tis thought, that it _—

would concern all Merchants, Marriners, and all Lovers of the

common good, rather tolay wagers againft one another about

things of this Nature, where the Gainer doth gainas well, as if
_ he had laid his wager about fomething elfes and the Loofer hath
- fo far the benefit as well as the'Gainer,That he feeth thereby
promoted the thing,that concerns them both alike. |

Now therefore, to the end, that the Loofer may have his bes -_

nefit by it, as wellas the Gainer, it would not be amifs, that the
condition were made thus,thar the latter fhould grant the moity

of his gain tothe Propafers thatthereby he mightbeenabledto ~

bring tolight both thofe, and fome other ufeful inventions, for

the Service of Mankind. And to manifeft, that it is not for his”

own intereft onely, that the Prapofer mentions this; he is willing
to impart from that moity, fo.received, the full moity again to
any other perfon within his Majefties Dominions, who fhall firft
of all give notice of his Undertaking to prove-or difprove the

faid Identity,and perform it accordingly within the fpace oftwo — i |
Months,to be computed fromthe prefent Date. Thofe that have
amind to engage, may repair to the Printers of thefe Trafs,

where they may knowfurther. _ :

A new Contrivance of Wheel-Barometer, much more eafyto

be prepared, than that, which is defcribed in the Microgra-
phy ; imparted by the Author of that Book. ;
This is only an eafie way of applying an Jndex to any Common

Barofeope, whether the Glafs be only a Single Cane, or have a
round Boltheadat thetop, And by the mcaus thereof, the

Variation

(219) ;
Variation of the Altitude of the Aferearzal Cylinder, which at
moft is hardly three Inches, may be madeas diftinguifhable , as
if it were three Foot, or three Yards, oras much more, as is

defired. | : |
The manner hereof is vifible enough by Fegure 1: where A
BC reprefents the Tube, which may be either Blunt, or with
a Head, as A B C ( by which latter fhape, more room is allow’d
for any remainder of Air, to expand the better. ) This is to be
filled with Quickfilver,and inverted as commonly but inte a
Veffel of Stagnant Mercury,made after the fafhion of 1K, that
is, having its fides about 3 or 4 inches high, and the Cavity of it
equally big both above and below; and if it can be ( befides

_ that part, which is fill’d by the end of the Mercariall Tube,that
-ftands in it ) of equal capacity with the hollow of the Cane about

B; Forthenthe Quickfilver rifing as much in the hollow of I,
as it defcends at B,the difference of the height in the Receiver I,

_will be jufthalfthe ufual difference. And if the receiving Veilell

IK have a bigger Cavity,the difference will be lefs, but if lefs,the
difference willbe greater; But, whether the difference be here-

_ by made b’gger or lefs, ‘tis no great matter, fince by the con-
_ teivance of the Weel and Index (whichis more fully defcribed
inthe Preface to the Macrography ) the leaft variation may be
- madeas fenfidle as is defired, by diminithing the bignefs of the
| Cylinder E, and lengthening the Index F G, according to the
- Proportion requifite. |

An Account

OfFour Suns, which very lately appear'din France, ant

of two Raine-bows, unufually pofited, feen in the fame
Kingdom, fomewbat longer agoe.

Thefe Phenomena are thought worthy to be inferted here,for
the Speculation of the Curious in thofe Kingdoms ; as they were:
abtifht in the French Journal des Scavans, of May 10.1666. viz.
The 9" of Apri of this prefeat year, about half an hour pait
nine, there appear d three Circlesinthesky. One of them was:
very great, a little interrupted, and white every where, —
tae

i (220) 7 | |
the mixture of any othercolour. It paffed through the mid&
of the Sun’s Disk, and was parallel to the Horizon, Its Diameter
was abovea hundred degrees,and its Center not far from the
| Zenith, ey 3
The Second was much lefs and defedtive in fome places, ha-
ving the Colours of a Rainbow, efpecially in that part, which
was within the great Circle. It had the true Sun for its Center.
The Téerd was lefs, than the farft, but greater chan the fecond;
it was not entire, but only aa Arch or Portion of a Circle, whofe
Center was far diftant from that of the Sun, and whofe circum-
ference did, by its middle, joyn to that of the leaft Circle, in-
terfecting the greateft Circle by its twoextreams. In this Cir-
cle were difcerned alfo the Colours of a Rainbow, but they
were not fo ftrong, as thofe of the Second, i
At the place,where the circumference of this Therd Circle did
clofe with that of the Second, there was.agreat brightnefs of
Rzinbow-Colours, mixt together : And at the two extremities,
where this Second Circle interfected the Firf, appear’d twe Par-
belta’s or Mock-funs,which fhone very bright, but not fo bright,
nor weré fo well defined, asthetrue Sun. The Falfe Sun, that
was towards the South, was bigger, and far more luminousy
then that towards the Zaff, Befides thofe two Parbelia’s, which
were on the two fides of the true Sun, in the interfedtion of the
Firft and Third Circle,there was alfo upon the Fzrf# great Circle,
a third Mock-fun, fituated to the North, which was lefs and lefs ~
bright, than the two others. So thatatthe fametimethere were
feen Four Suns in the heavens. ! :
Figure LI. will illuftrate the Pofition of this Phenomenon, -
A. The Zenith or the Point Vertical of the place of Obfervatien, —
OR. The true Sun. | | Ne AR
SCHN. The great Circle, altogether White’, almoft parallel to
the Horizen, which pafs'd through the True Sun's Diske, and upon
which were the Fal/e Suns, ll a
DEBO. A Rain-bow about the Sun, forming an entire Circle but
‘interrupted in fome places. ) a
HDN. A portion of a Circle, that was Excentrick to the Sun, —
and greater than the Circle DEBO, which teushd DEBO, and
was confounded with it inthe point D.

HN. The t

o). | (221) |
HN. The two Mocek-Suns , in. the inter[eétion of the Semicucle
HA DNyand the Circle SCHN:: The midft of wheeh two Falfe. Suns
-qwas white and very luminous ; and their Extreamities towards D1

were tinged with the Colours of a Rainbow. The Falfe Sunmark'd N,

mas fainter than that,mbich is mark'a A.

others.

C. The Mock-Sum, all white, and farlefs fbining, than ihe twa

I, A [pace very dark betwixt R. and D.

This Appearance is look

tupon as one of the notableft,chat

can be feen,by reafon of the Exeentricity of the Circle HDN,

and becaufe that the Parbhelia
* were not in: the Interfection of
the Circle DEBO with the
great CircleS CHN, butin that
of the Semi.circle H DN.
Asfor the two odd Razxbows 5
they appeard at Chartres the ro.
of Augufi, 1665.-about half an
hour paft fix in. the Evening;
and did crofs one another al-

*T hofe Five Sums,that appear’a
the 29 March, A. 1629. at Rome,
between 2. or 3. of the clock inthe
afternoon, were thus pofited, that
the twoof them, Which Were inthe
intersection of two Circles,appear’d
in that of a Circle,which pafled
through the Sans Diske, with ano-
ther, that was Concentrick to the
Sun sas may be feen in Figure \1L,
borrow'd ( for the eafier comparing
them together) eut of Des-Cartes.

| moft at right Angles, as may be
_ feen by Frag. 1 V. |
The Rainbow,which was op- :
pofite to the Sun, in the ufual manner, was more deeply co-
lour'd, than that, which crofs’d it; though even the Colours of
the firft irzs were not fo flrong ,as they are now and them
_ feen at other times. : |

_ The greateft height of the ftronger Kainbow, was about 45.
_ degreess the feebler Rainbow loft one of its Legs, by growing:
| fainter,about 20. degrees above the ftronger ; and the Leg be-

bis Meteors, cap. X.

/

_ low appear'd continued to the erzzon.

| | Thefe Rainbows did not Fuf decuflate one another at right
' Angles 3 there was fome 6.0r 7.degrees.diflerence. The faint=
| er, feem'd to bea Portion of a great Circle; and the ftronger
_. was but a Portion of a {mall Circleyas ufually.. :
_ The Sun,at their appearance, was about ¢.degrees high above
the Hrizen, and. towardsthe 17. Azimuth of the Welt, North-
% ward, oer toe

The

(222) ) .
‘The Obferyer, M.E/fzenne,notes,that,when he made this Ob-
feryation, the River of Chartres, which runs, very near from
South to Nerth, was betwixt him and the Rainbow s and that he
- ftood Level with this River, whence he was diftant not above
1 §0.paces: which he adds, that che Curious-may the better judge
of this Obfervation. |
A Relation

| Of an Accident by Thunder and Lightning,at Oxford.
_ This was imparted by Dr. Wallis in a Letter,written at Oxford, —
May 12. 1666. tothe Publier, as follows : | a

I fhould fearce have given you fo foon the trouble of another
Letter,were it not foran Accident which hapn'd here May to, —
I had that afternoon, about 4. of the clock heard it thunder at —
fome diftance. About 5. of the clock the Thunder coming
nearer to Us, it began to rain, and foon after (the rain withall —
jucreafing) the Thunder grew very loud,and frequent,and with —
long ratling Claps (though not altogether fo great, as I have —
{ome other times heard) and the Lightning with flathes very —
bright ( notwithftanding the clear day-light ) and very fre- —
quent, (when at the the fafteft, fcarce a full minute between —
one flafh and anothers; many times not fo much, but a fe- —

cond flafh before the Thunder of the former was heard:) The i |
Thunder for the moft part began to be heard about 8. or

10. fecond minutes after the flafhs as I obferv'd for a great _
part of the time by my Minaute-Watch : but once or twice —

I obferv’d it to follow (ina manner) immediately upon it,

as it were in the fame moment; and the ae extream
red and fiery. Ido not ufe to be much appre

henfive of Thun- ‘g

der and lightning, but I was at this time (I know not well,why?) |

very apprehenfive, more than ordinary, of mifchief tobedone |

by it,for it feem'd tome tobe very lowand near Us(whichmade
me fo particular , as to obferve the diftance of the flafhby the |

noife)and very frequent,and bright, fo that,had it been by night 4

as it was by day, it would havebeen very terrible. And, though |
I kept within doors, yet I fenfibly difcover’d a ftinking fulphu- |
reous fmellin the Air. About7. of theclockit ended, before |

which time Thad news brought me of aSad Accident upon the |

water |

ae (23)
water at Medley'abouta mile or fomewhat more diftant from

hence. TwoSchollars of Wadham-Colledge, being alonein a

Boat (without a water-man) having newly thruft offfrom fhore,

at Adedley, to come homewards , ftanding near the head of the

boat, were prefentlywith a ftroke of Thunder or Lightning, both
ftruck off out of the boat into the water, the one of them ftark
dead, in whom, though prefently taken out of the water( having

_ been by relation, fcarce a minute in it) there was not difcerned
any appearance of life, fenfe, or motion: the other was ftuck

faft in the mud’ ( with his feet downwards, and his upper parts.
above water) like a poft not able to help himfelf outs but, be-’

_ fides a prefent fonying or numnefs, had no other hurt; but was

_ forthe prefent fo difturb’d in his fenfes,as that he knew not,how

_ he came there out of the boat, norcould remember either thun-

der or lightning, that did effe@ ic: and was very feeble and faint
upon it ; which (though prefently put into a warm bed) he had
not throughly recover'd by the next night ; and whether fince

he haveor no, I know nor, 7

Others in another boat, about 10 or 20 yards from thefe C as
by their defcription I eftimate ) felt a difturbance and fhaking

- intheir boat, and one of them had his Chair ftruck from under

_him,and thrownupon him ; but had no hurt. Thofe immediately

made up to the others,and(fome leaping into the water to them)
prefently drew them either into the boat or on fhore; yet none
of them faw thefe two fall into the water(not looking that way)

- but heard one of themcry out for help prefently upon tne

firoke, and {mele a very ftrange ftinking fmell in the Air;which,

when I asked him, that told it me, what kind of ftink ? he faid,

like fucha {mell, as is perceived upon the ftriking of Flints to-
Wether. |

He that was dead (when by putting into a warm bed, and
rubbing, and putting ftrong waters into his mouth, @¢. no life
could be brought into him) was the next morning brought to
town; where, among multitudes of others,who came to fee,Dr.

‘Wills, Dr. Atellington, Dr. Lower, and my felf, with fome others,

went to view the Corps : where we found no wound atall in the

skin; the face and neck fwart and black, but notmore, than

might be ordinary, by the fetling of the blood:On the right fide
of the neck was a little blackifh fpot about an inch long, and
: | : Hh about

Aa LR
about a quarter of an inch broad at the broadeft, and was, as if
it had been fear’d with a hot iron; and, as I remember, one
fomewhat bigger on the left fide of the neck, belowthe Ear.
Streight down the breaft, but towards the left fide of it, was a.
large place about three quarters of a Foot inlength,and about
two inches in breadth, in fome places more, in fome lefs, which
was burnt and hard, like Leather burnt with the firey ofa dee
blackifh red Coleur, not mach unlike the fcorched skin of a
rofted pig: And onthe fore-part of the left fhoulder fuch another
{pot about as big asa fhilling; but that in the neck was blacker
and feem’d more fear’d, Fromthe top of the right fhoulder, flo-
ping downwards towards that place in his breaft, was a narrow
Line of the like fcorched skinsas if fomewhat had comeinthere ©
atthe neck, and had run downtothe breaft, and there fpread
broader, | ray pps =
- The buttons of his Dowblet were moft. of them off; which,
fome thought might have been torn off with the blaft, getting in
at the neck;and then burfting its way out: for which the greateft
prefumption was(to me)that, befides 4 or s buttons wantingto-
wards the bottom of the breaft, there were abouthalfadozen
together clear offfrom the bottom of thecollar downwards,and
Ido not remember, that thereftofthe buttons didfeemtobe |
near worn out, but almoft new, The Collar of his doublet juft o-
ver the forepart of the left fhoulder was quite broken afunder, —
cloth and fiiffening, ftreight downwards, asif cut orchopd
afunder, but with a B/unt tool; onely the inward linnen or |
fuftian lineing of it was whole, by which,and by the view of the —
ragged Edges, itfeem’dmanifeftto me,that it was bya ftroak |
inwards (from without) net outwards from within. a
__ His Hat was ftrangely torn, notjufton the Crown, butonthe
fide of the hat, and on the brim. On the fide of it was a great q
hole, more than to putin ones faft through it: fome part of it a

Pe.
t

being quite ftruck away, and from thence divers gaflies every ©
-good length, almoft quite to the edges of the brim. And,befide —
chefe,one or two gafhes more,which did not communicate with |
that hole in the fide. This alfo I judged by aftrokeinwards; not |
fo much from the view of the edges of thofe gafhes(from which |
there was {carce any jndgmentto be made either way ) but be a,
. Cause: |

Ae | | 22
caufe the lining was not Pn ript offfrom the edge of the
hat ( where it was fow'd on _)on that fide, where the hole was
made. But his hat not being found upon his head, but at fome
diftance from him, it did not appear, againft what part of the
head that hole was made, ne

Upon the reft ofhis Cloaths, Ido not know of any further
effect;nor did we {mell any fulphurous {cent about them: which
might be, Partly becaufe it was now a good while after the time,
and Partly by reafon of their being prefently drenched in the
water into which he fell,

The night following,the three Doéfors above mentioned, & my
felf,with fome Chirurgions (befides a multitude of others) were
prefent at the opening of the head, to fee if any thing could be
there difeover'd ; but there appear'd no fign of contufion; the
brain full and in good orders the nerves whole and found, the
veffels of the brain pretty full of blood. But nothing was by any
of them difcern’d to be at allamifs. But it was by candle-light,-
and they had not time to make very nice Obfervation of it (the
Body being to be buried by and by ) and the crowd of people
was a further hindrance. But if any thing had been confiderably
out oforderto the view, it would furely have been by fome of
them difcovered. Some of them thought, they difcern’d a {mall
fiffure or crack in the skull ; and fome who held it, while it was
fawing off, faid, they felt it Jarring in their hands, and there
feem’d to the eye fomething like it, but it was fo fmall, as that by
Candle-light we could not agree it certainly foto be.

Some of the fair on the right Temples was manifeftly finged,
or burnt; and the lower part of that Ear blacker, than the parts
about it, but fofts and it might be only the fetling of the Bloud.
The upper partof the left fhoulder, and that fide of the neck,
were alfo fomewhat blacker, than the reft of the Body, but whe-
therit were by the blow, which broke the collar, and fcorch’d
the round red {pot thereupon, or only by fetling of the bloud,
Ycannot fay ;yet I think, it might very well be, that both on
the head, and on this fide of the neck, there might be a very
great blow, and a contufion upen it (and feems to have been fo,
by the tearing ofthe hat, and breaking the collar, if not alfo
cracking of the skull) and yet no figa of fuch contufion, becaufe
dying fo immediately, there was not time for the bloud to gather

Hh 2 : to

| (226) uM ei"
to the part and ftagnate there ( which in bruifes is the caufe of
blacknefs) and it was but as if fucha blow had been given on
a Body newly deadswhich does not ufe to caufe fuch a fymptom
of a bruife, after the bloud ceafes to circulate.

Having done with the Head, they open‘d the Breaf?, and
found that burning to reach quite through the skin, which was
in thofe fcoreh’d places hard and horney, and fhrunk up, fo as it
was not fo thick as the foft skin abourit: but no appearance of
any thing deeper than the skin; the Mufcles not at all diforderd
or difcolour’d (perhaps, upon the reafon, that was butinow faid

ofthe Head, Neck and Shoulder.) Having then taken off the -

Sternum, the Lungs and Heart appear'd all well,and well-colour-
ed without any diforder. | ae
_ This is the fum of what was obferved; onely that the whole

Body was, by night,very much fwell'd, more than in the morn-

ing ; and {melt very ftrong and offenfively : Which might be by
the hotnefs of the weather,’and by the heat of the place occafi-.
_on’d by the multitude of people. | |

An Experiment =~

Zo examine, what Figure, and Gelerity of Motion begetterb,,

or encreafeth Light and Flame.
‘This was communicated by Dr. Beale, as follows ;: Nes
May 5.1665. frefh Mackrels were boy!l'd in Water, with falt
and {weet herbs; and, when the Water was perfectly cold, the

next morning, the Mackrels were left in the Water for pickle.

May 6. more frefh Mackrels were boyl'd in like water ;.

and May 7. both waterand Mackrels were put intothe former: - .

water, together with the former Mackrels. ( Which circumftane.
ces! do particularize, becaufe, whether,the mixture of the pickle
of feveral ages, and a certain {pace of time, or whatever elfe was.

neceflary, and wanting, the tryal did not fucceed with like ef-

fe & at other times.) es ie ;
_ Butnowon thenext Munday (May8.) evening, the Cook
tirring the water, to take out fome of the Mackrels, found the

ee a

SR ee OF Ee I ay Se Se, ae

water at the firft motion become very luminous, and the Fifh

ihining through the water,as adding much to the Light, which:
the water yielded. The water.by the mixture of Sale and Herbs,
7 - iM.

| (227)
in the boyling, -was of it felf thick and rather blackifh, than oi
anyo ther clear colour: yet being firr’d, it fhin’d, and all the
fith appear'd,more brightly luminous in their own fhapes.
’ Wherever the drops of this water (after it was ftirr'd) fell on
the ground , or benches, they fhin'd: And the children took
drops in their hands,as broad asa penny, ranning with them a-
bout the houfe,and each drop,both neer and at diftanee,feem'd
by their fhining as broad asa fix pence,or a fhilling,or broader.
The Cook turn’dup the fide of the fth,which was loweft,and |
thence came no fhining : and after the water was for fome goad
time fetled,and folly at reft,it did not fhine at all, |
On Tuefday night (44ay 9.).we repeated the fame Trial,and
found the fame effeéts, ‘The water, till ir was ftirr'd, gave no
light, but was thick and dark, as we faw by day-light, and by
candle-light, As foon as the Cooks hand was'thruft iato the wa-
ter, it began to have a glimmering ;! but being gently ftirr'd by
the hand moving round ( asthe Dairy-maids do to gather the
Curds for Cheefe) it did fo fhine, thatthey, who look'd onit at.
fome diftance,from the further end of another room, thought.
eerily, it was the fhining of the Moon through a Window upon
a Veffel of Milk; and by brisker Circulation it feem’d to flame.
The Fifh did then fhine aswell from the Infide , as the Out-
fide, and chiefly fremthe'throat, and fuch places, asfeem'd a:
little broken ia the Boyliage i go] ein sad ky
‘took a piece,that fhin‘d moft,and fitted it,as well as I could
devife in the night,both to my great Macro/cope, and afterwards
to my little ones but I could difcern ne light by any of thefe
-Glaffes; nor from any drops of the fhining water, when put
into the Glaffes, And Afey 10. inthe brighteftrayes of the Sun,
Lexamin'd, in my great Micre/cope, afmall broken piece of the:
Fifh, which fhin’d moft the night before. - We could find no-
thing on the furface of the Fifth very remarkable. I: feem’d:
-whitifh,and in a manner dried,with deep inequalities. And o-
thers,as wel! as my felf,chought,we faw.a ftream,rather darkifh,.
than luminous, arifing like avery {mall duft, from the fifh: And’
_ rarely here and there, a very {mall, andalmof imperceptible
fparkle inthe Fifh, Yet of thefe /parkles we are certain;. we
numbred them,and agreed in the number,order and place, Of
thefleam I am not confident, butdo fulpectourLyesin the
Pu bright:

er Cl). ee ; te:
bright Sun, or that ic might be fome duft in the Aire. —
‘The great Micro/cope being fitted in the day-light for this piece
of Fifh,weexamin‘’d it thatnight, and it yielded no light at all,
either by the view of the Glafs,or otherwife. | |
Finding it dry,I thought that the moifture of Spittle,and tou-
ching of it,might caufe it to fhine: and fo it did, though but a
very little,in a few {mall fparks, which foon extingnifh’t. This
we faw withthe bare eye; not in the Glafs. rhino Gon
The Fifh were not yet fetide, nor infipid to the beft difcere
ning palats: And I caufed two Fifh to be kept for further Try-
all, two or three daies longer, till they were fetide in very hot
weather, and then Texpected more brightnefs, but could find
none, ¢ither in the water, by ftirring it, or in the Fifh, taken out
@f the watery YEO TG Wat SUR a Tere OT ere 2
And fome Trials 'made afterwards with other boyld Mack-
rels (as is abovefaid) with like pickle, but fail'd of the like fuce
cefs. AEE’ Bh A oe
This feafon ferves for many Trialsin this kind,and by better
Micre/copes, or better ordered. And in thefe Vulgarities we may
perhaps as well trace'out the caufe and nature of Light, as in
Jewels of greateft value,@e, © | JERE COMET 08 CSTR
Some Confiderations 3
Touching a Letter inthe Journal des Scavans of May 24,

1666, | bie Wah cabcas

In Num, 9. of thefe Tranfadiens were publifh’t the Sebemes
and Deferéptions of certain Waies of Sounding the Depth of the
Sea without a Lines and of Fetching up Water fromthe bottom of tts
together with fome Experiments already made with the former
of thefe two Contrivances, The Author of the French Journal
des Scavans found good, to infert them bothin his fournal
of May 3,3 but inanother of May 24. intimates, that the faid
Seohemes and their Defertptzons are not very clear and intelligible
(he means,that they wereinot well underftood by French Rea-
ders; ) propofing alfo fome Difficulties, relating to that Subject,
and efteemed by him neceffary to be fatisfied, before any ufe ~
could be made of the faid Inftraments.

Upon this occafion,the Author of thefe Tra@s thinks fit,here
to reprefent, , | Firft,

| (229) | |
Firft, That Eng/s/b-men and fuch others, as are well verfed in
the Enyli/o tongue, find no difficulty inunderftanding the def

criptions of thefe £ngis, nor in apprehending their {tructnre,

exhibited by the Fzgures, efpecially if notice be taken of the E-
mendation, expreffed at the end of Num, ro. about the mifgra-

ving the Bended end of the Springing Wire;( which it feems has not

been noted in France, though the faid Num.10.is known to have
been feen there a pretty while before their Fournal of May 24.
was publifh’t, ) And as for the particular of the Bucket, fetching
water from the bottom of the Sea, both the Frgare and the an-
nexed Defcription thereof are foplain and clear, that ‘tis fome
wonder here, that any difficulty of underftanding them is pre-
tended by any, that hath but ordinary skill ia Cutts and the Eng-
lifplanguage. Mean while, that way, whichthe Frencb Author
recommends for this purpofe as. more fimole , Videl. a Brafs-
Pump with double Valves, :3i0t atall unknown in England, nor
has bin left uatried there;but was found inconvenient,in refpectt

that the Valves in defcending did not fully open; and give the

water a free paflage through the Cavity of che Veflel, nor is
afcending thut fo clofe, as to hinder the water from coming in
at the top: Whereas by the way, propofed in Nam. 9, both is.
performéd with great eafe and fecurity. : |
Secondly, Whereas the Freach Author is of opinion, that ‘tis
unknown, How much time a Heavy Body requires to fink ia
water,according to.a certain depth;. He may pleafe ro take no-
tice, that that hath been made outin England. by frequent Ex-.
periments ; by which, feveral Depths, found by this Method of
founding without a Line, were examin'd by trying them over a-
gain inthe [ame place mtb a Line, after the common way And as:

‘to that Qaere of his, Whether a heavy Body defcends in the fame:

Proportzen of {witcnelfs in }Vater, that.it wouldido in 4c? The
an{wer is, that itdoes not; butthat, after itis funk one or two:
fathoms into the Water, it has there arrived tovits greateft {witt.
nefs, and keeps, after that, an equal degree of velecity sthe-Re-
fftance of the water being then found equal to the Endeavour of:

the heavy Body downwards. — 7
Thirdly, When the fame Author alledges that itmui be known,,
when a Light Body reafcends from the bottom of the water to
the:

Be a ge RO tng
the top, in what proportion of time and {wiftnefs it rifes. He
feems not to have confider’d, that in this Experiment, the times
ofthe defcent and affent are bothtaken;and computed toge: ©
ther s fo that, for this purpefe, there needs not that nicety, he
difcourfes of. . se
Faurthly, Whereas ‘tis further excepted, That this way of |
Sounding depths is no new invention ; The an{wer is ready, that
neither is it pretended to be fo,in the often quoted Traé ; it be-
ing only intimated there, thatthe manner et performing it, as
‘tis in that place reprefented and defcribed, is new. |
Laftly, To re@ifie the faid Author’s miftake, as if the inftru-

‘ment of Fetching up water from the bottom of the Sea,were
chiefly contriv’d, to find out, Whether in fome places of the fea
any Smeee water is to be met with at the bottom: There will
need no more, than ts dire@ him to the Book it felf Num. 9.
where p. 149. towards the end, the Férf ufe of this Bucket is ex-
prefi’d to be, to know the degrees of Saltne/s of the water accor-
ding to {ts nearnefs to the top or bottomsor rather to know the
conftitution of the Sea-water in feveral depths of feveral Climat:,
which is amatter,much better to be found out by Tria//,than
Difcourfe. Neither is it any where argued in that Book ( as the
French Journal infinuates ) that, becaufe {weet water is found at
the bottom ofthe Sea of Baharem, therefore it muff, but ouly
_ that it may, be found foelfewhere. And fince the fame Lournal
admits, that thofe Sweet water-fprings, which yield the fweet
water, that is feund at the faid place, have been formerly on the
Continent,far enough from the fea,which hath afterwards cover'’d
them; It will be, ’tis prefum’d, lawful to ask, Why in many o-
ther places there may not be found thelike > And befides, how
we do know,but that there may be in other parts, Eruptions of
large {prings at the bottom of the Sea,as well as there.

Printed with Licence for Fohy Afartyn,and Fames Allefiry,
Printers tothe Royal Society. 1666.

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(231) - (Nh, 14,

PHILOSOPHICAL.
TRANSACTIONS.

“The Corie.

An Account of a New kind of Barofcope,which may be call’d Stati.
cal ; and of (ome Advantages and Conveniencies it hath above the
Mercurial ; communicated by Mr.Boyle. The Particular Obferva-
tions of the Planet Mars, formerly intimated to have been made by
Mr.Hook zm February and March /aff. Some Ob/ervations made
an Italy,confirming the formersand withall fixing the Period of the
fata Planet's Revolution, Ob/fervations, lately made_at London,
of the Planet Jupiter: as al/o of Saturn. Relation of a fad Ef.

» feet of Thunder and Lightning. An Account of fome Baokts lately |

publifo'e; videl. The Relations of divers Curious Vi eyages uy Monf,
Thevenot: 4 Di/ceurfe about the Caufe of the Inundation of the
Nile, by dtonf. de la Chambre; both French: De Principits

| Rattocinatione Geometrarum , Contra Fafium Profefforum Geo-

— metrze, by adr, Hobbes: Kzng Salomons. Pourtraiture, ae Old <

bp Te ‘au M.D.

ee)

| An Account

| Of a New ind of Barofcope, which may be called Statical
and of [ome Advantages and Conventencies it bath pene
_ the Mercurial: Communicated, fome while fi ao n¢e . ee the

__ Honourable Robert Boyle.

iS for the New kind of Baro/copes sfohitsos “not Aig

fata agoe, “1 intifaated to’you, that: myt’ *See Num.11.p.

i hafte would not permit’ me to'give 185. Phil: Tran/-
FM you an account off fince your Let- ations.

ters acquaint me, that you ftilldefion a Communicating to the

| Ti Curious

(232)) “"

Curious as much Information, as may be, in reference to Ba.

rofcopes; I fhall venture to fend you fome Account of what I:

did but name (in my former Letter) to you,

_ Though by\a Paflage, you may meet with inthe rgthand aoth
Pages of my Thermometrical Experiments and Thoughts, you may
fod, that Laid fome years agoe think upon this New kind of
Barofcopes yet the Changes of the Atmofphere’s Weight nor
happening to -bethen fuch, asI wifh'd, and being unwilling to

. deprive. my felfof all other ufe of the

“ The Scales here meant exaétett Ballance *, that I (or perhaps
| were before competent Eye- any man) ever had, “I confefs to you
iene eNeadl dd MTR 706. weve howe Give agecatineenins on hd
nifeltly sith the thoufandth —~~"°~ put this at-
part of a grain. tempt for two or three years out of my
thoughts s till afterwards returning to

a place, where I chanc’d tofind two orthree pairs of Scales, I

had left there, the fight of them brought it into my mind; and
though I were then mableto procure exadter , yet my defire
to make the Experiment fome amends for fo long a negledt,
put me upon confidering, that if I provided a Gla/s-bublesmore
than ordinary large ‘and light, even {uch Ballances, as thofe,
might in fome meafure perform, what I had tried with the
ftrangely nice ones above-mention’d. + ea

I caufed-then to be-blowa at the Flame of a Lamp fome
Gla/s-bubles as large’, thin and light, as I could then procure,
and choofing among them ene, that feem’d the leaft unfit. for
my turn, I counterpoifed it in a pair of Scales,that would loofe
their A-guclibrium with about the 3 oth part of a Grain,and were
fufpended, at; a. Frame. .I placed both the Ballance and the

Frame by a good Barofcope, ‘from whence I might learn the

prefent weight of the Atmofphere.. Then leaving thefe Inftru-
ments together; though the Scales, being no nicer than Ihave
exprefs'd, were not able to fhew ‘me all the Variations of the
Air's weight,that appear’d in the a¢ercarzal Barofcope,yet they
did what I expedted, by fhewing me variations no greater,than

alter'd the height of Quickfilver half a,quarter of an Inch, and —

perhaps much {maller,than thofe: Nor did I doubt,that,if I had

had either tender Scales, or the means of fupplying the Expe- © 1

rimest with convenient accommodationss, J fhould a
B ge ;
iis? cerned

oo ee
fcerned far fmaller Alterations of the Weight of the Air.fiace
[had the pleafure to fee the Buble fometimes in an equilibriem ~
with the counterpoife; fometimes, when the Atmofphere was
high, preponderate fo manifeftly, that the Seales being gently
_ ftirr’d, the Cock would play altegether onthat fide, at which
the Buble was hung sand at other times (whenthe Air was hea-
vier) that, which was at the firft but the Counterpoife , would
preponderate, and, upon the motion of the Ballance, make the
Cock vibrate altogether on its fide. And this would: con-
tinue fometimes many daies together, if the Air folong re-
tain’d the fame meafure of gravity ; and then (upon other chan-
eee Buble would regain an equzlibrium,or a preponderances
0 that [had oftentimes the fatisfaction, by looking firft upon
the Statical Barofcope (as for diftintions fake it may be call’d ) _
to foretell, whether in the Mercurial Barofcope the Liquor
were high orlow. Which Obfervations though they hold as
well in Winter, and feveral times in Summer ( for I was often
abfent during that feafon) as the Spring, yet the frequency of
their Viciffitudes (which perhaps was but accidental) made
them more pleafant in the latter of thefe feafons.

So that, the matter.of Fact having been made out by variety
of repeated Obfervations, and by fometimes comparing feve-_
rall of thofe new Bare/copes together, I fhall add fome of thofe
Notes about this Inftruament, which readily occur to my me-
-mory,referving the reft till another opportunity.

And Firft, ifthe ground, on which I went in framing this Ba:
rofcope, be demanded, the anfwer in fhort may be; 1. That,
though the Glafs-buble, and the Glafs-counterpoife, at the
time of their firft being weigh'd,be in the Air, wherein they both
are weigh’d, exactly of the fame weight; yet they are nothing
near ofthe fame bulk ; the Buble, by reafon of its capacious
cavity ( which contains nothing but Air, or fomething that |
weighs lefs than Air ) being perhaps.a hundred or two hundred
times (for I have not conveniency to meafure them ) bigger
than the Meralline counterpoife. 2! That according to a
Hydrofiatical Law (which you knew I have lately had occafion
to make out) Iftwo Bodies of equal gravity, but unequal bulk
come to be weigh’d in another Afedzum, they willbe nolonger

| | bis equi-

€quiponderant; but if the new Asedium be heavier, the greater

Body, as being lighter in Speeve, will loofe more of its weight,
than the leffer and more compact ; but if the new Azediumbe
lighter than’ the firft,: then the bi ger Body will outweigh the
leffer >’ And this difparity, rents a the change of Afedium’s,
willbe fo much the greater; by how mnch the greaterinequality

of bulk there is between the Bodies formerly equiponderant,:
3. That, laying thefe two together, I confider’d, that twould:

be all one, asto the effec to be produced, whether the Bo-

dies were weighed’ in Medium's of differing gravity, or in the:

fame Medium, in cafe its ( /pecifick)) gravity were confiderably
alterd: And confequently, that fince itappear’d by the Ba-
rofcope, that tne weight of the Air was fometimes heavier, and
fometimes lighter, the alterations of it, in point of gravity,
from the weight, it was off at firft counterpoifing of the Buble
of it, would unequally affeé&t fo large and hollowa Body,as the
Buble, and fo {mall and denfe a one, asa Metallin weight: And

when the Air by an increafe of gravity fhould becomea heavier |

Medium, than before, it’ would buoy up the Glafs more than
the Counterpoifes and ifit grew lighter, than it was at firft,
would fuffer the former to preponderate: ( The Illuftrations
and Proof can f{carce be added in few words ; but, if it be de-

fired, Imay, God permitting, fend you them at my nextlea-
fure: ) And though our Englifh Air be about athoufand times —

lighter, than water, the difference in weight of folittle Air, as
is but equalin bulk toa Buble, feem’d to give {mall hopes, that
it would be fenfible upon a Ballance; yet, by making the Buble

very largeand light, I fuppofed and found the Event, Ihave

already related. |

Secondly, The hermetically feal’d Glafs-buble, I employed,
was of the bignef of a fomewhat large Orange, and weighd
about r.drachme and 10.¢rains. But I thought it very poffible,
if I had been better farnifh’t with conveniencies (wherein I af-

terwards found, Iwas not miftaken ) tomake (among many, |

that might be expected to mifcarry) fome,that might be pre-
ferable to this, either for capacity or lightnes, or both; efpe-
cially if care be taken, that they be not feal’dup, whilft they
aretoohot. For, though one would think, that it were advan.

| | tagious

Tl I ll as i a Ni

ee ee age

(235)

tagious to rarify and drive ont the Air as much as is poffible,be-
caufe in fuch feal'd Bubles the Air it felf (as I have elfewhere
fhewn ) has a weight s yet this advantage counteryails not the
inconvenience of being obliged to increafe the weight of the
Glafs , which when it includes highly rarified Air,if itbe not
fomewhat ftrong,will be broken by the preffure of theExternal
Air, as I have fufficiently tryed. 3 oy

Thirdly, { would have tryed,whether the Dryne/s and Moi/?-
wre of the Air would in any meafure have alrer’d the weight of
the Buble, as well as the Variation of Gravity produced in the
Atmofphere by other caufes; butthe extraordinarily conftant ab-
fence of Fogs, kept me from making Obfervations of this
kind; fave that one morning early, being told ofa mift, [fent
to fee (being my felfin bed ) whether it made the Air fo heavy
- astobuoy up the Buble; but did notlearn, thatthat mift had

any fenfible operation on it.
- Fourthly, By reafon of the difficulties and cafualties, that may
happen about the procuring and preferving fuch large and lighe
Bubles, as | have been lately mentioning; it may in fome cafes
provea convenience to be inform’d, That I have fometimes,
inftead of one fufficiently large Buble, made ufe of two, that
were fmaller, And, though afingle Buble of competent big- -
nes be much preferable, by reafon that a far lefs quantity and
weight of Glafs is requifite to comprife an equal capacity, when
the Glafs is blown into a fingle Buble, than when it is divided
into two; yet I found, that the employing of two inftead of
one, did not foill anfwer my exfpectations, but that they may
for a need ferve the turn inftead of the other; than which
they aremore eafier to be procured: And if the Ballance be
ftrong enough to bear fomuch Glafs, without being injur'd:
by employing two ora greater number of large Bubles, the ef.
fe@: may be more confpicuous, than ifonly a fingle Buble
(though a very good one ) were employed. |
~ ‘Thisinftrament may be much improved by divers Accom-
modations. As eee

Firft, There may be fitted to the 4nfa ( or Checks of the
Ballance ) an Arch (of aCircle) divided into rs. or 20. deg,
( more orlefs, according to the goadnefs of the Ballance) that
the Cock refting over again{t thefe Divifions, may readily
: | and

(236) |
and without Calculation fhew the quantity of the Angle, by
which, when the {cales propend either way, the Cock declines
from the Perpendicular, and the beam from its Horizontall pa-

pallelifmiay) ,

<— Secondly, Thofe, that willbe fo curious, may, inftead of the
Ordinary Counterpoife (of Brafs } employ one of Gold, or at
leaft of Lead, whereof the /atter being of equal weight with
Brafs, is muchlefsin Bulk, and the former amounts not to half
its bignedfs. |

Thirdly, Thefe parts of the Ballance, that may be made of
Copper or Brafs, without any prejudice to the exactnefs, will,
by being made of oné of thofe Mettals, be lefs fubje@, than
Steel, (which yet, if well hardned and polifh’d, may laft good a
great while } to ruft with long ftanding. .

Fou'thly, Inftead ofthe fcales, the Buble may be hung at one

end of the Beam, and only a Counter poife to it at the other, that
the Beam may hot be burthen‘d with unneceflary weight.

- Fifthly, The whole inftrument, if placed in a fmall Frame,
like a {quare Lanthorn with Glafs-windows, and a hole at the
top for the Commerce of the internal and external Air, will be
more free from duft, aud irregular agitations; to the latter of
which, it will otherwife be fometimes incident.

Sixthly, This inftrument being accommodated with a light
_ Wheele and an Index ( {uch as have been applyed by the excel-

lent Dr. Cor. Wren to open Weather glaffes, and by the inge-
nious Mr. Hook to Baro/copes) may be made to fhew much more
Minute variations, thanotherwife.

Seventhly, And the length ofthe Beam, and exquifitnefs of
the Ballance, may eafily, mitheut any of the foregoing helps
(and much more wth them) make the inftrument far exacter,
than any of thofe, I was reducedto employ. Andto thefe
Accommodations divers others may be fuggefted by a farther
confideration of the nature of the thing, and alonger'pra@tice.

Though in fome refpects this Statical Barofcope be inferior
to the Mercurial ;’ yet in others it has its own advantages and
conveniencies above it. 7

And re It confirms ad oculeym our former Doétrine, that the .

falling and rifing of the Asercury depends upon the varying
weight of the Atmofphere; fince inthis Barofcope it cannot
| be

ON NE ee ee ee

| Be (237) ee
be pretended, that a Fage vacut, or a Funiculus, is the caufe of
thechanges, we obferve. 2.1t fhews, that not only the Air has
weight, but a more confiderable one, than fome Learned men,
who will allow mete have provd, it has fome weight, will
admit 5 fince even the variation of weight in fo {mall a quantity
of Air, as is but equal inbulkto an Orange, is manifettly dif-
coverable upon fuch Ballances, as are none of the niceft. 3. This
Statical Baroicope will oftentimes be more parable, than the
other: For many will finde it more eafie,to procure a good
pair of Gold-fcales, and a Buble ortwo, than along Cane
feal'd, a quantity of Quck-filver, and allthe other: requifits of
the Mereurzal Barofcope; efpecially if we comprife the trouble
and skill, that is requifite to free the deferted part of the Tube
from Air. 43 And whereas the difficulty of removing the Mer-
eurial Inftrument has kept men from fo much as attempting to
do it, even toneighbouring places; the Effential parts of the
Seale-Barofcope (for the Frame is none of them) may very

eafily ina little room be carried, whither one will, without the —
hazardof being {poil’dor injur’d. 5. There is not in Statical
Barofcopes, as inthe other, a danger of uncertainty, asto the
goodnefs of theIuftruments, by reafon, that in zhe/e the Air is,
in fome more, and in fomelefs perfeétly excluded ; whereas in
thofe, that confideration hasno-place, (And bythe way,[have.
fometimes, upon thisaccount, been able to difcover by our
new Barofcope, that an efteem'd Mercurial one,to which I com-
pared it,was not well freed from Air.) 6. It being,as] former-
ly intimated, very pofflible to difcover Hydroffatically , both the
bignefs of the Buble, and the Contents of the cavity, and the
weight and dimenfions of the Glaffie fubftance ( which toge-
ther with the incladed Air make up the Buble,) much mzy be
difcover'd by this Inftrumeat, as to the Wei ght of the Air,ab/e-
lute or refpecizve. For,when the Quick-filver in the Mercurial Ba-
-rofcope is either very high, or very low, or ata middle ftation
between its greateft and leaft height, bringing the Scale-Baro-
meter to an Exact Aquilibriums (with very minute divifions
of aGraine, ) you may, by watchfully obferving, when the
Mercury is rifen or falnjuftan inch, ora fourth, or half an inch
@c, and putting in the like minute divifions of a Grain to the
lighter Seale, till yon have again brought the Ballance to an_
‘ioe | exquifite

: 228)
exquifit Zquiltbrium 5 BEA. fay, determine, What known
weightin the Statical Barofcope anfwers fuch determinate Al-
titudes of the afcending and defcending Quick-filver in the
Mercurial, And if the Ballance be accommodated witha di-
vided Arch, or aWheel and Index, thefe Obfervations will
affift you for the future to determine readily, by feeing the
inclination of the Cock or the degree mark’d by theIndex,what
pollency the Buble hath, by the change of the Atmo/pheres
weight, acquired or loft. Some Obfervations of this nature
I watchfully made, fometimes putting in a 64" fometimes a
32°» {ometimes a 16"! and fometimes heavier parts of a Grain,
to the lighter Scale. But one,that knew not, for what ufes thofe

little papers were, coming to.a window, where my Barofcopes -

ftood, fo unluckily fhook them out of the Scales, and con-
founded them, that he robb'd me of the opportunity of ma-

king the nice Obfervations I intended, though I had the fatif-

faction of feeing, that they were tobe made. 7. By this Sza-
tical Inftrument we may be affifted to compare the Mercurial
Barofcopes of /éveral places (though never fo diftant_) and to
make fome Eftimates of the Gravities of the Air therein. As
_ if, for inftance, I have found by Obfervation, that the Buble, I
employ, (and one may have divers Bubles of feveral fizes, that
the one may repaire any mifchance, that may happen to ano-
ther) weigh’d juft a Drachme, when the Aércurzal Cylinder

was at the height of 29% inches ( which in fome places I have ~
found a moderate! altitude ;) and that the Addition of the 16th
partofa gr. is requifite to keep the Buble in an Aquilibrium,

when the Mercury is rifen an 8th, or any determinate-part of an
inch above the former ftation : When I come to another place,
where there is a Mercurzal Barometer, as well freed from Air

as mine ( for that muft be fuppofed ) iftaking out my Scale in-
ftrument, it appeare to weigh precifely a Drachme, andthe .

Mercury in the Barofcope there ftand at juft 29; inches, we may
conclude the Gravity of the Atmofphere not to be fenfibly un-
equal in both thofe two places, though very diftant. And

though there be no Barofcope there, yet if there be an additi--
onal weight, as forinftance, the 16th part ofa Grain pga :

to be added tothe Buble, to bring the fcales to an Aguilibrium,
it wil. appear that the Air at this fecond place is, atthat time
es “fo

(2

Paige ihe 3
fo much heavier, than the Air of the former place was, when

the Adercury ftoodat 292 inches,

~~ Butin making fuch comparifons, we muft not forget to con.
fider the Situation of the feveral places, if we mean to make

Eftimates not only of the weight of the Atmofphere,but of the
weight and denfity of theAir.For,though the Scales wil fhew(as

‘has been faid) whether there be a difference of weight in the

Atmofphere at the two places; yet, ifone of them be ina. Vale

‘of bottoms, and the other on the top or fome elevated part of a
‘Hill, ‘it 1s not to be exfpedted, that the Atmofphere, in this

latter place, fhould gravitate as much,’as the Atmofphere in the
former, on which a longer Pillar of Air does lean or weigh.

“And the mention, Ihave made of the differing Situation
of Places, puts me in mindoffomething, that may prove a-

nother ufe of our Statzcal Barofcope, and which I had thoughts.

of making tryal off, but was Accidentally hindred from the op-
portunity of doing it. ‘Namely, that by exactly poyfing the
‘Buble atthe foot of a high Steeple or Hill, and carrying itin
its clofe Frame to the top, one may, by the weight requilite to

be'added to Counterpoife there to bring the Beam to its Hori-
zontal pofition, obferve the difference of the weight of the Air
at the bottom, and atthe tops and, in cafe the Hill be high

~ enough, at fome intermediate Stations. But how far this may

affift mien, to eftimate the 4b/clute or Comparative height of
Mountains, and other elevated Places; and what other Ufes
the Inftrument may be putto, when itis duly improved; and

the Cautions, thatmay be requifite in the'feveral cafes, that

fhall be ‘propofed, I muft leave to moreleafure, and farther
Confideration. | young fo bdid on oditai
‘cio ha ii abe The Particulars. — a

Of thofe Obfervations of the Planct Mars, formerly intimated -
to have been made at London in the Months of February

Shand March A,16653)10 299

To perform, what was promifed Num. 11. of thefe Papers;

pag. 1983 ‘tis thought fit now to publifh the Particular Obfer-

vations, concerning the: {pots in Afars, and their motion,as

they were made witha 36 toot Telefcope , and produced in —
u | Rk | writing

at (240)
writing before the Reyal Society, the 28 March'1666. by Mr,

Hook, as follows ; ee |

Having a great defire(faith he)to obferve the Body of Mars,
whilft Acronvcal and Retrograde ( having formerly with aGlafs
of about 12. foot long, obferv’d fome kind of Spotsin the Face
of it, ) though it be not at prefent in the Perzhe/um of its Orbe,
but nearer its Aphelum, yet I found, that the Facecfit, when
neer its Oppofition to the Sun ¢ witha Charge, the 36, foote
glafs, I made ufe off, would well bear) appear'd very near as
big, asthat of the Moonto the makedeye 5 which I found, by
comparing it with the Fall Moon, near adjoyning to it,
March to. : nit

But fuch had been the ill difpofition of the Air for feveral
nights, that from more than 20. Obfervations of it, which I had
made fince its being Retrograde, I could find nothing of fatis-
- faGion, though I often imagin’d, Maw Spots, yet the Infle@ive
veins of the Air ( if I may fo call thofe parts, which, being inter-
fpers'd up and down in it, havea greater or lefs Refractive
power, than the Air next adjoyning , with which they. are
mixt ) did make it fo confusd and glaring, thatI could not

oOo
° o
conclude upon any thing.

Onthe third of March, though the Air were ftillbadenough
yet I could fee now and then the Body of AZars appearing of
the form A: which I prefently defcribed by a Schemes and —
about 10, minutes after, as exactly reprefenting what I faw
through the Glafs, as Tcould, Idrew the Scheme B. This Iwas
fufficiently fatisfied ( by very often obferving it through the
Tube, and changing my Eye into various pofitions, thatfo
there might be no kind of Fallacy init )could be nothingelfe,
but fome more Dusky -and Spotted parts of the Faceofthis —
Planeti..* :,; ‘ ‘ bi

March 10, finding the Air very bad, Imadeufeof avery —
fhallow Eye-glafs, as finding nothing Dizm with the greater
Charge ; and faw the appearance of itasinC, which himagin’d,
might be the-Reprefentation of the former Spots by a leffer
charge. About 3 ofthe Clock the fame morning, the Airbe- _
ing very bad (though to appearance exceeding clear, andcaU-
fing all the Stars to twinckle,and the minute Stars to appearve-

ry thick )the Body feem‘d like Ds which1 fll fappos dto be 4
_

(241)

the Reprefentation of the fame Spots through a more conful-
ed and glaring Air,
~ But obferving March 21, I was furprifed to find the Air
(though not foclear, astothe appearance of fmall Stars ) fo
exceeding tran[parent, and the Face of Mars {o very well defined,
and round, and diftinct, that I could manifeftly fee it of the
fhapein E. about half an hour after Nine at night. The Trz-
angular {pot on the right fide ( as it was inverted by the Telef-
cope, according to the appearances, through with all the pre-
ceeding Figures are drawn ) appear'd very black and diftinay
the other towards the left more dim; but both of them fufh-
ciently plain anddefind. Abouta quarter before 12. of the
Clock the fame night, Iobferv’d it again with the fame Glafs, -
and found the appearance exactly, as in F; which I imagin'd
to fhew me a Motzon of the former triangular fpot: But defign-
ing to obferve itagaia about 3. of the Clock the fame Morn-
ing, Iwas hindred by cloudy weather. ; .
But Merch 22. about half an hour after @, at night, finding -
the fame Spotsin the fame pofture, I-concluded, that the pre-
ceeding Obfervation was only the appearance of the fame
Spots at another height and thicknefs of the Air: And thought
my felf confirm’d in this Opinion, by finding themin much
the fame pofture, Adarch 23. about half an hour after 9, though
the Air was nothing fo good as before. ee ce

And though I defired to make Obfervations, about 3. of the
Clock thofe mornings; yet fomething or other interven’d,
that hindred me, till aterch 28. about 3 of the Clock, the Air
being light (in weight) though meift and alittle hazy; when lt
plainly fawit, to have the form, reprefentedin1; whichis not
reconcileable with the other Appearances, unlefs we allow a
Turbimated motion of Mars uponits Center: Which, if fuch
there be, fromthe Obfervations made Afarch 21. 22. and 23.
we may guefs it to be once ortwicein about 24. hours unlefs it
may have fome kind of Lzbrating motion ; which feems not fo
likely. Now, whether certainly fo ornot, I fhall endeavour,
as oft as I have opportunity, further to obferve.

A particular direction to the Frgures mentioned in
the precedent difcourfe.
A. March 3% oo: 20™ in the morning:the Air having many inflec-
Kk 2 ting

(242)
‘ing parts difperfed up and down tn it 3 by the perene Barometer,
avy,
3. Another Scheme, which I ay fli ny ob/ervation, abéue |
10, minutes after, the fame ee B oth thefe were obferced with a)
very. deep Eye-gla/s.
C. March 10% 00% 2020 the morning: the Aer heavy and |
_infloitive. Uje'was made ofa foallow or ordinary Charge. :
D. March 104 3% 00™ 2a the Morning; the Ar very heavy ‘nish

Inflettive, webtch oa it glare.and radiate, ana be more confuled,tha i oe

about 3. bours before, A fhallow Eharge.

E, Marth 21° 93 paft merid s the Avr light (am weight) and rhens!
without ‘afettind parts ; ; the Face appear'd maft sie ort of this
Forme. A foallow Charge.

F. March 214-112" poft mera s, the Air continuing very light and
clear, without. inflecting vapours. A foallow Charge. |

G. March 22°83" poft mer. the Air clear, with few Jafetliad q
veins in tt,ana indifferent light. A foallow Charge.

H. March 23% 93" poff mer. the Air pretty light, but moift 5: and
fomewhat thick and hazy, but feem’d to have but fem veins, or infle~
le parts.
March 28° 35. p.m. eal tbe fame kind of Air with that af 4
pi 23\5 light rif and a little baxy,with [ome very Ge veins.

Obfervations | -
| Mace i in Italy, confirming the former, and withall ining the ;
Period of the Revolution of Mars. q

Thefe Obfervations we hall {ummarily prefent the Curioni |
~ in thefe parts with, as they were lately prefented (by Letter
from his Excellency the Ambaffadour of Venice, now refiding

at the Court of France ) tothe Royal Society , in fome printed B
fheets of Paper, entituled, 444 RT18, circa Axem proprium.

Revolubilis,Obfervationes, B ONONIA 4 FO.DOMINI C4 Q ,

CASSINO halite ;come to hand Fane 3.1666, 4
In thefe. Papers the Excellent Ca/fiaz affirms s |

1. That with a Tele e/cope of 24. Palmes, or of about 16 Foot,

wrought after S.Campanr’s way, he began to obferve February 6.

1666 (ft-n.) in the morning,and faw two dark Spore inthe fre

Face of Agars. 4
a, That ‘

| like that of the firft Face of Adare. ) whereas, on the ee

ae 243) :

2. That with the fame wien See Febr. 2%, in the Eve-
ning, in the ober Face of this Planet » (WO other Spots 5 like
thofe of the firft, but bigger.

3. That afterwards continuing the Gi ler vations 5 he found
the Spots of thefe two Haces to turn by little and little from
Eafi to Weft, and to return at laft to the fame fituation, wherein
he had feen them firft. 2

4. That S, Campani,having alfo obferv’d at Rome with Glaffes
of 50; Palmes or about 35 Foot,likewife of his own contrivan ce’
had feen inthe fame Planet the fame Phenamena.

4. Lhat fometimes he hath feen,during the fame night,the two

- Faces of Afars,one,in the Evening,the other in the Morning.

6. That the Motion of thefe Spots inthe inferior part of the
apparent Hemifphere of A/ars,is made from Eaff to Weft,as that
of all the other Celeftial Bodiesyand i is perform’d by Parallels,
that decline much from the Equator,and litle from the E obibtiek,

7. Lhat the Spots retarn the next day to the fame ficuation,.
4o.minuts later,than the day before; fo that inevery 36. or 37.

- daies,about the famae hoursthey come again to the fame place.

8. He promifes fhortly to give us the particular Tad/es of this
Motion and of its Inequalities, together with the Fpbemerzdes
themfelves.

- g. He reprefents,that fome other 4fronomers have alfo made

at Rome! feveral Obfery ations of thefe Spots of Mavs, from

March =. to Mare! with Glaffes, wrought by Euffashie Dz-
vini, of a5. and 45. aol Which Spots he makes little diffe~
ring from his own, of the firft Face; as will by and by appear, _
by thedireftion to the Schemes,
40. But he adds, that thofe other Roman Aftronomers, that
have obferv'd with Divin:’s Glaffes,will have the Converfion of
Mars to be performed, not in 24 h, 40m, (as he maintains it 2
but in about 13h.
it, And to evince, that they are miftaken i in thefe Obferva-
tions of theirs; he alledges >that they affare that the Spots,.
which they have feen in this Planet, (by an Ea/fachzan Vele-
{cope ) the 33 of Agare, were fmall, very diftant from one 210-
the, remote ion the middle of the Disk, and the Orzental Soot
was lefs, thamthe Occcdental (as:is reprefented by the Fig. O;

Ee

~r

. (244
Ele (Caffint) pretends to evidence by his Obfervations, made
at the fame time at Bonenza, that, the fame day and hour, thofe —
Spots were very large, neer one another , in the midft of the
Disk, the Oriental bigger than the Occidental (as appears by
Fig.P, which isthat ofthe fecond Face of Afars.)

a2. Befides,he declares,that thofe 4/fronomers were too hafty,
in determining, after s or 6 Obfervations only, in how much |
time Mars finith’s his Revolution; and denies itto be perform’d
_ in 13 hours : adding, that, though Himfelf had obferv’'d for a
much longer time, than they ; yet he durft not for a great while
define, Whether ars made but one Turn in 24 hours 40 minuts
or #wo., and thatall, that he could, fora long time affirm, was
onely this, that after 24h. 40 m. this Planet appear’d in the
fame manner he did before.

13. But fince thofe firft Obfervations, He affirms to have
found caufe to determine, that the Period of this Converfion
is made inthe faid fpace of 24 h, 40m and not oftnerthan —
once within that time; Alledging for proof; phn

1. That, whereas Fedr.¢. (&.n.) hefaw the Spots of the firft
Face of @ars, moving from eleven of the Clock inthe night,
until break of day, they appear not afterwards in the E-
vening after the rifing of that Planet(witnefs feveralintelligent
perfons, which he names,that were prefent at the Obfervations)

Whence heinfers, that after12 hoursand 20 minuts, thefame

Spots did not. come about; fince thatthe fame, which in the -

morning were feen in the middle,npon the rifing of Aéarssafter

13 or 14 hours, might have appear’d neer the Occidental
Limb. But, becanfe he might be impofed upon by Vapors,
whilft 4Zars was yet fo neer the Horzzon, he gives this other de-
termination, vz. . :

2.Whereas he faw the firft Face of Agars the 6 of February
at 11 of the clock of the night following; he did not fee the
fame after 18 daies at the fame hour ;ashe oughtto havedone,
if the Period were abfolved in the {pace of 12h, 20m.

3. Again, whereas he faw Fedr. 24. in the Evening, the other
Face of Afars, he could not fee the fame, the 13. and 1. day
of Adarch, to witafter 17 and.1g days; as he fhould have done,
if the Revolution were made in the newly mention’d time: :

4. Again, whereas the 27, of Agereb in the Evening he seh %

| the

| (145)
the fecond Face of Aéars, he could not fee it the 14. and 16. of
Alivtbay i So
oi all which Obfervations he Judges it to be evident, that

the Period of this Planets Revolution is not perform’d inthe
{pace of 12. hours 20, minutes, but in about 24 hours 40 mi-
nutes; more exactly to be determin’d by comparing diftant
-Obfervations: And that thofe who affirm the former,muft have
seen deceived by not well diftinguifhing thetwo Faces, but
that having feen the fecond, taken it for the firtt: :
All.which he concludes with this Advertifement, that, when
he defines the time of the Revolution of A@#rs,he does not {peak
of its Mean Revolution, but onely of that, which he obferv‘d,
whilft aéars was oppofite to the Sun; which is the fhorteft of all.
~The Figures of the Principal Obfervations, reprefented in
the Book here difcourfed of, may be {een inthe annexed
Scheme ; videl. |
K, One of the Faces of Mars, as S. Caflini obferved it March 3.
(fi.n.) 1666. in the Evening, with a Gla/s of 24 Palmes,
L.The other Face,as he fawzt Febr.tf. in th Evening. |
M. The firfl Face, as S.Campani fam at Rome, March 3. 1666.
inthe Evening, with a Gla/s of 50 Palmes, ; |
NN. The fecsnd Face, as the fame Campani obferv'd st March $3.
_anthe Evening. ; |
+ O. The Figure of Mars, as zt was feenat Rome bya Telc{cope of
| Divini of 45 Palmes,March 43. ;
P. The Figure of the (aid Planet, as it was feen the fame day and
hour at Bononia by Caflini; being that of the fecond Face.

%

| : Some Obfervations =

| Lately made at London concerning the
| Planet Jupiter.

|

| ‘Thefe, as they were made, fo they were imparted, by Mr.
Hook, as follows: < TTHTIES THUON MOUS WO Sits

| A. 1666. lune 26, between 3. and 4. of the Clock in the
morniag, I obferved the Body of Jupiter through a 60. foot-
' giafs, and teund the apparent Diameter of it through the Tube,

|

to be fomewhat more than 2. degrees, that is, about four

a times

: (246) |
times as big, asthe Diameter of the Afvon appears to the naked
Eye. Ifaw the Limb pretty round,and very well defin'd with.
out radiation. The parts of the Phafis of it had various degrees
of Light, About aandf, the Norehand South poles ofit. ( in
the Fzg.Q..) ‘twas fomewhat darker, and by degrees it orew
brighter towards.d, and e, two Belts or Zones’s the one of
which(4) was a {mall dark Bele croffing the Body Southward ;
Adjoyning to which was afmal Line of a {omewhat lighter pare;
and below that again, Southwards, was the great black Be/¢c.

Between that, ande, the other fmaller black Belt, was apretty

large and bright Zone ; but the middle d, was fomewhat darker
than the edges.I perceiv d,about 3"-1 s™near the middle of this;
avery dark round Spot, like thatreprefented atg, which was not

to be perceiv'd about halfan hour before:. And Lobferved ir,

in about ‘ro. ‘minutes time to be gotten almofttod, keeping

equal-diftance from the Satelles b, which moved alfo Weft-

/

wardly, and was joynd to the Disk at zy at‘gtsasm™ After
which, the Air growing very hazy, and (as appeared by the
Barofcope) very light alfo Cin weight ) I could not obferve it = _
So that it was fufficiently evident, that this black Spot was no- —
thing elfe, fave the fhadow of the satelles bh, Eclipfing a part of

the Face of Jupiter, Abouttwo hours before, Ihadobferved —
a large darker {pot in the bigger Beltabout 4, which inabout ©
an hour or little more (for I did not exactly obferve the time, —
nor draw the Frgure of it} moving Weftwards, difappear’d.
Abouta week before, I difcover'd alfo, together with aSpot —
inthe Beltc. another Spot in the Belte, which keptthe fame —
way and velocity with that ofthe Beltc, Thetherthree Sa- —
tellates in the time of this Eclipfe,made by the Satelles, were ~
Weftwards of the Body of Jupzter'’s appearing as brightthrough —
the Tube, as the Body of fupiter did to the naked Eye, andI
was able to fee them longer through the Tube, after the day- —
light cameon, than I was ableto fee the Body of Fupzcer with —
my naked eye. — | peal lesciclley yl eT

A late Obfervation about Saturn made by the fame.
“Fune 29 1666. between 11: and 12. at night I obferved the

Body of Saturn througha 60. foot Telefcope, and fonnd it pet. ;
| : ; aCuly as

uy ____ (47)
actly of the fhape reprefented in the Figure R, The Reng ap-
_pear'd of a fomewhat brighter Light than the Bedy; and the

black lines aa, crofling the Ring, and 664 croffing the Body -

(whether Shadows ornot,I difpute not ) were plaialy vifibles
whence I could manifectly fee, that the Souther-moft part of the
Ring was on ths fide of the Body,and the Northern part,behind,
orcovered by the Body: ’ : |

Mt fee eos Aa Relation 0
Of a fad efett of Thunder and Lightning:

This Relation was written by that worthy Gentleman, Tho.

mas Neale Efquire,(the then High Sherif of the County of
Flamplbire, when. this difafter hapned) to a Friend of his in
London, asfollows; cee :

Onthe 24 of Fanuary 1662, one Mr. Brooks of Hampfbire, go-
ing from Weacheffer towards his houfe near Andover in very bad
Weather, was himfelfflain by Lightning, and ‘the Horfe, he
rode on, underhim. For about a mile from Winchefler he was

‘found with his Face beaten into the ground,oneleg inthe ftir"

rup, the. other in the Horfes mane; his Cloaths all burnt off his
back,not a piece as big as a handkerchief leftintire,and his hair
and all his body finged. With the force, that ftruck him down,
Ais nofe was beaten into his face, and his Chin into his Breaft ;
where was a wound cut almoft as low, as tehis Navil; and his

_ ¢loaths being, asaforefaid, torn, the pieces were fo f{catter,d

and coafum'd, that not enough to fill the crown of ahat could
be found. .His gloves were whole, but his hands in them fing’d
tothe bone. The ‘hip-bone and fhoulder of his Horfe burn’e
and bruifed; and his faddle torn in little pieces. ‘This was
what appear'dto the Coroners inqueft, and fois likely to beas
near truth, asanyistobehad, :
Sofar this Letter: Which, if ithad come foon enough to the
hands of the Publifber, would have been joyned toa like Kela-

zion, inferted in the next foregoing Papers (Nw. 13.) |

ofan accident hapn'd at a later time, With both which may

be compared the Account, formerly publifhed in Latin by the

Learned Dr, Carleton, concerning the Boy, that was Phun er-
Ll ftruck

_

| (248)
ftruck near Nantwich in Che/bires the Title of the Book being,
Anatome Pueri de Calo taéti: {ach Relations, when truly made,
well deferving to be carefully recorded for farther confide.
ration. | ae

“i OF fome Bure Vately publifo't.

RELATIONS OF DIVERS CURIOUS ¥VOTA:
GES, by Mon/. Thevenot; the third Tome, in French. This Book
contains chiefly; the Ambaffie of the Dutch into China, tranfla-
ted out of the Duteh manufcript : A Geographical defcrip- -
tion of China, tranflated out of a Chinefe Author by Martinis:
And the Account, which the DireCtors of the Dutch Eaft-India
Company made to the States General, touching the ftate of _
affairs in. the Haft-Indies, when their late Fleet parted from. —
thence. Totouch fome things of a Geographical and Phile-
fophical nature; contained therein, we fhall take notice;

1, How the Kingdom of China is peopled; there being ac-. —
eording to the beft computation (“which is there made with
fingular care) above 58 millions of Men , not counting Magi- —
ftrates, Soldiers, Priefts, Hunuchs, Womenand Children; fo-
_ thatit may not be altogether ftrange,if one fhould affirm,there
were 200 millions-of people,of all forts,in that Kingdom. a

2. That-Catay is nothing elfe,but the Sz~ Northern Provinces. —

of China, feparated’from the other Nine, by the great River q

KIANG: and that the City Cambala-is the fame with that of —
Peking : the Taréars, who carry every three years their Tribute
to the Emperor of ‘China, conftantly calling the faid Provinces.
and City by thofe names of Catay, and Cambalu. _

3. That Chine is fo well furnifht with Rivers, and cut Chan-

nels, that men may go from the moft Southern to themoft

Northern part thereof by water, except one daies. journeys as:
the Dutch Ambaffadours did, embarking at Canton, which is
23 d: 48m. Northern Latitude, and landing at Pekeng,whichis
about 40 d's having only travell'd one daies journey overfome
Mountains of the Province Kzamf. a :
4, That the people of Chine. are exceeding gga R: fee |

| | anda. |

: (249
bandmen,making,among other Le of improving their foile,
reat ule of Flouding. ay

5. That the Phy/czans of China do cure Sicknefles with much
eafe, and ina fhort time: That they have very ancient Books
of the nature and vertues of Herbs, Trees and Stones: That
their Modern Phyficians ( as well as their Ancient ones did )
write of the Prognofticks, Caufes, Effects, @c. of Difeafes, That |
their Remedies confift for the moft part of Szmples and Deco=
éions, Cauterzes, Frections ; without the ufe of Bloud-letting:T hat
they have fuch an excellent skill and method in feeling the
Pulfe, that by the means thereof they difcover even the moft
latent caufes of Difeafes; taking agood halfhour, when they
vifit a Patient, in feeling and examining his Pulfe: Thatthey
prefcribe much the ufe of The; and the drinking alwayes
warme, whatever they drink : To the cuftome of both which
it'simputed , that the inhabitants of China do fpit very little,
nor are fubject to the Stone or Gout: That they prife highly
the Root Gzn/eng, as an extraordinary Reftorative and Cordi-
all, recovering frequently with it agonizing perfons s one
pound of it being paid with 3 pounds of filver. As for their
Chymifts , Cof which they have alfo good ftore |) they go be-
yond ours, promifing not only to make Gold, butto give Im-
mortality. , |

6. That their Nodz/ity is raifed from Learning and Know-
ledge, without regard to Bloud or Parentage, excepting the
Royall Family.

7, Thatin CHEK £AN,a maritime Provinee, whence is the
-fhorteft cut of China to Japan, is the beftand plentifalleft S7/k-
trade inthe world: And that there every year the Mulberries
are cutt, and kept down, that they grow not into Trees,for the
eafier gathering of the Leaves; there being a double Silk-har-
veftin that Country, asthereis in feverall other parts of the
Baft-indies ; (both whichthere ishope, will fhortly be imi-_
tated in Virginia: )) . Sate

8. That the way ofmaking Porcelane is this : (Which is the ras
ther inferted here,becaufe tt agrees [0 well with an Account, me recele
ved a while fince froma very Curtous and tntelligent Per[on of Am-
flerdam,) Thereis in the Provinee of Nankin a Town, call’d

7 . Oy ee Goé/ifol,

os * Cegoy) : 3

Goe/fols whence they draw the Earth for Porcelaine; which is
found between the Rocks of Mountains, This Earth they beat
very fiuall,, and amp it to a very fine Powder, and then put it
into Tubs fill’d with water; where the fineft part finks to the
bottom. Afterwards ’tis kneaded inthe form of fmall Cubes, of
the weightof about 3.Catt:(a Catt: being 20 Ounces.) Thefe

pieces thus wrought are fold to the people, that commonly in —

great numbers fetch them, coming from the Town Sintefimo
(otherwife Fontzou) in the Province of Kran/y, being about so
miles diftant from Wetfing, neer the City Kl ANSY; which

people tranfportthem totheir homes, and there bake them im

this manner: They heat their Ovens well, for the fpace of 1 5
daies fucceflively , and then keep them fo clofe, that no Air
may get in sand after 15 other daies are pafs’d, they open the
Oven in the prefence of an Officer, who takes every fifth vef-
{el of each fafhion for the fervice of the Emperor: Which done,
the reft is fold to thofe of Vezenien, whence it is tranfported all
over the Country. So that the Earth is not prepared,in Nankin,
where tis found, becaufe the people of that Province haye not

the skillof working it, as the other above-mention’d; whoal- —

. fo alone have the Art of coloring it,which they keep as a great
Secret, not teaching it toany, but their Children. and next
Kindred. : |

9, That Afusk is nothing elfe, but the Tefticles of a Beaft

like a Dear, fouad-in the Province of Honan; and that, when —
tis good and unmixt, as it comes from the Animali, they fell ie —

even in Nankin and Pekin,for 30. or 35. Teyés (that is, about fo
many Crowns) the Gat, 9

Many other curious

informations might be borrow’d from

this Author, concerning the Cuftoms,Studies, Exercifes of the —

Chinefes of the number of the people of ‘each Provinces of

the Natural productions of the Earth and Riverstheres of the
Structure and Antiquity of their Wall 5 of the Magnificence
of their Porcelain Tower &¢;. but, remitting for thefe things

to the Book it felf,we fhal only add a piece of Oeconomy,ufed —
by the HoHand-Merchants in their Commerce with China; which —
is, that they dry abundance of Sage-leaves, role themup, and —

prepare

ee

a

oe

| ee |
_ prepare them like Tée,and carrying it to China,as a rare diogue,
get for one pound of it, fourtimes as much The,

Lane

A DISCOURSE ABOUT THE CAUSES OF* THE
INUNDATION OF THE NILE, in French. The Author of
_ this Book is Monfieur dela Chambre,who being perfwaded from
feveral Circumftances, that accompany the Overflowing of
this River, thatit cannot proceed from Rain, ventures to al-
fign fora Caufe of 7, and ofall the other effects that happen
at the time of its fwelling, the Neter,wherewith that water a-
- bounds. i 7
The difcourfe having fix parts, the Author endeavours to’
fhew inthe | ce |
Firj?, that the Waters of the Né/e are Nitrous,explicating the
Nature of Salt, and Saltpeter, and imputing the fertility of the
Earth, as wellas the fecundity of Animals, to Salt, Where he
fhews, that all things, chat ferve toimprove Land, are fullof
Salt; and that ‘tis obferv’d, that grain fteep’d in Vrine,before
fowing, rifes fooner, and becomes fuller and ftronger, than _
| elfe. Adding, that that, which renders the Seed of Animals —
prolifick, is, chat one of the Spermatick veins hath its Origine
- from the Emulgent, through which the Nitrous and Saline Sero-
fities,thatdifcharge themfelves into the Kidneys and Bladder,
Gap) 60 Gite. Y Barlet es
In the Second, he examins, whatis Fermentation, and how
‘tis perform’d 3 affirming, that, what thrafts forth Plants in thie
Spring, is,that the Barth being fermented by the Neer, it har-
_ bours, the Nitrous fpirits infinuate themfelves into their Pores.
| In the Third he treats of all the Circumftances, obfervable in
| the Inundation of the Nile. “Tis affirm’d , that 3 or 4 days
before that River begins to overflow, all its water is troubled :
| that then there falls acertain Dew, which hath a fermenting
_yertue, and leavens a Pafte expofed to the Air: that the Mud,
which has been drawn out of the water, grows heavier, when,
| ,the overflowing begins, then it was before, and that by the in-
creafe of the weight of that Mud, they Judge of the greatnefs ©
of the approachinginundation,. The Author pretends, that
en | | | the

(252)

the Bier which the Nile is ftored with, isthe caufe of allthefe —

f{trange effects, and of many others, by him alledged, For,
/aith he, when the Nitre is heated by the heat ofthe Sun, it fer-
ments, and mingling with the water, troubles it, and {wells ir,
and makes it pafs beyond its banks; after the fame manner, as
the Spirits in new Winerender it troubled, and make it boyle
in the veffel. And it feems not likely to him, that the Mud,
found ia the Nz/e,:fhould come a far off} for then it would at
lait fo raife the banks of this River, that it would not beable to
overflow them any longer, Whereas ‘tis more than 2000 years,
thatthe banks thereof are not grownhigher, there being now
_ requifite but 16, cubits for overflowing the Land, no more
than there was inthe time of Herodetus. Which fhews, /aith he,
that this Mud is nothing buta volatil Nzter,which exhaling,doth
notincreafethe Earth. As for the Agyptzau Dew, and the in-
creafe of the weight of the Mud, he adfcribes them tothe fame
Caufe. For, the fpirits of Nitre abounding in the Nz/e, when
reiled into the Air with the vapors, that exhale continually
from this River, there ismadeout of their mixture, a Dew,
that refrefhes the Air, makes ficknefs toceafe, and produces
all thofe admirable effets, that make the gyptiaus with for
itfo paffionately. And the fame fpirits of Niter,being joyn-
ed. to the Pafte, and tothe Mud, raife the one, and augment
the weight of the other. That, which Mr. Burazint obferves,
that at che time of this inundation, the Niter-pits of the neigh-
bouring places vomit out liquid Niter, and that one may fee
iffue out of the Earth abundance of Chryftals of Nitre, is al-
ledged to fortify this conjeftures Which is yet more confirm’d
by the Fertility, communicated to the Earth by the Mud of this
River. For, plants do grow there in fuch abundance, that

they would choak one another’, if it were not remedied by —
throwing Sand uponthe Fields ; infomuch that the Zgypitans
muft take as much pains to fpread Sand to leffen the fatnefs of
their Land, as other Nations do, tofpreaddung or otherma. —

“nure upon theirs to increafe the fatnefs.

In the Fourth and Fifth, the Author undertakes to prove, that
all thofe ftrange effets cannot be attributed to Rain or Snow, —

and

EE ee re

-

(153
and that the overflowing of the Ni/e always happens ata certain:

a
Th the Laff, he alledges fome Relations, ferving to confirm:
his Opinion: Which are too long here to infift upon,

DE PRINCIPIIS ET RATIOCINATIONE

- GEOMETRA RUM; Contra Faflum Profeffirum Geometries
Authore Thema Hobbes. Xt feems, that this Author is angry
_ withall Geometricians, but himfelf; yea he plainly faith in the

_ dedication of liis Book, that be znvades the whole Nation of thei

and unwilling, it feems, to be call'd to an accountfor doing fo,
He will acknowledge no judge of ths Ages but is full of

_ hopes, that pofterity will pronounce forhim. Mean while he
| ventures toadvance this Dzlemma; Eorum qui de icfdem tebus

a ab

mecum aliquid ediderunt, aut folusinfanio Ego,aut folus non injanzo;

_ tertism enim nonef?, mifi (quod dicet forte aliquis )infaniamus om-
nes. Doubtlefs,one of thefe will be granted him.

eee rr

As to the Book.it felf, he profeffes, that he doth not write

-itagainft Geometry, but Geometers s and that his defign in it is,

to fhew, That there is.no lefs uncertainty and falfity in the writ-.

ings of Mathematicians, than there is in thofe of Naturali/ts,.
— Moralifts, &c. though he judges, that Phyficks,Ethicks,Polticks ,
if they were well demonftrated; would. be ascertain as the
| Mathematicks, vey

Attacking the Mathematical Principles. as they are found in

Books, and withall fome Demonftrations,he takes to task Eucla
himfelf, inftead ofall, asthe Mafter of all Geometricians, and
with him his beftinterpreter, C/avius, examining in the Fér/é

place, the Principles of Euclid: Secondly, Declaring falfe, what

is fuperftruéted upon them, whether by Euclid, or Clavius, of
any Geometer whatfoever that hath made ufe of thofe or other:
| Cas he is pleafed to entitle them) fal/e Principles. Thirdly, Pre-

_ tending,that‘he means fo to combat all,both Principles and De-

_ monftrations, undertaken by him, as that he will fubftitute: bet--
| terin their room, leaft he fhould feem to undermine the Sci--
ence it-selfe,

¥ 5 ee

a RE:
_ The particulars, which he undertakes to teform,are, |

- Puntlum: (Radix to Latus,
eas, 12) ilipg Prop.16. E/.3.

Terminus, | Dimenfto Circuli,

Linea Re€ia, Magnitudo Circuli Hugeniana,
Superfictes, Seétio Anguli, |
Superficiet Ter mini, ~ |Ratio, quam babet re€ia com-
Superficies Plana, pofita ex Radio to Ti angente
Angulus(Where he islarge| 30. grad,ad Radiumipfum,

upon the Angulus Contactus,)\ Propof-472. Elem, I. setaiecn
Petitio prima Elem. 1. Eu-\ — firatio.

aa ee | ise Addita eft Appendix de Medi :
Ratio. — proportionalibus in genere.

a DING SALOMONS POURTRAITURE OF.

OLD AGE; by Fobn Smith,M.D. This Treatife being a Phi. —
lofophical Difcourfe, though upon a Sacred 'Theme,may certain-
‘ly claima place among Philofophical Tranfactions. Nothereto
“mention the many other learned Notes, this Worthy Author _

gives upon that Hiercg!yphical Defcription of Old Age, made —
3 by that Royal Pen-man of Ecclefiaffes, cap..12. We fhall onely —
take notice of that furprizingly Ingenious one,there to be met —
with, concerning the Antiquity of the Doétrine of the Blood’s
"Circulation: King Salomon,who lived neer 2700 yeats agoegufing ~
fuch expreffions,as may,to a confidering Reader, very probably —
denote the fame Do@trine, which the Sagacious Dr. Harvey has
of late years fo happily brought to light, , and introduced into ©
all the moft Ingenuous Societies of Learned men: The Petcher |
mention’d in the quoted place, being Interpreted for the Veines,
and the Fountain,for the Right Ventricle of the Fleart, as the Cr-
frern,for the Left’; the Wheele, there {poken off, manifeftly im=
porting a Circulation , made by the Great Artery with its bran- 4
ches,the principal Inftrument thereof.

Printed with Licence for Johz Martyn, and Fanes Alle ida
Printers to the Royal Society. 1666.

RRR (288) Num. 15.
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.

—

Wednefday , Fuly 18. 166%.

eyes

The Contents.

_ Al new Experiment, foewing,How a confderable degree of Cold may be
— faddenly produced withont the help of Snow, Ice, Haile, Wind, or
Niter , and that at any time of theyear, An Account of two Books,
lately printed in London 3 whereof the one is entituled , E U-
CLIDIS ELEMENTA GEOMET RICA,novo
erdine ac Methodo demonftrata ; the Author Anonymus.
Theothr, THE ENGLISH VINE-YARD VIN-
DICATED, by JOHN ROSE.

| A new Frigorifick, Experiment fhewing, bow a confiderable
| degree of Cold may be fuddenly produced without the belp
of Snow, Tee, Haile, Wind, or Niter, and that at any
time of the year, | | |

2 OOMe® His fubject willit felf, *cis prefumed, without any
Mm other Preamble, fpeak the Caufe, why this prefent
§ Paper is publifh’t at this (unufual ) time of the
| ue Month: though, by the by, it may not be amifs to
ree add on this occafion, that the Publifher of thefe
| Trats never meant fo to confine himfelf to a See time, as not
/ to retain the Liberty of taking any other, when there is occa-
ifion. Andtheré being one given him, before another Month
is come in, he does without any fcruple or delay comply there-
with, prefenting the Curious with an Experiment which he
thinks is both feafonable,and will not be unwellcome to them$5
farnith’t out of the Ample Magazin of that Philofophical Bene-
jfator, the Noble Mr. Boyle; Concerning which, thus much
is further thought requifite to intimate on this occafion , that
lit; and fome others of the fame Gentlemans, that have been,
jand may be, mentioned in the Tran/ediions, belong to certain
| Treatifes, the Author hath lying by him,but that yet he denys not
. Mm to

1 went (256),
_ fo communicate them to his-Briends, and to allow them:to, dif»
pofe thereof, upon a hope, that equitable Readers will be ready:
to excufe,if Hereafter they fhould appear alfo'in the Treatifes’
they belong to, finge he confentsto chis Anticipation, but to-
comply with thofe,that think the imparting of real and pradi-
cal Experiments, may do the Publick fome Service, by excite-
ing and affifting mens Curiofity in the interim. |
As for the Experiment, you fawthe ether-day at my. Lodg~
ings, though. it belongs to-fome Papers about Cold, that( you:
know)-could, not be Publith’t, when the reft ofthe,Héffory came.
forth, and therefore was.referved for the next Edition of that
Book ;; yet the. Weather having been of Jate very-hot, and —
threatning to:continue fo, I prefume, that to give-you herein. _—
compliance! with your Curiofity an Account of the Mainand —
Practical part of the Experiment, may. enable you to gratify: —
not onely the Curious) among your Friends,butthofeof the —
Delicate, that are content to purchafe a Coolnefs of Drinks.
atafomewhatchargeable rate. a
. Youmayremember, thattheSpring before thelaft, Ehewd
you,a particular Account of a way, wherein by a certain fub. ~
ftance obtain’d from Sal\Armomack, eonld prefently produce —
aconfiderable degree of @o/d,and that with odd Cirenmf€ances, _
without the help of Sxow, Ice, Niter &cc.. Butthat Experiment —
being difficult and coftly enough, anddefign'd to afford men
Loformation,: not Accommodations , TV afterwards tryed, relaag Be
fome more cheap and facile mixtures of likely Bodies with 5.

oe
Armoniach would do towards the Produ@tion of Cold, and af
terwards 1 began to confider, whether to that purpofe alone
Cfor-my firft experiment was defign’d to exhibiteother Pheno- —
mene too.) thofe mixtures might not without inconvenience be —

omitted: and I-was much confirm'd in my conjecture, byan-
accident, which was cafually relatedtome by avery Ingenious —
Phyfician of my acquaintance, but not tobe repeated to you~
in few-words, though he complain’d, he knew not what to make —
of it. | sheer :
Among the feveral ways, by which I have made infrigidating —
Mixtures with Sal Armoniack, the moft fimple and facile is this: _
Take one pound of powder'd Sal Armoniack, and about three
Piats (or pounds ) of Water, put the Salt into the Liquor, e7-
ther altogether, if your defign beto produce an otek |

(257)

- butafhort coldnefss orat two, three, or four feveral times, if

|

youdefire, that the produced coldnefs thould rather laft feme- —

_ whatlongerthan be fo great. Stirre the powder in the Liquor

~ with a ftick or whalebone ( or fome other thing, that will not

be injur‘d by the fretting Brine, that will be made) to haften

the diffolution of the Salt ; upen the quicknefs of which de-

nex the following particulars.

pends very much the intenfity of the Cold, that will enfue up-
onthis Experiment. For the clearing up whereof, I fhallan-

1. That acoufiderable degree of Cold is really produced

_ by this operation, is very evident: Férf?,to the touch; Secoudly,

by this, that if you make the Experiment ( as for this reafon I
fometimes chufe todo) ina Glafs-Body or a Tankard, you
may obferve,that, whilft the Solution of the Salt is making,the
outfide of the Metalline Veffel will, as high as the mixture
reaches within, be bedew'd Cif Imay fo {peak ) with a multi
tude of little Drops of Water,as I have™ elfewhere fhown that
it happens, when mixtures of Snow and Salt,be- , Inthe Eliftors
ing putrinto Glafles or other Veflels,theaque- ~ of Cold. }
ous vapors,that {wim to and frointhe Air, and =~

chanceto glide along the fides of the Veffels, are by the cold-
mefsthereof condensd intoWater. And in our Armoniack
Solution you may obferve, thatif you wipe off the Dew from
any particular part of the outfide of the Veffel, whilft the folu-
tion. does yet vigoroufly goe on, it willquicklycolledt freth
Dew, which may be fometimes copious enough to ran down the
fides of the Veffel, But Thzrdly, the beft and fureft way of find-
ing out the Coldnefs of our Mixture is that,which I fhew’d you

‘by plunging into it a good feal'd Weatherglafs furnifh’s with

tincted Spiritof Wine. . For,the Ball of this being put into. our
frigorifick, mixture, the \Crimfon Liquor will nimbly enough
defcend much lower, than when it was kept either in'the open
Air, in'common Water,of the fame temper with ‘that, wherein
the Sal Armoniack was'put to diffolve. | And if youremove the

‘Glafs out of our Mixttire into.common water, the tincted Spi-

ric will, Cas youmay remember, it did) haftily,enough reafcend
forapretty while, according to the greater or leffer time, that
it continued 'in the Armoutack Solution. And this has fucceeded

withme, when inftead-of removing the Mixture into |\Common
Water, T removed it: into water ‘newly impregnated with Sa/t-
mere Se iM Da 2. The

) (258) stan aislatetals
2,’The Duratiog of the Cold, produc’d by this Experiment, depends upon
feveral Circumftances’, as Fir /t,uponthe Seafon of the year, and prefent tem- —
perature of the Air ; For,in Summer and Hot weather the Cold will fooner
decay and expire. Secondly, upon the Quantity of the Salt and. Water : For,
if both thefe be great, the effect will be as well more lafting ; as more confide-
rable.7 birdly,for ought.T yet know, we may here add the Goodnefs & Fitnefs
of the particular parcel of Salc,chat is imploy'd: for, thougirit be hard to dif-
_ cern beforehand, whieh will be the more, and which the lefs proper , yet fome
trials have tempted meto fufpet, tharthere may bea confiderable difparity,
asto their fitnefs to produce Cold, betwixt parcels of Salt,that are without
fcraplelook’tupon asSal Armoniack: Of which difference it were not-perhaps
very. difficult, to affign probable reafons from the Nature of the Ingredients
of this compound Concrete,and the waies of preparing it.But the Duration of
the Cold may be conceived to depend alfo, Foxrth!y upon the Way of putting
in the.Salc intothe Water For,if you caft it in all atonee,the Water wil foon. ©
er acquire an intenfe degree of Coldnefs, but it willalfo the fooner return'to
its former temper, ‘Whereas , if yoa defire but an inferiour degree of that
Quality,but that may laftlonger(which wil ufually be the raoft convenient for
the Cooling of Drinks,} then you may put in the Salt by little and little. For,
keeping a long Weather-glafs for a good while in our impregnated Mixture, |
often purpofely try’d that,when the tincted liquor fubfided but flowly,or was.
at a ftand,by putting in, frem'time to time,2. or 3. fpoonfuls of freth Salt,and’
ftirring the Water to quicken the Diffolution,the Spirit of Wine would begin —
again.to defcend,ifit were at a {tand or rifing , or fubfide much more fwiktly
than it did before. And if you would lengthen the Experiment, it may not be
amifs,that part of the Sal Armoniack be but grofly beaten,that it may be the
‘longerin-diffolving and confequently in Cooling the Water. Whilft there are
dewy drops produced omthe outfide of the Veffel , °tisafign, that the Cold.
within continuey pretty ftrong'; for,when it ceafes, thefe drops efpecially in
warm weather will by degrees vanifh But a (urer way of meaforing the dura
tion’of the Cold.is, by removing from time to time the Seal'd Weather. glals
out of the Saline Mixture into the fame common Water,with part of which it:
was made. And thoughit be not eafie to determin any thing particularly about:
this matter;yetit may fomewhat affift you in your Eftimates, to beinform’d,
That {havein the Spring by a good Weather-glals found a fenfible adventi--
tious Cold made by a pound of Sal Armoniack- at the utmoft,tolaft about 2...
or 3, hours: PATEL | : a
3. Tocool Drinks with this Mixture,you may put them in thin Glaffes,the -
thinner the better ,- which (their orifices being {topp'd, and fill kept above
the Mixture) may be mov'd to and fro init, and then be immediately pour’d’
outto be drunks Though,when the Glafs,! imployed,was conveniently fhap'd,
as, like‘aSugar-loaf,or with along Neck, I found it not-amifs to drink it our:
of that without pouring it into any other, which can fearce be done without
leffning the Coolnefs. The refrigeration, if the Glafs-viall be convenient,is:
quickly. perform’d ::Andif one have.a mind, to.cool his hands, he may.readily
do it by applying chem to the ourfide of the Veffel, that contains; the refrige-
rating Mixture, by-whiofe help, pieces of Chryftal,or Bullets for the cooling of:

Cae gi ie, le

eS a ten

— hee

_—— = . : a
A cae Saw gg ges TE Qe an LS ee Oe ee, eee

. yo

LS eS ll

the Mouths or Hands of thofe patients, to whomit may be allow'd, may be
potently cool'd, and other fuch refrefhments may be eafily procur’d.
4. How far Sal Armoniack,mingI'd with Sand or Earth, and not diffolv'd,
but only moifin’d with.a little Water fprinkl'd on it will keep Bottles of Wine
or other liquors morecoole, than the Earth or that Sand alone will do,I have’
not yet had opportunity by iufficient trials fully to fatisfie my felf, andthere-
fore refign that Enquiry to the Curious. aie
5. For the cooling of Air,and Liquors,to adjuft Weather-glaffes(to be able
to do which,at all times of the year,was one of the chief aimes, thatmademe’ -
bethink my felf of this Experiment,) or to give a {mall quantity of Beer &c.
a moderate degree of coolnefs,it will not be requifite,to employ neer fo much:
asa whole pound of Sal Armoniack at atime. For,you may eafily obferve by
a feal'd Weather: glafs,that a very few ounces, well pouder’d and nimbly dif-
folv’din about 4. times the weight ef Water,will ferve well enough for many:
ur pofes.. i i
v 6. And that you may the lefs,fcruple at'this,1 fhall tell you , chat even be-
fore and after Midfummer, I have found the Cold producible by our Experi-.
ment to be confiderable and ufeful for refrigerating of Drinks, &c. but if the:

Sal Armoniack be of the fitteft fort (for I intimated above, that J fufpeced,.

"tis not equally good) and. if the feafon of the year do make no difadvanta-
sious difference the degree of Cold, that may be produced by no more tham
one pound Gif not by lefs) ef Sal Armontack, may, within its own Sphere of
A Givity, be much more vehement, than,I prefume, you yet imagine,and may
afford us excellent Standards to adjuft feal’d Weather. glaffes by, and for
feveral other purpofes, For I remember that inthe Spring about the end of
_March,or beginning of April, | was able with one pound of Sal Armoniack,
and arequifite proportion of Water , to produce'a degree of Cold much:
»greater,than was neceffary-the preceding Winter, to make it frofty Weather
abroad ; nay! was.able to produce real Ice ina {pace of time, almoft incredi-
bly fhert, -To.confirm which particulars , becaufe they will probably feem
firange to you, 1 will here annex. the Tranfcript of an entry, that] fiadina
“Note book of the Phenomena and {uccefs of one of thofe Experiments, as I
then tryed it , though I fhould be afham’d te expofe to your perufal a thing |
forudely pend, if I did nothope, you would confider, that *twas haftily’

_written onely for my own Remembrance. And that you may not ftop at any.

thing inthe immediately annext Note, or the two, that follow, it will be re-

_ quifite to premife this Account of the feal’d Thermofcope, (which was a good:

one) wherewith thefe Obfervations were made, That the lengch-of the Cy-
lindrical pipe was16. Inches, the Ball, about the bignefs ot a:fomewhat
large Walnut, and the Cavity ofthe Pipe by guefs about an eight or: ninth’
part of aninch Diameter. bo abort 10 fae
_ The Firft Experiment isthus regifired: Aarch: the 29th, in the Seal'd®
Weather giafs, when firft put into the Water, the tinéted Spirit refted at 83°
inches :. being fuffered to ftay there a good while, and nowandihen ftirrd
toandfro inthe Water ; it defcended at length’a: little beneath 74 inches:
then. the Sal Armoniack being putin, within about a quarter of an hour or
alittle more. it defcended..to 2:; inches, but before thac time, in halfa quar-
: ter:

J

(260)

rer ofan hourit began manifeftly to freeze the vapours and drops of water

on the outfide of the Glafs. And when the frigorifick power was arriv'd at
the height, feveral times found, that water,thinly plac’d on the outfide,whilft
the mixture within was nimbly ftirr’d upand down, would freeze ina quar-
cer.ofia minute (by a Minute-watch,) ‘At abour4 ofan hour after che infri-
gidating: Body was putin, the Thermofcope,that had been taken out a while
before,and yet was rifen but to the lowelt treezing mark , being again put in
the liquor, fell aninch beneath the mark, At about 2% houres from the firft
Solution of the Salt | found the tin@ed liquor to bein the midft between the
freezing marks,whereof the one was at 54 inches (at which height when the
Tin@ure-refted, it would ufually be; fome, though bur a {mall,Froft abroad ;)
andthe other at 44 inches ; which was the height, to which {trong and dura-
ble Froftsshad reduced the liquorin the Winter, At 3. hours after the begin-
ning of the Operation, 1 found not the Crimfon-liquor higher than the upper
Freezing mark newly mention’d , after which, it continued to rife very flowly
for about.an hour longer, beyond which time:I had not occafion to obferve it,
. Fhas-far the Wete-bock,, wherein there is mention made of a Circumftance
of fome former Experiments of ‘the like kind , which I remember was very
_confpicuous inthis newly recited, For, the frigorifick mixture having been
made in a:Glafs-body (as they calli) with a largeand flactifh bottom, a
quantity of water,which J (purpofely) {pile upon the Table, was by the ope-
ration of the mixture within: the Glafs , made to freeze , and that ftrongly
enough, the bottom of the Cucurbite tothe Table; that ftagnant liquor being
turn’d into folidiice ,.- that continued a confiderable ‘while ‘unthaw’d away,
and wasin fome places about the thicknefs of a half Crown piece.

Another Obfervation; madethe fame Spring, but lefs folemn, as meant ’
chiefly to fhew the Duration of Cold in a high degree, isrecorded in thefe

terms?’ The firft time,the Seal’d. Weeather-glafs was pui in, before: it touch'd
_ the common water, it tood.at3§ having been left there’a confiderable while,
and once or twice.agitated the water the tinted liquor funk but to 73, orat
furtheft,;§:then the frigorifick liquor being put into the water ‘with circum-
ftances difadvantagious cnough,in(aboutybalfa quarter of an hour the tin@ed

liquor fell beneath 94, andthe Thermofeope, being takenout , and then put —
dn again,an:hour after the water hadibeen firtinfrigidaced fubfided beneath 5
unches,and confequently within’; ofan inch ofthe mark of the firongly freez-

ing weather, wo |

7. Whereas the grand thing, thatis like to keepthis Experiment from be-

t
i
¢
:
4
|
|
i
HM

SE Se ag

ing as senetally U/efwl, ‘as perhapsit will prove Ewciferons, isthe Dearnefs

-of Sal: Armoniack», two eka may be offered:to ‘Yeffen this Inconvenience. —

Yor firft,:Sal Armoniack might be made rauch ¢hedper, if inftead of fetching
‘it beyond. fea,our Country-men made it here at home ./ (which ‘it may eafily

‘be,and Jam ready-to give you the Receipt , which is no great Secret.) But

next confidered that probably the infrigidating vertue of our mixture might

‘depend upon the peculiar Texture of the Sal Armoniack whereby, whileft the —

Water isdiffolving it, either fome'Prigorifick ‘particles are extricated and
excited,or (rather) fome’ particles which did before more agitate the ‘minute
parts of the water.; are expell’d (or invited out by the ambient’Bodies) or

come -

| (261) |
come to be cloge’d in their motion: Whence it feem’d reafonable to expect’
that upon the Reunion of the Saline particles into fucha Body , as they had

conftituted before,the redintegrated Sal Armoniack having, neerupon , the

fame Texture, would, upon its being rediffolv’d, produce the fame, or a not
mneh inferior degree of Coldnefs; Andhereupon, though i well enough:
forefaw that an Armonizck folution, being boyl’d up in Earthen veffels (for
Glass ones are too chargeable) would by piercing them , both lofe fome of
the more fubtle parts, and thereby fomewhat impaire the texture of the reft ;
yet | was not deceiv’d in Expecting,that the dry Salt, remaining in the pip-
kins being rediffolv’d in a due proportion of water would very confiderably *
infrigidate it,as may furcher appear by the Nores,which for your greater fatil-
faction you will find here fubjoyn’d,as foonas Lhavetold you, that, though:
for want of other veffels [ was firft reduc’d to make ufe of Earthen ones, and ©
the rather; becaufe fome Metallin Veffels will beinjur’d bythe diffoly’d:
Sal Armoniack,ifit be boyl’d in them, yet I afterwards found: fome conveni- _
enciesin Veffels of other Mettall,as of iron, whereof you may command. a.
farther) Account, |

March the 2gth the Thermofeope in the Air was at 82 inches, being put’
intoa fomewhat large evaporating glafs, filld with water , it fell (alter ic’
ftaid:a pretty while, and had been agitated in the liquor) to 8: inches: then:
about half the Salt,or lefs,chat had been ufed twice before.and fele much lef -
cold thamthe water, being put in and ftirr’d about, the tin@ed Spirit fubfided.
witha vifible progrefs, rillit was faln manifeltly beneath 4. inches, and then,
having caufed fome water tobe frefhly pump’d ard brought in, though the -
newly mention’d Solution were mixt withic, yet it prefently made the Spirit
of Wine manifeftly to afcend in the Infirument, much fafter, than one would
have expected ec. a Ae :

And thus much may fuffice for this time concerning our Frigorifick Expe-
riment ; which] fearce doubt but the Czrtefians will lay hoid onas very fa-_
vourable to fome of their Tenents , which you will eafily believe, itis moe~
to the Opinion , I have elfewhere oppos’d , of thofe Modern Philofophers, .
that would have Salt-petre to be the Primum Frigid: m:( though | found by
trial, chat, whilft'tis actually diffolving, it gives a much confiderabler degree :
of Cold, thanotherwife.) But aboutthe Reflexions, that may be made on -
this Experiment,and the Variations, and Improvements & Ues of it, though»
Vhave divers things lying by me, yet,fince you have {een feveral of them al-
ready; and may command a fight of the reft , I fhall forbéarthe mention of
them here,not thinking it proper, to fwell the bulk of this Letter with them, .

Aa Account of two Books lately printed in London,
TEUCLIDIS ELEMENTAGEOMET. RIC A,xov0:
ovdine ac methodo demonftrata. Inthis compendious and pretty Edition, the -
Anonymous Author pretends to have rendred thefe Elements more expedi- -
tious ; by bringing all together into one place, what belongs toone and the -
fame fabject = Comprifing T. whar Exclid hath faid of Lines, Sureight, Ine

_terfecting one another, and Parallel. 2. What he hath dementtrated of a

the Circle, ‘and itsPropertics. 4. Whatof Proporticns in Triangles and
ovher Figures. g.Whate: Qvedrats and Rectangles, made of Lines dive: ty.

Single Triangle, and of Triancles Compared one with anothers. 2.What of ~

CEs:

(262) |

‘cut. 6, What of Plane Saperficies’s. 7. What of Solids. Afcér which fol-
low the Problems. The Definitions are put to each Chapter aS need requi-
reth, The Axioms, becaufe theyare few,and almoft every where neceflary,
are not thus diftributedin Chapters. The Poftulata, are not fubjoyn’d to
the Axioms, butreferv'd for the Problems, the Author efteeming that they
being practical Principles, had only place in Problems. !

This for the Order: As tothe Afayner of Demonftrating , One and the
fame is obferv'd in moft Propofitions , all with much brevity , tothe end,
that what is not ofit felf difficult,may not be made fo, by multitude of Words

*

and, Vetters.° |. :

“IL THE ENGLISH VINE-YTARD VINDICA-
JED. The Author (Mr. 7ohn Rofe, his Majefties Gardener at his Royal
Garden inSt. Pames’s) makes it his bufinefs in this {mall Tra@ (avery thin
Pocket-book) by a few fhort Obfervations made by himfelf , to dire& Eng-
lithmen inthe Choice ofthe Frait,and the Planting of Vine-yards. heretofore
very frequently culiivated, though of late almoft quite neglected by them, ~
He difcourfes skilfully, 1. @f the feveral forts of Vines, and what Grapes

are moft futable to the Climate of England, where he chiefly commends the
fall Black-grape , Or Clufter-grape, the Parley grape ; the White AZu/-
cadine. the Frontiniack, andanew white-grape, witha red Wood and a
dark green Leaf: All thefe being early ripe fruit. 2.Of the Soy/e,and Scituati-
on of a Vine-yard in England: Where,as to the Firft he pitches upon a Light
Soile, having a bottom of Chalk or Gravel,and given to Brambles obferving,
that no Plant whatfoever is fo connatural to the Vine for Soy! ,as the Bramble,

As for the Scitzation he choofes that fide or declivity ofa Hill,that lies to the

South or Southwef, and is favoured with other Hills fomewhat higher, or

woods onthe North and Laff, to break the rigour of thofe quarters. This di-
tection he thinks of thatimportance,that he affirms, that the difcouragement of

the Culture of Vines in Exg/and has only proceeded from men’s mif-infor-
mation on this material article of Choice of Soyle and Scituation. 3.Howto

prepare the Ground for the Plantation , wid. by plowing up the Swarth in —
july, and by difpofing the Twrf in (mak heaps, and fo burning them, and ~

ipreading the afhes over the Land , care being taken , that by heaping too

much materials together, the Earth be not over. burnt by the exceffive heac

and fire,which they require to reduce them to afhes. |
What is added, of the Manner of planting the Sets, of Dreffing, Pruning
and Governing the Plantation, of the Ordering and Cultivating the Vine.
yard after the firft four years, till icneeds renewing ; as alfo of the manuer
- and time, how and when to manure the Vine-yard , with Compoft , will be
better underftood from the Book it felf, thancan be here deferibed , the Au..
thor pretending, that, thofe few obfervations of his, asthe native production
of his own Experience, being practifed with care,the Vine- yards in England
may be planted, govern’d and perpetuated with undoubted fuccefs, and

offering withall to furnifhthofe, that haveadefire to renew this Culture, —
and toftore their grounds with Sets and Plants of all thofe forts, which he

zecommends; he having a plentiful ffock ofthemall. —

~ Printed with Licence for fobs Afartyn,and james Allefiry,
; Printers tothe Royal Society. 1666.

RN ne 4
1 Are ANB ORB

~ ‘ “

: Ge 4
Same ae 5 cata oed wats
; Teed f

aN

263) | Num. 16.
PHILOSOPHICAL
Pini NOS ad le LoLGidN b=

Munday ,. Aupuft 6. 166%.

The Contents.

An Effay of Dr. John Wallis, exhzbiteng bis Hypothefis about the
Flux and Reflux of the Sea, taken from the Confideration of the
Coramon Center of Gravity of the Earth and Moen 5 toge-
ther with an Appendix of the fame , containing an An{wer to
fome ObjeGtions , made by feverail Perfons agamft that Hypo-

thefis. Some Animadverfions of the fame Author upon Mafler
Hobs’s /ate Book, De Principtis & Ratiocinatione Geome-.
trarum. ce : Yee

.: | An Effay ae
Of Dr. John Wallis , exhibiting his Hypothefis about the
Fluxand Reflux of the Sea, —

Ow abftrufe a fubject in Philofephy , the
Flux and Reflux of the Sea hath proved hi-
therto, and how much the fame hath in all
Ages perplexed the Minds even of the beft
of Naturali/ts, when they have attempted

J NWS © to render an Account of the Caufé there-
Zoe eXZO of,isneedlefs hereto reprefent. It may

_perhaps be to more purpofe, to take notice, that all the defici-

encies, found in the Theortes or Hypothefes, formerly invented

for that End, have not been able to deterre the Ingenious of
this Age from making farther fearch into that Matter: Among
whom that Eminent Mathematician Dr. fobs Walls, following

_his happy Genius for advancing reall vhilofophy, hath made it

_a part of his later Inquiries and Studies , to contrive and de-

duce acertain Hypothefis concerning that Phenomenon, taken

ae | yes from

Oy wmnyi : | (264) : a
from the Confideration one Yea Center of Gravity of the

Earth and Moon, This being by feveral Learned Men lookt
upon, asa very rational Notton,it was thought fit to offer it by |
the Prefs to the\Publick’, that other Intelligent Perfons alfo

might the more conveniently and at their lerfure examine the }
Conjecture (the Author, fuch is his Modefty, prefenting it no o- |
therwife) and thereupon give in their fenfe, and what Diff-
culties may occur to themrabont ity;/fhat fo it may be either
confirm’d or laid afide, accordingly 5 As the Propo/er himfelf
exprefly defires in the Difcourfe , we now, without any more:
Preamble, are going to fabjoyn, as it was by him addreffed , by |
way ofLetter, from Oxferd to ‘Mr. Boyle April 25.1666. and |
afterwards communicated to the R. Suciery, as follows: ©

¥ Ouwere earneft with me; when you laft went from hence,
- that I would put in writing fomewhat of that,which at divers |
times, thefe three or four years laft paft, I have been difcourf-
ing with your felf and others. concerning the Common Center of
Gravity of the Earth and Afoon, in order to falving the Phenomena |
‘as wellof-the Seas Ebbing and Flowing as of fome'perplexities
in Afrenomical Obfervations of the Places of the Celeftial Bo-}

fall os Ee GM "1 Tele ae
| How. much the World, and the great Bodies therein, are
manag'd according to the Laws of Azotion, and Statick Principles,
and with how much more of clearnefs and fatisfaction, many: |
of the more abftrufe Phenomena have been falved on fuch
Principles, within this laf Century of years,than formerly they }
badbeen; I need. not difcourfe to you, who are well verfed in
it.. Bor, fincethat Galileo, and (afterhim) Terricellie, and o-
thers, have applied dzchanick Principles to the falving of Péz.
lofophical Difficulties; Natural Philofepby is well known to have |
been, readered more intelligible, and to haye made a much.
greater progrefs in lefs than amhundred years, than before for
MARV AAEM) alo? aChici a: ehh yhesieies das
The Seas Ebbing and Flowing, hath fo great a connexion with
the Moons motion, that in. a manner all Philofophers (whatever
other Caufes they have joyned with it ) have attributed much
of its eaufe to the Afeons which either by fome occult quality,
or

b

(265),
or particular influence, which ic hath on moyft-Bodies,or by, fome
Magnetich vertue, drawing the water towards it, (which fhould
therefore make the Water there digheff, where the Mooniis ver-
tical ): or by its gravity and preffure downwards upomthe Ter,
raqueous!Globe (whichfhould make it lomef,wherethe Moon
is vertical ).orbyi whatever, other means (according tothe fe-
yeral Conjectures.of inquilitive perfons,’)> hath {fo great an in-
fluenceon:, oratleaft aconnexion with, the Sea’s Elux and
Reflux, that itwould feem very unreafonable:; to feclude the
_ lconfideration of thé Moons motion from that of the Sea: The
Periods of Tides(to fay nothing of the greatnefs of them near the
/Néw-moon and Full-moon) fo conftantly waiting “on the
Moon’s motion, that itmay be well orefumed), that either the
one is governed by the other, or at leaft both from fome com-
anotreanfe: 2 2: 9) Nee anidiormol ob.0} Jee 14, om
But the finft that I know of, who took inithe confideration of ©
‘the £arfh’s motion, (Dzurnal and Annual). was Galileo, who in
his Syjffeme of the World, hath a particular difcourfe on this fub-
gea&: Which, frem the firft time that I ever read it, feemed to
amefo very rational, that 1 could:never be,ofother: opinion,
-but thatthe true,Account of this great Phenomenon was to:be
oreferred to the Earths motion,asithe Prinerpal caufe oft: Yet
_ that of the Moon (for the reafons above mentioned) not to be
excluded) as to the determining the Periods of Tidesy and other
-tciscumftances concerning them. Andithough itbe manifeft
‘enough; that Galileo, as to {ome patticulars, was miftakén inthe
caccount whichthereshe gives of.it.s: yet that may be very well
‘allowed, without any blemith to fo deferving a perfon, or. pre-
judice to the main Hyporheés: Porthat Difcourfe is to:be loo-
tkedupon onely asian £fay of the: general Sypothefs 3 which
sas ito particu/ars was|tocbe afterwards adjufted, from a good
General Hificry of Tides; which it’s manifeft eroughthat he had
not; andwh‘chis inagreat meafure'yet wanting, For were
ithe matter of Fac wellagreed on ylitis not likely, that feveral
Hypothefes fhould fo far differ, asthat.one-fhould make the
Water Zhen atid thereat the Highelt, where andwhenthe other
makes it at the Loweft =) as when the:Moon ts Vertical.to the
place. | }

q

Nin 2 | Ad

ocAnd whatl fay of Galileo, I muftin like-manner defire tot be
underftood of what I am now ready to fay toyou. For I donot
_ profefsto be fo well skilled in the Hiftory of Tides, as that I
will undertake:prefently to accommodate my general Aypothelis
to the particular cafes or that'}will indeed undertake forthe
certainty of it; but onely as an £fay propofe itto'further cone
fideration; to ftand or fall, asjie fhall be found to anfwer ‘mate
rer of Pact,. And truly had not-your importunity (which is to
me a great Command) required me to do it; 1 fhould:not fo
vafily. have drawn up anything about it, till T had firlt fatisfied
my {ebfey;how well the Hypothefis: would an{wer-Obfervation
Having for divers yearsneglected to do it, waiting a time when.
1 might beat lcifure throughly to.profecute this defign.. 0!
. Butthere bei'two reafons,by which you have prevaded with
me, atleafttodo fomething. Fzrff, becaufe it is theicommon
Fate of the Engl/b,thariout of amodefty, they forbear to:pub-- _
Mth their: Difcoveries, till profecated:to.fome good degree of |
-certainty and perfection ,yetare not fo wary, but that they dif-
ccourfe of them freely enough to‘one another, and even to
Strangers upon occafion ; whereby others, who are more hafly
and venturons, comming: to-hear of the notion, prefently pub- ©
hth fomething of it, and would be reputed thereupon, tobe the |
firft Inventers thereof: though even that litile, which they can |
then fay of it, be perhaps much lefs, and more imperfed@,, than -
‘what the true Authors:could have publifhed long before, and
what they bad really made! known ({ publikely enough, though |
notin-print)tomany others, Asis wellknown amongft usasto |
the bufinefs of the Lymphatich Veffelsin Anatomy: the Injeétion of
Liquors into the veines of Living animals;the Exhibzting of a ftraight
line equal toa crookedsthe Spot in Fupiter,whenee his motion about
his own Axis may be demonftrated; and:many other the hke
confiderable Inventions.» > ose) ae
The other Reafon (which, with me, is more really of weight,
though even the former be not contemptible) is, becaufe,as I
have been already forat leaft three or four years laft paft di.
. verted from profecuting the inquiry or perfecting the Hype- —
thefis,'as I had thoughtsto do; foI do not know, but like E- —
mergencies may divertme longer; and whether I fhall ever bi i
‘ Oo L#

(267) ov

do it;as to bring it to perfection; I cannot determine. And theree
fore, if astomy {elf any thing fhould humanztus accidere s yet
poflibly the notion may prove worth the preferving to be pro-
fecuted by others, if Idoitnot. And therefore I fhall, atleaft
to your felf,. give fome general account of my prefent imper-
fediandundigeftedthoughts, )

-Iconfider therefore, thatin the Tides, orthe Flux and Re-
- flux of the Sea,befides extraordinary Extravagancies,or Irregu-
larities, whence greatInundations or ftrangly high Tides do
follow, ( which.yet perhaps may prove not to be fo meerly ac-
cidentalas they have been thought to be, but might from the
regular Laws of Motion,if well confidered, be both well ac-
counted for,and even foretold; ) There are thefe three noto-
rious Obfervations made of the Reciprocation of Tides. Far/f,
the Dzurna/ Reciprecations whereby twice in fomewhat more
than 24. hours, we have a Hloudand an Ebbe; ora High-wa-
terand’ Low-water. . Secondly, the Azen/frwal; whereby inone |
Synodical period of the Moou,fuppofe from Full-moon to Full-
mooo,the Time of thofe Diurnal Viciffimdes doth move round
through the whole compal{s of the NuxSuveev, or Natural day of
twenty four hours: As for inftance,if at the Full-moon the full
Sea be at fuchor fucha place juftat Noon, it fhallbe the next
day (atthe fame place ). fomewhat before One of the clock ,
the dav following, between One and Two; and fo onward, till
at the New-moon it fhall be at midnight; (the other Tide,
which in the Full-moon was at midnight,now at the New-moon
coming to’be atnoon; _) And fo forward tillatthe next Full-
moon, the Full-fea fhall ( at the fame place.) come to be
_ at Noon again: Again, That of the Spring-tides and Neap-

tides (as they are called; ) about the Full-moon and New-
moon the Tides are at the Higheft, at the Quadratures the
Tides are atthe Loweft: And at the times intermediate, pro-
portionably. Thirdly,the Annual; whereby itis obferved,that
at fometimes of the year, the Spring-tides are yet much higher
than the Spring-tides at. other times of the year: Which Times
are ufually takento,be atthe Spring and Autumne; orthe two
Aiquinoxes; but Ihave reafonto believe (as wellfrom my
own Obfervations, for many years, as of others who have bzen
much

{

(268))

much condernedtoheedit, whereof thore will befaid byand
By3 ) thatwe fhould: rather afflign the:bepinnings of February

and November, than-the two: Aiguinemes, (oe
Now in order to the giving account of thefe three eriods,
according to the Lams of Wotdn aud Mechanick Principles; We
fhall fri take for granted,what is mow adayés-pretty common

entertained bythofe ,-who treat of fuch matters; °Thara Body —

in motion ts apt to continue its motion 4 and that in tbe fame degree of

celerity, wnle/s bindred by fome contrary Impediment; (like asa Bo-

dy.at refty to continue fosaulefs by fome fufficient mover, put
intormotion: )» And accordingly (which daily experience te.
ttifies) if'on a Board or Table, fome loofe incumbent weight,
be for fome time moved, & have thereby contra&ted an Impetus
to motion at fuch a rates if that Board or Table chance by
fome external obftacle, or otherwife, to be ftopped or confide-
rably retarded in its motion , the incumbent loofe Body will
fhoot forward uponit: Aind Contrarywife,in cafe that Board or
Table chance to be accelerated or put forward with aconfide-
rably greater {peed than before,the loofe incumbent Body, (not

_ having yet/obtained an equal Jmpetus with it .) willbe left be-

hindjor feem to fly backward uponit. “Or, (whichis Galilae's
inftance,) if a broad Veffel of Wateri, for fome rime evenly

carried forward with the water in it, chance to meet with a ftop,

or to flack its motion,the Water will dafh forward and rife high-
erat theifore part of the Veffel: And,contrarywife,ifthe Vef-
felbe faddenly put forward fafter than before; the Water will

dafh backwards, andrife at the hinder part of the Veffel.~ So -

that an Acceleration or Retardation of the Veffel, which car-
ries it, will caufe a rifing of the Waterin one part, anda falling
inanother: (which yet, by its own weight, will agaitibe redu-

ced toia Levels it wasbefore;)' And confequently; fuppofing

the Sea to be but as a loofe Body, carried about with the Earth,
but not fo united to it, as neceflarily to receive the fame degree

of Impetus with it, as its fixed parts do; The acceleration or re-

tardation in the motion of ‘this or that partof the Earth ; ‘will
caufe (more orlefs, according to the proportion of it) fuchia
dafhing of the Water, or rifing atone part, with a Falling at
another,as is that,which we call the Flux and Reflux of the Sea:

Now

Bac |
Now this premifed, Weare next, with him, to fuppofe the
Earth carried about witha double motion; The one Annual, as.

.CFag.t..) in BEC the great Orb, in which the Center of the
‘Earth B, is fuppofed to move about the Sun A.

The other Diurnal, whereby the whole moves upon its own
Axis, and each point in its furface defcribes a Circle, as:
‘DEFG. opi : 7
- Itisthen manifeft,that if we fuppofe, that the Earth moved:
but by any one of thefe motions, and that regularly, ( with an
equal fwiftnefs 5) the Water, having once attained an equal
Empetws thereunto , would {till hold equal pace withits there
being no occafion, from the Quickening or Slackening of the

‘Earths motion, (in that pare where the Water lyeth) for the

Water thereon either to be caft Forward or fall Backward,and
thereby. toaccumulate on the other parts of the Water: But.
the true motion of each part of the Earths furface being com=
pounded of thofe two motions, the Mnnual and Daurnal; (the
Amualin BEC being, as Gaii/eo there {uppofeth,. about three
timesas faftas adiurnal motionina great Circle, as DEF )

while a Pointin the Harths furface moves abontits Center 3,
from G. to D. and E. and at the fame time, its Center B. be car-

ried forwardsto C; the true motion of that Point forwards, is:
made up of both thofe motions ; to wit,ef Bto C, and of Gto
E; but while G moves by D to E, E moves backward by k-
to G, contrary tothe motion of BtoC; fothatthe true moti--
on of E, is but the differenceof B C, and EG: ( for, befide:
the motion of B, the Center Gis alfo put forward as much as.
from.GtoE; and Eput backwardasmuch as fromE toG:} .
fo that theDzzrnal motion,in that part of theEarth,which is next
the Sun, as EB F G, doth abate the progrefs of the Annual,(and:

emoftofallat Fs) and inthe other part,which is from the Sun,
as GD E, it doth inereafe it, (and moft of all at D.) that is,in the
.day time there is abated, in the night time is added to the Annual

motion, about as much as is G-E, the EHarths Diameter. -Which:

_would.afford us a Caufé of two Tidesin twenty four hours ; the

Qne upon the greateft Acceleration of motion, the Other up--
-onits greateft Retardation, | sie.
_. And thus far Galz/eo’s Difcourfe holds well enough ;. But their

$33:

(270)
in this it comes fhort s that as it gives an Account of two Tides:
‘fo thofe two Tides are alwayes to beatF and Ds thatis,at Noon
-and Mzdmght,; whereas Experience tellsus., thatthe Time of
Tides, moves in a moneths (pace through all the 24.hours.. Of
which he gives. us no account. For though he do take notice
of a Menttrual Periods yethe doth it onely as to the Quantity
of the Tides; greater orlefss not asto the Time of the Tzdes,

fooner or later.
i. | To help this, there is one ( Vid. * Jo
* e ae ye hv j ? les e : e
+f Mids Bi luis fre Baptifta Balianus)who makes the Earth to
He 4. c2p. Lapa be but a /econdary Planet; and to move,
pag.216 2. ~~ ~——«*Notdiredétly about the Sun,but about the
is Moon, the Moon meanwhile moving

about the Sun; in like manner as we {uppofe the Earthto move

about the Sun, and the Moon about it.

But this, though it might furnifh us with the foundation of

a Afenfirwal Period of Accelerations and Retardations. in the
Compound motion of feveral parts of the Earths furface ; yet
Jam not atall inclined to admit this as atrue Flypothefs, for di-
vers Reafons, whichif not demonftrative, are yet fo confo-
nant to the general Syfteme ofthe World, as that we have no
good ground to disbelieve them. For 1. The Earth being

undeniably the greater Body of thetwo ( whereof there is no —

doubt tobe made) it cannotbe thought probable, that this
‘fhould be carried about by the Moon, leffer than it felf: The
contrary being feen, not-onely in the Sas, which is bigger

than any of the Planets, which it carryes about; butin Fapeter,. —

bigger than any of his Satellites s and Saturne, bigger than his.

2. Asthe Sun by it'smotion about it’s own Axis, is withgood _

reafon judged to be the Phyfcal caufe of the Primary Planets
moving about it; So there is the like reafon to believe, that

Fupiter and Saturne moving about their Axes, are the Phyfical
caufe of their Satellites moving about them, which motion of ©

Fupiter hath been of late difcover'd, by the help of a fixed Spot

difcern’d in him; and we have reafon to believe the like of Sa-
turne. Whether Venus and Aercury (about whom no Sateliites
have been yet obferved ) be likewife fo moved s we have not
yet the like ground to determine: But we have of Mars ; ate
| eee thee

ee ae aeermer

271)
ie Obfervations of Mr. soe cate in February and March lat,
and by him communicated to the Royal Society, and fice
Printed in the Tran/actions, publifhed Apr, 2. 1666: ‘confonant
ito the like obfervations of Fupiter, “made'by him in ‘May. 1664;
‘and fince communicated to the fare Society’; and’ their: jub-
Aihied in the Tra hfabbions , of Ararch: 6 then next> fol low-
A wey that the: eae hath: Teh a thiotion” about 1 its own

Teer %-¢

waies’ puede WAR uss” en ag Wet hot be: iE ite Moon
carried the Earth about: Unle fe we fhould fay, that it carries
about the Earth in juft thefame Period, in which it turnes up-
on its own, Axis: Which t¥contrary to that of the Sun carry-
‘ing aboutthe Planets: ° the fhorteft of’ whofe ‘Periods, is yet
longer than that of the Suns moving about itsown Axis, And
the like of Fapiter, fhorter than the Period of any of his Satel/i-
‘tes 5 5 if at eee the Period of his hea ey about his Axis, late-

LY tYs

“he a
eS

Seed pure area 29. age sp ASE any motion on its

| a9 ‘Axis: “And accordingly, that the Secondary Planets about

“fuprter and Saturn, ate not Clike thir Principals 2 ‘totned 3 a=

| "shout their own Axi? “And therefore’ lain not at ‘all'inclined

to » believes that the Wenfetreal Period ofthe Tides eure us, ‘is fo
be falved byfuch’an: Hypothefis:

In ftead of this, that Surat of mine. CHL are! not yet,

: a3 th confidence give i itany better hame; )’ ‘ofwhat Phave fpok-

om LY ty you heretofore, c aid which Hath” occafioned this’ pre-

{ GER it which Tam how civil: “you, vy fig to chié! purpofe,

| om po het ‘Barth ard Moon being. knowa té be Bodies of fo great
| “connexion, (whether by any- “Maoneétick: or-what other Tye,
| I witecae norneed’l, as'te this purpofe ) ‘asthe
|" miele Oo

the

|
i
{

|
4

>
>)

¢a a i's

v y :

he Earth and

H ‘es

carried rabout by the Sun inthe. great Orb oft ¢ Annualimot-

tA Aba 8

would do,..who make the Moon, the, Primary andthe Bartha, |
168 | an yO | - Secondary |

?

(273)
Secoridary Planet, againft which we were before difputing: )
But by the Common Center of Gravity of the Bodies,Earth and Moon,
as one Ageregaic. | BO ie de :
Now fuppoficg ABCDE to bea part of the —« See Fig.
great Orb of the Annual motion, defcribed by the 2: and 3.

common Center of Gravity,in fo long time as froma Fed/l-ALeon

Y
&

at A-to the next New-dsecn at Ks (which, though an Arch
of aicirele or Ellipse, whofe Center we fuppofe at a due diftance

belowits cyet being but about 3; of the whole, may well e-

noughbehere réprefented by a ftreight Line: ) the Center of
the Earth at T, and that ofthe Moon at Ly muft each of them

-¢fuppofing their common Center of Gravity to keep the Line.

A E) (be fuppofed to defcribe a Periphery about that Com-
mon Center, asthe Moon defcribesher Line of Avenffrual mo-

tion. (Of which«l have (in the Scheme) onely drawn that

ofthe Earth; as being fufficient to our prefent- purpofe; paral-
lel to which, if need be, we may fuppofe one defcribea by the
Moca; whofe diftance is:alfo to be fuppofed much greater
from T than‘in the figureisexprefled, or'was neceffary to ex-
prefle.) Andinlike manner EE GH, from that New: moon
at B, tothe next Ful/-moon at I. bona Y

_ From Ato E ( from Fullmoonto New-moon, ) T moves
(in its own Epicycle) upwards from the Sun: And from E to

Jy (from New:moon to Full-moon ) it moves downwards,
toward the Sun. Again, from-C to G, (from laft quarter to
_ the following firft quarter, ) it moves forwards according to
the Amnualmotion; -Butfrom G forward to C, ( fromthe firft
- Quarter to the enfuing laft Quarter, ) it moves contrary to the
Annval motion. — Uaps pe ae a ;
» Itismanifeft therefore, according to this Hypothefis, that
_ from Laft quarter to Firft quarter (from C to G, while T is
_abovethe, Line ofthe Asnua/ motion ) its A@x/frual motion in
_ its Epicycle adds fomewhat of Acceleration to the Annual mo-
| tions andmoftofallat B, the New-moon: And fromthe firft
to the laft quarter. ( from G forward to C, while T is below the
| Line of the Annual motion, ) it abates of the Annual motion 3
and moft ofallatI, or Athe Fullkmoon. | |

|» Sothatin purfuance of Galileo's Notion, the Menffrual add-

Oo 32. ::: ing

era)
ing to or detracting fromthe Anndal motion, fhould either leave’
behinde,,.or caft forward,, the loofe waters:incumbent on the!

iw » hiee

tardation 3) at New, moon ae ‘Bull-moons:and two Ebbs; at
the two, Quarters5 ,and iat

Menflrual,, which Galdeofuppofeth!is te do to:thar Annuals —

ai, tr thy > e e . ° i wo se
that effect by. the Dé#rnal is increafed.in the parts L.MN.(or ~
3

izdes.For,when it fo happens, that the/Menffrual and’ Diurnal Acs.
celerations or, Retardations,be coincident,( as-at New*moons: —
and Full-moons+they are, ¥ the effe& muft needs be the greater, ©
And although».(;which: is, notto bedi ffémbled ) this: happen
pear its a | ? bueg

, mere +

-butto one of thetwo Tides; that is,the Night-tide at the News.
moon ( when both motions do moft ofall Accelerate, ) andthe
Day-tide at Full-moon ( when both do moft Retard the Annu.
al motion) Yet,this tide being thus raifed by two concurrent

_caufes; though the next Tide have not the fame caufe alfo, the.

— Impetes contracted will have influence upon the next Tide ;

Upon alike reafon, as a Pendulum let fall froma higher Arch,

_ will (though there be no new caufe to occafion it). make the

| Vibration,en the other fide (beyond the Verpendicular:) to-

_ bealfo greater : Or, of water in a broad Veffel, if itbe fojog-

' ged,as to be caft forward to agood height above its Levell, wall

upon its recoyling, by its own gravity, ( without any additio:

nal caufe ) mount fo much the higher on the hinder part:

., Buthere alforwe are to.takenotice, that, though all parts of

the Earth by.its Dzarza/ motion, do turn about its Axis; and de-.

fcribe parallel Circles; yetnot equal Circles; but greazer neer-
the Agumoéical, and /effér near the Poles, which may bea caufe-

why che Tidesin fome.parts may.be much greater:than-in o-

thers: Butthis,belongs to the particular confiderations , ( of

which we arenot now giving an Account: ) notto the general

[Se ath | Cee ee Seamer ee gu en eee

Having thus endeavoured to give an account of the Péurnaé:
and Menjirual Periods of Tides ; It:remains that 1 endeavour~
| the like as-to the 4naual.. Of which there is, at leaft;thus much:

_agreed;: That, at fome times of the year, the Tides are:noted.

| to. bewmuchelieher, than.atothértmmes:-. <> -

_ Bathere Ihave a double task ;.. Farff, torectify.the Obfer-.

vation; and then, to give anaccount of it.. *

. Asto.the F

3 : Firf? s. Ithaving been obferved (grofly) that thofe -
| high Tides have ufed to happen about the spréng and Aatumms :
it hath been generally taken for granted ( without anymore:
' nice obfervation ) that the two Zquinoxes are the proper times, .
to.which thefé Annual high Tides areto bereferred 5. And fuch:
| caufes fought for; as, might beft fute with {fuch'aSuppofitions — -
_» Bat ipisnow,, the beft part of twenty.years, fince I have had’
_ frequent occafions to converfe with fome Eahabitants of Rym-

) sey-mar/o in Kent ;.where. the Sea being: kept. out with great:
Earthen walls, that itdo not.at high-water overflowthe Level...

. Ate oe

j (2 6)

aid the Inhabitants livelyhood depending moft on grazing, or
_ feeding Sheep they are (as you may believe they have reafon
to be) very vigilant and obfervant,at what times they are moft
in danger of having their Lands drowned. And I find them ge-
n2rally agreed, by their conftant Obfervations, Cand Experi-
ence dearly bought ) that their times of danger are about the
-beginoing of February aud of November: that is, atthofe Spring
‘Tides which happen near thofe times 5 to which they give the
names of Candlema/s-fiream and Atballend-ftream: And if they
- {cape thofe Soring-tides , they apprehend themfelves out of _
Danger for the reft of the year. And as for March and Septem-
ber(the two Aquinoxes) they are as little folicitous of them, as of
any other part of the year. .

~ This, confefs,I much wondred at, when I firft heardir; and q

fufpected it to be but a miftake of him,that firft told m¢,though
he were indeed a perfon not likely fo to be miftaken, inathing
wherein he was fo muchconcerned : ButI foonfound, thatic —
was not onely his,but a general obfervation of others too; botii
there,and elfewhere along the Sea coaft. And thongh they did
not pretend to know any reafon of it, (nor fo much as to en- -
quire after it; ) Yetnone made doubt of it ; but would rather
laugh at any that fhoa!dtalk of March and September, as being
the dangerous times. And fince that time,I have my felf very —
frequently obferved (botltat London and elfewhere, asThaye —
had occafion ) that in thofe months of February and November, —

(ef{pecially November) the Tides have run much higher, than at _
_ other times : Though I confefs,I have notbeen fo diligenttofer

down thofe Obfervations, as Ifhould have done. YetthisIdo |

: . : ; T / bg Srktye ; 7 ay
particularly very wellremzmber, thatin Nevemler 1660. (the
fame year that his Majefty returned ) havingoccafionto goby —
Coach fromthe Strandto Weftminffer, 1 tound the Waterfo —
high in the middle of Krng-ffreet, thatitcame up, not onelyto
the Boots, but into the Body of the Coach; andthe Pallace-yard |
(all fave alittle place near the Weff-End) overflow'd; as likes |
wife the Market-place sand many other places’; and their Cel- _
lars generally filled up with Water. And in November laft,1665.
it may yet be very well remembred, what very high Tides there —
were,not onely on the Coafts of England,(where much igh was
one

done by it’) but much more in Holland, where by reafon of
_ thofe Iiuudations, many Villages and Towns were overflow d.
- Andthough I cannot fo particularly name other years,yet I can
very fafely fay, that I very often obferyed Tides ftrangely high
about thofe times of the year.
This Obfervation did for divers years caufe me much to
wonder, ‘not only becaufe it is fo contrary to the received opi-
nionof the two Aquinoxes; but becaufe I could not think of
. any thing fignal at thofe times of the year: as being neither the
_ two Aquinoxes, nor the two Solffices, nor the Sun's Apogeum and
_ Perigeum s (or Earths Apbelium and Peribelium,) nor indeed,at
_ contrary times of the year, which at leaft, would feem to be ex-

i ARNE Al i ES EE NC

-peéted. From Alhollandtide to Candlema/s being but three

‘months ; and from thence to Alhollandtide again nine mouths.
Atlengthit cameinto my mind, about four years fince, that
though there do not about thefe times happen any ingle fignal
_ Accident, which might cafticonthefe times, yet there is a com-
poxad of treothat may do it: Whichis the Znequality of the Na-
tural day (mean that of 24, hours,from noon to noon) arifing
“at leaft froma double caufe ; either of which fingly would caft
_ itupon other times, but both joyntly on thofe. |

It's commonly thought, how unequal foever the length be
‘of the Mificial dayes as contradiftinguifhed to nights,yct that
the Natural Day , reckoning from iiocn to noon, are all equal:
But Aronomers know well,that even thefe dayes are unequal.

. For,this- Nazwral Day is meafured net onely by one intire con-
) verfionof the £guimattial, or 24. Aequinottial hours, (which is
| indeed'taken to be performed in equal times,): but increafes by
fo much, as anfwers tothat pattof the Sun's(or Earths,) Annual
“motion as is performed in that time. For, when that part of the
-Hquinottial, which (with the San) was at the Aderidian yefterday
_at 100n,is come thither again to day, it is not yet Noon (becaufle
_ the Sun is not now atthe place where yefterday he was, butis
_ gone forward about one degree, more or lefs) but we mutt fay
~tillthat place, where the Saznowis, comes to the Meridian-be-
_ fore it be now Noon. ty MPR Bt od OF 1 fil
] ‘Now this Additament(above the 24 AvquinoMzal hours, orintire
_converfion of the Aquinedial) isupon a double account une-

qual;

28,

(278)

qual, Firff, becaufe the Sun, ts reafon of its Apegeum and Pea
rigeum, doth not at all times of the year difpatch in one day an
equal Arch of the Ecliptick; but greater Arches neer the Perz-
geum, whichis about the middle of December 5. and lefler neer
the Apegeum,which is about the middle of Fune:. As\will appear
dafficiently by the Tables of the Sun’s Annual motion.) Secondly,
though the Sun fhould inthe EaliptieR move alwaies at the fame
raté; yetequal Arches of the Eeléptzck do not in all. parts of the

Lodiatkaniwer tq equal Arghes of the AguinoGial, by which we.

are toeftimate time: Becaufe fome parts of it,as about thetwo
Solfticzal Points ,. lie nearer to. a parallel pofition to the Zi quing-
dial, thanothers, as thofe about the two £guinoétzal points,
where the Ecliptich and £quinoéiza! do interfec& ; whereupon an
Arch -of the £elptick, neer the Sol/iicial points, an{wers toa
greater Arch of the £qaineéfiai, than an Arch equal thereunto
‘neer! the quinodzal points: As doth fufficiently appear by the
Fables of the Su nsright A/cenfion, ree

“According to the. fir of thefe caufes ,, we fhould, have the _

Tongeft natural daies in December, and the fhorteft im Fune,which
it it did operate alone, would give us at thofe, times twoiAanual
High-waters. |“ slay 6 vboavaniiedand iis

.

IP IO. YO D POC, GG 2 Se OU ga .@
According tothe /econd caufe,if operating, fingly, we fhould

have the longeft daies at the two Solftices in June.and December, —

and the, tworfhorteft at the Agquinoxes. in, Moreh and Septem- —
bers. which would at thofe times give occafion of four anual —

High-waters. : bomal hon: at va We ad
But the true Inequality of the Natural Days, -arifing froma

Complication of thofe twa caufes, fometimes crofling.and fome- —
times promoting each other:though we fhould.find fomeincrea-_
fes or decreafes of the Natural daies at all. thofe feafons anfwe-_
rable'to the refpective caufes(and perhapsof ‘Tides proportio-—
nably thereunto: yet the longeft and fhorteft natural dazes
abfolutely of the whole year (arifing from this complication.of —
Caufes) are about thofe times of A//hallounde and Candlemass

-Cornot farfrom them.) about which thofe Annual High-tides

are found to be: Aswill-appear ‘by the Tables of #quation of

Nataral daies. And therefore think; we may with very. good
reafon caft this Aunval Period upon that.caufe, or,rather,.com-

plication fe

LOL

| Gm)
plication.of caufes. For (as we before fhewed in the Adenffrual
and Disarnal) there will, by this inequality of Natural daies, arife
a Phyfical Acceleration and Retardation of the Earths Aéeas

motion, and accordingly a cafting of the Waters backward or

forward 5 either of. which, will caufe.an Accumulation or High-
mater | by :

Tis true, that thefe longeft and fhorteft daies,do (according
to the Tad/es, fome at leaft.) fall rather before, than after A/-
ballontide and Candlemas(to wit the ends of Offober and Fanxary;)

but fo do alfo (fometimes)thofe high Tydes: And it is not yet

fo well agreed amonekt 4 ffronomers, what are all the Caufes(and
in what degrees ) of the Inequality of Natural daies; but that

there be diverfities among them, about the true time: And whe-

ther the introducing of this New Motion of the Earth in its

_ Epteyele about this Common Center of Gravity,ought not there-

in alfoto be accounted for, I will not now determine: Having
already faid enough, if nottoo much, for the explaining of

this general Hy pothefis , leaving the particularities of ittobe _

adjufted according to the true meafures of the motions; if the
General Hypothefis be found fit to be admitted. : P
— Yet this I muft add’, (that Ibe not miftaken) that whereas
I caft the time of the daily Tydes to beat all places, when the

-Moonisthere in the Meridian; it muft be underftood of open
_ Seas} where the water hath fuch free fcope forits motions, as

if the whole Globe of Earth were equally covered with water:
Well knowing, that in Bayes and In-Jand-Channels,the pofition of
the Banks and other like caufes muft needs make the times to ~
be much different from what we fuppofe in the open Seas: And

dikewife,that even in the Open Seas, /flands, and Currents, Gulfs

and Shallows, may have fome influence, though not compara-
ble-to that of Bays and Channels. And moreover, though I

_ think, that Seamen do commonly reckon the time of High-

water in the Open Seas, to be then, when the Moonis there in

the Meridian (as this Hypothefis would caftit:) Yet Ido not

take my felf to be fo well furnifhed witha Aisfory of Tides, as to
affure my felf of it; much lefs to accommodate it to particular

places and cafes.

Having thus difpatched the main of what I had to fay con-
; Pp cerning

(280) |
cerning the Seas Ebbing and Flowing: Had I not been already
tootedious, I fhould now proceed to give a further reafon,
why I dointroduce this confideration of the Common Center
Gravity in reference to A/frenomical Accounts. For indeed,that

which may poffibly feem at firft to be an Objetion againft it, is

with me one reafon for it. | <p
_ It may be thought perhaps, that if the Earth fhould thus de-
{cribe an Epzcycle about the Common Center of Gravity, it would
(by this its change of place.) difturbe the Celeffial motions, and
_ make the apparext places of the Planets, efpecially fome of
them, different from what they would otherwife be. For
though fo fmall a removal of the Earth, asthe Epzeyele would
caufe (efpecially if its Semidtameter fhould not be above 4} of
_ the Earths Semidiameter) would fcarce be fenfible (if at all)to
the remoter Planets; yet asto the nearer itmight., © |
Now though what Galileo anfwers to alike Objeétion in his

| Hypothefs s (thatits poffible there may be fome {mall difference, |

which 4ffronomers have not yet been fo accurate, as to obferve)
might here perhaps ferve the turn; Yet my anfwer is much
otherwife; to wit, that fuch difference hath been obferved.and
hath very much puzzeled A/fronomers to give an account of,
_ About which you will find Mr, Aforrocks ( in fome of his Let
ters, whereof I did formerly, upon the Command of the Royal
Society, make an Extra) was very much perplexed; and was
fain, for want of other relief , to have recourfe to fomewhat
like Keplers amicable Febres, which did according to the feve-
ral pofitions of the Moon, accelerate or retard the Moon's
motion; which amicable Fibres he had no affection teat all (as

there appears) if he could any other waies give account of ~
thofe little inequalities ; and would much rather (I doubt not) —
have embraced this Notion of the Common Center of Gravity, —

to falve the Phenomenon, had it come to his mind, orbeen fug-
gefted to him. And you find,that other 4/fronomers have been
feen to bring in (fome upon one fuppofition, fome upon ano-
ther) fome kind of Asenftrual Aquation, to folve the inequalities
_ of the Moon’s motion, according to her Synedical Revolution,

or different Afpeéts ( of New-moon, Full Moon, &c,) befide —
: For

what concerns her own Pertodieal motions

es Ks ay OS

| (281) :

For which, this confideration of the Common Center of Gravity
of the Earth and Adoon , is{o proper a remedy ( efpecially if x
fhall be found precifely to anfwer thofe Phenomena , which I
have not Examined, but am very apt to believe) that it is fo
far from being, with me, aa Objection againft tt, that it is one
of the reafons, which make me inclinable to introduce it.

I muft before I leave this, add one Confideration more,
"That if we fhall upon thefe Confiderations think it reafonable,
thus to confider the Common Center of Gravity of the Earth and
_ Moon ; it may as well be thought reafonable, that the hke Con-
fideration fhould be had of Fupster and his four Satellitesywhich -
according to the Complication of their feveral motions, will -
~ fomewhat ckange the pofition of Fupiter,as to that Common cen-
ter of Gravity of all thefe Bodies; which yet, becaufe of their
{mallnefs, may chance to be fo little, as that, at this diftance,

the change of this apparent place may not be difcernable. And
what is faid of Fupeter, isinthe lke manner to be underftood
of Saturne and his Satelles, difcovered by Hugenius: For all
thefe Sate/iztes are to their Principals, as fo many Moons to the
Barth. And I dovery well remember, in the Letters forecited,
Mr. Horrocks exprefieth fome fuch little inequalities in Saturnes
motion, of which hecould not imagine what account to give,
asif (to ufe his Expreffion) this crabbed O/d Saturn had defpi-
fed his Yeuth. Which, for onght know, might well enough
have been accounted for, if at that time the Sated/es of Saturn
had been difcovered, and that Mr.Horrocks had thought of fuch
a motion as the Common Center of Gravity of Saturn and his Compa-
~ ‘nion,to be confiderable,as to the guiding of his motion.
- You have now, inobedience to your Commands, an Ac-
count of my thoughts, as to this matter, though yet immature
and unpolifhed: What ufe you will pleafe to make of them, I
- fhallleave to your prudence, &c. |

An APPENDIX, written by way of Lester to the Publifher
Being an Anfwer to fome Objections, made by feveral Perfons, to
the precedent Difcourfe.

| vv yours s and am very well contented, that objectz-

I oni be made againft my Hypethefs concerning Tydes: being
he Pp 2 pro-

a | | (282).
propofed butas a conjecture to be examined ; and, upon that
Examination, rectified, if there be occafions or rejected, if it
willnot hold water. a ie |
1. Tovthe firft ebjeGiomof thofe you mentions. That zt ap-
ears not bow two Bodies, that have no tye, can have ene common Cen=
ter of Gravity: thatis (for fo I underftand the intendment of
the objection) can act or bé acted in the {ame manner, — asif
they were connected: I fhall onely anfwer, that ir is harder to
fhew How they have, than TAat they have it. ‘That the Load-
ftone and Iron have fomewhat equivalenttoa Tye; though
we feeitnot, yet by the effedts we know. And-it would be
eafy to fhew,that two Load. ftones,at once applyed,in different.
‘pofitions, tothe fame Needle, at {ome couvenient diftance 5
will draw it, not to point direétly to-either of them; but to fome
point between both; which point is, as to thofetwo, the com-
mon Center of Attrattzns and it isthe fame,as if fome ene Load>
ftone were in that point. Yet have thefetwo Load ftones no
connexion or tye, though a Common. Center of Virtue accord.
itig to- which they joyntly ad. And'asto-the prefent cafe,
flow the Earth:and Moon are conneétcds, I will notnow un
dertake to fhew (nor is it neceflary to my purpofe ; ) but, That
there is fomewhat, that doth conneétthem, (as much as what
- connects the Load:ftone, and the Iron, which it draws,) is paft
doubt to thofe, who allow them to be carryed about by the ©
Sun, asone Aggregate or Body, whofe parts kecpa refpective
pofitionto one another: Like as Fupeterwith hisfour Satelletesy —
and Saturn with:his.one.. Some. Tye there:is, that makes thofe
Satellites attend their Lords, and'move ina Body s though we
do not Seethat Tye, nor Hearthe Words of Command, And
fo here. chow, edad 7 li ymaodjaues
2. To the fecond objection; That; at Chatham and in. the
Thames, the Annual Spring.tydes, happen about the Anquinaxes 3 nat
(as this Flypothefis doth /uppofe el/where to have been‘objerved ) about
‘ibe begining of February. ana: November: - 1ftheir meaning be;tharc: |
‘Annual High 'Tydes, do then happen; andthenonely : If this:
prove true, it will eafe me of half my work. ‘For itis then eafi-- —
iy anfwered, that it depends upon the obliqutty cfthe: Zodtacks —
the parts of the Aquinodial anfwering ta equal pants of the
a | | Kodiacky,

| (283)
Ladiack, being neer the Solftitial points greateft, and near the
AMquinotial points leaft ofall. But befide this Aunual Viciffi-
sude of the #quinoxesnot to fay, of the 4. Cardinal Points.
€ which my Hypothefis doth allow and affert ;:) I believe it will
be found, thatthere is ansther Annual viciffitade an{wering to-
the Suas 4Apogeum and Perigewn. | And that the greateft Tydes.
ofall willbe found to be upona refuit of thefe two caufes Co-
operating: which( as doth the Inequality of Natural dayes, de-
pending on thefe fame caufes ) willlight nearer the times, ¥
mention. To what is faidto be obferved at Ghathbamand in the
Thames, contrary to that Iallege as obferved in Rumney marfh :
I muft at prefent dmyev, and refertoa melius inquirendum,
thofe who obje& this contrary obfervation, fhall, after this no-
tice, find; upen sew Obfervations heedfully taken, that the
Spring-tydes in Fchruary and. November, are not fo-high, as thofe _
in March and: September; 1 fhallthen think the obje@ion very
confiderable. But I do very well remember, that! have feew
in November, very high Tydes- at London, as wellasin Rumney:
Maro. And, the time is not yet fo far paft, but that it may be
remembered (by your felf or ethers then in London ). whether
in November lat when the Tydes were fo high at Dover, at Deal,.
at Margate, and all along the Coa from thence to. Rumney
Marlb, asto do in fome of thofe places much hurt, ¢and,in Ael--
fend, mach more; ) whether, Ifay, there were not alfo at the
fame time, at London, ( uponthe Thames) very. high Tydes.
But agood Diary of the Height and time both of High-water,
and Low-water, for a year or two together, even at Chatham,
er Greenwich: but rather at fome place in the open Sea, or-at the:
Lands end in Cornwal, or on the Weft parts of Ireland sor at St.
Hellens, or the Bermeodas, &c. would do more to the refolving-
of this: point,.than any verbal difcourfe without it;.

3. Tothe third Objection, That /uppofing- the Earth and Miosn:
tomnve about a Common center of gravity ; if that the higheft'Tydes
beat the New-moon,mhen the moon being neareft'to the Sun,the Earth:
as fartheft from it, and its compound motion at tive (reifteft ;. and. that

the Tydes abate asthe Earth approacheth nearer, til it comes into thee
_ .fuppofed Circle of ber Annual mation: It may be. demanded, wby do:
they not ful abate asthe Earth comes yet nearer 0 the Sun and the

ig

(284).
~“froifine(fe of its Compound motion tall flackens ? And fo, why have we
not Spring tides at the New Moon ( when the motion is [rifteft ) and
- Neap.tides at Full Moon ( when the motzon ts floweft ) but Spring tides -
at both ¢ The anfwer (if obferved ) is already given im my A’y-
pothefrs it felf. Becaufe the effec is indifferently to follow, ei-
_ therupona fuddain Acceleration, ora fuddain Retardation.
( Like as aloofe thing, lying ona moving body 5 if the body
be thruft fuddainly forward, that loofe thing is caftback, or,ra-
ther left behind, not having yet obtained an equal zmpetus with
.that of the body, on which it lyess butif topped, or notably
retarded, that loofe incumbent is thrown forward, by its for-
_- merly contracted zmpetus not yet qualified or accomedated to
the flownefs-of the Bady, on which it lyes. ) Now both of thefe ©
happening, the one at the New Moon, the other at the Full
‘Moon, do caufe high Tides at both. pte
4. Tothe fourth Objection, That the bighe/? Tydes are not at
all places, about the New Moon and Full Moon; and particularly,
that, in fome places of the Eaft Indies, the Higheft Tydes are at the

—

“Quadratures: mutt firft anfwer in general 5 That as to the par-
ticular varieties of Tydes in feveral parts of the World, Ican-
wot pretend to give a fatisfadtory account, for want of acom- |
petent Hiftory of Tydes, Sc. Becaufe (as is intimated in what
i wrote inthe general) the various pofitions of Chanels, Bays,
Promontories, Gulfs,: Shallows, Currents, Trade-winds, ec,
muft needs make an innumerable variety of Accidents in par-
ticular places, of which no fatisfactory account is to be given
fromthe general Aypothefis (though never fo true) without a
due confideration of all thofe: Which is atask too great for
meto undertake, being fo ill furnifhed with materials forit.
And then as to the particular inftance of fome places in the
Eaft Indies, where the higheft Tydes are at the Quadratures: 1
fuppofe, it may be chiefly intended of thofe about Cambaza,
and Pegu. At which places, befide that they are fituate atthe _
- inmoft parts of Vaft Bayes, or Gulfs (as they are called ).
they have alfovaft In-draughts of fome hundred Miles within —
Land; which when the Tydes are out, dolye (in a manner )
quite dry :: And may therefore very well be fuppofed to parti- _
cipate the effect of the Menftrual Tydes many dayes after ws ;
| caufe

(285)
caufe of them happens in the open Sea, upona like grouwrid as
in Straights and narrow Channels the Diurnall Tydes happen
feme hours later thaninthe Ocean. Andalike account mutt
be given of particular accidents in other places, from the par-
ticular fituation of thofe places,as Bays, Chanels, Currents, 8c.

s. Lothe 5. Objection, That the Spring-Tydes happen not,
with us, quft at the Full and Change , but two or three daies after.
‘Ifhould with the more confidence attempt an Anfwer,were I
certain, whether it be fo in the Open Seas, oronely inour
Channels. For the Anfwers will not be the fame in both cafes. If
onely in our Channels,where the Tydes finda large in-draught;
but not in the Open Seas: we muft feek the reafonof it from
_ the particular pofition of thefe places. Butif it be fo gene-
rally in the wide Open Seas: We muft then feekareafonof it
from the general Hypothefis, And, till I know the matter of
Fad, I know not well, which to offer ats left whilft I attempt
to falve one,I fhould fall foul ofthe other. Iknow that Mar-
riners ufe to {peak of Spring-Tydes at the New and Full of the
Moon ; though I have ftill had a fufpition that it might be fome
daies after, as well inthe open Seas, asin our narrower Chan-
‘nels 5 (and therefore I have chofen to fay, inmy Papers, About
the New and Full, rather than Az the New and Full; andeven
when I dofay 4¢, Tintend it in that laxer fenfe in which I fup-
pofe the Marriners areto beunderftood,, for Neer that time :)
Of which fufpition you will find fome intimations even in my
firft Papers : But this though I can admit; yet,becaufe I was not
fare of it, Idurft not build upenit. Thetruthis, the Flux and
Reflux of water in a veffel,by reafon of the jogging of it;though
it follow thereupon ; yet is,for the moft part, difcernable fome
timeafter. For theremuft, upon that jog, be fome time for _
Motion, before the Accumulation can have made a Tyde. And ~
- fo I donot know but that'we muft allow it in all the Periods. For

as the menfirual High Tyde, is not (at leaft with us) till fome
Daies after the Fulland Change; foisthe Diurnal High water,
about as many Hours afterthe Moonscomming to Souths (I
mean, At Sea: for in Chanels it varies to all Hours,according as
they are neerer or further from the open Sea: ) And the danual
High-Tydes of November and Febrwary; fomewhat later than
| (what

(286)
(what I conjecture to be from the fame caufes) the greateft In-
equalities of the natural Days, happening in January and 0@e-
ber. Butthis though I can admit,yet (tilllam fure of the mat-
cerof Fact) I donot build upon. And fince it hath hitherto
been the cuftome to {peak with thatlaxnefs of expreffion; af-
figning the times of New-moon, Full-moon,and Quadratures,
with the Moons comming to South, for, what is neer thofe
times: I did not think my felf obliged in my conjectural Hy-
pothefis (while itis yet but a Candidate) to {peak more nicely.
If the Hypothelis for the maine of it be found Rational ; the
_ Niceties of it are to be adjufted, intime, from pafticular Ob-
Mereatian. T * aoe te

Having thus given you fome Anfwers to the Objections you J
fignifie to have been made by feveral perfons tomyHypoihefis, |

and that in the fame order your Paper prefents them tome: I
fhall next give you fome account of the two Books, which you
adyifed meto confult; fo.far as feems neceffary to this bufi-
’ nefs ; Which,upon your intimation,! have fince perufed,though
before I had not. - 7 | Aap
And firft,as to that of I/aac Voffius, De motu Marium 33 Ven-
_.torum; Though I do not concur with him in his Hypothefiss That
all the Great motions of the Seas,&c. fhould arife onely from fo
{mall a warming of the water as to raife it(where moft of all) not a
Foot in perpendicular, (asin his 12th Chapter;) Orthat there —
is no other connéxion between the Moors motion, and the _
Tydes menfirual period, thanaca/ual Syachront/m (which feems

to be the dotrine of his 16¢b and 18+h Chapters;) Befide ma- |
ay other things in his Philofophy, which I cannot allow: YerI |

am well enough pleafed with what ts Hiftorical init, of the
matter of Fa&: Efpecially if I may be fecure,that he is therein

accurate andcandid, not wrefting the Phenomenato hisown

purpofe, ButI find nothing in it,which doth induce me tovary |
frommy Hypothefis. For, granting his Hiftoricalsto be alk |
true; the account of the conftant Current of the Sea Weft- —
ward, and of the conftant Eaftern Blafts, 8c. within the Ire-
picks,.is much more plaufibly , and (I fuppofe) trulyrendered |

by Galileslong fince, fromthe Earths Dzurnal motion: (which, 7

neare the Bquator. defcribing a greater Circle, than nearer the °|

Poles, —&

| (287) |

Poler, makes the Current to be there more confpicuous and
(wift, and, confequently, the Eddy, or recurrent motion,near-
erthe Poles,where this is,more remifs; ) than can eafily be ren-
dered by fo fmalla Tumor, as he fuppofeth. Not to adde 3 that
his account of the Progreffive motion, which he fanfieth to fol-
low upon this Tumefaction, and by Acceleration to grow to
fo great aheight near the Shoar (asin Chap. 13. and 14. ) is
a Notion, which feems to me too extravagant to be falved by a-
ny laws of Staticks. And that ofthe Moons motion onely Syu-
chronizing with the Tydes, cafually, without any P/y/calcon-
nexion; ican very hardly affent co. For it can hardly be
imagined, that any fuch conftant Synebront/me fhou'd be in
Nature; but where, either the one i: the caufe of the other, or
both depend upon fome€ommon caufe.And where we fee {+ fair
afoundation fora Phy/eal connection. I am not prone to a-
{cribe it to an Independent Synchronifm. Infum 3 His Hiftory
doth well enough agree with my Hypothefis ; and I think, the
Phznomena are much better falved by mine, than his.

And then as to Gaffendés,in his difcourfe De Zjftu Maris;1 find
him, after the relating of many other Opinions concerning the
Caufe ofitinclining t» that of Galileo,a{cribing it to theAccele-
ration & Retardation of the Earths motion,compounded of the
Annual and Diurnal; And moreover attempting to give an ace

count of the Menffrual Perteds from the Earths carrying the
~ Moon about it felf.as Faperer doth his Satefites ; which together
with them is carryed about by the Sun, as one Aggregates (and

that the Earth with its Moon is to be fuppofedin like manner to
be carried about by the Sun, as one Aggregate , cannot be rea-
fonably doubted, by thofe who entertain the Copernican Hypo-
thefis, and do allow the fame of Jupiter and his Satelitrs. ) But
though.he would thus have the Earth and Moon looked upon
as two parts of the fame moved Aggregate, yet he doth ft:l-{up-
pofe ( as Galileo had done before him ) that the line of the
Mean Motion of this Ageregate Cor, as hecalls, morus equabe-
lis e2 veiut? medius) is defcribed by the Center of the Earth (about —
which Center he fuppofeth both its own revolution to be made,
and an EFpicycle deferibed by the Moons motion ;) not by ano-
ther Point, diftin4t from theCenters of both,about which.as the

Qgq common

(288) :
‘common Center of Gravity, as wellthat of the Earth, as that
of the Moon, are to defcribe feveral Epicycles. And, forthat —
‘ Reafon fails of giving any clear account of this AfenfIrual Pe-
riod, (And in like manner, he propofeth the Confideration as
wellof the Earths phelium and Perehelium,as of the Aguinodti-
al and So//fitzal Points, inorder tothe finding a Reafon of the |
Annual Vieiflitudes; but doth not-fix upon.any thing, in which
himfelf can Acquiefce : And therefore leaves it 7 medioas he —
found it.) - | se ae et
It had been more agreeable to the Laws.of Statichs, ifhe —
had,( as Ido, ) fo confideredthe Earth and Moon astwoparts —
of the fame movable, (notfo, ashedoth, alam tn Centro ct (e-
guentem precife revolutionem axis, aliam remotius ac velut in cirsum-
ferentza, but, ) fo, asto. make neither of them the Center, but
both out ofit, defcribing Epicycles about ic: Like as, when
along ftick thrown inthe Air, whofe one endis heavyerthan
the other, is whirled about, fo as that the Ena, which did firft fly
_ foremoft , becomes hindmeft; the proper line of motion of
“this whole Body isnot that, which igdefcribed byeither End, —
butthat, whichis defcribed by a middle pointbetweenthenr; _
about which point each end, in whirlfhg,defcribes an Epicyele, j
And indeed, inthe prefent cafe, itisnotthe Epicycle defcribed
by the Mcon, but that, defcribed by the Earth, which gives the ;
Menfirual Vicifitudes of motion to the Water; which would, |
as to.this,be the fame, if the Earth fo.move, whether there were .
any Moon to move or not; nor would the Moons Motion, fup-
pofing the Earthto hold onits own courfe , any whiteconcenn -
the motion of the Water. ss alee | |
But now,after all our Phyfcal,or Statical Confiderations)the ~
cleareft Evidence for this Hypothefis (if itcan be had) willbe —
from Celeftial Obfervations. As for inftance ; (fee Fig.5.) Sup-
pofing the Sun ar S; the Earths place in its Annual Orbat T;and. —
Mars (in oppofition to. the Sun,or near it.) atM: From whence
Mars fhould appear inthe Zodiack at y andwill at Full moon.
befeen there to be; the Moon being atC and the Barth arc c:
(and the like at the New-moon.) ..Butif the Moonmbeinthe ©
Firft quarter at A,andthe Harch ata; stars will be feen, notat 7)
y, butata; too flow: And when the Moon ‘is at B, and the —
Earthatb, Afars will be feenat#, yettoo Gow: tillarthe Full |
. moon, |

7

ov (289) |
moon, the Moonmat C, the Barth atc, Afars will be feenat »
its true place,as if the Earth were at T. But chen,after the Full,
the Moon at D,the Earthatd; Agars willbe feen, notat y, Bu

até; too forward: and yet more, when the Moon (ar the laft
- Quarter) isat E, the Earthate, and Mars feenat « If there-
fore Mars (when i in oppofition to the Sun) be found (all other
allowances being made ) fomewhat too backward before the
| Fullmoon, and fomewhattoo forward after the Full-moon,
(and mcft of all,atthe SSE i alkaeh >) it willbe the beft con-

-in other pofitions, mistatis mutandis 3 and fo for the other Pla-
| nets.) ”

the Barths Annual Orb to prove the Copernican Hypothefis.

_be‘obferved, it doth not convince the Negative, but only proves
| that the Semidtameter of the Earths Epicycle is fo {mall as not
tomake any difcermable Parallax. “And indeed, Pdoubr, that
willbetheiffue. For the Semidiameter of this Epicycle, being
litele more than the Semidiameter of the Earth it felf, or about
) u thereof (as is conjedtured, in the Fypothefs, from the Mag-
-nitudes and Diftances of the Earth and Moon compared: ;) and
there having not as yet been ebferved any difcernable Parallax
of Mars, even in his neereft pofition to the Earth; itis very
fafpicious, that here it may prove foteo, And whether any of
the other Planets awill- be more Sale int this pointyl cans

“not ae

ee | 3

| ase “ANIM AD VERSIONS of

We “of Dr. Wallis , upon Mr.Hobs's late Book, De Principiis &

, _ Ratiocinatione Geometrarum.

Thefe were communicated by way of Letter,written in Ox-

fer, July 24. 1666, to an ny Sappinet of the Au! ther, as fol~
lows : :

Gis I faw you laft, I hive read overMr, Hobs's Bek Contra

pJGeometras(or De Princzpris © Ratlonitttan Geometrarum)which

you then fhewed me. A New Book of O/d matter : Containing

but a Repetztion of what he had before told us.more than once 5

and which hath been An{wered long agoe.

In which, though there be Faults enough to offerample mat-

| Qg2 ter

Ifit can be obferved, it proves the Affirmative s butificcannot:

| firmation of the Hypothefis. (The like may be fitted to Afars

Bat this proof, ts aft like nature as that of the Parallaxis of :

le Gra
ter for a large Confutation : yet I am fearce inclined to be-
lieve, that any will beftow fo much pains uponit, For,ifthat
be true, which (in his Preface) he faith of himfelf , Aut fo/us in.
_fanio Ego, aut folus non infanio: it would either be Needle/s, or to
no Purpofe. For,by his own confeffion, A// others, if they be not
_mad themfelves, ought tothink Alzm fo: And therefore, as to
Them, 2 Confutation would be needle/s ; who, its like, are well
enough fatisfied already: at leaft out of danger of being {edu-
ced, And, as to himfeltf, it would be ¢o ne purpo/e.For,it He be
the Mad man, it is notto be hoped that he will be convinced by
‘Reafon: Or,if 4// We be fo; we are in no capacity to attemptit.
But there is yet another Reafon, why I think it not to need
a Confutation. Becaufe what isin it,hath been fufficiently con-
futed already s (and, fo EffeCtually : as that he profeffeth him-
felf not to Hope, that Thzs Age is like to give fentence for him;
what ever Nondum imbuta Pofferttas may do.) Nor doththere
appear*any Reafon, why he fhould again Repeatict, unlefshe
can hope, That, what was at firft Falfe, may by oftRepeating,
become True. ~ ary | | | |
I fhall therefore, inftead of alarge Anfwer, onely give youa
brief Account, what # in its &cywhere it hath been already Anfwered. —
The chiefof whathe hath to fay, in his firft to Chapters, a-
gaintt Ewclids Definitions, amounts but to this, That he thinks,
Euclide ought to have allowed his Pornt fome Ergne/s ; his Line, —
fome Breadth; and his Surfacr,fome Thicknefs.
~ Butwhere in his Dia/ogues, pag.s5§1,1§2. be folemnly under- —
takes to Demontftrate ir (for it ts.there, his 41th Propofition:) his .—
Demenftration amounts to no more but this; That, anle/s a —
Liné be allowed fome Latttude ; it t3 not poffible that his Quadratures |
can be True, For finding himfelt reduced to thefe inconveni- |
-encess x. That his Geometrical Confirutliens, would notconfift |
with Arithmetical calculations, nor with what Archimedes and |
others have long fince demonftrated: 2. That the Arch |
_of a Circle muft be allowed to be fometimes Shorter than —
its Chord, and fometing@se onger than its Tangent: 3. That the |
fame Straight Line muft be allowed, atone placeonely to |
Touch,and at another place to Cw the fame Circle: (with others. _
of like nature;) He findes itheceffary , that thefe things: may.
“not feem Abfurd, to allow his Lines fome Breadth, (that fo, as he. |
fpeaks , While a Sraight Line roith its Out-lde doth at one pias P
, Teuch |

(293)

Touch the Circle, it may with its In-fide at another place Cutit, &e.)
But I fhould fooner take thisto be a Confutatzon of His Quadra-
tures, than a Demonftration of theBreadth of a(Mathematical) Lzne,
Of which, fee my Hobb:us Heauton-timorumenus, from pag. 114.
to p. 119. .

| hod shit he now Adds, being to this purpofe ; That though
Euclid’s snuéev, which we tranflate, a Poent , be not indeed No-
men Quanti; yet cannot this be actually reprefented by any thing,
but what will have fome Magnitude; nor can 4 Painter, no not
Apellés hiefelf, draw a Line fo fmall, but that it will have fome
Breadths nor can dread be fpun fo Fine, but that it will have
fome Bignefs 5 (pag.2,3,19,2 1. )is nothing to the Bufinefs ; For
Exclide ith not fpeak either of fuch Poines, or of fuch Lines.

He fhould rather have confidered of his own Expedient,

| pag.11. That, when one of his (road) Lines, paffing through
one of his( great) Points, is fuppofed to cut another Line propo-

fed, into twe equal parts ; we are to underftand, the Avzddle of
the breadth of that Line,pafling through the middle of that Point,

to diftinguifh the Line given into two equal parts. Andhe

fhould then have confidered further, that Eaclide , by a Line,
means no morethan what Mr. FYobs would call ehe middle of the
breadth of his; and Euclide’s Pointyis butthe Middle of Mr. Hebs's.
And then, for the fame reafon, that Mr. Hebs’s Adiddle muft be
{aid to.have no, Afagmiude ; (Forelfe,not the whole Middle, but
the Adzddle of the Mzddle,will be in the Middle: And,the Whole will
not be equal to its Tivo Halves ; but Bigger thas Borh,by fo much
as the Middle comes #0: ) Euslide's Lines mutt as well be faid te
have no Breadth; and his Posts no Bignels.

Imlike manner, When Euclide and others do make the Terme
or End of a Line, a Point: Uf this Peint have Parts or Greatne/s,
then not the Porat, but the outer-Half of this Point ends the
Line, ‘(for, that the Zner-Ha/fof that Point is not at the End, is
manifeft,becaufe the @uter-Ha/f is beyondit:) And again, if that
Outer Half have Parts alfo s not this,but the Outer part of it,and
again the Outer part of that Outer party Cand {0 in infinitum.) So

that, aslong as Any thing of Line remains, we are not yetat the

End: And confequently,ifwe mult have paffed the whole Length,
beforéwe'be atthe End; then that Exd (or Puntium terminan:)
has nothing of Length; (for;when the whole Length is paft, there is
nothing of it left. Andif Mr, Habs tellsus (as pag. 3.) that this —

| (ga)
End is not Panéum, but only Signum ( whichhe does allow nou
effé nomen Quant: even this will ferve our turn well enough, Ea-
cltd’s Ssysiey, which fome Interpreters render by Signum, others
have thought fic (with Fully) to call Puritum: But if Mr, Hebs

_ ke not that name, we will not contend about it. Letit be Pun.

ium, or let it be Signum (or, if he pleafe,he may call it VexzHum.)
Butthen he is to remember,’ that this is only a Controverfie in
Grommar,aotin Mathematicks: And his Book fhould have been
intituled Contra. Grammaticos,not,Coxtra Geometras. Nor is it Ex-
clide, but Czcero, that isconcern’d, inrendring the Greek Siuaoy,
by the Latine Punctum, not by Mr. Hods's Signum. The Mathema-
tician is equaily content with either word. © bones
Whacthe faitlrhere, Chap.8.0 19. (and in his fitth Dial.p. 105,
&oc.)concerning the Angle of Contaéi;amounts but to thus much,
That,by the Angle of Contact, he doth not mean either what Eu.
clide calls an Angle,or any thing of that kind;(and therefore fays
nothing tothe purpofe of what was in.centroverfie between
Clavius and\Peletartus; when he fays, that 4x Angle of Contatét bath
{ome magnitude; But,that by the Angle of Contaét, he underftands
the Crookednef of the Arch; and in faying,the Angle of Contaél hath
Some magnitude his meaning is, that the Arch of a Circle hath fome
crookednef, or, is a crooked lines and that, of equal Arches, That is
the more crooked, whofe chord is fhorteft « which Iithink none
will deny;(for who ever doubted,but that acercular Arch croak.
ed2or,that,of fuch Arches,equalin length, T hat ethe more ereoked,
whofe ends by boring are brought neareft together?) But, why the
Grookedne{s of an Arch,{hould be called an Amgle of Contad;! know

no other reafon, but, becanfe Mr. Hobs loves to'callthat Chalk,

which others call Cheefe. Of this fee my Hobdzus Heauton-timoru:
menus, from pag. 88.top.100.. » | as Mg
What he faith here of Ratzons or Proportions,and their Calculus;

for 8. Chapters,together, (Chap. 11.-6¢;) » is but the fame for

fubftanee, whathe had formerly faidin his 4th. Dialogue, and

elfewhere. To which you'may fee.a full Anfwer;in my Hobdzas.

Heauton.tim. from pag 49.t0,p.88. which I need not here repeat,

Onely (as a Specimen of Mr, Hobs’s Candour ,, in Falfificati-
ons) you may by’ the way.obferve,how he deals witha Demon-
{tration of Mr, Rook's, in confutation of Mr. Hobs's Duplication

of the Cube: “Which when he had repeated }: pag? 43. He doth
then (that it might feenvabfurd) change thofle words, egaales
| quatuor

‘
> , .
OO OO, _ ”

(293)

quater cubis DV ,( pag. 43s line 33.) into thefe (p. 44.7. §.) aqualia qua-
snaor Lincis, nempe Quadruplus Relie pv: And would, thence perf{wade you,
that Mr. Rook had afligned a Solide, equal toa Line, But Mr. Rook’s Demon-
firation was clear enough for Mr. Hob/c’s Comment. Nor do I'know any Ma-
thematician (unlels you take Adv. Hobs to be one) who thinks that a Line
multiplyed by a Namber will make a Square, (what ever Afr. Hobs is pleated
toteachus.) But, Thata Number multiplyed by a Number, may make a
Square Number, and, That a Line drawn intoa Line may make a [quare Fi-
gure, Afr. Hobs ( ifhe were , what he would be thought to be ) might have
known before now, Or, ( ifhehad not before known ic) he might have
learned, (by what.) thew him upon a like occafion, ininy Heb. Heant. pag.
142. 143.144.) How to underitand that | anguage, without an Abfurdity.

» Juft in the fame manner he doth, inthe next page; deal with Clavins, For
having given us his words, pig. 45 |. 2.4. Dico hanc Lineam Perpendicnla-

remextra circulumcadere ( becaule neither intra Circulum, nor in Periphe-
ria ,) He doth, when he would fhew an erreur, firft make one, by faliiying
his words, dine 15. where inflead of Lineam Perpendicutarem, he fublh-

tutes Punttam A. Asif Eaclide or Clavins iodedenyed the Point A. (the

urmoft point of the Radizs,) to be inthe Circumference : Or,asif Nr. Hobs,
by proving the Point A,to bein the Circumference, had thereby proved,
thatthe Perpensicular Tangent A E hadallolyeninthe Circumierence of
the Circle. But this isa Trade, whieh Mr. Hobs doth:drive fo often, asif he
wereas wellfaulty in his Aforals | asin bis ALathematickre

The Quadrature of a Circle, which here he gives us,Chap. 20.2%. 27, 18-
one of thofe Twelve of his, whichin my Hobbias Heauton-timorumenus irom |
pag. 104.to pag 119) are already coniuted > Andisthe Ninth in order
(as {there rank them ) whichis particularly confidered, pag. 106. 107. 10%.
Kcallit One, becanfe he takes it fo tobe, though it mightas well be called
Two. For,asthere, fo here, ivconfltetl of Pwo brasc hes, which are Both:
Falfe, and each overthrow the other. Forif the» Arch ofa Quadrant be
equal tothe Aggregate of the Semidiameter dud of the Tangentof 30. Degrees,
(as he would Here haveit,in Chap, 20. and. Tere, in the clofe of Prop. 27.)
Then isit not equalto that Line, whofe Square is equal to Teufquares of the
Semiradins; (as, Fheve, be would have it, in Prop, 28. and; Here, in Chap,
23.) Andifit be equaltoT drs, thennot to That. For This, and That are

notequal: As! thendemonflrated., and need not now repeatit. |

The grand Fault ofhjs Demonftration (Chap. 20.) wherewithhe wot!d
now New-vamp his old Falfe quadrature, lyesinthofe words Page 40. line
30,21. Quod Inspoffivile eft wifi ba tran/eat perc. which is no impoflibility at
all. For though he firft bid us draw the Line R c,.and afterwards the Line R a:

al sali Re iy i
Yet, Becaufe he hath no where proved: (norisittrue } that.rhe/e two are the

fame Line, (vhatisthat the pointd lyes in the Line Re, or that Re paileth

through ‘d:) ‘His proving that Rd cuts off from ab a Line egual tothe line of
B c,doth not prove,that ao paflech throughe : For this ic may well do,though
ab \ye under c,(vid. in cafe d lyerbeyond.the line & c, tharis, further from 4>)

orthough itlye abvve'c}, (vid.in.cafe dbe nearer, than Ricj vothe point 7.

And therefore, unlefshe firft prove ( which he cannot do’) that ad (a fixih.
partof 4 D) doth jul reach to theline R cand nofurther, he onely proves

¥
thar

(29%, |

that a fixth part of ab is equal to the Line of Bic. But, whether it ‘lye above ie,
or below it, Oc (aS Mr. Hobs would haveit) jalt apon it, this argument doth
not conclude. (And therefore Hagesins’s affertion, which Mr. Hobs, Chap.
21. would hese give way co this Demont{tration, doth , notwithftanding this,
remain fafe enough. ) | 3

His demonftration of Chap 23 . { where he would prove, that the aggregate
of the Radius and of the Tangent of 3c. Degrees is equal (0 4 Line whofe (aware

asegualto tO S4nares of the Semiradias , ) is confuted not only by me, (inthe

plece forecited, where this is proved to be impoffible ,) but by himfelf alfo,
in this fame Chap. page $9 (where he proves fufficently and doth confeffe that
this demonftration, and the 47. Prop, of the firft of Enclide, cannot be borh
true.) But, (which is worft of all .} whecher Euc/id’s Propofition be Falfe or
True, his denonftration mult needs be Falfe. Jor heisin this Dilemma: If
that Propofition be True, -hisdemonftrationis Fa//e, for he grants that they
cannot be both True, page 59 dine 21.22. And again, if chac Propofition be
Falfe, his Demonftratton is fo too , tor This depends upon That,page $5. line
22. and therefore mutt fall with ic. a ) bie: 32

But the Fault is obvious in His Demonftration (notin Euclids Propofition:}
The grand Fault ofit( chough there are more ) lyesin thofe words, page $6.
line 26. Evit ergo 11 O minas quam MR. Where, initead of minus, he fhould
have faid majus. And when he hath mended chat t rror , he will find thar the
major in page §6. line penule, will very-wellagree with majorem in page 57,
fine 1 (where the Printer hath already mended ihe fault to his hand) and then
the Falfam erge will vanifh ce Je

His Section ofan Angle in ratione data, Chap. 22 hath no other founda.
tion, than his fuppofed Quadrature of Chap. 20. And therefore, that being
faife , chis mult fall wichit. Iris jult the fame with that of his 6, Dialogue.
Prop 46. which ( befides that it wants a foundation) how abfurd itis, 1 have
already fhewed , in my Hobbius Heauton timor. page 119.120, |

His Appendix, wherein he undertakes to fhew a Method of finding any
sumber of mean Proportionals, bet Ween two Lines given: Depends upon the
fuppofed Truth of xis 22. Chapter , about Dividing an Archin any proportion
given: (Ashimlelf profeffeth : and as is evident by the Conftru@ion ; which
{uppofeth fuch a Section. ) And therefore, that failing, this falls withir,

And yet this is ocherwife faulty though th2e {hould be fuppofed True. For,
In the firft Demonftration, page67. line 12. Produtta Lf inciderin Tis |
not proved, nor doth it follow from his Quvontam igstur. M

Inthe fecond Demonftration , page 68. dine 34. 35+ Relta L fincidit in x ;
isnot proved , nor doth it follow from bis Qxare. an

Inhis third Demonftration, page 71: dine 7. Produtla Y P tranfibit* per
M ; isfaid gratis, noris any proof offered for it, And fo chiswhole Rrnc.
ture falls to che ground. And wichill, the Prop. 47. El. 1 doth fill ftend fah
(which he tells us, page §9,61, 78. mutt have Fallen, if his Demonftrations —
had ftood :) And fo, Geometry and Arthemetik do ftill agree, which (he tells —
us, page 78: /sne to. ) had otherwife been at odds. f :

fp this (though much more might have been faid, ) is as much as need to
be faid againft that Piece :

LD I aR EVEL TONLE EE SAA EET PRE RE EE
Printed with Licence for Phx Martyn, and Fames Allifry ,
Printers to che Royal seciety.

1666,\Age of (Time of High-water.|Time of Low.water. 1666, lhge of | fime of High water. Time of Low-water.|1666 Rifing, andVelocity ee Bygca.jActimatli pores akan

Sept.the ¥ Y ‘i ‘} Sept, \be D < Nex Sept. 3./fallof Tidesthe Currencimetre |\{cope {cope of the Wind
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7

“4 peeing Line ai vided into Signes, peer td borhe Periods
of the Rifings and Fallings of the ae as ts it the other Table A
a 4

=

aThe Low-water, |
kh The Middle. ©
t he High-water,.

I

ot ees. _ Nam v7
PHILOSOPHICAL.
“TRANSACTIONS.

ae.

| Munday Septemb. 9.

alg Bega ne The Contents.

| Obfervations made in feveral places (at London, Madrid a#d
Paris,) of the late Eclipfe of the Sun, which hapned June 22.
1666. Some Enquiries and Directions, concerning Tides, pro-_
pofed by Dr. Wallis. Confiderations and Enquiries touching the
fame Argument, fuggefted by Sir Robert Moray. Az Account

_ feriptio Cometz, 4. 1665. exorti ; una cum Mantifla Prodro-
mi Cometici. 2. Ifaacus Voflius de Nili & aliorum Flumi-
num Origine. 3. Le Difcernement du Corps & delAme,
_ par Monfieur de Cordemoy. oo |
__»-Obfervations made in feveral places, Of the late Eclip(é of
the Sun, which hapned on the 22 of Fune, 1666. —

| He Obfervations that were made at London by Mr. willaghdy, Dr, Pope,
| AL Mr. Hook, and Mr. Philips,are thefe: :

‘The Eclipfe beganat sh. 43’ oi
8 diam, ———- at 6, 00 [3 dig; at 7, 06
i aie 4 digits —— at 6. 07 4. Ui oe ge em a Fe I3

dt was. 5 dig. ———— at 6. 13 13 dig__-__. at 7. 20
dark. 4} (ae at 6. 21 | yy RIA ER at as 26
Pp ned, |74ig ——=— at 6. 393) 1 dig, ——- at 7. 32
| ; 6 dig. ————=——. at 6. | o dig, -——— oat 7, 37
ts Duration hence appears to have been onehour and g4m. Its greareft -
‘> Obfcurity fomewhat more than 7, digits, About the middle,between the Per-
|. pendicular and Weftward Horizental Radias of the Sun, viewing it through
Mr Boyle's Go. foot-Telefcope, there was perceived a little of the Limb of
the Moon without the Diske of the Sun : which feemed to fome of the Ob-
fervers to come from fome fhining Atmofphere about the Body either of the
Sunor Moon, = ss i oe

© They affirm to have obferv’d the Figure of this Ec/spfe, and meafured the

2 Oot | p MNEID sonics ora: Digits

~~

oases Pe tnd et ee
,

ee
ee
;

of feveral Books lately publifit: Vid. 1. JohannisHevelii De-

—~ So that its whole Daration was 1b. 58’. 14". The greateft Ob/curation they

a y eres 4 * m Am + 3 f
‘ : . ah tt 5 q
a ‘ee *
os : a *
° Fenc nell syle ty ” ” ’
: ~ 4 ‘ 4 me " % aoe”
: oy \ = ? 2

Po) ieee) fo ee | \ Saree re
Digits, by cafting the Figure through a 5 foot Tele/cope, on an extended |
_ paper, fix’t at a certain diftance from theEye-glaffe,and having a round figure. “ie
all whofe Diameters were divided, by 6 Concentrick, Circles, Into 12° Digits, —

a ae Oblervations made at. Zadrid by a Noble Member of the Royal Sort
8 ety, His Excellence the Earle of Sandwich,as they were fent to the Righe —
Honourable, the Lord Vice-Count Brounker, are thefe ; ti 3
The Eclipfe began at Afadrid about's of the:Clockin the morning, at 5 h.
ng’.the Suns Altitude was 6des. 55’. Bhat
The Adiddle of it was at 6 bh. 2. the Suns Altitude, 1§.degy sino >
The End was exa@ly-at 7h, 5°, ‘the Suns Altitude, 25. deg. 24’.
_ Re Barren eiigshy cS Re nT haa wigs
-°37, Parts of the Suns diameter remained light, = 9 |
“63. Parts of the fame were darkened, a
Pea made at Paris by Monfieur Payen , aftifted by feyeral’
A Affronomers,as they were printed in French, and addreffed to Monfieur-
de Afontmor,arethefe, HBS OS bane
The Echp/e began there, at 5h. 44.92". mane. Itended at 7h, 43’. 6"...

afsign to have been 7. dig. 50..m. bucthey adde, chat it feem’d:to have been
greater by 3 minuts, which M. Payes imputes.toa particular motion of Lé-
bration of the Suns Globe, which entertain’d that Luminary in the fame Pha-
fis for the fpace of 8..mix. and fome feconds, asif ithad been ftopped in the —
midft of its Courfe , rather thanto a tremulous Motion of the Atmofphere , —
as Scheimer would have its. i Ve 2 oats #4 Fo) ae si inte ss : a
_ They intimate that they took the time of each Phafis from half digit to. —
half digit, as well by a Pendulum, as by the Altitudes-of the Sass Center a~.
bove the Horizon, corrected by the Verticall Paralaxesand -4ftivall Rew
fraftions, by which they judged, tliat though the Time by the Pendulum |
may be fufficient for Adechanicall Operations, yet ’tisnot exact enough for |
eftablifhing the Groanas of trne Altronomy» ech 2 pea ae eG
They further conceive that the apparent Diameters were almoft equal,
feeing that inthe Phafis of 6. Digits, the Circumferen-e of the Afoons disk |
paffed through the Center of. thacof the Sn, fo as that two Lines drawn. ~
through the two Horns of the Sun, made with the Common Semi-diameter
two Equvilateral Triangles. bes get iiss WA WEAR) aoe, stale
Next, they affirm, That there was fo-great a Variation inthe Paralaxes, |
by reafon as well.of the Refractious of the Air, whichénvirons-the Earth ,
as of the Alteration of the Air, which encompaffes the Moonjthat the Horas
of the Sun, there formed by the Shaddow of the Moon, appearedin all kinds. |
of Figures, Sometimesinclinedto the Vertieal, fometimes Perpendicular
tothe Horizoz, andat lat Paraifel, the Gonvexe part refpecting the Heaven,
and the Concave, the Horizon.’ By. the crofsing ( fo they go on ) of the |
| ‘Horns. |

; tee...
Pforws with the Angles of Inclination, it.will beeafieto thofe, that have ex.
- adtly obferved them, and that are skill’d in the higher Affroxomical Calcula-
«tions, tocompute the tre Place of the Adoon in her Orbite, that fo it may
_ becompared with that of the Tab/es, and with that, which has been obferv’d —
an other places, for the mere precife, determinating of the Diffcr.nce of
~ Meridians (thatbeing the way,clteem'd by Kepler the moft certain ) and for
_ making a good Judgment of the defect or exactneffle of theCeleftial Tables.
Then they obferve, That the Beginwing andthe Afiddle of this Eclip/e
hapnedtobeinthe Nort Eaftern Hemi[phere, andthe End, inthe Sozth-
Eaftern. The’ first Contatt (as ‘twere) of the two Disks was obferv'd
- anthe Superior Limb of the Suny Disk, in refpect tothe Vertical Line, and
- in the Inferior in refpect to the Ecliptick: But the Adiddle, and the End
-werefeenin the Superior Limb , in tefpect both co the Vertical and the
_ Ecliptick: And ( what to this Author feems extraordinary ) both the Be-
ginning andthe End of this Eclip/e hapned to be in the Oriental part of the
Suns Disk, Hag eee )
Laftly, they take notice, that by their Obfervations it appears, that
there is but little exactnefs in all the Aftronemical Tables, prediGing the
Quantity, Beginning and Duration of this Eclipfe ; Thofe of Lansbergins
- amporting, That the Obfcuration fhould be of ro. dig. 48’, thofeof Ricci-
elo, of g.dig.1'; andthofeof Kepler, of 7, dig. 30.16": Again, that
the Duration fhould be of 2h. 2’. Laftly, The Beginning did anti-
cipate the Ricciolan Tables by 5 minats, the Endby 23, and the Afiddle,
almoft by 11. Inthe mean time the Author notes, that the Radolphin Tables
come neareftte the Truth; and withal affures the Reader of the goodneffe .
of the Ixftraments employed in his Obfervations , and of the fingular care,
he, together with his skilful Afsiftants, took in making them.

3 Sonte Inquiries and Diretlions concerning Tides, propofed by Dr.
Wallis, for the proving or difproving of bis lately publifh't
~ Difcourfe comcerning them, — x oe en

‘The Inquifitive Dr. #allis, having in his lately printed Hyporhefis of Tides
intimated that he had reafon to believe, thatthe Aznsal Spring tides happen
_ to be rather about the beginnings of Febr.and Nov.thanthe two. £4xinoxes,
doth in alate Letter to the Pablijzer written from Oxfordin Avg. lalt, defire,
Sea, fome underftanding Perfons at London ,or Greenwich,but rather nearer the
that or upon. the Sea-fhore , would make partisu/ar Obfervation of all the
- Spring-Tides (NeW- Afoon and Full- Afoon’) between thisand the End of No-
vember, and take account of the Hoar and of the Perpendicular height : that
we may fee, whether thofe in September, or thofe of November be highett :
_And it were not amifs, the ow waters were obfervedtoo. Which may be
~ eafily done by a mark made upon aay ftanding Poft in the Water, by any
GN epee ie : R2 - Water-

Sa pices

(298)

fide e h
the Tides be higheft, the Ebbs be ever lowclt, o& contra , (which is gene-
- rally affirmed , and almoft put out of queftion) or rather (which fures
be with his Hypothefis) whether, when the Tides are bigheft, both in the

Annual and Menftreal Periods, the Low waters be not alfo higheft ; and ac
-- Neap-Tides, the Ebbes alfo very low. PD 5-09 Meee a
He adds, that he fhould expect , that the Spring-Tides now coming , and
_ thofe at the beginning of September , fhould net be fo high, asthofe at the
middle of Se-tember , and then lower again at the beginning of October, and

after that, higher at the middle of October, and higher yet about the beginning —

of November (at the yfual times of Spring-tides after the New and Fall.)

Confider ations and Enquiries concerning Tides , by Sir Robert
- Moray 5 Lkewife for a further fearch into Dr. Wallis’s zewly
publifh't Ay pothelis. nae 8

In regard that the High and Low waters are obferved to increafe, and

decreafe regularly at feveral feafons, according tothe Moons age, fo as,

about the New and Fall Afoon , or withintwo or three daies after , in the

Weftern parts of Enrope, the Tides are av the highe/t, and about the Quarter.
Moons,at the loweft, (the former call’d S pring-tides, the other Neap-tides , )
and that accerding to the height and excefles of the Tides the Ebbes in oppo-
fition are anfwerable to them, the heigheft Tide having the loweft Ebbe, and
the loweft Ebbe, thehighelt Tide , the Tides from the Quarter to the bighef
Spring-tide increafing in a certain proportion, and from the Spring-tide to
the Quarter-tide decreafing in like proportion, asis fuppofed s And alfo the
Ebbes rifing and falling conftantly after the fame manner: It is wifhed, that

it may be inquired, in what proportion thefe Increafes and Decreafes, Ri-

-fings and Fallings happen to be in regard of one another ?

And ’tis fuppofed , upon fome Obfervations, made in fit places , by the
above-mentioned Gentleman, though , (as himfelf acknowledges) nos tho. _

roughly and exactly performed, that the Increafe of the Tides is made in the
Proportion of Sines, the firft Increafe exceeding the loweft in a fmal! propor-

tion; the nexting greater, the third greater thanthat; and foonto the
-mid-moft,whereof the excefsis greateft, diminifhing again fromthat, tothe
higheft Spring-Tide ; fo as the proportions, before and after the Afiddie,do
greatly anfwer one another,or feemtodefo. And likewife, fromthe high
Spring-tide, to the leweft Neap-tide, the Decreafes feem tokeepthe like pro-
portions; the Eédes rifing and falling in like manner and in like propor-
tions, All whichis fuppofed to fall out, when ao Wind or other Accident

And |
- 5 }
a * 4
.

,

caufes an alteration,

fe

Water-man, or other underftanding Perfon , who dwells by the Water- }

Ic would alfo deferve (thinks he ) to be inquired into , whether , when.

——— =

And whereas ‘tis obferved , that upon the main Sea-fhore the Current of

the Ebbings and Flowings is fometimes fwifter, and fometimes flacker , than

at others, fo as inthe beginning of the Floud the Tide moves fafter butina.
{mall degree , increafing its {wiftnefs conftantly rill towauds the Adiddle of the
Floud, and then decreafingin velocity again from the Afiddle till to the top
of the High-water ; it is fuppofed, that in Equal {paces of Time,the Increafe

- and Decreafe of velocity , and confequently the degrees of the Rifings and

Fallings of the fame,in Equal {paces of time , are performed according to the
Proportion of Sines. ; :

But ‘cis withall conceived, that the faid Preportion cannot hold exactly and
precifely, in regard of the Jxcqualities, that fall out inthe Periods of the Tides,

which are commonly obferved and believed to follow certain Pofitions of the

Moon in regard of the Equinox , which are known not to keep a precs/e and

conftant Courfe : fo that, there not intervening equal portions of Time be-
tween one New: Moon and another, the Moons return to the fame Aferidian,

- cannot bealwaies perform’d in che fame Time , and confequently there mutt .

bea like Variation of the Tidesin the Velocity , and inthe Rifings and Fal.

‘lings of the Tides , asto equal {paces of time. And the Tides from New-

moon to New-moon being not alwaies the fame in number , as fometimes but
$7, fometimes 5 8 ,and fometimes 59, ( without any certain order of fuccef-
fion) is another evidence of the difficulty of reducing this to any great ex-
actnefs. Yet, becaufe ‘cis worth while, to learn as much of it, as may be, the
Propofer and many others dodefire , That Obfervations be conftantly- made

» ofall thefe Particulars for fome Months,and, if it may be, years-together, And

becanfe fuch Obfervations will be the more eafily and exactly made, where
the Tides rife higheft, it is prefumed, that a fit Apparatus being made for the -
purpofe,they may be made about Briftel. or Cheap-ftow , belt of any places

in Exgland, becaufe the Fides are faid thereabout to rifeto ten or twelve
fathoms, aSupon the coaft of Britanny in France, they do to thirteen and

fourteen. -

In erder to which, this following Apparatus is propofed to be made ufe of,

‘In fome convenient place upon a Wall, Rock, or Bridge, &c. let there be an

Obfervatory ftanding, as neer as may be to the brink of the Sea, or upon fome -

‘wall, and if itcannot be well placed juft where the Low water is, there may

be-a Channel cut from the Low water to the bottom of the Wall, Rock, &c.

~The Obfervatory is to be raifed above the High-water 18. or 20, foot, and
a Pump,of any reafonable dimenfion, placed perpendicularly by the Wall,

reaching above the High-water ashigh as conveniently may be, Upon the
topof the Pump aPulley is to be faftned, for letting down into the Pump a

‘piece of floating wood, which, as the water comes in,may rife and fall with it,
_ And becanfe the rifing and falling of the water amounts to 6. or 70. foor,

the Counterpoife of the weight , that goes into the Pamp, is to hang upon
as many Pulleys, as may ferve to make it rife & fall within the fpace,by which
the height of the Pamp exceeds the height of the Water, And becaufe by

this

(Joo) ae

‘this means the Counterpoife will rife and fall fowér ; and confequently by
lefs proportions, than the weight itfelf, the firft Pulley may hayeupon it a
Wheele or two, to turn Indexes at any proportion required, fo as to. give th
qinute parts of the motion, and degrees of rifings and i All which
"ig to be obferved by Pendulum-Watches, that have Adinates and Seconds, with
Cheeks according to Mr. Hagens’s way. {prea
And becaufe if the Hole, by which the water is let into the Pump, be.as
large as the Bore of the Pump it felf, the weight that is raifed by the water,
will rife and fall with an Undulalation , according to the inequality ofthe
. Sea’s Surface; ‘twill therefore be fit, that the Hole, by which the water en-
ters, be lefs thar half as bigg as the Bore of the Pump, any inconvenience

_ that may follow thereupon, as to the Periods and Stations of the Flond and

Ebb, not being confiderable. ; . a -

And to the end, that it may appear the better, what are the particular Ob-
fervations, defired to be made, near Briftol or Cheap-ftow bridg , it was

thought not amifs, to fer them down diflinctly by themfelves.
4, The degrees of the Rifing and Falling of the water every, quarter of an
hour (or as often as conveniently may be) from the Periods of the Tides and
-Ebbs; to be obferved night and day, for 3 or 3 months, es eke
2. The degrees of the velocity of the Motion of the Water every quarter
- ofan hour for fome whole Tides together; to be obferved by a fecond

~pendul-watch , and a logs faftened'to a line of fome 50 fathoms, wound

about a wheel. -

3. The exact meafures of the Heights of every utmoft High-water and

Low-water, from one Springetide to another, for fome Months or rather
Years. | 7 ame , “tae |

gether. -

s. The Pofition of the Wind at every obfervation of the Tides , and the a

times ofits Changes, andthedegreesofitsStrength,

6, The State of the Weather, as to Rain, Hail, Milt, Hazinels, &c, and :

the times of its Changes.

7. Atthe times of obfervation of the Tides, the height. of the Thermo- 4
meter s the height of the Barof cope ; the height of the Hygrofcopes .the Age :
ofthe Moon, andher Azimuths , and her place in all refpects; And laftly —

the Sun's place; all thefe to minates.

And it would be convenient, to keep Faurnal Tables, for all thefe Obfer- a

vations, each anfwering to its day of che Month. :

For the Apparatus of all thefe obferyations, there will be particularly ne- |

4. The exact Heights of Spring-tides and Spring-Ebbs for fome Years a

ceffary. i ;
A good Pendulum-watch. : | : 7
A Vane fhewing Azimuths to minute parts. Silipos epg i
An Inftrument to meafure the firengthof the Winde. , . ~ a
A large and good meedle fhewing Azimuths todegrees, = = * a
: Thers

ae

Figpes WES) SEES} oR ee Ber
\

(301):
Thermomervers, Barometers, Hygrofcopes. =
Thefe Obfervations being thought very confiderable as well as curious, tis:
hoped, that thofe who have conveniency, will give eneouragement and afli-
ftance for the making of them, and withall oblige the publick by imparting, |
what they fhallhave obferved of thiskind: The Publifper intending, that’

~~ me

when ever fuch obfervations fhall be communicated to him, he will give no-
tice of it to the publick, and take care of the improvement thereof to the beft

ufe and advantage. A Pattern of the Table, propofed to be made for obferving ©

- the Tides, is intended to be publifhed the next opportunity, God permitting.

ea Sh 0) NSD Am Account: ee
| Of feveral Books lately publifhed. —

1. Johann HevdliiDE SCRIPTIO COMET:4, Anwrc£re
Chriftiane MMDCLXY.. exorti; unacum 14 A NTIS SA ProdromiCo-
metici Ovfervationes omnes priors COALET +E MDC LAV, exiifque
genuinum motum accurate deduttum,cum Notis & Animadverfionibus exbibens,

. This Book (asthe Title it felfintimates) undertakes two things. Firf, To
sive an Account of the Second of the two late Comets, which appeared when
the: other was fcarce exftinét,; Concerning which, the Author doch, from
the Obfervations made byhimfelf with a Sextant of 6 foot, and divided into-
minutes andfeconds, aflign both its true place’ (as well in refpe& of the E-

cliptickas the eA; quator) and its proper motion: Adding a fair Delineation

of its Courfe, together with the genuine Reprefentations of its. Head and

- _ Train, in each day of itsapparition; and fubjeyning a General Defcription
and Difcourfe of fome of the more notable Phenomenathereof. It was fir — _

feenat Daxtzick by the Watchmen, the sth of Apri? ft.n; 1665, and then
obferved by the Auzhor from April 6:about 13 of the Clock in the morning,

“ ‘till April 2c.at 34in the morning. During which time, it went with a reafon-
able velocity, maxing 46 deg, in its Orb, according to the Order of the

Signs, moving from the Breaft of Pegafus, towardsthe Head of Andromeda,
and the Left Horn of Aries, having ,:as °tis prefumed, co its rife from

above Sagittary, andrun through the Brea of Autinows, under Aquila, and:

the Dolphin, tothe faid Pegafus ;-and fo on, a5 isalready expreffed.
_ The Head of it isin the Book deferibed of a Colour like that of Fupiter, all.

~ along much brighcer than that of the former Comet, thoueli of a fomewhat
_ Jefsmagnitude , having in itsmiddle onely owe round, but very bright and big:

Kernel or Speck, refplendent like'Gold, and encompaffed with another more:
dilute and feemingly wniform matter ;. its Tail being at firlt, about 17 deg. .

and afterwards 20,and fometimes 25 deg, long, and divaricated towards:

she Pande shout) 5
Next, it is obferved, that theugh this Star did afterwards flacken its pace,.
-yet it retained the Vividnefs of its Colour, both of the Head and Train, the

» Head efpecially; keeping atthe time as well of the laft obfervations, as of the

roel
nt TUPLE.

—

(302) :
firft, che brightnefs of its fingle kernel, though the environing mote dilute
matter were then almoft all loft , ic being, according to the Author; more
and more attenuated, and grown narrow, the nearer the Star approached to -
_ the Sun, - | | EP $e

Thirdly, *tis noted, That thisCemer did very much digrefs from the Hypo- /
thefis, delivered by Ad. Awzout, in regard that, whereas according to that.
Hypothefis, this Star fhonld not arrive co the Ecléptick till after the {pace of
3 months, it arrived. there the 28 of April. And then, that its firft Conjua-
Gionwith the Sun hapned between the 19 and 20 of April, and the fecond,
the laft of April, not (as 44. Auxout, would have it) the 15 of ALey. So
thathe concludes, that this Comet never came down to the Plesads and the
Eye of Tanras, as the Hypothelis of AZ. Auzout requires, but that from
April 20, it didimmediately take its courfe towards the Ecliptick, deflecting
-~ every day more and more from the Seétion of a Great Circle, tothe Lucida

of Aries,arriving at the Ecliptick the laft of Aprif, about the 8th or roth
deg. of Taurus, not in 7xly about the 8th of Gemins , and the Eye of
Taurus, - <a Pe ae He,

Fourthly, He intimates, that if this Comet had appeared fome few weeks
fooner, it would have confronted the former Comet, being yet in its vi-.
sour and of a confpicuous bignefs, in the fame place, where that was, viz. the:
Head of Aries, Yavetotad 6 Hip eim iy aber
_ Fifthly, He obferves, that this Star in progrefs of timebecame Retrograde,

whence it came to pafs, that in the Months of 7 ae and 7.u/y it did not appear
again before the Rifing of the Sun,though the Sun left it farbehind : where.
as, if ithad proceeded towardthe Eye of Taurns, it would have appeared |
again in the monming. 0... sidarat seh 4 SE SAG

Sixthly He maintains, that this G omet was not the fame with the former -
which. he thinks may be demonftrated,; onely by a due Delineation of
both their Courfe upon the Globe, _ where he faith itto be evident, that the
former could never come to the Head of Pega/us, as moving already in Fe-
bruary ina fireight Courfe about the Head of Aries: Befides, that the for-
mer went in the very beginning in a Retrograde motion; but th perpetually

ina direct one: that, about the end, very flew, itsHead lefsning and grow-
-ingdark; this fwift enough, with its head confpicuous and bright. To which
she adds,-that the whole Courfe of the former was made under a quite diffe-
rent Angle of the Orbite and Ecliptick, and a different Motion of the odes.
fromthelatter: Asalfothattheir Faces differed very much fromone ano+
‘ther, the Gr exhibiting all along a matter, which as toits denfity and rari-

ty, altered from day to day exceedingly, whereas the (ecend retained (tothe —
Authors admiration, who affirms, never to have obferved the like) af! the
time he faw it, one and the fame round, denfe and bright Speck or —
Kernel, +p ait dines 191l),, Dov Gad A

Aji which he concludes 1, With an Intimation of his fenfe concerning two
oiher Comets, pretended to have been lately feen, One at Rome, about the —
| | Girdle |

(30

- Girdle of Andromeda,in the Months ot February and Mareh,1664,

_ the other in Germany in Capricorne, about Saturne in the:head of —

Sagittary, during the Months. of September and October, 1665. 2lyo
With an Adyertifement. of what he has done in that impor-
tant Work for the Advancement of Affronomy , the due Refitution
of the Fixt Stars, vid. That he has almoft finifh’t ic, himfelf a-
lone, withoue trufting to any other mans labour, that was not di-

rected by him.

The Second Part of this Book (the A4Zantiffa to tHe Prada:

Cometicus.) endeavours to juftifie the Authors Obfervations teuch-
ing the former Comet , excepted againft by M. Auzont, in feveral

particulars, as 1. That it had-not pafsd to- the Firft, but Se-

- cond Star-in Aries, and had movd in quite another Line, than
He had defcribed. .2. That its proper metios about the end of -

_Fanuary and the beginning of February, 1665. had not been
xightly affigned, 3. That the Bigneffe of its Diameter had not been

truly delivered, Nor 4, The Faces of its Head in due manner _

sea |

reprefented,. _

To all which the Author ‘endeavors to anfwer: 1. By delivering

_ all his Obfervations of that Comet , thereby to fhew , what care and

diligence he had ufed ,* particnlarly to make out, how great its _
Diurnal motion had been, in what proportion, and how far, ic de- —

ereafed , and where and in what degree. it increafed again: Which
being, as he conceives, duly and exactly deduced , and demonftra-

ted, he efteems ‘it afterwards to be eafie for every one, verfed in
thefe matters, certainly to colleét and to judge , what way the Co-
met, after it became invifible to the naked Bye, and could be ne
Jonger obferved with Sextants and Qnadrants, had taken, and

_ what Line it had defcribed. 2, By fubjecting all thofe Obfervati-
‘ons, with great diligence and labour , to a rigid Caleulas , thereby

to obtain, for every day, the Longitudes, Latitudes, Right Afcenfions,
Declinations, Proper’ motion, Angle of the Ecliptich andthe eZ quator,
and. the Nodes of that Comet; for the conftruction of an Epheme-
rides of its’'whole Motion, From all which he pretends to prove ,
that he has not erred inhis Obfervation of February 18, nor been
prepofielt by any Hypothefis, nor deluded by any Fixe Star, as Mo
Auxout thinketh, but that near the Firff Star of Aries there then
appear'd a Phenomenon, mot like to that Comet, that was feen

_fome’ dayes before , if cempared with the Obfervations made thereof

Febr.12,13,14.. Though he will not hitherto pofitively determine,

indeed

whether that Phenomenon, which appear'd to him Febraary 18. was
z , bts » we . ; Ss . :

indeed that: very Comet:, which he faw with his naked’ Eye, and:
obferved with his Geometrical Inftruments, the faid 12, 13, and.
14. dayes of Febraary:, or whether ic was another, and whether he
had loft that Comet , which moved towards the Second Starin Aries ::
but leaves.it to the Learned World, and particularly to the Royal So-
_siety, after they fhall have well examined and_confidered all his Obfer-
vations, and the Calculus raifed therefrom., to judge of. this, and.
the other particulars in controverfie, )

®

- Wh, Ffaacas Veffius de NIL I ec ALIORUM FLU.
MINUM ORIGINE. Yt was Numb. 14. of thele Tranf-
actions, that geve an account of the Caufe of the Inundation of the Nile,

as it was. rendred by Monfieur de /a Chambre: This is to give you-
another, not only of the Jxandation, but alfoof the Origine of that,
_ and. of other Rivers , as it is delivered by Monfieur J/aac Voffins,

“

who undertakes in this Book to. fliew, —

)

1. That thofe Subterrantous Channels , through which feveral:
Philofophers teach, that the Sea difcharges i fed into the Rivers,
are not only imaginary, butufelefs, in regard *tis impofsible. for the-
water to. rife from the Subterraneous places up to the Mountains, where-

gommonly the Sources of Rivers are, -

| 2. He explicates a why, if a Pipe be put into. a Bafon full of Was a

ter, the water is feen more raifed in: the Pipe, than in theBa-.

fon, and: rifes higher according. as the Pipe is narrower, On the-
contrary, if the fame Pipe be put into.a. Bafon full of Quickfilver,.
the Quickfilver ftayes.lower in the Pipe , than in the Bafon. ‘The
reafon , which he renders hereof, is , That as.the Water fticks ea-

fily co alleit rouches., it is. fuftain’d by the fides of the narrow Pipe |

wherein it is included: And indeed, if the Pipe be quite drawn out
of the Water, the Water doth nor all fall out, but fo. mach: of. ic
remains, as the fides of the Pipe could iuftaine:. Whence itis, that
the Water which is kept up by the Walls of the Tube, weighing.

no longer upon that which is in the Bafon, is thruft upwards, amd: -

keeps it felf raifed above, its Levell, but the Quickfilver not ade ~
hering {o eafily, as Water, to. Bodies it touches, is not fuftained by-
the fides of the Tube} and-fo-mounts not above its. Levell , but:
rather defcends below if, becaufe the Pipe, which is ftreight , hin-

ders the endeavor that isin the Afrresry to rife to-its Level.. He:

adds , that this Obfervation. makes nothing for the Explication of
che Origine of Rivers becaufe, though ic be trne, that the Water

5 by

ee | (305, :
‘by this means rifes above its Levell, yet it does never run out .
at the top of the Pipe, Having faid this, he anfwers to the o-
‘ther Arguments, commonly alledged to maintain this Opinion.

3. He pretends , that all Rivers proceed from a Collavies or
Rendevous of Rain-waters, and that, as the Water, that falls upon
“Hills , gathers more eafily together , than that which falls in Plaines,
therefore it is, that Rivers ordinarily take their Source from Hills.
Thence alfo-comes it (faies he ) thac there are more Rivers, than
Torrents, in the Temperate Zones, and, on the contrary, more
Torrents,than Rivers, in the ‘Lorrid Zone: For, as in hot Climats
the Mountains are far higher, the Water , that defcends from them
with impetuofiiy, runs away in a little while , and formes fuch
-ColleGtions of Water, as foon dry up, but in cold Climats, the |
- ‘Waters do not run away but flowly, and are renew'd and re-
¢tuited by Rain, before they are quite dryed up; becaufe the
Hills are there lower , and fo the Bed of Rivers hath leffe de
ivity, | a

Having thus difcourfed of Rivers in Generaf, he treats of the Nile
an particular , and there “

1. Obferves, That the Order of the Seafons of the Year is quite
-anverted under the Torrid Zone, Yor, whereas it fhould be then
Summer, when the Sun is near, and Winter, when the Sun is.
farther off: Under. the Torrid Zone "tis never leffe hor, than when
the Sun is neareft; nor more Hor, thaw when the Sun is farthelt
Off: So that to the people that live between the ~£quinoctial and
the Zropicks , Summer begins about Chriffma/fs , and their Winter ,
about St. fobns day. The reafon whereof is , ( faith be) that
‘when the Sun is dire@tly over their Heads, it raifes abundance of
vapors, and draws them fo high , that they are prefently conver-
ted into Water by the coldnefle of the Air; whence it comes to
_pafle , that then it rains continually , which does refrefh the Air,
-_ but when the Sunis farther off, there falls no more rain, and fo the
Heat becomes infupportable, : | -
2. He proves by many recent Relations , that the Sources of
the Nile are oa this fide of the eSquinoctial in ethiopia, of
which he gives a very accurate’ Adappe, corre@ing many faults
which Geographers are wont to commit in the Defcription of the
Kingdom of the. 4by/fws, which they believe to be much greater
‘than indeed it is, | :

§ 2 35 This

| (305).

3. This fuppofed , he eafily. gives an account, why the Wi/e-year-
‘ty overflows about the end of Zune : For, as at that time there falls much
rainin e£thiopia, it muft needs be,that the Wile, whofe fource is in that
_- Country, fhould then overflow, wher thofe rains begin-and fubfide,when

they ceafe, cate - ey

‘There are befides, in this Book, two other Traé#s,1n the firff, M.Pof-

fias endeavours to'maintain the Doctrine, he-had deliver’d inhis Book _

De Lumixe, and to fhew, that the Sovt-of Animals is nothing but Fire ,
that there are moinvifible Atoms ; nor‘fo much’as any Pores, oe ae
Skin of man,Here he treats alfo of Refractions, and alledges the Examples
of feveral perfons; who have them feen the Sun by the means of Refraci-
on, when-really He was underthe Horizon, = aa

relatesamongother things, thauthe Arrows and battering Rams ( Ari-
es) of the Antientsdid as much execution, as our AZuskets and Canons ;
and then, that the Vehemence of the percuffton’ depends as much upon the
Length of the percutient Body, as upon the velocity of the Motion. He
adds, that the Length of a‘Canon ought not to.exceed. 13 foot, and that
agreater lengtivis not onely ufelefs but hinders alfo the effect of the Gun,
not becaufe'the Bullet is thrown out of the Gun, before all the powder

- is fired (as fome believe ,) but becaufe the Bullet is then beaten back in-

co the Gun by the Air, re-entring intoit with impetuofity, when the
flame is extin®.. = < a 7 rei

“

Ml. LE DISCERNEMENT DU CORPS ET DE L’

—

AME , pat M. de Cordemoy. ers ct

_ This French Treatife (but very lately come to the Publifber’s hands)
_ examines the different Operatiens of the Soul and Bedy, and the Secret
of their Union , pretending to difcover to-cvery one, what he is,
-and what vis tranfa@ing within him, confits. of fix Dif-
courfes. ee ! pita ah eet mii

—y. Inthe frft, the Author examines the Notions, we have in gexeral of

— Bodiesand Matter ;of Quantey, of Dualsties ; of Place , of Reft ; of
DAotion, Of Vacuity , of Forms : to fhew whatis to be underftood by

thefe Terms, which caufe all the perplexity that is in the ordinary.

Phyficks. \He begins with taking notice, that bi_herto Philofephers have
had no diftinét notions of Bodies and AZatter ; from the-want whereof
he conceives, that almoft all the Errors in Common Phyfiolegy have

. “Sprung.”

ee Oe ee

oe ae See

|
|

| appreach to, nor recoi! from one another,

Se i ee

| (307):

fprung; To rectify which, be defines Bodies tobe* Exe».
tended Subjtances, and Adatter an Aggregate of Bodies, ™ It founds
Whence he inferrs , that Bodies are Indivihble and hard, To fay,
Matter diviible, a Body being nothing but one and Ax extended
the fame fubftance , whofe different extremities are in- fubflance is
feparable, becaufe they are the extremities ofone andthe indivifible,
fame Extenfion, and, in a word, of one and the fame ae
-Subftance : but AZatter being nothing but an Affociation or Collection

~ of Bodies, ’tisevident, (faith he) it meilt be divifible, This doctrine

he fo much infifts upon, that he conceives, Nature cannot fubfift , if
a Body in the fence he takesit, bedivifible; andthat Afotion and Reft
cannot be explicated without it. Asfor Quantity, he makes that to
be nc-hing but More or Lefs Bodies, not allowing, that each Body
fhould be a Quantity, thoughit be a part of Quantity ; no more than.
an Unite is a Number, though it make part of aNumber: fo that
Quantity and Extenfion are two diftint things with him, the érf be-
longing properly to AZatter, the laftto a Bedy. Touching Vacsity, he
conceives, that the Bodies, which compofe a mafs, are notevery where
fo near-one another, as not to leave fome interval in feveral places.

_ Neither does he chink it neceflary, that thofe intervals fhould be fill’d

up, nor-unconceivable, that there fhould be no Body between two Bo-
dies, which touch not one another. And when ’tis faid, that thofe in-
tervals cannot be conceived without Extenfion, and that confequently
there are Bodies that replenifh them, he frankly pronounces that not to
betrue; and affirms, that ahough it may be faid, that between two
Bodies, which touch not one another, other Bodies may be placed of fo
or fo many feet, &c: yet ought it notto be inferred, that therefore
they are there, but onely, that they arethus placed, that there may be
put between them fo many Bodies, as joyned together would compofe
an Exterfion of fo many feet. . So that one conceives onely, that Bodies
may be placed there, but not that they ave there: and as we can have
an [dea of many Bodies,though none of them be in being ,fo we can con.
ceive,that fome Bodies maybe put between others, where really there
arenone, And when "tis alledged,-that if allthe Bodies, that fill a .
veflfel full, were deftroyed, the fides of the veffel would be clofed toge-
ther, He profeffes he underftands not that ratiocination, nor can con.

_ teive, what-one Body does to the fubfiftence of another, more than to

fuftain themfelves mutually, when they are thruft by the neighbouring

| Ones: and therefore fees not, why the fides of the veffel fhould cof,

if nothing did thruft them together , but underftands clearly, that two

. . Bodies may well fub{ifi fo far from one another, that one mighe place a

great many Bodies between them, or none at all, and yet they neither

53 : 2.1n.

(308)

‘g. ‘In the Second, he examines the Changes, which he knows in Mat:

ter and makes it his bafinefs to explicate all thofe that refpe@ Quantity,

Qualities and Forms , by Local Motion, efteeming their needs no
other. oii

3. Inthe shird, he explains the Motion of Artificial Engins, and that
of Natural ones; by one and the fame Caufe, endeavouring among
other things to. fhew, that the Body of an Animal is moved after the
fame manrer witha Watch. That-caufe of motion he makes the AZate-
ria Subrilis,; and the finer or fubtiler thatis, the betterand fitter he
conceives itto be to preferve Motion, = i nel es sai
4. Inthe Fourth, he teaches, that though Experience feems to evince,

that the Soul-moves the Body, and that one Body moves an other ; yet .-

there is nothing,’ but God , that can produce any motionin the World,
and all ocher Agents, which we believe to be the Cau/e of this or

that Motion, are no more but the Occafien thereof, Indoing this,

he-advances certain Axioms, and Conclufions, which are in fhort,
. ‘ By é \ wee

| .
‘a. The Axioms: That no fubfance has that of it felf, which it can
_foofe , without-ceafing to be, what itis: That every body may !oofe
‘of its motion, till it have no more left, witheut cealing to bea Body +
That we cannot conceive but two forts of fubftances, vid. a Spérit (or
T hat which thizketh) anda Body , wherefore they muft be confidered
as the Caufes of all, thac happens , and what cannot proceed from the

‘one, muft neceffarily be adfcribed tothe éther : That to Afove, or to ~

ra ;

caufe motion, isan AGion: That an Acton cannot be continued but by
_the Agent, who began it. | |

b The Conclufions , That no Body hath Motion of it felf: That.

the Firft Mover of Bodies is nota Body : Fhat it cannot be bura Spirit,
that is the Firft Mover ; That it cannot be but thefame Spirit, who has
begunto move Bodies,that continuestomove,

In the Fifth, He treats of the Union of the Body and Soul , andthe .

_ monner, how they at one upon the other, and efteems it not more
difficult to conceive the A&ion of Spirits upon Bodies , and ef Bodies,

upon Spirits, than to conceive the Action of Bodies upon Bodies: the ~

caufe of the great fete! in underftanding the two former, arifing
(according to him) from thence, that we will conceive the one by the
other, norconfidering , that every thing acting according to its own

miture , we fhall never know the a@ionof one Agent , if we willexa-

mine it by the notions we have of another , that is of a quite differing

nature. “Herehe notes, that the Action of Bodies upon Bodies is noc

more

| (309) ve
more known tous, than that of Spiritsupon Bodies, or of Bodies upom
Spirits; and yet moft men admire nothing but rhés , believing to know:
the other : whereas he Judges, that all things being well examin’d,
the Action of Bodies upon Bodies is no: more conceivable, than that of
Spirits upon Bodies. Mean while the opinion of the Authour touch-
ing this fabje@, is, That the union of Soul and Body confifts onely in
this, that certain motions of the Body are followed by certain Cogi-
tations of the Soul, and, on the contrary, thae certain Thoughts.
ef the Soul arefollow’d by certain Afotions of the Body. And, ha-
"ving fappofed, that Bodies are faid to at upon one another, when they
caufe fome change fuitable to Extenfion, and Spirits to a&@ upon one.
another , when they caufé fome change fuitable to a Thought , he in-
fers, that when a Body a@s.upona Spirit, that cannot beby caufing:
any change of motion, of figure, or paris, as having none of all thefe ,
nor when a Spirit aéts upon a Body, that cannot be by produ-
cing any change of Thought, as having none: But, whien this Body, or
its motion, or figure, or other thing, depending upon its nature , can.
be perceived by a Spirit, fo as, upon that occafion, this Spirit has.
_ thoughts, it had not before, it may be faid, that th@Body has ated upon:
this Spirit, for. as much as it has caufed all the change in it whereof it was-
capable according to its nature, .

— Inthe Sixth, After he hath fliew’d:, what isto be underftood by
what we call Son/, and by what we call Body., -he labours to make it out,.
thet we dre muck more affured of the Exiftence of the Soul, than of.
-. that of the Body , which he conceives he can prove from hence, that
- weeannot doubr, that we think, becaufe even doubting is thinking ,
but one may doubr, whether one hasa body , for feveral reafons,
which he alledges, and thinks fo cogent , that he concludes, it is not”
evident to him by the light of reafon, that hehasa Body. But fuppo-
fing, there be Bodies, he examines, what are the Operations; that belong:
to the Soul, and what thofe, that belong to: the Body ; and laftly,
what thofe , that refult from the Union of both: Andthen explains,.
‘how all thofe operations are perform’d , and particularly, Sen/ation ;
where he fhews, that the Nerves, holding at one end to the Brain,
whereof they are but Allongations , and being at the other end ex-
tended to the extremities of the Body ; when an Obje@ comes to
touch thofe exterior ends of the Nerves, the interior ones in the:
Brain are prefently fhaken , and caufe different fenfations according:
to the diverfitie of: Nerves, and the differing manner , in which:
they are fhaken. Andto fhew, that’tis this fhaking, that caufes Senfa-
tien, he notes, that if any thing fhakes the interior parts of the Nerves;
though the object be abfent,, the Soul has prefently. the fame fen--
vou - me : fations-

(310)

» fations; asit cath have ifit were prefent. As, if one fhould knock.
on’s head forcibly apaink : awall, the fhaking , which the blow gives to
the Brain, moving the interior ‘extremities of the Nerye, which caufes

“the fenfacin of Light , the Soul has the fame fenfation , which it would
have, if it faw athonfand Candles : On the contrary, if the interior ex-
tremities of the nerves are not fhaken, though the objettbe prefent,it

~-caufes no fenfation ; whence it cemes, that if a ftrong Ligature be
made upon the middle of the Arm, and the hand be then prickt, no
painis felc, becaufe the fhaking of- the nerves that are pricked, being {top-
ped dy the Ligature, cannet.reachto the extremities of the Nerves, thar
are within the Brain,

- Abverifemint,

_ The following feted: tet ft by the Pref in Nem. 16, the Reader is de-
“fi red thus to correc, .

Age 269. lin: 27: read: motion on of B: ene the Center 35 GC. is al fo, witha Semi- isa,

after the vvord Center. p.274. 1. 13, tit todo'to the. p.277.1.24. r. natural days.
p.28t. 196.1. of bis. ib.l.27.4, a notion. p.r93, 1.4. beings without. ib, 1. aR r ade
Py att p.294-1,f. 5 ee rate

LONDON.

» Printed for aol Martin dad ie w Alig -
Printers to the Rove SES: 1666, :

ae | - (eta) Nusmb 93
PHILOSOPHICAL

“TRANSACTIONS.

— Munday OGober. 22. 1666.

ame The Contents.
Patterns of the Tables propofed to be made for Obferving of

Tides; promifed in the next foregoing Tranfattions, Other

Anquiries touching the Sea, Sonte Confiderations touching the
-Parenchymous parts. of the Body. Obfervables concerning Pctti-
fication. 4 Relation from Paris, of @ kind of Worms, that
eat ont Stones.Some proutifcuous Obfervations made in Somerfet-
-fhire.. A Problem for finding the Year of the Julian Period, y -
anew and veryeafie Method. Ax Account of fome Books , net
. dong fince publifht: which are, t, Yentamina Phyfico-The-
_» logica de Deo, authore Samuele Parkero. 2. Honorati la-
. bri Tractatus duo; Prior, de Plantis et de Generatione Ant-
- malium; Pofterior, de Homine. 3. Relation du Voyage
del’ Evefque de Beryte, par la Turquie; la Perfe, les Indes.
_ Ge, par Monfieur de Bourges. got adie ©

oe

Meet swlisby ‘Dhotcey Pastornen - |
Uf the Tablespropofed t0 be made for Oblerving of Tides, pro-
|) wifed in the next foregoing Tranfattions, by Sir Rob, Moray,
| | eS of what was promifed ip the laft of thefe Papers for Ob-
~ ‘A ferving the Tides here are fubjoyned Patterns of the Tables there mentio-

| sotted: One, for making the precife. Time of the High waters and Low-

‘waters during one Month , shat is, between, New and New Moon, er Fuld
or,marking the Degrees of the Rilings and

See sre

whereas he takes notice but of one High-water for every day, Here are tet
y ree 8 te ' debs T down

(312) oye
down the Times of the other, andthe two Ebbs intervening, by fubdividing —
the Differences, he afsignes between two Tides, equally amongft them, In
all which, though there may be Errors, that is not ro be confidered, feeing
the Diffein is to Corrett and State the Times of the Tides exadily by Experi-
ments, after this method. Mr. wing {tates the High waters to fall out ac
» London: Bridge conftantly, when the Moon is 46. deg. 30, min. to the
Wef-wardot the Aferidiane Forthe Times, he marks forthem, are made
up by adding every day 3. hours, 6 minutes, to thofe in his Tab/s for know-
ing the Time of the Moons coming to the South, |

The Firft Table confilts of two Parts, and each part of fowr Colwmns,
_ ‘The fr part marks the Tides and Ebbs from the day of the New-Moon to
- its Fall + The orber, fromthe Fu// to thenext New. The firft Calamn in both
parts hath the day of the Month and Week, AZ. ftanding every where for
Morning, and A. for Afternoon. The third Column haththe Charader
of the day ofthe Week prefixt to the Hour and Minute of the High-water,
— gad anfwering to the day of the Month. The /a/ Column hath the fame for
the time of Low-water, varying the Character of the day, as often as the
_ Low-water falls out more early than the High-water, Inthis Example be.
tweea_the faid Wew Moons there falls out in all juft $7. periods of the ‘Tide
ov Flowing water, and 58. of the Ebb.or Low water, whichnumbers vary _
- according to the Intervals of the Moons changes. but with what conftancy ,
and exactnefs, is to be inquired after: Which whofoever undertakes to do,
may keep fucha Tab/e, asishere propofed,inaBookbyit felf,
_ ‘the other Table doth in.9: Ce’zmas comprehend the particular Obferva-
tions of the Degrees of the RiGing and falling of the Fides, andtheother -
things fpecified attbe Tops of them : The fir/# Column marking the Hour
at.d_inut common to all the feveral Obfervations, Each hour is divided in.
3» eque! Parts, chat number of Obfervations beirg only pitch’t upon by way
of Exam+le: The numbers may elfe be varied at pleafure, when other more
frequent Obfervations are thought fit to be made, or when they prove too -
frequent and laborious, though-the moft frequent are mof defirable, till
competent information of all particulars be attained, po ase Sha
The Rifing of the Tide from Low-water to the higheft pitcht of the-Full
Sea, ishere fuppofed to be Go. foot; And the Degrees of itsrifing every20,
Minuts, to be inthe Proporticn of. Signes ; The whole time of Flowing fap.
pofed to be 6, hours. Butthis Example will ferve for marking the Spaces of

the Inéreafing or R ifing,as well as of thefalling of the water,in ordertothe}n- —

veftigation of their Proportiens to one another when the Duration of the Tide
excceds 6, hours by any number of minwts, as wellas for jult 6. hours.
feeing they may be eafily collected from any Number of Obfervations. their
precife Time and thatof the Duration of che waters Rifing and Falling ( chat
is, the juft interval bepween the: High- water and Low. water) eine Know:
ee a by Signe: being only fet down as a Conjecture, flowing
fom Obfervations of the Motion {of the water in its Rifing and Falling,
: — which

(333)
which feems toobferve this or fome fuch like Proportion , which is fuppofed
fill to hold in all Tides, be the Duration what ic will, the Increefe fill
continuing proportionably till the very midle of the Hight and Duration and
Decreafing afterwards in the fame manner: Which whether it be fo indeed
or not, is that, which is defired to be known.

There is the like Proportion here fuppofed to be in the different degrees of
the Velocity of the Current of the Water after Equal {paces of Times, asin
its R ifing and Falling : And fo icis markt in the Third Column, But becaufe
the rrue Velocity of the Current of the Water, raifed above the Level
»#2£ of afoot, is unknown, ic is by way of Suppofition fet at Ten feetin
one Minute of an Hour,which being once ftated, the reft diftant from each
other by the {pace of 20.Minutes of an Hour,are fet down according to the

fame Proportion of Signs before fuggefted. It being fuppofed, that of the

Velocity of the Current of the Tide, after it hatch flowed 20 minuts of
—_anhour, be fuck, asa Log of Wood placed in the Water will move 10 foot
in the {pace of one minute of time, at the middle ofthe Fide it willin the
like fpace of Time move 114 f- ,224 and fo proportionably at other times :
Which, howfoever thefe Proportions fhall be found by Experiments to fall
our, may be not unworthy of the pains and charges requifite to acquire the —
_ knowledge ofit. For, befides the fatisfactionit may afford upon other ac-
counts, ic may pofsibly be of no {mall ufe co thofe, who need an exaé rec.
koning of their Ships running, when the Velocity of tle Current of the
_ Tide may be neceffary to beknown, le{t chrough the defed of the know-

- ledge of that, efpecially when itis reckoned lefs than indeed itis, the Ship |

bethrownin the night upon Shores, Rocks or Sands,when they reckon them-—
felves to be far from them. “0 oe

The Numbers inthe 4, 5, 6,7, and8.Colwmns are fet down at random,
only for Examples fake, there being no difficulty in the apprehenfion ofit,
and imitating of it in fetting down the true Hights and Variations of the
_ Thermometer, Barofcope, &c, The Use whereof is fo vulgarly known, that
there needsno further Direction concerning them. Butif any perfonwho
would make thefe Experiments, do not know the fabrick or ufe of any of
the Inftruments requifite for fome of thefe Obfervations, nor where to have
them, he may addrefs himfelf to Mr. Shortgrave, one of the Operators of the
Royal Society, lodgedin Grefham Colledge, from whom he will receive full
~ fatisfa@tion about thefe things, oo : ,

But the labour employed in the Obfervations of the Heat, Cold, &c.
required to be taken notice of inorder to the Ends propofed in the former
Tract,and others that may be of no lefs delight than advantage, will be
much retrenched, when Dr, Chriftopher pyren puts in practice,what he fome
years ago propofed to the Royal Society concerning an Engine with a Clock-
_ work, which may perform thefe Obfervations in the laft enumerate Columns,

without being touche or looke after but once or twice a day,

_ The Tables themfelves follow, | ‘
sa 1666, Sept &

~

©;
si

ie;
a al

Af

alge

(315)

Other Inquiries Concerning the Sea. piety

“The Publifoer of chefs Tracts, knowing, that the Honorable Robert Boyle
had not left unconfidered the Natural Hiftory of the Sea, of which Snbject
the late, and thefe prefent Papers, have entertained the ‘Reader a5 to the
~ Obfervables of its Flas. and Reflux , Hewas on this-occafion inftant, with
that Gentleman to impart to him, for publication, thefe Heads of Inquiries,
he had. drawn up, touching that Subject : Which ‘havirg obtained ( though
the Author defires, they. may be lookt upon as unfinifht ) he thus fubjoyns, -

What is the Proportion of Salt, chat is inthe Water of differing, Seas ;
_ And whether in the fame Seait be always the fame ? Andif it be not, how
much i itdiffers ?

, What is the Gravity of Sea- waters in reference to Freth Waters and to one
aHotlier: Wherher it vary-noe in Summer and Winter,and on other Scores?
And whether in the fame Seafon its Gravity proceed on/y from the pteater or
leffer Proportion of Sale, that is init, and’not fometimes from other Cau-
fes ?-And what'a are. - differing Gravis ies: 5 OF the Sea. water, according to
~ the Climats. * :

+ his last cla fe containing a difficile Queie?
and that may feem fomething odd, Mr. Boyl
thinks fit to note, That having recommended thes
matter, among others, to alearned Phyfitian, that .

‘What are the Odors, eotnie
and T alts. > obfervable in —
water? :

~ What is vite déoth of cs Sea

in feveral places, and the Order -
_ from time torime the Differences of Garvity he

Of its increafe and-Decremenis.
And whether the-Bottom of. the
Sea does always rife towards the
Shore, unlefs age eR in-
cerrupted ; a
ad the Bottom of the’ Sea;

| and h ne owt differs from the Sure
faceof tie Earth,inreference ©

was failing into America, and furnifhed him with
a@ {mall Hydroftaticall Inftrament, to obferve

might meet with: Ti his account was returned him,
That he found by the Glafs, the Sea-water to ing -

creafe in weight, the nearer be came to the Line,
till “be arrived at a certain Degree of Latitude 3
asche remembers, it was about the 30th 5 after

which, the Water feemed to retais the fame: [pe- -

cifck gravity, till he came to pa Barbadors + or «
‘Jamaica. |

‘soeal teal

tothe Soy!, aid Everines or Roughnefs ¢ 6 the Su perfcies ‘And the eis lad :
Minerals and vevegables to befourd there? ©

“What ‘the Figaration¢ of the Seas from North to South, and. from Eaft to:
~ Welt, and in the feveral Hemifpheres and Climats ?
‘What communication there is of Seas by Streights and | “subrerrancal

fs Conveyances ?

_ Ofighe Motion ofthe Sea by Winds, and how far Storms reach downwards ©
towards the Bottom of the Sea?

Of the grand AZotions of the Bulk or + Body of the Sea; . efpecially of the
Tides ; | Their Hiftory as to their Nature and Di ita

The.

\

(316)
“the particulars whereof ( faith What power the Sea hathto produce‘or
“a she a ett oe ee haften PutrefaGion in fome Bodies, and te
having by there more accurate Ine PE eferve others’, as Wood, Cables,and other .
quivies about Tides made them that are!funk under is? Bibi hea
acedlefs, Of the Power afcribed to the Sea toveje&
i WRT Eo Dead Bodies; Succinam, Ambergris? 9 ~
Of the fhining of the Sea in the night 2 — a oie ge
What are the Medical vertues of the Sea, efpecially again Hydrophobia?
What is its vertue to Manure Land? And what arethe Plants, that thrive
beftwithSea-water, ag n7g a

ae Some Confiderations a ast
Concerning the Parenchymous parts of the Body.

_ Thefe were communicated by the inquilitive M.. Edmund Kingat the
Inftance of the Pxblifeer,asfollowss 0
The Parenchymous parts of the Body, are by Amatomi/ts generally fappo-
fed to -be in very many places wholly void of Veffells ; defigned:chiefly to fll
_ up Cavities and Interftices between the Veffels, and to boulfter up the fame,
and to-convey them through the parts. i i ; verre aa abil

Buthaving many years endeavoured to excarnate feveral parts of the Body,
vize-the Liver,Lungs, Spleen, Kidneys &c, (not to name the Placenta’ Ure-
vi, which feems to be Parenceymons too ; ) and being very defirousto make
a Scheme of the Veffels of any. of thefe, what ever they were, I fixt upon ;
I found, notwith{tanding ‘all. my-careto preferve the Veffels, when J was
freeing them, asheediully as 7 could, from the fuppofed Parenchyma, that
deavors were deftcudtive to my purpofe: and if, upon examination of thofe
bis, much of which is.called..Parenchyma, { met inthem more. Veflels,
than Thad preferved in the parts: whence they came: And though the Portic:,
were never fo{mall,yet my bare eyecould make this difcovery ;mech more
could J, when afsifted by a Aficro/cope, perceive, J haddeftroyed more Vet.
{els thanipreferved, in defpite of the exatteft care, J was <#table to ufe,.
And being not a little concern’d, that J fhouldundertece to preferve the
Veffels by fucha Caufe,as J faw plainly to betheir <cliradion(werethe ~
pare never fo big, or never fofmall) 7was och contounded-andtired,
ing to preferve one Veffel of atracea'c maguitude, J fpoiled.am infinite”
number of others lefs difcernable; which were astruly. Veflels, as the ogher,
differing only in fize and figure (a: co econ) ainaseeaeaell nde
mifchief J had done in every place, quite through. the whole Tra@ of my
Fingers, Knife, &c. J beganto think, with my felf, Zhatit was novimpof-
fible for chefe parts co confilt wholly of Veffels carioufly wrought and inter- -
woven ( probably for more Ufes,chan is yet known; ) And the confidera-

| tion,

C317)

tion, which came into my mind, of apiece of ‘fine Cloih (which-confifts
Of ‘fo many. feveral minute Hairs, call’d y00/) was no difcouragement to-
this opinion, Yet I durit not be prefumptuous-as to indulge my felf too
muchinit, much lefsto venter prefently to {peak of a thing, which feenid
to contradi@ fo many Learned Men’s belief. But being reftlefs, till 1 might
receive more fatisfection in the thing, literated experiments over and over s
fome of which prov’d fo fuccefsful tomy apprehenfion, that | was encou-
raged inthe year 1663..and 1664. to difcourfe of it to feveral very worthy
Perfons, as Mr. Boyl, Sir William Pitty, Dr wolliams,Dr. Lenthal,. Dr.
Jafpar Neeaham,Dr.Samfon,(who afte: wards fent mea Letter from France,
‘imtimating the acquaintarce he hed made withthe Learned Steno, who hath
fince publifhed fomething of the fame Difcovery ) Mr. Daniel Cox, and Or

_ Samuel Parker, &c, who doubtlefs cannot but remember, tharthen | re-

~ dated tothem,1\ found much canfeto believe, thar that fubftance commonly
call’ Parcnchyma, was in moft, if notin all its Parenchymous parts, full of
Veffels, however it had been imagin’d by all, lcould ever meet with, to
confift in great part of a fubftance, in many places void of Veflels, defigned
for fuch ufes; as are above mentioned, |
Againft which 1 have now further to alledge,1.That I obferve ina piece of
Mufeulons Ficth (fo call'd)either raw, rofted, or boiled, cc.that if] fo far exe
tend it,as to make ic to be feenthrough,! can(afsifting my Eye)perceive it full
of Veffels. placed as thick as is pofsible to be imagin’d( the fat ifthere be any,
_ being firft removed)there appearing then nothing but veffels yet fo as witha
~ Microfcope may be feen through,when they are extended, 2.That,ifany one,
as he is at dinner, take a piece of fiefh,and begin either at the head or tail
ofa Mafele,he may: divide it in infinitum, all along from head to tail,

without breaking any thing of thar,called Fleth only thefe tranfverfe Fibres.

that feem co ftitch them togethér, and (as I am apt to think ) pafs through -
_ the very Bodies of the fmalleft of them, and quite through the whole Mufcle
up the Cutaneous porofities ; fo that there is not one of thefe fmell ducts,
that run per Jongitudinem, but’cis furnifht with a fofficient number of out.
lets, when need requires, though too minute to fuffer any alimentary juice
to pafs tranfverfly (in a living Body) or any other liquor, when the Body
»is dead and cold, But to wave their ufeat prefent, and to return to what I
_ ‘was faying, Comprefs between the fingers this bie of Aefh, and you fhall
find the Juice, efpecially if the Meat. be Hot, to.go before your fingers to.
ward either end you pleafe , but if youcomprefs both ends, you fhall fee ir
fwell into’ the middle , and again, if you prefs the middle, it.will run out at
both ends, But further, fuppofe a piece of flefh, called Parenchyma, as
big, or as little as you pleafe; in any part of the Body, and let me prick
it with a Needle, where you fhall appoint , if you feel it, I prefume you
will acknowledge, a Nerve, ora Fibrilla, related toit, is touch’d : If you
feel itnot, I am fure fome liquor either fanguineous or other, will follow
- the Needles And, from whence’ can that come, but out of Veffels ? unlefs
a accidentally

ms

(318) .

| accidentally, as by a Contufion, &c, it be extravafed; in ,which cafe my

Argument will not beinjared, becaufe the part is depraved, whereasi

{peak of the-parts, as they.arein their natural State) ©. SAIL. 2
To confirm and illuftrate. all which , 1 defire, that the following famsliar
Obfervations may be confidered : ory ;

~ a. If a Horfe, fat and-fair to look on, without a hollow to be feen-be- |

withouc Veffelso.\ oco's. 4

, abt EL ae tine eS OP a al ae RL
2. Difcourfing fometimes with Grafers in the Country, about the Pafture

=

| (319)
ther, as may be feen inShambles. Whereas,if there were fucha thing as
a Parenchyma, that certainly would, likea hungry Sponge , immediately —
fwell up in feveral parts, (which without much difficalty might be difcover’d
-w the diffection ) and more eminently, where it fhould find the pores moit
- patent: Andinthe diffection of fuch Mufcles it would be very ftrange, nos
to find fome,if not many, pieces of themin various fhapes, to the great
~inconvenience of the parts, in whichthey are feated : Which yet I confefs
I could never find in any Mufcle unlefs ic were where there had been a C ont z-
fion, or an Impoftumeor the like, But according to my opinion of the
Parenchymous parts, the reafon, why the Flefly of a very lean Ox or Cow,
that hath got new Flefh ina good pafture, eats tenderer, feemsto bethis: —
That ina very lean Beaft the Veffels defigned for admitting and diftributing
the nourifhing Juice, are fo near contracted ,and lye fo ciofe cogether; thar,
when once they are relax'd , by frefhand unctuous nourifhment, they
extend every way in all extexfive parts, until im a'fhort time che whole Crea.
“ture is, asit were , created anew,having got new flefh upon dld bores, |

And the neceffity of extreme extenfion makesall tbofe ‘parts, that are, as

to be, A’ great Confamption of the Stock of Liquors, that in Healtirkept

ving the Occafien of the'trouble of that Experiment, which fhall provea
cathe V Parenchyma

ae (320)
Pastschyma in any Mufcle, and think my time well {pent in-teceiving a full
Aatisfaction of the ungroundednefs of my opinion ; acd readily fabmit to the
Author, with a grateful acknowledgement of my Obligation.to any, one that
fhall rectifie me in my miftake, if. it be ones. or pa Ea 1 Sis na.

mf obfervables,

| ; - Touching Petrification.
iF Hough much hath been already faid and written of Petrification, yet
_& “cis conceived that all that comes fo far Short of a competent ftock for
the compofing of a perfect Hiffory of Petrification, that the incompleatne ts
thereof ought coawaken the more diligent attention of the Curious, and to
cail in their aid for Additions, thereby fo to encreate and to complete the ©
Afaterials for that work, that it may the better ferve to clear and make out
the Caufeofthat Tranfroutation, And that the rather, becaufe ifit lay in the
_ power of humane Skill (by the knowledge of Nature’s works ) to raife
Petrification, or to allay, or prevent it, or to order and direct it( which
perchance in time might be attained the faid way )much ufe might be made of
this Art, efpecially if it could be made applicable to hinder the Generation —
of the Stone and Gravelin bumane Bodies, or to diffolve the Stone, where ~
us formed . befides other valuable Ufes, that might be excogitated.
_ Upon this Confideration,care is,and further will be taken in thefe Papers,
to record, among other Oblervables of Nature, what fhall be communi-
cated of this kindiof. Change. 31, de and tinh os age how eB yt sy
In Nam,1. 2.and 5, feveral Relations have been. made belonging to this.
A gunent, Much of it, together wich confiderable Reflections: may be
feenin Mr. Boyle’s Effay Of Firwne/s: In Helmout de Lithia, whereamong -
other remarques, is recited the Teftimony of Paraws of a Petrified Child
iven-at Parss, and by the Owner ufed for a Arhetffone : In Dewfingins’s Hi-
— fiotka Infantis in Abdomine inventi, & in daritiem lapideam converGi: In -
Mr. Hook's Adficrography, and in‘others. To omit now, what has been-
related ( bat perhaps not well.enough attefted) by Authors,concerningthe —
ftupendious Petrifications of whole Companies of Men, and. Troops of Cat.
Ue; by Aventinas, lib. 7+ Annal. Bojorum,, by Purchasin his Pilgrimage p,
426, infol, printed: at London 1614,and, (ofa Troop of Spans Horfemen)
by 7of. Accfta libv3.c.9. 0 > ey tad ese meen
To all which, the curious Dr. Beale now adds.a Narrative of a Stone, not

Jorg {ince takenout of the Womb of a Woman of, his neighbourhood neer,
Trent in Scmsérfetfoire, by incifion, and afterwards perfectly cured, though
fhe had-born the Stone with extreme torments for..8,or g.years, The ope-
ration he relates to have been made in Eafter laft , after which time, he af.
firs to have feenthe Stone, and weigh’d it in Gold Scales, where it wan-

ted fomewhatof four Ounces, but hadloft of the weight, it formerly had, —
| | pari being,

ae (321)

— eing véry light fora Stone of that Bulk. He furthes defcribes to be of a
whitifh ‘colour, lighter than Ath-colour , perchance (faith be} not unlike
co that recited out of Scaliger by Mr Boyle in his Effay of Firmnefs psp.238>

qui aéris contacts pofteaingyp/cam tam [pectem tem fir mitatem concrever at»
It had no deep afperities, and had fomewhat of anOval. figure, bur lefs at

one end, than a Hen-Egge, and bigger and bluncer at the other end, than a
Goofe egge. ) Ba de |

“This Stone, (fo he concludes ) is intended for the Roya! Society, with the
Teflimony of the Chirargion, that perform'd the Operation,and other Wit-
nefles’of fpecial credit, where alfo will be annexed the manner of

Operation, - ie )

It appears by this laft claufe (to add thac on this occafion) that ths Well- —

. wifherto the Improvement of -allu fefull knowledge, has taken notice of that

confiderable Collection of Cursofities, \ately prefented co the lately nam’d

Society for their Repofitory, by that publick-minded Gentleman Mr. Da- |

itt Colwall, avery worthy and ufeful Member of that Body : To which

- Repofitory whatfoever is prefented as rare and curious, will be with great .
care, together with the Donors sames end their Bencficence recorded, and the
things preferved for After-ages, (probably much better and fafer, than in

_theic-own private Cabinets , ) and in progrefs of Time wil! be employed for
confiderable Philofophical and Ufefull purpofes , of which perhaps more
fargelyin another place, 3 "

A Relation 2

Of a kind of Worms that eat out Stones,

| This is taken out of a Letter, written by one A/. de laV oye to Ady Auxent,
tobe found in the 32. Pournal des Seavans, as follow: ge

if N apreat dnd very ancient Wall of Free-Stone inthe Renedistins Abby at
“& Caenin Normanay, facing Southward, there are to be found many Stones
fo eaten by Worms, that one may run his hand into moft of the Cavities
_ which are varioufly fafhion’d, like the Stones, which 1 have.feen wrought
with fo much Art inthe Louvre : In thefe cavities there is abundance of live-
Worms,their excrement, and of that Stone-duft, they eat, Between many
of the Cavities there remain but leaves, as it were,of Stone, very thin,
which part them. Ihave taken fome of thefe living Worms, which I found
in the eaten Stone, and put them into’a Box with feveral bits of the Stone,
leaving them there together for the {pace of eight days, and then opening
the Box, the Stone feem’d to me eaten fo fenfibly, that I could no longer
doubt of it, I fend you the Box and the Stones in it, together with the living
Worms: and to fatisfie your Curiofity, I fhall relate to you, what Lhave

obferved'of them both with and without a Adicrofcope.
; | | Titel. PAP Thefe

ue (322) ty
Thefe Worms are inclofed in a Shell, which is grayifh and of the bignefs
ofa Barly-corn, fharper atone end, than the other, By the means of an
excellent A/icrofcope 1 have obferv'd, that *tis all overfpread with little
Stones and, little greenifh Eggs, and that there is at the fharpeft end a
little hole, by which thefe Creatures caft out their excrement, and at the.
other end,.a fomewhat bigger hole, through which they put out their
heads aud faften themfelves tothe Stones, they gnaw. ‘They are not fo.
fhut up, but that fometimes they come out,.and walk abroad. . Theyare all
black, about two Lines of aninch long and three quarters of a Line large.
Their Body is ditinguifh’c into feveral plyes, and near their head they have .
three feet on each fide, which have but two Joynts refembling thofe of a
Lowfe. When they move, their Body is commonly upwards, with their
‘mouth againft the Stone. - They have a big head, fomewhat flat, and even,
of the colour of a Tortoife.Shell, braunith; .with fome. fmall white hair ;
~ Their mouth is alfo big ; where may be feen four kindsof Jaw-bones, lying -
croffewife, which they move continually , opening and fhutting them like a
pair of Compaffes with four branches, The Jaws on both fides of the mouth.
are all black, ihe netherJaw hath a point like the Stingof aBee, butuni-
form, They draw threds out of cheir mouth with their fore-feet, ufing..
that point to,range them, and to form their Shellsof them, They have Ten —
Eyes, very. black and round, which appear to be bigger than a Pins-head.-
There are five of themon each fide of the head, ftanding after this manner, —

by eal ‘Kg eagle tee alias
But befides thefe Worms,! have found; that A4orar is eaten by an infinite »
number of {mall Creatures ,of the bignefs of Cheef-Mites., Thefe have but —
two Eyes, and-are blackifh, They have four feet.on each fide pretty long, -
- Thepeinat of their Muzzle is very fharp, as that of a Spider. 1 fedd-you but
one of them, though I had abundance, but they are'dead'and loft..~ It may
be, youl fiad fome at~Parzs, feeing that inthe old Mortar betwixt Stones,
ihat is found in Walls made with rubbifh, there is great {tore of them; toge-
ther with great plenty of their little Eggs, I havenot-yet examined; whes -
ther thefe be thofe, that in the furfaces of all the Stones, where they are.
met with, make little round holes, and {mall traces and impreffions, which .
make them look like worm-eaten Wood. But ’tis probable, they are fuch. ft
fhould be obferved, whether thefe Worms donot take Wings, andall the .
other appearances of Caterpillars, and whether they arenot to be found
ia Plaifter. that is full of holes,in Bricks;in\Greety Stones,and in Rocks.
You may obferve more of them in Walls expofed to the Sosth, thanin
others; and that the Worms, that eatthe Stone, live longer, then thofe,
: at

(323 )

that eat the Mortar, which keep not above eight daysalive. Ihave obferved —
all their parts with a very good Aficrofcope, without which, arda great deal»
_ of attention, *tis difficult to fee them well. ,

I have feen other very old Walls alrogether eaten, asthofe of the Temple
at Paris,where 1 could findno Worms, but the Cavities were full of ‘heils
of various kinds, diverfly figur’d'and turn’d: all which I believe to be little
Animals petrified, , tat

Some promifcuons Obfervations, made in Somerfet fhire, and
wmparted by the above-mentioned Dr. Beale.

His words are thefe,ina Letter te the Publifher, of the 24. Septembe
1666. at Yeouill in Somer{etfoire .
~ 1 have two. or three remarks, perhaps notunworthy to be recorded for

further application in like cafes of time.and place

ae In the Moores from hence towards Bridgewater, in the extreme
_ drought,we have endured this Summer, fome lengths of pafture grew much
fooner whithered.and parched, than the other paflure. And this Parched part
feem'd to bear the length: and fhape (in grofs) of Trees. They dige’d, and
found, in the place, Oakes indeed, as black as Ebony. And hencethey
have been inftru@ted to find and take up many hundreds of Oakes,' asa
neighbour of good credit affures me. This advertifement may be inftructive |
for other parts, as Kent, Effex, Lincoln, &c- : )

2, My Cofen Philips of Afontague bas inhis paflures of Socke, about
three miles. off; a large Pool, towhich Pigeons refort, but the Cattle will -
not drink of it, no noc inthe extream want of water inthis drought, Tothe-
tafte it is not only brackifh, but hath other loathfome tafts, Ina Venice-
olafs ic looked greenifh and clear juft like the moft greenifh Cider as foon as.
it is perfectly clarified. Iboyl’d a Pint of it ina Pofnet of Bell-Mettall
( commonly ufed to preferve Sweatmeats: ) fuddenly it yeilded a thick froth,
whence I feumm’d half a {core Spoonfulls . of which the inclofed isa part,
*Sufferingthe water tobe boy!’dall away, :

at lefe much of thefame onthefidesand . * 2% Lad fomewhat of a Vitriolate

botiom of the Pofnets PaO Reg ire Hale
3.-Erom, Lamport towards Bridge. wa- hick. yaeltivnlels aill be done, the
ter, Eeles are fo cheap in the frofis of sature and kind. of it may be better -
Winter, that they vend them for little, sews. - a

Their abundance is from hence, thatas | | |

the people walk,.in the frofty Mornings,on the banks of river, they difcern,
towards the edges of the banks, fome parts wot boar, as the reft, but green ;
where fearching the holes of the banks, they find heaps of Beles. . |

Vi 36 shes “9. 0

324)
| bs A Problem | gas
» For finding the Year of the Julian Period by 4 wew and very cafe
se 4 oa Methods i 530% ath 4
‘His occursinthe Journal des Scavans n°. 96. as it had been propofed
communicated tothe Learned fefat DE BILLT. vit |
Multiply the Solar Cycle by 4845. and the Lunar, by 4200. and that of
the Indiction, ‘by 6916. Then divide the Sum of the Produas by 7980.which
-isthe Pulian Period: The Rersainder of the Divifion, without having re-
gard co the Pzotient, fhall be the year required after. sheen see
-E. g. Let the Cycle of the Sun be 3 , of the Afaow 4; and ofthe Jp-
diction, . Multiply 3, by 4845, and you have 14535; and 4. by 4200,
comes 16800; and 5, by 6916, comes 34580. The Sum of the pro..
duds is-65915, which being divided by 7080. gives 8. for the Quotient,
and the number 2075, which remains, is the Year of the 7ulian Period.
Some learned Mathematicians of Paris,to whom the faid P.de Billy, did
propofe this Problem, have found the Demonfiration thereof, asthe fame
Fournalintimates. - ello : : eis el gil $5: Pe

An Account of fome Books, not long fince publifhed. —
I. TENTAMINA PHYSICO-THEOLOGICA |
DE DEO, sive THEOLOGIA SCHOLASTICA,ad
Noriam Nove & Reformata Philofophia concinnatay® duobus hi-,
bris-comprehenfa. Quorum altero, de Dei exiftentia adverfis Atheos
& Epicureos ex ipforummet Principiis difputatur 5 ‘altero, de ejuf-
dew Effentia &» Attributis; primo fecundum Theologian Ethnicam,
ubi explicatur, Quantum hatlenus Alii in Gentilium fenteuti,
de fummi Numinis Natura eruendis, hallucinati fuerint 5 deinde
fecundum Theologiam. Chriftianam.: Et quid de Divina Effentia.
ac Attributis fiatuendum fit, diceretur, Quibws poftremd aceedit
Jpecialis Differtatio de Primo Numinis Attributo, ATERNITATE,

Authore Samule ParkerosA. M, — pin te gion
This Treatife, publithed the laft year, would fooner have been taken no. . 3
tice'of in thefe Tarts, had it'not efcaped the Pxblifoer, view tillof late,

when he, upon derious perufal, foundit very worthy the recommending it to”
all forts of perfons; and particularly to thofe who either pleafe themfelves
with that fond opin on, That Philofophy is the Apprenttfhip of Atheifme,
or hearken to the afperfions, that are generally laid upon the Reformation of
P hilofophy. ae folie ase Oe aes ais si hl

“

,

This excellent piece removes both thefe , and being joyned and compared , —
with the truly Noble Mr. Boy/e’s Confiderations in his Fir part of the — ——

Sal , a

' : ¢
ea =f y, 4 y Ya

Ges),
—— Ofefulnefs of Experimental- Natural Philofopby, will firongly evince, How
Much: that Philofophy, which fearches out the real Productions of Nature
(the true Works of God.) does manifeft the Divine Glory more, than the
Notionals of the Gentiles, : ee
_ This Author (now a Fellow of the Royal Secicty) delivers his Matterin
two Books, 2 |
Lib. 1. Cap. 1. Atheifts are difappointed of the Authority of Epicurus,
and of other Antient Philofephers, for their grofs Atheifme. tare: i
Cap. 2. The beautifni Frame of the World evinceththe Architetonica!

Author and Governor, |
_ Cap. 3. The admirable Contrivancein the Stru Qure of Maukind, and
of Animals, does moreconfpicuoufly fhew the Deity. iy

Cap. 4. The Atheift caught in hisown Net, or convinced by-the. true .
force of hisown Arguments. _ Ni . : :

Cap, 5. The Arguments devifed againft Atheilts by Des Gartes, and
drawn from the Jdea’s of our Mind, examin’d and found imperfect and
invalid, Hi | :
Lib. 2. Cap, 1. The opinions of the Gentiles concerning God,unduly
— applied tothe Diety, which we worfhip : but properly to be underflood by.

them of the San,or of the Soul of the world. enue

Cap. 2. More exprefly proved, that the Antient Philofophers con-
ceived, the Sond of the World to be God, : |

Cap 3. The Hiftorical Theology of the Gentiles for the moft part is
unduly applyed_or accommodated to.the Holy -Seriptures. , |

Cap. 4. The Divine Subfance, Immenfity, Incomprehenhbility, Invifi-
~ bility, explicated; as far asour weak.reafon does teach. | rashes Bates”

Cap, 5. The Divine Perfections, and other Attributes and A ffections,
how far explicable. ts sani Gop ace li

Cap, 6. The Eternityof God,how apprehended: :

Thefe aré in fhort the Heads of the Book, whichis yet butin Latin. Ie
were to be wifht, the Author would make it {peak his own lively Engli fd. -

Il HONORATI FABRI Soc. fefuTheologi, Tractatus duos.
quorum Prior eft. de Plantis & de Generatione . Animalium , Pofterior | de
Hemine. he aoe ere

As the Matter of this Book is confiderable, fo isthe order and depen-
dence of allits parts excellent ; in regard that all the Propofitions are ranged,
according to.a Geometrical method, and fo well difpofed, that the latter do.
always fuppofe the former, and feem to depend all of them upon certain evi-.
_ dent principles, whence they flow by a natural confequence.

This Volume containstwo Treatifes, ..

The Firft is divided into 5. Books, Inthe four firf, he treats of Plants,
and diftributes them into three Claffess fome growing is the Earth,as Treess.
others, growing upon Plants, as Adoffe, and a third fort growing upon
_ Animals, as. Hair, Horns,and., Feathers, te examins and confiders the

; te ite Parts

— €326) |

; Parts of alithefe Plants and their Ufe, the manner, how they 4 are produced,

and nourifhed. and their different Qualities, He ‘difcourfes alfo of Bread,

Wine, Oyle, and the other Mixtures, that are made of Plants.

In the Fifth Book, he treats of the Generation of Animals, where he
‘delivers many curious matters, explicating in avery eafie and familiar way
that Argument, which hach always been DOREGD ON, as one of the obfcureft
in Natural Philofophy,

The Second Treatife confifts of 7 .Books; wherein the Author tot ders,
what appertainsto AZan, He difcourfes firlt, of Digeftion, of the Circu-
lation of the Bloud,and of the Ufe of the principal parts of the Humane Body,
‘Next, he treats of the Senfes, External and Internal. ofall the Motions of
the Body, both Natural and Voluntary; of the fenfitive Appetite,and the Paf.

- fions; Thence he proceeds to the Temperaments, Habits, Inftinct, Sleep,
Sicknefs, ees Laftly, paffing tothe Rational Soul, he endeavours to de-
monftrate the Immortality thereof, and to explain alfo the Manner, how it
worketh | upon the Body, and is united withthe Body ; where he omits not
to reafon of all the Powers of the Soul , of Liberty, and of the Operations of
the Underftanding and Will. |

In general, the Author makes it his’ ftudy, for the expliclting of the
“moft perplext Difficulties, to fhew, that sian Sia not ee by very fimple
_ andeafie wayes, yas
> Jn particular he puneripeee. feveral curious fea: Evg. ‘He teacties
‘how-to make Perf eéives, that magnifie Objects, hati Glafs , telling us,
that when an Obje& islook’c upon through-a {mall hole, it appears much :
‘greater than itis , and that therefore, if inftead of Glaffes one did caft before
_ ones_eyes two Plates having little holesin them, it would furnifh us with
anew kind of Pes fpectives, more commodious than thofe of Glaffes, which
- fpoil the Sight by reafon of the refraction of the Rayes,caufed thereby. Again,
He renders the caufe of that common, but furprifing, effect of Painters,
drawing certain Pourtrai@ures, which feem to look direAly upon all heir
~ Beholders, on what fide foever they place themfelves : Vide, That in thofe
Pidures, the Nofe is a little turned to one fide, and the eyes to the other.
‘Whence it comes, that fuch Pictures. feemn to look to the right fide, becanfe
_ the Eyes are indeed turned that way, but they appear alfo to look to theleft,
‘becaufe the point of the Nofe is turned that way, and the Table, ‘whereon
the Pidture is drawn, being flat. the Looker on perceives not, that the Eyes
are turned th’other way, which he would do, if the Eyes of the Pourtrait
were convex + Whence it anes that no: Figure can be made emboffed,
which looks every way.

The art, which he sdaches of meine Parficy fhoot out of chee dni ina
few hours, is this. Infufe the feed of it in Vinegar; and having fown it
an good ground cafton it'a good quantity of the Afhes of Bean-Cods, ‘and
{prinkle it with Spiritof Wine, and then cover it with fomelinnen: © He
mentions: alfo, that if you calcine’ Earth, and then water it weil, it°wilt =

“Produce -

ee HE) :
produce a great variety of different Herbs, and that the Afhes of Corn
burnt, being fown, have fometimes produced other Corn,

To add that by the by, this Author is not fo addi@ed to Ariftotle,
as to be on his fide, when he thinks Truth isnot. He hath emancipated him-
felf confiderably fromthe Scholaftich way of Philofophing. He dares main-
tain, that the Vegetative and Senfitive Souls arenot Sab/tautial Forms ; and ~
that it iswith Plants and Animals, as with Artificial things, the Form
_ whereof refules from the Union and Difpofition of the parts: According
to this Hypothesis he explicates all the Operations of Plants and Animals,
without having any recourfe to theSoul. He aversalfo, thatcthere are no
Species Intextionales, andno Habitudes, and that the Animal Spirits, which
Philofophers commonly believe to be neceffary for all the Operations of Life,
are ufelefs. | | ay oe tae

It might alfo be obferved ont of this Author, what he difcourfes of the
Generationof Animals by Putrefaction , of the Caufe of intermittent Fea-
‘vers, and of the Animal {nftin@ , and of many other particulars ; were it
-not better to refer the curious to the Book it felf, ee

Hl. RELATION DU VOYAGE del Evefque de Beryte, par
da Turquie ,la Perfe,les Indes, &c. j4/ques au Royaume de Siam, & autres

lieu, par M. de Beurges, Prefire&c, ,

This Author imploying his Pen chiefly, according to his defign, to give
an Accompe. of the Succels, the Undertakers of this Voyage had, in pro-
_ pagating the Chriftian Faith in the remoter parts of the World, and relating

on that occafion, What number of Churches they have Founded in Cochiz,

China, and the Kingdom of Tonquin, (in which latter alone he affirms, that
there ate more thanthree hundred thoufand Chriftians , ) being | {ay prin-
cipally intent upon that Subject, he feems not to have made many Philofophi-
cal obfervations in thofe places, Mean while he does good fervice to thofe
that have occafion to travelinto the Zaft- Indies moftly by Land, by defcri-
bing the paffage, they took thither, which was, That they embarqued ac
| Marfalles, in September, the moft convenient .and favourable feafon for

that. Voyage » mirence Ships do ordinarily pafs every Month from Syria,
reckoning one Month forthe timeof Sayling to Alexandretta. Thence to
Alep-o, counting one Month more for the Stay, to be madethere to meet tne.
Caravane for Babylon, and fix weeks more for the march from 4/rppo to Ba-
bylon, where a forinight will pafs, before an opportunity happen to embarque
upon the Tyger for Balfora , which Journey will require a fortnight more =:
And abouc this time it will be about the end of Fanuary. Thence is always
conveniency to pafs from Cengo,4 d ays Journey from Comoron or Gombroun ;
to which latter pare there is alfo frequent occafion to pafs by Sea from Bal/o=_
_ ra, which will takeup fome 1g or 16. days Sail. There (vid. at Comoron )
you will every year meet with Englith, Portugal, Dutch, and Jtcorile
Veffels, from Sw#rat, from Offeber tillthe end of April, for they are ob-
liged to be at Surate, before the end of AZay, becaufe all the ports of thofe

— : 5 eee Indies

won i NO Pee
Indies are fhut the4, enfuing wionths, by reafon of the danger of thatSea,.
But befides this Direction, the Book is not quite deflitute of Nataral Ob-

fervations. It relates, 1, How Diamonds arefound and feparated in Go/-

. €onda, They take of the Earth, held tobe proper to’ form them, which is
reddith, and diftinguith’d with white veins, and full’ of “Mints and hard
Jumps. Then they put near: the places, which they will digge, a clofe and
_¢ven Earth, and to it they carry thofe Earths, they have dige’d out of the
Mine, and gently fpread-it abroad, and leave it expofed to the Sun for two

days. Then being dryed enough they beat it, and fifting this Barth, they —

find the Diamonds in afhes of Flints, in which Nature hath-fet them. Here
he adds, that the King of that Country farms out thefe Diamond: Mines for
600000. Crowns per annum, referving to himfelf the right of all the Dia-

‘ monds, that exceed ten Carats in weight, There are Diamonds, thae

mount te 35. and 4o. Carats. And thisis the great Treafure of that Prince,
2, That the moft-efteemed fraic in thofe parts, the Duriow ( of the big.

_ mefSand fhape ofan ordinary Afclon\has a very unpleafing and uneven untol-

Jerable {mell, like to that of a rotten Apple.

3. That Rice profpers moft in waterifh grounds, and: that the fields,
where it grows belt, refembles rather to Marifhes, than to-any ploughed

Soyle: Yea, that that Grain has the foree, though 6. or 7. foot water ftand

ever-it, to fhoot its Stalk above it ; and that the Stem, which bears ic, ri-

fes and grows proportionably to the height of the water, that drowns the
eld. Rune 4 . vi

“gq. That the way of Reeping-ones felf harmlefs from a wild Elephant ;

when he runs direCHy upon one, is, to hold fomething to-him sas Hat, a

“Coat, @ pieceof Linnen, which he feifes on with his’ Trunk; and playes

with it, asif he were pleafed with this apparent homage, done tohim; and —

fo paffeson. If he bein a rage, chat then the only remedy is, to turn in-

ceffantly behind bim to the lefe fide, in regard that naturally (faith this Aa-—

shor ) he neverturnshimfclf that way , but to the right : And the time, there
is to turn, becaufe of the - Beafts unweildinefs, affords leifure enough to

‘climbe up fome high Free, or to mount fome fteep ground: allwhichif ic

fail, by holding always his tail, and: turning with him, the Animal will be
tired, and-give opportunity to efcape, Pal . |

London, Printed by T. R. for Jobn Martiny Printer to
the Rayal Society, and are tobe fold at the Bella little
without Lemple-Bar = igi

W,

(929) : ’ Nanibs 19.

PHILOSOPHICAL
eee eee:

"Monday Novenber 19 | 1666.

The Contents.

An Addition to the Inflances of Petrification formerly pianerated.
‘Articles of Inquiries concerning Mines s as, to the nerghbouring
Courtrey about them; the Soyl where they are 5 the Signs of them s

_ the Struéture and other particulars belongeng to the Mines zhei-
(elves s the Nature and Circumftances of Ore; and the Redu-
étion of Ore znte Metal. Promifeuous Inquiries. farmerly re-
sommended to Mounfieur Huelius , particularly about Cold ;
cogether with bis own , and his C orrefpondents Aufwer to fome of

them, The fuece/s of the a Papal ng. the Blood

5 : of one. Avimal te another.

An Addision 10 the EAeaser of Petrificacivit
enumerated in the laf. of thefe Papers.

This Inflance was vi while _fince communicated
to the Royal Society by that Ingenious Gentleman

2 Mee P Philip Packer’! a worthy by. y Member of that
Body; in thefe re -

RN 92Na Bank ina Clofe 66 Mr. se , neer ii houfe,
12 call’d. Wadley , a mile from elt in Berks,
Gye there grows an E/me, which hath now loft the top,
Sat 5 andisgrown hollow; ‘céntaining neer a Tun, of
aw att ‘Timber. From the’But of the fame Tree, one
i of the fpreading Clawes having been formerly cut off with an
Axe ; that part of: the But,from whence: the-fame was fever'd,
being abouts 4 foot above eround,and inward within the frank
HAN Yy Oo

Gad ee

of the Tree,hath contracted a petrified Cruft, about the thicl-

nefs of a /hilling, all over the woody part.within the Bark;the ~ :

_ marks of the Axe alfo remaining very confpicuous, with this
petrified cruft upon it.. By whar means it fhould thus happen.
cannot well be conceived, in regard there is no water neer it 5.
the part above the ground,and-out of the weathers the Tree
yet growing: unlefs being.cut at fome feafon,when the fap was
flowing, the owfing of the fap might become petrified by the
Air, and. the Tree grow rotten and hollow inward fince that

time; which how long fince is not known.

A piece of that pare cut, was prefented, together with this.
Account, tothe faid Soccety for their Repofitery, |

Articles of Inquiries touching Mines.

_ Whatthe Honourable Robert Boyle gave the Reader caufeto-
hope for,in Nuwb.11.when he was pleafed to impart thofe Ge-
neral Heads for a Natural Hiftory of aCountrey,there publifh’d; .

Heis not unmindful to perform,by enlarging them as occafion

ferves,with partzcular and /ubordinate Inquiries. Here he gra-
tifies the Curious witha confiderablé Set of Inquiries about
Mines: which though unfinifhid; yer the Publifber, was inftant

to cbtain their prefent publication,tothe end,thathe mightthe -
more COuveniently.recommend themto feveral forreigners of:

his Acquaintance,now ready-to return to theim feveral Coun-

triesywhich he underftandsto abound in Mines; and from the -
Curious Inhabitants whereof,he expects to receivea goodac-. »
compt upon fome atleaft of thefe Inquiries ;.which alfo by fe-

veral of them: have been earneftly defired,as Inftructions to di.

‘regtthem, what Particulars to inquire after upon this Subje&t: ~

. Thefe Querzes are. reduced by. the 4utberto fix Heads:
The firf?, The Neighbeuring Country about the Mines. __
The [econd, The. Soyle. where the. Mines-are.. fis es G os x Fe d

| "The thérd,:The Signs-of Mingsa< R

The fourth, The Structure andother particulars belonging

to the Mines themfelvesen.§ eye) ey: nepal or
The fifth, The Nature and, Circumftances ofthe Ore... -
The faith; The reduction of the Ore into Metal.

4. be
aren

a ee ee

Qeariens

eee GY ae
mouse ies ok,
ae About the firft. Title.

_.s. Whether the Country be Mountainous, Plain, or diftin-
-guifhed with Vales ? And in cafe it be mountainous,what kind
of Hills they are 5 whether high, or low, or indifferently ele-
vated f Whether almoft equal, or very unequal in height F
Whether fruitful or barren; cold or temperate; rocky or nots
‘hollow or folid ¢ Whether they run in ridges or feerm confu-
- fedly placed ; and, if the former, what way the ridges run,

North and South, @¢. And whether they run any thing paral-

lel to one another ¢ |
2. Whether the Country be barren or fruitful? And, ifany
way fruitful, what it produces, and what it moft abounds
Wer Os BIE Se 4 ee |
3. What Cattle it nourifhes,and whether they have any fuch
thing peculiar in pointof bignefs, colour, fhape, longevity ,
fitnefs or unfitnefs to make good meat, @c,as may be rather ad.
_ {eribed to the peculiar nature of the place, than to the barren-
~nefs of the Soyl, or other manifeft canfes? sie
4. Whether the Natives, and other Inhabicants, live longer
or fhorter than ordinary ° Whether they live more or lefs heal-
thy ¢ Whether they be fubject to any Epedemical Difeafes,thac
may very probably be imputed to the Mines ; and what thele
| Difeafes are; and what remedies are found fuccefsful ? ~ |
~~ s. Whether the Country be, orbenort furnifhed with Ri-
vers, Brooks, Springs, and other Waters s and how thefe-wa-
-tersare conditroned? aay i cet
_ 6. Whether the Air be dry or moift; hot or cold; clear or
foggy , thick or thin, heavy or light; and efpecially, whether
_ the Weather be more or lefs variable than ordinarily ; or whe-
ther it be fabject to-great and fudden changes that may pro-
bably be imputed to the Mineral and Subterrancous Steams 3
and what they are? :

ds Li, bak sitet hoa About

_ 39)
| ‘Abont the. Set Title. the le
qs. Whether the Soyle. thatis neer the Surface of the Barth >
be Stony: and, if it be, what kind of Stones it abounds with > >.
‘Whether it be Clayie, Marley, Chalkye, @c. And,if it be

of feveral- kinds , how many Het are 3 _and by what proper- |
ties aia are e diftinguifhed 3 ag

About the third Titles

Seber

8, By what Si igns they kaow or r guels, that theres is a Mine: -
in fucha place 2.

9. Thefe Signs are either. upon the. Surface of. the Earth, or
beneath it. |

To the former belong chéfe erties «

to, Whether the Ground be made barren by Metaline or
Mineral Effluviums 2.

14. Whether it bepblersed: that Trees Fes other greater ,
plants feem to have their tops burnt,or other leaves or outfides
difcoloured ¢: or whether there be any Plants, thatdo affectto
grow. over fuch Mines 3 and whether it have been tryed ,that.
other Plants,. that would profper i inthe ad ieeens places , will %
not be made to grow orthrivethere?-

12. Whether the Stones and.Pebles, that are wath d by the.-
Brooks, Springs, or other Waters, have any: colour’d fabs. —
ftance left upon: them and if they | have 5 of what colour. Bo
weight, &e, thefeadherences are? __ oq

38. Whether the Waters of the place propofed, do by their 4
tat, {fmell, ponderoufnefs, &c. difclofe themfelves to.contain. —
Minerals : “ ‘And, ifthey do, what Minerals they or their refi- .
dences, when. they-are evapourated away 5 do appear: to a @
bound with; or to participate of 2° x

14. Whether Snow will not ye, or Froff continue fo long: ir
or Dew be generated or ftay upon the ground in the place pro- tt
pofed, as on other neighbouring grounds? qi

- 15. Whether the Dew that falls on that ground, will difco-. —
four white Linnen orWoollep-Cloths,{pread over men i the:

e U: acs. a

Ce - 373).
farface of the ground,and employed to colle& the Dew? And —
whether the Zazn that falls there,and may be fuppos'd tocome
thither from elfewhere, will difcolour {uch Clothes, or afford
any refidence of a Mineral Nature 2. us

16,. Whether the place be more than ordinary fubject to-
Thunder and Lightning,and to fuddenStorms orEarthquakes,
as likewife to Nocturnal Lights and fiery Meteors, _

17. Whether Mifts ufe to rife from grounds ftored with Mi-:.
nerals >. What is obfervablein them, and what Minerals they»
- fignify, and may be fuppofed to be produced by?.
18, Whether the Virgula Divinatoria be ufed to find outthe
Veins of propofed Mines ; and,if it be, with what fuccels ?- :
49. What other Signs above ground afford probability of
_ Mines , or Diredtion for following a Vein over Hills, Valleys,
Lakes, Rivers, &¢. Ce As
~The fecond fort of signs belonging to thefe Queries, are fuch’:
~ as follow. | ie i ae ; oe

20, Whether there be any Clayes, Marlesyor other Mineral :

Earths, yellow.or liquid matters, that ufually give notice of -
the Ore > and if there be more than one , how and at what»
depths they are wont to lye refpectively > Of what thicknefs -
and confiftence they are s and in what order the Diggers meet -
with them? es Anny! -
| 2i, Whether there be any Stones or Marchafites to be found ~

-_neer, or not very-far from the furface ofthe ground,by which . —
one may have ground to expecta Mine? As is often obferved |
inthe Tin-mines of Cornwall, over which fuch kind of Stones -

“are divers times found lying above ground, |
_ 22+ Whether all Stones of that kind do equally fignify that -

Mine ? And.if not,how the fignificant Stones are to be known,
as by Colour, Bignefs, Shape, Weight, Depth under eround,-.

Bh oa 23. Whether there be any Earths of peculiar kinds, asto »

Colour, Confiftence, ec. that indicate a Mine beneath or near »

them ;. and if there be, what they are,and what is their confe-
cution, if they-have any? ° :
24, Whether Heat or Damps give any affurance ora pre-:
bability .of finding a Mine? |

a5, Whether

G34)

os, Whether water of any kind,met within Diggingslpe’
cially at this-or that depth, do betoken a Mine ?

25. Whether there be any figns of the nearnefs of the Mine,
and what they are?

27. Whether there be any fi igus of ones having mifs‘d the
Mine, either by being paft above, or beneath, or having lefti it
on either hand; and what they are ?

28. Whether there be any Signs,not only of the ditting& end"
determinate kind of metals or Minerals;but of the Plenty and
Goodnefs of the Vein; and what they are ?

29. Whether there.be any figns of the depthof the Vein -
-beneath the furface of the Earth ; and whatthey are?

30. Whether there be any proper or peculiar: figns , that
fhow it to be hopelefs, or at leaft unlikely to.find a Veini in. the
plate Mie it is digg d for; and what thofe are f. |

~ Abont the fonrth Titles — Be
ey LW hat is the depthof the Shaft or Grove whieh icin

named in the fi fngular Number, the. Queftions about it are gene

rally applicable) till you come at the Vein or Ore? —

32. Whether the Vein run or lye Horizontal or dippe ? And
if it dippe, what énclnation it hath , how deep the loweft part
lies ; and confequently how much deeper: than the uppermoft ? |
As alfo, what its Flexures, if it have any, are ?- And whether

~ itruns directly North or § uth, Eaft or Weft; or feem rather to —

have a Cafual tendency,than. any determinate one by Nature?
aird how far it reaches in all ? <

33. What is the wideneffe ae the Cisawe at the Top, Ae
_ elfewhere2W hether the Groove be perpendicular or crooked;
and if crooked, after what manner, and with whatdiftance i it.
winds ?

34. How the Groove is fupported > What are the kinds,
lengthy bignefs, and way of placing the Timber, Poles, Bc.

that are imployed to fupport it? And howlong the Wood will _

laft, without being fpoyled with the fubterrancous fumes and
waters? and what, wood lafts longeft >

“_—

35, What

G35)

3 ys. What Air-fhaft belongs to the Mine? Whether it bef ngle
or morethan One ? Of what breadth the Air-haft is at the Q- —
rifice > Whether it be convenient enough, or not? Howneer _
it is placed to the Groove, and in what pofition ?° And if there ©
be feveral Air-fhafts, what their diftances and {cituation are ia
reference to the Groove,and to oe other?-Or how. Air is fup-
plied, if there be no Air-thafts 2
~ 36, Whether they.meet with-any.waters in athe Mine: 4 And,
ifthey. do, how. copious-they are 3 at what depths they occurs
how they are qualified, and what way they fpring, &e,

37. Whether they are conftant or temporary ; whether they.
increafe or diminifh notably in Summer or Winter, or at any
other time of the year,and if they do,at what feafon that isshow:
long itis wontto laf; and the Empress ‘OF: Increafe and
Decreales
_ 38, What Expedients and Engines are employed to free the
Mines from water? The materials, the parts, the bignefs, the
fhapes, the coaptation ; and in fhort, the whole ftructure,num-
ber, and way of applying the Inftruments that are. made. ufe
offto free the Mines from water?

39. Whatare the Conditions, Number, éc. of the Aaits ?

40. Whether.the Mine be troubled with Damps,and of ike
_ kind they are; whetherahey come often orfeldome at any fet

time, or altogether irregularly; what figns fore-run them 5.
what ‘mifchief they do; what remedies are the moft fuccefsfully

| - imployed. againft them, afwell in reference to the Cleerin g ai
the.Mine, .as.to the se ranon: and Sai of the Works -
mene. ere: ¥

: Al. What ceiianids tthe: mine-men nfei in follo wing the Vein; :

and tracing their paffages under ground(which they. call Plan

| ming and Dyalling) according to the feveral exigencies >And

whether they-employthe Inftruments, made with the help of «

the Load-ftone,the fame way that is ufval; and if not,wherein .

| they differ in the ufe-of the fame Inftruments 5 or what Inftru- -

“ments they fubftitute in their. place? »

--° 42. What wayes they take to fecure themfelves dnd the wns -

certainty, incident to the guidance of Adagnetick Needles from

i os Tron: [tone: or Ore, that they.may: meet with under ot .

to 7 C08 3

| Ey
‘a fag

i
\

| G38) }

‘(of which yet saiibaia there is not fo great danger,as one may
- imagine ; ; asfar as I could find by a Trial, I purpofely made
ina Grove, where Iwas fure, there- wanted not Iron-ore. )

_ And what other wayes may be. ufed to direct Miners without
the help of a-Load.ftone-?

43. How the Miners deal with the Rocks and Sparrs, they

- often meet with, before thy come at the Ore? Whether they
-ufe Fire to foften, calcine, or crack them? How they inpoy
-it, and with what meafure of fuccefs:?

44.- What wayes and cautions they ufe , to free the Mine
and fecure the W ork-men from the inconveniencies and dan-
-geraccruing fromthe ufe of much Fire init.

45. What Inftruments they ufe to’ break the Rock oe ? Aad

- ‘how thofe Inftruments areconducives and how long they laft?

46. How the Mine-men work ; whether naked or cloathed? —

‘And what Lights they ufe to work by; what materials they are

-made of,what meafure of light they give ; how long they laft?

and by what-wayes. — are kept Baenicg) in that thick and

foggy aire 9

47. How Veins atefellows d Joft, and recover'd' 2 ‘And iia
feveralMiners work-on the fame’Vein? And what is the beft

«way of getting all the Ore ina Vein, and moft: conveniently : a

48. How they convey out their Ore, and other things, that |

are to be carried out of the: Mine 2 Whether they do it in Baf- |

*kets drawn.up by Ropes, or upon mens backs; and if this

laft-named way 5 what kind of Veffels they ufe for matter , —

‘fhape, and capacity ? And whether the Work-men deliver —

thém one to another ; or the fame Work-men carry them all -

the way ? And whether the Diggers defcomi jar a oeomy

Ladders of slg, ‘or of | ropes, Ge.

- About the Fi ifth Title.

apigit " thecher thes hen: runs ina Nf eites 33 or’ He difpers a in - 4
featter’ d pieces; or be divided partly intoa Vein’, and partly :
into loofe maffes'; ‘or like a Wall between two Roeks;as: itwere
ina Cleft ; ot be interfpers'd in the firm Rock , like fpeckled ;
Marble 2 Orbe found in Grains like-Sand or Gravels as ftore :

® 12 i :
fi as tuk + is
ae Va

~

(337)

of excellent Tin is faid to be found in fome parts of Cornwal at
the Sides and in the Channels of running Waters , which they
call ....3 or whether the Ore be of afofter confiftence, like
Earth or Lome, as there is Lead-ore in Jré/and holding ftore
of Silver; and Iron ore in the North parts of Scotland and
elfewhere ¢ And what is obfervable in it as to Weight, Colour,
_ Mixture, Ge. : ae ee
_ §0.Whether any part of the Metal be found in the Mine per-
fect and complete? ( As I have had prefented me good yallu:
able Copper, and pieces of perfect Lead, that were taken up,
_ the one at Jamaica, and the other by an acquaintance of mine,
that took them out of the ground himfelfin Nem:Enpland.)
__ 51, Whether the Mine affords any parcels of Metal, that
teem to grow like Plants(asI have fometimes feen Silver grow-
ing,as it feemed,out of Stone, or Sparre almoft like blades of
Grafs ; as alfo great grains of a Meta!, which appear’d to me,
and which thofe that tried fome of it, afirmed to be Gold,
_ abounding in a ftony lump, that feemed to confift chiefly of a-
peculiar kind of Sparre.) : | |
$2. Whether the Vein lie neer,or much beneath the furface
ofthe Earth, and atwhatdepth? . — 1 7
_g3- Whether the Vein have or have not any particular Con-
comitants, or Coats( if Imay focall them ; ).and, if any, what
they are, and in what order they lie? ( Asthe Veins of Lead-
ore, with us, have frequently annext tothem a fubftance call'd
Sparre, and next to thatanother call’d Caulk, =
54 Whether(befides thefe Coats) the Vein have belonging
toit any other Hletrogeneous fubftance? ( Asin Tin-mines we
- often find that yellow fubftance, which they call Aguadick. )

55. What are the principal Qualities of thefe Extraneous .
fubftances >( As that Sparre is white, but tranfparent , almoft
like courfe Cryftall, heavy, brittle, eafily divifible into flakes,
Gc. Caulk is of a different texture, white , opacous, and
like a Stone, but much more ponderous. Mundick 1 have had
of a fine golden colour ; but, though it be affirm’d to hold no
Metal; yet I found icin weight, and otherwiie, to differ from .
Marchafites; and the Mine-men think it of a poifonous .na-

ture.) ere 3 ; |
| 4 | Ze : 56, W he-

G38) al
g6. Whether the Vein be inclofed every way in its Coats;or
whether it only lie between them?

-s7. Whether the Vein be every way of an uniform breadth,
and thicknefs ; and, ifit be, what thefe Dimenftonsare;and,
if not, in what places it varies, and in what meafures ? ( The
like Queftions are to be made concerning the Spare , Cau! a
and other Teguments or mixtures of the Ore fa

- 58. Whether the Vein be un-interrupted, or in fome Slaies
broken off; and whether it be abruptly or not; and whether

itbe by Vales, Brooks, Gullets, @¢,
- s9, How wide the Interruptions are; what Gens aieeby
to find the Vein agains whether the ulterior part or divifion
ofthe Vein be of the fame Nature , and hold on in the fame |
Courfe,as to its tendency upwards or downwards, or Horizon-
cally, Northward, Southward, Se. with che Vein » from which
‘itiscutof? - “J

60., Whether, in cafe the laft cn of ‘te Vein is found Coit.
terminate abruptly, or elfe end in fome peculiar kind of Rock

r Earth, which does as it were, clofe or Sealit up, without.
eawtiie any crack or cranny, Or ‘otherwife ? And whether the :
terminating part of the Vein tend upwards,downwards,or nei |
ther? And “whether i in the places where the Vein is interrupted ]
there be any peculiar Stone or Earth, that does, as it were, feal
upthe Extremity of it?

6+. Whether it be obferved, that the Ore i in Trak of time
may be brought to afford any Silver or Gold,which itdothnot
afford, or more than it would afford, if itwere not foripe?-—
And whether it have been found that the Metalline part ofthe
Vein grows fo, that fome part a the Mine will afford Ore or”

. Metal in tra€t of time, that did not fo before ? and'whether to
this Maturation ofthe Mine, the being expofedto the free Air

be necefiary ; or, whether at Jeaft it conduce to the Accelerati-
on of ft; orotherwife 2 «

63. Whether all the Ore, comsined i in nthe Winey tye of vel |
felf-fame natare and goodnefs ;..and if not-, what are the dif
tering kinds ; and how to be difcriminated.andeftimated?
63, What is-the finenefs and goodnefs of the Ore,by hich |
ine Mine is wont to be eftimated | ? And whatare the marks and:

| charadiers, |

«

(339) >

characters, that ciftinguifh one fort from another ?

64. What proportion of metal it affords> (As in our Jren-
Mines’tis obferved, that about three Tuns of Zron-ftone will af-
ford one Tun of metal ; And Ihave had Lead-ore, which an
Ingenious man, to whom I recommended fuch Tryals, affirm- -
ed to me te afford three parts in four of good Lead. )

65. Whether the Ore be pure inits kind from other metals,
and, if not, of what metals it participates ; and in what propor-
tion ? Which is efpecially to be enquired into, in cafe the Mine
be of a ba/e metal , that holds a med/e metal : ( AsT have known
it obferv'd, that Lead-ore, that is poor in its own metal,affords
more Silver, than other sand I remember, that the Ore lately
mention’d , being richin Lead, fcarce afforded us upon the
Cappel, an atome of Silver. And Matthefius informs us, that a
little Gold is not unfrequently found in Jron-ore. And Ihave
-by mefome Gold that never endured the Fire, taken out of a

Lump of Tin-Ore.)
About the fi ixth Ti a

66. What are the Mechanick and prxvious Operations, as

Beating, Grinding, Wafhing, @c. that are ufed to feparate

the Ore from the Heterogeneous Bodies , and prepare it for the

-Bire? Or whether the Ore requires no fuch preparation ? (as
it often happens in Lead, and fometimes inIron, @c.)

67. Whether Mercury be made ufe of, toextraé the nabler
from the bafer metals ? ( asis their pradtite in Peru, and-other
parts of the We/?-Indies.)

68. Whether the leaving the Ore expos ‘dto the ‘open Ait
and Rain fora good while,be ufed as a Preparative? (as Lhave
feen done in Iron-ftone. ) |

69.Whether the Burniug and Beating of the Ore be ufed to
prepare it for the Furnace? (as is practifed in Zren, and almoft
alwayes in Copper :')) And , in cafe they ufe more than once,
how often they do its (for Copper-ore isin fome places wafhed
8.or 10, times, and in others, 12. or 14.) and with what cir-
cumftances; as, how long the Tenitiondafts at a time, whether
the Orebe fuffer’d to cool of it felf, or be aes d > whether
it be wafhed betwixt each Ignition ¢

7% What Flux-powders, and other wayes they have to try

LB 2 and

(34)
and examine the goodneffe of | the Ore i in fmall quantities ? ;

7. Whether, when the work in great , they ufe to melt the
Ore with any Flux or additaments, or onely by the force of
the Fire, or in any way between both? (as throwing in of
Charcoals when they melt Iron-ftone does not only ferve to
feed the Fire, but perhaps by the A/chaly of its Afhes to pro-
_ mote the fufior: So Lime-ftone, @c.

_ 72, What kind of Furnaces they ufe, to melt the Oreins

whether they be all of one fort and bignefs, or of differing ?

~ 93; Whatare, the Situation, Materials, Dimenfions, Shape,
Bignefs, and in fhort, what is the whole Structure and Contri-

vance of the Furnace ? If there be any thing peculiar and re- »

markable ? What Tools are ufed in {melting, their Re ufe,

éc. and the whole manner of working oe

74. What kinds of Fewel,and what quantities ofi it, are wont
to be employed in the Furnace, within the compafs. ofa day, :
~+ or week ? How much is putin at a time > How often itisre-
newed? andhowmuch Ore ina determinate time, as a a week,
or aday, is wont to be reduced to metal?
zy. Incafean Additamént be employed, what that is, and in
_ what proportion it is added? Whether itbe mingled with the
Ore, before that be put into the Fire,or caft in afterwards; and
iffo,at what time, @e,

78, Whether the Ore be melred by a Wind, excited bythe —
Fire it felfs as in Wind-ovens? Ox bythe courfe of waters?
Or acuated by the blaft of Bellows s and iffo, whether thefe 4
Bellows be mov'd by a Wheel, turned by water running under

\

it, or falling on it? And what are, the Dinientiony, Situation, q
@c. of the Bellows? |

79. What contrivance they have tofet or take out ‘ie Me-

tal, that i is infufions and caft it into Bars, Sc ws, Pigs, &¢. ;
"80, What Clay, Sand, or Mould they letitran or pour it
through 2 And after what manner they refrigerate it? ~ ‘
81. VVhether or no they. do, either to facilitate the fufion
or to obtain the more or better etal: mingle differing forts ~
or degrees of Ore of the fame Metal? Asin fome places 'tis '
ufual, to mingle poor and rich Oresand at Azendip they mix two
or more of thofe differing kinds of Lead-ore that they call
Frim-ore, Steel.ore, Potern-ore, &C. “$2, VVhew q

te
. a

(341):

_ $2.Whetheror no, having once brought the Ore to fufion,
they melt all the Metal it felf to have it the more pure? And;
_ ifthey do, with what circumftances they make the fufion? —

§ 3. Whether they have any fiens, whereby to know whe-
ther the Fufion have been wellor ill perform’d ; and the Metal
have obtained the perfection, to be expected from fuch Ore,
— melted in fuch a Furnace? sat | y

$4. Whether they obferve any great difference in the
_ goodnefs of the Metal, that firft melts, from that of the reft of
- the Metal which comes afterwards in the fame or another ope-
ration ? And whether the Rule holds conftantly ? (For,though
they obferve in L7n-mines,the beft Metal comes firft, yetin the
- works of an Induftrious friend of mine,he informs me that the

_ beft Metal comes laft, ) he odes | |
85,Whether the produced Metal beall of the fame goodnefs?
Andifitbe, how good itis inreference tothe Metal of other
Mines, or other parts of the fame Mine or Vein? And ifit be nor,
what differences are obferv'd between the produced portions
‘of metals and what difparity that amounts to inthe price?
86. Whatare the wayes of diftinguifhing them, and eftima-
tingtheirgoodnefs? fe)

87. Whether they do any thing tothe metal, after Jit is
once brought to Fufion , and, if need be, melt it over again,
to give ita melioration? (As when Iron isrefined, and tarn’d
into Steel; ) and what diftinét Furnaces, and peculiar Wayes
of ordering the metals are employ’d to effect this improve-
ment f With a full defeription of them and the Tools in all Cir-

~cumftances, obferv'd in the refining of metals. — ‘

-. 88. Whether in thofe places, where the metal is melted ,
there be not elevated fome Corpufcles, that ftick to the upper
parts of the Furnace, or Building? . And, if there be, whe-
ther they be barely-fuliginous and recrementitious exhalations
or at leaft in part, metalin Flowers? (as inthe Corni/b Tin-
mines, after fome years they ufually deftroy the-thatch’d.
Houfes,where the Ore hath been meted, to ger the ftuffthac
-adhears to the infides of the Roofes, outof which they melt

ftore of exccllent Tin.) cm
89. Whether the metal being brought to-fufion , affords
any

(342)

any Recrements ?(As Jron-ffone affords ftoreof a dark Glafs

or Slagg) and if it do, what thofe Recrements are? How they

are feparated from the Metal >? and to what Ufes they are em-
ployed? | oH

90. Whether, afterthe Metal has beenonce melted, the —

' remaining partof the Ore being expofed to the Air, will in
tract of time be impregnated, orripen’d, fo as to afford more
Metal >? ( For, this is afirmed to me of the Cornifp Tin-Ore;
and what remained after the fufion of Jron-ore in the Forreft of
Dean, is fo rich in Metal, thata Tenant of mine in Zreland ,
though he had on theland he held from me,anIron mine,found
it lefs profit to work it,than to fend crofs the Sea to the Forreft
of Bean for this already us'd Ore,which having lain for fome
ages, fince-it was thrown afide in great heaps expos‘d to theAir,

he affirmed to yield as well great ftore of Iron, as very good: |
though I fomewhat doubt, whether this be totally tobe afcri- —

bedto the Air, and length of time; orto the leaving of metal
in the Slaggs in old. times, before great Furnaces were in
ufey): % Se ee seas

\

Promifcuous Inquiries about Mines , from the fame Au-

hoe, ee

t. Whether the Territorie, that bears the Mine, abounds
with no other kind of mineral in fome diftiné part of it? (As in
Kent near Tunbridge , one part of the Country whichis Hilly,

abounds-all along with Zron-mines 3 the other, whichis alfo —

Hilly, and divided from it but by a {mall Valley, abounds ex-
~ceedingly (asthe Diggers and Inhabitants told me upon the
place ) in Quarry’s, which the Metaline-Country wants, but
isquite deftitute of Iron-ftone. And {oat Azendip, in one part
of the Hill, I {aw ftore of Lead-mines, containing feverall
Kinds of Ore of that metal ; another part of the Hill I found to

be full of Cole-pits, which had fome Adarehaftes, but no metal;
and in another place, Zron-ere, and mixt with Ores, which yet -

they did notthink fit to work.) ; i
2. Whether the Air appear to be really cold in Summer ,
| Bs | and

Ga)

and hot in Winter at the bottom of the Mines, by furer proofs
- thanthe Teftimony of our Touch ?

3. VVhether they ever meet with places and Srones actu-
ally very hot, as Asatthe/ius relates? And whether that {pring
‘not from the quenching of Marchafites ?

4 VVhether they find in the Mines any Mineral Gelly, fuch

as the German Naturalifts call Ghur? And whether in procefs of
time it will harden into a metal, or Mineral Concretion? |

-§, VVhat are the Laws, Conttitutions, and Cuftoms, Oecono-
mical, Political, Ethical, that are receiv dand practis: d among
the Mine. men ?

6.Whether.the Diggers deere: really meet with any fubter-
- raneous Demons; andif they do, in what fhape and manner
they appear ; what they portend; and what they do, &¢.

7. VVhether they obferve in the Trees and other Plants 5
growing over or neer the Mine, not only, ( as hath been al-
ready intimated)that the Leaves are any whit gilded or filver’d
_bythe afcending mineral Exhalations, but alfo, that the Trees
or other Plants are more folid and ponderous?and if they have
‘not alfo fome difcernable metaline or mineral Concretes, to

"ge be met with in the fmall Cavities and Pores of their fubftance?’

8. VVhether there be not Springs, and alfo greater Streams
of VVater neer the Mine, that rife, and run their whole courfe :
under ground, without ever appearing above it? ~

9. VVhether the Subterraneous Springs do rife with any

. AS, or determinate change of weather °

to. How much heavier the Atmo/phere is at thie botom of
the Mine, than at the top? And whether Damps confiderably
increafe the weight of it 7
a4. Whether they find any ftrange {abftancesin the Mines ;
as Vellels Anchors, Fithes inclos‘din Sparr or metal; ¢

Promifcuous.

{

- nta, Sweden and Denmark , into a difpofition to be ftudious and .
active in inquiring after fuch particulars concerning Philofo- _
phy, as.are recommended from hence,and rendred them,very

_ willing to employ themfelves in thingsofthat nature,

Md (ee a

Promifcuous Inquiries, chiefly about Cold, formerly fent
and recommended to Monfteur Huelius ; together with his
Anfwer returnd to fome of them. i

_ Aconfiderable piece of the grandDefign of the ModernEx-
perimental Philofophers being,to procure and accumulate Ma- _

terials for agood Natura! Hiftory, whence to raife in progrefs
of timea folid ftructure of Philofophy ; all poffible endevours

are ufed in England,to fend abroad and recommend to as many

of Forreign parts,as there.is opportunity, Dereéfzons for fearch-

ing into the Operations of Nature, and for obferving what oc- —
curs therein, afwell as in Mechanical operations and practifes.

Several Heads of that kind have been already publith'd for
this purpofe in feveral of the former Tracts ; to sihich, as we

have added, inthis, the Queries about Adines, fo we fhall fub-_
joyn thofe that were not long fince committed to the care of
that Excellent Promoter of Aftronomy and Philofophy , —

Monfieur Huelius, Confulof Dantzieks who demonftrates fo

‘much zeal for the advancement of real knowledge, thathe not .
only improves and promotes it by his own Studies, but labours —

alfo to incite others to do the likes having already warmed
many of the Northern Climate,particularly Poland, Prufe,Lzvo-

The Inquiries fent to Dantzick, arethee;
ai. ‘What Signior Buratteni (an tralian Gentleman, Mafter of
the Mintto the King of Poland, and reputed a great Mafter in

the Adechanicks ) hath performed in Diapticks ? Whether at pre- —
fent he employs himfelf as is related, in grinding a Tele/eope of —

120 footlong? And, if fo, what way he means to make ne
| sii , of,

/

— L - 2 ; ¢ ; I . , ‘
el oa ae a lt? in _ a — bis ee : .
ee Bi ge eg ee Ey mn ee Se Ee he SR OS See ee ee Oe ae ee

(345)

of commodioufly to handle a Tube of that length?
>a. Whether the fame have the Art (as has been written frona
Paris)to make fuch Glafs,as is not at all inferior to Venice. olafs,
and exceeds any plate of Glafs, hitherto made there, twice or
‘thrice in bignes ? :

3. What is the way of making Pot-afhes in Patent e

“4. What is to be obferved about Succinum or Amber ? whe-
chew it bean Exfudation of the Sea? whether it be feen to float
uipon the furface of the Sea? whether it be foft, when ’tis irft
caft on fhore ? At what feafon of the year, and i in what manner
‘Us taken up, @¢.

s. What is tobe oben din the Digging of Sal Wiiiie i in
Poland ? what is thé Depth‘of the Mines, ftored with this Salt e
what their diftance fromthe Sea, gc.

6 What truth there is in that relation eoncernine Swallows
being found in Winter under waters con gealed, and. yvine,
if they be fith’d and held-to the fire?
<9. Whether there bein’ the Bodnick- Bay a Whirl peel: ‘as is
related to be in the Sea of Norway, whichis commonly call’d
_ the Maal- firoom ?And whether there be any figns,that fpeak the
communication of thofé Gulphs by fubrerraneous pafiages; as
the Jefuie. Kercher affirms in his A¢undus Subterraneus T.1.p.144?

8. To what pat the Cold i in thofe Bae pierces the Earth
andWater?

9. Whether their Watclics go donee by the intenfe cold ?

10, Whether their Oyls in hard frofts are turn'd into true,

that is, hardand brittle,Ice 2 —

ar, Whether they cai’ freeze there a Reon e rire of Bay:

fales anda ftrong Decoétion of Sal Gemmie, or Soot ; ot a
ftron folation of Salt of Tartar, or of Sugar of Lead?

t2 Whether they can con geal meer Blood,all the ferious part
rious being fevered ; 2 item, Canary Wine; the Lixtviums of
Soap-boylets, and fuch as are prepared of other Salts 5 as alfo,
the Spirits extracted out of Salts, as Spirit of Vitriol, Netre, Bc.

‘¥3.Whether an intenfe and lafting froft makes any alteration
in Quick: filver, ‘expofed very {hallow ina flat Veffel ?

14. Whether the. Purgative virtue of Catharticks be increaf-

édor leffened, or even totally deRfoyed bya ftrong and con-
’ tinued Cold ° ia™ oe curs. Wie

(346) i

changing or ventilating
the caufe of the. death of Fifhes ?

Heart ; and in the greater Veflels ?

ee Ai ee whts oS ne !
befe were the Queries recommended about aT welve-month

ago. Monfieur Aweliusin alate Letter of his; accompanied
with feveral papers from others,returns this Accompt. .

“H2 Inquiries. you propofed to me, did.impart tofeveral of

my Learned friends; but hitherto I-have attained an An{-

wer. but to few particulars, Among the reft,you'l finda Letter |

of the Jearned Fohann, Schefferus,Profeffor in the Smedi/b Uni-
verfity. at Up/al, wherein he difcourfes hand{omly of jeveral
things, being ready to entertain a Literary commerce with you

about fuch matters, Touching 4mer,tam almoftofthe fame
mind with him,thatitis a kind of Foffil pitch or Bitumen, leeing

inis not only foundonthe fhore of theBoruffian fea,but alfo dig:

ged up in fubterraneous places,fomeGerman miles diftant from,
ea. the 2

(

a Spee

eee ee aes : . PRON
ee ee ee ee

(G47)
~ the fea, & thatnot only in fandy,but alfo in other Hills of firmet
Earth 5 of which I have feen my felf pretty big pieces.Concern-
ing Swallows, \ have frequently heard Fifher-men affirm, that
_ they have here often fith'd them out of the Lakes, in the winter;
but I never have feenit my felf. Whilft I am writing this, I re:
ceive Letters outof Denmark , advertifing me, that thofe two
Learned Men, Thomas and Era/mus Bartholin,do intend fhortly
to anfwer the fame Queries. Next Winter;if God vouchfafe me
life and health,I purpofe to make a Journy to Konigs-berg,where
F hope to learn many things, efpecially about Amber.
| Thus far in anfrer tothofe Inquiries for-the prefent,
- ‘To this he fubjoyns other things, no lefs fic to be communica-
ted tothe Curious, in thefe words; OR ws,
~ The Books ycu have fent me over fea, L have not yet receiv'd:
I wifh,they were all tranflated into Latin; for Ihave not Englifo
enough, to underftand all particulars perfectly.For the reft,you
have obliged me, by communicating the Obfervations of the
’ laft Eelepfe of the Sun,as well thofe made in England, as thofe of
Parisand Madrid, ‘That 1 may requite you iniome meaf{ure, I
fend you my Obfervations bothof that, andthe Agoons laft E-
clipfe. Ta the Sun's Eelip/e, this is chiefly obfervable , That the
Semidiameter of the Moon from the very beginning , to about 5.
or 6. digets of the increafing Phafés was much lefs than the Ru-
_ dolphin Accountimports. For it was then almoft equalto the Se.
_ midiameter of the Sun: but,after the greateft Ob{curation, when
_ Tagain contemplated the Azoons Semidiameter,1 found it 8” or 9”
bigger than that of the San; fo that the /femzdiameter of the
Moon wes not alwayes,during this Eclipfe,conftant toitfelf. It
will therefore be worth while,to be hereafter more diligent and
- Curious in this particular,and accurately toobferve in the Phajs
of each Dig7t the Proportion of the Semidiameters of both Lumis
_naries ; to the end, that fr/? ic may be made manifelt, Whether
-inall the Eclipfes of the Sus,or in fome only, that variation hap-
peus:nex#, that the Caufes of fuch a Phenomenon may be diligent-
ly inquired into. Of this Variation, the Excellent Z/mael Bullzal-
dus hath alfo.obferved fomething at Paris. Forhe has written
~ tome, That inthe fame Eclipfe the Semidzam. of the Sunto the
~ Semid, of the Afoon was, as 16’.9". to 16'.22" s but that in another
ce Z 2 3 Phafis

"ward,

Gat)

Phafis of 6 digits,the Semidiameters appear'd equal,) Thefe my
obfervations, if youthink,them worthy, youmay, Communicate —
to other Mathematicians/Thelaft year 166 5. Fuly 27.( fm.) the
‘Tables did alfo indicate:an Eclipfe of the Agon: but though the
Sky here was very cleer, yet the Moon was notat all obfcured
by the true /badow, but entred only alittle into the Penumbra,
wherein it continued 50%. ‘The beginning of its touching the
Penumbra did thes almoft happen,when4quila was elevated 36°
18's which is an Example worthy tobe noted. J have many. Ob-
_fervations of the Ectp/es of former years by me, whichI could
not yet make publick,by reafon of the multitude of mybufinefs,
which doalmoft over-whelmme. TheEclipfe¢of the Moonc£
this Year 1666. Fune 16. ( ff. n.) was obferved from 2 Hill neer |
my Garden,totheend that we might fee both together the Suns
-fetiing,and the Moon rzfing. But I was difappointed of my hopes:
For very thick Exhalations, befieging the Horizon, where the —
~ Moon was to rife,unto 2°.30', hindred me from feeing the Azoon
rifeyin the Article of the fetténg of the Sun. Whereforethe firft
Phafis of 1.dig.45‘ did not appear butin the Asouns Altitude of —

2°. 30's when the greateft Obfcuration was already paft. - The
end fell out hor. 9. 27'. about 128°, from the Zemth Weft.

“al nt agente,

lam-very glad to underftand, - that you have fo good Tele .
feopes , asto make {uch confiderable Obfervations in Fupster
and Afars ,. as you have lately done in England, 1 have no
leafure now, by.reafon of the Obfervations of the Fixt Stars,
which I now afmoft conftantly am employed about;todoany ~
thing in the advancing of Telefcopes. 1 am obliged to finifh the
‘Catalogue of the Fixt Stars;. having mean while the content-—_
ment to find, that many. excellent perfons labour about the
Improvement of Opteck Glaffes... If I could geta good one of |
thofe of 60, foot you. mention, at .a reafonable rate, you —
would oblige mein fending me ones perhaps I may be fo hap-
py, asto make likewife fome good difcovery or other, by the
help thereof. ‘In the mean time let me know, I pray, the
Dimenfions of thofe Glaffes, and how they are to be managed:
‘the ingenious Burattiné has not yet finitht his Te/e/cepe 5 as foon

as

: 1, °
ee ee ee ay = : . a

4 iit . bad , aq?
a aoe ea a ee

Pr ty
ec

Gis) |

as he hath, I fhall acquaint you with * 4 Letter written {ince
it. “BeforeI conclude, Imuft give from Paris, advertifes that fome
notice to the Lovers of Afronomy , ora so ee oe boverea
that onthe 24, of September ( ft...) Sr. Burattini, and do efteceme
of this year,[ have obferv'd that Nem ‘to be good. without menti-
nigg™ ea ; = oning the Dimenfion of it: which
Star in Peétore Cygni (which from. yet is look’d for by the next.
the year 1662. untilthis time hath: | _— ;
beea almoft altogether hid) not only with my naked Eye,
like a Scar of the fixth or feventh Magnitude , butalfo witha |
very great Sextant. It is ftillin the very fame place of the Hea-
‘vens, where it was formerly from 4.1661. toalmoft 1662.
. For, its Diftance from Scheaz Pegaff hath been by me found 35°. ©
gt. 20", and from Afarcab, 43°. 10'. 50°s which Diftances ( as
Thave found in my Journal ) are altogether equal to thofe,which
- Tobferv'd 4.1558. the r-of November. For the Diftance from —
Scheat at that time was 35%51.20'. and from Afarcab 43°. 10".
25": Where that former from Scheat exa@ly an{wers to the:
recent; andthat from Agareab, ‘tis truc, differsina very few.
_ Seconds, but that difparity is of no moment, fince it only pro-)
ceeded fromthence,that this New Star is not yet fo diftinctly to
_ be feen, as at that times when it was of the therd Magnitude, It
is therefore certain, that ic is the felf fame Star, which Kepler did
firft fee 4, 1601, and continued unt ll_4.1662, But whether in
time it will grow bigger and bigger, or be loft again, time will:
fhew. He that will obferve th’s Scar, muft take care, left he mi-
ftake thofe three more Southern ones , of the Sixth magnitude ,-
and now in a manner fomewhat brighter (though not extant on
the G/obe) than the new Star in Colle Cygni. ~The higheftof thofe —
three, is diftant from Scheat Pegaft 35°, 25'..45" 5 the middlemoft
fromthe fame, 97°. 25’. 20", and the loweft, 38°. 4’. 30", Fare-
wel, and affure the Moft Hiluftrious Royal Society of my humbleft:
Gebiyieest) ri tea ne id ey OR
So far Monfieur Huelius whofe acurate Calcul. of the So/ar E-:
elipfes Duration, Quantity, @¢. is intended tobe fully repre-
fented the next Month, fince it could not be conveniently done:
this time, The annexed Papers follow. »
One is from Monfieur Job. Schefferus, to this purpofe.
q. Thatheis confident ; the Royal Seczety of England willdo.
much good for the advancement of ufeful Knowledge. 3.

:
:

:

| ee a Pe

2. That he conceives Amber to be a kind of Foffil Pitch ;
whofe ‘Veins lie at the bottom of the Sea ; believing that it is
hardned intract of time , and by the motion of the Sea caft on
fhore:: Headds, that hitherto it hath been believed, not tobe
found but in Boruffia ; but he affures, that itis alfo found in ‘sue-
den, on the fhores of the Ifle of Biorkés,in the Lake Melero,whofe

water is fweet. Of this, he-fazeh, he hath a fine piece by him ,
two inches large and thick, prefented him by one that himfelf
with his own hands had gathered it and feveral other pieces ,on
the fhore of the faid Ifland ; affirming withall from the mouth
of a Shepheard of that place, that it is thrown outbya ftrong
Wind, bearingupon the fhore. aS Ee ee ce

3. That itis moft certain, that Srral/ows fink themfelves to-
wards Autumne into Lakes, no otherwife than Frogs 5 and that
many have affured him of it,who had feenthem drawn outwith
a a together with Fifhes, and put tothe fire, andtherebyre-
vived, — ) af pais (Jee.

4. That 'tisalfo very true, that many Animals there grow
white in Winter,and recover their own Colour inSummer.That
himfelf hath feen and had bares , which about the beginning of
Winter & Spring were half white,and halfof their native colour:
that in the midft of Winter he never faw any but all white. That _

(Fores alfo are white in Winter ; and Squirrels grayifh , mixt of
darkand whitecolour, SS ee oe
_ §e That’tis known there generally, that Fe/bes are killed, by

“reafon of the {ce not being broken: but fr/, in ponds only or
narrow Lakes ; next,in {uch Lakes onely,where the Ice is pretty
thick ; for, where ‘tis thin, they dye not fo eafily. Laflly, that
thofe Fifhes that lye in flimy’cr clayie ground, dye not fofoon |
as others. But, he adds, thatevenin great Lakes, when 'tisavee
ry bitter Froft, Ice is wontto be broken, either by the force _
of the Waves, or of the imprifoned Vapors, raifed bythe agita-
tion of the Water, and then burfting out withan impetuofity;
witnefs the noife made by the rupture of the Ice through the ©
whole length of foch Lakes,which be aftrmsto be not lefsterri-
ble than if many Guns went off together. Whereby it fallsout, ~

» » that Fifhes are feldome found dead ingreat Lakes,
6. That neither Oyle, nor a fttong Brine of Bay-falt, 1s truly _
7 Conse

: (351) .
_ eongealed into Ice, in thofe parts , w/z. at Up/all in Sue den:
7. That the Froft pierces into the earth, two Cubits or
Swedifo ells; and what moifture is found in it,is white, like Ice
that waters,if {tanding, freeze toa greater depth, even to three; -
fuch ells or more 3 but thofe that have a Current, lefs: That ra-.
_pid Rivers freeze not at all;nor ever-bubling Springs;and that
thefe latter feem even to be warmer in Winter, than Summer.
| So far this Obfervers who likewife offers his Services in giving
an anfwer to the remaining Qverzes,and in entertaining acoms.
merce in fuch other Phzle/ephzcal matters,as he is converfant in.
Another Paper written by Monfieur Fehre, chief Secretary:to ~
Prince Retzze7/,contains thefe particulars ; ery <
1. That the Colledge of the Learned in Boru/fia finds itnot.
fo eafie to refolve all thofe Queriesfent from England to M,Huez
ius : bat yet that they will try. what may be done upon it.
2. That as for himfelf,he can affure from his own experience:
concerning the effects of Cold; Fr/f,that in the War againft the
| Mufcovites and Coffacks, A, 1655. in January, in White Ruffia, at
the fiege of Brchow, 30. Leagues from Smolensko, and: three:
from AZorhi/e,neer the River Boristhenes,when they hadQuarter-
in-a Village call’d 7skaw, they were feized on with fucha Froft,.
thatall their Provifions of Spani/bW ines or Peter/imen, and Beer,,
were in one Night frozen upon the Sleds, notwithftand-
ing they-were covered with ftraw; in fo much, that when next
~ morning they would have drawn of thofe Liquors, they.found.
alldry , and were conftraind tocarry them intoa ftove, to
thaw them ; which they could not do in two whole days, and:
were obliged to break: the Veflells,.and put, pieces of the Icy.
Wine into Kettles to thaw them over the Fire,for:Drink. That.
they asked not fora draught , but a Adorfel of Wine orBeer..
Thattheir Horfes had no better cheer than themfelves, as to
" matter of Drink ; the Pool of the Village being fo thoroughly:
frozen, that there was but very little water: left between the
Ice'and the bottom of the Pool;whereby the poor Beafts were:
forced to drink with great reverence, kneeling-on their fore.
feet to thruft their, heads into the holes , made forthem in the:
Ice,and to fuck. thence fome drops of Water; and that,if they’
had not had Snow to eat, there would ‘have dyed a far.greater
3 | . ‘number:

~The Suctef of the. Experiment geil: fing ¢ the Blood

(352)

number of them, than there did, Moreover, that he obferved,
that the Hungarzan Wine,of which they had a Tun, refifted the
Cold better than the Peter Simens for it was not fo much fro-
zen; unlefs ic be, that the Butler had more care of that,than the
_-reft, by tranfporting it fooner into the Stove, when he found
the excefs of Cold, Again,that oneprefenting himin the March
with fome 4qua.vite,the Scrue of the Elagon put to his Mouth,
ftuck fo clofe to his Lips, that hecould not draw it off, without
drawing blood,

In atherd Paper,1 find thefe pa sticulars from the fameM. Kaleo,

1. Fhata confiderable perfon,one Dr. Becker,a great Lover
‘ef Curious Inquiries,has given him hopes to ententain: this Phi-
lofophical Commerce,»

2, That he hath feen men’ dyci in 1 Poland aul Falbuesin both of
Fleat and Cold. And firft, that A.1653. in July, being with this
_ prefent Kingof Poland in march from Leopelé to the Camp of
Glignant, it was fo furioufly hot that day of their march, that it

caufed fauch an alteration in that Regiment of Foot which was

the KingsGuard,marching moft of them bare-foot upon fands,
that more than an hundred of them fell down altogether difa.

bled, whereof a dozen dyed out-right,withour any other Sick- ©
nefs, . Secondly, as to the Cold,that the froft was fo bitter, sh

_3 Souldiers dyed of it,4:1665.the 2.0f fanwary,in pafling alon
Ditch : befides, that divers perfons loft fome of their Limb “is

of one Am-
‘malinto another, ~ 4
His Experiment, sheds look'd upon to be ik gteiofeubipindlibes

. ble difficulcy, hath been of late very fuccefsfully perform’d not Onely ; at
Oxford, by the direGions of that expert Anatomift Dr. Lower, butalfo in _
London, by order of the R. Society, at their publick meeting-inGreBam=_
Colledge : the Defeription of the particulars whereof, and Lilt Attia. of e

Sle is nia to the next Opportunity. |
Ervritato be corrected i in iether ee yaad

Ay | — % i fice a Y

; Pages IT. Brae 18. read marked. p. 312-1, 35+3. Sit 16 1. » POR Aner al j

13, T. Sines). 316-1 2hod that for if.

London, Printed by ¢. R for Jobn Maryn, Printer to 4

the pal Society,and are to be fold atthe Bell a 1
without Temple-Bar.

\ ®
Nea

Nuainb. 20.

PHILOSO PHICAL

SP RANS ACTIONS.

Na \ Munday December 17. 1666.

The Contents. | os

a eee a ae é see

‘The ‘Method. J objerved in Transfuling the seat out of one live
Animal intoanother: Aad bow this Experiment is like to be tm-
proved. Some Confiderations concerning the fame. An Accompt

~~ of fome Sanative Waters inerefordthire. A farther Accompt
_. of the Vitriolate Water mention'd Numb. 18. together with
~ fome other particulars touching Waters, Inquirtes for Tur-
ky. .4n Obfervation about Opteck Glaffes made of Rock-Cry-

_ ftal, communicated from Italy. A Refation of the Vje of the
Grain of Kermes for Coloration, from France, An Accompt

of fome Bovks lately publifot, vid. te PINAX Rerum Naturalium

_ BRITANNICARUM, continens VEGETA BILIA,ANIMA-

LIA & Fofilia ANGLIA, inchoatus ; Auth. Chriftophoro
| Merret, 4. D, 2. RLACITA PHYLOSOPHICA Guarini.
lethe GUSTUS ORGANUM Laareaeam Bellini eeDrehee:

i eaaee 4 AAS esi

~The M ee Beuerars in. Transfifr ing tbe
| ~ Blond out Nc one Animal into another.

| ap i ‘Method was promifed in the lat of thefe Papers, It
was firft pradtifed by De, Lower in Oxford, and by him
Communicated to the Honourable Robert Boy, who imparted
itto the Royal Society, as follows s
Firkt, ‘Take up the Carofzdal Artery of the Dog or other
Anueaal, whofe Bloud is to be transfufed into another of;.the
if : “Aaa ~ fame

ton) G54)

Jame or a different kind, and feparate it from the Nerve of the
- Eighth patr, and lay it bare above an inch. 1} hen makea ftrong
Ligature on the upper partof the Arterie, not to be untied a-
- gain: but aninch below, vide/. towards the Heart, make ano-
ther Ligature of aruaning knot, which may be loofen’d or faft-
ned as there fhallbe occafion. Having made thefe two knots,
draw two threds under the. Artery between the two Ligatures ;
and then open the Artery, and putin a Quil,and tie the Artery
upon the Quill very faft by thofe two threds,and ftop the Quill
with a ftick. After this, make bare the Fugular Vein in the o-
ther Dog about an inch and a half long; and at each end make a.
Ligatureé with arunning knot,and inthe fpace betwixt the two .
running knots drawn under the Vein two threds, as in the o-
ther: then make an Incifionin the Vein, and put into it two -
Quills, one into the de/cendent part of the Vein, to receive the.
bloud from the other Dog and carry itto the Heart s'and the
other Quill put into the other part of the Fugaz/ar Vein, which -
comes from the Head (out-of which, the fecond Dogs own -
bloud muft run into D:fhes.) Thefe two Quills being put in and
hi faft, top them with a ftick, till there be occafion to open
them. | eT 1y 04 3 BAR ANS -

All things being thus prepar’d, the Dogs on their fides to--
wards one another fo conveniently, that the Quill may go into:
each other, (for the Dogs necks cannot be brought fo near,but
that-you muft put two or three feveral Quills more into the firkt.
two, toconvey the bleud from onetoanother.) After that
unfop the Quill that goes down into the fir Dogs Fugalar. -

Vein, and the other Quill coming out of the other Dog's Atte @

ry; and by the help of. two or three other Quills, put into €a
other,according as there fhall be occafion,infert them into one
another, Then flip the running knots, and immediatly the.
bloud runs through the Quills, as through an Artery, very im-.-
petuofly. And immediately, as the bloud runs into the Dog,.
unftop the orker Quill, coming Out of the upper part of his fuga.
lar Vein(a Ligavure being firft made about his Neck,or elfe his.
other Jugalar Vein being comprefs'd by ones Finger; )and let -
his own bloud run out at the fame time into Dithes (yet not,
conftantly, but according as you perceive him able to bearit r
i : tilt.

Ss : —— . ome
SO pee pe a tea, oP. MS gr ae eee an

eee Be eee
an — wa >

‘till the other Dog begin to cry, and faint, and fall into Con-
yulfions, and at laft dye by his fide. -

‘Then take out both the Quills out of the Dogs Jugular
Vein, and tye the running knot faft, and cut the Vein afun-
der, (which you may doe without any harm to the Dog, one
Fugular Vein being fufficient to convey all the bloud from
the Head and upper parts, by reafon of a large Anatomo/is,
_ whereby both the fugular Veinsmeet about the Larinx. )
This done, fow wp the skin and dif-mifs him, and the Bog will .
leap fromthe Table and fhake himfelf and run away, as if no-
thing ailedhim, * i wih has
And this I have tryed feveral times, before feveral in the
. Oniverfities, but never yet upon more than one Dog at a time,

- for want of leifure, and convenient fupplyes of feveral Dogs

atonce. But when [ return, I doubt not but to give you a

fuller account, not only by bleeding feveral Dogs into one,

but feveral other creatures into one another, as you did pro- —

pofe tome, before you left Oxford; which will be very eafie
to perform; and will afford many pleafant and perhaps not
-umafeful Experiments. a ae f -
But becaufe there are many Circumftances neceffary to be
obferv’d in the performing of this Experiment, and that you
may betteredirect any oneto doe it, without any danger of
_ killing the other Dog, that is to receive the others bloud, I
willmentiontwoorthree |
. Firff, that you faften the Dogs at fuch a convenient di-
_ ftance, that the Vein nor Artery benot ftretched ; for then, —
_ being’ contracted, they will not admit or convey fo much
todo rin s 3 o3 ’ Y 3 :
oh 2 that you conftantly obferve the Pulfe beyond the
Quillyinsthe Dogs Fugular Vein (whieh itacquires from the
impulfe of the “rierzous bloud:), For if that fails, then ’tis.a
fign the Quail is ftapt by: fome congealed bloud, fo that you
mutt draw out the 4rterzal Quill from theother, and witha
Probe open the paffage again inboth of them, thatthe blond .
may have itsifree courfeagain, For, this muft be expected,
when the Dog, that bleeds into the others hath loft much
bloud, his heart will béat very faintly, and then the impulfe
aoe Coe Aaa 2 of

- | G58).

of bloud being weaker, it will be apt to congeal the fooner,’
fo that at the latter end of the work you muft draw out the
~Qaill ofter,.and clear the paflage; if the Dog be faint-hearted,

‘as many are’, though fome ftout fierce Dogs will bleéd —

‘freely and uninterruptedly,, till they are convuls'd and dye.
But to prevent this trouble, and make. the experiment certain,
you muft.bleed a great Dog into a little one; or a Ma/ftive in.
to a Curr, as I once try d,and thelittle Dog bled out at leaft

double the quantity of his ows bloud, and left the Azafive

dead upon the Table, and after he wasuntyed, he ran away
and fhak'd himfelf, asif he had been only thrown into water.
_ Or elfe you may get three or four feveral’Dogs prepared in
the fame manner, and when one begins to failand leave off
bleeding, adminifter another, and I am confident one Dog
will receive all their bloud, ( and perhaps more) as. long as
it runs freely, till they are left almoft dead by turns: provided
that youlet out the bloud proportionably, as youlet it goe

into the Dog, that is to live. ag tcl Si

Thirdly, 1 fuppofe the Dog that is to bleed out into difhes
will endure itthe better, if the Dogs that are to be admini:
ftred to fupply his bloud, be of near an equal.age,and fed
alike the day before, that both their blouds may be of a neer

{trength and temper,

There are many things I have obferved upon bleeding Dogs |
to death, which I have feen fince your departure from Oxford,
whereof I fhall give you a relation hereafter; in the mean—

time fince you were pleafed to mention itto the Rayal Society,
with ‘a promife to give them an account of this experiment,

I could not but take the firft opportunity to clearyou from

that obligation, &c. 3 ate ; pr Eaigiae.
So far this Letter ; the prefcriptions whereof having been

carefully obferv’d by thofe who wece imployed to make the.
Experiment, have hitherto been attended with good fuccefs;
and that not only upon Animals of the fame Speczes (as two
Dogs firft, and then two Sheep ) but alfoupcnfome ofvery.
differing Species (asa Sheep anda Dog, the former Emitting,

the other Receeving.) 1 Cath [ eae
Note only, that inftead of a Quill, a {mall crooked thin

Pipe |

Y STL)

G57

Pipe of-Silver or Brafs, fo flender that the oneend may enter

er

into a Quill, and having at the, other end, that. is to enter
into the Vein and Arterie, a {mall knob, for the better faften-
ing them to it with a thread, will be much fitter than a ftrait

Pipe or Quill, for this Operation ; for fo they are much more

eafie to. be managed. _

ark % 5k

;’Tis intended, that thefe tryals fall be profecuted ‘to the

utmoft variety the fubject will bear: As by exchanging the
bloud of Oldand. Young, Sick and Healthy, Hor and Cold,
Fierce and Fearful, Lame and Wild Animals, &c. and, that
not only of the fame, but alfo of differing kinds. For which

end, and to improve this noble Experiment, either for know.

-Tedge,or ufe,or both,fome Ingenious meh have already propo-

~

fed confiderable tryals and Inquiries ; of which perhaps an ac-

count will be given hereafter, For the prefent we fhall only
fubjoyn fome \ : : :

Confederations about this kind of Experiments.

1, It may be confider’din them, that the blond of the Emit.
rene Animal, may after a few minuts of time, by its circula-
tion, mix and, run outwith that of the Reczpeent. Wherefore

to be affured in thefe Tryals, that all the bloud of the Reezpz-

ent is run out, and none left in him but the adventitious

bloud of the Emitzent, two or three or more Animals (which

wasalfo hinted in the method above ) may be prepared and ad-
miniftred, tobleedthemalloutintoone, ©...
(a, It feems not irrational to guefs afore hand, that the ex-
change of bloud will not alter. the nature or difpofition of the »
Animals, upon which it fhall be practifed ; though it maybe
thought worth while for fatisfaction and certainty, to deter-

mine that pointby Experiments, The cafe of exchanging the

bloud ‘of Animals feems not like that of Graffizg, where the
Cyons turns the Sap of the § tock, grafted upon, into its nature ¢
the Fibres of the Cyons fo ftraining the juice, which paffes
from the ftem.to it, as ‘thereby to change it into that of the
Cyons, whereas in this transfufion there feems tobeno fuch

Hie? eat Pers

wR.

ge MS 3a eee
‘Percolation of the bloud of Animals, whet eby that of the one
Should be changed into the nature of the other, °° =
_ 3- The moft probable ufe of this Experiment may be con-
Jectured to be that one, Animal may live with the bloud of
another ; and confequently, that thofe Animals, that want
bloud, or have corrupt bloud, may be fupplyed from other
_with a fufficient quantity, and of fuch as is good, provided the
Transfufion be often repeated, by reafon of the quick expence
thatismade of the bloud, = * ites dibs |

Note. wad S +3 . ee :

_ Inthe laft Tranfattions was alfopromifedan Accompe by the next, of Mon-
fienr Hevelius his accurate Galcul. of the late Solar Eclipfes, Duration, DQuans

ity, Gee But this being tobe accompanyed With a Scheme, the Graving where-
of mét with a difappointment, it muft be ftill referred to another Opportwnsty,

An. Accompt of fome Sanative-waters in —

4 celeb ‘Herefordfhire. | gaan

~ "This account-was communicated by Dr. B. iti thefe words. :
-'° "Phere. are two Springs in Hereford/bire, whereof'one is
‘within a Bolt, or at leaft Bow-fhoot of the top of the near'ad-
joyning loftie Hill of Ada/vera, and at great diftance from the
~ Footof ‘the Hill; and’hath had a long and old fame for heal- _
_ _ ing of eyes? Whetrl was for fome years molefted with Tetters
on the back of one and fometimes of both my Hands, notwith- -
ftanding allendeavors of my very friendly and’ skilful Phy-
fitians Thad fpeedy healing from a neighbouring Spring of
far lefs fame. Yet this Spring healed very old and Ulcerous |
fores oti’ the Legs of a poor Fellow, which had’ been poy- —
_. fon’d by Trons in the Gaol, after other Chirurgery had been
hopelefs,” And by many tryals upon my hands,‘and the Tet-.
ters; [was perfwaded, that in long droughts, andlafting' dry
Frofts, thofe waters were more effectually and more fpeedily —
healing, than at other*times, “And not to omit this circum:
ftance, I did hold this water in my mouth, cifPit’ was. warm, -
and- perchance fomewhat intermingled with’ fafting pitt
; | an

a

an a pee hg rl ” ; —: :
eit a . - ~ 7 spied 5 = ¢. % : * ‘

—— > So = EF .* Ae we bt ow. Nata tte < é > 4 Pre A a OP ra es " “Pa z

(359)

and; fo. dropping it, upon the Tetter, I there could fee it imme--
diately gather a very thin skin upon the raw flefh, not unlike
_ that which isfeen to gather upon Milk over a gentle fire. This
- skin would have {mall holes init, through which a moifture did |
iffue in {mall drops, which being wipd away, and the water
continued to be dropp’d warm out of the mou:h, the holes.
would diminifh, and at taft be all quite healed up.

For the Eye-waters, 1 conceived them more ftrongly terfive,
and clearing the Eyes; and they had arough fmartnefs, as if:
they carryed Sand or Gravel into the Eye.

I have known and try'd three or four healing Fountains -
of fate difcovery, or of no old fame that I could:hear of. :
~ T did once put rich Afarle for fome days inva veffel. of water, .
to try whether'the water would acquire a healing vertue;
but my Experiments were interrupted. I had inmy thoughts -
many other ways of Tryal; which I may refume hereafter.

A farther Accompt of the Vitriolate-water,
mention d Num. 18 p. 323. Together with:

ee fome ober particulars touching waters...

- This comesfrom the fame hand asfollows; = s S
Iformerly mentioned to you,that,ifthat Pool of Mr.Phillzp's, -
which feems to be of Vitriolate-water, were on my ground, I
_ would drain it, and fearch the head of the Spring, purfuing the
- fource, till I could well difcern, through what lay of Earth or:
Gravel it does pafs. Now I fhall tell you, that I have taken |
order for the further tryal of the faid Water,by boiling.a grea-.-
_ ter quantity in a Furnace, &¢, But juft as we were in readinefs,.
for the tryal, a ftream of Rain-water fell into the Pool, and fo,
difcourag’d us for thé prefent, Ihave alfotaken:acourfeto —
beweiit Wee ik GES ty ts ieee Ae eee CL Lee FAS Pie Se Skah hae Wy ane We
turn the falling Waters afide, ‘and to‘drain’ the Pool, that we »
may fee, what the Native Springs'( whether one or more) may>
be. Of whichmorchereafter.. °° 9-5 Ws
» I with fo be goeson ) wehad a full Accompt of our. Sa/t-
Spring’ at Droyermych near Worceffer, and at Nant:wychin Chee -
JSbire (what other Salt-Springs we-have in England, ny reiiecatat
MS kok ius ; ti:

—

360)

“Tt thould be inquired, at what diftance they’ aré from the Seas.

“or ftom Salt-fluxes. from Hills, and how deep in the Vales: ?
Whar the weight? Whether in droughts or long Frofts the pro-

portion of Salt or weightincreafeth> Whether the Barth near

the Springs, or in their paffage hath any peculiar ferment, or.
Phere ablackithnefs, if itrefts, after itis well drained,

I nquiries for Turky.

Though many Relations and Defcriptions. of. Turky be extant
in Print,yer they leave in many a defire of a fuller information
in the following particulars, lately drawn.up, for the moft part
_ by Mr. H. dnd recommended to an Ingenious. Gentleman,

bound. for that Country; and defired allo-to be taken notice
of by others, that Sai re occafionto vifit the fame. .

» In what part of Turky. the *Rulma

Rufma is A kind a Earth,’
were Tarky to take away, is to be founds and in what quantity : P

eich | ‘Whether the Turks. employ. it.to. ahy
other Ufes, befides chat of the taking away of Hair ? Whetne
here bediffering kinds of it 2 How itis ufed to take of hair,
and howto. get ftore of it, ) 5. :
a. Whether the Turks do not only take Opium thelbfelves
for ftrength and: courage, but alfo give it to their Horfes, Ca-
mels and Dromedaries, for the fame purpofe, when they find
them tired and faint in their. travelling : ? What is the greateft
Dofe, any men are known to have taken of Opens apd how

prepared : fic

gy What cfeais. are. Seti front bee ule, We only. of -

Opium (already mention ‘dy but alfo of Coffee, Bathing, fhaving
their Heads, ufing Rices and why they gts tet rt wl hans
ouinicle water ‘d, bet pre Hot ae.

jp eee

7 Whether ae be fo skilful ‘in. — as. hi and a |

howshor: Pdyfons.are curable)... gatiqe-t!ke isdiqdadws
Ryne teen 8. How:

ern bt) ©
8, How the Armenians keep Meat frefh and {weet fo long,as
*tisfaid theydo?> gerne |
-g. What Arts or Trades they have worth Learning?
‘to. Whether there be fucha Tree about Damaj/cus, call’d
Mouflac, which every year about the Month of December is cut
down clofe by the root, and within four or five Months time
fhoots.up again apace,bringing forth Leaves, Flowers,and Fruit
alfo, and bearing but one Apple (an excellent Fruit) at once
at. Whether about Reame in the Southern part of Arabra
Felix, there be Grapes withour any grains? And whether the
people in that Country live, many of them, toa hundred and
twenty years, in good health 2 oe ae |
~ 12. Whether in Candia there be be no poyfonous Creatures ;
ae wie thofe Serpents, that are there, are without poy-
fon: Cg teen |
13. Whether all Fruits, Herbs, Earth, Fountains, are natu-
rally faltifh in the Ble of Cyprus 2 And whether thofe parts of
this Ifle, which abound in Cypras-trees, are more or lefs health-
ful,than others? is |
14. What ftore of Amianthus there is in Cyprus s and how
- they work it ? Be he ee
1s. Whether Afammies be found in the fands of Araba, that
are the dryed flefh of men buried in thofe fandy Deferts in tra-
velling ? And how they differ in their vertue from the Embal-
_ med ones 7 ies : |
16. Whether the parts about the City of Conffantenople or
Afia Minor, be as fubje& to Earth-quakes now, as they have
been formerly ?And whether the Eaftern Winds do not Plague
the faid-City with Mifts, andcaufe that. inconftancy of Wea-
ther, it is faid to be fubjeét to > © |
7. Whether the Earch-quakes in Zant and Cephalonia be fo
frequent, as now and then to happen nine or ten times a
Month? And whether thefe Ifles be not very Cavernous ?
18, What isthe height of Mount Cauca/us, its pofition, tem-
per in its feveral parts, @c. rer eae
r9, With what declivity the Water runs out of the Exxine-
_ Sea into the’ Propontss?, With what depth> And if the many
Tides and Eddies, fo famous by thename of the Eurzpi, have -
any certain Period > — Bbb eeOONE

A

ane “Eee:

(Ps When in the ne or me agile ane ie the j ine
frde.with as Bed) Plaifter, as the Ancients did iS ane how theirs
‘is made ? |

23. To inquire after thefe ieee Works of ‘Aatiaglicy, af
tach that Country is full, and which by the ignorant are not
the ught worth notice or prefervation § ¢ And particularly, what
is teb giefs and ftrudture of the Aquadudts, made imfeveral
place: about, Conflantinople: by Seiypenthe Magnificent : r: So. as

An Obfervation of. Optick iy made of
~ Rock- Snipa | i

This is contamed: in aLetien of Ruftachio, Dieiniy puared in.
Italian at Rome, asthe 39, fournal des Scavans extractsit ; wide
Though it be commonly believed, that Rock. Chriftalis not fit
for Opuck-Glafles, becaufe there are many Veins init ; yet
Euftachto Divint. made one. of it, whieh be fret par an "BK
cellent one, though fall of Veins. * “Totsahar Esei Ade aca Tale

a

*Itmay.be qu eried: ‘whether thofe were true ey ee only Sipe Seridtoren ‘
and flight {cratches,

An Accompt of the Mat a the Grain. 0 f Kermes ]
for Coloration. ‘iud-v toni asdssadw. be As sel © :

This was OF crieated by the ikea Dr ee hey re.
ceived. it from one. Monfieur Verny, a French Apothecary at: =
Montpelier 5: who having. deferibed, the. Grain of Keres, | tobe ae
ap excrefcence Browns Pa the MPR and, ghee a the j

| caves. :

f iii

353)

leaves of a Shrub, plentifull in Lenguedock, and gather'd in the

_end of May, and the beginning of Fune, fullof a red Juyce :

>

fubjoyns two Ufes, which that Grain hath, the one for Azeat-

_¢ine, the other for Dyzxg of Wool, Waving the firft, notice fhall

only betaken here: of the /atter, vid. That, for Dying, they

take the Grain of Kermes; when tipe, and {pread it upon Lin-

nen: And at firft, whilf ic abounds moft in moifture, ‘tis turn’d
twice or thrice a day, to prevent its Heating. And when there -

appears red powder amonett it, they feparate it, paffing it
through a Searcezand then again fpread abroad the Grain upon
Linnen, untill there be perceived the fame rednefs of the pow-
der; and at theend, this red powder appears edout and onthe
furface of the Grain, which is ftill to be pafs’d through a Searce,
cill ic render ho more. AN

And tn the beginning, when the fmall red Grains are feento

move (as they will do)they are {prinkled over with {trong Vi-
<negar, andrubb’d between ones hands: afterwards little balls

_ are form’d thereof, which are exposd to the Sun to dry,

remains clofe as to the Eye.

Tf this red powder fhould be let alone, without pouring Vi-
negar orfome other accid liquor upon it, out of every Grain
thereof would-be form’d a little Fly; which would skipand fly
up and down for a day or two, and at laft changing its colour,
fall down quite dead, deprived of all the bitternefs,the Grains,
whencethey are generated, had before. et |
_ The Grain being altogether emptyed of its pulp or red pow-
der, ‘tis wafh’d in Wine, and then'expos’d to. the Sun Being
well dryed, ’tis rubb'd in a Sack to render it bright ;and then —
*cis put up in {mall Sacks, putting in the midft, according to the

_ quantity, the Grain has afforded, 10.or12 pounds (for a

Quintal)of the duft, which is the red powder, that came out of
it. And accordingly, asthe Grain affords more or lefs of the
faid powder, Dyers buy more or lefs of it.

“Tis to be noted; That the firft red powder, which appears,
iffues out of the Hole of the Grain,that is on the fide,where the
Grain adhered to the Plant. And that, which abouc the end ap-
pears fticking on the Grain, hath been alive io the husk, having
pierced its covers though the hole, whence it commonly iffues,

Biba epee

G4)
“An Accom of fome Books lately publ fed.

‘J. PINAY Rerum Naturalium BRITANIARUM, siiiey’
VEGETABILIA, ANIMALIA & FOSSILIA. in ‘hos Infula’ reperr
ta,tnchoatus, Auth, Chriftophoro Merret, Med, ah & Yt fhor
Societatis Regie foctod cin

. The Learned and Inquifitive Katies of a: Book, hath by. |

his laudable éxample of elleCting together , what Natural
things are to befouiid here in England, of all. forts (which he
has done upon his-own expences) given an invitation to the
curious invall parts of; the world to: attempt the like, thereby
to, éftablifh the much defired ‘and highly sufefal Commerce
among Naturalifts, and to contribute ev ery where. to the com-
trite of agenuihe and full Heffory of Nature.

lathe Preface he intimates, that his ftock does. Rillencreafe
dayly ; and chat therefore the inoadts may expeCan Appendix.

to this.collection.

In the Body of the Book, he enumerates all the Species, Al.

phabetically - And, as to Vegetables; he reckons up about 4.10

_ forts;and.g'ves vheir Latine and Englifb Names, andthe Places —
and. Times of their growth : reducing them afterwards ‘to.cer--

tain Claffes, hitherto ufed by Botanick Writers in their Hiffo-
ries of Plants: Adding the Etymotogy of their Generick.
Names, and a’ compendious Regi/fer of the Time, when and how.
inte the Englifb Plants dofhoot and flourih. vf

As to Animals, he-finds of them about 340: kinds in 1 Bagland.
wince the fourfooted.aré: about so, Birds 170. and Fufbes.

120. Infeéts are innumerable, which yet he endeavours to enue _

inerate, and: to reduce: to: certain Gepies into. which he alfo.

brings tbe: three former kinds.
Concerning Foffils, he fir takes notice of the Metals ind

inv Englifo Mines; as Silver, “Tiny Copper, Irom, Lead, Antimony, !

and fome Gold extracted out of Tin. Next of the Stones, of
wh chhe finds about 70 forts;8& among ft them, Bri/fal- Diamonds,
Avates, Hyacinths, Emerods, Loadftones,; Toad-ftones,-( which.

latt yet he affirms to be nothing but the grinding. teethiof,the ——

Kith,

(355) :

‘Fith Lupus ) Pearls, Corals, Marble, Alablafter, Emery: To which

he adds the various kinds of Coals; as alfo Bitumens, Turf,
and Jets. And thirdly of the various kinds of Alam, a
Niter, Sea-(alt, Pit-falt. But fourthly of the various Earths, of
which he reckons up 15, peculiar forts ( befides thofe that

ferve for Aasbandry, which are not eafily numbred ; ) and.

- amongftthem, Read-lead, Black-lead and Fullers-earth,

He concludes all with mentioning the feveral Azeteors ap-
pearing in England ; andthe Hot Springs, and Medical Waters ;

‘as alfo, the Salin, Petrifying, and {ome more uvufual Springs:
Item 4 Subterranesus Trees, Subterraneous Bivers, Ebbings and

Flowings of Wellss Gc. | ,
H. PLACITA PAILOSOPAICA Guarin.The chief fubjeét:
of this Treatife is Natural Pdrlofopby ; upon many important.

~ queftions whereof itenlargeth, as thofe of. the Motion of the:

Coeleftial Bodies, of Light, of Meteors, and of the vital and
animal fandtions; leaving fometimes the common opinions,
and delighting in the defence of Paradoxes. |

_-E, G. That the material fubftantial Form, is nothing bat:

“mera potentia, and fubfifts not by.itfelf> by which means the
‘Author judges, he can free-himfelf from many great difficulties:
touching Generation and Corruption, which do perplex.the other

Philofophers. |

He hoids &preycles to be impoffible, and Excentricks; not fuf-
ficient to explicate the motion.of the Stars; but that allthe
irregularities of this. motion may be falved by the means of:
certain: Spiral Lines’; largely. proving this Flypothefis; and pare
ticularly explicatingthe motionof each Planet. _

He denies the middle Region of the Air tobe cold; and’
believes that cold. is not neceflaryto condenfe the vapours.
into Water..

- He admits not that received: Axiome,-That the generation of
one Body ts the corruption 6f another; maintaining that: there
are Generations, to which. nocorruption ever preceded 5 and
that it may happen, thatone Animal without dying may.be
changed into another Animai,

He alledges feveral reafons‘to evince, that the Air breathed:
in,enters not only into the whole capacity. ofthe Cheft, but alfo
mto the lower belly. : He

; Be ie ae
~ “He is of opinion that the Air, which is commonly bélieved
‘to corrupt eafily, is incorruptible ; alledging among other
reafons, this. for one, that experience fhews, that if a Bottle be
exactly ftop'd, there is never any mixt Body form’d init;
‘wherefore, /asth be, the Air is not corrupted there. Bestel wy
He maintains, that “tis not the Magner that draws the Iron,
but rather the Iron that attraétsthe Magnet. To explain which
_ he affirms, that the Load-ftone fpreads abroad. out of ir felf
many corpufcles, which the fubftance of the Iron inabibes,and
that, as dry things attraé thofe that are moift, by the fame rea-

fon Iron draws the Loadftone.

He rejects the /pectes tntentionales, Vital and AnimalSpirits, :

and holds many other uncommon opinions, touching Light,
the ras, the Flux and Reflux of the Sea, Ge.

HI, GUSTUS ORGANUM per Laurentium Bellini noviffimé

deprehenfum. raters: chstl Jo esibod lgiigieg )

This Author propofing to himfelf to difcover both the prin-
‘cipal Organof the Taffe, and thenature of its. object, begins
with the latter, and examins firft, what is Taffe? He judges
that it iscaufed by nothing but Salts, which being varioufly fi-
‘gured, affects the tongue varioufly: alledging this for his
‘chief reafon, that the Salt whichis extracted by Chymzfts out

-of any mixt body whatever it be, carries away with it allits

tafte, and that the reft remains taftelefs. He adds that the
‘Teeth in grinding the Food, ferve much. to extract this Sale:
And he'notes bythe by, that the Teeth are fo neceflary for
‘preparing the aliment, that certain Animals .which feem. to
have none, have them in their ftomach ;~and that nature has
‘put atthe entry of the palat of thofe that are altogether defti-
tute of them, certain moveable inequalities, which are to them
inftead of Teeth. \ Si de, - SSE. on}
But then /econdly, concerning the Organ of Tafte, he efteems,
that ‘tis neither the Flefh, nor the Tongue, nor the Membrans,
nor the Nerves found there, northe Glanduls, called dmygda.
line 5 but thofe dttle eminences that are found upon the tongue
of all Animals. Yoobtain which, he oblerves, Sete et
r. That fromithe middle of the Tongue to the root, as alfo
towards the tip, there arefound innumerable /ictle Riflags cal-
ed

—-

-

3 (367)
led Papillares s but that from thetip of the Tongue unto the-
ftring there is obferved none atall. —

2. He hath experimented, that if you put Sal Armoniackup--
-on the places of the Tongue, where thofe Emznencies are not,
you fhall find no Tafte; but that you will find it prefently
affoon as you put any fuch Salt, where they are to be met with. .
Ergo, faith be,thole Eminencies are the principal Organ of Tafte. .

-3. He affures, that with a Aficro/cope, may be feen in thofe
Rifings many little holes, at the bottom whereof there are {mall
nerves, terminating there: But he dtreéts, toobferve this in.
live and healthy, not in dead or fick Animals,

Having laid down thefe Obfervations,he concludes,that the |
- manner, after which Tafte is perform’d, ts this, That the parti-
cles of Salt pafsing through thofe pores, which pierce the Pa-_
_ pillary. Eminences, and penetrating asfaras to the neryes, that
-meet themthere, do by the means of their fmall points prick;
them; which pricking is called the Tafe. os
In the mean time he acknowledges, that before him Signior
Malphigt, Profeflor at Afe/stna, had made fome of thefe difco-

-veries. 2
| The notice of thefe two laft Books we owe to the French :
Journal, ae ae eee

Corre in Number. 19.

Pape, 342. line, 33. read mixt Ores, in ftead of, mixt with Ores,

» ~

London, Printed for John Martin, Printer to the Royal.
Society, andare tobe fold at the Bell a little without:
es Temple-Bar. ides

Eclipris Solaris - GEDANI - 3 Be: )
§.n.ante m.obfervuta - N- 2
; ocr!) clipsus Lune obferuata
GEDANI

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(369) Numb.21.

PHILOSOPHICAL
» » TRANSACTIONS.

: — es

a Munday, fanuary21, 1666, i

+. Lhe Contents.

An Account, formerly promifed, of Monfiear Hevelins’s Calculation
of the late Solar Ecliple’s Quantity; Duration, ¢rc.. The Figure
of the Star in the Conftelation of Cygnus, together with the New
Star init, difcovered fome years aco, and very lately [een again by —

the fame Mr, Hevelius, 42 Extract of a Letter» written by-Mr.
Auzout, concerning away of bis, for taking the Diameters of the
Planets, and for knowing the Parallax of the Moon : Giving alfo

a Reafon, why in the Solar Eclipfe above-mentioned, the Diameter:

of the Moon did inereafe about the end, A Relation of the lof of

the Way to prepare the Bononian Stone for fhining, A Defcription
of a Swedith Stone,: affording Sulphur, Vitriol; Allum, aad Mis
nium, A Relation of the Raining of Afhes. An Extract of a Let.

ter from Rome, reétifying the Relation of Sane elg 7 iis

Fire, An Account of feveral Engagements for Obferving of Tydes,

_ Some Suggeftions for Remedies againft Cold, A-Relation of anun-
common Accident intwo Aged Perfons, - An Account of Two Books,
I, ISMAELIS BULLIAL DI adAftronomos-Monita
duo: Primum, de Stella Nova, in Golfo Cets ante aliquot annos

vila, Alterum, de Nebulofa Stella in Andvomede Cinguli parte
Borea, ante biennium-iterum orta. IE ENTRETIENS

fur les vies & fur -les Ouvrages des: plus: excellens Peintres,
antients & modernes, parM.FELIBIEN, .

i

Monfieur Hevelins’s Calculation of the late Solar

: ~ Eclipfe’s Quantity, Duration, cre,
ap His Calculus was not long fince communicated by Monfieur
ol Hevelivs ina Letter to the Pzdlifher, as follows, |
in Pe Aa eG ta a Eclipfis

Oe

(370)?
Eclipfis § olatis.-° ;

Obfervata An, 1666, D,2, Fulii, St, N, Mane, a Piehe Heutlio, Be)

Toa aftim Temp ex )Altituo, tempus.

gene free |e PPE | primadvertenda,
: are
H. H. ; H.

{FST EES. I, or7. 4515.53.12 Quin Steric eum cor
15.57. 5|5.57. 018.37]5.59.28]|conrens nomen Line ie

convenit, nonenifi Linea Me-

16, ©. 016. ©. 018,556, Rig oe oe

Initium circa 796@r:a punta

5. 59. 30 hak

7. sie pet biel 9) Te 4.30
17s 4.5017. 5&8) > 174, 6,50

rot, (Tah eRe et Ss: 38 role Aer oa
HOB E.. ca ATES OES. | NT AG. 59M,
? oy fPAE Fe SOMEB RRL 17HT DSO}.

\fargsga1 |) 17.23.35
\7.23.43)7.23%¢) 17,

7.29. 53 Hujofque Semidiameter Luna,
besa extiit Solari.

are 277 :52) 7.55.37
55 437 56 JL 57-45}

8. B'gol tae Bas" fiora 8.2". rig

Ordo

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Zenith occafym ver(us conti-

A obfainitio, extitit

| as eel SRS ~ gem

(371)

Ordo : Termp aftim| Temp. ex { Altitud. Heals | ues
Pha- itas . bocol. |Sciother- rrect. ~~) ee
st Bhat, ambulee. ( pe Animadvertenda,
Lee He, H. , O» eae
Pa UB er 2518, Fz 8, 13.25] HicSemidiameter Lunead
I s : | 4 St velg@ major apparuit.
.. 25175 fere, 8.1 7,308.18 .19.39,* see Numb. 19. of the Phiten
2617 fere. 8.1 9.411819 | Sar, au iieteaer oT 7 |
FD 8.29, 8\8 28 8.30, 8 ay
285 5 fere, [8 30148.30_ 1
294: — {836 25/8.36
3035 8 43 198.43
3132 8 46 1218.46 fere.

3213 ~—s_ (8.47.32|8.47

33/2 3 8.50.57)/8.50

34/2 2 fere, [8.54.15)8-54

3512 ©—(8.58.24)8.58

35\r 3 8.59.35|8.59. |

37: ~—s ig: 1.38)9. |
-38loL (9. 3.20196 3 9. 5.20

Altit. ° | PunGum Gnis difticit a vers
| 2 9. 3.53 ticaliad Ortum 143 §fe 1

39| Fins, 9. 6.53|9- 6

9.23. 6 4.7.33|9. 25.28
9.24.16 47.429 126.45
9,28,29 48,109 30.42
9.30.36 8,28 9,3 Sil

This Obfervation is by the fame A/Promomer, reprefented alfe

“by the Figures AAAAAA 5 as that.of the Horizontal Eclipfe

of the Moon, is, by the Figures BB,

gas

Cece 2 coc eee

Yao '}

~The Figure of the Stars in the Conftellation of Cygnus together —
ss ywith the New Stat indt, difcover'd. [ome. years fince, and-very-

Teel fian ly Meeelits again, 53k
S39 Ps ty L pity 9 wadys vi ic a 56 #. CaX Bh 2 y 4 | ny i

a7 Relation concerning this New Star inthe Breft of Cygnus,
=e very lately difcoverd again at Dantzick, by M, Hevelius,
was publifh’t Numb. 19, p.349. TheFi #e'of that Conftellation,,
with the New Star in it was thus, haftily drawn , fent over-by -—
CF ele wd OS bY es Oe oe

- that Oblerver, {. i

su, ©

? fi ~~

H ? ; *
: 2 A Renae, ~ z ee al) - ae ; “
f seat a! i
y : So Chula KO on Dw At ¢
~ a 2 te x :
4 3 . Ks an 7 &
if ; cee ° ‘ete &
: aia 5 at Ps z =

pes. gee o eae
W SO" OF > Inancone Ale Aufl
. In ancone Ber epe:” | 3. nae

AleBor. . eS. _* 3 WY A a *

. é 2 Sey *. a ae i ; : rd ‘ ‘ Pe. ; Be / Ming we

Meee] pa Oe e. SAL ea!
< s Novaante peliva.- >.

ie Cig Ri te an ~ {eS Fo ihe iS :

| Kee ee in Collor
‘ ee
Di Fey RS }
ee oS ia oS
ah ei A
% -~
— bi a a x

C373)

: : An Extract
Of a Letter written Decemb, 28, 1666, by M, Auzout to the
Pablifher , concerning away of his » for taking the Diameters
of the Planets , and for knowing the Parallax of the Moon;
as allo the Reafon, why inthe Solar Eclipfle above calculated,
the Diameter of the Moon did increafe about the end.

I did apply my felf the laft Summer to the taking of the Dia~
meters of the Sun, Moon, and the other Planets, by-a Method,
which one M, Picard and my felf have, efteem’d by Us the beft of
all thofe , that have been practis’d hitherto; fince we can take the
Diameters to Second Minutes, being able to divide one foot into
24000, or 30000. parts, {carce failing as much as in one only
part, fo as we can In a manner be affar’d , not to deceive our
felvesin 3, or 4, feconds, I {hall not now tell you my Obfervati-
ons,but I may very well affure you, that the Dzameter of the Sun
has not been muchlefs ia his Apogee, than 31,m, 37. or 40, fec,
and certainly not leffe than 31.m, 35, fec, and that at prefent in his
Perigee it paffes not 32, m. 45. fec, and may be leffe by a {econd or
two, That,whichis at the prefent troublefome,is, that the Vertical
Diameter, whichis themofteafie totake, isdiminifhe, even at:
Noon,by 8. org. fec, becaufe of the Refractions , which aremuch
greater in Winter than Summer at the fame heights and that the
Horizontal Diameter 1s dificult, becaufe of the {wift motion: of
the Heavens, |

As for the Afoon, Inmever yet found her Diameter lefs than:
29. im, 44, or 45. fec, and Ihave notfeenit pafs 33.m. or if it hath,.
it was only by a few feconds, But Lhavenot yet taken her inall che.
kinds of ficuations ot the Apogees and Perigees which happen,with
the Conjunctions and Quadratures, Idonot mention all,what can
be deduced from thence, but if you have Perfons at Lomdon, that
obferve thele Diameters , we may entertain our {elves more about
this Subject, another time. I fhallonly tell you,that I have found
a Way to know the Para#ax of the Moon, bythe means of her
Diameter: Vid. ifonaday, whentheis to beinher Apogee or Pe-
vigee, and inthe moft Borea/Signes , you take her Diameter to-

wards the Horizon, and thentowards the Sowth, with her d/titudes
| : above

| (374) ° . | te Has,
“above the Horizon, For, if the Obfervation of the Diameters be
~-exadts asin thefe Situations the Moon changes not confiderably
‘her Diftance from the Earth in-6, or 7, hours., the Difference of —
the Diameters will fhew the Proportion there is of her Diftance,
with the Semi-diameter of the Earth, -I do not enlarge , becaufe
that as foon as one hath this Idea, the reft is eafie, The fame
would yer be practis’d better inthe places, where the Moon pafses
through the Zenith, than here, for the greater the difference is
of the Heights , che greater is that of the Diameters. Ido noe
note (for iteafily appears) that, if ene were under the {ame Meri-
dian,or the fame Azimuth in two very-diftant places , and took ar
the fame time the Diameter of the Moon, one would-do the
fame thing, though this Method goes not toprecifenefs, —

‘From what has been faid , may be colle@ted the reafon of the
“Obfervation , which M. Hevelius made in the lalt Echipfe of the
Sun, touching-the increafe of che Moon’s Diameter about the —
end, Iam exceeeding glad, that a.perfon, who probably knew -
not the caufe of it, has made the Experiment: but itis ftrange,
‘that until-‘now-no Aftronomer has forefeen, that thatfhouldhap-
pen, nor givenany precepts forthe Change of the Moons Diame-
ter inthe Eclipfes of the Sun , according to the places, where they
_ fhould happen , and according to the Hour and Height, the

Moon fhould have, For, what hapned in that Eclipfe of Augmen--
tation, would have faln out contrarily, fit had beeninthe Even- —
ing; for, the Moon, which in that Eclpfe, that began in the. ”
_ Morning , washigher about the end than atthe beginning , was

nearer us, and confequently was to appear bigger: But if the

Eclipfe {hould happen in the Evening , ine would be lower atthe ~
end, and therefore more diftant from us, -and confequently ap-
pearlefler, So alfo in two different places, whereof one fhould
have the Eclipfe in the Morning. andthe other at Noon, the
Moon fhould appear bigger to him that hath it at Noon:
And the mutt likewife appear bigger 10 thofe , who fhall havea
lefler Elevation of the Pole under the fame Meridian, becanfe the —
Moon wall bamewer hems: at. to ee lee |
.. Iwifh, I could fatisfie you about the optzck Glaffes of Signior
Burattini in Poland, which he hath fent hither; but I havenot ©
yecfeen. their performances my felf, Ionly faw once the ser J

| i | “which -

y

Si

: ccs
which are perfectly well wrought and well polifht, Thofe, thae
have tried them , find them very good, but they are only, the one:
of 10, theother of 8, foot, Agood Aftronomer toldme, that-
they would bear agreat Apertwre inrefpect of their length, -
I donot well know, what tofay to yours concerning M, Heve-
Jius, Mean while, the intereft of truth, and the obliging manner,

he has treated. me with, engage me toanfwer him, inthe matter

of the Gomets : Tam perfwaded, I fhall convince him; but fince he
hath taken the 7luffrious Royal Society tor Judge , accept that:
witht alkeayhearcs> |") sa cian ME

Fe: ‘ - A Relation — 8

Of the lofs of the Way to prepare the Bononian Stone
ek eg 2 for fhining, i) one vi

’ Though feveral Perfons have pretended to: know the Art of »
preparing and calcining the Bouonian Stone, for keeping a while |
the Light -once imbibed; yet there hath been indeed but one,
who had thetrue fecret of performingit, This wasanEcclefiaftich, -
who is now dead , without having lefe ‘that skill of histo any one, |

‘as Letters from Italy and France , {ome whilefince, did inform,

There is no fubftance, in Nature, knowntous, that hath the effe@ -
of this Stone;. fo that (to the fhame of the prefent» Age) this .
Phenemenon is'not like to-be found — * q.3s hoped notwithflanding
any where 4 but-in Books » Except (which alfoadate Letter from:abroad

eS :. : : does hint ) that fome or other of the :
y oO : :

H fame or thelike skill : ise Se fecured this Secret. Jv 0”

A Delfcription..

- Salpeo! Of a Swedith Stone, which affords Sulphur, Vitriol, eee

Allum, avd Minium,

>. IPhis was communicated to the’ Ry Soczety by Sir Gilbert Pulboi-*
Knight, a Worthy Member of that Body , ‘as he had received it

in Denmark, being his Majefties Extraordinary Envoy there; .as -

follows, - hos he ee ee
“Here is a Stone in Sweden of a Yellow Colour, intermixed |
A with ftreaks of white (as if compofed of Gold and Silver)
and heavy withal, It is found in firm Rocks, and runs in Veins,
Ce | upon .:

i ok a) Kei
‘upon which they lay Wood , andfetiton fire. When the Stone -
~ isthus heated, they caft Water uponit, tomake ic rend, and
then digit up with Mattocks, This done, they break it into fmal-
ler pieces, and put it into Iron-pots, of the fhape reprefented by
FigureC , the mouth of theone going intotheother,-Thefethey
place , the ove intheOven upon anTron fork floping, fo thar,
the Stone being melted, itmay run into the other, whichftands
“at the mouth’ of the Oven , fupported upon an Iron, The’ firkt
running of the Stoneis Sulphur, aoAgT daad
The remainder of tle burned Stoneis carry’d out, and laid upon
a high Hill, where it ies expofedro.theSun and Air forthe {pace
of two years; andthe itaketh fire of itfelf, cafting forth athin
blew flame, f{carce di rnable in theday time, Thisbeing con-
famed , leavethabley, wuft behind it; which the Workmen ob-
ferve, andmark with:woodden pins, This they dig upj andicary ~
into the Work-honfe ; and put it into great Tubsof Water,where
itinfufeth 24, hours or more, The Water they afterward boyl in
_ Kettles.,. as we do Saltpeter , and put it into cooling Tubs,
wherein they place ctoffe Sticks ; and on them. the 7#réol, faftens,
asSugarseondy doth) :iyz oencl), swan’ Gane moth emprecd an
_ The Water, that remains after the extraction of the ¥itriol,
they mix with an eight part of Urin and the Lees, of ‘Wood-
afhes , which is again boyled very ftrong,, andbeing fet to.cool in
Lh 5 ctofie Sticks are likewife placed, and thereon the AZum
faftens, Pets Ms°°. Jods ogi anette Vee eek
In the Water, which remains afterthe 44wm, isfoundaSedi-
ment, which being feparated from the Water, is putinto an —
‘Oven , and Wood laid uponit and fired, tillit become red,which
makes the ‘Minium ’,! wherewith they paint their Houfes, and make
plaifter. - ALIED NS sy. STULL, : :
, 6 far this Defeription; Which gave occafion to.a‘curiousiper-
fon to call to mind, That-there was a kind of Stone in the Worth
of England, yielding thefame fubltances, except Mimiwm;

Cutts
Scere De es i, Gavin Fore eee Py ‘
Sey . Pe me a)
+ « A Relation —
; s i= ty = ’

ohh’

(377)

ea | A Relation
Of the Raining of Athes, inthe Archipelago, upon the Eruption
of Mount Veluvius, fome years ago, |
This came but lately to hand from that knowing perfon,
Mr, Henry Robinfon, and was thought fit to be now inferted here,
that irmight not beloft, though ithach hapned above 30 years
ago, It was contained ina Letter, (fub{cribed by Capt, Wal, Ba-
dily) inthefewords: pene
He 6*- of December 1631, being intheGulf of Yolo, riding
at Anchor , about ten of the Clock that Night, it be-
gan to rain Sand or Afhes ,,and continued till two of the
Clock themext Morning, It was about twoinches thick onthe —
Deck, 5. fo that we caft it over board with Shovels , as. we
did Snow the day before : The quantity of a Bufhel we
brought home , and prefented to pa seek ies Ae
Friends *, efpecially tothe Mafters of Tri4 were rodent Mr. bar
nity Houfe, ‘There. was in out Company » Evelyn, before the Royal
Capt, John Wilds Commander of the Dra- °""?
gon, and Capt. Anthony Watts, Commander of the Elifabeth and
Dorcas, There was no Wind ftirring,; when thefe Afhes fell, ic
did not fall onely in the places , where we were , but likewife in
other parts, as Ships were coming from St, fobw D’ Acre toour
Port; they being at thattime ahundred Leagues from us, We
compared the Athes together, and found them both one, If you
defireto fee the Afhes, let me know. :

fanyss ss, 3 OG An Extra — :
. Of-a Letter not long fince written from Rome, rectifying the
Relation of Salamanders Living in Fire, |
This came from that Expert Anaromift M. Steno, to Dr, Croons
Videl, That aKnightcalled Corviai, had affured him, that, ha-
ving cafta Salamander, brought him out of the Indies, into the
‘Fire, the Animal thereupon{well’d prefently , and then vomi-
ted ftore of thick flimy matter, which did put out the neigh-
bouting Coals, to which the Salamander retired immediately ,

pucting them out again in the fame manner, as foon as they re-
a dd | kindled,

e

Med ae ae .
kindled , and by this means faving himfelf from the force of the
Fire, forthe {pace of twohours; the Gentleman above-menti-
oned being then unwilling to hazard the Creature any further :
That afterwards it livednine Months: That he had kept it ele-
ven Months without any other food, but what it took by licking
the Earth, on which itmoved , and on which ithad been brought
out of the Zvdies3 which at firft was covered with athick moi-

a fture, but being dried afterwards, the Urin of che Animal ferved

to moiften the fame. After the eleven Months, the Owner ha-
ving amind to try, how.the Animal would do upon Jtalian Earth,
it died three dayes afterit had changedthe Earth, a

\

303 GO: OWT Jit ool nop aiecqwatin. “io: babe Gime oy ate
j°> Of feveral Engagements: for obferwing of Tydes.>

~ Since nothing is more important for difcovering the Caufe of

that Grand Phenomenon of Nature, the Flux and Reflux of the —

Sea, than a true and full Hiffory of the Tydes, the Virtuoft of

England have of late (efpecially fince the Publication of Dr. Walle:

his Theory touching that Apparence) takencare, to direck and re--

commend in feveral parts of the World , and particularly in the
moft proper places of thefe Zana , fuch Obfervations., asanay.
contribute to the elucidating of that Subjeét, 9 =~

And as formerly they have femt their Zvquzries of this Nature

10 the Ifle of St. Helena, fitnated in the open Ocean beyond the

eAquinoctial, and already received fomeaccount thereupon; fo
they have fince difpatcht the like for the Bermudas , an Iflethat
hath no lefs conveniency of fituation for that purpofe, And they —
intend (as will more amply appear, God permitting, inafhort |
time) tolodge with fuch:Mafters of Ships and Pilots, asthallfayl
into remote parts, very. particular direétions.of ‘that kind, tobe —
printed atthe Royal Soceeties charges, and tobe committed to rhe —
Gate
end

~

\nd,..as forthe Obfervations, to be made in thefe Kingdoms ;

of the Matters of Trinity Houfe for difpofing of them to that. 7]

"tis hoped., thatthe Mafters in the Arr of Navigation at Brifol |

(Mr, Standridgeand Mr, 7f) willundertake that’bufinefs with af-
fe&tion and care:, the former of thefe two having already (as we |
are informed from agood hand) madea Collection of spc . 7

2 for

(379) oe
forifome years palt, and found them differing from formerObfer-
vations and Tables; the other promifing future diligence in this
_ matter’; noting in the meantime, that fome Tydes of laft Au-
rumn were fo fardiffering from former Obfervations., that neither
he, nor any othersthere, could make any thing of ir, - |

We muftnot omit here to mention the readinefs, exprefled by
thefe worthy Gentlemen, Mr, Rob, Boyle, Sir Rob, Moray, and

Mr. Hesry Powle , for concurring in this
Work; the firft, having undertaken to re-
commend Obfervations of this nature, to
be made, upon the Wefern Coat of Ire-
land* the fecondjupon the Weft of Svot-
land; andthe third, inthe Ifleof Lundy ;
to whom we muft adde the inquifitive
Mr, Sam, Colepreffe , for Plymouth , and the
Lands-end. Belides, we hope to engage the
curious of Framce in the fame undertaking,

* The Obfervations parti~
cularly recommended for® that
Coaft, are thefe 5 os

1. At what hour it is High-
water on the day of the New
and Full Moon, upon every
Cape and Bay of the Wefter
Coaft of Ireland. :

2. How long after the New
and Full: Moon ‘the higheft
Spring-tides fall out, =

3. What are the perpen=

dicular heights of the Floods

both at the ordinary ; and the

efpecially for procuring , befides what is Sprinkbpdles

known already concerning that place, a oe
very particularand exaétaccount of the Tydes uponthe Coalt of
Britany , where (efpecially about St, a¢a/o) they are found to rife
to admiration , even to 60, 70, and fometime 80, feet, at the New
and Full Moon, |

Some Suggeftions :
For Remedies againft Cold, — ie

As there have been Remedies found out againft exceflive Hear,
and Means of cooling Meat and Drink ; fo it was lately, onthe
occafion of the fharp Seafon, fuggefted, That Remedies might
be thought on againit Cold; and that particularly it might be in-
quired into, ~ ee uy :

1, What things im Nature, or by Art, or Mechanical contri-
trivance will retaina warming Heat longeft, ora melting or {corch-
jae Fieac = .

2, What will continue or maintain Fire longeft?

Some that obferve common praétifes and vulgar Trades, take
notice, That Soyners ule Leaden-Pots for their Glue, alledging
fora Reafon, That Lead, being aclofe Mettal, retains the heat

| Ddd2 longer

| (380) - - -

longer than other Mettals. Cary’s Warming-ftone promifed a)
warmth for fix or eight hours; if it performed but for two or three:
hours, it would be of great ufe, ’Tis found by fad experience, how
hurtful, Bright Fires, and efpecially of Stone-coal are to the

Eyes, goal ' es
To retain Fire long, -certain B/ack Earths are ufeful, as-wewere
- newly informed by theInquifitive Dr, B. That aGentleman in
Sommertfetfhire, called Mr, Speke, had bountifully obliged min-
fier, and his Neighborhood, by a Black Fat-Earth lately found in
his Park, But thefame Correfpondent adds, ‘That he never faw.
any parallel toa Sea-weed, which he and fomeof his Fellow-Stu-
dents had in Cambridge inthe mouth of a Barrel of good Oyfters, -
{t was {maller than Peafe-halm, yer cut, it lafted two very great
Fires of Sea-coal, burning bright in, themidft of the Fire; and
i a daveerias the Tongues, it fell.inco the Hearth ,. jingling like

errako ee Seg | od enti oye een!

<A Relation | one
Of anuncommon Accident intwo Aged Perfons, = +

This was imparted by the above-mentioned Mr, Colepreffe,;, who
affures in his Letter, containing this Account, tharthe matterof |
fat was thorowly examined by himfelf, and that hewasfully, and
in all refpects, fatisfied of the truth thereof, | ;

The Relation of the one, # inthefewords, , i

Fofeph shure Clerk, Parfon of wary (nigh Plywouth) in the ~
County of Devon, aged 81 years, being atemperate man, and of
an healthy conftitution, having the in-moft Grinder loofe, and fo
remaining, perceived, that hismouth,about three Moneths fince, |
was fomewhat ftreightned ; and uponinquiry into the caufe.of ity
found} That he had anew Tooth (thethird Grinder) being the
innermoft of the upper Jaw in the Right Cheek, which ftill remains

firm, - 7

The Weve of the other follows thus.

Maria Stert of Benecliffe, in Plympton St. Mary (near Plymouth) —
in Devon, aged about 75 years, an healthy perfon, having had
nine children, about the fortieth year of her age loftthreeof her —

: Upper a

»

a Cee?

upper Incifores or Cutters, the other drawn out, and fo remained
Toothlefs, asto them, forabout 25 years, when the perceived,
that anew Tooth came forth (without any pain) next the Canini
~ of the left Check: And about two years after,another Tooth grew
out likewife without pain, clofe by the former, The firft whereof,
never.came to above half the length of her former Cutters, the.
latter {carce breaking the skin: Both which yet proved fervice-
able, till about fix weeks fince, when the eating (no hard, crufty,
—orfolid) Meat, that Tooth which came out firft, fell down into.
her Mouth. without any loofnefs before hand perceived, or any.
pain ; which had nota phang like other Cwéters, but much lefs,and
fhorter, Theother abides firm, audferviceable,

Toche truth of thefe Relations, not onely the {aid fofeph Shute
and Maria Stert, haveputthe one his name, the other her Mark,
the third and feventh of Fasuary, 1666,but alfo Sir William Strode,
and Mr, Colepreffe have fubfcribed the fame, as believing the Rela-
tion co be true, | ae 2
| An Accousnt of two Books,.

I, ISMAELIS BULLIALDI: ad Aftronomos Méonita
duo: Primum, De Stella Nova, que in Collo Ceti ante annos aliquot
vifa eft, . Alterum, De Nebulofa in. Andromeda Cinguli parte Borea;
ante biennium iterum orta, | : |

The chief endof the 4uthor in publifhing this Tract, feems to
be, To excite Aftronomers to a diligent obfervation, both of that
New Star in the Neck of the Whale, to befeen in February and
March next ; andof that other, in the Northern part of Andro-
medas Girdle, to befeenatthis very prefent, ay

As to the former of thefe Stats, he affirms , that, as it hath
appeared for many years in the faid place, fo it willin the begin-
ning of March next appear equal to the Stars of the taird Magui-
tude, or perhaps bigger; and that about the end of the fame
Month, if the Crepufcle do not hinder, the greateft Phafis of it
will appear, if fo be, that it keep’the fame Analogy of Motions
and Periods , which it obferved from Ay, 1638, to Anz, 1664,
Where he takes notice of the Caufes,why its two greateft Appear-
ances could not be feen, dz, 1664, 1665, 1666 , andhowhe

comes

comes to know, thatia che beginning of March next , it will equal,
_orevenexceed the Stars of the Third Magnitude, noting, that from
the Obfervations hitherto made of chis Scar, icis manifelt, that
the greate? Phafes thereof do every year’ anticipate by 32, or'33:
dayes’; forafmuch as’ Av, 1660, its ereate/t! Appcardnce was about
‘een of October and the beginning of November's An, 1661...
-about the end of Seprember , or the beginning of october; An. 1662,
about the end of Anga/f, ec, fo that this year ie muft bein March,

iSehetine Ande? U6 Rela soicw 1100 sana cooly ork
\ Hecolletts alfo trom the Obfervations > That ohe-Periodfrom

the erearefl Phafis tothe next ; confifts of! about 333, dayés: but
tha the interval of chetime betwixt the times of its beginning to
appear equal tothe Stars of the Sixt Magnitude , and of its ending
-todofo, confifts of about 20, dayes: And that its eregeft ap-
pearance atts about’'15, dayes + All which yet he would have un-
-derftood with fome lacieude, - abieotbtaietad duit AP vi he coe in

‘This done, he proceeds to the inveftigation of the Caufes of the
-—Vicifficudes in the Emerfion and Dif-appearance of thisStar, and
having difcourfed, That pc apnea ieee and Decrement of
every Lucid Body proceeds ether from its changed diftance from
the Fye of che Obfervers or from its various fice and’pofition in
refpect of him, whereby the angle of Vifionischanged; orfrom
the increafe or diminution of the bulk of the lucid bodyitfelf: and —
having alfo demonftrated itimpoffible, that. this Star thouldmove _
in a Circle , or in an Edipfis, and proved tt improbable that it
fhould move in a ‘Strat Lene; he concludes, that therecanbeno
other genuin, or at leaft, no other more probable caufe of its
Emerfion and Occultation, than this, That the bigger parrofthat
round Body is obfeureand inconfpicuous tous , and itslefferpart’
lucid , che whole Body turning ebout irs own Cenres,andoneAxe,
whereby for one ‘determinare {pace of time it exhibits its lucid’ ~
pare to the Barth, for anocher, fabdudts it: ‘it not being likely,
thae fires thould be kindled in the Bady of that Star, andthatche
matter thereof thould at certain times take'fireandthine, acether
times be extinguitht upon'the confumption of that matter) 4)
So far of that Star, As to'the other inthe Girdle of Andromeda, ©
feen about the beginning of 47,1665; herelates, that, whenin

the end of 1664, the World-beheld the then appearing yews
| ) \ftro<

A
4

(383)

Aftronomers obferved alfo this new Phavomenom , which was-calr
led by them Nebwlofain Cingulo Andromede, Concerning which:

he notes, that thefame had beén already, feen many years before.
by Simon Marius, vid, Aa, %612.whea witha Telefcope he fearch’d

for the Satellits of fupiter , and obfervedtheirmotions; .alledging
for proof hereof, the faid Authors ownwords, out of his own Book, |
De Mundo Foviali, publifht An. 1614, And farther fhews 5; that
it hath formerly appear'd (about 150. years ago) and been taken
notice off’by an expert, though Anonymous, Aftronomer 5 whofe

—Wordshe'cites our of a AZanufcript , brought out of Hollaad by

i

~~

the Excellent Pacobus Auguftus Thuanus, returning from his Em-

bafly to Paris 5 whereinalfo was marked the Fzgareiof that: Phend-
menon , reprefented in printby our Author: who fromall this col-

lects', chat, whereas this Star hath been feen formerly , and chac
150, years fince ; but yet neither obfetved by: Hipparebus., norany

other of the Antients, that we can finds, nor alfo: in theformer
Age by Tycho Brahe , nor inaur Age, by Bayerws 3 and-appear’d

alfoin. the Month of Novemberlatt (whereim he wrote this Tract)
much leffened and obfcure,, .afterithad, two years.ago ,. fhoneve-
ry bright ; .that: therefore it muft needs appear. and dif-appear by
turns , likethofein the Wecks of the Whale and Swan,: a

Il, ENTRIENS fur les Vies et fur les Ouvrages Des:
plus excellens Peintres , Anciens ec Modernes , par Monfieur.

This Author, having firft difcourfed of that Royal Pallace the
Louvre , and the Defigns of finifhing it; pafles on to the Are of:

Picturing , and treats of the three principal things , whereina good |
Mafter of the Art muft excel , wid, the Compofition, Defigning, .

and Laying on of Colours, which done, heravels into the Or-

gine, and deduces the Progrefs of Painting , and relates whatis:
moft remarkable in the Lives of the Antient Painters: Andamong —
many particulars, he obferves in the Life of Andreas de Sarte,
how difficult itis , to judge well of a Pi@ture; relating,chata Duke

- of Mantua , having obtained: of. Glement VI. a Pourtrair of

Leo X, which had been done. by Raphael Urben, and was at Flo-
rence, thofe of thac'Town being unwilling to lofe fo excellent a
SVOOr: tea -Shomns F-3ije | piece, .

_ . SBA i
piece, caufed a Copy'thereof to pe made. by the faid Andreas de
Sarte , which they fent inftead of the Original, This Copy was
fo perfect, that f-ulio Romano, who had been bred :and taught: by
Raphael's and was one of the beft Painters of Italy; took it for an
‘Original’, and would never have been undeceived:, if one Yafari
Aadfot affared him®, that it:was butaCopy , which himfelf had

put todifcriminate it-from the Original;) >on -

oInthe Second Part , the Authot has: fet'dowmall thatis requifice a

to judge and difcourfeswell. of: Painting, But, toadd Examples
to Precepts, hedifcourfes of che Modern Painters , andmaking a
Defcription of. their.beft Works, he takes occafion to obferve,
what. is there found moft-excellent , cand tofhew ;show they have
‘put in:practice ‘the Rules of Arr, He treats alfoof the declining of

Painting ; andaffirms, that-othing confiderable hath been done -

init drom the time of Conftantine, till An, 1240, whenone, Cima-
ibue, began to raife this Artagain, “After this, hegives a Lift of
‘the Painters ,.that fince have been famous for their Works , pre-
ferring:before all others:, Raphael Urbin,:. The laf of all, is the a-
\bove-mention’d: Audre de Sartes ; who died, 42.1530, and whom
the liberality.of Francis I, had drawn into France, |

Cr

The Printing of thefe Traéts is now return’d tothe firft Printer thereof} as being fome-

what re-fetled after the late fad Fire of London. : 4

by 4 A gan 2 ‘ tks
Po ke ON mp? Ges
? ‘ ‘ :
> eet acd
Sebrcicatsibe —

| In. thes SoKo 7s Sih, wae
Printed by 7. N. for fobn Martyn, Printer to the

Royal Society , and are to be fold at his Shop alittle
without Temple-Bar, 1667, = § -

ee a

feen made sand had ‘not fhew’d ‘him certain marks , that werethere —

‘ .
—— ee

OE ae Cae) 4 Numb. 22.
PHILOSOPHICAL
aisinot ses AC TLONS. ie

ab Monday, February II, 1666, iy 4

_ The Contents,

‘Trials propofed to be made forthe Improvement of the Experiment of =~

_ Transfufing Blood out of one live Animal into another,. 4.
| Method for Obferving the Eclipfes of the Moon, free fromthe,
_ Common Inconveniences, An Account of fome Celeftial obferva-
tions lately made at Madrid, Extract of a Letter , lately written
_ tothe Publifber, containing [ome obfervations about Infects and
their Inoxtoufne{s , crc. An Account of fome Books , vid,
1 TOME. TROISIEME DES LETTRES DE.
_.M, DESCARTES, IL ASTRONOMIA RE-
FORMATA P.RICCIOLI II. ANATOME
MEDULL& SPINALIS ET NERVORUM, ~
inde provenienttum, GERARDI BLASII, ™.D, 4z
_Advertifement about the re-printing of M, Evelyns Sylva and
Pomona, A Table of the Tranfactions , printed the[etwo years.

ar ryals propofed by Mr, Boyle to Dr. Lower , 40 be made by hin,
forthe Improvement of Transfufing Blood out of ope live Ant-
> malinto another 5 promifed Numb. 20, p.357.

_ “WJ He following Queries and Tryals were written long fince, and
# readabouta Moneth ago in the R. Society , and donow come
forth againft the Authors int:ntion, at the earneft defire of fome.
Learned Perfons, and particularly of the worthy Dector , to whom
they were addreffed ; who thinks, they may excite and affilt
Others in a matter , which, to be well profecuted , will require
many hands, At thereading of chem, the Author declared, that
of divers of them he thought he could fore-fee the Events, but

Bee = yet.

yet judged irfir, not toomit them , becaufe the Importance of
the Theories , they may give light to, may make the Tryals re-

compence the pains, whether the fuccéls. favour the Affirmative

or the Negative of the Queftion, by enabling us to-determine the
one or the other uponfurer grounds, than we could otherwife do, .
And this Advertifement: he defires: may be. applied to thofe other

Papers of his-,.that.confift of Queries-or propoled Tryals,
The Queries them| elves foll Ow. j

\

of Indtvidual Animals of the fame kind, may not bemuch altered ¢
(As wherhera ferce Dog’, by being often-quire new ftecked with
she blood ‘of a cowardly Dog; may not become more tame; cr
vice verfar Oe &) BATAE ” DUDGNA to sha.sttigtah acid
~2, Whether immediately upon the unbinding of aDog, re-

plenifht. with adventitious blood, he will know and fawn’upon his.

- Mafter y and do the like cuftomary, things as before + And-whether

Operation *

ke will do fuch things better or worfe at fome time ‘after the

3, Whether thofe Dogs, that have Peculiarities , will have —
them either abolifht , orat leaft-much impaired by transfufion of —

blood? (As, whether the blood of a mafif’, being frequently
transtufed into a Blood-hownd, ora Spaniel, willnot prejudice them
an point-of cent et pisces ba |

“now hether by this way of Transfufing Blood, the difpofition:

-

4. Whether acquired Habits will be deftroy’d or impair’d by ,

this: Experiment ¢ ( As whether a Dog, taught to-fetch and car--

ry, ortodive after Ducks, or tofett, will afte® frequentiand full —

recruits of the blood of Dogs-unfit for thofe Exercifes', beas good
at them , as-before 7") |

5, Whether any confiderable change is to be obferv’d inthe _
Pulfe,. Urin, and other Excrements of the Recipient Animal, by =|
this Operation, or the quantity of his infenfible Tranfpiration?~

6. Whether the Ewittent Dog ,. being full fed at fuch a'di-"
ffance of time beforethe Operation, that themafsof bleod may —

be fuppos’d toabound with CAéyle, the Recipient Dog , being be-

fore hunsry , will lofe his appetite, more than if the Emittent

Dogs blood Had.not been fo chylous And how long; upona

at, Ver oe

Ld

= ie

(387) |
Vein opened of a Dog, the admitted blood wilkbe found to retain
Ghylee?
: 7, Whether aDog may be kept alive without eating by the
re a InjeGion of the Chyleof ariother, taken frefhly from the

~ Receptacle ,: intothe Veins of the Recipient Dog?

8, Whethera Dog , that is fick of fome difeafe chiefly imputa-

bleto the mafs of blood , may be cured by exchanging it for that

of a fownd Dog? And whether a found Dog may receive fuchdi-
feafes from the blood of'a fick one , as are not otherwife of anin-

fectious nature?
9. What willbe the persion of frequently ftocking (which is

: feafible eich Jan old and feeble Dogwith the blood ofy young ones,

as to liveline(s,dulnefs,drowfinefs (queamithnels,&c, et-vice verfa ?
IO, Whether a {mall young Dog , by being often frefh ftocke

with the blood of a young Dog. of a i larger kind , will grow big-

ger, than the ordinary fize of his own kind ¢

a1, Whether any Medicated Liquors may be! injected toge-
ther with the blood into the Recipient Dog And in cafe they
may, whether there willbe any confiderable difference found be-
tween the feparations madeon this: occafion, and thofe ; which

would:be:made, incafe fuch Medicated Liquors had been ine

jected with fome other Vehicle; or alone, or: taken in at the.

eC mouth?

bt 52 Whether a Purging ‘Meditinis) Hee given to the Emits
rent.\Dog:awhilebefore the Operation , the Recipient Dog will

be thereby purged and how? oe alban may be huge

_ dy varied.)

1%: Whether. ei nere een may be faeveisfilly praGiis'd 5. in

; bai the injected | blood be thar of an Animalof another Speczes , 25

|
le
|
!

of a@alf intoia Dog 5 &c, and ‘of aCold Animal, as of a Fifly,
or Frog, or T onton{e into the Veflels of a Hot ‘Animal : and vice
wexfasiois
f of 41 Whether the teal of the Hair or Peathiens ‘of ele Reci=
pient Animal, by the frequent ‘repeating of this Operation > will
be changed unto that of the Emsittent 2

5loWhether by frequently transfufing into the fame Dog,
the blood of fome Animal of another Species , fomething further,

and more tending to fome degrees of a change of Species : may

went | Bee a" be -

| (388) i
be effected , at leaft in: Animals near. of Kin 3: © As Spaniels
~ and Setting Dogs , Irifh Grey-hounds and ordinary Grey-)
hounds 5 :8c02) 103.71 macee Ty tik dies
» 16, Whether the Transfufion may be practis'd uponipregnant’
Buches, acleaft atcertain times of their gravidation ¢. And what’

effect it will have upon the Whelps? 3. 5

There were fome other Queries propofed by the fame Author ;
as, the weighing of the Emittent Animal before the Operation,
that (making anabatement for the Effluviums, and forthe Ex-
crements , if it voids any) itmay appear, how muchbloodirre-
ally lofes, To which were annext divers others not fofittobeper>
ufed but by Phyfitians , and therefore hereomitted, = 2:2) 05) ~
Was epee “] oe | Method 2 ; 10 DOQiG SAT 131
For Obferving the Eclipfes of the Moon , free from the Common
Inconventencies ; as it was left by the Learned Mr, Rook; tate

Gretham-Profeffor of Geometry.

BCiees of the Moon are obferved for two principal ends;
4 One Aftronomical , that by comparing Obfervations with
Calculations, the Theory of the Moons Motion may be perfected,
and the Tables thereof reformed: the other, Geographical , that
by comparing among themfelves the Obfervations of the fame
Ecliptick Phafes , made in divers places: the Difference of Meri-
dians ot Longitudes of thofe placesmay be difcerned.. = 9
“The Knowledge of the Eclipfe’s Quantity and Duration, the
Shadows, Curvity, and Inclination, &c, conduceonly tothefor-
mer of thefe ends, ‘The exact time of the Beginning, Middle, and
End of Eclipfes ; :as:alfo in Total ones, the Beginning and End of
Total darknels , isufefulforbothof them, =) 9 5
But becaufe in Obfervations made by the bare Eye, thefetimes
confiderably differ from thofe wich a Telefcope,; and becaufethe
Beginwing of Eclipfes, and the Envdof Total darknefs, are{carce
tobe obferved exadily, evenwithGlafles (nonebeing ableclearly
‘to diftinguifh between the True Shadow and Penumbra, unlelshe
hath feen, for fome time before, the Line, feparating them, pafs
along upon the Surface of the Moon; ) and laftly, becaufe infmall -—
, Hp | Partial ~

: (339) - | Bae

- partial Eclipfes, the Beginning and End; and in Total ones of
fhortcontinuance inthe Shadow , the Beginning and End of 7o-
zal darknefs, are unfit for nice Obfervations., by reafon of the

Shadow then caufeth, For thefe reafons I fhall propound a Me-
thod peculiarly defign’d for the Accomplifhment of the Geographi-
cal end in Obferving Lunar Eclipfes, free (as far as is poffible)
from all che mentioned Inconveniences, | .
For, Firff, ‘It thall not be practicable without a Telefcope.
. Secondly, The Obferver fhall alwayes have opportunity before
_ his principal Obfervation, to note the Diftinétion between the
| True Shadow and the Penumbra, And, Thirdly, It thall be appli-
_ eable to thofe Seafons of the Eclipfe , when there is the fuddeneft

Alteration in the Apparences,

4. To fatifie all which intents ,

_ Letthere be of the Eminenteft spots, difperfed over all Quar-
ters of the. Moons Surface, a felect number generally agreed on,
to be conftantly made ufeof, tocthis purpofe, in all parts of the
World,.. As, for Example, thofe,, which 4. Hevelius calleth

bitin | etthna. Se Seb on MACE azNblaaaivo.t 903i
EtG betes Vietdblgho hes coin) apy lage
vi Porphyrites, sca oo Greta, Mais

- Lacus Niger Major,

Ba Bus owmed Joie Sill -ontincigiiny tito

- Let in each Eclipfe 5; not all; but (for inftance) three of thefe —

Spots, which then lie neareft to the Ecliptick., be exactly obfer-
ved, whenthey.arefirfttouch’'d by the Z7#e Shadow , andagain,
when they are:juft compleatly entred into ic,,, and (if you. pleafe)
alfo inthe Decreafe of the,Eclipfe, when.they, are firft fully clear

we te oF X,

flow. change of Apparences, which the oblique Motion of the

| eae

fide of the Line, of fuch , as'lie between! the 4quator and Trd-

pick of Cancers but‘ beyond the Line, of fuch, as are fieuate'to-

~watds the other Tropick , and in all-places, ‘of fuch; as atthe time
of ‘Obfeivation, are about ‘4, hours diftant from the Meridian. |
ek Se atl URL GURE > Solan Aas

Of fome obfervations , lately made in Spain, by

» . Mis Excellency the Eatl of Sandwich,

ome He Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich, as he appears
eminent indifcharging the Truft; his Majefty hath tepofed
inhim., of Ambaffador Extraordinary to the King of Spain; fo
he forgets not in the midft of- that Employment ; that he is a.
Member of the Royal Society; but does from time to time , ‘when
Its weighty Staté-Negotiations do permit, imploy himfelf in ~
making confiderable Obfervations of divers kinds, both Afrone- .
mical and Phyfiological, and communicateth the fame to the faid
Societys asfor inftance, lately, what he has obferv’d-concerning
the Solar Eclip(e in Fune lat; the Suns height inthe Solftite,’ and
alfo the Latitude of Madrid,’ éfteeming by the Suns Altitude in
the Solfice, and by other Meridian Altitudes , the Latitude of
Madrid to be 4o deg, 10 min; which differs confiderably from that
afligned by others; the General Chart of Evrope giving to it
41 deg,.30 min, the Genesal Map of Spain , 40 deg.'27 min,
A large Provincial Map of Ca/ffile,godeg. 38min)’
* Tothefe particulars, and others formerly imparted , his Ex-
cellency is making more of the fame nature; and particularly
thofe of theImmerfionof the Satelites of Fupiter,

~ Wemutftnot omit mentioning here, what hehath‘obferved of ©
Halo’s about the Moons whichhe relates inthefe words;

“ Decemb,25 \ old Style , 1666, Tathe Evening j here:(vid) ac
Madrid) was a great Halo about ‘the ‘Moon. ; the Semidiameter
whereof was about 23 deg, 30 min, Aldebaran was: juft inthe.
North-eaft pare of the Circle’, andthe ewoPlorns-of weres:juk —
enclofed by the South-weft of the Circle, the Moonbeing inthe _
Center, Tnore this the rather ((aith be) becaufe fiveorfixyears -—
ago , vid, Novemb: 21> old Style, 166%, awhouriateer Sun-fer,
I faw a great Hale\about the Moon of the. fame Semidiameter, |

: at

| cgi CRED |
at Tangier 5 the Moombeing very. near the fameéplace, where the
peering eine fae) con hs “Extrathe beohie jax ony yes
Of a Letter: 5 lately written by Mr; Nathaniel, Fairfax -t0 the
_— Publither , contacting obfervations about’ fome Infects ; and
. thei Tinoxioufnels , ce. : if

The Ingenious Author of this Letter , as he expreffes an extra-

ordinary aefire tofee the Store-howfe of Natural Philofophy , more

richly fraughted (a Work begun by the fingle care and condu&:
of the Excellent Lord Verulam, and profecuted by the Joynt-
-undértakings:of ther, Socéety:) fo. he very=ftankly offers shis Sere
vice in contributing fome of his Obfervacions , .and begins in this
very Letter to perform his Offer, For, Having taken notice of

-whatwas publifhe in Numb; 9, p..161,00ut of the Jtalian Philo- |

fopher Redz, vid) That Creatures , reputed Venomous, are in-
deed.noPoyfons, when {wallow'd , though they may prove fo,
when put into Wounds: He, for confirmation thereof, alledges:

Examples of feveral Perfons well known to him Chimfelf alfo ha-

ving been ‘an Eye-witnels to {ome fuch Experiments) who have
frequently fwallow'd Spiders , even of the rankeft kind ,. without
any more*harm than happens ‘to..Hens 5: Robin-red- breafts:, and

other Birds, whomake Spiders:therdaily}Commons, And ha=,

ving made mention: of fomemens that: eat even Tosds , he adds,..
that chough a Toad -be mot a Poyfon to us in thewhole; yeric.

may invenome outwardly , according to fome parts fo and fo.
ftirr'd ; .aninftance whereof, he alledges.ina Boy , who ftumbling

ena Toad and hurling ftones at it, fome Juyce from the bruifed’.

Toad chanced to light upon: his Lips, whereupon they fwell’d,.

eachtothe thicknefs of about: two ‘Thumbs : Andheneglecting «
toufe, what might be proper to reftore them, they have conti-
nued in:that mifhapeno fize everfince.5. the uglinefs whereof, .

when'the Relator daw, gave him» occafion to inquire °after the

caufelof‘it., which thereupon he.underftood to be , as has been-re-

cited, fn | ALOT Y

On this occafion , the fame Gentleman regates , that once fecing
-aSpider' bruifed into a {mall Glafs of Water, and thecincaged

| 1, IRD cmt lia

it fomewhat.of a Sky-colour, hewas , upon owning his furprife

thereat, informed , that a dozen of them being putin, they —
would dye it to almoft a full Azure. Which is touch’r here,
that, the Experiment being fo'eafie to make, it may be tried,
when the feafon farnifhes thofe Infe&ts ; meantime} it feems fot
more incredible, that this Creature fhould yield a Sky-colour,
when put in water ,- than that Gochineel ; which alfo is but an

Infect , fhould afford a fine red , when fteep’d in the fame Liquor,
| ache Ciba catkins idk abl mi iota A meepe eee hae

Pa

Tit, an Account 03 bs
» Of Some. Books. |

7
a atiew OP MAA LY / : - |

Mt NISL VY:
.

- As the two firlt Tomesof M, Des-Cartes his Letters; contain

this difference was foonatianend,; Afecond was Mr, Hobbs; upon:
whofe account he wrotedeveral: Letters:to Merfennus , containing
many remarks conducing to the Knowledge of the Nature of ‘Re-.
frection and Refraction, : Butthe Perfon, that did moft-learnedly —
and refolutely attack the faid Déoptricks , was Monfieur Fermat,,

| writing |

Bac. ee ed n
writing firft about it: to Merfexnvs, whofoon communicated his
Objections toM. Des-Cartes, who failed not to return his Anfwer

to them; But Fermat replied, and Des-Cartes likewife; and ateer
many reciprocations, in which each party pretended to have the
advantage, thematterrefted; until M. Fermat taking occafionto
write afrefh of it to M,. Dela Chambre, teveral years after Des-
- Cartes’s death, upon’ occafion of a Book , written by M, Dela
Chambre, of Lights difcourfed with this new Author after che
fame rate, as hehad done before with Des-Cartes him(elf , and
feemed to invite fome-body of his friends, tere-affume the for-
mer conteft, Whereupon M., Clerfelier and M. Rohawlt took up
the Gantlet, to affert the Doétrine of the deceafed Philofopher,
exchanging feveral Letters with M. Fermat , all inferted in this
Tome, and ferving fully toinftruct the Reader of this Difference,
and withal to elucidate many difficult points of the Subject of Re-
fractions ; efpecially of this particular , Whether the Motion of

_. Light is more eafily, and with moreexpedition , perform'd through

_ denfe Mediums , thanrare, / ao)
_- Befides this , though of wouldthink , Difputes had no place

-inGeometry , fince ail proofs there, areas many Demonftrations;

yet M, Des-Cartes hath had feveral {cufles touching that Science,
As M, Fermat had affaulted his Dioptricks, fo He reciprocallyex- —

amined his Treatife De Maxims & Minimis , pretending to have

_ met with Paralogi{mes in it, But the Caufe of M. Fermat was
learnedly pleaded for, by fome of his Friends , who took their
turn to examine the Treatife of Des-Cartes’s Geometry, where-

~ upon many Letters were exchanged, to be found inthis Book,
and -deferving to be confidered ; which doubtlefs the Curious
would eafily be inducedtodo, if Copies of this Book were to be

obtain’d here in Exelend , befides that one, which the Pudlifher
received from his Parifiaz Correfpondent , and which affords him
Be opportunity of giving this, thotigh buce Curfory, Account
of ‘it, | 3 alee ae |

~ Asto Phyficks, there occur chiefly two Queftions , learnedly
treated of inthis Volume , though not without fome heat between

‘M, Des-Cartes and M, Roberval, The one is, touching the Vi- ,
brations of Bodies fufpended in the Air , and their Center of
Agitation: about which , there is alfo a Letter tnferted. of
- \ Eff M, Des-Caytes

aR

- (394)

- M. ves-Cartes to. that late Noble and Learned Enelith Knight:

Sir Charles Cavendifh, The other is, whether Motion-can be

made without fuppofing a Vacuum : where ‘tis reprefented, That,.

if one comprehend well the Nature, afcribed to the Materia fub-

tilis, and how Motions, called Circular, aremade, which need-
not be juft ovals or true Circles... but are only called Circular, in-

regard that. their Motion ends, where it-had begun, whatever
irregularity there be in the Middle; and alfo, thatall the Ine-
qualities, that may be in the. Magnitude or Figure of the parts,
may be. compenfated by other. inequalities , met with in their
Swiftnefs , and by. the. facility ,~ with which the parts of the

Subtle Matter , or of the firlt Cartefian Element, whichare found
every where, happen to. be divided, or to accommodate their.

Figure tothe Space , theyaretofillup: If thefe things be well
underftood and confidered,that chen no difficulty canremain touch-
ing the Motion of the parts.of Matterzm pleno, ; |

Béfides all thefe particulars, treated of in this Tome, there oc-
cur many pretty Queftions concerning Numbers , the Cycloid, |

the manner of. Working: Glaffes. for Telefcopes , the way ot

Weighing. Air, and many other Curiofities, Mathematical and.

Phyfical,.

II, ASTRONOMIA REEORMATA , Aictore.
IOHANNE BAPT, RICCIOLI, Soc,

Feu. ia

_ Forthe Notice of this Book , and the Account of the Chief
Heads contained therein, we are obliged to the Fournal des Sca-

vans, which informs us, .

Firft, That che Defign of ' this Work is, that, becaufe feve- .

PS ee a a ee ae, ee

ral 4/fronomers, having had their feveral Hypothefes, there.is found — ;

fogreat ia diverfity of opinions, that it is difficult thence to con-

clude any thing certain 5. this Author judged it alfoneceffary, to
compare together all the beft @bfervations, and upon examunati- |
on of what they have moft certain in them , .toreform upon that.

meafure the Principles of A/tronomy,

Secondly, Thatthis Volume is divided into.two Parts; where-

of the Fzrff. is.compofed of Ten Bookss in which the. Author
| confi-

—

~ (395)

‘confiders the principal Obfervations, hitherto made of the Mo-

tion of .the-Planets and the Fixed Stars ,° of their Magnitude,
Figure , and other Accidents, drawing thence feveral Conclufi-
ons, in which heeftablifhes his Hypothefis,. The Second contains
his Affronomical Tables , made according to the Hypothefes of

the Firft Pare, together wich Inftruétions teaching the manner

of ufing them, -. vie :
Thirdly, That Aftronomers will find in this Book many very re-
markable things , concerning the Apparent Diameter of the Sur
-and.the other Stars, the Motion of the Libration of the Moon,
the Eclipfes , Parallaxes, and Refractions: And that this Author
fhews , that there isa great difference between optical and Affro-
nomical Refraction,which Tycho and many others have confounded;

undertaking to prove,that,whereas thefe 4 /fronomershave believed,

that the remoter any Staris , the lefsisits Refraction, on the con-

trary the Refraétion is the-greater., the more a Star is diftant,

And among many other things, he ingenioufly explicates the
two contary Motions of the Sun, from Eaft to Weft, and

vive verfa, by one onely Motion upon a Spiral, turning about

a Cone :

Fourthly , That he reprefents , How uneafie it is to-eftablith
fare Principles of this Science, by reafonof the difficulties of ma-
king exact Obfervations, So, for example, in theObfervation
of the Equinox, every one is miftaken by fomany Hours, as he
is Of Minutes, in the Elevation of the Pole , orthe Diameter of
theSun , or the Refraction, orin any othercircumftance, Inthe
Obfervation of the So/fice, the error of one only Secand caufeth
a miftake of an Hour-andan half: mean time ’tisalmoft impoffible
toavoid the error of a Second, and even the tharpeft fight will -

‘ not beableto perceive it., exccprit be affifted with an Inftrament

of a prodigious bignefs, For to mark Seconds , though Lines
were drawn as fubtil-as:the fingle threds of a Silk-worms Clew ,
(which are the {malleft {paces to be difcerned by the fharpeft
Eye ) by the Calculation made by this Author there would need
an Inftrument of 48, feet Radiwvs, fince Experience fhews, that
thereneeds no more at moft, tham 3600. threds of Silk tocover
the {pace of an zach, Put, fuppofe one could havea Quadrant”
of this bignefs , who can affure himfelf, chat dividing it into
reas Bit 3 | 3240006

XN

334000, parts (tor fo amany Seconds there are il 90: Degrees )
either in-placing it, or in obferving , he thall not miftake the
thicknefs of a fingle thred of Silk? \Headds , that Great Inftru-
ments have their defects, ‘as the findll ones: For inthofe , that
are Movable , if thethred, on which the Lead hangs, is any thing
big , itcannot exactly mark Seconds’; af it bevery fine ,-it breaks,
becaufe of its great length, and the weight of the Lead: And in
the Fixedones, the greater the Diameter is, the lefs the Shadow
or the Light is terminated fo that icis painful enough , exactly to
— difcern the extremities thereof, » Yet “tis certain, that the greater
the Inftruments are, thefurer.4fronomers may be: Whenceit is,
that fome 4ffronomers have made ufe of Obelisks of a vatt bignels,
totakethe Altitudes ; and Signior Cafsiné , after the example of
' Egnatio Dante, caufed a hole to be made on the: higheft part of
_ a Wall of 95, feet inaChurch at Bosonia , through which the
beams of the Sun falling onthe Floor, mark as-exattly as is pof-
fible,-ghe height of that Tuminarye 7) 7508 eee
Fifthly , Thatsthe Author reafons for the Immobility of the
Earth after this manner, Hefuppofes for certain , that the {wift-
nefs of the Motion‘of heavy bodies doth ftill zzcreafe in their de-
{cents to confirm which principle , he affirms to have experi-
mented, That, if youlet falla Ball into one of the Scales of a
Ballance , according to the proportion of the height, it falls from,
itraifeth different weights in the other Scale, For example, A
Wooden Ball , of 13 ounce , falling from a height of 35 inches,
raifeth a weight of 5,ouncess from the height of 140 inches , a
weight of 20 ounces; from that of 315'inches , one of 45 ounces;
and from another of 560 inches, one of 80 ounces, @c. From this
principle he concludes'the Earth to-beat Reft; for, faith he, if it.
fhould have a Diurnal Motion upon its Center,Heavy Bodies being
carried along with it by its motion , would in def{cending defcribea
Carve Line, and, ashe fhews bya Calculus , made by him, run
equalfpaces in equal times; whence ‘it follows, thatthe Celeri- _
ty of their Motion would not increafe in defcending-, and that .
confequently their ftroke would not be ftronger , after they had
fallen thorowalongerfpace, et ee

rz1, ANA:

| (397)
111, ANATOME MEDULLAE SPINALIS,
: -ET NERVORUM ade provenientinm ,
_ GERARDI BLASII; 2% Dd.

The Author fhews in this little Trac? a way of taking the entire
Medulla Spinalis, ot Marrow of the Back, out of its Theca or
Bony Receptacle , mzthout Laceration, which elfe happens fre-
quently ; both of the Nerves proceeding from it , and of the

Coats invefting it ; notto name other parts of thefame, This
he affirms to have been put into practice by himfelf, by a fine.
Sawand Wedge ; whichare to be dexteroufly ufed: and he pro-

-ducethaccordingly inexcellentCuts, the Reprefentations of the:

Structure of the faid Medulla thus taken out, and the Nerves;
thence proceeding ; and that of feveral Animals, Dogs, Swine,
Sheep, | : ee

He intermixes feveral Obfervations , touching the Szuelene/s
of this Medulla, againft Lindanus and others ; its original , vid,
Whether it be the Root of the Brain , orthe Brainthe Koot of it:
its difference of Softwefs and Hardne(sin feveral Animals; where
henotes , that in Swize it is much fotcer thanin Dogs, ¢e,.

He exhibits alfo the Arteries, Nerves, and Veins, difperfed
through this atedwla, and inquires, Whether the Werves pro-
ceed from the Medulla it felf , or its Meninx , and difcourfes.
alfo of the Principle and Diftribution of the Nerves ; referring
* for ampler information in ‘this and the other particulars , to
that Excellent Book of the Learned Dr. Wills , De Anatome

Advertifement.

(398)
A dvertifement.

i was sbowsbe fit to publifh here the following Ad-
_wertifement of ‘fobu Evelyn ay ak and that , as him-
felf propofed it. Vin.

Eing much folicited by many a Perfons, to
B publith a Second-Edition of my Difcourfe and
: DireGtions concerning Timber, Gc. which was

printed at the Command and by the Encouragement
of the R. Society , Ido humbly requeft, that if any Per-
fon have any Material Additions or Reformations ,
which he thinks neceffary either to the Part , which
concerns the Improvement of Forreft-Trees , or that of

Cider , he would be pleafed to communicate hisNotes - _
and Ditefions to Me. H. Oldenburgh, one of the Secre-_

taries of the faid Society, at his Houfe inthe Palmal of
Si: Fames's Fields Weftminfter , with what {peed they
conveniently can, before our Lady-day next , to ae! in-
_ gerted into this intended Edition., Le, aie
ghey j fesoud3

What was obferved , Numb, 20, p. 364. £18, i the Wanben
of Vegetables , (wid. That they are about 410,) found in Eng-

land ; and catalogued by Dr. Merret in his Pinax, Gc, isto be under= ;

flood only of the different Kinds of Plants , not of the feveral forts of
( feveral Plants, for, thefe being comprifed , the Number will amount
40 about. 1400,

THE

~

(99)

of THE :
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS

Two Years, 1665 and 3

FOB: | |
666, beginning March 6. 166c.

__ andending with February 1666 ; abbreviated in an.

ALPHABETICAL TABLE:

_. And alfo afterwards Digefted into a more
NATURAL METHOD. ~

‘Inthe Taare, the firft Figure fignifies the Number

of the Traés: the fecond,

marked in the fame.

Gricultures Heads of Inquiries con=
cerning it, num. §. pag. 9%.

- Air. The weight of it in all chan-

ges, by wind, weathier,or what=

ever other influence obfeivable

by.a ftanding Adercurial Balance, call’d a

Barofcopes hinted in refe-enceto M. Hooks

Micrography, 7. 2. p. 31. applied to parti-
culars by Dr. Beale, 9.153. with additions,
10,163. defcribed wich obfeivables rela-
ting to an Earth-quake about Oxford by Dr.
Wa'liss 10.167. Mr. Boyle’s remarks on
_the fame, 11.181. The Wheel-Barofcope
' improved and delineated by M. Hook, 13.
228. Another Balance of the Air contriv’d
by M. Boyle, and call’d statical, by which
the former may be exaétly ftated and ex-

amin’d for many particular applications, 14. —

ry eee oo
Anatomes See Flejb, Blood, Animals,Lungs,
Petrification, Tafte 4 items Steno, Gracff

Bellinusy Redty in the Lifie of Books.

Animals; one may live by the blood of an-
- other, the whole mafs of his own blood be-
ing drawn out, and the blood of another in=
fus’d inthe mean time, 20. 353. See Floods

the Page , as it Is re-"

Transfufion. The Generation and Funéis
ons of Animals deduced’ by Mechanical
principles, without recourfe to a fubflantial
form, 18. 325. See Honor. Fabri. & 2. -
20. p. 365. See allo Guarini.
Artificial Infiruments orEngins. To weigh
Air, {ee Barofcopes or rather dir. To dif-
cern drought or moiftu eofthe Air, fee Hy-
Krsfcope. n. 2. p. 31. appliable in the ob-
fervation of Tydes, 17.300. Thermometers
_ tomealure degrees of heat and colds 2. 31.
defcribed, 10. 166. applied in the examina -
-tionef Tydes, 17:300. An Inftrument for.
graduating Thermometers 5 to make thenr
Standards ot heat and cold, 2. 31. A new
Engine for grinding any Optick Glafles of a°
Spherical figure, 2. 31. To meafure the
Ref-adtions of Liquo.s of all kinds, for
eftablifhing the Laws of Refraction,2.32._
To break the hardeft Rocks in A47nes,5.82.
To.try for frefh watersat the bottom of the
Seas, 9. 147. Fo find the greateit depths
in the Sea, 9.147. The Engin for fetching
up frefh water defended by Explication, 13.
228. Huge Wheels, and other Engins for
- Mines, 2.23. By the fall of water to blow
Wind, ag with Bellows, 2. 29.
Aliro-

‘

AP rons nmieal Remaks of a New ster fen
by Hevelivs in Petlore Cygnt, which he
. fuppofeth tobe the fame, which Kepler faw
A. 1661. and continued wntil.1602. and
was not feen again till 1662. and then al-
_ moft alwayes “hiding it felf till 24. Mov.
1666. That, feen by. Kepler was of the
third magnitude 5 this now, of the Gxth or
feventh. “2. Whether i it changes place and
Magnitude , 19, 349. The Scheme» 21.
372. A New Star in Collo Ceti, ob-
ferv’d from 1638. to 1664, 1665, 1666,
with its viciflitudes and periods, and canfes
of changes open’d by Bullialdusy who con-
ceives the bigger part of that round body to
ke obfcure, and the whole toturn about its
own Centers 21.382. Another New Star
call’d Mebulofa in Cingulo Andromeda
{een when the Comet -appear’d 1665. ob-

ferv'd by the faid Bullialdws to appear and

difappear by turns, ibéd. 383. A method

for obferving the Eclipfes of the Moon,
free fram the common Inconyeniences by
M Rook; 22. 387.

B.
soahipe. See Air and Artificial Inftrn-

ments.
Llvod. The new Operation of Traasfufing

bloodinto the veins, out of one\Animal in- |
‘to anothers with confiderations upon it,20.
352. The firft Rife of this Invention, 7.-

208. The Succefs, Tos3 $2 Propofals and
Queries, forthe improvervent of this Expe-
rimen’, by M. Boyles 22. 385, 386.
po Blood- letting in China, 14. 249.
Blood found in (ome mens veins like Milk,
or of the colour of Milk, €. 100. again
p. 137.118, and again 8.139.
A Bolus in Hungary g B00d as Bole Armenicks
I. 11.
The Bononian Stone, fee Light or Stone,
217 375.

Eocks abbreviated, or recited :

Laur. Bellinws de Guftis Organo noviflimé
ae en{o, 20. 366. abbxey?

Gevh. Blafi Anatome Medullx Spinalis &
Nervorum ince procedentiumy; abbrev. 7.
ZLe " :

Mr. Losle of Thermometers and Hiftory of

i. 8, more 3. 46.

(400).

His Hiieasind Paradoxes abbrev. 8.

14§- more largely 10, 173.

“His Origin of Forms and Qualities,
8. 145. abbreviated ri, 191.

Monfieur de Bourges his Relation of the Bi-
fhop of Beryte his Voyages i in Turky, Per-
fia, India, abbrey. 18. 324. _

Bullialdi Monita duo, abbrey. 21. 38t. See
fupra Affronomy.

Des Cartes his pate Volume of Letters, n.
22. Va

De lachambre’s Caufes of the inundation of
the Nile, abbr. 14. a

Cordemoy of the difference of Bodies and -
Souls, or Spirits, and waeir operation upon

one anothers abbrevy. 17. 306,

Euclidis Elementa Geometrica poyo ordine

demonftratay 1 5.261.

Hon. Fabri Soc. Jef. Tra@e duo 1 de:

Plantis & Gener. Animalium. 2. de Homi-
nes abbreviated, 18. 325..

Felibien of the moft excellent Paintings, ry a
38 '

Canoe of Fermats Writings, and his cha-
racers Tuat,8)

De Graeff; de fucci. Pancreatici natura & ufu,
abbrev. 10. 178.

Guarini Placita Philofophica, hlpetigrtits 20.

65. |

Hevdae s Prodromus Cometicusy abbrev. 6
104. His Defcriptio Cometica cum ‘an-
~ tiffas abbrey. 17. Jor!

Hobbes de Principiis & Ratione Geometra~
rum, defcribed 5.14. 193. Animadverted
upon by Dr. Wallis, 16. 289.

Hooks Miciographical and Telefcopical Ob-

(prions Philofophical Inftruments zy ,

Inventions, abbr. 2. 29.

setae s Mundus Subterraneus 5 sbeevce 6.

rein
Lower’s Vindication of Dr. Willis de Febri«
bus, 4. 77.

Meret’s Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britanni-

carumscontinens Vegetabilia, Animalia &

Foffilia, in hac infula repertas inchoatus 3 -

abbr. 20. 364.

- Parker’s Tentamina Phyfico Theologica, ab-

brev. 18. 324.

Redz an Italian Philofopher, of Vipers abe. :

brev. 9. 160.

Ricciolo’s Aftronomia ey was el Volumen

quartum abbrev. 2.22.
Smith of K. Solomon's Pourtrai@ture of Old
Aves 14. 254.
renonis

\

| (401)

-gictonis de Matculis & Glandulis decd:
num Specimens cum duabus Epiftolis A-
.. matomicis ;: abbrev, 10.176. |

| Sydenhami Methodus Curandi Febras, ab-

brev. 12. 210.

» Fhevenot’s Relation of curious Voyages, with
aiesegiaphical defcription of Chénd, abbr.
14..248.

"The Englith Vineyard vindicacod, 15. 262.

Maac Voffins de Origine Nili, abbreviated,

Aa 304s,

Vlug-Beig great Grand-child to the famous

‘ Tamerlaneshis. Catalogue of fix’r Starsywith
their Longitudes. Latitudes, and Magni-
> aidés, taken at Saimarcand, A.1437.Tran-
flated out of a Perfian M.S. by M.Hyde,

_ Keeper of the Bodlejan Library, 8. 145.

« The Burning Concave of Af. de Vilette in

Lyons burning and melting any matter(very

i

__ few. excepted. x Whats aad How, and at .

what diftance, The proportions and compa-
» ted-with other rare burning Concaves: 2 6.
ae ; |

| 23)

N. Ching: ay ancient Books found of the -
ys mature and yertues of Herbs, Trees and
‘Stones, 34.249.

The. Reot there called Genfeng, very tefto-
tative and cordial, recovering agonizing per-
fons, fold there each pound fot three pounds
* of filvers 14.249.

ehing Difhes how:made there, tbbd. ea

A — found in Europe to makeC hiaa~Dithes,

127.
cbynife’ in China pretend to make Gold, and
promife Immortality, 14. 249. .
, Gold; ee M. Boyles Hiftorys abbrev. More
" Inguiriesyanddeme anfwers touching Cold,
4 419.344. How Cold may be produced in
chottelt Sunkitiers by: Sal Armoniack, dilco-
wered by Mi Roe s15.25 5. Some fuggelti-

-consfor-remedies againfl Geld, by D. Beales s

21.379.

Comets. The motions of the Comet of De-
cemb. 1664. predicted, 1. 3. Caffini con-
purrs $22. a7.) Aiport, who firlt se ee
> othe marionsrefleds upon Caffind, 2.18% and
o Speédligisithé smovionswf the fecond Comet

7 of Marchs April 166§. WM. 3.36. °% 5

., Gaineeterties and Difcourles, fume atl atdic;cou-
warning Comets; MOA. Pe 3. Mee Po W718.

the Be Po BO. HG. Pe LOR. eGo Pe ESO.

x

#17. p. 30%. Many confidetables abbre-
viated, 1.6. Pp. 1O4¢ 2. 17. fp. 30T..
D.
/ Amps in Mines pernicious, 3. 44, and
f J howhkilling, 7bzd.

__Direétions for Seamen bound for far Voyages, «
by M. Rooks 8. 140. Mr. Boyles Inguiriess
18. 319.

Philofophical Direétions or Inquiries for fuch
as Travel into Turks 20. 360.

Directions or general Heads for a natural Hi-
ftory of a Counirey by M. Boyles 11. -
186.

Directions ot ne concerning Mines, by
the fame, 19. 330.

Diamonds whete, and how the faire are dif-
cover’d, 18.327, :

Es,

He Earthquake about Oxferd, Anno -
1665. defcribed by dD. Wallissio.18 Ie
‘by M. Zoyle, 11. 179. noting the Con-
-comitants thereof by Barofcope and Thermo-

" meter.

The Earth’s Diurnal motion prov’d. by the
motion of the Comets, 1. 6. & 7. efpecially
by the flow motion of the fecond Comet, 3.
39. See M. 4uzout, confirm’d by M. He- -
velinss 6.105. confirm’d allo by the Tydes -
at Seay 16. 269.

The Eclipfe of fune 22. 1666. accurately
obferv’d at London, 37. 245. at Adadridy -
ibid. at Paris) 17. 246, at Dantzick,
eta in accurate Cuts, mig 247, nN. 216

p. 369.
paleplerett = How to efcape, or to combat wish
them, 18. 328.
Beles difcever’d under Banks in Hoar-Etofts,
| by the Greens of = — app touching i8.
383. :
a
1 He ane parts of the Body which are
“> ufually reputed, and’ do’feem void of
aaa, ave argued 0 be full of Veilelss
by D. Kinz; 18. 316,
Friction and fomretimet Touch, tiow fanatives
by feveral Examples, 12. 206.

Friéions much wled by Phyfitians ia China
with good fuccels, 14.249,

Gos

gs G. Geome-

Ge

Evometvicians cenfar'd byM. Hobbs, 4.
15 3. defended by D. Wallis, 16.

G"

The saa of teaching Geometry reform’d,

19.261. See Euclidis Elementanovo.or-
bein ta the as 3

i
aiynirtes, hee Diredions, aot rae

] T¢e.and Saow how to be prelerv’din Chafie, ~
and how Snow-houles are made i in Livorn,

3 139.

_Infets, in {warms pernicious in’ famne Coun-

tries 5 the caufeof them, and what al
dies, 8. 139. fome In.
- Heved poyfonous 5 not
0,22.

- To find the fulian period bya new. and cali ie
Ways 18.224...) 55)

Fupiter’s Rotation by degrees. sihever'd in
England and Italy 2.. r PiZe Me 4s Pr7g.
yom Bp. 143. MGs Ps 173. Me 12+ Po 209.
= I4. fp. mh

fects,
ei by M. “Eair fax,

” Evmes, iow gather’d and ufed for Co-
lotation,delcrib’d with many conftde=
tables, 20,, . Bi age ay |

Bit Sane
iy : is pees
~ ” ?

agen to examine hee Fain or celerity

‘of motion begetteth or increaleth Light

"or Flame in fome Bodies, by D. Beale’,
13. p.226. Shining Worms found: in
Oyfters, 12. 203. “The Bononian Stone

_ duly prepar’d. continues light once imbibed

above any other fubftance yet knowa: a-.

mongft us; 21. 375. The lofs of the way of
preparing the fame for fhining, feared, zbzd.

" Longitudes at Sea, how to be alcertain’d by:

Pendulum- Watches. 1. 134
Lungs and Windpipes in Sheep and Oken -
Atrangely .ftopt . with Hand-Balls, ef Vie

6, 100.
M. yf

Me that a. liquor may be made to
colour them, piercing sinto. them, 7,

1298.

common y be- %

(402)

‘Mars, by what ftepsand degrees of diligenze
difcover’d to be turbinated, both in England
and Italy. Compare 7. 10, -p. 198. and
ms 14, 239-242. fee the Schemes there,

May-dew examin'd by various Experiments, -

by Me Henfhaw, 3: 33.

‘Mechanical Principles ina ‘Geometrical ' ‘me- ,
thod, explicating the nature or operation of
Plants; Animals, Bi. pay

Medeécins in China confiftfor the ‘molt part of —
Simples, Decoctions, Cauteries, Frictions,
without the ufe of Bloodletting, “14. 24 9,
‘\Ehe Bhyfi vidas theres con ps fpee-
‘dy Cures, and eaftey 2bids >

“pheliteivenean Seay whether it may Bei

. with the Ocean, debated, 3.41.

mice Sie epitomized, 2.27. M. AOU $

- Objections-to a part of it; vid; the-new

way. of grinding. Sphetical ‘Glaffes by a

Turn-lath, 4.57. M~e Hooks anfwer eee

unto, 4.64. both at largess |»

Mereury-Mines in’ Frink , and the ‘way of
getting itout of theearth, 2.2% — +)”

Mineral Inquiries, fee Dire@ions, Engins,
Artificial Inft uments.”
yielding Brimftone and Vitriol 5

way of extracting thems 3.035. : HowiAdits

~ andAZines are - wrought: at Liege 54. 79.
A Stone in Sueden yielding Sulphur: Vit-

_ viol; Allum and Minium, and how,21.37%.

se RKircher's Mandus Subterraneus abbr.
wIOO,.--

Monfters, a Calf deformdyand: apreat ftone
found in‘a Cows wombs 2. 1. 10. at aie
with a double eye in one place, $83.

Moons Diameter how to be taken,and why in-

cteafed’in the Solar Ecliple of Fun. 22.1666.
N. 2. p. 373» fee Planets. What difcover-_

join’d

and the.

able in the\Moon,and whatnot. MoonsEr

clipfes how to-take: withousinconvenience,

1457-01} od yea Bigaewort .

Maulberry-Trees -how ta beeutidows and eafie
to be reach’d,: for. reliefiof Silk-worms, in
Sik 14. 249s in Virgithids 12+ 2026 See

ilk. at:
it Neb Sei ae” *

N Ile’s Inundations,:the caule attributed te
N Niter, by Dela Chambre 3 oppofed.
by Voffius.| See both in the Lift af Books,

14025 %.and 176 304.

The Morth-Countries of Poland. .. “Sweden; -
| Denmark, &c. are warm’d-by.the influence
of bee setahiaes 19: 34405

O. Oveans,

Mineral at Liege «

( 403').

#%, Cedny what Seas may be joined with ir,

3.41 |
Optitks; Campani’s Glafies do excell Divini’ss
tis eafie by them to diftinguith people ar
~ four Leagues: diftance 526 13%. and 12,
209. What they difcover in Fupiter and.
SaturNy 1. 12 and 2. The proportions of
Apertures in Perfpectives reduced. toa Ta-
ble by M. Auzont, 4. §5. Animadverted
upon by M, Hook, 4.69. 0 3. eh,
How to illuminate Objects to whatfoever pro-
portions propoled by M. Auzout, 4.75.
Hevelius, Hugenius, and {ome in England,en~
_ deavour to improve Optick'Glaffes, 6. 98.
Seigneur Burattini’s advance in the fame in-
quired after 5 19. 348. fome anfwer to it
from Parisy 21. 347« _
-Divini makes good OptickGlafies of Rock-
_ chryftal, that had veins (if he miftook not
fomewhat elfe for veins ) 20. 362,
>» To meature the diftances of Objeéts on earth
~ by a Telefcope, undertaken by M. Auzouts
and others of the Royal Societys 7. 123.
‘How a Telefcope of a few feet in Diameter
may draw fome hundreds of feet, 7. 127.
How a Glafs of a {mall convex-{phere may be
made to refle& the Rayes of Light to a

Focus at afar greater diftance than is ufual, -

eos

— ‘ v
i if P.
‘
*%

ama few hours,fee Hon. Fabri 18.325.
Préfures, a curious way in France of making

_ lively Pi@ures in Wax, and Maps in a low

relieves 6. 99.
» The caufe why Pictures feem to look upon all.
Beholders, on which fide foever they place
themfelves, 18. 326. ;
Ancient Paintings compar’d with the Mo-
derti, and a judgment of the Paintings in
_ feveral Ages, their perfeGtions, and defedts,
fee M, Felzbien, 21. 38 3.
Petrification, in the wombs of Women, 18.
- 320. ina Calf in the Cows womb, 1.10.
Stones found in the heart of the Earl of
Belcartis, 5. 86. Part of an Elm by in-
cifion, or otherwile, petrified a foot above
the root and grounds 19.329. Wood petré-
. fied ina fandy ground in England 5 and of

) 4x fley, tomake it fhoot outof the ground _

a Storie like a Bone or’ Ofteocollay 4. ror.
A Stone of excellent vertues found in the.
head of a Serpent in the Indies,6.102. The
caufes of Petrification inquired y. 18.°
320. : i,
Planctss fee Fupiters Adarsy Saturn 5 Sumy
Moon; which are: turbinated,- and. which
nor,'8. 143.. Tofindche true diftances of
the Sun and Moon from the earth, 9. 19f.
Phyfitians of Ching commended, fee Adede-
cins, 7 ae
Prefervation, to prelerve {mall Birds taken
out. of the thell, or other Fetaf’s; for difco~
Vveries, 12. 198,
Pulfes of the Sick how diligently, and to whae
good purpofes obferv’d in Chinas 14.
249. :

R. -

Ainbows ftrangely pofiteds 13.219.
Raining of Afhes, and how, 21. 377-
Rice profpers beft in watery places y.fee Ma-
rAfbesy 18. 328,

S.

Alamander, how it extinguithes fire 5 and
feeds by licking Indian earth, 21. 377.

Salt by exceffive ule ftiffens, and deflroys the
body, 8. 138. eo

Salt-Springsslee Springs.

Salt-Peeter how made inthe Aogols
nionsy 6. 103.

The propoction of Salt in beft Salt-Springs 3°
an what grounds or figns of beft Salt, 8.
136. | ;

Sea-fluxes, the caufe propofed by way of a new
Theory, by Dr. Wallis, 16. 263. fee Tydes.

Seas, whether they may be united, 3. 41,

Silk-Worms and Silk-Trade foliiciteds 5.87.

and 2. 26. and 12, 201, :

Snakes, how they differ from Vipers, 8.
Bees

haa es how fometimes kill’d in Vire
iNidy 3.43. and 4. 78,

Snow-houfes dire€tedyand how to preferve Ice
and Snow in Chaffey 8. 139.

Springs,of peculiar notes z. 7.127. 28.13%
135-and 136, #. 18. 322. :

Domi-

\

(404)
oe 5 Theesin China and what $- and how exchanged
An Bi aie 5 La there for dried leaves of Sage by the Dutchs
ren , | 14 249.
"¥ Affes the Organ and Nature of it, 20. | sek oh tees
366. 3
Thunder and Lightning,the Effects examined; VV Hatecffbing about Perma» .
2, 93. 222% M14. 747. ol) and: ‘Mew-England, how itis ‘a
Tydes, the caufes propofed, 16.. 263. See a performed, ”. ttt. w. 8.132. - 5
further examination bya fevere Hiftory of Wind, how to be raifed by the-fall of wens. 4
- Bydes, Winds, and other circumftances di- - without any Bellows, 2. 25. thewed in 4
rected) 2.17. 2.18. 7. 216 draught. at
‘Trees of Oak how found under-grownd 3 in Worms, that eat holes i in ‘tones 3 » Rating
ear ate taser dei Aa ali sag a erigi aes ba Sew f.

3
he yt eed
a Kiet - ’
he : ~
4 3
“ey, a) t
.
x Ss Z
—
5 +X
Ph) )
.
< 4
~
Py 4
Y —
- 5) * by
~ - - 7
; s FAS *
‘ ie
rg
Ma y) a

MZ ‘ 7 } . 3 =
} } ee a ae =
re Soh
, = % rh, .
. } 3 F
~ as pi ” u
2 a a E
\ = ao
“¥ j re my ae 7
ae 4 ’ i
iy % ey =
* 3 Re. 2
© gre 8
re ee A ae
a = bi it q aan * os
~ Poe fye* a a \ ae
ras 4
tA :
= 4 ts ~ Soe -
he . *, 7 = aa
3 ‘oe =" ; ce ve
ae ‘
y z rey 5 : :
1 y = a 7 > fig -
¢ ¥ = e en ee 4
of a } a “a
‘ ’ ais
. * es ‘a
‘ he - : ; a
‘ , eh OMB As Ag
3 ‘i be
g ipa Hy +
. ne | ” oa
‘ ‘
; ; ‘ ‘a
ore :
> Sage eh 4 +
e eo EERO :
bs <n
, x PEE P
wr . =y
SO hyp MR gs I a
if tise - ;
Bs} y
X ‘ 5 piney x
L | 3 J
ie ‘5 Jan
; Pie
; ¢ at
;
‘ ae
4 je -
4

ote (408)

‘The more

*. folid Philofophy,. See DixeGions 5 Inqui-
_ pies,and Inftruétions for a Natural Hiftory
of a, Countreys nN. 11. p. 186.

See it in part exemplified in the Hiflory of
_ England, begun. by. Dr. Aderret in his Pi-
MAX 20. 364s

See the caufe of Tydes Brepoles: by D. wal-
Lisy 16. 2630 |

See the further Examination by afevere Mi-
ftory of Tydes, Winds, aad other Conco-

mitants or Adherenss, directed, N17. N.1 85°

@. 21.
See the Inquiries commer the. Seas > aod
_ Sea-waters”. 18. 31
See Directions for Seamen ‘bound for bs Voy-
_ BES, 8. 140.
Kircher’s Account of the Subterraneous
World, 6. 109.
Mr. Boyle’s Directions and logue touch-
ing Mines, 19. 330.

| Philofophical Dire@tions and Inquiries for

fuch as Travel into Turky, 2. 20. 360.
The Relation of M. de Bourges, 18. B24.
M. Thevenots Relation of divers curious

Voyages, 7c. more Particularly of China,

14. 248.

The caufes of the inundation of the Nile,
difputed by Dela Chambre and Voffive. In
the Lift of Books.

See Mr. £oyle’s Mechanical Delniion: ;
and Chymical Demonftretions of the O-

_ of Forms and Qualitics, 11.

See othe “Application of thefe Mechanical Prin-

ciples mote patticulatly to the Nature, O-
peration and Generation of Plants and’ A-

nimals, and to-our humane Contexture,in
a Geometrical method, by Hon. F abri,13.

: ey 3 !

See Mr. Boyle’sHiftory of Cold and Fher-
mometers, 7. 1. p. 8. Me. 3. p. 46.

(Bhe Hiftory of Winds and: Bene 9 and all

changes of the Air ( elpecially in elation |

CATURAL METHOD.

{. “Natural Hiftory of all Countries
and Places, is the foundation for

to the weight ) ob‘ervable by the Barof-
cope, 2.9. 7.10, #11.

Light, fome fpecial fearch into tke cau’es , and
lome peculiar Examples. . See. above in:
Light.

Petrification (ollicited , fee Petiification »

Stone.

The Earths Diurnal Rotation 5 {ee Rarth ~

pia. |?

ese Eflayes. in Natural Philofopty, .
fe Guarini, 20. 365.

Earthquakes, and their Concomitants’ obfer-
Ved» #10... II.

The ‘effe@s of Thunder and Lightning ex= >

; Phe fee Thynder, Ne 13 222, pe ae

47
The raining of Afhes and Sand at great di-
{tance from the Mount Vefuvivsslee Raine, --
20; 377:
Springss and Wate's of pesiieg Nate "fee.
Springs.
In'e€ts in Swarms how begotten ; >: pernicious .
and how deftroyed, 8. 3 376
Monftets, or Irregularities in Natures ‘The
Calf, Colt, fupra.
Four Suns at oncey anid. ‘two firange mand +
bows, 13. 219
See the Vhaiegt pobiion and rendency or se qe
vitation of Liquids, in Mr. Boyle’s Hydro

, ftatical Paradoxtsy 8.145.

See in M. Hooks Micrography >a Hiftory of ©
minute Radics, or rather of the minute .
and heretofore un-feen pats of Bodies 3. it
being a main part of Philofophy, by an ar- ~
tificial redution of all¢ grols parts of Na=

ture to a clofer in{pection.

Medecinals, fee Medicine. Rbyfirians 5° Chi-

na. FriGion, Dr. Sydesbam, Dr. Lower,
Frition,. fupr da Ne 4. G7. Me FX! 266. |

Anatome, lee Steno de Adufculis er G linda
lis. How-a juyce in the ftomack diflolves
the fhells of Crafithes, 77d.

Grae deSucco Pancraticos thar¥ left hath
Veflels, 7.18. anf; Blood egenereted. to
refemble willl me ~1t7, The "T ransfifion

ot

(405)

of blood, 20. 3593. The organ and. nature
of Taftes 20. 365.

Sait too much ftiffens and deftioys the Body,
8. tre

II. Caney: ‘of Nature feverely eX»
amin’d

The ordering cf Kermes for Color.#.20. 362.

How the Salamander- quencheth Fire , and
lives by licking the Earth. /21.377. -

Whether Swallows do lie under water iri Win-
ter, and revive in Summer? 7.19.3 50.

Whether the Hungarian Bolus like the Arme-
nus? 1.1%.

are 1 how kill'd in Virginia > 3

° Sitthes and Vipers ‘how they differ , fee
Snakes. above. :
The Qualities and’ Produétions of May- dew,

Date in Mines how thev’ xl, 3s 44,

Teeth growing in aged perfons, 21. 380.

* Steams and ‘Expirations of the Body how
‘ftopp’d § and the foppage dangerous or
mortal, 8. 138.

Shining Worms j in Oyfters; 12. 403.

HII. Ris, ot Aids for the cre or

Dae _ ule of things Natural.

See A'tificial Inftmimentsia the Table.

Agriculture, fee the Inquiries, 4. 91.

Enelith Vineyards vindicated; fee in: -the Cara:
logue of Books.

Geometry, fee Euc! id ingthindiaed for Fils
ty, Eermat: in the Catalogue of Books.
Aftronomy, fee-Aftiemonical Remarks. Bul-
‘dialdus, Hevelius, Comets, Planets, Sa-
turns fapirers M ars; Sus mits: eRe

2 Ses
picts, fe ce that Head in the rable be

D st Nole. p)

Pidture, fee that Head in P. and Felibien in
the Catalogue of Books.

How to paint Marbles within , fee the
Head Marble.

Pendulum -Watches to afcettain Longitndes
_ at Sea, 1,12.

Whale=fifhing — Bermudas > 1.47. “and
8. 132.

Silk-trade follicited in France; virginia 2 fee
Silk in the Table.

Feles how to be found in‘Frofts, 17, tS oS

Winds raifed to blow by the fall ‘of water
without Bellows, 2.25. fhew’d ina Cuit.

Elephants enraged, how to clcape or iubdue, :
18, 328,

$eas and vat waters, whetherthey may be uni-
ted to the main Ocean, 3.41.

To proportion the diftance neceflary to bith %

“* Bodies by the Sun ; and fhewing, why the
‘RefleCtions from the Moon and other Pla-
~ nets donot burn, 4.69.

The Attof making Salt-Peeter, as pradtfed
in the ogols Dominions, 6. 103.

To make China-Difhes, 14. 249. expected
from Seigneur Septalio to si made in ‘ae
“rope, 7. 127.

To convey blood of one Anintils or Snaet Ei

quors, into ‘the blood of another Animal;
© 206 353. _

To preferve Ice and Snow‘by Chaffe, 8.1 38.

To preferve $hips from’ bam Worm- Paras

Ca ge.)

To preferve Birds taken out of the Epes. > Or
other finall Fetif’s, for Anatomical; of o-
‘ther Difcoveries; 12.199. ~

To allay the heat in hotteft Summer i Die
or Delight, 15. 255..

re Nae oo extream Cold faggeted, 2.

Trees of Oak at black as Ebony difcover do.
cand taken up out of Moorsiand: Marfhes “ia
eit vbr agin 41,32 3 ut

‘

‘That though in this laft Heid Fake is epee the edeititr fon

of Blood., becaufe. the Operation.is an Art requiring diligence,
and @ prattifed fiand to perform it for all advantagious Difcoveries,
and fo to be diftinguifh'd from the Azatomical: Account ; yet that
there isnot affeéted noife and number, may well appear by review-—
jing and comipering whe particulars of Artificial Infiruments in a

? Ta be

re. : (407)

Table, where fometimes one Engin or Inftrument may minifter
Aid to difcover a large branch of Philofophy, as the Barofcope, an
optickGlafs,&c, | -

And very particularly M, Rook's directions for Seamen,which fpe-
cifies Inftruments, may hereunto belong,
And fometimes in one of the Difcourfes herein mention’d, and

abbreviated,. there are almoft as many Artificial Inventions, as:

Experiments; as- in Mr, Boyle’s Hydtoftatical Experiments: Be-
fides all the Chymical Operations, recited in the Treatife-of the
Origine of Forms, Xc, : : |

;
) ~ ’ RANE bt Je a
— (Oun F Te LERAM TO EU o> an, H TH EU TO Me7Q,:

aA ERR AT A.»

' Big. 392-din, 23, blot out, as. ibid. lin, 24-read of the Son:

Wii

ity

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Shr atere rae % sterile Ne—alat S eae
sepa a: ; tie aie eee wir

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