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GIVING SOME

ACCO

O R I HE
Er cent. Undertakings, Studies, and “omnes
OF THE

INGENIOUS

IN. MAN Y
Loabderble Parts
OF IHE.

Won xv. m.
For the Tear of our Lord, M.DC. LXXXV.

——————AÁ —— ——— ————

i O X POR, |
1 Printed at the 7 Z E ATER, andare to be fold by Samuel |
|| Smith,at the Prince's Arms in S' Paul's Church -yard, Lon- |

_don; and | Henry. Clements, Bookfeller in iden 1686. |

SS
~)
2G

-Nrunbe

cl

rat QU

he

T

lL

LAL

P83] — Numb. 167.
pe ned the hivete centh Volume, :

"Fan. 28 bh Ta

The CON TENTS.

L, Some pers latata about Freezing, and the Difference
betwixt common frelh-water Ice, and that of Sea-water ;
5 alfoa probable Conjecture about the Original of the Nitre
of gypt: by Dr. Lifter... 2. 4 Letter from Dr. Tur-
bervile of Salisbury, containing [ome confiderable Obfer-
. vations 2n the Pratife. of Phyfic.,- 3 X0 onthe
| Cicindela Volans; by R, Waller $55 F.ofthe R, S. 4.
Letter from Mr. J. Davis concerning the Wurtembar T
— Siphon.. y. The Defeription of a Siphon, made to per-
form all the Effeils exprefttobe done by the Wurtemburg :
Siphon : by Dr. Papin; F of the R. $. 6. 4 Catalogue |
of Ewpetiments drawn up. by Sr. W . Petty, pref. of the
Phil. Soc. of Dublin; and’ by bim. pre[ented to that So-
I: ai ciety. 2-4. Letter from Mr. F. Beaumont. pin, eon-
— €erning anew way of Cleaving, Rocks. 8. 4 Difcourfe |
proving from Experiments, that the larger the wheels of a
. Coach, 6c. are; tbe more eaff ily they a are drawn, over Stones;
> Ge. lying in, the way. | 9, An account of a. large preter-
. saturall Glandulofe Subftance, found, t between the Peri- -
1t catdium, and Heart of 4n. Ox. ro. Accounts of. three
Books; 1.De Origine Fontium per R.Plott LL. D.Mufez
| » Afbmoleani Oxoniz Prepofitum, & R.. o5... 2. Mediana
| bofepteutrionali Collatitia , Opera: Fheophe. Boneti,, E
E1 geb: —ü de Hou Thea. Tud 289
pet boos ! ed hn .wewr (hoy Ee:

"T

[936]

Sonne Experiments about Freezing, and the Ten OBE
- rence betwixt common fre/h Water Ice; and that
of Sea Water : allo a probable Conjeéture a-
bout the Original of the Witre of /Egypt : by Dr.
Lifter, Fellow of the Royal Society. |

Ecember 3d 1684 at Night I expofed - 4 Glaffe |
1 bottles in the open aire upon the ground to freeze;
- viz, of the Red- -Natron Water from /£gypt ; of a ftrong
Solution of € Nitrunf Murarium in fair Water, of Sea Was —
ter taken up at Scarborough and more then halfe Evapo-
rated ; of the Su/phur well at Amasborougb, that is, of —
natural brine evaporated to the fame height with the
Sea Water.
. Note, that the 4th in the morning, the Solution of T
Nitrum Murarium was halfe of it Ice, but not we ofthe |.
reft. ms
. The 6th in the morning, the bottle of NWrum x
Murarium was moft Ice; the Sulphur Water hadnoIce ——
that I could perceive atall in it: the Natronhad much -

Ice at the bottom of the bottle ; and the — fea e.

Water was not without flakes bt Ice.
The Icicles of the Natron were prettily Geured; LIA
reprefented in Fig. r. thelcicles of the SeaWaterwere — |

alfo figured in oblong fquares, as in Fig: 2. and were |

brittle and tranfparent. I fetthe drained Icicles of Na- -
éron before the fire, which did -readily: enough melt &

diffolve into water'again; ‘thisI2e was both alike faltin — |
Ice and in Water, much like’ its Water. to the taf, out |

of which it was VEN
In like manner having drained the Ox ea. Hiern Ice nd

expofed it before the fire; thefe: Idicles became foft’ and | H
moift by degrees,but at len eth rather Bvaporatédythan |

quite melted away ; and having taken is: a good thick |
| . lump |

[832]
- lamp of common Ice,at leaft a 100 times their thickneffe. &
bulk, this ina few moments atthe fame diftance before
the fire, grew wetter and wetter and diffolved into water,
wheras the Sa/¢ Icicles after 3 quarters of an hour, lying -
before the fire did at length dry into a white powder
erfe& Salt, the moiiture totally Evaporating. |
Alfo the Sea Water Icicles tafted very Salt, when firft
taken out of the Water.
repeated the fame experiment of expofing to freeze the _
bottles of Natura Brine of Knasborough Sulphur well halte
Evaporated,and Scarborough Sea Water, the fame as for-
merly , the 7and 8 th inftantat Night, & with the like
fucceffe ; viz, no Icicles in the natural brine, but the
fame large ones as above defcribed I had in the Sea
Water, but not till after the 2d Nights keen freezing.
Thefe Salt Icicles continued unthawed in the bottles,
— though they were brought into the Houfeand kept in
a warm room long after all other Ice within doors was
gone, viz, till the rath inftant at Night, when the Ici-
. clesalfo were diffolved and vanifht.
. From which Experiments we note, r. that there may
be Salt Ice from Sea Water frozen, which the Expe-
riments of this $. of thelaft year did not feem to favour.
2. that there is a real difference betwixt natura! Brine,
and Sea Water; as there is betwixt the Salts themfelves,
. Which they yield.
— 3. That the great floating Mountains of Ice in tbe
Northern Seas (if upon ftrict Tryal they fhall be found to ©
be falt, which fhould be further enquired into,) are not
only the effects of many yeares freezing, but alfo much
oftheir magnitude may be owing to the natural dura-
tion of that fort of Ice.
Beforel end, give me leave to gueffe at the original of
. the Nitre of /Egypt,which the Experiments made about it
at Oxford plainly fhew to be little different from Sad
adirfnoniac,. —

A2 That

ees [3:8]

"That confidering that it raines little or nothing éóm-
paratively to the great heats, in Agypt; and that the
Lakes there are only oncea year furnifht with frefh Wa-
ter from the overflowings of AZ/e ; alfo that vaft tradis of

. Land there and all over 4a are naturally covered with
foffil Salt; again thofe Lakes are furnifht with vaft Ani-
mals as Crocodiles, Hippopotami, and without doubt -
great variety of other leffer Vermine; thele things T
fay,well confidered, it is eafy to think, thatim a years
time,moft the $2/r Water of thofe Lakes has paft through
the Bodies of thofe Animals, and confequently isbecome
"Urinous or Salin-Urinous, as is the nature and compo-

fition of fa&titious Sal Armoniac.

[339]:

A. Leiter from Dr. Turbervile of Salisbury contain-
— ding ofome confiderable Obfervations in the Pratufe

(Sri

will now proceed in-communicating more of my
‘ Obfervations toyou; at prefent be pleafd to accept
. thefewhich follow. . iaa dim ale
|. I had a Gentlewoman my Patient, who was much
- troubled with the falling Sicknefs; in her Water 1 faw
.agreat number of fhort Worms, full of legs, and like
_ Millepedes: I gave her two or three purges, firit with Pz/:
| Agaric: 6 Rbubarb ; but! ftill perceivd, in every Water
| was brought me, eight, or ten, or more, of the Worms;
| they appeard lively, and full of Motion; and the fits
| continued daily: atlaft I gave Her half an ounce of Ox-
|-ymel Helleboratum in Tanfy Water; which wrought
| well and was fuccefsfull ; fo that fhe had a compleat cure.
| Ithall leave you to judge of thecaufe of the Malady.
| About fix or feven years fince, I had a Gentleman
| (Mr. Oyliff by name,) incure of his Eye; which wasas
| big as my fift, black, flefhy, and full of blewifh blad-
| ders; this I judgd to be a Cancer : after purging, and
|-bleeding, I cut out the ball, and ulcerd flefh , by
| many Cuts, which were all infenfible to Him, till I came
|) to the Optic Nerve : at the laft Cutt He complaind,
2 and bled a little; the Wound was heal'd in about a fort-
? night ; He now wears a black patch over the place.
| —Notlong after this, a young man(my Patient.) had
X an Eye as big as a Hen's Egg, very fair, without ble-
Zumih, Rheum, or rednefs; and his fight was pretty
3 tolerable; I judgd thefe Symptomes to proceed from
) thin humors fallen on the Eye, and Extending its Coats:

! " ECT
1 eared this SUE by applying drying Medicinesto
ES head, and Eyes, and making an Iffue in Nucha,
appello Morea Oculum Bovinum, five Oculi Hiydropem: |
If thefe Obfervations are accéptable to you,. Todwaar |
. command more ofalike nature from.. 59s d* 3 |

c ls --

X
RS
x
e =
etd p. an

EM E

Sarum diede T aut yis af ME aao
| Wen od de yy cr CODE VERIOR.

Dec. roth | d ta rico poe ELM AL ans — ric

| | ^ Servant

| bU Rr |. Dawbeney Turbervile. -

= 1 d
t ^
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Lh € ce ny" ^ vtt a B ar :
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4 -— s) ¢ “+ 334 a 453 4 Lb.
" tí TI "itu
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^ m CTR OW 11$ 2 Hbi
y, MEET eee pr tow», To
f )ywi- *
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£3 (| 4
a 9 d.d, dd S Í » 4 As $
- Cs t

areal 8

Obfervations on t be Cicindela Volans.or Flying Glow.

?

worm, with the figure thereof made, and Defigned

oy Richard Waller Efg. F. of the R. S5

' H E Cicindela volans, tho’ it hath bin pretty well
"^ defcribed by feveral writers that treat of Infects,

yet I think has bin by none mentioned to be found in

England, and indeed it isvery rare, but I bave happened
to catch twice of them at Northaw in Hertfordíhire ;
firt about Midfummer 1680, and fora fortnight in June

the laft year 1684. they flew about the candle as foon

asit grew dark ; at both which times the weather was

. very hot, and it may be itfhinesonly at fuch feafons, tho’

the Animal be eafy enough to be met withall winged

when it fhines not, and without wings fhin'ing which is

the common Glow-worm. |
By "Ulyffes- Aldrovandus Lib: 4.cap. 8. it is thus defcri-

bed. Gicindela pennata pennas habet in vaginis fufcis
. inclufas, Caput à fuperna parte ceu Cucullo quodam cly-

peiinverfi, & incumbentis formam habente totum con-

- tegitur, fufci ut vagina coloris. Capitulum ei parvum

nigerrimum, in duo tubercula difpartitum, ceu gagatis :
fplendore ocellos Alvum habet annulofam multisfeg-

| mentis divifam in cujus extremo guttulz duz ignis inftar

pellucida, fed à lucido igneo ad viride feu fübczruleum

| tendentes, qualis nonnunquam flammezett ex fulphure-
| incenfo color. Confpiciuntur tunc maxime cum alvo
| compreffa humor ille Diaphanus ad. extremum alvi ver-
| git, &c:

I have been the larger in tranícribing this De-

| Ícription, becaufe it agrees very well with the A-
4 nimal whofe figure I here prefent to the Society;as touch-
| Mg its Generation, Aldrovandus ib. affirms ovis qua

B 2 parit

iar is

[342]
parit Cicindela, Erucam quandam fieri, & ex hac tandem
alatam gigni, &c. Itis much to the fame purpofe defcri-*
bedby @ Moufet, and P Themas Bartholin in his Treatife
. Deluce Animaiium Save that they both T think miftake in
allowing the Male only to.have wings, whereasthey both —
fly alike,aswe may coticlude wasknown to $ulius Scaliger -
Exer. 191. from a place it feemes not regarded tho ei- .
. ted by Moufzt, where he fays Cicindelam Volantem cum. —
| fuo Mari in:coitu deprehendi, &c., The fame which hap--

pened, to nie, for .L,once;caught the Male, and Female |
- coupled, and could obferve no Difference between them,

except id Size, the Femalebeing-a little the larger, for
they both fhined alike.- ‘Its Light was very vivid fo as to .
befeen plainly, when:;a-Candle wasin theIXoom;butthe -
- vibrations thereof-were unequal, dnd the Colour gree-
mifh like that of the:creeping'Glow-wormi | Thelumi- |
nous, part wastwo {mall dpecks on the-under fide of the
Tail at its Rad. The fhineing continued fora little while |
after the Tail was cut off, tho' it fenfibly decayed, till -
atlaftitwent quite: out. - Whetheritfliined: longer-then
the Life remained in that part. (which will live for.a ^
confiderable tiine in all Infects after ithas been fevered -
from the body,)d-much-doubt'; and Adoufet fays Clas —
rifimum. iftuin: fplendorem .usaiccum » fpiritu: vitali -
prorfus evanefcere: -Poffibly the wle of thislightistobea -
Lantern to the Ifectin-catching lits prey; and-to' direct —
‘its courfe by in the Night, whichis:made probable by the |
. Pofition of it on-the under part of the ‘Tail, fothat by ©
bending the fame downward»(as Lalways obfervediitto —
doj) Xt; givesca: light forward upon the Prey; orobjedtt —
the Luminous Rayes in: the mean time-not being atall -
incommodious to its fight, as they would have bin, if this
Torch: had been carryed, before it; "This:conjeétuse 1s

^

a

thexunderyPart of the: headjymot oa ithe “Lope: Ilobíére -
Aw Nap70j. PIL, XibowpennA Wi. .ccteisago. er SN

| | L843]1 |
vedalío that it could and did by fome contrivance co-
ver its Light, and make a kind of dark Lantern. I
fhould have been very glad to have given fome account
ofthisLight from Experiments that might have bin made
thereon but not having theopportunity of doing it whilft
the Flyes lived which was not above a day after they
were taken, and wanting my Microfcope in the Country
toexamin it more nicely while fhining, I mutt be con-
tented with offering a Draught of the Iníect fuch asI
could then make, and a larger reprefentation of it asthe
Microfcope fhewed it being laid on its. back. when it
had been fome time dead. - Du |
he 3d. Figureíhews the Infect upon its feet, with the
back upwards, where it appearsto be of the Beetle kind;
it is'ofa dark Brown colour unpolifht, when the cafe -
wings are opened, itextendstwo very large membranous |
. wings, faftened to the upperpart of the Thorax; Its.
head is covered asit were with a fhield or broad-brim d-
The 4th Figure reprefents it laid on the Back, to
dhew the two Eyes under the broad covering, they are-
black, and very large, making almoft the whole head; .
‘there being little elfeto be feen : thefé are movable, fo -
that the Animal canthruft themforward tothe Edgeof —
ats hat.. From between thefe are difcovered: the two -
‘hairy-feelers , or perhaps Braüfhes to cleaníe the Eyes.
Between thefe Eyes and the Thorax lyes the Mouth: on -
the Thorax are 6/Legsalmoftallora length. "The Tail.
- *is made of 7'fhelly Rings, atthelaítof whichare vifible -
the two fhining points. i] en) mioidsuT35! 9t
""JEhessgth digure thews the Infe@ onits back as it was -
- feen'thirough a Microfcope when dead; where ' |
© "AA. Reprefents: the two Horns, feelers, or: Brafhes -
"3 confiftine^of 10-roundifh :oynts, -befides the firft, which .
4s as long as two ofthe Relt, they are all-hairy; anddike-
. *tltofe of fome Butterfiys; for all.have them not... a
— lg MEE D.3 | duc

IN

~

| £8447] i
: ^ BB. The broad covering, or Hat over the head which
. fhewed of a fpeckled brown and yellowifh colour, like
Tortois fhell. da reor, |
CC. The two Eyes compofed of innumerable
{mall glaffy Hemifpheres in rows as hath been obfer-
ved by the Ingenious Mr. Hook in his Microgra-.
phy to be the make of infects Eyes, fo to fupply the de- .
fe& of motion in their Eyes, by the number of Pupilla s.
Ihavefeen thefe fpherical bodysin the Eyes of fome But-
terflys fet incircles not Rows; withlong hairs growing
out ofeach fpace left by the connexion of three Hemif-
heres...” | | |
: D.D.D.D.D.D. The Legs of a fhelly-make like .
‘Lobfters, and ío joynted. As well inthis as other Flys -
they are covered with many ftiff hairs, tho notfo fullas —
:thofe of thé Blew fly, as may be feen by comparing Mr.
Hooks (Microgr. Schem. 26,) curious Figure of that In- —
fect with this here. The.Mechanifms of the feet, as I -
‘take it, are much the fame, only what is there calledthe —
Pattens, were here wanting (if not broken offasI believe .
‘they were not,) and their ufe fupplyed by the Gibbous -
part reprefented by d.d.d. The Talonse.e.e.e.e.e.
of the feet were fhining, and very fharp pointed. The.
Legs were of two long joynts, and the feet of four more,
befide that which was armed with the'Talons. Thefe
feemed to be joynted one into another, and were all.
thick befet with haires, or Briftles, — loi
E. The Thorax of but one fhell, ofa Polifht copper -
colour, ftuck full of tapering Briftles, a’ {mall dent be- 1
ing difcernable in the fhell whereineachgrew. =
, 3F. The Taile confifting of 7 Rings, of thefame brow- P
nifh colour, without hairs except on their Edges, which —
were fet with them like a thin fringe, as the Tailes o ko:
Lobfters, 8c. are. Thefe Rings were of an unequal |
Íhiningfhel-cover. — ei E
£ £. The back, or upper part of two or three Ringsof —
J ; | ‘iti | 3 the — |

Eee d MCI e AR MONT

: ,L 84s ]

the Taile, turned up to fhew the work of the fhell on
thatfide. On the Infide of the laft ofthefe was the light
placed, tho’ there was now nothing to be feen except
that part being a little lighter coloured then the reft
ofthe Taile. ) | |
|. g.g.g.g. The Membranous Wings in every particu-
lar like thofe ofthe Blew Fly, with hairs upon the veins,
or quilly Parts. ‘ m :

h.h.h.h. The infides of the Cafe wings, which were

hairy,pointingalldownwards. “Ihe outhde of thefe Ca-
fes is alfo very Briftly.

-

x
e n a

mu aie «£846 7) T HE |
A Letter of Mr. John Davis Minifter of little Leak
in Nottinghamshire to one of the F. of tbe R. S.

Ne

concerning the Wurtemberg Engine Dated 26th. |

November. 1684. —— . glist sia
UU M elapfa nuper zíftate effem Londini, in ma-
nus incidit Tráctatus quidam inícriptus $pho Wur-

tembergicus, five Siphoinverfus Cruribus aquealtis fluens

& refluens hactenus inauditus, De-hac Machina ma-
gnifica przdicat Author predicti libelli, afferens effe u-
nam é duabus Machinis Aquariis, cui mundus parem

non habet, fi & utilitatem, & raritatem, & artificium fpec-
tes, fed Lectorem orat, ut ignofcat Patrono ejus Serenif-

fimo quod myfterium ftructurz ejus fibi fervet. Dum

itaque encomium hoc tam care, utilis, & artificiofe Ma- -
chine legerem,& de Fabricatione ejüsferio cogitarem, in -
mentem venit, quomodo inftrui poffit Sipho, ut que de —

Wurtembergico illo narrantur, praftaret. | Habensergo

in manibus, dum Tractatum illumevolverem, Syphonem -
. quendam Vitreum, me ad inventionem ccelati predicti |
Siphonis artificii applicui, & | poftquam Syphonem meum .
artificio eo, quod tunc mihi occurrebat, difpofuerams _
-erexieum fupra duo Vafcula quantum potui perpendi= —
culariter; dumque in eo fitu fifteretur, audi in unum ex
— Vafculis aquam, donec orificium Siphonis paululum fu- ~
‘peraret, & ftatim in alterum Vas ut expectabam effluebat —
aqua: tunc evacuato illo Vafe in quod primo aquam iu- —
fuderam in alterum effudi, & immediate aqua ifta reflue-

ja

bat in prius Vas. Hoc dum in prima lectione predicti —
libelli occupatus eram, expertus fum, &licet non aufim —
de Invento hoc gloriari, aut Artificium hujus Syphonis _

aneicum illo Wurtembergico, quod mihi adbuc (in quan- —

&
L

tum fcio,) ignotum eft, comparare: tamen fiutilitatem

{pectemus, cum eo certare poffe (prefertim fi addatur ei |

~~
1
d
"rr
^

Inftrumentum quoddam, modo quodam peculiaria me —
excogitato,) non multum dubito, &c. . Tbe Dew

— v, ae

E:
ie

Lk.

ME

PC

ay [ $47 ] |
The Deferiprión "of a Siphon, performing the fame
things with the Sipho Wurtemburgicus;invented
by Dr. Papin Fellow of the Royal Society.
E N tra&atu de Szphone Wurtemburgico qui Stutzardie

A authore Do.Salomone Reifelio nuper editus eft mag-
na, quedam atque inaudita, fi & utilitatem & rarita-

tem & artificium fpectes, de novo illo fiphone przdi-

cantur; ipfius autem proprietates cbaracteriftice propo-
nuntur his verbis: 1°. Us orzfica erurum duorum Siphonis fui

borizontaliter fta labris inferanturicum im veterum inven-

tis crus longius infra labrum feu equilibrium defcendat fem.
per. 2. Ut orificiis vel partim vel ad dimidiumagua repletis,

effi'uat tamen aqua fuper montem dutza;tum in reliquis Stphos
- mbüs totum orificium aqua acimplert fzu immergi aque de=

- eat. 3-Ut in ficcitate diuturna quie[cens-macbina tamen effe-

- lum producat affiuentezterum aqua. 4. Ut lumine feu orificia

alterutro aperto, altero vero poft horas demum aut diem feu

per epiflomium feu conum reclufo, effluat tamen aqua; cum

iu aliis utraque fimul lumina aperiri debeant, 5. Utinhe=
rixontali linea pofites orzficiis, © aequalibus quoad altitudi-
nem cruribus exundet liquor; cumin Porte aliorumque

Macbinis inequalia debeant crura. effe, perpendiculum ma-

jus. 6. Otab utroque labro in utrumque labrum infufa af-

£endat effluat aqua; cum an veteribus nounifi per unicum

nempe longius, crus effluat, nunquam refiuat. ec {unt ip-
fius verba Authoris, qua vero ratione, quibufueauxiliis
tanti effectus produci poffint, ne verbum quidem : "Me,

| itaque, Juffit Regia Societas Machinam conftruere, qux

eadem illa in libro defcripta Phoenomena exhiberet, ut
clariffimus author de orbe litterato multoties tam bene
meritus, ad ulteriores Siphonis fui proprietates & ufus de-

tegendos provocetur: quuni quz de eo hactenusedita

funt cuncta, tam facili negotio ab aliis effe&a viderit.
Rem igitur tribus variis modis exequutus fum ; ne vero
: 6 . . t&diofus

/

: |
| e [3848].
tediofus nimium. videar, fequentem. methodum utpor
facillimam inftar omnium fore arbitror. ,

AA. funt duo vafa metallica quibus dux Siphonisex- 4

tremitates inferuntur. — 421 TSE E
.BCDEDCB. eft Siphocujuslumina. BB. in eadem
Horizontali linea difponenda funt. Ss

. .F. Eft tubulus foramini in fuperiori Siphonis parte ad- —
ferruminatus, diligenterque obturandus, poftquam Si-

pho aqua exacte repletus fuerit. Jam manifeftum eft
aquam in partibus CD. contentam,aefi ‘externo inoret-
fum prohibere ne ad fuperiorem Siphonis partem E. pe-

netret: Sipho igitur aqua femper plenus (modo debi- -

.tam altitudinem non excedat,) effectum fuumcertiffime
producet, ftatim atque aqua in vafibus A contentaalte- -

rutriusorificii D partem aliquam replebit: quumqueam- —

bobusorificiis aqua partim repletis, in utroque vafe A ad —

eandem horizontalem lineam fuperficies aque perve-

nerit, fi alterutri Vafi vel tantillum aqua infuderis, pars —

ejus per fiphonem: ftatim in alterum Vasdeferetur, ea-

demque ratione cetera in libro defcriptaphxnomena |

exhiberi poterunt: maximus enim ejufmodi fipho hacte- —

nus conítructus viginti pedum altitudinem non fuperat. |

-

hi ; - | gc ^ be
SCALED 48 TIU ME i, » LTO IH, 4 ee
; | a uy 5 ^ ae
Ls ^ d » ibd nd dodi Eva y my at y a1
" b Iw. À E 4453 wo 7 e = idee ee 7 5 , iA "un
H 3 1 » M E -—

í oe a H , X . ]
& ‘ & cu 24 . ) ^ ZEIT.

(che " " 11.

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i H > [i : |] 4
as A ers WS Su bu de + A A Si4EGA » id " K1
m * *. ^ j P
— eee , "a ‘ ww : - "i

[849]

A pond Catalogue of Mean, vilgar, Cheap
and fimple Experiments. Drawn up by Sr. William
- Petty, Prefident of tke Dublin Society, and by
_ fim ms to; that Society

I. HE Weight of a Cubical foot of Sea Water,
i —frefh River-Water, Spring-Water and Rain-
Water; as alfoof Ale, French Wine, Brandy, Methe-
doses and reds Wine, Oil- Olive, Rape- Oil and Train- |

2. The Weight of a Cubical foot of Wheat, Barly,
Peas, Oats? 6r.

3. ‘The Quantity andWeight of Juice that ten pound

of Apples, Pears, Goosberries, Mulberries, Peaches, and
Grapes will yield in order to make Drink?
— 4. The Weight ofa Cubical foot ef Oak, Afh, Elm,
Fir, Willow, Alder, Birch, Yew, Pear-tree and Bok tim-
ber, and the difference between the weight of the faid
timbers ,extreamly green and extreamly dry ?

5. The Weight of the Shell, White and Yelk ofan Egg,
"vix. of Pidgeons, Hens, Ducks, Geefe and Turkies, and
the proportion between the weight of the Egg and the
‘Hen? &c.

6. The Weight off a Cubical foot. of Wool, Tow,
CHEER Hey, €. presfd down with feveral weights: 2

The Weight of feveral Bottles and Cask which

ids incommon ufe?

*$." Ihe cede of a Cubical foot ees Sand and
‘Mold 3:

9- ‘The Weight qf Apples; Pears, Nuts and other
"fruits ; asalfo their correfpondent Numbers and Magni-
tudes?

Ilo) Comparative: Weight of a hundred Apples born
pos the fame Tree in feveral years? |
i. "Let there bea Bag of Wool; and Shot atthe

pu C 2 152 thereinto

qi

[150]
thereinteby a Mufquet,; Carbine and Piftol, and let it be
obíerved how fareach Bullet pierceth the fame? —— ^
— rz. What {pace feveral forts of Animals will rua in

aminute vz. a Horle, Grey ‘hound; Hare, Fox, Rabbit,
even to a Loufe, and other creeping Animals? ....

r3. The difference of Flight of leveral forts of PE

' within the fame time?) |)” y
. 14. What Proportion of cath forts Mf? Letters are in
the Englifh, Latinand French Tongues, &¢. . |
-ip. Forafmuch as all Printers Lettersare ofthe €
height, quere the Weighr. ofan Alphabet. of the feveral
ufual fizes >
16. Quere how many of cii fort of gl will
ftand in ten inches fquare ?
17. (Quere how. sdhuty Letters máy be compofed and
MU dv amanhour?: 550
| What differencein sheDutation of a Light ptt iX
hs Tallow, Bees-wax and Oil, and. in Tallow of leveral.
ages and forts P
19. The Duration of Candles of the fame Weight,
-and : Weik of feveral bignefles.
20... The difference of ks ion a the foe. Weight |
of feveral forts of Pit-Coles, and the’ feveral weight of |
their Afhes, and of the feveral quantities of Water that F3
othe fame: will. makes to _~ initho feaag. fort, of e x
ho zia | bl'eatq F4
T9! the Dirasfod: ab Faverah | Masghes and Colca 3

PA ke the time that feveral Woods will keep fire jue
upinAÍhes? |.

22. (Of the Strength of the janie ‘Fires on the feveral |

sist and: théir different du£ation;3-: 77 -

2234 büIThe propottions o£ NitreBr safioneand Colein
tlie leveral forts of Gunpowder ? oF |

; bap! "Thé: ptopettions of Oit, ‘Tallow, Salrand Lie in
the feveral forts;of; Soaper syst nl 533

»t125:0:W hats ptepoimtion ofsPitch! andi aliqw [3 the
omisofiaShip? ^ .£2

p" 2

b:
Ded

L851]

“What quantity of Tar goes for paying a yard
[ upon a Ship?

What are the proportions of Brimftone and Ro-

| Gc n graving a Ship?

28. What the proportion of Lime and Sand for Brick

| mortar. |

29. What the proportion of Lime and Hair for Plai-

. ftering?-

3o. What the proportion of Linfeed-Oil and Oker
for Colouring and Priming ?

31. What the ads of Lead and Pewter for So-
der?

- 32. What the weight of Wool alid length of Thred

in a yard fquare of the feveral forts of Woollen Manufa-
ctures £

23. The fame for the Manufacture of Hemp, Flax,

i Cotton, Hair and Silk? -

34. ‘Lhe proportion of Meal, Water and Yeaít in

Bread, in Dow new baked and fale?

35. The proportion of Increafe between Dow and

-the fame fermented ; between Barly and the fame mal-
ted ?

335.10 Fhe Proportion of Hemp and Tar in a well- |

. made Rope?

37. The quantity of Stuffin any e nuo propound- .
| cu and the length of the feveral Seams and the Sew-
-ing Thread, and number of Stitches in the fame?

. 38. The proportion between the Weight, and the Ex-
tent ofthe feveral Leathers in a fhooe ?

39. How many Shooes of a certain fize,a Shooema-
m an can makeup ina time given? -

; | Whatlength of Thred ‘can be {pun in ten hours,
E Cable-yarn to Taylorsbrown Thred? .
Los4tc: What is: the: length of an Ounce of all fine

T Thred i.
ot 436% st what: extent may an Ounce of fine Gold, Sil-
buio? C 3 "Ga BIS

| [552]
vet, Tin and Copper bgbeaten, and to what su the
fames may bedtawninto Wire? — -
43. What is the Weight of an Ox of 1, 2, 3, 4 ?
a yearsold, in ten feveral degrees of Pafture in Jre-
lana? .
44. How a feveral forts of Trees increafe i in weight

and height per annum ? |
45$. To how many dos sich fort of Seed multi-

ply > |
- 46. What proportion doth the Kernel ofan Apple
bear to the Apple itíelf ; with the fame for other Fruits
andPlants? .

47. What is the differencé between the Weight of

Hyíopand Wormwood, or of any other Herbs, upon the -
fame {quare of Ground for one years Growth? |
—.48. What is the difference of the Worth of plowing
the fame quantity of Ground in ten feveralíortsof Land -
in Ireland? |
| 49. The quantities of Rain that fallin.an hour upon
the famefcopeofLand? . :
31. 02, Ae deveral weights. of:a Fleece of Wool at Íhee-
ting, kept dry, and ina moift place?

» 31. What difference in the weight of Hides of Cattel
of i» fame weieht?

What difference i in the way, a Ships per hoar i in
p IE of cafes ?
. $3. Átacertain Point in tye Sea, to bbíessa: the.
depth of the Water every hour of the year,with thedwift- |
neis and flownefs of ebbing and Hd water between
any two Points affigned ? |
$4. What are the E rules ol Illuminations foin!
ene to a hundred equal Candles in a parallel-fided
“Room? : :
js. The different. effedts of the Wind,upon the Sound :
‘of a Bell?
56. The different. diftances of. time. between the
t Sound

[853] :

Sound and Fire of a Gun, and the meafuring of the di--
ftance of Thunder thereby ? |

;7- The difference of the weight of Animals by
Tranípiration, ordinary and extraordinary ?

;8. Thedifferent proportions of the times of fleeping
and waking in feveral Animals, particularly in Fifhes?

y9. The proportion between the length, weightand
thicknefs of the beft Bows and Arrows? |
60. The different effects of Bows at feveral bents up-
on thefame Arrow? .- MS. !

- 6r. The different weights of Indico, Madder, Co-
cheoneel, Weld, Fuftick and Logwood, that will dy the
fame quantity of the fame Stuffto a degree affigned 2
^ 62. How much of each of the faid dying ttuff will

produce black ?» : |
.63 What is the proportion of Copperas and Gauls
for the dying of woolinto ablackcolour?

With infinite more Experiments of this kind.

OA Let-

L854] | |
A Letter from Mr. | : Beaumont of Stony-Eafton in
~ Sommerfetfhire to one ofthe S. of tbe R. S. con-

cerning a New way of Cleaving Rocks. —

A worthy Gentleman, who for many years has, been ^
a Confiderable adventurer in the Lead Mines on
Mendip hills, being in. London a while fince, was pleafd |
to acquaint me that the Miners there, within thefe |
twelve months; had gotten a new way of (/eavzng Rocks
with Gunpowder, whereupon I defird he would pleafe |
to favour me with a Prefent of the Inftruments usd in it,
which I conceiv d: would not be unacceptable in the Re- |
pofitory at Grefham Colledge, where Mhave now caus'd
them to be deliueréd. |. reser ed ot Siu
The firftInftrument, which by the miners is call'd the —
Borier defcribd Fig. 7 is made of Iron, and is 2 foot 2 In- |
ches in length, it isan Inch fquare at the fteeled end from
ato b, and fomewhat effe in the other part:the uferofthis |
Inftrument is to make a hole in the Rock deep enough to ©

|. receive the Powder:the fecond Inftrument,call'd the Gun |

reprefented Fzg. 8. is 6. Inches in length, 1; diameter, |
-andhasa hole drill d through it to receive the priming -
. ‘Powder. The firt Inftrument is manag'd thus, one -
‘man holds it on the Rockand turns it round, while ano- ©
ther beats it down with a hammer of five or fix pounds
weight ; when the hole is made fomewhat deeper then —
the length of the Guz, they dry it witha rag, and putin- |
to it about 2 or 3 Ounces of Powder, over which they put —
a thin paper, andon it place the Guz, which they bind
firmly into the hole, by driving inagainft the flat fideof —
the upper part of it, the third Inftrument, which is a lit-
tle Iron wedge 4 inchesin length, bythe Miners calda -
Quinnet deícribd Fig. 9. when this is done, they pafs down ~
a wire through the hole drill'd in the Gvz, and pierce the.
| Ee Paper -

E255] p

Paper which covers the Powder and thenthey prime the
Gunand lay atraine and goe up out ofthe work before
the Powder comes to take fire; the Paper is putat firft oe
vet the Powder, left when the Gun and Quinet are drive-
down, the tooles may ftrike fire and kindle the Powder.n
. Innumber: 5. of the Philofoph. 'Tranfa&. fet forth
by Mr. Oldenburg there is a way of breaking Rocks with
Gunpowder Communicated by Sr. Robert Moray, as he
received it from Monfr. du Sow the Inventor, and there
Bc dide ad of the Inftruments for that purpofe, but in
regard thofe Inftruments differ in feverallthings from
thefe,Ithoughtit might not be amifsif thefe were like-
wale Iu(erted; 3. 2.43503: |

' L know the ufe of thefe Inftruments will be of great
advantage to Miners,and if there are any Minerall works
where they are not yet receivd, the Miners. may doe well -
totry them ; for (befide what will be fav'd in timberina
year that is ufd in burning Rocks, which is very confide-
rable,)we know thatasfoon asa man has fired his Powder
-and broken the Rock, he may prefently go to work a--

ain, whereas after a fire is laid in a Shaft, a man can
purs go to Work in 24 hours after, the Rocks being toe
hot tofuffer him. . fe et

| 4 LDifcourfé phu from Experiments, . That the
^. larger the Wheels of a Coach,teciare (ceteris pa-
: ribus,) the more eafily they may be drawn over a
. Stone orfuch like obflacle that lies intheway: by
a Member — ane ex Pac par tef Ox. :

* fords | |

» ^n

-

Herigon^, and Dr, Wallis*, That the larger
Wheels of a Coach, &c. are, (caters paribus): the more
eafily they may be draton over a’ ftone or fucb like obftacle
that lies inthetr way ; Y was willing to try fome Experi- :
ments which Ithought might convince fome men bet- -
ter of the: truth or it, then a Marhematicall denionftra- |
Dono |
T éhicteforé olde rea! a ‘Modell of a part ofa Wagon tobe
made, confifting of 4 wheels, 2 axes and a board nailed
upon the axes. The leffer wheels were! 4: inches high; —
and the bigger wheels 5; inches high, viz: & oftheor- -
dinary height of the wheels of aWagon: The weight of -
the Modell was almoft a pound and half. -I had alío a -
other wheels made 53 inches high tobe put oninftead |
oftheleffer. The middle ofthe 2 axes were 6; inches a-
funder. All the wheels turned very eafily upon the axes.
A piece ot Lead 5oj ! avoirdupois was laid upon the ,
‘modell, fo forward that the leffer wheels feemed to bear
above 2 parts of the weight. Then the modell was .
drawn with a ftring laid over a Pulley, the top whereof -
was ; ofan inch higher then the top of the hinder axis ;

a Geom. pa. 459. à Mec. pr. 16. Schol. c Mec. c. 7. pr. 3 Schol, § t5.
and |

Hs ‘Avie read in " MH cil of Merfenng vi
the

[857]
and the middle of this Pulley was 7! inches from the
| middle of the fore-axis.
The leffer wheels being put on, and the ftring being
| tied to the top of their axis,
| 4g Three [s drew the modell on the fmooth levell

le Dn

La "Twenty pond drew the lefler wheels overaíqua- —
o rod ; * ofaninch thick.

"Thirty pound drew them over a round rod a little

iore then half an inch thick. |

^4. Thirty one pound drew them over a uat rod
half an inch thick. -
ys. Twelve pound. drew the hinder wlicel over the bib
ger fquare rod. |

The ftring being laid under the axis, vix: sofan inch
lower then before. 3

6. Twenty nine pound drew the leffer wheels over the
bigger Íquare rod.

Then the 2 bigger wheels being put on inftead 9 E
leffer, and the ftring lying over the axis. :
^7. Three pound drew the modell on the Table.

8. Twenty five pound : drew the Fore-wheels over ‘the
round rod.

9. Twenty five pound drew chem over the bigger
[quare rod.

DISPPhs: firing lying under the axis, qe pound
drew them over the leaft rod.

P Bue three pound drew them over the round
ro
Sree Twenty three pound drew them over the bigger
quare rod.

- x3. Thirteen pound drew the hinder wheels over the
bigger fquare rod. |

All thefe Experiments were tried twice at leat, and
moftof them 3 or 4 times over

* In allof them the Lead was iia exadily upon the
1) 2 fame

nee [3558]. — A neh iy
fame part of the board, but yet -when the leffer wheels

were taken off, the Lead did notleanfomuch forward, -

than they were before.

fo that the hinder wheels were fomewhat more preffed
S28 50110093 511 51 bait
| By comparing: the 2d, 3d and.4th Experiments with

— the roth, 11th, and 12th, it appears how much .more -

eafily a Wagon, &c. might bedrawn in rough wayes, if

the fore- wheels were as high as the hinder wheels, and -

itthe thills were fixt under the axis. Such a. JVagou as
this would likewife be drawn miore eafily, where. Bie
Wheels;cut in Clay, or Sand, or àny 4oft Ground, An

moreover high wheels would not cut fo deep as low :
wheels;as Dr. Walls doés plainly demonftrate 4; befides —

. fome other advantages which he mentions. ^ 2
- Low. wheels are better for turhiag ina; narrow Com
pafs than high ones: But it feems probable that Wagous

with 4 high wheels ‘might be’ fo contrived that there —
fhould be no great inconvenience in that refpect; at -
leaft fuch Wagons as feldome haveoccafion.to türn fhort,

as Carriers Wagons and fuch like. -

The difference which you may obferve id the'8th and 5
aith Experiments, is agreeable to what isfaid by §. Ste- —

vinus*, and Dr. Wallis*s viz. that if a Coach, &c. muft

dedraivnover rough, uneven places, it 45 befl to fix the Tra- —
ces to the Coach lower then the height of the Hor[es fooulders. —

And therefore that is not the beft way which fome Wa-
goners ule, who fometimes putting their horfes in pais,
hook the chains of fome-of the Horfes to the cheft ofthe

Wagon higher thenthey need todo. AU. NM
14. A Table 2} foot long wasíet with one end 8; inches

» aha

higher then the other end, and the Modell being loaded |
as before; lefs weight by 6 ounces drew it.up the Table |
when the 4 bigger wheels were on, then. when,2 bigger -

and z lefswere on... - [s |
4 Mec, c. 7- pr. 3. Schol. §.21. 2 Stat. 1. 3: pt. 9. f Mec. iic. 7.ipre3. 6) 36,
EY RELI DIL | JHB 2111 1113113 30 TI B Ü"6rhe

e 34

ec

"—

859
The reafon of this is | given by Dr. Walliss and other.
‘Writers of Mechanicks: v/z. becaufe in the firft cafe
there; was almoft the fame. direction of the motion of
the’ Modell and of the ftring that drew it; but-notin
the 2d cafe wheh-the: sede axis mas lo mich hiowetthen
the top of the, Pulley. | Xubasio 1!

4 Mech. c. 7-6: 3+ $- 36.

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E. ; PU. we

An Extrattof the Fournall of the Philofophicall So:
« seiety of Oxford; giving an account of a large pre-
ternaturall Glandulofe /ubfance; found between
the Heart and Pericardium of an Ox. ^

Novem. 4th G8 4s: | |

T ' HAT LumpofFlefh, taken out of an Ox,and feen
É by this Soczety, the latt Week ; having been exa-
mind, by feverall of our Members;afforded the following ©
-Obfervations. 2 | |
The weight ofthe whole fubftance, cleard from the
little Fat, &c. adjoyning to it, amounted to 192.7. E
As to its figure, it fo far refembled a Heart, that it
‘was along time taken for nothing elfe; but it wasfome-
thing flatter, than the Heart is naturally ; each ofthe
flat fides makingan-equilaterall Triangle. - os
The Bafs of this Cone of flefh was 2 foot 7 inches in
‘Circumference; a thred drawn round it lengthways,
from the Bafs to the Vertex, cametozfoot, 9 inches. |
. We then divided it, cutting from the Vertex tothe
Bafis of the Cone; and paffing thro both the Venéricles, —
and Mucro of the Heart; by which means we faw the -
Fleart-not to exceed the naturall fize; that which was
extraordinary about it,being a large Glandulous fubftance
compafling theHear¢ (unlefs where the Veffels had their —
paflage,) and ftretching the Perzcardium to the excefs —
before mentioned: We faw no Liquorin the Pertcardi- —
-&m, nor indeed was thereroom for any ; this Glandulofe |.
Jubftance taking up ali the {pace between the Heartand
Pericarditm, to both which it grew very faft.
This preternaturall fubftance was thickeft about the

Bafis of the Heart, where it coverd the urzcule, and was _
three

- [$62]
three inches and? of an inch thick; it grew thinner on
both fides gradually toward the Mucro s where it. was
one inchandi thick.

In the Septum Cordis a gritty Sabulofe fabftance was
foashey half asbig again asa Walnut. 5c E

“In the Lungs were feverall Cyjzdes, containing matter
more or lefs fluid: one very larg Cy/tis held fome ounces
of a matter not unlike that ofa Steatoma. ——

The Butcher who killd this Ox, fays, the Lungs grew
faf to the P/ezra, on both fides; which He affirms not
to have found once in forty times, in the Cattle killd by
Him.

‘He fays alfo, that the Ox, tho not overburthend with
Fat, complaind much in travailing ; which is eafy to
account for, there being not room for thé Heartt to be :
: ditiended, as it SHED, inits: Dione. pL TO, S

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nr 2 ti cabid? y dont n& 1o :odani 95:43

| " y/ORTG INE FONTIUM 91 2b PR B
«dn Prelectione babita coramSocietate. Philofophica

— nuper Oxoniz infütuta ad Scientiam Natüralemi ~
13próimodettda?h y . Pi Robo Plot’ LE. D'Cu-
TEM MUSAE ASHMOLE ANI CORE. Pra-

/ Oxoii in ro 1685. | | | no rt

T

Ed i"17f t r as sy
vd "PI Sass vu) ext Y23 Ji dli] 2241100 VERO]
LE

* HE; Author. of this. Treatife, de. Origine Fon,

; difliking the old way, of handling this [(ubjett, as
oe attend and .remote ;, (Hi chofe: FAM ,to argue, for
both parts ofthe Quejtion,,. from the Hiflory ok/przugs s,
with intent more particularly to atisfy his reader, —
which /preags they are, that wholy come from razns,
mifis, dews, &c. which from the feas; and which from
both. Inorder hereunto (after a fhort Proem,) He gives
usa Scheme of the feveral f/peczes of /prings, to which he ©
thinks all what ever may be reduced: and then pre-
fently determines that fuch zztermitting fprings as are |
profluent after rains, and then gradually flacken, and —
arlaft are wholy dryed upupon heats in t tlie Summer, doe
certainly owe their birth to razms.And not only fuch in- —
termitting ones, butfome perennial /prings too,fuchas we —
many times find on the tops of Mountains, which we may -
rather term weeping, than flowing or running /prings; -
which feem to have their Origin from the mzfs wefo —
frequently fee changing upon the tops of hills) Yet He
cannotagree ith feveral worthy Authors he there men- _
tions, and whofe Arguments he recites, that all [prings
owe their origin to rans, dews, &c. For he thinks not
that temporary irregular fountains (whereof he enume-
rates many,) can poflibly come from rains; much af |
"^ .fh€ -

[62]
thetemporary regular ones,fuch as the fountains of the
Loire in France, of Lambs-bournin England,ot the Zürch-
niter Sea in Carniola, and divers others. Much lefs
ftill thinks he that fuch vaft perennial fprings, asthofe of
Willowbredg in Staffordfbire, of the Sorgue in. France, can
comefrom ran; ; fince he findsupon computation, that.
all the waters that fall near them for the {pace of a year
inra2ns,dems, &c. will not comparably amount to what
ifluesfrom them. For the better Calculation whereof,
he fhews to what height razn-water will rife ina year in
a Confervatory. fitted tor that purpofe communibus anni s
and how many french Muids, Hogfheads and Gallons
Englifbo, will flow out ofa cubick inch bore, in 24 hours,
ina year, &c. And then fhews that though it may be
true (what an Anonymous french Author afferts,) thar
mote water falls in razzs near the fountan head of the
. River Sezn; than is needfull for the yearly expence of
that River, yet it is not fo at Willewbrzdg, or likely ta
-be fo with the fountain head ofthe River Sorgue, which
as Gaffendus tells us is navigable to the./przmgs which are
itsoriginal. Yet much lefs ftill can he imagin that all
the rains, mifts, dews, [nows; &c. that fall upon the
4durface of the whole Ear: for the fpace ofa year, can
fupply the vaftexpence ofallthe Revers in the World for
‘the fame time: when the Volga alone, according to
‘the calculation of Rzcczelus, pours forth as much water
Anto the Ca/pian Sea in a years time; as will fuffice to
cover or drown the whole Earth: and fo the River Ca-
-mada; or of St. Laurence inthe Weft-Indies. And if thefe
either of them alone expend as much water in a year, as
"allthe rains, mifer, &c.{eem capable of fupplying ; much
“mote fure will the 4rgyropotamus or Riodela Plata doe it,
"which faysthe fame Azecczolus is bigger than the Nile,
"Ganges, and. Euphrates, all put together ; its Moutb be-
-ing'so miles broad, and running with that violence into
"the $ea,^thatit makes it ftefh 206 miles forward, - Orit
QC E theíe

[$65]
théfe fingly will not doe it;certainly all: three joyntly
willatleaft thefe and a thoufand others muft;which upon
a modeft conjeCture, he computes mauft needs pour forth
kíto the Sea, at leaft soo times as much water in a year
_as falls upon the whole furface of the Earth in rac, mijts;
fnows, dems, &c. inthe fame fpace of time: -Andashe
judges that all fre/b-water /{pringscannot come from -
rain:,neither can he beleive either that hot /prengs,or [adt
{prings are maintain'd thence. Ner thinkshe it likely
that/jrimgs, where there falls little of no raze, or where -
the Confervatories. muft needs be toofmall,. as in the Ifles-
. ef Mago, Rotunda, and the Strophades, the Rock where-
en ftands the mazden Tower in the Thracic Bofphorus,.
fhould be fupplyed from rains. Then he goes on to
prove that there are fubterraneal communications. be-
tween the Seas and fountains,by which they are fupplyed,
and that there are Charybdes which fwallow the Sez,
which happening fometimes to be ftopt, the greateft Rz--
vers have ceafed to run, as the Thames, Trent, Medway,
in England; the Elve, Metala, and Gul[pangin. Sweden;
andíometimes being too.much open d frefb-water [prings:
have turned /alz, as Pliny {ays it once happend in £arte-
near Neptunes Temple. This fubterraneal circulation.
of waters he further evinces from divers /prings he'there-
enumerates that:eb) and flow with the Sea; and from.
divers Lakes. that have Salt water and fea Fifbin them,
yet have no fuperterraneal communication with any fe, .-
duch as the Lake Haguygabon in Hi{panioia, the Cafpzan:
and Mediterraneaníeas, &c. He alío faysthat tis further-
| evident that there axe fuch paflages, from. divers, marne:
heterogeneous fubflantes that have-been found in digging:
deep underground, fuüch.as /bed. ffl, &es | Where by.the.
way he difcourfes. of divers fuch /ndraug bts. there are in.
-the fee, more particularly of the fluxas Mofchonious; at.
Maalfroome onthe coaft of Normey,| and!belcives.there:
mutt be fome {uch walt Charybds (befide that-on. the ari
2 “oO

| [ 864]

of Sicily) in the Mediterranean which muft {wallow all
the water which perpetually flows into it, otherwife it
muft need overflow the lowland of Avypt. For that an
undercurrent (which fome have beleived,) in the ffrazgbts:
mouth, will not folve this difficulty, unlefs occafioned by
a vaft Gz/f that muft be placed fomewhere in the 4lantic
near the Mouth of the firazgbt, which though overflown
and hidden by that mighty fea, yet may poffibly abforb
the deeper waters, and fo cauíe a contrary wadercur-
rent, ‘Thus having proved that the greateft perennial
[prings derive themfelves from the fea through fubter-
raneal du&us s, from Philofophy and profane Heffory, he
. next appeals to the Teffimony of the Scriptures, where he
gives a new Interpretation of Eccl. x. v. 7. and thews
how agreeable the doctrine of the 4nczent. Philofophers
istothe /crzptures: And then proceeeds to aníwer the
cheif Arguments of thofe who hold, that all /Prugs
whatever come from rains, &c. Where by the way lie
fhews, that there are /prz:gs upon the very Tops of Moun-
tains, and that others rife in plain (oampzon Countreys,
ef both which he gives many inftances. Then he fhews
how many ways water will afcend above its own Level,
1. by the help of Aypogeal heats. 2. by Filtration. 3. by
the unequal bezgbt of divers feas. 4. by the diftance of
. the Center of Magnitude from the center of Gravity in the
_ Teraqueous Globe,where he indeavours to prove,that the
fuperfuies of the Pacific fea, is further from the center
of Gravity, than the top ofthe higheft Hill on the ad-
. verfe part ofthe Globe. 5. by the helpof formes. And
7. hefhews that /ea water does afcend above its own Level
by comeing into Wells, whofe bottoms ly higher than
the lurface of the /es next them, at highwater mark.
Next he gives the Method Natwre ufes in making /ea
water fre/b, and whence it comes to pafs that the caverns
_ through which the (ea water has percolated for fo many
ages, are not ftopt; and proves that the /?rzzgs are car-
L | E 2 ryed .

E165]

ryed in the Earth after the manner of the Bl.od inthe
Veins of Animals, from their not being found. in all pla- |
ces indifferently. Laftly he fhews how it. comes to-pafs
that the fea. mater after fomany repeated percolations;
for fo many years, is not yet become fre/b. That it
has its /alene/s, from the Rocks of Fof/le Salt. interfper
in its bottome and fhores, and how:much. inferiour it is
in faltnefs to the Mediterranean brines. All which |
he has treated of with that modefty, that he fincerely
profeffes, he fhalk'readily retra&t any thing that he has.
aflerted, whenever better informed eitherby his own.
or the more. nice obfervations of others..- |

» ^

ve.

[366] PO
Medicina Septentrionalis Collatitia, (© Rei medi-
ce muperis annis à Medicis Anglis, Germanis
. 4e Danis emiffe fylloge @ fyntaxis. Opera Theo-
phili- Boneti. D. M. cum Indicibus qo figuris-ne-
"ceffariis. Geneve. M. DC. LXXXV. in Fol-

$4. HIS Author defigning a body of thelaw of Nature,
— AR. in imitation of that of the Civil Law, tohistwo
former Volumes fubjoyns this, the intent of which is to
fhew how much Phyhck owes as toits improvement to
thefe Northern nations. The Inftruments of which
have been the Royal Society of England, afterwards co-
pied by our neighbouring Nations; Paracelfus opened
the way, and was followed by Helmont, Harvey, Lower,
Bartholin, Malpighius, Wharton, Wills, Betts, Schneider,
Steno, Sylvzus and others, which are. briefly fummed
up.in the preface... The book is divided according to -
the ufual partition of the body of man, into three parts.
The, firft contains the difeafes incident to the head, which
is:taken here. intirely with all its. parts, the hair not-
- excepted; with obfervationsabout which he begins, for
. that even our hair. is not without its difeafesand thofe
none of the.-leaft troublefome ; the Plica.Polonzca-is a
fure and..a.fad inftance, the Nature. and .the cure of
. which you have here. difcourfed of at large, as alfo its di-
vifion tnto.-male and. female. He brings inftances of
Monftrous births born without heads,one of which.had its
Eyes placed under its armes, on thefe Schrockzus difcourfes
whether they ought to be Baptized or not; bringing Au» -

thorities.and.reaíons on both parts of the queftion, it
being difficult to. determine whether they have: a..ratio-
nalfoulorno. ‘Thefe are followed by Monfters in the
other extream, fuch as have many. heads, where ano-
ther queftion.arifes. viz. whether fuch are many Ani-
mal, or only one, or whether the foul be multiplied
p ES when

| Fsiís] -
when the brain isthatbeing the reputed featof it. Next
comethofe who have been Monftrous as to the fhape of
the head, feveralinftances are given ofthe affeus cor-
antur, of the defect or exceís of the Sutures ; of feveral
^woutids. of the head, fome mortal, others beyond all pro-
bability of efcaping, particularly that.of the Hungarian
‘Captain, who though he had a Lance ftruck through his
head, yet lived many years after it, and tought often. In
the difeafes of the head and Nerves is inferted a difcours
of Olaus Borrichius concerning theufe of Volatile Salts in
the diftempers ofthe head, in which he afferts the diffe-
‘rence of volatile falts, and prefers that of Mans Skull as
thé moft proper in fuch cafes; And among feveral forts
of pains of the head there isan account from joel Lan-
gelot, of one which rofe and fate with the Sun, obferving
exactly the fame degreesof increafe and decreafe, as the
‘Sun did in its motion to and from theMeridian, &c.
In the affections of the Eys, the place and manner
of vifion is detérmined, together with the relation of
the controvéríy' between Pecquet and Mariette, con-
cerning thé termination of the fpecies, and vifien thé
tefult of it, being performed rather in the Gboeroeides; -
than in the Re£ema. The famous experiment ofreftor- —
dng the humoürs of the Eys, was at laft refolved inte .
their natural reftitution, from the fame humours be- —
ing téplenifht thofe wayes they are conftaftly nourifh
ed, and not from their being repaired by the injections. —
of Burrbus, or any other pretender. - | coz
. The fecond book treats of the difeafes of the mouth ©
and breaft, where among other things wemeet witha
difcourfe concerning an ‘infallible way of preferving —
a man from infe&ion though he converfe conftantly |
with all forts of thofe who are infected, the way 1s no -
more than forbearing to {wallow the Salzve, which at _
any ill fraell is raifed by nature, on purpofe to be eject-
ed, the fuppofitions that confirm this opinion are cher |
i | : ea the

‘eafed from a’

LE is 8]

the fermenting nature of contagion, This contagion
chiefly propagated by effluozz inthe Air; Thefe effluvia
are readily imbibed by the Sava, which th usimpregna-
ted and {wallowed, muft needs communicate them to the
'body;to which may be annexed the obférvation ofa Con-
fuimptioncur'd by a criticalfalivation, Hetreats very
lárgely of the nature and cure of a Perzpneumonia, and
-ef its difference from a Pleurz/y; of all difeafes of the
lungs, as Gangrene, Schirrus,Vomeca and Stones frequently

“foundin them, a cafe of which latter is fubjoyned of one

who expectorating many of different fhapes and fizes,was
dy{pnea ander which he ‘almoft mortally
‘laboured: ^ ^ -— pe Oye St: |
^* Among pleurz/ys there is an account of a periodical:
ne returning once in feven weeks.Of another caufed by
laüghing, ‘sc. Among the celebrated remedies for it

'you find Antimontum Diapboretzeum ; as alfoa bark in In-.
dia very powerful, if not a fpecifick in thiscafe. tis.
called Pawo de portada, of a yellowifh colour, bitter.
‘raft, and a friable confiltence ; halfan ounce ina glaffe

-of Wine is thedofe. “In his Hiftories of confumptions.

— he relates an example of the great contagion of it, which.

was the infection of a fenators fecond Wife, only by wea-
ring the Muff of his firft Wife who died ofone, though:
after the diftance ofabove atwelvemonth. He givesa
particular account of the famous Cueffeliufs remedies.
in thisas he has done in other cafes: Inftances how Opzum:
has been very unfuccesfully applied init, death infuing
the ftoppage of the fpitting, and the coagulation of the
matter there caufed by it. |

In the Section de Refpzratzone lafa, there is a larg e-
differtation de balitu humano, of its difference, caufes,

"manner, quantity, ufe, difeafes, &c. written by Georgius

Traneus. Which difcourfe is followed by an account of :
.& monfter which breathed through an hole in the pole :

. a$ alfo the difcourfe of Dr. Lower, how a dog may be

made:

: £869]
made to, breath as.an Horfe'does when broken winded,
‘taken out of the Englith Philo/ophical Tranfattions » 15
.. In his third book are containd what concern the 4d-
domen and its parts, of which the Oefopbagus being looked
"itft handled; fuch as its; being turned to.a- Gartilages
‘being obítru&ted by different caufes, and thelike ; and-af-
'ter the account of feveral ways. degluettion has been hin-
dred by, the famous Hiftoryes of menfwallowing odde
fubftances come in, as.mony, frogs, knives, fire, &c. But -
- becaufe twould be éndleffe to enumerate particulars; you
have comprized in:the whole volume, whatfoevér this .
-age and thefe Climates have produced curiousiin Me-
;dicine. And .what.are fcatterd and lye confufed. in
Ephemerides, and. other tracts, (which the learned now
‘publifh their particular obfervations in,) are here icollec-
"ted into one book, digefted into heads, and:the) Authors -
‘lame annexed toeach relation, to fecure-the propriety
‘to the firft inventor... And though little feems to be want- |
“ing in'this volume, yet the Author not thinking he can
‘doe too much good, promifes a fecond then in’/ the |
-prefse, when this. was firft publiíhed. qr&z5 oR Sth 4s SH

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E s .- BRAAEI

Johannis Nicolai Pechlhni Med. D. P. feremif-.
— fimi Cimbris Principis Reg. Arcbiatri, Theophi-
:, lus Bibaculus , five de Potu Thee Dialogus.
Francofurti; Quarto, 1684. basin:

T HIS tract, written by the way of Dialogue, gives
«RM usanaccount that 7/ee, or T/a, isafhrub growing
. In moft parts of China and Japan ; it arifes generally to
the height and bignefs of our Garden Role and Cur-
rant Trees; the Roots are fibrous, and fpread into:
many little filaments, near the furface of the Earth ;
the flowers are like thofe of Re/a Sylvefiri ; the Seeds
round, and black ; which being fow'd come to perfection
intliree years time, and then yield an yearly crop ; but.
thefe are paffed by, as not much material; the great
and only Vertue of this plant being fuppofed to confift
Cheifly in the Leaves;of which there are fiveforts,both as
. to bignefs, and Value; for the largeft at bottom are -
fold for about penny halfe penny the pound;the {malleft :
atthe top for 50, fometimes 150 Crowns...

As to their figure, they are thin, narrow; fharp point. -
ed, and indented on each fide, which fome have com-
pared to the Confolda, the Bells ; Othersto the Palkurus;
and fome again to the Myrtus Brabantica, or Chameleag-
nus Dodonaz ; But our Author not liking the compari-
fons, nor much follicitous about them, comes prefently:
to the Vertue of Thee, and endeavours to fhew how far.
it agrees with fome plants ofour own growth, as.to the:
effects it produceth. AT d a
Jbee then is hot and dry; ofa bitter adítringent .
x | E Quality ; |

*

ee re"
~ Qnality ; the Infufion of it gives a green Colour; but
upon the mixture of the folution of Vitriol, it turns
black ; whereas Chamedrys tho’ bitter, is not aftringent;
and upon fuch mixture grows green, rather then black. -
Cardiaca, and Marrhubium give a very deep Tin&ure,
büf$tów not black with Vitriol. ^ ^"^^: *

s Sangudforba well’ enough refembles the Colour; but
the taftis by no means, fo fmart, and brisk: Ry ae
The Myrtus Brabantzca gives a lively yellow Colour, —
but changesvery little with Vitriol. | to

. Veronica comes neareft to it, for it gives a good tolera-
ble Tincture ; and tho’ the taft be not bitter, yet ‘tis ex-
treamly aftringent; and not only foe but it turns black
alfoe, like Thee, when mixt with the folution of Vi-
triol ; neither doe it's effects come far fhort, fince it
cleanfes the Kidnies, and very much ftrengthen’s the
head, and ftomack. This Plant abounds witha brisk
Volatile falt, which he adjudges very agreeable to our
Northern Conftitutions, whofe blood is naturally very —
heavy’, and fluggith ; it carties alfoe with it a fine —
thinnerfort' OF Oyl ; but foe admirably well temperd, —
thatas che MAGA the fpirit from "Evaporating, foe |
that corte&ts the Inflammabily of this; from whencere- |
fults the "Véry agreable bitteraftringent:All which toges |
therj-asthey rettifie the ferment of the Bid0d. and. E
the fame time flrebgrheh: and corifitni the tone oF the
"(i00 £C BL:NLOYd TEXAS lin, «5 VA AAI i2 JJ CE.
parts; Contribute fo! much to, the affifting of Natur
in her “Operations, as to prevent, if not to Cure, moft
Chronical Diftempers. * Bütbecaufe the difcreet choice |
of proper Vehicle or Menítfuum, for this great Pa-
àt?à, "may Beevety material; he thinks goad to jev
his aihike of Broath, ‘and'Milk; in that they. HE
and obltrigt its mote lively and. quicker parts; bu -
the latter moré efpecially; as all ways leaving behind -
ir mach acidity, which how , prejudicial to Hypochan- -
jns8nr : £ AIC $30. 4 (n «cx dude AD,

EA
M

; t
A 424 a ^
tnt

1372]

ariacal perfons, is left to the Learned to determine. .

.. He diflikes the cuftom they ufe in fapan, of drink-
ángtheleaves powdred , fuppofing that 1t may dry the
the body too much, &c. |.

. He concludes warm water to be the moft natural,

and effectual Vehicle, as being pure, and. void of all

faline or otherways pernicious particles, and being
more ready to abíorb, and be impregnated with the
Vertue hereof; which when armed with this power-
full Vegetable, Nature eafily admits into its obfcure

- channels, and dark receffes; and by this means it is,

that it fubdues thofe ftubborn Humours, which are

. never moreeffectually rooted out, then (as they. came
. inj) by degrees, by-Cuítom, and Habit.

He approves well enough of the ufe of Sugar; as
it ferves not only to qualite the bitter taít, by its.
Íweetneffe which at the fame time is Corrected by —

— the Heat; but as being good alfoe for the Kidnyes,

. and Lungs... He thinks the difference of conftitutions

too great to be infifted on, and therefore only fays

- this vx. that thofe of a dryer Habit may take it
- more diluted, becaufe their falts may more eafily.
be carried off: and for the Moifter and Hydropical

temper He fuppofes this Water, if more ftrongly im-

. pregnated may make way. for the Evacuation of the

"'As to the times of taking it, the more empty the
Stomack, the paffage will be the more eafy, and

— therefore in fuch the more effectual: He condemns

the ufe of it after meals; becaufe the. Volatile.

part flyes off, before the meat is any ways dige-
fted; after whichthe Concoction is difficultly per- .

formed ;: becaufe the ferment, as well as the Vola-

tility of the Chyle, is fuppreffed by the Aftringent

|. Quality ;; which in thofe Circumftances oft proves

Ba a

0

‘Be

a thing of very “ill confequence; 'To conclude, our -

Author notwithftanding all his Encomium's of this
Exotic, can be content to think, we might receive as
much Benefit from fome plants of our own growth ; were
People Induftrious to fearch after them; fome of which
are Veronica, Lingua Cervina, Marrhubium, Hepatica,
Cichoreum, &c. ee

FINIS y

Errata in the Tranfacion —— — —
— -. of December att. |

Wy Ag. 814, line 8, within the Parenthelis read thus (which, with the other fmall Guts, and ios
« P mac, was very much distended with the matterof the laft meal:) pag. 815, lin 14, for, mufeulofe
Veins, read mufculofe and membranofé Tunis. pag.(816 line 21, for Meat read Meal. Pag.

817. line au.read Mujfeulo/e and membranofe Tunics.. + Ferg se Ges .

Errata in the Tranfadtion- |
.. of January.

did

C ^
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d | 28 5351953id ..
Pp Ag. 840, line: 5, for pommand, rcad command. pag 841, lines; for Dfie.ned, read Defigned
ik :

line 10, read thus 1684, they. pag 145-line 6, for gg gg there oughtro be G GGG;
9, for bbhb there fhould be HHHH. paz 848, line 1, read utpote: line-2 read AA Fig.
6th, pag 855, lines 3 and 4, for cever, read over: line 4 read driven: line 22 dele after. |

Printed at the Theatre in Oxford. for Henry Clements.
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| L 875] Num, 1685.

PHILOSOPHICAL

Feb. 234. 1685.

— The CONTENTS.

n4 Leer from William Molyneux Efq. Secretary of^

- thePhilofophicall Society ef Dublin, £o one of the S. of
tbe R. $. giving aa account of the Connough-Worm.

2. Abjtracts of two Letters from Mr. ‘Thomas Moly-
neux, concerning a Prodigious Os Frontis zn the Medi-
.. cine School at Leyden. 3. 4n account of a Stone which.
— greiv to.an lron-Bodkin 2a the Bladder of a Boy: com-—
municated by Dr. Lifter, Fellow of the R, S. 4. An Ab-
firatt of a-Letter from Mr. Anthony Leewenhoeck, Fel--

low of the Royal Societys concerning the parts of the
— » Brain-of feverall Animals; the Chalk-Stones of tbe.
| s ‘Gout; the Leprofy ; and: the Scales of Eeles. 5, Aa
| 3 ‘decount of a Book; "The Chymical Touch-Stone of Mr.
|. $obn. Kuncle, De Acido & Urinofo Sale, Calido, &:
| + Frigido; contra Doctoris : Vorghts Spiritum Vini-Vin--
dicatum: Submitted to the Royal Society of London.

E
L|
d

|

t:61

A Letter from William Molyneux Eq. Secretary of

b

the Philofophical Society of Dublin, 10 4'S. of
the R. S.. giving an account of the Connough-
Worm ye ee SNC |

T Here fend you inclofed the figures of our Connough-- —
4 worm, which is reported to be the only poyfoneus :
= AnimalinourKingdome; but whether it be really —
fo, or not, Icannot afferton my own experience. That
from which the figures were taken, was fent alive to me,
from the Country, about 4o. milesfrom Dublin. The.

Gentleman that fent it, had kept itabove fix weeks in

alarge Box ona Graffy fod, now and then giving it a
frefh fod, and Ragwort to eat, befprinkling them.with
Dew. , BeforeI could get the figures taken, the creature -

was fo unquiet, Iwas forced to ftifle it, as Hufwives do -

their Bees, with the fume of fulphur. Whenthe Gen--
tleman firft took it, it was much {maller then when he
fentit to: me; And had I been at the trouble ofkeeping -

dt, it might have been yet. much larger; fome of them |

- beingasthickasa Mans thumb, and above three Inches |

long, and fome live fo long as to have fine hair thinly
difperfed over their bodys. Immediately upon my receipt |
thereof, I writ to the fameIngenious Gentleman that .
fent it me, propofing fome Queries to him.concerning -

. dt, the chief whereof were, whether he had any certain

Experiment to prove them Venemous?What Symptomes |
attended the Beafts affected by them > And what cures |
were applyed to them? 'To the firft, his anfwer wasto
this effect, that he had contulted the experienced Peo-
ple of the Country, whoall agree in afferting the Ani--
mal poyfonous, but he knew none that had made a fatif- /
factory experiment thereof, none being able to fay they

"t ever .

/
[ 877 ]
ever faw a beaft eat it, orftung by it. And yet for his
own Opinion, he was apt to think, that the Animal was .
pernicious, if eaten by a beaft. For firft, the difeafeim-
puted to this Creature feldom or never affects the Cattle
but in Autumn, and then only this Infect is to be found ; .
fecondly it feldom or never attends any Cattle but what.
feed in low Marfhy grounds, and there only this Animal:
frequents; Thirdly Cows who are greedy feeders by great |
-Moriells (by reafon of their chewing it afterwards in
their Cud,) but efpecially Swine that teed in low grounds,
are the only Creatures troubled by this Worm; Fourthly,
thgWorm is very rare and fcarce to be found in feven |
years, and fo likewife isthe diftemper that proceeds from
it, itbeing rareto havea Beaft affected by it. Astothe-
. fymptoms that attend its Venome, they are {welling in
. the Head, and (as a peculiar Characteriftick, the fwel- -
ling and Proczdentia Ant, infomuch that the Ae&um will -
hang out abovehalfa foot. Theeffectual cure applyed
to this Malady in black Cattle, isa Drench ofthe Herb -
Bears-foot, Rue, Garlick, butter and beer; but for
Swine, Raddle pounded {mall mingled with Buttermilk. |
Thefe only are ufed by the Englifn Husbandmen.But the
_ drith, as they certainly impute the Malady to this Infect, -
fo they draw the Remedy therefrom, for they affert, .
that if an hole be bored in a Tree, and this Creature -
- ftopt up therein, foas to ftarve and dye, the leaves and
bark of that Tree everafterinfufed in water, and given :
asa Drench, cures the affected Beaft; aud feverall will
repair tofuch a' Tree ten miles for a cure. Another fancy -
_ (& as ill grounded,) they have, that if a Man bruife this .
Worm. between his hands, and let the expreffed | juice
dry thereon, everafter the water he firft wafhesin, in
the morning, given tothe-Beaft to drink, curesit. And
the Worthy Gentleman that fent me the Worm, tho
«hebe far from giving credit tothe cure, yet for the fa-
-tisfaction of his poor Neighbours, did feverall years ago
EST | (2 - bruife

Am 7 [378]
bruife one of thefe Wormsin his hands, and ever ince: -
he has been often applyed to from feverall parts of the:

. Country forhis Virtue, and the People go away well fa--
tisfed, affuring him (when he asks them afterwards,) -
de the Remedy proved very effectuall. on their afflicted
eaft. ; | :
But that I may give you my own fentiments, Iam -
very apt to fufpect that this Worm is no more poyfon -
then other Catterpillers (for ‘tis of the Catterpiller -
kind,) and I believe; in Godartzus. of Infeéts, lately en- —
glifhed by the moft learned and ingenious Dr. Liter, you -
will find the very fame AnimalasthisI fpeak of; but |
atprefent I have not that book by me, having fentit to. —
-my Brotherin Holland. 1 never had,orhavefeen, but :
this one, and fo I would make noexperiment therewith, —
being forced (asItold you,) to kill it. ButIverily be- -
lieve that the Uglinefs of the Worm (it being ofa dark —
fufcous, and as.they fay, poyfonous colour,) together with . |
its largenefs: beyond common Catterpillers, has wrought |
fo upon the fearfull and ignorant Vulgar, that they have ~
given itthe name of Venemous. Asto the Gentlemans. -
forementioned Reafons, they are but conje&tures, and as. —
fuch-Ifubmit them to your judgment ; and: my negative —
opinion has much: the fame foundation, for I find the —
People of our Country muchin the wrong ia fome parti«-
culars relating to the Animal, which makes me fufpect -
they may be in anerror relating toits peyfon. For firtt:_
tis commonly afferted, by them, that the two fpots. -
marked dd Fig: 1. are Goggle Eyes, whereas they are.
nothing more then two Variegated fpots ofa. colour dif- -
ferentírom.the reft of the Back. Secondly, they affert.
likewife, that the part marked e Fig: 7. isa fting, where---
asthis Protuberance in the Tail is common with itto-
feverall other Catterpillers; and the greater the Catter-
piller, the larger this Horn. So that if their fearor -
abhorrence of the Worm may make them believethofe -
(parts.

[879]

parts Eys that arenot, and that part a Sting, which is
. not atall like it, contrary tothe plain View of the Crea-
. ture; It may likewife make them imagia it poyfonous,
whenitis no fuch thing. But yet I will not conceal what
I have from another Gentleman (but with fome diffi-
dence ofthe Experiment,) he gavethe juice of one of
thefe Worms to one Dog, which fhewed no alteration.
thereon, but another Dog, to whom he gave the skin of
the Creature, was found dead three dayes after; but
whether his death proceeded from the poyfonous skin,
he could not affert; for the Dog ran at liberty , and.
. might have been kild (for oughtas he knew,) by fome
other Accident, tho’ no externall fign of any Violence ©
offerd to him did appear. But leaving thefe conjectures,
l come to what is evident to the fenfes (and expe-
rimental Philofophy ought to go no farther,) the expla-
nation of the Figures. rire |

Fig. r. 4B. the Worm lying on his Belly, long 2! In-
ches almoft. c. his head. 47. two Variegated fpots mif-
taken for Eyes. e. a {mall Protuberance towards its
Tail, from whence arifes a part in fhape of a horn, mif-
taken for a Sting. — | :
. Fig. 2. Reprefentsthe Worm Reclined almoft onhis
back.7.His mouth formed like that of other Catterpillars,
asappeared in the Microfcope. gg, &c.fix {mall horny
. feet or Claws, 3 on each fide, as in other Catterpillars.
bh, &c. Eight Papile, with which he faftens himfelf to

_. wWhat.he goes or hangson, as Childrens fuckers are faft-

ned to wetítones.
22, wo larger Papille, with which he does both fuckhim- -
felt faft,but moft commonly therewith he graíps the ftems
of Grafs and Herbs, to which he clings with the other. -
P. S. Since the writing of this Letter, Ihave again
feen Godartius of Infe@s, and in him I find, (as I furmi-

| . .Zed,Jour Connought Worm,defcribed by the Name of the |

Elephant Catterpillar, Numb. 125. or 126 :
o Leurs Will, Molineux, Ho Part of

É : H z A c. op

Part of 2. Letters from Mr-'Thomas-Molyneux cons

cerning « Prodigious Os Frontis im tbe Medicine

Eth 1685. |

School at Leyden. Dec. 2918. 1684. and Febr.

—

T. Herewith fend you an Accounto£a prodigious large.

been of Giants;yetl never wasthorouehly fatisfied; they:

really were fo; imagining them. only tohave belonged -
to fome other larger Creature, thena Man, whofe-bones -

forthe moft part, excepting thofe of the head do not

much differ from thofe:ef other Animals... But this being’
an entire Os Frontzs compleat every way; and differing

in no refpects from thatof a Mans, but'iuitslargenefss;
and ince there's no Creature, efpecially ofthe larger iert

that has this bone at all refembling ours ; there's-not/tlié

leaf: Queftion.to be made; but this formerly belonged:
tora Man, and thatofa moft extravagant large fize- “Ftss
dimenfions were: as follow; 'from:. its juncture with the

Wada! bones; to the pla ce where thie Suture Sagcttaluters —

ininated' the Convex way, ‘twas 9 Inches; traníverfly:
trom: fide: to fide, fill’ meafuring’ tlie Convex way t' was:
zz lüches:$; in thickuefs aboue halfan Inch. Ihave
meafured this fame boneinfeverall ordinary Skulls, «ac»
cording to: all chefe Dimen fions, and find that one with:

B. Us Frentw which I my felbhave feen, aud meafured’
according to the Englifh Inch ; “tis: referved) among fe--
verall other bones, and! fceletons, that belong! to! the
Medicine School, hereat Leyden: And I take itto:be
the moreobfervable, by:réafon, that altho’ E. have feen
feverall bones; of very large: fize, that'were faid. to liave.

c MER m NEGET. a I SEES Op te o de

another, they: fcarce anfwer it inalf proportions for

where: it: was 9. Inches 5 dieyr are: but: 4-Iuches and" a
" Le; - j rs Be: B d^ uw s Y La (PET 34 |
half, and where ie was nz: Inches $5.they are not abovE6;

idu yos sini QUO

-

and in thicknefs not above; ofanInch. Now arguing
"that this bone bears that proportion tohis ftature, which
‘the fame in. other Men does to theirs, it muf follow |
that he was more then twice as tali as men ufually are ;
and according to the moft moderate computation, fup-
pofing the height of a Man to be no more then five foot
:& Inches, he to -whom thisboae belonged, mufthave
‘been atleaft more then 11 or 12 foot high, a prodigious
height for a Man, .and fuch as fome will fcarce allow ever
to have been, Sedex Fronte Herculem, Gr. P |
Part of another Letter relating tothe [ame fubjec. As to
the Quere concerning the bone,I cannot fatisfy you;were
there.any Accountto have been got of it, I had certainly
dentityou before: it has been kept here theíe feverall
"years; and the prefent Profeflor of Anatomy Dr. Drelin-
«court once told me,he found it among the relt of the
‘bones and Skeletons, whenhe firft came into that place,
"but never.could learn who gave it, where t was found, or
whence itcame. That there arefome whofe headsare
"very largein proportion to their Body, cannot be deny-
sed, yet generally fuch Skulls wantin thicknels (as this
does not,) are ill fhaped, and not proportionable ; and
anoreover I m períwaded there never yet wasan Inftance
. of any head, which by a preternaturall growth, came the
leaft nigh thisfor bulk; andas I conceive, tisfar more.
probable, and eafier to allow, that a Body bore this
Ahead which was proportionable to it, thenthat it belong-
ed to a Manvof ordinary ftature ; who in this particular,
would certainly have been in one fence, the greatelt
Monfter the World ever faw.- |

e
>

» S H 2 Zu Wc

| [882 }

An account of a Stone grown to an iton Bodkin in

the bladder of a Boy: communicated by Dr, Lifter.
Fellow of the Royal Society. T |

| } IG. 3 reprefents a Stone which was cut out of the
À bladder ofa Boy at Parts by Monfreur Colo: the iron
bodkin; to which the Stone grew, and which paffes
. through the middle of it, had been thruftup into the
bladder by the boy himfelf,about two years before the in- —

cifion. ‘The Stone was prefented by the above named

Chirurgeon tohis late Majeftie of England, amongft
. whofe rarities it is now preferved, and by whofe favour
and permiffion I caufed this draught to be made of it.

[353]

dn Abffiatt of a. Letter of Mr. Anth 1ony Lecwens
_» hoek Fellow of 15e R. Society; concerning the
1: /oparts of the Brain of feverall Animals; the Chalk
_ Stones. of tbe Gout; the Leprot YS: and the Seales |
Ia dEcles.
TY Y Aving lately been ieipldydd en ou Eyes " j
| Turky Cocks, I proceeded to examine the Brain 5
and tho in my Letter of the r4 th. of May 1677, I
have already treated of that fubject; Ifhall take no no-
"tice thereof, but lay down my ObfervationsI hope more -
diftinétly.and fubftantially then before.
- lfirfttook in hand the Cortzcal-parts of the brainofa .
ON Cock, thefe parts (a great number of fmall.blood -
- Veffels and. fmall Globules excepted,) confift of a very
- clear Cryftalline Oily matter, which for itstranfparency
. ought rather to be named Vitreous then Cortical. When
I feparated a little of this matter from the reft, there -
— flowed from the place. (tho it fpread lefs then &th ofa :

B) a little thin moifture, containing init fome ex- -

» tream {mall Globules, lefsthen &th part of one:ofthofe -
— which make the rednes in the blood.. Itisto be noted :
‘that this fluid matter, was cheiflly inthe brainofífuch .
BE uer: as had been dead for fome time... It is alfo. got -
k improbable, that a part of this moifture might flow -out -
- of fome of the {mall Veffels, or that fome of the very
- minute Veffells might have. been turned into a watery
1 fubftance.
‘Befides the aboue mentioned {mall Globules, there
- were alfo fome about the bignefs of sth ofa Globule of
| our blood. ‘Thele two forts.I conceived might have
-.| come from {mall Veffels which by chance I had broken,
_ being made out of the groffer parts of the fluid, atthe
— time that the humours grow cold and ftagnate.
[| | . Together with the above mentioned Globules, there

H 3 were

[C "uU
were fome tran{parent irregular ones, as big or s:bigget
iren: cer cs vp Aa hic A Ro braus |

| that oF a. flat Aa ae B ‘blood ‘(which canes aid
xedBefs therein) ‘being füppofed tS be perfectly Globu-
lat, were divided into soo parts,yet could:not ome 9
thofe parts país chiro cheiz @avity’s, without being |
divided and fitted to enter-théem. . For ifthe wide
f Ehe Cavity, beas'z. the Diaiéter of the Globile is” as
ÉS$5:2and : confequently ‘thes própórtion bs, 4, (t6 512, 7 £8
eTdiha thefe blood: Veffellswere fo mill, ass before
- faid, they had notwithítauding facha: degree of colour;
that I could: difcern the matter in thea, to be that which.
dnaketh theblood red. And DL was further confirmed ia —
my Judgment, by. obferving-thát other blood Veffells,
which were: fomerwhat thicker, appeared proportiona>
bly! ‘higher coloured, ‘and’ more inclining’ to red : : and
thatthe rednefs appeared mote plain; when 3 or 4 Vet
felslay immediately one over-the- ‘other, without any Os
"het matter intervening. . me
j cf hecaufe-of the bfodrat colour of éhptur pave par, ;
H take to be ithe great number of Veins'and “Arterics,
whichrun thro’ the rranfpareiitfubftance, sylieréof thefe
partschiefly confift. - "T'o which may be added that there
were feverall particles mixt about as big asi ofa blood |
Globule,which were not tranfparent. We may. perceive.
that.the Cortical parté dn. many placés enter Mein
ithe Medullary, bur if we diligently-fearch into them, we
‘thal find them as full of blood Veffellsasthe outfide. - -
Befides the aforementioned very thin ‘plood Vellells,
there are other Veflells in the brain, fo thi thatlcon-
geivea round body ‘fas -aforefaid,, lecho" "Aided bs
-abpve anoco parts; could not pafsthtoughrhem. ^
Tis to. be noted thatin thefe Verre d are sek
tioned only fach blood Velféls, which’ ate’ as ‘thick or
thiskerthen a hairofmyhead. | Bus

eg Use :
+ Bae toconte tothe Medullary parts'of: the brain, there+
| j& were contained irregular Globules of different fizes, -
| fome of which were of the bignefs of a Globule of eur -
| blGod; and fome lar ger, feeming to confit of z thin -
| tranfparent: Oyl-like- fubftance? thefe are’ Here it fuch
numbets (chiefly where the Médulle: finalis: beginneth,)
that they feem to coiupofe the greateftrpart of the Dr
| Bhs: gre at number of tranfparent Globules, taufes a
| white colour (for all tranfparent bodies, which are not -
: foupited 'tegether, that'the Ray of light canina Étrefghr |
né pats: through’ tent, and for make' them asit were
T one ayes ids pue. td our Yd a white Colour, Par I |

al oe

ba if E were snap tags pua HOMER edis ophicuie |
— me think; that-the "(malleff branches of theblood Vef-
- fele: might- incompafs thefe’ Globules, as we fnd the -
E fiiall Horizontal Veflells, iu fone kinds of Wood: give |
_ Say to the. 'Breat perpendicular’ Wellells,” and'wind half
| about ‘them. © > And’ Pwasconfitmeéd herein, ‘when T per- 2t
x &eived; ‘many of tlie forefaid’ Veffells, ‘appeared ‘clear in|

7 the middle; and brownifh on borlt fides; but more brown, -
Wien? had" tori? che’ GloBules. afunder’ and layü the
‘thin thred-tike parts by themifelves, ” uf, "Wh
| S ufine the! Medullary parts ofthe brain; appeied aft :
| tenlike a fifhersnet, between each of whofe Mefhes, was
| laced a very plyable ball-like fübftauce ; which chang-
| Ed'itsfigure into: round or Ovall accotding as the faid-
3 eflies were ttretched one way. or other. “Moreover the »
Lard Medullary parts confifted of a very eréat multitude
1 if vety fmall Globules, and fome clear thin matter,
whichlaft, I alfo Tudged; to have flowed out ofthe Vel
fells; that werebroken, as alfo, tlatíonre ofthe Veffe!Is,
Td ‘ight have been turned into: a Wateryíubfance. I

ec compounded together, when the Veffells were wide |

uy | 886]
... Lrobferved alfo the brains of a fheep, and-perceived
in the Corteca/ parts, a very great multitude of extream -.
thin blood Veffells, containing fome.of thefubftance,
which maketh the rednefs of the, blood; whereby the
Cortical parts become of a brownifh colour... ..-
.( .WhileDviewed the incomprehenfible number, of thefe
{mall Veffells; It was very dalighetall to me, to contem-
plate how every one of them, fpread it felf into feverall
T DIAUCHES J. aoih > i
. There were alfo a great number of Globules not fo |
| trànfparent as others that were neerthem, and that were |
, in fizeas 1 ofa Globule, which maketh the rednefsin the |
blood: thefeI Judged to have been extravafated, by the |
tearing of the Veffels afunder, and to have been fix of |

enough to carry them ; but when the Cavities were fo |
Ímall, that they could not pafs thro’ them, they then |

- broke into leffer parts, and loft their colour. «|
.. ,.For the better reprefenting the inconceivable thin- |
. nefs of the blood Veffells, I made the following Calcula- |
- tions. .9/x..10o red Globules lyeing fide by fide; do not |
-equall the Axe of a Sand: let then a Million of them be FA
equall to its folid content. ‘Thereare blood Veffells in|
.in the brain, whichI judge % part of a blood Globule|
-would be too big to pafs thro’; fo that the Diameter of)
the Veffell, isto that ofthe Globule, as 1. to 4; and ifa|
courfe Sand be divided into 64 Millions of parts, x of the) _
parts (if it be ftiff and unplyable,) will not pafs thro one
: of the {malleft Veflellsof the brain. .— pee
To proceed, the Cortécal part of the brain, was confti- ~
‘tuted of fuch @ cleer and Glaís-like fubftance, as] have —
. above mentioned ; only with this difference, thatithad ~
white ftreaks or lines, thinner then a hair of my head; ~
which to the naked Eye were invifible. 'Thefeljudged -
to be occafioned, by a more then ordinary number, oi. *
.very.tranfparent great Globules layd together. 1 M “4 UN

L837]
alfo perceived; brown ftreakes running thro the Adedul-
lary part ofthe brain, which-wereonly caufed, asI con-
ceive, for that there were but few, or none of thofe traní-
parent.Globules, there placed. |
lexamined fome of the parts, which lay neer the be-
ginning. ofthe AMeaulla. Spinalis ; and I fometimes
thought, I had found out a thing that I wasdoubtfull
of, in thebrainofa Turkey: vix. lhatihe great tranf-
| parent OyL.like.Globules, were, às it were. furrounded,
. with aninnumerable quantity of extreme thin, and net-
like Veffels orftreakes, mixed with fome thicker Veffels,
. whichlay in a line, and excelled in tranfparency, cauf-
ing thereby, where they lay in. numbers together, the
brain to appear very white :: thefe were in thicknefs about
ith part of a hair or fomthing lefs. "The other fubftances
_ were little differing from what I have before mentioned
pinthe brain of a/Lurkey, |. io! |
- Afterwards, I carefully examined the brain of an Ox,
_ and fatisfied my felf, that the Vztreeus, and very tranfpa-
rent matter, which makes up moft of the Cortzca/ part,
-confifted of nothing but extreme thin ftreakes or; Veffels,
which were neerly joyned together: but at another time,
. 1 could not to content, affure my felf concerning the
fame. As to the remaining fubftance of the Cortical
_ parts, I could difcern no. difference, from. the brain of
other Animals; but that there was not {uch a Quantity of
fluid matter, asin Animals which had been longer dead.
Ifound alfo the Med/lary {ubftance ofthebrain, to be
Íuch as I have before mentioned ina fheep: for it had
very white ftreaks, inthe parts from whence the Medul-
la Spinales taketh its rife: this.extream whitenefs, was
from feveral very tranfparent Veffells, which lay next
one the other,and feemed to me, only made to carry the
matter, by which, the Medulla Spinalis and Nerves, are
— partly nourifhed and maintained. The greateft of thefe
_ laft Duds, (by guefs,) was about s part. of the. "Á
ENT AUR I | o

| | [388]
of a hair of my Beard ; butat other times, I have difcern-
.ed them thicker; and ‘according to all likelyhood, I .
here met witha place, where thefe tranfparent Veffels -
werethinneft. In allthefemy/Obfervations, | pafs by
mahy blood Veffels; which are vifible to the naked Eye;
for they are to appearance, like whole Rivers; whereas
. the other fmaller YVeflels, of which I have before fpoken,
. feém; bat likes{mall Ditehesor Channels. -.
- Thavealfo examined, the zrzous or tranfparent parts
of the brain of feveral Spatrows; immediately after their
" being killed; and have therein, not only cleerly dif- .
eern'd;à great number of {mall blood Veffels, asin a _
Turkey; but as plainly, ‘asin an Ox, orfheep. Alfo the
other parts, of the brains of/a: Sparrow, were very neer —
ofthe fame bignefs, with thofeofan Ox: there being no
other difference (the great ‘blood’ Veffelsexcepted,) but;
"that thefe confifted of a greater number of the fame
parts.’ There were alfo, in the Cortical parts, an incre-
dible number of 'extreati: fimall Veffels, lying fo clofé —
tó'one-another,that by reafon of theirtran{parency ,they -
look’t like Glafs.”. The’ fmallnefs of thefe Veffels, Lhave —
fo often meafured, that I- have no fcruple remaining:
nor will any one elfe:doubt,: who confiders, what the —
Organs mult. be-in Infects; or what proofs tliéreof, we —
havé withiri our felves:^'Bor, asT lately anotomized the |
EyeofaMan,' Tcompared-a ftreak ot Veffelyfound' in
the Choroidés, with -the Axe of a/courfe fand; that was
| sth ofan Inch, makingupon ty. Scalé 436 Mierofcopi+
cal parts; now tof thefe ftreaks, ly ing by the fide of ode |
another, made buts! of the:Axedfthéfand) fe thar ithe -
forefaid ‘Axe, is s6xo times broader thenthe ftreak, “Ehis |
number 2640; multiplyed: Cubically, ‘to vfibde our the —
folid ‘contentpit will maketout,-above rg thoufaad. nil |
lions:-fothata courssSandy.as Before is faid ought to be.
divided, iuto fo am dny. choufand mnilliom patiesybe fo "n" ;
could patsdoxhinasYefehods eaw (21509 yd) 2a isa
> J Dr WEN

Wc

e [885]
~The Medullary parts here, confift chiefly of very {mall
ftreakes or Veffells, together with many {mall blood Vef-
fells, as in the reft of the brain : otherwife they differed
. little, fromthe fame parts of an Ox,Sheep, or Turkey ;
as I have before defcribed them, only, the tranfparent
Oy!l-like Globules, were not-fo large. but, when I ob-
ferved the brain of a Sparrow, which had been 24 hours
dead , I faw the tranfparent Oyl-like Globules, as great,
- asthofe in the brain of an Ox,orother Animals. From
. thislaft, and other Obfervations, I have been confidering,
whether this great number of clear tranfparent Globules,
-mightnot, when the Animal was alive, have been de-
figned to feed the Medulla Spznalis and Nerves: tho’ now
that Animal is dead, and the humours ceafe to flow; the
particles that toucht one another, congeal into figures of
differentfizes: For the blood that is carryed by the Ar-
tery's, into the Cor£zeal part of the brain, does not return
thence, by the Veins, but is prepared in the Capillary
Veflels, tillitbe fit for the nourifhment of the Medul- |
Toagoryadtsi olor sozgin bodloguis 335! |
-- This may feem ftrange to fome, who might object that
becaufe of the rednefs of the blood, the brain ought to
— be reddifh of colour; but that followeth not; for the
green Globules,of greenifh fleg m or {not,are truely blood
. Globules, which have changed. their colour, being. ftill of
the famefize with them, and confifting each of 6 diftinct
"Globules;as they doe: and I conclude thatas thefe are
changed,from red into green, that alfo, as likely the red
may loofe their colour, and become. white ; efpecially
when they are divided into very fmall parts asthey mult
ibe, before they pafs into the, Capillary Veffels... 5:
- Ihavelately examined the Chryftalline humour of the
Eye of a Man, that I might know, whether the {mall
_.threds of the Scales, wind about. in the fame manner, as
AXhave formerly, defcribed them, in the Eyes of beafts:
but I.could not. difcern the true conftitution thereof,
ECT I 2 notwithftanding

L890} : |
notwithftanding Ihave twice; and attwo diftin& times,
endeavoured it. ‘This I obferve, thatthe Chryftalline ©
humor was not fine, and'cleer, but yellowifh, whereby it
differed from the Eyes, which I had formerly feen of
ether Animals. |. ^" Ie.

I have read the Book of Dr. W". Ten Rhine, out of
whichIcannot but note, that the faid Dr. agrees with
my Obfervations concerning Moxa, written the 14th
of May 1677. namely that Moxa is no artificial prepa-
ration of the Choiceft Herbs, made by the Chinelesand
Taponiers, as H. Bu/bof affirms, in his Book of Moxa, pag
“52. * Saying, none of all the Drugegifts of Europe; have
‘any knowledg of the manner of preparing this Moxa; ^
“and by thofeof China, this Art is of fuch efteem, that
* they will not for any money, difcover it to. a Stranger.
But my opinion is, that Moxa is only a production of a
fruit, like the downy fubftance about the Peach, the
Quince,and fuchlike: and Dr. Tex Rhene holds, that it
is a Wooll, of fome leaf. I related alfo, in my fore-
mentiond letter, that I had made tryallof the burning
ofthe Moxa, on imy hand ; what difference there was be-
tween thátand Cotton, what máy be the reafonswhy
the Chirurgeons efteem Cotton fiery and churlilh, why
ithurtsa wound, when a band i$ anade therewith, viz.
Bache the hairs are flat, and have fharpedges or —
fides. - 259 e 0111010050 8 mons iiw exem et odi

Ihave tryed many other Woolly fubftances, which —
grow on fome leaves and fruits’; inwhat manner they
burn, and chiefly the Woolly fubftance which the Po- —
plár Tree fheddeth ; which Wooll, Thadaconceit,when —
i had viewed it with my naked Eye, that it would burn ~
quick : T had alfo the fame Opinion; of the Woolly fub-
ftarcefhed by the Willow Tree,in the beginning of June; —
which laft, in the tryall excelled that of the Poplar Tree.
But} haveyet met with noWoolly fubftance, growing with
“as, which burneth fo well as Cotton ; and thofe, who with

j JOG eos ; us,

| [ $91] |

us, undertake to cure the Gout, or any other difeafe,

andhave no Moxa, I would recommend to them Cot-

ton. ;
. I have alfo tryed the tinder of burnt linnen, but this
burneth more fierce, and deepat once, then would be
doneatriotimes, with Mexas or Cotton. . .

A relation of mine, much troubled with the Gout, has
his heel fpoyl't with the great quantity of Chalk, char
breaks out of it; this matter Iexamined in my Method, |

and feparated the fame in 3 parts, the firft was the dryeft,

and whiteft, made of {mall irregular parts, as if fome
fmall fands lay together; thefe thro’ the Microfcope
appeared very dark bodies, and each of them confifted
ofa great number of long tranfparent figures; which I -
can liken to nothing better, then to cut Horfe-hair,
fome thing fharp atboth ends. ‘Thefe figures I judged. |
fo thin, that more then a 10oo of them lying clofe toge-
ther, would not make out, the thicknefs of a hair ofour -
head: I have reprefented fome of them, that their pro-
portion im thicknefs, to their length, might be come -
prehended,as Fig. 4. 44. I have alfo found that thefe parts.

lay in very good order,one by the other, as in Fig. 5. B.

'and fometimes2, 3, ot 4. and morein length. I have |

often feparated thefe {mall fand-like parts, onefrom the - .

other, and again divided each of thofe parts, and then, .
lhave not only feen, the figures which conftitute the -

. white matter, as Fig. B. but for the moft part, in a con-
fuíed order, as Fig. 6. €. I have alfo feen fome of thefe
figures fo fhort, that fome of them were in length butiof _

Fig. 4. and fome but $yea ; thereof, as here Fig. 7. D.

but I conceived this was not their true length, but, that.

inthe handling, they had broken.Among thefe figures,
lay fome irregular parts , which were again confti-
tuted of Particles, whichI judged, had been Globules
of blood, and had here in preffing, bin broken or bruifed ;

Asalfomany roundifh parts, whichT judged, had been :

Mee dmm I : TUTO

et

! L892 ]
ofa blood Globule.: alío fome fmall roundifh particles,
which I judged fo fmall, that 36 of them, would: confti-
tute but one Globule of blood. | :
The 2d fort of this Chalky matter, not fo white asthe
former; contained the forementioned irregular parts,
of long figures, in a very tough cleer matter, mixed with
blood Globules,and very many of the forenamed fmall
“roundifh parts. - ; : ' fe
The3d fort, was to the naked Eye, fomewhat reddiíh;
-caufed by the many blood Globules, mixed, throughout
‘the flimy matter in the Chalk :-It was alfo conftituted
“of the beforementioned roundifh parts. 7
. Altho' with us the Hofpitals (of the Lepers,) are in
4many. places ruined, or converted to other -ufes; and
fome learned Períons, maintain, there is here no fuch
incurable Leprofy ; there are notwithítanding, at Har- -
"lem, Searchers appointed, to vifit fuch: Perfons , as re-
.pair to them, pretending to that difeafe ; who have
. power to grant men.a feald Certificate, and a Clapper,
whereby they are authorized, to beg their food, for4
fucceffive years; afther which time, they muft be again
"CTeÉVIEWBd- 2 oo dae ad: vd onoÀsbTO t Kbvab oO
. linquired ofone ofthefe licenfed Men, wherein his -
difeafe confifted, and he fhewed me his head, which was
all covered with a skin, .that fcaled off, and red dry

ee
J| uw
i — in
/ ?
7 n, ~
Lo & ada E y
3 l L
>

s]

[$93] |
ing of the place, which caufed the blood to iffue out, and
which dryed thereon ; as the infected perfon alfoac-

knowledged. This perfon had been undertaken tobe.
cured by 3, feverall men; the firft, pretended to do
it by Salves, but without effect: The fecond, by blood
Jetting; which he reiterated fo often, that the Patient
was much enfeebled thereby, but had no benefit; the
third, who pretended great skill, purged him fo often,
thathe became much weakned thereby; and was ra-
ther worfe: fo that in the end, he was fain to repair.
to Harlem, fora Licence to beg. I caufed this man to
fcratch gently fome of the fcales offfrom his leg, which
I preferved in a paper, and afterwards obferving them,
I1 found that in many places, they were befet with {mall
parts of dryed blood and matter. A 3d perfon, whom 1
met, wasa Youth about 12 years of Age, his head was co-
vered with fuch foul fores, that I could not ftay to view .
it,witheut loathing. !
* A’gth perfon I met, wasa Woman, about 3o years of ,
Age, who was likewife permitted tobeg ; fhe faid, her
difeafe confifted in the skins fcaling fhom her head, which
extreamly itched, and: when fcratched, did very much
pain her,and alfo bled, and caufed thofe red fcabs. She
offer: d-to uncover her head, but I was fatished without it;
Ess for being from home;and lodging at a Friends
houie.- di cedi | j |

X Aniong the Filhes, which-are generated in "our Rivers,
. fand waters, T'know bütof two forts; thatare faid to have

no Seales; the one fort isthe Ecle and Paelirk, in fome
places not diftinguifhed; but with us they are diftinguith-
edi the Paling-being flatter‘ and pleafinger in taft,and
thefefora " fold? dearer: the^xd" fort; is^ the FylPosz, this
Taft fort ase fhort} aud thick; 4üd fcarce co-be'met with;
4S2D5nw.. which

2 | [954]
which two forts of Fifh; the Jewes will not eat, asforbid-
den by the Law of Mofes Deutr. 10, 14, &C.
examined the fkins of thefe Fifhes, after I had cleared
them of their flime; and found them covered with Scales,
as much asother River Fifh: for the Scales, altho' very:
thin, and ímall, lay orderly, and clofe faftned one over
-theather. Befides thefe Fifhes are alfo provided with
Fins, like other Fifh; for they haven each fide of the
head,.a perfect Fin ; the whole hinder part, or "Taile,
:is as well above as under, furnifhed with a. continued
‘Fin. And for as much as this may feem ftrange to
fome, and cheifly to the Jewes; whofor want ofa more
neeríearch, into the conftitution of this Fifh, have been
diverted from fo relifhing a food : I caufed one of thofe
‘Scales, which I had taken from underthe Belly, where
they are the leaft, tobe drawnout, asviewed by a Micro- -
Ícope: but while the Artift was imployed in the doing
thereof, he faid, he could as foon cut it in a Plate,as draw
it,and I therefore caufed him fo to doe: of which you
have here the Print Fig. 8. 44BCD. is the Scale taken -
from the Belly of a great Eele, the Circumference of
whofe head, was neer.7 Inches; but the Scales on the
back, and fides are larger : the greateft part of this Scale
. ADC. was-covered by. two other Scales: the part B, lay
extended towards the ‘Tail: the reft lay aftet the fame
manner. "Thefe Scales are'for the moft part, cenftitu-
:ted of round Balls, and fome oblong, in which Balls,in
many places, appear figures, like a fpiderswebb ; which
‘for the extream finefs and {fmallnefs, could not be imi-
‘tated: the-Globules conftituting each. Scale, are very -
'tranfparent, but. fome more then others: and in. each |
Globule, appeared a darkifh ‘{pot ; thofe lefs tranfparent
‘Globules, lay one by the other, and made different Cir-
:cular]lines in the Scales :. altho’ all the Scales, are not juft
ofthe fempitapca t have yet obferved, in many of them,
:as I judged, the fame number of Circularlines - ie rom
^ «hence

[895]
whence I conclude, that every year, the Scale UE
one Circular line; and by confequence, the number of
thefe Circular lines, being feven ; the Fifh muft have been
feven years old. Thefe Circular lines are here denoted
Fig. 8. by EFGHIKL. Fig. 9. is the fameScale in fize, -
asitappéarsto our naked Eye.

Ihavealfo examined, the flimelodged on thefe Scales,
but I can fay little thereof, till Ihave made further Ob-
fervations. &c. |

Delft Puly 261b; 1684

— £896)

P

The Chymical T ouch-Stone of Mr John Kuncle, |

Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber to the Ele&or of

Brandenburg, De Acido, t.Urinofo. Sale Calida
_ y..Frigido, contra Dotlor: Voights /pirit: Vini
. vindicatum. p ET VM TS

- Subinitted po the Royal Society of London ic, ae TE

the high Fudges of this matter.
Ber lin theoth. of Fuly 1684. |
] - His book, having been fentthe R, $. by the favor

| of that moft Potent Prince, and great incourager
of Learning, the Eleéter of Brandenburg , may for
that reafon,deferve a large account to be given of it,as al-
fo for the merit of the perfons therein concerned,who dif-
| pute, like Philofophers, with Experiments in their hands;

partly alío becaufe the book is written ia High Dutch, -

a language whichfew of us underitand fufficiently. -

The Author begins with an Epiftle Dedicatory P

to the Royal Society ; appealing to them, asto impartial
judges: hefays, that in hisbook, he offers at the nature
of heat, and cold;in which,or any other thing, in cafe he
has committed errors, he fhall be made very happy, to
receive better Inftructions. | rp e lie
In the next place, he maketh an Epiftle to the Reader,

which isonly an Apology,againft fome calumnies thrown -

- upon him. | | | |
After this, followsa fhort Epiftle of Mr. Kunkels An-

tagonift Dr. Voight to Dr. Martin Wetfen, which is a

fhort addrefs made to him, as judge of the controverfy.

Mr, Kunkel begins to lay down, his Opponents De- ~ 1

*

pofitions; which are three.

1. That there is no 4feid under the Sun, that of it felf |
| | gives .

|

C897 ]
gives éither heat or flame: for he fays,that there is rio
4fcid , of either the Vegetable,mineral, or Animal King-
dome, which affords it. He inftances in the Accdum
Ventriculi, & fucct Pancreatict, whereason the contrary;
the Gall, which contains no czd., but affords Oyl, gives

alfo flame, and heat.

-.2. Heendeavours to prove fpirit of Wine, to be an

Oyl

- 3. He obviates fome Obje&ions..
- Mr. Kunkel in- anfwer to the firft Propofition; fays,

he never declared it hisopinion, that any body fhould
produce heat, without the Acceflion of a Frigédum:
(which in other places he calls Urznofum,) as alfo, that f pi
ritof Wine wasa pure cd; bata /peretus dup/zcatus :

— but that there is more 4c¢d in it, then of the frzgidum , he

isfure, cannot be denyed. - |
-Heagrees with his Opponent,that no pure czdumis

— - inflammable, but that Urinofum and terra muft be added.

He denyes that there isa pure Aczdum inthe World: for
he fays, where there is fuch a pure Ac¢dum, there mutt
bea pure falt ; but there is no fuch thing in the Animal,

or Vegetable World. . | |

He examines r8 Ounces of the Gall ofan Ox, from
which he obtains 16 Ounces of cleer water by Diftilla-
tion, ofa ftinking Oyl, and halfan ounce ofa falt Earth,
in whiclrhe fays there 1s a Sal 4feidum : {o that he would

. . afcribe Inflammability to belong rather to the 4czdum

*

then Oleofum. He examines blood alfo, from whence
his Antagonift.may argue, namely that the Oylin the
blood,:gives the naturall heat to the body; buthe will
afcribe more.to the falt :: for he fays, that in cafe blood
be gently evaporated ad ficcitatem, and then expofed to
the Air, a certain falt, ofa Nitrous Nature, will grow

. eupon it: by this you may fee the falt to predominate, in
*€afe.you edulcorate tliis. dryed blood by frequent ablu-
|^. Ifions with water,and then diftill the mentioned exficcat-

ter PX $
+ wf,

K 2 : ed

[398]
ed Mafs, you fhall have muclrlefs Oyl: from whence
we may learn, that Oyls are the moft fubtile. parts of
bodies; and may alfo conclude, that nothing is to be
found without fale; or that bodies are fet together, and
compounded with falt. He feems to deny, that Sala
Actda ( fach ashis Antagonift calls Succus Citrz,Berberum,
fpiritus Nztri)) are cooling, or do fo well perform any
Cures, as Salia Urinofa.He examines the 5uccus Citri, and
Berber, by diftillation, the latter of which, he fays, at-
fords only a quantity of water, fome oy!, and fome
— earth, mixed witha falt he calls Alkali; which makes
him demand, what is become of his Acidum. i 3
2 dr. A seh proceeds, and givesa further account of -
Dr. Voights oppofite fentence ; who inftances in hiscom-
mon dittillation of Wine, namely, that after the {pirit
of Wine Per Balneum Marie is {eparated from the Wine;
that which remains in the Veffel, becomes fower, and
will not burn, tho' perhaps fomewhat of a fubjugated
oyl, may be mixd with it: but in cafe youfeparate any
oyl from the zd, it then burns per fe. EI
Mr. Xunkel in the beginning of hisanfwer, feemsto-
run out againft the Do&orsopinion, mentioned in ano-
ther chapter; and endeavouring to prove fpiritus Vint — —
tobe no oyl; bécaufe oy! will not intoxicatea man;
and becaufe 4czds, tho’ of differing families, do.allunite —
and mix, and fo do oyls too, but i£ you mix that oyl _
drawn from Wine, with the fpiritof Wine, it will not by — .
fhaking unite together, unlefs you firft fatiate thefpirit —
with its falt, and by that means you may caufeaunionof. -
fome little quantity. He now comes to overthrowthe.
Dodorsaffertion, that 772: do: not burn : he inftances.
in oylof Vitriol, asone of the pureft Actds;, which pro- ——
duces great heat, which deftroys and íhatters.many ——
things. Judge ofthe contrary bythegreateft cold.Take
fpirit of Wine highly rectified, pour the. coldeftywater —
uponas much, asyouccan hold in your hand; ándiit wil |
grow

[$59].
grow pretty warm. Whence it undoubtedly follows, that
it agrees with oyl of Vitriol in point of Acédum:

He concludes, charging his adverfary that he fays,
Vegetables yield no "adum ; but gives an experiment to
prove the contrary. v7. that the Sa/ Alkalt, and Sal U-
rinofum of Plants, by a well proportioned quantity, may
be brought to a Sul INitrum. Item ex fale Tartari, or
Abjinthiz by a meer addition of fand, a Spiritus Salis
may be diftilled. |
- Dr.Foigbt Mr.Kunkels opponent,proceeds to the Regnum
Minerale, amd abfolutely denys an heat, flame, or
light, to be properly inherent in any fed, but that
_ fome central oyls not eafily feparated from mineral &

cids, do produce thofe incalefcenteffects. He inftances
in Oleum Vitrtoli, € Tartart per Deliquium: as alfo in
Spritus Nitri & Fitrioli, which derive much heat by mix-
ture, from a latent oyl, and not from the apparent ex-
ternal Acidum. He gives an experiment, how, Oleum
Sulphuris may be made inflammable, viz. by diftilling-a
high tinéture of Oleum Terebinthine made with common.
brimftone,for you may by diftillation recover your Oleum
Terebintbine, and leave in the bettom of the Retort, an
- jnflammable oylofSulphur.

Rain water, he fays, affords oyl, and volatile falc,
but noinflammable 7d. | vod

He faysall 24422. tho’ never fo pure, if evaporated or
. diftilled off, will always leave in tbe bottom of the
"Retort, or cther Veffel a Materza pinguis & uncluofa, out.
ef which an inflammableoyl may be brought. ius

He concludes faying, that it fuffices to prove, that 24
- eidity. does in. no wife difpofe a body to inflammability,
becaufe Olea expreffa & dij/illata do burn and flame more
- readily, when they are purged of all mixture of Atrdity:

-asOleum Lint, Terebinthine, nif Fentculz, when diftilled

“per Cineres; and other Alcala that detain the Aczda.

po Mr, ‘Kunkel in his.anfwer denys, that in thefe Mine-
P 9l | K 3 ral

E900]
ral cds, particularly oyl of Vitriol, any, oyl is Cone, -
tained; he challengeshim to give’Demonftration. _.

He demands further, fince he declares all heat to
depend on bodies, upon the {core of their beingoyly,
that he will thew him an experiment, how to produce,
-heat, with the mixture of any oyl and water; as Mr.
Kunkel hasoften done with Ads and water,

Mr. Kvnkel refutes at large, his experiment about the
. oyl of Sulphur; urging, that he did not perform his o:
_ peration truly, but left his oyl of Turpentine at the bot-
tom of the Retort, which is miftaken for the oyl of
Sulphur, as he may eafily difcover by drawing off more
. -ofthe remaining oyl, by which means, he leavesa kind
of black Earth, and fuch as gives no oyl, and may have -
hisformer wei ight ofSulphuragain. -

The adverfary Dr: Fozgbt, proceeds to lay down feve-
rall Pofitions.

r. That oylof Vitriol is the moft fixt y and gives |
- more heat, then fpirit of Wine whilft flaming. - :

2. That fixt bodies are only refpectiuely fos
. 3. That. Acids, may by repeated diftillations, be
brought to fucha degree of ubtlety: (1 fuppofe he means
volatility,) as {pirit of Wine. |

4. Any furmife about an zfezdum Occultum ignifiemo- 1
thing, foreventhat may be eafily parted...

$. All_Acéda are volatile, becaufe they yislda frong
cent, which comes from their Volatile fale. d
_ Now fince wecan find no inflammable, .4czdin the
World, wemay properly infer, fpiritof Wine to beno -
Ad, becaufe it burns, and takes fire .. He.concludes —
with a. definition of czdum, Quod Adum fit Sal fürs 1
potitum, Vim babens aftringend: 8 coagulandt.. ue

Mr. Kunkel in his anfwer grants the firft Pofition. To

the fecond he gives a check, blaming his.not difinguifh- '

' ing betwixt the Acida Regni Minerale 3 Vegetabilis. "Ehe.—

next Pofition he denyes. SEE “The £ourth balition V
Int ; | e

ar [gor]
he anfwers thus, that any idem may be concentra-
ted ina body, and is there {tronger, or have its parts
extended and diffufed, and fo weaker, fo that mayis 3
minu: do much vary the cafe. ‘To the laft, which fays
-all Aceda are Volatilia, becaufe of an odor or fent that

rifesfrom them: he denys thatall dogive an odor, and
Anftances in Oleum V2trzola,that gives none

; and by con-
Íequence no 4cida pura afford it, but fach as are mixt
with an Urznofe (alt, He pretendsto know a method how

to reduce fpirit of Wine,to water,by feparating its falt,
with the helpof falt of Tartar. Asalfoto part the falt
from oyl of Vitriol, and bring itto water : but none of
thefe falts are reducible to oyl, tho they may be made
toheatandburn. Intheend hefeemsto diflike his de-
-inition of an cidum: becaufe he fays he does not di-
_ sftinguifh betwixt Acida pura © mixta, {uch as fuccus Ber-
. derum & Oleum Vitriolz. :
|" Dr. Voight goes onto prove from his definition of falt,
| that fpirit of Wine is no Acédum, namely becaufe it has
- hom attenuandi & refolvendi ; he means properly and
. ünitsown nature, which confifts in its inflammabilicy, fo
| -that Spzrztus Vint, when it ads the part of a Menffruum
|. sto diflolve bodies, doesit upon the account of fome Salia
Velatilia, that are mixt with it: for the more you im-
Jpregnate it with fale, the ftronger Menftruum you fhall
| «have. Item if yOu feparate ‘the inherent falt in oylof
| "Turpentiié, you will deftroy its power of working upon
WRafms , Ío:as to diffolve them. Hence he infers, Nov
dantur Menfirua Sulphurea (leofa. RN p
fita: Hefays Spiritus mi is {fo far from a greeing with his
definition of Ards; inhaving Vim coagulandi, that it ra-
‘ther hinders it. e. g. Acids coagulate Milk : fpirit of Wine
$ É itina body together, and hinders thatCoagula--
Tn. ien ipis NER
| | 3. Spirit of Wine corrects Avda, by dulcifying fpirit
ef falt and Nitre, when inixed with them; which are
^ ‘great Corroders of themfelves, 4. Spirit

‘ture of the oyl.

| [902]

4. Spiritof Wine keeps bodies from degenerating in-
to Acids, thus it preferves Beer from fowring. Item it
hindersthe fermentation of Vinum Muflum, and the
working of Beers. |

5. Acida give a red tincture to fyrup of Violets, fpirit
of Wine dos not change it. | |

Thus far Dr. Vorght. To the firft propofition Mr.
Kunkel replys, that fince Spzritus Vini, according to his
Conceffion, abounds with falt, and is upon that fcorea
Men[iruum, and can be fooner reduced to falt then oy], —
that for his own reafons, it may better derive its proper-
ties from falt, then from his imaginary oyl. He gives
us an experiment vz. That $pzrztus Vint diffolves the —
Cryftals of Silver which it could not do, he íays, unlefs —
itconfifted ofan Aczdum & 'Urinofum; for no Oleofa what- —
. Íoever, muft pretend to this effect. Hechallenges him -

to feparate the falt from the oyl of Turpentine, which |
he thinks cannot be done; unlefs you deftroy the na- —

To his fecond propofition,that Spzrztus Vint hinders coa-
. gulation, and to his Inftance in common Milk, he fays
thé contrary ; vx. That fpirit of Wine and Milk ine-
quall proportions, will coagulate as Vinegar and Milk j
doe. . ! j om
To the 3d, which is only an inftance, that fpirit of.
Wine dulcifies czds, he denyes it to be 4z/cs, bat yet.
very corrofive, and that it isdiluted only as water will:
ye Min effectually take off the pungency of the |
Acid. | | EAD aay E
To the 4th, where fpirit of Wine preferves bodies from
turning to Vinegar, and ftum liquors, Mr. Kunkel, fays, |
thatthisisa plain proof of its being an Aczdums; for the!
fower vapour of accended Brimítone produces the fame}
effect: only with this difference, that the like 44:42um in|
Ípirit of Wine is lefs copious, and for that reafon you)
muft ufe a much greater proportion of fpirit, e
| | | EUG

[903] |
the induction is falfe, that there is no din {pirit of
Wine, fince Ads do generally, i£ not always hinder the
fermenting ofbodys. . —
- Tothe sth, he anfwers, that fpirit of Wine digefted
- with Syrup of Violets, will change the colour.

Dr. Vorght having thus far been upon the Negative,
by declaring what fpirit of Wine is not, ; he now afferts
it to be an oyl, which is ardentor inflammable, by no
“means upon the fcore of its Volatile falt, for then falt
of urine muft burn ; nor upon the account of any “zd,
which has been already refuted ; much lefs upon the ac-
count of its water and Earth, for that were abfurd : ergo
ratione Olei. He gives an Inftance how fpirit of Wine
may be reduced to a true oyl, for asit isafpirit, he fays

- it hasonly loft the outward form and confiftence of oyl,
being made more fine and fubtile, yet notwithftanding,
he propofes a way to bring it to oyl again. Take a
quantity of high fpirit of Wine, put it intoa Cucurbit,
which is not very wellclofed, let it ftand for 3 months,
then endeavour to rectify itin a gentle Ba/neo, you will
find little fpiritthat will rife,but a good quantity of in-
flammable oyl will remain at the bottom.

Mr. Kunkels anfwer does principally confiftin deny--
ing the experiment, of reducing {pirit of Wine to oyl, by

_ theway and method. propofed, or by any other: unlets
he perhaps firft united fome oy] with his fpiritand then
the Air having fublimed the fpirit, which was lighter
then the oyl or water, by this means perhaps, he obtain-
ed fome little oyl. |
- Dr. Voight examines an Epiftle of Mr. Kunkels, fent
to him for that purpofe. 23

| . . The firft Prefuppofition of the Author of the Epiftle is,

|. that all Vegetables contain an Acidum& Urinofum. The
| ad. that all. Fermentations produce #7zds, which are

Im feparable by Art 5-1 c. Aio Na kay: :

| . Inaníwer to the firft, Dr, Voight complains of his
| : E NE qua^ SM having

b.

Ego4 JT

having? omitted Oleum which is moré certain, and. con-
ftantinall Vegetables, then Acidum.. For pepper, Gin-
cer, Camphire, Nutmeg, &c. have no. dum. 'Yhus
we fee oylin abundance in-Seminións: Leni Gitri, Bc. and.
Flax affords.this oyl.before-and! after-imany- Variations,
into cloatb,- Paper, &c.- which upon iets gives vola-.
tile fakts andoyls, but no Acids. 2

Mr. Kunkel will not allow his inftances i in Pepper, &c.
tobe jut; bupon the contrary, that they;contain a Sak
Volatile S fixums >on ani Alcali-falt ;-In-like:manner
does -flax,: and Paper, "confit of much the fame princi--

bess. |

à De, Voight goes to ie ficu Rea sh of the Au-
thor of the Letter;that all Fermentations. produce:Acids,
which arefeparable by: diftillation,» This he refutes, as
conttary to experience, -fince mead, and Canary Wines,
and even their Betlin Beerit felf, will ferment very high,
withoutany Acidity, but rather continue very. pleafant,
and fweet. -He owns that there are Wines;both French,
& Rhenifh, that after fermentation,do:tafta little fowrifh:
or fharp; butthat he fays, follows fermentation: ex aczi-
dentiratione materie, for theíe Wines contain before: fer-
mentation, Partes falinas ix that-quantity, that-they
exceed the O/eofas. and fo by fermentation; arerbrowght
into.a:fvor; or ftate of Acidity. In Spamfh:or{weet Wines,
if you fuffer their falts; by a:confiderable;addition: of wa-
ter, or otherwifeé,: to break the Vintulum Unionis: fo that
they are brought. toibe fower; this is-not properly. a Vi-
num Fermentatum,but corruptum. However; tho thi were
true in Wine; itwill not? lmakesit good in fpirit of Wine.

Mr. Kunkel replyes here, thathehasnordamly proíe-
cuted the work of Fermentation; which if hé. had done,
out ofall Vegetables, .an_4cidi might besnade;s 5/07

In reference to.other) Wines, he - confeffes, they: have a

fower Ingredient in CBE which he cameafiet prie
dient @ true oyles oy 20 | of3 03 19Wlan cl

)

: [Rees] |

Terdiflikes h:s too fubtile diftinéction into Vinum zor-
guptum & Fermentatum , both being fower, and effects of
fermentation, may properly be called Zezt»m or Vine-
“Dr. Vorght proceeds; in the: Epiftle, he animadverts
upon Mr. Kuakels Notion, vix. That faltsby Virtue of
their Zcidzty, do preferve bodys from corruption. This
he fays; is againft reafon and experience: for {alts are
endowed witha power Solvendz, incadendi, corrodendi, dif-
uniendi dividend: : the moft corrofive . Menftruums, as
Aquafortis, Regis; &c. do juftify it» As alfo the confti-
. tutionof Vegetables, and Animals, both which do foon
corrupt and diffolve, upon the account of their abound-
ing with this faline principle. Nay fale itfelf, cannot
refiftthe moiftureot the Air,:beingfoon refolved in it.
He inftances yet farther, in the common way of ‘powder-
ing or pickling flefh, declaring againft the ill quality of
falt, for depriving flefh of its proper and genuine tait,
bringing ic to an- corem, and corrupting inftead of con-
ferving it; by making it unfit for nourifhment, in pro-
ducing difeafes, &c. Afterthismanner does Vinegar, in
ftead: of conferving a body., deprive it of its good Juice
and» relifh: on the contrary ° he knows, how to make a
Balfam of fugar, ‘which is an-oyly. body, that will eafily
preferve: bodys; and 'tiscwellknowa, ‘thatcoy's of Turs
pentine, of Myrrh, and fpirit of Wine; do beft conferve
Cadavera: : Moreovet,- he'sfófar from allowing this 'ef-
fect to his: zfcidum; tliat: he will much rather yield itto,
hiswrdndfwm.s cusüion enoiisionnéA ai ils2 oi 200 is
vaMer Kunkel im his reply; refers himfelf to? the good
houfewifry,: andycommoiicuftome, anid univerfalexpe-
riehce, whicli juftifieshis fale, tho'anozed; to De a true
preferver of bodys from cortuption:che then diflikeshis
conceit, that flefh abounding withdalt fhould' therefore
corrüptox butom the contrary pbeing feeet) and wanting!
- falt; :does therefore the foonesiputtify.o | This he ius
m L2 d

§

Ame GAR GAL

ree
rb sa

fE9o6€1 | Pus

by aninftancé, that a whole Ox has very littlé falt in it
(1fuppofe-he means of fixt falt,) he thinks a Pickled her-
ring, or powderd beef, very unjuftly termed corrupted
Fifhand Flefh. He wonders at his choice in preferring
Salta Urinofa, for the prefervation-of bodys, before his

Aida ; thefe deftroying the taft, and fcentof bodys.»
Dr.. Vorght takes upthe Author of the Epiftle, for urg--
ing an experiment, which he calls,.againft reafon and ex-
-perience + namely that a pound. of rotten Wood, contains -
more zfcidaum ot Alkali, then five pound of green Wood:
-he pronounces the quite contrary for truth, proceeding |
from one degree of Putrefaction, to what he callsa Cen-
tral.Corruption; or rottennefs of Wood; wherehe found,
that: Waod no-ways. tainted, afforded the moft falt, and
that in every degree of greater putrefaction, or the more
the. Wood inclined to rottennefs; the lefs faltit-afforded;
untill he-came to that,which was quite rotten,this afford-
ednoneat alls. ~ Pio vt 16k Jiu]
~ Mt. Kunkel anfwersaspofitively in hisown behalfithat _
heis certain of the contrary, and could make it: good: :
Dr. Voight - complains of the Authors Epiftle, that he

' confounds Sala, Alkalia & Actda's for they- muft needs
differ in their natures, which make fo great an effervef-
cence in their mixture,.as Sal Tartarz, & Spiritus Vitriol
do. He demands an experiment how to makeanze«
dum ex Sdleddkalt: ui W do Wiel bas diy 10 .snitisa
Mr. Kunkel anfwers, that while thefe falts arein their
grofs form (as he ftiles; it) they are very: differing: but in
a Book he calls his Annotations, he fhews a. way how to
reduce Ahaha to Hetda; & hice Verfa::ànd that. only iby
. depriving one of'its'Terreftzeity;and giving: it; to the:o-
ther. - Heanfítances in$47 dbfntlzz, oüt of which, a: fpi- -

rit'may be drawn to: difolve-Goldi. ^| 000000 oe
iHe: animadverts farther upon. the Epiftle; where hé
finds this affertiopn;[ no: body: cam: deny, where! you have
heatand light; yowmuftneedsha veitwocontrarys,na ss

: [ 907]
ly heatand cold, oran Aczdum and a Urinofum.} This
the animadvertor fays, is contra ratzonem: for two con-

- trarys, non poffunt immediate eundem effettum producere.

-Helays Actdum & 'Urinofum may perhaps be externall or

chance caufes of heat, by promoting a fudden motion,
and conflict in fome bodys, but muft not be confounded
with the matter, thatisinfammable. Thus water,and
oyls of Vitriol mixt together, produce a much greater
heat, then if you fhould put into the oyl of Vitrio!,a quan-
tity of Urinous falt: but 'tis plain, that in the water
there isan Urzmefum. ‘Thusif youpour water upon Calx
Viva (which isan Alkali, and has nothing to do with 4
cidity,) you will producea great heat, yet we want here
one of the two Principles of heat, vzz. the zezdum.

— - Mr. Konkel thinks he has made it clear,that thefe two

Principles-were demonítrated very plainly: he to eluci-

date the matter, gives us fome effects of Spiritus. Acide
. (asfor inftance 4quaforta,) and Urinofi (as Spiritus U-

"rine it felf,) thefe two in conjunction diffolve Gold, make -
| "urum Fuiminans, produce heat, flame, and even light-
mng. Astothe experiment of water, and oyl of Vitriol;

- heaníwers, that tho’ he fhould ftill continue to deny, that -

water holds no Urznofum, yet he muft allow it to bea

(

frigidum,which yet afforded this warming effect. As tothe -

experiment of Calx Viva, he will not allow it to be: with-

out an zfedum.- He would confirm hisopinion, byan

. Inftance of-the great Pbofphorus, (called. in England the

folid,) which he fays hath nothing either Oleaginous or
Refinous, but holds Sala Acida & 'Urinofa : and yet pers

forms fo many Luminous effects. fo)!
Dr. Voight makes further fearch into the Letter, and -

obferves, that the Author givesthe reafon, why fpirit of

'Nitre, and fpirit of Wine, make fo great an Ebullition, -
but fpirit of Wine, andoyl of Vitriol none at all: vzz.

becaufe Nitre is not fo pure an 2£czZ as Vitriol, forthat
reafon, they may ftand the quieter, and without Altera-

L 3 tion

ny [908 J
tion together. To this reafon the Doctor givesno credit,
for he fays, fpirit of Nitre is as pure as that of Vitriol,and
that with fpirit of Wine, they doe make an alteration:
and the higher they are, the more they heat, but if very
highly rectified, — will produce flame upon their mix-
ture.
Mr. Kunkel feems to be in no wife of his judgment, that
the mentioned ced fpirits, are of anequall purity; he
. thinks, in that of Nitre, there isfome thing of an Urino- —
fom ; in the oyl of Vitriol, none at all. “As to the expe- _
riment of flame,- produced by oyl of Vitriol, and fpirit of
Wine, he tells him) that he read it out of an Author, but
it never fucceeded. ©
Since fpirit of Wine is an oyly body, the Author of the
Letter, makes a queftion, how it comes to pafs, that it
.qakes noebullition, and gives no colour to any fpirit,
"except that of Nitre? to which Dr. Voight anfwers, be-
-caufeitcaufes no more ebullitions, for that reafon , it -
-approaches the nature of oyls; for Acidum & Urinofum,
does only excite thofe ebullitions. “He anfwers further, -
that it does indeed make ebullitions, both with fpirit of —
"Nitre, and of falt, but that it does fo, by reafon of an Us 1
'finousíalt, itcontains. — :
To this Mr. Kunkel thinks, he has copioully anfwer
-ed, and therefore fuperfedes. —
‘Inthe Epiftle, Dr. Yorght anfwets, to this óbjedtiong ;
that if fpirit of Wine werean Oleo/um, why it would not
‘mix with oyl: he anfwers it, by proving the contrary,
thatifyou put into high rectified fpirit of Wine, ea of
Fennel, or Annifeeds, ic will diffolve. «| :
Mr. Kunkelreplys; tliatit ‘retains’ fome fe drops of
‘this oyl, by teafon of that (mall quantity of cidum iw
the fpirit; but ifyou impregnate ie with morefalts,it€
‘will take up,-and diffolve more oyl .Alfo that it eafily!
parts with thi$ámbibed oy! again: but true Sa Rod do all-é-!
b sie and T MYR 253 ok VEREONOfIP o E
| < ee 1 heN

/

| | [509]
| "The Author of the Letter, having put another Query,
about the Caufam Ebrzetatir, namely, whether it depend-
edona body, as Oleaginous, or as fweet, Urinous Al-
. kalifate, anfwers propter Zcidum? 'To which, Dr. Vorght
demands of him to fhew an Acidum inflammable taken
eutofípiritof Wine. He proceeds then himfelf, to give
an account of drunkennefs ; that Wine affects the Ani-
. malípirits, not as an 4czdum Volatile, for that does ra-
ther fix and coagulate the fpirits, then excite them; that
the $a/a Coagulata will not operate, when Aefel/uta. they
only do perform quick actions; fo that ratzone Olez,
rather then Salus cid’ Ebriety may be accounted
_ The Author of the Letter, willnot allow itto produce :
drunkennefs as anoyl: He quite devefts oyls of that quae -
hty;having never heard of any that got fudled by drink- |
ing oyls : but that oyls have been taken into the body, as
Prefervatives againtt drunkennefs. : |
_ Mr.Azvnkel concludes with hisaddrefs tothe R. S. exe -
. eufing himfelf upon this confideration of the great necef- -
fity of knowing the true nature of things: particularly of
-heatand cold: and that without a true account ofthe :
nature of falts,the harveft of Chymiftry willbe very poor. .
He complains of the great miftakesof Chymiftswho for
_want ofa thoroughexamining the parts of bodys, have -
mightily deceived themfelves, and others: and alfo of .
the little agreement amongft the Analizers of bodys,CAz- -
— micó, even in:-matter of fac. .For which reafonbeing
refolved to bring things to an exact examen, he fays,.1
_ began firit to work upon falts, and becaufe thofe of Ve-
— getables were the eafieft, I chofe them. I obferved that
ince the Auzmalia lived on Fegetabilza, that there wasan
Affimilation in their falts.. Inlike manner Lobferved a
. Yery great affinity in the nature or conftitution of Metals,
excepting Gold, which required fome extraordinary pre-
parationto dealwithit, ‘This made meat length fobs
BE clude,

- -ofcold, without any Corrofive dispofition ; it made me

T Coro] v dala
clude, that there were two differing natures, both in falt
and metals. This lead me to the confideration ofheat,

-and cold, of the properties of Light, and of the Sun.
But nothing has more taken up my thoughts,and engaged
‘my contemplation, then thatoflight: ofthisImay per- -
haps, fome time fpeakatlarge. The nature of water I
find to be cold ; and as: there is an Univerfal cold, fo
‘there muft be an Univerfal warmth : by vertue of thefe
two, all things are generated ;. the Sperm of the Earth it
felf, isinthe water. here is nothing comes neerer the
nature of water, then falt, becaufethat is firft generated _
init, and doeseafieft diffolve againthere. Ihave alfo
found, that becaufe under ground there isa conftant de-
gree of heat, therefore thofe falts that arethere ge-
nerated, do maintain a greater degree of naturall heat, -
'then fuch falts have, which had their Original aboue
ground. Alfobecaufe I feund a remarkable difference
in the feparation of falts, and in-thefolution of Metalls,
‘Tfought after the pureftfalt ; which I found tobe in Vi- .
triol, or Sulphur, having both the fame Minera: but -
fince in this, Ifound a hot and fiery temper or quality,in
Íomeother falt, I expected its contrary. Having often
perceived Salta Volatilia, 8 Urinofa, to produce degrees |

. fearch, and enquire after, an Univerfal frigtdum, which I —
found in Water: but moreover, as foon as a Salt was
generated there, I perceived it alfo to be warm, or-ofa
. <mixt Nature, holding both heat and Cold together. In fo -

‘much, that I could find no pure Salt, of one fimple na-
ture : But difcerned, by reafon of an afcending heat, and
a defcending cold, we had alwaysa Precipitat, which was -
for the moft part, a falt, or the Materia Salus, which |
firft of all feemed to become a very fubtile Earth, which f.
in time, as it hapned to be fituated, became a more .grofs
and confpicuousíalt. Ifthis water happen to fall upon |
.à fandy ground, it cannot fink and reft there, but by a
| s zx wil CON

Lo11] |
'conftant Circulation, is driven and born upwards,
wherefote fuch places provebarren. | On theother band,
thofe places which do embrace water like a fpunge,as the
maríh lands do, thefe grow warm, and make almoftan
infeparable union, with the falt contained in the water,-
which makes that land very fruitfull. So thatIcannot
, but believe, that there muft betwo contrary falts in Regno
Jegetabili & Animal:,that contrarys are neceffarily found
in bodys foluble, and combuftible, which overthrows the
Maxim : Contraria in uno Corpore non, & c. Again, iníome.
meafure tis true, contrarza inter fe pugnare ,, when by
‘Motion, they are brought toa difproportion : but, when
by nature, or Art, they are broughtto contain true pro-
portions, this proverb hathanend. Thus heat and cold,
when one much prevailsover the other, produce Thun-
der, and Lightning. But ofthisnotion, I hope another
time, togivea farther explication. I fhall only {peak
a word, to the opinion of thofe, that think Thunder,
& Lightning, proceeds from Sulphur, becaufe they have
. founditto rain Brimftone ; which is nothing elfe, but
the yellow duft, to be found in the bloffoms ofthe Fir .
Tree, and of the Pine Tree ; and alfo of the Hazel,
‘blown off, and carryed by the Winds into the Air, which
is again thrown down upon the ground,by Violent ftorms
ofrain: upon the.examination of this powder, they
may foon find itnoBrimftone. Others are carryed into
this error, that heat, and flame, muft needs proceed
— -from oyl: but we muft leave them in their meaning, be-
- caufethefe imagine , they have hit upon fome new thing.
All new matters, ifthey have but a foundation of truth,
are good, or bad, asthey are made ufe of.
Thatl may not in an affair, wherein perhaps, you
“have made much better Obfervations, too long detain
you, Ifhallonly fele& an Obfervation, or two, wherein
— T have particularly obferved, that a Calidum & Frigidum,
are tobe found in a Fulminating,and combuftible body.
‘Thhallalfo be glad to be informed of the contrary by any
| M Chymift

| IM EA
-Chymif in Europe, if he can find out any body, that by
a fair Chymical examen, does not contain (alidum & fri-

£idum,except the true oyl of Vitriol,which (as we have al-

ready faid,)has only fo much frzgidum, asit contains Hu-
idum or common water, which is fo far overballanced
by the Accdum,that we can difcern no Frig¢dum at all. In

this Menftruum all metals can be diffolved, excepting

. gold,which requires a frzgidum;to be joined with alalzdum,

: "Lhefe terms of 2feidum, Urinofum, and Alkali, have
'fo much confounded all men, that it has moved me, to
write particularly, and copioufly of them,zn Laboratorze
meo Experimentali.But in fhort,I find allzZcida, excepting
"Oleum Vitriolt, to confiftof Salza compofita,mixt with a Sal
rigidum. Alkali falts,areall much the fame, if clean and

_-pure,and nothing elfe but Salza Acida cum frigidis,and are
~giuch a kin to common fea falt, when thatis difpirited.

The Acids, if you fix them by a mixture of Earth, be-

come Alkalifalts. Butin cafe you joyn pure oyl of Vi-
‘triol with fuch an Earth, as Cornu Cerv: calctnatum, which

carry'sinit no more of an zfedum, or of an Urino/um,

this will not yet agree with other Alkalys, unlefs you give

ita fupply of an Urinofum |. | ^. | s

Salia frigida if pure, are all homogeneous, let them be -
made of what Vegetables, or Animals foever: from

~ whencelinfer, that nature only makes ufe of thefe two
principal parts: which fince I came to underftand it, has
-excufed me from many a troublefome work or operation,
and would alío much leffen the proceffesof many, and

‘lighten their labeurs, did they but know the true pro-
perty of thofe bodys they work upon. 15

Since now I fuppofe my felf, to have lajd this firm
Foundation, I will only hint attwo or three. well known
materials, out of which heat, and Lightning may. be
brought, in which no 0/euz can be demonítrated tohave
been contained. "LhisI needed notto have done, be- —
caufe, you have made more Experiments your felves of -

this nature : Lonly doit with regard to the O/ez/éz , ien 4

| ^ would 7

[213]

' Nrould fain introduce fome new thing, even againft ex-
perience;& who would yet farther confound,the confufed
World,through their opiniated PhilofophicalArguments,
whereas they had more need be lead out of miltakes. I
fhall begin with Aurum Fulminanss; to prepare this, is fo
well known, that I need not defcribe the way. The
Gold cannot be diffolved without a frzgzaum, but when
. itisonce diffolved by it, it muft be precipitated by the
fame again, e. g. with fpirit of Urine; by this means,
you get a powder , that gives a great report, a very
clear light, and burns. If you cannot fee the Light-
“ning,for it isvery tranfient, you may put out the Candle,
and you will eafily difcern it. Here is nothing butan
Acidum and Urinofum joined by an Earth; from whence
this Thundring noife proceeds, of which in fome Manu-
{cripts, that I have yet by me,I have more copioully treat-
ed. Perhapsit may be faid, that if I precipitated the
matter, with falt of Tartar,it would be one and the fame
thing: why dos this make it heat as well, as if it were pre--

- cipitated with an Urzmofum or frzgidum. Y aníwerin few
words: that there isalready in the folution, as much of
the Urinofum asis neceffary, fo that a farther affufion of
an Urznofíum, will not wellagree. Therefore it happens,
that when the Gold is precipitated by this Alkali, fo
calld, the Urzzofum may be fo fuppreffed, as not to make
- anexplofion (the reafon of which isalfo well known to
me,) now in cafe the precipitate fhould be dryed, and im-
bibed fometimes with a fpirit ofurine, it will then reco-
veritsfulminating power again. Sothatwe fee, where
heat and flame is, there muft be twocontrary Principles.
In the next place, If Itakea good fpirit of Nitre, and
drop upon it guttatim, fpirit of Wine, until itceafes to
»makeanebullition, the UrZze/zm is then in a ballance
with the Zzdum. Only put this fale in a heated crucible,
and it will go off with an explofion ; only you have here
- no report, but heat and light: but. if you joyn it with an
Earth (as durum Fulminans is,) youfhallthen have a re-
E - M 2 pert.

; ; Tyr} . | |

port. This {pirie of Nitre,and calcin'd coral will doe, if
they are infpiffated, or brought to be dry. Iftwere ne-
ceflary, I could inftance in that burning mixture ex Oleo

Vitriolt, fpiritu urine, Jove: in all thefe we haveaCali- —

dum & frigzdum,which is brought into motion by warmth,

and may give you heat, Thunder, and Lightning as you
..pleafeto manageit. Salt of Tarrar,Sulphur, and Nitre,
make a fulminating powder, he will err here, that will af-
cribe the effect to Sulphur, as if it produced it, by vertue

-ofitsoyl,itisvery plain, that it proceeds from the two
contrary falts. The Acidum alone produces heat, but no

flame;unlef: the frigidum be added.[uftas a red hot Iron,
may burn,or fcorch a thing, that it cannot bring toflame,
unlefs the frigidum fhould meet it. Oyl of Vitriol burns
wood, which it could not do, unlefs it met its contrary
there.I will pafs by the terrible heat, excited in the folu-

tion of fupzter & Mars, altho’ many fuch might be ap- :
-pealed to,which are well known to the experienced. I fhall -
only mention the wood coal; take it & let it be throughly .

Kindled, and then go out of it felf: kindle it throughly :

.; once more, and let it quench, or go out ina crucible or .

fome place where the cold Air, may not too much annoy
it: this may be done ten;or twenty times fucceflively, and
it will continue to give heat, and light: if this came from .
oyl,fure it muft needs bea veryfixt oyl,and tis impoffible it -

. fhou'd perform fuch a work: buta Sal duplicatum, which —

»

found here. :

But leaft I detain you toolong,I fhall conclude with my |

"defires, you will not ill refentthis my Addrefs, but at your
leafure hours, fet down your determination in a Page,

‘by vertue ofits terreftreity, is call'd an Alkali, is to be -

3

whether I have treated things contrary to truth and ex-—

perience,whatever it be, I fhall willingly embrace it, and

be glad tobe better informed, &c. |
MMA, Mop |

Printed at the Theatre én Oxford, for Hen. Clements |

Book feller in Oxford.

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Los] Numb. 165.

PHILOSOPHICAL

Pad hel No AGT LON Ss

March 23°.

The CON TENTS.

x, 4 remarkable account of an Hydrophobia, 2n e Letter
from Dr. Roger Howman, Phyfcian in Norwich;to W il-
^ liam Briggs, M. D. F. of the College of Phyf. London,
pbyf.of St: Thomas's Hofpitall. 2. An extract of a Letter
from Senior Ciampini, to Dr. Croon, concerning a late
Comet feet a£ Rome. 3. $eme Obfervations on Boyling
- Fountains, and Subterraneous Steams; by Dr. Tancred.
""Robinfon, Fellow of the R. S. 4. An Account of the
‘weight of aCabic foot of divers Grains, Gc. By the airec-
tion of the Philofophical Society of Oxford. 5. 4further
c Lift of the Specific Gravities of Bodyes. 6. Obfervationsef.
"the Wind, Weather, and height. of the Mercury znzbe Ba-
. rometer, through out the year. 136843 talem an the Mus
^" feum Afhmoleanum a£ Oxford, by Robert Plot; LLD.
«teo which ts prefixt a-Letter from Him,to Dr. Martin-Lif-
- ter, F. ofthe R. S. concerning the ufé of this and fücb like:
- Hiftorys of the Weather. 7. An Extract of a Letterfrom
Dr Peircé of Bath to one of tbe Sof the R: S: geving an in-
flance of the effects of the Bath 2n curing Palfies, and Bar-'
rennefs.8. An Account of a Book. CAR OLI DR ELIN-
"CURTIIExperimenta Anatomica;quibus adjecta {unt -
plurima Curiofa fuper. Semine Virili, Famineis Ovis,
Utero, Uterique Tubis; atque Fztu. Lugd. Bat.
. 1684. 12*. | 1810 § mid over Doulw. .2lerg
No: § now aaRemare-

t 9167] .

A remarkable account of an Hydrophobia, ina Let-
ter from Dr. Roger Howman, Phyfician in Nor-
wich, to William Briggs M. D. Fellow of the

- Coll. of Pbyf. Lond. and Phyfician of St. Tho.

. Hofpitall. —— :

- Sr.

Had long fince (if bufinefs had not prevented me.)
returnd you thanks for the Phélofophicail Collections
you fent me; and therein, particularly, for your sew
Theory of Vzfron,ío highly rational & fatistactory. Among
- your many other exact and curious obfervations, I can't
país by that remarkable relation of theZZydrepbobza(given
by the learned and ingenious Dr Lifler, without ap-
plauding the curiofity of the obferver, in his mof exact
hiftorie ofthat difeas ; and having lately had an oppor-
tunity of making fome remarks upon a cafe not much
differing (tho' the occafion is- more raré,) the &itng of a
mad Fox; I thought my felf obliged to fatisfie your curio-
fitietherewith (i£ worth reading;) as followeth. -.....

. On Wednefday atevening the 1., of Odob. laf. paft
I was called'to à patient in this City,. who about 6 weeks
before had: been bitten with a mad Fox on thé fight hand;
he began to. be indifpofed- the Saturday before with

"

running pains; yétío well as to be. abroad next dayat —

Church: on Manday his pains grew.imore troublefome,
and the day following, much worfe, efpecially; on his .
right hand, arm,fhoulder and back, but not to confine- ——
ment: on Wednefday (Lknow not by whofe advice, ..
-hetook a dofe ofthe common purging fpirit of Scurvy-
pu , which gave him 7 or 8 ftools, and made him very
int, and weak; fo Ifound him ; and complaining —

e -

Ww | [517] "ul
hecould not ufe hisright hand(it beginning to be paraly-
tical,) tho his pains were much abated there, ànd wher

24) e
elfe they had been molt treublefome ; only on the lower
parts, or {mall of his back, which foon after vanifhed al-
fo. He told me he bled freely at the wounds the fox had
made, and that they healed without any farther trouble,
than now and then alittle girding pain on that hand &
arm; and further faid, (to pleafe his friends,) he had

taken a white Powder of an Apothecarie, and believed
himfelf in nodanger of what was feared (for I had dif-
covered the danger I apprehended in his condition:) tho’
the 4que Pavor did not yet appear, his heat was much
encreafed and his Pulfe intermitted every sth or 6th
_ftroak, but on the right fide only; which lagain and again
éxamind, finding no variation: he alfo looked gaftly &
- thin, but his Eyes fparkling and fiery. Iprefcribéd the -
beft temperate Anti/pafmodic and Aatiparalytic Remedies
Iknew, to be mixt with the fpecifics of common ufe in a
- Fiydropbobis; thus much on Wedneíday at Night. Next
. morning he complained his Night had been reftlefs, that
. then he had wholly loft the ufe of his right hand, and
tho the pains were more abated, yet he was very hot,
and uneafie: his Pulfe chen was much ftronger, then over
Night, but intermitted on the right fide only as before,
. his countenance wasfomwhat more gaftly, yet his Veins
. very full asin znztzo € augmento febris and no hlydrophobia
appearing; I advifed him to bleed 6 or 7 ounces at the
leftarm, (the right being paralytical,)and the continü-
. ance of what I had prefcribed before ; he bled 8/ounces
very freely, the blood well coloured but very thick. This
on Thuríday morning: in the afternoon going into the
Country to vifit fome patients, to whom I was preingag-
ed there, Icould make no further obfervations till my re- -
. turnon Friday 6 at Night; not many hours before he
died. On Thurfday after Left him, the great Sy mptome
appeared, and in my abfence, another was contulted
ond | | N 2 who

ü

Cox8 J
who gave him many remedies. .. At my return his heat! _
was very great, and his Pulfe very high, and intermitted.
then on both wrefts, and if any thing were offered him
to drink ftanding or fitbirig. “Re ftarted as if his head.
would have fallen backwards of bis fhoulders, but when
lay'd upon his pillow, could (tho' with great difficultie &
uneafinefs,) now and then get down a fpoonfull: he look-
ed then very thin and 2aftly; and feemed fhy or afraid of
every body thatcameíuddainly near him, telling them
they Stifled bim, or ftopt or hindred his breath in coming
{fo haftily to him. Hisreafon was alla long very good,
and (as fome obferved,) better than in his health: his |
voice was broken and imperfect, as theirs whofe tongue
and other organs of {peech are growing paralytical, thus
at 6 a clock Fryday at Night. I faw him again at 1e
that Night when all Symptom's were growing worfe; -
yet he could then walk out of one Chamber into anether, .
with very little help,but between 12 and 1. next morning
hedied, without any convulfive motions,fighs or groans; -
asifin a moment, there had been a totallparalyfs . Thus
_ as briefly and as plainly asI:could; you have the rela- .
tion;from whence it's moft obfervable;1.that asthe pains, .
(which were like thofe in a Rheumatifm,) abated, the
paralyfis and feaver increafed. 2dly.As the feaverincreaf- -
ed,the intermiffion of the Pulfe grew more frequent, tho’ —
the Pulfe were much. ftronger ; but why it intermitted —
firft on but one fide, is noteafily accounted for. 3. That —
the imperfection of Voice, as well as the. difficultie of —
{wallowing were the effects of the paraly/is; may proba- —
bly be allowed, & bea fatisfactory reafon. why the Perfon -
Dr. Lifter mention s, could not w/e bres which was .
given him to fuck with. 4. Thathisthin gaítly afpectthe
defect of fpiritsand £onzc vigour (if I may fo callit,)was -
. froma paralytical Original, isnotunreafonableto con- —
jecture. s. That the paralyfis chiefly affe&ed the muf- —
cles of the head and upper parts, may be partly collected —
| ; | — .. irat

E. ve
cest

ae 9:9] | |
from ‘his inability to hold his head fteady át the approach
of any.liquor; the fear thence rifing, caufing him to
Itart, and his head fo to fa/l backwards, asif it would fall
off hisfhoulders. 6. And that his lower parts were leffe
affected, is probable ; becaufe,2 or 3 hours before he died,
he could walk out of one Chamber into another, even
— when his voice was hardly intilligible. Some Queries
offer themfelves from whats written, it being a fubject
never yet well confidered of: but I have not time now to
Mamethem, nor to-be longer troublefome then to tell
yeulam. Pub |
Norwich - —— |
Dieu | Sir Your bumble Servant
cUm. 27.1685. | |

Roger Howman.

on : Suse Ob

Sve oo LU
4n extract of a Letter from Senior Ciampi, 70
Dr. Croon, concerning alate Comet [een at Rome:

| Ovus Cometes nuper coelo vifus eft à lynceo culo.
Abb. Blanchine -difcipuli Cl. Gemintant Monta-

nariz. .Cometes parvus quidem, fed in fua orbita regu-
laris apparuit,lumine tenui, & tanquam ftella fubobícu-
ra, at tubo optico exceptus luminofior. Obfervationes:
habes hic junctas & habitas domi optimi Praelatis 7/z/o-
ri, Viti fapientie & doctrinarum amantiflimi,ut & illis

omnifariam refertiffimi. | Hi [itr |
1684, die 3o, JuniiSt. n. Cometa primum mihi vifus
eft, in grad. 9 cum aliquibus minutis Libre, Latitudo
ejufdem Borealis fuit graduum octo &aliquotMinutorum,
qua nondum fatis certo /determinare potui. ex Obferva-.
tionibus, Gradus tamen tam Longitudinis quam Latitue
dinisextra Aleam Dubitationis elt. | |

N

Julii die Comete Longitudo, Latitudo Bor,
Is II. IQ. i. I3. 12:
Bi 33.16. 17.5.
3 14.58 22i I2. ;
4. 16-450 25+40-
Ss. .18. 30 28.505 o8
6. 19.50. 2s 340 8
¢ 7 Es BG Ba 33.54. - . Un
.$. 22.29- "^ $36.06 E
9: u3.422- -38.00:., j
Io 24.42- - 39. 40 | 1
II 25.44. 40.49 i
12 26.38: 41.48. _
3 27:99. 43. 05: 1
I4. 28.32 44.09 j :
Ij 29-49: 45.12. #
16 is a ps = yr $6420 . :
17 02.08 SCOrplh 46.40 a
oe / | » Quatuof —

[9521] :

Quatuor ultimz meliori Indigent Calculo, nam ali-
quis fortaffe minutorum Error Irrepfit ; alias etiam non-
nullas habeo diei 38 & 19, que cum nudo Oculo habite
fint, abluderent fortaffe pluribus minutis fi eas nunc af-
ferrem.Poftremis hifce Noctibus,cum jam fencefcenteLu-
naftellarum etiam minorum fulgor fe proderet, Cometam
-quoque languentem profpexi prope Lemnifcos coronz :
eas proferani cum omnes in ordinem ut par eft fuum Re-
degero. |

Obfervatio diei primi Julii accuratiffima eft, Cometa
enimin Telefcopio apparuituna cum Stella Virginis quae
Bayero inícribitur 2 & accidit fub Cingulo feptentrionalis
partis primae. | unt

_ Obfervationesfequentesufque ad diem quintam fatis
certa haberi poffint; omnium tamen Certiffima eft Ob-
fervato diei fexte, qua die Arcturus in tubo optico fimul
cum Cometa conípiciebatur.. Die pariter 14, Cometa &
1tella x in Colorrobo Bootisceu Venabulo fubter humerum
uno intuitu detegebantur, Alia Obfervationes etiam
fatisaccurate funt, hem d 2 b vivido

I

O 3 Some 05-

EL uM

Some Obfervations on Boyling: Fountains, and Subs: -

terraneous. Steams: by -Dr.. Tancred -Robin=

. fon,Fellow of the-R. S.

and Dr. Wakely, in order to vifit the famous boyling

fountain near Perou/, a {mall Village lying eaft about a:
league from thence, not far fromthe Etang, I found the.

' Alking out one day from Montpelier in company:
/ ofmy ingenious, and worthy freinds Dr. Sloan,

water toheave, andboyleup very furioufly infmallbub-:

bles; asthe learned Mr. Ray relates in his travells p.459,
and it was very manifeft, that this Phenomenon proceeded

from a Vapour breaking out ofthe Barth, andrufhing —

throughthe water, fo as to tofs itup with noife, and im

many bubbles; for upon digging any where near the ~

ditch,and pouring other water upon the dry place newly:
dug, I obfervd in it immediatly the fame boyling ;
which the afore mentioned exquifite naturalift does like-

wife remark in histravells. ‘The like bubbling of water -
is alfo found round about Peroul, upon the Sea fhore ;and-

in the Ezang itfelf:in order tofearch out more narrowly

the caufe of this odd Phenomenon, 1 took fome of the-

fand and Earth outofthe fountain, and ditch, putting

it into Veffels, and pouring the fame water upon it, but-

there did not appear the leaft perturbation, or altera-
tion thereupon ; the fuperficies of the water continuing

very {mooth, equal, and quiet: yet ftill, for further

fatisfaction, Tfoughtout, and difcover din feverall dry
places of the ground thereabouts; many little Venti-

ducts, paffages, or clefts, where thefteam iffued forth; —

at the mouths ofthefe channells or pipes, placing fome
light bodys, as feathers, -{mall thin pieces of ftraws,
leaves, &c. I found them foon removd away; this va-

| poür

/

no v ESSE
pour upon the application ofa lighted candle, or torch
did not flame, orcatchthe leaft fire; asthe fumes run-
ning through a boyling {pring near //7gan in Lancafbire
do; for Mr. Sherley made them burn, and flame very”
. vigorouflyat the contact of a lighted candle ; Philofoph.
Tranfadt. N. 26, p. 483. fo that here we have two dif-
ferent forts offtea ms caufing thefe boylings, yet neither
ofthe fountains are Medicinal, or fo much was arm; -
the like is related by Varenzus, [ primo lapide a Culma
(lays he,) fons magno fpiritu emittit aquam quaft ferven-
tem, cum tamen frt frigedifima, unde vocant Infanam.] The
- learned Dr. Plott, in his late book De Origine Fontium,
- mentions fome fountains in England, [ qu2 cum fonitu e-
» rumpunt, impetu ferri © fragore ruunt.| Many hiffng.
| fprings bubbling at the top, I havefoundin Swizzerland |
_ (the beft water d Country that everIíaw,) and in many
| places near the Ahine; but I had not opportunities to
. experiment and Philofophize, upon them. ‘There are
other boyling waters ofa quite contrary temper, being -
actually hot to feverall degrees, fo astoboyleggs,and -
| many other things put intothem ; asthofe near the So/- -
" fatata not far from Naples, before you defcend by the lit-
| tle Capuchin-Cloyfter to Puzzuolo, antiently call'd Puzeolz ;
| asalfo uponthe topof Mount Ze/ie in the Duke of Mo-
| dena's Territories, not far from his villa near $a[fofo; and
in the fource of the Emperour’s Bath at ken, in the
| Country of Fulzers. Varenius tell as, [ quodin Faponia fons
| adeo fervidus, € Ebulliens, prorumpit, ut ignis vebemen-
| 2iffimi licet fervore nulla aqua ad eum gradum caloris per-
| dugi poffit, triplo enim diutzus retinere fervorem quam noftra
(| equa calefatta, confueverit ; non fluit continue, fed bis de
| die per unam horam,& tunctemporis tanto fhirituum tmpetu, -
| & vehementia fertur, ut incumbentia buteo ingentia (axa:
|| €ommoveat; Sad trium vel quatuor ulnarum altitudinem
-| tanto fragore, ut explofionem magna tormenti bellica refe-
BERE. nc gu

6 " a sd fe, OEE From

\

P d

E924]

‘From theaforegoing Hiftory, we may take occafion to

‘reflect a little upon the manifold Variety of exhalations |

prepared in, and flying out from the vaft Magazines, and.

feverall reconditories below, as to their qualities and ef- |
"fedis; fome being cold, and dry, refembling air, or wind;

asthofe near Peroz/, and in the Caverns of Mountains, |
efpecially thofe of olws, and-other hillsof Italy; asale |
‘fo in mines upon the meeting of water; othersarein-.

flammable, and of a bituminous nature, though not acs
tually warm, asthofe near Wigan in Lancaflure ; and thofe
asi conjecture, (for I never faw them,) at the muchtalkt .

of burning fountain in Dauphine: there are alío many -
fteams very hot, Sulphureous, and faline ; more efpecial- -
lythofe in the naturall ftoves, fweating vaults, grotts, |
baths, and the Vulcanos near Naples, Baza, Cuma, and —

P.

EN ad

‘Puzzuolo, asalfoin fome of the fubterraneous works at :
Rome; others there are of an 4r/enical, and fuch like ves -
nenofe qualities, asin the Gretta del Cane on the Bank of ©
the /ago Agnano ;in many mines; in poyfonous fprings?
and lakes; now thefe various fteams meeting with, and ^
running through waters, muft cauíe a great variety of
Phenomena, and effects in them. .

Whether this great diverfity proceeds from the Va-
rious breaths of the Pyrites, and the laps Calcarzus, whilft
under their different ftates, and changes, or from other:
forts of effluviums, (the ftore of nature being vaft, and
xery copious) Idare not determine; however I am. cons -
vinced that Sulphur is fublimed from the Pyrz£es, accord--
‘ing to the opinion of that moft excellent Naturalift, and -
Univerfally learned Phyfitian Dr. Marten Lifter; efpe=_
cially that gather'd upon Mount Atna, Vefuvius, the Sof=
fatara, (antiently .call'd Campo Phlegret, Leucogei, and -
forum Vulcanz,) and in the ftoves of S.Genuaro,not far from _
thence; for moft of the ftones and Cinders, thrown out of —
thofe mighty furnaces do manifeftly contain Iron, if we
may believe the Magnet: asto the falt (taken by many

; | jam writers —

ps

"a

M

Um [9257] :

writers to be a fort of Sal Armontac,) found to getherwith:
_theSulphur in the forementioned places, it appear'd to me
- to bea kind of Metrum Calcarium ,for,as Iremember,it had
notany Urinous qualities, that I could perceive by flight.
tryalls of mixture; and I wasthe more confirm'd in my
opinion after [had feen, and copfiderd, the great quan--
tity of Lime Stone round about Naples ; many beds of it.
[ lying up and down the Terra di Lavoro, or Campania fe-
| dice ; fo that Dr. Zz//ers notions concerning the Pyrztes:
| and the laps Calcartus, may reach further, and prove in:
| fime more fruitfull, then the Epicureans, or Corpu(culari-
ans, may be willing to admit; for other minerallsand
| metals (at leaft asmany as I know of them,) are not fo:
| plentifull as thofe are, neither are thefe, or any other bo-
| dyswhatfoever under ground fo fenfibly bufy, and active
| in their fermentations, breathings, emanations, and:
| changes, asthe Pyrétes, and the laps Calcarius,are known
to be: what there is under our fhell, in the deep, and dark .
| regions of the Globe, where humane induftry never yet
| penetrated, I cannot conceive, howeverI dare not deny, .
| but that all bodys as well above, as under us, may fend
! forth their fecret efluviums, and have their peculiar 4-
|"mofphberes ; there being {carce any abfolute reft in bodys,
| as our great and famous Philofopher, Mr. Bayle does:
| €vince in feverall tracts. . |

“L926 T 3
Of the suci of a cubic foot of divers grains, dot.
try din aVeffelof wel feafon d Oak, whofe concave
“was an exact cubic foot. By the direction y the ‘
Philofophicall Society of Oxford. |

; HE following bodys were poured gently into the.
veffel, and thofe in the 12 firft Experiments were |
‘weighed in fcales turning with 2 ounces, but thelaft7 |
were weighd in ícales turning with one ounce. The
pounds, and ounces here mention'd are Avoirdupois. =~
1. A foot of Wheat (worth 6'a ca. of Avoir- |
. dupois weight. |

"n $

a. Wheat ofthe beft fort (worth 6 4 abufhell) ^ 48. 4
3. Thefame fort of Wheat abated a2dtime. 48. 2

Both forts were red lammas Wheat of the laft, year. 9

^4. White Oats of thelaft year. 29. 8 |

The beft fort of Oats werez'ina bufhel better’:

'thenthefe. *

'5.Blew Pea/e(of the laftyear,)& much worm-eaten. ug 12

‘6. White Pea/e of the laftyear but one, - o E
7. Barley ofthelaftyear: (the beft fort fells for r6

inaquarter more then this:) : 41. 20

8. Malt of the laft yearsBarley , made 2 months Ej

Melo rest | "30. AB

-9. Field Beans of | the laft year but one, f $0.8

10. Wheaten Meal, peii p I a
ir. Rye Mesl unfifted. — 1 E"
I2. Pump Water els iss E 62. [1.4

; 3; Bay Sule. 123 ou) ju Ee SA ee
34. WhiteSea Sale. Mg | "^L 3. TER
IS. Sand. , SBS: 4
16. New-Caftle Coal. | | 67.12. |
17. Pit-Coal from Wednesbury 63, "but thisis very TS
uncertain in the filling the interftices be twixt 1

| the greater pieces. | 63. 0 |
ir. Gravell . _ cs - 109. § |

ig Wood-Alho. —. ^ ;- 3 MN

L927]

A füttler lift of the Specific sivas of bodys, e
in dure de as the n adipis aumbtrs, :

P qe Water." ~ 9" « 1000,
Fir-dry@ * ?- $46--
Elm dry , = 14 [900
Cedar dry ps 613
Wallnut tree dry 7*5 ^ 63T

Crab tree meanly dry 763 3-
Ath meanly dty, and of the out. _
fide lax partofthetree 734

Afh more dry; but about the

edt 49. B45
Maple dry - a 755
Yew ofa Knot or root 16 years -
old :d V o£ 196660:
Beech meanly oe “854.
Oak very dry, almoft worm ea-
| ten 7335 5
Oak of the outfide fappy part. _
. fellda year fince | 870
Oak drysbut of a very found clofe :
"5. VtéxtUle . . 929
The fame tryed afother timed 32--
| ydeOBWOod ba. s. d bodà
. Claret vorat indt Oot
..Meil cider not cl" |. oT

a d Scà-Wwater fetled' clear ~~ lien 12
peuo et! Colleseplaiy geil fame" 3889 nt [.°

Urine ADIGGo1 pr T
Milk: c: tow :DSMIOT: 103t nm
: Box thefame |... :l933 o5]

lo: ob) Redwood.the fame, VIROS nu eee

NER. Ou. Le 2 M

Jo 3. Bet Vinegàt O84

| Eten : à 1150

Pit-Coal of Stafford th, 1240
Speckled wood of Virginia 1313

P [Lignum

Ese]

Lignum Vite 24 ANGE
"V Biome bárjie sD sr 15s T Ce

Ivory. | i926.

ATtbatert o tns gis: rs I

Brick — E

Heddington ftone , the fofr. il neal hone :
kind ; ; 2029. yu ^ 1 t

Burford flone, an old dry , ;
piece © 1049.7. :

Pavirg (tonea hard fort froma- | 1
‘bout Blaidon — - SPAT 45 he P

Flint | ‘Kee MEAT !

- Glafsofa kae da 26565. tah | 1

Black Italian marble |. 2704

White Italian. “marble tryed -
twice . 27973

White TEL OSINCHIEIY WC

another fort of a vilblye 2718 18

. elofer texture ) :

Block tin 255 mow fiomlg 3E vies 356

Copper aU noe du.

ea ELiZ45 1.

Quickfilver.. :. ^ .z4019 ©) ))-

Qiicbi veg WB DERI 33598. "n

The laft Experiment was tryd with: merc. quantity oft :
quickfilver, which had been ufed in water in the pre» -
ceding experiment: however I rather truft the laft, for
that I found a fmall miftake (tho" here in the calculation d
allowed for,) in the weight of the glafs. qoéiipig the | *
Quickfilver in the tryal before.

The folids here:mentioned, were examined Hydrofta tie ^ 1
cally by weighing them in air and' water; but the fluids, -
by weighing an equal portion of eacli'ina glafs holding | b
about a quart. "Ehe numbers fhew the proportion of -
gravity of equal’ portions of thefe bodys: but if of thefe~
bodys we take portions m been their at og

u bois will

| L929 1
will be: reciprocally proportional to their correfpondent
| amber €..g. a cubic foot of water isto a cubic foot
of Alabafter in gravity.as 1900 to 1872; but a pound.
weight of water, is to a pound weight Alabafterin mag-
nitude, as1872 to 100o. So that knowing by the for-
mer table, the weight of a cubic foot of water, and by
this, the proportion in gravity betwixt water and Alaba-
fter ; we may by the rule of 3 find the weight ofa cubic
foot of Alabafter, andso ofany other of thefe bodys; or
we may know their magnitude by knowing their gravity.
Sothat anirregular piece or quantity of thefe bodys be-
ing offered, ‘tis but weighing them, and we may know
their juft magnitude without farther trouble.

aos 516 1510 uf Leto

[30] '

A Lettéy from Dr. Robert: plotof Oxford, to^ Dre

Martin LifterF. of theR.S. concerning the ufe
which may be made of the following Hiltory of the.
Weather , made by him at Oxtord: through. out.
| the year 1 684. hi: : I " ow efi oldst "rft
i18 PAN À (VEA | iI310c0

H^ veríalapprobation, your new and eafy invention of
7- obferving the rife and fall of the Mercury.in. the Ba

H I would be needlefs to acquaint you with the Uni-

romet er(by paralleHines drawn from, every:decimal part - :

ofeach month of its whole extent,) was received. in. out
. Philofophical Society at Oxford: fince I here fend you the
Cbferv. of a full year made by their order,not only of the
rile, and fall of the Quzckszlver,(markt by the wandring
prickt line in the figure belonging to each month,) and
the weather; but alfo how the wind ftood each day

throughout the whole year, except the Month of ja. |

which was not thought of at firft; though (if we refpect
the ufe of fuch Obfervations,) as materiala part as any
whatever: for when once we have procured fit perfons
enough to make the fame Ob(ervatzens in many for-
reign and remote. parts, how the winds ftood in each,
at the fame time, we fhall then be enabled with fome
gfounds to examin, notonly thecoaftings, breadth,and
bounds of the winds themfelves, but of the weather they

bring with them; and probably in time thereby learn, to -

be forewarned certainly, of diversemergencies (fuch as

. heats, colds, dearths,plague,and other epidemical diftem-

ae ree a

pers,) which are now unaccoüntable to us; and by their —

caufes be inftructed for prevention, or remedies : thence
too in time we may hope to be inform’d how far the pofi-
tions of the planets in relation to one another,and tothe

fixt ftarrs, are concerned in the alterations of the wea-

ther,and in bringing and preventing difeafes,or other ca-

lamities;

[931]. |
lamities;for by this means it is doubtlefs,that the Learned ^
Dr.Goad of London,has arrived to that pitch of knowledg,
healready has,in predicting weather, &c. i. e. by making
fuch old Z/mazachs as this for many years,in ftead of new
ones; which if once faithfully done in divers parts of the
world (as it is now happily begun,),we fhall certainly
ebtain more reall andufefull knowledg in thefe matters
in a few yeats, then we haveyet arrived to, in many Cer.
turies: which no queftion was the opinion of the induf-
trious Walter Merle Fellow of Merton Coll. who thus
obferved the weather here at Oxford every day of the
month, feven years together.vzz. from Fan, 1337 to fan.
1344; the MS. Copy of which Obfervatiour are yet remain-
ing in the Bodleyan Library ; and doubtlefs’twas fome
fuch confideration as this, that moved Era/mus Bartholin
to'make Obfervationr of the weather every day of the
month through the whole year 1671 which are printed
inter Ala Medica Tho Bartholint. Now Sir if thefe worthy

-Gent.thought itworth their while, laborionfly to make
fuch 0b/fervations without the helps that you have afford- -
_ed us; how fupine had.we been, if we had forborn to pro-
fecute it; Iam fure I could tot have thought my felf
otherwife, had I neglected it, after I had received the
commands of fo judicious a Socety ; and the rather be-
caufe then too, I fhould have rudely flighted an Jnven-
tion of yours, who have always afforded me the inefti
ES CharáQer.oB ^,^ mem. "bh

Your moft faithfull
won readRob: Plot.

L93x
TCARUNS of the, Wigd,| |W. Fb mY height. of thei Mercury, in. tbe
Barometer, tbrougbous. the Jear 16 BAsraken, a cer Dr. Eifters metho d,
“inthe ae Ashmoleanum, at the requelt o Fhe P RST 3 So:
‘ciety of Ox otd;' by Robert Plot, "ED.
A Scheme of the weather at Oxford ; danuary ; : ae:
: . Wiabe. 0 ou Jai a
i Bard, froft Eu fm ides i
| frofty but yielding a little twa "T
| fimy froft, aM"
hard froft, and fair. . fenior us
hard froft, AB TRAE en. da toil matter cm pera
hard froft, and fair. °° ~ ME 1

Wo
E

hard froft, but a little yielding atnight. ,
rimy froft morn.fair all days WEady nigh .

froft, but fhow at night. |

| cold raw weather toward noon,rain toward night...

|moift thawing weather. í | 5

..clofe thawin "weather. - : wutb dar A
moift,clofe weath. aimall froft at night; od ae

Clofe frofty weather. ee

lclofefrofty weather. _

clofe frofty weather,at night windy.

froft, at night fnow.. ers

fnow,and TEs ERR, P^ aol

|clofe fharp weather. . |

clofe ut fupra but alittle yi at ight.

i mild froft,and fair. |

hard froft, {now at nightie little. — às D NN
hard froft. . A o. @

hard froft, and fiw | | |

hard froft; and fnow.

froft, a little Ínow.

froft, a little thaw about noon. - iets UU

froft, and fair. m E

E froft a fmall thaw all the afternoon, j

hard froft, and fair. © !

froft, and fair. -

bik o 9 99 Pda ed x

A Scheme " i

[22]

551

-

Hato drain oe 2tOxford; sath ; 169.

Day. Wind.

froft, a little thaw atnighr.. wed
| vg and Tala ore

| ‘-clofe. wea. &a little thaw. & Snow at Mie -
D. thawing; weather,wind & rainat pight.
fair Wes weather. |
- clofe thawing. rainy weather,
-clofe weather.

fair inthe morn, rain&fnow at; mgr
clofe wet, weather. |

DNO on qa de we P Or

best morning, fair at night. . Fil.

.fainy morning, clofe ae night er
3f .elofe. moult weather, , arg Ww
_ rainyand wind. |^ ae

en. ae

d

b M v i
ois and fair... is | cy

|

‘fair morning,wetat niche & windy,

clofe morning, fair at night.

‘rain morning, fair at nights»

fair weather, .»— AAS

P a5

moift qnotning,, fair afternoon.

| ET morning, , Wien Vechta
fair morning; clofe Evening.

fair morning, clofe evening...

_ Wet morning, clofe evening. wn
MES I morning fair evening.
^| clofe frofty weather.

frofty clear weather. !
T Scheme

AMTIDREM
A Scheme of the Wind 8 weather «t Oxford; March 16 $2.

Day. Wind. + Weather. on TS |
SE clofe frofy cd weather hadi
NE e de clofe’ ‘cold weather ai} Ef
N & by W| dofe frofly: weather. - 2A. 3

N & by Ou clofé cold weather,

Ea edi due N - clofe morning, fübw evening. PE

JUI ast ."'elofe cold Wentuer L0 AES AU
N NE E fair aud windy. i: desi Bi |
NNE "|'ffof; Clofe and windy, 9 ' ^|
E&byN,|. froft and high winds x.

ENE clofe frofty cold weather. |
N & by W. 'froftand fair; clofe atnight. .
due N 3^ '^frofty,. {nowy, windy weather. ;

, ^ [3
' oe bed

N & by E! froft morning, fair night. |

N& byE| froft, fnow & wind. | ds
NNE | ' fnow & wind, zs “fay |e ee
NNE' |. fnowand: rain. j Md e Mt.
N&by£]| "clofé iüioift Wülthes s AEST ERE

W & reat "clofémorningfair night. “| ^ "^.
NE .|. cold changeable weather. ^ ‘|
NN'W [| fnowand coldhigh winds. © — -
NE ."clofe but fair weather. PLU
NE 9? fair weather, but cold. adie 4
E&by N." cold fair ‘weather. W Se d
E®&by‘N coldfair weathet. |, , ^ &*

rie a! "cold fair weather. =" =

due E cold fair weather. | (

due E ^- 1- cold clofe weather. | be

S&by W |" wátm moift weather. te et
S&by W wind and rain. , NR IL 1l
S&byW | clofe fair weather.

‘due S fair calm weather,

A Scheme

[935].

lA Scheme of the Wind,and Weather at Oxford 3 Aprils 3484.

Day.

CNA” FWD =

|W &by

Wind.
N & W

- rain morning,fair evening

Weather.

fair fun-fhine weather.
rain i'th morning, fair eveniag.

fair morning, wind and rain at night.

clofe moift weather.

rainy weather.

fair morning, wet at nights

^ fair weather.
Il. clofe weather.

clofe weather but fair.

. clofe fair weather. |
-rainand wind moderate
"CHlofecold weather | — "-$
fait fun-fhine weather. |
fair morning, clofe evening.
clofecold weather. . .
~clofe cold weather.
clofe cold weather.”

variable dry weather.
moift morning, wet night,

clofe warm weather.

fair fun-fhine weather.

fair morn. inclinable to rain at night.

rainy morning, fairevening.
fair fun-fhine weather.

fair fun-fhine weather.
clofedry weather.

fair füun-fhine weather.

clofe dry weather.

clofe dry weather.

A Scehme

Lose]

A Scheme fe Wiad and Weather at. Oxford aed i 1684.

E Wind. |. Weather. |
r |ssw | -Variable.weather, |; © ~
: due WV - fair weather. VK adl
c Clole fair weather.) - | gru 2 6|
- clofe fair weather, p E
moift morning, fair evening. /2
clofe fair weather, . ; sb wm
clofe morning;.rain at night. "
fair warm. weathers. m ME
|

clofe fair weather.
clofe fair weather.
.clofe fair-weather,, |
mifty morning, fair evening.
powet. morning, fairevehing.: .-
—— c'ofe weather,fíome rain.
-- clofe fair weather, {ome vind.;
windy. morning,.clofe evenings |
clofedzy.weatheg; 2. | tn sd 3j |
-clofe.fair weather, | - I y, 2. Did
fair fun- Íhine weather. .. »«s5 a1] |
clofe fair- weather; fome: wind.
L,Wwarm morning,clofe ies is : d
») oie 1€lofe, fairand windy. aw xi
ojo} s¢hofepfair, and windy. Voi:
-.. clofe morning, fair fun-fhine:« evenin,
> tlofe fair weathem: || ws
fairfun-fhineweather. — 5.45 E
hocalole fadsdveathem) | Wei cele
fait fnn-fhine weather. - 9 2 HORN
windand rain, [5 | wy? |.
id»; €lote, fair. weather, b | a"
dole weather, alittle rain at “night. j»
A Scr a

[537]

— Day. Wind. Weather.

{1 . Clofe morning, fair evenin g.
2 clofe morning, rainy evening. - -
3 | fair morning, rainy evening.

iL 4 | Clofe fair weather, 7

DE | clofefair weather.

6 Clofe fair weather.

7C clofe fair weather.

18 fair fun-fhine weather.

9 clofe fair weather.

10 fair fun-fhine weather.

II fair fun-fhine weather.

12 fair fun-fhine weather. -

r3 | fair fun-fhine weather.

I4 | fair fun-fhine weather.
ry} | fair fun-fhine dry weather.
16) | fair fun-thine hot weather.
17 | fair fun-fhine hot weather. | E
18 fun-fhine morning,cloudy eveni "np.
I9 Íun-fhine hot weather. -

| 20 a little rain. cloudy.

2I lowring. fome rain.

22 fair hot weather.

28, hot. a muddy sky.

24. fun-fhine clear.

25 | fun-th fair weather.

26 |- fun-fhine dry weather.

27 : | very dry. 5^

28 E;S | hot lowring evening.
29,S:SW — | fun-fhine clear.

30 cloudy,cool, -

Gs | «d Scheme

Day.

co AYP WH HM

(M HM ND
FÉ O

M ode EST eM HS
NO oN A’ 4 wh

_20

qddezcdesae

Wind.

Pa WNW

Iw. NW

|

d
"T
|
'

^1 hot. thünder. rain.

| rain.

! cool clofe weather. | Ta
MN rain | a Y

| fairíun-fhine weather. ©

| fairíun-fhine weather. ~
.hot fun-fhine weather. H3 |
|. hot fan-fhine weather. || : ©) |

| - hot fun-fhine weather. qu
|) hot,a little rain toward night. zi

| hot {un-fhine weather.

[938]

M Scheme of the Wind, and Weather at Oxford: D : 1684.

Weather.

fomewhat cloudy.
a little rain, fair,
fair, but cloudy. ]
clofe, fome rain. i |
- fun-fhine UR gloomy evening. i
-rclofe. '
cool. clofe. P
hazy. fome rain.
fome rain. clear.
clear fun-fhine.

Íome rain. fair evening. sy tele
a fhowr or two. — an

cool clofe weather. HO wif
cool clofe weather. 7 19
fairfun-fhineweather. ^ ^
lowring cool weather.

hot fun-fhine weather. |

hot Will tliie weather. Ts.

cloudy, fomerain. |
fair fun-fhine weather.

A Scheme |

TON :

Scheme of the Wind, 8 Weather at Oxford; Auguft ; 1684.

Day. Wind.

‘2

Weather.

warm fun-fhine weather.
cool fair weather.
warm fair weather.

i hotíun-fhine weather:

hot fun-fhine weather.
warm fun-fhine weather.

| rainy morning, fair evening,
| clofe fair weather.

fair fun-fhine weather.
fair fun-fhine weather.
fair morn.inclinable torain at night:
rainy morn.the fame in the evening. |
fair fun-fhine weather. |

fair fun-fhine weather.

fair fun-fhine weather.
afhowr.íun-fhine weather.
fun-fhine morning, cloudy evening... .

-a muddy sky in the morn. f. fh. even..

fair fun-fhine weather.

hot fun-fhine weather.

hot fun-fhine weather.

fair fun-fhine weather:

hot fun-fhine weather.

hot fun-fhine weather. rug
rain all day. ; ‘
rain at night.

| clofe; fome rain.

clofe weather.

—clofe; rain at night,

variable weather.
clofe ; fome rain.

Q3 A Scheme

n7

[40]
P Scheme of the Wind, Sweather at Oxford; September: 84.

ue Wind. . Weather.

. clofe, fome rain.
clofe, fome rain,
clofe, rain, thunder.
clofe, fome rain.
clofe morning,rain afternoon:
clofe, fome rain.
fair fan-fhine weath. rain at night.
faircloíe dry weather.
fun-fhine' morning,clofe evening.
fun-fhine morning, fome rain. |
fair morning, clofeevening. .
fair morning, fome rain at night.
rainy weather.
| fair fan-fhine weather. |
fair fun-fhine weather. («i1
clofefair weather. 20:
clofe, and windy. | |
fair, morn.fome rain; fait again.
fair. morning, clofe evening.
.. fair fun-fhine weather. :
fair fun-fhine weather. |
fair fun-fhine weather.
fair morning,clofe evening. | :
fair fun-fhine weather. 1 >
Changeable weather. d
| changeableweather. ~~» NS
| rainy weather. Wissb a
Clofe moift weather. EROS a
clofe moift weather. E
clofe. paosnings fun-fhine evening. . d

pi Scheme Re

| "Esfol
AScheme of the Wind, and. Weather at Oxford ;OGlober 1684.

Weather.

moift weather, fome rain.

clofe weather, but fair.

clofe morning ; fair evening.

clofe all day,r rain at night.

| rainy morning,fair evening.

| rainy windy weather.

p rain all day.

rain morning, fair evening.

clofe fair weather.

fair weather. |
windy rainy morning,fair erent.
clofe and fome wind. :

i clofe, fome rain.

| rain,and wind.

ou and rain.

» fair fun-fhine weather. .

|: fair fun-fhine weather.

bu fair weather.

| clofe morn. fair fun-thing evening.
| fair weather.

fair füa-fhine weather.

| clofe fair weather.
ii fait morning; wind & rain at night.
| wind, {now, & rain,

clofe, coid, and windy.

fair fr ofty weather,

froft, and now:

froft, and fnow:

frofty cold: weather,

Ínow, and wind.

cold thaw in the M. clear Bolt E.

ak : | A Scheme

| [oun] i
A doa of the Wind, andWeather at Oxford Novmsies 4:

uA

anotar

fome rain. |
cold. cloudy. rain.

f fair, but ‘cloudy.

fair.

- Day. Wind. Weather. . — EM
qI | S&byW.N! thaw, fnow, froft. |
l2 NNI froft morning, thaw afternoon. -
S&byW:W, thawing weather all day.
NW. | clofe, and windy.
N W. clofe, and windy ; little froft.
due W. . fair weather, little froft.
'N:S. - fair morning, rain evening. ;
E &by.S fmall rain all day.
SE. mifty moift weather. ;
due W. rainy mifty weather.
NW.. cloudy moift weather.
SW. cloudy moift weather.
SW. cloudy; fome fun-fhine.
SW. | clofe,a mift at night.
NW- | roit morning, clofe evening.
IN W. .. Clofe morning,clear frofty evening.
INW:N hard froft aid. clear.
4 NS | ‘hard froft, fun-fhine.
I | clofe. fnow. rain.
S | much rain. |
W. | warm fun-fhine weather. Ws
i | vfrdf; saint 51513 1
SW |. fair. fomewhat warm.
WSW | Íomerain. -. w
WNW.:|-clíe.fair. $5» >
IW |. fair. warm. clofe. —

[943]

A Scheme of the Wind,and Weather at Oxford;Decem.; 1684.

TO Wind, . Weather. |
JNNE |, froft-fun-fhine. —

N ee froft. fun-fhine. —

WSW Ínow. much fmall rain.

S . | cloudy.fomerain. ©

|? |S . |. | warm fun-fhine weather...

|l6 |SEENE. mifty. thick moift air.

7. |ENE . | froft. fun-fhine weather.

|$. ENE | moift cloudy air.

To JENE moift cloudy air..

rolRNE thick, moift air,

lus ENHR' oy. fair. but cloudy.

| ENE ‘| cle...

NE. .a moift clofe air.

IESE . | froft. clear fun-fhine. — ae
froft. cloudy.
froft. cloudy. . : 1
froft. cloudy, a littlefnow. !
ftoft. fun-fhine.

thaw. cloudy.

rain. hail. fnow.

| froft. fun-fhine.

|. froft. fun-fhine.

hard froft. windy.

| froft. fun-fhine.

| froft. cloudy, much fnow,

| hard froft. fun-ihine.

| froft.fun-fhine. —

rain all day.

Íroft. rain at night.

dome rain. fairevening.

fair. lousy. |
5d | R E E

"PEN |

EgZzZaZzAA Az

L 2441

An Abfivatl of a. Letier from Dr ^ Peirce of Bath; zo

one of tbe S. of tbe R. S: giving an inflance of the
effects of the Bath in curing the Palíy; and: Bar-

rennes. w

s

A Mong the many Difeafes thefe waters have been -

famousfor the cure SEDE and Barrennefsare two;
an inftance of both, in one perfon, I fhall ‘now give you.

A Gentlewoman of about 3o or 32 years of age, having
been married about 10 or 12 years,and never with Child, -

was fuddainly feifed with a Palfy onthe leftfide; for '

which ‘after 8 or ro months tryal of other means, to lit-
tle purpofe,) fhe was brought to the Bath, where (after
ufual preparations, and fome internal means,) the
continued that feafon,about 6 weeks; the winter coming

_on fhee was forced to defift ; but (by the advantage fhee |

received,) was encoutagedto come very early the next
year, and did continue with us the whole fum-
mer,and recovered, in great meafure, the ufe of het arm,

and hand, leg, and tongue; and not only fo, but
(in à few weeks, after fhee returned to her husband,) ©
conceived with Child, and had (at about a year and

halfs diftance between them,) 5 Children, following. -

- Since I received your Letter, being at Wells (where fhee
now lives,) I went tofee her ; fhe fhewed me 4 of the Chil-
dren, lufty and ftrong and well grown for their age; the
fitthdyed. Shee herfelfe hath no return ofa Palfy but
en firm, I think confumptive ; fhéis now about yx yeárs
Hes anti rar Aon meh hs

; *. | ^ MR d 7 w €
ETT) 131 LÀ > 4 4 "od. v=

; Carol? Dre-

bu

Loar]

Caroli Drelincurtit Experimenta Anatomica, gui-
^ bus adiecta funt. plurima Curiofa fuper Semine Vi-
— rili, F emineis Qvis, Utero, Uterique. Tubis, atque
etu. Lugd. Bat. 1684, 12». Ba

HE former, and greater part, of this Book, con-
AE tains accounts of experiments on Dogs; in which:
wefind: the following Obfervations.

- A Maftiff bled five pound(Troy weight. )ofblood,with-
. in the {pace of half an hour, at feverall Arterys.

The Ribs of a Dog were found more brittle near that
end by which they are joyned to the Vertebre, then at the -
Ounerend, *"~ an eas Cee
A needle being driven into the Brain of a Dog, be-
tween the firft Vertebra, and the Os Occipitis, the Dog:
feem'd as if ftruck with an Epilepfy, and died in a little
COND 00 ou. |
— 'Fhe paffage from the Pe/vi into the Ureter of a Dog, .
being ftopt, the Kidney of the oppofite fide was found :
_fargerthen-ordinary, ~~ :
— Six veins beingtied in a Dog (vix. the 2- rurales, the -
2 Axillares, and the externall fugulars,) the Dog feemd
choakdin a very littletime; the Ligatures being loofd, .
and blood drawn, the breaff moved again. |

"A Procidentia Ant has been caufd in à Dog, to the -
. lengthofa foot. A Dog not much troubled at the prick-
ing of the Menznger, was concernd when the fpinal mar-
row waspeirct. Experiments have been tried by the Au-
ther, with Tallow injected into the veins of Dogs.

«The eae Mammariz have been obfervedto communi-
- cate with the £jiga//rice in a Bitch; for blood was eafily
preffed from the former into the latter, and backagain.

A Phial, which, when fild,containd a pound of rain-wa-
ter, held one pound aad oreounce of Venofe blood, of

aj : AS Rte NU ATEHOÍC

LI
r1

£946]
Arteriofe blood, and of ferum taken promifcuoufly '
from both forts, of blood ; -but-# held -one pound. one
ounce and half of grumofe blood, cleard of the ferum.

"Ihe Author affirms that no Lacteals arife either from
the ftomack, or Inteftina Craffa.

Valves are obferv'd in the farther part of the Du&ur
Thoracicus, near its ending in the Swbclavial Vein;con- — '
trary to what is affirmd by fome Anatomifts. .. . |

The Valves, lying in pairs in the Du&us Thoracicus,are
generally an Inch and half one pair from another. One
Kidney has: been found 8 times Pigg er-and heavier, in a
Dog, then the other. ©

The Author afferts that the Ladteals impart no Li:
"quor to the Pancreas Afelliz. ;

Their Origine has been traced as far as the Glandulofe |
Tunic of the Inteftines.

There are feverall other obfervations mentioned, con- |
cerning the Lacteals, the Duétlus Thoracicus, and the E
valve at the end of it; befide all which the Publifher of — -
. thisbook, Erneffus Gotfried Heyfeus of Dantzick, affures — -
us, that the learned Authorhas a vaft ftock of Obferva-
tions by him ; which very much advance Phyfiological;
and Pathological Phyfic, and asfuch cannot but bevery —
welcome to the Curious Reader, when ever. the Author 4
fhall think fit to prefent them to the world. 1

There follow: feverall Queries de Semine Virili ; P “de
Famineis Ovis; velin Qvario,vel extra; de Utere :to which |
are fübjoyned: fome Corollarys concerning the Human

Fetus , whom he will not allow to have d Allantais, or
Urachus |

“ER RA TAL defioe v M

) Ag. 362 12 2 io - read Lers, pag. 863 line 12, for Mago, read: Mayo. pag. 888 line 25 for

anstonired read dnatom:zed. line penult read 1b ufand million of parts. pag. 893 line 21 for .

foomyread from. pags 8 5 , line’ 25. Íór aferread after. pag gooline ultread abfolusely. pagicgtg ©
read intelligible. pag., 921 line 16 read obfervutiv. page 923 line 8 for was read as. pag. 924. Jn. "
32 for pi iy read Campi pa. oie T 29 read tenta; va Pag: ^ line D dg a ge

Printed at 9^ UM Pet ín. Jeu ard. p Hina Smith: at p" «4
Princes Arms in Pouls () urch-¥ ard, and Hen. Clements ——
Book-feller 7 Oxford. a

d - M

AMP vite ee a, "

em tentis Po im nm mh een

Hemp meret nmi eii Fame
NIS DUE (s put ani aes

py onte 3 A E

ATER a B 272) IER

| EHE 2)7Y miss 1685.

Be “The CONTENTS: ses

es .29:

», — concerning. the Bogs, 2 and Tout of Ireland; .
E
as it was prefented to the Dublin Society by Mr William .
King;Fellow of that Society. 2. 4n Abfiradl of a Letter
from Dr. Samuel Threapland of Hallifax, te Dr Plot .
of, Oxford , giving an account of Stones l'oided by Seige.
| Be aie Extrait of a Letter from. Mr Anthony Lee-
wetihoeck , F. of. the R. S. fo one of the S. of the
Royal Society ; Concerning the Salts of Wine; and Vi-
negar, Gc. Accounts of of three Books. 1. Deícription |
dela Lovifiáne nouvellement decouverte aufud Oueft
dela Nouvelle France ; par Loves Hennepin Miffion-
Jaire Recollet, &c. A Paris 1683. 89. 2. An Effay
ofthe great effects of even Languid, and Unheeded

—Ó
vise.

faa. fen Obfervatio Pilorum, abdominis Fiftula, & -
| Yo, par plares anmos redditorum ; Scriptore Tfaato ;
dy mie, Seteniffima gre Britannia AE Chirurgo
Eoudtbi, "EAS |

Motion, &c. London 1685..3. Trichiafis admodum .-

r

Of the Bogs, arid Loughs of iceland by Mr. Willian

King, Fellow of the Dublin Sociéty,as it was pn
fentedsothat Society,» 2 5 ap. E

V AA / E live in an Z/land almoft infamous for Bog, -at
3 \ \ yet, Ido not remember, that any one has ;
tempted much concerning them; I beleive it may be
ufe to confider their Origine; their conveniencys, af
inconveniencys; and how they may be remedyed, or
made uefull. ^52 sand eds euet E Leo S
‘I fhall give you my thoughts, and obfervations on eal
ofthefe; tho Iam fatisfyd, that what I ‘hall be able to
fay, will be very little, in refpect of what would be te-
. quired, on fuch an important fubject, and fo very:
ceflary to the improvement ofthe Kingdom. Astoth
. €rigine of Bogs, it is to. be obferved, that thereare fe
places, in our northern world, but have been famous
Bogs, as well as this; every barbarousill-inhabited co
try hasthem: Itakethe Loca paluffria, or paludes, to
— the very fame we call Bogs: the ancient Gals, Germania
and Brztans retiring, when beaten, to the paludes, i81 a
» very fame that we have experienced in the /7z/b, andt
fhall find thofe places in J¢aly, that were barbarous, fue)
as Liguria, were infefted withthem ; and therefore Ibe)’
lieve the true caufe ef them is want ofinduftry ; at leal?
induftry may remove, much more prevent them. Ther)
are many Begs of late ftanding in /re/and; when 9donos
andTzrone came to the relief of King/ale, they wafted th
^ Country, efpecially as they came thro’ Connaugbt, whic
. by the means of the Earl of Clanrichard, was general
loyall; and there is a great tract of ground now a Bo
that was then plowed land; and there remains the mat
fion houfe of my Lord-----in the midft of it:now if want
ánduftry has in our remembrance made one Bog; no Wo

a. +

ECC
a

E !
a

1 d

Te [549] : S
. derif a Country, famous for lazinefs,as Ireland is,abound
. with them.To fhew you,how wantofinduftry caufes Bogs,
. you muft remember, that /re/andabounds with fprings ;
| thatthefe fprings are generally dry, or near dry, inthe
| Summertime and the Grafs, and weeds grow thick about
. the places where they burft out. In the winter they fwell;
and run and foften, and loofen all the Earth about
them ; now that fwerd or fcurf of the Earth, that con-
. fifts of the roots of grafs, being lifted up and made fuzzy
by the water inthe winter, (as Lhaveat the head of fome
Íprings feen it lift up a foot or two,) is dried in the fpring: -
and doth not fall together, but wither inatuft , and
_ new grafs{prings through it; which, the next winter is
again lift up, and fo the fpring is more and. more ftopt,
the fcurf grows thicker and thicker till at firftit make
that which we call a quaking Bog: and asit grows higher,
-and dryer,and the grafs roots and other vegetables be- -
come more putrid together with the mud and flime of
rhe water itacquiresa blacknefs, and grows into that
which we call a turf Bog. I believe when the vegetables
rot the faline particles are generally wafhed away
"with the water, asbeing apt to be diluted init; but the
oyly or fulphureal are thofe that chiefly remain, and
{wim onthe water, and this is that which gives turf its in-
flammability.'To make this apear, tis to be obferved that
3nZréland our higheft mountains are-covered with Bogs,
aswellas the plains; becaufe our mountains. abound
“more with fprings then could be imagined : I remember
one high mountain, in the north of Ireland, has4 Loughs.
^on the fide of it near thetop; now no body living on
‘Our mountains; and no care being taken to clear the
prings; the whole mountains are overrun with Bogs, as
TT have defcribed. TT |
^" $, It is'to be obferved, that Zrelauddoth abound in
moffe more then, I believe, any Kingdom; in fo much
that itis very troublefom, being aptto fpoil fruit trees,
POLLY a. es and

-

ay [ 950] o
and quickfets; I do not remember, that they, who -
. have written of Gardening, or Orchards, mention it; '

which I am fure they would,had they bin as much troubl-
ed with it, as we are; now this mofs is of divers kinds,
and that which grows in Bogs is remarkable, yourlight |

Ípungy zurf is nothing but a congeries of the thredsof ^
this mofs, asIhave frequently obferved, before it be fuf- ^
ficiently rotten, (and then the turf looks white and is ^
light,) [have feen it in fuch quantitysand fo tough that -
the turf fpades, could not cut it: in the north of Jreland, ^
_ they, by way of joque call it old wives tow, and curfeher ©
that buryed it, when it hinders them in cutting the turf,
itis not much unlike flax: the turf-holes in time grow ©
up with it again, and all the little gutters in Bogs are ge-
nerally filled with it; and truly I chiefly impute the red; -
or turf Bog, to it; and from it even the hardened turf ©
when broken, is ftringy ; tho’ there plainly appear in it -
_ parts of other vegetables : itis obfervable that both ve- *
getables and Animals have very. different forms, when —
they are kept under and when out ofthe water; &lam .
almoft (from fome obfervations,) tempted to. believe -
- that the feed of this Bog-mo/s, when it falls on dry and h

j

j

parched ground begets the Heath: however the mofs is —
fo fuzzy and quick growing a vegetable, thatit mightily —
-ftops the fprings, and contributes to thicken the ícurf e- —
{pecially in red Bogs,where only Iremember to have ob- ©
ferved it. Tt LOG jd DIMNSINME
— 3,Itistobeobferved, that the bottom of Bogs is gene- —
rallya kind of white clay, or rather fandy marle; a lit-
tle water makes it exceeding foft ; and when itis dry it
is all duft ; and this contributes much-te.the welling OM
the Bogs ; for the roots of the grafs do not ftick faft inits |
bnt a little wet loofens them, and the water eafily getsin |
be: ween the furface of the earth and them, and lifts up _
the ‘urface, asa dropfy doth the skin. — —. — E^ —
4, listo be obferved, that Bogs are generally hight
. rs : then.

Lost]

then the land about them,and higheft in the middle: the

chieffprings that caufe them being commonly about the

. middle, from whence they dilate themfelves by degrees,as
one would blow a bladder; but not always equally, be-

caufe they fometimes meet with greater obftacles. on ane
fide, then on the other: whoever has feen Bogs, catinot
doubt of this; and befides if you cut a deep trench thro'
a Bog ; you will find the originallfpring, & vaft quantitys

of water will run away, and the Bog fubfide; the Beg at: —

- Cafle Forbes, (as I was informed,) fubfided 30 foot; I

coüld hardly believe that; but found by computation.
that it could not be much lefs then half ofit: I believe,
thefe, and other obíervations that mightbe made being

- laid together,it is hardly tobe doubted,but that Ihave giv-

en the true origine of Bogs:thofe hils,that have no fprings,

have them not;thofe that have fprings,and want culture, -

conftantly have them: where ever they are, there are
great {prings: the turf generally difcovers a vegetable

. fubftance: itis light, and impervious to the water; the
ground under it is very pervious: and all thefe are
. plainly accountable from the caufes1 have given.

257: mult: confefs there are quaking Bogs, caufed other-
. wife; whena ftream, or fpring runs thro’ a flat; ifthe

- paffage be not tended,it fills with weeds in Summer, trees
|! falla crofs it, and damitup ; then, in winter, the water
| ftagnates farther & farther every year, till the whole flat
| .becovered ; then there grows up a courfe kind of grafs
|^ peculiar to thefe Bogs; this grafs grows in tufts, and
|. their roots confolidate together, and yearly grow
| higher, in fo much that I have feen of them to the hight
|J ofaman; the grafs rots in winter, and fals on the

tufts, and the feed with it, whichíprings up next year,

and fo ftill makes an addition; fomre times the tops of

| - flagsand grafs are inter-woven on the furface of the wa-

ter, and this becomes by degrees thicker, till it ly like a
coveron the water ; then herbs take root init, and by a
BI | | | d | plexus

| ü [952]
plexus of the rootsit becomesvery ftrong, foas to beara
man ; Ihave gone on Bogs that would rife before and be-
hind, and fink where I ftood to a confiderable depth;
under was clear water, as {ome ofus experienced by fal-
ling in with one leg upto the middle, and that by break-
ing the furface of the earth where we ftood: even thefe
in’ time will grow red Bogs ; but may eafily be turned in-
to meadow,as I have teen feverall times, meerly by clear-
ing atrench tolet the water runaway.’

- The inconveniences of thefe Begs are very great; a
confiderable part of the Kingdom being rendered ufelefs »
by them; they keep People at a diftance from one ano-
ther, and confequently hinder them in their affairs ,
and weaken them; for it is certain, that if fuppofe a
1000 men live on 4 contiguousacres, they can both bet-
teraffift, and defend one another, then if they lived on
4 not contiguous: and therefore it were good for Ireland,
the Bogs were funk in the Sea, fo their good land were -
all contiguous ; butit is further obfervable here, that ge-
nerally the land, which fhould be our medows, and fineft
eveneft plains, are covered with Bogs; this I obferved
thro all Connough, but moreefpecially in Longford &
likewife in Weft Meatband in theNorth of Ireland. Thefe —
fogs are a great hindrance in paffing from place to place; |
in as much as that you areforc't to go far about to avoid. -
them,and on this account the roads are very crooked in —
freland ;or tore t (by vaft chargestothe'country;)through -
Bogs; bythefe means theyarelong, and hard tofind- | —

The Bogs area great deftruction to Cattle; the cheif —
commodity of Jreland; inthefpring time when the Cat- —

tleare weak and hungry,the edges ofthe Bogs have coms —

monly graís; and the Catttle vensuring in to set itj -—
fall into pits or floughs;& are either drowndj;or(if they. are —
found) fpoilt in the pulling out;. the number of Catteh —
loft this way isincredible. - 4 *5192*2d tuli bag 0 E

4» They are a fhelter and refuge to Torys; and Lizeves, —
who can hardly live without them.. . Thess

| [553]

5, The fmel and vapours that are from Bogs, are
accounted very unwholfome;and the fogs that rife from
them are commonly putrid, and ftinking: for the rain,
that fallson them, willnot fink into them; there bein
hardly any fubftance ofits foftne{s, more impenetrable by
water,then turf,and therefore rain-water ftands on them,
and in their pits; it corrupts there, and is exhaled all by
the Sun, very little of it running away, which mut of
neceflity affect the air. i

6, They corrupt our water, bothas to itscolour, and
taft;for the colour of the water that ftandsin the pits, or
lyson the furface of the Bog, is tin&ured by the reddifh
black colour of the turf; and when a fhower comes, that
makes thefe pits overflow, the water that runs over tinc-
turesall it meets; and givesboth its colour and ftink, to
agreat many of our rivers; as I obferved thro’ all the
North of Zre/and. |

- "The Natives heretofore had neverthelefs fome advan-
tage by the woods, and Bogs; by them they were pre-
ferved from the conqueft of the Engiz/b ; and I beliewe it
is a lirtle remembrance of this, makes: them ftill build
neat Bogs: it wasan advantage then to them to have
their country unpaffable, and the fewer ftrangers came
near them, they lived the eafyer; for they had no inns,
every houfe where you came,was your inn $ and you faid
no more, but put off your broges&fate down by the fire;&
fince the natural /rz/b hate to mend high ways, and will

i frequently fhut them up, and change them, (being un-

willing ft rangers. fhould come and burthen them ; )
- "ho. they are very inconvenient to us, yet they
are of fome ufe; for moft of /re/and have their firing from
from them; Turfis accounted a tolerable {weet five, and
wehaving very impolitickly deftroyed our wood, and
hot as yet found ftone coal,fave in few places, we could
hardly live without fome Bogs: I have feen turf charc'd;
4 it

[954]
it fervesto work iron, andas Ihave bin informed, will
ferve to make it in a bloomery or iron-work : turf charc-
ed I reckon the fweeteft and wholfomeft fire, that can be;
fitter for a Chamber, and confumptive People, then ei-
ther wood, ftone-coal or_char-coal. | br
Iknow not if it will be worth the obferving, that a

Turf-Bog preíerves things ftrangely;'a Corps will ly intire .

inone, forfeverallyears; I have feen a piece of leather

pretty frefh dug out of a Turf- Bor, that had never in the. .

memory of man been dug before ; Butter has bin found,
thathad lain above 20 years, and tho’ not fit to be eaten,
yet ferved well enough to greaze wool: Trees are found

found, and intireinthem, and thofe Birch, or Alder that

are very fubject to rot. The Trees are fappofed by the ig-
_norantvulgarto have lyen there ever fince theFlood, but
the truth is, they fell on the furface of the Earths and the
Bog, as\ fhewed in the beginning of this difcours, fwel-
ling by degrees, at laft covered them; and being ofan
oly vegetable fubftance, it, like a balfam, preferves

them ; the Trees burn very well and ferve for torches i -

the night: Ihavefeen them ufd as Lights in catching of

Salmons: I have feen of the Trees half fankinto the

Bogs,and not. quite covered. | 3 |
Iam in the laftplace to thew you how theíeinconve-
niencys may be remedied, and our Bogs made ufefull;

Tis certain the thing is poffible; it has bin done in Ezg-

land,France,and Germany ; and if we had the fame induf- -

try we may promife our felves the fame fuccefs. 1 know

men commonly diftinguifh between Bogs that have no :

fallto carry: away the water from them; and thofe that

have ; and ‘determine’ the'laft idrainable; but notthe.

firft : but I muft profefs I never obferved one Bog without
a fall fufficient to drain it, nordolbelieve there is any.

But the great and weighty objection ágainft them is the -

Charge; and itjis/commotily thought, that it will cof
much more then would purchafe an equalb fcope : of

- Rookies

wt x
E & "1 C s y 4 7 J *
PO UNS. LCS Sy QE - 35,

-

= shy

7-3 cur ac ndo

tera

Coss]
goodg eround;an acre of good land in moft parts of Ireland
is about 4‘ per annum, and the purchafe 14,0r 15, years;&
therefore three pound will putchafe an acre of good
land; and it is very doubttull with moft,whether that
fum will reduce a Bog: this reatoning paffes current;
and isthe great obftacle and impédiment of this work ;
but if thefe things following were done and confidered,
I verily believe it would be removed.
t, An act of Parliament fhould be made, Aichi as was for
the building of London; that who did not in fuch a time,
| makefome progrefs in draining their Bogs, fhould part
with them to others that would, &allow a paffage to them
| thro’ their lands: ratherthen Gentlemen would let o-
| thers come into their bounds, they would purchafe their
| Bors at doubie the tate, as they doe pee of land with-
“Gn them. -
adly Tis tobe confidered, that duda] Bogs, tho land
|! benever focheap ; never fail to be worth the draining;
| one trench drains many acres;and when dry, it is gene-
| rally medow, orthe belt grazing ground.
|. 3dly Every red Boy has about it a deep matfhy floughy
_ ground, which they call the bounds of the Bogs, and which
| never fails to be worth the draining: oné deep trench
| found the Bog, doth it; by this Cattle are kept out of the.
| Bog, andiali the bogd: of the Beg: turned into meddow.
}| mh have frequently feen. ’
© &thly As to red Bog, T siete one of 60 acres, which
:] " Gentleman drained; the land about: it was 45, 94
| per acre;it-was not Worth any thing,but rather pernicious
-| tohis Cattle; he reduced it to good’ grazing ground.
E Wotthi 3 5 au east for 3st y $5 which is lefs then x years pur-
| | €hàfe." AT SIT
1d jtlily: Gentlenieh egt: to cónfides, that what they lay
| out this way, E by degrees; and they Are not fenfi-
Bble of it; it goeth among the Tenatits, and enables them
ne to me rent the better : "dis a work of charity, and
| E

D | | a Ts imploys.
t -—

- perience.

|. Ot 3 foot deep or wide ; deep trenches ought by no means
to be attempted at firft; forthe Bog is fo foft, that they

: ftand wellin them. to cut them deep: but when the fur-

| Lose
HERES ART s and conduces to both the ornament &
generall profit of the Kingdom; and therefore they

ought to difpeníe with it, tho’ fomewhat dear.

éthly That even red Bogs might be made fit for gra-
ing, ata much cheaper rate, then they have bin hither-
ifthefe rules wete obfetved : 1a deep trench muft

| be made round the Bog, as before; this reduces all the
_ bounds of the Bogs,goesa great way to dry the Bog it felf;
. and hinders at leaft its growing: it ferves likewife asa

common fink, into which all your drains vent thenfelves.
zthly in the. Bog, obferve which way the little Sloughs

. run ; be fureto cut their drains a crofsthem; one drain ©

fo cut doth more, then 3 or 4long ways; asI fav by Ex-

-3dly the firft drains on the Bog ought not to be above 2

will not ftand , but fillupagain; neither can any body

face of the Bog is cut in little trenches fuppofe at 20, of 4o
perch, diftance, it is hardly credible how much it will be
dryed : I remember fuch a little trench, drawn thro’ a -
Bog, that was very wet, dryed it, fo that Cattle could
grafe on it.all Summer; and the Bog fubfided, foran.
hundred yards, on each fide, fo vifibly, "at, one would
have believed it a naturall valley. ON
-. 4thly a year or, 2 after the little trenches are ‘made, &
the Bez a little dry ; they are. (at leaft every, other |
trench as one fees occafion is,) to be made fix foot. deep
and fix wide, ifthe foftnefs of the Bog will permit ; if mot,
then fix foot wide and 4, deep is enough ; and this will
certainly make the Beg ufefull for grafing : in a yearor
2 after,you may attempt to.cutone or two of the trenches
to the bottom of the: Bog s. 3. for till that be done,. . do not
reckon the Bog fecured...
, y AEBIY, A Ge arleman ought td oblige all his B dewaton 3
| cut

ela

: [957]
cut the turf in his trenches, and likewife cut his own fo,
for this is juft fo much gain, and preventsthat pitting of
Bogs that renders them deformed & perniciousto Cattle.
éthly Where a Bog is pitted, he isto cuta paffage from
one pit to the next for the water, and fo makea com-

munication to the common drain, and if his pits be

once dryed there will grow graís or heath at the bottom,

-. fit for grafing ; aud they will be fhelter for Cattle in
forms.

.2thly When his Bog is dryed, it isthereby made bet-
terturt: and then he is to fet out a part ofitfor that ufe,
and to oblige them to cut it clear away; and the Bog be-
ing removed, the bottom will make good meddow: asI

have feen in the County of Longford.

gthly if he would improve his Bog any furtherthen

- grafing; he muftdoiteitherby cutting off the furface

of the Bog and burning it, or elfe by bringing Earth and.
layingon it: Sanding orrather indeed Gravelling is

| agreat improvement in this country; the land fo ma-

|

bh

nured will bring corn 12 or r4 years, and would bring
grafs, if People did not Plow it fo long, as to confume all
the fubftance ‘of it, and ‘deftroy the roots of the grafs,

_whicharenot tobe recovered in many years, and then

they fay gravelling is bad for grafs; but the contrary
is apparent, efpecially in Bogs: Ihave obferved by the
way fide where thofe'ways pais thro’ Bogs, if a little Earth
hath fallen omthe Bog, as íoóme times there doth fall a

- little of that which they bring ‘to mend the high way,

it has turned the. Bog into a green fod; with a very fine
Ícutch grafson it: and T doubt not but the fame charges,
that Sands or Gravels land, would reduce a-dryed Bog;
even tobe arable; but thisrequirestime and experience,
which I doubt pot but ‘will find out many compendious
and eaíyxmethods of performing thefe things, more then.
we can think of. S9 DI BUTEA BW R der

+ "Ewere naturall toadd:fome thing concerning Loughs,

and.

ls

[958]

: and Turloughs : the naturall improvement of Loughe, or.
lakes, is firft to drain them aslow as we can; and then

turn the refidue of the water into fifh-ponds,by planting

afew Trees about them, and ordering them thus they

may be made both ufefull, and ornamentall. |.

As to thofe places we call Turloughs quaft Terreni lacus,
or land-lakes; they aníwer the name very well, being
lakes one part of the year of confiderable depth; and .
very {mooth fields the reft: if my memory dos not fail
me, Doctor Brown defcribes exactly the likein Hungary,
or elfe inthe way between Vienna & Venice : there arem
thefe, holes out of which the water rifeth in winter, and
goeth away towards Summer, many hundred acres being
drowned by them; and thofe the mof pleafant, and pro-
fitableland in the country : the foil is commonly a marl,
which, by itsftiffnefs, hinders the water from turning it
intoa Bog; and immediatly. when the water is gone, it
hardens, fo that you ride. thro' an even grafsy fields thefe,
if they could be drained would be fit for any ufe; would :
make meddow ; or bear any grain, , but efpecially rape ,
which is very profitable. "They are chiefly in Connaught;
and their caufe i$ obvious enough, it isa-ftony- hilly
Countrey ; the hils have cavitysin them, through which
the water paffes: it iscommon to-havea rivulet fink on
one fide of a hill, and rife a, mile, or'halfa mile, from the
place: the brooks are generally dryin Summers the war -
ter that fhould. be in them, finking betweem the: Rocks; ^
and running under ground; ia fo. muchasthat in fome -

laces where. they, are overflowed in; winter, they. are
PUN porro is leak theirCattle. many milesfor wa-
ter. There is one placeion.a.hill near uam between two
of thefe Turlaughs, where there is aholethe: fuperftitious
People call the Dzvels Mill; and.make fables concerning
it: if you ftand by this place; you will hear a great noife;
like that of a water under a bridge: where there is a flood
in winter, one,of the Jar laughs! overflows, and scab * |

| *

Loso J]

felfintothe hole; and;the noifedoth; in alllikelyhood,. .
proceed from a fubterraneous ftream ;- which in Summer
hasroom enough to vent all its watersbut in winter, when

rains fall, the paffages between the Rocks cannot vent
the water, and therefore it regurgitates, and covers the

flats. :1251 1o

Let GH ‘bea pla in patallell to the Horizon? det ALA
beahill; B N'B a flat; CCC another hill; D ND ano-
ther lat; and HEE another hill: let 7M be a fub-

terraneous rivulet, that runs under the furtace of the
Earth ; at M lettherebe a narréw paffage, which can
- only vent fuch a quantity of water : the head of the river.

above L is fuppofe higher then the flat B NB or DND;the

B current fuppofe is fwoln with rain, and brings more wa-
terto M, then can país: it is plain the reft muft fill the

paffage LJ andat lof burft out at NN,the holes fuppofd

inthe flats, and cover the flats; and by this means the

whole Country in the winter feems full of Lakes ; and a-_
gain in Summer,when the paffage Mis big enough for the
water ofthe rivulet, the water fubfidesand falls thro’ the

‘holes NN into the fübterranean paffages and. in a little

timeleavesthe flatsdry till the next year. |
Thefe Turloughs are hard to drain; often they are en-

. cireled with hils, and then 'tis not to be expected : often
. they havea ventby which they fend out a confiderable

ftream; and then itis only making that paffagcas low, as.

“the bottom of the flat, and that will prevent the over-

V | flowing

U y] |

fio tug Yat fometimes happens tiat the flats areas low
as théneighbouring: fivulets, & in probability aré filled;,
and then it istot only neceflary: to make the: paffage
ftom thé flat to the rivalet; but likewife to fink the ri-
vulet which is very ttoublefome ; commonly thepaffage
to be cut is Rocky : having never feen any of them .eut;
Ican only fay thus much;

. 1, Before they begin, a furveyor ought to take the level
of the flat with the place into which the vent^is to be
^made, and ifthe placé be lower the ventis póffibles. «
— "A,1À good"computation Sught tobe made, what the
: ech will coft? how much land it will drain> -what. thé
“land is worth per acre,as it is? and what it will yield wh
draind? and by that he will fee, whether it be worth the

: while ta sttemptit, 17:

:3j/The holes N Nought tobe opened, and, digged,and
fene d about, ; that grafs, and other dirt, 1 ay not get
intothems forby this means the water will in its or-
dinary-courfe, get fooner away ; and laftly they are to
beeaten very bare towards the end of Summer, thatas
little ic gat as is ples mar bs bi Py the v water. ar p:

9f T4 - Le Ji.€i «3.2706 £4

. /

ee ^
) Hots qt

hi vi aaa y a Yi Yo Dr ain m-Thieaplaad j
-. Hallifax ze Dr Plot of Oxford, ai in an uccón
«df Stones AM Siege. ^. die urbe

- é h birt 20 fA >
E fi 1521 ve "TIE » $43 GR y + o E91 5h A, e

- clipaalée, about fortyy years apye's Be a awed i
Y bitofbody;. and very. laborious in his cal’ ing, s.
ingabouta mile hence, came to me about three. "weeks
- fince, and made great, complaint of the mae rturg. he

had fatter d by reafon of two Stones he, hadyoid i oy, fool
thislaft Chriftmafs,there being about 1% days time be-
tween; the firft was the lefs which is reprefented Numb.
Ae Fig. r.the latter is much larger,as in Numb.r2, Fig. 2,
but both of them much diminifht, as to their various
angles, and fharp points they had at their exit,. by
. means of the fellows bearing them about with him in his
» pocket for four or five days, amongtt his little Iron
tools, that have relation to his trade. He perceived no
alteration or difturbance in his od till within j oró
. days that the firft came away.;.then_he beg:

plain very much of a pain in n the belly, much refemble-
-ing the Colzck, and ofa ftoppage in the Inteftins, not
much unlike that in a Tene/mus , having frequent
provecations to go to ftool, but to no purpofe upon
tryall ; he took little or no reft in all that time; his
Stomack retained fcarce any Meat or Drink it receiv d;
till in the conclufion one of the Stones came into the
. Inteftinum rectum ; where it lodg’d for a daystime; then
‘coming within the reach of his Finger, he drew it out
_by force, and prefently after the diflodging of this
troublefome gueft, he was very wellagain; and fo con-
tinued for a^ fortnight, tillthe other begun to move;
which occafioned a pain beyond the former in propor-
tion -to its bulk; and kept bim upon the rack about
eight days; during which time, there was an abfolute
V Appeals

i

x Lsdal
fuppreffion ofexcrements, and whentheStone came in-
tothe Redum, it continued near two days within the
reach of his Finger, with which he could’ not draw it out.
by any means; tillat length he bent a {mall piece of
Iron into the form ofa hook; with which rude inftru-
ment his Servant drewit forth with much ado, and not
without Wounding the rugous coatofthatpart- »
— Mg it was gone, he foon ‘recovered his former cón-
dition and felt no further harm from this accident. A=
bout feven years before , the very like cafe had befallen
him, Vovding, two Stones after, thefame ma: :

SJR 1.7 311
nner, and
TOTAL ct yar Ke Peer ree fi IS 23:14. bEUL
about equall ignefs. LET AA: rh Pee i”) TIE ^ T3
-9d Sii 6750 *1 JHOURB Sfi93 933I0.2] CAUTE TH
e ^mt RM :

Z 7
- H
" jc - . ? 4 , 7
4 “ : CIZIQL MEE" e " XT , erit = eot H c "h 2d sy
E kt ig / jà wh ihe © IT i aan ) r -
T : !
€ ? m 2 - - > ow I def
r: , r [3
j i = ja t 11i n an L as - : ;
J P : ; :
" ; "
; r i T I y . *
dx»ER cuv»? ae nRpbPfi 511 ¢ "Lf (1 Pa
£A « s TIN II3Iii wh o> 13511 431 i C eo ye, qi 2 -
iz 3 : 3 : V , |
$i $4. d b ues RN Vl 0137
g] LH 1 Í if THOCE Sf ] i> ek © a (2 yi J AX
|4 ET +) a ia
i = > © i
Ki J i ES. 4 i " ) ¥ii 2 Oy .20
4 135191 9V5EILJALHJ
i Li E

«à t
pe ca ^
| Vu ad
B Ce ^
uj EI
1 , yh
2 ii 9$ & 3 e -
ys "ad 82 a “77 * «cz } t. et P191 >i Yn
J & A X itJ ow vL Vii vu 3 1 3 A Jl.) 4
z » .
^ z Lj
; f^ . a a y pft£á»TS ear:
0) off Pw ) DI BoOIuionNuo) Sis fi
3 ite Dii Mid iia 5
| 4 À [NV @ $435. 1
> fa hy
a) t E a T3 E
: hee a » i r
&- vd i
r y: ;
"5 y « re ):« tris f
os ^ £ 1 - eu LA AL Cit - wv Vo, A. s
A d i
n fl. $ à » " ep ^ ^ t
7 oe £1
( ['* if) SF = sf 4 Jif 5 AN As
j
, ©
¢
'

[963]

: An Extrati of a Letter from Mr. Anthony Leewen-
hoeck F.of the R.S. to aS-of tbe R. Society, Dat-

, ed from Delf, January 515. 1685. —

Concerning the Salts of Wine and V inegar , do.

T Hough I have often excufed my felf, from examin-
“sing the various figuresof Se/ts, partly fuppofing it
would be too much labour to me, and more efpecially
becaufe in fome 4¢tempts of that nature, I formerly had
no Succe/s ; The Warmnefs, or Coldnefs of the Air, caut-
. ing great differences in the fhapes of the Sa/¢s; never-
thelefs, by lighting on a new Method, 1 have been en-
couraged to make the following Obfervatzons. .—
--. ‘Having found my yearly provifion of Vinegar ( which
had layn about 3 Months in my (*/ar,) to be more four
then ordinary, I left it open to the Zfir, during fome
hours, at whichtime I obferv'd a very great many parti- -
. cles (which I call the Sa/t of the Vinegar,) as Numb.1 Fig.
44. tapering towards eachend, and having in the mid-
dle along brownifh Zzgzre :: other of the fame extent as
Jig. B. being as clear as Chryftal; and thefe were the
‘moft numerous: others being long and brownifh, which
‘had in the middle of them, a ‘bright clear fubftance, as
fig. C. In another place, were fome few oval figures,
within which were'contained. fome leffer’ ovals, as
ug. D. Under theaforefaid Zzgures. ABC, Ythought I
faw many that had a Hollownefs within them, like that
.of'a Boat; lometimes one of the aforefaid figures, has
appeared to me, with the one half brown, and the: other.

. part clear; fometimes one of the ~gwres hath layn a;
'thwartanother, asat £. Sometimes there were figures,
"which feemed to have been cut in two, each of them re-
.prefenting butonehalfof 4B, orC, as ¥. Many ofthefe
aforefaid figures werefo {mall, asfcarce to be feen, but
BM : Ms NS c withall.

n

[564]

withall they were fo numerous, that Ijudgd them, to be
many thoufands, in one {mall drop .of Vuegar: befides
an ianumerable quantity of {mall Globules, fix whereof
would not equall'a Blood Globule ; and a much greater
number of leffer G/obules, 36 whereot would not rife to
the bignefs ofa Blood Globule. Tn.a word? it feemed in?
compre henfible, that there fhould be fo many particles
contained,in fo 1malla quantity of Moifturé ,;and that
tranfparent too... Thefe aforefaid particles I: take to be
the Sharp Pungent Matter, which caufes the fenfe iü the
Tongue, thatwe term $Seür.. ero aL Aus

Altho' by a common Magnifying Clas, I haves ion E

thefgures of this bignefs, yet Lfuppofe; thefe may be
made out of a gteat many leflerones, which may have.
the fame figure: juft as in Sea+Water ,.manyyMillions of
Cubical figures, go to, the making upone ipea corh of !
Salt, of thefamefhape. ;...

. GXputintoa Glafs about two. Iüches. "Es agi ine-
gar,which Ilet ftand upon my Table for Weeks. In:this
time, I found {wimming upon the furface of the /Zue-
gar,many particles, within which I perfe&tlydifcerned.a
hollownefs like to that:of the infide of aBeatsolfortie —
figures were now. increafed in thicknels. "Thofetlithad —
the Cavity tutned, to the Ey,: were as Fig. .G. thofe —
whofefides were turned:to the By, ‘which hadoonly pad:
ofthe Cavity tobe feen,owereas:MgioHous al 2

Lhave alío-defcribed, -a; ifullogrown. live iad (a5. Fig. (
LM fuch aone, whereof there were taanyambre\inthe —

Vinegar. Asalfoa full: grown iE , "WhichIkilled; that -

the defigner might fee it more diftin&ly; as dug. INO.

"This alfo may ferve-to'fhew; .thebignefsof this i: qaaa
ticles; compared with:that ofxheelr o c E

It is alfoto be noted, that the: foregoing vnde |

Eels , ate, drawn -by ai common 7Méerofcepe , -anü that |
there were: maay .other finaller Sale. particles, to have

saa dleconineney better: Glafles, ... el

AMo —

Loér]

Alfo,;I cannot but take notice, how fome Menare *
deceived, that think the Sournefs of 7znegar, proceeds
from Ee/s pricking their Tongues, with their Tails; for
if this were true; then would fome /znegar be flat, becaufe
there are no Eeír in it, or that the £e/s are dead in it,
as is ufuallinco!d or frofty weather.

“I confidered fome Pznegar, that had Crabs-Eys put
init; becaufethey arefaid, to take away its fournels.
Kthis.be true, I concluded, that the above defcribed Sale
particles muft be changed, either by increafing the bulk,
or becoming more plyable and limber,fo as not to pierce
the Tongue. -

ioi took feverall new Glafles, and put in them fome
Crabs-Eys , {plit into {mall pieces, leaft the grit that
comes from them, after they are pounded, flould hinder
any fight: I found that the long fharp figures, which.
might. be likned to aWeavers Shuttle,were now changed.
into figures , whole Bafs was oblong, rifing up Pyramz- —
- dally, like a pointed Diamond; as Num 2 Fig. P. Others
- had their Bafs fquare as FZg. Q. Others an irregular

Quadrilateral, as Fzz. A, But thefe two laft figures, Y
{uppofed were accidental, forwant of fufficient matter -
. tocompleat, and perfectthem on all fides. Note that

the greatnefs of thefe Sa/¢ particles, and thofe in fimple:
Vinegar, muft not be compared together ; becaufe thefe :

-.are drawn by a Glo/s, that Magnified more, then that

. Wherewith the others were drawn; for otherwife, thefe
- ,would not fo clearly have been difcerned. DEUUE

_ ‘The number of particles was fo great, chat (in a grofs

- computation, Ijudged them, to be fix Thoufand ina

Drop, about the bignefs of two Barly-Corns. But that

which I moft wondred at, was, that thefe Salt particles
here, were almoft all of the fame bignefs : (a thing I ne-
- ver obferved, in any other Sa/z before.)

Itook fome Vinegar out of a Gla/s, that had (rads-
Jysinit,at a time, before all the r-Bubbles were af-

BEEN oo — cended :

| [966] - i
.. « cended: Buteven then the Baf/s of the Salt particles was
fourfquare, andnotasin common Vinegar, ——

E

When the 4£ir-Bubbles were moft of them afcended, I
drank about a third part, of a thimble full of the Vinegar;
and found it had no fournefs at all in it, but rather a
bitternefs, and was fo loathfome, that it made me ready
to vomit. Da SENSI SCL ITANISMHITO: |
Itook alfo White Chalk, beaten to pieces, and put it
in Vinegar, where it caufed as great a commotion, and
rifing of r-Bubbles, as the Crabs-Eys had done: Tt
produced alfo, the fame figures of the $2/£, and the fame
infipidnefs. I is
. From thefe obfervations, I am confirmed inan opi- -
nion, which I have been ofa great while; that when the
— fharp fübtile particles of $42/£, which are in feverallli-
quors, come to be in the Stomack, they are there fo
coagulated, and compounded, that very few, or none of
them, arecommunicated tothe blood, or other parts of
the body. For ifthe Sa/¢s of Wine,and Vénegar, did not
change their f/gzre, in the Stomack, I believe they would
..caufein the blood, and other Veffels, an intolerable .
-pricking, if not endangerthe life of the party. ^ Befides,
-ifit were not fo, Ifhould have met with them,fome time |
. Orother, either in the Sweat, Blood, or Urine. Alfo
the 52/£ particles, which are in Wine, or Vinegar, when -
:the weather is moift, are curdled, or gotogether; but .
afterwards, let the weather be what it will, I have never
found them diffolved, or turned into water. - And thus.
they are more durable then common Sa/¢, which in ~
,motfít, and cold weather, runs into a liquid form, A-
gain, ifthe Salts in the Wine, or Vinegar, were not coa-_
.gulated in the Stomack, the Urine, or Excrement of.
-thofethat drink them, would fmell ofthem : however,
I will notfay, that in all Stomacks, there is the like coa-
-gulation; butifin fome, the Sa/¢s are notaltered, the .
. drinking of Wine,tofuch men isvery prejidicial But
- 22 | it |

,

[

PS [ $67. -
it -is"otherwife with: common Sa/t, for, if afmail -
quantity of that be putin water, it will prefently dil-
. Wolve, and every Corn be divided into Millions of parts,
being allof them four fquare: and if a great, deal of
Salt, be diffolved in water, and fome of the water be. eva
-perated, the Salt runs into great Corns. Now that ic
- is true,that a grain of commonse/z,is divided into fquare
particles, a Thoufand Millions of times lefs then. a fand,
and that each of thefe particles, is again divided into an
incomprehentfible number of other, particles, before they
will pafs from the Bowells into the blood, and other
partsof the Body, theaffertion will not feem ftrange, if
we confider, that in Infects found in common water, and
our Excrements,which are not the bignefs of xs Of a
great fand, there isa Coat,or Skin, and perhaps Scales
‘on it; that there are Feét, or Fins, wherewith it fwims;
a Mouth, Bowells, Veins, Mufcles, Sinews; and. all
‘the inwards, as compleatly, asin the greateft Animal:
-and if the body of fo (malla Creature, may be imagined
1o divifible, mach more may a particle of 52/51 «5...
~~ When the blood has been fome times out.of the Veins,
“the {niall Sales then begin: to go- together, and appear,
as Thave often feen, and particularly, while Iwas late-
ly bufied about the Cryftallin humour of the Eye ofa
"Man, Tobferved 8 áümber. of fmall$2/2 particles, have-
ing the figures of common $2/£, and I am períwaded,
there isnot a drop of blood'in the body, which has not
its fhare of them. at | |
- Having thus declared my opinion, upon the partsof
^ Salt , Tfhall do the fanie; uponxhofe of water.” - For as
much as'thátalate Author, hath fpoken of them, with
fuch affurance, that ordinary Men coming to read him,
imagine, the Snakes of which the water 4s
“made, to be very big: but if I fhould tell them, that
_thofe water Suakes are fo tittle, that Va great fandwere
divided into ‘a "Fhoufand Million of parts, the Suae:
23 s | UN X would

[9682],
would be lefs then they, I believe this language would
found very harfh. For my own part, I cannot con-
ceive the parts of water tobe like Snakes; for I fuppofe,
how little foever they are, they are always flexible; and
by confequence put themfelves into all figures, according
as they are preftby the Air; or other bodys; and that
when many water parts are together, each takes a diffe-
rent form, that it may apply it felfto its neighbours, —
and keep, as much as poffible, a round figure, asI have
formerly faid of the parts of fat.. For example, let us
imagine,that we have a great number of fheeps, or hogs
bladders filld with water; thefe, as they are hung up in
Air, will beall round, but asthey are heapt up in a tun,
and prefs one on another with their. weight, yield,
and- accommodate themfelves fo, as to léave no empty
{pace inthe tum‘: thus every bladder hath its particular
figure, tho it moft incline to be round ; moreover, if the
tun be rolld, every bladder upon the leaft motion, will
alter its figure, as it is more orlefs preft. Inthefame
manner I believe it is; with the-Globules of Fat in our
Bodys, and’alfo with the particles of water; tho thefe
latter, I-conceive tobe fo fmall,that if a fand were divid-
ed, into a Thoufand Millions; of parts, and if xoc of a
_ fand particle,was again divided into a ThoufandMillions,
“the water particle, would ftill maintain the roundifh, and
I know this above mentioned opinion,. that water is
made, as it were of Snakes, is not new, butborrowed |
from the famous Des.: Cartes. But’ (with refpe& tothat |
Great Man,) every one isfree-to;declarejhis Judgment, |
in things which have not been fully difcovered, . ... |
. "I examined lately my Wine, which is very fine, and |
welltaíted, fuch asin France 1s called Vin de Damozffelle,
tho’ it is but an Orleans Wine, brought down the |
Loyres initIfaw many extraordinary pretty figures, of |
different fizes, and fome very mall, which I tk dice d
ie the . |

r

[969]

the Sa/z of the Wine :: many of thefe figures, were of the
fame make, with thofe, of the Salt of Vinegar above-
. mentioned. I havein fome of thefe figures, not only feen
. &Cavity, but found them encreale to fo great a bignefs,
(by that time the Wine had ftood 24 hours, uncovered
npon my Table,) that they equalled the thick particles
of $a/£, which I had feen in Venegar, asis here fhewed
Numb. 3 Fig. A. líaw alfo fome figures, which had no
fharp points, but were roundifh at the ends, as Fug. B.
There were alfo feverall figures, which grew tapering at
one end, and at the other were round, as 77g. C. Alfo ome
figures, which differed from Fig: €. In that one of their

ends, was not round, but flat, as Pzg. D. Alfo fome few - —

figures, werelongiíh, reprefenting a thin Right Angled
. Parallelogram, as £zz. E. Alfo there were many feres,
whofe two longeft fides were roundiíh, and whofehorteft
fides were ftreight, refembling fomething a Barrell, as Fre.
F.Some few figures made a perfect fquare ; others again,
were twice as long, astheywere broad, being largeft in
. the middle, and inclining towards the fhorteft fides; not
much unlike a flat bottom'd Boat,whofe fore, and after
parts are flat, as Fzg. G. While all thefe frgures in great
numbers,were driving together,in the quantity ofa drop
of Wine, twas a pleafure to me; to fee fo great Variety.
Thefe forefaid Salts, I conceive, would be four upon the
Tongue, if therewere nota great many {weet particles,
in this(as wellas other,) Wine, mixt with them, which
are not otherwife to be feparated , then by fetting the
Wine to ferment; for thereby it prefently loofes of its
- Sweetnefs, and in time,ischanged from a gratefull Wine,

. toa four Vinegar. From hence: I gather, that theplea- — -

fant Relifh of Wine, confifts; in its having not too many
{weet, nor too many fhárp parts, but onefort tempering
. theother, fo asto make a Harmony upon the Tongue,
.and Palat. The fame thiüg-we experience dayly, by
mixing feverall things, which; if they were ufed fimple,
RE YO | s X 2 | . would

if

! Lehed.. ee |
would be either too fweet,or tooflat;or too four, wliere-
of, 1fhalt give but obe Inftance.-' Let ussmixj-ot melt
together Butter, and/zuegar ; and itwill ptovea very
gratefull fauce, As to Sugar (which isa $alt,y;Thave
formerly faid of it, the Sweetnefs herein-coufifts; that
the Angles; iar fharppointg5 of which, the Powder Sugar
- is made, aré eafily.feparated from'one'anothery and dif>
folved, when they are putin water, chiefly. if itbe hot ; .
which happens to Sugar in the Mouth ; for then it is not
only Melred;'and mixed .with the 'Spittle; | but-becomes
foft, and/ply able; embracimg any other body it.findson
the Tongue, ‘and conimunicating to it; ‘its pleafantnefs;
" Fromthefíe Pofitions, we may well comprehend, the fes
verall Tafts that Winesvare lyable to, tho’ they grow -
in-the fame ‘Vineyards for notonly, willthe Bunches
that grow; on theSouthfideof the Hill; be Sweeter): bes
caufe the-heat of theSun, draws from them the fuperflu:
ous moifture; but the fharp, or Salt partsinthe Wine,
by taking away the more waterifh fubftance, become
more rigid, and ftiff. -Alfo, we may imagine the reafon;
why Wine having ftood fome timen the open ‘Air, loofes
its.'Savour: namely, that many {mall Salt particles
are joined together,to makca few greatones ; whereby,
asthe numberof the Salts are leffened; the Seníe is not
fo agreably excited, as if it were: toucht'in more placés,
tho the bodys that: do it; are néverfofmalli! li 50240 7
‘oT Obferved fome Sherry»Sact (which proved to: ‘be as
good this-year, asever wasknown,) and therein, difco- |
vered the figures of Sglts, fach as Thave above mention- —
ed in French: Wine; Numb: 23: Zug. ud. As: alforfome —
longifhfigures, asiG. Burallthefewere bunfew, imocom-:
panifon.of the fguresiof Vinegar, and Frencly Wine. Per=
haps, if the' Sherry had been thinner;sthe Salts would —
have appeared more;for there were-many fmall particles,
which I could;not difcribe;:becaufe they were:obfcured
by athick matter, wliereintheylay; but When —
AUGW MAP ues Sack |

E971]

Sack tincovered upon: my Table, for three days and
nights, I perceived n it, a great number of {mall parti-
_¢les, fome-whereof hung by one another, and lookt
likethe dry Branches, of a Tree: others moved confuf-
edly in the Wine, fo as I-could not at firft determine
their fhapes; bnt afterwards they feemd, to belike the
Salt particles above defcribed, having among them,
many flat figures, with their fides turned up; their fize
was fo{mali, that 1judgeda Thoufand Millions, would
not make up the quantity ofaSand. In contemplating
fome Grofs flat particles, as alfo fome fharp ones, which
. were imperfect, I was confirmed in the make of thofe
bodys, namely, that all the fharp Sa/z particles in the
- Wine, and Vinegar, how littlefoever they are, had at

firft lat thin bodys, which by being rolld up at the four
Corners, make the Sa/ts; I have above deícribed. As
forexamplelíee in the Sack, Numb. 4. Fzg. ABCD, -
and E FG H. The fides of the one figure roundifh and ir-
regular, and of the other ftrait, (which I here draw grea-
ter then they appear, that their make may the better be
feen,) the Corners 24 & B are bent orrolld up as Fig.
I KL, whereby the Corners Zand B become a fharp An-
gle, as isto be feen at J. If the other two Corners Cand D.
_ werealío rolld up in thefame manner, we fhould fee the |
( perfect figure of a Salt. When the flat figures arebut -

- fhort, and. only two Cornersare rolled up, they appear
. a$Q. or Ky which arelike the frgures Cand D in Orleans
Wine. "Theappearanceof /K L and M NO P, wasas
-— diftin&, asif Ihad taken half a fheet of Paper, and rolld
-. itupatthefour Corners, to make two fharp Angles, and.
leave the full breadthin the middle; I could alfo -perfec-
- tly.fee a Hollow nefs within the figures, as much as can be
reprefented in the Paper. |
— Afet fome Mofel Wine; fora few hours uncovered up-
onmy.Table,and then faw fwimming in it,divers figvres
— Oi Sale; dach-as Thad. formerly feen in Wine, Vinegar,

Re) iu "CS Tm and.

\

Ti Gata [572] we
and Sherry; onely, there was this difference, that in
many of them, I could not only perceive a thicknefs,and
a Hollownefs, but alfo diftinguifh, that each of them
confifted of 7, 8, 9, or ro, plates, lying upononeano- —
ther. ‘Thefe I at firft drew roughly, and afterwards got
a good Artift to draw them again, from the Objed&s
themfelves, with a good Mifcrofcope, as here Numé. s.
Fig. A.\ {aw alfo, feverall figures, out of the top of which,
- otherhalf figures appeared, as Fig. B. There was fdme-
_ thing like this, inthe Orleans Wine, but nothing neer
. iomuchashere. I faw alfo feverall Salts, which hado- .
ther particles thruft thro’ them, as Eg. €. There were
alfofome flat figures, whofe fides were rolld up, as Fzg. D.
And fome whofe fhorteft fides were indented, as Fzg, E.
Some appeared like half of 4. as Fzg. F. A few others
had their ends blunt, asG. But it was very ftrange, that
I could fee no {mall figures in the Wine, when it had been
expofed to the Air 24 hours upon my Table; yet when
ithad ftood a day longer, there were figures difcernable,
— tho’ fo fmall, that I could not difcover their fafhion, be-
vu that the matterthat encompaffed them, was very
thick. |
. lobferved in Hockamore Wine, of a year old, (which
was well tafted and generous,) after it had ftood 3 hours —
uncovered,that there were Sa/¢ particles in it,which wefe
{harp at both ends, having a height,or Ridge upon them, -
like the fharp bottom of a Boat, turned upfide down,

though they were otherwife Diaphanous, as Numb. 6 fig.

4. Such a kind of figure, has appeared to me in French

Wine; But when [let this Wine ftand for two days, and -

nights, fome of the Sa/z figures were greater, having
feverall circumferences, fome 2,3, 4, and ' others fo

many, that they could notbe counted, asthey lay clofe

together;fome were fo beautifull that no Sea Production,

whether Corall, or fhells; might be compared to them;

Asin Fig. B. Amongthefe fgwres, fome werefo tranfpa-
: A rent,

[973]
rent that their Circumferences were not to be feen, but —
fome few feemed to be compounded, of {mall figures of ©

" thefameíhape. I faw fome that were blunt at both
ends, yet one would be blunter, then another, and fome
times one end, more then another: as Fzg. €. In ano-

. ther place, I faw, {wimming in the Wine, Salts, which
had not only feverall circumferences, but fteps, or
wrinkles acrofs, as at D. Moreover, I faw fome little par-

ticlesof different fizes, which had the aforefaid circum-

ferences, but many of them exactly reprefented a Wine
Veffel, as fome of a Foeder, or Rbenz/b WineVetffels o-
thersa long Tun; in obferving fome places, where the

thinner part of the Wine, was evaporated away, I found
Ífeverallfrsurer like Branches, or Boughs, feeming to pro-

ceed from one Sa/¢ particle ; in viewing them exactly, I
faw that the Branches confiited of nothing but very {mall

Salts, joined together, ome whereof were very regular,

- and the greateít were placed at the end ofthe Branches,

— asat FG H 1. - Plaga "OC |

. In the beginning of December laft, Y obfervd' the

- -Hockamor Wine, which grew in the year 1678; and found

at firit, very few Sa/t particles; But whenIhadletthe

. Wine ftand 3 or 4 days, there were many more, tho
in much leffer numbers, then in the fame Wine, that was
but ofa yearold. But I am perfwaded, that the largeft
of thefe, confifted each, of above a hundred {mall ones,
_compacted together, as IN. 7. Fzg. 4. When the greateft
Salts, were got together, the fmaller particles fwim-
‘ming ia the Wine, cleaved to them, for there were none

_of them, to be feen about the great ones, though I fought
for them, twelve feverall times. ' Now and then, there
. was à figure, that feemed the half of the aforementioned,
as B. and thereby, fome {mall figures which were Dia-
phanous, and whofe points, were not proportionably

"Mharp, asthe great ones, as 7zg. €. There were alfo {ome
Diaphanous particles, greater then the laft mentioned

EE ^ | "i having. .

a

' : J
| C974] ar |
_ having a fmall figure in the Middle, as D. There were al-
fo; afew that were bluntat the ends, as E. There were
alfo fome refembling dryed Branches of a Tree, (as was
mentioned in Wine of a year old,) which branch like f- ©
gures confifted of fmall Sa/z;, hanging together. ^-^ ^
.*- From thefe Obfervations, I guefs what may be the
caufe, that APenz/b Wine, not only keeps good a great
many years, in a well ftopt Veffel, but alfo loofes its
fourifh taft, and takes onethat is fweeter, and milder;
namely, for that the Sa/z particles in the Abenz/b Wine,
cleave together, and then ftick to the bottom, and fides
ofthe Fat, (being called by us Tartar,)and by how much ~
older the Rhent/b Wine is,by fo much are the Salts fewer. —
But the nature of French Winesis contrary, (as 1 have.
Obferved;) for the Sa/¢s in a well ftopt Veffel, do not run
together (Chiefly in Burdeaux)Wines,and therefore they
never geta Milder, or Sweeter taft: But in Wines that
come from Naents, tho the Salts ran more together, |
neverthelefs the Sweetnefs is prefently loft. "^
I bought fome Wine for Rinco, vety pleafant, and of |
thegrowthof 1683. But it proved to be ofthe Palati- —
nate. At firft I obferved few $a/z» init, but when ithad —
ftood open 24 hours, I difcovered many, that were fharp
ateach end, as N. 8. Zzg. 4. having a divifion tun-—
ning along them, but being otherwife Diaphanous, and .
appearing by the Miérofcope, of the fame bignefs here ©
drawn ; but there were an innumerable quantity of a lef- -
fer fort, which were of thefame figure. I alfo perceivd —
fome, that refembled a Wine Veflel, but they proved to
have two fides rolled up, fas Fig. B. (and perhaps, others
of the fame figure, which T have. before mentioned, may -
be rolld apliké them,in tegard I then might have feen.
them onely, by the plain fide.) Likewife may the $2/z fi- |
gures, Which I have defcribed as blunt, at one or both.
ends, be like € and D. : 1 faw aMo figures às 4. which had |
both their fhárp poifits rolled up together, as at C Alfo f- |
ab £ures |

| L975]
gures whofe one-end, was not rol!d, as at D. Some few
figures there were, whofe Bafis was Íquare, having the
fidesrifing up Pyramidal like a pointed Diamond, as £.
But of thefe, there were not above one, or two, in a
Dropot Wine. Sometimesone of thefe figures, would
beplactinthe middle of another, as at E. (which re-
marks in fome other Wines, I have thought fcarce deferv-
ed to be mentioned.) Some Salt figures, had their fides
rolld up, fo asthe ends didnot touch one another; but
leftanopeningin the middle, as at 7. Whereas others,
that were motefhut, feemd only to have a line upon the
backofthem. Sometimes there appeared figures long,
and flender,asG.as tothefe laft, Iam in doubt whether
they are compleat, or only a beginning ofa figure, there
being fome ftuff wanting, to perfect them: for there
: were few fwimming in the Wine, but moft of them lay
in places that were almoft dry. But above all the
number of a fort of{mall foft particles, was the greatef,
- tfo which, Ican allot no other figure, then Globular, the
whole body ofthe Wine (except the Sa/z particles, ) feem-
ing to confift of them, and the Sweetnefs to takethence
itsrife. | Ht 5p THO : ;
~*~ Ttook a little. Azzco Wine, which had workt in the
. Fat, all the foregoing Summer, and had been pierced
. fomeweeksfince, when it was fine, and had a good tafts
. this Wine, when it had ftood upon my Table, about an
- hourstime, had many Sa/¢ particles in it ; but after it
had ftood fixteen hours, the $4/2; were thick, and had
fuch a-deep Boat-like figure, as I have formerly mention-
. edin negar ; and may behere feen N. 9. Fig. A. There
_ were alfo feverall Salts, that had other brown longiíh
figures in the middle ofthem ; and fome that had two, -
three, and four circumferences, as 72e. B. Some parti-
‘cles had a line, or joynt running thro them. Others
were altogether Diaphanous,as 44g. C. Others had one _
fharp end, and the other blunt, by reafon that they were
E clc NEN E d. RE not

| | [976] Wir

. not yet perfect ; as L have above mentioned.» And fome
again were very Diaphanous as may befeemunder the
Letter D. Some figures appeared as E. ‘and when lookt
upon the places, where the Wine lay thin, and wasal-
moft evaporated, I faw a great number of particles; the
moft of which, had two fharp ends,and were a/Ihoufand

Millions oftimes fmaller, then a great Sand. Iíawal--

fo particles of Sa/t, {wimming about, which had the
true fhapeof a Wine Veffel, but they were very thin and

clear; and Icould not perceive any line or joynt, going -

throughthem. There were alfo feverall Oblong parti-
cles, very thin and clear, and therewithall very {mall;
tho’ théy be drawn great, as at Fig. H. Becaule I was

forced to ufeto Fand H, a leffer Microícope then to the -

other fix Letters 4BCDE and G. Alfo when the Wine
hadlayn thin,there were feverall Branch-like figures,con-
fitting of irregular Sales, the fhape of many whereof,

. — could not well be expreft. AY |
I examined Ceronce Wine, and found the Salts to be .;

moftly, as N. zo. Fig. 4. Some of which were, as it
were, rolld up; others were thin and pellucid; and others

when the Wine had ftood long, were fo thick, that they '
' hada brown circumference about them, as Eg. B. Se- —

-verall werelike the halfof 4 and. B, asFEig. €: 3e 53

| Iexamined alfo Coteau Wine, and found feverall par- L
. ticles, as 4BC, N. 10. And moreover, féverall whofe —
-— fides were rolled up, as fg. D. Alfo flat figures, whole

longeft fides were ftrait, and both the ends Circular, as
Fig. E. Alfo Salts having a fharp point,as Fig. F. Al-

{o particlesreprefenting a flat bottom'd Boat, turndup

. fide down, as Ezg. G. Other of the fame make I could:
look into, as into a Cavity. There were alfo, feverall very
.Íímalland long particles, as zg. H. which I imagine, if

they had more ftuff, would have been as E. There were -—

likewife fome Salts, as Fzg. I. |

I alfo obíerved Ton/ain Wine, which was very thick —
| | and 3

7

n [977 ]
-and Sweet ; (tho'many in this place do think, that the
‘Sweetnefs,which this Wine has had, for 4 years paft, is not
maturall,but:procured by Brim-Stone, high Country
"Wine, or Syrups,) I found the Sa/ts to bethe fame, as-
thofeinCoteaz Wine,but not fo many in number as they;
this only difference there was between them, that in the
"Ionfain Wine, leverall figures had as it were ftairs or par-
titions in them, as /7g. 10. Letter K. teer
~ I took Lonfatn Wine, which wasfaid to be pure, and
unmixt ; and difcovered in it, all the Sa/ts mentioned in
Coteau and Tonfatn Wine, but Ijudged that the number
of the Sa/ts, in this fermenting Tonfazn Wine was 25
times more, then in the Sweet Ton/azn Wine, but not fo
bigasthey. AlfotheSa/rs in this laft Wine, after a few
houts fwam about, but in the Sweet Wines, the Sa/t:
were a great while before they appeared. | |
S J found.likewife in G£eru[/e Wine, all the feverall Sales
which were in Ton/faze, and Coteau Wine,in great Quan-
Bityieec TE GO: «e
Etook High Country Wine, of the deepeft fort, and
found fwimming in it, very few Sa/t figures, tho’ I let it
. ftand 3 daysand nights; but the Sa/ts were much big- |
ger, theninthe Coteaz and fine Ton/ain Wine ; and had
the fhape of 4BD, and G, in N. xo.
. &-ltook A/enz/b Wine Tartar, beaten very fmall, and
. pat itinfair Rain-Water, and when the water was fetl-
ed, Ifawin it, many fuch figures, as I have mentioned
-tobeinthe Wine, viz. fome which were very clear, and -
- had two fharp ends, as N. 10. Zzg. L. But the moft of
them, were very irregular, the caufe whereot may be,
that there was no fweet, or Oyly ftuff mixed with them.
-— ItooktheTartar of French Wine, and examining it in
the fame manner, as the former, I found fome Salts,
which agreed perfectly with thofe in the Wine; butthe
. reft ofthem were more irregular, then in the Tarzar of

| Rhenifh Wine. ee
ee M Y-2 d

[978] eu |

I took Orleance Wine, pureias it came out of the Vef-
fel, and put into every drop, (asneer as I could guefs,) a
piece of Crabs-Ey, as broad as the knife, and when it
had. ftood 3 hours, I could find no fuch Se/¢ im it, as Lhad
feen in the Wine, that had no Crabs-Lys. But there
were very many Salts,whofe bafis were an oblong fquare,
and the fides rofe up Pyramidall, Other Salts were flat,as
N. 11. Fig. 4. Otherswere fix fided, as £zg. B. Others -
had twodlanting fides, as Fzg. C. Some few. Quadrilate-

ralls had fourfided figure: within, them; as D, Others of —

them, had the fhorteft fides fomething irregular... Some
Salts were as Pig. E. In thefe lah I. could, perceive no
rifing, perhaps becaufe they were very little. AsI views
ed a piece of Grabs-Fys, 1 faw rifingasit wereftom à —
point, in about fifty places, fevenadl thin Pipes; as:cleer
as Chriftall, one whereof was longer tlietv.another; but
they were all génerally: of the fame thicknefs. 0017
Ilikewife took Wine, and put white Chalk into it,in -
. the fame quantity as before, letting it ftand abont a -
quarter of an hour, before I obferved it, and then I
found a great number of the afore mentioned: $a/r15. but
they were not fo big, as thofe in the Wine mixed with
€rabs-Eyr; but when this Wine and Chalk, had ftood -
about 12, or 14 houres, I faw the $4/ts above mention- —
ed, not only greater, but the Pipeslikewife in feverall —
places, rofe from a point of Chalk, in great quantities;
asabovein N. xi. fag. F. Thefe Pipes alfo; wereibig> -
ger then the others, tho: they differed fometimes in big* -
neis, among themfelves. The Wine that had (rabs-
Eyr in i, had a. kind ofa Skin upon it, (which: judgd
to proceed from its {weet particles). but the Wine: that
had Chalk init, had none, and remained very thin.
. i put iato A7zc0 Wine, fome pieces of &rabs-Eys and.—
after 12, or rs. Minutes, difcovered a few Salts in its —
but when the Wine had refted fome hours, Ifoundin it~
avery great number of fzures, as.N. 131-. ABCD Zand —

: | [-:99 | T
&. the Salt figures fitft di(covered, were now grown big, -
tho none of them were like the Salts in Azeco Wine,
_whichhad no Crabs-Eys init. GEI LU:
_ Since we now fee, by allthe foregoing Obfervations,
that Ahenz/b; and French Wine, contain no Salts, which -
agree in figure, with the Sa/ts inthe Chalk, which is
‘taken from Men that have the Gout; we may now con-
fidently fay, that the Sa/# of Wine does not. caufe the
Gout ; and hereof we have a dayly experience, for fome
petfons, that, drink. great quantities of Abenz/b , and
Preach Wine, have.never.had any touch ofthe G out; and
othersthat drink no wine atall, are very much troubled
Me LGB S ut |
. $rTOm this Cleaving together of the Salts 1n Wine, and
the alteration oftheit fgures we may alcertain our felves,
thatin.a well conftityted, body, the, Sales of Wine do
not pafsinto the blood ; chiefly, i£ we.take it for grant-
ed, that the ufe of the Stomack, and Bowells, is 1. to
. break in, pieces the. Meat, 2, to make the groffer parti-
. €les come. together. 3, to fend the thinneft ftuff, and
. fmalleft-particles!.of the,-Meat, into the body, fom its
LoneurdidentostoV. sd. sbitizeDdo vt inode ai io
.PS.Since the writing this Letter, [have opened a 27702,
and found in the Womb, or rather in both the Tubes, a
great quantity of the Male Seed of a.Dog: concerning

-—

"
M H] f ; if. hà i e P |
S em - " €
1 4 Hn |I ViIH1O Iac A red NE UC err ne
. 7 ae b. wb " ; ? $a sf é
PEN OG Xo8 .- . Defcriptoom
- JR à |
a . piv

s, "
a :
[980]
:M sowileh natu ca ebibion Dua ei lf
eai $i WAS vs FOU UD. 919 (OO Dit

-peftriptión dela Lovifiane mowvellement: decouverte
. au fud.Queft. dela Nouvelle France; par Lovis -

ouBennepim Miftonnaire, Recolles ,, docs. A. Paris
tr yb ita Ng 99 T

a
t
E

aste T. AIGA sd 60i de?
rie (5 6v xj y efi r$ Lh ARN ^ €
Ci oy 1 2 el ve. ^tkj iki VAT iy 91 s Bt
[A t^ ae , ce AT "-
al aa Mm * avs Ty wore M - Ho + - ^ ob 2» "n d , - '
“HOS WOIUVETIC SV/:HB7I03101912 9v si fore

H.E Voyage which is here defcribed, was bepun
. under the conduc of Monfieur a 7z Salle, at the
.. düttet end ofthe’ year: 1578, from the Pore of Frontenaé,
il'abont 45 ‘degrees North ‘Latitude, being! the mok
"Wefterly “Plantation of the French; án the River ofSt.
Lawrence, It wascontinued (behind moft ofthe Ter- —
ritorysofthe King of ‘England, upon the Continentof :
America,) firft thro. the- Pike of Frontenac' or Ontorio, |
being $o.Leagues long, ànd' 2; or Jo Leaguésbróad;
next thro che Lake 6f Conty, or Er?e ; then tlito: the Lake
of Orteney, Ot des'Hurons; laftly thro’ the Lake Dauphin,
orZ/Znos. ‘Thefe 3 laft Lakes are neer of an equall com-
pats, being about 120, or 130 Leagues one and 4o, of .
50 Écaguesbroad. ^t thefurther eid of the Lake Daz-
pin in about 37°. of Latitude, the Voyagefs went up a
River South, till they came to a certain Paffe, ofabouta
League and a } over land, leading to the River J/now,
or Segnelay, which, after about 200 Leagues, falls into
the River Mechacipy, or Colbert’, ‘and that, 'after about
120, of 130, Leagues more, runs into the Bay of Mexzce.
Thefelaft 130 Leagues are taken from the Relations of
Others, and were not travelled by our Author; butin- |
Ítead of that, he makes you amends with ;oo Leagues —
rowed up theRiver Mechaczpy,in a Canot,orBrark,againft
the Stream. What Authority there is for thefelaft Num-. . |
bers, I cant well fee ; for if the length of the way be in-
credible, you are like to find no Circumftances to help
youto correct them: whether the defign of the Author

‘were totake Poffeffion ofa great Continent; oronlyto |
| convert

[581]

the Country, when he underftands the Languages, is not

lain; for he ought. rather. to have gon down the River
Colbert, ‘if he only fought à more commodious pa age for
Skins into Europe, then that thro' the Bay of Canada,
which is very dangerous, being in fome places too rapid,
in ethers having Falls or cataraéts,' the mot’ confiderable
of which called the Saale de argon is neer joo foot, per
peaduenlat.
5 "The mouth of he bic Setanelay, isin abit 36°. and
1 ‘of Latitude ; the River Colbert there vet isa League
broad, and in fome placestwo.- 2 -

"Ihe Country's J//noz,; and Luifiane, ate defcribed to
have large Meadows; plenty of. Trees for building of
hips; Vines, and Hemp, growing naturally ; and alfo

to yield Plums, Cherry's, Citrons, Apples, Pears, VVal-
puts, {mall nuts, Goofberry’s, Indian, and other wheat,
Turneps, Melons, Pumpkins, Cabbage, and ‘variety of
-Pulfe;to abound in Indian Cows, Dear; Goats; Bevers,
Otters, Porcupines, Tortoifesand (among Beafts of Trey)
in VVolves, Bears, and wild Cats.

To have feverall forts of Fowls, as Swans, WaHors
Buftards,Herons, Crows »Ducks, Partridges, wild Pid geons,
_ Parrots, &c. | ;
--. For Fifh, to have BU tuns, Salmons, ‘Salmon Trouts,
| Pikes, Carps, Hels, Turbots, and feverall other kinds,
not known in our parts.

- There are alfo Mines of Coal, Slate; and Iron, {mall
pieces of pure Copper, a fountain of Salt, and Allum, and
doubtlefs other things not difcoverable $9 fo flight a
" furvey. | 7

fin Effay

dn [532] -
son 2i e9S ang asd. odr«burfhisbng orl r
An E fay of whe gre ofeets of ttn

—ibedéd Miting "^ — Londi 1 685.

^B HE Author of this Effay tells as-hintfelf, that it
ah. . was defigned: to facilirate thé explicating ofthe
Do&rine of occult qualities; and premifes this'poftüla-

tum in order to the demonftrationsthat follow, viz.that —
we are not to confider bodysas fo many lumpsof matter -

that differ only in bulk, and. fhape ; but rather asbodys
of peculiar) internal textures; on:account of which they

mult be confidered.as Engines, whofe operatiohsbeing E

» furthered by the mechanifm of the. body wrought on;
and the relation other bodys haveto it, a great part of
the effect is due to the action ofione part of the body it
{elf that, is 'wrought!on, upon a nothiat; affifted by the
concutrence of the Neighbouring egenis ^. Hence he
. takes notice of the chiefcaufes upon whof

are wont to over-look or under value, the efficacy of lo-
cal Motions which are either unheeded, or thought lan-

guid... The firft thing overlooked is the efficacy of the |
celerity of {mall bodys moving through a fmallífpace; .
how great this is heilluftrates by confidering the power-
full effects of Bullets; the great incalefeence caufed by —
the brisk Motion in turning of Metals, as Steel and Brafs, -
the fragments of which are often fo heated, asnotonely -
to offend the Ey-lids ; but even to'blifter the hands of |
the workmen; vitrification it felf being produced by the.

MIT ad ( Jere ;
anguig anit U-

eaccount men .

common ftriking fire between a Flint and Steel. Neither

are fluid bodys uncapable of making impreffions on folid —
ones, witnefs Sunbeams in the focus of a Burning-Glafs; -

the Flame of alamp; and even the Air in a good Wind-

Gun. Though we are in the fecond place too apt to ]
think, the foftnefs of fluid bodys, and their infenfible -
Motion may hinder them from thofe effects, . y to |

2^

: [> 837
fhew the contrary, befides the obvious inftances of de-
luges, and ftorms, he produces many of the ftrong ope-
rations of Soundsupon diftant, and folid bodys. One of
the moft remarkable of whichis the effect of an Inftru-
ment though fmall, by which an Engineer could fink
Shipsin a few Minutes; the explofion being fo great as
- tocaufe a kind of Storm in the water round about, and
rudely fhake Veffels that lay at no inconfiderable dif-
tance, He obferves again that men undervalue the mo-
"tions of bodys too {mall to be fenfible , though the nu-
meroufnefs enables them to act in fwarms: yet how lit-
tle reafon they have for it,he evinces by the operation of
the wind in autumn ; the diffolution of Sugar in that
water, where Amber, though lighter, finksand remains
entire by the a&ivity of the Flame of Spirit of Wine;
that of the Animal Spirits in large and bulky Animals;
‘the forcible motions produced by glaciation in liquors,
&c. to which effects of local motion ‘its propagable na-
~ ture, even through differing medium’s, and folid bodys
. does not a little conduce. For though it be true that
fluid bodysdo eafily yield to folid ones that impel them,
. .and thereby oftentimes quickly dead the motion of thofe ~
folids : | yet the motion being lo& only in regard of the
- folid body, is tranfmitted and diffufed in reference to

the fluid. be ^

_ The modification of the invifible motion of fluids, as
to what they. may perform on the difpofed bodys of A-
nimalsisaslittle regarded; though it is not fo defpica- -
- :ble if we believe Scaliger'sStory of the found ofthe bag-
. pipe being too diuretical upon a Knight of Gafcony; fe-
veral forts of noifesfet the Teeth on edge, and a domef-
- tickof the Authors allways bled at his Gums, when he
heard brown Paper tore : add to this the cure of the Ta-

— rantula, and two verfes of Lucan which feldom fail to

put the Author almoft into the fit of an Ague, &c.
—— Neither is efficacy confined to organical bodys but eH
B M TN esu tends

| | — E9941.
tends alfo to inorganical ones; as is evident from the
Sympathy of ftrings; ringing of a Glafsto fuch a note;
as likewife fore Ecchoes aníwering only certain founds;.
and thelike. The miftake likewife is as great when men
look upon divers bodys to havetheir partsin a ftate of
abfolute reft, when as they are in a ftate of tenfion, or
compreffion. Inftances of thisare the fudden cracking
of Glaffes that feem to be well neal'd ; the fcaling of well ©
heated Copper; the brittlenefs of mixtures of metalls;
all which and the like probably proceed from contrac-
tion. Thelaft main caufe why fuch motions are over-
looked, isour being ufed tothe fenfible motions of folid
bodys when as many effects proceed from the inteftine. —
motions produced in and among the partsofthefame -
body. Such.astools being overheated and by being fo, '
loofing their temper; the breaking of optick glaffes in.
grinding; bodys becoming electrical, and odorousby .
rubbing; andthe like; from all which he concludes, that. —
fuch local motionsas are wont to be paft by unobferved,
may have a notable operation upon fuch bedysasare. |
peculiarly difpofed to ad mitit, and fo have a large fhare —
in natural produ&ions. "n | LEAST S|
In the difcourfe of fome unheeded caufes of the falu-.
brity and infalubrity of the Air,he confines himfelftothe -
impregnation it receives from fubterraneal effluvia. Of.
thefe he makestwo forts, fome conftantly arefent upin- —
. tothe Air, which he calls ordinary Emiffions; others. |
afcend onely attimes, thefe are extraordinary emiffions; |
^ thefe again are periodical or fortuitous. This doctrine he - |
endeavours to illuftrate by afferting, firft, that indivers |
places the falubrity or infalubrity of the Air confidered |
in the general, may in good part be due to fubterraneal . |.
expirations, efpecially. to. thofe he before called ordi- |
nary emiffions for thislie appeals to experience, which . |
-findsfome places more healthy then the manifeft quali- . |
ties would permit one to expect; this effect he therefore |
z DIU ewer aícribes. |

—

| Coss]
afcribes to the friendly effluvia from thé earth, and ar-
gues from the obfervations in Hungary; and Bohemia, .
where the Air is impregnated with mineral exhalations,.
Íuitable to the Oar the Earth contains under it. He af-
firms it alfo probable that in divers places {ome Endemi-
cal difeafes do at leaftin part depend upon fubterraneal
J Steamsefpecially where the caufe of the diftemper can-

not otherwife be accounted for, if together with this we

confider the petvioufnefs of human bodys,& the penetrat-
ing quality of mineral expirations, of which he gives ma-
ny experiments.Laftly, he difcourfes of peftilential Fea-.
vers, andof the Plague it felf, as towhole being natural
or fupernatural,he atfents rather to its being the former ;
hisentire judgment about which confifts of two parts,one, .
that it isexceeding difficult te affign the trueand adz-
quate caufe of the origine ofthe peftilence; and the o-
ther that what ever be the caufe of itsfirfteruption, ‘its.
propagation, and diversof its Symptomes may be proba-
bly enough referred to the depravation ofthe Air by.
fubterraneal Steams, and their effects, &c. He defcribes.
the Emplaftrum attractivum Peftilentiale, together:
- with the Magnes Arfenicalis a chief ingredient of it; and
. difcovers his opinion and experience of the great efficacy”
of Goats-rue in Malignant diftempers, but when Medi-
cine fails, thofe difeafes generally appearing under new.
- fhapes, he accounts for the fudden ceafing of the conta-
gion, among other ways, by theafcenfion of fumes of.
a contrary nature, which though perhaps in themfelves
unwholeíome, may neverthelefs combine with the pef- .
tilential ones, into athird kind, altogether innocent.

Mo oto Mi dn

| [585] eo
Trichiahis,admodum rara, toc Lond, 1684;

^W HIS Trichiafis or Flax of Hair continued for fome

years,both at a Fiftula in the Abdomen;and likewife

by the nus; the manner in fhort thus. This Woman
having been gonefome months with her fecond Child;
came to Dzep,where carelefly going on board a Veffel,fhe
hurt her belly againft a Plank;this bruife was followed by
a humor which ended ‘in a Fzfz/a ; whence iffued great -
quantity of Hazr, attended with much purulent matter,
till at length the J/z/cera were corrupted,& theFaces came
that way too, fo that fhe died. Anatomy eafily difcovered
the wonder of herficknefs ; the contiguous Vi/cera were
fphacelated;the right appendix oftheWombnot diftin-
guifhable into its known parts,but confifting of orelong
- tumor, covered with a thick skin;which wasopened; in it |
» was found an oval bony fubftance,hairy on the upper part, :
hollow &rough on the lower;one end of which had fome
linesofaface; the other feem'd defigned for the infer-
tion of the ertebre of the neck, That this body was the
fource of that fucceflion of Hazr, isplain from their be-
its agreeing with that on the bone; and likewife from
tlie experiment of the Authors, who tells us; the Hazr
. continued fill to ‘grow, though the bone had been kept
along timein Spirit of Wine; 'Fhis conception was in |-
the Tzba, for the Womb it felf was found intire. The
fagacity of Dt Ferd: Mendez affirmed this to be the cafe,
while theWoman was alive,and his Epiftle tothe Arthor _
annexed tothistract; accounts for the Phenomena ofthe :
diftemper;both by reafon and examples.Mr 7a Vaffeur has
likewife an Epiftle to the fame purpofe, in whichhevery —
fatisfactorily difcourses of three things.Firft,how it came —
to paffe that a. part of. an Embryo, dead fome years be-.
fore, remained uncorrupted ? Secondly, how the Womb:
it felf eícapt; and laftly , how thatlong crop of Hazr —
fhould proceed from fo.(mall an original. |

Printed at the Theater at Oxford for Sam.Smith at the

Princes Arms in Pauls Church-yard London ; and Hen..
Clements Book-/eller in Oxford,

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[987] Numoé, ae

The CONTENTS.

1. An VE of a fort of Sugar made of the Fuice of the
- -Maple,zz Canada. 2. 4n Extras of the Fournal of the
- Society at Dublin; géving an account of a Periodicall
- Evacuation of Blood, a£ the end of one of the Fingers.
| 3. ADifcourfe concerning Weather &c. By the learn-
ed Dr Garden of Aberdeen: written by way of
v Letter , to Mr. Henry Scougall, Profeflor of Theo-
logy 2a that Univerfity ; and Communicated to the Phil.
' Soc. of Oxford, by the reverend Dr Middleton, Provoft
of the King’s College in Aberdeen. 4. 4 Diftourfe
concerning the Airs Gravity, obferved in the Baroícope;
occaffoned by that of Dr. Gardens prefented to the Phil.
Soc. of Oxford, by the reverend Dr. ae Prefident
of that Society. April, 14, 1685. 5. The Defeription
of a Stone of the Bladder, feen by ple Royal Society,
‘Feb. 25th, 1683. 6. An Account of an cri de-
fgnd for carrying the River Eure to Verfaile. 7. Ae —
Account of an old Earthen Veflel, lately T near —
- York. 3. dn Abfira&t of a Letter from Dr. Peirce of
— Bath, £o one of tbe S. of the R.S.. gzving an account of a
Shell foundin one of the Kidneys of a Woman. Accounts
|. eftmo Books. GU ALT ERI CHARLTONI Inqu-
. tio Phyfica de CaufisCatameniorum, € "Uter? Rheu-
. matiímo. Lond. 1685. 8°. DAVIDIS ABER:
€ROMBII M. D. de Vartatione ac varietate Pulíus
| Nr reme Ge. Lond. 1685, 8°-

Aa An Ae

E988].

An Account of a fort of Sugar made of the Juice of the |
— Maple, in Canada. - telecom

HE Savages of Canada, in the time that the Sap
. rifes, in the Maple, make an Incifion in the Tree,
by which it runs out; and afterthey have evaporated
$ pounds ofthe liquor, there remains one poundas
Sweet, and as much Sugar, asthat whichis got out of —
the Canes; PartofthefameSugar, isfenttobe refined —
at Roven. Nr "E. d
— The Savages have practiced this Art, longerthen any
nowlivingamongthem, canremember. - |
There is made with this Sugar, a very good Syrup of
Maiden Hair, and other Capillary Plants, which is ufed

j

in france...

[ 989]

An Extract of the Tournal of the Society at Dub-
lin; giving a2 account of a Periodicall Evacua-
tion of Blood at rhe end of one of the Fingers.

- Decem. 22, 1694.

Letter wasread from Mr. 4/b, in anfwerto a Que-

ry fent down by the Soczety to him concerning a

man who had a cenftant and periodical, Evacuation of

Blood at theend of his fore-Finger; from which Letter
the foliowing return is abftracted.

Walter Wal/b, an Inn-keeper in Trym, born in Jreland,

of a temperate Diet, Sanguin Complexion, and pleafant

— Humor, in the 43d year of his Age, anno 1658, about -

Eafter, was feiz'd with a great pain over all his right
Arm ; a great heat, and rednefsin hisright hand; and
a pricking in the point ofthe fore-Finger; whereon there
appeard afmall fpeck, asifa little Thorn had run in;
and fuppofing it füch he opend it, whereupon the Blood
{pun out in a Violent but {mall ftream ; after it had
{pent its Violence, it would ceafe for a while and only
drop,and then {pring out with Violence again, continu-
. ing thus for 24 hours, till at laft he fainted away, and
then the Blood ftancht of it felf, and his pains left him:

from that time during his whole life, (which continued
. 12 years,) he was frequently troubled with like Zr»;
. feldom having a refpit of 2 months, and they never re-
turned oftener then in 3 weeks: herarely Bled lefs then
aPottleata time; the oftener the 7z£ came the lefs
he Bled; and the more rarely it affaulted him, he Bled
the more; whenever they endeavor'd to ftanch the Blood,
it raifed moft exquifite tortures in his Arm ; no remedys

Ad Aa2 that

19991 .
that were ever ufed proved in the leaft effe&uall: he had
no other diftemper that troubled him; neither feafon,
nor weather wrought upon him: he had no outward
accident that at firft brought the B/eeding : Drinking
more then ordinary made him more apt to Bleed: he
-had no Child after his fir& feifure: thefe frequent Er
brought him atlaft very low , infomuch that towards
hislatterend he Bled but little, and that too but like
diluted water. He dyed of this Diftemper on the 13th
Of Pe, ete oM. 2I Wie cw

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-—

Ford

A Difcourfe concerning: Weather, doc. By the learn-

ed Dr Garden of Aberdene. Written by may of.
Letter, to Mr. Henry Scougall, Proleffor of .-
-- Theology in.hat Univerfity ; and communicated to
“>the Phil; Soc, of Oxford, by the reverend Dr Mid-
*dleton,Provottof the Kings College in Aberdeen,

Y Am forrie,:I can give you no better fatisfa&ion in

| this account youdemand of the Conjecture we had
lately .occafion.to talk about, my other neceffarie di-

- verfions and the few obfervations [have made, render it
— the more imperfect. However fince 'tis your pleafure,
- you fhallhaveit as it is; arid if it come afterwardsto be

cleared & confirmed by the joynt obfervations and fen-

timents ofothers, it may pafsfor an Aero-Statical Hy-
pothefis ofthe various changes ofthe Weather.

——- We have beer hitherto to feek for an intelligible ac-
count of the afcent of Vapours, the ballancing ofthe
Clouds and their dropping downagain intorain; and
the wind bloweth where it lifteth, and we! know not
whence it cometh;nor whither it goeth ; and'tislike our -
| conjectures about the more immediate caufes of all thefe

| may be ftill uncertain Gueffes, yet the works of God are
|» fought out of all thofe that take pleafure in them: and
' "the late known properties of the Air, viz. its weight and
— Spring have made men more inquifitive in this matter
| then formerly : and you know how by the obfervations
|. ofthe Barofcope they perceive that theAtmofpheres Gra-
| vity is not always the fame, and are furprizd to fee the
. Mercury fubfide for the moft part in Foggy, rainy, win-
| dy, orcloudy, weather; and onthe contrary to afcend
, and be higheft in calm and clear feafons. I fhall not
| ftayhere to tell you the Conjectures of others about this,
but fhall only take occafion to confider how this may

Bob voy :fesve

E [552] |
ferve to put usin the right rodé imour enquiries about thé.
Variationsofthe weather. Hite <a er. |

And firft the Air being a fluid, we are to take notice of -
'thofe properties which it has in comnion with other flu-
ids, and thofe whereth it differs from ther; In 10 fas as
they concernthis matter. Iragrees witlvall othét finids
In thisthat it Gravitates; and again if has.this. peculiar |
| property (which isnot fo much obferv'd of other fluids,)
that its f/Pecifical Gravity is not alwaysthe fame. Now |
you know according to the certain rules oftheballancing
of fluidsamongft themfelves, every-ftuid fpecifically lighs
ter then'another will afcend and eimerge:above it, And |
every fluid. fpecifically heavier will defcend and fubfide,
below. “Thus ifa Glaffein whofe bottom there isoyl be:
fill'd: with water, the;oyl will emerge above, but if the
water be:drawn out witha Siphon, and the Air- (a fpecifi-
cally lighter fluid;) fucceed, the oy! will:fubfide again.:
Now there is fome certain proportion betweetrthe fpeci-:
fical Gravities of the fluid of Air, and of that which af- -
cends in Vapoursand falls down again into rain; and if;
this proportion were ftill the fame, | ‘tis like we would)
have no commixture of thofe fluids, but tlie Vapours:
would either always float above or always ftay below."
But this proportion of their fpecifical gravity is frequent- |
ly changed ; foric isknown that water when warm and. |
tepid is lighter then when itis cold (and yet perhaps too-
theímall particles of it (if figured according to des Car--
tes hisconjectue;) are more capable of afcending in Va« |
pours infroftthen at anotlierfeafon, as being more ex-
tended, and fo having a larger portion of the. fluid of
Air to bear them up; ) and the daily obfervations of the!
different heights of the Mercury in the Barofcope do
_makeappear that the Atmofpheres gravity is not always.
thefame. And nowífromthefe known properties may)
be eafily deduced a ftatical account of the rifing of Vas)
pours, their being carried in the Air in Clouds and their -
failing down again into rain. ias | Fort.

| [993] | a

For if we may be allowed to fuppofe that when the A c-
ftiofphere is heavieít; there is fome fuch proportion be-
tween its fpecifical gravity, and that of the fluia of Va
pours, as there is between water and oyl; the Vapours
according to the known lawsof fluids muft needs aícend, -
aid folong às this proportion continues they muít needs
float above inthe Ait: but when the Atmofpheres gra- -
vity is chang'd, the Vapours muft fall down again.
Thusyoufee how eafily this may be accounted for, and
how reafonable this fuppofitionis from the known pro-

perties oFthefe fluids. |. ^ ^ bua
“Now let us fee whether this accords with obfervation
andexperience. And firft asto the afcent of Vapours, I
. donot'know any determinate Inftrument that will In-
dicate their afcent as certainly as the Barofcope does the
change of the Air's weight (for our common Hygrofcopes
. are not very exact; and befides I fuppofe their change by
moifture fhews rather the falling then the rifing of Vapours)
. yet there are two or three obfetvations which feem certain
Indications oftheir afcent: as firft, ifthe Horizon and
the remote Hills feem Smoakie and inconfpicuous,fo that
‘nothing can be feen at any diftance, and thattho' the
Heavens be not cloudy, but clear, and tho’ there be no
Fog nor yet any Cap of Clouds upon the Hills (which do
rather indicate the falling of Vapours,) again if when
you look to any diftant part of the Country round about
you, it appear all inan undulating motion (and this you
‘know our Countrie People call by the name of Summer
Colts in the Air,) thisfeems to bea fign of the plentifull
rifing of Vapours, forthisis only occafioned by looking
through an unequall waving Medium, which makes fre-
— quent inflections of the beams oflight, as you fee any
- object feems to have a tremulating motion inallits parts
" when youlook upon itthrough Smoak. Another Indi-
Cation of the afcent of Vapours feems to be the copious
— rifing of Steams above waters, marifh grounds and fens,
a Bb 2 which

^

[ TUR }

remote Hills would appear tho tl

CN [Deer -. | |
vifible by their gathering intothick and dark Clouds, by -

. the.falhng down of Clouds and Mifts on the tops of

ES
/

Hills, and thick fogs in the Air, and by their dropping

down into rain,fnow, &c. and that thefe do ufually fall.
eut only when the Mercury ‘fubfides a little; and confe-
quently when the Atmofphere'sgravity islefs, isthecon- —

ftant obfervation ofthofe who have had occafion to take

notice of the changes of the Barofcope. And thus you fee

hew this Hy pothefis for the afcent ot Vapours and falling
down of rain, grounded on the changes of the Atmof.

phete's gravity:anfwers daily obíervation & experience’
1: Againft: thisit may be objected, that it is obfervable

many times that even when theMercury in theBarofcope

isrihing there will berain, and particularly fometimesin
North Eaft Winds. To this T anfwer that thé -Vapours
will fall down into rain not only when the fpécifical gra-
vity of the atmofphere is lefféned; but alfo ifthe Clouds

have been carried for fome while towards one quarter of

the Heavens by theWinds,& then if theWindsdo fudden-
ly change intoanother quarter thefe Vapours,which-were
formerly fcattered into {mall particles and fo did eafily
float, are fuddenly driven together into little dropsand
fo muft needs fall down into rain,°and therefore the fal-

. ling of rain while the Mercury is. rifing is obfervable only
upon the fudden change of contrary Winds.

- But let us confider in the next place whether thofe fre- _
quent cemmotionsin the Airwhich we call Winds, may
not be accounted for upon the fame Principles, and this
we fhall do as formerly by looking into the nature of a
fluid in the generaland ofthe Air in particular, a&to flu-
idsin generall, that known definition of Archimedes is
univerfally acknowledged, Quod earum partium minus
pretfz expellantur a magis preffis, fo that if there be any
portion of a fluid of a farleffe preffure and refiftance then

-the reft, the whole fluid runsin a current thither, till all

bereduc'd to anZEquilibrium. This principle is fo uni-
ERG. C RR B b 3 verfally

| L996]
verfally received and’ known that we need not ftay: to
make it good. , Now asto the fluid of Air in particular,
it is evident, as has been already made appear that ‘its
preffure is not always’ the fame. | And ‘tis very probable
(which Experience will determine by making joynt ob-
lervations of theBarofcope in feverall places of the Earth
at the fame time,) that the Airs gravity is: not alike
chang'd throughout the whole Atmofphere in an Inftant;
but that the Mercury may have fubfided in theBarofcope,
and confequently the Air become lighter, at London,
— for example, when there is no fuch change obferv'd'at
Paris or Edinburg. Now this fuppofition doth give us an
intelligible accountof Windsfrom the known nature of
fluids. Forwhen the Air becomes fpecifically lighter in
one place, or its preffure leffened, the Neighbouring -
parts of the Atmofphere whofe weight is not thus leflens —
ed, run thither ina Current tillthe Atmofphere therea-
bouts be reducd to an /Equilibrium againiand according
‘to the portion-of Air thus chang'd and the leffened or ac-
quired degrees of the weightand fpring, the currents and
Winds are ftrong or weak, of a long or fhort continu-
ABCesoi: ois 5 RO
| Now Obfervation and Experience do agree’ with this,
the Mercury being found to fubfide for the moft partin _
the Barofcope at the rifing of Winds ; at leaft it isobfervd -
to be in motion, and either rifing or falling, or confe-
quently there isa change in the Atmofpher's preffure at
that time. And thus we have an Intelligible and Aero-
. Staticalaccount, of the afcent of Vapours, of their fal-
ling down again intorain, and of the currentsand Im-
petuofity of Winds, from this known property, the Va-
riation of the Atmefphere's gravity. !
^. But I acknowledg the great difficulty remains ftill how
to account for the different changes of the fpecifical gra-
vity of the Atmofphere ; and to this1 fhall at prefent only
fay thefe two things, x. That itis very — y |
A4oWaDle .

A C997)

lowable to endeavour a rational account of the feveral
Phefomena ofa portion of matter from fome known pro-
petty of that body whichit makes up or whichacts upon
it, tho’ there cannot prefently be given a Mechanical ac-

count ofthat property its felfe. ‘Thusall the appearan-

ces, which were formerly refolv'd into a Metus Vacui,
afe now accounted for by the weight and {pring of the
‘Ait, tho’ the Air's weight and fpring be not tefolv'd into
their true Mechánifm. And inthis all Iaim at isto offer
the moft natural and rational method for refolving the
ordinary chafiges of the weather, and to. make appear
that ‘tis more eafie and intelligible to account for'the fal-
. ling of rain and the impetuofity of Winds by the change:

of theAtmofphere’s gtavity,then to explicate the change

of the Air's weight fromthe rain and Winds.

. But new as to the thing its felf, there can hardly be
expected a fatisfactory account till we come to know the
caufe of gravity in general, and of the Air's weight in
particular; and therefore I fhall only here offer 2 or 3.
hints which perhaps may incite others to confider it more
‘narrowly and x. itis now almoft generally acknowledg'd

that there muft needs be a fluid much more fubtil then
common Air and ofa far greater preffure then Air which :
isthe caufe ofthe continuity and cohefion of all terref-
trial bodys, and in which the Air feems asit were to float -

. and to have the fame relation to it, asthe Vapours.doin .

and‘haveto the Air, and therefore if we could reach its :
natüté and properties it might be confidered what influ- -
erice this may have upon the change ofthe Air's gravity. .
Or2. Seeing the Infufion of one Liquor into another in:
Chymical preparations will alter its {pecifical gravity fo :
thatthe bodys which were formerly born up init, will.
fall down and be precipitated (as the particlesof Gold _
floating through 7/2ua Regis willbe precipitated by the
infufion of another Chymical Liquor,) it may be confi-.
dered whether plenty of Nitrous Steams or fome fuch
ME PU RO NA d 210 1 tare:

L»93 1:
mixture may. not alter the Air's {pecifical. gravity. Or 3.
We may poflibly come to a. nearer refolution.ofthis by
confidering the influence which the Heat and Cold have
upon the Air's {priag. The Air youknow has this pecu-
liar propertie which is not fo much obferv'd of other flu-
ids, that itis indu d with Elafticity as well as gravity;and.
therefore we are to confider what influence the change of
its fpring may have upon the change of its-weight; and
it feems evident that the encreafe of its fpring-doth di-
minifh its weight, and the leflening ofits {pring will en-
creafe it: for upon, the encreafe of the Air's fpring,. the;
Air is rarefied, and fo.a leffer portion of it preffes upon.
the fubjacent fluid, but whenit is leffen'd the Airiscon-
denfed, and fo a greater portion of it preffes upon the
fubjacent body. For example let us fuppofe the fpringy
particles of Air, to be like to the fpringy hairsof Wooll,
or:the {pring of a Watch ; and that many Millions of
rows of them go to makeup the Cylinder of Air which
from the top of theAtmofphere preffes uponzthe Mercury
in the Barofcope and keeps it fufpended to the height of
3o Inches ; let us fuppoíe this Air rarified, fo that allits
' {pringy. particles expand themfelves, and therefore fhut
offof this Cylinder fome ‘Thoufands of thofe rows; this
Cylinder being now made .up ofa far leffer number of
thofe rows of particles, muft needs have a leffer preffure
upon the Mercur’, fo that it will fubfide perhaps to 29.
And thus it.continues till the Air's fpring be weakned,

and fothe particles crowded again into narrowerroom. .

Now if thisbe found to hold in the Theory; Experience
feems very well to anfwer it; forI havehitherto obferv- -
ed that in Cold weather and fharp Frofts the Mercury.

rifes higheft in the Barofcope,and if the forreign meafures _

agree with ours it is ufually higher here then in France
or Italy. TES | |

I fhall here after allfubjoyn two or three obfervations — —

which may ferve to confirm what has beenfaid. 'The |
: | EUM, firft

-—

[5951]
firft isof the core of the weather auder or near the Line.
I hàve read inthe 2d; and 4th, parts: of Purchas his Pzl-
grims, (and I doubt not butlater Travellers atteft the
fame truth,) that in Brafl and Guiana in America ; in
Guinea, Congo and Ethiopia i in Africa s in the Eafi-Indier
and the Maldive Iflands, they have almoft continual
floods of rain from about the beginning of May to the
end of 4uguz/?, which they call their Winter, and the reft |
of the-Months of the year fair and clear weather, which
they call their Summer; fo that when the Sun is neareft
tothem théy have conftant rains, and when remotett,
fair weather. And this impute amongf other caufes to
the extraordinary rarefaction of the Air and leffening of
its {pecifical gravity there at that time, fothat the Va-
. pours in the Neighbouring parts of the Air do all flow
thither; and defcend asit were in floods of rain. And
asthis is reckon'd to be the caufe of the Inundation of
- the Nile and fome other Rivers, fo perhaps this may be
the reafon alfo why thoíe Countries which are Neigh-
bouring to them, and fomewhat remoter from the Line,
fuch as Zgypt andthe like, have Cibus or never
any rain. |
— — My ad JDbferiacion à is of che NaeSeose vi. NS «ien
the Wind is North, North-Eaft, or North- Weft, the
Mercury ever rifes, and fo the Airisheavier, but when
_the Wind-comes from the South, South-Eaft, or South-
‘Welt, it falls and fo the Air's gravity is lefs; by which
wemay fee what Influence the Cold and Heat have upon
the Air's weight; and you know a Cold Wind is faid to
— drive the. Sails of a Ship. much more coy then a
pyvarnis .
> My 3d, Obfervation is of an Experiment ofthe Ho-
nourable Mr. Boyle as 1 find it fet down in the Philofo-
phical Tranfactions Numb. 63. Pag. 2048, 2049. I
made, faith he, by Diftillation a blood red Liquor, which
| cheitlly confifted of fuch faline Spirituous postque as

C may

| [1000] . |
may beobtain'd from the maffe of blood in human bo-
dys; this Liquor is of fuch a Naturethat i£ a. Glafs Vi-
ol about half filled with it be kept well ftopt, the red Li-
quor will reft as quietly as any ordinary one, without
lending up any Smoak. But if the Viol be unftopt fo that
the externalAir be permitted to come in,within a quarter
ofa Minute or lefs there. will:beelevated a. copious white
Smoak, which will not only fill the upper part of the
Glas, but plentifully pafsout into the open Air, till the
Viol be again ftopped.. Anda little after he addes -------
. Iftheunttopt Viol were plac'din our Vacuum, it would.
. not emit. any vifible Steams at all, nor fo much as ap-
pear in the upper part of the Glafsits felf that held the
Liquor; whereas when the Air was by degrees reftor d
attheftop-cock, the returning Air would prefently raife
the Fumes firft into the vacant part of the Viol, whence ~

-- they would afcend into the’ € apacity of the Receiver; —

and likewife when the Air that was requifite to fupport ~
them was Pumped out, they alfo accompanied it as
their unpleafant {mell evinced, and the red Spirit, tho’ —
itremain’d unftopped, emitted no. more fumes, till the ©
new Air’ wasletin again; fo far He. Such you fee was —
the proportion between the gravity of the Vapoursof |
. this red Liquor and the Air, that the Air being nits —

ordinary degree of gravity thefe Vapours did afcend; ©
but the Air's gravity being much leffened in the Receiver -
by the Pumping out a great deal of it,and fo expanding —
the {prings of the reft, it was notable to elevate thofe -
Vapours. © doni | ef, T

Thus, Sir; im obedience to your Commands, I have
fcribled over my thoughts about this matter, and you —
fee how neceffarie it is for eftablifhing a Theory of the
weather, to havea more Univetfíal correfpondence in |
obferving joynrly the Various changes of the weather in
diftant places ; thédeveral quarters of the Wind, their, |
ítrength, the time of their rife and continuance; thevas |
Y5tü $ rious |.

: | [ 1001]

rious changes of the Barofcope obferved by an Un niveríal
meafure agreed upon; the changes of feal'd and open
: Thermometers,of Hygrofcopes, &c. And the Latitudes
and Longitudes of the places. I doubt not but there may
_ be feveral Inquifitive Perfons engag'd in making fuch re-
marks ; and if it werethought fitto employ the excel-
lent Correfpondence which has been eftablifhed through-
out the Learned World in publifhing fuch joynt obferva-
tions, asthey do many ufefull things in other parts of the
Hiftory of Nature, we might poflibly arrive at a more
determinate and ufefull knowledge of the nature and
caufes of Vapours, Wind, Rain, &c. and the various
alterations of the weather, and find out this Prozeur in all

4

its changes. | |

"4

Cc2 2 Difcourfe

[b1oe2). '
A Difcourfe concerning. the Air's Gravity, ob/ervd in.
| rhe Barolcope, occaftoned by that of Dr. Garden;
. prefented tothe Phil. Soc. of Oxford, by the reve-
rend Dr. Wallis, Prefident of that Society: Apnl,
YH EDifcoutfe of Dr Garden (read at our laft. meet-
— ing,) concerning the different. ftate of the Jr,
in refped oF its different gravity, bath in ita great deal
of very ingenions fpéeculation.. And what 1.then faid to,
ic, upon the firít reading of it, and what lam now faying a-
gain to the fame purpofe, is not to contradidt it, or de-
tractfrom it, butto add toit; asa notion which I have
long fince confidered, and judge it capable of further
improvement. |. . NI Leg
The notion of the 47's weight and fpring, hath been
fo well fettled, by innumerable Experiments of this
prefent 4ge; that hardly any confidering Perfon doth

. now doubt of it. v ]

And it hath chafed away from before it, the noticn
ol F'uga-eacut, - Teceived-;-by fhewing-us am et-.
ficient caufe, of those effects, for which before we could
onely pretend to a Final caufe. i C E

The firftoccafion (that we know of.) of introducing it,-

. was, from Galileos difcovery, that water, by Pumping, |
was not to beraifed higher then about three or four and
thirty foot(or not much more,) of our Englz/b meafure.

Which was a' certain argument, that the caufe of
Aran § (commonly aícribed to FugaVacui,\ was but
ofa nite ftrength : HAGA if natures fhunning a Va- |

cuity had been the true caufe, it was to haveoperated —
without ftint. — dir t

Where upon this Lyncean Philofopher (ashe was called,)
did, out ofhis great fagacity, guefs happily at the coun-
M eit - er

[:1603 ]
tei- Poadet of the Air's weight, as thetruecaufe. And
that therelore zr, which wasbefore thought to be a

light body, was but comparatively fo, and had indeed

a pofitive gravity, though lefsthen that of other bodys

which we are cnveviapt. with.

This notion, washappily purfued by (a Succeffor of
Galileo,) Torriceltos who did rationally argue; that, if the

Air s counterpois was fufficient to raife and fuftain water
átthat height, and but to that heipht; then muft it be
a juít por to a lighter Liquor at a greater height: .
but, to a heavier Liquor, at a leffer height. And mak-
ing aneflay thereof in Quzck-Stlver, found it to fucceed
accordingly : and, in a Jult proportion tothe refpective
gravities of thofe fluids.

And he hath, by this means, made the experiment

‘(commonly called the Torrzcellian experiment,) much
more manageable with Quzc&-Stlver (in Veffels of about

29 Inches, Englift meafure,) then before it was, with wa-

eer, in much taller Veffels.

In puríuance of this notion, we find, by feveralíorts
of Barofcopes (or weight-wifers,) hot only that the fr
ath gravity, butthatit hatha different gravity, at ditf-
ferenttimes and places; according as its counterpois is |
able to fuftain: Quick-Silver at different heights: fome- ~
times a little lower then 28 Inches, fometimesa little

higher then 3o Inches, and at other timesat fome mid-

dleéhightbetween thefe, here with us: «Which different
weight. ofthe wr, or Atmofpbere, may reafonably be fup-

pofed, partly to proceed from, and partly (as Dr. Gar-

den well intimates, to give occafion oi difference ‘in the
weather and winds. |

The par ticulars of his difeoutfe (bai ing not the Paper

| with me, and having but heard it Gitce réad, yI"màay pot-
- bbly mif-remember.

But, as'to the main drift of it, (be-

ing a notion not ey new: to me ) I datus i do not mif-
EU W ony e)

/

ne eng That

[ 1004]
That there is, in our “r, a body more fubtle then are
the Fumes and Vapours mingled with ic, in our lower re-

gion, and which with itdo make up that heterogeneous _

mixture which we commonly call #7; I think to be very
certain. Butwhetherthat fubtile body, be (as Dr. Gar-

den leems to fuppofe,) much heavier, then our common >

4ir; 1 much doubt. And do rather think it is not; not
having hitherto obferved any cogent experiment, either

to prove it heavy, or elaftick. Butit may, for ought I -

know , be void as well of weight as fpring: and,
what we find ofeither, inour common Zr, may be at-
tributed to the other mixtures with it.

Iknow that this notion ( ofthe greater weight of that —

fubtler matter,) hath, by fome, been made ufe of, to

folve that (furprifing;) experiment of 9uzek-Silver (well
clenfed of £r,) being fuftained ina Tube inverted (after -
the manner of the Torrécelian experiment,) at. a much

greater hight then the ufual ftandard (of28, 29, or3o,
Inches, evento the heightof 4o, *o, 60, oreven 7o, In-
ches; being fteadyly managed, and with great care. But
" IconfefsI am not fatisfied with that reaíon: and think
that it may better be accounted for otherwife , or elfe we
are yet to feek for the true caufe of it.

t

But we have no need of this particular notion, in the -

prefent difcourfe,and therefore need not be here folicitous
aboutit: and fhall therefore proceed without it.

Li

The “r being, ashath been faid, ofa different gravi- —

ty, in different times and places, (arifing I fuppofe,

from the different kinds and quantities ofthe Fumes and

Vapours and other particles which are ingredients in it,
and the different force of the Suns heat acting thereupon,
increafing or allaying the {pring thereof, and otherwife,)

we are therefore to confider ofthe “r as a fluid who's —

parts are in fome places heavier, and otherslighter. And
therefore much of a like nature as if they were different
fluids, of different {pecifick gravities (as the word is now

| | | a-days

[ 1605]
a-days,)or(as it was wont to be called, and, Y think:
better,) Intenfive gravity, one from the other: (as, when
. We fay, an Ounce of Lead, is intenfively, though not Ex-
tenfively, heavierthena Pound oi Cork.) — —

Now when fevera! fluids, or feveral parts ofa fluid,are
thus of different weights; they will (from the general
nature of heavy fluids,) when undifturbed, change places
with one another, till the heavier becomes lowelt and
the lighter higheft. | |

And this, not onely as to the minuter parts; asisob-
ferved in Chymical precipitations, or the finking of Sand
_imwater, orits {maller earthy particles which fubfide
ina muddy fediment, and the like of other Liquors when

- - At reft, and the atoms (asthey were wont to be called,)

flying in the 4r when difturbed, but fubfiding in the
form of duftwhenat reft. All which according as they
befmaller do (Ceteris Paribus,) fubfide more ilowly (as
duft flower then a clod of Earth, and Filings of Gold flo-
wer then a lump of it, and thin Plates of Lead layd hori-
zontally, then.either a round Bullet of the fame weight,
orthofe Plates in a contrary pofition fet edgewife.) and
ought by £atick principles (asiseafily demontftrable,) fo
to do.But, much more, asto larger parcels. As when Oyl,
‘Wine, Water,Beer, ot other the like Liquors,are put toge-
ther in the fame Veffel;as will be obfervable tothe Ey, e-
- fpecially when their colours are confiderably different.
Thus, if a Bucket of Water, behafily taken out ofa
Pond, or a large Veffcl full of it, the vacant place will be
prefently fupplyed with 7r (as the nimbler fluid,)& then
with Water flowing (by a declivity,) from the higher
parts,and (becaufe heavyer,)thrufting out the Zr (which
had prepoffefld the place,) till it come to a due Equipois.
- And the fame (from a like reafon,} muft happen, if
fome parts of the fame Liquor, do accidentally acquire
(by expanfion or otherwife,)a greater degree of lightnefs
them the other parts; thole lightned paris afcending,
mim ; the

L1006] |

the heavyer fubfide.. As when Water, Beer; or other
thin fluids, be gradually heated by a fire underneath ;
the lower parts, being firft warmed, afcending to the
top, while the colder and heavyer fubfide; whence we
find, in fuch cafes that Bubbles do arife, and that at the
top is warmer then that at the bottom. .Eutín caíé what
is warmed, be of a thicker confiftence, fo as that the

-partscannot readily fhift places, that at the bottom will
^— behotter; and incafe 1t be heated by fireoverit, there ©
will (1fuppofe,) be not fuch bubbling (or not fo much of
it,) thatat thetop being firft heated. |... 1s

From fuch confiderationas this, Dr. Garden doth well
obferve, that fome parts ofthe Zr being thus (by. rare--
- faction, orincreafing the {pring thereof, or otherwife,)
become lighterthen others; thefe heavyer parts, rufhing
into the placesof thofe lighter, may caufe a wind as from
fuch parts; (inlike manneras, ona like occafion, a Tyde
of Current would arife in water; ) and other accidents
ofalike nature. And contrarywife, on a contrary oc--
cafion. T

And thisItaketo be very true, (though fuch accidents
happening very varioufly and uncertainly, will caufe
{uch confufion of motions, and difturbance of each o-
ther, that it will be hard to reduce them to a regularad- -
juftment.) : if |

ButIaddthereunto, thatthe Earths diurnal motion,
compounded with its annual, (if we admit that hypo-
thefis, as moft do now a-days,) the one in fome parts ac- *
celerating, in others retarding theother; and itsdife- .
rence in different times of the year, (by reafon ofthe
obliquity of the Zodzack to the Equinotiial,) and. in diffe-
rent times of the month (becaufe of the Moons different

ofition, which isan Appendance tothe Earths motion, —

and doth thereby differently affect it,) and according to
the different placeofthe Earth and Moon, as to the A-
phelion or Perihelion of the one, and the Apogzeum or

| Perigzeum .

vl

i L 1027]
perigaum of the other: feem to me to be of much grea-
ter confideration, not only as tothe Ebbing and Flowing
ofthe Sea, (which Itaketo depend principally thereon,
but to be varioully modified alfoby the various pofitions
of the continent on which it beats,) but as tothe Winds
alfo: efpecially the briezesand Trade-Winds ; which at
“certain timesof the day, oroftheyear, or of the month,
are obferved to blow conftantly(or moft frequently, )irom
| ainem or tach a Coalt. 1: | E
And I am notíure, that the body ofEarth and Water
— (or Terraqueous Globe,) isexactly fpherical(allowing onely
for the fmallinequalitiesof Hills and Dales, which ina
body of that greatnefs, are inconfiderable,) but may have
fomewhat of an oblong fpheroeid, having a longer xis
from Pole to Pole, then at the Equator. And though:
this cannot be much; becaufeof the Earths fhadow in
. the Moons Eclipfe appearing circular, and the deícent
. of heavy bodys being always (asto fenfe,) in.a perpendi-
.- cular to the ZZerizon : yet, if it be but little, this (with the
J. compound motions before mentioned,) will give the “zr
aconfiderable difturbance. | |
. —'To which I may add alfo, that we are not fure, that
. the Seas and continents (which are of very different com-
‘parative weights, Earth being heavyer then Water,) are
fo adequately adjufted the one to the other, as that its
center of gravity (by which a plain pafling dividesit into
parts equiponderant,) is the fame with its center of Mag-
nitude (by whichitis divided into parts equally great,)
which if it happen to be otherwife, will (with the reft;)
make the confufions of the #r’s motions yet greater.
From the comparative weight or lightnefs of the 2£r at
different times, he deduceth alfothe rifing or falling of -
"Vapours init. As if, when fuch Fumes or Vapours, or
other the like matters, are lighter then the Zr, they
‘eught (according to the exact rules of Hydro ftaticks,) to
‘afcend therein; but, when heavyer then fo, to fall
SE ; Dd down.

i:

| | | "Leo8[].

down..- Aud this certainly (ceteris Paribus,) is to be ad-

mitted alfo. ; LO ds 7 Gs =
Onely I add thereto; that thefe ftatick principles do

cheifly take place, when things are otherwile atreft and

quict. But when they are in commotion, it is many -
times much otherwife. And, in.fuch cafes, we muft,

_ befide the refpective gravity, take into confideration; the
force, impulfe, or impetus, that isfuperadded to the re-

{pective gravity ofthe partsor matter. 1

Thus, ifa Bottle befhaken, the fediment at the bor-
tom, (though heavyer, and for which zaufe itdid before
fubfide,) will be mingled with the fupernatant (finer and
lighter,)Liquor. And, if a room be fwept, it will (as we
ule to fpeak,) make a duft: that is, the {mall Earthy
particles of duft, will rifeand mingle with the 2£r : not
becaufe they be lighter then it, (for we fee that, at lea-
fure, they will fubfide again,) but becaufe, by a force
upon them, they be put into motion. -So in a Jetty of
Water (in artificial Water» Works,) the water is thrown .
upintothez£rtoa great height; not becaufe it fo be-
comes lighter then the 4r, but becaufe ofthe force im-
preffed. (Tofay nothing of a Bullet, fhot upward into

_the 4r.) And Bottled Ale, when opened, flyes many -
times upward toagreat hight; and fometimes blows up |

the Cork, toreleafe itfelf from confinement. And, in
the late Fire of Lozden, not Papersonly, but other things .
of greater weight, were mounted into the 4r, and there -
carried aloftformany miles, and fo taken up at more
then Twenty miles diftance. | j n

And thisItaketo be the caufe of Fumes, Vapours, and —
other like matters (moft of them,)which afcend in ther, _
net becaufe lighter then itjbutbecaufe impelled upward:
eutof the bowels of the Earth, or from the fuperficial.

. parts of it, either by fome fubterraneal heats or other

terments that put them into motion, and force them up--
ward; whesethey remain fufpended. in the air, Íolong.
: de dy. ee nat. tibia ees

[ 10097]
-asthat force continues, or the force of others fent after
them on the like errand (which rather impells them far-
ther, then gives them leave to fall,) till either fuch force
abate, or the great weight of fo many things fufpended,
doth overpower, not only the irs weight, but the
ftrength ofthat, thatimpelied them. |

And that there are fuch Fumes and other like matter
projected upwards, from the Bowels of the Earth, and
fome of them with great violence, is undeniable, not
onely from Earthquakes, and other eruptions (with great
noifes,) as well of Vapours, as of Burning Mountain: ;
buteven Poifonous Steams (and others,) in Miner, and
Bubbling fprings(where Bubbles of /£ir are feen to make
theirpaffage through the Water,)and other perfpirations
of Air or Vapour through cranies or {mall paffages of
the Earth, difcoverable by Steams (whereof fome will
take fire at the light of a Candle,) or by the moving of
Leaves and other light thingslaid on the mouths of fuch
private paffages, and by many other means. And to
Ífuch caufes I do principally attribute the Origine of
Winds, and the afcent of moft other things, which, from
thislower World, mount into the Zr. And, without
this, the comparative gravity of the Zir and them,would
give usbuta lame account of them.

There is yet another notion fuggefted, which is alfo
very confiderable asto this affair: which is, the weaken-
ing or ftrengthening the fpringof the £r. That Water
hath (of it fel£) nothing of {pring or Elafticity (other-
wife then by reafon of fome “ry parts, or other elaftick
bodys, which may be included within it;) is generally
held ; atleaft none confiderable, fuch asby any experi-
ments hitherto made, can be clearly evinced fo to
"be.
—— But, that the Zr (fuch ir at left asisthe common
ir, which we are converfant- with,) is Elaftick ; is, T
think, out of doubt: the experiments which prove

| Ee iS Ddza its

| ! [ roroT

its fpring, being ío many and evident, beyond excep-

tion. bg
Aud, that this fpring of the Zr, is fome times ftronger,
andíometimes weaker, I think is undoubted alfo. And,
that the {pring of the Zr, isftrengthened both by com;
preffion, and by heat, but in adifferent manner.
- If the fame quantity of Zr be compreffed into a leffer
. room, the fpring iscertainly ftronger. As is undoubted-
ly feen in the Wind-Gun, and other compreffive En-
gines. And from hence itis, that Zr, of the common
. texture with the external or open Z£/r, if it be(retaining
its own texture, ) included in a clofe Veffel (asin the r-
Pump,) whereby it isexcluded from communication with.

theexternal Ar, and defended from the preflure of it; ——

doth yet fuftain Quick-Silver ina Tube (after the. Torrz-
cellam manner,) atas great anhight, asthe open Zr by
itscounterpois would have done. Which cannot be by
its weight (which, inthis caufe, is but fmall; and not e-
qual to that ofa.cylinder thereof contained to the height
of the. 4tmo/phere ;) but by its{pring only; which is now
preffed to as great a degree asit was inthe open zr (by
fuclvweight as was then incumbent on it) or would be
now, if fo.again expofed. (Like as that of a Fleece of
Wooll would be, if confined to the fame dimenfionsit
had, when a great pile of Fleeces. wasincumbent on it) .
Butif fome of this Zr fo included. (in the 4zr-Pump oF
fuch other clofe Veffels,) be Pumped out, whereby the -
refidue thereof hath a greater room to poffefs then before
ithad; (namely, as much .as before the whole of it did pot
fefs,) the Quack-Se/uer will prefently fublide, becaufe the —
{pring of the; Zr which did. before fuftain it, is now (by
expanfion)become weaker. | NAT MOTHERS
Again; the fame quantity of included Zr ina clofe _
Veflel (fo as.not to'communicate with the external 7,)
will,by application of heat to it, have its fpring ftrength-
ened, and. driye. its counterpois farther off, of coined
- food

"Exest] -

be,)comprefs it. As isto be feen in Thermofcopes ofall
forts. - |

Whether, by ftrengthening the /r’s fpring (in that
difcourfe,) he means that of the former or the latter way,
-1.do not wellremember. Nor, whether he apply it to-
the increafing, or diminifhing, of its intenfive weight.
But it may be reafonably accommodated either
Way. - |
If the fpring be ftrengthened by comprefhon ; it is
manifeít. that the intenfive gravity muft be thereby in--
creafed : becaufe the fame quantity of rr, and confe-
quently of weight, extenfively taken, is now contracted
‘into a.leffer room, which therefore muft be intenfively
heavyer, (asbeing thefame weight in a leffer bulk:)Now
this may pofübly, asa greater preflure or ftronger fpring, |
- force up the Vapours under it with a greater impetus (ac-
cording to the notion I mentioned befcvre,) and fo make
them fly higher : (unlefs we fhould fuppofe, it may be re-
lieved, by fhortening the height of the Atmofbbere:)but not
1o.astomakethem lighter ; but rather the contrary, as-
preffing them clofer: much lefs to make them (asthe -
phrafe is,) /pecefeally lighter then is the @r it (elf.
. (though thus compreffed,) and it leaves lefs room to re+ -
- ceive them between the particles of the comprefled .

“ir, as being now thruft clofer together.

If thefpring be ftrengthened the other way ; fo as by -
heat itufeth to be: this doth rather diminiíh its inten- -
five gravity, by thrufting its parts further afunder, and :-
- fo poffeffing a largerroom. Now in cafe this Air be, by
a clofe Veffel, confined fo.as not to expand upward ; it:
willcertainly prefsthe harder on the ftagnant Quzck-Sil- -
ver under, and make that in the Tube rife higher. Bue -
in cafe it be unconfined, as in the open 2£r, it may as -
- well relieve it felf upward, by making the Atmo/phere, in |
this part fo much higher. |
^—Noris there. any neceffity, as. tothe fubjacent parts, -
Ex Idus D ORDRE x

[10:2] |

‘that the Atmo/phere fhould be every where of the fame
height. But the laws of Staticks, as to the fubjacent parts,
be equally preferved without it, (the greater altitude
compenfating for the levity ofthe parts,) as whema'Por-
tion of the Sea; is covered with a Pleerof Ships; the
under parts are equally preffed,partly by water,and part-
ly by Ships, though the tops of the Ships over fomeparts
be higher then the furface ofthe water over others. One-
ly, in fuch cafe, the upper partof the Atmo/phere, being
fluid; ‘may flow collaterally over the other parts on
either fide iflower. And fo, atleifure, (ifthus remain-
dng, otherwife indifturbed,) reduce it felf to an equal
height inall parts.. Like asthe Sea would do, ina per-
fet calm, though orherwife its. waves and billows are
far from being in all places perfectly plain and e-
ven. | F5
But however, though the fpring fortified by heat,may
thus relieve itfelf upward, (yet becaufe it preffeth every
way,) it muft endeavour the like downward alfo, and
thereby prefs harder on what is under it; and becaufe it —
will require timeto work upward gradually before the
effect reach the topofthe mo/phere; and becaufe, by

. fuch dilatation of its parts, more room is left in the in-
tervals to receive what is forced : ‘tis reafonable to be-
. lieve, that, in fuch cafes, the preffed vapours ( eeterzs
paribus,) may rife more copioufly then when the fpring

ofthe ir (for want of heat,) is lefs ftrong. The ra-
ther becaufe the fame beat: which thus fortifies the

—— fpringof the Air, dothalfo rarity the Vapoutsand make

them lighter: :and may alfo fortify the fubterraneal
heat ( or what ever elfeitis,) that drives them up. Not-

withftanding all which, we have more rains, in winter;
which fhould argue, that more. Vapours do then arife to
fupply chem. . eds enia Jd D18WQI : 1] cu du ;

But I fufpect that, in this whole bufinefs (of ftrengthen-
ang the {pring,) there may bea fallacy put upon us. d
| | what

P ei

b xor]
whatwe think to be done upon the open rs isindeed
done upon the Quzck-Silver ; or rather upon the Air
latent. therein. |

My meaning is this. We find that in very hot weather,
and alfoin froity weather, the Quck-Stlver in the tube
commonly ftands very high; from whence we are apt
to conclude, that therefore the. outward zr prefles
very hard on the ftagnant Qu7ck-Se/ver, without the tube.
Wherein I am not fatistyed. :

For weare to confider, that, in filling the Tube with:
Suick-Sileer before it be inverted, if great care be not
ufed to cleanfeitfrom 4£r, many aery particles will re-
main mixed with it; which, while their fpring isweak, -
areeafily preffed by the wei ght of the Quzck-Szlver .clofe-
as hardly to be difcerned otherwife then by the e£ec ;.
but when,by the external heat, theirfpring is {trengthen-
ed, they expand themfelves,,.and cauíe the Quick Silver,
wherein they are, tofwell in bulk, without increafing its. -

weight; and confequently to ftand higher though not-
to prefs heavyer.. | j |
Ofthis I.had manifeft experience, when (many years:
fince ) I didforfiveorfix years together conftantly. ob-
ferve the heightof the Quzck-Stlver in thetube, and kept.
a regifter of it, and of the weather withit:and did for two
or three of the frrit years obferve,that in very hot weather:
the Quick-Silver commonly ftood very high. But, for
fome of the latter years, I found: it much lower in hot:
- weather then in thofeformer years. Of which I fatisfyed
; 7 felf with thisaccount; that, in thofe former years, .
th ;»e having been but lately filled, the aery parts re--
“maining inthe Qu7ck-Sdlver, being by the heat expanded) .
made the Quick-Szlver to {well and ftand higher: but,
when the Qurck-Stlver, by divers years ftanding unmo--
lefted, had by its own weight cleanfed it felf, and forced.
that vr (which had been. in it into the upper part of the.
glafs; it now cealed to make the Quick Sver {well
SE NE < ne ee es higher, .

* Tieng]
"higher, but rather ( by expanding it felf in the u pper pate

|. ef the glafs, )preffed the Quick-Szlver downward.And 1 fuf-

- pect, that others (without heeding it,) may have been in
-like manner impofed upon, as I was; efpecially while
theirBarofcope hath been but newly prepared,and not well
-Cleanfed of £r. Fa011 VEU | £O...
“And the fame account, perhaps, may ferve for its ftatd-
-ing fo high in frofty weather. Water, we know, though

it contract with cold, yet when it comes to Frieze doth .

expand it felf. (Which makes Icelighter then water, and
tofwim onthetopofit. Now whether this be purely of

it felf, or (in part at leaft,) from the particles of Zr —
lodged init; may not perhaps be fo eafy to determine.
However, ifthere be thelike effe&s on “7, as on water,

(namely,that it expands with Friezing;)or if,in the Quick-

Silver there be lodged particles of water as well as of Zr;
we have, either way; an^account'of this Phenomenon. .
‘For, then, the fmall particles, whether of “r, or water,

"lodged in the Quick-Szlver, being thus expanded by |

friezing, will make the QuickSilver Íwell, and fo ftand
higher, without incteáfing its weight ; and confequently,
without arguing a greater weight of external 4r prefling
on theftagnant Quech-Stlver. ui or !

4

JV be

[rots]

T be Defcription of a Stone of the Bladder, feen
by the Royal Society, Feb. 25th, 1685.

HIS Stone is reprefented Fig. x. and is faid to
| be taken out of the Bladder of one Francis Du-
good of ucbenbove in Aberdeen. The man, who bred
it, lived till he was. so years old: the length of it

is $$ Inches; the Diameter 34; the weight two Pound;
— three Ounces, and fix Drams.

—-—

[ 1016]

An Account of an Aquedu& defignd for carrying
the River Eure to Verfaille.so- 0k Ay

"BK HE guedati which is to be madeneer Mazntenon, |

B for the carrying the River Eure to Verfaz/e, will
. have in length 7ooo Fathom ; 462 whereof will be 35 -
Fathom and 4 foot high; the reft will be lower accord-
ingto the difference of the ground, but not lefs then $
foot and 6 Inches high. There will be to thefaid Ajue-
^ duct 861 Arches, which, where they are higheft, will
have 12 Fathom in bredth and 8 Fathom in thicknefs,
diminifhing to r4 foot at the top. The other Arches
will be leffer in breadth, as well as thicknefs, according
to the Nature of the ground. . The faid Aquedué will
have ry Inches fall to every 1000 Fathom in length, fo
that for the 7000 Fathom, there will be 8 foot 8 Inches
. fal. The River isto pafs by Mazntenon, le Parc Efper-
mon, Gajeran, Ramboütllet, les Effars, le Perrey, Cognie-
res, and from thence to Verfailles. 'There are 14000

. Soldiers that work thereat, under the Command ofthe

Marques d Uxello, with three Commiffarys of War for
their Conduct, together with Treafurers, Pay-Maíters, —

and Victuallers. -

| An pm T

feet

An. Account of an old Earthen Vetiel, lately found
Magy York. | | ui

HIS Earthen Veflel defcribd Fzg. 2. fuppofd by

. fome to be an Urn, by others to be a Flowerpot,
was found lately at the Brickilns without Bowthant Bar,
near York: the Clay of this Veffel is of the Colour of
Halifax Clay when burnt ; the Potters partis well per-
formd; the Face being boffed from ‘within; with the
Finger, when upon the Wheel; and fome ftroaks of
Red paint, aboutthe curlsofthe Hair, and Ey-brows;
and two Red threads aboutthe Neck: on the back-fide
ofthe Veffel, a Leaf isdrawn in Red, which is ftill very |
frefh; but no Glazing, neither upon the Clay nor Red
colour; the Face upon the Veffel isas large as that of a
middlefizd Woman: the Veffel it felf is prefervd in the
Mufeum AfomoleanumatOxford. = = 0 :

Bea le Ale

‘ [1018]

— An Abftrofi of a Letter from Dr. Peixce of Bath, to
one of the S. of the R. S. giving am account
of 4 Shell found in one of the Kidneys of a

_, Woman, .
Sir.

$8. HE Account of the Shell/found in.the Kidney ofa
dM. . Woman. isas follows; A:Gentle- Woman of about
28 yearsof Age, very. Fat; and.Corpulent, after hav-
ing been:long troubled. with-frequent, and fometimes
violent Vomitings, fellat length into a Feaver, which
had no very ill Symptomes at firft; yet fhe died infew :
‘days,,and.on a. fudden :.for the fatisfaction of her Re-
lations; the body was opend ; the lower Region being
fit examind, I quickly found what. might account for
. her long Vomiting (and perhaps her Feaver and. Death
too,) $c. an Ulcerin the Pezcreas ; which had Spha-
celated fome part of the Stomac and Bowells, that lay
neareft to it. But there having been many things
taken for the Stone, (many Phyficians, as well as others, -
imputing her Vomiting to that Diftemper,) Iwas willing
tofeein what condition her Kidneys were. ‘They were —
covered with a prodigious quantity of Fat; which re-
moving with my hand, and reaching one ofthe Kid-
neys Iteltfomething prick my Finger in the lower part
of the Kidney where the "Ureter is inferted: Iprefently —
concluded it to bea Stone,and kept hold of it till 1 made
my way toit with my knife and took itout (with an a-_

. bundance of mucous bloudy matter about it,)and laid |
it by in the window; opening the Kidneys, I found not
fo much as Gravell (much lefs any Stone,) in either of
them: upon further examination of this matter, (fuppofd.
to be a Stone,) by wafhing off themucus that was about it, |

ee [1619 ] |

I found it to be a {mall Shel/, very finely Wrought; in the
hollow of it there was a mucous flimy matter, not at all
unlike the fubftance of a {nail asto confiftence ; but
ofabloody colour. _ :

— Fig. 3d. Reprefents the Shel in itstrue bignefs, Fig,
4th. Íhews the fame Shel fomewhat magnified: het,
indented Checkers, are every other a little depresd, and
elated: and very exactly Wrought: there are fix or
feven fpiral lines or Rounds, inthe Turban.

I am

| Ser Your very
Bath April 11th,

Humble Servant:
| ROBERT P.EIRCE,.

| 1685.

Nm | Lacan]. |
Gualteri Charltoni Inquifitio Phyfica de Caufis Ca-
tameniorum, ‘do U/eri Rheumatifmo. “Lond.
1685. 8°. ; | | |
- HE Learned Author, defiening to treat of the
Fluor albus which he terms Rbeumatifmus 'Uteri-
nus, gives the Anatomy ofthe Womb, (in a proper fenfe,)
defcribing the Magnitude, Subftance, and Veffels of
that part; particularly, the Twdel peculiar to-it, and
opening into the Cavity of the Womb, with orifices ea-
fily difcernable in Women far gone with Child ; asthe
Author himfelf has obfervd: having laid this foundation
in Anatomy, he inquires into the nature of the Menfes ;
the defign of which, he thinks, is (already well ftated by
another hand,) for the carrying off the vitiated ferous
matter of the S$weeus nutritius : asto the Efficzent caufe
of this Evacuation, rejecting the opinion of drzffotle, and
the /£gyptians, (who infifted on the Influence of the
Moon, he examines the modern Hypothefs of a Ferment
lodgd in the77omb, & raifing tlie Blood, in a months time
to fucha pitch, as to caufe the ufual Flux ; againft -
which he endeavors to prove That tbe Blood never .
| Ferments in a living Animal, &c. Becaufe of all Humors .
in the Animal Body, it is(asthe Author fays,) left apt to
Ferment. - 2ly Becaufe there isno Fermentation (asthe
Authoragainaffirms,) where there is not an 47d, fome |
way, orother concernd. ly Becaufe the Circular mo- ~
tion of the Blood, and Chyle in it, is fo very rapid, as —
not to afford time and leafure, requifite to Fermentati-
on. «ly Nor is there room or fpace in the Heart or.
Blood Veffels, for the carrying on this work. sly He

thinks it repugnant to the Prudence of Nature, to cori-

ftitute a twofold nrotion, (that of the circulation, and .-
. that ofthe (fuppoíd , ) Fermentation, inthe 2/oo2, where —
one of them (the former, ) isfufficient. All which being ©
taken for true; he thinks the notion of the Fermentum
: ^ Uterinum

"ae 2021."

uterinum willina manner fall of couríe ; efpecially, if
it be farther confidered, that the Bloodrufhing thro’ the
Capillary Blood Veflels of the Uterus, cannot (as the Au-
thor thinks,) be affected by any fuch Ferment, if there ;
- and if it fhould tarry there long enough for this purpofe,
(he fuppofes,)the confequence would be an Inflammation,
ora ichirrous Tumour of the part, ora Chlorofis, As
for thofe fymptomes, which, coming at the approach of
the Menfes, feemto argue for a Ferment; he deduces
them from the Impreflion made on the Nerves of the
Uterus, and the Membranes appertaining to it; the
Sympathy arifing in other parts of the Body, partly -

from the communication of Nerves, partly from the
continuation of Membranes. P. |
Having thus (as he thinks,) refuted this opinion, in
the next place he gives us his owm ; where explaining the
Analogy between plants,andAnimals;the Earth, and the
Matrix (efpecially in Women,) he obferves that as heat,
- falt, and moifture,make the Earth fruitfull; fo like-
wife in Women (he fays,) there isa Fervor Uterznas, quo
dum intumefcit Uterus, omuia ejus Vala fanguifera, port
omnes ,omne(que Tubuli Membranet laxantur, diftenduatur,
refiituuntur ; ut motu Refittutiva fe contrabentes exprimant.
quicquid vel fanguinis, vel ferofe ac prave fucci alimenta-
ris materie in ipfis eo tempore continetur. ‘This Fervor,
hethinks, proceeds from an ZfcZ/ty, which in the {pace
ofa month, is contracted inthe Succus Nutritius fettled
on that part: and the reafon why no Creatures, befide
Wornen and Apes, have this Evacuation, he fuppofes,
is from the Tzóulz "Uterin? (the excretory Ducts in this
‘cafe,) peculiar to them; This being the fum o£ his Hypo-
thefis, he endeavors to explain. fome more remarkable
"Phenomena in a manner agreeable to it; and’ then paffes
“from the {trait to the crooked Line of Nature, the
_Rheumatifmus Viertnus ; where having confuted the o-
‘pinion, which many Phyficians have had of it, He gives .

*

3 [21728 i-e
a Ber ofthe Difeafe, thewing the univerfality of it;
(all perfons of the other Sex being liable toit;) the Symp-
tomes attending it, (fuch as are.a Laffitude, want of
Strength, efpecially in the Legs, an ill habit of Body,
and fometimes Pains, &c: ) and the nature of the
humor difchargd. As to the origine of this humor,
he lookson it to be fome of that part of the Succus Nutri-
tius, which (he thinks,) is brought. from the Stomack
and Inteftins, by bres, tothe Uterus: but that which
gives rifeto, and is the Efficient caufe of this Diftemper
‘is one or more of the following particulars ; viz x a Lax-
nefs in the texture of the Womb. 2 A difufe of the Glands
--of thatpart. 3 Some Injury donethe Lymphatics or 4
the Tubuli init; * A Solutio Continui in the fame part.
Laft of allhe gives fome particulars which diftinguifh
-this difeas from the Gonorrhea in Women; a Diftem-
períeated in the Glands Prope Meatus urinarii exi-
tum,accompanyed with a heat of Urine,anda ftrangury,
and continued without any long Intermiffion; which
inftances do not hold true of the Rhesmati/mus "Uteri- -
2104. | |

[1023]

Davidis Abercrombit M, D. ce variatione ac va-
— rietate Pulfus Qbfervationes. Acceffit ejufdem Au-
- £boris nova Medicine tum Speculative tum Prac-.
|. tice Clavis, ec. Lond, 1685: 8.

“HE Author inthis tract among the various opini-
a ons of the Caufe and Origine of the Pz//z, thinks
‘it more probably to proceed from the joynt motion of the
Spirits, Arterys and Mufeles. And as to the Variation
‘of it affignes thefe for moftcertain caufes, vzx. The

Climate, feafon , (or time,) Temperament, Age, Diet, |
*Paffion, Difeafe; to which might be added perhaps many

"more. |

— frhe(imate alters the Pulfe according to the different
influences of the Heavens, or Vapours of the Soz/. Hence

"the French mans Pul/e is moreequal and quick, the Ger-

‘mans, Dutch, Englif/b, and Scots more uncertain; which.
yet isfomething to be attributed to their irregular living;
1n general] the higher and nearer the Sun is, the quicker;
the lower and farther off, the flower is the Pz/fe. And, he

"thinks, forthe moft part the. $y/7o/e is more quick then the
Diaftole. In rainy feafons thePz//eis more free & nimble,
by reafon of the lefs preffion of the ¢mofphere. It is
«more impetuous in thefpring; more equal after a quiet
fleep; weak and uncertain' in men very intent upon
J^ bufinefs, &c. The Temperament refults from the 2£22ma4

Sperzts, and the contractive or dilative motion of tlie.
Mufcles and Arterys, to which their fibres are even by
"Nature difpofed. Melancholy renders the Pz/fe extream-
‘ly unconftant, probably through the great thought-ful-
- nefs of fuch men. In Bz/zows tempers it is high and ftrong,
inthe Sanguine more equall and regular then in any, in
the Phlegmatic equall enough too, but more flow. In
"Children, efpecially Infants, the. Pz/fe is very imall,
B ——— | Ef bon - but.

VE [ 1024 ]
but through the great quantity of Lympha, asit were
drowning and dulling thé action of the fpirits.1n cld men
extreamly uncertain. In gluttonous People dull and
flow unlefs by drinking it be madeas it were ftumbling -
and vertiginous, which often forerans fuddain Deaths.
By too fparing a Diet it becomes very {mall and flow, al-
ways abates upon long fafting. Ofthe Paffons it is moft
altered by Fear, Foy, and Anger. To which Women
are more fubject then men. In Feavers the Pulfe is va-
ryed according to the beginning, height; and declina-
tion. In Scorbuticall and Hyfericall Períons, very. uncer-
tain. In ZJ&ertzcall, and Hydropicall much ftopt, and in-
terrupted by the ftagnant humers. In the Gout free and
expedite. In the Plague (asin the 4f/hma , ) mightily op-
_ preffed, unlefs freed by the hot Fit. In general any va-
riation ofthe Pz//e, certainly fpeaks fome alteration in
the habit of body. iy
The Pul/e is unequall either in refpect of time, or.
ftrength, that is, either it ftrikes quicker aud flower, or
elfe, ftronger and weaker. The firft commonly in moft :
acute diftempers, and feldom betokens much danger. |
The latter both inChronicalland acute is very dangerous. |
And often (fometimes 2or3 days or more,) foreruns
Death. It is Interrupted when its ftroakes are much
Ímaller then ufuall, or their intervals much greater.
The firft fhews a great decay of ftrength. The latter, |
(which is as it were a ftanding-ftill,) foreruns fwooning,
Palfys, Apoplexy's, &c. And fometimes Death it felf.
The Znzenfe Pulfeis, whofe ftroak is very hatd,(the parts
as it were being upon a Bent,)or elfe this ftrength i$ made
up with the multiplicity and. frequency of lefs mications |
as in the height of Feavers. | The Aem:/s hath ftroaks
lefs quick or 'efs ftrong, and in Sicknefs fhews more daa- —
gerthenthe other... The Superficial Pulfe thews an exact
temperament of Body, asalío a free and merry temper ef.
mind. . The Deep Pu/fe thews.a difpofition to Melt
95

| | [ 1025 ] |
ly, Afthmas, Lethargys, &c. And is more frequent in.
theagedthentheyoung. The Leaping Pul/e often por-
tends nogreat danger. The Trembling Íhews great ex-
tremity, and very few ever recoverafter it, Butthe
wandring Pz/fe, (which fometimes is felt at one place,
Íometimes at another, and fometimes no where,) never
but fome few minutes precedes our folution, which yet
may perhaps from volatile {pitits fometimes receive a
fhort reprieve, but never a perfect reftitution. |
The defign of the other tract is to teach usto difcern the -
virtue and quality of any Plant or other Body(without the
particular knowledg o! the fpecies or name of it,) only
from the Taft: which he fays is either Sozr, asthe fharp
leav d Dock or Olus Sylveftre.77ar/b,as the Medlar. Aufere
or Rough, asthe Quince. Sweet as the frefh juice of ripe
Grapes. Fat and oyly as the Sefamum. Bitter as the
wild @ucumber. Sa/t as common Salt. Tart as Gar-
lick. Or laftly Infiped, asthe Gourd. All which forts he
treats of in particular. 7 |
Harb (Acerb,) things are cold, binding, and repelling
very hardly concocted ; to be known upon the Tongue
' by their drying and contracting it. |
"tuffere ox rough ditters from this only by degree, as be-
ing fomewhat milder in its taft and weaker in its virtues.
Sour (Aced,) things are cooling,but never to exceís, by:
" reafon of their penetrating part. Aczdity may teem the
. firft degree towards corruption, tis known by biting the
Tongue without any heat.
Sweet things (and they only,) are nutritive. Their plea-
fantnefs arifes trom their being neither too hot nor too
cold tothe Tongue. .
— -Fat things are moderately hot,in fome meafure there-
fore they moyften, foften, relax, and obftruct, are dií-
tinguifh't from Sweet things, by fillingand asit were a-
nointing tbe Tongue without that fence of pleafure,
whicht hole have. |
| F f.2 . Salt

: [1026]

Salt things are aftringent,and deterfive; the one quali:
- tyit hath from its Earthy part, the other from its Watery:
Fitter things are always hurtfull to the Stomack, unlefs

by the aftrictive qualitys they become proper. :
Tart things are exceflive hot, very naught for the head,
good for heavy, Phlegmatic conftitutions, known by the
heatin the mouth. Laftly Infpzd things have no peculi-
ar quality, but are very cold and watery, and hurtfull —
‘to the Stomack, unlefs mixt with other thingsof a hetter
taft and nature. =| |

Printed at the Theater at Oxford for Sams
Smith a£ the Prince's Arms inPaul s Churth= —
yard London; and Hen. Clements
Book-feller in Oxford.

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[1027] Numb, 173:

PHILOSOPHICAL

TuEAN SAC TION S.

area

CE

uccEbhesse O NIT-E NOES.

r Partof .a Letter from Sr R.B.to Dr. L. concerning e
new fort-of Calefh. 2. 4n account of a firange fort of
- Bees in tbe Weft Indies, communicated by Mr. 1. 3. A
_. Letter from W. Molyneux £/4 ; Sec. of the Dublin So=
| ciety, concerning a new Hygrofcope invented by Him..
- 4 Obfervations on the French Macreufe, and the Scotch
. Bernacle;, and of Boyling, and other Fountains : by Dr:
. Reobinfon, F.ofthe R.S. s. A Letter from Mr. Ray,
_E. of the R.S. to Dr. Robinfon, concerning the French:
. Macreufe. 6, Epzftola Cl. Dv. Gui. Cole, M. D. ad Ho-
s teratiff. D"". De. Rob. Boyl Armigerum, de Falfa:
Graviditate. 7. 4 Letter "from Mr. Nich. Waite,
. Merchant of London,to Dr. Plot, concerneng fome Yncom-
- buftible Cloth; lately expofed to the Fire beforethe R.
10$. 8. A Difcourfe concerning Yncombuftible Cloth,
1 y Rob; Plot, L L. Dig. An account of a Book, viz. Short
‘| Memoir'sfor the Natural Experimental Ai/fory of Mi-
i seral Waters, by the Honourable ROBERT BOY,
od. of the R. S. London 1635. re

Geox Part -

.— we chofe-alftheirregular Banks, and fides of Ditches to

efr , omy | | [ 1028 ]:

Part of a Letter from Sr. R. B. to Dr. L. concern=
inganew fort of Caleth.

MOQE eS asa ou

GS Wiliam Petty, Mr. Molyneux and I have fpent

| ) thisday in making experiments, with a newinvent- —
ed Cale/b, along with the Inventor thereof; 'tis he that —
was in London when I was there, but he never made —
any of thefe Cale/bes there, for hisinvention is much im- |
proved fince he came thence; it is inall points different. —
from any machine l have ever feen : It goes on two —
wheels; carriesone Perfon; islight enough: as for'its —
performance, tho’ ithangs not on Braces, yetitiseafier -
then the Common Coach, both in the high way, in —
ploughed Fields, crofs the ridges, directly, and oblique--
ly: acommon Coach willoverturn, ifone wheel go on ~
aíuperficies a foot and a half higher then that of the o-
ther, but this wil admit of the difference of 3: foot in -
"height. of the fuperficies, without danger of overturning :

.runover, andIhavethisday feen it.at five feverall times —
turn over and over, that is, the wheels fo over-turnd as -
that their Spokeslye parallel to the Horizon, fothat one”
wheelliesflàt over the head of him that ridesin the Ca- .
lefb, and the other wheel flat under him, but fo- much -
Icallbutonceoverturnd. But what Í have mentioned .
was another turn more, fo-that the wheels were again in-
Statuquo, and the Horfe not in the leaft difordered. If
the Horfe fhould be in the leaft unruly, with: the -help of |
one pin, youdifengage hun-from-the Cale/a without any,
Inconvenience. I my felf have been once overturnd,and’
Knew.it not till I lookt up, and faw the wheel flat overs

my|

-

| [1o29:]
my head;and if a Man went with his Eyes fhut, he would |
imagmehimfelfin the moft fmooth, way, tho. at the fame
time there be 3 foot difference in the height ofthe ground
ofeach wheel. In fine, we have made: fo many and fo
various experiments, and are fo well fatisfied of the ufe-

fullneis:of;the Invention; that we have each of us be-
fpoken sone; they are not (Flain,) above fix or eight.
pounda piece, i :

ie oceans est iwi

[reer]!

ovr. 90-3 uide 85 Y. [eir gd livr 3t5w n eM &

Ar " odia “of ajfflanié (ru 2 ewe In

diet eminuit p] ML 5

"7 Oi 218 ye if ano i12qx3 802: ny
Friend ut mine, “ponents iia eae, :dnfor ms)
me, that’ he has reedived from yénletipayoa fort of
: ony. Come (of a: different make from the European,)
which is compofed of {mali Bottles, or Bladders of Wax,
of a brownifh colour; inclining to black: being as big as
Olives; and fhapt like the Spanifh Olives. They. hang
together in Cluiters, almoft like a Bunch of Grapes;'and.
arefo contrived, that each of them has an Aperture dur-
ing the time of work, but it isclofed up, as foon as the
Veffel of Wax is filled with Hony ; and then the Bees go
to workat another Veflel..

Their Lodgings are ordinarily taken up ina hollow: |

Tree, or the Cavity of a Rock, by the Sea fide; thefe -
. being the propereft places to fecure them from fach Ani-
mals, asare geeedy of their Honey, and therefore likely
to molest them; and they have the more need of this
. Caution, becaufethey are more ly able to be difturbed,
then ordinary Bees, as having no Stings, and being ca-
pable of doifig good, but no hurt to any thing, asthe
Party that lived at Cayenne, very wellknows. Whenthe-
Combs are removed, they muft be carryed gently, and in.
the fame Pofition they lay in till you.come to. the place,.
where you defign to take out the Honey; à;

The Honey it felfis clear; and liquid'as Rück. -water,.
and hardly to be diftinguifht from it; by the fight; when.
you would take it out, youmuft pierce every bottle, with
the Thormof a wild Palm,. ora Pin, a little more then
4. fréne the bottom ; for if you pierce itlower, you find a.
bottom of fediment; whofe thicknefs would hinder it-
from running < as you prick every Bottle, you have fome

Yeflel ready, to receive what comes from it... My Friend
tells:

d

T?"

[ 1031]
tells me, he thinks, the liquor is one of the moft agreea-
ble things in the world. If you drink fafting, the
quantity of a good Glafs, or about half a pint , it will -
9give you 2 or 3 ftools, in about 2 hours time, accord-
ing to the temperament of the Party; but ifyou drink

itat Meals, it dos not purge at all. :

My friend has alfo a fort of Cinnamon, which comes
from Gzardaloupe, which is white; and another fort,
which comes from Maragnan, whichis like that of C.z-
don.

- ^ He promifes to fhew me, that Ambergrife is nothing
bntthewax, mixtwith the Honey, which falls into the
Sea, and is beat about in the Waves,between the Tropics.
He hasan Ear of the {mall Melium of Guinee, about 1o
Inches long, made juft like the great knob of a Cane;
the Grains are no bigger then a pins head, and are very
geod to eat, the Negres making their finer Cakes of
LErhem. .. Wer | it :

— Monfreur Villermont having lately fent ever one of thefe
Hony-combs ; care bas been taken, for the defigning, and
engraving it s "tis reprefented Fig 1. Only allowance muft
be made for [ome of the Bottles bids been broken ix car-
tage... — # ia

2! NU ü 1: rj NET iy | H h : , A Let-

[1632]
MURS. ; " di Im 5id3 ic BO. ] 10r poH Di j eA r by goal ¢ ! i
A’ Letter from William Molyneux Efg; Sec. of

,

- concerning ai nem: Hygrofcope, invented-by Him.

f

Dublin April, a7 2685. ^

1 OR want.effome thing better tofead you; I fhall.
^ &-' briefly declare to-youithe contrivance ofa Aygrof-
cope, which I.havelately invented and put in execution -
with, good .fücceís. . E\do not know that any ene has
mentioned, ;erifo muchas hinted at the.like; aad. thexec -
fore tome 'tislaltogether New; bntif any one:has been
before-hand iwitlume; Iíhall not in/the leaft:contend for -
the Glory of it. | ti og PR NANI 2
Fig. 2. 44 B. isa Whipcord about four foot long, tyed.
faft to the end of the Hook Z. At the end of this Whip-
Sond there hangs e Weight 6 ebook anne, foe
_ thing more; thisweight iso fitted anthe.end aste receive
and carry (the Index D. under. thefe there. às placed a
Graduated. S&H on.the Board EF. Fixt.by a Bragget
againft the Wall. ^ Docs. cnm
All things being thus adapted, the moifture of the ir
twiftsthe Rope and givesa motion tothe Index over the -
divifions in the Graduated Circle; andagainasthe er
grows more dry, the Cord untwifts and brings back the
Index by a contrary motion. rue Rd v T
That which firft gave me the Hint of this,was the obferv- -
ing all Ropes tyed at both ends to be much more
tite& ftretched harder after Rain has fallen on themthen
before; I concluded that if Icould (as it were,) ty a Rope
at bothends and yet give one end a liberty of Circumvo-
-Ayion; it would perform my defired end; now the
blan: Weight

M

: o L1033] d

Nyeight- Cihung’ atthe Rope does this; "for it fixes (asit
were;) the end ofithei Rope B, and yet it permits it to
twift and untwilt- And the reafon of this twifting and-

untwifting is plain; for-thelittle particles of moifturein- —

finuating and foaking.into the- Cord are like fo many
Wedges; which muftneadsfhorten che Rope, as a Blad-
der isthortned b» ‘bei ig blown up; and will lift a great
weight(as Dr- Wallis difcourfes at large in his Mecha-
nitks,) but the: eafieft wa, for the Rope 7B. to fhorten
and lift up the weight .is to do it by way of {crew; for it
felf is a ferew)*the:ftrands thereof being twifted (and
each parricularthtread init,){crew-wife, and confequent: -
. ly muft give acircular motion tothe Index.) © ;

"o'fo make an experimentof this, I wetted à Cord and
hungitup withthe Weight at the end ofit, and I per-
ceived as it dryd it untwifted, and. that too very quick,
fo as to be perceived;by the: Ey; after the Cord had io
far untwifted; as Ithoughtit had cometo that degree of
dryneís, that'the! prefent Conftitution of the zr would
permit, I took a bafon of warm water that fent out a
Steam and Fume, and placed it under the Cord ; imme
diatly the Cord began: again totwift very quick; and .
fo continued till the Water ceafed: Fuming, or was re-
‘moved, and then immediately it began to return its
-twifts. I then tryed to breath upon it gently with my
breath, and found according tomy expectation, that 8
or re breathings would twiftit 5 degreesofa Circle. 1
-then permitted it to the Zr only, and for thefe laft three
weeks have obferv'd its: motion as affected by the Moif-
«ture and Drought thereof, aud I find it to obey the al-
sterations thereof.moft nicely; there falls not the leaf
- fhower, at which it dos not prefently twit; and. when by
3tifing Clouds a fair day becomes overfhadow'd, the Cord
-isimmediately fenfible thereof, and again as fenfible of
"their Vanilhing and alteration to fair Sun-fhine. Sothat
' :Lharefeen it thew: alteration, when not theleaft could
o»Tü | : SH:h:2 be

i [10 34 ]

- becollected from. the. fweating of Stones, cracking of
Wainfcote, &c. So that indeed: I repute. it to be the
niceft ZZygrometer, that has ever yet been ufed, andI am >
fureis ascheapand plainasany. |... py |

One ofthe grand defects of moft (indeed I think ofall,) _
Hygrometershitberto: invented is, that. they | grow weak
withage, and do not fomicely obey the alterationsofthe —
“ir, when long kept, as when firft made; Planks and —
Boards grow more feafoned, and 1 beleive Oat-Beards —
will perifh with time; but whether our prefent Inven- .
tion be fubje& to the fame fault, Lleave to time todeter-
mine; in:the mean while; eive me leave'to:propofea —
reafon which induces me to conjecture probably it will

- not have this defe&t; for our Cord performs its motion —
as itis a plyable foft fcrew, and that not only in its grof- —
fer part or ftrands, but even in its fmalleft threads; as long -
as ever this contexture fÍcrew-wife dos laft(and thiscer- -
‘tainly mutt laft whilft'tis a Rope,) thé motion thar re-
fults therefrom muft neceffarily laft, forthe particles of —
moifture will infinuate themfelves, and twift up the -
Ícrew. But this I offer only asa conjeCture, forLlloveto |
conclude nothing in natural Philofophy;-till matterof _
faCeand experimetiticantinm tz Vf ony If3 Beuitiinds pi ae
^ There remains one thing to be obferved: of this Hygrof- —
cope (or Weatherclock ; as an eafier name to fatisty La- —
dys, thatenquire whatit is, asit hangs.upina Room,) —
that which Ihave defcribed E -haveiwmy Clofet, andI
obferve that the alterations of the “zr that haverhappen- |
ed in this time have given it more: then one turn; now
this being inconvenient, and the Duplication of the -
turn hard tobe regiftred, as Mr; 77eo& propofes in his.
Micrography pag. 150. concerning the beard ofa wild- - -
Oat; I have thought of a way for remedying this, for it |
being in our power to increafe the Diameter of our gra-
duated Circle as large as we pleafe, what need have we
of more then one turn from the greateft. degree of moif- |

| £4 ; ture: |

pete 110357]
‘ture to the greatelt degree of Drought? Now fuppofeI
find the Hygro/cope reprefented in the Fzzure to have two
compleat Revolutions (this is to be found by obfervation
throughout a whole year,) I fay then the way of re&ify-
ing it 1s thus. ( |
In Fig. .2 the Index D. has two Compleat turns;
‘the point 4. as being fixthas no turn or motion, there-
fore the middle point G. has but one turn, and confe-
quently if I hang it up at the point G. or no longer then
G D. half the former length, theIndex D. will have but
oneturn. . Whatis here faid oftwo turns and the mid-
-dle point G. may be accommodated to any other number
of turns and parts, and points in the Rope,
Laftly, 5r, we may in this experiment perceive fome
thing that may help us in the confideration of tlie
ftrength and motion of the Mufcles of Animals; for take
-# Cord able to fuftain an Hundred pound weight, by.
- he weak Fume orSteam of warm water this weight fliall.
_-be liftedup; for if this Steam turnthe weight (as moft
certainly it will do, if the Rope be of any moderate
length,)the weight is as certainly lifted upthereby as by
-afcrew, asis evident to any one that confidersit. If
therefore fuch mighty performances can be produced by
the application of fuch mean agents, as we all know and
"are converfant with, what fhall we think is too great
-for thofe parts which God has contrived'and framed inthe -
-Bodysof Animals ¢

I am
Your moft Humble fervant
WILLIAM MOLXNEUX.

"^ P: $; ¥ forgot to mention one particular, that is,
‘apply a Candle or Heated Iron nigh the Rope andit
makesit twift very quick, contrary to Mr. Hooks Oat--
beard. - H h: 3. Some:

[1036]

Scotch Bernacle ; together witha continwation:of
the Account of Boyling, and other Fountains.
By Dr. Tancred Robinfon Fellow of be Royal
Society. "» 5 d* I cu du q s! bbiums 11 9101

Find fo many xaiftakes amongft. Natural Writers,

and fome learned Men, concerning the Birdat Pa-
ris call d. Macreufe, and. in other: parts of Francey: Ma-
croul, or Diable de Mer, that I think it; no: improper
fubje& for the entertainmentof Yonr Curiofity. -.' he
French eat it upon Fifh-days, and-all’ Lent, thinking: it

"to be a fort of Fiíh, or a Marine Animal with cold

-——

. miftake Philofoph. Tranfait. N. 137. The learned Sr. - i,

blood, or elfe a Bernaclegenerated either out of rotten

or corrupted wood floating upon: the'Sea:or out-of cer-
tain fruits falling into the water, and there; ;Metamor-
phofed into a Bird; or elfe from‘a kind of Sea-fhells ad-

hering to.old Planks and Ship bottoms, called Conche

Anatifere; whereas the Bernacle (as allothe Macreufe it

- felf,) is Oviparous, and of the Goos-kind; ;and the fhells
themfelves contain a teftaceous Animal of their own -
Apecies, asthe Oyfter, Cockle, and Mufcle.doth. Gefger —
himfelf (though the moft learned, diligent, and faith-

full of any that ever meddled with the Hiftory of Ani-

mals,) was lead into the firft errour by Gyra/dus, Boethius, E

and Turner; Sr. Robert Morayfell into thethird and laft

Robert Sybbald, and Monfreur Graindorge have indeed
confuted thefe zquivocall Generations of the Bernacle
andthe Macreufe; yet they both make them to be the

fame Bird;Prodrom. Hiftor. Nat. Scotia s. and in the Fix/- —

totre des Macreufes , whereas they are of different Tribes ;

the Berngcle of the Goofe, and the Macreufe of the —
Bsotta fg na ! »Duck- —

N

Sime Obfereinvions on rhe French: Mactenle, and ibe

~

: [ 1037] |
Duck-kind. The many Vulgar errours concerning the
Origine of theíe Birds, have fprung from the pofitive
Relations of unwary Obfervers; and fromthe Writings -
of great men, as Munjfier, Olaus. Magnus, Cambden, Care
dan, Lefley, Fuliw Scaliger, Wormius, Mayerus, &c.
Kercher (though credulous enough) himfelf, miftrufted
. their Relations, and fancied that the Eggs of thefe |
Birds might fometimes float from the Northern Seas up--

on theíe Coafts, and there flicking to, and hatching -
upon Planks, Ship bottoms, Trees (or any rotten wood,)
might give occafion to the rife of the aforementioned
miftakes, That the Bernacleand Macrezfe are both o-
vxiparous, is beyond all doubt; the Anatomy of their
parts fervying for Generation; many late Voyages into
the North; their laying Eggs; and fometimes breeding
among us, are all evident proofs thereof. —
. Monfieur Cettzer in his trazte de la Macreufe doth affirm:
_ thatthe French Maereufeis the greater Coot of Bellonius;
and Mr. Willughby Ornithelog: p. 320. feems to be of

the fame opinion; there are fome learned men, who
ghink- the Maereufe to be the Pufin of the Siles, and.

Ife of Man; others take it for a fort of Colymbus or Mer-
gus, Doucker or Diver; but after all the French Macreufe
is.of the Duck-kind, and is the Scoter, or Anas niger
minor defcribed by Mr. Ray in Mr. Willughby's Onitho-
dog: p. 336. As the Skins of the Male and Female, to-
gether with their lively Pictures, brought lately from.
Paris, by that moft Curious and Worthy Gentleman.
Mr. Charlton, do demonítrate ; However for your greater.

— -dKatisfaction, you mav confult Mu Rays letter, whofe

knowledgein the Hiftory of Animals, and of Nature in

"Generall, is as great and extraordinary, as it is particu-

. Jaxly excellent in that of Plants. 7

-. The Marr eufe isfrequently taken in nets placed un--

der water, upon the Coafts of Normandy ( moft plentiful-

lyatthe mouth of the $2/2,) of Languedock, and. Provence
EU — w— | | : and:

ee ie

[ 1638]
and I am confident, I have feen it upon the Laguna of
Venice, at the mouths of the Breuta, Addefis, and the -
Po. ADuck very like unto this (if not the fame,) I faw
upon the Mare Mortuum, and the Lake Avernus, as alfo
many other Water-fowl feeding upon, and flying over
that water, reported by many of our own,as wellasfor- -
rein Writers, to kill Birds at a diftance: I obferved fe-
verall land Fowl to fly over that Lake, without the
. leaft difturbance, from all fides;and ends, North, South, -
- Zaft, and Weft; from towards (zziz to the Grott ofthe
Sybzll; from the mines of the Temple of Apollo, to where
that of Mercury ftood; But peradventure the Poyfonous
. Steams (if there are any peculiar to that Lake,)fome- '
times vanifh, and return again, orelfe maybealterd by —
new Effluviums intermingled with them. ti |
When I delivered my thoughts concerning Boyling
Fountains, their Varieties, and caufes, I had not then
time enough to mention the Burning ones, exceptonly .
that near Wigan in Lancafhire, with which thofe burning _
Fountains near Grenoble in Dauphine, near Cibintum ot —
Hermanftadtin Tranfylvania, neer Chermaya Village in -
Swizzerland in the Canton of Friburgb, and that’ not
far from Cracovia in Poland, do agree in many particu-
- lars, as in being actually cold, yet inflammable and tak-
ing fire ata diftance; uponthe application of any light-
ed body ; (which the Boy/zng fprings neer Peroul will not
do;) this ought to be underftood of them in their Sour-
ces, becaufe when-removed from thence, neither the .
waters, nor their-earths will produce any fuch Phanome- —
na, as boyling, er flaming: It were worth the experi- -
menting and obíerving nicely, what thefe waters, or
theif earths contain, or whether at any time fome
Naptha, or Petroleum may not be found floating on their
fuperficies; though Inever yet heard that the furfaces of |
fuch fprings, as throw up that Oyly fubftance, would ~
catch fire at a diftance; neither is it affirmed m I
‘ | now

| [xag] 2 |
know of,) by any writer, that any hot Boyling Foun- >
tains will take flame at a diftance, as fome of the bub-
bling cold ones: do. Monfieur Boz//ez hath written par-
ticularly of the burning Fountainin Dauphine.
| Me[f* Vette &Vollgnadhave given their obfervationson
the flaming {prings neer Hermanjiadt,but 1 do not remem-
berthatthey madeany particular Analyfis of the water,
Mud, Sand, Clay, or Earth, orany confiderable tryals
upon them; lam apt to believe, that there. may be
Veins of the Pyrites neat thofe places, the inflammabi-
lity of which Minerailhath already been difcourfed of,
and madevety clearby Dr. Lz/fer, to whole papers I. re-
ferr you, Philofophtcal Tranfatt.. No 137. The inge- -
nious Author of theletter from Peland, Printed in the -
Journal des Scavans, An. 1684; relating the Hiftory of
a burning Fountain in the Palatinate of Cracovia, affirms
that upon Evaporating the water a dark or Pitch-like
fubítance may be extracted, which cures the moft inve-
terate Ulcers in a very fhort time; and that the Mud it- |
felfis very powerfull againft Rheumatick, and Gouty
_ pains, Palfies, Scabs, &c. The inhabitants of an adja-
cent Village, drinking much of this fpring, do gene-
rally liveto 100 and 1s0 years, which he attributes to .
the fanative Vertue of the Water. "S IR es
‘The Naptha, or bituminous fubftance floating upon
a fpring at Petchford in Shropfbire, and upon St. Catha-
rines fountain neer EZ/mburgb, hath been fuccesfully
usd in Ulcerous and cutaneous diftempers; many fuch-
like Fountains of Petroleum, and oyly fubftances, are to
be met with up and down, as in the Illand of Zaz£, very
plentifully; neer Gaézanin the Road from Montpelier to
- Bexiers in Languedoc ; In the Z'altaline fubject to the
Grifons ; at the foot of Mount Zedbzo in the Dutchy of
Modena, notto mention any of the places written ofal-
. ready by Varenius, The Inhabitants living neer thefe
fat oyly fprings take great careto gather and feparate
| E | Ri the

^N 22

t

T : ROC 4 x GC ET. ^ : cr
S " i A sd =A Y i 3 AC
"s " ie nes as b 4o tac &£ d . :
xir ; i . Letter
P 4 a f » wt fX (t£ ^ YA à cre 1 es SS
. Ww à diy EM $4 MX P i 3 3*3
" P à be :

b

[ 1041]

A Letter from Mr. Ray, Fellow of the R. S. 1o
- Dr. Robinfon ; concerning the French Macreute.
bl. un
7 Had no fooner feen the Cafes of the Male, and Fe-
JH male Macrezfe, which you fent me, but inftantly I
*?- found that the Macreufe was no ftranger to me,
though unknown by that name: I wasvery much pleaf-
ed to be fo fuddenly rid of my long continued fcruples
aboutit, and nota little furprized, when I found it to be
another kind of Bird then limagined ; a particular de-
. Ícription ofthe Cock, you may find in Mr. Willugbby
Ormtholegy pag. 366. of the Englifh Edition, among
the Sea-Ducks, to which kind this Bird belongs, and not |
to the Divers or Duckers (Mergi or Colymbi,) as I falfly
fancied to my felf.. The firft knowledge of this Bird, we
. had from Mr, $effop, who fent us the skins of this a-
- mong others ftuft, from Sheffield in Yorkshire, by the
name of Scoter asit feems they callit thereabouts ; whe-
ther from the dark or black coleur of it, or (which is
more likely,) from Scet/and, whence they might fuppofe
ittocome. Afterwards the Cock of this kind was found
inthe Market at (Peffer, by the then Bifhop W2/ken's his
Steward, who bought it; and brought it home to the
Pallace, where I then' hapned to be, and faw and def-
cribedit. Laftofall Sr. Thomas Brown of Norwich, ient
among many others, the picture of this Duck ; and Mr.
Fohnfon of Brignal neer’ Greta Bridge in Yorkshire the
Deícription, as I have related" in the Book, ‘and Page
fore-quoted. ^Y need not teH' you how I diftinguifh the
Sea-Ducks from the (baltow-or Plafh-Ducks, becaufe I

have done it already in the place mentioned.
TT lia. Mr.

5d]

Mr. Graindorge s Defcription, which you fent. me a
Breviatof from Parzs, I find upon attent reading and

comparing with the cafe of the Bird, and mine own
Defcription, to be very faithfull, and fufficient to lead
into the knowledge of it, one;: that had ‘not been pre-
poffeffed with a ftrong opinion, that it was of another
kind: had there been but one word added, that it was
of the Duck-hind, Y fhould then prefently have appre--
hended.what Bird it was;and yetthere wasenough in the
Defcription to determine, itsGenws,,at leaft to exclude it
from thofe of the Mergi and Colymbi,. and that was, that
ithad a flat bill, a note common to no other Birds that
Lknow of, but the. Goole, and ,Duck-kinds, ..Notwith-

ftanding what he. faith of the debility. of i its feet, unfit —

for, walking on land, J fee not but. that it may march .as

well as the reft ofits kind, all, which have but hore and -
weak legs. in. proportion to the Bulk o£ their bodys, and.

thofe, allo fituate; very backward.;.:.W hat he faith. of the
. Ímallnefs and. weaknels of the Wings, and. bortnefs « of
| theirfeathers, is; comumón to many " Sea- omit SR. .the

Tridattyle and Merg?, which yet by the nimbleagitation

of them, fly very. fwitdy. and ftrongly.. What he faith of |

the mobility of. Laat mandible. of the. Jaw, 1 feat
notbe too-hafty to believe; as.in a; former etter, Y | aT
member. to-havewaitten. DS Wanlies?mon Gvlaslil 5
Now. though; t this Bird, hapned:. to; be known to me by
another name,, yet it is fo rare and:uncommon, that. I
take it not,to, have been. fe subed Dus tbe pae
ashe flier Birdsbef 01 dhaug es DISP
the name, of Macreu[e às menti joned | by Ge T o diim
vand, or both; why they, o£: th Ps Church. Rome,.. piece
allow this. Bird, to be eaten in. Lent, — other a

ing, days, more. ihe sorbers,o “arab kind. ae but, ecd.

the Trédaftyim 1l Íee no,reafon, a “the , eth ofthefe la

which lige only. -or.chiefly, preying. upon; &fngropeny

fo called, talting ftronger oh filh, then ipae of ABBY Mk
c i i ^" Whi

Hc nee area: itt kd.

da [ 1043 .]]

which feed upon fhell fifh ; many Birds of the Duck-
kind, which (as I faid,) all feed partly at leaft upon
fhell-&fh (as Monfieur. Grazndorge found the -Macreufe
"alfo to do,) have a delicate and well tafted flefh, asfor
example, ithe common Mallard and Teal: whereas the
- flefh ofall thofe kinds that feed wholly or chiefly upon
fifh properly fo called, isofa Rank, ferine and pifcofe
taft, as forexample} that of the Soland Goofe, the En-
glifh Puffin; and thofe ofthe tridactylous kind, fothat
-enly the young ones of thofe kinds are admitted to our
‘Tables Lobferved in this Bird, and in fome others of the
-Sea-Ducks that are much under water, that they want
that Veflel :or.mpulla fituate in the very: Angle of the
divarication of the Wind-pipe, which for want of a bet-
ter and fitter name, we are wont to callthe Labyrinth ot
‘the Trachea ;^ which though being common alfo to the
Colymbi, which of all Birdsdive molt; and continue long-.
eftunder water, we may very probably from thence con-
clude,that.the Labyrinth doth not ferve them for a Re-
.fervatory of 47, to enable them to continue the longer.
under water; asIfometimes conjectured ; but for the in-
tending and modulating of the Voice,feeing in the Plafh-
Duck, the females want it: but I am fomewhat to feek.-
about the ufe of this Veffel, and I think it were worth the
while, toexamine what forts of Birds have it, what want
it; whether the Males only, or in fome the females alfo.
Iobferved itin the Mergus cirratus longirofter major ot
. the Dun-diver, and that very large, and extended by.
very ftrong bones, and yet Ithought my felfto have fut-
ficient reafon to Judge that bird to be the female of the ~
Merganfer: but I dare not be confident that it isa fe-

— male becaufe of this Labyrinth, _ |
And now becaufe I am writing of Birds,Ipropofeit to
— yourG enfideration, whether that fort of Bird mentioned -
— by the learned Dr. Plot, to be often heard in Wood-
ftock Park (from the noife it makes commonly called the
ANE - vun cs VEG - - Mesdtratkery

| [1044] |
Woodcratker,) be not the leffer fort of Pzeus Martius Va-
rius, forfince the publifhing of Mr. Willughby's Ornitho-
logy, Uhave obferved that Bird fitting on thetop of an
Oaken Tree; making with her Bill fuch a cracking or -
{napping noife, as we heard a long way off; the feverall
{naps or cracks fucceeding one another with that ex-
traordinary fwiftnefs, that we could not but wonder at

it: but how fhe made the noife, whetherby the nimble -

Agitation ofher bill too and fro ina rift of the bough, or
by the {wift ftriking of the Mandibles one againft ano-

ther, asthe Stork doth, I could not clearly diícern: but -

anintelligent Gentleman, who was very diligent in ob-
ferving rhe fame Bird, faid it was the former way. —
Xam aioe fovea Se, Your. Very | ;

iaedreod sidadcis vvyr vean Zdpmblasatupme de

ed ossi elduro oF OAM ps

*

[ 1045]

Epiftola Clarif. Viri. D9 . Gulielmi. Cole Med.
Doci. ad Honoratiffimum D». Dv, Rob, Boyl
Armigerum, de Falfa Graviditate. |
Gnofcat mihi Humanitas veftra, Hlonoratifime Vir,

quod ignotus graviora, quibus in rem literariam

(praefertim Medicam;,) invigilas, negotia interpellare au-

fim. Eximius ille candor, quo cunctos, eos maxime

' quibus naturz ftudium cordi eft,profequeris, hanc mihi fi-

'duciam, ut ad;te literas confignarem fuggerit, nec de ve-

nia obtinenda dubitare finit, quandoquidem é Nature

(cui Te ab intimis fecretis nulli non fufpiciunt&gratulan-

tur,)penu,quod afferunt,depromptum invenies,Hiftoriam

Íc. fatis,opinor, raram; quam (nifi ejufdem fama ad aures

veftras jamdudum pervenerit,) paucis hifce accipere dig-

neris. Reiplurimos mihi teftes tota habet vicinia.
Matrona quzdam, mente omnino conftans, pia, fide

digniffima, & circa pregnantes & puerperas olim ver-

fatiffima, feptuagefimum nonum annum nunc agens, fe

. fetum utero geftare jam diu credidit, creditque adhuc,

imo quod magis mirabere (forfan & rifu excipies,) per to-
tos feptem elapíosannos geftaffe. Dum illac negotio-

. rum caufa quadriennio abhinc iterfacerem, & a quibuf-

dam, ipía non minus credulis, rei famam acceperam,

novitate permotus ad hoc miraculum nulla mora con-
tendi, ut tam infolita fcena oculos pafcerem. Invent
ventre multum tumentem, non autem, qualis effe folet
. hydropicorum tumor apparuit, fed furfum, more gravi-

darum, eminebat. Et dum plura {cifcitarer, nec illam

(ut necejus iaritum,qui decennio minor uxore fuit,) de
angravidatione amplius dubitantem comperiffem, petii

- ut tantz fiduciz caufam exponeret. |

. * Tila haud gravate refpondit, fe olim decem liberos e-
E, ! nixa mk

E1046]

“nixam, nec ab eo tempore per 28 annorum fpatium men-

fium fluxum paffam, in eum tandem fatis copiofum in-

cidiffe, ex quo brevi. poft omnia: conceptus figda appa-

ruefünt; inde naufeam; & vomitiones fubinde recurren-
rentes, necnon & inordinatam quorundam prz ceteris
ciborum appetentiam, ut pregnantium mos eft, inva-

fiffe, & per plures menfes perftitiffe, ventre paulatim in-
tumeícente; poftea folito tempore: primos: fetus motus
fe percepiffe,.& exinde, tumore indies auéto, motus e-
tiam tanquam ejufdem locum ízpe variantis, nunc ab

una nunc ab altera ventris parte, qui & tractu temporis

invalefcebant, fenfiffe ; tandem (appellente- ufitato par-

tustempore,) ipfos parturientis labores fubiiffe, ut ob-

ftetricem accerfere neceffe habuerit. Sed non adfuit
Lucina: attamen licet dolores illt evanuerint, haud
detumuit venter; quin fzpius prz dolorum recurfu ob-
ftetrix (que & ipfa, prout à nonnullis accepi, in eandem
cum domina faa fententiam propenderat,) rurfus accita

eft. Ab eo tempore motum illum, fed vegétiorem fe

perfenfiffe afferuit, adeo ut veftes frequenter attolli ab

-adftantibus confpecte fuerint, tumore; licet aliquantu-
lum, haudtamen impenfe aucto. Mamme, quas & vi-
di & attrectavi, minime, prout vetulis folenne eft, flac-
cide, fed ample & diftentz (at non fupra modum,) glan-.-
dulifque, more pregnantium, diftinctz. Mihi quine-
tiam fponte affirmavit, obftetricem fibi afferuiffe. orifi- -

cium uteri internum zque tenerum & molle fuiffe, acin

naret,pondus ab uno in alterum devolvi perciperet pror-

fus negavit; méque de mola nil fufpicari 1uffit, cum illam —
‘peritius dignofceret, quam ut hac in parte decipi poffet. —

Cispaücos diesillam revifi; eademque, ut retuli, de-

nuo narrantem audivi, mammafque ia eodem ftatu com- .
peri, ventrem vero aliquanto magis intumuiffe,de cu- .
jus tenfione plurimum conquefta eft.) Motus autem ma- —

ie * gts WE

quavisfemina mox paritura. Cum porro:percontarer |
utrum inter decumbendum, cum à latere ad latusfe recli- —

2 " &

[1047]

gis "quits c ante hac, Vesetosfe tum: percipefa dikieecat-
‘Gue- ego; mann düprivumes. "adtmioto;2Bis, dit 'paucu-
lanrillic moran facerem ;' épafmodi motunt nine e& uiva
‘nunc dltera ventris parte. fen fi, 'qiálem in vere ‘pragnan-
tibus obfervafle memini. Této'Aée™Seehations’ (fad
ipfius mentem loqui liceat,) tempore nullum, faltem
alicujus: nomegntis : lanitatis difpendium paflam fe profi-
tetur, nullis fymptomatis laboraffe, nifi que gravidisfunt
familiaria, e qug etiam; dum puerpera fuit, perpeti Ío-
lebat. Cibosfatis recte appetit, optimeque digerit ymi-
Siheyfitiqulola &ft, prout hydropicis ufui eft, urinamque
adliquidorum affumptorum menfuram proportionatam
reddit, ad. morem, autem gravidarum. iqlito fre: uentius.
dEdes' hortümque fatis alentet. obambulag i nec. baculi
fulcimento indiget. “Moderate dormit, fed’ petülca ven-
tris peas matri fue vix ultra diluculum quietem indul-
| ge. S e rim calcitratu. cogité lecto fürgere;. quo1 facto, &

cibi: sal mptis, i ifa fe iterum, fomno “paral, fálcéta m
Quoad habitam! Córporis carnola ‘eh, Ak
que nil: "morbidi (m judice,) intus latentis pue 16 fert.
Nally m tibiarum’ SOR toto decutfu. unquam paffa
AR nec vult tum ullum hydropis enjuicunque,
| ve "univerfa lis, pum uteri, indicium, prxter folum,
quem dixi, abdominis tumoren eolligere potui. Neéc
tamen fetum, utero includi quifquam, nifiqui fama fux
prodigus eft; afferuerit; cum & aetas, & temporis à pri-
ma affectus invafione. decurfi longitudo (quorum neu-
trum cuiquam accidiffe, przterquam quod $272 pro mi-
raculo óbtigiffe Sacra. Paginateftatur, .ulla, quod. {ciam,
hiftoria fide digna propalavit,! in tam abfonam fententi-
aminfurgant. Quicquid id eft, Mufri/fime Heros, haud
fortaflis abs re fore judicabit eximius ille vefter arcani
quantulicunque inveftigandi ardor, ut examen fubeant
tam inufitata phenomena, qucd àlimato judicio, quale
fuum vere eft, imprimis fperandum effet. Iter Londinum
(marito nuper vita functo;) propediem meditatur, quod
fupereft

| — [104$] |
fupereft vitz apud filiam confe&ura; ubi (cum appulerit,/
ab ipfiusore, filocata opera dignumcenfueris, certior fi-
as; nec enim in-tam frequenti, novitatisavida, urbe dia
latere poteft. . Interim boni confulas, obteftor, quod in
obfervantiz tefferam offert, - ldo.atc

cit wed | -

LI d , 4 - "E " A44 G ud f£ ' E

ád' fn Hi bneqiib ekrssdigi Dog ys "eU UDI x
Hiellaq n i17 Flonoratiffime ‘Domine,

ao) inim, sthriodghatsarcamylsingesr 2172591

s o tia has
Ug I S nuc | | i ens
D TOGO qos ce oU CiURSvers ve[iri? Cupientiffimus,
o 28,161) - B4 THER (UT Y J d nien 4 “FBC L
sPpmstsu Goi d9ige:ibvG Ud; ] EL Mayo EE,

—

i [ i l (1.
ambi er a ae Ager "2 ft w oy a x d ES
as, I aie. 1Q1i1J1J1Z
4

Speraveram fore, ut fi me [uperfite & vivis excederet |
Spettabtlis Domina, notttiam aliquam ex diffectione, vel
| propria infbetlione, vel altorum communicatione, adtpi/ce-
rer, unde tam infolita, maxime in provetta adeo atate, pro-
fluerent , accidentia. Verum didici tandem De”, poflquam
per duos ucl tres annos Londini /a£ir fanam (eum eodem ta-
nen tumore ( motibus, licet-non u[que adea vegetis ac cum
zp(e inviferam, literafque iftas exaraveram,) duxiffet wi- —
tam, fatoceffiffes cumque inflarent Celeb. aliquot Medico —
ut cadaveris diffeeandz copza ills fieret, viri cuiufdam nim —
nis pti f[uafu idis, baud conceffum effe... 10

- G. C. E! sf,

i 3

a

[1049 ]

A Letter from Mr. Nich. Waite Merchant of Lon-
— . don, to Dr. Rob. Plot.; concerning fome Incom-
. buftible Cloth, Jaze/y expofed tothe F ire before
yaiebeiRoyabSovieryy! Lass cid? not Taba oF

Str,

HE great re{pe& and honour I bear to the learn-

ed and ingenious Gentlemen of the Royal Soczety,
prevailed with me, within few days after my arrival in
this ty, to expofe to their fight & examination a piece of
of LinnenCloth, which by their experiment confumed not
inthe fre: and you being thendefirous I would give a
fhort narrative of what Subfance, and in what parts it is
faid to be made; I here fend you the fame account I re-
ceived of it, from one Conco, a natural Chine/e, refident
inthe Gty of Batavia in the North-Eaft parts of India. -
— Who, by means of Keay-arear: Sukradana (likewife a
Cbinefe, and formerly chief Cuffomer tothe old Sultan of
Bantam) did after feveral years diligence, procure, from
agreat Mandarin in Lanquin (a province of (bina,) near
. $ ofa yard of the faid e/oth; and declared that he
was credibly informed, that the Princesof Tartary, and
othersadjoyning tothem, did ufe it in burnzng their dead;
and that it was faid and believed by them, to be made
of the under part of the root of a tree growing in the
Province of $utan ; and was fuppofed, in like manner,
to be made of the Toda trees in India: and that, of the
upper part of the faid root, near the furface of the
ground, was made a finer fort, which in three or four
-timesburniug I have feen diminifh almoft half: They
report alfo, that out of the faid zree there diftills a //zuor,
which not confuming, is ufed with a J77e& made of the
| K ka fame

— [sese
fame materialwith the c/oth, to burn in their Temples
to pofterity. . This, Sr, is phe.trne relation I received of
the; RR LOST edite t? it. Tt x EN du: es
netitióh d? Y Ba DerePd dle it/agree not with. t ^
petiments dr Jüd gin feo YourjownlconiMahds'6 tes
me to render you this account, I hope ithete will fhot.any
ill conftruction be made there of, which isall the Favour -
is defired by : |

(US

-irdoetdet, of 155d Tivosod bas $5sg193115919. HH. |
Ast, ivo 2:3 lo nsa 38» fé. e ffiered. um ble
"i Septs Xotl 1684.5 . érnb wo nidsiw.om flr bslievo1g
lo sosiq 5 tto? nifi £X9 X) » Sereant; NICH. W ALTE
jon bomplnog 1n2rüi1Sqzo 115d3 Vd doisw Motyssssl Jo
5 SKhe Blandketobrefioripatter n of his Zocombufble:E me
acn, which whs fhepmsheKoyakS ocvery) qpartwhereobds —
engtavemfig. 5349! bting mieafüred; was hind at féength —
1g Inches, between thefrange or saffellss: che fringe dteach ——
.eaàdibeing;s:nches-more; ío:that-the' whole was quitia
. footandengtins\andsthe breadthwias juft£ a*ooti] 0:07
15 Where Wwéne»fwo: proofs Of sts refitting ofrej given. at
London; one, beforefotineof vis oitoldbels bf the Rp So-
«ety; privatly, zfzgs zo; 2684; whenidyl was: permitted
tó be poubedaipon it whilftred bot, tojenforée the vio-
lence-of the fire:z-befóre it was pup into the: fréthis firft
‘trial; it weighed oneiounce;fixrdraams;fixteen Grains, amd -
loftintheburning)twoó drams;ditegrains?/w 2:250 08 |
"Yhefecond Experiment of it was publickbeforethe So- —
ciety; Nov. 12:following, whe it weighed'(as appears by
the fournal of the:Sotzvety) before ib was putinito the fre, —
One ounce; three drams, 18: pràins, ^ Being put into a.
leat barcoa ljfrre) it was pe mitted^ to continue red hot
init, .fórfeveral minutes: when taken out (thoagh red — —
hot)it: did/notconfume à pi ece of white paper; on which :
üt Was aya : it was dprefenrly -cóol, and upon weigh- |
© £1 i! £A ing -

L|

| 67

! : [ 1851] | |

jug itagain; was found to have loft one dram, 6 grains.
«Dec. 3, Mr. Arthur Bayly, one of the Fellows of the R.
Society; prefented them with a piece of this ZZzgen in the
name of Mr. Wazte. At the fame time, thefame Mr.
“Bayly prefented Dr. Plot with another piece of it, which
being brought to Oxford the Experiment was again re-
peated onit(Dec. x6.) it being put into a ftrong Char-
seal fire in the Natura! Hefiory School, in a full meeting
ofthe Philofophical Sectety of that Univerfity; where after
ithad'continuéd red hot forfome confiderable time, it
was taken forth again little-altered when ^ cold, faving
thátit feemed'a little whitersand cleaner than before it
was putin ; as appears upon the Fournal of that Soczety.
Concerning which, Dr. Plot, being defired to offer his
thoughts; drew up the following De/cours, which was read
before thé faid Saczery, Fume the 234 m. 1685605

A Difcourfe concerning tbe Incombuftible Cloth a-

-. boue mentioned s. Addrefs tin a Letter to Mr. Ar-
- oo thur Bayly Merchant, and Fellow of theR. Socie-
2 ty\s and to Mr- Nicholas Waite, Merchant of Lon-

-''don : by Rob. Plot; LL: D. d wide

k Worthy Gentlemen. ——

“HE Hiftorical account of the zzceombuflible Linnen
BR Clothabove mention d, being fent me by the one of
. "You; and a noble prefent made me of part of it by the
‘ether; witha defirefrom doth, that I would fearch the ald
"authors and fee how agreeable their relations are to this;
-^give you Beth a juft right to the following Difcourfe:
which I defire you would believe I addrefs to you, not fo
much ont of Complement, astrue gratitude for fo valuable -
: | Kk 3 o8

XT E1633] -
a gift. Itbeing eheemed oy the Ancients, though then
more common, and perhaps better known, then tis yet
amongft us, equally pretious with the beft of Pearls *.

. Nor is it now of mean value even in the Country where
made, a China Covet, (i. e. a piece 23 inches and 2long,)
being worth 80 Tale i. e. 36". 13'. 44. But that which
muchenhanfed its worth with me, was, that hereby you
‘put mein a capacity of giving full fatisfaction to tliis fa-
mous Univerfity of the reality of the thing; whereof, I -
cannot blame them, if fome did doubt; fince we find |
very good Authors to have done the fame: who though
they owned fuch.a mineralas Amzantus, out of the woolly
part whereof this fort of Linnen was always anciently faid
to be made, yet queftioned the poffibility of its having
been a&ually done: Dalecampius holding it very incre-
. dible, that it fhould be moven into cloth, by reafon of its
brevity’ ; and Schildius in his Commentary upon Suetonius
abfolutely denying it, Multi falfo fbi Linteum quoddam —
acti ex ingenio fuo commini/cuntur, being his very words‘.
Xuerius Boxhornius does notindeed deny but et there
might be fuch Lzzzen amongft the Indians, where the ma-
terials of it grow ; of which they might make them fzze-
ral /orouds wherein to enwrap the bodys oftheir Princes
(as they fay the ancient manner was) and fo preferve
their bes diftinct from thofe of the Pyra in which they —
-were burnt: but he is peremptory that the Romans never
ufed any fuch4; and fo is Jfaac Cafaubon*. Thetruth ©
whereof I fhall not difpute: but whether they did or no,
Iam fure they might, had they pleafed; for PZmy fays
exprefsly (and I dare believe him in any thing he {peaks
ofhisownknowledg) that he himfelf had feen Napkins *
thereof, which being taken foz/ from the board at a
great feaft, were caftintothe fire, by which means they.
were better /coured,and looked fazrer and cleaner, thén

a C. Plinii ag Nat. Hift. Lib. 19. e. t. b Jic. Dalecampii note in locum fupra citar.
c. Joh. Schildii notz in C. Suet. Trang. Lib.». d M.-Xuerii Boxhornii Queft. Rom. Quz&, —
'25. e If. Cafaub nore in Suec Lib. 2. p. 186. A if fa
. LJ ¢ ; i

[ 1053]
if they had been wafht in mater’. Now ifthey had
fuch Napkins, they might no queftion have had /beets of
it too, and put them to the ufe above mention'd had
-they thought it expedient, as, tis faid in the Letter
above, the Tartarian Princes, and others adjoyning, doe
atthis very day... Y, |
_.. That this Lzanen was very well known to the Anczents,
befide that of Pliny, we have the further teftimony of
Coelius. Rhodiginus, who agrees with the Letter, placing -
— boththe material: and manufatlure of it in Indias ; and
Paulus Venetus more particularly in Tartary, the Empe-
- rour whereof, he fays, fenta piece of it to Pope dlex-
ander*, Ytisalfo mention d by Farro ; and "Turnebus in
his Commentary upon him, de Lingua Lat. And by all
. ofthemasa thing inconfumableby fire. Inthefe latter
ages: Geo. Agricolatellsus, that there was a Mantle of
this. Lznnen at Vereburg in Saxony* ; and Simon Majolus
fays, he faw another.of it at Lovazn expofed to the fire’.
Salmuth alío acquaints us that one Podocattarusa Cyprian
Knight fhewed it publickly at Venzce, throwing it into —
the fre without fcruple or hust™; and Mr. Laffells faw
a piece of it in the curious. Cabinet of Manfred. Septalla,
Canon of Mean". | Mr. Ray was fhewed'a purfe of it by
the Prince Palatzn at. Heidleberg, which he faw put into -
a pan of burning Charcoal till it was throughly ignite,
which when taken out and: cool, he could not perceive
had receivd any harm ?; and we are toldinthe Burgun-
dianPhilofophy,of a long Rope of it,fent from Segnier Bocco-
mi tothe French King & kept by Monfieur Marchand in the
Kings gardens at Parzs, which though fteeped in oy/e&put
in the fre, is not confumed.?. Fo which add,that we have
now feen a piece of this. Lzmnen,pa{s the fierry triall both at
© fC. Plinii ati, Lib. ry. cop- vg Calii Rhodigini Le&onum Antiq. Lib. 18: cap: 31: b. M.
Pauli, Veneti de Regionibus Orientalib. Lib. 1. cap. 47. i Andr. Turnebi Comment. in Varr.
de Lingua Lat. A Geo. Agricole de natura Foffitium Lib. 5. / Sim; Maioli dierum Canicul. part.
1. colloq.20. m Hen Salmuth in Pancirolli rer. deperdit. Tit. 4: 2 Rich. Laffels Voyage into Italy
adis » Ray/sOhfervat. Topograph.. &c. pap. 83. p Philofoph. Burgund. Tom. 5, Tract.
cH ages,

(i4

| [ 1054]
V;ondon;&Oxford.So thatitfeems to have been knowin all

"ages, all'defcribing itafter thefame maneras chile |
fo infuperableby ré; that it: onlyreleán/éfahd makes it.

bettár.zi nt brsi | 8B Qu9-p09qZ95 JI idgnorns YS:
oo It: being) clear thenibeyond ‘controverly, that there
always was, and now is fuch incombu[Iblesbrnen ; 4 ‘Gatt-

. not but bewortln while to confidet We niéely; ahd! "
"full: extent, which I fhalb doe fitt in piving^forae! *

; bo Uu "NES © <f wa toms 431a le
«count of the notation of the Nzme?f of the Janüginour -
neral of which ‘tis made} atid thé ‘places where f and.

-2,0of its natural principles. 3,08 thie Inanu facture * itid- |
to\tbread cloth; &c.^4. ofthevariety ef ufes ithas beeé
put to. and gi^of the ?ez/on why taco mbaftible. E 4

all thefe with asmuch brevity, às perfpicuity will admi

—

|
|
|
1
:
1
*

Sof, | Firftthen as to the notation of its Names whereof 1t -
«has many, taken from /its gualitzes, colour, texture, and

places where found 3 Tt is caled.firt (from its ftrange —

qualities) fometimes Amtantus, quod tn ignem injetius non
qualia, the fire being fo: far from def/lezng it, that :t ra-

ther gives ita: 72//re- 9. Its call'd Asbeftos? and 3. Sala-

-

omaándra, in Euglifh Salamanders wool; Y fappofe from — |

the thryallider.ot CandleWieksfaid'to be'antiently made —
of it, which being put into Lamps of fach tncenfumable —

coyl, as ts mention din the Leftzer, would never walt, or
goeout; which I take to béthetrue reafon of the impo-

fitionof thefe Names. upon it, whether SEE

any füchzsprornoe.^ For as ‘for'the ftone’ Zrbeff E

>

- ap/yHlos mention diby 'Solinas 3, Todore*, Salmafrus "^, and.

-Masolus*.; found in Arcadia of an Jrón-colour, which the

all fay ifonce beated, can never be exezngui/h't or cool

again; itmuft be a quite different thing from ours, then
which nothin gis extinguib's, or'cooled fooner. ^ N ay fo

far As it from being the. fame. with.our ds beftos, that
; % i} ‘Ge? UOTA. d A d. r a L e 4 yt 7 r6 i01 A an 135n5Y ; t . D
Hot ont need Ulontu CURA RNA GE» : !

w ago .rt. dul diügiasnmOs
» Ausicium dic amie A. «2 dul mado efiag st
^^. Julii Solini Polyhit. Cap. 12. .r-lfodor Epiío. -Hifpal. Ori !
rafii Exercitat. plin, in C. Jul.Solini Polyhift. 5$im. Maioli Colloq. Phyf. admiirand. Col-

Jog. 1$. & 22,

m

bi31o358 02 A MSL KIEM a
Orig. Tib. $6 Cep: 4. f CW Sale _

ftri&ly 5

: [ 1055]
ftrictly fpeaking, I dare boldly fay, there was never any
fuch thing in aetwre: Notwithftanding what Metephra/-
£es tells usof it, relating toSt. George the Megalo- Mar-
gr. Patros of the Exglifh ; who being condemned to be
&ru£ by his wicked perfecutors, that had feen many mi-
racles done in the aaze of (riff, fearing the virtue of
that Name might extinguilh the common fire, Asbefte lapide
Sanilam ebruerunt, coverd him all over with Arbefos
ftones which they thought could never be extinguifht ",
Port guefs with Bellendas it was nothing elfe but Calx
viva"; orunflaked Lime, which kept dry will indeed re-
tain its fiery particles for a long feafon; orelfe fome
fuch ftone asthe 4/y@es of Pliny which once heated will
hold fo fora week * ; likethe Ruggiola’s of Spain (which
are broad plates, like tiles, cut out of a Mountain of red
‘Salt near Cardona) that being heated on both fides will
keep warm for a whole natural day’; or our Corni/b
warming ftene which will hold heat for 8 or 1o hours;
All, or any of which, per Synecdocben partis, may in fome
fenfebe calld sbeftos well enough. Yet J/edore and
_Maiojus both tell us ofa Lamp that hung fomewhere in
a Temple of Venus, that had a wiek of fuch Asbeffos, that
‘no tempeft either of wind or water could poffibly extin-
;guifh* ; and we are told that the Lamp found in the tomb
of Pallas the Arcadian flain by Turnus in the Trojae War,
| was of this kind, it remaining burning alter it was taken
forth, notwithftanding either mind or water, with which
| fome did endeavour to quench it *. Which HZz/feries mult -.
“either be falfe, or the Lamps muft have Weks of fome. -
| different kind of 4sbeffos from ours ; which is eafily ex-
| tinguilbt; and from a pungent quality Agricola {ays it has
on the tongue without a/fringency, is otherwife call'd
| Alumen”, having the diftinguifhing Epithet [ p/umeum ]

ee Sim. Mera phraftes in Encomio Sti. Georgii apud Lipoman, Tom. 7, in Apr. 23. s Bollan-
| dusin a&a San&orum. Apr. 23. 2. x C.Plinii 2:5. Nat. Hift. Lib. 37. cap. 10. y Fr. willugh-
| By S Voyage through Spain. p.471. zIfidor. Epifc. Hifpal. Orig. Lib. 16. cap. 4. & Sim. Maio-
; li colloq. Phyf. admirand.colloq. 18. @ Fortun. Liceti. de Lucern. Lib. cap, 11. 6 Geo. Agri-
1 sola de Natura Foffilium Lib. 5.

| : ee Drs added.

i
|

/

nara [rosé]
added toit, taken from its downy filaments, to difcri-
minate it from all the reft of the Alums. Se rj
From the /zght gray colour of its lanuginous parts, it is
calld by fome Polza ; by: others Corfotdes ; and: from its
— likenefsto the hoary fibres of fome fort of Matweed, Spar
tepolia*. Fromthecapacity it has of being fpun into -
thred, it is alfo calld zzz, with fome diftinguifhing

|

Epithet taken either from its quality, {uch as asbeffinum,
» or vivum? ; orfromthe place where found, in general
or particular: it being calld in general. Linum foffile; -
in Engiz/b, Earth-flax and in particular Linum Indzcum by |
Gelius Rbodiginus* ; Linum Creticum by Strabot; Linum —
Cyprium by Pancirollus $; allo Carpafium by Plutarch and -
Rhodiginus, from Carpafa a City in Cyprus, near which -
itisfound ^; and Lznum Caryfium, by Pau[anias from a
Town of that name in Negropont’ where it was alfo
dugg*. Butbefide thefe places that have given Epethers
to the thred made of it, it isalfo fonnd in Tarzary, as Mi
Paulus l'enetus | and Mr. Wazte agrees. and as Agricola,
informs us, at Namur in theLow-Countries ; at Ezsf. ld. imi
Thuringia; amongft the mines-in the. old Noricums -
fomewhere in Agypt, and in the mountains of Arcadia™ s.
Alfo at Pu£eoli as $obn Heffus acquaints"; and lately in.
fome mines in Jtaly by. Szgnier. Marco. Antonio Caftagna%s
"To which we may add our own Country, it having beém -
. yetlatelyer met with inafmall J/and belonging to 77s |
liam Robznfon Eíq ; called Ynzs Molronzadi. e. the land
of Sea-calves, inthe parifh of LLan-Fair yng Horny in
(AnglefeyinWales, ! 4Ó lin $d 1B]
- Secondly asto the za£ural principles of it, though it.be |
commonly by the ZLzthograpbers reckon d among flones, |
I rather fhould judg it a terra lapido/a or middle fubftance | |

e Ibidem. dC. Plinii.24i.- Nat, Hift. Lib, rg. cap. 1. € Cal. Rhodjgini Le@, antiq. Lib. 1$. |
tap. 31. fStrabonis rer. Geograph. Lib. 10. g Guid. Pancirolli rer deperdit. Tic. 4, b Cal.
Rhodigini Le&ion, Antiq. Lib, 14. cap. 18. k Vid. Geo. Agricole de Nar, Foffil. Lib. ;. Mar |
Pauli Venet. de Regionib, Oriental. Lib. 1 cap. 47. m Geo. Agricol Ibid. » Pet. Andr. Matthio- |

li Epif. Lib. 3. ephilofoph. Tranf@@. Numb. 166.72.

|
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i
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|
|
|

|
i

|
|

M
Ü]

|
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}

|

[1057 ] dq
betweena ftone andan earth; but whether the one ot
the other,madeof a mixture (1 gueís) of fome Salt or o-
ther, and a pure earth without Sulphur, coagulated in the
minter,and harden' d to perfection by the heats in Sum-

mer. Which Salt fobaunes Heffus provesby a very co-'

gentargumentto be Alumen liquidum, deícribing it, as -
Matthojus allo doesp, tobe a whitio latteous fubftance
fomewhat inclining to ye#ow, that {weats out of the earth,
and fmells like Rotten cheefe: whereof having gatherda

quantity at Pzzeoh, together with the other Speczes’s of

Alum, and kept it a while by him, when he came to
look on itagain, he found it to have loft the fmell, and

agreatpartofit changed into Alumen Plumeumi: the

Saline part (I fuppofe) thooting into threds, and the pure
eartb uniting them, asfound in the places wherever gene-
rated: whether /weating from the earth as Pliny and Mat-
thiolus would have it,; or percolated through rocks, as
we find it in Wales, the veins of it there running through
arock offtone in hardnefs and colour not unlike flizt *.
And yet it feems to be made of much fuch an A/zm as that

of jobn Heffus at Puteole was, fome of it being ffran-

colour'd, asifit ftillretain'd the yellowne/s that his liquid
bitumen was faid to have : which isacolour not given it
by any Author, moft of it being faid tobe white or ciner-
eous; fome of it red; and fome ofan Iron colour as Agri-
cola tells us* ;; and Ihave fome of the Cyprian by me fent

from Aleppo by, my worthy friend Dr. Rob. Huntington

now Provoft of ‘Trin. Coll. Dublin whereof fome is ofa
light blew or pearl-colour ; and fome of it ha's a caft of
Sea-green. But however the whole mineral fubftances
found at feveral places may differ in colour; yet I doe
mot find but the woolly part of them all feems to be much

| the fame, viz. of a white Silver colour, the threds very fine

p And. Matthioli Comment. ín Lib. 5. Difcor. cap. 82. 4 Andr. Matthioli Epiftol.Lib. 3. vC.

| Plinii2di. Nat. Hift. Lib. 35. cap, 15. & Andr. Matthioli Comment. in Lib. s. Diofcor. cap. 82.

T Philofoph, Tranfa&. Numb. 166. + Geo. Agricole de Nat. Fosül. L, 5.

2 and

| [1052] 4
and flender, yet very ponderous, the {malleft particles of —
them throughly wet, finking in water ; aslalfo founda -
very lender thrumm of the Jncombufizble Linnen given —
aneby Mr. Baz, which Mr. Wate brought from inda,
would alfo doe: which renders it very probable thar it |
is nota vegetable, buta mineral fubfance, notwithitand-
ing the informations of (omco and Keay-arear Sukradana
mention din Mr. Wastes Letter. fay, renders it pro- —
bable, there being feveral woods, fach as Bax, red-wood,
Perfan weed,"&c. that will fink in water. j »

Concerning the mzaufatfure ofit into thred, cloth, &c. —
our Letter isfilent, but Marcus Paulus Venetus very lucki- —
ly fupplyes this defe@, acquainting us in his book de
Regiontbus Orientalibus, how, it is madein Tarzaery it —
felf: where he faysit is found in a certain mountain in -
the province of Chinchinthales, and made into cloth, as —
he was inform'd by one Gurficar a Turk who: was Superta= —
tendent of the Mines in that Country, after thismanners —
The Lanuginous mineral or Amianthus being firft dryed in...
the Suz, is next pounded in a bra/s mortar, and the ©
earthy part feparated from the maally, which is afterward —
ava/b£ from, all filth whatever that may -yet ftick to it, -
and fo, being thus purged, isthen /pun into thred like o.
ther wool, and after wove into cloth: which if foul or
fpotted, they cleanfe, he fays, by throwing it into the fre
Íoran bours time, whence it will ;come forth unhurt, as
white-as Snow *. . Which very Method (as Strabo: pre> —
Ícribes it) feems alfo to have been ufed in osdering the |
Cretan Amiantus, only with this addition, that after it.
was pounded, and the earthy part hheokfrom the wooly,
he fays ‘twas comb'd, and fo does Agricola, which argues |
there wasfome of a.greater length than any I have yet |
feen*: whatthe Cretan might be I cannot tell, but the |
Cyprian 1 am fure is fhort enough, fo isthe Wel/a, and fo |

u Rhilofoph. Tranfa&. Numb. 169. w Mar, Pauli Veneti de Regionibus — Orientalibus. |

Gib i. cap. 47. x Surabonisrer.Geograph. Lib-ro.& Geo. Agricola de Nat. Foffil. Lib. 5. ^ —
i ; , e» Jj ode 3 p was. ¥

| | [rosy]
was all that wasknown in Pliny's time, who confeffes it
was very difficult to weave by reafon of its Jborinefs, dif-
ficile textu propter brevitatem? ; infomuch that 1 guefs
they ufed fome rz to effect it, not difcover'd by Authors,
Ípininng it perhaps firft together with 7s», andío weay-
ing it intocleth, by which means tis likely it might hang
together after twas woven, the tow being burnt away u- -
pon the firftexpofing it to the fery trial ; or clic it they
fpunit alone, perhaps they might moiften it with Gzm-
- water, orlome other fach givtznous liquor, to make it
hang the better together,during the//pinnzng and working
it intoz/etb, which though burnt away upon the firft ex-
perement, yet the Amiantus once woven, in all probabili-
ty might thea hang together well enough of it
|] CE NEM | | iare |
- Thus having fhewi the Methodhow anciently,; and how
- poffibly this mzneral may be fpun into thred, and confe-
quently workt into c/othin our Age: let us next confider
to what ufes it ever was, or may be put. As to the for-
mer whereof Pliny informs us, that Sbrouds of this..Linnen
wereanciently ufed, at the Royal ^Obfequies of K, K, to
wrapup their Corps in, foas that the a/berof their bodies
. might be preferved diftin& from thofe of the weed which
3nade the funeral Pele; and the Letter acquaints us that
the Princes of Tartary, as K eay-arear Sukradana was cre-
dibly informed, doe ufe fach at this day for burning their
- dead: which I have had: fo well confirmed: from other
hands fince my receipt of that Letter, that Ihave little
eafon to doubt of the thing ; there being no incapacity
on the part of the cloth: of which though, as the Letter
fays, fome isnot fo good as the reft (as ‘tis in. moft other-
J tommoditys) yet I doe not find thereisany fo bad, but will
fofar refift the frre,: as to perform this office: for though
it muft be acknowledged.it does aiment/b every time itun-
3 C. Plinli adi, NH, Lib. 1. cap. 1 di udin
mn | X13 gler~

[ 1060]
dergoes the violence.of the fre ; yetthishinders not but
it may, and will, doe that Serezce diverstimes, before it
be renderd altogether ufelefs. Celius Calcagnanus {ays
that fome of the Auczents made them cloths of it* ; with
whom agrees Zurnebus in his Commentary upon Farro*s
and Celius Rbodzginus tells usindefinitly that the Jndians
did make them Garments of it^ ; but. Eizerocles teftrains
it to the Brachmans only‘. TheWeks forthe Perpetual
Lamps of the Anctents were alfo made of this, as the fame
Rhodigenus further acquaints us; the Wiek of the golden
Lamp of Callimachus that hung in ropole, being made
. (as he fays)e Lino Carpafie, of -whichthe fire had no

powerd. The Emperor Conftantin alio, as Damafus in-
"forms us, appointed a Wiekto be made of this zxcombu/-
- tible flax, which fhould perpetually burn in his Baptzffery
at Rome*.. And.Ladev. Vives bears us Witnefs, that. he
[aw many of thefe in Lamps, at Parr, that would never
confume^. That Napkins, Mantles, a Purfe and Rope
have been made of it, has been fhewn already; and we
are told that Septalla, Canon -of Millan had thred, roaps,
net-works, and. Paper of it, Marco Antonio Caftagna,
who lately found this mzneral. fomewhere in Italy, knows
how to. prepare, and render it fotractable and foft,
‘that it refembles well enough a very fine Lambs-Sken,
which he canthicken and make thin to what. degree he
. pleafeth, and;maketh it thereby, like either to a very
white Skin, ora very white Paper*.. Wehave.alfo made .
paper of our Wel/h- Améantus: but lately here at "Oxford,
which will bear:both fre and. /n£ well enough, the 4k
only turning red by the violince of the sire’.

Laftly;to: thew the-eafoz whence it is, that this fub-

% Calit Calcagnini. Epiffol, Queft. Libog, Epift. r. 4 Ande. Turnebi Comment. in Varr.
deLingua Lat. ^P Cali Rhodigini Éeétion. ‘Antiq. Lib. 18. cap. 31. ¢ Vid.:Geo. Agricole de
Nat. Foff.. Lib.5.* 4 Celii Rhodigini-Le&ion. ‘Antiq/ Lib. 14. cap. 18. e Damaf. in Sylveftr.
Pap. b Ludov. Vivesin Scholioad D. Aüguft. de Civitat. - Dei. bib; 2T. cap. 6. .; Mufzum
Regalis Societat. Part, 3. chap. 5. & Philofoph. Tronía&. Numb, 72. | Philofoph. Tranfac.
‘Numb. 166. od. ditis [2 e VO a T

ftance

, e ?
; FE Xa *

ae | ; E*rac1 T
ftance fhould be fo ftrangely privileg d by nature; asto ©
bewholy put out of the power of fire: we mult confider
firít (that we doe it with clearneís) the Qualities and
power of fireit felt; 2. the condition of the ¢hings moft
lyable to fre; and then 3. what things they are that re-
fit moft, and remazn after it has exercifed its ultimat
force. '"Thequalities then and power of fire according
to 4Ariftatle are, Agxpinn mi wh éusguac, oulxpiny Ji mi §usdoure m > tO
feparat things of adifferent,and unite thofe of altke nature.
2 The Subjetts moft apt to take fre and be diffolved
by it, wefind to be fuch beterogencous bodies, in whofe
| pores the moft Sulphureous bituminous, and aqueous par-
ticles arelodg'd; which being feized by fre, are quickly
‘put into motion, dilated, feparated, and being thus
made capable of flying away, areatlaft confumed ; and
diffolve the frame of thofe bodies whofe parts before were
united bythem. When thefe are fled and gone, the fre
naturally goes out, as having nothing now left to work
upon, nothing remaining, but the Sa/ts and Earth in the —
form of A/bes: which 3. in all forts of compounds are
the £bings that ref/ff this Element moft, and will remain
after the moft exalted operation itcan beforced to. Nor
doe the Salts only of mzxt bodies thus baffle the force of
ftre, but the f/mple ones much more, as being more hemo-
geneous, aswefeeinthe decrepztatzon of common Salt, and
exfrecation of Vetrzol, which when the aqueous partsare
once evaporated, are now a pure (imple homogeneous body,
no more fenfble of the fre, the decrepztation ceafing, and
nothing remaining that can be dilated, any further to
_ break the corns of Salt. Now whatever the fire cannot
dilate, it cannot feparate, nor confequeutly deftroy, or
carry any thing from it, but what is heterogeneous and
accidentally adhering to the outfide of it: which is per-
fe&ly the cafe of our zacombuftzble Linnen, whofe threds

m Axittotel, de Colo Lib. 4. cap. 8,

being

-

"LDxos2]

“being altogether homogeneous, and nothing elfe but the

pare ftria ot ead Alum, as was {hewn above, holding no-
thing of Sulphur, bitumen,or water, orany thing that is
different or beterogeneous to it felf, thatcan be dilated or
feparated, itisin no poffibility indeed of being /yable ta

the fre: which may indeed pafs through it, as we fee it

does when ‘tis made redbot , but can carry nothing from
it; buat fuch accidental filtb as has been put upon it, or
accrewed by uíeing. iy a use
And thus Gentlemen Y have run through the feveral
brancher laid down above, according to tlie capacity of

the/zbjecf, and my felf; wherein if I have done well, —

you have your defire ; i£ ill, you fee I have not {crupled to
hazard my reputation, tolervemy Friends; fo that [hope
you will believe without a Complement, that I really am,

Tour ! molt humble

i Servant, R. P.

| Short E

tua,

Shot "Meéitioirs hor the Natural Experimental Hi-
Jftoty of Mineral Watefs: by the Honourable Ro-
“bert Boyle, Fellow of tbe Basal, Scierdy d Lon-
"don. «: I 168" ; : Meine : |

ire PEE dw SI - -

E Go 4

gn MI E ‘Author divides itis Track into m X. d: the
firit whereof is only introductory, wherein he tells
85, — although the beft warrant wecan have for the
ule of any of thefe waters, is the long and füflicient Expe-

rience of their good and, bad effects, yet fince the advice

ofPhyficians to their, Patients in. this cafe.is a thing of fo
we confequence, the ‘circumftances fo many and fo
neceffary to be confidered; and ince the Curiofity of men
hath been little greater, then to ingnire only what Co-
lour the Mineral. mater will firike with Galls or Oaken
~-feaves, : ‘and what Kind, and. 4 uantity. of Salt will remain
after. evaporation ; upon thele and fuch like confidera-
tions our Honourable Author hath thought fit to commu-
nicate thefe his Memoirs. in order to a more fulland Me-
thodicall Zffery of. Mineral waters; to, the drawing up
of which, he thinks thefe 3 foll lowing OD{ervations ne-
| ceffary. i

Firf that a man ought to take notice ofthole particu:
ce that relate to it, whilft tis yet under ground, or in it's
native receptacles. . | :

Secondly to examine the properties A other qualities
i ‘of it, "when ‘tis drawn up by men at the {pring head or o-
7 ther receptacle.

Thirdly he is to.confider the operation and Effects of it
| Ap Humane bodies whether fick or found, &c.
‘To the firft of thefe he has, fubjoeyn'd a fet of Titles for

: M m the

[ 25643
the firft part of the propofed work. He hath given like-
wife a Scheme of Titles for the fecond part : But becaufe
the fecond part isthat,whith Jie mainly defigned, he
referr'd to it two other Sections vix. the fourth and fifth,
In the firft of which he gives Experimental Remarks up-
on the way of Examining Méneral'iwaters by the help of
Galls; the ufe of which he approves.ofrather in powder
theninfufion ; but, for the more effectual courfe of ei-
ther way, gives this caution, that the Tznéure be not
long drawn, nor the Galls themfelyes grown, ftale.~ He

cannot by any meansthink Gals (or the'Infufion there- -

of,) tobe of that ufe and certainty, that it is Vugarly pre-

fum'dto have, inas muchas it only difcovers a liquor to.

be or not to be, either of a Vitrfolate or Ferrdginous na-
ture ; for there are divers metallitte® Ores and other Mi-
‘neral bodies which, not participating of Tron, will not by
this means be difcóverd, and yetmay at the fame time

ftrongly impregnate the water propofed; the decoction

of Arfenic tor example, ‘changes no more upon \Galls,

than would common water. . ‘Moreover unlefs Iron be.

the only predominant Mineral in the’ Piériolatéd water,

the infufion of Galls does not anfwer it, for upon a ftrong |

Solution of Roman Vitriol (where Copper is the only, or
at leaft the predominant metal) the infufion, or Tin&ure
of Galls afforded neither a black nor blackifh colour, only
a thick and muddy one, that was not fo much as pur-
plilh. And though the uthor be, for certain reafons
. unwilling to fet down a way to difcover in a trice both

thefe Vztriols without any liquor or tangible body, yet he

has been fo.candid as to fubjoyn as a /uccedaneum, the

way of making a liquor that will prefently turn

black with a folution of Mar:za! or Cupreous Vitrial.

Notes on other Articles of the fame fecond part) he ob-
ferves, and brings his Ocular demonftration for the life

a

5

1

=)

In his fifth Section (confitting of Annotations and.

his
1
L3

| [1055 J |

& motion of thofe creaturesfound in water wherein pep--
per has been infusd. He obferves likewife that the
"frefhnefs and quicknefs of fuch Ferruginous waters asare
lighter then common water, are much loft in the remo-
val. Neither will the waters themfelves have thofe Ef-
fects they would at the {pring head, or before their re-
moval. Hedillikesthe divifion of Mineral waters into
Actdule & Therma, having by feveral tryalls found, that
there isnot a manifeft Acidity in thofe waters that are
not Sulphureous or hot; fuppoling alfo, that they may
inall probability have fpent the Acidity they had, upon
the Iron Ore, which they diffolv'd in their patfages; nei-
ther does he think any of our purgative waters contain a
Salt that belongsto any one known fort of Salts; but is
either of a fort for which we have yet no name, or elfe is
of a compounded Nature, fince two bodies, neither of
which is Cathartick, may by a change of texture com-
pofe a third body briskly purgative; of which he has
^ eric Example; he adds that (as far as he has ob-
ervd, ) thofe Ferrugenous waters, that are not heavier
then common water,and in moft drinkers prove but Diz-
retick, afford very little Gaput mortuum, or dry fub-
{tance,upen the total evaporation of their liquor;where-
as Mineral watersthat are purging, and manifeftly more
ponderousin/Pecze then common water, leave a confi-
derable Quantity of Refidence. ex. gr. A pound of Bar-
net water (which is purgative,)yielded one dram of white
- powder. A pound of Tunbridge water yielded Cap: mort.
about gr. i. Twenty five ounces of German fbam water
. gave but---- gr. rff. Neither need fo fmall a Quantity feem
» inconfiderable, fince upon tryall one part of Marca/ite
_ did communicate a Tincture to 61440 partsof the infu-
fion of Galls; and upon Computation one grain of
Vitriolate fubftance might impregnate 6ooo times its
weight ofcommon water, fo as to make it fitto produce
with Galls a purple colour. Toall which laftly is fub-
SUME "TUNI DP 2 joynd

Eres I. |
joyn'd the fixth Secton, which. the. Author himfelf tells usy
confifts only ofa fet of Articles referrable
-cinal ufe of Mineral waters, t

L

to the medi- ^

PAD piden em

ry Ag. ross, lin, 33. for ferry read fiery, lin. penult. for pap, reud pap, pag, 10€. Hin. ay. "reale
P Lape, 23, edP % | ned 10f6, TA 33: read Ceequsinte ws.) aay, rote ra after Rome.
add [, To which 44d ibat Faachimus Fortius{ vid. Foach. Forti. Experiment ; Lab.) 4 facobuiWee-

evs (vids IHius de Secretis Lib. 3.ap. 2.) both affirm upon their ewm Experiment and knomledze that it map

» ,F— aa

be formed into the lihenefs of a Witk; that will 4ámimler to the flame, and not beswafted.}

Printed at the Theater in Oxford, : for Sar: ine |

. Smith at the Prince s Armsin Paul's Church- +
yard London; and Hen. Clements =
| Book-feller in Oxford. de ipa
FINIS levíg

3

[ 1067'] Numb. 173.

PHILOSOPHICAL

MM oca

july, 22d. 1685. |

TOURhBOQON TENTS.

1. Phenomena in Cadavere prenobilis Femine, Apoplexia
v perempta, inter diffecandum Matt 12, 1679, obfervata,a.
Clariff- Dx. Cui. Cole, M. D. 2. An abftraé of a
Letter. from Mr. Leewenhoeck, to the R. S. dated
«an. 23d, 1684: Concerning the Various Figures of the
_ Salts contazned tn feverai fubflances .3.An Account of (ome
Experiments for trying the force. of great Guns; ; by the
learned. fr. Greaves; communicated by Mrs. Stubbs.
_ 4. A new way. of railing Water; dy Ur. Papin, Fellow
- ef the Royal Society. An Account of two. Books ;
od. A °Treatife of Algebra, both-Hiftorzcal and Pratti-
eal, By JOHN WALLIS, D.. D. Profeffer of
_. Geometry zn the Univerfity of Oxtord ; and a Member
-.. of the Royal Society, London... 2, Apologia pro Cir-
- enitione Sanguinis; gua refbondetur I&ynylio Parifano,
. Medico Veneto, duitore GE, OR GIO ENTIO, Eade
41a altera, auttior GG accuratior. Loud. 1685. 8v0..

crowds - . fExos8]

Phenomena in Cadavere prenobilis cujufdam Fzmi-

Kh hes’ Apoplexia perempte, inter ~di/Secandum,
Maii 12, 1679,aClarif. Medico D" . Dre .Cole

~

L luftrifima D?, infeculi ornamentum & exemplum
P

nata (utpote cujus hon fólum ftupendz animi :dotes,

fed & eximia virtus, cunctosqueis innotuiffe contigit, in

admirationem, imo & venerationem rapuerunt,)à mul-

tis retro annis Pypochendriatis (prout vulgo dicuntur,)
& byflericis laboraverat fymptomatis; quibus aliquoties,
at nuperis annis, fupervenerat narium hzmorrhagia, ea-
:quequandoqué tam profufa, ut de vita: fere" defperan-

dumtuerit. Ad periculum & à morbis, & ab hzimorrha--

gia, avérruncandum, phlebotomia (nefcio iphus D, an
medicorum fuafu,) inter alia preefidia fepe" in fabfidium

vocata fuerat,’ a qua (non fecus ae ab hemorrhágiis dum
‘moderate procederent,) egregium fzpenumerolevamen,
emaciatüm quamvis fuit, & non morbo folum & jeiuniis

smaceratüm, Corpus, fenfit. Imo’ licet ante menfem, -

"plus minus, ab obitu fpontateam, eamque valde copio-
fam, hemorrhagiam, qua negotio’ hole oninino' nullo
tandem fiftebatar, perpeffa faerat, ufque adeo tamen
abeo tempore invaletüdine;' paulo ante ‘defpérata fere,
recupefanda’ promoverat, ut^fibi perfuaferat, fe jam

extra difcriminis aleam; dithinutis plurimüm fympto-

sidtis, ferme conftitiffe; ;Solimmodo- pridie ejus ‘dici,
qui ‘lil fapfethds erat, déndodd evtoethagiel folia m
procliviserát, quam onini'ópe "füb'ipfó erumpere gefti-
entis fanguinis primo nixu przvenire fatagebat, pericu-

lum, quod nuper ab immodico ejus effluxu evaferat, ite- _
rum verita. Et quidem nimis fataliter ceflit remedio- .
rum quz adhibuit fucceffus, fanguine non ampliuspro- ^
| — deunte; .

VÀ c. poc NS T

'deünte ; unde fe in tuto pofitam, vel éo ipfo ante obi-
tum :die; Maii ro; cenfuit. -Cumex iniprovifo fatali?
illius. imminéret 'éataftrophe. JPoftquám enim vefpert
*fedntra cubile compofuerar, fübitoimtiant capitis dolo-
recorrepta uerat-jcajüs gratià^(v ácillare ftatim. incipi-
ente lingua,) chirurgum extemplo advocari juffit, qui
danguinem detraheret. ^ Illeanterm, qui mille paffus in-
de aberatj non anteappellere potuiu; quam Nobiliffima
dé vivisescellérat; quodintra femuhoram ab inful-
tu contigit. ip je» i RI Ii: SUPQUOSL, ,OIEIPTES
MM Ad cadaveris apertionem vocatus, accito in operis fo-
. Cietatem do&tiff. D. Tomkyas, nil in viíceribus abdo-
Mine -contentis invenire potuimus,, unde vel infignem
Aliquam labemiiis adefie concluderemus; nedum 'mor-
tis caufam illic -latitare«:;;Et quidem; notáru dignum -
. €rat, quod-quamvis à triginta annis jecur, ab omnibus
Iere Celeberr.:, Medicis, quos fanitati fuze moderandz
admoverat (& inter-ceterosfamigeratifs, D. Mayerne,)
. non modo funime obítructum; (qux etiam de (biens pro-
nuntiata fuerandententiay) fed etiam feirrhofum .habi-
tumfuerat; ufqueadeo tamen ab omni labe. immune
erat,-ut nulla vel: mitiim&-obftructionis, (licet ubicunque
. talem latitare fufpicio ingrhere potuit aperuerimus,) ve-
- itigia offendi potuerant; verum vafa debitas fuas; diftri-
butiones quantum colligere potuimus, obferyabant, fub-
ftantia uniformis& compadta erat, colorque uniyerfim,
qualem ‘nature modus exigit, optimus; hinc ut appa-
reat, quam injafte fepenumero,criminari foleamus hoc
Vileus.... Solummodo pre'grande erat, & proinde (in ma-
- Cilento prdeztim corpore) majosem folita in hy pochon-
. 8rio tenfionein efficiens, palpuinais facile obtrudere po-
|, tuit, qui, pro folenni olim more, cüuctorum, " /ypechon-
| driacorum titulo infignitoruni, fymptomatum caufas ab
: Hepate & Liene!obftructis deductnt. ~ Hoc faltem no-
| tavitüs, quod tee rà cyiti felléa, qu pium contta-
— Gaerat, necin reliquis (que fefe confpiti fobrule:

À

bel 2
o2 E Q :

enda
| : Nn 2 . runt,)

| NS

|
1
||

| | 4 1070
runt,) per hepar {parfis vafis biliaribus, aicquam. bilis
repertum fuerit, nec abea tin&uram, ni Miialiom di-
lutam, hauferant ; verum in cyftis cavitate quatuorde-
cim reperiebantur concretiones, quarum maxima pars
magnitudine pifa equabant, duz vel tres pauloampliores
erant, preffz rotunditatis, exterius fere nigricantes, &

.glabrz, atque Bezoar, poftquam paululum aeri expofite
fuerant, emulantes, primo autem intuitu pilulas aloetie -
cas referentes, intus flavefcentes, cum aliquali i in centro
cavitate, facileque friabiles.

Lien pariter ab omni labe immunis videatis gos Hn

fecus ac hepar, folito grandior.

"Nentriculus vacuus (utpote quem pauculis ante mor-
tem horis depleverat vomitionis, non infrequens toto z-
gritudinis decurfu, paroxyfmus; ut taceam Hon. De».
tantafemper, ne Seraphicis fruitionibus poneretur obex,
abftinentia-ufum fuiffe, ut raro ipfis nature indigentiis,
alimentorum debita ingefta. mentura, vel. maxime fana

confuléret,) non multum; | vel-quod ad "colorem vel tex!
turam attiBet, nifi muon paulo: flaccidior fuerit, ^on

22

35

dus videbatur. i: [ITO t 3 £18 |
Paüucreasnu:la. evidentia obftruétionis indigia prode-

bat, ut nec- nas gee ups ai hu ie fatis |
fim erat; | doh Slav ígUi97 ijubronjog ail

e 4-7. ES

aA

teria bet erant; Se aaantaties pre - ende p circa
eorum regionem aliquoties invadere folebant,' credide- -
rat aliquando llluftr? D*.- fe calculo laboraffe; Solum .
mods lasitt! "aliquanitim aquo videbatur. illotum com- |
pages; quod ^ forfan ^ Copiófs quam perpeti . Jdólebat,
urine Finis COS" pendegtis b x ind P me=~
reatur. Ü ius T JY

| Utergs. debite do es VOR RU, quamvis. ex. p
prom iin, orca antea HRSA haud. BBusa huic q

Pa EBS (Bs 3 fol 3 UD) eppiHsr tu 23H

ub

\

b |

Lro7r]
|J Inttfathoracem obfervandum occurrebat, re, quod in
dextrolatere pulmones tam firmiter pleurz,quatuor digi-
torüm latitudine, adhzrerent, ut nificultri adminiculo
&gpre feparári potuerint; 2°, quod variis in locis, preefer-
tim hic illic cirea’ loborüm margines, tanto nigrore
afficerentur, ut ad: fphacelationes proni viderentur.

. Cor fanum confpiciebatur: quodque forfan attendi
mereatur, pinguedinis fat magna quantitas bafi ejusac-
crevit, quanquam reliquo corpore valde emaciata fue-
ric. | |

Aperto vero cranio tam fubite cladis evidenter fefe
obtulit caufa. Vaía etenim fanguifera membranas (te-
nuem praíertim,) dextri lobi cerebri perreptantia, fan-
guine admodum turgebant ; iifque ex illa cerebri re-
gione, (qua fe laborare ftatim ab invafione conquefta
eft,) dificiffis, magna effluxit ferofi fanguinis quantitas ;
.quo evacuato, cerebrique fubftantia cultello aperta,
fefe in confpe&um obtulit largus concreti cruoris gru-
mus, qui ftaterz impofitus pependit unciam circiter cum
dimidia, atque proinde largam illic fibi neceffario for-
maverat cavitatem. Aftin ventriculos, vel alibi inter
membranas nil omnino fanguinis effufum erat. ^ Sini-
{trum lobum quod attinet, necille, nec ejus vafa fan-
guine fupra modum turgebant. De cetero, nil in pro-
pera ifthac, quam lucernarum ope adornabamus, diffe-
cione (nempe feftinandum erat,) comperire potuimus,
unde concludendum effet cerebrum, quantum oculis
patuit, male affectum effe; tametfi ex variis fymptomatis
quibus à longo tempore obnoxia fuiffet Nobiliff. D* (ut-
potecordis tremore, & palpitationibus, magnisanxieta-
tibus, mufculorum in artubus aliifque partibus contra-
Curis & doloribus, aliifque pluribus convulfivis,) nen
levis momenti argumenta fucci nervofi haud parum
vitiati defumi potuerint. Unde corollarium ifthoc for-
fan deducere liceat; Succorum in corpore contento-
rum vitia non femper partium vel continentium vel
| ! | O o fecer

| KE [ 1072] | Ew.
fecernentilim culpz, fed quandoque (fino pleramque,) —
proprie eorum degenerationi & dyfcrafie imputanda -
effe. Cerebrum, cum cerebello, cranio exemptum; & -
fuperfluo, qua licuit, fanguine liberatum, pependit //ii -
unc XTHI juxta vulgata pondera quz apud nos in ufu.funt,.
& ad manum erant, verdupos dicta ; id; quod. forfan -
. euriofis noningratum fueripannotaffe, jn, - ^
p ,J31V912

Wu i P repo fe eer
fe? ts -bhin "ESTITE
Ha

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; i tj : “a 2s BASES wi SUD t-* Ui .
j / _s
/ / " * . Cv uo “ry > - E . Í n 4i
pe c roc Ge LA . H"
^ AJ Bae 2533 illrott ) PE
n $1 2 a fate ^ $a?) ntm [Pr 1
, : , . [581 - 54 | v v. JI. &

, ‘+ TII > "ewuts
JF daàdda- Ses i

AP PTIAS
- 24 =f
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E p E. 1 1 za
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ago JB iy^

ka ud a " " V. A a f TAX. ad
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= m "1978-0 AL s ar - acr E.
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/ -

[1073]

Anabfract of a Lertér from Mr. Leewenhoeck, io -
- De R.. S. dated fan. 23d, 1685 ; Concerning the
_ the Various Figures of the Salts contained in feveral
- oyfubflances. ©:
“Ew "Look fomé of the Salt of Carduus B enediflus, fach as
"H iscommonly to be foldin the Apothecary’s fhops:
"- jtwas fomething moift, and the parts feem'd to be
fo hudled up together, that they could not bediftin-
guifhed from one another: I clofed it up in a Glafs,
- that the moiftnefs thereof might not be evaporated ; and
when it had. ftood ftopt for fome days, I perceived that
. many of the particles were gone together, upon the fide
.oftheGlafs, making fome flat longifh figures, of diffe- -
rent magnitudes; the biggeft whereof, were about the
- length of the Diameter ofa hair of my Beard, as Numb.
_ 1. Fig. F. In another place, thefe Salts lay fo, that I could
eafily difcern their thicknefs, (which could not be done
in the aforementioned ) as Fig. G. In another place, the
aforefaid thin flat Salts, lay upon one another; as 727p./7.-
I put this Saltin water to diffolve it, and took about ds
. much thereof, as two Barly Corns; ípreading it thin
before me: and when it was in motion, I notonly ob-
ferved the above mentioned figures, and fhootings of
the Salt; but found feverall new figures, which were
thin andlong, growing fharp towards both ends: as Fg.
- £. Others that lay near them were broader, but not fo
long, andtheir ends not fofharp: as Fig. K, I faw alfo,
- fome perfect fourfquare figures; as Numb. L. but they
had no thicknefs, that I could difcover. Alfo there
were fome Quadrilateral Pyramidal figures, like thofe of
common Salt;as Fzg.M.Thefe Obfervations muftbe made
beforethe water is evaporated, for when the water i;
PUN MET Qo2a almoft |

ES i
| di]
almoft gone,fuch a multitude of particles appear,and run
| together, that they caufe a confufion: After this I confer-
red with an Apothecary, about the making ofthe Salt of
Carduus Beneditlus ; and he affured me, that àlmoft all the
fhops make itofa mixture of the Stalks of divers herbs
burnt;buthehadalittle that wastrue made, and frefh;
. fome.whereof I took, and found it to confift of irregular
{mall and roundith particles:& every particle confifted a-
gain, of others that were roundifh and lefs. Upona
further examination, I perceived very plainly, a number

di dbosnsdidüedas

of figures tapering towards both ends, as isabove men- -

tioued, in 77r. 7. After about adays time, I faw feveral
flatfigures; as F and H. But having diffolved the Salt
.inrain water, and viewed it asit lay thin upon my Plate,

I found all the above mentioned figures ; but thofe of à

K, L, and M. exceeded in number all ‘the reft; In

fomuch, that I conceived I faw more in a quantity of -

water equall to the weight of à Grain, then thereare

Stars to be feen inthe Heaven by the naked Ey. All.

thefe figures as they were tranfparent, and very regular,

as long asthey had any water about them ; fo they were
irregular, by the going together of other particles,as foon
as the water was evaporated. ae

SALT of WORMW OOD.

I obferved the Salt of Wormwood, fuch as is fold by the
Apothecary's ; but I found nothing remarkable: I then

diffolved itin water, and therein prefently difcovered, -

a great quantity of figures, fharp at bothends; as numb.

2. Fig. A. Again there were leffer figures, as B. but they -
Jay aninnumerable company of them together: fome |-
few had fix fides; às 6; a few were flat and fquare, as D. -

| | | |. 8

bd

[ 1675 ] | |
avery few were like Triangles, which had the Angles
cut off; as E. Where the water had continued long, there
were feverall fix fided figures, as big as a {mall Sand; as
among the reft F.. Alfo fome fquare pieces of Salt, like a
looking Glafs with a Border about it, as Fi. G. 5

—ALLUM.

Yputíome Zf//um in rain water, and obferved therein
very {mall figures, whofe bafes were Hexangular, the
- fides rifing up Pyramidall, like a pointed UE :

Diamond, as Numb. 3. 444. They were of different

magnitudes, and fome feemed plain without any rifing,
as B B. There were alfo fix fided figures irregular, as.
C and D. But as the water began to be evaporated,
there were made feverall long blocks of lum, as Fig. E.
and the Salts run together as big as Sands, growing un-
meafurably, where the water had beenthickeft, fo, as.
thereby to belefs diftin&t. I faw alfo, fix fided flat fi-
gutes, as F. having in the middle, other fmall fix fided
. figures rifing Pyramidally. |

—

SALTPETER.

— Iput Sa/t-Peter in water, and obferved fwimming in
it, afew long particles, which feemed to have nothick--
nefs, as Numb, 4. fg. 4. Thefe increaled vifibly in
bignefs, tho I could not perceive any particles near them,
that could caufe it. Asthe waterin any place began to
beevaporated, I found many figures, whofe bafis was.
Íquare, and rifing intoa Pyramid. "There were alfo &-

do ! Oo. . . gures

| Lxoz6] i |
gureshaving but three fides; but; of thefe there were-but
few. Where the ME, thick, there, were: pretty, fig-

ureslike fquare fticks;as L have-reprefented.them in CD 4:

1 lyk, FE astu "t
Thefe laft hgures took up no. greater fpace, then. might
-have been covered. with a. great Sand); tho: there: were
Clufter$ ófthem, that werea hundred times lefs. ^ I have
often pleafed my felf, in viewing thefe long fquare Crif-

~ talline fticks of Sal¢-Peter ; becaufe of their lying hud-

led up togethers as ifthey had beemtayn‘d out of the Sky,

-

CE " " Woo NC i . X 19 3 "^ -
; i wy " " $ "ct - o^ LIO MX 1 ^v &® ^. art "Tow e AES
Ili "E E et Xx Ae’ SH oA dO) EA Pr as 1:1: 21r — ui RAI X
é x JN v^ à ) r E " Lot" d» 3%
. 4 um : . - 9, . r ) 17$ 4 *
3 3 £d » $9 Aa" p c j : G "* c iJ 4 "4 i 4 7
TOT SQ 0$
j LEX ee 12 UG. QALL 4113:121U w MO bai. C231171
4 ku. nn j rs R " , Fr T7. 3
X bd. Ad à i 4 1 , FR E^*L :

1413111 23
4]
D

; CURA A -QO de ‘ * Sa
L -
| W eli m Uo E i , | ji
» y * ^. , - % i rtd 9-70 4 ! , & ec 7 Sm P Mr . "
he he , ASIN A . Pe ae | oa | ~ » u^ o^ ws -- " . i E
i 7 A ; Y " d X7 et x
; pof» Kod cure . . : er /B
13 Ài432143 22-4 & a eI uec ^s M (ois e~ M 3 .
^ / a
" pal s : e. L| ü3
(EVE dS pln. urs ams 4 ry Ct Oo THES oy 4m oe E K , J ! , fy ff A
H E i ai 13 d a MPa 4 i 0 NS d 9 AUS UN 4 "I C432 w= A. LR " aaa «y
B y z » "
r ~ * , > ~ , p z r
Ww E re « “euters

ori >

€.
z a tf we A a

Having diffolved blew Pztrzel of Cyprus in fair rain wa

were floping, as Numb. ‘5. fg. 4. In two or three ©
minutesof time, they grew a hundred times bigger then.
before; thoughthey continued to have the fame fhape: -
for they increafed both.inlength and bredth; but in be-
‘coming Bulky, they loft their pellucidnefs, and turn’ of —
_ablew colour: other Salts were fhorter, and fhapt like B.
Tobferved fome of thefe fo fmall, that by my Calcula- -
tion, they were aboveeight and twenty thoufand times .
thinner, then a hairof my lead. AsIfpreadthe water —
very thin, the figures therein were fo ftrange ; that it is -
not to bé conceived: Itfeemed to methat the 7ro] fe-
^ parated from the water, and runinto round particles : *
| | jue

a

E Dep moo
juft like Oy! when itismixt with water; -Asthe ' forémen-
tioned figures paft flowly, throa great deal of water,
they increaft gradually; as for example, a four fided
figure was raisd higher,by the gathering together ofthe
Fatriol, which made a Border about it; and this not
only once, but 1;orió6times. Infine, itfeem'dlike a
frame, whofe. mouldings were high raifed; the ground.
or Bafis, and thefhapeofthe Circumference continuing
{till the fame, as when the figure was little. Thefe par-
ticles, and alfo the very {mall ones, I judge had a hollow-
nels in them, afd were not made in the body of the
water; but upon the fide of the Glafs; to which their bafis -
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C Imix’t the liquor of Tartar with water, and let it.
Rand for fome time, that the groffer foul parts might
fink dowirIuthis mixture I obferved, that there' were .
long flender particles;which thro' a common.Microfcope; .
were like the. fhavings of a Mans Beard; as Numb. 6,

fig: A. Thefe drove againft the fuperficies of the water; .
and fome‘of them grew in length, bredth; and thicknefs -
asfig: B. Alfofome as Fag. C. having many times two
flope ends ; but fome had but one flope end ; and the o-
ther end was fharp, as FZg. D. Thefe Salts in fome places
grew fo big, that through a Microtcope, they feem d as:
long as ones finger ; But then they were. odly made up;
I!ms | "tus and

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LA 3A

I put Mufcovy Pot Z/bes in rain water, and after.1
had let it ftand for fome tew hours, I obferved in it long-
ith figures, very like Weavers fmall Shuttles, as Numb. 7.
Fig. A. Thefe particles were fo fmall, that I judged
them, to beathoufand times thinner then a hair of my
head; butas they became bigger, they grew to be like
Fig. B. Ifaw alío, a fix fided figure, which rofe Pyra-
midall, like a fix fided pointed Diamond, as zz. C.
- But this fort was very rare, as being fcarce one to a
thoufand of the former. I faw alfo, feverall figures
which were-oblong, and had four even or fttait fides,
as Fg. D. Andíomefew, which were exa&ly fquare, as

fig. E. oui dias
After a daystime, I put more Pot A/bes into the wa-
ter, that the Ly might be the ftronger, (and after that
it had ftood ten hours a clearing) there appeared init;á -
very great number of extream. ímall figures, which —
were four Íquare like E. Aud alfo which: were fix fided,
as F. But they were generally imperfect, and fomething
long: thefe two laft forts, were eachíofmall; (as were
likewife the firft of the forementioned figures ;.andfome —
few fhaped like G.) that they would not.covet the :zx-
. part ofa courfe Sand. It was pleafantto fee, (tho my -
Eys were weary with long looking) that, what appeared -
at one time a clear Chriftalline water, would after a few
miautes, be a great number of the: above Mig 3o
: 3) : {mafl

|i [ 1079 ]

! {mall figures ; which at firft Glance, were fcarce to be
?diftinguifhed ; but of a fudden, they appeared very
? plain. Whenthe Ly was thicker in one place then ano-
| ther, there came out fo many different figures, having all
| their Dimenfion: ; that they were fcarce to be reckoned:
| vix. four fquare, Oblong or Parallelogram , Cubical,
| eae Hexangular, Rhomboidal, and divers o-
thers; which had fometimes their thicknefs, equall to
their length or bredth. - Asthe aforefaid figures (tho the
| Ly was but weak) were foon made in dry and clear
weather; fo would they eafily diffolve again into water,
“if the weather were damp: but when the weather was
| clear, or the water was any ways warmed, or was thin;
| there were fcarcely any other figures made, then fuch as
arereprefented at. . :

_ APhyfician formerly complayned to me, that, tho’ he
| applyed his Medicines with the greateft care imaginable;
yet fometimes, in one difeafe they would fucceed well ;
| and at other times, in the fame difeafe, but ill. Iurged, -
| thatasone mans conftitution is hotter then anothers, fo -
| theSaltsin the Medicines, may proportionably to the
? heat of the body, alter their figure; and not only fo,
* butfometimes become more rigid and ftiff.

" Yobferved Pot Afbes made here in the Country ; like-
"o wife white German Pot Afbes ; alfo Jf/ber made of
^ weeds; but there was nothing remarkable in their
db c A ;
| — Lobferved Pot Afbes as they come to us, without
‘putting any water to them; and faw they confifted part-
| lyofagreat many very fmall Salts, as Numb. 7. Fg.
| Aand D. There were likewife many Salts, whofe fi-
|| gures I could not defcribe, becaufe of their confufednefs,
| and their being mixt with Duft.
|»— Whenthe water wherein Pot Z/bes was diffolved, had
-- ftood feverall days, Ifaw fÍwimming in it, many fix
peut | : Pip fided

i
i
|
A
Jl

"T | [ 1080 ] dá. P
fided flat figures; as is bidy enin F. Which ftill ;
retained the fameform, tho the weather proved never ©

. fo moift,

WT.

CAMP HIR.
— Y obferved fome Campbhir as it is brought from the-
. Judies, and found at firft nothing remarkable; but asI-
more narrowly fearched into it, I perceived the Cryftal--
tine figures as they were clotted together. Thefe figures,”
when they did not ly too clofe to one another, had fix”
perfect fides; tho’ they were of different magnitudes,
they were generally longifh; they had alltheir dimen*
fions; and their thicknefs, was generally equall to their
bredth; but their length, was more then their bredth 5.
as fig. B. Many ofthem, tho’ they had fix fides, were
fomething irregular; fome were fhapt like the flint of
a firelock ; as Fég, D. tho the moft o£ thefigures that T
confidered, were irregular; yet I: judged, if they had
: not lain too clofe together, their form would have been:
like thofe of Eg..4. for when the parts. of the Camphir,
at firft were fmall, and lay too clofe together, .they
. might take from one another the means of increafing rez
‘gularly every way; but when the parts are great, and
come to apply their fides. to one another; they then
makeverygreat and irregular Salts. — 5 1 -

4
(Es

Riess :

S SCALT of the LASHES
out of an Oven for the a

FOUNDERT of CANON.

"At, and above the Iron doors of the mouth of a Fur-
nace, where Canon are caft, there fticksa white ftufflike
Aíhes, which is made ef the Metalline fubftances, toge-
ther with the S$ooz rifing out ofthe Furnace. Imixtíome
ofthis with water, and letit ftand till the groffer parts
werefubfided, and the liquor was pretty clear, and then
Iobferved therein, a very great number of {mall clear
thin Pipes, fo extremely flender, that I could hardly fee
them ; when thefe Pipes were grown to about the big-
nefsof the 25th part of a hair, the ends of them were
flopt, as Numb. 9. Zig. 44. Of thefe Salts there were
feverall thoufands in one drop of water. ‘There were
likewife fwimming about, a few particlesas 7zg: B. and.
tho’ I could not difcern the thicknefs in the firft figures,
yet in thofe laft mentioned it was plain, that it was very
little in comparifon of the bredth : at another time there
appeared to me Salts like Fzg. €. 3 :
— When I fpread fome of the above mentioned water,
upona clean glafs, to make it ly more in one place
then another, the water would not ftick to the glafs,
butrun together, as if it had been water fhed uponan
oyly difh; or rather as if it felf had been oyl; but it
feemed to be moftlike blew Mtrzol water. I remember,
when I formerly took fome of thefe Afhes, and diffolved
them in water as now, there once appeared ftrange
figures, made out of the Salts, refembling Plants with
their roots and fibres. |
" P' pie | $a

[ 1082 ]

SALT or ASHES
2. XE a NO E

TIN or LEAD OPEN

Our Porcellan Bakers ufe much Tin,or Lead,which they
. Calcine in their Oven's. This work (which they continue
10 orr2 days together,that they may have a good quanti-
ty of materialls by them, and not be forced to repeat the.
Operation 2 or 3:times a month). is fo. prejudiciall to^.
thofe that tend it, that a man cant ftand before the
mouth of the Oven, above »4 hoursat a time, and then
he looks as if he were poyfoned : fo that every day. a
frefh man is:imployed, to take care of the Oven, and
remove the fcum from the furface.of the Lead. The |
confideration thereof, moved me to examine fome of —
that grayifh fubftance, which fticks to the ftones, upon
which the flame of the Oven beats; having diffolved it
in water, and let it ftand to fettle, I found feveral obe 3
long figures, as Numb, .10..Fg. A. they were. of dife
ferent magnitudes, and fome bigger then Fzg. B. fome
were fharp.at both ends as Fig. C. All thefe, whether they
{wam in the water, or lay out of it, were generally
without any difcernable thicknefs, and were as tran{pas
fentas the clagocdt watdr--0135/se nl hgsddl Pee ee
I particularly obferved, that three figures, two of €; |
and one of 8, layin a quantity of water not.fo big asa
Sand: while E. caufed fome heat in this water, and:con< |
tinued to watch it, asimagining the other Salts therein,
contained, would iacreafe the bulk: of.thele three, E.
could find nothing but. very. {mall fquare Salts, whole |
fides rofe up. Pyramidally; thefe indeed. grew bigger,
bnt the others € and Di. were not altered: asthe fquare
Salts grew bigger, they became fo much the more irregus |

"
às |
E

n . ~~ 7
2|
e M

[1083]
lar, becaufe the fmallerSalts were driven upon them, of
asit were attracted, forasthey came near them, the fore-
moft had as quick a motion, asifit were forceably im-
pelled, tillit united with them, making them more and
more irregular ; of fuch Salt particles, there lay 50 toge-
ther, and asmany more by themíelves, being all made

eut of one drop of water.

From thefe obfervations T gather, that the aforefaid

. particles, were common Salt difperfed in the water,

which could not be feen, till they united together, asthe
Wawen WAR Wank 1209305: HIIUSOXII YORU neni on

- After an hour and half time, T intended to view thefe
Salts again ; which I judged to be common Salt, but (tho:
it were no rainy weather) I found them turned into fair
waters. I fetthen the drop of water again before me,
and after about a quarter of an. hours time; T faw not
only agrearmany of the aforefaid' Salt particles; but as
they grew dry, a great many other very {mall particles

. lying.round them, of a brown colour, appearing tothe
By like blackifh, or musk coloured Sand; thefe 1had no:

fooner removed into the open @r, (tho' there were no
warmth come to them) but they prefently difappeared,in.
lefs then 5 ofa minute, leaving neither water, nor any
thing elfe in their place. likewife the Salt. particles,
when they werelittle, were clear as Chryftall, but asthey
grew. big, tbey.íeemd to be befet ‘with musk-..
coloured parts, for they appeared brown, chiefly when. .
the water was allevaporated. Ithen held tlie Salts be-

. foreiy mouth, and breathed upon them feverall times...

whichchanged them into a clear Chryftallin water; and

by this means I had the pleafure, to fee not only the Salts,

but: the musk-coloured parts, often come and eo. "T hefe
particles were many, and lay thick near theSalts, but:

further! off thianer, and uponone breathing upon them.
xanifhed away. :

In like manner, when the moiíture of the Ly of Pac

| : [1084 ]
‘Afbes has exhaled, there has been : made: a very great
.number of {mall particles, which were of a:brownith: co-
Jour, but in a fhort time, they have not only loft their
colour, but have difappeared, leaving behind them, a
little thin moifture hardly to be perceived. ru tom.
. Further, I. took, at abont. 2 foot diftance from the
mouth of the Iza, and Lead Oven, out ofithe Chimney
‘which the flame did.not reach, a black fubftance like
Soot; whichI mingled.with fair rain water, and let it
ftand till.it.was. fetled; in this water I obferved there
were made, many irregular figures, whofe irregularity
-1 believe proceeded, from the want of matter to perfec
‘them, and from the too foon evaporating of the moif-
ure; 1 faw likewife many neat, flat, tranfparent bodys,
having each4 corners fticking out, and 2 inward Angles,
' -as Numb. 11. fg. A. of this fort there were fome that
.X could not fee, but with my glaffes that magnify moft.
There were alfo fome figured likea Rhomb ; and others -
like a Rhomboid, asat fzg B. ; : à

. Iput fome ofthe Quick Lime that comes from Liege,
Anto water, and obferved. therein, an exceeding great
number ofSalt particles, which were fo very: fmall; that
I cannot-attribute to them) any. perfect figure, but I
judged, as muchas the particlesthat 1ncompaffed them,
would give me leave, that their fides that appeared to
me, wereíquare, and that. their thicknefs, was near as
much as their length: together with thefe, were fome
imall figures fharp at both ends; as Numb. 12. Fig. 44.
Others blunt at both ends, as fg. Bs: Others had fix
compleat fides, as Fag. €. and among thefe, fome were
Ío very {mall, thata Globule which makes the Tees
) | d Q

[ross]

‘of the blood, would cover ‘them; thefe laft were as
tranfparent as the fineft glafs;& asthin as can be imagin-
ed; forifa piéceof Venzce paper, as large as the nail -
of ones thumb, were cut with fix fides, the thicknefs
thereof, to the bredth, would be more then it was in
thefe figures: Nay when 5 or 6 of thefe particleslay dif- -
orderly upon one anothér, their thicknefs was incon-
fiderable. Alío fome few figures were fhaped like D and
E; fome few like F: alfotherefwam in the water, many
flat thin particles, like a film orthinSkin ; thefe (being
viewed with my beft Glaffes)I judged to be‘made up ofa
number of very {mall falts like unto Sands; But the
| PotAfbes, and other Salts, doin moift weather turn into
awatery {ubftance, yet the firft fort above mentioned;
- and that having fix fides, retained ftill their figures, tho’

the place they lay in were wet; which wetnefs I believe ©
proceeded partly, from the diffolution offome common .
Salt, (for Iam períwaded, that not only in Lime Stone,

> butalío in Pot Afbes; Fztrzol, Salt-Peter, and almoftall :

things, common Salt isto be found) and fecondly from |
the moifture in the fir adhering to the Salts, asit ufually -
does to clofe, and folid bodies, - LN 51

SALT in LIME
FISH! SHEDLS

-. Of this Lzme (which is made-of Sea Shells burnt) 1. |
‘mixta good quantity with. water, and letting it ftand
till it was fetled, Itook up a drop, which feemed- tobe:
. às clear as Chryttall ; but I had no-fooner obferved it,
' then I perceived figures refembling thin boughs of a tree-

hes : E à without:

: [ 1086]
"without leaves;.being fo many in number, that they -
made the, water white and troubled : thefe are compoted
of {mall Salts, and are difficultto be deferibed ; where-
foreIháve teprefented but one {mall one, Numb. 13.
Fig. 4 BG D E; which takes up no. more fpace, then
that the-bredth of it may be coverd with a hair of ones
head.: the. particles, whereof the branchy figures con- -
fitted, were fix fided, and when they lay with the fides
towards me, they íeem'd to have a browniíh fthadow,
which might be an ede& of their bulkynefs, and folidity ;
but when they lay with the edges. towards: me, they
fhewed like F. fome other figures had their upper part
. quadrilaterall; but others had. the bafis Quadrilateral,
and the fides ranning uplike a pointed Diamond, like
common Salt. Others were like /, K, L, and M; which
lying apart and. feparate from the reft, were more di-

. Rinctlytobe feen. Other figures were irregular, and

could not well be defcribed, becaufethey were thick (as
is before faid) and. cafta brown fhadow about them. aly,
becaufe the fides of the Salt lay clofe, and joyned to one |
another. 3ly. becaufe they were exceeding {mall.
After many ObfervationsI.am períwaded, the rife of
thefe figures, isa thin plate of 6 or 4 fides, which con-
tinually increafes in Bulk, as long as it fwims in water
that containsany Salt. . yq EM E
Among the innumerable quantity of fmall Salts,
which are in a little water, there are fome larger, and
either tranfparent, or more obfcure, of which laft I
fhall defcribe 2 asG and ZZ, which appeared plainly to
be compounded of other figures, for in one ofthe fides
of G, I counted more then 3o figures, which number

being cubed, comes. to-about 30006: and yet the fide . .

of G feem'd not to be:

the goth. part: of the Diameter
ófa'coürfe?5and) v .dos0 s «qq |

From hence may be learnt, the fmallnefs of fome-

Salts; asalfo'of the particles that compound. -— the 4
dr {mare =

| [1087] _ |

fmart pain they caufein the body, and chiefly when a
little lime gets into the Ey ; the ftiffnefsof thisSaltabove
others; fortho' Salts made of the Aj/bes of Plants, are
diffolved in a moift zr, yet the Salt of Lime remains
unaltered, and without moifture, except it be caufed by
common Salt, which is in Lzme-ftone, as well as other
things, and. particularly in rain water, which I have .
often caught in the “7, and when it was evaporated,
have found among the grofs parts which remained, a
common Salt which was hard, and fixt, as long as the
weather.was dry, but turn'd into a watery fubftance, as
Íoon as it raind. LA |

SALT of ENGLISH SODA

I took of this Soda (which is made of Glafs wort, and
is much ufed by the Potters of our City, for the Glazing
their Porcellan) and beat it {mall, and then put it into
rain water; when it wasfetled, Iobferved in the water,
long thin figures, whofe ends I fometime thought to be
ftreighc lines, and other times circular, as Numb. 14.
fig, A. as the figures increafed in bignels, I perceived
them to bemore ftraitat the ends, and not flat or plain,
_ but generally raifed, as Fzg. B. Some were raifed, but
their erids confifted of 3 fides; and fome were even at
one end, and had 3 fides at theother end as €. There
were alfo 6 fided {mall figures, as D ; and of thefe I dif-
Covered à great number compleatly made, very thin
andímall, and clear as Chryftall; whereas the other fi-
gures were obfcure, as if they had been ftrowed with
blackifh Sand; and fo likewife were thefe, when they
were viewed with. a better Glafs.

I faw alfo figures which were broad in the Middle, and
fharp at both-ends; or rather a little flat as E. Alfo
"Hors? Ic : Q. q {mall

| [1e883]. :
{mall fquares as F. and this was the moft generall fi-
gure of this Salt, forthe bafes were moft ofthem (quare,

- running up into a Pyramid like common Salt.

I took fome pains to find of what kind of parts
B,.€, D, and E, were compounded, and it feemed to
me, that each of them confifted of parts like it felf, yet
Ionce obferved that a fix fided figure like D. had joyned
it felf to one like E. |

When the water had layn long in the Soda, and was
become very ftrong, there appeared init, agreat many -
. .. tranfparent figures, like the faireft Chryftall; thefehad —

their fides perfect, were as thick as broad, and were —
thaped as B,¢, and D. — Ü | :

E
SALT of SODA
BRIT ANE. odio

)

Ta wt MUT WWE YT E P ] Wo
IST CDD we ee See ee

Having ferved the Soda as I did the Engli/h, Ifaw |
fwimming in the water, an incredible number of fmall 4

6 fided figures, as Numb. 15.: Fg. 4. being very thin, -
and many of them fo little, that I could nothave de- —
fcribed them, if fome. of them, had. not been bigger -
then the reft. In another place, I faw great 6 fided -
planes, made like Hexagonall Looking Glaffes, and -
havinga {mall fixfided figure upon the furface, as B..1
Íaw alio a tew figures, formed like C. and: fome fquares,
as D. part whereof were plain; and others had. the fides.
rifing up Pyramidally into a point, as. When. I fpeak
of the laft Salts, that they rum mp into a point, it muft
not. be underftood ‘that. they, are. fharp. at the top, but.
have the top or upper plaindhaped like the Bafis, ho dy |
- C). reafon:

j [ 1089 1

reafon of itslittlenefs, it is not eafily difcerned: for ex-
ample, if E. were magnified, tillit appear as big as F
then would the top of E, not be fharp, but Quadrilate-
rallasat F, and like to the Bafis: For the top is the true
pattern of the Salt, and the reft of the bignefs, is no-
thing but an addition of other quadrilaterall Salts: like-
wife would the topof G, if magnified, be like unto HZ.

SALT of ALICANT SODA.

Iobferved this Sede as the former, and at firft obferv-

. ed little, but that there were fwimming about, {mall fi- —

gures reprefenting withered branches of a Tree, compol-
. ed of {mall particles, whofe fhape could not well be dif-
. cerned : but after fome days, the particles were grown fo

big, that I could fee among them, flat thin 4fided, and
6 fided figures, as Numb. r6. fig. 4. and B. Alfo ob-
long figures as €. whofe fides run up fharp: thefe Salts
— were diffolved by the leaft moifture ofthe 4r.

SAL ARMONIACK. ^

- -« I have ufgd much induftry to fee the figure of this Salt,
but generally itappeared to.me, (when it had been melt-
ed in water) like the Boughsof a Tree, befet with irre-
- .gulat leaves; one bigger then the other, as is reprefent-
ed. Namb. 17. Ag. A4 E. In another place lay 5 or &

_ «Branches like 4f, feeming to proceed from a common

.€enter; as Ifaw alfo Sale particleslike B, and €; and.

when \Ijlighted upon a place where there were no
bsnvóo Qqa2 branches,

[ 1090]
ears chide diui fcattesed Salts looked ‘like fo: many flints; :
differing from one dirae in bigness; but "rra never
pesos round, as fag. D

t og

Pes 1 ae Anatomifed ase Bitch, hich was Suid
to have been lined 3 or 4 times, not 3 days before, an
found in. the Womb, a great number of living Animals,
which are the Seed of the vd but will treat hereof more
largely in kei next.

ie pu uf ome Bijerlnbail foi trying UR xn |
of great Guns, by the learned Mr. Greaves; com d
municated o Mr. Stubbs, , c Yo» |

i H E - € a
Ad ON P de. | de . ow -—
*«

1651. Mar. 18. at Woolwich, -

T 200 yards diftance £o the platform for gteat |
Ordinance; there. were raifed '3) Bits; one behind f

pies ‘the {pace betweén the firft and’ the ad ‘butt! was |
rp yards, ‘between'the ad and the 3d, eight; The thick-
nefs of each butt was/r9!inches, \wheredf 13 was'óf beams
of maífy Oakcfaftened into: the! ground; and fet fo clofe _
that; they:touched each others: of min fide were'planks —
af fiw. 3 inches: a! piece: ig thieknefs} and thefe were
2p © | joyned..

|
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|
I
|
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|

| [ 1091] RN
joysted clofe, and faftned on both fides with iron bolts,
and itrong, pins of wood, and on the back at the ends, and
on the middlethere were three braces of Elm , a footin
bredth, and ;inchesin thicknefs. . . ::; 5) |
| s The firft experiment was withan iron demy Canon of
3506 lb. weight, the bullet:32/d of iron, the powder 10/6,
which pierced, through, the 2 firft butts, and. ftuck in the
3d, fo as the ball was almoft quite. within, but the tim-
ber not fhivered ({mal!) norícarcefíplit. The butts be-
done, when it] wascharged with 9/5; as alfo: when with
BlkoF powderaci zz .cofair 3 200 enw v |

^is This, demy 622en was with à cylinder bore.- II
o usTlhe;2d. experiment was with an iron demy Canon hav-

ang.a taper. bore; and: being. 36o0lb in weight, and 4
inches longer then, the former,) the iron bullet 32/0, and
the powder 7/5, which.in:3):trials feemed to have the
fame force with the firft. (One of the fhots piercing
through the 2d butt, and lighting near theedge of the
middle butt of;elm ;.tore it; but by the yielding of it,
the bullet glanced afide off tbe 3d Butt, and entred ‘into
the eaftüsd sd; sd o1: bovote airy 00 s Homines
. The 3d experiment-waswith a whole Czlverzn in brafs.
of 5300/4 in weight, 11 foot one inch in length, with a
taper bore, being intended for a chace piece to the fri-

got called the Speater; the iron bullet was 13/5 in weight; |
the powder in the firft trial 10/2, in the 2d 9/5, in the 3d

3/5: which laít proportion did the beit execution,
and paffed through the two firft butts, entring gently
into the 3d, which the former two did touch, but not
enter. :

The ath, experiment was with a whole (/verzz in brafs.
made at Amfterdam tor the French with this mark 3580
being ro foot long, and not very thick in the breech, |
the firft fhot with 9/5 powder 18/4 bullet iron, paft.
through the 3 butts, & entered one toot into the ground;

Q.q 3 it

T [ 1092 1
it pat by the joynts of the timber; » planks having been -
beat down before, The 2d thot with 8/5 powder paft
through 2 butts & grazed between them. The 3d with 3/5
paft 2 buttsand 7 inchesinto the 3d, but the firftbutt
was much battered. before, whereé'it entred. "Thea4th
fhot paffed with 8/5 powder, two butts, and in both butts
through the midít of a mafly ftrong beam (below) that
had not been battered. ;/.- :; ^ s t VE
The sth experiment was with aniron Demy Culveria
having 9/d bullet iniron, and 4/5 powder , this paf
. one butt(which was torn before) and entered the ad. ^
This; Culverin was fhot 8 times, as faft asthey could
charge it with powder and the iron bullet, and yet was
but fcarce luke-warm at the breech, a little more in the —
midft, moft atthe muzzle, and thislaft fcarce fo hot as
my hand, and yet the Guaners in ‘charging her, wet -
not at all the fcoop, orfpinge. ^." | 553 3
The 6th experiment was with a brafs demy Celorrin;the —
breech of her was 13 inches; (tried -with a calaper com-
pas;) the mouth 9$. | The firft thot with 4/5 powders 9/6
iron bullet, paft 2 :bats.: Theoad thot with 3/5 powder,
paft almoft 2 buts: this proved to be the beft fhot, be-

— gaufe the timbers wete the ftrongett.

A ie (15d L4 "E.
is A ad A rd T» +e t " 2
e d "d fF Ne lax
AE: exci rn z r ar
! )£:3 Be Ia
5 a e. ;
rt
4 14 J
- i ¢ Aa - - / & ~ v eie :
— .
* : J Kil
" LE irs
iunii ( A New
Ty OF 1 VO ENT 3 53713
Y rey ttr i 43
)9 Lud d as J
\

[ Ve 1

A ne» way of raifing Water; by Dr. Papin, Fel-
- low of the Royal Society. ae |

Aving feen it pra&ifed feverall times, that after

À À theDifcovery of fome new Problem, the Inventor
prepounds it as a Riddle, to ftir up thofe that are in-
genious in the fame kind of learning, and make them
find lometimes better things then what is propounded:
have thought I might do the fame, with a way for zaz/-
ang water, which I think furely to be new, fince it is not
-ufed in confiderable occafions where it might be of great
BÜMABIBER. oo 5 D uo DU wi |
_ 4.4, 1sa great Glafs made likea Tumbler, but much
bigger, and laid upon the Chimney board 8B. — |
. €G. Isthe Engine likea {mall Rock, that doth con-
. Íftantly fpout out water by the two holes DD: this
Rock iskeptat a diftance from the bottom of the Glaís-
AA: lo that it may plainly be feen that it cannot re-
€eive any water by fubterranealTubes. [t et 24
EE, Isa fa&titious Corall reaching from the Center

of the Rock CC. tothe Center of the Crown F Ff.
_ FF. Is a Crown bearing upon the Aperture of the
Glafs 44. and holding the Rock €. fufpended at a
confiderable diftance from the bottom. de
* GG. AGlafsopen atboth ends applyed to the Rock
CC. to keep the water upon it from falling down. |
~ HF. 'Twofhells to receive the water from the Jetto’s.

I would have breught this Engine hither, but it is fo
apt to be fpoiled, by carrying to and fro, that I hope
the A. $. will pardon me, if I keep it at my ledging,
where it may be feenatany time: and ifthey be pleafed
' to appoint fome that may come, and releafe one ano-
_ ther, to watch ita whole day, and fee whether it will
not run conftantly, nor loofe any thing of its ftrength :

-Erog4] |

I hope that the learned in Hydroftaticks, being by thefe
means affured of the poffibility of fuch à Motion, willbe
the more ready to think of it, and find perhaps fome-
thing better then this. But if no body doth it, I will my
felf within fome months, publifh this contrivance, with
theufes it may be applied to... toot $1 =

According to the Inventors defire the Royal Society
order'd that the thing fhould be obferved: the Ingenious
Mr. Hook faw it for near half an hour, there being
other perfons to obferve itlonger, who watch't it about .
four hours together, during which time there fprung out
of the Rock CC. above a hundred times. more water,
then a veffel of the fame bignefs could hold: fo that
they went away not doubting but the water did circulate
in the faid Engin, and might continue a great deal
longer, fince it did run ftillas conftantly and as highas at
their firt coming: and the Honorable Mr. Boy/; know-
ing the whole contrivance of the Engine, affures, that
jt may continue for a whole day and more ; and thinks —

it worth. to be left for fome time; to the enquiry of —
- Ingenious men. .- la Ulasesitoidsl yo 13380 ee ee

e X
re ,
a? s"
"ici "E EROR :
3 3 ) $f Mi Huis eX € J
¥ hn : " |
r4 t2 pr err
- HN ; r1 Ci & 4 +4 ore S| 3
we t à; ^ 321 ^ Ne
J 4 a iiij)c nr »
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3

A

A Treatife

Lroos]

“A Treatife of Algebra, both Hiftorical and Pra.
aig. By JOHN WALLIS) DD. Pro:
feffor of Geometry in the Univerfity of Oxford ;
and a Member of 15e Royal Society, London.

“ ELE Author, inhis Prefaceto the Reader,bas given
usa full account of this learned Work s which foal
be here Reprinted in bis ownwords. —

It contains an Account ofthe Original, Progrefs, and
Advancement of (what we now call) Algebra, from time
to time; fhewing its true Antiquity( as. far as I have been
abletotraceit;) and by what Stepsit hath attained to
theHeightat which now itis. —

That it wasin ufe of old among the Greczans, we need
not doubt; but ftudioufly concealed (by them) asa great
E Secret... | oF

Examples we have of itin Euclid, at leaft in Theo, upon
him; who aicribes the invention of it (amongft them) to
Plato. | |

Other Examples we have of it in P«ppes, and the ef-
fects of it in Archimedes, Apollonius, and others, though

Obícurely covered and difguifed. 2 |
. Butwe have no profeffed Treatife of it( among them)
ancienter than that of Dzophantus, firft publifhed (in La-
tin) by Xylander, and fince (in Greek and Latin) by Ba-
chetus, with divers Additions ofhis own ; and Re-print-
ed lately with fome Additions of Monfieur Ferzat.

That it was of ancient ufe alfo among the Arabs, we
- have reafon to believe;( and perhaps fooner than amongft
the Greeks ;) which they are fuppofed to havereceived
(not from the Greeks, but) from the Perfians, and thefe
— from the /ndzaus. |
— From the Zrabs (by means of the Saracens and Moors)
_ it was brought into Spazz, and thence into Eugland (to-

Rr gether

[1096]

gether with the ufeof the Numeral Figures, and other:

Parts of Mathematical Learning, and particularly the.Z4-
ftronemical,) before Diophantus feems to have been known.

amongft us: And from thofe we have the name of -

ALGEBRA. ;
.. And indeed moft of the Greek Learning came to usthe

fame way ; the firft Tranflations of Euclid, Ptolemy, and —
others, into Latin, being from the Zfrabick, Copies, and —

not from theGreek Originals.
The ufe of the Numeral Figures (which we now have,
butthe Greeks had not) was a great advantage to the
improvement of Z/gebraz. | e
Thefe Figures feem to have come in ufe, in thefe Parts,
about the Eleventh Century (or rather in the Tenth
Century, about the middle of it, ifnotfooner; ) though
" fome others thirfk , not ‘till about the middle of the
Thirteenth ; and it feems they did {carce come to be of
common ufe ‘till about that time. d

-

I" w FU

^
P
[5^
a
|
t
E
N
lc

Archimedes (in his Arenariws) had laid a good Founda- 1
tion of fuch.a way of Computation, (as he hath indeed, |
there and elfewhere, of moft ofthofe new Improvements, -

which later Ages have advanced;) Though he has not -

Atted a Notation thereunto.

The Sexagefimal Fractions (introduced, as it feems, by 4
. Ptolemy) did but imperfectly fupply the wantoffucha -

Method of Numeral Figures.

. The ufe of thefe Numeral Figures hath received two. :

great Improvements. The oneisthatof Decimal Parts, ^
which feems to have been introduced (filently and unob- -
ferved) by Regéomontanus, in his Trigonometrical Ca- -
nons, about the Year 1450; but much advanced in the lafe —

and prefent Century, by Semon Stevin, and Mr. Brzggs, c.

- And thisis much to be preferred before Ptolemy's Sexa-
gefimal way, as is fhewed by the comparative ufe of both.
. And therefore Briggs , Gellibrand, and others, have at-

E e

tempted the introducing of this, even ie Hoi Saag E
: WE e Ad Bas _. where _

| L1o97] - |
where the Sexagefimalis yetinufe: Which doth in good ..
meafure, now obtain; (and, daily more and more.) And

. would, no doubt, have obtained abfolutely, e're this

time, did not the Old Tables heretofore Calculated,

- make it fomewhat neceflary to retain ( in part ) the Sexa-

S

gefimal. | |
The other Improvement is that of Logarzthms, which
is of great ufe, efpecially in Zffironomical and other Trigo-

' nometrical Calculations; introduced by the Lord Neper,

and perfected by Mr. Brzgg: (about the beginning of this

Century.) -The ground and practice of which is here de-

clared. . : : :

_ And thefe things, though they be not properly Parts of

Algebra, are yetof great advantage in the practice of it.
- The firft Printed Author which Treatsof Algebra is Lz-

cas Pacciolus, or Lucas de Burgo, a Minorite Fryer, of

. whom we have a Treatifein Italian, Printed at Venicein.

the Year 1494, (foon after the firft Invention of Print-

- ,
-

ing,)-and Re-printed there, a while after.
- But hetherein mentions Leonardus Pzfanus, and divers |
others more ancient than himfelf, from whom he Learn-

edit; but whofe Works are not now extant.

- This Fryer Lucas, in his Summa Arithmetica 8 Geome-

rica, (for he hath other Works extant) hatha very full
"Ireatife of Arithmetick in all the parts of it; in Integers,

Frattions, Surds, Binomials ; Extraction of Roots, Qua-
dratick, Cubick , &c. and the feveral Rules of Proportzon,
Fellow/bip,about Accompts, Alligation,and Falfe Pofition,({o
fully, that very little hath been thereunto added to this

day :) And (after all this) of Algebra, with the Appurte-

nauces thereunto, (as Surd Roots, Negative Quantities,

- Binomials, Roets Univerfal, the ufe of the Signs Plus Ai-
| nus, or —+-—, Ge.) as far as Quadratick Equations reach,
- but no farther. |

' «And thishe tells us was derived from the Arabs, (to
whom we are beholden for this kind ofLearning,)without
xir : IC r2 taking

[1598]

| taking notice of Diophbautus (or any other Greek, Author J

who it feemswas not known here in thofe days. -

After him followed St¢phelius (a good Author,) and o-
thers by him cited, who alfo proceed no farther than
Quadratick Equations.

Afterwards Scipio Ferreus, Cardan, Tartalea, and o-
thers,proceeded to theSolution of(fome)Czbzck Equations.

And Bombelli goes yet farther, and fhews how to reduce |

8 Biquadratick Equation | (by the help of a.Cubick) to two

Ree airs.
And Nonnius or Nunnez (in Spanifb ;) Ramus, Schone-

rus, Salignacus, Clavius, and others, (in Latine,) Record; ;
Digs, and fome others of our own, (in Englifo ;) did. (in.
the laft Century) purfue the fame Subject, indifferent —
ways; bnt (forthe moft part) proceeded no farther than:

Quadratick Equations.

In the mean time, Dzophantus, firft by Xy lander (in 4

Latin) and afterwards by Bachetus (in Greek and*Latzn)
was made publick; whofe method differs much from
that of the “abs (whom thofe others followed,) and par-

ticularly in the order of denominating the Powers; as -
taking no notice of Swrfolids, butufing only the names

of Square and Cube, with the Compounds of thefe.

Andhitherto no other than the unknown Quantities.

were wont to be denoted in Z/geóra by particular Notes

or Symbols; but, the known Quantities, by the ordina- 4

ry Numeral Figures.

/

The next great ftep, fortlei improvement of ape | [
was that of Specious Arithmetick, firft introduced VD Vieta -

aboutthe Yéarzj9o.
This Specious Avithmetick, which. gives Notes. or: Syme

ols (which he calls Speczes) to Quantities both known —

and unknown, doth (without altering the manner of

déibouiisatide: .as to the-fübftance,) : furnifh us with a ».
fhort and convenient. way of Notation ;. whereby the

whole:

|
|

|
|

[1655]

mns

whole procefs of many Operations is at once expofed to

the Ey in a fhort Synopfis.

By help ofthis he makes many Difcoveries, in the pro-

cefs of /Jlgebra, not before taken notice of.

He introduceth alfo his Numeral Exegefs, of

áffedted

Equations, extracting the Roots of theíe in Numbers.
Which had before been applied to fingle Equations, fuch
asthe extracting the Roots of Squares, Cubes, Sc. fingly
propofed ; but had not been applied (or but rarely ) to

Equations affected. |

And in the Denomination of Powers, lre follows the or-
. der of Diophantus; not that derived from the 4rabs,which

others had before ufed. .

~The method of eta is followed, and much improved,
by Mr. Oughered in his Clavzs ( firft publifhed in the Year
. 1631.) and other Treatifes of his;and he doth therein,
ina brief com pendious method, declare in fhort,what had
before been the Subject of large Volums : and doth, in

. few {mall pieces of his; give us the Subftance and marrow

ofall (or moft of ) the Ancient Geometry.

And ‘for this reaíon; I have here inferted a pretty full

. account of his method, together with an Inftitution for
- thepracticeof dgeira according thereunto. And,though
- amuch of it had been before taught in the Authors above
mentioned, yet this I judged the moft proper place to in-
fert fuch an Iuftitut'on, becaufe by him delivered in the.

moft compendious form.

And in purfuance. of his method, and as an Exemplif-

. €ation thereof, [have here added ( befide fome Examples
= of hisown ) a Diícourfe of Angular Sections, andfeveral
things thereon depending. But this ( that it might not

D^ feem too greata Digreflion: in the body of the Book JI

Rave fubjoined at the end.as a "'reatife by it felt ; as, for
the like Reaíon, I have done fome other things; to which
. the principal Treatife doth (inthe proper places prefer.
| ry; with Mr. Ovghtred,

Mr. Harriot was. contempora

IS

(but:

- £es, which was not before in Hfarrzot ; from whom Des —

[ 1100] :

(but elder than he; arid died before him, ) ahd left many

good things behind him in writing. Of which there is

nothing hitherto made publick, but only: his Algebra or

Analytice, which wasipublithed: by Mr. Warner, foon after

. that of Mr. Ougbired, inthefame Year 1630/09) 9.1 |
Healtets the way of Notation, ufed by Weta and ough.

:£red, for another more convenient. E
And he hath alío made. a ftrange improvement of Zf- __
&ebra,by difcovering the true conftruction of Compound E:
quations,& how they may beraifed by a Multiplication of
Simple Equations, and may therefore be refolved into fuch:

; By this means he-fhews the number of Roots (real or
imaginary ) inevery Equation, and the Ingredients of |
.all the Coefficients, in éach degree of Affection. 1

_, He-fhews alfo low to increafe or diminifh the Roots
. (yetunknown) by any Excefs, or in any Proportion af-

" figned; to deftroy fome of the intermediate "Terms; to
turn Negative Roots into Affirmative, or thefe into
thofe; with many other things veryadvantagious in the ©
. ipra&iceof Agebra, | | q

. And amongfítother things, teacheth (thereby) to re- .
folve, not only Quadraticks, but all Cubich Equations; —
.even thofe whofe Roots have, by others, been thought .
Anexplicable, and but Imaginary. | 3

In fum, He hath taught (ina manner) allthat which -
hath fince paffed for the Cartefian method of Algebra; -
there being fcarce any thing of (pure) digebrain Des Car= —

Cartes {eemsto have taken what hehath (thatis purely —
igebra) but without naming him. duo ox! co

But the Application thereof to Geometry, or other par- ?
ticular Subjects, (which Des Cartes putíues, is not the -
— bufinefs of that Treatife of Harriot, (but whathe hath ©
handled in other Writings-of his, which have not yet
the good hap tobe made publick;)the defign ofthis be-
ing purely Algebra, abftractfrom particular Suse |

aj cing

ua lokqrü | | ;

Of this treatife here is the fuller account inferted, be--
caufe the Book it felf hath beenbut little known abroad;
that it may lience appear to what eftate Herriot had

brought Algebra before his death.

After this follows an account. of Dr. Pel/s method,
who hath a particular way of Notation, by keeping a Re-

gifter (in the Margin) of the feverall Steps in his Demon-

ftrations, with References from one to another. .
. Of this, fome Examples are here inferted of his own, .
and others in imitation thereof; with intimation how.

that innumerable Solutions of Undetermined Cafesare
. by his method eafily difcoverable, where great Mathe-

naticians have thought it a great work to find out fome
one, OPI ET |

On this occafion thereis-a farther Difcourfe of Unde-
termined Queftons, and the Limitation of them, and
particularly of the Rule of Z/ligatien ; and of (what they
call) Geometrical Places; which areofa like nature, and

. but the Geometrical Conftruction of (fome of) thefe Un-
determined Queftions. |

After thisds a Difcourfe of Negative Squares, and the
Roots of them; on which. depend (what they call) Jma-

ginary Roots-of Impoffible Equations; fhewing, what is
. the true Import thereof innature, with divers Geometri-
cal Conftru&ions fuiting thereunto.

And here alfo (though by way of Digreffion, as to the

" principal Subject) is account given of feveral Geometri-
- €al. Conftructions, not only of Quadratick, but even of

. etit.

Cubich and Biquadratich Equations.

_. Then follows a Difcourfe of the method of Exbaufzons

(ufed. by Ancients and. Moderns,), with the foundation

"2g And in. purfuance thereof, the Geometria: Indivifi-
| bilium. ofCavalerius ; lhewing the true import thereof,

- Anditsagreement with the Ancients method of Exhau- |
- füons; as being but a compendious Expreffion thereof,

and -

^.

-Lrro2]
and grounded thereupon. ; not any way contrary orre-
pugnant thereunto. :
- .Confequent to this, is the Arithmetica Infinitorum,
which depends alfo on the method of Exhauftions ; tak-
ing that to be Equal, which is proved to differ by le ís
thanany affignable Quantity: And a Vindication of the
"method of Demonftration therein ufed.

Andlaftly, the method of infinite Serzes, (as of late
they have been called) or continual Approximations ,
(grounded. on the fame Principles ; ) arifing Principally
trom Divifion, and ExtraGtion of Roots in Speotes, In-
finitely continued. . - |

With feveral Examples of ‘the Application thereof, to
the Squaring of Curve-lined Figures,Redtifying of Curve |
. Liues, Plauing of Curve Surfaces, and many other per-

‘plexed Inquiries. | | |

Which is an Arethmetich of Infinites upon Infmites.
For when as the Qwotzent of Divifion, or the Root ex-
-tracted in Species, doth not Terminate, but run on
Infinitely, (much after the manner of fome ordinary
Xractions, when reduced to Decimals;) an Infinite Se- |
ries of thefe (continued as far as isthought neeeffary,)
4s Colle&ed according to the method, in the Arithme-
tickofInfinites, for Terminated Magnitudes. - |

This was introduced by Mr. J/aac Newton, and hath |
-been purfued by Mr. Necholas Mercator, and others. - —
And it is of great üfe for Rectifying of Curve Lines,
“Squaring of Curve-lined Figures, amd other abftrufe
Difficulties in Geometry; efpecially where the Enquiry
‘doth not end in a determinate Proportion, explicable ©
according tothe commonly received ways of Notation. |

And on thisoccafion, isinferted a Difcourfe of Infinzte —
Progreffions Geometrical; (which when deereafing, be |
come Equivalent to Finite Magnitudes,) firft ufed by
Archimedes, and fince purfued by Torrzcellius, San-Vin=
cent, Tacquet; and others. With the Refult of two or ©
more fuch Progreflions compounded. Several |

-
- * LM
E

[1103 ]
Several other Diícourfes are, partly inferted in their
proper places, and partly fubjoymed at the end, that
they might not feem too great. Digreffions, 0 - |
. And particularly a Treatife of the Cono-Cuneus (a Body
Compounded of a Cone, anda Wedge,) with the Se&ions
. thereof; confidered inthe fame manner as the Sections
or a Cone ule to be confidered. «\ Weiss |
A Treatife of Angular Sections, (a Subject handled by
Vieta, and others,) with other things thereon depending;
together with a fhort (but full) account of Trzgonometry.
A further Treatife of the Angle of Contact; in pur-
- fuance of a former Treatife‘on that Subje&. Wherein
is farther difcourfed what concerns the Compofitzon of Mag-
nttudes, Inceptives of Magnitudes, Compojition of Motions,
. and other things hereunto relating. | a hess
- — A Treatife of Combinations, Alternations, and Aliquot
Parts: a Subje& difcourfed of, by Schooten, Pell, Kerfey,
and others. ee a ua ge ie
| With many other things, which may befeen in the
'Table of Chapters; but, more fully, in the Treatife ic
-felf. Much of which are Additions of my own, where I
. apprehended a defe&t(in what I met with in others)which
feemed ueedtull'tobefapplyed. Se,
— But I do not pretend fo to have gleaned all thofe
. Authors who have Written on this Subject, as to have left
nothing worthy to be there fought, in the Authors them-
' felves, (efpecially asto the Accommodation thereof to
- particular Subjects: ) But have rather directed to thofe
_ Authors where fuch things are to be found.
.. And Ihavebeenthe lefsable fo to do (if I would have
- done it,) becaufe I did not defignedly read them over to
this purpofe, nor (when Idid read them) did make Col-
lections (as I went along) in order to fuch.a defign.
But have rather (out of my memory) inferted (in their
proper places) fuch things as the pater and Method of
| | S

the

3 [ 1x04]
the Difcourfeleemed to call for ;'and (c on fach gener
had recourfe to the refpective Authors.- :

Thofe who defire a fulleraccount ‘of: Auch: thirigs 45. r
have‘but briefly touched ; may, for'tbat purpofe, con-
fult Yieta, Oughtred, Hárriot, Cartes, Sluffas, and others;
and .(in Englifh). Meru Kerfys who hath publifhed a
Compleat Volume of Aig HH Mie tle ——
- thereunto), in E wo part «35.2, sies to slits T A
- .Bnt.my. defign. being; io: trace. nios: of. ur» MUR (as.
the Greeks. call d. it), or Algebra (as the Arabs); from its
firft Original (as hear as I could) by the feveral Steps
whetebyat hath; ‘proceeded. ‘Mine Ey: was chiefly on the
feveral Advances which from, time to, time it hath mades:

. ofitting ; forthe moft part, the Accommodesibas theres

of to particular Subjects.

1

And herein I, have. endeavoured, all along, to. he jnft

to every. one : daban. as near as J zhi SOU Dt
ea

of'àdvance to its own Author; or 2t 1 to..the

ancient ofthofe in whom I fou dts ha c aries
-EUI have any enn miffed H5 crblng t S

this
latter what. was due to fome former este iseither.
becaufel had notread the; amore d ida jOr Ru |

heed it when Ifo tread, or,atleaft ; remember it,
when Lwas, Writing. . u^ eli eig B.
fed, in what have any.w n
There may yet. pe
be fome difficulty to. fatisty all. Readers, as to what 1
have, or whatl.; ‘have not taken, notice o£... ;
think there are ‘divers thin gsomuitted(and

difcouríe.; and-fome things. Anferted, ‘which (in their

opinion): might have been pared or needed not to have- |

been Ao ful y handled: o ^ sre

But as to-fach: xhiigs;' Phu bé" 'cóüiteht tó' eie my- |
felt to the Readers Candor 5 oFdeave thé Readers. fies |
E1V ES 23

erhaps (notwi ithftanding all TE care) : :

, Who may |
loubrlefsthere |
are fo) which might delerve to be taken notice of ; or -
but briefly-touchéd, which might. have.deferved a fuller 4

: [ 1105] |
felves to fatishe one another. Amongft whom, fome
may be found to Blame, what another Commends, and
fome to Commend, what another Blames.

- And I have endeavoured all along to reprefent the
- fentiments of others with Candor, and to the beft ad-
vantage: Not Studioufly feeking opportunities of Cavil-
ling, or greedily catching at them if offered. (For
there is nó man can Write fo warily, but that he may ^
fometime give opportunity of Cavilling, to thofe who:
feek it). And have been carefull to put the beft Con- |
ftruction on their Words and Meaning ; and, if need be
- (asiometimesthere is) to help an incommodious expref-
fon, by one(asatleaft appeared to me) more intelligi
ble and better agreeing (or more fully) to their own
meaning; (without reproaching them for the want of
- fuch :). For it many times happens, that a man lights on
à good notion; which he hath not the happinefsto exprefs -
fo intelligibly , as perhaps another may do for him.
. Andifhere (fometimes)I have fo done(as I thinkIhave;).
. Ido not therein wrong, either the Author or the Reader.

- Apologia pro. Circuitione Sanguinis ; .gua re/ponde-
Jzgr ZEmylio Parifano, medico Veneto, Autbore-
GEORGIO ENTIO; Editio altera, auctior.
-. deatcurarior.. Lond. 1685. 8". als

“f HOE Learned Author having thought fit to give us
JB. a fecond Edition of this Book, it may not be amifs
- totake notice of fome particulars added in thisImpref-
- fion. | dup ^ | |
- — In his Epiftle to Dr. Harvey, he fhews how: little truth :
thereisin father Paul's being the Inventor of the Crcz-
— lation; for às much asthe papers Written by him on this -
- Subject, and found in his Study after his Death, were no
EC - PUE echan S f.:2. nore

[ 1106]

more then notes taken at the reading of Dr. Harv»y's
Book, which waslent him by a Country-man of his lately:
returned to Venice from England, where he had been.
Ambaffador from that State, and was prefented by the
Author with one of thefe Books; the Truth of which ap-
pears from a Letter written by Father Fulgentio to Dr.
Harvey, exprefling as much. 10a

_. In the Book it felf he takes occafion to give fome Com-

parative account of the Spleen in feveral creatures.

. . Heenquires into the reafon why the Air is hotter in
Summer then in Winter, which hethinks does not pro-

ceed, from that the rays of the Sua fall on the Earth, . -

E

nearer toa perpendicular, in the formerthen in thelat- —
. ter feafon ; the zfugulus Incidentie made bythe Rays —

not being to be confidered fo much as the number of —

them; he fuppofes this effect may more rationally be
deduced partly from the Northern Winds blowing much

in Winter, but chiefly from the Denfity of the zr which —
defends us from the $zz, and prevails more: (he thinks) |

by 40 toone, in the Winter, then in the Summer.

To prove that the Blood does not nourifh, he urges A

thedifproportion between fome parts, and the quan-

tity of Blood conveyd to them; thus a great deal of —
Blood iscarryed to the Inteftines, and but little tothe —

Head, in proportion to thebignefs ofeach part: he urges —
the largenefs of the Veins in refpe&t to the Arterys: and |
the {malnefs of the recruit theBlood receives by theDudius —

“Thoracicus, not large enough,the Author thinks,to convey

matter for the nourifhment of the whole body ; with E

feveral other particulars to the fame effect. .

- He anfwers the arguments of Dr. Needham, and Dr. E

Mayow, againft the Biolychnzum. —

_ Printed at the Theater zm Oxford, for Sam.
í1. Smith atthe Prince s Arms in St. Pauls Church-
| yard London; and Hen, Clements

Book-[eller zz Oxtord.

Philofoph Tranfa

Dm

.

ef

[ 1107 ] Numb, 1744

PHILOSOPHICAL.

TRANSACTION §,

* eget ary : "T r.c. d o

_ The CONTENTS.

d. An Anfwerto fome Queries propofed by Mr. William
_. Molyneux, concerning Lough-Neagh: by Mr. Edward
-. Smyth, Fellow of Trinity Colledge zz Dublin. 2.Hz- —
|». ferie Convulfionum Periodicarum per Glarzff, Daum,
Gui. Cole, Aled. Dott. deferipte, & communicate. viz.
| Convulfionis quintanam obfervantis periodum , 9 Con-
.. vulfivi Affectus ocfonariam periodum a multis «nnis ob-
fervantis, 3. An abftratt of a Letter of Mr. Leeuwen-
. hoeck Fellow of the R. Society, dated March 3otb.
- 1685. £o the R. S. Concerning Generation by an Infect.
4 A Difcourfe on the Diffection of a Monftrous Double

Catt; read before the Dublin Society dy Dr. Mullen.
s An Account of two Books. - MICHAELIS ET-

IMULLER lopera omnia Theoretica & pratica, Gc.

Quarto Londini 1683. 2. RAYMUN DI VIEUS-
SENS D. M. Monfpelienfis Neurographia Univer-
. falis. Fol. Lugduni 1685. |

|

Tt An nf.

MESI el . - [Livet]

- An anfwer to fome Queries propofed by Mr. William

Molyneux, concerning Lough-Neagh: by Mr.
Edward Smyth, Fellow of Trinity Colledge in
Dublin. KC COP PINE

1 WV Hether Lough-Neagh hath really the quale

E

prove the contrary. For about rg years ago, he ftuck

two Holly-Stakes (a wood which all agree will fooneft |
petrifie in this. Lozgh) in two feverall places of the Lough,

near that place where the upper Band enters into it ;

and that part. of the ftake, which for folong time has
. been wafhed by the water, remains there without any

alteration, or the leaft advance towards petrification ;

asfor that part of the ftake which is covered by the mud —
or earth, he has nor yet looked onit, but promifes to -
doit this Summer , taking advantage of the fall of the

| ty of petrifying Wood? "Yo this I anfwer, that. —
no experiment, or obfervation yet made, (thatlcan —
hear of) can prove the Lose) has this petrifying quali- -
ty; or that the water do's any way help or promote
the petrification; for that two experiments made by a :
Gentleman. of worth and good credit (whofe Eftatelies -
contiguous to the Lough, and whofe curiofitie. prompted —
Bim toa more diligent fearch into this matter) plainly

1 - M Iia oy
Ode aw oU Piae "prie Vos. 2c ape REO ve DT sh POBRE ERE

Lougb, and that too, which report makes the weakeft, -
and moft unfit for this operation, may feem not to con- .
clude univeríally of the whole Lough ; yetarea reafona- |
ble caufe ofdoubting that, which ought to be, yet ne-
ver was backed by any faithfull experiment; and Ithere- |

fore believe it fabulous; forthathad the Lough any fuch

Vertue,it would moft probably be diffusd in fome meafure

through the whole. "This is true of thofe Lakes. whole -

peculiarities are related by Varentws ; and this feems e- —

vident |

[11553

vident from the very nature of liquid bodies; for the
parts of all liquid bodies being in a conftant motion, and
mixing with one another, any Vertue received in one
part,muft neceffarily be diffusd through the whole,at leaft
in fome degree, but the ftakes in thisexperiment had not
fuffered the-leaft alteration laft Summer, though they
had been almoft three times feven years inthe warer.

2. Whether this Qualitie be equally diffus'd throughout
the whole: Lough, or be more firong in any particular parts
thereof?’ Becaufe' there have been no certain experi-
ments made upon all partsof the Lozgh, and much time
required to make this-tryall‘we cannot expect a ipeedy -
. felolution of this’ Query; Report for the Welt fide,
- and Dr. Boat (an Author for whofe fidelity I vouch not)

in his Ne£ufal Hiflory'of Iréland,- tellsus that as his Bro-
ther informed him; who lived in thofe parts, that water
. hasefpecially this Virtu about thofe places, where the
— Black water difcharges it felf into the Lake, but con-

feffes he never could find any’ perfon who himfelfe had
made the tryall; and therefore had this information
from report; orfome other way equally uncertain : fo
that :there’is {till good reafon to believe the water is

. wholy deftitute of this petrifying qualitie.

23. What woods are petrified by the Lough? or whether
only Holly, “That not only Holly, but alfo Oak, and
. fome other wood has been petrified: about this Lough,

and in ‘the? foil adjacent, I have fuficient grounds to
conjecture on this account ; becaufe fome Fifhermen,.
being tenants ofa gentleman from whom I had this re-
- lation; told him, they had found buried in the mud of

this Lougb great trees, with alltheir roots and branches
petrifieds and fome of that bignefs, that they believ'd
they could fcarcely be drawn by a teem of Oxen. They
broke off feverall branches as big as a mans legg, and
many bigger, but could not move the great trunk. If
weamay.credit this relation, we muft allow fome other
yon | 4 2 woods

[ 1110]
woods to be petrified befide Holly, for Helly, never grows
to that bignefs; the largeft trees being fcarcely by a
third part fo big; fo that allowing forthe unexactnefs
and unfaithfullnefs of the Fifhermens relation; we have
grounds to. believe this wood was other; then Holly; my
Cheif reafon for gueffing it0s& is the bulk ;. no treesin

that country, thefe excepted, growing to, that prodi-

gious bignefs : befides there is much timber found in the
" mud.on fand on the banks, fuch as Deal, &c. but no

Oak, fo that. I believe what Oak was-undermined by

the water, was covered with mud, and fo petrified into

Stone, and of this fort might that. be which the Fifher«

men found; for if fome part of that ground whichis now

covered by the water, was formerly wood, asis on good ©

grounds believed by thofe. that live therabouts, as it is

probable there was much Qa£ ia the wood; fo itis pros |

bable there is much buried in the Lough; Deal, and. o:
ther trees are found here without any alteration, but
what they might fuffer in any other water. ^

Ae Vhether the wood or Holly, brought from other. pla-

es, beas apt to be petrified, as what grows inthe grounds
adjacent, to the.Lough?. If, as I fhall make out in-my

aníwer to the laft Query, this vertue of petrzfyzmg dos -
certainly, if not folely refide in the foil contiguous to
this Lough, moft certainly treesthat imbibe fome of this —

petrifying. Vertue, or thefe Lapideous particles with

be more eafily altered into. ftone.

their nourifhment, as being already difpos d for it, will -

y. What time is requifite to petrifie a piece of a determi=

nate bigne/s, Y heard of no experiment which can refolve
this Query, but what. report) tells us of feven years is

certainly, a fableas to the water, I know of no body:who .. .

has made tryall of the foil... ku] 1
6. Whether any has [een the fame body partly wood and

partly Stone? Y was informed by two Gentlemen of the —

North, that this may be frequently feen, who: alledged

D n á $3 | |
PR M. ue t Ru o Re o TM KM MU

\
OW eh WAT WIRE TETGBRRRRRRRCRRRRRRRAEA SESERCRPPE m

they 15

| D rri]

they themfelves had feen the fame body, wood, and
ftone, Buttheonly reafon for thinking fo, being the
diverfity of colours which might well enough proceed
from feverall degrees of petrification, we may proba-
bly. think them deceived : for they made no experiments
on that part which they reputed wood. They further
told me that part of the body which, touched the furface
of the water wasthe partition between the petrified and
unpetrified part of 1t; this further confirms me, they
were imposd on. "Thisftone had been often found one
part of it rotten and petrified, the other remaining firm
and ufefull: butthisit hascommon with other ftones:
whether it became rotten in the wood, or ftone, may be
duobied. oe, MM | a n
(7. Whether the Bark bas been feen petrified, as well as
the Wood? The Bark is never found petrified, asI am
Anformed by a diligent Inquirer, but often fomething
rotten abouttheftone anfwerable to the Bark, — — —

.8. Whether any one bas certainly made experiment of the
Loughs petrifyeng, by putting a piece of mood therein, and
there letting ct ly till i£ was petrified? Several pieces of
folly have been put into the Lezgh, but none, that [ ever
heard of, wasevertakenoutinanywife altered. —

| 9. Whether there be any Sand-pits nigh about the Lough
n which tbefe pieces of wood (we efteem petrified) are found?
A never could hear of any fuch Sand-pits, nor that this
petrifying Vertue was ftronger inany fuch places; there
Asa greater quantity of thefe ftones found in the adja-
cent ground, and when ground is newly broke, ordi-
narily turned up in plowing. :

1o. Whether the Earth, or Sand about this Lough be
indued with this Qualitie ? That this Virtue is certainly, if
not only, inthe ground or foil I judge for thefe reafons,
that there are many ftones turned up daily efpecially at
their breaking up new ground ; which we cannot in any

»probabilitie think were brought thither; they are often
a ^ — — - Vv found

OR RES QE aes.
found at two miles diftance from the Lough, feldom
further, in great numbers , and very deep in the ground;
now for what ufe and reafon they fhould be brought
thither I cant imagine: but becaufe there may lie
exceptions againft this reafon I fhall produce another,
which I believe will plainly prove this affertion, it being
matter offa&. ‘The Gentleman on whofe credit I re-
ceived this information, had occafion one day to furvey
a part of his own land, and ata {mall diftance from the

Lough, he faw a ftump of a tree juft digged out of the ©
ground, which by handling of it he found petrified ; his |
Servant that digged it up, ftanding by him, told him he :
liad juft rooted it out of the ground: he affured methe ©
roots and all were ftone, and altogether like thofe ftones. -
that are ordinarily found and go by the name of Lough- -
ANeagb ftones. ‘This certainly proves the foil to have .
this petrifying Vertue, which was never yet proved of the |
water. This Gentleman was of opinion thefe were La- -
| pides (ui generis, till this obfervation convinced him: and ©
I believe the wood, which I before mentioned that was -
found by the Fifhermen petrified, ows its petrification to -
the foil. and. not to the water. Butthattheíe ftoneswere
once wood isT think very certain, for they fhew the plain -
veftigia of wood, they likewife burn, cleave; filings of
this fone thrown in the fite emitt a fragrant {mell: they
cut kindly with a knife, though not fo eafily, as other
wood’: but had they none of thefe properties, the in-
ftance now alledged, I think, is as convincing as Demon+ |

fration, - a a a ee E
y ‘| i M 7$ "mt * TT [x
, Li - ry 1 Al "n T
[| t " e nS 63
: ei 7 3
n ‘a «5x Se ET
* J 1 PX à LJ
Hiflorie
24

cf. 1115]

Hiflorie Convulfionum Periodicarum per Clariff.

| $ gua Gui. Cole, Med. Deci. defcripte, ty comm.
MICA Re. |: ve 2 :

Convulfonis quintanam obfervantis periodum.

E. 7 Ebres intermittentes minorum gentium (Quotidia-
Jy nasícil, Tertianas & Quartanas) ubivis puliulafce-
re nimis omnes con{ciifumus; & quamvis earum caulz

in puteo lateant, detypistamen lat fuperque omnibus

conftat. Quintanarum autem, fextanarum, &c. qua
longius protelatas agnofcunt periodos, quanquam inter

authores habeatur mentio, tam raro tamen in praxi oc-

currunt, ut raro Medicum convenerim, cui talem ali- .

quam vidiffe contigit. Mihi quidem ante quadriennium

Obvenit taliter egrotans ( fi modoà periodorum ratione

‘

liceat Febrem denominare, ubi non infignis aderat ca-
lor, fed nervofi potiffimum generis affectifigna) cujus Hi- ©

— ftoriam, quantum fuggerit memoria, defcribam.

Acti erat & lepido ingenio, cujus cafum refero, Do-
mina, formofa, px, ihterque negotia domeftica, qux

continuoeam exereitam detinuerunt, plurimum occu-
pata, unde integra per multos annos valetudine potita

eft, plures licet enixa fuiffet liberos. Ante fexennium
vero abhinc pregnans, circa medium geftationis tempus,
in hyftericos (nefcio qua eds) incidit affectus, qui,
quamvis illo tempore remediis cedebant, fubinde ta-

menrecurrebant, licet non admodum frequentes. Tan-

dem inftante partus tempore, poftquam magis quam par
erat (gravi id poftulante occafione) fefe exercuerat, po-
Ítridie (accelerato forfan aliquantulum partus tempore)
cum maximis doloribus parturire cepit, magna effluente
fanguinis quantitate, fztu tamen nondum in lucem e-
Jniffo; donec labantibus viribus, totoque fere, prout

EU eas ME MINCE V. A aftantibus

Larry}
aftantibus vifum erat, excreto anguine, de vita defpe-
ratum fuerit. In vitam vero quafi revocata (fetu tan-
dem, fed mortuo, exclufo) brevi in convulfivos incidit
affectus, qui, nom obftante remediorum ufu; pertitiaci-
ter affigebant, per intervalla licet, ad plures menfes,
Inde aliquanto melius habuit, licet non in totum à.
prafatisfymptomatis immunis; que tandem aucta, non
incertis , utante, invafionibus molefta erant, fed pri-
mo tertianis, fi recte teneo, periodis, dein quartanis,
& non ita multo poft quintanis (h. e. ut quatuor inté-

gri dies intercederent inter fingulorum paroxyfmorum-

initia) invadebant ; idque exacte adeo, ut non certius.
horologiorum indices ad notatas figuras redeant, quam.
ift: paroxyfmi fuos repeterent curfus. Incipiebant cum.
ofcitatione, aliquali vigore, & magna urine limpid&

quantitate exdlafa ; dein egfotans ftatim convulfá opus.

habuit ut aftantium manibus prehenderentur ejus manus,
fecus vel veftes vel faciem dilacerabat, multoque nifu.

dentibus petebat prehendentium manus; mente omnino-

capta, & aphona. Poftquam per horam una vel al-
tau Hos oA E IAE D NER.
magna copia identidem reddita, fenfim evanuit paro-

&

xy{mius, obrepente fomno; qui per plures horas perfevera-

bat; tandemque, omnium quz in paroxyfmo tranfacta..

erant nefcia, ad fe rediit.. Reliquis tribus diebus quam-.

visa paroxyimolibera, admiodum ramen debilis & ener
vata erat, ut vix & le&o vel fedili fargere, nedumt ca- |
inergn obambulare abíque miniftrantium fatelliió,

potuerit. | ^ei MON DM bas:

Curationem accerfitus agereffus fum medicamentis
teftaceis. & fp. C. Cervi; indicationem fumens à mag-
na illa urine profufione, & nervofi generis affectibus , qua-

ME m oe a

infignem &fanguini, & fucco nervofo, acorém imipreí- —

fum fuiffe mihifidem fecerunt. Verum cum pertinaci-.
ter, his non obftantibus, hererent parosyimi, ftatifque
redirent periodis, ig mentem venit, iftos non aliter tra-

t — | dm A . s e , [E , —MÀ E ; ndos,

| [ife] —

&ándos;quam folent febrium intermittentium. — Quam-
vis enim non tantum pre fe ferrent calorem, quantum
febres vulgares intermittentes; cum tamen regulariter |
adeo, uti moseft iftiafmodi febrium, procederent, cum-
que infüper non omnes intermittentes, proprie fic di-
Ctz, eundem obíervant caloris modum, omnes tamen
éodém remedio, Cortice fc. Peruviano, debellentur;.
ftatui famofiffimo illo fpecifico hunc affectum aggredi
(intercalatis tàmen medicamentis fupra memoratis, ut-
pote quoniam alte mihi infederat notio dicta de acida.
fikedtaid d'fcráfid ) Nec fefellit eventus: Poftquam.
enim duas vel tres iftius corticis dofes ante totidem pa-
roxyímos, pro more tunc temporis (mihi faltem) folenni;
exhibueram, fenfibiliter ferociam fuam depofuerunt,.
‘tandem continuata ejafdem exhibitione prorfus evanue-
funt, néc, quantum mihi refciffe contigit, poftmodum.
redierunt, em i n | :

i

‘Hifforia Cónvulfvi Affettus offonariath periodum :
a multis annis obfervantis, per Clari. D^", Gui,
Cole; M. D: deftripta d» communicata; |

| Grethea Cook vidua; fexagénaria, Coffepola Vigor
A o wenfs, atriginta fex ahnis (triduo poft nuptias)
— Epilepticis, nulla notabili ^esocz; corripi coepit; qui:
quamvis fab morbi initium frequenter, nullotamen ot-
dine, recurrebant. Invafio tam fubita erat, ut que &
ahis & fibi perfe&e {ana videbatur, ni&tu oculi in‘ha- -

E1116 7]
num, mente protinus orba , concidere foleret: quo in
ftatu poftquam velut exaniniis, nullis agitata convulfio-
.nibus, per aliquot horz minuta jacuerat, diícuffa tan-
dem nebula ad fe rediit. Aliquot poft menfes circa ple-
nilunium & novilunium, imo ízpius in die iftis tempori-
bus, invadebant paroxy{mi,& ad. duos vel tres dies recur-
rere perfeverabanr; reliquo interlunii tempore bene ha-
buit... Poft pauculos inde menfes, qui prius duarum fere
feptimanarum obfervaverant periodum, tandém bis in-
tra fingulas, fed inzqualiter zquali diftantia, diebus fc.
Jovis & Saturni, curfus fuos repetebant.. Brevi poft. nup-
tias .gravida facta elt, foetumque folito tempore peperit,
qui. non ita multo poft Epilepticus fato functus eft ; fe-
cundusitem partus eodem modo periit: fed licet plures.
.poftmodum utriufque fexus liberos enixa fuerit, nullus
tamen eorum ad hunc ufque diem vel minimum ejufmodi.
.effectus infaltudit perpelfus. eit, — o9 1a eu seii
. Per tres circiter annos memorato ordine (variis licet
tentatisremediis) invadere perfiftebant paroxyími, do- -
nec tandem Empirici cujufdam. plurimum decantato, |
nefcio quo, remedio difparuerint, nec per aliquot meníes:
redierunt ;. ufque dum novi terroris occafione (ante po-
tius, ut videtur, fopiti quam perfanati) recruduerint. ~
Hinc ad idem remedium iterum confugiebat: fed quod —
pridem tantopere profuerat, nunc nil levaminis attulit. ©
Nihilominus fecunda vice doctiffimi; perque-mnltos an- —

. nosapud Zzgoraiem merito celeberrimi, D. Fobufon nu-
‘per defuncti) ope à morbo brevi convaluit, atque fana
perftitit adufque famofum /igornzen/e prlium,annorégr |
dimicatum ; quando, captaà Cromwellio Vigornia, dum

-ubique mors ,& horror Ízxviebant,.. splay non fecus ac

-varia, &à prxcfato D» fobnfo, & absaliis, ufurpavit re-

f^ re

N

doritzo]
media, fed incaffum omnia. ^ Poftquam per'bienni-
um inde typo ifthoc recurrere perititerant, tandem
pra confternatione iterata diem invafionis mutarunt, at-
que primum bis hebdomadatim, tandem fola die Domz- |
nica (commotionis anfa ifthoc die forte-fortutiaablata)
‘ad hoc ufque tempus invaferunt. Cujus quidem periodi, &
Íymptomatum progreffusfequenti modofe à tot annis.
habet. | pbi
. Die Jovis circa vefperam invadere incipit dolor in ver-
tice; nec non pulfativus circa offis facri regionem, qui

. dié- Veneris, altius paulatim ferpens, medium occupat
dorfum: Vefperi diei Saturniimmanior evadit (multum

etiam urgente fiti) & pauculis, poftquam fe inlecto com:
'pofuerit, horis ad humeros ufque, fenfim auctus affurgit ;
"quo ubi pertigerit, que’ prius interdiu domeftica obire

"valuerit munia, nunc fefe vix omnino in le&o commo- -

. vereaudet, quod fi, nifi admodum caute, fategerit, ex-
templo paroxyfmum (fecus non nifi poft plnres horas. in-
'vafurum) eumque multo feveriorem, certo accerfit. .. Pa-

‘Tun hac nocte, prz dolorum moleftia. dormit, qui cap-
“ut nunc atrocius infeftant: Horum cruciatus mane in
"türbülentam fominolentiani tranfit, cujus etiam caufa
"toto die Dominico à lecto abftinere nequt; nempe ma-- -
tutinishoris dormitat quidem, fed inquiete, atque ali-
- quoties$'é fonino expergifícens potum expofcit, quo fum-
"ptoe iterum fomio "tradit; ^Horá circiter duodecima,
^h non fpofite evigilet, aftantium’ interpellatione^excita-
“tur, cibofque monita fumit, rerum omnium circa ‘fe
tranfactarum adhuc probe conícia : dein ftatim in fom-
^num relabitur (nifi verius animi torporem- dixeris, quip-

_ ! pe nec excitari amplius poteft; nec cujufvis rei nunc atte
"miemoriam retinet) cum frequenti corporis’ m ledtoija-
'Ctatione; quo ad fextam praterpropter horam vefper-
tinamdetinetur: Hachora ingruunt convulfiones,® fed:
"interpolate, ad horas quinque eam exercentes $ que.
primo mitiores, tafidem Circa horam undecimaniimax--
| ime.

[ 1118 ]
ime violente. evadunt; per quarum intervallaoblatam
Allam (tenuiorem enim potum ipfa, dum.mente.con-
ftat, vetat fibi in paroxy{mo .porrigi, noxam inde ventri-
culo.imprimi experta) avide. haurit. -Blapía hac-hora .re-
dit, qua per.tot horas caruit, mentis níura, omninmque
deinceps.agendorum notitia, verum reliqua no¢tis parte
‘fe irrequieta.in cubili jactat, prorfusinfomnis. -Die ;Lu-
nz,.circa horam nonam matutinam, lecti tzdium non
amplius tolerare valens, ex eo furgit, fed toto -die uni-
-Nerfo corpore dolet, &,quamvis hoc die far,libere do-
mum {yam obambuiet, .juriíque nigri pocula, hofpitibus
propriis manibus miniftret, artus -tamen rigidos -quafi,
adque motum parum aptos queritur, qui tandem fomni
;placidiffimi, fequenti. no&te obrepentis, mulcedine tor-
porem-deponunt (nulla tamen accedente, five. per, fudo-
fem, five urinam, five alio quocunque modo, faltem fen-
Aibili, critica evacuatione ; ut pronum mihi fit conjecta-
-¥€, materiam, ex cerebro detrufam, à fanguine. refor-
beri, infermentum pro-novo,paroxyímo excitando de-
uo maturandum). duorumque hinc.vel trium .dierum
inducie conceduntur, donec, novo, aggefto fomite. ea-
dem denuo adornatur.fymptomatum sena. Nulla à
-nultis.retro annis admittere,voluit remedia, utpote.
eorum, infructuofa adminiftratione tamdiu, ,ante ; hac
Jaflata. , Unum preterea fatis rarum occurrit, quodque
fortexnenteeam. minus, conftare fufpicionem daret, nifi
ubique- notum -effet,; nervofo. genere. affecto, , notabiles
Andeimpreffiones in.animum fieri: Nempe longo tem-
-poreoperfuafam -habuit | fe,, fi. extra. fores fe proriperet,
-paroxyfmo: confeftim. tentandam iri, proinde fe intra
-propriosparietes.continenter per aliquot annos. claufit ;
-cum veroante vigintiannos, prz importuna folicitatione
-vicini cujufdam -zdes.coenatum, adiret, ftatim atque in
illasfe receperat in eum, .prout.mens ominata fuerat, ex- -
otra ufitatam periodum. incidit, ut.neceffe habuerit.do- —
mum seportari, ubi foliso;grayierem perpetfa eft, | Kxin-

Lx119].

de nunquam extra limen fuum exceffit, nifi cum xdesan-
_ te octodecim annos (in cathedra deportata) novis muta-

ret, quo momento, licet haud ftato recurfus die, invafe-
fe paroxy{mi, perque decem dies continuos, bis in fin-
gulis invadentes, perfiftebant, donec tandem ad folitum
redierint tenorem ; Veruntamen pedem unum extra li-
menimo totum corpus,modo pollicis pedis fummum api-

cem intra limen detinuerit,exerere & audet & folet; inte-
-groautem corpore vellatum unguem inde excedere nec
audet,nec ullo pretio obtinueris,non fi talentum obtuleris.
^Cum olim famofus ille Chiriater Greatarak fius Vigornie
"ageret, ad hancadductuseit, ut quid in tam raro affectu
-valeret ipfius manus. experiretur: ila autem, audito
hunceo confilio appuliffe, nondum tamen vifo, in gra-
-viflimum paroxy{mum incidit, qui non ante feptimum
"ab infultu diem eam deferuit. Interea toto hoc tot an-
morum curriculo nullam extra paroxyfmos vel intellectus,
vel functionum ceterarum animalium, notabilem lefio- |
‘nem paffa eft, quin (cum bono, adque pinguedinem ver-
genti, corporis habitu, vultuque florido) non minus ex-
"pedite, pro ratione etatis, negotia domeftica, adque
eam quamexercet vocationem Ípectantia, exequi vide-
tur, quam fi nullo omnino, przcipue capitis morbo la-
‘boraverit. | |

|*

p p itis ique An Abe

2 : ‘L220 1] -
An Abftratt-of a Letter of Mr. Leeuwenhoeck

— Fellow of the R. Society,dated March 30th. 1 685.
to the R. 8. Concerning Generation by an In-
fe&. wna an |
Bout the latter end of the Summer of the year

, 1683. Itookthe Semen Mafculum ofa Dog, which
was of abouta year and. half old. This I putintoa
—. Glafspipe, and wrapt it up in foftleather, becaufe the:
nights wege fomething cold. This Semen I obferved 4
. days fucceffively, and in the firft, I found that feverall
ofits Animals were dead. Inthe 2d and 3d day, there
-were yet more ofthem dead, butonthe 4th, there were
very few left alive; andío far I proceeded at that time.
But in the beginning of. OZober in the year 1684. Tob
ferved again the Semen Majfculum of the fame Dog, who
was then very ftrong and Vigorous, and I found that af |
ter 7 daysand nights, there were fome few Animals yet |
left alive ; a very few whereof fwamas briskly as if the ij
had jut come from the Dog. ^. Podio 17:8
From hencel inferr, that thefe Animals, would have.
lived a much longer time, ifthey had been in the Ufer us: |
alfo that Conception in Females is not always made im
mediate poft congreffum, butfometimes 9, or. 10; or more
days after it, if one of the Animals can then find the
Puntium or proper place for its Nourifhment: and laftly |
that the Userus may not be fit for the Reception of Ani- |
mals at onetime, tho’ before 2 or 3 days are paft, it may
become perfectly capable. NES s {epee ae
Iknow my Opinion about Generation has been reje&--

ed by feveral perfons, fome whereof being skilled in A-
natomy have affirmed to me, that the Semen Majculam
never comes intothe "Oferu;; that its never to be feen
in that place; and that its nothing but a Vapour which
caufes fruitfullnefs. ButIam not of thefe mens minds,
for it feéms plain to me, that the parts are proportioned

—

LER [ trax

! by Nature for the carrying the but into the Uterus. And
| therefore Wolves, Foxes and Dogs are faftned, and tho
| the Dog at firft fheds a little thin clear moifture, yet that
is notatrue Semen, forI could not find any Animals in
it... But as he is faftned, there drops very leafurely a
Tittle Semen which is white, by reafon of the great number
Jof Animals contained in it: and this would not reach
the Uterus, (becaufe of its coming fo flowly, and of the
1iwelling of the Penzs,) unlefs the Dog were faftned.
| 4d remember that Dr. Grew formerly Secretary of the
‘Society, in aletter to me, ufed fome wordsto this pur-
| pofe. - Your Harvey in his Book de Generatione Animali-
_ um denies that he ever found in the Userus Anatomifed
immediately after conception, the Semen Mafculum. And
our Dr. de Graaf in his. Book de Partibus Muliebribus
Generationi infervientibus , conftantly afferts, that the
‘Semen Mafculum, is nothing buta Vehicle ofa certain
Volatile Salt, or fuch like fpirit, conveying to the Egg
of the Female a Contatlum Vitalem. 13

|. -Buttho a late Writer hasreckoned up the Authorities
| of 70 Perfons, who have afferted the fame Opinion, and
that of the Qvarzum, yet I think they have been all mi-
|ftaken. As will appear by the following Tryals.

| I befpoke a Bztcb ofan ordinary fize, to be delivered
| to me after fhehad been once lined, which hapned to -
| be the 3oth of December latt, uponthe next day at 8 ofthe
| Clockin the morning, the Bztch was lined again, in my
| prefence, and again at 2 a Clock in the afternoon, where-
upon I caufed her to be killed by running an Awl into
_ the Medulla Spinalis near the head. Asfoon as fhe was
dead, Ibound her legsto a Table, and opened the 7z-
| gina) where I found a white fubftance, which I took out &
_ viewed with my Microfcope, difcovering it to be nothing
1 but Scales (of that fort which cover the infide of the va-
- gina) lying in a clear thin liquor.

|| ^ Afterwards I opened the middle of the Gora on the
| NUM | IN xia | left
4 |

* |

E 5. n8
left fide, which was about 3 inches? long, and as thick
as a good quill, as at K, If I had only looked with my
naked Ey, Ifhould have faid there had been no Semen —
(of a Dog) in it, but when I madeufe ofa very good Mi-
crofcope, Ifaw tomy great fatisfaction, avery great.
number of the living Animals of that Semen. |
|. [then opened the Cornu towards the end asat L, and
faw there likewife a good quantity of the Semen, which
was very lively. |
Iopened the Cornu on the right fide, and founda like
number ofthe living Animals. — 48
_ "Then I opened that part of the Uterus which is between.
the Vagina and the Cornu as at 7. which part was
randi* ofan inch long: and here I found in the fuff
lying on the infide of the Uterus a greater number of the
living Animals then before, and I cannot think they
werelefsthen ahundred Millions. £x ea rae
After 3and ; hours time, I went to communicate
this my Difcovery toan Eminent Phyfician, and Anato- FE
mift who could not be of Dr.De Graafs opinion about the
defcent of the Eggs out of the Ovarium, tho’ he had been |
. prefentathis Ditlections. In his prefence I opened the
Uterus inanother place, and fhewed him the fubftance |
contained therein, having in it a great number of the
— living Animals of the Semen Mafculum, tho’ the weather
was very cold and freezing, I likewife fhewed him one of
the Plexus commonly call'd the Ovarium, wherein were |
feverall bloody fpetscaufed by the breaking of fome off
the Water bladders or glandulous particles whereof they |
confift : which broken water bladders were ftill includ- f
ed in a very ftrong: Membrane; the faid Phyfician re-
‘maining convinced that Generation was more clearly)
explained after my way, then-by Eggsfack d out of the)
GC varum. pU 493^ " H
l opened the Vagina Vteri, and caufed it to be fol
drawn together with the Urteru;, and Ovarium, or Tefti-)
: | cles 3

[1123 ]

cler; the Pagina and "U£erus have not the full tength
given them, becaufe they fhould not take up. too much.
. place upon thePaper,but their breadth istrue. "TheOva-
. rium with the glandulous particles, and water bladders,

are of the fame bignefs as they. appeared.
I fuppofe this figure may be fpoke againft by Anato-:
iiíts, becaufe itis notlayd out according to Art, but 1
don't pretend to Anatomy, for I neveríaw a Uterus tak- -

en out except by my felf, or by a Butcher.
fig. 1. ABCD. isthe Pudendum ofa Bitch opened. .
DEFG. isthe Vagina Vier open'd which was y Inches-
. long. This! firftexamined in the middle about F. to fee
whether there were any of the Semen Mafculum in that:
place, but I found. none at all, but inftead thereof a
great deal of Scales, which in all likelyhood belonged to
the inward Skin of the Vagina, and were worn ofr ; alfo

; à feverall Globules of that fort which makes the blood red,

anda great many globules of aleffer fort.
I then examined it about E, but: I found noother-

fubftance, but what I have now defcribed. |
Laftly examined it about G, clofe by the Véeruws, and

I.found very few Animals, butthe Scales were there very’.

| . plentifull, being at leaft.2; Scalesto one Animal.

Thefe laftAnimalsI fuppofe were only {uch as were fcat-
terd in the way,when the Pezis ofthe Dog was drawn out.
- From thefe obfervations may be concluded, that not
. the Vagzna but the Véervws it felf is made for the reception.
andinclofing of the Semen Mafculum; leat the Animals
fhould {wim back, and come into the fheath,which would
be unprofitable ground; forthe Animals were {wam for-
ward in the Uterus s .inches and 5 which is the diftance
fron G £27 K to L, and this way (by a rough calcula-

" . tion which Ishave made of their fwimming) I fuppofe

they might get over in about 4o minutes.

I opened likewile the whole length of the Uterus; as
PS Íeeking for the bodies; which they fay are fuckt from
; A x3 the

[1x24] -
the-Oviriuy ià: Generation; but as I expéóted I. found
none. . Forifit be layd down, that the greateft Eges are
theripeft, (as it isin all Animals that are-Oviparous) I
ihould not have had much trouble to difcover them, if
they had continued fo great round bodies as thofe in: the
Ovarium: d M NO, or fuch bodys asare reprefented in the -
Ovarium Q RS which is but half itsbignefs. d
The Uterus of a Bitch isfrom 1K, to L almoft of an
equall thicknefs, but at L it becomes immedately very
{mall: (contrary to the.U£erzs of a Sheep) and how is it to
be:comprehended; that fo great round bodysas the Eggs,
can pafs thro’ fo narrow and wrinkled aPaflage, and not
only one of them, but feverall. together; asina Bztch,
which being but once lined, brings feverall Puppy’s.
That I might fatisfy my felf herein, I feparated the thin-
eft part of the Tuba from the Teftzcle (for. otherwife the
length and end of it is not to be feen) and bound a thread
about the Tvba where it grows thick; partly that inthe .
mouth that fucks down the fuppofed Eggs, (where I have -
puta great Pintofhew the Cavity) I might pour Quick-
filverforthe difcovering how much the thin ftiff Tuba.
would ftretch it felf; and partly that I: might know
whether the round Membrane which contains it, and
reaches from L, to 0, asO N had a hollownefs. ..
Fig. 2. VX. is the thin end of the Tuba. 1 |
T.is the thréad bound aboutthe thick part of the U-
Zerus., | , niei Penk | | !
X, isthe opening where the Quick-filveris put in. __
. . The Tuba did not ftretch it felf any wider then is here
reprefented, nordid it loofe that krincled form which it
had while it was inthe Ovarzwm as is reprefented at /7-
'TheUtzerus at1 V ftretcht it felf:vety much by reafon
of the Quick-filver, and. from: thence I am afcertained
that it hath no other Paffage then at X. for ifit had,the
Quick-filver would have runout of it. |
Here hence will appeárithe impoffibility that the great
| in. Glandulous

/

i 9437

Glandulous bodysin. LMNO;and QRS, fhould go
thro’ theímallPatlage X WV in Fg. ad. tillthey come -
to the widening of the Uzerus; and I muft confes (tho

this Bé¢ch was as likely as any could be wifht) I coufd not.
find. any round particle in it, that was bigger then a Glo-

bule of the blood, which makes it red.

About the middle of January, Y procured another Bitch
which had been Proud 3 days, in which time (they faid)
fhe had been lined thrice, and when fhe had been lined

.a fourth time in my prefence, I opened the Uterus in the
fame mannerasIhad donetheother. DButtho Ifound
'a great quantity of the Semen Ma/culum, 1 could notfind
any body bigger then a Globule that makes the blood
red ; and if there had been any thing fo big as the 55 part
ofa Sand, I DONDE not but I fhould have difcovered
TOURS

ON lewic: in the. piden Utert, “there ¢ was nothing but
whatI have formerly mentioned:

I underftand that Dr. De Graaf, when he Anatomifed

| female Rabbets, ufed tojudgehow many young would

“next have beet brought forth, by the number of red fpecks
,. anthe Ovarium, tho' none of the. Eggs were to be found in
‘the Uterus. Hewasalfoofthe Opinion, that the Eggs
firft came down in.the Uterus, 4 days after the female had
taken the Buck. Butits ftrangethat Rabbets fhould be,
compleatly made in 30 days and yet the Eggs firft be
feen imo? parts of the tine.

'Imtheyear 1678-7 Tient: your Honours; the draught of

. eneof thofe numerous Animals, which are in the Semen,

-of a Dog, noting thatthey are fo fmallthat roo0000 are
mot equall to.à courfeSand; ' 1fhallhere again infertthe.
fame figure, that you may fee how I nae de. thefe Ani-
anals came to be round in'the Ureras.:

[need not mention how feverall Infects cali heir skin,
and how Tadpoles as they grow in PRORA loofe their

| orla and ape Ae to be e Frogs.

| ^Exx28]
59 Fige 3. E FG, is one of the Animalsof the Semen of

figure, chiefly when the moifture wherein they live, and

"Men one of thefe Animals. has got fo far in the

:isundoubtedly theíameinInfeds. | ^.

Ilikewife am perfwaded, that no Animalis changed
sof cafts his Skin, - without. therebe another Skin left to
cover hisbody. This we find in Cater-Pillars, which as
-foon as they are come to their growth, and have {pun
their Cafe, they change not only their firft Skin, and be-

. €ome a Chryfalis, but are yet: encompaffed with another
;Skin;. and thus I believe it is with the Animalia Seminis |

, Mafculi, for they no fooner loofe one of their Membrane

or Coats, but there remains another, which continual-

- ly incompaffesthe Fetus, and grows together withit, till
“it comesto aBirth: baa 755 or at Shai | s

Its fuppofed that Animals while they grown the
- Womb, havea living Soul; now if this be fo, itsa thouf- -
,.and times morelikely, that the Soul which is in the Anz-

mália Seminis Mafcule fhould ftill remain there, chang-
ing only their outward fhape, then that they fhould pafs
into another, body: 1 woi sot vem voy ind? eae sare

I am alfo perfwaded, that the living Soul which isin

an Animal of the Semex ofa Cock, does not loofe it felf in
the parts of the Egg;but the partsof the Egg país intothe ©
living Animal; fothat the Egg of the Hen ferves only
tonourifh and feed the living Animal. —— like-

| ; [ 11277] !
Likewife I believe, that what is called frigidity in
fome men, is either a want(in them) of the Animalia Se-
minis, of a Weaknefsin the Animals which renders them
unabletolivelonginthe Womb. And to this purpofe I
was lately informed of a Perfon, wha tho' he had former-
ly had Children, wanted now the Animalia Seminis,
which might be the reafon ofthe prefent defe&.
lfthisbetrue then, thata Fetus isan Animal Seminis
Mafculc, we may reject the Vulgar Opinion, that a Con-
ception comes to be Male or Female according to the
prevalency of one Seed above the other, fince the 24u:-
. Amalia Seminir are themfelves of both Sexes. |
_ In the beginning of Frebuary I received froma
- Butcher, the U£erus of a Sheep,which had taken the Ram
_ 17 days before (as they faid) I found in one ofthe Cornua -
| thereof, a {mall body wrapt up in Membranes of a red.
. flefhy colour. But being not able to diftinguifh its figure,
- tho T put it in a Glafs Tube about'the thicknefs ofa goos
— quill, together with Oyl of Turpentine; | took itout of ©
_ theGlafsagain, and asitlay round, I gently ftretcht it
. out in length, at which time I plainly faw the back bone,
. likewife blood Veffels lying thereby, and fending forth
- feveralbranches, alfo in 2 dittinct places the Medulla Spi- |
malis lying in the Backbone.- Andinthe head, Ifaw
not only the Maxille but the Mufcles that covered them,
atid the Veffels lying in them, tho’ they were not yet red
and lookt like finews, Likewife the Brain, and the {mall
blood Veffels therein, the Eys that were about the bignefs
ofa courfe Sand, but as clear as Chriftall; Iopened the
- Belly and took out feverall pieces of the Bowels, which
- weretranfparent, and about the fize ofa {mall hair. I
— Íaw feverall ftrings of flefh,which I took to be the Mufcles:
.. WhenIcaft my Ey onthe Breaft to fee the Ribbs, I found
. the place fo full of blood veffels, that there was nothing -
elfe tobe taken notice of. |
‘This whole Animal I judged to be no bigger then jth
| Y y part

[ 1128 ]
partofa Pea. And if fo fmalla creature befurnifht with:
all its parts, there canbe no reafon to doubt, that the
fame creature has them, tho he bea thoufand times leds,
and the parts are not diftinguifhable by the fight. - And if
an Infect has limbsiand ;.Bowels, tho’ it is not a. thoufand
Millionth part fobig.asa fand,then may the 4nzmalia Se-
minis, havelikewife the fame Limbs and bowells,. which
the Fetus has whenitis broughtforth: ~~.) 13
-. Furthermore I took ont of the Ovarium which,wason
the fame fide where the; Fetus lay,.2 round red . globu-
lous bodies, commonly, called: Eggs,-each? whereot-was
about the bignefs;of a Pea, and confequently each Egg -
was aboue 8 timesas bigastbe forefaid, whole. Animal.
. Thefe fuppofed Eggs, tho’ I took them from between
. Membranes, were each wrapt ina-Skin, or. Membrane,
that had blood’ Veffels rnuning upon it; and when Lo-,
pened the Eggs; I found they confifted;chiefly of à Glan-,
dulous fubftance, and every glandulelikewiíe: confifted of, —
other leffet.glandulesi seus 1519€ rh PP T5448 > Rin |
| I bought a female Rabbet and let it take Buck 3. times,
in my. prefence; ( which wasquickly done ) and then kil-,
. ledit, but did not open the womb, tillayquarterof,.an: |
. hourafter;about anInch from the;beginningiof one of the: |
Horns, I founda little fluid matter containing fome few. -
living Animals of the Male feed; butin the parts where the.
Cornu joyus to the-Vagina; theliving. Animals .were very.
numerous; inthe middle .of the Cornw. and toward the.
further end, there were:no: Animals atall,/norjany thing;
to be feen but a few blood. globules fwimming ina little,
fluid matter. ‘The reafon why the Animalia Seminis were:
not throughout the Corau, Tbelieve may be, thatthe Seed. _
had not been lóng;enough-in the. Womb, , and thereiore,
the Animals had not time to difperle, chemíelves all over,
The other Horn, being yet untoucht, I.wrapt it up in.
a;piece-of Paper, and patat in aiímall;Box which Learryed .
ou Mihi in.

i

~

nee
in my. Pocket (becaufe it was cold weather) from 9 &
Clock in the morning ( that I made my firft Obfervati--
ons) till 3 afternoon, at which time I opened it, but
found it little differing from the other horn, either in the
Number of the Animals, or in their progrels there-

dn,

- L opened the Womb a little below the Horns, and
found a greater number of the Aumalia Seminis thenI
had yet feen ; but in the outermoft part ofthe Vagina
there were no Animals at all.
In both the horns Jayd open, I could find no round
bod y bigger thea a blood globule.
^. 1 then endeavoured to difcover the Hike of the Ani--
mals, but it proved a work of great difficulty, yet I faw
- .(after many. obfervations ) that their bodys are not

- -QOvall, bat flatttifh, Fig. 5. ABC. isthebody ofa dead

1 ‘Animal ofthe Male Seed Pid a Rabbet, which 1had taken |
- -eut ofthe Womb of the Female. In the forefaid bodys

there oftimes appeared o bright rifingsofa Globular -
— form, placed after the manner they are here drawn, but

the bright rifing or Globule neareft. the Tail was ge-
.. nerally bigger then the reft, as itis reprefented at C
Tho’ fome of the bodys were without thefe Globules,
| yeticould fometimes perceive that at the Tail.

| € D. Isthe Tail lyingin Bends, as it ufually is when
- the Animal Íwims.

- Ta any of the feverall Seeds which I have sired I

Cannot fay thatthe Animals are ever at reft, aslong as
there is any fluid matter leftto move in, but their mo-

tion iscontinuall, tillit decreafes gradually as they come

. tody.

There are fome Animals which have alfo a {mall glo-

" bular fubftance in the Tail, butitis not to be difcovered

n : without great attention.

Jig. 6. EPG, is the body a an Animal, having
X wi only

ithe D mu301] 5
only one Globuleat the Tail, and anotherin the Tail.

G H. isthe Tail of the Animal.

Ihavefaid'T'hat theMaleSeed of the Rabbet was in the
beginning of the Horns, but not throughout,asin Bitches;
that I might be fure of this Obfervation, I let a Female
. Rabbet take Buck twice in half an hourstime, and then
lether live 6 hours after, at which time I kill'd her, in
the prefence of a Phyfician; who had been a Companion
of Dr. De Graaf in his Anatomifing of Rabbets. When
[had taken out the Womb, with the Appurtenances, 1
- opened oneofthe Horns in 3 feveral places, at the be--
- ginning,in the middle, and atthe farther end; and took
out of each place fome of the ftuff, which Ifhewed him
ina Microfcope, fatisfying him, that the living Ani-
mals of Seed were throughout the Horns, and did not on-.
ly move, but difcover the diftin& motion of their Tail.

I thewed him likewife the fuppofed Ovarzum, in which
were no red fpots, buta great many water bladders as.
big as a pins head; for which he was very thankfull; de-_
‘firing only to be convinced; that the Animals he had
feen, are the fame which come from the Seed of a Buck f
Rabbet, which Hhave promiféd to do; both from the Va-
da deferentia; andthe "Tefticles; «^ 77 39 euro ‘3

. I likewife upon his defire, thewed him the ftuff con- 7
tained in the waterbladders, which was nothing but a
tranfparent moifture mixt with fome blood globules. |
|. "The other Horn ofthe Womb;being not then opened, |
Ilayd it ina Box on a.moift paper for 16:hours, and E
thenIfound.in it a great.many living Animals. But in|)
one place there were 25 dead for one alive,and in another f
place soo dead for one alive. After s hours more, If.
looktagain, but then the Animals were all dead. |

My intention had been formerly to profecute in Bitch
es my inquirys about Generation, But I found them nott
fo convenient asRabbets. Firft, becauíeBzzches are harder)

us]
$ ot 1o days together, which makesit difficult. to know
how many days they have been with whelp;whereas Rab-
-bets atter they have been Buckt, are quiet in a few hours.
_dtherefore again, put a Rabbet to Buck, and after 2
- J£ull. dayskill'd her, fearching all the Horns of the Womb,
and finding ‘only a-few Animals, but nothing elfe re-
markable, faving that there were no Eggs = fome round
»particleslay bere and there, but they. were 1000 times
lefs then.a Sand. I. faw likewife fome blood Veflels in
- the Gornua which were fo fmall, that a blood Globule
.Seould.notpafs thro’ them, without being broke into 64.
parts, When d-lookt <on the Ovarzum with my naked
. Ey, Lthought I faw 8 or 9 red {pots in it, but when Llookt
with a common Microfcepe, I faw they were water
-bladdersione redder. then another, and containing fome
bloody matter,: which. confifted of {mall Glandulous
‘parts , :;joyned together with Membranes, having many
Globules.of blood fpread among them, whereby one of
them was become:blood red. anita
Afterwards Lkilled a Rabbet which had been Buck't
6days before,and when I opened one of the Cornua Uterz,
I faw therein a ‘round water bladder about the bigneis
zof a Barly corn, ‘having a tender Membrane, feeming to
be made of Globular parts, and fhewing thro a com-
mon Microfcope like the grain of Shagrin; this I ima-
" .gined tohave comefrom an Animal of the Male Seed,
4but when Iopened it, and fearcht thro’ all the watery
fuff that it contained, I could make nothing of it, but
that I thought I faw fomething having the form of a
Rabbet, buta 1xooo timeslefsthen a Sand. Yet I can-
: not be pofitive, fince in the other Horn of the Womb, I
. found 2 fach round bladders which had not the fame ap-
'pearances:.tho' its probablean Animal might have har-
-boured therein. | |
_ - When the watery ftuff began to evaporate, I faw a great |
. number of fix fided figures,whofe fides rofe upPyramidally |
| i | Yys | (like

Lrrzzs =}

"like thofe: sale baited inmy laft letter Numb, Fig. 4
where I'fpokeof Allum) being clear asa MO ud
about them: lay brown Globules, -pretty to look on; .e-
{pecially in. the ‘Evening, ‘when the light of a-Candle
-pafling thro” hemi, makes a ‘glifteringo’ TThegreateft of -
-thefe Salts would cover a hait-ofonesheads but the leaft
‘could nérbé-diftin guifht bya Microfcope that -magaifies
à hair to the thicknefs of-ones finger, and from hence
may be judged the fmallnefs offome Salts-produced in
thismoittare: “There were likewife/fome Salts: havinga
fquare Bafis, aiid) others an Oblongy but d number
was few and fcarée worth taking notice o£,

- The preceding: 'Obfervations: were inadéi inva 1hodi-
rately dry feafon, bat 2 days after'when it was: rayny -
weather; Llookt' for the fame Salts, but they were melt-
ed; and ran among the browm Globuiles. 13 ttt ot ooo4

T eXaniined the: ‘Ovaridm,: ‘andifoundin itz or'3. water
bladders: which.lay: ‘deep and! were half hid, and one
that wasreddifh, the reft that ftuck out more, being the
greater number, were of an afh-colour and confifted of
Glandalous parts? 1 looktialfo thow the Eggs di a Have
a Paffage to come! downy but could find none |
I received from a Buether j the "Uterzs of a. ‘Sheep
which was faid to have taken the Ram 3 days before, as
I opened each of the Cornzz, the moifture run plentifully
out, which I put feparately. in 2 Difhes, fearching with
my common Mictolcope till I found a {mall body: of a-
bout the bignefs ofa courfe Sand.> At‘ firft J could pér-
ceive no figure it had, but when Ivapplyed itto a good
Microfcope ,- it proved to be a. young Lamb, with the
head and back bent forward, but in: very good Order:
the jaw bone and ‘Eys. were’ very 'diftinét, but the back
bone muchlefs... lintended to líave-fhewen the: Animal
to fome Learned Men, butin handling it, I had the mif-
fortune to bruife its head, which made the parts thereof

indiftinct, and vip I feparated.. the body, the Bowells
dryed

[ 1295 ]]
sited fo-faf;;thae Icould-tee-only a-piecé of them. The
little Creature had no blood particles aboutit.- lo. c

“From all the. preceding Obfervations',. I aim- more
ina more confirmed, that. the fappofed Qvariums: are
^ only Inftruments for. the disburthening the: parts therea-
bouts; forif they. were true Quarsume, the Eggs would
firft: nies little when. the. Animals" "re youüg,-and grow
bigger & bigger againft thetime that the Animals come
to procreate. -Asit is.in. Birds that lay, Eggs. Thatl
. might. fatisfy. amy. fel£.and'; others, .herein ;. 1; examined

Calves ef 3 33: 421.5». aBd,5;] weeks old, and fhiewed: Cin the
prefence of 4 Phyficiang), thejEggs. as-big.ascifatliey; ihad
been of a full) grown, Cow, far, they. were like Deas. io}

Again 1.made, appear ,| that the Eggs in a. taki
Lamb,wese as big and bigger thaniu ua tull grown Sheeps
andthe Glanaulous. parts and water, ladders asimahy.

J have, been - often. «onfdering; whether; the. opening
ui the: Tubs might, wot beto:giye.wa y. derthe:evacuating
Íome moiftureat the time. the Virus isclofed, and which
cannot get thro’ the Vagina, for Lhaveifometimes found
in thethin part of the 72/2 near the Opening, a white
ftuff confifting of tranfparent Globules a little bigger

then a blood globule.

There lately came to my handa Book called Colleda--
nea Medico Phyfica, in which Cent. s. pag. 8. are fome
words to this purpofe. But zts mojt furprofing what the
learned Boutekoe relates from the Curious Leeuwenhoeck,
"that the Sperm of Menis full of [mall Children, and fo the
_ Sperm of other Animals according to thezr kind. _

But this is a miftake, for I have only {aid its full of A-
nimals, or Worms, with long Tails, whofe figure I
have often fhewn. For as it is not proper to fay, that.

- Worms {wimming inthe water are flying Infects, tho

they come from them ; orto fay that the Kernel of an
Apple is a tree, tho a.tree comesftrom it; fo its no lefs.
improper to fay; that the Worms in Mens Seed are Chil-
dien, tho’ Children come from them. Its:

ala

| | , Lx34]

Its often faid that’ Tree-may be feei in the Kernel of
an Apple;. but I muft profefs; that à Seed (laying afide
the Radicle whience the Root {prifigs) confifts of roundifh
tranfparent Globules, which whenit grows, turn into
Cylindrical bodys; being Veffels to carry che nourifhment
to the Radicle; büt when that is füfficient to draw its
mourifhmentfrom the Earth, the remíaining part-of the
Seed does no more fet'vice to the Plant; but dryes away.
Tis true, when we examine feverall Seeds, we find in
them 2 or more beginnings of leaves, asfmallas a fmall
Sand, thefe ly folded up, and thew in a Microfcope like
the Beak ofa Sparrow, ‘but wlien théy are unfolded, we
then fee the beginnings of other leaves; which grow not -
till the root is bigger. Thefe laft Obfervations have been
. made on Seeds, juft taken out of an Apple, or a little
dryed. Bat if you cut up a Turky-bean, tlio' never fo
dry, the 2leavesare vifible to the naked Ey, but if you
ufe a Microfeope,you fee the Ribs of Veffels of tlie leaves,
for they ate partly made to ftiffen it, and partly to carry
noutifhment for its growth, &c. — ^ ^ ^ |

[1135]

A Difcourfe on the Diffedion of a Monftrous -
Double Catt; read before the Dublin Society
by Dr. Mullen. | |

GENTLEMEN,

Had given you an account before this time of a
Monftrous Catling that Ilately Diffected, but that
my bufynefs would not give me leave to put itin writ-
ing till now. | |
When I met with it, ‘twas dead, and I am perfwaded

— . thatit was fo brought forth, the Lungs being compaé&

J and free from ir; which they could not be, ifit had
ever infpir d. | 7 "x

It was double from the Navell downwards, having
4 hind feet, twe tails , two 4nussand two Pudenda, for

. they were Females. They werejoynd in one Trunc at

. the Navel and were continud fo upwards; but yet this
. Monfter had two pairoffore feet, one of them on the
back andthe other on the breaft. The head though fingle
had two pair of ears, one Naturally Sited, and another at
the hinder part of the head, between the proceffus ma-
millares to which the Vertebre of both the Necks were
joyn d, for there were two back bones continud all
the way to the head. Though the two bodys feem'd to
be but. one intire one above the Navell.
— The oth Figure expreffes to the life its outward fhape
when placed on its back, for the Tails, Feet, Navell,
Mouth, Noftrills and Ears, Naturally fituated are re-
prefented in their full proportions. 3
There wasonly one Stomack under the Liver in the
right fide, reaching under another Liver in the left.
"The Guts were fiagle till within 6 or 7 inches of the
. Anus, and there wasa divifion into two branches,
: ZZ going

; [ 1136]
goiug to each fundament, below the divifion there were
plainly to befeen two Cecums, with in about 3 inches
of the “nus each. There were two Livers ome much
finaller then the other; that which was in the right fide
was the leaft, the other lay lower down in the left fide.
They were. both intire without any divifion or lobes.
"Lhere was a Vena 'Ombilicalis inferted into each of them.
"There were two arterysinferted into the Liver in the left
fide, both coming from the Zertz , and thefe I íhall
call the Ce’taca. ‘There wasonly one inferted into the
Liverplacedin the right fide. ‘There wasno ena cava
below the Livers, for all the Veins coming from the
lower partsentred the Livers asthe Vena Porta does na- -
turally. There was a branch ofa Vein on each fide pro-
ceeding from the Loins inferted into the back partsof —
the Liver ,and befides thefe there was not a branch to be
feen but what was inferted into the middle of the Li-
WEIS IE tis Wc xr
There were no Veficule fellee that I could find, and
perhaps the reafon I could not difeover any, was, be-
caufe of the tendernefs of the Livers; for they were pu-
trifid before 1 got the Cathkng. ‘There were two Kid-
neys on each fide furniflrid with ureters. There was
neither fpleen nor pancreas in either fide. Miri
There was a double Diaphragm meeting in the mid-
d'ebetween the two back-bones, and making a mem-
brane, which to me feemd to be a Medzaffenum ;-for it
reached up to the Thymus. Tt ETUR SISSE TUN
There weretwo hearts in it, one placed above the o-
ther, andalittle tothe right fide, it was much higher
thenordinary, and it had a Vein comeing to it from
the little Liver in the right fide; which (together with
3 other {mall Veins, one from each of the fore-feet and
one from the head ) furnifh’d this heart with what blood .
was to be cisculated by it. It had onely one auricle, and
one Ventricle, fo that it feem’d to be but half a heart.
257 "e cay t " There

| DUrr7]

"There wasa pretty large paffage into the Arterda Aorta,
the contrivance of which was very fingular. For above
this heart it was made like an Arch of a Circle, into

which there was a dire& paflage from the heart for the
blood. When I further examin'd this Artery I found

. thatit went down on each fide on the Vertebre of the

backs between the Kidneys and divided it felf on each
fide after the ufuall manner after it had lent each Kid-
ney abranch, the Liver in the right fide one, and the

Liver in the left fide two.

"The zth Figure expreffes this, .as by the explication
of it fhall appear.

Below the former a little naci: the le£t fide of it
there was another half heart, having only one Jfurzcle
and one Ventricle liketheformer. "Lhisreceived little
blood but what was tranfmitted from the large Liver

inthe left fide by that that is called the Truncus Afcendens

of the Vena cava.
The Artery carrying the blood from this heart was in-
ferted intothe Artery lately defcribdas well as that of

— theother-heart.

So that if the blood circulated through either of them
the whole Animal muft neceffarily be fapplyed with

j blood; acontrivance not unlike that of the Arterys un-

der the brain, where the Zfrzer2e caretides and Vertebra-
les doe empty themfelves into one common channell

| -. from which all partsof the brain may eafily be fupplyd

with blood. ‘This is partly expreffed by Fzg. sth but
not fo clearly as I could wifh.

How faritisreprefented we fhall fee when we come
tothe explications of the Fzgures.

The head was join d to two necks about the proceffus

Mamillares. Fig. ‘oth. reprefents the. holes through
_. which the Medalla Oblongata was continu d iuto the Sp7-

“nalts.
, There were four orders of ribs, though the body. was
£22 but

[1138 ]

^ butone above the Navell. That which outwardly feem'd

to be a back was really the place where the ribs met, and
which might berather call'd the breaft, though it. want-
ed a Sternum.

‘The roth Fegure reprefents Bist

Fig. 7th reprefentsthe Cat opend fo as that moft parts

are to be feen, where x. reprefents the Stomack pull'd

from behind both the. Livers fo as to be plainly feen. 2.

E

The beginning of the guts below the pilorus. 3. The Di-
vifion of the E into two branches whereof one went

toeach Anus. 4.4. 'Thetwo(ecums. g. 5.5.5. Thetwo
pair of Kidneys furnifh’d with emulgent Artery's and
Veins. 6. A large Liver in the left fide much lower fi-
tuated then the Liver in the right fide. 7. The Liver in
theright fide with a Vein. 8. Comeing from the Kid-
neys of the famefide afterithad united above the emul-

gents. "This fupplys the office of the Vena cava and Vena-

porta. 9. 9 Fwolarge branches of the big Artery going

into the body of the big Liver. 10. 10. 10. 1o. The great

Artery fupplying both fides with blood and receiving of

it from the two hearts. 11. The Vein bringing the blood

from the lower parts of the left fide into the Liver 6. of
the fame fides. 12.12. The big mi ket branches .

to each of the Kidneys.
13. "Ihe; upper. heart, »:
14. The Artery that fapplied ihe cad with blood.

15. ry. The axillary artery’s,
16. The Vena Cava comeing from the Liver in 1 the tobe

oo to the heart 13.
olde pailage from the faid. heart to the Aorta.

Fir. Sthiom he Jones in the left (ids eed hots all

things that keptic any way out of fight.
3. The Vena Cava paífing from it to the lower heart 6. ——
2. ASkirt of the Diaphragm turn'd to the left fide that
the former Vein fhould better appear. — ,
t The -

[2139] .

|- 4. The Stomack difplaced for the former reafon.

5.5.5.5. Lhe Kidneys as formerly. |
-6. The other heart placed Sans then the Bud and in
- its due fituation
7. The upper heart drawn out ete place upwards that
the other 6. with the paffage 11. from it to the orta
^9 9.9, anight be well reprefented.
.$. The Liver in the right fide doubl'd and turn "d over the
— heart 6.: that it might be the better fet forth.
“9.9.9. The 4orta where itis not hid ae. the parts dif-
7 plaid for the former reafon.
ro. The Lungs not well reprefented.
11. The paflage from the lower heart into the Aorta.

ee oth This reprefents the Skull open’d and fel from
the brain, that fo the paffage into the 2 back bones
may be fen. -

-1. I. The hollows through which the Medalla Oblongata.

- wascontinu d to the Medulla Spinalis.

V2 i! race |

: 5 ae rr. Ihe 2 Hat ashi gains ieinaraiea from the
Cartilages of the Ribs, that their junctures may be seen. -

2.2.2.2. The Vertebre of both the backs.

| "B43 +3- 3-3-3. The juncture of the : 2 Setts of. Ribs that
»were at the back.

4. 4:4. 4. The two Setts: of Ribs that were joyn'd to the
breaft.

5» The tips ofthe Diaphragms pull'd downwards to flew .

_ ++ the Ribs plainly. | ut

pe 6.6. Ihe Vertebre of the 2 Necks.-

'
i

tw | | V.P 1S: os

(31407

MICHAELIS ETTMULLERL opera a
nia Theoretica ty prattica, qot. (uarto Lopdi-
Hi 1683. — nor biu |

E His Author (for whom his former Treatzfer had
| ^ prepared a welcom in the world) divides the Prac-
tice of Phyfick into ordinary and extraordinary, the for-
mer helooks upon to be defective in thefetwo things;
firft in fufficient Experiments on which to ground a theo-
rte, and fecondly, in generous medzcines as well univer-
fal as fpecifick, which fhould have their effe& without
Naturestoo hard labour, the former to be fupplied by
- Anatomy, thelatter by Chyme/try. In curing any difeafe -
he obferves thefe five heads, the hiftory of the diftemper;
the part affected, the caufes, prognofticks , and me-
thod ofcuring. Helooks upon it to be of the greateft
confequence to diftinguifh between the Animal faculty
placed in the fpirits and Genus Nervofum ; and the vital,
whofe feat is in the blood, and /z/cera.. He allows in
the blood two motions, the circulatory, and fermenta-
tive, tothis he fuppofes the concurrence of an Acid and
an.Alcali;the foundation of which motion is that Sezz-
nalcrafis, which is preferved by a due ufeiof the: res mon-
naturales, and reftored. by proper medicines. . ek.
In the Animal faculty he confiders its nourifhment, -
which is Gbyde; and its ftructure , the delicate fdres of
which are the inftruments of fenfe and motion, ;on both
which Scores it is fubject to convulfive motions, when ir-
ritated; or Paralytical impotence when obftructed.
Thefe foundations being laid, he recommend's Sylvzus,
and Vilis tothe Reader, and gives the neceflary cau-
tions for their Reading, looks upon Sennertus to be fuf-
ficient among the Antients, as containing the fenfe of all-
- Qe itd : of

Eres]
of them;& looks upon Helment to be very faith full where
intelligible, and to beimitated as far as poffible, fince
- hefuggefts the beft method of curing 4rzorz ; upon this
Theorie his whole work isfounded, and confifts of an u-
niverfal praxis divided intothree parts. "The firft treat-
ing of the lofs of appetite, and its confequences and
eure of them; the fecond of nutrition vitiated, &c. The
third, of the difeafes of Women, to which fie adds his
Chirurgia medica, & Collegium Confultatorium,
Toall this is added an appendix confifting of feveral
_ ‘Frads, the firft is Valetudinarium infantile in which he
gives an account of the nourifhment of Infants with milk
- and pap, asalfo of the difeafes incident to them while
- in this ftate, the general caufes of which he reduces to
- thefe two heads, vzz. the retention of the Excernenda,
E that Mecronzum , and infenfible tranfpiration;
: and fecondly the iil giving ofbad nourifhment, or vztiz
- latis & errata pullis. Hence fprings that Acid juice,
- the different condition of which istbecaufe ofthat fuc- |
— éeffion of diftempers, infancy is aflicted with ; to which -
phe Oppofes thofe general remedies which fhall deftroy
that Acid, incide, attenuate,and evacuate it, of which
_ mature he gives particulars, in a briefly handling each par-
ticular dif B |
"The next is his Treatife de vz diapboretica Opit, which
eu already well known I- fhall give no farther ac-
eount of, but pafs.on to the third which is De Corallio-
fum Tinélura, in which firit he treats of the nature of
coral, and after arguments on all fides concludes it to be
— &'ftony concretion in form ofa Shrub, generated from a
1 —Ritro-falineé mineral juice impregnated with a fulphu-
Lreous c'am mynefs elevated by the et ii i Gs heat,
. through the pores of the bottom of the Sea where by the
-eold and faltnefs of the Sea-waters, it is congealed.
After this telling us that only isa true Tinflure in which
here is a portion of the proper fubflance ef the body na
: which

mere, inwhich he confiders the matter which confifts of |
the ingredients of all three Kíngdoms ; the form is no-

and the certain texture into which the matter does by
mixture combine.

their quantity according to its three dimenfions, longi-

[1142]

hich itis rusa ed, with a concentration ofthe colour
and virtue ofit extracted and exalted by a proper Men-

jiruum; this he applyes to the pretended Tzndures of Coral,

the laft of which he mentions is of a certain Chymifl at
Paris, who with the phlegm of the diftilled water of the
| Air gathered. ata certain time, can extra&bnot only the
Sulphur but the Salts of Coral, which appear ina Cubick
form upon evaporation in the Sun, the reft of. the zin&are
Íwimming over it like juice of Berberry s , the conclu-
. ;fion vis of the ule of it, which he allows to be great in -
ftren gthening the tone of the inward parts, quelling the
effervefcencies of the blood, &c. which effects are alte-
: rable by the Men[iruum with which they are drawn. -

The fourth tract is De praferiptrone Formularum in Ge-

thing but the order, proportion, manner of prefcribing,

Concerning the ingredients, refpect is to be had to

tude in their number, latitude in their dofe, profundity
in the mafs or confiftence; their quality i is that apparent
fimilitude and contrariety both in refpect to one another,
as to the body. of the patient, fo that he requires as previ-
ousto the writing a receipt the exact- knowledge. of the
Materia Medica, "andan exact skill in their preparation;
andhavinglayd down neceflary rules and cautions to
be obferved in prefcribing, he gives examples under feve-.
ral claffesof Powders; Pills, Mixtures, Infufions and de-
coctions, and ointments;. asto thefe latter he gives thefe
two cautions, 1. that they confift of a volatile matter,
and eafy tobe diffolved. 2. that nothing be mixt which
will notadmit ofa totaland-equal folution. .
Next follow’s his tract which he calls Parva MER
Morborum initia, where having proved by induction. of
feveral =

[1143]
feveral inftances that Nature produces great effects from
{mall and invifible caufes, witnefs the Animal Spirits ,
the objections againft whofe exiftence he firft removes;
and then demonttrates, he difcourfes of the effects of ima-
gination, of Poyfons, of contagion, and other preter-

natural fermentsas inconfiderable for their bulk, as mon-

ftrous in their effects,as alfo-of the leaft prick of a Nerve,
he concludes that as great difeafes have thofe minute
caufes, fo likewife their true Remedies are of {mall quan-

- tity, but of great efficacy.

- His difcourfe De zfz € abufu precipitantium is divided
into three Chapters, the firlt is Aeforzcal of the Turge/-

€ency and Orga/mus of the humours, to which are oppof-

_ €d Remedies that precipitate and confequently reprefs
_ that exorbitancy, of thefe he gives the ZTzfory, afligning
_ to Sennertus the invention of the notion, and difcourfing
of themoft confiderable of them in each of the threekgng-

__ doms. The fecondChapter isTheoretzcal of the nature ufe &

manner of working ofthem, & that founded upon the na-

E ture of precipitation in general, which he afferts tobe
— found in the fluids of our body as well ina ftate of health
‘as ficknefs. His third and laft Chapter is practical where-.

in, is difcourfed at large how they ought to be given, and.

— with what fort of Medicines moft effectually mixed.
. Tothis fucceeds De Mor/u Vipere,where from the affer- -

tion of Ce//us that the biting of any Animal is venemons,
he eafily proves that of the /zper tobe fo, and having

_confidered and rejected the various opinions about the

—— featofPoyfon inthe Viper, and proved that it is by no

means Poyfonous when dead, but each part of it antido-

tal, he looks upon the anger of the beaft, or the Idea fz-

- WOris Arched imprinted on itsteeth and /alzva, to be that

alone which makes his biting mortal; to this he adds

| the Diagnoficks Prognoftecks and Method of Curing.

The laft tract is Medicina Hippocratis Chymica which has

been printed before, & in fhort is a demonftration of Aizp-
EURO Aaa pocrates’s

j [ 1144]
"érafers proceeding in his practice upon Chymical quali-
ties, and not at all depending on the qualities of the ele-
ments, and at laft concludes from fpecifical tafts that
thercare fpecifical remedies not to be found out by the
common tafts and which confift in the Craffs of concretes
to be found out and conferved by art, and by means of
the liquour A/kaheft fomuch commended by Helmont,
.and confirmed by Starkey upon his own experience.

RAYMUNDI VIEUSSENS D. A. Mon--
. fpelienfis Neurographia Univerfalis. Fol. Lug dunt

("Y 'His curious Author after a fhort account of the ge-

2 . neration of the different parts of the body, ‘out of
a feeming homogeneous matter, divides the Br azn, taken
ina large fenfe for the whole bead, into its outward and
inward parts, thefe latter being the fubje& of his f/f
600k: in which he begins with the Creffa meninx, which
_ he makes to be double, the fibres of each membrane obli-
quely interfecting one another, defcribes its cohefions, -
finuss, Veffels, and ufes both publique and private, and
explains how it becomes fo exquifitely fenfible, and
whence it has its motion in thofe parts- where it is mova--
ble. Hence he takes ‘an oecafion for a very curious di-
greffion about the motion of the Heart, and Arteries,
thefe latter he afferts to be moved by the blood, and
brings an experiment to prove it, and alfo makes ufe of
it to. confate the pulfifick faculty of Galen, and the A-
nimal fpirit of Ws, which by the annular fibres of
their middle coat, isto dilate and contra@them. —

He denies the Pia Meninx tohave any gland's, is very
particular in the diftribution of the Veffels of it, and will.
not allow the Rete Mirabile (ot which he has a diftinét-

W NE Chapter)

TET |
Chapter) to confit of any thing befides arterzes, The
-brainis divided into the cinereous or glandulous part,
‘and the medullary or fibrous, which from its figure and
fe he calls the oval centre of the brain, looks upon the
Corpus callofumto be the true Fornzx, and having given
the defcription of all the internal parts of the brain,
-eivesuslikewife their ufe founded upon their ftru&ure,
and íó paffes to the cerebel/um, in which he defcribes
-both the proceffus vermiformes, gives an account of the

Peleulamaypor Cetebri) &c. ^ 70 M |
- After the Anatomy of the brain, he difcourfes of the
Office of the brain and its parts, ofthe neceffity and na-
‘tute of the Antmal Spirits; ‘and Succus merveus, and in
‘treating of the Lympheduéts of the brain, defcribesexact-
hy” the Menibrana pituttarta, and twelve Sanus’s in
‘which the blood before it‘enters the brain cleanfes it felt
£rom Philegm, thefe hedivides into four forts according.
totheir fituation, viz. Zn finus Sphenoidees , ethmotdees,
| frontales and maxillarer., having difcourfed of the mat-
__ ter, placeand manner of the production of the Animal
(0 Spirit, of its difpenfation, and diftinct ways by which
it moves within the brain, &c. He treats briefly of the
. Animal faculty's, and concludes the firft book with a
. fhort Chapter of judgmentand Reafon.
The Second Book isof the Medulla Spinalis, where he ob-
ferves the method of his firft book, and firft defcribes the -
— four membranesof it, with.their office; then givesan ac-
B count of its Veffels, and denies that the Sanus venolt Vere
| tebrales are joyned.or accompanyed by the SZeus artertofi
| ofWillis; looksuponthe Medulla to be the brain pro-
i longed, as the 2futzents likewife accounted it, both as
tothe generation, and diftribution of the Animal Spirits
- ‘through thofe thirty pair of Nerves which proceed from
| it, and upon this account is the fountain of fenfe, motion
and nutrition to the parts below the head. !
Ehe third Booktreats of the Nerves, where after the de-.
] 3e | | CASA 2 finition

x La1146] |
finition, and, divifion. of them ; into foft and. hard ,
great or {mall proportionably to'the Jabour they, are de-
figned for, he will not allow any, of them to. be fenfibly
hollow, not fo much as the op£ze& or olfactory Nerves, and
-as afcribing all their variety to the difpofition of their
pores, explodes.as fabulous, the, Valves fome haye fup-
pofed inthem., Difcourfing of the ufe of the Nerves, he
looks upon the common queítion, vz. Whether: the
Nerves are different by which motion and fenfe is made, ©
to belong rather tothe Animal Sprit, thento the Nerve,
which likewife being uniform,the diverfity of AnimalaGi-
on, doth notarguea diverfity in either Nerves or Spirit,
and having given.us.the number of the pazrs of Nerves in
the body,proceeds to defcribe them finglyas they ly in the
body. Inhis/eff Chapter he givesan ingenious account
of the manner of the motion. of the Mu/cles, founded
upon.the confideration ofthe mechanifm of them, and
the.vzs movens, which he makes out to be the 4uimal Spi-
rit,and the blood, the neceflity of both he proves from
.a palfy certainly enfuing upon the defect of either. All
this DoGrine isilluftrated by large and fair cuts anfwer-
ing the natural magnitude of the partsdefcribed. ... >,

ag

“Printed ‘at the Theater: zn Oxford, for Sam. |
' Smith at the Prince s Arms in S. Paul's Church-
yard London; amd Hen. Clements —

~ Book-feller in Oxford.

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[trary . Numb. 175.

TRAN SAC T IONS,

& ———————————— o —

OmU CT RAI err

For the Months September, and Odober; x6 T. 85.

“The CONTENTS.

Ty Pivrods vice two Letters, written ay the reverend Dr.

Garden of Aberdeen ; one concerning the Caufes of fe-
. veral Winds, &c. to Dr. Plot: the other concerning
the Probofcis of Bees, &c. to Dr. Middleton. 2. 44
- Explication of the Figures of fame Antiquities ; com=
^ municated by a Member of the Royal Society, 3. A

Letter of Dr. Lifters to Mr. Ray, concerning fome - |

|» particulars that might be added to the Ornithology.
4. An Abfiract of a Letter from the Learned Dr. Cole
of Worcefler, Concerning Stones Voided. per Penem. .
| Accounts of three Boks. x JOHANNIS HEVE-
LIT, Confuls Dantifcani, Annus Climactericus. Ge-
dt dani ; r68y. 22 Polio. 2. A Courfe of Chymiftry ;
! by NICH: LEMERY, M. D.Tranflated from the
_ Fifth Edition in French, by WALTER HAR-
4! RIS, M. D. Fellow’ of the College of Phyficians,
328] London, rod. 7. Collegii Experimentalus five Curzofa,.
pars Secunda, per JO. CHKI SI STURMI
UM. Alter, SDE

B b"D^ CoEwtrattis

Igive my conjecture about them meerly to excite others

3 M [1143] :
Extracts of two Letters, Written by Dr. Garden
of Aberdeen ; one concerning the Caufes of feve-
ral Winds, dec. toDr. Plot: the other concern-
ing the Probotcis of Bees; ec. to Dr. Middleton.
ue Extratt of the firft Letter. — .~
HO the Obfervations I have yet by me concern-
ing Weather be bothfew and of no great moment,
yet Icannot refufe to impart them to the Philofophical
Society, being they are pleasd to call forthem. - They
are fuch as I doubt not they have heard of already, and

toenquire more narrowly into the truth of themat- =
ters of fact, and from what caufes they may proceed. |
They relate cheifly to the Weather between the dropieks ,
and I prefume to.tranfmit them to you in this paper and i
Thall range them under thefe heads. 1. Concerning the
winds which under the Line blow continually from Ealft
toWeft. 2. Anent the Weftern winds which are ftill to
_ be found for fome degrees on this fide the Tropzce.
3. Concerning the ftated changes of the Eaftern winds,
blowing the one half of the year from the North-Eaft 1

As.to the firít, it is generally known that there are
continual.Eaftern winds under the line which they call
‘Brifes, and therefore the accounts of Spanifb Voyages —
bear, that in their going to the Weft-Indies they fail 2
Southwards from. Spam along the Coaft of Africk, till: ay
they be beyond the Tropick of Cancer within 20 degrees — |
ofthe-line, where they prefently find an Eafterly vin ar]

! aud 38]

i :
i}

i Ly

: > arto

and fo they fail on Weftwards with full winds, fo as
they have ícarce any need to touch their failsin the
whole Voyage: and this they give asthereafon why the
"Voyage from Spaz to the Weft-Indzer is fhorter, more
eafie and more aflured than.the return to Spain. In the
South Sea alfo going from new Spain or Peru tothe Pbz--
lippines or China, their Voyage is eafie failing always -
from Eaft to Welt neer the line, where the Eafterly
winds-blow in their Poop. -4cofta reportsthat in the
year 1584there went a Ship from Calloa in Lima to the
Philippines, which failed 2700 Leagues without fight of
Land and thisintwo months, without want.of wind or
any torment, and their courfe was almoft ftill under the
Line. For from Lzma which is x2 degreestothe South
he came to Manzlla which isas much to the North...

Nowthefe continual Eafterly winds between the Tro-

| picks I fuppofe to proceed bothfrom the motion of the

Earth and the Vertical influences of the Sun after this.
manner. As you know the vaft fluid and zer in which.
the Earth floats in its annual motion, moves forward with

| the Earth in that motion, or rather carries the Globe of

the Earth along with it; even fo the dtmophere anda
large Vortex of ther beyond the Moon goes round with:
the Earth in its diurnal motion, which tho' according:

asitisremoved from the Earth it may be proportionably:
lower in its motion, yet that portion of the Zmofpbere-

which is neareft the Earth and furrounds it, may be fup--
pofed to keep equall pace with the Earth in its motion, .
and if there were no changesin the dtmofpher's Gravity,
Ifuppofe it would always go along with the Globe ofthe

"Earth from Welt to Eaftin an uniform motion, which: -
. would be wholly infenfible to us.. But that portion of

the 4tmof/phere under the Line being extreamly rarified, |
itsfpring expanded, and foits gravity and pretfure much :
lefs than the: neighbouring parts ofthe tmo/phere, and.
confequently uncapable of the uniform motion to the
| ORY bebe 206 | Balb.

om i50]

Haft, it muft ieeds be preft Weftwards, and make that d

continual Brzfe from Eaft toWeft between theTropicks. As

tothe fecond,the fame accounts bear, that on this fide the _

Tropick about 23 ot 3o degrees there are tobe found con-
ftant Wefterly winds;and therefore the Spanz/h fleets from

the Weft Indies do not réturn the way they went,but thofe '

both from Pera and newSpazn fail along the Coaft North-
ward till they touch at Havana in (wba, and being joyn'd
. together there,they feek their height without the 77o-

picks, where prefently they find Wefterly winds which

fervethem till they come in view of the 4zores, and from.

thenceto Seve. In like manner inthe South Sea thofe

which return from thePhelzppines orChinatoMexico,to the
end they may recover the Weftern winds, mount a -
great height till they come rightagainft the lands offa- .—
pen,and difzovering Caliphornia, they return bythe Coat —
ofnew Spainto the port of Acapulco, fromwhencethey —

parted. Sothattho' they fail eafily from Eaft to Weft

. in both Seas within the Tropzékr, for that the Eaftern 3
winds reign there; yet returning from Weft to Eaft. 1]
they muft feek the Weftern winds without the Tropicks | 7

in the height of27 degrees... 2. 4

Now the reafon of this feems to me clearly deducible | L.

from the former; for the preffure of the zr between the
Tropicks being continually lefs chan the neighbouring
parts of the Atmofphere, and fo confequently by them
preffed. Weftward, way being thereby given to the

neighbouring Zr for fome degrees without the Tropzcks, *

. its motion from Weftto Eaftis proportionably encreaft
beyond that uniform motion it would have if the whole

Atmafphere were of an equall preffure, and confequent- . |
ly there will blow a conftant wind from Weft to Eaft |

for fome degrees beyond the Tropicks.

The third thing I have had occafion to obferve is; iliat :
by what I can colle& from the accounts of Eaftern Voya-

ges, thofe Eafterly winds between the Tropicks ue e :

"

[ rryst 7 |
blow conftantly from the fame point, nor dire&ly from
the. Eaft; but for theone halt of the year, to wit from .

— april to November or thereabouts, they come from the

South-Eaft, and for the other half ofthe year, «zz. from
November to April, they blow from the North-Eaft.
And thefe I fuppofe they call their Monfons and trade -
winds. Hence it is that they who fail from China, fa-

pan, &c. to Bantam muft wait the Northerly Monfon -
which falls between November and 24prz/ ; and they who
return from Bantam muítgo back again when the Sou-
therly Monfon comes, which is between pri! and No-

vember. And the Currents of the Seas are faid to ob-
. fervethe fame motion, and changes with the winds. I

know notwhether thefe Monfons do blow exactly from -

the fame points in all parts, for it is like where there

are Bays, highlands and J//ands, &c. the Monfons may
blow from different points; but thisischeifly to be under-

. ftood of open Seas.

Now thefe Moníons I think may be eafily accounted
for from what has alreadie been faid anent the caufe
of the continual Eafterly winds between the Tropzcks; —
for feeing the leffening of the 47's preffure under the
Line, and the preffure of the Neighbouring parts of the

-"dtmo[bhere thereupon occafion thefe continual Brzfes, if

the Sun were conftantly in the Aguznotizal Line, it is like

the wind would blow ftill dire&ly from the Eaft, but in
thatheistheone hal£ of the yearon the one fide of the

Line and the other half on the other, there muft of ne-
ceffity follow a change of thefe Brzfes into ftated Mon-
fons. For imagine the z£tmofbhbere to be divided into
twoequal Hemz/pheres by: the Aquinotltal Plane, if the
Sun were alwaysin the Plane, there would be ftill an e-
qual preffure from both thefe Hemz/pheres upon the 2r
under the Line and the Zrz/efhould be directly from the

. Eaft. Butnow whenthe $u2 comes on the North fide

of the Lineas far as the Tropic& of Cancer and back a-
; | C65 gain,

[ii

gain, thereis not an equal ballance, but the preffure of
. the Southern Hemi/phere of the Air muft needs be great-
eft, and confequently the Brz/e muft blow all that feafon
from the South Eaft, and when the Sun returns again to
the South-ward ofthe Line as far as (apricorn and back
again, the preffüre- of the Northern: Hemi/phere muft
needs preponderate and’ make the wind blow all that
half ygar from the North-Eaft. And this feems to ac-
cord very well with experience, for their Northern Mon-
fons: dre in our Winter feafon when the Sun is in the
Southern $i igns, and their Southern ones in our Summer
whenhe is in the Northern Signs. |

The fourth thing I have mentioned i is the fated Win-
ters and Summers, ‘which areto be found in diftant pla-
ces of the fame Countrie atone and the fame time.’ For
example the Rivers of /udus and Ganges,where they enter
the Ocean, do contain between them a large Cher/one/us
which is divided in the middle by a ridge of high hills

which they call the Gate, which run along. from Eaftto .

Weft and quite thorow to the Cape Comoerz.. Onthe one
fide is Malabar, and on-the other Coromandel. On the

Malabar fide between that ridge of Mountains and the - - j
Sea, itis after their appellation Summer from September —

till ‘April. In which time it is always a clear skie, with- |
out once or very little raining. On the otherfide the |
hills on the Coaft of (eromandelit is at the’ fame time
their Winter, everie day and nightyeelding | abundance

ofrains; and from April to September it is on the Ma-
labar fide their Winter, and on the other fide their —

Summer, fo that in little more than 20 Leagues jur- ^.
niein fome places, as wherethey croffe the hills to $*.

Thomas, on the one fide of the hill you afcend with a |

fair Summer, on the other you defcend with a ftormy ip
Winter. ‘The like is faid to be at Cape Razalgate in |

4rabia. And Dr. Trapham relates the fame of Jamaica, E
intimating that there is a ridge of hills which.runs |

from. |

1153] |

Raft to Weft thro the midít of the land, and that the
Plantations on the South fide of thefe hills have from
November to April a continual Summer, whiltt thofe on
theiNorth fide have asconftant a Winter,& é contra from

. prilto November. | ae

"^ From thefe and fuch like accounts it feems evident
. thata bare leffening of the 4tmo/phere’s Gravity will not
occafion rain, but that there is alfo needfull either a fud-
den change of Winds, or a ridgeof hills to meet the
Current of the dir and Vapours, whereby the Particles
of the Vapours are driventogether and fo fall down into
drops of rain. And hence it is that whilft the wind
blows from the North-Eaft, viz. from November to Apri,
there are continual rains inthe Northerly Plantatzons ot
jamatca and on the fide of Coromandel in the Eaft-Inazes,
becaufe the winds beat againft thatfide of the hills, and
- fo there is fair weather on the other fide of thefe hills, in
Malabar,and the Southern Plantations of Famazca,there
being no winds to drive the Vabours together. But in
the Southerly Moníon , vix. from 4pril to November,
Malabar, and the Southern Plantations of famaica have
. floods ofrains, the wind beating againft that fide of the
hills, whilft in Coromandel and the other fide of Tama:ca
there is fair and clear weather. The Maps make thofe
Mountains of Gate run South and North, and if fo the
Monfons muft blow from other points by reafon of the
neighbouring Countrzes and Jflands, or elfe this is not
the true caufe of thefe feafons. i i :
This ferves alfo to clear the next thing mentioned, vz.
the fingularity of feafons in Peru beyond any other parts
of the Earth, and feems to be affign'd by Acofta as the
.caufe of it. Perzruns along from the Line Southwards
about 1000 Leagues. It is {aid to be divided into three
parts, long, and narrow, which they call Lanos, Szerras
and Andes; the Lanos or plains run along the South Sea
Coaft; the Szerras are all hills with fome /a//ies; and the
| | | Cine C. A Andes

Cary4] |
Andes fteep and craggy Mountains. ‘The Lanos have
fome ten Leagues in breadth, in fome parts lefs and in
fome more, the Szerra contains fome 20 Leagues in
breadth, the Andes as much, fometimes more, fome-
times lefs, they run in length from North to South, and
. in breadth from Eaft to Weft. This part of the World
is faidto have thefe remarkable things.-1. All along
the Coaft in the Lanos it blows continually with oneonly

wind, which is South and South- Weft, contrary to that

which afually blows under the torrid Zone. 2. Itnever
rains, thunders, fnows nor hailesin all this Coaft or La-
- nos tho’ there falls fometimes a fmall dew. 3. Upon
— the fades it rains almoft continually, tho it be: fome-
times more clear thau other. 4. Inthe Szerra, which
lies betwixt both the extreams, it rains from September to
April, butin the other feafons itis more cleat, which is
whenthe Sun is fartheft off, and the contrary when it is
neareft. Now thereafon of all feemsto be this. The
Eaftern Brifes which blow conttantly under the Line be-
ing ftopt in their Courfe by the Serras and Andes, and
yet the fame Zrzfes being to be found in the South Séa
beyond Peru, as appears by the eafie Voyages from Peru

to the Philippines, a Current of wind blows from the.

South on the plains of Peru to fupply the Eaftern Brzfe in

the South fea: and there being but one conftant Gale in

thefe plains, and no contrary winds, nor hills for it to
beat upon, this feems to be the reafon why the Vapours
are never or very feldom driveninto rain. And the Zfz-
des being as high perhaps in many places as the Vapours

afcend ‘in the higheft degree of the Z£mo[phere's Gravity,

this may probably be the reafon- why the Eaftern Brz/e

beating conftantly againft thefe hills occafionrainsupon — |

them at all feafons ofthe year. And the Sierras being
it feems lower thanthe Andes, therefore from September
to April, when the Sun is neateft, and fo the Ztmofphere s
Gravity lefs, and the Vapours lower, they are driven a-
gainft the Szerras into rain. V LI ae

[yr]

Thelaftthing I fhallofferto your confideration isa-
nent thofe ftrong and lafting winds which ufually fall
out about the Aguinotizals, and that for any thing I can
learn thro’ all parts of the known earth. The caufes
of thofe particular, various, uncertain and unconftant
winds which do blow in the Gozn£rzes without the Tro-
picks, and that moft frequently in Mountaznous places and
more feldom in great Plazns {uch as Poland, Y cannot fo
eafily conjecture : but thofe general winds which ufually |
fall out everie where about both Agucnodials , {eem to
proceed frem fome general caufe, and this I valo to be
the change of the Men/ons and trade winds about thefe
times between the Tropicks. For there muft needs be
about thefe feafons a change of the Ballance of the 4tt-
-mofpbere according to what I have difcourfed on the
third head, and this I think cannot but occafion ftrong ~
winds over all the Earth. |

Thus, Ser, at the defire of the Philofophical Society, I |
- have prefum d to trouble both them and you with thefe
_ farther Notes I had by me concerning Weather. The

undoubted truth and certainty of all thefe Phenomena - -

I cannot warrand; ( moft of them I had from Purchas
his Pelgrims, whofe Relations donot now país for fabu-
. Yous) far lefs can I affert my conjectures to be their
true caufes. I have propofed both only that I may
"give you occafion to employ your Philofophical Cor-
refpondence on this fubject alfo, and particularly
to engage your acquaintances who go to the Eaft or
Weft Indies, to get particular and certain informa- .
‘tions of the ftated Seafons between the Tropicks both
‘as to winds and rains, &c, in the open Seas, the
pug yes , Continents , &c; "aud the. particular fituations
"the Mountains as to the Quarters of the Heavens
Sire thofe different Seafons are on their oppofite
‘fides; and that your Learned Soczecy may continue to

Cecz — | o take

Lrrg6] rie.
‘take this-fubject vto their particular confideration,
and you may be pleasd to favour me both with
your own thoughts and thofe of the Reverend Dr.
Wallis on this head. I do by thefe prefent my moft
humble Serviceto your meeting and am,
| Str, Y

| Your mof? Affettinate Freind
AÁberdein | d " boe
: and Humble Servam ———

Sept. 4. 1685. t
1303 SHOCGU RUE ‘GEORGE GARDEN.

A 2

— Extratt of the fecond Letter.
Sut any) : pis

Here have beentwo Monftrous births this year in

, this place,both Females: the firft was two perfectly
form'd Children above and below thebelly, having two
heads, four arms, and fourlegs, only the two arms which
- ftood next othef were not perfectly form'd into hands
and fingers, the breafts beginning to joyn thereabouts ;
there was but one belly, tho fomewhat bigger than
ordinary, one Navel and Navel-ftring tyed to one after-
birth; yet there were four buttocks, two diftinét funda-
ments, and the two privities were confounded together.
‘Tis thought they might have been brought forth alive,

but that they ftaid long in the birth, for that both heads E

prefenting together, the Midwife thought they had been

Twins, |

S cs MAS. 7-3. ! E "m. e^ "- - -
eq D MN NGA MM Lr E ee EE rra NENNEN PR ne PC RR

| [ 1157] |
Twins, and thruft one of them always back. ‘The other
had all the due proportions of one Child, the head ex-
cepted; it having two heads, the one ftanding behind
theother, the foremoftlefs than the due proportion, and
bowed down upon the breaft having vellow hair, and
wanting nothing ofthe due proportions of the face fave
one Cheek beneath the ey; the other bigger than ordi-
nary, ftanding fomewhat higher, having no face which
they fuppofe to have been disfigured by the back part of
theother. Neither of thefe were opened ; the Mothers
are alive. Ihadtheaccount of the firft from a Phyfcian
who was «all'd to the Woman in hard Labour, and fome
women who were affiftants; and the other from two Mi4-
wives who were prefent. : mM
^ "Upon the River of Don,a little below the bridge near
the River's mouth, there isa bank, the face of which is
broken down, and it is full.of ftones which one would
think were in ferz; they are all either round or oval, of
different fizes; the facesof moft of them are broken off, -
they are foftand will eafily rub down with your hand,
they are ofdifferent gritts and colours, and are made
up of different {ands and clays mingled together, the
— clay is foft both to hand and taft, in fome of them white,
inothers gray, tho’ in fome places the clay and fand are
hardned to the confiftence & colours of {uch oval ftones
as-we ufually feein the fields, but where they are at the
. fofteft, the bed that each ftone lyes in,is alwayeshard and
of anothergritt and colour. Whatlight this may give
— tothe Natural Hifory ofthe formation of ftones, I fhall
leave to the difquifition of others. |
There are fome things, which, tho’ inconfiderable in
themfelves, yet, may have their own place inthe ZZzffory
of Nature, aud will notbe unacceptable if they have not -
been. taken notice of already; I fhall only mention one
or two of them relating to Z/z/ecis. Mr. Leewenhoeck
|— Numb. 94 and 97 of the Pdl. Tranf. was the firft who

(EdVe-

Demet
gave notice of the five little In&ruments which are on
the head of the Bee before, four whereof are two pairs,
the one being call'd by him fcrapers, the other Arms, the
fifth he calls the Wiper, fuppofing that by it they wipe off
the honie from the flowers. This laft is truly the Sucker
or Probofcis being hollow and made up all of Circular
Fibres, wherewith the Bee fucks the Honey from the .
flowers. — hs | | :

The Globuletr which break forth from the Attire of
flowers, defcribd by Dr. Grew and. Malpighus, which
are allforthe moft part of an oval figure and of diffe-
rent colours, fome white, fome yellow, fome red,
feem to be bags of Liquors and are the materials
— which the Bees carry in for their wax, as. is evident not
only from the different colours of the wax upon their
legs according to the different colours of the G/obuletr

- of the refpe&ive flowers we fee them light upon, but - i

for that alfo.if you take them gathering wax from any
particular flower, and view a fmal parcel of that wax
with a Mécro/cope you will find it to confit of theGlobulets
| of the fame flower, tho’ it isnot not fo eafie to difcover
what Liquor they make ufe of to caufe them to ftick
together. ! i jud] ge :
On the inner fide of the hinder Legs of Bees on the
joy nt towards the toe,next to that on which they carry the
wax, there area great many rows of yellow fharp point-
ed ftiff briftles, fet all in order like the teeth of Combs
for lint, which I look upon as the Inftruments where-
with they break thefe G/obuwlets and prepare their wax.

| | $m, Tor Affiülianate Coufen
Aberdeen. LIS t

July 17.1685...

| uml Sewnat
GEORGE GARDEN.

Fitflorie

i159].

The Figures of fome Antiquities; communicated De
— Member of :be Royal Society. | |

Ys Ring of Corinthian Brafs with a Vizard of
Stlenus in a Sardonix. |
2. An Amulet ofthe Gnofticks cut in a Chalcedonian,
the names of certain Hones or Intelligences. -

3. A Teffera of Chryftal having on one fide XIIII.

c? “om the other LA, | Lo.

4. A Fortune and a-half Diana in an Onyx, —

ys. An Ancient Picture of the Margen in a Chalcedo-
. ran. ~ i 3

6. . A Cameus, with a mixture of feverall Gods.

7. An Onyx. |

8. A Glafs Lachrymatory..

A Letter of Dr Lifters to Mr Ray , concerning
fome particulars that might be added tothe Or-

nithology. - :
D SIR, m 4
WW N aafwef to your kind Letter, I fend you, what I
defigned for you-fome years fince, v/x. an Abjtract
of my Notes about Birds, which may be added to
yours and Mr. Willughby’s Hiftory of Birds,if you think
fit ; fuch as they are take them. |
Fringilla montana major] Sea Larks noftris Aucu-
pibus appellantur. Sc. in Agro Eboracenfi fxviente
Bruma fat copiofe capiuntur. |
Rubecule excrementa femper liquida funt; etiamfi
illa ovorum luteis duriter coctis victitet; inteftinis Cecis |
2 Ddd caret,

| [11:60]
caret, aut ea valde exigua & inutilia habet. Mufcarum
autem cortices, & qua, ex id genus Vidtu. facile coqui &.
eliquari in ventriculo non poflunt ;. figura rotunda, pifo-
rum in modum. rejicit. - |

Morinellus Anglornm] Hz Aves bis in annoloca palu-

dofa relinquunt & fe in campos montofos gregatim reci-.

piunt: Sc. Aprili & Augufto.

"Iranímigrationis autem caufa: ex: Victu petenda eft..
"Namtum.temporisavesquoddam Cibi genus. ibidem re-
periendum.appetunt; utautem id certo {cirem, plurium.
Ventriculos diffecui, in quibus maximam partem, Scara--

bzos quofdam-minutos &.nigricantes inveni; atinter a-,

lia.&-Coftos. &, Cochleas Terreftresexiguasadverti. —
. Anferum ferorum. s. genera vulgo numerantur.in agro
Eboracenft. fatis! frequentium. (1) The little. Spanz/o.
Goofe, Sc. &que parvus ac Brenta, {ed figura.&. Colore.
quodammodo ad Anferem Domefticum accedens; ab. Hi-
Ípania denominatur. (2) The Barnzcle, fatis cognitus,
(3) The Scotch Goofe, Sc. Vulgatiffimus ferus, à Scotia.
ad nos, exeunte Augu/fe, adveniens, é quibusfere con--

ftant innumeri illi Greges qui in pianis Campis( the J//o0]25..

didis) & alibi paffim inveniuntur. (4) 'The Whilk Anfer-
maximus niger, ineunte bruma primum adveniens; raro.
alibi quam.in Pratis, pafcuifque herba pafcitur. (5) &nfer-
Paluftris nofter, Grey Lagg, dicus ;. huic magnitudo An--
feri Domeftico fubpar. Caput ex fufco nigricat, & ad me--

dium Collum infüfcatur; dorfum ex cinereo" livefcit;.

ipfz autem Alz, & earum remiges nigricant: Uropygium.
albefcit, ejufque pennz externe albida* funt : Veriter-
cinereus; 1s vero 1mus fenfim. fit niveus; Roftrumà Ca-

pite ad: mediam. fere partem nigrum; deinde" fübput-

pureum, ipfo ejus apice nigro; 1n fuperiore mandibu-

lo non nifi. anus denticulorum ordo, atque idem fimplex.
ardo in inferiore;item liuic lingua utrinque uno denticil-
lorum. ordine armatur. Pedes. fübpurpurei five Carnei:

coloris, ungues fere albidi;excepto medii digiti, qui ex

májore.

Liter] |

majore parte nigricat. Pendet libras 7, & fere dimidium:
In Paludibus Agri Eboracenfis:nidificant, ipfi & earum
Pulli menfe Majo pinguefcunt, &in deliciis habentur.
A Ad lanios ea Avicula referenda eft, quam à Germants -
Suk-tail valgo appellari audio; harum unam aut alte-
ram {clopeti glande transfixam, Eboraci, exeunte fanua~-
vi0 Avni 1680. vidi.. Sane perquam elegans Avicula eft;

magnitudine Turdum fere zquabat: huic in extremis
Alarum pennis 4 aut s apices parvi coccinei nudi, Cor-
nei, minime plumis veftiti ; item in extrema cauda lim-
buslatus, luteus inftar corticis Citri, cetera maximam
Pattem Lanijumgolore refert. - 0. doa

Hos lanioós in Ptüfia frequentes efle ajunt Mercatores
noftri. . - T :
Sir, I will not affirm the Grey Legg to be different
fromthe common Wild Goofe: your Defcription and

mine fo. wellagree, fave in the colour of the Bz and
Leggs. Thedefign of the Lawzus, I can fend you done
from the Skin.. ! J d

: am I am, Sir, Your moft Humble
Servant M. LISTER.

I havefince viewed the Bill of the Bird called Silk-Tail
at Mr. Charltons, andfindit to want the notches in the

upper partof the Bill proper to tbe,Lanius kind. It mug
_ therefore be removed, and put amongft the Jay's.

i See Dr. Lefer Figure of the Silk-Tail Fig. ge

Dd da 0 di-

Dx162]

An Abftracl of a Letter from tbe Learned Dr. Cole
Pbyfician at Worcelter, dated May the 13th.
1685, concerning Stones Voided per Penem. |

aS | eed " CE
F the exclufion of two Stones (of the bignefs Fzg. 10;
and rr) by the pens, without any, or any confide-

rable pain, be worth notice, be pleafed to know, I had

the account of it from the perfon that Voided them. I

. faw the Stones and took the bignefs, and circumference

(of which the ftrait line is the meafure, they being in the

thickeft part much of a bignefs) of them, by tracing

lines about them asthey lay upon a paper for the fhape,
and meafuring them with a thread for the circumference.

He told me he was for many years fubje& to great pain,

firft in the Kzdneys, and afterwards in the Bladder, when

thatin the Azdmeys ceafed. But fince their exclufion

(which was about a year fince) he was free from pain, till

E

_ thetimeIíaw him, which was (asI remember) about half
' a year fince. | MUS

JOHANNIS HEVELII, Confulis Dantifea-

.2i, Annus Climattericus. Gedeni 1685. in —
Folio. Wherein (amongfl other things) he vin- —

dicates the juffnefs. of bis Celeflial Obfervations,

M vf tpem. ^7 :

—

. His Learned, Accurate, and Diligent Aftronomer, in

his' Dedication and Preface;. ( and clfewhere occa- 1 |
fionally inthe Book,) doth bewail the great Calamity |
he fuffered by Fire, in the year 1679; wherein (Sept. 26) |

againft the exceptions by fome made to the accuracy

| [1165]
in a few hours, his Houfes (feven in number) with all -
therein (his mony, plate, gold, Silver, and all his houl-
hold goods, his Printing-houfes, with the furniture there-
of, and great part of his Library; and the remaining co-
piesof all his printed works fet forth at hisown charge
from the year 1647 to 1679,) and particularly his dear
"Urania, and all its Obfervatories. with all his Inftru-
ments, Aftronomical and Optical, (deícribed inthe former
part of his Machina Celeftis,) and many other things of
great worth, were in a manner wholly confumed, and
turned to Afhes and himfelf well nigh deprived of all.
— And doth withall complain of the unkindne{s of {ome
»whom hehad taken for friends ; who, inftead of pitying —
his Calamity or aflifting him therein, did rather infult.
over it (or tacitly pleafe themfelves therein,) and, by
giving him new troubles, added to his affliction,
But acknowledgeth and gratulates Gods goodnels,
that (before this Calamity) he had. (the fame year) f-

nifhed and publifhed the latter part of his Machina Ce-
lefts, containing the obfervations of almott fifty years ;
(which ate thereby preferved :) That fome of his Pa-
pers, ^f particülarly his new. Catalogue of the fixed Stars,)
-wete {trangely preferved from the fire: And, that (with-
out being wholly defpondent) @od hath: yet given him.
‘ife and courage, to refume his former ftudies, to rebuild
his Obfervatory, ‘and furnifh it with neceffary Inftru-
ments (though much inferiour to thoíe incomparable
onesthat perifhed by the fire ;) and to apply himfelf to —
deduce a-new (from their firft originals) much of what
he had: written (which was wholly deftroyed) relating to.
his Prodromus Aftronomia, his Corret^on ofthe Tables, his
Uranographea, and his new Celejzal.Globes, which he
-. "hopes (through Gods affiftance) in a fhort time to fic for
athe publik. t Iss
ic This piece (the firftby him publifhed’ after that dread-.
"full Conflagration ) he calls his 24nnus Climaétericus, as

Dads. being:

taal |

v) - À

w : : } [ ° "Óe
* eines poflible, with thefe.sighis, (be the Inftruments
olarge or accurate) to make Obfervations nearer
c" b.b thea 3

| [i165]. M
then: ‘to "Two ^or "Three whole Minutes * But‘ hinifelt
could; swith Tele/copzck Sights, (by an Inftrument but of

‘aSpan breadth,) make obfíervations, Thirty, Forty,

Fifty, yea Sixty times more accurate, than could be
done the other way with the moft Vaft Inftruments.
And, aponthe Authors publifhing that firft Part of his
Machina Celeftes (wherein all his Inftruments are accu-

rately defcribed ) Mr. Ffock publifhed his Anzmadver-

fons’ thereon; with much more of bitternefs and boatt-

ine’ (as this. 4ethor thinks, and others alfo whom the
Aathor cites) then: there was reafon for. Which he
thinks was done out of defign' to difparage Him, his In-
Ítruments, and his Obfervations (unfight and unfeen, )
andto prepoffefs others with mean and flight thoughts
ofthem, (éven before they were'yet pubhfhed; ) and a
high opinion of himfelf who (with: fo little charge and
fo fmall'Tüftruments) could do‘things fo much more
accurate than had hitherto ever been done, by any: thus
feeking to raife his own reputation by difparaging what.

- isdone by others,in thingswherein himíelf doth nothing.

— Royal Society, defiring

-"Fhe-dutbor. thinking ‘thes Credit o£ his Obfervatiens:
(and'confequertly the Benefit which the Publike' might
receive from: them) to be herein much concerned ; (for,
if they were not to be trufted or relyed upon, with more

. aecuratenefs than with the latitude of two or three mi-

nates; they would fall much fhort of what the world- ex-
pected from them : ) he complained hereof inthis Letters.
todivers learned men, e particularly to: thofe of the:

thatright might be dene him in-
this point. Forthata difference ofthis nature, was not
to be determined by conjectural fpeculations which a
man may project to himfelf, (who brags only what great
things he can do, but dothnothing: ) But by Practick
experience, and Trials actually made both ways; and
tiefe duly examined and compared by pexíons compe--

tent. tojudge offuch matters.

| Bor

Lzxiéé]. |
For there be advantages and difadvaritages,: in:
both ways; which may, by fharp words, be aggravated
.to a great hight ; while yet, whether of thetwo,upon
the whole matter,.isto be preferred;, cannot: be other-.
wile determined.thai by experience; ; 55 25 =
And inorderheréunto, the /uthor had- again and a--
gain defired with earneftnefs,that Mr. Hook wouldjvouch-
lafe to give him (at left) thefe eight Diftances, obferved
by his Inftruments (great or fmall, as he .pléafed,) to be
compared with the Jame obferved by this 4uthor: Name-
ly,:x; Lucide Artetis;-a Palilicio; 2. Hujus a Polluce s.
3. Pollucis à Regulo s 4. Reguli à Sbica Virginis 5 5. Hu-
J*[que à. fuperiori in manu Serpentarit. 6. Hujus ab Aquila;
7. Hujufque à Marcab 5 8. Atque hujus demum a Lucida
"frietis; But could. never obtain from him either thefe or
any other. Though ithad been no hard requeft to grant
| it,if Mr. Hook could (as he tells us) perform (according to bis
method) 100, yea 200 Obfervations in one night. * a
» . Hehad from Bullialdus, Buratinus, Fullenius, and o- ^
thers,who had been Ey-witneffes of his obfervations, and
affiftant at them, great atteftations of their accuratenefs -
Others. who had. not fo been prefent, had yet a great
efleem for them, notwithftanding the exceptions made
to them by Mr. Hook; blaming his cenfure as undefer-
ved and too fevere: Ant others even of thofe who had a .
great opinion of Telefcopich Sights, and did themfelves -
make ufe of them, had yet a far other opinion of his
Inftruments and Obfervations, ‘er whathad beenex- —
preffed by Mr. Hook; And thoughtatleftthisdemand
of his, very reafonable, That it might be free for either
to make ufe of fuch Sights. asthemíelves thought bett,
or were beft acquainted with, without taking upon them
to prefcribe to others(over whom they had noAuthority;)
or to reproach and vilify them becaufe not of the fam e
opinion with themfelves. Allwhich matters offa& are

made to appear by divers Letters there printed, was T I
) - a "

CMS c^ diae dii Mcd P 7?

: | [ 1167]
had paffed between him and other learned men on that
fub;e&. | |
But he had further defired (for: the greater íatisfa-
ction of all) that fome one or other might come over
to him, from the Royal Society, (well acquainted with |
the Method of obferving by Telefcopicb Sights ,) who
might (upon his own view of the duthors Inftruments
and manner of obferving, and by comparing thofe with
his) fatisfy himfelf; and report to the Soczety, for their
fatisfaction, what himfelf by experience fhould find
true ;. and. whether there were indeed fuch caufe of com-
plaint as what Mr. Hook had made. ! :
Agreeably to this defire of his (which he recounts asa
great happinefs)Mr. Edmund Hally,a Member of the Royal
Soctety, who had a. very good opinion of Telef/copick Sights,
. and was himfelf accuftomed to ufe them, and had (a
while before) made a Voyage tothe Mle of S'.. Helens; |
-and there (with fuch) made obfervations of the Fixed
Stars in the Southern ZZemifbhere, (many of which are
tous unfeen, ) whereof he had then lately publifhed an
accountin Print; did, from the Royal Soczety, arrive at
~Dantfick, May 26. 1679. and there continued, with the.
Author, till July. 18. and was all that timea conftant
attendantat his obfervations; and had with him (of his
own) a very good Inftrument furnifhed with Tele/copzck -
Sights; the betterto compare thereby the one and the |
other way of obfervation. . |
_ The fame day that Mr. 7Za//y arrived (May 26. 1679)
he did, in Mr. Hally’s prefence (asa fpecimen of his
manner of obferving and the accuratenefs thereof) take
(with his large braís Sextant) the Diftance of Regulus
-and Spica; (Mr. Hally having fo defired, as doubting
-whether he could, in his prefence, determine to a mi-
nute, the fame diftance which he might have poffibly,
fome time before, obferved:) Which (notwithftand-
ing the difadvantage of the light Summer-nights, and
| NU OM Sj the

T [ 1168]

the Moon then fhining) he found tobe 54°. 1. 55". the
{fame exactly, even to feconds, which he had, before,
fix timesobferved in the years 1658. 1661. x671. Where-
at Mr. ally being much furprifed, (as not expecting
that accuracy,) it wasagainfor his greater fatisfaétion
(that he might not think it only a great good- hap)
obferved the fame exactly, fune. 1. and again fame. 7.
Many more obfervations were made from day to day,
during all the time of his abode there, fuch particu-
larly as Mr. Hally (for his fatisfaction ) did direct. To
which he attended conftantly, and did ftri@ly examine
them, with great diligence and curiofity ; that he might
not by any miftake be impofed upon. Which obfer-

mongít the relt, (to compare the. accuratenefs of the

two forts of Séghts,) a lift of divers obfervations made .
. by the Author (with a fmall Inftrument and common -

S:bts,) and the fame made by Mr. Haly (witha much

larger and Teefcopick Sights: ) By which the uthor

. thinks it will be evident to an indifferent Judge, that
thofe performed by the Plain S7z5:, (though in a fmal-

. ler Inftrument,) ate the more accurate. And doth —

ferioufly: profefs; that he could. not with Mr. lys
Inftrument (though he did truly endeavour it) make

vations are all, here, particularly fett down. And a- :

/
A [: -
Cees es CN dete’ w sd cer mel dio: TUS "— ald ‘ ^ !
xo Cum AL rca nl, "ecco URP oar Pi UNIS ia tim CC NP IRR RA m

obfervations with that accuracy and that readynefs, as

with his own.

E

Upon the whole matt er, Mr. Hally. finding all much ;

to his fatisfaction, and beyond his expectation; thought
fit to leave in writing his Atteítation thereof, (in form

of a Letter to the /uthor, dated july, 8, 18, 1679.)

wherein he declares himíelf abundantly fatesfed of the —
ufe and certainty of thefe his Inftruments and Obferva- —
tions, And whereas he had, before been always doubt- —
full, that hw obfervations by naked Sights might, as to —
(ome Minutes, be uncertain s and had therefore wondered —
why be declined the ufe of Telefcopich Sights; (though —

yee

-_

| [ 1169] |
— yet be was lotb to call zm. question the truth of them, but
preferved always a juft veneration for them:) He had,
(partly to gratulate the Authors publefhing of bis obferva-
tions, and partly to fatesfy bis own fcruples,) undertaken
that journy; which he now looks upon as no {mall bap-
pyne/ss and declares himfelf abundantly pleafed with it.
And offers bimfelfa voluntary witne/s, (of the almoft-
ameredtble certainty of thofe his Inftruments,) agaznft ail
who fhall for the future call his obfervations in queflion.

As having feen, with his own Eys, not one or two, but a
multitude of obfervations of the fixed Stars, performed
with bs great Brafs Sextant, (even by divers Obfervers,
and by bimfelf fometimes, though lefs expert therein,) be-
ing again and again repeated; mofl atcurately, and al-
moft incredibly to agree; and never to differ more
than by an tnconfiderable part of a Minute. With fur-
ther expreflions of Foy, and Admiration ; as wondering
at nothing more, than to find them fo accurate. — |
- The Author being by thefe Obfervations, confirmed —
in his refolution of adhering to Bare Sights with his.
Naked Éy (without glaffes;) and having fatistyed Mr.
Hlally as to the Certazaty and Accuratene/s thereof (far
beyond what Mr. Hally could expect ;) thought fit in
the firft place (after his Machina Celefzs ) to publifh thefe
(for the fatisfa&ionof others) to preferve the juft re-
putation of his obfervations before publiihed, which
Mr. Hlook had endeavoured to render fufpected.

He therefore gives usfirft, his obfervations of the year
1679. beginning trom fan. 8. £. 2. (where. his Macbzna
elefies ended;) and fo onwards till May 26, when
Mr. ally arrived. And therein (amongtft others) the
Jranft of fome Stars, and the Occultation of fome o-
thers, by the Moor: Mar. 25. Mar. 30.

From thenceto juz. 18. we have an account of all
his obfervations made together with Mr. Hadly, with
- the fuccefs thereof. And (amongft the reft) of the oc-

! E@es Cultation

dr [ 1870 ]

cultation of Fupiter by the Moon, (a cafe that feldom’

happens) Fun. 5. Á | |
. And thence to Sept. 26. (the fatal day when his ob- ©

fervatories with all their furniture were deftroyed) which — |
concludes the obfervations of that year. 4 $n.

After thefe obfervations, of the year 1679; are 27
Lettérs. which had paffed between the 4uther and di-
vers other learned men, relating to the controverfy
between him and Mr. Zo, about the ufe of Telefco- -
pick. Sights. Y |
. The Firft, Third, and Fifth, are from Mr. Henry
Oldenburg, Secretary to the Royal Society ; and contain
(befide fome other things, declaring the Soczety’s
great refpect for the uther,) Mr. Hook's defcription
of his Tele/coptck Sights, with his reafons urging the
. ufeof them, Affirming that, forany Celeftial obferva--
" tions, an Inftrument, with thefe, though but of the Radius
of one Span, may be made more exact, than, with com-
mon Sights, thé beft that can be made, though of three-
fcore foot Radius, That, whereas tbe naked Ey canhard- ~
ly diftinguifo an angle of a Minute, tt may thus diflinguifh.— +
a fingle Second. phe ty oe yt *
. The Second, Fourth ; Sixth, and Seventh, are the
Authors an{wers to thofe ; maintaining the contrary. —
Not thinking it poffible, that fo fmall an Inftrument
can dofuchgreatthings; and that, with his own, he
can. diftinguifh a much fmaller angle than Mr. Hook
will allow. “Appealing to experience (which isto be ^
the judge in this cafe:) and defiring (for inftance) Mr. ——
Fools Obfervations, (by his Inftrument) of Eight di-
ftances propofed ; to be compared with his own Obfer- ©
vations of the fame; that it may: be thence judged, .
whether are the moreexact. (But could not obtain any- -
one. ) And he believes that thofe who thus .commend
thefe, if they had. ever made trial of fuch large In+ .

| | | i ftrumentss. : |

3 [-morjg |
itruments, at left continually for fome confiderable
number of years; and were with fuch fmall ones to
attempt (not one or two fingle diftances, but) the Re-
ftitution of the fixed Stars as himfelf hath done; they
would be of another mind. But (leaving them to en-
joy their own opinion) defires at. left it may be free
for him to ufe his own way, wherein he is confirmed
by the experience of fo many-years; and from which
he hath many reafons why not to depatt.

The 8". from M. Z/mael Bullialdus; and the 9".
from Bernbardus Fullenzus, (a Dr. of Law, and Conful
of Franeker,) aregratulatory Letters upon the Edition
of his Organographia and his Inftruments therein defcrib-
ed; highly commending them, and the great accura-
cy of the Obfervations made thereby (of which both of
them had been Ey-witnefles,and efteem it a great happy-
nefs fo to have been;) and with fo great exactnefs |
- (within lefs than 6 Seconds) as, without having feen it, ™
they could hardly have believed. And, the latter of
them (upon occafion of an Obfervation publifhed by
- Mr. Hook, aiming to prove a Parallax of the Earths |
Annuai Orb;) declares his fufpicions of the uncertainty

of Tclefcopick Sights, preferring others before them.

The 10". is of the Author to D. Fullentus, complain-
ing of Mr. Afooks unhandíome ufage of him in his
Anmmadverfions on the Authors Organographta, or firít.-
part of his Machina Celefis, (then newly come to his
— hands: As making it his bufinefs, to carp at all his’
Inftruments, and render them fufpected; to blacken
and difparage to the Learned World, all his Obfer-
vations; (which yet he had never feen; nor could fee.) As
That his Inftruments are not larger than 7yebo's, nor .
his Divifions better, nor his Obfervations more accu-
rate. That ‘tis not poffible with thofe Iuftruments
and the naked Ey, to difcern an intire Minute, orde-

. termüne to a Minute either Altitudes or Diftances. And
es E €-e 3 | doth.

| E 11221 bc
doth ina manner, from ftepto ftep,carp and cavillat
all and every thing. Boafting, that himfelf can per-
formall by a very fmall Inftrument , with Tele/copick
Sights, Thirty, Forty, yea T hegre times more ex-
actly : (while yet he hath not, that this uthar knows
of, ever publiihed to the world any one confiderable — '
Obfervation performed by himíelf. Concerning which :
this Author appeals to the judgement and experience
of this his friend (who had often feen the practice of
it) whether he could not clearly diftinguiíh five Seconds;
even without the ufe.of Diagonal lines (as Mr. Hook
pretends, and cavils at it.) And whether he can ima-
gine that Mr. Hook can with an Inftrument of one
Span (foinftructed as he defcribes) perform things Fifty,
Or Sixty times more exactly, than he with*his of 6 or —
$ foot Radius. And, what difference he thinks there ©
may be between the parts diftinguifhed by Diagonal
* flope-lines (cutting the Arches of Concentrick circles) . -
and thofe of the fame Arches by ftreight lines from
the Center, (which this uthor alfo there ufeth; leav-
ing it indifferent to judge, either by the one or the o-
ther, as the obferver pleafeth.) But wonders that Mr.
Hook, whohath never yet performed, or fo much asat- — -
tempted, any thing in this kind; íhould take upon ©
him thus to cenfure others. "Thinking that it more be- —
comes learned Men, not to .boaft of what they can, or
will, or mean to do, but ratherto let the world know
what they bave done. And when Mr. Hook hath per-
formed things fo much more accurate, it will then be
time to tell the World what they are. ._ 1E

_. The xi. is a letter of his, of like complaint, to
Mr. Oldenburgh; Adding moreover, that Mr. Hook
fhould rather have written his Animadverfions in La-
tine, or gotten fome body to put them into Latine for ——
him, (as for thofe formerly concerning M. z£uzot , )
and not put thofe (that are.not perfect malters;ofthe — —

Englifb..

: [ 1173]
Englifo tongue)to the trouble of getting them tranf-
lated. ‘That he is forry to be putt upon a neccfüity
of wrangling, and empty words, (not becaufe he thinks
it hard to anfwer what Mr. Hook objects, but becaufe
it is contrary to his inclination, and will take up time -
which might be better imployed,) this beinga matter
not to be decided by empty words and altercations, but
by experience and practife. That himfelf ufeth, in his
own ftudies, to mind rather his own bufinefs than thatof
others; without preícribing toothers ( Dictator-like)
what fteps they muft follow, and impofe on them his
own methods and contrivances, as abfolutely the beft,
fafeft, and ífubtileft, of all that may ever be invented
by any man: whereas Mr. Hoo, he finds, more inclin-
ed to meddle with others bufinefs than with his own ;
and rather to find fault with what is done by others,
than to do any thing himíelf. That he makes it his.
bufinefs to perfwade him and all the world, that his own.
. way is the beft, fafeft, and moft exquifite, which ever
can be invented by any; reproching this thor all a-
long for not obeying him and following his dictates,
(as if this 4uthor were one under his command ; ) Brag-
ging only of what he can do, but doth nothing. That.
he thinks it would better become Mr. Hook, to fu-
Ípend his judgement a while till he have taken time
to examine (or at left to fee) what is done by others;
before he talk at this rate of all that is, or hath been,
or ever fhall be done in the world: while, in the
mean time, he requires of others to give credit to what: -
he fays of his own Obfervations; before they can be
feen, and examined, or even made. ‘That if this 4£z-
ther (who without ftipend or publike falary, without
being hired or maintained to that purpofe at the charge
- of others, without any duty or obligation upon him.
thereunto, other than his own inclination to thefe ftu-
dies, and his willingnefs to ferve the publike, hath, at
| | his:

| Li:74] |
his own charges, with the expence of fo much time -
and labour, done what he wasable, and with good in-
tention, and fo much more than Mr. Fook either
hath done, or is ever like to do,) hath deferved to be
thus flighted, fcorned, and contemptuoufly expofed,
almoft in every page, (becaufe he had not recounted
Mr. £e in the number ofhis cheif Fautors and Pa-
trons;) yet the Noble Tycho, the Lluftrious Lanatgrave,
or fome others, (who are all equally concerned in his
cenfures) might have been thought to deferve bet-
ter; who will certainly be found, it not in all things
(for the beft.are liable to miftake fometimes)atleft in
fome things, to have performed better than Mr. 7Z7oo£
is willing to allow them. However, this he hath to .
- day for himfelf, that neither Pofterity, nor any of his
. Superiors, can fay,-that he was bound in duty to do
-norethan hehath done. And, as to the unprofitable
and ufelefs charge, of which Mr. Hook fo often {peaks
.ironically and with contempt (as he doth alfo in his :
other feeming commendations, it came not out of
"Mr. Hoeo£s treafury (that he néed be concerned for
it) and which will appear (the Zzzher hopes) notto have -
been altogether in vain. "That. they wholike not his ©
-Obfervations, may look by them, and wait for better, -
or make betterthemfelves; That the purblind or fhort-
fighted, may (if they pleafe) make ufe of Spectacles
and Perfpectives; but himfelf, while his Ey-fight ferves,
fhall chufe to make ufe of his bare Ey, and naked ~
Sights. That it is free for Mr. Afook to make ufe of -
what Sights he pleafeth, (or none at all,) and to Ob- —
ferve (if he can) to the nicenefs of a fingle Second (of
which yet the 4wthor doth much doubt) and perform
Sixty times more accurately than Tycho, the Landt--
grave, this Author, or any other hitherto : but doth
not own him, as his Prince or Dictator; nor will fut- -
fer himfelf, by his empty words to be perfwaded out
s | v DE

~

dE bro]
out of his own fenfes, and the experiencé of fo many
years. But he isfatistyed inthis; that, what Mr. £7oo£
flights and undervalues, is by divers eminent, worthy,
and learned men, well approved and commended;
(who's praife he more values, as being from praife-
worthy perfons; ) and doubts not but that they wiil be
found more accurate than to one, two, or three in-
tire Minutes (as Mr. Hoek pretends, before he fees them).
And hopesthat, of the Royal Seczety (of whom he ex-
preffeth a great efteem) there are who will be ready to
vindicate him from Detractors, :
— The x2". is from Dr. Wallis, to the Zutber, the ro.
to him from Titus Livius Burattini (which latter had
for fome time been with the uthor, and affiftant at
his Obfervations;) which (befide Gratulations, and
juft commendations of his Inftruments, and his Obfer-
vations) fpeak particularly of the Divifions in the limb
by Diagonals (ufed by Tycho, the Landtgrave, this Author,
and divers others; ) to this purpofe: That, the Divi-
^fion of an Angle into equal parts by ftreight Diago-
nals obliquely cutting concentrick Arches in the limb,
would require, in Mathematical rigor, that the con-
. centrick circles be fet at fomewhat unequal diftances ;
and in fmallInítruments, where the breadth of the di-
vided limb is a confiderable part of the Radius, (as:,
or thereof) and the Angle to be fo divided, ofa confi-
derable greatnefs (fuppofe, ro minutes or more) it may
require fome little difference of intervals; (as the 2fz-
thor was well aware , and had himfelf given notice Mach.
Celeft. p. 139, 140,) But where the Inftrument is large
(as here, 6, 8, or 10 foot Radus,) and the breadth
of the limb to bedivided, but narrow (as here, about
half an inch,) and (as here) the angle to be fo divided
but ; minutes; the true intervals according to Mathe-
matical rigor,are undiftinguifhable, to the fubtileft fenfe,
from equal diftances. And, bere, it is indifferent to
y ANA E POL fay,

aed [1176]
fay,Thefe intervals are fuch as by calculation they ought
to bes orto fay, The circles be equidiftant: Forno fenfe
. can diftinguith the one from the other. And if there had
been any difference; the Author had fufficiently pro- |
vided for it, by performing the fame divifions by ftreight — |
lines from the center alfo. ae 1 :

The Computation (of Dr. Wallis) £o which the Letter
refers (the Method whereof is to be feen at large in the
Philofophical 'Tranfactions Numb. 1x1.) 7s to this pur- —
je. See the.Rigure 1225 038 ¢ P

Take we (for inflance) bis large brafs Sextant (which
2s one of the Inflruments which be did mofl frequently make -
—- fe of,) where A, the Angle (at the Center) is y Minutes,
to be divided into y equal parts, by a Streight Diago-
nal, obliquely cutting (in the Limb) 6 Concentrick Cir- |
cles; (the length of the Ray, toeach of which, we are to -
enquire, je o ve, se odi |

The Radius of that Iufrumentis (more than) 6 foot: ^.
and the breadth of the Limb (cutt by the Diagonal) 1s —
fomewhat more than halfan Inch; that is, fomewhat more —
than aT part of the Radius. ANM R Uc DEP LAE

We will allow zt to beat left xs part of tbe Radius, (or —
even fomewhat more than fo:) and, accordingly, O, the —
.. Obtufe angle at the Bafe (contained by the Diagonal and ©
_ the fhorteft Ray, or that of the In-moft Czrcle) 172.de-

grees: And therefore V, tbe Acute angle at the Bafe,)con-

tained by the Diagonal and the Longeft Ray, (er that of —
the Out-moft Gércle,) mill ( becaufe of A, at theCen- —
ter, of y$,) bey yy : And that -at the Second Circle —
_ (next to tt) will (becaufe, here, A= 4.) be 7°, ¥6': And, —
at the third,.7°, §7'; And, at the fourth, 7°, $8 : And —
, at the fifth (which is next to the In-moft) 7°, $9'. B
Then (by that Cafe" of Trigonometry. where, 'The two
Angles at the Bafe beng Given, with a fide Oppofite —

to one of them; we are to Find that oppofite to the —

L^ | — ether:) —

n
i i "

1 [ 1177]
other:) z£ 2s, As the Sines of the refpective angles V,
(in the feveral (zrcles,) to that of the Angle O: 5e£/e
Íhorteft Ray (oppefite to V,) to the xelpective Rays, zz
the feveral Circles. ua ae 4j ;
— That is; putting x, or (1, ooooo,) for the Ray of the
In-moft Circle , the reft are thus found ; bor

Angles: |^ Sines 173,01,89,0'. Shorteft Ray, - ^, Differences,

- : 1,000900 |
- 25,59: 1388850. 1391731::1,00000 1,002072" .002075*

7,49 4 1389570. . Pray 10041414 0902981

1957230113830989-0: 504 | I,0062j 7 |.002299;-

7,56: 1380208. | : 1,090835 7 |.00210

Pores 122773274 7 EongeRay, 1,01046 7 1.00211 —

Where (tbe computation being made as accurately as the
£ommon Canon of Sines will permit) the Differences of Rayss
thatu, the Intervals of the Circles; arefo near to equals,
45 not to differ more than by an Hundred-Thoufandth
part of the (Porter) Radius. (The breadth of the limb,
that w, the difference of the foorteft and longeft Ray, be-

ing fomewhat more than tbe Hundredth part of the /borter
Ray) une | Pee M | |
| That ws (fuppofing the foorter Ray to be 6 foot, or 72
Inches,) the dzfference of Intervals between the concentrick
Circles ws not paft xs of an Inch, (Which w about one
fourteen-hundredth part of an Inch.) Which no [enfe can
difiinguifo from equidiftants. © —
‘The 13^- from 4/mael Bullialdus (who had himfelf
alfo beena Ey-witnefs and Affiftant at the uthors Ob-
fervations, for fome confiderable time,) teítifies his great
refentment of Mr. Hood's dealings herein; as being a-
ftonifhed to fee how far envy and a fpirit of contradi-
ction can tranfport aman. Aud thinks it a duty which
the uthor ows both to hisown reputation, and to the
_ publike, to vindicate himfelf and his obfervations from
thefe afperfions. But thinks he cannot do it better
n Char ES ss EDT

[ 1173]

then by haftening the publication of them [which frnec i5.

done] the fight of which will be fo great a fatisfaction to
all equall judges, whounderftand (though butalitt!e of)
thefe affairs, thatthere will need no further apology.
Thera, rs, r6*^; and. 17'*; are Letters:which paf-
fed between Mr. Flamffed and the Author ; difcourt-
ing the reafons why the one choofeth to make ufe of Te-
Defcobick Szghts, and the other of Plain Sights: with fome

- Obfervations imparted from each toother, and difqui-
fitions thereupon. Mr. Z/am[led excufeth fome doubts
ne had, formerly, conceived about the uncertainty of
this duthors Obfervations, even to One, Two, or Three
Minutes Which he acknowledgeth, upon fight of his
Organograbhia, are in good meature fatisfyed. Andjthe
Author hopes he will be yet more fatisfyed, when he

fhall fee the whole body of his Obfervations. Not that-

. he pretends: always to obferve exactly even to feconds,

- or that he is not liable fometimes to commit an Error,(as
all. men: fometimes are, becaufe but men, whatever
ózgbts. they ufe; and of which there is inftance in the
few. Obfervations that Mr. Flamjted imparts ;) but that,

when fomething of accident doth not interpofe ( and

he mentions many which may a little difturb an

Obfervation,) he can clearly diftinguifh five feconds, or

nic

4 PEAS TLS peat d T Tu. We EL WA " xt
S uocem nS he a, ee ee ERN SNR S RII RRRRRRRERRRERERRRRA

even lefsthan fo; and when fome Obfervations chance -

to be.a little erronious, they may be diícovered and

corrected by thofe that are more exact. 2
They both agree that Tycho's Catalogue of the Fixed
Stars wants Rectification. - The Errors of which, Mr.

Flam(led thinks to have proceeded from Tycho's ufing— —

Plain Sights 5; the Author aícribes them rather to his truft-
ing to feveral Scholars of his, to make many of his Ob-

fervations ; fome of whom were either not fo skill. :

ful, or not fo. carefull, as fome others were ; either in
making the Obfervations, or noting them down, or
computing. from them:. On which. account it is (he

thinks).

; [ 1179]
thinks) that the Hafan Obfervations are in many things
more accurate, (though they ufed the fame kind of
Sirkts than thofe of Tycho; becaule, there, the Obfer-
_ vations were conftantly made by Kothmanand Brzg, two ^
diligent men. Ur a
The 20". is of Bullzaldus to the Author, returning -
thanks for imparting a copy of his lettersto Mr. Flamjted
(as at Ep.°13. for that of Ep. rz. to Mr. Oldenburg ; )
concurring with him therein; efteeming the ufe of glaí-
fes, lefs certain (becaufe of the uncertain refractions)
than Plain Sights. | |
_ The aif. and 223. from Mr. Oldenburg, teftityeth;
from the Royal Soczety, their continued elteem of the
Author, and of his ftudies and labours, notwithftand-
ing the artificesof fome to the contrary; and that they
were not privy to Mr. Hooks publifhing his Anzmadver-
frons. Giving a more fair character of Mr. Flamfted. —
|. The 23°. ofthe uthor to Mr. Oldenburg, fignifieth,
thathe isnot difpleafed with Mr. Flamfted, (or others,).
for ufing Glaffes; which he allows in many cafes (efpe-
cially to thofe who are fhort-fighted) to be of good
ufe ; and commends in particular the Micrometer as an
. excellent Inftrument for {mal diftances: But defires
. that they will, without offenfe, permit him to ule
(whathe finds beft) P/azn Sebts. Which (where his Ey-
fight ferves) he thinks much better: And, if he were

. now to begin that great work, of reftoring the fixed

Stars (about which he had been fo long imployed) he
fhould take the fame courfe as hitherto, by ufing P/azz
&gbts. Wiíhing, that fome of thofe who are fo fond
of Telefcopes, were with him to difcouríe the matter,
and. fee his Obfervations; and he beleeves they would.
then be of another mind. à
"Ehe as". from the 4uthor to Dr. Grew (then Seere-
tary to the Royal Soctety, after the death of Mr. O/den-
burg.) andthe 26?. to Dethlevus Cluver ; fignify the ar-
Soi NND | Ld Ed rival.

/ | [ 1180]
rival of Mr. Had, with which he was very well pleaf-
ed; having long defired, that he might have oppor-
tunity of converfing with fome, well acquainted with
Lelefcopich Sights, that fo he might, not by words on-
ly, but by experience and practife, evidence to them

the convenience and certainty of his Oblervations by

Platn Sights... 'Ihat Mr. AHady had now (for about a
months time) diligently obferved together with him,
every fair night; That he was already well fatisfied
upon hisown experience.(and would, he hoped, fignity
Ío much to the Koyal Secety) that he found, upon try-

al, things far otherwife than had been fuggefted by

fome (as if he.could not, with his Inftruments and

naked Shtw, diftinguifh to one, two, or three Mi--

nutes.) But intimates, that himfelf was not fo well fa-
tisfied with Mr. ZZa/lys Inftrument with Tele/copicks ;

(having found; upon tryal, the fufpicions true which

. before he had of them:) And is very well pleafed,
that he had not been prevailed with, to exchange his
Plain Sights for fuch. And with it, he tranfmits to
the Royal Soczety , his late Obfervation of the occulta-
tion of $upzter by the Moon. -

The 27^. (which is the laft,)is from Mr. Hally tothe - 4

. Author ; teftifying his great fatisfaction with the 24z-

thors entertainment; Withthe opportunity of conver- —
fing & obferving with him; With his Inftrumentsand ac- — —

curate Obfervations, far beyond. what he could have
imagined ; Aud offers himfelf ready to teftify (againft
any who fhould hereafter queftion it) the great accurate-
neís thereof (wondring at nothing more, than to find

them fo accurate,) and of their great agreement one —

with ánother; not varying more than by an inconfi-
derable part of a minute. ^-^ ^7

Now the diflinguifbing of j^, (which is a&ually diftin-

guifbed in thefeInftruments,) is fo nice a matter as anfwer- T

eth, upon Earth, to the twelfth part of an. Englifh mle

(allowing =

E * , "4
E = ow.444— ns " ——— "1

Deter] |

| (allowing 60 miles to a Degree of Latitude ;) or the
third part of @ quarter ofa Mile. Which is fo nice, as
that, whereas we are wont to enquire, what 25 the Poles
Altitude at London ? what at Paris? what at Dantfick?
and fo forth: Thi much the fame as to enquire, what
it w at Charing-Crofs? and, what at White-hall Gate ?

( Suppofing them to be diffant Northward, one from the
other, 5 of an Englifh Male, or 440 foot,) or (bechufe
Degrees of Longitude; are, in the leffer Parallels, le/s
-than degrees of Latitude) much the fame as to enquire, what
a-clock it w at the Eaft-end? and, what at the Wett-
end, of tbe Abby-Church zz Weftminfter? —

The 18%. and 24%. from the fzher to Mr. Olden-
burg, are of another fubjed. Being a Continuation of.
the Hiftory, of the New Star, in the Neck of Cetus;
which hath been -obferved fometimes to appear, fome- -
times to difappear, and then return again, and with

very different degrees oflight; as likewife of two fuch
others in Cygnus, (one in the Breaft, the other under
the Head.) He had formerly (with his Mercurzus 22
Sole, publifhed in the year 1662) given an account of it
fromothe year 1638 till that time. Which here he.
continues from thence to the beginning of the year
1677; and then again to the end of that year. And -
- then again (after all thefe Letters,) froni the be ginning
of 1678 to the deftruction of his Obfervatory in 1679;
and (after ome intermiffion for that reafon) from 1681,
till toward the end of 1633. ar |

_ Having difpatched. what properly concerns his Annus
Climatterccus ; and the Letters relating thereunto: He
gives ‘us the Continuation of his Obfervations fince that
time. . : b |
He begins with that of the Comet, (but without an
Inftrument, having loft all,) Dec. 2.3.4. (new ftile )
1686. while it-was Matutine (before the Sun-rifing: )
50; EP | and

. Prise]
and then (according to his expectation) when it began
to be Vefpertine, Dec. 24. and. fo onward. Bewailing
himíelt that he could not, as heretofore, with large
Inftruments, and long Tele/copes, obíerve this fo re-
markable a Comet. | '

|. an. x. 1681. (New Stile ;) he obferved the occulta-
tion of Palzlicium by the Moon. |

And jan. 2. and fo forward, (having now gotten
a fmall Inftrument) proceeded (as he could therewith)
in theObfervation of the Comet with his Remarks up-
Oi. Ss 96 est |

In 4uguft following he had re-built his Obfervatory,
and gotten fome Inftruments, (but much inferiour to
what he had loft.) Where his firft Obfervation was an
Eclipfe of the Moon, dug. 29. 1681. ff. m. And, after
that, another very great one, febr. 21, 22.

Then the Obfervations ofanother Comet 1682. With
many others, of the Fixed Stars and Planets. And a-
mongít the reft, the great Conjunctions of Saturn,
Supiter, and Mars; And a 'Tranfit of Fupzter by the -
. Moon, obferved (in the day time) by a Telefcope, Nov.
ar. 1682. fA. s». with many other Tranfits and occul- —
tations.” 22 #5282" : : |

After which is a fuccinét account or. Hiftory of the
three great Conjunctions of Saturn, Tupiter, and Mars,
in the years 1682, 1683. 99° pend

Then the Obfervations of a Third Comet 1683, with the
Hiftory ofit. With feveral Tranfits and Occultations.

He tells us of a Fourth Comet obferved by Blanchinus,
at Rome, in fune. 1684, (but not, that he hears of, by
any body elfe,).at a time when himfelf (by indifpofition
of body) was not in a;capacityj ef making Oblerva-
tions. |

But he wonders how thofe of Lzpfch, fhould not fee
this'£Comet, who pretend (about the fame time) to have
been the firft difcoverers of the Nive {mall Stars, soe

' ! the -@

[ 1185] a
the feet of Bootes (which they have formed into a new
Conftellation called Glad Lzpfreníes) juft about the -
place where this Comet paffed. Which Stars are no
_ other than fome by himfelf long fince obferved, and
to be found (by other names) in his New Catalogue of
Fixed Stars; and the Obfervatious of them, publifhed
(amongft others) in his- Machina Celefts. (Which, he:
doubts, could not by them, at that time, be all feen.)
/ On which occafion he takes notice alfo of Tivo Schemes
of thofe in the Moon, publifhed as his own by Pere
Gherubin, (Obfervations faites par le Pere Cherubin d
Orleans Capuctn) which are but copyed out of the u-

thors Selenographia pag. 222. 262.

He concludes with an Obfervation ‘of the Suns E-
clipfe, july. B. st. i12; : 1684. ben : i Z ;

a» * : EN :
1 £ ,

A Courfe of Chymiftry: dy Nicholas Lemery:

M. D- Tranflated from the Fifth Edition in
_ French, 4y Walter Harris, M. D. Fellow of rhe
, College of Phyficians.. London 1686. . —

H E Ghymiftry of Monfieur Lemery is of fuch re-

putation in the World, that Notice of additions

to it cant be thought ungratefull to the Reader.
_. This Edition is not only adorn'd with feveral Tables
of Figures, reprefenting the Swpellex Chymica; but is
alfo enlarged by the accefs of divers operations ; as
particularly the Pulverifation of Tzzz, by cafting it,
: wen re RUE er when

: [1184];
whea melted in: a Crucible, into a round. wooden box;

which has been whitend with. Cbalkon all fides with- ^

in; then covering the box, and. prefently fhaking it
about, until the 7227 is become cold, ánd converted in-
to.a gray powder; in which form it eafily mixes with
Salis, and other’ matters.» It alfo teaches the making
Flowers of Jupiter? (which are Tinn Volatilized, and
ráifed insform of Meal, ‘by. means of a Volatile Salt.
of Sali-Peter ; ) and the making an Oyl of Mercury,
by diffolving fublimate Corrofive in Spirit of Wine;

which may be done, altho' that Spirit is not able to.

diffalve Quick-Silver ; mor! Mercurius | Duleis.-

A Cauftic Oyl of “Antimony is taught to be made by. 3

diffolving Antimony in the Ld Spirits of Salt: and
Vitriol, 00

A Method is given for drawing an Oy and Spirit
of Paper.

An Account of the Peruvian Bark is inferted, to-
gether with the manner of drawing a Tintture, and
making. am Extract, of it.

. An Account is given of Sugar, and the Spirit ef it,
and bo ae i sie a

3

Collet Beles ble i ve ui Fe brad;

per Jo. "Chrift Sturmium. Altorfi;, p. | "1685.

HE thor gives an account ofthe good fatcels
he had in ufing a Gla/s Diving Bell, made in
a Tis form. with that of Waod, mention'd by Monficur
Panthot in the Journal: des Scavans.
He treats of fome amendments in the Air Pump s
particularly of that kind which is portable,
He relates fome ‘experiments tried on the Baro/cope;

Polifo t

LM M, mae w- IP

: [85]. :

Pelifft planes.&c. Some Hiygrofatical Experiments,
together with the defcription of the Inftruments by
which they were performed.

He writes of long Szpbensr, and their ufe in convey-
ing Water ; of Gla/s "Bubbles, and the reafon of their fly-
ing all into little peices upon breaking; of Water-Pots,
fort of Lamps; and of Stentoreephonic Tubes; the
- invention of which he juftly afcribes to Sr. Samuel
Morland, . looking on thatInftrument of which Kercher -
makes mention, to be of a different fhape from thefe.

He fpeaks of a new fort of Thermo/cope, ofthe Mag-
Wels Hemifpheres, mentioned by Guwerick, and the
difficulty of feparating one from the other, when thé
Air included in them is rarified..

He difcourfes of the force of breath blows into a
Bladder, and raifing aconfiderable weight annext : and
o£ the explaining mufcular motion from this principle,
after Dr. Croon's manner, propofine that by thefe means
a ftatue of a man may be made to move in imitation
of Nature, ~~ -

He examines the epoca of the Hydvie Hel-
montiana, urged by Dr. More as an argument for his
Hylarchic Principle... :

He deícribes an Aerometer-, confifting of an FHygro-
meter, Thermometer, and Barometer. Speaking of mag-

netical Experiments, he’ affirms, that he has a large
Needle, exceeding a ‘Rhinland foot, and {even inches,.

both ends of which apply to either Pole of the Magnet.

To this Treatife the 4uthor. {ubjoyns an Epiftle to:
Dr. More of Cambridg, concerning his Hylarchic Prin-
ciple ;;where he examines the D'* Demonitrations of
that 3oeigu phe ; and aníwers ise arguments cut the
Elafticity of the-Air, «^ | !

\

Ggga Ophthal-

[zr$6 ]

ophthalmographia, five Oculz iejuíque- partium defcriptio
Anatomica: cui acceflit Neva-Fi[lonzs "Theoria , Regie So-
-«&ietati Londin.-prepofita. per Guz. Briggs, M. D. Col-
leg. Med. Londin. Soctum, & No(ocomit- Regal.. (quod
D^. Thome dicatur) Medicum Ordinarium. . Editio . al-
tera: 8”. 1685. proftant venales apud Sam: Smith, ad
Infignia Principis in Cemeterzo D.Pauli; Londin.

Officina Chymica Londinenfis ; five exacta. notitia Medi-
camentorum Spagyricorum, que apud Aulam Soczeta-
tis Pharmaceutice Lonain. prxparantur, & Venalia pro-
ftant. Confilio Pharmacopeorum, & Approbatione Col-
legit Medicorum Londinenfum exhibitum. Opera & ftu-.
dio Nicolai Staphorft, oper. Chym:. dic. Societatis. pro-
ftant venales apud Guz. Miller, ad Infigne Glandis Au-
recin Cemeterio D. Pauli, 1685. 12° "L3

L

| Errata in the Tranfa&ions for Auguf.
P Ag. río7, lines ro, 11,12, 13. Dele (wig. Convulfionis quintanam obfervaniis periodum, d»

Convulfrvi affetius olfonariam periodum. à mutis annis obfervantis. ] [Pag. 1113, line 4. for
[ Conil fionis--Odfervantis] read | Convulfienes --.0 bfervantes.] E -

Errata. -....—

IN the Tranfa&ions for September and Ocfoberg in the pag. following 1x69 for [1870 ]
read [1:170.] ; ES EDO

Printed at the Theater at Oxford for Sam.
Smith atthe Princes Arms in Paul'sChurch-
yard London; and Hen. Clements |
Book-feller im Oxford.

FINIS

-
— cK———ÁA—

Dee

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

November 26th. 1685.

The CONTENTS.

Y. An Hiftorical Account of a ftrangely Self-moving Li-
, quor,. by the Honorable Robert Boyl Fellow of the
Royal Society.. a. 4 Letter from the Reverend Dr
. Wallis profeffor of Geometry zn the Univer fity of Ox-
ford, and Fellow of the Royal Society London, to Mr
Richard Norris, Concerning the Collection of Secants ;
and the true Divifion of the Meridians in the Sea-Chart.
3. An Explanation of the Figures of Several Antiquities,
communicated by a Member of the Royal Society. -
4. 4 Letter from Mr St George Afh, Sec. of the Dub-
lin Society, £o one of the Secretaries of the Royal So-
ciety s concerning a Girl zn Ireland, who has feveral
J Horns growing on her Body. 5. Hifloria 'Ulcerss in In=
. guine dextro, Inteftinorum feces emittentis ; à D". Gui:
Earníhaw, Medzco Alceftrenfi, deferzpta 8 communica-
ta. 6. Part of a Letter containing a farther Account
ofthe Aqueduct near Verfailles, Ge. An Account of a
.. Book Frederici Hoffmanni Fred. Fil. M, D, Exerez-
- » tatio Medico Chymica de Cinnabari Antimonii.

[1188 ]

An Hiflorital “account of a firangely — fef moving
— Liquor. ~By the Honorable Robert Boyl, Fel-
— low of the Royal Society. |

A N Ingenious Teacher of Mathematicks, having
[^X occahon to make a Compofition fora new Fzre-
Engine, whereof he wás to fhew his Majeffy a Triall,
mingled divers Ingredients in an Earthem Pot, over
kindled Coals; but could not, or did not, do it fo wa-
_rily, but that the matteritodk( fire, and began to blaze
furioufly ; which obligd him to ftifle the flame as ha-
. ftily as he could: and having removed the Veffel from
the fire, and fuffered itto grow cold ; when afterwards. -
he .camé to look pon it, to fee if what remained
“hight bé of any ufe to him, ‘he ‘was’ furptizd to find
it varioufly and briskly movd. ^ Whereforé Having fet
it afide, to be fure that it might be throughly cold, he
‘after fome hours vifited it again, and found, it move
‘as before. . And having ‘caft ftore of feeds'upon it; to
‘fee if the Liquor would move them alfo, the Bitumi-
"mous part of it connected them into a kind of thick
Secum, that covered moft of the Superficies ; bat yet left
fome Intervalls, in which the Liquor appeared, and .
‘difcovered that it continued its motions. "Fwo days -
after, the Engzneer difcourfing with me of hisFire work, —
about which he had advifed with me' before; told me, —
among. other things, of this odd accident. And when .
X had asked him, if the motion continued fill, and.
had been anfwered affirmatively, ‘tho’ it was then a —
dark night and ill weather, my Diffidence ór my-Cu- -
riofity made me engage him to fend for the Pot as —
itwas ; partly to be fure of the matter of Pact, and: —
partly to. try, if the knowledge I had of the Ingredi-- .
; E TU fft ents;
on:

| [1189]

ents, which he had before told me, would afford any

hint, ofthe caufe of fo odd an Effect; alike to which
in kind, tho’ not in degree, I had many years before
devifed, and fuccefsfully practifed, the way of pro-
üuéip.crkesiq e. ; : |
— The Veffel being come, tho’ the hafty tranfporta-
tion of it feemd to have fufficiently difturbed it, chere

"id appear manifeft figns of fuch a motion, as the En-

gineer had afcribed to it; and therefore he being wil-
ling to leave it with me, I causd it to be fet afide in
a Laboratory, where fome Furnaces kept the ir con-
- ftantly warm, and did there and elfewhere, at diftant ~

times, look heedfully upon it, now and then diíplac-
- Gng, or quite taking off, fome of the thick Scum, that

too much covered the furface of it; andby thisimeans — .

“had the opportunity to take notice of feveral Pheno-
4»nena, whereof thefe are the chief. e
* "Eirft l'obfervd, that the motion of this. Liquor was
not only brisk, but very various; fo that having
- "loofen'd fome {mall portions of the Scum from the
“reft, one of them would be-carryed towardsthe Right —
hand for inftance, and another towards the left, at
the fame time, — 2. Wherethe Liquor firft came out
-from under the Scum, it feem'd to move the moft
Jbriskly, flowing almoft like a ftream, whofe motion
‘upwards had been check'd, and as it were reverberat-
‘ed, by that incumbent obftacle. — 3. Several motions
“in this Liquor were the more eafy to be obfervd ;.
^becaufe tho’ it were dark, yet it was not uniform, con-
fifting in part of Oyly and Bituminous Ingredients,
"which tho they feem'd to have but one common Sz-
perhetes with the reft of the Liquor, yet by their co-
jours and ‘power of vigoroufly refle&ing the light, they
"wereeafily enough dittinguifhable from the reft. And I of-
ten obferved, that fome of thefe unctious portions ofthe
. matter,emerging to the furface of the Liquor,tho perhaps
es | Hhhz at.

ds | BE :
at firt one of them would not appear bigger than a
pinshead ; yet in moving forwards it would at the fame
time diffufe it felf circularly, and make as it were a

great Halo, adornd with the colours of the Rain-bow,

. and fo very vivid, as afforded a very pleafant, and at
firft furprizing, fpectacle; thefe Phantafms often nimb-
ly fucceeding one another, and lafting till they loft
themfelves againft or under the thick Scum.—— 4. The
motions of thisodd Liquor were not only various,but
frequently Vortical; to be fatisfyed of which I fome-
times put fhort bits of ftraw, or Fragments of fome fuch
like ftuff, upon the difcovered part of the furface of
the Liquor, by which they were carryed towards very
diftant, if not oppofite, parts of the Veffelat the fame

time. But tó make the Vortical motion more evident, |

I feverall times detachd confiderably large pieces of
the thick Scum, from the reftof the body : andhad
. the pleafure to fee them move both with a progref-
five motion in crooked lines, and with a motion about
their own middle moft parts. All this while the Li-
"quor, whofe parts were thus briskly mov'd, was actual-

ly.cold, asto fenfe.... 5. To obferve what the prefence,

or abfence, of thefree ir would do to this Liquor ;
I caufed many fpoonfulls of it, with fome of the Scum,
to be put into a Cylindrical Glafs, which tho’ large it
felf, had a Neck belonging to it, that was but about
. the bignefs of ones Thumb, that it might be well ftopr
with a Cork. But having by this means kept the free
4ir from having a full and. immédiate contact with

^ the whole furface of the mixture; as ithad when that

mixture lay in the wide-mouth'd Veffel;Icould not |
perceive the Liquor to move to and fro, no not tho’. -

the Orifice of the Neck ‘were left open: whereas

having at the fame time powrd fome of the Liquor.
into a very fhallow and wide Mouthed Veffel, calld in. —
the fhops a clear cak'd Glaís, it moved rather mare ‘a

jt | than .

C^ Poe are

L 1191] |

then lefs nimbly and varioufly then in the great
Earthen Pot, (which yet was ofthe fame fhape,) and
fhewed us many of thofe Vivid and felf dilating Circles,
that have been mentioned ia the third Number. And
thefe, by the finenefs of their colours, and the quicknefs
wherewith they fucceeded one another, afforded a de-
lightfull fpectacle as long as I ftaid to obferve the
Liquor. 6. Tho the motions of the hitherto men-
tioned Liquor did not feem to be always equally brisk,
yet they appeared to continue manifeft and variousin
fome diverfities of Weather, as to cold and heat; and
when Ilookt on it by Candle light, as well as by Day
light. And when being not well enough to vifit it
my felf, I fent one purpofely to look upon it, about
tena Clock at night, he brought me word that it con-
tinued to move as formerly, and fo it has done for
.ten days. And how much longerit will continue to

do fo; Time muft determine, 3

TM | Poflfeript. ie
Some time after the foregoing Account had been
written, when I came to look uponthe Liquor (which -
in the mean time had been feverall times viewed, and
appeared to retain its motions) I found to my trouble, -
that fome body's impertinent curiofity and heedlefs-
nefs had cracktthe lower part of the Earthen Pot; at
which overture the Liquor, tho’ not the Scum, was run
out: which had put a period to our Obfervations, buc
that, forefeeing that fuch an Accident might happen,
. I had long beforetaken*out fome fpoonfulls of the Li-
quor, and kept it clofe ftopt ina Vial. Bythis mears
.l had the opportunity toobferve, that when T powrd
out the Liquor into a wide mouthd Veffel it would
move as before, tho’ this were done fome weeks after it
had been put up. And I remember that long after,
having one day received theHonor of a Vifit from a
forreign Mnzfler, who was an Inquifitive perfon and
Nr | IX &
: :

\

L['troa t

Man of,Letters, we chanced among ‘other things, to
talk of this Liquor. And tho it were ícarce to be
hopd, that it could ftill retain any of its motive Ver-
tue, yet, to gratify his Curiofity, and that of fome in-
genious men there prefent, L caufed the. Vial to be
brought, and having unftopt it, I.pourd out. the, Li-
quor into a conveniently fhaped Veffel; in which after
we had fuffered it to reft a while, they were delight-
fully furprized to fee it move (tho' not in my/opinion
quite fo briskly as before, yet) very manifeftly and va-

rioufly. This incouraged me to think it poffible, that |

it might retain fome motion, tho- but languid, .7 or
$ weeks after; and therefore on the 25". of Fuly Ilookd
upon it again; and having caufed it to be pour d into
athina Cup, it manifefted at firft a brisk and various
motion. But this after a while did fo flacken, thatl
began to have fomefufpicion, that the motion it was
put into by Effüfion, and the firft contact of the 2r,
might have given it the greateft part of its agitation.

But this being but fufpicion, I put the Veffel into di-

vers poftures in a Window, the better to difcover the
true caufe of this Phenomenon: but whilft I was buy.

about this, whichingroffed my attention; a mifchance
overturned the Cup, and, by throwing down the Li-

quor, put an end to my fpeculation. Yet this mif-
chance hindred me but from obferving, how long the
odd agitation of our Liquor would have continued,

but not from finding thatitlafted a great while. For
I fhewed it the Forreign Mznzffer about or after the be- |

ginning of Fue, that is, about five months, or more,
after the Liquor was firft obferved to move. :

A Letter |

' 3 -
dye emn
i Le cn M di

at Ee
Siadf— o. he oth atm

$^
wv PARI TM AMT I

a

» <
dion ee eT Do

| [1153]

p yis from tbe Reverend Dr Wallis, Profeffor
of Geometry in the Univerfity of Oxford, and
Fellow. of rhe: Royal Society, London, to Mr.
- Richard Norris,. € oncerning the Colle&lion of Se-
cànts; and the true Divifion of tbe Meridians
i Jd she Sea- Charts.

A: N old enquiry, (ibit the fae or A oaaapate of ME
[| à cants,) having been of late moved a-new; I have |
thought fit totrace it from its Original: with fach fo-
lution as feems proper to it: Beginning firft with the
general Preparation ; and then ape it to the Par-
Wenige Cafe. | |

Goneeal Peete

i. Becaufe Curve lines are not fo eafily managed as
' Streight lines: the Ancients, when they were to confi-
der of Figures terminated (at left on one fide) by a
"Curve line (Convex or Concave,) as 4F KE, Fig. 1.2.
did oft make ufe of fome fuch expedient asthis follow-
ing, (but diverfly varied as occafion required.) Name-

n
2. By Parallel Streight lines, as 47, BG, CH, &c,

i "(at equal or unequal diftances as there was occafion,)

53

EU parted it intofo many fegments as they thought

fit; (or fuppofed it to be fo parted:)
- 3. Thefe fegments were /o many wanting one, as was
the number of thofe Parallels. _

4. To each ofthefe Parallels, wanting one; ithey fit-
ted Parallelograms, of fuch breadths as were the In-
tervalls (equal or unequal) between each of them (re-
B iosaively) and the next following. Which formed an
gc Figure made up of thofe Parallelograms. ©

P TW. I5 51:52 | ;. And;

E [ 1194] | |
;. And, if they began with the Greateft (and there-
fore neglected thé left,) fuch Figure was Circumícri-
bed (as d 1.) and therefore Bigger than the Curvili-
eat propoled. — . |
6. If with the Left ( neglecting the greateft; ) the
Figure was Infcribed (as Fig. 2.) and therefore Lefs
than that propofed. : |
7. But, as the number of Segments was increafed ,
(and thereby their breadths diminifhed ;) the difference
of the Circumícribed from the Infcribed (and there-
fore ofeither from that propofed) did continually de-
creafe, fo as at laft to be lefs than any afligned.
8..On which they grounded their Method of ex-
hauftions. d a: | en: MET Bot
9. In cafes wherein the Breadth of the Parallelo-
. &rams, or Intervalls of the Parallels, is not to be confi-
dered, but their length only; (or, which is much the
lame, where the Intervalls are all the fame, and each
reputed —1:) Archimedes (inftead of Infcribed and
Circumícribed Figures) ufed to fay, AU except the
Greateft, and All except the Leff. As Prop. 11. Lin. |
Spiral, | A TUR PRU d |
NT PT Particular Cafe. do pq
. to. Though it be well known, that, in the Terre-
. {trial Glebe, all the Meridians meet at the Pole, (as -
E P, EP, Fig. 3.) whereby the Parallels to the Equa- |
tor, as they be nearer to the Pole, docontinually de- --
Create: MT | / : i ji Edd
- Ir. And hereby a degree of Longitude in fuch Pa- q
rallels, is lefsthan a degree of Longitudein the Equa- ~
tor, or a degree of Latitude: nT Ge NOMIT d
.12. And that, in fuch proportion, as is the Co-Sine
of Latitude (which is the femidiameter of {uch Paral-
lel) to the Radius of the Globe, orofthe Equator: Y
13. Yet hath it been thought fit (for fome reafons) .—
to reprefent thefe Meridians, in.the Sea- Chart, by Pas |
IMlelftreightlines; as Ep, Ep. . . x4. Where- ©

NT
US.

Tress.
D iiie Whereby, each Parallel to the Equator (as L 7)
Was Co um in Foe Pear Um jb ^E es aS. Bai to
E ron as in the Bou ator.
zs. By this means, each degree of Longitude in Tach
Parallels, was increafed, beyond its juft proportion, at
fuch rate as the Sut or (or its Radius) is greater than.
' fuch Paraliel, (or the Radius. thereof.)
16. But, in the Ola. Se »-Charts, the degrees of La-.
titude were yet reprefen:cd (as they are in them felves)
equal to each other; and, io thofe ofthe Equator.
17. Hereby, amongtt Vvood other Tuconveniences, .
(as Mr. Edward Wright obferves, in his Corre(tien of Er-
rors in Navigation, fitt publilhed in the year 1599.)
the reprefentation of places remote fromthe Equator,
was fo diftorted in thofe Ch Jarts, as that (for initance/
an lfland i in the Latitude ef 6o. degrees, (where the
Radius of the Parallel is but half fo great as that of:
the Equator,) would have its Length (from Eaft to:
- Weft) in comparifon of its Breadth (from North to.
South) reprefentedin a doub. e proportion of what in-.
deed it is.
19. For rectifying this in fome meafure (and orones -
other inconveniences,) Mr. Wraght advifeth; that (the:
Meridians remaining Parallel, as befóre)the degrees of.
Latitude, remote from the Equator, fhould at eachPa-
rallel, be. protracted in like proportion with thofe of.
Longitude. - .
-19. That is; As the Co- Sine of Latitude ( which is:
the Semidiameter of the Parallel) to the Radius of the
Globe, (whichis that of the Equator: ) fo fhould be a:
degree of Latitude (which is every where equal to a
degree of Longitude in the Equator,) to fuch degree
of Latitude fo protracted (at fuch diftance from the:
Equator;) and fo to be reprefented in the Chart.
20. p» is; every where, in fuch proportion.as is-

I as the.

L:x6]

the refpective Secant (for fuch Latitude) to the Radius.
For, As the Co-Sine, to the Radius; fo is the Radius,
to the Secant (of thefame Arch or Angle; ) as Fig. 4.
X RI

21i. So that (by this means) the ree ofeach Pa-
tallel in the Chart, fhould‘be at fuch diftance from the
Equator, compared with fo many Eguinoclial Degrees
or Minutes, (as are thofe of Latitude,) as are all the
Secants (taken at equal; qifances, in the Arch) to fo
many times the Radius.

22. Which is equivalent (as Mt, Wright fads notes)

to a Projection of the Spherical furface ( fuppofing. the
Ey at the Center) on the concave furface ofa Cylinder
erected at right Angles to the Plain of the Equator.

23.And the divifion ofMeridians,reprefented by the fur-

face of a Cylinder erected (on the Arch of Latitude) at.

right Anglesto the Plain of the Meridian (or a portion

/ thereof.) The Altitude of fuch Projection (or portion —

of fuch Cylindrick furface) being, (at. each point: of
fuch Circular bafe) equal to the fecant (of Latitude)
anfwering to fuch point. As Fig. is

24. 'Fhis Projection (or portion P the Cylindrick
furface)if expanded into a Plain, willbe the fame with
a Plain Figure, who's bafe is equal to a Quadrantal
re extended (or a portion thereof) on which (as or-
| dinates) are erected Perpendiculars equal.to the Secants,
anfwering to the refpective points of the Arch fo ex-
tended: ‘The left of which (anfwering to the Equi-
nottial) is equal. to. the Radius; and the reft-continu-
ally increafing, till (at the Pole) it be Infinite. As at
Fig. 6.

25, So that, as ER{L (a. Figure of SEGA erected

at right Angles on EL, the Arch of Latitude extend-
ced; to ER.RL, (a rectangle on the fame bafe, who's
altitude, ER, 1s equal to the Radius; ) fo is EL (an
Arch of the Equator Paras to that of Latitude,) to Mn

| | i-

i
Fco AE Ty a IPIE C cac ET i Fog ER

| Dopo]

diftance d fach Parallel, (in the Chart) from the E-
quatof.

d odaoBor Gade this diftance, anfwering to ze de-
gree and Minute of Latitude; Mr. Wright (as the moft
obvious way) Adds all the Secants (as they are found
calculated in the Trigonometrical Canon) from the
beginning, 5S the degree or Minute of Latitude bn

oed; *

2 27. The as of all which except the Greateft, (an-
{wering to the Figure Infcribed) is too Little: The
fum of all except the Left, (anfwering to the Circum-
{cribed,) is too Great, (which isthathe follows:) And
it would be nearer to the truth than either, if (omit-
ting all thefe) we take the intermediates; for Min.
51b 23, 33 &c. or (the doubles of thefe) Min.-1,3; 5, 75
&c. Which yet (becaufe on the =Convex fide ot the
Curve) would be fomewhat too Little.

. 28. But any of thefe ways are exact enough for the
ufe intended, as creating no fenfible difference in the
Chart..

..a9. If we would be more exact; Mr. Qughtred di-

rects (and fo had Mr. Wright done before him) to di-
vide the Arch into parts yet {maller than Minutes, and |.

a a Secants futing thereunto. :

| Since the Arithmetick of Infinites introduced:

an Tw puriuance thereof) the doctrine of Infinite

-. feries (for fuch cafesas would not, without them, come

to a determinate proportion; ) Methods we been found
for {quaring fome fuch Figures; and ( particularly )
the Exterior Hyperbola (in a way of ‘continual ap-
| proach) by the help of an Infinite feries.. As, in the
- Philofophical Tranfattions, Namb. 38, (for the Month
of 4uguft 1668,) And my Book Demotu, Cap s. prop. 21.
.31. In Imitation whereof, it hath been’ defired (i
© find) by fome, that a like Quadrature for this Figure

of Secants (by an Infinite feries fitted thereunto) might
BEUOUnA. 33. Tir.

ie F 1198 ]
32. In order to which ; Put we, for the Radius of a
‘Circle, R ; the rightSineof an Arch or Angle, S; the
Verfed Sine, V; the Co-Sine (or Sine of the Comple-
ment) E-—R-V 4: Rq-Sq: the Secant, /; the Tan-
gent, T. Fig. 4. : u d | |

33. Then is, = R:zR.f. That is, Z)R'(S— 72; the
Secank: | |

34. And =.S::R.T. That i$, SR (T--25; the
"Langenti. <4 nb Bui
35. Now, if we fuppofe the Radius C P, Fig. 7. di-

vided into equal parts, (and each of them — 4 RB 3 ) and, .

on thefe, to be erected the Co-Sinesof Latitude L A:
36. Then are the Sines of Latitude in Zfritbmetzck
Progrefüon. inp ey | |
37. And theSecantsanfwering thereunto, L/— 7. -
38. But thefe Secants, (anfwering to right Sines in
Arithmetical progreffion, ) are not thofe that ftand at
equal diftances on the Quadrantal Arch extended,Fig. 6.

. 39. But, ftanding at unequal diftances (on the fame.

extended Arch; ) Namely,on thofe points thereof, who's

right Sines (whilft i£ was a Curve) are in Zrztbmetical

Prosreflion. As Fig: 8. ^. | Á

40. To find therefore the magnitude of REL f,
Fig. 6. Which is the fame with that of Fig. 8. (fup-
pofing E L of the fame length in both; however the
number of Secantstherein may be unequal: ) weare to

confider the Secants, though at unequal diftances,
Fig. 8. to be the fame with thofe atequal diftancesin |.

Fig. 7. aníwering toSines in Zfritbmetzcal Progrefiion.
41. Now thefe Intervalls (or portions of the bafe) in
Fig. 8. are the fame with the intercepted Arches (or
portions of the Arch) in Fig. 7. For this Bafe is but
that..Areh extended ^ | oc 00x EE
42. And thefe Arches (in parts infinitely fmall) are

to be reputed equivalent to the portions of their re--
{pective "Tangents intercepted between the fame ordi- -
Bates. Asin Fig. 7. 9. hie a. eee Tae ae

- A

| | L 1199]
^ 543. lhatis Equivalent to the portions of the Tangents
of Latitude. | | | :
." 44. And thefe portions of Tangentsare,to the Equal in-
. tervalls in the bafe,as the Tangent(ofLatitude) to its Sine.

45. To find therefore the true Magnitude of the Pa-
-rallelograms (or fegments of the Figure; ) we muft either
protract che equal fegments of the bafe Fig. 7. (in fuch |.
proportion asisthe refpective Tangent to the Sine) to ~
make them equal to thofe of Fig. 8.

46. Or elfe (which is equivalent) retaining the equal
intervalls of Fig. 7. protract the Secants in the fame
proportion. (For, either way, the Intercepted Rectangles
or Parallelograms will be equally increafed) As LM. _
Fig. 9. ve | |

. 47. Namely ; As the Sine (of Latitude) to its Tangent;
. foisthe Secant, toa Fourth ; which isto ftand (on the
Radius equally divided) inftead of thatSecant.
mod uve TM fi 9.

gs 22 = R2--S2

E 48. Which therefore are asthe Ordinates in (whatI call
Arith. Infin. Prop. 104.) Reciproca Secundanorum : Tappo-
ing =?tobe fquares inthe order of Secundanes.

R?. S?).R3 (R, +2, +454

"wo This(becaufeof <6.” Se
SR + 5°; and the Smes 5, ^45 R—*
. in Arichmetical Progreflion ) Mita
is reduced(by divifion)intothis = = +4
' Infinite Serles | | ye =
: R44 Bt a &c. ! : Té 11 s
(50. That is; (putting R=) icd

Pup" 56 S. qa.

odi Then (according to the Arithmetick of Infinites)
3 ab K kk WG

7 Emi gd
we are to interpret S, fucceffively, by 1 §, 25,35, &c.
til we come to S, the greateft. Which therefore re-
prefents the number of All. |
$2. And becaufe the firft member doth reprefent a
Series of Equals; thefecond, of Secundans; the third,
of Quartans, &c. Therefore the firit member is to be
multiplied, by S; the fecond, by jS; the third, by
: S; the fourth; by 1: 5; &c. | |
$3. Which makes the Aggregate,
SiS" 415 448 4385 ko EC LM, Eg vw.
$4. This (becaufe S is allways lefs than R — 1) may
be fo far continued, till fome power of S become fo
fmall as that it (and all which follow it) may be fafely
neglected. a An |
sy. Now (to fit this to the Sea-Chart, according to .
Mr. Wrights defign:). Having the propofed Parallel (of
Latitude) given; we are to find (by the Trigonometri-
cal Canon) the Sine of fuch Latitude; and take; equal .
to it, CL=S. And, by this, find the magnitude of
ECLM, Fig. 9; that is, of R E L/; Fig: & thatis, 3
ofREL)/, Fig. 6. And then,, As RRLE for fo 3
many timesthe Radius,) to REL/ (the Aggregate of ~
all the Secants;) fo muft be a like Arch of the Equa- _
tor (equal to the Latitude propofed,) tothe diftance of '
fuch Parallel, (reprefenting the Latitude in the Chart) -
from the Equator. Which is the thing required.
.. $6. The fame may be obtained, in like manner, by
taking the Verfed Sines in rzthmetical progreffion. -
For if the right Sines(as here) beginning at the Equa- -
tor, be in Ar7thmetical progreflion, as 1, 2, 3, &c. Then ©
will:the Verfed Sines, beginning at the Pole, (as be- |
ing their complements tothe Radius) be fo alfo. - j
A Lhe Collettion of 'Tangents. —— Lo
;7. The fame may be applyed: in like manner, a
(though that be not the prefent bufinefs,) tothe Aggre- |
gate of. Tangents, (anfwering to the Arch divided into .
equal parts.): | j& For, i

[ 120r]
i For, thofe anfwering to the Radius fo divided,

are —>; (taking S in Arithmetical progreffion.)

59. and then, inlarging the Bafe (as in Fig. 8.) or
the langent (asin Fig. 9.)in the proponon of che Ion
gent to the Sine.

So SR -: X. R:: n SRz exe
6o. We whe pe divifion) this Boies
i R? S SR? (S, Lu

4S Vitas — T AE &c- =
51. That is (putting R— r ) 4S-X |
Pee Q5 B 45, e s 7
62. Which (multiplying the 42.
‘relpeétive members by ?S,:5, — bitu

ld

L5" $814 65548 4s SNC =
Which is the Aggregate of Tangents to the Arch uu

right Sine is S.

63. And this. method may be a pattern for the like —
procefs in other cafes of like nature.

An Explanation of tbe Figures of S everal Anti-

quities, communicated y d Memberof the Royal
_ Society. |

L| IG. 10; II; I2, 15, Dp Xj. As Turpicule, or Pri-

apt, worn by Roman Children againft Fa{cination.
16. An JEgyptian brafs Serapz, or Teraphim.
17. A brafs Stelus Seriptorius.
Ki keg roe, ao Old

durer

a8, 19. old Roman Keys.of brafs ; one M being a Ring |

to wear on a Womansfinger.

20. An Iron Die, or Mea. : |

21, A flat Iron Die, or Eni upon th narrow fides
are 6. y. 2. and 1. :

22. ARoman Iron Ring:

23. An old gue braís FAR masked XXXV, for .

aflaveto wear.
24. A brafs Roman FarRing.
25. A brafs. Lanula, or Memfeuss
. 26. A brafs Febula. -

27, 28, 29, 30, 3. Antient Pafts, WO Fasmole |

of divers colours , for Pavements ; taken up at Bae.
The Figures 32, 33, 34. reprefent the Cochineel Fly,
. as feen on its belly by the help of the Microfcope, and
by the naked Ey, and as feen on its back thro’ a A£-
erofcope ; the Draughts of which were communicated bx
Dr Tajo 4 HE 25 the Ages epe LR

A Letter ait Mre $ P Ath, « Sec. | of the

Dublin Society, zo one of the Secretaries of the
Royal Society; concerning a Girl im Ireland, a

who bas feveral Horns growing on her Body.

"Erin, s the roth of 0f». 1685.

Ea: Sr.

M inu Acad r MN lid of the Xy Girl is;

much more imperfect then I hoped it. would have
eng both becaufe its parents or friends, who might.
give fome information of the beginning and occafion.
of the growing out of thele Horns,-are not tobe found,.
and that the owner of this Monfter would not be per-
{waded to let: us take the figure, thereof, which we .de~
"n to — you . : 5v Shee 3

5a S SONIS PETTY QURE ROI E P le NIA WES ORT T EMG
E e es Rm IR I ER e AN, QUOND e ELE eerie m TS EN Se THO RR EO Te V. RR RS Qe NETTE IS ADIT Ro RR EY

* i4
ee a ae

S —
———- — —e nn m

CES [1203]: |
Shes called dan Sackfom, born inthe Gty ofIater---—
ford of Englifh parents, who are both {aid to have been
found and healthy ; this infirmity did not thew it felf,
till dhe was about 3 yearsold, after which the Mother
concealed.her out of fhame and brought her up private-
ly; but fhe foon dying, and the father becoming exceed-
ing poor, the Child was left as a charge upon the:
Pariíh. She is now between 13 and 14 years of Age,
-yet can Ícarce go, and is fo little in ftature, that T have
feen Children of 5 years old taller; fhe is very filly,
{peaks but little, and that not plainly, haftily, and
with difficulty, her voice islow and rough; her com-
plexion and face well enough, except her Eyes, which
. look very dead, and feem to have a film or horn grow-
ing over 'em, fo that fhe can hardly now perceive the
difference'of.colours. = ~~ p .

The Horns: abound chiefly about the joynts and
-flexures, and noton the brawny flefhy parts of her bo- -
dy, they are faftned tothe Skin like warts, and about -
the roots refemble them much in fubftance, tho’ toward
the extremitysthey grow much harderand more Horny;
atthe end of each Finger and Toe, grows one aslong
as the Finger or Toe, not ftrait- forwards, but rifing
a little between the nail and the flefh ( for near the
. roots of thefe excrefcencies is fomething like a nail)
and bending again like a Turky's claw, which too it
much refembles in colour; on the other joyntsof her.
— Fingers and Toes are {maller ones, which fometimes
‘fall off, others growing intheir places. The whole Skin.
ofher Feet, Legs, and Arms is very hard and callous,
and doesdayly grow moreand more fo; on her Knees
_and Elbows, and round about the joynts are many Hornss
. two more remarkableat the point of each Elbow, which
twift like Rams Horns, that on the left Arm is above
i Inch broad, and 4 Incheslong; onher buttocks grow
^ a great number, which are flatby frequent fitting; at -
E. j ETE KKK. 3: her

4

Pes

| EU [128£3 2.5 + —.

her Armpits and the Nipplesof her breafts, {mall hard
fubítances fhoot out, much flenderer and whiter then
the reft; at each Ear alfo grows a Horn; The Skin
of her neck does of late begin to turn callous and
Horny, like that of her Hands and Feet. She eats and
drinks heartily, fleeps foundly, and performs all the
offices of nature like other healthy people, except that
fhe never had the Evacuation proper to her Sex. This,
Sr, isas particular am account asIcan gather;

i ud | lam,
| (Hon?. Str,) Your very
ane p dus - "Humble Servant

$ GEORGE ASHE.

Hifloria Ulceris in Inguine dextro, InteStinorumfa- —

ces emittentis ; aD”. Gui: Earnfhaw, Medico
Alceftrenfi, defcripta de. communicata.

M Sie quedam A/ceftrenfis in agro Warwicenf, -

annos quafi quadraginta nata, a vicino oppido
domum rediens , fubito corripitur do'ore vehementi in-
guinis dextri, cui facceffit fingultus violentus: poft fe-

mihoram tumor ibidem oritur ad quantitatem nucis

mofchate, qui fenfim fit durus, & tandem niger. Mu-
lier febre, & aliis Doloribus adeo vexatur (nullo in aux-

ilium Medico vocato ) ut fui impos neminem aftan-

tium cognovit; ita ut precibus publicis Deo commen- —

datur,tanquam jam moritura:tandem applicatione nefcio
cujus Cataplafmatis, aperitur Bubo ; àquoaperto quic- —
quid bibit editve, immutatum plerumque intra hore. i|
quadrantem vel dimidium, exit, fine vel minimo feu —
in ulcere, feu in Inteftinis, dolere; ita ut cum die quo- ©

en ht Ld dam .

| [ 1205] :
dam lac coctum comediffet, ex ulcere primo Tac ipfum,
poftea .coagulatum , cum crepitu (tanquam ab ano)&
Ífpuma erupit: imo cum pulli partem cum petrofe-
lino comederat, utrumque per ulcus depofuit. Tandem
ego vocatus (pro more talium animantium, ut fcilicet
animam jamjam egrefluram paululum retardarem) in-
venio feminam Hecticam, emaciatam, fitibundam, u-
rinam tamen fedefque, fine ullo dolore ftatis tempo-
ribus deponentem ; ulcus 3 vel 4 digitos longum, la-
tum vero unum, minime profundum, fed cum cute pe-
ne. zquale. Ptifanam laxantem mitto pro 4 dofibus; fed
cum Dofis prima ftatim per ulcus effluxit, nulla fede
per diem fequuta, Bolum dedi purganten ; pott femi-
horam etiam iftius partem emittit. Poftea tamen fedes
duas cum multo minore, quam ante, ab ulcere effluxu ;.
eundem Bolum die fequenti cepit; unde fedes tres, eaí-
que amplas habuit, cum fcybalis multis; ulcus vero pa-
rumemittit, totam per noctem. Exinde potus exiccan-
tis, & traumatici libras duasvel tres quotidie bibendas, -
interdum bolum etiam repetendum fuadeo ; horum ufu:
per dies 14 (ut memini) fanaevafit, & adhuc fana vivit..

=

Part

i rt 1206 J

Part of a Letter containing.a farther Account of the

Aqueduct near Verfailles, doc.
EC Hey are every where at work about Ferfailler, in
| making Magazzes for the waters which are to

aN

come thither; as one upon'the Mountain of Mentbo-
> row already cut, which will have 2200 Perches of fur-
face (each perch being r8 French foot)and 12 foot in

. z depth. . In another place much lower, will be another.
. Magazine, to receive the waters of many. Pools, the

. ^gáolt part of which asyet have no water in them. ‘In
the Valley of Buc will be an Agquedutt; the middle
whereof will be raifed 22 Fathom high, for conveying
the Pools of Sarle, which its faid contain much. water, tho —
theré be nothing but rain to fill them. This /gae-
duis 300 fathom long, and paffes through two Mowa-

tains which have been cut thro’ upon that account.
The Valley alfo on both fides ofthe Zgzedad, is railed
ir Fathom high to make paffages. _
An Zquedaétalío is making neer the Tower of Stone,
(where the Mills raife the water) which now will pafs
without force to the top of the Moxntazn, and there be

part of it diftributed into feverall very great Gfferns,
. which are making above MarL for that place. —

- In fine, tisa furprizing thing, to fee, in how many -
places they are here at work. Aie d
The Elevation of the guedudé of Mantenon is now

' fet forth at but 256o Fathom; whereas it was defired

to be carryed. on more then 8000 Fathom, and the re-
mainder will be made of Earth, which muft be brought
thither: This Opinion prevails, in regard it givesa |
quicker difpatch, tho’ it may be doubted it will not |

be forthe better. © ME dn iru
Thefe 2560 Fathoms contain 242 Arcades, whofe |
Apertureis 6 Fathom.and 2; and the face of each Pil- ~
| | | lar @

eee [ 1207]
lar fuftaining the Arches 4 fathom; there will be then
on the fide of Mautenon 33 fingle Arches, afterwards
71 double ones; (as having one ‘Arch upon another )
then 44 treble ones; which will generally be 216 foot
6 Inches high, (vz. up to the floor of the Channel)
afterwards 72 double ones ; then: 20 £fingle, which-will
reach to the Mound of Earth, that is to be so foot high.
From the ground up to the fecond drcade-aré 16 fa-
thom, from the fecond to the third, or upper zfreade,
are 14 fathom, ( which Arcades are double in number
to thofe they ftand upon.) and 6 fathom 6 Inches more,
to the floor of the Channel, which will at leaft be 6
foot high, befides the Parapet. yj m
.. The Pillars by the ground are $ fathom thick, but
what with the Slopes, andíhortnings, which are made
in-every ftory ; the Top where the.Channel goes, will
be but 20 foot broad: there will likewife be at each
pss a Buttrefs jetcing out oné fathom, and 2 fathom
wide. | Tro 6 aw 3h.
Tho the foregoing -Obfervations were ; made by a
. very Intelligent: perfon, well skilled -inithings of this
Nature, as being no ftranger either to the writings of.
the Antients, or the Famous Ruins and Remainders
of their Fabricks in Zza/jy, and other places: yet he
profeffes- himfelf furprized ‘with the greatnefs of this
undertaking at Verfazlle, and Mantenon ; for the Mag-
nificence of the defign, the number of Labourers, the .
. exce(fivenefs of the Expence, and the admirable beauty
of the Work, | | T | |

Toe Frede~

[1208]

| Frederici Hoffmanni Fred. Fil. M. D. Exercitatio
Medico: C bymica de Cinnabari Antimonii,

Lugd. Batavorum 1685. 8°°.

_ © HE: Author of this Treatife defigning to give an
(004 exa& procefs of the Gnnabar of Antimony, and
examine its Conftituent principles ; to Solve all Phaeno-

Mena that occur in its preparation; to explain the
Mode of its operation, and defcribe its Virtues: be-
gins firft with its two Ingredients .242t2mony, and $25-
limate; and confiders their principles in. diftin&
Chapters; makes Experiment in. what proportion Salts,
and Mercury are Containd in Sublimate ;. gives you cau-
tion how to choofe the Subiimate, and gives. account
what happened remarkable from diftilling Cuzabar of
Antimony with Sublimate adulterated with Arfenick.

‘Treating next of the Butter of Antimony, he exa-—

mines its two Principles, the one Sa/zne.and fluid, the o-
ther Ferm & dry, which he calls Mercurius Vite; & here a-
gain he makes tryall in what proportion each Ingre-
dient is included in this Compofition; he infifts much

upon the Management of: the fire, and Veffels in this —

preparation; and fhewsa way how to prepare Batter of
Antimony without fire. 1 | | 39n

And here hetakes notice of that odd Phenomenon’ _
why Butter of Antzmony makes fuch an effervefcence .
with Spzrzt of Niter only, and with no other Corrofive —

Menfiruum befides; which he Selves by fuppofing that -
the Spirzt of Niter, by its mixing with the Sa/ts in.

the Seblimate, becomes an .Aqua Regis, which works.

upon. the Included Antimenial particles, juftas that Cor- —
rofive Menfiruum is obíerv'd to work upon the powder:

, Of Antimony, |

*
]
1
*
3

j

!

( M | -

: [1209]

Coming next to fpeak of(wnabar of Antimony, he

demonftrates thefe 3 Principles to exift in it, vzz. Mer-
eury, the Sulphur of Antimony, and an Acid Spirit im-
pregnated with a Vitriolich Sulphur; that Mercury does
cheifly conftitute this Compofition, he proves.in that it
comes very near in weight to common Preczpitate.
He likewife makes Experiments of the proportionable
encreafe of each Ingredient of €nabar by fire; par-
ticularly of the encreafe of Mercury, which: he proves.
both from the Obfervation of others and hisown,
in converting Tznz, Lead almoft all into Mercury.
— Mercury revived from Cinnabar of Antimony he pre-«
fers much before the common, either to Amalgamate
Metals, or in Medicine: the caufe of which he im-
putes, tothe Afercury’s being depurate from its Metallick
terrene and heterogeneous particles by the Sulphur ot
Antimony. "To Revive Mercury from Cinnabar , he finds:
filings of Steel, or Copper to be more 'effe&tual then.
Lixivial Sats ; to prove which, he mentions an Ex-
periment (which he defigns to make a nice tryal of a-
gain) where mixing 6 Ounces of Mercury with ro oun--
‘ees of Salt of Tartar, he obtained. no. more then 4.
Ounces of Mercury- n pu

Coming next to fpeak of the Preparation of Cnna-
bar of Antimony, according to others, &nd his own
_,ways,he places much in fubliming it often, and Cau-
tions you as in poudering this, fo to grind. all. other
pouders exceeding fine; fince groffer pouders ferve one-
ly to abforb aciditys in the Prime Vie, and cannot.
. enter the Lacteals, thence to be received by the mafs

of blood. He confiders next how the Virtues of this Cz--
nabar may be exalted, whither by Solution, Fixation, or
drawing a TinCture from it. Solution by Corrofive Men-
fruums, fuchas 2444 Fortis, 4qua Regis, Spirit of INiter,.
&c he condemns, as making it dangerous to be taken,
inwardly... Other Infipid /Ethereal univerfal Solvents,

L1l3 ^ fuchi

: i 1210]. e
fuch as. vain Chymifts pretend to, he confefses him-
felf ignorant of, -Only this he has obferved in his pra-
ile, that by pouring upon Cinnabar, {weet Spirit
of Vitriol, though the Solution was only fuperficial;
yet this Liquor did far exceed (2nzabar. in. Virtues.
Amongtt the different ways of fixing Cinnabar by com,
mon Salt, Oyl of Vitriel or Sulphur, he gives a Method fo
to prepare Cinnabar with Sbzrit of Neter and Oil of Vie
triol, that its Mercury will not tinge Gold white, and
the Cznnzabar thus prepar'd , thrown upon burning Coals,
will all fy away. He fuppofes Cueffelus preparation was

; fuch wherewith he cured the Gout; and the Author him-
felf tells us that he has with this CZuzabar, extract of the
Cortex, Leffer Centory, Gentian, and Salt of Wormwood,
made up in Bolus, Cured fome Quartans to admiration;

. yet he confefles tis not fo fixt, but that its Mercury may -
eafily be revived again. Todraw a Tincture from (zn-
nabar he thinks: notfeafible, fince he can find no Men-
ftruum to diffolve it, but fhews divers ways of drawing a
Tincture from the Sulphur of Antimony included in the
Crna abate s al. ie | Ini ^n

-Laftly heobfervesthat Cznabaris the beft corre&or of
Opium, and deícribes a Preparation of his, where Opzwm is
fo corrected, which he prefers before the richeft Lauda-
- In explaining the manner of the operation of Cinnabar,
the follows Helmonts Pbilofopby ; and afferts, that it does
not workonly by abforbing 4Zhumors as fome would
haveit ; (fince by the affufion of an 4idon Cinnabar , no
alteration is produced) but by:opening all obftructions, .
-refolving 'Fartareous humors,promoting their excretion ;
‘invigorating the Sperzts and the naturallferments of the.
body ; and:deftroying thofethat are noxious. —

"
\ "
AMEN (o s ue

idco ets: iiv e NINE RRS in a ry í TY i
De dde ee ee Pa yt a ar dr e e NT ER PR RR ISN RE RR

It may feem, needlefs to mention all‘the difeafes, a- 1s
;gainft which he afferts Gnnabar to be effectual; fince he —
explains its Operations to ‘be much like thofe of a Pa-

MACER »

TAN m P 2 did
Bii ont ui

[ 1211: ] | Numb, 127.

T Bo A N38. AsCZT.1 QN. 5;
| For tbe Month December, 16985..—

The CONTENTS.

1. Some remarkable effects of a great Storm of Thunder.
_ and Lightning at Portfmouth, 0f. 23. 1685. 2. Se-
- weral Obfervations of the Re/pect of the Needle to a piece
. 0f Iron b.ld Perpendicular ; made by a Mafter of a Ship
. erafing the IEquinoctial-Line, anno 1:684. 3.An
Abfirad of a Letter from Mr. J. Elamfteed, Math,
Reg. 8 F. of the R. S. giving an account of tbe Eclip-
— fes of 15 Satellits, anno 1686 ; Gc. 4. X Correct TIDE
TABLE, /beming the true time of the High-Waters a£
. London-Bridge, £o every day in the year, 1686, By Mr
. Flamfteed. 5. The Solutions of three Chorographic Pro=
. . blems, by a Member of tbe Philofophical Society of Ox-
. ford. 6. 44 Letter from William Molyneux E/q ; con-
. cerming the Circulation of the blood as feen, by the help
. of a Microfcope, an the Lacerta Aquatica. 7. Part
6f a Letter from the Reverend Dr. Nath. Vincent. F.
. of the R. S.concerning Dr Papin's way of Raifing Wa-
ter. 8. 4 Letter of Mr R.A. relating to the fame
fueled. 9. Obfervations of Dr Papin. F. of the R. Som.
— & French Paper concerning a Perpetual Motion. 2£z ae-
count of 4 Books, y. EDVARDUS BERNAR-
| DUS de Menfuris © Ponderibus wr Slow. Oxoniie
. Theatro Seldonio A. D. 3685. 2 AN T. NUCK 4e
| Ductu Salivali novo,Sc..Lugd Bat. 3686.3. ] O. CO N.
|» PEYERI Merycologia, Bafilez. 4°. 4. Cafforole-
-. wa 4 JO. MARIO, «asia 2 JO.FRANCO.
_ dug. Vindel, 1685. 8% | |
Een | , “Mmm Some

NAT OUR CL | t iii :
‘Same remarkable effecis of a great Storm of Thun-
-der andLightning a? Portfmouth 0f. 25. 85.

I Cannot omit giving an Account of what hath
hapned to usherethe 23d. inftant between 4 and
; of the Clock in the Evening in the height of the Storm
. we. had here. — M

‘Onboard his Majeftys fhipthe Royal! fames, a flafh of
JLightning.and Thunder together, took the Maft which
-Wwas put into her for Careening, being a made Matt,
.and. bound with Iron hoops from one end to the other,
and fhivered it downto the Deck, breaking one.of the
lron hoops. in the body of the Maft, fo that Splinters
are forct out of the middle of the Maft a foot and :
long, (ánd a ball of fire run too and fro on the.Deck) in
fo much that the Maft is wholly unferviceable and muft
be taken out. - qu chy tebe! | |

On board the Coronation, notwithftanding the Ships
head was to windward, a great Ball of fire came into
the Gunroom Ports, and threw a Boy out of one of the
Ports, and he was drowned ; and feverall Workmen be-
ing on board, as Carpenters, Joy ners,:and Seamen, were
ftruck down and made fenfelefs for .fome time, and the
Ball of Fire ran ap and ftruck. on the Starboard fide
of the Wardrobe, and left a place fcorched round up-
on the fide, and between the two Ring-bolts, as if it had
been a fhott ; and beat the Wainfcott over to the other
fide, allfcorcht as if with Eire ; and run up againft the
Doors and Hinges, away ; and run into feverall Balls of
Fire onthe Deck amongft the Men; and fome part of it
broke in at the Windows of the round hoafe, and fhiver-
ed off a great deal of the Wainsícott, and broke the
Glaffes of a Perfpective Glafs, and made a hole through.
a Letter that lay in the Window eight double, the cir-
cumference of a -Musket Bullet, and no more; it
alfo fhivered the Timber that holds the Enfigne-ftaff on
. .£hePoop. Port/mouth Qilober 24th. 1685. . Seve-

[1213]

Severall Obfervations of the Respect of rhe Needle
to a piece of Iron held Perpendicular; made ly
@ Mafler of a Ship Crofing the Fquinoétial
Line, Anno 1684. and communicated by M.
Arthur Bayly. F. of the R. S- :

A. way from England to xo!. North Lati-
tude, the North point ofthe needle refpected the
upper end of the Iron, and the S*. point the lower
end very ftrongly. — :

Latitude. 9°. 42, N°. and Meridian diftance from
the Lizardy*. 32' Welt: The S°. point ofthe needle did
ftrongly refpe& the lower end of the Iron, but the
N°. point did not fo ftrongly refpe&t the upper end as
before, | |

Lats. 49. 33' N°. and Meridian dift. 53. 18'. Weff
from the Lizard. Inthis Lat?. the North point of the
needle began to decline from the upper end.of the
" Tron, and the.S*. point to incline more ftrongly to the
lower end. det d nn

Lata. of. y2'. S". and Meridian dift. 114. 52’ Weft
from the Lizard. Here the North point of the needle

would not refpect the upper end of the Iron, nor the
. lower-end neither, but the Souzs point did ftill incline
to the lower end, though not fo ftrongly.

Lat!. 54. 17 S". and Merzdan dift. 154. o9'. Weft
from the Lizard. Here the South point of the needle
- would turn to the lower end of the Iron, about 2
points, but remove the Iron any further, and it would
fly away from it, and refpect the Poles again; but it
would not refpect the upper end at all ; neither would
the Norzh point refpect either; but lay the Iron Horzzon-

zall,andlet the ends of the Iron refpect the Poles of the
j Mm m2 World,

iae.
"World, and the North point of the: needle would turn
.to the. South end of the Iron, and. contrarily the South
point of the needle would turn to the North end of
the Iron, and alter its refpect to the Poles 5 or 6 points,
and no farther ; but hold the Iron perpendicular, and
put the middle thereof to the needle, it would fill

refpe& the Poles. — |

Lat’. 84. 17. South, and Merzdian dift. from the. Lz-
zard 175..35/ Weft. ; |
- Here the N°, point.of the needle. would:not refpect

the upper end of thelron, but rather forfake it, but -

the S*. point would ftill fomething refpe& the lower

.end, and alter its true pofition about 2 points; but take -

the Iron and lay it aflope over the Compafs, fo that
the upper end be towards the S*.. Pole, and. the lower
end to the N*. and then the N°. point would refpe&

the lower end, and;follow it; but if you point the up-
per end to the N^. and the lower end to the S*. the
Ne. point will forfake it. But if you lay it Horzzon-

tal, it would do asin the foregoing Obfervations. ...:
Lat. 152. 00' S*. and 20%. oo' Weft.from the Lizard.
"Here the S?, point of the needle began to reípe&
the upper end of the Iron, and the N°. point the
lower end;and followd it about one point; but lay the

Iron Zrixentall, and the N?.. point reífpected the S%
end of the Iron, and contrarywife, &c. |. |...
t Lat*. 204. 20 S*. and 193. 20° Weft from the Lizard.

Note that the S*. point of the needle refpected the
upper end of the Iron, and the N*. point the lower

end pretty ftrongly, andfollow.dit, 3 or 4 points; but -

lay it Horzzontal/ and it would) do as before: .

l^

"Lati, 295. 25', and 134, xo' Weft from the Merid. of

the Lizard...

| Herethe Se. point of the needle refpected the upper ‘
end of the Iron, and the N*. point the lower end ftrongly.

) Ms

> ^ »-
FON Eu. E. S. e 3E AE.

An ys E

[1215]
An Abftraci of a Letter from Mr. J. Flamfteed,
Math. Reg. de F. of the R. S. giving an ac-
count of the Eclipfes of 2? Satellits, anno 1686 ;
and containing a Table of the Parallaxes of *^ Orb,
and an Epbemeris of © Geocentric Places for the
fame year. RE. Ur |

^T Hp t DE ;

2 pee you here the Ecliples of Fupzters Satellite for
the next year 1686, deduced from the fame num-

‘bers by which I calculated thofe of the years 1684, and

.1685, printed in the Tran/aítzons. 1 fhall not need to

_. fhew here again, how to find within what limits on our

- Earth any of them, not vifible with us, will be ob-
fervable ; having done it already both in Engii/h and
Latin in thofe 'Tracts; I fhall therefore only tell you
that all my obfervations of them fince made, (which
have not been many by reafon of our much cloudy

- weather and my frequent avocations,) have fully made

good my. affertions concerning them, and that I have
. not found my numbers at any time finceto err above
one minute in the Eclzp/es of the fir or innermoft
Satellit ; fo that if a way were found of managing a
Tube of 8, 10, or 12 foot long at Sez, and Obferv-
- ing the time as exactly as we can at land, Obfervations
of thefe Eclzpfes would certainly give us the difference
of Longitude, as exactly as the Latitudes are preten-
ded to be Obferved by our more knowing Sea-Men,
and certainly much better then the Obfervatious of
Lunar Eclipfes. How the differences of Longitude are
gained by them, you will fee by the following Exam-
ples, the latter of which I have purpofely produced to

| Nnn thew

[1216]
fhew the good agreement of my numbers with the
heavens. | | Tor ee
Anno 1680, Odober 23, old Stzle, Signior fofeph Pon-
thia, and Marco Antonio Cellio with, a Télefcope of 25
Palms long, Obferved the torall Immerfion of the firft
Satellit into 7: fhadow. at Romeat 10"..07% 53", p.m,
which in our Obfervatory here I noted at 9. 15-41, whofe
difference is the difference of our Meridians = ;2'- 12",
Qr 427. Dar E ex 7 | 4 vid
Again, fanuary the 28 1685, Signior Frances Blanchi-
nt, having received my Catalogue of the EcLpfes of
the Satelits for that year, obíerved the totall Immer-
fion of the r* at Rome, at | ii^. 192 which
IÍaw not here, but my numbers give at 1o. 27%.

/

Therefore the differenceof Merzdiansis o ^ 52:1; and.

Rome lies fo much more Eatterly then the Obfervato-
ry at Greenwich, agreeing with the former obfervation,
and fhewing the error of the Tables to be infenfible.

.. The noble Tycho judged therefore not much amifs, —

when he placed Uramiburg and Rome under the fame
Meridian; for by feveral obfervations of Sazellt Eclipfes,
it is evident, thatthe difference of Meridians betwixt
Uraniburg and our Obfervatory is 51. 10". of time, fo
_ that Aome lies only one minute of time or j of a de-
gree to the Eaft of urantburg. — C VEI A |

. Some Ingenuous perfons having often wifhed that fuch
"Tables of the Satellite motions were publifhed; as might

ferve to'find their appearences at any given time} tho —

think it not fit (by reafon they are capable of much
Correction and great improvement) to publifh mine at.
prefent : yet for the fake of the diligent obferver, I
have contrived a fmall Inftrument, whereby with the
fole. help of the following ‘Catalogue, and the Table

of the Parallaxes of %* orb, their diftances from the |
Axis of 7? may be found to'any given time within —
the compafs of the next year, and forany future year -

by the like Tables. '. m.

WEITE PLIN. MN ESCHNE ERENE e

Bo v [1217] t
- "To make the Catalogue of eis, as alfo the
‘Table of the Parallaxer of %, it was neceffary fir& to
make a Table of 75 Feliocentrick places, to which the -
“Parallaxes being applied, give the Geocentrickt. ‘The
.vulgar Ephemerides are very faulty in this Planet,
and no good one being extant this year, I here give
- you acopy of mine deduced from my own corrected
Tables, which I; am perfwaded will be of good | ufe
. and very acceptable to the Ingepuous Student of .4-
ftronemy. — ou sete X |

Tabula Parallaxium

\
L4 ! \

— ——— —— ———— |

um-— | — Qd — |] A |o —ÓÁÁ—!áaÁ

‘fanu, | Febr.

vesci Me enc d CSS a,

«o

XO. No XO NO *O
v
Lx

[WO *sO XO iO SO
Wr
e)

Ss

owe fo eee

es fo eee

e— | —— ne |o ———

ang eee eee

[12:8]

Orbitz Jovialis Anno. 16856.

Marti |
Parall, Paral. | Paral. Parall. Parall
Adde, Adde Adde, Sub. Sub.
10 32,9 18|5 11|o 41|6.:29
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10.2049. OFA :3044/ 3516 > 501
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IO IOJ7 39]|* 22/3 34
10.09 7 2112 4012 mx
10.04|7 2-234 1 585 et 48
10 O1/7 I4}t 46)4. 55
9 57|7 96|1 34|4 PI
[9 54/6 s7|1 22]4. 07
9 $0j6 48|1 0914 m2
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0.2815 .o110; 0945 Ar}
9 23|5 $51|9ubo4|5 46
| $ 4119 1616 51
$ 231|o 2816 55
E x 6 |

eee -
E =e Se Se SSS

[ 1219 1

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Non a3

B12, 7)

atalogus Eclipuum Comitum Jovialium ubique terrarum Anno 1686 |
"ivifibilium, tempora apparentia Ingreffuum illorum in Jovis Umbram &
ab ea Emerfionum, ad Meridianum Obfervatorii Grenovifani fupputata!

lexhibens, à ohanne, Flamfteedio Math. Reg. & RS: S
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| mergente,in penum-

| Sram folummodo in-

Interea pla- |
-rmum ad Axenm Um-..

bra c "fevis orbi-

tam per pendiculare

Septemb.

| Decemb.

Umbram non in-

| infra notates.

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‘| pertranfit temporibus .

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———— — e"

(22

Jovis Loca Geocentrica Anno 16$6.
Martu. | April

“30
22^ 45
22, 39
22798
12:899
21:536
22 34
12 33
E EL
21 29
1403

22 25
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20 $50
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20 25
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KO ^y
20 o6
19 59
TQ $21
I9 4$
19 38

lau

—e

| [ 1225 ]

Jui | ug. Septem. | Octob. ND Pen Decem. |
ey | , es ak |

o
o
3

"qm o n , om 4} o Ho Deo
1D|1I2 49|14 22/18 21|23 49/0 26]|;7
|2.|12 49 |14 28/18 31/24 110 39,7
|3 |12. 49 14 34|18 41|?4 14|o 53 7
45412-90714: 40410 *r|24 2641 6 7
|» |12 $1[14 46/19 0/24 38)1 20/8
|6 [12 52 |14 5219 10/24 $9|1 3318
|7 12 54|I14 $9|139 20|25 o3|t1 46/8
{PRE Eyi1$. SEO $31]2$ 19,2). 8
| 9 [12 ix ISOIDL139 41/25. 284 2 1318
| TfOoIr2 FOL IF T8119 545,25 4212 . £719
LETS OTIIS 251200 2125 5312. 40919
TPES 13115132120 13 260. 6|»- 5419
ty 82 (8 LIS .4e 120 231426 19) 3 719
14.13 S|15 47]20 24|265,.32|3 20/10
15.213 YI11$.55$420 45426 4513. 34 19
1613 13 16 2/20 56|26 58.3 48|1o 26
17 19 I7 má 10/21. 7|27. 1014 2119 29)
19.13 70/16 18.21.18 | 27.22] 4. 1$ |10 52
19 13 23116 26|21 29|27.35 4 28 II 05
20 -p3 27 19.34|21 41|27 4844 % 4.2) 07
2E 29 130116 40 a1 62128 114 SS ar
2222-95 16 Stier 3129 14415 Stig
23-TJ 40. 12 " 042 $1295 27415 | 21 |I
2473 468117 Bise 26/128 4015 .35|12
25-12 48/117 7) 92 98128 $315. 49/12
(2613 §2/17 26/22 50129 616 3 |12
(2713 37,|17 35|23 1|29 29]6 16/12
29 14 01]|17 44|23. 13129 33.6 29112
29 MET 53/23 25|?9 46416 43/13
go 14 II 18 3|23 39 |29 59 G $56 13
31314 17.18 1» o 13 i3

re ERR | Ree inne E
A Gorre& TIDE TABLE, fhewing the true times of
the High-Waters at London-Bridge, to every day in
ihe year, 16845 by jJ. Flamfteed Math. Reg. & R. S.S.

onerat op

| Do 0 Fanuary - - February March

— | A — —ülit a ! ————
Morning |Afternoón | ‘Morning. |Afcernoon, Morning. [Afternoon
H ~ eM FAL r4 Ms; PR n c4 H M*IEÉH : H [H. . 'M

I-|X
2 |3 46/4. | 00 |4- 204 035
53 MET SM. pA MP ade

4. 4 4515 t ord|$95 29$ o $2.
(6 |$ x6 2s]. sy 49]

7 6 497. 151) 80 289 08),

48 |7 439 15119 4810 30|

9 |8 499 26||11 rrr jr
| ro iroooó6|19 46||- Ho ^294l
LI MI 25 I O3 24
12.10. | "049,5; AX 2 00,2 25]!

2.453 04|
39213 37|
tae be

dd
eu ENS IEDI

o||4 234.39],

.20|6 07/6 29]||7. 967 .34
CDI ]j6 52/7. 1811/89 05,8 ;36

22-17 | M45 2 18
23/8 42/9 . 11
|] 24 |9 9 43|10. 17

25 IO $Oo|II.24 D re

| 26 |tr 57 (9^ $41 39]:
17 |o. 289 56111, 432 OF fog,
JT 2&8 Iro EMI 4

19252 43[
29 12 oS9|» 28 Pu |
(30 |2 47|3 94 |
SUDO ISI I

| | Day | mA
| Moraine: [Afcernoon,
M.

iH.

p.n. |.

——— —, |

xp ip

[1228 ]

18 ar - 8 469 a2

II 20

Day. da OU Wr. 00 uMuguft - September
Jh 7, Morning. Y. | Pe aon: ie eo ‘Morning. Moon
1 2 086 32: 70077 34|| $9. 469 ‘19
2 te 577 23 | 8 108 351||9 .53|10 26
A 498 171 9 o89 42|| 1o0.59|11 35
3. 24 19 (0469 16 136 (10 "u6lro AQ -lo oo
€ 9g 47/10 8| ii 2i:|ir 59||oO929o 5
6 6 lo 45 49II 20 @ 2311 9:;19|8-— as
2 wt men O (5271 19|p* jor, wt
4. 9 xS j501|10 432. 06|| 2. 392 $5
9H 24 (41, 2) 232 | #311 3) to|sr es
10 |». o42 |25, 3| 003 15||3 413 56
rr BOa44 03/3 303 444 1214 29
12-13.:1494 |$44 2] 194 |19 | £047 07
13 (3 394 O4. 4 274. ALI|FS 30$ .56
14 194 34|4 Sox 18 256 58
15 4 495 oF 1150 396 02/|7 325 1r:

8 $519 32

; 32 rra rs

21 Ly is 55. Oo 119 47||I $62 19
22. [11 36| | . "|rO1igr 48)|2 382 58
23] 159 $52),2 132 36]|3 133 79
24]|]r- 26 26r I | $6 2; $73 |. 14||3 . 451- o1
a p26 sr||3| 3:3 46||4 2814 35
26 |3 ub 29||4. 034 3198||]49 535 1
2743 474 9£| 4 344 S$2|]5 35/7 59
28 4 ae | 37115 (toly 3jo||6 2516 51
29 14 F515 $0526 «16/)7 217 52
BONS :335 | 55]|6 | 427 tri] 8 23/8 55
31 6. 16 eet tal atta ds 12!

ig a | [1229.]

[Day | © ober mm November ~ | ‘December: +
ar "Morning. |Afterneon. Morning {Afternoon, Morning. (Afternoon.
3 H. M ne M. H. ivi | to M, He M |. M.
| r^g 269: $6]]19:/39|:1 o7|| 19: 29|10. 59
2 (19a 2719 $8) | II 36 |
(3 r19328j1I QuO3eo 33 33
[4 iQ FGI o 35]
$ lo | i 452. 09 30
bx 2191353 33 PaL APO
249 i 3 52/4 12 214. 43
Qm Lc a Ty PU
^L 1o J «225 $1 16
| 6 9270. So 07
| Lucero "2a
8. asic * «6 efe
|| 929809 $9 31|fO o2
| TO 30/19 $9]||TO 33111 03

SEP CLIE $7
jo ?5 34
$eokRIbo 16 28
I 402 of 15
2 26i» 39 55
3 9063 23 29
300399 TF St
4 3214 29 32
4 475. 96 03
$ 26/5 46 37
6. o7l6 30 I$
élls20.. x eo
(709438. rti $T
|8 399 o4 52
E j1jf9 o1 59
Py IO. 35113; 26

Directions -

| [ 1230 A"
Direclions fi the c f the fereanine Tide-table.

. 6 ftands for Sunday.

This Table may be made; to; ferve the underwritten

places Dyce 1T «psi o pent Laer oy |
Adding, . | VC) 28 S he m.
For Tinmouth-haven, Harlepol and Amferdam

. Breft 00
"Maunts-Bày Bee Sica els id cs

“Bridlington: - Peer, sn mE |
. Fowey, Looe, and Plymouth .
Weymouth, Dartmouth, Hamborough, and 77u]/

3o.

(0 Torbay,and Tinmouth —
- Exmouth, and Topjoam, and Lyme je
Weymouth 20

Bridgwater, and T4yell -:
Portland, Hareflere, and without the Ulie --
; Subftracting, |

fer Lon Maes: and Gouries-Gut of
Gravefend, Rocbefier , and Remmekins .— —
Buoy of the Nore, and Flufhing. :
Shoe-Beacon, Portfmiouth, Redfand, and P
Spithead, Harwich, Dover, Calice, Dublin .
Orfürdaefte, Gunfleet, Haftengs, Shoreham, aes
Needles, and Yarmoutb-Peer 3
S: Hellens, and Haver de Grace.

wA hb RP Ww Ww bd i eO
aS
le)

Oo
O

Note, that when by reafon of long Drought in | Summer,
or continuall hard Froftsin Winter, the Frefh Watersare —
low; asalfo when the Wind blows hard at.N- or. NW.
the Tides may hold uplongerin the River. of Thames, —

. then the time fhewed in the Table, by halfan hour. But ;
when the Wind blows hard at W. or W by S. or there
aregreat Frefhes; they hold not out fo 3i: byíome- .
times near half an hour. » .
" The Selu-. %

«^

Jj : : x C ^ 27172277», -
WS. Philofoph. Urcunjact./ Ve mb.t T

P232.
ves fe Fig.

«

SCHIP EDES
aAnglicus KGreecus. pri trus Auczotiz.
? b. om Bernard. 29002077 oticus Nort. :

gom. Greeti. - LO netus Auzotit
9. Rom. Dillalpandi. mB onontenfis Si cardi.
r.Rhinlandicus. nc ononienfis rccioli,
Ec eC aa EE IE r Ee

[1231]

The Solutions of three Chorographic Problems, by
. & Member of 15e Philofophical Societyof Oxford.

H E three following Problems may occur at Sea,
in finding the diftance and. pofition of Rocks,
Sands, &c. from the fhore; or in furveying the Sea
Coaft; when only two objects whofe diftance from
each other is known, can be feen at one ftation: but
efpecially they may beufeful te one, that would make .
a Map of a Countrey by a Series of Triangles deriv-
ed from one*or more meafured Bafes; which is the.
moft exact way of finding the bearing and diftance
of places from each other, andthence their true Lon-
gitude and Latitude; and may confequently occur to
one that would in that manner meafure a Degree on
the Earth. a
The Firft Problem (Fig. x. and 2.) | |
. There are two objects B and €, whole diftance BC
is known, and there are two ftations at 4 & EF,
where the objects B, Cbeing vifible, &the ftations one
- from another, the Angles B 4C, B AE, AEB, AEC,
are known by Obfervation, (which may be made with
an ordinary Surveying Semcircle, or Grofieff, or if.
the objects be beyond the view of the naked Ey,
with a Tele/cepic Quadrant) to find the diftances or
o lines 4B, AG AE, EC. ] A
Conftrucizon. | T
In each of the triangles B AE, CAE, two angles at
A44 E, being known, the third isalfo known: then take
any line &« at pleafure, on which conftitute the tri-
angles Bae, 2 «y refpectively equiangular to the trian-
glesB AE, AEC; join Qy. Thenupon 5C conftitnte ©
the triangles BC 4, BCE equiangular to the correfpori-
| "SPSD.p dent .

| [1232].
dent triangles yo, Bye, join 4E, and the thing is ma-
nifeftly done. | |
: The Calculation.

Affuming ¢¢ of any number of parts, in the trian-
gles os, aye, the angles being given, the fides s f,
ay, £D, «y may be found by Trigonometry: then in
the Triangle Q4 y, having the angle Bay, and the
legs «B, ay, we may find By. Then fy. B.£ :: Qa.
oco da es By if tC Aa Vee F. AG

y The fecond Problem (Fig. 3 & 4-)

Three objects B, C, D, are given, or (which is the

fame) the fides, and confequently angles of the trian- .

gle BCD are given; alfo there are 2 points or fta-
. tions 4, E, fuch, that at 4£ may be feen the three
points B,C, E, but not D; and at the ftation, £, may
be feen 4, C, D, but not B, that is the angles BAC,
BAE, AEC, AED, (andconfequently EAC, AEC)
are known by obfervation: to find thelines 4B, 4G,
AB EC ED 1 s dcn E
Con[iruciion. —— at ; | |
-. Take any line we at pleafure, and at its extremitys
make the angles e & y, ead, a¢ y, asd, equal to the

correfpondent obferved anglesE 40, EAB, AEG AED.

Produce Ba, cle, til they meet in 0, join y; then
upon CB defcribe (according to 33. 3. Eucl) a Seg-
ment of a circle, that may contain an angle— yO;
and upon CD. defcribe a Segment of a circle capa-

ble. of an angle =yQd¢\; fuppofe F the common. fe-

- ion of thefe acircles; join FB, FC, FD; then from
the point €, draw forth the lines C4, CE, fo-that the

angle FC, may be =@ya, and FCE-Qyss;ío AE,

the common fections of € 4, CE, with FB, FD, will

be the points required, from. whence the reft is eafily ^

deduced. | The Calculation,
Affuming a¢.of any number, in the triangles: y e,

#Qe, ali the angles -being given, with the fide «* af-
to dum es

J {
Ne a ae a eo |

N {
mad "ers
hauc de retest
-

[1233]

fum'd, the fides wy, ey, «>, <9, wil be known; thenin
. the triangle y#@, the angle yaQ with the legs e y,

&Q being known, the angles &Qy, «y $ with thefide
Qy will be known: then as for the ref of the
work in.the other figure, the triangle BC D having ali
its fides and angles known, and the angles B FC, B FD,
being equal to the found BOy, BOdc|; how to find
FB, FG, FD by Calculation (and alio Protraéion) has
been fhewn by Mr Collins (in Phil. Tranfatl n. 69 f.
2093. ) as to all its cafes , which may theretore
fuperfede my fhewing any other way. . -
| But here it muft be noted, that if the fum ofthe ob-

ferved angles, BAE, AED, is 180 degrees: then 4B
. and £D cannot meet, becaufe they are parallel, and
confequently the given folution cannot take place;
for which reafon I here fubjoin another. |

“Another Solution. P

Upon BC (Fig. 5.) defcribe a fegment B 4€ of a
circle, fothat the angle ofthe fegment, may beequal
to the obferved 4 Bay, (which as above quoted is
— fhewn 33. 3. Euclid) and upon CD defcribea fegment
CED ofa circle, capable of an angle equal to the ob-
ferved CED; from € draw the diameters of thefe cir-
cles CG, CH; then upon CG defcribe a fegment of
-a circle GFC, capable of an angle equal to the ob-
ferved 4 AEC, likewife upon € H defcribe a circles feg-
ment CF H, capable of an angleequal to the 'oblerv-
ed C AE: fuppofe F the common fection of the two
laft circles HFC, GFv, join FH, cutting the circle
A HECin E, join alfo FG, cutting the circle G4¢ in

44: I fay that 4, E, are the points required.
Dem: |. |
— For the Z BACis==Gay by conftruction ofthe feg-
ment, alfo the angles CEH, CAG, are right, becaute
- each exifts in a femicircle: therefore a circle being de- |
fcribed upon € F asa diameter, wil pafs thro £, 4, T here-

; wu BD fore

| — Confiruction.

| [1234]
fore the angle CAE LCF E-—CF H= (by conítru&ion)
tothe obferved angle y.2«. In like manner the 4 C E A=
CFE A=CFG= obferv'd angle y «2. |
If the ftations 44 E fall in a right line with the
point C; the lines G4, HE being parallel, cannot
geet: :but inthis cafe the problem is indeterminate
and capable of infinite Solutions. For as before upon
CG deicribe a Segment of a circle capable of the ob-
ferved Z ys a, and upon € 7/, defcribe a Segment capable
-of the obferved y«* : then thro 6; draw a line any way
cutting the circles in 44, E, thefe points wilaníwer the
^ Queftidu, Vai wo - ure
| | The Third Problem. — b
Four points B, C, D, F, (Fig. 6.) or the 4‘fides of aqua-
drilateral, with the angles comprehended are given ;
alfo there are 2 {tations 4/ and E fuch; that. at 4, only — -
B,C, E are vifible, and at E only 44D, F, that is, the |
. angle BAC, BAE, AED, DEF are given: to find -
the places of the two points Z E; and confequently, ——
| the lengthsof the lines 448, 46, AE, ED, EF. 1

Upon BC (by 33. 3.Eucl.) defcribe.a fegmentofa
circle, that may contain an angle equal to. the obferved
angle BAG then from € draw thechord € M, oraline — -
cutting the circle in M, fo that the angle BCM may |
be equal to the fupplement of the obferved angle BAEZ, — |
i. e. its refidue to 18o degrees. Inlikemanner on DF :
. deícribe a fegment ofa circle, capable ofanangle equal

tothe obfervd DEF, and from draw the chord DN, |

fo that theangle F DN may beequaltothe fupplement — .
of the obfervd angle Z] EF, join 44 N, cuttingthe 2 ciz- — |
re in 4, E: I fay A4, E, arethetwo points requird. | |

a | Dd d Me Pe
|. Join AB, AG ED, EF, then isthe 4-MAB=4- 3
BCM (by 21.3. Eucl:)— fupplement of the obfervd, _
4BAE by conftrudtion, therefore the conftru&ted -
| qq. o LBAE

j Bin :
LB AE is TUN to that: which was obferved. Alfo-
. the 4 B.A4€ ofthe fegment, is by conftru&ion of the
— Segment,equal tothe obferv'd 4 BAC. Inlike manner:

the conftructed angles 4E F, and DEF, areequal to

the correfpondent obferved angles AEF, DE F,there-
fore 4 E are the points required... :
The Calculation.

In the ‘Triangle BCM, the 2 BC M (= fupplement of-

B AE) and 4 B MC (—B AC) are given, with the fide

BC; thence M € may be found; in like manner D Nin

the A DNF may be found. Bntthe 2 MCDJ)-—BCD

--BG M) is known with itslegs MC, C D, therefore its

baíe M D, and 4 MDC may be. known. Therefore

the 4 MD N (=CDF-.-CD M--F D N) isknown, with its-
legs MD, DN; thence MN with the angles DMN,

—DNM, willbe known. Then theZ CM 4 [e 2 DMC
4 DM NN) is known, with the 4MAC (=MAB

4 B AC) and MC before found ; therefore M Z and AC
wilbe known. In like manner in the triangle EDN.
the angles £, N, with the fide D N being known, the.

fides EN, ED will be known; therefore 4E (—MN

+ M 4-EN) is known. | Alfo in the triangle 4B C,the

4 4 with its fides BC, €.4 being known, the fide 4B
will be known, with the z BCA; fo in the triangle
EED, the Z E ‘with the fides, ED, DF being known,
EF wil be found, with the ZED F. Laftly in the tri-
angle 4CD, the 4 4CD (—BC€D--BC A) with its legs:
AC, CD being known, the fide 4 D wil be known,and
. in like manner EC inthe triangle EDC.

Note that, in this problem, as alfo in the firftand:-
fecond, if the two ftations fall in a right lime with:
either ofthe given objects: the locus of 4, or Ex be-
ing a circle, the particular point of 4, or E, cannot be
determined from the things given. |. i

As to the other cafes of this third problem, wherein
44,and E, may fhift places, i. e. Tus D, F, E may be vi-

| Ppps fible

z | [ 1236 ] 3
fible at 4, and only 4B,C at E; or wherein B, D,E,
. may be vifible at 4,and only CF, 4, at E; or where-
in 4 may: be of one fide of the quadrilateral, and E
on the other; or one of the ftations within the quadri-
lateral, and the other without it: I fhall for brevitys
fake omit the figures, and diverfity of the Signs 4 and --
in the calculation, and prefume that the Surveyour wil -
eafily dire& himfelf in thofe cafes, by what has been faid.
The Solution of this third problem is general, and
ferves alfo for both the precedent. For fuppofe €, D
the same point in the laft figure, and it gives the folu-
tion of thefecond problem : but if B, €, be fupposd the
fame points with D, F, by proceeding as in the laft, you
. may directly folve the firft problem.

A Letter from William Molyneux E/q; to one of
the Secretarys of the R. S. concerning the Cir-
culation of the blood as feen, by the help of a
Microfcope, in the Lacerta Aquatica. —

Dublin Ottob. 27. 1685.
Sir, die

UR Society lately received tnan{fcripts of two

of D' Gardens Letters, the firít dated form 2f-

berdeen July 17. 1685.to D' Middleton; the other Sept.

4. 1685. to D' Plot. To both thefe Letters I have
Íomething to fay. : b.

In the firft he gives an Account ofthe Vifible Circula-
tion of the blood in the Water- Newt ot Lacerta Aquatica;
truely Iam heartily glad, that chis Learned and Inge-
nious D' has hit upon this Experiment; tis now above
two years.and an half, fince I firft Difcovered this fur-

prifing

| Real
prifing appearance, and wrote alarge account thereof
. May 12. 1683, as alfo of the whole Anatomy of this Ani-
mal, to my Brother, who wasthen at Leyden. And I have
fince that,{hew’d it frequently, both on the out-fide with- -
out Diffection, and in the inward Veffels alfo, to feveral
Curious Phyficcans and Philofophers,to their great fatil-
faction and admiration ; particularly I expofed it firft to
our Soczety May the 26. 1684. as appears by the follow-
ing Minute taken from out Regiitry. May 26. 1684.
M'. Molyneux opened before the Company a Water-Newt,
which be takes to be theSalamandra or Lacerta Aquatica,
in the body of this Animal there are two long Sacculi: Aeret,
on which the blood Veffels are curtoufly Ramifyed, to thefe
blood Veffels applying a Mucrofcope, he [bemed the Circula-
tion of the blood.ad Oculum, as plainly as water running
ina River, and more raptdly then any commen Stream. The
fame experiment I repeated again before them on the
2d of Tune following,and to thofe that had good obferv-
ing Eys, the Circulation was asvifible outwardly on the
handsand toes, as inthe Veffels within. But Certainly
the Appearance in the Veffels on the two forementioned |
facculi,with the beating,emptying & filling of theHeart,
is moft furprifing tothe beholder. "This Creature feems
wonderfully adapted by Nature for this Experiment; for
befides the tranfparency ofits Skin and Veffels, 1 have
had them live nine hours after they have beenExpanded,
andalltheir Vifceralaid open. Ifead youherewith the
Figuresofthe Animal. Fig. 7th. Tab. 1. fhews theIn-
| tire Body of a Male, for the Female is not fo ftrongly
|. fpotted. Fig. 8th. Tab. 1. is Rudely drawn,buta a Re-
prefent the Sacculz eret. HU |
To D* Gardens. 23. Letter 1 have- only this, he in-
-deavours therein to explain and give an Account ofthe
Trade Winds within the Tropzcks from the different gra-
vity: ofthe Atmo/phere at divers times of the Year. And
yetit is afferted numb. 165. pag. 790. of the Phzlaf..
: | | ! Tranfaélions, |

(pith (01238) | '
"Tranfatitons, that the Mercury is not affected with the wea:
ther, or very rarely, let it be Cloudy, Rainy, Windy, or Se-
rene in St Helena, er the Barbadoes, and therefore pro-
. bably not within the Tropicks, unle/sin a Violent florm or
Hurricane. Now if the Mercury move little or no-
thing in the Barofcope, tis likely there is little orno

Change in the Gravity of the Atmofphere within the

Tropicks,
I am,
Your moft Humble Servant,

WILLIAM MOLYNEUX,

/ — m

— Part of a Letter from Dr. Nath. Vincent. F, of rhe

R. S. concerning Dr Papin's way of Raifing
Water. y eet Ai cp
Have inquired into D' Papins Problematic En-

JÀ gine for raifing Water, in the Traz/a&zen of July-

1685, and do conclude it may be folved' after this

manner. Within his Rock € € (fee Phil. Tranf. Num. - |
173, Fig. 18th.) there may bea Veffel placed, which |

fhall be made like the Body of a pair of Bellows, or

thofe Puffs heretofore ufed by Barbers, which beingfil- -

led with water, a piece of Clock-work put under it may
produce the Jettos; the water being received into the
Shell HH, and running thenceinto the hollow of the
Coral E E; may be thereby conveyed into the follicu-
lar cavity, in the fame quantity it is ejected from the two

eV steh e f | Emerging

LU
er

[ 1239 ]

Emerging Tubes; and itíhall circulate a hundred or
more then athoufand times, according to the going
. ofthe Clock-work. If fomefuch account as this will
. unriddle the Engine, the contrivance of it is owing to
a Theory communicated by my felf, &c.

A Later of Mr. R. A. relating to the fame fubject.

I have here given you a rude Draught of Mon/r Papins
curious Experiment, hoping thereby to have my con-
ception of it more readily underftood ; if it carry not:
with it fome appearance of reafon, I defire you to
fupprefsit, and you will much oblige, &c.
I conceive, that the Zr is forced into the outer glafs
at the bottom thereof. - oe

That it then paffes up between the two Glaffes.

That the outer glafs or cafe being clofe luted at the -
Head or Crown to which the inner Glafs is hung by the
. Corall, the 47 isforced into the mouth of the Inner
Glafs. | |
— That the Zfir fo forced preffing on the furface of the
Water that coversthe Rock, forces the Water to rife’ —
thro thofe two extream parts that are not at all clogd,
. or coverd with Water. : fonds

I am, @e.

Q.q q | Ob f er-

Lx2401

Obfervations of Dr Papin, Fellow of the Royal So-
. clety , on a French Paper concerning a Perpe-
E. tual TROT OG Tr mr E CST NUR |

7 HE Paper printed in French and containing a

-É contrivance for a: perpetual motion, being fet
down in fuch a manner, that can hardly be underftood
but by thofe that are much acquainted with füch defcrip-
tions: [have endeavourd to explain it as follow s.
LetD EF Fig. 9. be a pair of bellow's 4o inches
long, that may be open'd by removing the partt F from
E: let them be exactly fhut every where but at the aper-
ture £;and let apipe EG, 20 or 22 inches long, be fod-
dered tothe fay'd aperture E, having itsotherend ina
Veflel G, full of Mercury, and placed near the middle of
thebellows. . | | 2^ d

4,\san axis forthe bellow's toturnupon. — -

| A4B,.A counterpoife faftened to the lower end’ of the ©
Tepe lows ae, = CC bed

. ^€, k weight with aclafp tokeep the bellew's upright.
- . "Now if we fuppofe the bellows open'd' only to 3 or;

ftanding upwright as Fig. oth. aud full of Mercury, it.
. i$ plain that the fayd Mercury being 4o inches high,muft
fall, asin the Torricellian experiment, to the heigth of a-
. bout 27 inches, and confequently the bellow's muft open
towards Fand leave a vacuity there: this vacuity muft :
be filld with the Mercury afcending from G through . :

the Pipe G E, the fayd Pipe being but 22 inches long: by

this means the bellow's muft be opened more and more

till the Mercury continuing to aícend make’s the upper >
part ofthe beéllow'sfo heavy, that the lower part muft -

get loofe from theclafp 6, and the bellow's fhould turn 4
quite upfide down; but the Veffel Gbeingíet ina conve- 3
nient place keeps them horizontall asFig. ro, andthe 3

| ; part

, '

dq ERAI. :

part F engageth there in another Clafp C; then the Mer-
cury by its weight runs out from the bellows into the
Veffel G through the Pipe EG, and the bellow’s muft
fhut clofer and clofer untill the part E F comes to be fo
light, thatthe counterpoife Bis able to make the part F
get loofe from the clafp G then the bellow's come to be
upright again as Fig. oth s the Mercury leftin them falls
again tothe heigth of 27 inches, and confequently all
the other effects will follow as we havealready feen, and
the motion will continue for ever. Thus much the
French. Author. | LH
5 Upon this it is to be obferved,that the bellow's can ne-
ver be opened by the internal preffure, unlefs the fayd |
preffure be ftronger then the externall: now in this
cafe the weight of the 4tmo/phere doth freely prefs up-
the outward part of the bellow's, but it cannot come at -
the inward part but through the Pipe GZ, which con-
taining 22 perpendicular inches of Mercury, doth coun-
- terpoife fo much of the weight of the Zrmof?bere, ío that.
. this being fuppofed tobe 27 inches of Mercury, it can-
not prefs the inward part of the bellow's but with a
weight equivalent to 5 perpendicular inches of Mercu-
ry. Fromthiswe may conclude, that the preffure of the
_ Atmofphere being weakned within the bellow's,more then
itcan be helpt by the Mercury containd in the fame,
as may eafily becomputed ; the fayd bellow's ftanding
upright as Fig. sth; muft rather fhut then open. Thus,
without loofing any labour and chargesintrying,people -
may be fure that the thing can never do. |

Qqq2 Edvardus

[1:243] >. E

EDVARDUS BERNARDUS de Menfuris |
qo Ponderibus x&v "Giro. Oxonil e Theatro
. Seldonio A. D. 1685.

. cock the Venerable Sanctuary of Orientall Learn-
. ing, andalfoannexed to his excellent Comment on the
difficult Prophet 77efea, recommends to the diligence
ofPofterity the Berries and Kernels of fruits, the uni- |
form Cells of Bees, and cheifly the Pendulum of the
right famous Galileo,to conferve the true modelsof Com- — :
- mutative Juftice. But for theages paftrefers efpecially — -
to the ancientCoyns ftill kept in great plenty in the Cabi- — |
nets of Chriftian Princes: befides the rules ofthe Theaters, — |
Amphitheaters, Temples and <Aqueduits, &c, of Europe — -
and fa and Africa, which have happily born the ftrokes
of time and Barbarity, and have of late been exadly
meafured by noble and skillfull Travellers: as the Pan-
theon at Rome,, Minervas Temple in het own City, the — |
numérous Antiquitys of Conftantinople, the admita-
ble Ruine of Chilmenar, and the perpetuall Pyramids of
Egypt. From thefe and feverall other Monuments is
afferted the equality of the Engli/b foot to that of —
the Hebrews, Babylonians, Greeks, Chinefes, Caftilians, \—
and. thofe of Lisbon and of Lyons... And fartherthatal-- Jj
lowing.an intire Englz/b foot xooo parts, the Parifiam — .
wilt reach 1066, the Catholic foot. of St Fonas Moor — |
1089; the old Romanog7o0; that of Ylalpandus derivd :
from Vefpafians. Congius, 986; the Rhinland foot of ©
Suellius 10335 the Venetian 1140; the Bononian of M*
Auxout 11405 to omit the reft. Thus from the foot
& molt proper rife, paffing through the various meafures. 7
of Antiquity, this’Freatile at laft- gives for one Degree, |
er the a6 part of the Circuit of the whole Earth, 734 E»- ©
| glia.

2 i bes Compendious Treatife, infcrib'd to D" Po-

| [ 1243 ] |

glifo miles, of sooo foot ina mile: 675 Catholic miles,
662 Arabic miles, juft according to the old obfervations
of Hafan, Nedham, Mafudy aud other Arabs; and little
differing from the late Experiments of the diligent and
ingenious M* Norwood in England, and M' Picart in
france. Asfor ancient Weights ; the true Hebrew Sece/,
or Szclus Argenteus infcribd withSamaritane Characters,
is equal to three fhillings Englz/b, or tothe Tetradrachm
of 1 bafus and theGreek Iflands. TheAttickTetradrachm
makes two Shillings & nine pence Engiz/b, or four Dena-
Tii Gordianici. The Denarius Confularis Romanorum
bears 7di. Emglifb. The | Denarius Tiberiamus 73d.
And laftly the Denarius Vefpafanieus 61d c. Hence
alfo is found the value of an Hebrew Talent in Silver to be
4y0/,Stetling,and that of Gold to rife to 5409/7. Sterling:
But for the meafures of Capacity from the Cheme
to the Jane, I referyou to the Book it felf: only
advertifing, that the Hebrew Epha or Batus is fo farr
from agreeing with the Veéa of the Arabs, (that is the
weight of 320r 34 Rotuls or pounds,) that it contains
of water nolefsthen 76 pounds Troy ; which is juft the
Cube of the £zg/z/5 footin that Liquid. And alfo that
the Hebrew Cubit, (for this and the Epha are the Fachen
and Boax of a late Effay to recover the Temz/b Weights
and Meafures,) falls fhorcatleatt three inches of the Cu-
bit of Grand Cazro, taken by D'. Fohn Greaves the re-
nowned Refearcher of Antiquity. In fine the Engli/b
Halte foot in Brafs compared with the moft famous ef -
. other Countryes, by an Ordinary Care of the Rowl-
ing Prefs may be.truly wrought off and reprelented.. See
Eitriinp^s 0

OI qq : Ant.

[1244]

Ant. Nuck de Dudlu Salivali N0U0 , Saliva, Du-
ibus Aquofis, «y Humore Aqueo. Lugd. Bat. 86,

fF ele Ingenious Anatomift divides this little trad
B into two parts; in the firft whereof he gives us his
dilcovery of a new Gland, with its proper Datus ; his
Obfervationson the $z/va; with an hiftorical account
of the Duétlus Salivals when difordered. ‘ThisGland is
feated in the Orbit of the £y, juft between the Mu/culus
Jfbaucens, and the uppermoft part of theQ» Tugale ; itis
of no certain figure, .being fometimes oblong, fome-
times almoft round, or oval, and fometimes triangular ;
it exceeds not the bignefs ofa {mall Nut, or the weight
of half a drachm, or two Scruples at moft; it hath four
forts of Veffels befide that peculiar to it; an Arterie
from the Carotid; a Vein from the Jugular, and its Nerve
{prings from the third pair called Motori oculorum ; and
. he does not queftion, but it has Lymphaticsalfo; There
are many fmall fprigs rife from this Gland and meet-
ing together joynallin one Ductus ; which croffing the
Duétus Stenonianus paffeth ' dire&ly downward on the
outfide ofthe Os Maxillare, and opens uponthe laft tooth —
but one of the Dentes Molares of the uppermoft Jaw. Our
Author gives it the name of Du&lus Salevalis Superzor al- —
ter, in oppofition to that of Steno. He aícribes no -

. ufeto its $a//va but what is common to the other, viz.

to Moiften the parts; to quicken the taft, and by its more
intimate mixture with meats, &c. to promote fermen-
tation, as alfo upon extraordinary occafions to facilitate
Salivation. f t idis : |

_ Inthe fecond part of his Book, he gives us an account
ofcertain Dudus’s, that carry water to the Eys; having -
the firft time accidentally happened upon one in the
Galeus ;he traced it along on the outfide of the tunica

, éderotis —.--

| L 1245]
Selerotis, till it entred that part of it called the Cornea: it
eafily admitted a Probe; but nothing iffued forth after
the Probe wasout, becaufe as he fuppofes (tho there be
no valve to be found in arty part yet)the extremity of the
Du&ius ferves as a Valve, and difcharges its matter after
the fame manner as the Ductus Communis , the Ureters,
&c. doeintotheir refpective cavitys, without admitting
regurgitation. He has found in Dogs and Birds two in
each Ey exactly oppofite one to the other; in fome
Sheeps Eys five, in others fix: but he can by no means
difcover their rife, being able to trace them as far as the
. optick Nerve, but very little farther; heaffuresus Man-
kind alfo are not without them ; all which he confirms
_ by Experiments made both on Men and beafts. ©

The General] Bill of Chriffnings and Burialls, ac-
cording to the report made to his Majestie, by
the Company of Parifh-Clerks of London. 1685.

| € Males. —7484.
Chriftned Bemales.——— 7246.
Mery In all. 14730.
Males. —1I189r.
Buryed S Females —— II33I.
Ale C In all. —23222.

e.

| [ 1246]

Jo. Con, Peyeri, Merycologia, five de Ruminan-
tibus dv Ruminatione Commentarius, Bafilez, 4°.

] “ELE Learned Author obferving that Rumznation
-— hasnotbeen handled as it ought, and that many
of thofe creatures which Ruminate art very ferviceable

to Man-kind, (but efpecially to his Country-men the

_Swiffers,) is pleafed to make this matter the Subject of a.

""Ireatife confifting of 3 Books ; in the firft of which, after
a Divifion of Animals into Kuminantia & non Kuminan-
tia, he reckons up thofe of the former kind; fome of
which he fays, may more properly be faid to Chem the
Cud; others imitate that Action, and are here cal'd Rz-
minantia Spuria,as the Mole-Cricket, Bee, Beetle, Crab,
Lobfter, Mullet, and feveral Birds: but the creatures
which Auminate in a more genuin fenfe, are, among

." Quadrupeds, the Ox, Deer, Sheep, and Goat kind, the
Camel, Hare, and the Squirrel; alfo fome Men; of

whom he gives feveral inftances.
Inthe Second Book, he treats of the Organs fubfer-

vient to Rumznatzon ; as ofthe feveral Stomacks belong-* |
ing to fome of the Ruminantia legétima ; and ofthem —

firftin general; then in particular of the Paunch, Reticu-

lus ( Kexpopang) the Feck, the Read; of the fingle Stomach -

in Hares, and Rabbits; all which are defcribed with
great exactnefs, and after a. very fatisfactory manner.

As to the Stomacks ofthe Ruminantia Spurias; he af-
firms they all have fpiral muícülofe Fibres, by means of
which they do(as it were) grind and work their meat,

up and down, after a manner fomewhat analogous to.

Ruminations for the better effecting of which, in fome

ofthem the Stomack is extreamly rough in the infide, — |
as in the Mullet; inothers itisvery hard and callous, as —

in

i
a Le P

: : 5
Bs

[ 1247]

JA in Geefe, Hens, &c. inthe Stomack of others, (as of the
Cricket, and Lobfter,) there are ‘Teeth. -

| After this he pafles to the Oe/ophagus, asitisin the Rz-
minantia genuina ; where rejecting the account which Pe-
trus Aponenfis, Aimylianus, Aquapendent, and even Fallo-
_ pius has given of that part, he defcribes it (according
to $£eno) to confift cheifly of 2 fpiral mufcles form’d like
{crews, croflingone another. Which fort of make he
thinks conduces much to the ftreneth neceflary for the
.€earrying meat up and down in that part,in fo quick a
mannerasis requifite. | | :
From the Oe/ophagus he goesto the Mouth; of which

he mentions fuch particulars, asfeem to be inftrumen-.

tal in Rumnation;.for example, the volubility of the
Tongue, rowling the meat up and down in the mouth ;

the vifcofity ef theSpittle, keeping it together ; the ad- |

mirable.contrivance of the Teeth, &c.

Healforeckons up thofe parts, which affift more re-
motely in Rumination , as the mufcles of the Breaft and
Abdomen, and the Diaphragm... wv.

— "Tothis he fubjoins Cutts, reprefenting the four Sto-

macks offuch Creatures as are Reminantia bifulca, the —

fingle Stomack of the Rabbit, and the Gefopbagus of an
. Ox; the mufcular fibres of all which are well traced, and
- their windings expreft in the Figures. . — du

In the 3d. Book he. inquires into the Etymology of
the word Rumznation ; and defines thething to be (in

Brutes) a Natural motion of the Stomach, Mouth, and o- —

ther parts. fubfervrent hereanto, reletving one another in’

this atlion ; by which the meat, which was eaten rudely and
(as zt were) in baff, 25 convey d back to the mouth again,

chewed there, andthen fwallowdafecondtime, tothe great

advantage of the Animal: that this motion is natzral, he -

proves from a Fizjtory in Galen, who having preferved

Pa

a Kid taken out of the Uterus of the Dam upon diffe--

ion, and bred_it by its felf, obferved that when ic:

Jr came

1248 d |
came, to eat hard meats, it AVIA like otlief Goats-
~'The cheif motive.to Ropanatión feems to bethe hard-
nefs.and groínefs of the.meat;as.fwallowed at firft ; the
Stomack being not able to mafter it, unlefs it be more
throughly mafticated : hence Cattel chem. the (vd. more
frequently in Winter when they feed on hay; ftubble; &c.
then in.Summer when on. grafs j'arid Calves, &c. do not
Ruminate at all, as longas they live on 'milk.- | |
| Rumination i in Men proceeds, as hethinks, either from
the. imagination ofthe Mother being intent on this a-
Gion, or from fome ill habit of vomiting, and fwallow-
ing the meat.again;; the cure of it in men, (where it is
preternatural) confiftsi in a-fniall quasigity of meateafily
digefted , chewing it well, and walking gently after
eating : liquid meats are preferd before folids peabecially
at the beginning, to break the habir. = «
... Hetreatsof the Rood-of Remnateng Creatures; dad
théir manner of Feeding ; of the: advantage they are to”
Mankind, and this action is to them, and confequently |
to us, asbeing that which conduces much to the JUGUM |
and health of both them and us.

Asto.the Impedimentsof Rumination, they are gene-
rally three; fome difeafe or-elfe an excefs, or ill quality
ofthe food; if excefs be the caufe, the Author faies it will
give prefe nt releif, to thruftin your armasfar as youcan, .
and. pull out fome ofthe food, and afterwardsto drive —
the beaft up and down, not: fuffering him to drink. | |

Atlaft (by way of Appendix) the Author adds Letters. |
from Webferus, Wagnerus, Harderus, and Muraltus, con
cernin 8 Mie aforefaid fubje&t.. -

Caftorologia à Jo. Mario, aucta a Jo. Franco. Aug.
— Vindel, 85. 8°. un |

|" B HIS Ireatile of the nature of the Cafor, being
compofed many years ago by feannes Marius,
Phyhcian at U/m, is notonly publifhed, but inlarged by
joannes Francus, who out of feveral Manufícripts, and his
own obfervations, has put the laft hand to this Book. It.
begins with a contemplation of the great ufefullnefs to :
mankind of things common and contemptible, which -
ferves for an introduction to the’ Natural Hiftory of an
Animal of more real ufe, than value. It 1s handled ac- -
cording to the Method prefcribed by the German Natu-_
. re Curtof in fingle fubjects, where after the different ap--
pellations in feveral Languages and pretended Ety mo-
logies of them, he defcribes the Beaver (for it isnot our
Englifb Badger, for which the Author miftakesit) to be
an Animal about the bignefs of a Cat, amphibious and
living upon fruits and barks of trees: his forefeet are like -
a Dogs, and his hinder like thofe of a Goofe; his tail
feemstobe an intire Fifh, which he always keeps wet, -
fuflering.feveral inconveniences when it is dry. Be-
tween its hinder legs grow two bags, which contain the
Cafloreum 3 thefe many Authors took for the Tefticles
of the Animal,till Rezdeletius fir undeceived the world,
& proved them by Anatomy to beonly bags for this very
fubftance ; the reafons of this you have here given you.
And after an account of the manner of its feeding, build-
ing itsneft, bringing forthits young, its age, and pla-
ces where moft frequently found, you have the medical
ufe of feveral of its parts, as of its Skin whichis commen-
ded in the Colick, Hyfterical pains, Madnefs, and other :
. diftempers, efpecially in all thofe commonly accounted |
| Colds; asis likewife the Fat.. The blood is foveraign in
a e GOK I2 the

|
:
|

- frxagor

the Epilepfy, inward bruifes, hardnefs of the breats &- |

the like. ‘The Fur, (befides the mechanicall ufe of itin
hats). is-aftringent, and ftops blood. "The teeth are
ufed as Amulets for Children in breeding the Teeth, in
the Pleurify, and to prevent the falling-ficknefs in In-
fants. Butthe chief thing of ufe about it is the Caffore:
m, which being firft defcribed by its fenfible qualities,
which direct how to diftinguifh the native from that

which is adulterated, all the effects of itin Phyfick are ve-. |

.ry particularly enumerated ; variousreceipts for moft di-
ftempers,backt with the experience of the Phyficians who
fuccefsfully ufed them, are carefully delivered; which to
fet down here fingly would be to tranfcribe.a great part

|. . ofthebook.AIl which is folearnedly and faithfully done, — |
and that alternately by Marzus and Francus, that it feems — —

a contention between two very good. Naturalifts, to

give a juft account of one of. the beft Medicinesin Na-- -
ture: at theend of itisa Catalogue of the Manufcripts —

which are quoted in the book, fome of which have been
. fince Printed, and the reft we may expect from the pub-
lifher of this ufefull tract. notes

BPrinted.at the Theater zw Oxtord for Sam.
Smith, a£ the Princes Arms in Paul's
Church-yard London ; and Hen. Cle-- |
ments Book-/eller zw Oxford. .

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rR ANS ACCOT LON SD
a Mas the Month December, 1685.
The CONTENTS.

t. An Explanation of the Figures of two Prophyry Pillars —
in Higypt. 2.4 Letter, /ubfcrebea W. Yenon, concern-
4ng Dr Papin: new Water Engine. 3. Eclipfis Lune
totalis cum mora, 44. 1685. die 10. Dec. fi. N. obfer-
vata Gedania Johanne Hevelio. 4. An Abjfrat of a
Letter from Mr. ]. Flamfteed, Math. Reg. and F.
of the R. S. giving the Defcription and Ufes of an Inftru-
ment for finding tbe diffances of 155 Satellits fromzts Axis,
with the help of the Table of Parallaxes, and Gatalogue of
Eclipfes, prénted zn the preceding Tranfactions. 5. 24
~ Remarkable Account of a Liver appearing Glandulofe re.
the Eye; communicated by Mr J. Brown, Chirurgeon to
S¢ Thomas s Z7ofpztal in Southwark. 6. Iwo Extracts
ofthe Fournal of the Phil. Soc. of Oxford ; one contain-
ing a Paper communicated by the Reverend Dr Wallis,
- Prefident of that Soc. concerning the ftrength of Memo-
ry when applyed with due attentzon : The other deferebing —
-& large Stone vorded by a Woman per meatuin ufina-

|. mium. 7. Part of a Letter from theLearned Dr Salomon

. Reifelius, Chezf Phyfician to the Duke of Wirtémberg,
- -eoncerning the Sipho Wirtembergicus. 8. 4 full De-.
__ fertption, with the Ufe, of the new Contrivance for Raifing
Water, propounded in the Tranf. N. 173. by Dr Papins.

EF. of the R. S. 9. A Letter from Mr William Cole,

Member of the Phil. Soc. of Oxford, contacning his Ob-
fervations on the Purple-Fifh, 10, Two Letters from:
Mr W. Nicolfon, concerning two Runic Infcriptions.
at Beaucaftle, and Bridekirk. 11, 249 Account of the
| ! S ff Latitude

| [ 1252] |
Latitude of Conftantinople and Rhodes; written P.
the Learned Mr Greaves, and communicated by the Re- à
verend Dr Smith. 12. Accounts of two Books; 1.
‘FRANCISCIWILLUGHBEI l_Armig. de Hi-
, ftoria Pifcium Lzbr? quatuor, Fufju & Sumptibus Regia
Societatis Lond. edstz. "Totum opus recognovit, coapta-
— vit, fupplevit, Librumetiam Primum & Secundum inte«
» gros adjecit. JO. RAIUS : Soc. Reg. Oxonii & ©
Theatro Sheldoniano. 1686. Fol. 2. GODEFRI-
- DI BIDLOO, M.D. Anatomia Humani Cerporz.
Amftel. Fol. 1685. 13. An Index to the Fifteenth Ve-
lume of the Phil. Tranfactions. - | +3

4

A EG ST SE REGES ee kh GET MAE QU. OA ARSRCUI ati) 00507 eee! F .

An Explanation of the Cutts of two Porphyry Pil-
. lars in egypt. +e PAR aa: 2

-—

AB. r. Fig. x. reprefents the Obelisk, or Miguill2, —
near the Matarea, about 3 or 4 miles from (aro. —
The height of this Pillar is 67 foot: the bignefs 7 and}, -
with the Hveroglyphtc Character. Page q
—. 00 fhews the height of the Né/e’s rifing above the fu- —
perficies of the Earth, when itoverflows.. =) |
Tab. 1. Fig. 2. The Needle at Alexandria. »
. Thefe Pillars are more fully defcribd in the PA. .
Tranf. Numb. 161. Their Figures, being no where ex- -
tant that we know of, are here prefented to the Reader. -
whois obliged for them to the ReverendDr Huntington. -

[1253] |

Acus Magnetice variationis, que Norimberge pau-
“cw abbinc annis deprebenfa fuit, Obfervatio an-
no currente 1685, ibidem ab Obfervatoribus Do-
core I. G. Volckamero, I.. P. Wurtelbaur, «e
G. C; Eimmmart- repetita; 49 Regie | Societati
"Lond. à Clariff». D*. And. Arnoldo, Norimber-

genfi, communicata.

I Nventa de novolinea Meridiana, ficut olim, non u-
na, fed pluribus, partim vulgari modo, partim me-
thodo Hevelzana, partim etiam propria, in planis mar-
moreis ad libellam decenter exequatis, diverfarum me-
diocriter longitudinum (prout ex Epiftola invitatoria Cl.
óturmii tunc edita videreeft;) defignabatur infuper alia
longior in plano exacte horizontali, ad intervallum radii
12. pedum Norecorum ductusarcus, pro diftinctiori gra-
dus in fua minuta divifione: Locus idem, qui antea,
maxime idoneus eligebatur; erat fpatium peramplum,
: fub dio liberrimum, nullifque latentis magnetifmi vel
ferri vicinifallaciis obnoxium, in horti nempe amzna
planitie, cujus are$ quadrata unum latus ducentos pedes
exfuperat: in hujus fpatii medio fingula Meridianz om-
ni, qua fieri potuit, cura ac circumípectione inveftiga-
tz, ab obfervatoribus rigidiflime examinabantur, & con-
tinuis aliquot diebus fub initium menfis dugufiz, (tempo-
^ra quidem folftitialia, huic operationi magis accommo-
data, deftinata fuerant, fed inclementia coeli differre coe-
~ git) idem confenfus Meridianarum, non neglecto tamen
refpectu tunc temporis declinationis ©, diverfimode exe
plorabatur,. l| Gerth 2s nau

Poftea quam de certitudine Meridianarum tali pacto
fecuri redditi;applicatis variis pyxidibus magneticis, tam
iis vetuftioribus, que ante quinquennium huic ufui ad-

j | Sy lie hibebantur

| [1254] |
hibebantur, quam aliis recentioribus plurimis, medio-
eris quidem longitudinis, quarum maxima: femiflent

pedis. non excedebant, fed gracilioribus & vivacibus, :

animadvertebamus, quod mirum, declinationem acus à
priftina nec in uno minuto difcrepáte, fed in quavis me-
ridiana exacte cum: priori convenite, ad ' Occaf.' fcili-
cet j^. 9 An autem. interea temporis ulterius proceffe-
rit, ut nunc in. fitu retrogrado ejus deviatio deprehenfa
. fuerit, quod certe cafu eveniffe potuiffet, non liquet,cum
nec temere iftud ftatuere, quin in eam fententiam,quod
ftationarius (procul dubio circularis motus) in eodem
pando permanferit, pronius abire velimus, 557

(

fa D. Éinipiartus perféripfit ad amicum faum Andream
Arnoldum , qui ifthec Regie Sucietatt Londinenf, Fw.
trici olini fud, fubers metitoque tranfmittit. — —

:] A |
at 3a "A 4 "E $4. huy “us J ,

J.A

A Lene, fübfcribed W. "Tenor, concerning Dr
Papin’s mew Water-Enginc. =

Oi H E other :day yupon reading id the dronfeilims,
: a. defcriptionof the effects of ia Water-Engin, in-
vented by D" Papin, and propounded. as a Probléme to

find out the: contrivance;. there caine into my mind the

following thought. ‘Ide not think it isthe fame withhis,
nor fo good, but fuch as it isI fend you, becaufe variety
of fancies gives:hints' many times: to: bétter new. inven-
tions. EMIT as et) à | x a : 7
Tab.:,. Fig; 3,4 B.D E. fignifies a cylindrical Veffel,
idi ¢ PE ¢ | . €elofed

~

j eee
- clofed on every fide, and divided into two rooms by the
floor £F. j v
... GLM H, is another Cylindrical Veffel within that
‘upper room, cemented with its mouth downwards to
the floor, and full of water up tothe furface /X; the
- upper part thereof G JAH, being full of Air. :
Q0, RP twoPipes, open above and below, and let
through the upper room into this Veflel, and reaching
almoft down to the floor E F.
UW aPipe open above and below, and let into the
upperroom. Ih:fePipes muft be clofe joyned round
about them to the floors € D, and GH.
X, Y, two little hemifpherical bladders,prepared with
Oylor fome Oyly fubftance (as Butter or Turpentine)
againft water, and cemented with their Mouths upward

to the floor E F underneath.
a, @ two valves opening out of the upper room into
the bladders. . | eee
— », A two other valves opening out of the bladders in-
‘to the inner Veffel above. | |

N Z apendulum playing upon the center N, and hav-
. ing two- battledoor arms 2 6 to Íqueez alternately the
. bladders which rett upon them. | |
—. Let the upper room be filled with water at the Pipe
UW, andifthe pendulum be made to play by Clock-
work, the bladders will perpetually pump it thence into
the inner Veffel, and the compreft Air G ZA H in the
"upper part ofthat Veffel, preffing upon the furface of
the water IK, will force it thence into the Pipes O 9,
PR; out of which {pouting with a perpetual even ftream
into the fpoons 5, 7, it will run down by the Pipe WV,
into the upper room again. The pendulum will play
moft eafily when the upper room is filled to the top of ©
thePipe7/'U. Inftead of the bladders may be other con-
-trivances, asof fuckers or little Organ bellows, playing
alternately with two leaves about an axis in the middle.
Sept. 16. 1685. IV. Tenon, 3] Hi siia Ecltbffs

[ 1256]

Eclipfis Lune totalis cum Mora, Anno 1685. die

to Decemb. St. N. obfervata Gedani 4] O--

HANNE HEVELIO.
U M Obfervationes Eclipfium Lunz, inprimis to-
; talium cum mora, ad reftaurandas & promoven-
das Res Aftronomicas, plurimum contribuant, ac ra- -
ro nobis in confpectum prodeant; utique fumme: ne-
ceffarium, ut quilibet Aftrophilus ad eas omni indu-
ftria attendat: Ideoque & ego, qui à plurimis jam re-
tro annis Rebus Czleftibus pro meo à Deo conceffo
modulo operam dedi, volui & huic notabili deliquio in-
vigilare; fed vix fpes aliqua dabatur, de eo vel quic-
quam obtinendi; fiquidem non folum initium Decem-
bris, verum etiam totus fere November continuo nubi-
lofus, & impetuofus extitit; nihilominus tamen prater
omnem fpem, decimus Decembrisà fummo mane Coe-
lum admodum ferenum, & ab omnibus nübibus prorfus
denudatum exhibuit, ut rurfusanimi nobis adderentur,
hanc obíervationem ex Voto, procul omni dubio fuc-.
-ceifurdms., 100 os | del IE
. . Proinde, ftatim exorto fole ad hafce operas nos ac-
cinximus, nonfolum Horologia Ambulatoria, quam Of-
cillatoria, ad normam Sciatericorum fingula minuta
commonftrantium rectificando, fed pariter nonnullas
Altitudines Solis, Quadrante noftro fingula minuta ex-
hibente, capiendo ; & quidem primo Solis Altitudi--
nem Meridianam, atque poít Meridiem, tam Altitu-
dinem folis, quam Capelle, pro corrigendo tempore ex
horologiis, Aere exiftente quidem admodum fudo, fed

vento fatis auftero, ut difficultate jam aliqua obferva- |

tiones expedirentur; fpretis tamen his omnibus, ut ini-
tium ingruentis Eclipfeos recte exciperem, omnem ad-
dibui operam, inftruendo Tubos fcilicet Opticos varii

| Tia hae i tpe o generis,

| fez || |
generis, tam longiores, quam breviores; verum optime
previdens, Telefcopia, 12, 20, & 30 pedum, etiamfi in
Ípecula mea ad manus adeffent, ob Ventum nimis im-
petuofum, fore hac vice inutilia, eo partim attento, qnod
erectis fulcris ac perticis minime firmiter alligari, partim
ob fitum Lunz altiorem maxima cum difficu tate erigi,
& dirigi poffent. Quamobrem breviores 'Tubos 5,6, & -
7 pedum ad manusfumpfimus; fed nec his omnem in-
commoditatem, ob iftum impetuofum Ventum evitavi-
mus: profecto artis laborifque haud exigui erat, Tele-
Ícopia adeo firmiter continde ad Lunam retinere, ut
penumbram recte difcernere potuerimus, Phaíefque om-
nesexadte defignare, per quas nimirum maculas tran-
firent, vel quas omni tempore attingerent. Attamen
pro viribus, quoufque fevera tempeftas, atque traníe- -
untes nubeculz permittebant, rem peregi, fxpius non
iftas Phafes, quasexoptabam, fed eas, quas Coclum con-
cedebat defcribere oportuit. Nihilominus, Divina ope,
. licet Aere adeo exiftente turbulento, variaque obftacu-
la fepius intervenirent, adhuc 23 Phafes fi initium Eclip-
feos, totalem ob{curationem, & Recuperationem lumi-
nis non excipias, obtinui. |
' Ubi inprimis notandum habes, quod denfiffima pe-
numbra genuinum Initium Eclipfeos precefferit, ab ho-
racirciter dimidia decima, ita ut vix acne vix verum
initium difcernere quiverim ; deinceps vero, umbra
paullo promotiore, phafes aliquanto diftinctius defigna-
relicuit. Colorem porro quod attinet, hunc in hac E-
clipfi maxime notandum habes; quippe talem diverfi-
tatem raro- admodum in ipfo colore deprehendi: modo
enim erat Ferrugineus, vel Muftelinus; ingruenti vero
totali obícuratione, Limbus Lunz circumcirca erat
fublividus, ex parte fubluftris, & rubicundus; verum in
Lune medio, quafi fatis denfa, & obfcura nubecula con-
Ípiciebatur, ut vix maculas recte in Luna diftinguere
potuerimus; que nigricantior umbra paullatim fuccef-
| | TD t2 five

: [ 1258] Fe
five verfus dextram, & Paludem Mocotidem promoveba- -
tur, fic ut circa initium Recuperationis luminis; tota ge-
nuina umbra admodum obfcura, & nigricans appareret, .
atque circa ultimam annotatam phafin, reliqua pars ad-
huc obícurata Lunz, five ejus limbus, hora. videlicet — |
prima noctis, neutiquam deprehendi vel minimum po-
tuerit, Exoptaflem, ut obícuriores denfiffims. nubes :
non exortz fuiflent, totumque coelum non penitus ob: |
duxiffent, quo porro ad finem ufque obfervare nobis li- —
cuiffet, quid ratione coloris, umbrz, atque penumbrz
accidiffet. a E jq |
Itaque in hac Eclipfi non nifiejus Initium, r6 phafes

crefcentes, cum initio Kecuperationis luminis, atque
» quatuor decrefcentibus Phafibus obfervare ac denotare

conceffum fuit ;ficuti Obfervationum Tabella noftra hic
annexa, Lypufque Eclipfeos clare oftendit, (vide Tab.
2. Fig. x.) necnon per quas maculas qualibet phafium —
fetiotranfierit, tum quid praterea notatu dignum ex-
titerit. An alibicoelum magis extiterit propitium, a-
lique. multo plures Phafes determinare, atque longe
accuratiores ex coelo depromere valuerint, tempusdoce- :
bit; profecto fi coelum nobis magisannuiffet, lubentif-
fimo animo etiam aliquid amplius, ut mihi quidem ab
initio propofitum erat, przftitiffem, & quidem in re ta-
li; quod in Eclipfibus Lunaribus hucufque nondum ad-
pao chudcepis 231 ot rub aa
Quibus vale,Benigne Aftrophile, & fave porro qualibus.
- qualibus noftris conatibus ; praeprimis mecum Venerare
Deum 0. M. ex toto pectere, quo Uranographiam no- —
ftram, jam fub Coclo & Pralo ferventem, ac Prodro-
mum Afítronomnizez, totum meum novuni Fixarum Ca- ©
talogum exhibentem, Pofteritatis bono, in lucem pro- .-
ferre, omniumque Aftrofophorum Oculis ac’ Judicio, |
feliciter, proximo anno exponere non nequeam. Va-
le iterum iterumque.Dabam Gedanz, Anno exeunte 1685.

7 Tabula

[ 1259]

"Tabula Obfervationum.
- Ordo} Tempus feu i Altitudines| ET un : |
jme rtg Notanda: DE "E uae dus
Alitudo() |12.39.0
» | Meridiana
^o lAlttudo () |r. 54.0
. o. |Altitudo) |g. o- of
3o |Aliitudo- Ca- |3 1. 0.6
«Aq c belle iub | |
. ojAltitudo Ca- |31. 2. o/ dub.
2 pee ga nulliu: Ws
25 Penumbra
.35 |Penumbra 1
| denfior
9.48. 5 |Penumbta, . |;
4 .ndenfffuma 1

- 1o|[nicium quan-|.
- | tum.collige-|
redabaur | -—
.3. 20\Palus Marz-}.
| otis jam to- |
ta erat tecta] .

tes nondum |
plane tectus |
crat |

2)

2)

La EO 14 $5Iofula Melos
j Jam tota te-
éta erat

tad Montem Andum, & Paludem Ma-
r&otidem

. |Per Montem Germanicianum, ad mare

Syrticum, &Mont: Acabo,
Ad Mont. Porphyritem, per mare Syr-
| ticum Montemque Ajacem.

Per Mont, Petri; interInf. Cercinnam, |
& Inf. Tarracinniam, per finum Syr-
| bonis, & Paludes- Arabia.

Ad Inf. Kicariam,Maltam, M. Athos, per
Mont. Pharan & Mont. Troicum.
Ad Sinum A pollinis,per Inf. Erroris,per

M. /Etnam,Inf.Letoam & Didymam.
Supra Sin. Apollinis, ad Lacum Hercu-
. leumjInf. Siciliz, per Mont. Parthe-

nium & Taigetum, ad Inf. Melos & .
Mont. Lion.

Tot't3 Ordo

e [r260]

‘Ordo Tempus feu ds | Altitudines a :
palbep D LU Asie rel rim i
H5 Fixarum |
$9 1o 19 $5|. & ! Ad Inf.Minorcam,perSinum Paftanum,
| , : iid . M. Micalo,Inf. Cyprum, Mont.Hor.
: | . ad M. Sinai, & defertum Raphidim.
oro a4 gin | Ad M.Liguftinum, Panyzum, inter M.
dae al Sipylum & Didymum, per M. Liba-
num & Seir.
IO|Io 27 IO . |SupraM. nigrum minorem, per M. A-
| ; 1554 | penninum, Inf, Besbicam, M. Cimz-
: | um Montemque Calchaftan.
Il|1ro 3I 27) 3 VEA . " |Ad montes, Serrorum, & Carphates, ad ;
: Nn Byzantium,per M.Horminium,Tau-
: rum, & M. Delangueros. ©
12/10 36 o | - [Per montes Macrocemnios, Inf. Cya-
i neam, M. Amanum & Antitaurum.
130 41209] 0 Per Inf. Macram, per Erichtenios Sco-
dur pulos, fin. Athenienfem, & Pal Ar-
| cefam., |
1410 49 35) —— | Per Lac. Hyperbor : fuperiorem, Pal.
1 Byces, Inf. Aeam, M. Herculis, fin.
. extremum Ponti, Montemque Para-
SERE pomifum.
15 xo 48 40 |Ad Lac m Hyperbor: inferiorem, M-
jn: | | Immerium, per M. Coracem, Tau-
can, fin: inferiorem Maris Calfpii.
16|ro $2 1O | ^». [Per Montes Riphzos, Pal. Mzotidem.
AP Inful.MajoremCafpii,& M. Nerofum.
IO $6 35|Luna non- . | T
dum plene
obícurata
Io $8 25 |Iotalis Im- E
merfio. Oo MU
II 20 45 Altitudo Pro- 31 8 0
cyonis |
* 25 4j pedem Altitu-|31 380
Oo
XI a6 olObfcura illa

Ordo

[1261]

Ordo| Tempur feu |

Pha-| Horolog: ex Notanda. | Per quas Maculas tranfiverint
fium| Altit. corres. Umbrz Sectiones.

| umbra vel

| nubecula

- | plane in me-
| dietare Dil
| ciLunaris
confiftebat

merfionis feu
| Recuper. lu-
minis

| Ad mont. Andum, haud procul à Palu-
| centes, palis | WE. ade Marzotide.

| Marzótis
jam penitus
| tecta,

Pd

|Per Mare Eoum, Mare Syrticum, Mon-
| temque Cafium.

Per montem Atiantem minorem, inter
Inful. Cercinnam, & Inf. T araciniam,
per Mare /Egyptiacum, finum Sirbo-
nis, Montemque Pharan.

Ad. Dr Majorcam, Sardiniam, & Hie-
| ram, per M. &tnam, Inf. Melos, ad
Montem Anne & Hajalon

Initium Eclip-
| feos paul-
lo fupra Pa
ludem Ma-
reotidem
extitit.

TotalisOb{curatio, ad Montem Sanctum, infra Palu-
dem Mzotidem accidit.

Recuperatio Luminis fere ibidem contigit ubi initiuna-
Coepit. Mi Ai»

An Abftract of a re d Mr J. Flamfteed. Math.
Reg .4o'F.of the R.S. giving tbe defcriptionte ufes of
an [nfirument for finding the diflances of & Satel-
lits from bis Axis, with the help of the Table of Pa-

rallaxes and Catalogue of Ecliples ; printedi in the

* porn Tranfa&ions. See Tab. 2. Fig. 2-
HE little Circle in the middle reprefents the Pla-
net Fupiter, the four concentrick Circles the pro-

‘per Orbits of his four Sateléts, duly proportioned to -

the breadth of his body; the diftances betwixt the

parallel lines interfe&ting them, ess each equall to _

.oné of his Semidiameters.
The 4 divided Circles next without mw are diftin-

guifhed into fo many partsas there are days and hours -

. 1n each Satellitsrevolution;' the Innermeft of them ferv-
ing for the firft, or innermoft Satellit; that next it,
for the 2d, that next without this for the 3d, and the
outermoft for the 4th ; above which is a fmall divid-
ed Arch of rg degrees.

By this with the aforementioned tables to find the di-
Mire of the Satellits from 7* 4x2s to a propofed time.

In the Table of Parallaxes of the Orb, find the "

de Parallax to the time propofed, and note whether
it be to be Added or Subfiracted.

2. Extend the thrid from the center of the Infien-
ment over the Parallax numbred in the fmall Arch:

it cuts off in the 4 divided Circies, fo many hours as -
each Satellit fpends in paffing. from. the Axzs of the -

fhadow to the Axzs of Z viewed from our Earth ; thefe

I call the Stmple Parallaitich Intervalls, which if the
FUR i was to be added, are alío additionall, if to be
Sa Subduttive.

To thefe Parallaílich Intervalls addthe timesof — -

half the duration of the Eclips of each ide |
which for the 15.may-be affumed 1^ 1^. 1o for the 24.1%. 3o".
Sci ter

L]
r
——T -— —-————— v" -—-— ee ae

| | Frege] o

greater exa&nefs being needlefs; but for the 3d, and
4th, when Eclipfed, (their Immerfions into the fhadow
and emerfion from it being commonly given in the
Catalogue) take half the difference of thefe times at
the next Eclipfe to the time propofed, for the half du-
xation, and add them to the $2mple Parallaitich Inter-
valls, fo have you them. Augmented. But note that
this year 1686, and 1o often as the 4th Satelit is not
Eclipfed, (which is two yearsin every fix)its Intervall
needs no augmentation,the Catalogue fhewing the very
time when it.paffes the 4vw of the fhadow. —.

4. Find in the Catalogue the times ofthe Eclipfes of
each Satelit next preceding the time propofed, and
when the 4th is not Eclipfed, of its pafling the 2x of
the fhadow, to which, if the Paral/aéizc& Intervalls
augmented were Additzonall, add them to, wt Subdu-
Ctive, Subftrad them from, each the time of its proper
‘Satellits Eclipfe, fo have you very near the Appa-
rent £/mes, when each Satellit laft paft over the Axzs of
. 4. viewed from our Earth. — ce

$. Subtra& each of the times thus got from the time
propofed : the Remainders arethe Intervalls of the Mo-
don of each Satellit from Us Axis. 13
- 6. Extend the thred from the Center over each of thefe
Intervalls of Motion numbered feverally in the divided
Circles belonging each to. its proper Satellit, where
, it cuts the proper Orbit of that Satellit, whofe intervall
was numbered in its peculiar Circle, it fhews amongtt
the. parallells, how many femidiameters of Z: that Sa-
tellit is diftant from him, and on which fide of him tis

pofited. | | |
|. Note further, that the thred as itlay extended over
—theperallax of theOró numbered in the {mall Arch,where
it cut the feveral proper Orbits of each Satellit, fhew'd
. amongft the Parallells, how many Semidiameters of 7
the center of the fhadow was diftant from the center
zd orT | Vv | ot

—.

[1264]

of v viewed from our Earth. And that ifthe Paral-
- lax of the Orb were additionall, the fhadow lies on the
right hand from Z, if Subdudive, on the left.
|. To explain thefe precepts, I fhall give two brief ex-
amples. Let it be then- propofed to know how far
each Satellit appears diftant from % on the 26th of
December this prefent year 1685, at 16". 52. p, m.
"whenthe 33. Satellit falls into theShadow ; alfo on July
the 16. 1686. at 10^. oo'. p. m. when there is no Eclipfe.
» Vide Tab. 2. Fig $j | 1685. Dec. 26°. 16°.
52. p. m. the- Parallax of the Orb is »' . 20'. additional.

IG | I 19 3yTor AS 4
4 Therefore: ? 2 ; ne BHTRLNP LETT MUS S SS
The fimple Paralladick Inter- I. Io 4 25.| 10. 20.
© valls Add
The half duration ofthe Eclip-| — 1. i

fes to be Added. _
~ The Paral lattick Intervalls Aug-
- mented
- Laft Immerfions Sd P in the
Catalogue. Dec.
Pies of NP TREE Jupiter
Axis Dec. .
Subtraded from the time pro-
. pefed. Dec.
Leaves the Intervalls siMoenta
| Over which numbered in |
' their peculiarcircles,the thred.

2.

Ics OO. 32;

Tn s —
i

25. (y sers 05* 47.|19. 12. 58.

25.11, 52.25.09 27.,19. 18 .41.| 106 IO. 50.

16. 16. § 2.| 26. 16. $2.|26. 16. $2. 26. 16. ‘2.

Oo,

Iz. O07: tp. 22. Ii. 16. O6. o2- EC ^ |

_being feverally layd , cutsthe| Semid OSib 2G dext. |4! dext. +
~ proper Orbit ofeach. at theiri2 dext | 3 ie hie E T2 1
diae diftances fromupiter.. dd ; | Mets ed wd

Vide Tab: 24 Fig. 4

Again, 1686. Fuly dA 16.To" p. m. the Parallax. of.
— -the Orb. is 10". 46. eue o :

licet Parall PR. acd Pol Ue a. o r0

The fone Prallaiek Toker] asso cag ded. c
d uration of. the Ecipfes I. ig ES | | | |
——————MÁM A. ;

[ 1265]

- The Paralla&ick Intervalls Aug- 2-22.i 4» o5.
I1 cus ! JU
The next lait Emerfions and] 1s os. 55.1 15. 22. 02.| 15. 69. t9.| rz. 17. Fol
paffing the Axisofthe fhadow PU

dine of laft palling tue vifi5]e t9: 03: 33:| 15. 17. 57:| 1$. OF. O9.| 15- O5. $2
Axisof Jupiter i23

; July. ; |

The time propofed. ]:6- 10. C» | 16. ro. oo. 16. 10. 00 | 16. 10. 0».
Intervals of Mouon. ^. : I1« 66. 27-104 16. 03.| i. o 454 nn) 04: (08,
Therefore Diftances from Jupi- Semid, 8: Sinif. | 121 Sin. |101. Sin.

ters Axis. 2 dext | |

And the Satellits ftand at the two propofed times
as in the two Figures. ee | :
In drawing of which, tho’ I have confidered their La-
titudes from the line of their utmoft Elongations pafling
through Z5 center, yet I give norules for determining
it, the contrivances and directions neceffary on that
account, being too many and troublefome to be infert-
ed here: my defign is only to fhew the Ingenuous
obferver, how to find at what diftance from Z, each Sa-
tellit appears, that fo he may not miftake one for a-
nother when he is to obferve any of their Eclipfes. But
thus much I fhall advife him, That from the beginning
of the year 1686. for 3 years following, the Satellits,
in the upper or remoter Semi-Circles of their Orbits
from us, have South Latitude from the line of their
-utmoft Elongations, paffing over Z* center; in the un-
der or nearer North, but continually decreafing till
the end of 3 years, when they change for the contra-
ry. That the Latitude of the 4th Satellit is never
more then i; Semidiameter of Z,of the 3¢ little more
then half as much, ofthe twoinnermoft ftilllefs. And
that towards the end of the year, the 4th Satellit
(which will then have paffed uneclipfed near two years)
will begin to fall into the Penumdéra again, for which
reafon he may doe well to attend its tranfits at its
firft appearing, leaft perhaps it be really Eclipfed.
The Obfervatory, Novemb. 17. 1685.
| Vvva A Re-

P edi

| i 1266 |

A Remarkable Account of a Liver, appearing Glan-
dulous to the Eye; communicated by M* John .
. Brown, Chirurgeon of S' Thomas's Hospital in
Southwark; ina Letter to one of the Secretarys
of the Royal Society. wm |

Uh dp |
Send you here thefigure of the Liver of an Hydro-
BH pical Perfon, a Patient of our FIo/pztall, (as it was
accurately taken by M' Fatitborn,) which I thought fo
eurious as tobe worthy the notice ofthe Royal Society,
and therefore have prefumed to communicate it to you.
^ The Perfon was about 25 years of age; a Soldierin —
one of his Maje(ys Regiments herein "Town; who |
contracted his diftemper by drinking much water, -
when he could not ftirr from his duty , and catching
cold at nights in being uponthe guard : He was under —
the care of our Phyficians for fome time, by whofedi-
rections his fwellings did by times abate; but afterwards |
it wasobferved, that the method which had been be-
neficiall to others, had not here the like fuccefs, his
fwellings returning upon him as before; fo that there -
was nothing more now to be thought of, but a Para-
centhefis ; which operation however we judged very ha-
- Zardous, by reafon of the time of the year ;and for that
the Patient was very much emaciated ;. yet he being fo
much fwell’d, that it was uneafy to him to ly in his |
bed, he importuu'd us very often, and' with great ear- -
neftnefs,that the Operation might be performed; Where- _
upon we taking Aiippocrates rule, In cafu ancipiit pra~ |
fiat Remedium anceps, quam nullum ; and thinking it —
better toattempt a cure that might be but barely poí- '
fible, then to abandon him to the certain expectation

of. |

| [1267]

of death; a Paracentbeff ?r by othe Phyficians confent
and directions , was made by me the fourteenth
of November laf paft, whereby we drew from thePa-
tient about 3 pints of Brinifh Liquor, and within 4
days after as much more, the nextday morning he
dyes, and hisdeath as was found upon diffection, was.
. partly occafioned PY. a mortification upon his Scrotum
and Penw. - |

This Operation was performed to the faitiaciun of
the Phyficians and Chirurgeons that faw it, and by it
the Patient had fome eàfe for the prefent,
| Upon opening the body, I believe I took out about
24 quarts of water; he hada large inflammation upon
the Perztoneum ; all his other inward parts not much
dilaffected, except the Lever ; which now I am going
to defcribe to you.
" Its magnitude was not dulliduMuae. but rather
feemed lefs then ufuall, but that which was very re-
markable (and I think the like cafe fcarce ever obferv- -
ed by any Author,)and feems much to confirm the
opinion of the Learned: Malpighius, is this; It confilt-
.ed in its concave; convex; and'inward parts of glands,
which (with the Veffells) made up the whole fubftance
thereof; thefe glands contained a yellowifh Ichor, like
fo many Puftule, and was 1 fuppofe part of the bilious.
humor lodged in the fame, tho otherwife the Liver
between the glands was of its ufuall reddifh colour.
In the bladder of Gall; we found a foft friable ftone,
but otherwife nothing confiderable further in that part..
The Liver was opened before the Phyficiansof our Ho/-
tall D' Dawkins, and ^I Brgssasalío D' d yfon,
and others who had the curiofity tofee it; at which
place Mr Faztborn was likewile; who:then ‘rook that
draught which I now prefent to you; fo that thisbe-
ing attefted by fo good Tudges; I'need add no more
but des this -cafe-by them allcwas thought worthy to

VN be

[1268]
be picfeonethi to your excellent $eczety, which theretore

at their requeft I have adventured to do, hoping you

will Mis NM mick this prefumption of,

. A Sir;
December x gib. ETT
nte Ce em rg .. Your faitbfull Servant
168;. London. | | | |
| J. BROWNE.
A Defcription of the cut of the Liver, e.
| Vid. Tab. 3. Fig. 1. |

A, A. A. et Defcribes the Glands in the concave part |

of the leffer lobe of the Liver.

B. B. B. .. Defcribes the Glands in the concave part -

of the greater lobe ofthe Lzver ; which
, were of different magnitudes, tho in ge-

^ perall they were much lefs in the letler,

151595 £hen ubthe Greater.
6 C C C Defcribes the inward part a the greater
| lobe of the Liver asit was divided.
D. D. D. D. D. Are feveral black {pecks that appear'd in-
R ferted in thofeG/ands, which were proba-

bly from thé divasications of the Veffels,
being divided upon opening thislobe.

E. bc Veficula Fells, which was of a gree-
^^: Unith colour. -

f The Vena ehe tyed up with the seers 1

Biliarius, &c.
G. $A particular fett of Glands, lodged be-
: e. f: tween thefame and 7eza Cava.
AH. Vena (ava. :
J. Part ofthe liralsigtum, uU dat.
I do net here prefent you with the convex part of the

bios it being in every refpect, the fame with the con — |

cave part of nite lobes as to its (iquas here deícribed.
Two Ex:

-

|
]

x

Laaés 1

Tie Extratis if the Fournall H the Phil. So) of
.. Oxford ; one containing a Paper, communicat-
ed March 31,1685, by the Reverend Dr Wallis,
Prefident of rhat Soc. concerning the firength of
Memory when applied with due attention: rhe
other, dated Dec. 15th, 1685, defcribing a UR
Stone Voided by way of Urine.

The firft Extratt,

. PON Occafion of.a Difcourfe; ata E of

the Phelofophical Society at Oxford (Marcb 24, 1685)
concerning the Advantage which thofe may have (as to
Memory and the Application thereof,) who wanttheir -
Sight: Dr JZalis confirmed it by this confideration,
"phat, even we, that have our Ey-fight, can yet with
-more advantage apply our Memory (in matters of in-
tent confideration) by Night, in the Dark, when all
things are Quiet; than by Day, when fights and Noifes
areaptto divert. our/.Thoughts. And gaveinftance, in
his own application of his Memory, by "Night, (in per-
forming Arithmetical Operations in great numbers ; )
better then, by Day, he could have done: and, even
by Day, we. may better do it with our Eys fhut, than
open.

m becaufe fome prefent feemed to be fur prifed at
> fe particulars mentioned; he did at their next meet-
ing (Mar. 31. 1685) give this further account of it.
(Having had the. Curiofity, heretofore, to try, how
far. the ftrength of Memory would fuffice me, to per-
form fome Arithmetical Operations (as; Multiplication,
Divifon, Extrattion of Roots, &c.) without the affiftance-
. of Pen and Ink, or ought equivalent thereunto: And
finding it to fucceed well (for ANCE! in FATES

the

-

[270]

the Square Root, from Numbers of $, Io, I2, Of more
“places: I proceeded to try it (with fuccefs) in numbers

of 20, 30, Or 40 places. But was not curious to kee
memorials of the particular numbers which I had fo
confidered (as being: but a Curiofity , and not of fur-
ther ufe;) Tillthere happened-on occafional Difcourfe
of it: with a; Forraigner. ( Jobantes- Georgius Pelfiver,
Regio- Montanus Boruffus) who. coming: to fee the Unz-
wverfity, was pleafed (as divers other Fórraigners often
do) to give me a vifit; (Febr. x8. 165,)at a time when

I was affli&ed with a tedious and fevere Quartan. Ague,
(which. held me, for a. whole. year, from about Michael-
mas thei lait paft; till about the fame time in the year
following:) which caufed me to pafs Ia. mights
j with little or no fleep. |

He was defirousi would tell hii eens of Hoke mai

‘bers which Y had: fo confidered. ^ Which; at the: pre- |
^fent, (for the teàfon büt"now mentioned) Tcould.not _
do: fave only that, on Dec: 22. 1669, T had (by night,
in the dark.) extracted the Square Root of 3, (with Ci-
ede continued to thé Twentieth place =

Decimal Frattions:- Finding it'to be ^' 2 &- 2°

EEN TG Z205, o8075, 68877, 293435 fore ^
ied is the Square Aot t of 5, VERON ciphers ad-
3. 00d00;00000, ‘66000, Sodod; |» dabis bite, St oll ot. :
(which I had chanced to write down, becaufe v3 i$ à —
Surd which 1 might ‘after have Deca fion’ to make ufe —
of) But addded, ‘that 1 could at pleafure: penósni the |
‘like at duy time; - ^

. And when he. Beiter (pitted tie fo to. doi 1 I Küid,:
that fame'n night (by ‘dark, in ‘bed, withoüt any baee]
"affitence tha "my NlefioryJ propofe to PME (at aH

adventures)’ this nümbeft,-of;5 places. ' —

2, 4681, 3579, 1012, 1411, Gm» BEP, 26H, TPES arp 4
2628, 3023,2527,2931. |

E

andig

UR |oDxaza]

. and found its Square Root (of 27 places ) to be
I$7, 1030, 1687, 1482, 8058, 1215, 2171, fere,
(Without any other Method. of extracting Roots, than
what is commonly taught in Books of Arithmetick.)

- Thefe numbers, (having fixed them in my Memory,
by repeating the fame Operation a night or two af-
ter, when he made me another vifit, March the xx
following, I did dictate to him from my Memory,
(having not, before, committed them to writing) for
him to write down and examine: And did, after-

wards, write them down my felf.

He did it feems, difcourfe this afterwards (at Lendon)
with M’ Oldenburg (by whom he had before been di-
rected to me; ) to whom (as I remember) upon a Letter
. from him, I gave a like account as now Ido. —

I will not undertake, that my Memory is now fo

ftrong, as.then it was, in my younger days: but do be-
- lieve, if occafion were, I could yet perform the like.
But I have never tryed it (in fo great numbers) fince
that time: Being by that time, fufficiently fatisfyed,
that, a reafonable good Memory, fixt with good atten-
tion, is capable of being charged, witli more than a
man would at firft imagine. :

The Second Extract. Dec, 15/5. 1685.

A Model, or pattern of a Stone, which came from
| the Bladder of M». E.V. of Wallingford, atthe

age of 63 years, Aug. 7. 1685, Was communicated to

the Soczety.: The compafs of it was 5: inches ; the length

4; inches, the weight 3 ounces Zfvoezrd. This Stone was
at its coming off, taken out by her Husband, with-
out-the help or Inftrument of Phy/fczan or Chirurgeon,
and without effufion of Blood; fince its coming off,

fhe has-been troubled with Urzne zncontinentia,
| ALUX X Paré

nel

t

Par of a Letter to one of the Secr. of the R..
- Society, from t be Learned Dr Salomon Reifelius,
Chief Phyfician to the Duke of Wirtemberg ;
concerning the Sipho Wirtembergicus Stutgar-
die. 8. Od. S. V. 1685. dw Corm

Q Tatim atque veftras 4 Junii. datas vidit: Sereniffi-
.J mus Princeps meus ; in quibus communicasVeftra
Experimenta in Siphone Vitreo decem.: pedum ; fcire
defideras quantum- temporis fit duraturus Siphonis flu-
xus noftri; das confilium. pro extrahendis bullulis in
Siphone collectis, que fluxum poflint. fufflaminare ;{pe-
ras Sereniffimum. Ducem paflurum, ut & vobis & Orbi
toti exponatur. artificium Machine fue: Juffit "Typis
manifeftare fecretam fui Siphonis ftructuram; inprimis
poftquam paulo ante refciviffet Socium aliquem veftrum
ex mandato Soczetatis Regie imitatum effe eofdem ef-
fectus, & Phenomena fui Siphonis.. Quod hiíce jam
Nundinis praeteritis Francofurtenfibus factum effet, nifi
prius voluiffem in. altitudinem & amplitudinem infig:
nem & fatisutilem elevare; quandoquidem à Vidua
jordan: & alio Oculato Tefte audivi, ipfum ad quin-
quaginta quatuor pedes in domo fua exaltaffe cum flu-
xu & refluxu, cujus Veftigia ipfe obfervavi, cum alti-
tudinem metirer ; quam vero altitudinem tranícende-
re hactenus propter varia impedimenta & negotia non-
dum fuit conceffum. |. — . bbs S
Ne vero diutius Serenzfime Societatis defiderium fru-
ftrarer, aut morarer, fateor excellentiffimi |. D^. D'.
Papin Siphonem ipfiflimum effe Jzrtembergacum, etiam
cum recurvatione pedum factum ; neque aliud effe my-
fterium ut Inventor ipfe fcripfit, in Íummitate, quam
quod. per infundibulum debeat impleri, fine qua imple-
tone non poteft transfluere., Quod proxime Typis
as SUC DU e o BERNER

ore 1273]

" amplius confirmabitur, quia longum nimis effet & tz-

. diofum hic omnia fcribere. (

Aft ut in prefenti oftendam me hactenus nonnihil labo-
raffle circa Siphonis effectus ; ecce inter Experimentan-
dum, hoc quoque mihioccurrit; ut didicerim, quomo-
do in Vertice vel ad latera poffit effluere; quod hacte-
nus multi promifere, vix quifquam effecit; fed quod
Principi meo fereniffimo oftendi, & promittere audeo s
me in quavis poflibili Elevatione & transfluxu velle
xoshaurire aquam in Summitate vel ad latera, in
pofterum aperiam, quando per plura experimenta tam
altitudinis quam continuationis certior redditus fuero.
~ Quid apud vos hactenus fit tentatum, & quoufque
fit progreffus D'. Papen, expecto à tua liberalitate : In-
terim per compendii modum vidi Papznianz Siphonis
. figuram & Defcriptionem in menfe Majo Novellarum
Reip. Literariz -Amflerodamz exeufarum, cui gratulor

de tam felici imitamine, &c. |^ — | JIU RE

Xxxa A full

[1274] |

A Full Deftription, with the Ufe, of the new Contri-
vance for Raifing-Water , propounded im the

Phil. Tranf. N°. 175; by Dr Papin, Fellow

OF FE TX. al coa) ED ILILS. MEA

| ‘Here being already fix Months, fince I. did: firtt
propound a wem way for razfing water,printed fince
inthe Philefophical "Iranfatiions of July 1685; and no-
body having yet unriddled it, E believe it would be
needleís to; conceal it any longer; but will rather, ac-
cording to my promife, give a full defcription»of' the
. whole contrivance; that the AR. $. may be pleafed to
. improve it, and that it may be made ufe of, by thofe
" who may have occafion for it. istoQ iy Jan -
Tab. z. Fig. 4. a is the great ‘Tumbler, that
muít have fome little hole in the bottom as 4.5: 9)
. ILL, a flender Pipe hidden by the Chimney-Board
. BB, whereby the Tumbler 4.7 hath communication
withthe Pump or bellows M M. |
M M. fome kind of Pump or Bellows well fhut; and -
having no other aperture, but through the Pipe JLL.
Thefe are put in fome fecret place, where a body may
play the fame and not be feen. .
- NN, a flender Pipe, that makes a communication
between the glafs 2274, and the crown FF; this Pipe -
reacheth near to the cover of the crown, thatthe wa-
ter contain d in it, may not run down by that-aper-
ture. | op WOUND
EE the factitious Corall hollow within, fhut at the

bottom, and open at the top. |
DDDD two crooked Pipes, foddered to the fides of
the.Corall EZ, fo that the water running down the
Corall, may fpout out through the holes D D.
0 0 a pipe hidden in the Corall E E, paffing elm
| 4 | tne

: [ 1275 ]

the bottom of the fame, where it muft be well fod-
dered, and reaching near to the bottom of the
Rock .C C. | ETE d * :
LPP a Pipe to convey the water from the elafs GG
into the Rock € C; this Pipe is well foddered to the
cover of the fayd Rock. ! |

419 a valve working by-à {pring at the bottom ofthe
Pipe PP, ito keep*the water, that gets in that way,
from returning back. | fr |
— —R another valve at the top of the Pipe 00, that the

water, getting up that way, may not fall through the
i0 Now: it is plain, that the Rock CC, being fill'd part-
ly: with water, and partly with Ar ; if we open the bel-
lows M M, the Ar from the Crown Ff, muft run
through the Pipe NN, into the Tumbler 44: and
thence through the Pipe JL, into M M to fill the
vacuity tiade therein? the 4r in the Crown FF be-
ing thus ‘tarified, gives liberty to the Ar in the Rock
G € to rarify too , by driving the water through the Pipe
00: the water being got up into the Crown F F, runs
- down the Corall EZ, and thtough the crooked Pipes
DD D fpouts. out at their upper apertures, and from
the: fhells HH, falls upon the Rock CC: if we come
afterwards to fhutt the Bellows M M, the Air gotinto
their vacuity, muft run back into the Tumblers 4 4,
and prefs upon the water at the top of the Rock ct:
but the A/r in the. fayd Rock , having been rarified,
its fpring is not fufficient to refift this preffure, and
fo the water is forced into the fayd Rock through
*he Pipe P P: and by thus opening and fhutting the
Bellows M M, the water muft conftantly circulate by
the ways aforefayd. |
<As-for the ufes, this way for rating water may be |.
apply'd to, this I do conceive: the glaffes, being meer-
ly to conceal the fecret, muft be left out; and there
Ri Sg | du X x2 may

[1276] ‘
"may be made feverall receptacles above one another:
-to receive the raisd water, fo as doth the Crown FE)
and there fhould be as-many bellews to communicate
every one -with-one receptacle: thefe bellows fhould
be moved by: an 4xzs, fo that when the firft is open,
the fecond fhould be fhut; the third open, the fourth,
Íhut; and fo forth alternatively ; which may be eafi-
ly done: by this. means, -the firft or loweft receptacle
"would give the neceffary fupply of water to the fecond;
the fecond to the third, the third to the fourth, &c.
| till the water would be raisd tothe intended height:
fuch receptacles might eafily be fet twelve or fifteen
‘foot above one' another, and fo-but few of them might
raife water to a confiderable heighth, as well as

— ordinary. Pumps do; but this new way would have this

advantage,.that.in the ordinary pumps, the ftrength
to.be applyed lyeth near the water to be raifed, but
by this contrivance the, ftream of a River may be, ap-
plyed to draw water out of a mine far diftant frómit:
‘by the fame way the ftream of the Thames might keep
conftant water works in Wind/or-Caftle; as eafie almoft
-as in the loweft fields: the River Sezze might -do.the
fame at S'. Germain, and. perhaps at. Perfazlles too,
.notwithftanding the great diftance: for it is to beob-
‘ferved, that the Pipes of communication between
the bellows and Engine, being ,meerly for the convey-
ing ofthe. Zir, which. moves very fwiftly, they may be
flender enough, andío contain buta fmall quantity of
Mir to be rarified ; and befidesthey will not be fubject-to
burft or leak, fince the preffure they bear,being allexter-
nall to the Pipe, will rather ftrengthen then break
the fame: from whence it follows, that the fay d Pipes
need not -be ftrong, but may be made at very {mall
.charges. . It is alío.to. be obferved, that thofe bellows,
that are open, have the. Z£zr in them: very much rari- |
fied, fo that the outward. lyeth heavy upon (to fhut)

ja aue og -^ tephem,

D

[1272] i
them, by which means the motion of the Engine muft
be helpt in lifting up the oppofite bellows, that are to be
opened: and this obfervation may anfwer the greateft
difficulty that might be objected againft this contri-
vance; fo that I don't queftion, but this way for raif-
ing water, may on feverall occafions be of a great ad-
vantage. n | | doute bed
As a farther Explication of the ufe of this contrivance,
fee: Tabu 3° Eig. 2. j oar Bie
. AB.AB.Ate feveral Receptacles fet above one another,
which muft be: well fhatt and foddered every where.
CDD. CDD. Are two flender Pipes, whereby the
firft and third receptacles have a communication with
the Pump AH. | |
EFF. EF F. Two other flender Pipes, whereby the
fecond and fourth receptacles have a communication .
with the Pump 77. ;
— FH H. I I. Two Pumps whofe plugs are fo moved by
the xz LL, that when one goeth down the other go-
Sth ip. | :
a MM. A wheel faftened to the xz LL, that it may

ri

be moved by the Stream. of a River. ^. T.
NO. PQ. NO. PQ. Are big Pipes for the water to--
to go up, from a lower intoa higher receptacle.
0. 9. 0. 9., Are Valves fitted to the top of tbe fore-
faid Pipes, that the water may not go down through
the fame. DUO CU GIR. piter ec MP RESO Me

. . Now. it is plain that when the Plug in the Pump
HIF. is going up, the Mr comesin through the Pipes .
CD D, and. fo it is rarified in the firft and third recep- -
tacles marked 44: and by that means the water may >
be driven up into the faid receptacles through the Pipes :
AN 0.-becaufe at the fame time the Plug in the Pump -
Il going down, caufeth the @r to return to its ordi- .
nary preffure in the fecond and fourth. receptacles,
that it may be able to drive up the water- through .
Io /. ye the .

(

| E281

the faid. Pipes VO, and the lowe Bipe draws the wá:
ter that lyesopen to the “r.. By the fame reafon when
the Plug in the Pump // goeth up,the ir, muft come
in through the Pipes EFF: and fo it is rarified in the
. fecond and fourth receptacles marked B8, and by that
means the water may be driven, up into the faid. Re-
ceptacles through the Pipes PQ. PQ. becaufe at the
fame time the Plug in the Pump HA going down,
caafes the Wr to return to its ordinary preflurein the
firft and third receptacles, fo that it is able to drive

up the water through the faid Pipes PQ. «>

A Letter from Mr William Cole of Briftol, £o she
‘Pie Society of nord contain Bi Ofer

vations on..the Purple Fith.

Here being many Naturall things, which I have

4 formerly, and of late, happily found in the South
and Weft. parts. of England, not -(as I can find) publifh- -
ed by any Author ; befides many more; which have been
difcovered by the induftrious exquifitions of divers inge-
nious and curious Searchers of Nature; (as'alío others
which were before thought to. be Exotiques;) I have
reafon to believe, that thereare very many more. (for
incouragement. of {uch Inquirzers) yet undifcovered in
this our Native Country. Among others, that of\ the
Purple-Fi/p , which Y found, the laft Winter; on the See
mene Coafts _

[ 1279] 3

Coafts of Somerfet-bire, and the fhores of South-Wales
oppofite to it; and which alfoIdoubt not but may be
found on the other Coafts of England, efpecially the
South and Weftern parts, (in which Iam almoft affured
l.have formerly feen them, though then unknown to
me,) where there are Rocks and great Pebbles, and
where the Tides run not too ftrong. Which difcovery
I do not pretend to be fo made by me, as having nohint
of it before ; for in Oclober,x684,there were two Ladies at
Myuebead, where I then was,who(feeing what collections
I had made of Natural things in thofe parts,) told me,
there wasa certain perfonliving by the Sea-fide in fome
Port or Creek in Jreland, who made confiderable gain,
by marking with a delicate durableCrimfon Colour,fine
Linnen of Ladies, Gent. &c. fentfrom many parts of
that Jland, with their names, or otherwife as they pleaf-
ed; which, they told me, (as they were informed,) was
made by fome liquid {ubftance taken out of a Shell-fifh ;
upon which, I fhewed them all the Shells I had found
onthat Coaft; one of them thought it to be taken ont
of a Limpot; the other out of that Shell here figured and
. defcribed; but neither of them could inform me out
of what part it wastaken ineither. After theirdepar-

.. ture from that Port, I made experiments on all the Shell-

Fi/bes, in which I might probably think to find it; and
brake them while the 7z/bes were alive in them, and
with a fhort pointed Pencill of Horfe hair (no other
inftrument being fo convenient,) I tryed every part of
each, which I imagined might yield the colour; but up-
on wafhing the Linnen (which I had marked) in fcald-
ing water, with fope, there appeared nothing of any co-
louron them ; upon which I was ready to give overany
farther fearch ; but at length trying that part (in which
Ilittle thought theTincure lay,)it immedtatly turned to
alightgreen; which being prefently dryed and wathed,
as before, there appeared that delicate colour they told
me of,as aforefaid. Yyy The

[1280]
The whole procefs, upon my oft repeated experiments,
was as follaweth. 3
Thefe Shells,being harder then moft of other kinds, are
_ to be broken witha {mart ftroak of a hammer, ona plate
of Iron, or firm piece of Timber, (with their mouths
downwards) fo as notto crufhthe body of the Fifh with-
in: the broken pieces being pickt off, there will appear a
white Vein, lying traníverlly in a little furrow or cleft,
next to the head of theFifh, which muft be digg'd out
with the ftiff point of the Horfe hair pencill, being made
ihort and tapering; which mult be fo formed, by rea-
fon ofthe vifcous clamminefs of that white Liquor in
^ the Vein, that fo by its ftiffnefs, it may drive in the
Matter into the fine Linnen, or white Silk ; which (all.
though I have not yet tryed it) will (I think) be better
then on Linnen, and make the colour appear more
bright and vivid by its refleQion. 5
The Letters, figures, or what elfe fhall be made on
the Linnen or Silk, (as much forced in, asitcan be by
_ the pencill) will prefently appear of a pleafant ight
_ green colour ; and, if placed in the Sun, will change in-
tothe following colours ; i. e: if in Winter, about noon,
if in the Summer, an houror twoafter Sun rifing, and
fo much before fetting, (for in the heat ofthe day, in
Summer, the colours will come on fo faft, that the fuc-
ceflion of each colour, will ícarce be diftinguifht; ) next
tothe firft /Zgbz green, it will appear of a deep green; and
in few minutes change into a full Sea-green ; after which,
inafew minutes more, it will alter into a Watchet blew ;.
from that, in a little time more, it will be ofa Pzrpiz/b
red: after which, lying an hour or two, (fuppofing the
Sun fill fhining) it will be of a very deep Purple red,
beyond which the: Sun can do no more. |
Note,that thefe changes are made fafterorílower, _
j according to the degrees of the Swas heat.
But then the laft and moft beautifull colour, (after wafh-. —

[1281]

ingin fcalding water and fope,) will (the matter being
again put out into the $zz2 or wind to dry,) be much a
differing colour fromall thofe mention'd. i. e. ofa fair
bright Crzm/on, or neer to the Prince's coleur; which
afterwards(notwithftanding there is no ufe of any Stiptic
tobind the colour) will continue the fame, if well order-
ed; as I have found in handkerchers,that have been wafht
more then 4o times; only it will be fomewhat allay d,
from what it was, after the firft wafhing. I made large
Letters on fo many cloths, as there are diftinct colours,
to put them into a Book, which kept them from the rs
I have feverall months after, fhewed the various colours
diftinct as aforefaid ; yet by often opening the Book,
and fo expofing them to the #r, all the colours, except-
ing the two laft(I mean before wafhing either) will fade;
but all the colours, being wafht, will be one and the
- fame. While the Cloth fo writ upon, lyes in the $vz,
it will yield a very ftrong fetid fmell ;; (which divers who
have {melt it could not endure,) as if Garlzck & Affa-fe-
. ,tida were mixt together: which I proved but few days
beforeI wrote this, though it had beenat leaft twelve
months, kept in a Book, and before it was laid in the
Sun, had very little ofthat fmell. I have farther obferv-
ed, that the cloth dryed and wafht, foon after it is
wrote on, will appear frefher & brighter, then after being
long kept ina Book ; as I found by fome I newly caufed
tobe waíht, after they had been 14 months fokept.

‘The Shells are of diverscolours, but the mof part of
them white; fome are red, when newly taken o& the
Rocks; fome- yellow ; others of both thofe colours ;
fome' a blackifh brown; many of a Sandie colour ; and
fome few ftriped with white and brown parallell lines:
.I have herewith fent you moft of the colours, with one
of the largeft I have found, and one of the leaft; with
- feverall of the middle fized.

Xu wu The

[1282]

The firft Linnen Cloths marked with Letters and
Names, I fent to D' Plot in Nov. 1684, beingthen one
of the Secretarzes to the Royal Soczety, in London, to
whom he communicating my Letter, containing my
firft obfervations, and alfo fhewing the Linnen fo markt
(at the fame time,) advifed me that it was fo acceptable
to them, that they were pleafed to order him to return
me their thanks; and that they had appointed fome
Gent. to wait on his late Majefty with them ; who (with
divers Perfons of Honour to whom they were fhewn)
was much pleafed with the fight, and relation of the dif-
covery, asnewunto him. After whichI wasdefired to
fend up fome of the Shells with the Fifhes alive in them ;-
which could not be done any other way,then by fending
them in fome Ship bound for London,in an open Earthen
Pan; renewing the Sez-water every day:after which man-
ner I have kept them neara fortnight,& longer I might,
hadInot madeufe of them; fer it feems to be a kind-
of Amphibious Animal, alternately living im both Ele-
mentsevery Tide: being out oftheir native place, and
in want of fuch Viciffitudes, they take this courfe to find
the r; when any ofthem are put into a. Veffel of Sea-
water, (forin frelh they foon expire,) after they have
lain fome time on the bottom of the Veflel, they creep
up to the fuperficies of the water, and by extending a
kind of Lipp, with their operculums, cling to the fide of
the Veffel or Pan, (which is moft convenient for their af-
cent,) with about half that part above the water, fome-
times creeping down under it, and returning again to
their ftation, between Wind and Water. ThisI defigned .
to accomplifh, and was contriving this way to gratify
their defires; to the end his Maje/ty the great Patrowand .
Founder of their Soccety, might have the pleafing di-
verfion of feeing the experiment made in his Royall pre-
fence; butaítop was put to this defign by a Calamity |
too- great and public to be mentiond. |

! ‘here:

[1283]

- Thereare other imperfect obfervations, which I have
made of this our Purple-Fzfb ; which I may in fome time
give you a better account of, viz. 1 At whatage of the
Moon, and time of the Tides (i. e. Spring or Neap,)
their Veins are fulleft, and give the beft Tincture >? for
Ihavefound a difference, they being fometimes fuller
and whiter, and the juice more vifcid, at other times
more flaccid and watery. :
2 Whether they are in greater perfection in Summer
or Winter? having not, as I expected received any of
them this laft Summer, to make that experiment, by rea-
fon of our Weftern troubles inthe late Rebellion. Such
as are inclined to thefe Inquiries, and have more liberty:
from bufinefs then Ihave, may make farther improve-
‘ments of thisthing, in the preparations of it by Urine,
. Salt,&c.mentioned by PAZzy and other Authors. And al-
though the Shells are {mall, yet their abundance on our.
Coafts, may yield matter enough, (with the more pains)
to dy a quantity of fine Wooll, or Silk, fo asto render
the difcovery fome way ufefull, and to anfwer the vulgar
objection of ezz bono, made by fuch perfons, who own
no good but what relates to the Body. Iamof opinion
there may be found on our marine Coafíts, fome big-
ger Shells, which may have a colouring juice , though
not the fame with this, for that I know few Naturall.
things both of Animals and Vegetables, but what have
divers forts of the fame kind inthe fame place. This

. may be a fufficient intimation toallIngenious períons, -

living near the Sez, to imploy fome time to find this.
Out. uc

^ My purpofe was, with this difcourfe to have drawn and:
Íent you figures of thefe Shells, with the Fifh pniled out.
and extended beyond the Vein, together. with their. O-.
perculum; to which end I fent lately for fome of them,.
but they being not yet come (to fatisfy the defires of.
fome Gent. of the Soczety) I have fent it now, (in that,
end Yeyoy 3 particular, }

[ 1284 ]

particular,) not fo perfe&t-as I could wilh. As for the
qualities of this Fifh, Ican fay but little, only I was aí-
fured by fome who had boyled, dreft, and eaten of them,
that they are wholfome food ; as good at leaít, and taft
as well, as Lympots or Winkles, only the flefhfomething
hardeére: isi X 94 i eh peo

For what nfe nature hath defigned this Vein of co-
louring juice, unto the 4xzmal, will be difficult to find
out; perhaps it may be the fpermatic and prolifick
matter, by which they propagee their kind; which I
am inclinable to think, from its confiftence, virulent and
fetid favor. A Microfcope (which I had not then with
me) might have given. fome light in this matter, and
_ confirmed it, if thofe’Auimalcula are to be found in it,
which are in the Mafculine Sperm of Fifh, and other
living Creatures, (as fome affirm, from the many late
experiments they have made.) Orelfe it may bea hu-
mour. in this Anzmal, which by its Vitall energie, as
the {pring of life and motion, fupplies the want of heart,
liver, blood, &c. as in other exfanguineous xmals.
Thofe who fhall feek after them may find,as I have done, -
fome of thofe Purple Shells, in which are the Canceliz,
or rather 4/facz, unto which they are more like, and fo
may miftake ; for thofe little Crabbs or Crawfifhes, I have
found in moftof our Engili/b Shells, excepting the bi-
valved, and Patella's ; of which in many parts, (efpecially
in the Weft-Indes,) there are many forts, and fome very
large; which our Country-men there call the Segzers ;
. for that, they fay, they enter by force, kill, and take pot-.
feffion of thofe houfes they have not built; and when
they grow too big, forfake them, and enter into larger:
whether that be true, I know not; ThisI have found,
when I have broken fome of the Shells in which thofe
vagrants are, fo as not to bruife their bodies,and then put -
them naked into the water, I have beheld them with
nimble fpringing:niotion, to run to. and fro. till n"

| | fn

&

[128 5] :
find a ftone to hide themfelves under; which not finding,
they bury themíelves in the loofe fand : and this obfer-
vation gave me full fatisfaction, thatthey were not (at
leaft all the kinds, )connate&coalefcent with their Shells,
as other teftaceous Animals ofthe Sea and Land are;
bat this being befides my purpofe, I return to the
Purpura. | ; |

There isno doubt, but that it isa {pecies of that kind;
of which there are many forts, differing in bignefs, ftruc-
ture, colour of the Shell, according tothe nature of the
Sea grounds, depth or fhallownefs of Water, Rocks, Gra- |
. vell, Mud, as alfo the Latitude where they are found ;
and fo differing alfo in the varietys of colours of the
tinging juice in their Veins, as black, livid, violaceous,
deep Sea-green, light and deep red, Amethyftine, &c.
but the beft of all were found in the Tyrzan Seas, near
that land, on which the renowned City of Tyre was
built, (now an inconfiderable Town called Sur ;) this
was celebrated, and prifed above all the reft, for that
it excelled them all in its illuftrious colour, called in
former Ages by diversnames, as Ofirum Sarranum, Pela-
gium, Venenum Tyrium, Purpuriffum, Flores Tyrtant, &c.
Almoft all thors agree, that it lys in a certain Vein
in the Fith, and fome of them mention it to be white
& vifcous, as this ofours is. It were to little purpofe, to.
givethe Hiftory at large of all the Purpure ; and when
and how firft difcovered by Phenix the Son of .4ge-
nor, 2° King of the Phenictans , by means of a Shep-
heards Dog devouring one of the Fifhes, and colouring
one of his lips with that excellent dye: by which its An-
tiquity appears. In fucceeding Ages it received improve-.
ments, to the time of Pliny, in whofe days (being in the
reign of the Vefpafans,) it feems to have arrived at its:
higheft perfection ; of which he hath made more particu-
lar obfervations then I can find in other uthors; for
whichhe had great opportunity living in the Imperial.

| 33.8.9 | City:

—

[1286]

City of the World, where the Artifts in preparations of
that tinging $zccus, for dying the Robes and other Veft-
ment: of Emperors, Senators, &c. ftrove to excell each
other in new fafhioned Purples for their own gain, and
to gratify the luxuriant excefs of the Great ones of thofe
times,by preparing and mixing the colour (found in the
feverall forts of Shells as aforefaid.)'This colour fold then
at great prifes; that which was the fine double dyed Pur-
pleofZyre, called Dzabapha, yielded 1000 Roman De- ©
"iari? the pound, which is computed to be more then 397
Sterling,and this of ours being fo excellent a colour,with
‘out other preparation or addition of any thing to it, -
may now or atleaft hereafter by (farther improvement)
vye with the Tyrian Purple. Fobnfton outof Zri(fotle,
mentions a fpecies of thefe Fz/bes under the name, of
Littorales que parve, flore funt rubro; this agrees with
ours, which may be named Purpura littoralis (five Tenien-
fis) parva turbinata. | |

Since-the importunity of fome friends hath haftned
this difcourfe fooner then I intended, (and fo prevented
thofe farther experiments, which I might have made this
next Summer; ) prefuming on your favourable accep-
tance, and excufing of the imperfections of it, which
could not befo welldigefted (in the Method of it) as it
might have been,wereI notingagedin publiqueimploy- .
ment,which requires my dayly attendance ; I have there-
fore now prefented you withit asitis: And ifl find it
gratefull to you, & to fuch others, as fhall happen to read
it, I fhall beincouraged to impart other things, which
Tefteem nolefs confiderable then this ; to the end that
the ftupendious works of nature, or rather of the God
of nature, (in which are clearly feen his infinite wifdome
power and goodnefs,) may by us, as his Inftruments, be -
celebrated for his glory: In whofe fervice I am one of the
leaft of your Society HR WILLIAM COLE. —
—. Tab. 3. Fig. 3, 4, 5,6,7, Several Shells of the Purpura, zn —
their Natural bigne/s, Fig. 8. the Operculum. 4 Letter

[237]

A Letter from M* William Nicollon, to the Reve-
rend Mr Walker, Matter of Univerfity Coll :
in Oxford ; comcerming a Runic Infcription at

. Beaucaltle. - "Ep

; qu now high time to make good my promife of
MÀ. giving youa more perfect Account of our two Az- —
nic Infcriptions at Beau-Cafile and Brzdekirk. ‘The for-
mer is falleninto {uch an untoward part of our Country,
and fo far out of the common Road, that I could not
. much fooner have either an opportunity,or the Courage
to look after it. -Iwasaffur'd by the Curate of the place,
(a Perfon of good fence & Learning in greater matters,)
that the Characters were fo miferably worn out fince
the Lord Wiliam Howards time, (by whom they were
communicated to S'H.Spelman,& mentioned by Wormzus,
Mon. Dan. p. 161,) that they were now wholly defaced,
and nothing to be met with worth my while. The former
part of this Relation Ifound to be true: for (tho' it ap-
pears that the forementioned Infcription has bin much
larger then Wormius has given it, yet) tis at prefent fo
far loft, that, in fix or feven lines, none of the Characters
are fairly difcernable, fave only nF t4R; and thefe too
are incoherent, and at great diftance from each other.
However, this Epyfilium Crucis (as S* H. Spelman, in
his Letter to Wormius, has called it,) isto this day a
noble Monument; and highly meritsthe View ofa Cu-
rious Antiquary. "The beftaccount, St; Iam able te
give you ofit, be p'eafed to take as follows. |
"Iis one entire Free-Stone of about five yards in
height;wafhed over(as theFont at Brzdekzrk,) with a white
oyly Cement, to preferve itthe better from the injuries
VEOUI LEZ of

| | [ 1288 ]
of time and weather. 'The figure of it inclines to
aíquare Pyramid; each fide whereof is near two foot
broad at the bottom, but upwards more tapering. On
the Weft fide of the Stone, we have three fair Draughts,
which evidently enough manifeft the Monument to be
Chriftian. The Lowelt of thefe reprefents the Pourtrai-
ure of a Layman; with an Hawk, or Eagle, perch d
on his Arm. Over his head are the forementioned
ruines of the Lord Howara's Infcription. ^ Next to thefe,
the Picture of fome Apoftle, Saint, orother Holy man,
in afacerdotal Habit, with a Glory round his Head.
On the top ftands the Effigies of the B. V. with the
Babein her Arms; and both their Heads encircled with
Gloriesas before. __ ry |
^. Qn. the North we have a great deal of Checquer-
work; fubícribed with ,the following Charaéters, fairly
legible. 45:59 01 oni 353: TM e
| | | hn t*BnRDA l|

—À — MM M — Á—— — —

‘ more

[1289]
more firmly believe, their old Legendary frories of
Fayries and Witches, then the Articles of their Creed.
And to convince me yet further that they are not utter
ftrangers to the Black Arts oftheir forefathers, I acci-
dentally met, with a Gentlemanin the neighbourhood,
_ who fhewed me a Book of Spells and Magical Receipts,
- taken (two or three days before) in the pocket of one
of our Mo/s-Troopers : wherein, among many other con-
juring Feats, was prefcribed.a certain Remedy for an
Ague, by applying a few barbarous Characters to the
" Body of the party diftempered: Thefe, methought; were
very near akin to [Formiuss R AMR UNER; which,
he fays, differed wholly in figure and fhape from the
common Rane. For, though he tells us, that thefe Kam-
runer werefocalled, Eo quod Molefizas, dolores, morbof-
que hifce tnfligere inimicis folzt fint Magi; yet his great
friend Arng: Jonas, more to our purpofe, fays that--Fits
etiam uf (unt ad benefaciendum, juvandum, Medicandum ©
tam animi quam Corporis morbzs ; atque ad ipfos Cacode-
mones pellendos & fugandos. {hal} not trouble you with
a draught of this Spell; becaufe I have not yet had an
opportunity oflearning, whether it may not be an ordi-
nary one, and to be met with (among others of the
fame nature) in Paracelfus or Cornelius Agrippa.
If this conjecture be not allowable; I have, $', one
. mnore which (it may be) you will think more plaufible
thentheformer. For if,inftead of making the third
and fourth Letters to betwo &. &. 4.4. we fhould fuppofe
them to be t. X. E. E. the word will then be Ryeebert ;
which I take to fignify, in the old Denifb Language, Ce-
miterium ox Cadaverum Sepudchrum. For, tho the true
old Ruzic word for Cadaver be ufually written eR A+ Hrae
yet the 77 may, without any violence to the Orthogra-
phy of that tongue, be omitted at pleafure ; and then
_the difference of fpelling the word, here at Beaucaffle,and
on fome of the ragged Monuments in Denmark, will not
; C4 xw | be

[ 1290]
be great. And for the» countenancing of this latter
Reading, I think the above mentioned Checquer work
may be very available : fince in that we have a notable
Emblem ofthe Zumuiz, or burying places of the An-
tients. (Not. tomention the early cuftome of ere@ting
Croffesand: Crucifixes in Church-yards: which perhaps,
being well weighed; might prove another encourage-
ment to this fecond Reading.) I know the Checquer te
be the Arms of the Vaux's, or De Vallibus, the old Pro- ©
prietours-óf this part of the North sbut that, I prefume,
willymake nothing for our turn.Becaufe this & the other
carved work on the Crofs, muft of neceffity beallow' d;
to bear à moreantient date then any of the Remains of
that Name and Family ; which cannot be run up higher
then the, Gauquefl o hoy o b21155 OF SSW C i
;; On the Eaft we have nothing but: a few Flourifhes;
Draughts of Birds, Grapes and other Fruits: all which
I take to be no more then the Statuary's Fancy. |
On theSouth, Flourifhes and conceits, as before, and
. towards. the bottom, the following decay'd Iníctiption.

The Defects in this fhort piece are fufficient to difcourage
mé from attempting to expound it, . But (poffibly) it
maybereadthus ^n^ "T
PA SS Gag Ubbo Erlat, i. e
^ Latrones Ubbo Facit.

| 4I confefs, thishas no-Affinity. (at leaft, being thus in-
terpreted) withthe foregoing Infeription: but may well
enough fuit with the manners of both antient and mo-
dern Inhabitants of this Town and Country. |

_ Upon your pardon and Correction, S", ofthe Imper- .
. inencies and Miftakes in this;( which 1 fhall humbly pia

[ 1251]
for,) I fhall trouble you with my further obfervationson
the Font at Bridekirg; andtoallyour other Commands
fhall pay that ready obedience which becomes,

S",

Carlile, He ee tour molt obliged and
Nov. 2. 44 Faitbfull Servant !

ipud or WILL. NICOLSO N.

‘A Letter from. Mr. Nicolfon to S* W™. Dugdale ; -
“concerning a Runic Infcription on the Font at
Bridekirk, — suu.
^ot $5 mou Carlile; Nov. 23, 1685:
A Y Worthy and good Lord, our Bifhop, was lately
. pleafedto acquaint me, that you were defirous
tohave my thoughts ofthe Infcription on the Font at
Bridekirk inthis County. lam, S', extremely conícious
of the rafhnefs of bringing any thing'of mine to the :
view of fo diícerning an Antiquary; but, withal, very -
tender of difobeying fo great and worthy a Perfon. I
.-know youwere pleafed to make your own oblervations
upon it, in your Vifitation of thefe parts, when Norroy: ©
and I fhall hope that you will give me an opportunity of -
rectifying, by yours, my following conjectures.
_ a. The Fabrick of this Monument does, I think, fairly -
enough evince that tis Chriftian; and thatit is now ufed .-
to. the fame purpofe for which it ‘twas at firft defigned. .
M'* Cambden (tho: not acquainted with the Characters of .
the Infcription, yet) feemsto fancy thus much: and, for -
AE proof |

[1292] |
proof of his opinion, brings a notable Quotation out iof
|S* Paulinuss Epiftles. But he needed not tohave fent
ws fo far off for a Voucher ; ifthe had taken good notice
‘of the Imagery onthe Eaft fide of this ftone; as I doubt
not, S", but youhave done. We have there, fairly re-
prefented, a perfon ina long Sacerdotal Habit dipping a
Child into the water ; and a Dove (the Embleme, no
. doubt, of the 4. Ghof,) hovering over the Infant. Now,
S', I need not acquaint, you; that the Sacrament of Bap-
tifn was antiently adminiftered by plunging into the

water, in the Weftern as well as Eaftern parts of the
^ Church; and that the Gothic word AANMGAN ( Mar,

r. 8. And Luc. 3. 7. and 12.) the German word tauflens

- the Dani/b Dobe, and the Belgic doopen, doe as clearly
make out that practife, as the Greek word Bemito: Nor,
that they may all feem to be deriv d from[4sl«] another
word ofthe fame Language and fignification; and are
evidently akin to our Englz/b mip, peep, and zpeptf). In-
. deed our Saxon Anceftors expreffed the Action of Bap-
tiím by a word of a different Import from the reft. For,
in the forementioned place of S' Mark's: Gofpell, their
— Tranflation has the Text thus: lceop pullize on pevepe.
hecop pulli$ onhalgum gapce 7 i.e, Epovos aquis Baptixo ;
ile vos Spiritu Santo Baptizabit. Where the word pullian
or pulligean fignifies only. fimply Lavare: whence the
Latin word Fulle, and our Fuller have their Original.
But from hence to conclude .that the Saxons did not
too harfh an; Argument. 7 beatin? sliced

2. There are other Draughts on the North and Weft

fide of the Font, which may very probably make for our
purpofe: but with thefe (asnot thoroug hly underftand-
ing them, and having not had an opportunity of getting
Bs p drawn in paper) I fhall not trouble you at pre-

"e

;.On

N

du [ 1293 ] : |

-.:S. On the South fide of the ftone we have the Infcrip--
tion ; whichIhavetakencare accurately to write out.
And 'tisasfollows : |

SS AVR DR pna

pl: PR: RD- IR: 4R: Y: BREF:
- Now, thefe kind of Characters are well enough known,
. (fince 0/. Wormius's great Induftry in making us ac-
quainted with the Leteratura Runica),to have bin chiefly
.. ufed by the Pagan Inhabitants of Denmark, Sweden, and
the other Northern Kingdomes; and the Danes ate
faid to have {warmed moftly in thefe parts of our [/land.
Which two confiderations feem weighty enough to per--
{wade any man, at firft fight, to conclude that the Font.
isa Damifjb Monument. Butthen ontheother hand,
weare fufficiently affured, that the Heathen Saxons did.
alío make ufe ot thefe Rune; asis plainly evident from:
the frequent mention of Runcpepcigen and Runypvapar in.
many of the Monuments of that Nation, both in. Print:
. and Manufcript ftill to bemet with. Befides, we mutt:
not forget that both Danes and Saxons are indebted:
-to this Kingdom for this Chriftianity : and therefore
thus far, their pretenfions to a Rzzzc (Chriftian) Monu--
ment may be thought equal. Indeed fome of the Let-
ters (asb, 3 and J) feem purely Saxon; being notto.
be met with among Wormius’s many Alphabets: and the
. words theinfelves (if I miftake them not) come nearer to
the Antient Saxon Dialect, then the Danz/h. However,
let the Infeription fpeak for it felf: and I queftion not:
but 'twill convince any competent and judicious Reader
that tis Danz/b. ‘Thus therefore I have ventured to read:
hodexplain it: ^ 5v |
Er Ekard han men egrotten, and to dis men red wer
Taner men brogten. i. e. |
Bere E4ard was converted ; and to this Mans Exa

mple
were the Danes brought.

There

| L 1294]

There are only two things in the Infcription (thus Inter-
preted) that will need an Explanation. dee

. 1. Who this E&ard was? And this is indeed a Que-
ftion of that Difficulty, that I confefs, I am not able
exactly to anfwer it. The proper name it felf is ordi-
nary enovgh in the Northern Hiftories ; though Va-
rioufly written: As, Echardus, Echinardus, Eg¢nardus,
Ecardus, and Eckhardus, "Tis certainly a name of Va-
lour, as all others of the like Termination ; fuch as,
Bernhard, Everhard, Gothard, Reinhard, &c. So that,
it may well become a General, or other great officer
in the Dani/b Army : and fuch we have juft reafon to
believe him to have been, who is here drawninto an
example for the reft of his Countreymen.. Our Hifto-
rians are not very particular in their accounts of the
feveral Incurfions and. Vi&ories of the Danes; and
their own writers much more imperfect : and therefore,
- in cafes ofthis nature, we muft content our felves with
probable conje&ures. |

2. Han men egrotten ; which, rendered Verbatim, is
Flave men turmd, i. e. was turnd. A phrafe, to this
day, very familiar in moft dialedts of the antient Ce/rzc
tongue; though loft in our Engii/o. Inthe High-Dutch
tis efpecially obvious; as, Man Saget, Man bat gefagt,
Man lobet, &c. And the French Imperfonals (On di,
On fa:t, &c.) are of the fame ftrain; and evident Ar-
guments that the Teutonic and Gauli/h ‘Tongues were
antiently nearakin. | ^ - - : EU

The Characters t 4 and ¥ are manifeft Abbrevia- —
tions of feveral Letters into one: of which fort we have
great variety of examplesin feveral of Jormzus's Books :
And fuch.l take the Letter f) to be, inftead of ands;
and not the Saxon 9. I muft believe 7] to be borrowed
from the Saxon: : and 3 Itaketo be a corruption of
their y or W. The reft has little of Difficulty in it.

Only the .Language ofthe whole feems a mixture of
| | is the

AME | L 1295]
the Danifo and Saxon tongues: but that can be no other.
then the natural effe& of the two Nations being jumbl-
. ed together in thispart of the World. Our Borderers,
to this day, fpeak a Leafh of Languages ( Brzttifb, Saxen,
and Danijb)in one; and'tis hard to determine, which
ofthofe three nations has the greateft fhare in the Mot-
ly Breed.

S:
Your, Cc. W. N.

An account of the Latitude of Conftantinople, and
Rhodes, Written. by the Learned M: John
Greaves, fometime Profeffor of Aftronomy in the

— QUniverfity of Oxtord,and directed to the moft Re-
verend James Usfher, Arch-Bifhop of Armagh.

PON Intimation of your Grace's defires, and up-
| on importunity of fome Learned Men, having
finifhed a Table, as a key to your Grace's exquifite dif-
quifition, touching 4/4 properly fo called; I thought

my felf obliged to give both youand them a reafon, why
in the fituation of Byzantium, and the Z/land Rhedus,
(which two eminent places I have made the adamypae
and bounds of the Chart,) I diffent from the traditions
ofthe Antients, and from the Tables of our late and

. beft Geographers, and confequently diffenting in thefe,
have been neceffitated to alter che Latitudes, if not
" Longitudes, of moftof the remarkable City’s of this dif-
courfe. And firft for Byzantzum, the received Latitude
Aaaa of

: [ 1296 ]
of it by Appzanus, Mercator, Ortelius, Maginnus, and
fome others, is 43 degreesand s minutes. And this alfo
we find in the Bafl Edition of Ptolemys Geography,
procured by Era/mus out of a Greek MS. of Pettichius.
The fame likewifeis confir med by another choice MS.
in Greek, of the moft learned and judicious M* Se/den,
to whom for this favour and feveral others I ftand ob-
liged. And as much isexpreffed in the late Edition
of Ptolemy by Bertius, compared and corrected by $yi-
burgius, with a Manufcript out of the Palatine Libra-
ry. Wherefore it cannot be doubted, having{uch a
cloud of witneffes, but that Ptolemy affigned to Byzan-
zium, as our beft modern Geographers have done, the
Latitude of 43°. 5’. And this willfarther appear, not
only out ofhis Geography, where it isoften expreffed,
‘but alfo out of his uox awle$s or Almageft, as the 4ra-
bianrterm it, where delcribing the Parallel pafling di
BuCo/lis, he affigns to it 43°. 5’. What wasthe opinion
concerning Byzantium of Strabo preceding Ptolemy, or
of Hipparchus preceding Strabo, or of Eratofthenes an-
cienter, and it may be accurater then all of them, (for
Strabo, (Lib. 2.) calls him «Aevzzoy weayparrevodpevey Ee
® yempeaQias ) though Tully ( Lib. Ep. ad dt.) makes
fHipparchus often reprehended Eratofthenes, as Ptolemy
after him doth Marznus, their writings not being now
extant, (unlefs thofe of Strabo,) cannot be determined
by us. Butasfor Strabo, in our inquiry, we can expect
‘little fatisfa&tion; for his deícription of places, having
more, of the Hiftorian, and Philofopher, (both which he

hath performed'with fingular gravityand judgement) |.

then the exactnefs of a Mathematician, who ftri&ly re-
{pects the Pofition of places, without: inquifition after
their’ nature, qualities, and Inhabitants, (though the
beft Geography, would be a. mixture of them all, as.
Abulfeda, an Arabian Prince in his Reézfcation of Coun-
tries above Three Hundred. years fince hath. done ;.)- Y

TUM A fay

| L 1297 ]

fay for thefe reafons we can expect little fatisfaction
from Strabo, and lefs may we hope for from Dzonyfrus
Afer, Arrianus, Stephanus Byxantinus, & others. Where-
- fore next having recourfe tothe radzans, whoin Geo-
graphy deferve the fecond place after the Greczans, I
find in Nafir Eddin the Latitude of Byzantzum, which
he terms Buzantzya, and Con[lantintya, to be 45 degrees,
and in U/zg Begs Aftronomicall Tables the fame to be
expreffed. dbuifeda cheifly follows four Principall Au-
thors as his Guides, in the compiling of his Geographi-
cal Tables, thofe are, zf/faras, Alberuny, Hon Sazid Al-
. magraby, laftly Ptolemy, whofe Geography he terms
a defcription of the Quadrant, (or the fourth part of the
Earth) inhabited; andallthefe, according to his afler-
tion, place Byzantzum in 45 degrees of Latitude. And
here it may juftly be wondered, how this difference
fhould arife between the Greek Copies of Ptolemy, and
thofe tranílated into Zrabzc& by the command of Alma-
mon, the Learned Calife of Babylon; for Abulfeda ex-
prelly relates, that Ptolemy was firft interpreted in his
time, thatis, in the computation of /mecznus in Erpe-
niuss Edition, and of Emir Cond a Perfian Hiftoriogra-
pher, more then 800 years fince: Concerning which 4-
bulfeda, writesthus, Thzs Book (difcourfing of Ptolemy's
Geography) was tran/flated out of the Grecian Language
ento the Arabick, for Almamon: And inthis I find (by
three fair MSS of Abulfeda) Byzantium to be conftantly
placed in 45°. and as conftantly in the Gree£ Copies in
43*. 5. But in the aeoxdoos xevóves of Chryfocecca, out of
the Perfan tables, (made about the year 1346 in Sca-
Jzgers Calculation,) it is placed in 45*. To reconcile the
difference between the Greeks and zfrabzans may feem
impoflible, for the common refuge of flying to the cor-
ruption of numbers by Tranfcribers, and laying the
. faulton them, which fometimes is the Authors, will not
help us in this particular; feeing the Greek Copies a-
i | Áaaao gree

[1258] - |
gree amongft themfelves, and the zfrebizk Copies a-
moneft themfelves. The beft way to end the difpute,
will be, to give credit concerning the Latitude oi By-
. gantium , neither to the Greeks, nor Arabians. And
thatI have reafon for thisaflertion, appears by feveral
obfervations of mine at Conftantinople, with a brafs Sex-
tant of above 4 foot Radius. Where taking, in the
Summer Solftice, the Meridian Altitude of the Sun, with-
out ufing amy eos Papers, forthe Parallax, and refrac-
tion, (which at that time was not neceffary,) I found
the Latitude to be 41 degreesó. minutes. And in this
Latitude in the Chart I have placed Byzantium, and not
in that either of the Greeks, or Arabians. From which
obíervation, being offingular ufe in the Re@ification of
‘Geography, it will follow by way of Corollary, That
all Maps for the North Eaftof Ewrope, and of Afa, ad-
joining upon the Bo/phorus Thracius, the Pontus Euxinus,
and much farther, are to be corrected; and confequent-
ly the fituation of moft Citiesin fa properly fo cal-
led, are to be brought more Southerly then thofe-of
Ptolemy, by almoft two intire degrees, and then thofe-
of the Arabians, by almoft four. . IOPHDS |
Concerning Abodes, it may be prefumed, that, hav-
ing been the Mother, and Nuríe of fo many Eminent
Mathematicians, and having long flourifhed in Navi-
gation, by the: direction of thefe, and by the vicinity
of the Phenictans, they could not be ignorant of the -
precife Latitude of their Country, and that from them
“Ptolemy might receive a true information. Though
it cannot be denied, but that Ptolemy in placesremoter
from: Alexandria, hath much erred. 1 fhall only in-
ftance’ in our own: Country; wherehe fituates Adin,
that is London, in 54 degrees of Latitude ; and the 9
peow or the middle of the Ie of Wight, (which in the
printed Copies is falfly termed simmas, but in the MSS.
rightly £pme,) in 52. degrees and’ 20 minutes of. m
. o hom Bo: tude.

Aa. [ 1299] |
tude. Whereas London is certainly known to have for the
_ Altitude of the Pole, or Latitude of the place,only 51 de-
grees and 32' minutes: and the middle of the Z//e of
Wight not to exceed so degrees and fome minutes.
Butin my judgement Ptolemy is very excufable in
thefe and thelike errours, of feveral other places far
diftant from Zlexandria ; feeing he muft for their po-
fition neceffarily have depended either upon relations
-of Travailers, or obfervations of Mariners, or upon the
Longitude ofthe day, meafured in thofe times by C/e-
. pfydre: all which how uncertain they are, and fub-
je& unto errour, if fome Celeftiall obfervations be not
joyned with them, and thofe exactly taken with large
Inftruments, (in which kind the Ancients have not
many, and our times, (excepting Tycho Brahe, and
fome of the radians) but a few,) I fay no man, that
hath converfed with modern travailers, and Naviga-
tors can be, ignorant. Wherefore to excufe thefe
errours of his(or rather of others fathered by him) with
a greater abfurdity, by afferting the Poles of the World
fince his time to have changed their fite, and confe-
quently all Countries their Latitudes, as Marzana ‘the
Mafter.of Copernicus , and others after him have ima-
gined: or elfe to charge Frolemy, being fo excellent
an Artift, with ignorance, and that even of his own |
Country, as C/uverius hath done, (from which my ob-
fervations at Alexandria, and Mempbis, may vindicate
him,) the former were too great a ftupidity, and the
latter too greata prefumption. But toreturnto Rhodes:
an Illand (in Evflathbiuss comment upon /2onyfrus $ e
qun) Of 920 furlongs circuit, where according to Ptolemy
the Parallel paffiag dia pdx, hath 36 degrees of Lati--
tude, and fo hath Lindus, and '"Twosós the cheif Cities-
of the Ifland ; the fame is confirmed by the MS;. but:
where the printed Copy, and Eujffathius read Wwrvans,.
which Mercator renders Talyffus, the MS renders Duo. .
| Adda Abulfeda.

F1300 ]
- Abulfeda in Íome Copies fituates the Ifand Rhodes, (for
he mentions no Cities there) in the Latitude of 37 de-
grees, and 4o minutes: and the Geography of Sazd Jhn
Aly Algiorgany, commended by Gzlbertus Gaulmyn, in
37 degrees, if it be not by a tranfpofition in the MS. of
the numerical Letters infraótc 37 for3 6,which by reafon
of their fimilitude, are often confounded in Arabick MSS.
By my obfervations under the Wallsof the City Rhodes,
with a fair brafs Aftrolabe of Gemma Frifus, con-
taining 14 inches in the diameter, I found the Lati-
tude to be 37° and so’. A larger Inftrument Idurft not
. adventure to carry on fhore in a place of fo much jea-
loufie. AndthisLatitudein the Chart I have affigned
to the City A/edes, (from the Ifland fo denominated,
upon which on the North Eaft fide it ftands fituated,)
better agreeing with the Arabians, then with Péolemy,
whom I know not how to excufe. |

frantife;

[1301]

DM

FRANCISCI WILLUGHBEII Armig.
de Hiftoria Pifctum /ibri quatuor, ZufSu 9 Sump-
libus Societatis Regie Lond. editi. Totum
opus recognovit, coaptavit, fupplevit, Librum.
eriam primum do fecundum integros adjecit. J O-
HANNES RAILUSe Societate Regia,

n JOxoniie Theatro Sheldoniano, 1686.

Y need fay no more concerning the publifhing of this
work, orthofe worthy Perfons who have moft con-
tributed' thereunto, then what is already contained in

the Title, the Dedicatory Infcription, and the Preface;

however I cannot omit that we ow much more, then
is there intimated, tothe indefatigable Induftry of M*

| Fohn Ray, a Perfon of polite and incomparable Learn-

ing, and of a moft exquifite Judgement, efpecially in

the Hzflery of Nature.

"Ehe work is divided into 4 Books, the frf treats of
Fifhes in Generall : the fecond ofthe Cetaceous or Whale
kind: The Third of Cartilagineous Fifhes, that have
griftles inftead of Bones: the fourth and laft of thofe
they call Spzno/e Fifhes, that have {mall fharp bonesin
their Flefh ; after which is annext alarge Appendix.

In the firft book are confidered both the internalland -

. externall parts of Fifhes, as well thofe common to them,
. with other Z/nimais, as thofe proper and peculiar to this

kind; aud the differencesof the former, from thofe of
like kind and'denomination in Land Animals obferved:
The parts thus compared and confiderd, arethe Eys,
Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, Gills, Fins, Scales, Briftles,

- Beards, Lines: The Brains, the Stones found in their

Heads, the fwimming bladder, Gullet, Ventricle, Ap-
' | : : pendices,

M 3 rt yeaa
pendices or Inteftinula, Heart, Kidneys, Bladder, A-
nus, &c. | wi

A Next tothe parts of Fifhes and their ufes, many things
are fayd concerning their hearing, their refpiration,
. their Motions, Generation, Food, Growth, Age, and

their divifion, I will here only touch upon fome par-
ticulars. ass GRE |

It isnoted concerning the Eys of filhes, that they are
flatter or more deprefled then thofe of Quadrupeds,
but the Chryftalline humour rounder, indeed either ex-
actly Spherical, or very near it. They want Ey-lids,
and it is ihewed that they are not neceffary to them.

. Concerning the hearing of fifhes, it is remarked, that
inno Fifhes befides the Cetaceous kind, have hitherto
been found any Auditory paffages or Ear-holes, and whe-
ther they hearor no, is a queftion not yet fully decid-
ed, notwithftanding all the Experiments alledged to
prove the Affirmative. Forto that of calling the fifhes
together to meatin the Arch-Bifhop of $2/zzburg s Gar-
den by the tolling of a Bell, it may be aníwered,
that for ought isíaid in the Relation, the Bell might
be hung inthe Fiíhes fight ; and fo they obferving the
motion, not hearing the found, might haften to the
place -where it was made, in hope of a bait; juft as did
the ‘Fifhes obferved by St Augu/tine in a certain Pool in
the Territory of Bol, which having been ufed to be
fed by Perfons looking into the water, as foon as any
Man appeared walking on the brink, would prefently
Íwim upto them in Sholes, and attend them as they
walked to and fro, in expectation of food. Howbeit -

tiis experiment might eáfily. be improved to a demon- .
{tration, by placing the Bell behind a Curtain orScreen, — —

quite out of the Filhes fight; for if then upon ringing
they make to the place whence the found came, it will,
neceffarily follow that they can hear. — :
Concerning the Gills of Fifhes it is fhewn, that they

| are

| [1303 ]
ate but asit were inverted Lungs, and are of the fame
ufe to Fifhes as Lungs to Quadrupeds: that the whole
mafs of blood in every Circulation paffes through the
Gills, as in Quadrupeds it do's through the Lungs ;
only it returns not again to the heart, and there-
fore in Fifhes as well the Veffels that carry it to the
Gills, asthofe that bring it back, are Arteries. It isal-
fo proved, that fifhes have a kind of refpiration, as well
as Land Animals, and that the ufe of the Air is as necef-
fary to thofe as thefe ; fo that if it be intercluded, or
madeany ways unfit for life, they cannot live, as is clear-
dy evidenced by great variety of undoubted experiments.
The fins ferve not fo much for progreflive motion, as
for holding the body erect, and for moving it to and
fro, upwards and downwards in the water: the pro-
greffion is performed principally by the motion of the
Tail, by the fudden extenfion whereof being inflected,
the Fifh fhoots it felf forward with great force and Ve-
. loeity. . Wd. Phil. Tranf. N. 115.
| The fwimming-bladders found in moft fifhes, ferve
to bring the body toan Aquilibrium with the Element
wherein it fwims, that fo it may with more facility be
impelled or moved any way. ‘That this is one ufe of
it, is demonftrated from experience, for upon break-
ing the faid Bladder, the fifh is no longer able to fup-
port itfelf in the water, but prefently finks down, and
conftantly lies groveling at the bottom, from this r-
bladder there is a Channell or paffage in moft fifhes,
leading to the mouth of the Stomack, but in fome few
. tothe bottom of it, and there terminated: which pro-
bably ferves for the emiffion and reception of “r at
pleafure, to ballance the body according as either its
gravity, or that of the Medium is altered. It is alf
probable that the fifh hath a power of contracting ani
dilating this Veffel,either by fome mufcular force in-
herent in its Coats, or by the help of fome externall
Bbbb | adja-

E1304]
adjacent or appendent mufcles, to facilitate the afcent
ordefcent of the body in the water, or to detain it in any
depth of water. .— 1

The received opinion that fifhes have neither Reins
nor Bladder for Urine, is from experience contradi&-
ed, it being found by diffection, that few fifhes want
a bladder, none Reins. Jt | :

The fituation of the Appendices or blind-guts, isob-
ferved to be different in fifhes from what it is in other
Animals; for in thefe they are fituated atthe end of the
Guts, at leaft of the {mall Guts; in thofe at the begin-
ning next the Stomacx. Thefe Appendices in the fe-
verall fpecies of fifh, vary extreamly as to their num-
ber, figure and magnitude, as is declared in particular
by feverall Inftances. ü ;

- Next to the parts of fifhes and their ufes, many things
are faid concerning the generation of fifhes, which is
fhewn to be threefold, according to the three cheif
kinds of Fifhes. For.1.the Cetaceous kind (which are
rightly called by the Latines Bellue Marine, Sea-Beajis)
Senet exactly after the manner of /vzparous Qua-
WUuUpeas . Ap aA TA

2. The Cartilagineous kind fomewhat refemble Birds
in their manner of Generation, for they breed large
Eggs with diftincion ef Yolk and White, only they
do not lay them, but cherifh and hatch them in their
Wombs, and fo bring forth live young ones, as Vipers,
. and perhaps fome other forts of Serpents do. -

3« The Spznofe kind, (under which name are compre-
liended allother fifhes befide the forementioned,) con-
ceive an innumerable number of fmallEggscalledSpawn,.
which probably anfwer to the Gcatrisule in Birds Eggs, |
and that (as-is conceived) without any Coition or Copu-

lation with-the Male ; on which Spawn,fo foon asitiscaft'

by the Female, the Male or Milter prefently comes .
and ícatters his Milt or Seeds) ^^. | 4ipipn

"e 3
à P^

13653 m
_ In the laft place is delivered a generall divifion of
fifhes, not according to the place, (which method is for |
very ‘good reafons rejected by M* Ray,} but according -
tothe Characteriftick Notes of Nature.

As 1. Into the Cetaceous kind, which in mof of their
internall parts, the conformation of their brain, their
manner of refpiration and generation, agree exactly
with Viviparous Quadrupeds.

(S 20:'The Cartzlageneous kind, by which name are not
to be underftood all forts of fihes that have griftles in-

ftead of Bones, but thofe which Ariffotle calls sex,

which are, (as he phrafes it,) inwardly Oviparous, breed-
ing great Eggs like to thofe of Birds, or rather Serpents,
but outwardly Vevzparous, laying and hatching thofe
Eggs in their own bellys, and fo bringing forth live
oun
: 34 The Spinofe kind, under which name are compre-
hended all fifhes that are Oviparous, or caft their Spawn,
indeed all befides hole belonging to the two forego-
ing genera.
-Thofe of the Cetaceous kind being but few, are not fub-
divided in this work.
The Cartilagineous kind are divided into thofe that
are long and round bodyed, called Sharks and Dog s;

and thofe that are flat and broad, which are again
fabdivided into Subordinate Genera.

The Spinofe Fifhes (which are the moft numerous) are
divided into. x. the flat kind, which Swimlying on one
fide; asthe Sole, Plaife, &c. .

2. "Ehe Anguilli-formes or EG-Je filhes, that are long,
flimy; and lubricous, having either no Scales ot very
Ímall -ones; many of which want the belly. fins; or

dower pair of fins; fuch are the Conger, common Eel, Seas

i Eelpout, &c.
.Fifhes of a fhorter, more contracted ; and thicker

body, that wantthe fecond or lower pair of fins. Of -

Bbbb 2 this

[1306]. Aes
this kind are the Globe-fi/bes, either prickly or fmooth ;
the Triangular and Quadrangular fifhes, the File-frfbes,
fitppocampt, &c. Mu.

The reft of this kind, which have two pairs’ of fins,
are divided according to the number and quality of
their back-fins into |

4. Such as have three fins on their backs, which are:

only thofe of the Cod-kind.

y. Suchas have two fins on their back, and. x. fuch as.
have them both with foft and flexile Ray's or Nerves.
2. Such ashavethe foremoft with ftiff and fpinofe Ray's,
the hindmoft with. foft and flexile. |

6..Such as have but one fingle fin on the back, and
1. fuch ashaveall the Rays of the fayd fin foft, flexile
and nervofe. 2. Such as have the foremoft ray's thereof
ftiff and fpinofe, the hindmoft foft and flexile. ——

In the firft Book is alfo exhibited a Catalogue of
Englifb filhes, as many as have come to the knowledge
of the Zuthours ; as well fuch as are found in Salt, as
in Frefh Waters. | |

Note, that the two latter chief kinds of Fifhes, vzz.-

the Cartilagineous and Spinofe, agree in their manner
ef relpiration by Gills, and therefore in this Chapter
the primary divifion of fifhes, is into fuch as refpire by
the help.of Lungs, and fuch as by the affiftance of

Gills, andthefe latter fubdivided into (Cartzlagineous.

and Spznofe. This may fuffice for the firft Book ; the
other three fhall be run over in as few words as poffible,
we having laid down a generall Scheme of the whole.

The fecond book, which treats of €etadceous fiíhes,
gives firft generall notes of thiskind, - 24’ particular De-

{criptions of the feverall fpecies, of which that ofthe

Porpefs. or Phocena is our own ; for thefe fifhes are not
frequently to be feen or procured. AH

In all the other ‘Tribes of Evropean fifhes, there are-

very few, but. what. were feen by Mr Willesgbbyland

| | [ 13o7]
Mr Ray, and their Defcriptions taken from the fifhes
themíelves, not tranfcribed out of books. As for the
Indian Fifhes, they are partly borrowed from the beft
Authors, who havetravelled the Jndzes, partly from dry -
ed fifhes found in Mu/eums. | sete
"Ehe 3* book contains the Cartzlagineous kind: Thefe
have Gills in common with the Spznofe Tribe, but in-
ftead of fingle apertures have five oblong holes on each
fide. Thefe all want Scalesand the fwimming bladder,
have griftles inftead^ of bones, as their name imports,
have their mouths in the prone or under fide of their
bodys; the Males have two Penz-like appendices an-
nexed to the finsencompaffing the Vent, and generate
as is before declared. Many of thefe fifhes are very
voracious, and of fpeedy concodtion, asthe Sharks; yet
no Acid humour is to be perceived by taft in their Sto-
macks, of which there is a very memorable example.
- The 4" Book, which comprehends all the Spznofe and.
Qviparous fifhes, is divided into many Seéfzons orfubalter-
nate genera, the titles whereof are already enumerated.
In the 3? of which Sections, which. is concerning.
. round or fhort bodyed fifhes, there is a great number:
never before publifhed, exactly deícribed and figured,
the difcovery and obfervation whereof is wholly owing
to the Induítry of the learned and ingenious Dr Martin
Lifer, who with great pains and diligence fearched
.them out in the publick Mufezms and Cabinets about
London. Poflibly there might be found as great diver-
— fütys in fome other kinds of fifhes, had they been with.
the like diligence fought out by Marzners and Fz/ber-
men, who may think thofe of an uncouth fhape, of a
Crufítaceous Skin, and difpofition to dry, and. keep
without alteration of figure, to be the beft merchan-
dize for them; fothat they may perhaps neglect aud.
flight many other kinds. jd
In. this Section is alfo an Account given of the mane.
a Bbbb 3 ner.

VT E1308)

. mer of taking the: Sword-Fi/b; which is much like to the .
Whale. Fifbzng-..Xt.is remarkable of. this fifh, chat tho’
for bignefs 1t might be teckoned of the Cetaceous kind,
yet is the flefh thereof of fo,delicate.a taft, that the Me/-
fanefe, and other Inhabitants of $zcz/y and Jtaly, where-
-abouts it’ is taken; are: 4s-fond. of it. as. our people of
Mackrell, or trefh Herrengs -at their. firft coming, fo
that it is fold for one 727? per pound, which is little lefs
then fix pence Englefa | ucizipso cass, ise éba

In the:4'b: Section of this book; a particular and exact
account is. given of «the |. feverall, forts of. fifhes of the

Trout or Salmon kind; and of thé manner. and. whole
. procefs of their generation and mixtures, and of their
filhing : as alfo ofthe Tzany filhing, which is fo great
advantage to'the French, Jta/:ans, and other Nations
bordering’ on «the! Mediterranean Sea. In the fame
Section is defcribed the manner of the Pz/ebard and
Herring filhing, asalfo the ways of curing them when
taken, andof fmoking and redding Herrings. »

For other particularsof the book, and for the whole
— Appendix, the Reader is teferred to the workitíelf. ——

But that which gives this work the’ greateft advan-
tage above any other ZZfery of Fi/bes hitherto pub-
lifhed, and recommendsitto the purchafe and perufall

‘of all curious and ingenious perfons, is the clear and ac-

curate method, the many new Obfervations, the mul-

-titude and elegancy ofthe Scu/pts; in all which re- |
{pects jointly taken, it far tranfcends any book of this

nature already extant. ‘The number of Copper Plates
being little fhort of 200, in which are figured 388 filhes,

befides 37 in the Appendix. Thenew figures defigned .

from the life are‘128,-of which 30 at leaft of fifhes never
before exhibited or deícribed, for which we ought to

thank Dr Lifter. ~ 5i dur at seb

Godefridi:

[1309 ]

GODEFRIDI BIDLOO, M.D. Anato-
mia Humani Corporis. Amftel. Fol. 1685.

M HIS Anatomy is perfectly Demonfiratzve or Ico-
À& "ezrephical, confifting of a hundred and five Ta-
bles of large and moft Elegant Cutts, with Explica-
tions of them: the Draughts were taken by the curious
- Gerard de Latrefs, and are faid to be all Orzgznalls :
the method obferved is 1. of the Head, 25 of the
Breaft, 3ly of the Abdomen, aly of the Womb, as it is .
in Women great with Child, and of the Fetus, &c.
sly of the Mu/cles of the Lzmbs,6ly the Ofteology. ‘Tis
a beautifull work, which without ingaging in contro-
verfies concerning the Ufes of Parts, reprefentsto the
Ey the whole Anatomy of Man. | |

Errata -

PRR ATA

N U M. 166. p 809. l. 16. fer wife. r. nice.

N. 167. p. 837. 4. 10. -r. well, half, ~ | ea)
N. 168. p. 888. /. 32. for finde. r. find. I. 33. dele it. p. 889.1. 31. r. the.
qe 891. L 15. v. to Horf-hair cut fomething. p. 892.7. 13 dele Parenthefin, p. 89g.
4, 8. r. SuccusCitri-7. 23. r. endeavors. p. 901. 4 5. r. Ícent. p. 906. 4 28.
&. (as he ftilesit; ) p. 913.4. 34. 7. thus with the Acidum. Put. —.

'"N. 169. p. 916 lines 17, 18. let the Parenthefis-end at Fox.'p. 917.1 3.-r. ex
cepting only. J. 4. for which. y. wherethey. p. 921. 7.5. r. Senefcente. p. 925.
d, 14. 4 Semicolon after thofe are; p..931. J. ult. r. Scheme. p.944./. 11. r. which
(after. p. 946.1. 29.7. to have an Allantois. 4. penu/t. r. in St. Paul's.

N. 170. f. 947. l. 13. dele Of. LI. antepen. for par. r. per. ps 949.1. 19. r. [the wa-
.ter,] p. 951. J. 9th. r. light.):p. 953. 1. 31. dele from. p. 956. L 11. r. 24ly. in the
Bog, p. 959. 1, 17, for this, v. thefe. p. 963. 7: 25. r. [Figures,] p. 971. 4. 6.r. but:
p- 980.1; zgth. r. Bark; . Lud | Vi

N. 171. p. 994-2. 5. v; Barofcepe. 16.7. thefe./. 3. r. upon.) p. 1004. /. 19.
v. iaches,) p. 1007. l1. r. other. p. 1020. agtepen* r. Fermentation;) p. 1021,
© & 3. r. Phenomena. - Mi »

/ 172. p. 16031. 14. v. Milinm. p. 1057. 4. 25. 6 r. Ornithology. p. 1038.
4. 3. for Breuta. v. Brenta. p. 1049. l 9. dele of. p. 1053. L. ult. deh J Tt

N. 174.4. 13. r. Report isfor. p. 1114. |. 15. forvigore. v. rigore. p. 1116. L.
27. r- (nuper, p. 1122.22. r. as at K. Fig. 1. 14. r. dayly./, 20. dele they.
p: 1133. 4. 27. v, Bontekoe. p. 1130. 7. I. r. going. p. 1138. 7, 15. r. Vein. 8.
coming, f. 1143. 7. 4. v. demonftrates it. p, 1138. 4. 9. r. Pylorus. p. 1141.
i, 18. r. pultis. à pif. !

ON, 175. p. 1157. 4 7. r. Eye. 1, 10. for other. v, foremoft. p. 1165. 7. 31.
7. (Which. /, sit, v, For. p. 1185. 4.9. r. Several forts. |

N. 176. p. t204. L 17. r, Warwicenfi. /. 19. r. dolore. p, 1206. £. 29. for
defired. r, defign'd. p. 1209. 4, 1$. read depurated. p. 1210. 4, 11. 7 Cnaf
feliuss. ult. r. Panacea, ———— ; |

NN, 177.-p, 1226, 1, 3. for 1684, v. 1686, p. 1230.4. 2. dele M ftands for Morning
A for Afternoon, r, €'ftandsfor Sunday, p. 1236. /. 2o. r, tranfcripts /, 21.) for
form. r«from. p. 1237. 0-9. for out, r. our, , 28. dele Tab. 1. 4 30. dele Tab. 1.

d

An INDEX to the fifteenth Volume of the
- Philofophical Tranfactions, beginning Number
. 167, and ending Numb. 178, inclufive.
N. Stands for Number.

A dq

Cus Magneticz Variatio obfer-

vata. Norimberge ; N. 178,

x AE 1253: | |

» Air; A difcours concerning its Gra-

vity, obferved in the Barofcope.N.17 1,
p. 1002 :

: Allum obferved Microfcopically, N.

Weep ese t

Algebra ; a Treatife of it, fee Books,

' Ambergrife, what by fome - {uppof-

edto be; N. 172) p. 1031. |

AN ATO MT, An account of a large

Preternatural Glandulofe fubftance ,
found betweenthe Heart and Pericar-
dium of an Ox. N.167.p. 860.

An account ofa ProdigiousOs Fron-
tis in the Anatomy School at Leyden ;
N. 168, p. 880. Microfcopical obfer-
. vations on the Brain of feveral Animals;
N: 168, p. 883, 4,5,6,7, 8,9, on
the Chry/talline Humor of the Ey of a
man, p. 889. t hi

Phenomena in Cadavere Feminz A-
poplexia perempta obfervata 31.173:
p. 1068. Was
- Concerning Generation by an Infect ;

|^ ON.174. p. 1120.

A Difcourfé on the DiffeGtion of .a
- Monftrous doubleCatt; N.17 4. p.1135*
A Letter concerning the Circulation
of the blood, as feen by the help of a
Microfcope, in the Lacerta Aquatica ;
N.1775,p. i236. ^
An account of a Liver appearing
- Glandulous to'the naked Ey ; N, 178.
Per266/ Qa QUA» i |

ANTI QUITYES ; An account ofan
old Earthen Veffel lately found at York.
IN. r71.p. 1017. |

The Figures of fome pieces of zii
quity, N. 175. p. x159, N. 176. p.
I20I. :

An account of twoRunic Inícriptions
at Beaucaftle, N. 178. p» 1287.and
Bridekirk p. 129 1.

- Phenomena in Cadavere pranobilis
Femine <Apoplexia perempte Obfer-
vata, fee Anatomy.

Aqueduit ; an account of that de-
fignd for carrying the River Eure to
Verfailles;N. 17 1. p. 1016. Ne 176.

1206. - : -

ASTRONOMnNY;an account of theE-
clipfes ofZ'sSatellits, anno 1686 5 with
a Table of the Parallaxes of %s Orb,
and an Ephemeris of 7s Geocentric
Places for the fame yeat. N. 177. p.
1215

Eclipfis Lunz totalis cum mora, A.
1685. 10 die Decemb. St. N. obfer-
vata, Gedania ‘Fo. Hevelio. N. 178.

. 1256. yo Red

The Defcription and Ufes ofan In-

- ftrument,for finding the diftances of Zzs

Satellits from his Axis, &ce IN, 178.
pe 1262,

| oweBusW. ax"
T) Arometer ;; the height of the Mer-
cury in it, obferved at Oxford,

‘through-out the year1684, Ne 169.

fee the Figure.
Barvenne[s, fee Bath,

(C ccc Bats

An Alphabetical Index.

Bab; theeffe&s of itin curing the
Palfy, and Barrennefi: IN. 1 69. P. 944-
.. Bees ; an account of a ftrange fort
E them in the Weft- Indies. N. I m B:
10
Contatti the Probofcis of Bees N.
175. Py 114.9;
Oblervations on the Scotch Petncla
N.u72. p. 1036. ,
| Birds fee Ornithology.
Blood evacuated. Periodically . at. NU
end of one of the fingers,N.17 1.p.9 89,
' Bogs; a Difcourfe on thofe of Ireland.
N. 170. p. 948.
BOOKS; De Orvigize Fontium'l'enta-
men Philofophicnm: per Rob, Plott. LL.
D. &c. N. 167. p. 862. |
- Medicina SeptenttionalisC. ollatitia per
Theoph: Bonetum. M,D-N.167. p.867.
— . De Potu Thee Dialogus, per 7. .N.
Pechlinum, M. D. N. 167, p. 87 1.
The Chymical Toucl-Sténe of Mr.
dob Kunele;N.. 1,68. po 896,

d

tomica, N.. 169. p. 945.

Defcription de la Loviliane ripis.
ement decouverte au fud Queft de la
. Nouvelle France; par Louis Hennepin 5

A Paris. 168.3. 8vo. N.170.p.98 0.

An Effay of the great Effects of even
Languid& Unheeded Motianedaend 85.
iN. 170. p. 982.

Trichiafis admodum rara, &c. Lond.
, 1684. N. 170. p. 986.

Inquifitio Phybca de Cauflis Cota
meniorum, & Uteri Rheumati{mo. Lond.
1685. $vo. N. 171. Pp. 1020. -—

De Variatione ac Varietate Palfus .
obfervationes; per David. Abercrombé-
um, M.D. N. 71, p. 10923.

Short Memoirs for the Natural Ex- |

perimentalHiftory of MineralWaterssby
Mr ir Lond. 8vo. 1685. is ii

to the Afeeenth, Vol.

(e 063. '
Nm af HORRY both Hifto-
rical and Practical by Dr Wallis. Lond.
1685. Fol. N. 173. p. 1095.

Apologia pro Circuitione fanguinis ;
Editio altera ; Authore Georgio Entio :
N. 173- p. 1 105. n

Mich Etmulleri opera nga ; ; &to-
1683. N. 174« p».3440« ;
Raymundi Vieufens - MD. Neurogra-.
phia univerfalis, Fol. Lagd. 1685. N.
174. P. 1144.

Fo. Heveli Annus Climagtericus,
Gedam. N. 175. ps 1162;

Lemery's Chymiftry, the st th. Edis
tion. IN. 175. p. 1183...

Collegii Experimental Gives Curiofi
pars zda. per Fo. Ghai. Stormium, N.
175-p- 11844...

Fred. Hofmanni SONA de Ci»-

| maberi Antimonii. IN. 176.p. 1208.

Edvardus Bernardus de Menfurss &

“aly Ponderibus unt Shi7opmy. Oxonsi € Thea-
-Care Drelineurtii Experimenta Ana

tro Seldonio, AD, 1 68 5N.1 777. pira42.
Ant. Nauck de Duiu. Salivali novo;
&c. Lugd. Bat. 16386.N.177-p.12446
Fo. Con. Peyeri Merycologia, Bah: |
lee. N. 177. p. 1246.
,, Caftorologia a ‘Fo. Mario, aucta a
7o. Franco ; 3 dn. Vindel. 1685. 8vo.
N. 177.. P. 1249-
F.Wallugbleii Armig. de Hi frariaPif-
cim libri quatuor, IN. 179; p.131;
- G. Bidhoo, M. D. Anatomia. humani
fle Sian N.378 ps 23098 ;
. Bender s. what atis., N. 1672. p. 854.
Boling Fo ountains,. ‘ee Fountains,
^ Brain; Micsofcopinal. Qbbxtratiote
on it, fce naro.
Brimffone ; the matter fui uppofed to
be: Brimftone, brought by rain, 3s in

,deed a; yellow duft to be found in ‘the

bloffoms of the bs Pine, and Hazel
trees,

Of the Philofophical Tranfaiions, .

trees, blown off by the Winds; N.
“BOBp UII. -
A general Bill of the ‘Chaining: :

and Burials in Londo, 168 ; Ni i75.

P. 1245.

nl. rà a new fort; N. I72.p.
rows. :
- Gamplire 'obferved Microftopically;
N. 173. p. 1980.
Peri Oculi cured EY Dr Twberoib,
. 167: p. 839;
dc ad Benediltus, its ie obfersz
ed Microfcopically. N. 173. p. 1073.
- Amonftrous double Carr diffected.
N. 1744-P- 3135. —
A Catalogue of Experiments, drawn
a by 6r. SH pure No MW P:

4-9.
Chalk ; nom in the Gout 1 boy d
| Microfcopically ; ; N. 168. p. 891, 2.
| ee Problems fee Mathema-
Hie «oF
A general Bill a the Chrifnings and
Burials in London, anno 1685.N. 177.
p: 1245.
Clymitiry; ; the conteft between Mr
uncle and Dr Voight ; N.168.p:896.
Cicindela V olans 5. obfervations on it.
N. 167. p. 841. n
— Cinnamon of a white (ini N.
P 1o35 * x
A new way of Cleaving Rocks, Ns
167. p. 854.
A Letter and Difcourfe concerning

ap

Incombuftible Cloth. N. 172. P1049.

-& deinceps. -

. Cocbineel Fly. its Figure. N. 176.

P I261. ^-^
-Comet.an account of one feen at Rome

anno 1684. N. 169-p. 920. -
Comnongh-W orm ; an account of it.

N. 168. p. 876. :
Conculfionum Pditodtoaniey Hiftee
riz, N. 178 P. dcr du

E
* Arthen V. efte], fee Jtotiqiitier.
Clipf. sLune; fee Ajtronomy. -
- Eeh 5 ébfervations on ihe Scales of
Tue N. 168. p. 893; 4, 5
- "Thofe inVinegar deftribed,N:: E*D.
P964.
Etmulleri opera omnia, fee Books:
| Experiments , a Catalogue of fuch as
are mean, vulgar, cheap, and fimple ;

drawn up by Sr William T N. 167.
P. ud

FA Sickeo( (eta eut with
Worms inthe Water, N. 16 7: P

: ^ Falfa Graviditate -Epiftola, Ne
I72. p. I045.

Obfervations on: the Purple Fi fo, N
178. p. 12785- i -

Flying Gloworm, fee Cicindela Vo-
"5.

De Origine Fentiwm ; fee Books.
Fountains, obfervations on Boyling
and other Fountains, N. 169. p. 922.
N. 172. p. i036.

Fox; a Hydrophobia &iafed by the bite
ofa mad F ox, fee Hydropbolia.

Freezing ; fome Experiments about .
it; NN, 167. p.936. -

G meni fupposd to be by aa
Infect. N- 174. p. 1120.

An account of a largeGlandulofe fub-
{tance found between the Heart and
Pericardium ofan Ox.N. 167. p. 860.

A Liver appearing G/andulofe to the

Greece & naked

An Aphabetical Index to tbe Mean val

naked Ey. N. 178. p. 1266. |

Obfervations on the Flying Glow-
Worm, fee Cieindela Volans.

a not caufed by Wine. N.1 70.
as be ? Falla Graviditate Epiftola, N.
172. P- 1045.-

Gravity; the Specific Gravity of fe-
veral Bodyse N..169. p. 926, 7%

Gun; an Inftrument ufed by fome
Miners in Cleaving Rocks. N. 167.

2 OF4-

An account of (ome jt MER for
trying the force of redo Wie AN
173. Pe 1090, | l'air

H
Ifforia CoivilkallimgPeribdica-
. rum. og e P. dc) , &
Ig 1$. | ü
Hiftoria Adfcerts- in Inguine dextro;
Inteftinorum faces emittentis N;. 176,
p. 1204.
A Girl with: Horns growing on her
body, N. 176.p. 1202. =; .
Hydrophobia ; an account of that ài
ftemper caufed by the bite of a mad Hon
N..169- p.916.
- Hydrops Ocul cured. a
. 040.
Hygrofeope ; ; a new one rmi tá
— N.- 171. T 1932.

I

Ce; the difference betwixt Fre[b-»»a-

tery Ice, and that of Seawater. N.
167. p. 826." |

ABI Cloth ; 31a Letter, ani

Difcourfe concerning it. N. 172. p-

104.9. & deinceps.
Generation füppofed to. be by an In-
fet. N. 174: p. 1120.

167. P
- Séa.Chart.. N.

TH HE Laid of ConfFantimple
and Rbodes. N. 178. p. 1295.
Lepers ; obfervations on them. N,
168. p.892, 3.
Loughs a difcourfe on the Bogs, and
Lougbhs of Ireland. N. 170. p. 948.
Lough-Neagb ; an anfwer to fome

Queries concerning it. N. nd P.
1108.

. Lightning. the effeéts of it and

Thunder at Portfmouth. IN. 177. p:
ITÍAXo

, .. Lime; Salt of (Quick Lam obferv'd
Microfcopically. N

. 173. p- 1084. as
alfo that of Fifh fhells. p. 1085. |

Liver ; fee Anatomy.
- Liquor 5n account of a. Self. “moving
Liquor. N. PE P. 1188. |

Blervations on the F oie Ma- -
crenfe. N 217259. e. and
1041. "|
.- Maple fee Sugar. :
MATHEMATICS; eke "logie
ing the Collection of. Sécontys ;and the
true divifion , of the Méiilisas 4 in the
176. p. 119
The Solutions of three Chorngssplüt
Problems; IN. 177.p. 123105 —
— "The Latitude of Constantinople and
Rhodes. N.-178. p. 1295...
Medicina Septentrionalis Collati-
tia, fee. Books... |
Memory 5. the frengrh. of it when
applyed with due attention, N. a 78.
P. 1269.
Mercury ; ; the height of it in the
Barometer,obferved atOxford through-
out the year.1684. N, 169: fee the

Figure.
Mi cro

. Of the Philofobhital Tranfatlions, -

"MICROSGOPICAL obfervations
on the Brain.N. 168.p.88 3.&deinceps;
on the. Chryftalline Humor of the Ey

ofa man p. 889. on Moxa. p. D
on the Chalk in the Gout. p, 891, 2.
on the-Scales of Eels: :p.. 893..on the
Salts of Wine, and Vinegar, N.. 17.0.
p. 963. on theSalts, contained in fc-
-veral fubftances. N. 173. P. 1073.

944
A a ad Double me fee Anato-

Ys...
Two bora Births at Aberdeen
this year. N. 175. pe. 1156».

A Girl with Horns growing on her

‘body. N, 176. p. 1202.

Milium of Guiate deferibed. N.172.
p. 193r.

c Moxa; Microfcopical obfervations
proving ; it to be the’ Production of. a
fruit, like the downy fubftance about a
Peach. N. 168., p. 890.- Cotton its
ud füccedaneum. Tur 8 pom :

- + Eedls; ace ah she refpect

of the Needle toa piece of Iron |
held Perpendicular, made by one crof= |

fing the oe»
1213. |

Neurogyapbia
Vieufsens, fee. Books... \

e 177* Du

Nitre; a conjecture about the Qiigine

of the Nitre of JEgypt. N. 16 up:
5m

O* WOMAN in the Padi of Phy-
fic. N..167.p. 839.
Oculi; Cancer cured by De Turber-
vile. N. 167. p. 839.
= «Ocal TRG EORs cured. N. 167. pe
$4o. |
De : Origin Fontium. fee “Books. !

univerfalis. per AR. |

. Orwithology , Particulars that maybe
added to it. N. 175. p. 1159.

Os Frontis of a Prodigious Size. N.
168. p. 880.

ps. ; the rv of the Bath in cur-
2E it, and Barrennefs, N. 169. p.

A. Periodical Evacuation of Blood at
one of the fingers. N. 171. p. 989.

Obfervations on a French Paper con-
cerning a Perpetual Motion. N «17 7. p.
uo J obfe N.167.p.8

Phyfical obfervat:ons,N. 1 .

Pit A[bes from Mufcovy (bfeed
Micrefcopically. N.. 173: pe 1078.

The Porphyry Pillars ot -Aigpr gra-
ven andexplaind.: N.178. p. 1252.

‘The Probofcis of Bees. N. 175. p.
1158.

Obfervations on the Purple Fifp. N.
178.'p. 1278.

Pyrites ; Sih fablimed from it in
tina, &c. IN. 169. P924.

dRimurs what it i5,

N.
5e m

167. p.

Af

AG New way of [an ing Wate pro=
pofed by Dr Papi. N. 173. p.

To

Attempts far the explaining this me-

thod. N. 177. p. 1238, 9 N.1:78.

pe 1254.

AJ full defcription With the ufe of
this new. Gontrivance. IN, 178. p.
1274.

Rocks; a new way ofCleavign
them, N. 167. p. 854.

An account of two Ranic Infcriptions —

© cce. 3 at

‘An Alphabetical Index ta the fifteenth Vol.

at Beaueaftle, N. 178. p». 12 a8 "^ and

Bridekirk. T ne: Lv. i T

‘S$ | j
Alts 3 Microfcopicali obfervations
on thofe of Wine dnd Vineger. N.
170, p. 963. on thofe of féyerall fub-
ftances. IN. 173+ P. 1973
Salt Armoniac viewed Mictofcopi-
cally, N,.173.p. 1089. ^
—. Salt-peter "pbfeced. Microfopically,
IN. 173- p. 1075
— Satellits ; an account ‘of the Edipfes
_ of Es Satelits, anno 1686. N. 177.
p. 12:5
Sea- mere fee. Ornithology. - |
.. Anaccount of a Se/f- moving Liquor
N.176.p. £18825
Shell :.an account . of one found-in
one of the Kidneys of.a Woman. N.
171. p. 1018.
Sipho Wurtemburgicus smieattd: by

Mr Davis. N. 167. p. $46. by Dr -

Papin N. 167. p. 847: ‘Part of a Let-
rmesning it fram Dr Reifeliu. N,
178.

quf Salt br Englifh Soda viewed
Microfcopically, N.173.p. 1087. as
alfo that from Brittany.p. 1088, and
that from Alicant. p. 1089.

Specific Gravity of: feveral Bodyes; |
N. 169. Pe 926, 7. 4

Spirit of Wine grows warm upon
the addition of Water. N. 168, p. 898.
diffolves Chryftals. oF. filver. p. 902.
Coagulates Milk ib, =

Steams ; dosi on Subterra:
neous Steamis. N. 169. p.922.

An account ofa Stone, which grew
¢6 an Iron bodkin in the bladder of a
Boy..N, 168. p. 882. © .
Stones Voided i EL N. I 179: p:
g61. S HA:

A large Stone taken out of the blad-

dervadio Tan. N. 171. p. 1015;

_ Stones Voided. per Penern. N. 175*
P. 1162.55 |

- A large Stone Voided by. a Woman
per Meatum: Urinariume N. N. re. P.
1269:
A defcription of Stomda, fppofád to
be in fert, ón the: ever Don. N. PTT
P. 1157

A Great Storm at Perifrntb, Ni

177.p. 1212.
Sugar made of the} juyce of the: Me-

ple, in Canada, N.v71.p.9§8. /

Sulphur fublimed haz the "Pyriebet in
Mount JEtna, &c. N. 169. P. aot
T

* Zirtar , its Salt obferved Micro: |
Ícopically, N. 1 73 p. oe

De Potu Thee Dialogus, fee Books
E the mabnet o re: it.
N. 175. P. r18

Thunder, thc effets of it and lights

ning at Port/mouth. N. 177: p. 12.12.
A Correct: Tide-Table forthe year

1686. si 177.P. 12 46- !

ixi
peres MES when "hey rie N
171. p. 993- 2
aria Vefel, {ee Antiquities: m
V inegar ; Microfcopicall obferva -
tions on the Salts of Vinegar. IN. 170.

P- 963°

Vitviol ; the blew fort obferved Mix
rofcopically. N. 1753. D. 1076,
- Uleus in Inguine dextro Inteftino-
rum ences emittens. N. 176. p. 1104.

3 Ww
J Ager 3 a new way-of vais it. N.
173: Ps, 1593: N. Re bc ‘Pe

274
” Weather

Of the Philofophical Tranfactions. j

Weather 3 obfervations ofthe Wea-
ther at Oxford throughout the year 84.
N. 169. p. 932. &in feq.

- A Difcourfe concerning it by Dr
Garden, N. 171. p. 99t. |

Wheels 5 a Difcourfe Proving that
. the larger they are in a Coach, &c. the
more eafily they are drawn over ftones,
&c. N. 167. p. 856. ie

— Wind; obfervations of the Windat

Oxford throughout the year 1684. N.
169, p. 932, & in feq.

Concerning the caufes of feveral

Jed. N. r67, p. 8

Winds, N. 175. p. 1148; -
Wine ;MMicrofcopical obfervations oa
the Saltsof Wine. N. 170: p. 963.

It doesnot caufe the Gout. p. 979.

Worms Ícen inthe water of a Perfon
ill of the Falling Sicknefs, and how cur-

Connough Worm defcribed, N. 168,
P. 876.

Wormnvood ; its Salt obfery’d Micros
fcopically.N. 173. p. 1074.

Wurtemberg Engine, fee Sipbo Wurs
tembergicus

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