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PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS: |
sap fome
"| OF THE TPref ent Undertakings, Studies and Labour s OF THE
INGENIOUS,
| -IN MANY | | Confiderable Parts of the Wortp.
— FOL. XXL For the Year 1699.
LONDON:
| Printed for S.Swth and B. Walford, Printers to the —— Royal Society, at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's Church-Y ard. MDCC.
Luesccssnc S a a SR SS AER SRE I Eg AEE TE
DEDICATION. |. is fo greata Judge of all forts of Undertakings of this kind, will favourably accept of the good en- deavours of a few Men who fpend fome of their Time, Thoughts, and Money, only to aimatthe — forwarding ufeful Knowledge, and hoping that | . your Lordíhig will pleafe to país by mary Faults — incident to Human Nature. I need not tell your | Lordfhip, who knows fo much, that our Sences | are not able to attain to the Knowledge, nor our. — Reafon to Comprehend the Caufes of many things. | Which we daily fee; but there is great Uíefalncis : and Pleafure in che Purfuit of Natural Inquiries, — miore than equals the Trouble of the Under- | taking, and the Contempt or Pleafantry of ‘the — Malicious and Ignorant. Much fhould be héré. | faid in acknowledgment of your Lordfhips Fa- - vours, but I rather choofe to defift, where 1 | muft come far fhort of your Lordfhips deferts; | and the Sence of the Society of them, and there-- . fore fhall only beg leave to add that Lam.
Your Lirdfips mf Obedient 00 gull Duifil Sevan, - EN i “Hans Sloane, Soc. Rep. Sedi
yeu
—"
THE
PREFACE.
| FW ^HE following Papers are a few of fuch as have come laft Year to the Royal Society, which the pm Perfons Interefled in, have given leave fhould be
| ie printed. I am fo fenfible of my own Weak- | mefs, and have fo good an Opinion of the Abilities of the feveral Perfons who have favoured the Society with | thefe Communications, that I have not abridged or chaug d | Any thing in them, but when it was poffible, bad them Corrected by thofe who Communicated them. There i5 no doubt but the more difcerning will make a great difference between what is related in them as Matter of Fatt, Experiment, er Ob[ervation, and what is Hypothefis. Zhe firft fort of Relations (of which all the{e Papers contain, fome) are, and | muft alvays be ufeful, and the latter may be pafs'd over by fuch as diflike them. — For my oma part {uch Hypothefes as are, or [hall be found in any Papers of mine, I have fe | itle regard for them, that confidering what has happened te | others better qualified than my felf, I muft conclude, that |- future Accidents, and Obfervations, will make them go | eff, and be hereafter [ucceeded by others more plauftble. | The mi[chiefs thefe Flypothefes; and their Authors have | doge, by putting People from further fearch, owt of the way, | and making them wreft Matters of Patt to their Fancies, | have been very great. There ws a very memorable inflance
ES [Rrraj | of
Th PREFACE
of this in the Fefuits Bark, which was oppofed by Phyficte ans. from 1640. or thereabouts, till about twenty years. fince : the Arguments ufed againft it, were drawn from dts being no alterer or voider of thofe Humours, which the — _ moft part of Phyficians, had then. fettled by their Hypor
thefes to be the caufe of (uch Diftempers. A poor Indian | wha firft taught the Cure of an Ague, of which the Lady - _ of the Count de.Chincon (Governor of Peru, i2 1638.). — was Sick, overthrew with one fimple dir. e without —- ‘any preparation, all the Hypothefes, an dh of = Agues, which were [upported by [ome Scores mot to fay — Elundreds of Volumes, and "tis plain did mifchief by hin- — diving the advantage Men might have received fooner from [o innocent and beneficial a Remedy. I fay this not ~ to repoach Phyfitians, who do well to be wary imthe ufe of — a sew Remedy, till Experience confirms it to be Harmlefss Lut becaufe there are fome Specific Medicines mentioned ip. 2 thefe Tran{actions for the Cure of other Difeafes, and more — are. defigned for the [ucceeding Tear. I have mentioned — the names of the Perfons from whom, and to whom Letters were fent, and the Circumftances of the feveral Relati-. ~ 6s that came to my Hands, that they may be either relied on, convitled of falfhood, or further inquired into by. thofe — who defire to be better fatisfted. More might have been faid- — of Books, Lut I think that part fuficiently handled by others, and not fo material bere, the Informations to be had in or-. dinary Extracts and‘ Epitomes being not fo fatisfactory to — any.xho would havea full knowledge of the Matters con= tained in the Books themfelves, the beft things being fome- times left out according to the underflanding, fludies, or .— Liking of the <Abridger. I am forry [o many mif lakes. happen in the Prefs, there will always be fome, and thefe Franfattions have been the more incorrect for being dome often.in fuch hafte as not to admit of a Revife. E.
. NN * 1
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: : i eS [A IRE NAT OLE RA ANE NSE eS!
Sto: CHET "ome
| (1). Nuamb.248. Beginning the 2 1th Volume.
PHILOSOPHICAL | TRANSACTIONS.
. For the Month of January, 1699.
The C ss N T E N Uh S. d “num, or pcm à BA the Reverend Father George Camelli, a£ the Phillipine |. Ifles, to Mr. John Ray, avd Mr. James Pe- |. tiver, Fellows of the Royal Society. Uh — | Succintha Succini Pruffict Hiftoria co» Demon-. ) firatio. |. Autore. Pbilippo Jacobo. Hartmaan, |. Phil: c» Med. D,. Profeffore Medicine Ex- i ‘traordinario, Hifforiarum Ordinario, S. R. I. 3. Nature Curioforum Collega.
qu^ sion ollol q^ yi
L'A Defeription and Figure’
AO) (Of the true : — Amomum , or Tagus.
MORE RES
Lnd — - c rarae QM TM c ag tr AE ALLEL te SINE DE IAE UB RAT UN DA
From the Reverend Father P. Camelli at the Pbillipine Ifles, to Mr. Tabu Rey and. Mr. Bal du Foto - the pa dt
.Aiggietyss ipit ?
ora
. pe Tugws, f feu fiiio, lgitino. |
"Acsiriofo Tus ugus, ta Birao, aliis Caropi vifo florum fafcicülo : deguftato ejufdem uve acinis, feu ob-
feoridis "m Amomum decrevi.
Eft autem Tm pianta d adorue ultra . cubitos : novem
aflurgens, folio fimile plante Z: ashes feu a excipe . quod .
"d.
; longo femine & facta collatione cum Botanico- 3 rum Amomi ecc ripdonie Tugus legitimüm Dio- -
C3)
quod parte prona fuavi obfitum fit lanugine venofius praterea,
longius & fuüaveclens. Ad planta radicem feu caulis rrancum,
ex feliacei caulis meditullio racemiformis, & pilliilo feu Amo- monti florum fafciculo non adeo fimilis prorumpit florifera, & granigera foliolorum felguipalmaris congeries, flofculis exor-
OMA.
nata rubicundis, quibus uvz in longiufculam proten/a collum
E
{eu floris cabuli reliquiss fubfeauuntur : dulci & pauco cortice i $ i
unde “a Muribus & Avibus unà cum femine plerunque depa- fiz, pauca admodum & exigua colligi poteft quantitate, Qua- re & olim rarum fuille, nec paffim nafci Virg:lins infinuare videtur: dum fpondet quod Affriam vulgo nafcetur Amomum. He uve quina communiter, aut {ena continent fubruffa, oblonga, inzqualia, aromatica, Amuyong minus acria, & cu- bebis Officinarum fuaveolentiora grana, feu acinos, ex qui- bus trajecto filo nunc per fe nunc fociatis Adargaritis, ac Coral- Jio, nonnulie puelle Indice Carspi feu monilia ac armillas concinnare folent. :
Aliz ex his, & femine Belmufci, tis Maricom. Avandinis Li. thofpermos, iis Tigbi. Canne Floride, is Ticafficas. Pifi coccimei |
iis Saga. Amomonti preterea Badiang, GC Calanos {eminibus (i- milia ne&tere affueverunt. Ob gratum veio quem fpirant o- - dorem graria Tugus collo appenfa gerunt ab infecto etiam prz- - fervare aere & iui mederi Scolopendrie, mafticata fi (uper im- ponantur experientia docuit, Radix fimilis eft radici Tagbac feu Calami odorati, infipida, alba interne, de foris rubicundis & fubcdoratis Czpaceis contecta obvolucris. Ex Borongam fcripto accepi, in caulium apicibus alium & hunc inodorum ferie fructam, quem necdum vidi. Idem Indi Indanenfes mihi af- firmarunt : fed eos hallucinari cenfeo, & plantam Tacbac (Tagbac) pro Tugus vidiffe puto. iyd ; Provenit in Borongam & Paranas caput ex. aliis Infularum Samar, & Leyte, locis. Nec dubito in Lezene quog; reperiri, miaximé Sianiz in torrentium profunditatibus. ae Nota florum Tuga: recentia & tenella germina, aliquantum
Pfeudo amomum Garciz pedem Columbinum referens exprimunt,
Ne autem quidquam defideretur mi'to unà cum his fcriptis plantz delineationem, & fimiliorem caftaneam effe ovo non-
. deerit qui objiciat, quam folia Tugus folis Adali Pusici quod.
lubens concefferim, fed quicquid Diofcorides SC Plinins de Amo- mo tradidere folummodo de florigero & femine turgente Zug | roo | í racemo
: Cader. i
racemo intelligenda effe cenféo, utpote quibus integra & ip-, fa planta non innotuit. Hunc enim Tugus thyrfum deprehen- det. B. L. exigué fruticare Palm: videlicet, plufve minufve al- . titudine: ex ligno fubruffo, feu lignofa materia, flofculis 8 folliculis foliis Mali Punici fimilibus (efe in racemi modum convolvere, five ut Barth. Merula vertit effe fructum fimilem botruo inveniet femine uvis parvis fimili, (i feminis carno- fum fpe&tet cegumentum, plenum, valde odorato & acre gu- ftu, vim habente calefaciendi, adftringendi Gc exficcandi & cztera legitimi Amomi figna, ut pedis Columbini effigiem (i diligenter inveftigaverit. Amomumin Turcomania Armenae pro- vincia provenire ícribit Fo. Botero Benes. f. 99. p. 2. -
st 3 VAT ae i ust * i ‘ " - "ow ? wt , 21) $t LI , 2 = r T (ect ve TL. ; i As we IT . z * + . hs n n A of 2 °> es t i43 : E E ET ect tilius s s E y * a p TENE -— - € IIR CUN hii ' à Af : e», x 1 E T4 H - Af I - = A ^ 4912 Ji 3 - - - X " Su LIBR IL 4 v Lo ef * ue io ici : J - A ^ ’ . 111 " ati M wae ^ ; Me à " str 4 2. E d i iX À Fo L H —s
Gs)
|e NR Succincta Succin: Prussici Hiftoria & Demonttratio. .
| ! Sedio Prima. ^ . Regiones in quibus per univerfum terrarum , otbem Succinum generatur. —.—
doses UN C T od — Regiones. Africae, AMfie, G Europe, in quibus 5. Antiqui Succinum generari crediderunt. — — -6 L «^ Uccini antiquiffimis temporibus cognita virtus cele- - | bre ipfi pluribus ante CHRISTUM natum feculis apud Scriptores Graecos peperit nomen ; Inter Phi- . lofophos à Platone & Ariftotele; inter Hiftoricos ab Hero- doto & Ctefia; Inter Poetas ab /Efíchylo commemorari | meruit. "MO Figs : : | 4l Poflquam Romanis admirationi effe ccepic, & his Au- étoribus gemma reddita eft memorabilis: pieíertim quum - NERONIS mores in luxum fuccino abuti docerent. | Longo — hinc intervallo fuccinea munera à Gothorum in Italia Rege -. THEODORICO deprzdicata legimus, ut nec apud Barba- . pos Succinorum memoriam gratia interire fineret. IL. Quantacung; vero Succinorum vetufto xvo fuerit efti-
^ matio, terrz tamen in quibus generantur, incognite manfíére; -
inde tot fententiarum divortia, his in Africa, iftis in Afia ; aliis in Europa thefaurum reconditum memorantibus: In _ Africa Hefperidum horti, /Egyptus, /Ethiopia, Numidia; In ASIA India precipue, juxta & Arabia, fucciniferz credita bot Fi] 3 B uv XV. Ine
| » iL,
EV. Inter Europzas ditiones, Italiz, & in eadem Eridani, | viciniq; maris Adriatici ex fuccineis divitiis przcipua laus fu- it; quam tamen fida magis hiftoria, Romanis laté per Ger- maniam victricia arma circumferentibus, maris Germanici ac. Baltici Infulis vendicat ; Hifpania & Britannia in partem ali- quam gloriz admiflis. — |
à ek. NUR — Reeentiores qui in. Africa, Afia C America Saccinum ! generari. a[Jeverarunt.
§ I. AL ut veteribus tot regiones fucciniferas alleganti- ' bus ignofci poffet, nefcio an proximo aut huic no- ftro zvo venia fit danda, etiamnum ex Africa & Afia, quin ex nové deted orbe, nativum Íuccinum afferenti, vulgato infuper Orientalium Succinorum nomine.
I]. Quod enim cum pace tantorum virorum dixero, plerig; Auctorum funt inteftabiles, rumoribus plus jufto tribuentes :- oculatos teftes fallere & falli nefcios, vix produxeris.. Quin nomen Ambari five Ambrz, quod Succino cum pretiofiffimo & fragrantiffimo Orientali bitumine jam diu ap. plurimas nationes commune effe coepit, non pautos in errorem indu- xit - Succinum enim crédiderunt, quum Ambram in memo- ratis Africe, Afiz, Americzve locis nafci acceperant. Si non. alius error Succinum Orientale progenuit, Refiná Copal, Suc-. cinum mentiri aptiffimá, hoc nomine ab Officinis Pharmaceu- ticis adoptatá d $E DELE. 29. 0239
IIl. Nec Naturz impotentiam accufo, ac fi Polydedale — omnium genitrici his in locis Succinorum fcetura denegata fo- ret ; certiora Saltem monumenta defidero , quibus de geni- tis in Africa, Afia, America Succinis fides firmari queat. Ec — qui fagaciffimus Chinenfium populus tantos in Prufficum fa-- _ ceret fumtus, fi domi haberet unde fumeret Succinum? Per — multos qui in Orientalibus partibus commorati diutius, re- | rumq; Phyficarum foerunt gnari, ipfemet atq;- Amici, coram-
& literis, percontati fumus, neq; incidimus in quempiam, qui certi duum cum fiducia edifferere noffet ; majorq; pars, — quicquid de OrientaliSuccino fama fparfit aut fcriptis prodidit,
incertitudinis aut falfitatis condemnavit. — 4 c o
d C. IL. Eire t
(y)
C. III
Europee Regiones effe Succiniferas, fed nec omnes, nec zequé s pra- rogativa ad mare Germanicum & Balticurs fisarum.
$1 TAL. in Buca memoratis omnibus ProvinciisSuc-
: cinum generatur: inanibus Auctorum de Eridano, mari Adriatico, aliifg; Italie locis fucciniferis, commentis ; Nec de Hifpano, Britannico, Pannonico Succino graviora aut certiora proflant documenta: Gagates Succini nigri ap- pellatione fcriptoribus impofaiffe videtur.
IL Reliquis Eutopz ditionibus fucciniferis fide. digniora & illuftriora adfunt monumenta ; & de Polonicis, Silefiacis, Bohemicis fuccinis effoffis, quamvis raros in Patris Annali- bus precones nacta fint, indubitata experientia conftat.
Ill. Germanici Succini crebrior & evidentior eft memoria: In litoribus maris ad infulas Belgicas, ad Holfatiam, Jutiam, in ripis etiam fluviorum, lectum ; quin ex interioribus terre vifceribus erutum graviffimi Au&ores confignarunt. SAXO- NIA, MISNIA, ISLEBIA. SUEVIA, ex gremio matris tel- Juris fe hunc foetum fufcepifke, aliquoties atteftantur : Hallen- fefq; Carbonarie fodinz SERENISSIMI FRIDERICI III. aufpiciis hon ita pridem detectz, fuccineas viliores glebas plus via fimplici oftenderant ;. fidem faciente D. Krug. 5. Ele&c- ris Brandenb. Archiatrorum Comite & Confiliario, rerumque Metallicarum Dire&ore gnariffimo. ata; meritiffimo. Nec ignobiliora :eftimonia inclyta MARCHIA perhibet : Supe- riori feculo Jodocus Willichius, prope Neomandram, novam cellam di@am Francofurto ad Oderam tria. milliaria circiter diftantem, in lacus ingentis ripa Succinum Falernum reper- tum ; Noffra etate in ripa Viadri propé Cüftrinum j Juxta pa- gum Schaumberg inventum CL. D. BECMANNUS ; éque foffa Infulz Pottamenfis regnante MAGNO FRIDERICO WILHELMO eductum a D. ELSHOLTIUS memora-
runt.
{V. Major Succinorum eft Biovents in locis mari ; Baltico 'vicinis.. Suecia, vel ex lactis dulcis Meleri ripa ejectum fzpi- us legit, aut effoffum füftulit. - DANIA ex foffa Hafnienfi infi ignia Succina vidit & admirata eft; atq; ex collibus Se-
B2 . elandig
( 8) elandiz fue mediterraneis non contemnenda magnitudine ac multitudine prodiiffe, uniafg; colliculi foffionem quinqua- ginta libras erogaffe, vomereq; ex agris extra&a meminit ; teftefg; CL. BORRICHII adfune litere, Infulas Cimbriam Holfatiamq; allambentes [formoe, Mandoe, Rom. | ad litora {ua in Oceano pariter copiofum Succinum expifcari.
— V. Liberalius long? in SAMOGITLE, CURONEUE &
LIVONLE contermina maris Baltici litora Succinez opes
redundant; ut inter algas arenafq; abfconditz à rufticis con- fertim deprehendantur: Reticulis haurire SERENISSIMUS DUX CURONLE inftituit: Inter arandum quoq; & inter fodiendum in maritimis jugeribus fefe ultrd, fine gravioris la- boris impendio offerunt, vili pretio ab Ele&rotoreutis ibi. lo- corum quondam coemta. idw
C. IV.
Inter Regiones fucciniferas ad mare Balticum, principem effe Pruffi-
am Gr ab bac fecundam Pomeramam. —
6 1.'X 7 Eiràm nulla maritimarum Provinciarum xque opima Ípolia ex: mari Baltico legit, nulla ex finu telluris zque numerofam prolem fuccineam fufcipit ac Pruffia, ut Ele-
étrides Antiquorum nullibi rectius collocaveris : idg; meritó-
JEftiorum, qui Theodorici Regis Italie tempore etiamnum has terras incolebant, Legati ante omnes homines faam Patriam Succina offerre gloriabantur: tulitq; deinceps PRUSSIA à non
paucis Scriptorum iftud elogium, quod Italiz olim perperam.
" erattributum, ut fola Succinorum genitrixíalutaretur. ~
. II. Antiquiffima quidem monumenta, quibus ordinis-Cruci- gerorum poft Chriftianifmi profeffionem, res geflz funt con- dite, indicium patrii thefauri pofteritati relinquere neglexe- runt; tandem Civitatibus ab Ordine feceffionem facientibus
etiam Succini mentio adjecta eft : Sub DIVO veró ALBER. .
TO, Florentibus Provincie rebus, non defuére decora inge- nia, quz regiam hanc Nature gazam Erudito orbi graphice exponerent. | |
_ IIL. Sed quod unica Succinorum Promiconda celebratur, _ non folüm divitiis quas mare in Pruffiam effundit acceptum ferendum, verum & illis, quas litorei montes ferro patefadi —
| v ru ae | libera. |
ll | Cg) liberaliter elargiuntur, quafg; loca à mari longe Giliiia, intes ranea nec opinantibus nec cogitantibus colonis, dum aratro fulcos ducunt, aut colles decacuminant, aut fcrobes foflaiq; varios in ufus excavant, haud parcé offerunt.
IV. Allata funt mihi ex Sambia, ex Natangia, ex Hocker- landia, ex Pomefania fortui:o inventa Succina ; & propé op- - pidaHollandiam, Liebftadium, detecta ; queq; ex Ele&ora- lis Litbuaniz agris effoffa, Varmienfia quoq; & Elbingenfia poffideo. Olim vir Coníularis mihi amiciffimus annotarat,
^ in fila quadam Kerbfwald Elbingenfis ditionis Anno 1641. intra modicum temporis fpatium, feptingentas libras fodiendo ex terra erutas; fruftumq; infigne Amicus nuperrime dono dedit, cujus idem natale fuerat folum. Et in ripis Lact: Re- centis ac Curonienfis, fuviorumq; Pregele, Viftulz, Elme, lecta adeptus fum. | Adeog; nullus dubito, totum PRUSSLE. fundum fuccineum affirmare, praefertim quum {caturigo, de- repenté Anno 1666. circa oppidum Bartenílein exundans,
"tantam vim fuccinorum egeflerit, ut filci reditus augeret ; quz à terrz vifceribus avulía, nec mare vidiffe unquam, cer- ta eft fides. | | |
V. Poft Pruffiam Pomerania fuccinifera nominari meretur, illo potiffimum orz maritime tractu, qui per litora Electora- lium hinc & Olivenfium ac Gedanenfium ditionum ad Neri- am recentem excurrit, Multum Succini cum. Decumanis flu- étibus ad.hanc oram: advolvitur,. iifdem fignis proventum ma- nifeftanribus, Ele&rotoreutarum Gedanenfium queftu non Ípernendo, qui à fenatu jufto pretio, quzcung; ad Neriam appellunt, redemerunr.. Ad Infolam Rugiam ufq; maris Bal-
tici effufa eft liberalitas, fiquidem & hzc fuccineis glebis poti- tur ; juxta Hiddenfee & lectas & hauftas percepi. | VI. Nec mediterranea Pomeraniz Succinorum funt vacua,
-.. quippe quod pariter bona fortuna in eadem ruricole aliud a-
| . gentes incidant (pius, quamvis Scriptoribus ejufmodi profpe- ros eventus Annalibus inferere minus cure fuit; Curonizq;
& pene inter fucciniferas palmam Pomerania dubiam
reddit. | !
C. V. In
( ro )
C. Y.
In Pruffi ova maritima litus Suadavicum Succinis abundare ; cujus facies exterior - interior defcribitur. —
6 bts gs quaqua verfam fucciniferam predicavi, ut. tamen precipue litoris Sudavici amore Succina de- tineantur : Situm eft Litus in ifla parte, que Sambia vocatur, à novo tranfitu (Neve Tiff) ad tabernam (Vrantz Vrug.) de- cem milliarium fpatio. i II. Regia hac Succinorum fedes, feptem receffibus, vulga- to angulorum vocabulo, antiquitus diftinguitur : Krecke, No- dums, vel Nodems, La[[micken, Kuckfe, five Kuyck, Palmenick, nempe, Thierskeim y noftra etate non Nempe, fed Kraydepellen, five Krappellen inter Palmenig 8t Subenig , tum Brufter magis quàm Dirfcbkeia, & prater hos alii accenfentur. |
III. Litus omne altis montibus precingitur, mari vadofo; à primo ingreffu trium quatuorve,: mox triginta aut-quadragin- ta orgyarum, poftquam progreflus fueris profunditate minori, pergendo longius rurfus altiffima ; ut brevia five Syrtes intel- ligas, quz litus Sudavicum, hujufq; receflum Brufteram ad-
primé naufragiis infamant. —— | uin
IV. Prerupta & ardua receffuum juga, quzdam lenius at- tolluntur, verfus Pillaviam in planitiem definunt. “Solum mi- nus firmum ; alicubi latentium aquarum commeatu fallax, in tantum ut quafi voragine equi & homines abforpti memoren- tur; maximam partem fabulo tegitur, aliquot areolz berbis inveftiuntur, Petafite, eryngio, lappa; raris arbuftis aut fen- ticetis, quz tamen ad Brufteram filvefcunt; eademq; cum par- te montis aliquando {ubfidunt; Rupes nulle, nec faxa, pre- terquam ad radices montium: aquz ex fummis jugis paffim - dimanant, quz inferius alveis colle&e rivulos imitantur.
V. Ifta exteriori facie litoris Sudavici, interanea minerali- busabundant: Vitrioli non una comparet fpecies: alibi niveis ftris, terrá nigra interjecta, ftratum fuper flratum ; alicubi fufüm vitrum, ligneis fibris hinc inde interlucentibus, przfen- tat; alibi terre micantium pulvifculorum inftar eft admixtum.
Vi. Prater vitriolum corticofa terra, quá integri colles ex- | fargunt, & lignum quod litoreos montes longo tractu menue
| ividit,
- ir ——— e Ó
Gil) dividit, funt confpicua ; tum terra flavefcens, que Ochram? . emulatur, & lutum cezruleum, certis intervallis per litus ex- paníum.. : i : VIL Ex lapidibus memorabiles Dac&yli Idzi ( Alpen/chof). inter faxa & arenas difperfi, fed 8 ex montibus effodiuntur :: Saxa mari vicina alia parte duriffima, alia friabilia vifuntur : Petrefacta quoque ligna, lapidefg; alga marina, tenui foliá & veficulari luxuriantes inveni: mitto varios lufus Nature, in quos incidi. Prater vulgares lapides, & adamantes, & Jafpides hoc litus quandoq profert. VIII. Camporum vicinorum fterilitas fümma ; Silvz rare, M pineenullz. Illud adjiciendum, quodPhocarum gregesapri-. - eantes, in {copulis & collibus vadofi maris colludentes, fzpius. fe confpiciendos praebeant.
Sesto Secunda.
| Matrix Succini, vena ex ligno foffili-; Succini:
in eadem generatio.
€ I
| Quod matrix non fit querenda in omnibus, in quibus Succinum im
venitur, e.g. mon inalga, avena, Vitriolo, terra flava, fabuloy aut luto caruleos "bs
TX » Omicilium Succini in litore Sudavico diverfis mine:
... A27 ralium concamerationibus compofitum perluftravi- - mus, indagaridum porró, in quibus penetralibus fuccinea foetus
|! ra formetur, uc in lucem edatur.
|^- II. Litusquidem inter arenarum lapidumve acervos Succi- - na monftrat, fed in his non generari manifeftum eft : - multó : |. minus ex alga marina natales accerfendi, licet huic involuta ad - | litus propellantur. — — Sh | | '
| . All. Bt quum intra vifcera montium litoreorum ubiq; repe-
| Fiuntur, in Vitrioli interftratis Cryftallis 5 in terre flavae; in
| fabuli, in luti czrulei intertexto opere; non tamen in his om--
| mibus prima eorum ftatuenda incunabula. .
-—
eg!
EMEN ee nes tee
m ] [ s kd ET N
(12)
IV. In Vitriolorum, terre flave & Sabuli partibus raro eventu Succina, eag;minuta &c ignobilia, deprehenduntur.
V. Carulei luti ductus nondum ita experientiz patuére, uod inacceffi, quamvis egregia & numerofa fuccina fovere à Solonis tradantur ; tnihiq; diffra&á luti gleba, mativus fetus füccineus animadverfus, quem tenui cortice obductum, colore fulvo dilucidum, ‘inter cara naturz fuccinea munufcula Mu- fzum affervat. io
C IL "TI . Quod Lignum matrix Succini, non vegetabile ft fed f file.
§ r.( yUum corticofa terra, & preter hanc lignum LitusSu-
davicum difcriminent, Lignum quod montes inter- fecat fucciniferum effe, ut quod maximé, multorum anno- rum experientia firmat. Hujufque ductum foffores indagant & obfervant, nunquam irrito fucceffu, quoufg; inftabile fo- lum ipforum operas progredi permittit. —
II. Terra corticofa Succina exigua compleGitur ; minufg; folida, & ingrati coloris. -
III. Lignum autem minime ab arboribus eft arceffendum ; fiquidem tam vaftos truncos arboreos, qui proftrati plurima- rum orgyarum longitudine & latitudine fibras fuas extende- rent, nufquam orbis vidit; integri receffus, five anguli litoris Sudavici continuo ligni tra&u per orbitam notabiliter diftin&i cognofcuntur. : SNO E .. V. Neq; arboreislignis fimile eft : quippe, quod nec me- ~
. dullz intimz, nec corticis extimi ullum prebet indicium ; ra- morum quog; divaricationibus ac nodis, foliorumq; germini- bus, .prorfus deftituitur ; neq; fibras mutat , fed eafdem quavis fui parte retinet: mitto quod compagem ligneam referens non tamen orbiculatim concreviffe cernitur, fed planiori fpecie, — ^
.V. Atq; Curiofi Jam diu ligha faubterranea mirari defierunt, — poftquam plures Europe ditiones iftiufmodi, é terra eruta, ip- forum cenfürz fubmiferant. — Ducatüs Spoletani five Umbriz — | fodinarum lignum elegantiffimum undulatum, in quo & arti. -
. ficum ingenia fe exercere poterunt, Francifcus Stellutus Lyn- — ceus defcripfii, inventore Duce & Principe S. Angeli Fride- — rico Cefio ; ejufdem & P. Kircherus meminit. Aliud Ger- -
_
NU ok
maniz foffile lignum, Solertia D. Pillingen in Mifnia detexit, qui & erudito commentario generationem illuftravit.. Tran: \ miftus mihi Lunenburgenfis ditionis (abterranzus foetus ligne- us, Pruffico folidior & ponderofior. a
VI. Lignum vero quale litus Suadavicum profert, '& alibi lecorum, in Pruffia interiori, una cum Succinis eratum, ex complurium Amicorum literis fide digniffimis refcivi ; Gra-. veg; mihi Auctores Bartholinus & Borrichius, qui Cortices & ligna ex foflis Hafnienfibus iifdem, ex quibus Succina, non exigua quantitate educta atteftantur; felixg; capture indici- um in litore Neringz ex adnatantibus fragmentis capitur.
C. Ill.
1 Generatio Ligni foffilis ; quod fit bituminofum & variis vicenda | falibus pregnans. $ 17A. Atricis autem hujss, experientiá Duce, ifta indaga-
: vi initia ac rudimenta. Colliculiin litore Sudavi- co hinc inde, imprimis ad Kraxtepellen, procul terra conge- fta, ubi propius accefferis cumuli coacervatorum corticum vi- dentur: Superior pars, ficubi à Sole exficcata fuit grifeis, his .
‘autem remotis, picez nigredinis, magnis & levibus nitidifq;
croftis concretam offert terram, quam fi cultro fecueris, multo- rum molliffimorum corticum compagem confpicies: ad ra- dicem iftorum colliculorum uda terra, glutinofo ac tenaci li- :quore cohzrens, manuum digitorumq; imprefforum veftigia
.:exacte refert, fed ut & tangentes denigret.
|. WT. Talem corticofam pinguem colliculorum terram Ligni
foffilis Pruffici judico primordium: Neq; lignum nifi ficcitate, & qualicung; foliditate, quá magis compactum longiori fibra-
‘rum protenfione, continua coheret, à Corticibus iftis differt.
IIl. Corticofi enim colliculi ab uda tenaci terra nafceadi
originem fortiuntur: Hanc poftquam maris falfugo aliis fub- - terraneis Salibus admixta maceravit ac fubegit, fecedente hu-
more fuperfluo, acr aut calor Solis exficcat 5 Siccitate vero à
| de invicem fecedunt partes, quarum pinguedo exhalavit, aut intus conceffit ; alie, quz glutine hoc abundant, mutuó, lis
cet in cruftas compactz coherent, fpeciemque ligni referuses ubi jufta ficcitas, qualicung; tnultarum cruttarum cohzfioni,
| ligonfam formam conciliavit.
8 d "y | t^ By Brus
(14 ) | IV. Bituminofam veró Corticum & ligni effe naturam non folum terreftris pinguedo, fed & examen ignis monftrat ; ac. cenfa enim fomitis inflar ferpentem ignem: propagant, “ful- phurg; naribus afflant ; & deftillationi expofita, uti inferius - tradituri fumus, aliquot oleofas particulas, olei petra - fimili odore, dimittunt, praeterquam quod liquor deftillans fuccine- um pingue quid exhaler. eet . V. Poft bitumen Gorticum & ligni generationem falia -fub- terranea promovent ; ab his enim ficcitas, & cruftarum Spe- cies deducenda, intimé enim lignis & Corticibus adhaerent. - Vitriolum faperius.difleruimus, quomodo cortices undiq; am- biat, atq; cum illis concrefcat. — — — VL Aliorum falium non ita manifefta eft demonftratio: deprehendi tamen in ficciffimorum lignorum, corticofz.com- pagis, interftitiis Ícintillantes falinas ftellulas & fila fplendentia, quz-vitriolum minimé referebant, infipidz enim prorfis, aut {ubdulces, leniffimé adftringentes: aqua affufa eduxi illas ftel- lulas, lixiviumq; aluminis aut magis Martis fubdulcem fapo- rem praztulit, ut tamen Vitriolica virtus extremum percipere- 2 tur, quz infpiffato lixivio evideritior, aliquo tamen fubdulcis. | aluminofr aut martialis faporis fenfu. - forisque CASES). E VIE. Nicrum quog; fub hoc ligno latens.olim detexi, forti — lixivio- vitriolicis particulis-fegregatis; quamvis ipfi vitriolo . . Pruffico nitrum videatur admixtum: forté & ftellulz ac fila ~~ . falina per intimas ligni fibras didu&a, nitrofz funt natura. . » VII. Alimenquoq; in Cryftallis Vitrioli latet, fi non pror- . {tis alumini vindicandi, quos SSS componere afferuimus, quig; — amiantho aut alumini plumofo, fimiles confpiciuntur ;.. Aci- dnlus enim horum fapor, ad illum falis {uccini volatilis proxi- . meaccedens, _ PU Eus xd D
PRUSSIA bituminofa; vera Succini generatio primum a — corso o bis demonftrata. | WM "TNT e cognitá quibus bituminis & falis virtutibus fit.
LV i impregnata, facilé eft-conjicere quomodo. fucci- neus foetus Prufficus intra illam concipiatur. | i;
If; PRUSSUE felum undiquaq; bituminofum cogita: in- ^M fignes enim gleba bituminis condenfati in.abditis terrz aut luti —
EB Oe ¢ 15^) "aliquoties à colonis cafu deprehenfe ; ipfemet aliquot librarum fruftum non procul a Regiomonto ex limo eductum conf{pexi; . qum olei rivos ex terra dimanaffe, non vana fama accepi. Ceí- pites vero bituminofi ex pluribus locis effodiuntur. - Hii. Bituminofo itaq; litoris Sudavici folo, calor fubterrane- Us, quicung; ifte fuerit, bitaminis exhalationes per interanea difperfas, undiq; confociat, & in guttas cogit, praeprimis ex corticofa aut lignofa matrice eafdem congrega; quod dum a-
|- git, (imul vicina falia pervadie ipforumq; effiuvia fecum abdu-
cens bituminofis guttis immifcec ; falinaipicula intra matricem adacta fluorem bituminofüm fiftunt, & (i nullz fuppetiz bitu- minofarum guttaram à calore fübmittuntur, gleba pro modulo incunabuli, quod intra lignum ipfi conceffum, formam fubit, omniq; exhalationum motu fopito, caloreq; evanefcente, {a- linz particule rigorem recuperant, bituminofisfuperfluum hu- morem exhalantibus ; fociatzq; {uccineam gemmam produ- "eunt; nitidiorem, fplendidiorem, fragrantiorem, firmiorem, ex puritate & proportione exhalationum bituminofirum ac
.. falinarum.
. IV. Hzc vera Succini eft generatio, quam ante nos nemo
EruditoOrbi perfpicuam reddidit: fiquidem preconceptis opi- nionibus laborantes, in animalibus, in vegetabilibus, in furr- |, do maris prima Succinorum incunabula querendo, à veritate |! aberrarunt omnes. Neq; iftos Succinorum natales in lucem | produxiffem,. nifi crebra litoris Sudavici peragratio, & attenta fodinarum perluftratio Propitii Numinis ductu me recto tra- | mite feciffent verum cernere. | |
C, V. | Eadem bauftilium Succinorum generatio: Succinum in animalium I ventriculis repertum. M | 64. A. Sfenfum meruit noftra demonftratio, maximis Euro- I. A px Eruditz nominibus ipfam probantibus, . Aliqui- bus tamen is fupereft fcrupulus, an eadem Succinorum, quz mare ejicit, generatio ftatuenda ? Verum quum in vulgus hic locorum jam notum fit, ex collibus marinis cempeftatum vi |. disje&tis aut convulfis Succina prodire,-quz à fluctibus ad litus -"advolvuntur ; capture fructuofe, aut inanis, ex collium ifto- tum divulfione, leviori aut profundiori, fumto indicio ; Qui, du : C2 "s inquam
inquam, quom hauftilia Succina intra colles generari certum. fit, alius modus intra hos generandi reddetur vero fimilis?
I]. Sarà in collibus fubmarinis non minus quam in litoreis Naturz Officioa erit initruéta : addo, quod inter ejectamenta maris & lignorum foffilium copia in litore Sudavico, eque ac -
‘in Neiingienfi, reperiatur: quid fi colles alluvionibus obtcéti, qui quondam terre parg fuerunt ? Si quoq; in collibus fubma- rinis reliquorum mitieralium eadem generatio, cur non & Succinorum ? m | EM
IIl. Caeterum ficubi extra Matricem lignofam, in luto ceeru-. - leo, in terra corticofa, flava, fabulofa, Vitriolica Succinum nalci contingir, ne tunc quidem alia ratio generationis fuberit : © pariter enim ex bitaminofis exhalationibus in guttas conden- fatis filium jufta mifcela, ifle glebe pronatz fuerint. = . IV. Neq; tamen ubicung; reperitur ibidem & nativa Succi- ni fedes illico afferenda, per maris enim vehementiam à matri- ce avulfum in aliena loca feepé reJicitur. "ME Us 'V. Quin & animalium ventriculis recondita Succina novi; . 2 vifceribus patefa&tis exemta Amici dono miferunt; nec ramen. 2 in animalibus Succina generata dicemus. A | VI. Ex accolis litoris Sudavici addidici, omnis generisani- 2 malia, terreftria, aquatilia, volatilia, avidé füccineas elebas. | deglutiré, adeóg; intra mactatorum vifcera non raró obferva- 7 ri. Corvi & Cornices tanta copia ingerunt, utegerere rurfüs ~ vefperi cogantur & minutiz complures fub arboribus, in qui- ' bus confident, inter excrementa reperiuntur. © if Ab afcllis (Pomucbelz) deglutitz plures mihi obvenere; in- 1 fignior trium digitorum traníverforum longitudine, duorum latitudine fpe&atur. Eft ex Ove globus fuccineus mirabilis, —
quem crufta gypícá mucus ventriculi obvelarat; quá ab Ele- .
c&rotoreutá imprudenter abrafa, patuit ex pluribus glebis, àca- |
lore animalis fubactis, fuiffe formatum. . *
Vil. His de Succini generatione traditis, veterum aliena placita facilé rejiciuntur ; neg; enim animalium,neq; arborum, neg; maris genitura Succinum effe poterit, poflquam foffilis certa matrix in telluris gremio fummá accuratione demon- | ftrata fuit. | »
J |
(ar E SeCtio' Tertia. nase | RudisSuccini,& illorumque in eodem apparent, . aut ipfi adherent, vel includuntur confideratio. Gd
Colle&lio Succinis en molle vel durum ex matrice prodeat ?
$a g^ P mare & terra in Pruffiam fuccinea dona confert * fed maris dona partim in litore legantur, partim ex - aqua hauriuntur : Vadofo fcil. mari, fignis apparentibus, co- loni reticulis cento affixis fündum verrunt, aut fluctibus. vol- ventibus eadem adveifa oppoaunt ; hzc que hauítilia : reliqua, - inter eyectamenta, que natantia preda indicium faciebant, als - garum, farmentorum, lignorum aut arenacum fedulo invelti- gantur & feliguntur, lectags audiunt. . j Il. Ex terra veio, quz fodiendo acquiruntur, foffilia ap- pellantur : Amam longiori conto prefixam vene, in montium - ' litoreorum. jugiscon{picuz,.admovent, tentando ficubi gle. ; bam ligno immeríam offendant, quá animadverfi lignum le- * miter radunt, amáq; fubjectà glebas excipiunt, exceptafg; ad- - ducunt, facculoq; à collo pendulo indunt.- III. Fodinas fubterraneas Litus Sudavicum ignorat ; in exe - terioribus partibus fofforum opera hzret, foffiog; ad venarum | ductum prifcis ignota MAGNI FRIDERIC! WILHELMI aufpiciis primum montes exercuit. | v _ IV. Nec tamen ubiq; foffioni patet. litus, fed certorum re-- . ceffuum juga ifta opera fatigantur ; Erof, Gubnicken, Ekrofs : Dirfchkeim, Warnicken, Strobfchnee, Palmnig : & ficubi matrix - lignea fe conipiciendam przbet, atg; ad eandem facilis ac tu- tus eft aditus. j"pifut | -:V.Succinum uti ex matrice producitur, quod in fofforum operas intentus iplemet expertus fum, rigidum & durum tactu dignofcitur : contingit aliquando frangi dum protrabitur, fed vitio glebe ; Succinum enim Succino duritie preitat. . VI. Non pauci tamen & prifco & noftro evo mollia ac !i-- quida quidam ab alterá parte dura, ab alterá mollia fuccina fi- |< bi vifa jactitarunt : quz, mihi ifto nomine oblata, nec fra- - grantià, nec fapore, nec deflagratione fe füccina probarunt ; id |
ES NUM. a ae tu itaq; inter hau&ilia reperta bitumina iftis Au&oribus in fuc- cineum cenfum referre placuit. Verüm & picea gleba, & car-
bo foffilis, & fegmentum pice navali abdu@um, aliaq; plura unà à flactibus maris in litus projecta, iftá ratione fuccinei cen- fas habenda forent. iria itu Das
Yil. Opinio, quz in fundo maris fcaturigines liquidi bitu- minis commenta ell, ucà falfugine mariscoagulatum fuccinum haberet, mollia iftinfmodi. fuccina pepefit : -Neq; hauriendo, neq; fodiendo, neq; legendo (ibi mollia cognita, illi qui rerum fuccinearum affiduam curam gerunt, affeverarunt omaes. Ipfe,
- magnos füccinorüm rudium acervos perfcrutatus feduló, nul- lum molle adverti, quod virtutis experimento {uccinei generis agnoviffem. TI TRUCE Ry 0; RE I EUG
VIII. Vulgo perfuafam eft, difcrimen foffilia & hauftilia ia-- tercedere duritiei potiffimum, & puritatis, ac cruftz diverfis
notis. . Verüm falluntur, qui iftud inanimum inducunt ut cre: ‘dant: Evenit ut extra matricem alienis in locis fepultorum ro- | bur autcalor aliquid vitii contrahat, craffiori etiam crufia fu- perindudtd; bi tamen cafus nativorum differentiam minime in- ferent: /Eque intra colles fübmarinos, ac intra litoreos, pro varia bituminis & falium copia ac virtute nobiliora & ignobi-
. Nora fuüccina generari certus fum. x
Beoucen ay
Varia fpecies vudium glebarum ; Phenomena, exterins amata,
§ gt glebis fuccineis formandis mirum Nature elucet: ia-
. A genium: ut in lucem eduntur, pira, amygdalas, cepas,
pifa,aliafq; fructuum fpecies,aut peregrinorum corporum fimul-
achra, vario lufu referunt; Guttarum his apud Ele&rotoreu-
tasnomen,quum globofam figuram maxima {ui parte exprimant.
Il. Major pigmentorum in crufta denudatis' admiratio.
Literata Naturz Succina plura vidi: teneo in quo albefcens li-
. pea flexu fuo concinne literam: S. Latinorum efformavit, reli-
qua frufti facie flava: Arabum ac Hebrzorum characteres que- dam ruditer exhibent. | | ADM "
- IIL Preterea arbufcularum, frondium, nubinm, ruderum; aliarumq; quarumcunq; rerum delineamenta in fuccino varie- gato curiofus oculüs'advertec, 67 607 2 975 INIMA ae
IV. Eft mihi Pe&ore tenus éffita fenilis imago; in ulna — — hae | | b infantem — .
( 19. ) | ; infantem-reclivem monflrans ; IESUS parvulus in fimeonis - amplexu haerens animo obverfabatur, quando primum hanc - Naturz- picturam intuebar. Bu ? -. V. Rumor increbuit, fidem. habentibus Erudicis, ducatum : . Belgii foederati infignibus & Symbolo copfpicuuin intra Succi- - num ducta Naturz dilineatum comparuiffe. Ego vanum arbi- - tror rumorem ; neg; cobarent quz. de nummo Auctores pro- didére ; alii.polonicum groffum fimili Naturz ingenio impref-. fum tradicé:e ; pari fide : mihi incredibile videiur, illorum, . qua prudentiz confilio, artiíq; minifterio peraguntur, ectypa . a Natura, anime. vitali defticuta, reddita efle unquam, aut poi- . fereddi. . | C VI. Czterum & quz Succinis concreta adherent, memo- - ratu non indigna puto: Inter hzc Algz veficularis & tenui fo- lig rami, radicibus firmiter infixis, ex fuccineis glebis propul-- lulanresinvenient locum 5 tum filex parvulus, eminenticri li: berá, latiori parte Succino obvoluca : Aliiglebzelamina ferrea : agglutinata eft: Et fegmenta lignorum, conchylia, variaque : alia adnafci contingit. . ;
EU Animalculorum Succimo inclu[orum accuratior demonffvatio.:
$1. Ao oum fuccinea funera, jam Plinio & Mar->- | X. tiali celebrata, intentiorem curam expofcuat; ul- - tra triginta fpecies infectorum in meis fuccinis numero ; muf- cas, araneas, culices, formicas, papiliones, apes, millepedes, - |. teredines, curculiones, erucas, {carabzos, ex cornutis & deau-: . ratis aliquot, & quorum nomina. memoriam {ubterfugiune. AI. Sunt qui & perfe&tiora animalia Succino condita memo- - | -rant, ranas, lacertas, pifciculos. Quibus ut fidem habeam.. | egre à me impetro, quamvis Plinius lacertam, Martialisvipe- ram Succino tumulatam habeat ; Sed & ifto zvo prerii cupido -- artisfallacias intendere novit. Hermanno decantata Ranz & La. - |. certz fepulchra non uno modo mihi fufpeéta redduntur. Pifci- . culos fraude artis Succino inclufos, Jam aliis animadverfum eft. — If. Nativa animalculorum fuccinea feretra ab arte elabora. : tis illo maximé diftinguis, quod in iftis non procul à {uperficie, - anfe&ta implicita reperiuntur, in his veró meditullium occu- " pant ; fcilicet artem non ita feliciter occultarent Eledtrotoren- - : GE.
i -—
PAR ( 20 ) tz, fi extimas partes excavarent, illifq; animalcula crederent, tranflucida enitn fuccinea lamina fraudem proderet. Si q lidum purum, nullis fiffuris hians, nec cruftaram compage diftinctum eft Succinum in quo fepulta funt, illud not à natu- ra fabrefaictum fcias monumentum ; Plereg; enim gleba {uc- . Cineg, quibus animalculorum exuviz funt repofite, id quod - millies contuitus fum, Corticatim cohzrent, aut fiffuris hinc inde funt interfe&tz, ex quibus & pars exuviarum aliquando ex'etius confpicienda prominet. — ^ LO ¢ REUS 0 qol IV. Neq; omnium intra füccinum reconditoram animalcu- -lo:um par eft conditio: Alia fitu obdu&a, alia nitida, que- dam fuccineo fulgore fplendentia intueor: Duas apes & eru- cam, nidumq; curculionis fitus obtexit; fcarabzus fulget 5 ex mufcis quzdam nitent. — ' doliis atur 1 V. Porió alia vivacitatem, alia languorem pre fe ferre ; nonnalla quafi evigilantia, cum conatu vinculo ifto fe éxcri- candi, confpicies; ~~ * | 2 RIIC VI. Quadam Succina integrum examen infe&orum, & e- jofdem & diverfi generis, involutum, commonftrant. ' - VII. Vexata binc Curioforum quzftio, quomodo Succinum animalcula opprefferit ? Non pauci difficultate queftionis per- moti fztum arborei facci Ele&rum contendunt, quafi refinis aut gummi arborum adrepentia animalcula irretirencur facili- us: Verüm abfq; experientiz fuffragio 5, neq; in refinofis-aut gummofis flillis hunc in modutn,(i re&é memini,inelufa infe&a magno numero, fi modo ullo, Curiofitas hactenus detexit ; ex- trinfecus adhzrentia confpeximus,non ita fufo liquore obtecta. . VIII. Alios gravitas argumenti ¢o adegit, ut negarent effe quz in Succinis videntur animalcula ; Phafmata ludos iftos da- re. Sed fraétorum aut fe&orum inípectio hos refellit, manife- . - fia enim infe&orum füperfünt indicia ; licet enim corpufcula animalculoram vis bi:utninofa ita fubigat, ut fibris fuccineis intercurrentibus vifcera condenfata in lapidem indurefcanr, quando facilis per rariorum texturam infectorum effluviis fuc. cineis eft commeatus, camen corporis alieni habitum luculen-.
ter difcernere datur; Apumq; noflrarum exuvie, interaneis — jj con(ümtis iftud ob oculus egregie fiftunt, Poffet Phafmatibus — jj etiam opponi, quod quidam vifcera animalculorum in Succi- — J nis diftincté fibi cognita affirmánt: Verüm artis commentum —
ejufmodi füccina concinnavit ; quae natura compofuit, nonita _ diícreta monítrant vifcera. IX. Fu- 27
Ix. - Funeffoss itag; cafus, quibus infecta à 'Succinis funt op- prefla, ut rectius percipiamus, repetendum memoria, quod: àníe&is ufu veniat, fi quando tempeftatum aut hiemis ínjuriá compelluntu?, cavernas & latebras ubiq; querere, inibig; fam: no fepulta delitefcere ; id quod toties contuemur, quando snufez ex rimis feneftrarum vetuftate exefarum fitu confper- fz fubitó prodeunt, hypocaufti vel Solis calore excitate, — |- A. Quare cum & litorea latibula nonunum genus infecto- xum fubintret, in illifg; aliquando hereat invitum, autobdor- micat, exhalationibus bituminofis à calore lubrerraneo in la: ticem collectis, ubi in matricem Succini, que latibulum ac ‘dormitorium interea prebuit, liquor deftillat, eadem implicat -& obtegit, gremiog; {uo fufcepta quando ‘faceinum evafit, -commontfirac.
XL. Contingit beftiolas in dormitoriis iftis à calore fübter- - raneo excitari ; aut in vivas fluor bituminofüs impingitur ; fed «quum nüllum vigilantibus patet effugium, eandem cum dor- . miehtibusfortem fubire coguntur, ut tamen fortis cunc fuz in - fepulchris füccineis relinquant memoriam ; vivaciori atq; ani- | -mofiori corpufculorum fimulachro.
. XII. Firmat noftram fententiam iftud, quod fuccino fepul- ta infecta. pleraq; fint ex illoram genere, qua cavernas in dor- mitoria eligunt: majorem partem etiam Abico ac fomno- | lenta, aut mucofa tranfparent. | - XHI. Vivacia, qui cum nifu obla&antür, ‘aut alas eXxpan- dunt, abitumq; parant, rariora puta. Sed tantam vivacita- tem, quz amoris xftu in coitum animalcula concitarit, ut ifto | nexu coherentia fuccineus latex involviffet, hofpitio huic fub- i .terraneo minimé convenire autumo ; Quare que culicum | mufcarumve iftos hymenzos oftendunt feretra füfpe&tis adnu-
mc cmq m ee T
€. IV.
VOLARE Succino inclufa 3 mineralia itidem $ © aqua.
ey 1 § I. C Bvia funt cuivis Succina, quibus animalcula continen- | tur ; fpeciofiora alia depromam que plantarum ger-
H En Ef mihi in quo explicata alow, veficularis folia alas Aqui- | Ie expanfas & pedes cum corpore utcunq; adumbrant. Aliud Di men me ftipitifq; partem ; aliud folliculum diduétis foliis |: D hiantem,
( 22) , hiantem, quatuorq; femina complexum, ex quibus apex me- dius exfurgit, cauliculo ad fuperficiem protenfo & prominen- te ; eft quod mufcum, in pergule f. porticüs hortenfis fpeciem, fornicatis operibus compofitum obtutui fiftic: In alio flofcu- lus minimus marcefcens, in altero rofmarini filveftris, Pruffis Korhl dicti, ramulus tribus foliis divifus tranfparet; Rude aliud alge memoratz veficularis ramum majorem per corti- cem non politum oftentat.
III. Plura ex mufco villos disjectos obtinuére : Nobile au- tem illud, in quo pars albefcens convallem & colliculum muf- co invefticum exhibet, fed per fpeculam quafi, quando ex fla- vo ignei coloris fuccino, huic ameeniffimo fpectacnlo mirabi- li naturze artificio quafi vitrum eft obje&um, per quod mucofi apparatüs delicatior effet afpectus: Nec vile alterum aqueo lactefcentis coloris, quod villorum — mufcoforum crifpa- ta congeries nobilitat. Spectabiliora hec herbarum fuccinea monumenta quàm illa animalculorum cenfeo. . -
IV. Major copia Corticibus, lignis, & feftucis intertexto- rum; feflucz pinez videntur, fpecie iftarum quibus formice acervos extruunt; Verüm accuratiori examini foffilisligni ac
_ Corticis momenta patuérunt, | E
V. Ex mineraliregno quoq; adducenda, quz füccinisinclu- fa: Vitriolum fzpius fapori promté dijudicandum; Pyrites — | quandoq; crebrius ferrum, de quo Electrotoreute conquerun- | tur, qaod non nifi cum detrimento inftrumentorum educas - tur; Ármatura quoq; aurea Gc argentea, divulfis coagmenta-- tis partibus, in impuro confpicitur. Hi ton: om
VISed & aque guttas intro receptas diverfis alveis ftagnan- tes Succina detinent: qui effluir liquor falfus aut fubfalfus, a- liquando & infipidus. Non exficcari, ab aliis cum Lunacref- | | cere & decrefcere liquor traditur ; habeo in quo exiccatuseft ; — habeoin quo perennatfemper idem. —— ^. | 2^
|. Vil. Quacung; autem ex plantis, mineralibufve fuccinum —' complectitur, cafu haud abfimili, dum in matricem illapfa - funt, à fluore bituminofo obfeffa atq; occupata intelligo. = — —
VIIL Aquearam guttarum intra Succinum occlufarum fin- E gularis ratio cogitanda: Udam matricem calida bituminofa |. exhalatio obfeptir, intro compulfa aqua à calore fübterraneo |} confümi nequiit, & ob copiam circumftantiis bituminofi lati- — | cis nullam rimam qua difflueret invenit ; preclufo itag; exitu, |
. Captiva -
IEE EI d|ü!! ,LLLLL)GAUALLLLU OLLLlo;o AUULLLLLLZLZAZZ—-LL—
UN i captiva fe includi paffa eft; conatum elabendi, quando in
ar&um coacta fuit gutta, manifeltis indiciis quxdam gleba produnt.
! .Sedio Quarta. EET Ad quam claífem Succinum fit referendum, & -quot modis à reliquis differat mineralibus. Cu d.
| Guccinum non ad metalla, nec ad terras aut falia, nec ad bitumina
aut fulpbura efe referendum.
. $1 pone Succinum declaravimus, illiíg; quz rudi adhuc
accidunt generationem illuftravimus, fed ut penitius natura introfpiciatur, genus foffilium ad quod accedat proxi- méexplicandum erit. — - 1I. Metallis non effe accenfendum, vei illud arguit, quod nec ductile fit, nec liquabile: (cubi enim in fluorem deduci-
|. tur foliditati ejusmultum decedit, contra quam metallis evenit.
III. Fuerunt, qui Succinum fundendi, & parva frufta in
" uhammolem falva firmitate uniendi artem fe tenere affevera-
runc; inter adeptos numerandi, fi idoneis documentis fidem fecerint ; neq; minus quàm ex lapide Philofophorum lucrum
+ Electrotoreute ipfis promittunt. Ego. variis experimentis,
dum fufioni Succini operam dedi, fruftra iftud tentari didici,
fiquidem Salium vis, à qua maximum fuccinorum robur,inter |
folvendum avolat; nec à fuga retinetur, nifi addito aliquo ;
eo ipfo tamen foliditas corrumpitur. Quod fi calor tam blan-
dus admoveri poffet, qualem natura in animalibus humente
vapore.mifcet, non defperandum arti putarem ; Globus enim
Succineus in ovis ventriculo repertus.ex pluribus minutis coag-
- mentatus eft, relictis juncture ubiq; veftigiis; quz ipía nec
faforium, fed tepidum glutinandis commodum ignem 3 natu- ra adhibitum fuiffe indicant. ——' 3 1V. Fufa fuccina, quibus fceleta obdu&a atq; fuccinea fu-
nera venditata, vernix funt, uti amiciffimus D. VOGEDING
optimé monuit, Solvi olim Succinum & liquefeci, folo ignis adminiculo, nulla alia readmixtá, fed fragilius jufto comperi, imminuta coloris gratia, falinis minutiis que lateribus vafis adherebant caufam reddentibus. : |
Ls D2. |... V. Mako
lapidibus, vitris, bicuminofis,: refinofifg; Sulphuri, afphalto, 3
ED PANE st, uj at SEE V.,- Multo-minus àd terrarum aut faliam claffem Succinum | referenduni'erit $ quüm terris arctius cohzreat, & falibus fit pinguius, utrifq; etiam humidius. | d 3H “VIL Ad‘bicumina & Sulphura propius accedit, ut tamen durides ipfum ab his difcriminet, tam dura enim ac íolida - pura bitumina aut Sulphura nemo indicabit, —— . | j (7G. ois. bof 1 Quid Succinum fit gemma: virtus attrabendi levia & bumores. 3 corporis. bumani. — :
& 1. Urities Succinum inter Lapides, {plendor inter gem- T » mas collocat ; Neg; fragilitas objiciatur ; fragilis & gagates; gemmzg; gemmis folidiores, nec tamen propterea loco moventur : Eleétrotoreute fatis dura Succina expériun- —— tur, alba in primis, üt ferri aciem hebetent ; tormentaq; & mortaria ludicra, à pulveris pyrii explofione illefa, folidita- | tem docent : Summa etiam Succini ex duritie & foliditate 7
z
gloria: faceffant itaq; friabilia ac fragilia, que ignobilitate |
contemta ab Arterejiciuntur, | Fn Yaihiloi au;
: fL Sed virtutum, quae Succinum à reliquis gemmis difcer- nunt; precipua Antiquis vifa atractiva, ut ele&trica ipfis vo-. carentur corpora, quz facultate trahendi quidquam ad fe pol. _ lerent ; .& celebre hujus virtutis nomen Platonis etiam inge-— nium in explicando exercuit. Recentiorztas quz res natura- | les intentiori experimentorum curd explorat, aliis geminis, —
lacce-communem vim. attrahendi advertit. | Reliquis«&amen gemmis fortius Succinum attrahet, ut quod attritum pinguia . 7 effiavia eag; tenacia copiofiusemittit : "Virtutem enim hanc oleofis particulis ad(cribendam perfuafit expetimentum, qued. de colophonia gemina:cepi ;*altera enim^poft olei deftillatio. . nem excepta pariter fs electricam adducendo'levia probabat; altera:veró;, quam- poft Balfami nigri liquorem exemi, licet-. nitida & quafi vitrea effet, nullam vim attrahendiexferebat: 7 Nimirum illa aliquid pinguedinis retinuit, hzc vero. @ ihftar.- | omni bitaminofá pinguedine prorfusexuta fuic - - — ^^ 13 CIT Veteres quedam exceperunt, quz non adduceret’; Sym». E pathiz & antipathia miraculoy perperam admodum, fiquidein , — *6 ocymum & oleofa 8 humida, ipfafq; aqueas guttas afiice | cing attrahi pro lubitu. demonftro;" infigni &:politá'glebá'ad-
mota ; eleganti fpectaculo,quando effuviis ingredientibus gutta; in bullam adfurgit, aut quando pendula traníilit. | : IV. Sed & in corpus humanum bác virtute Succinum agit: : | fruito cervici alligato partem,. quam leviter attingit, leni fa- | dore humectam tactu percipies 1L. BOYLE, Anglie imó | Europe Erudite maximum quondam decus, enarrabat & ine - - eredulo mihi affeverabat, illuftris profapiz Virginem globulo-- rum grandiorum lactei albefcentis corolla ita affe&am ut os in . tremorem & quafi fpafmum ageretur, quoties collo fofpenfam geftaret, remota vero corolla tremorem ceffafíe & convulfio- nem. Efficaciam autem attrahendi humoresin fonticulis qui. - dam globulis fuccineis perfensére. Er Tur |. — V. Sed quod duorum pedum fpatio diftantia corpora, levia. . | licet, attraxerit, mihi incognitum ; paleari velte indata ani-- malia vero quod rapnerit, prorfus fabulofum : quibufdam ta-. - men perfuafum fuit, ut crederent. | DIL : ^ C. Ht | — = Oder, Sapor, Color & Levitas Succini. | | &aqRosria Succino eft fragrantia, qualem nuila gemma- : | 4 rumexhalats neg; ex reliquisnaturz fetibus, aroma- - | tice fortis, quidquam parem odorem ipargit; non thus, non. myrrha, non camphora, nec maftiche; In refinaram intra. | formicarum acervos abditarum glebuiis imitamentum habes. - | odoraminis, fed ut in attritis 8 accenfis difcrimen fe prodat.
Hdicog 200r er pereo | OIL Diverfus eft flavorum five igneorum ab albefcentibus - | Odor; illorum pinguia, adeog; blandiora, horum falfa & a- - eriora funt efluvia, quz haud fimiliter nares afficiunt.
| UH. Peculiaris quog; inter gemmas Succinis eft Sapor ; fed — | 8¢-hic variat, uti oleofarum & falinarum particularum variat
| mifcela ; alba fibras lingue. pangunt, flava non item.
| wd. A plerifg; gemmis.& colorum varietate differunt : Ni. - | grorem refugiunt ; opaca rara funt reperta, fuperant inter pus ra pellacida. : : | dit 2 ‘
| ^ V. Denig; levitate parem vix nominabis gemmam ; dono
| :dederam Amico rei gemmarie gnaro, peregre.ex Afia. reduci, corollam cum armillis & manubriis cultellorum variegati co- - | doris, nec patriam gemmam dignofcere potuit:nifi de pondere -
NS M | C. IV. Alia.<
(C26 ) C. IV.
Alia Succini virtutes, quibus à gemmis differt ; ufus in medendo,
citra pr eparationem Artis Pharmaceutica.
$ PAS quorundam fuit opera in viribus Succini recen- | fendis,quando Virginitatem probandi facultate idem pollere, aut Lunz decrementis incrementisve refpondere pro- diderunt. | | IL Princeps virtus eft corporibus animalium mederi, ad quam gloriam nulla gemma zqué accedit: Crudum citra ar- tis operam eft falutare, five intus five extus applicetur : Indis & Chinenfibus fuffitus in delitiis habetur, ut in luxum degene-
ret: Sed Catarrhis ex pituita fuffimentum prodeffe vulgus no- |
vit; Exhalationibuíq; fuccineis alexipharmacis acceptum quondam tulerunt Electrotoreutz Regiomontani, quod ipfi à pefte maníerunt inta&i : Certé non efficacior adverfus conta- gia fuffitus, quam ex Succino ; Neg; ulli ex fodinis litoris Su* davici graves aut peftilenres erupére unquam vapores.
III. Fluxionibus capitis alba perpolita Succina funt proficua,
cervici alligata humores avellunt ; blanda quoq; oculis flavo--
rum affri&io ; & fonticulis fuccinei gi obi lenius induntur. IV. in pulverem contufum ad Urinam ciendam, ad calcu- lum propellendum, ad muliebrisfexüs menftruum profluviom movendum multum valere, fi cetera funt paria, quotidiana loquitur experientia, .Dono à Generofa Danii: acceperam calculum plüriuní unciarum, duos articulos digitorum & fu- pralatum, tres longum, quem carnificem Ruftica in finu pu- doris tres menfes paffa erat ; dato Succini albi pulvere, coch-
learis meníurá, feliciter carnificiná liberata eft; ipfam anicu-
lam ad me adduci curavi, ut omnia exquirerem accuratius, V. Pariter Succini puivis, vino infufus, hinc fub opercnlo incoétus, calido vino epoto, & urine & calculo & menfibus trahendis infervit, quamvis minus efficaciter. - : VI. In memoratos ufus Medicos preftat album fumere ; fa- lis enim maxima in his enicet virtus. Atq; PATERNUS PA- TRIS PATRLE in fubditos affectus per praefectum litoris ea propter pofcentibus colonis qui circa Succinum occupantur,
libras dnas albi in tutelam & curam fanitatis clementiffimé —
C. V. Ufw d
quotannis dilargitur.
Caz) C. V.
Ufus Succini in medendo per praeparationem Artis Pharmaceutice.
§ r.F Ongum foret minutim recenfere, quz Pharmaceutica
| , in externa & interna remedia ex Succino przparat ; precipua folum attingo : Magifterium refinofum falubriter Pilularum forma ufürpatur,nec Balfamo Copaibz cedet ; five. urina cienda, five pituita digerenda, five gonorrhza tempe- randa : Idem Cephalicis Emplaftris convenit. pu
IIl. Colophonia Diaphoreticis quibufq; & Stomachicis Em-. plaftris congruit ; commodo maximo fi adverfus paralyfin, a. poplexiam, aut epilepfiam, aut etiam gangrenam muniendz: funt partes; fumtu minori: Debilitatos ab arthritide artus be-. nigné fovet : Nifi domeftica defpiceremus, vel magis fi non. . inconfultis circumftantiis domefticis temeré abuteremur. Co- lophoniam Succini prz divinis quibufg; ac miraculofis dictis. Emplaftris commendarem.
III. Oleum Succini Europe & Afiz preclarum prxbet me-. dicamen, fedimprudentia Medicaftrorum infamiam incurrits. Siquidem in gonorrhza, calculo & menfibus fuppreffis fepé in: exitium zgrotis ceffit : Parca ejus fit dofis, gutta una & altera. aliquot drachmis Sacchari vires impertit; frigido & pituitofo cerebro una guttula vertici aut futuris illita medetur 5 goflypio. excepta auribufg; admota flatus & tinnitus difcutit ; ambuftas. frigore partes reftituit ; partui difficili fertopem, quod vel Ve-. terinariis inPruffia innotuit,quamvis his pulvis magis in ufu O- leum autem eligendum quod acreum,nulla ab igne notá empy- _reumatis imprefsa, albefcens, fübtiliffimum & fragrantiffimum.
.. IV; Salis volatilis Succinei contra Epilepfiam aliofg; affectus. Cephalicos à pituita oriundos decantata eft medicina: Sed &. Diureticum infigne preftat.. The Jeu .—. V. Effentia Succini eft olei fubtilior portio, adedq; eadem. : | de hac tibi promittes commoda, fed quod fpiritüs vini mix- .. turá diluta eft largius in ufum affumi poteft :_ valet. quoq; ad: | arcendam gangrenam extus.. - . . VI. Sunt qui phlegma medicamentis adnumerant,fed quod-. cunq; ipfi ineft virium olei atq; falis reliquiis debetar, quibus. ! i privatur fatuum ac fumofis exhalationibus imbutum reftat. |. VII. Quod poftremum deftillat craffum oleum non nifi vul-. | in frigidorum artuum medelam conveniet, emp yr euma: 1 MU EE enini.
M
( 23) | : enim graveolens reddit, ut fatius eftimem ifto abftinere, 4€ 1 colophoniam integris viribus fervare,
VIIL Pluribus modis ifte preparationes variant, & aliis combinantur, parumgq; abeft quin omnibus morbis ex Succino paratum auxilium proftet; fed fimplicibus dele&amur magis itaq: compofita negligimus,
1X Illud unicum adjicio,me jufla analy dean nature pura abimpurisfeparando, blando in fubfidium advocato igne vires Succini omnes ita coadunare ut falva fragrantiá fativá,- pin- guium & fislinarum particularam falvá quoq; efficacia, exter- no internoq; ufui idoneum remedium evadat - Balíamum Suc- . Ccineum voco, in quo remotis cerreftribus grateolencibus parti-
bus volatiliores atq; delicatiores amiciffimo fluoris nexu aráé cohzrent, nullo alieno in focietatem admiffo. : X. Quicquid à faccino crudo aut arte quomodocunq;: ipre- - | : parato expectari poteft, citius, tutius &- jucundius à noftro © Balfamo praftabitur. Interne forma pilularum commodiflime — | affumitur, ant boli; externé Apopleétici, cujus - &colorem — pre fe fert, Balfami in modam applicatur; gingivis, linguz, palato, in deliquiis, in paffionibus hyftericis, epilepticis, Pa- ralyticis, cum fructu affricatur : Prophylaxeos ergo quávisfep- timaná bis terve grana quinque, feptem, decem, imo XV.tu- - to ufurpantur ; fimiliter in renum, Veficz, geniralium certis. - morbis, admixtis anodynis; contra tinnitum seh quam a oleum affert medelam, at certiorem. 4 XL Balfamum hoc ut meditando elicerem fecit ines fücei- 3 nivulgaris ob empyreuma ingratus odor, ob cujus faftidium — : quidam ufum prorfus intermiferunt ; fecit & ab olei u : tione periculum, quum ignez. prorfus fit nature ; fecit & falis volatilis auxiliaris copia, qua oleum deftituitur. | 1 XIL Non malé ap. Hofmannum & Ettmullerum Balfami 3 Peruviani gratia oleoSuccini jungitur ; Aft felicior de |
.& noftri Ballami Suctinei, adverfus gonorrheam & fluorem . album inprimis, focietas erit. i
. XI. Balfamum Succini vulgare ex J . admixto nihil ha- 1 - bet cum noftro commune. Sed nec elegantius Extmallero com- -
mendatum quod Succini oleum & Sal volatile triplo olei Nu- - ciflz exprefli conjungit, ad illud 'accedit, noftrum enim & -sorporationem & colorem ex fe ipfo habet. fa
- I ata rant ares Cetra Fs y Ee eae an eee, mudo qu AE ieri ES a? i EAT oe ee
: S X X*9 )
SeCio Quinta.
Chimica & Pharmaceutica Succini analyfis, cum
matricis. lignex aliorumque’ litoris Sudavict
mineralium examine. _ |
! C UE E : Succini deffilatio. -
SI. cn notior eft defliilario, quam ut defcribi opus ha.
Ale beat: Ec XX & retorta buic negotio infervire valent ;
verüm per rimas multum olei & falis el.bitur fi retortam adi.
bes,vehementiffimam enim olei & falis vim nullumlutum Phi- lofophicum coercebit, praftat igitur retortz opera uti.
ll Attendendum autem ut alba, fifalis, fi olei copiam eli- cere fatagis, ut fava cligas: ex 1bj. albi recepi filis volatilis $ís quum ex flavi iby. vix 3j. elicias. Felicius quoq; & fuavi-
. us oleum proveniet fi polita fragmenta, aut nitida, tenui corti-
ce lucida frufta, quàm fi impura, crafsá crufta inveftita, aut
vulgarem rafuram adhibueris, nihil antem füccino eft admif- | cendum, quamvis filices & arenas addere olim fuit in ufu.
Ail. Abfit ignis vehementia; ex arena calor leviter intendi- tur; atq; jufto regimine mox cum phlegmate ztherea olei por-
tio afcendic, quam limpidam peculiari vafe excipies ; ubi fla-
velcens oleum prodiit cum fale volatili, ceffet deftillatio. IV. Urgeri quidem poteft Succinum, ut craffum liquorem
| nigrum fundat; parumq; capitis mortui nigri & fplendentis in-
ftar Colophoniz erit refiduum, fed hoc omni virtute olei & faliseft fpoliatum ; ex ibís.albi reftabat 2j.hujuscapitis mortui. Sed preftat aliquas Colophoniz vires relinquere, quando gra-
| tior hujus prz fztido nigro baifamo eft ufus.
V. Sal volatile, quod ad roftrum vafis evolavit, aut lateri-
| bus adbefit,calida aqua abluitur,atq; ut ab admixtis oleofis par-
ticulis feparetur, charta hume@ata folutio percolatur; traní- eunte fale, reftitat oleum: à folatione percolata poftea fuper. fluus humor abftrahitur, ut tertia pars relinquatur, quz frigo-
| ri exponitur, atq; fingulares Salis concrefcunt cryftalli, milia-_ | resquafi five grandinofi. ET
VI. Alius eft modus Sal depurandi, fifeculentum vitro lon-
E gioris colli inditum cinerum aut arenarum calori exponitur ; | Hiveis enim floccis, five fpiculis ad fublimiora loca evolantibus, n í - | E
in
<
( 39 ) in fando i impurior pars beret: verüm hzc operatio cum jadtu- -ra vitri & falis eft conjuncta. —
VIL Quidam & phlegmati feparando. ftudent, verüm recti- us hoc cum aqua, quz Sal volatile imbibit jungitur, ut pariter Sale füo exuatur ; neq; reiterata deftillatio illi concilfabit vir- tutem, nifi à fale volatili illam acceperít ;. nec gratus phlegma-
tisodor, ut in falis volatilis confervationem commendari pof- — fet. Accepi ex Ibis, albi phlegmatis 31s. quod falis fuccinei-
- fapore erat imbutum, repetitá autem deftillatione fumum fo- : lum fapiebat, coetera fatuum & ingrati odoris. | -
VIIL In Colophonia, fi non prorfus fuerit exufta, aliquid falis latitat, quod ope aque calidz, mora quadam maceratio- ‘nis educes: non nullis hoc fal fixum Succini audit; non reaté,— quia parilis volaticz eft virtutis, fapore & odore eodem: Co. - laphonis autem virtutem hoc quodcung; eft falis intendit.
IX. Oleum omne, ut alia opera depuretur non opuseft, mo- ds recipiens vas jufto tempore. mutetur, atq; rite inftiuatur.— deftillatio, puriffimum ftatim accipies. |
ge. 0: Qualitates Olei Succinei ex bitumine five oleo terre funt © derivandz, qua ia re CL. BORRICHIO minime refragors ^ fed quod idem. omnes virtutes fuccinei Petre oleo vult coms munes, in hoc diffentio : alteratum enim Succineum odor & | fapor ab illo olei petra aut terre diverfus demonftrat ; at olei, - ex ligni foffilis deftillatione, odor olei Petrz,:non e fucci- : nei odori congruit: Credo autem alterationem olei terre in Succino (alium intime deberi combinationi. _ q
XL. Qaznam vero iffa fint Salia determinare non licet, illa. - ipfa tamen erunt que Succini Sal volatile fud mifturá progene- © 3 rant. 1
"XII. Nullam enim ef CES , cujüfcung; fit coloris quod: E. fale volatili deftitnatur; atq; à fale volatili omnis ifta peculi-: - adis fragrantia ; ; quantoq; fale apundápse tanto in attritu ira- ] grantioraexperieris. — Y
XIII Ut ut autem temerarium Nature arcana definirale ex vitrioli tamen Martialis corpore {al iftad.fuccineum majori ex.” parie compohi citra crimen audacizaffero ; etenim in albis fa- — le volatili infigniter pollentibus, & odore. &.fapore Chalcane,
thum tale manifefto deprehendi. — — i]
XIV. Sed minimé communi vitriolo Sal Succini adfer ibid 1 mus; Vitriolum alteratum fit oportet quod tale virtutis fin ingu-.. i laris Sal volatile product. > : |
Ne
; (m : CXV. Effe autem Vitsiolum Prufficum ab aliarum Regio- mum chalcantho diverfz nature, analyfis inferius declarabit. XVI. Certé ab acido originem trahere fal volatile, acidus, dg gq; non ingratus, ferme vinofus fapor arguit; ad fpiritum Vi- —. trioli Philofophicum proxime hac gratia acoris in Sale volatili - Succini accedit ; pungit, minimé corrodens ; affufog; fp.vitrioli | noneffervefcit, neq; ebullit, nec confümitur,cum fp.falis armon:. | commiffum builutis excitatis cum ftridore abforberur. XVH. Subtilifimam hunc & gratiffimum volaticum Salis . Succini acorem moderationi. bicuminofarum exhalationum
combinatus hos mitiores reddit, ut dulces audiant. - Siquidem - dum bituminis particulas difper tas calor (nbterraneus ia unum . cogit,&t ut he per ditiones vitrioli tranfitum faciant, quas dum ' permeant,fübril liffima vitrioli eluffia eodem calore excitata fe- | cum rapiunt, minori, majori copia, atg; in matricem ligneam a papi ut ges leminiis Succinea pene proles.
Coll,
Alia Succini Preparationes Pbarmaceutica, ——
a MUT. qcà ip pollinem terendo redigitur, levior eft | XO pizparatio; equidem parum iniereft, pulverem con- .. tundendo an terendo minutum exhibeas; fcilicet utroq; mo- do prodeft, vei brutorum exemplo, que avidé Succinorum minutias devorare annotavimus.
jl. Verum tamen quod divifio in minima ad faciliorem com- miftionein cum fucco nativo animalis d: {ponit, non inutilis in medicina ifla erit opera: Adeoq; miror CL. Ettmullero 3. Commentarium Ludovicianum hoc nomine füfpectum vifum; | | " I Succinum fit fübje&um à nullis menftruis folubile ; unde |^ dubitamus, inquit, an in pulvere datum, illud aliquam pofit itewams
.. daftrio,. quod SCHRODERUM dilucidans Succinum in fub. flantia egregium & fingulare ads erfus Gonorrhzam fpecificum -
' büs Saccineus in ventriculo ovis. coagmentatus ; j denig; Sapor .. Succini commanfi ipfum retellic.
TL Infu&onem Succini aut co&ionem preterirem, nifi in- | “ter euporifia domeítica merito ba praeparationes locum. fibt es pofcerent : certum eft, quod virtus Suceini coquendo i il | winum tranfeat; fed & in fündendo atq; digerendo vinum Suc- b cing medicatm db eo IV. Be
=
vindico; quemadmodum V, cum Spiritibus Nieri aut Salis -
in Corpore "Bubeat efficaciam. Non in mentem venit VIRO in-
| dixerat; Praxis Prufliz conftans ipfum refellit; refellit & glo-
=
(
| (3o
IV. Effentiam five Tin&uram affu(us Succino V. parat, qui tamen à paris albis flavediae non tingitur; an V igneuspra- ftet, an dilutus, in dubium vocaveris, illum enim cleolz, bunc falinz partes depofcunt ; verüm cedit Succinum utrig; & per digellionis quarncung; moram neceffe eft uc V. tandem red- datur dilutior, przferendus itag; generofior.
V. Felicius autem tin&ura proveniet, fi ramenta tenuiffima
cum V fociaveris : quidam ol. L ]i.p.d.aut (D) fixatiaddun: auc
his V acuunt, ut major virtus & ocyus in Spiritum tranfeat ;
‘non malé ; nifi quod alieni particeps hzc evadat tinctura. -
VI. Sed & ebullitione in vitro oblongi colli fuccinum feli- cius diffolvitur, ut virtus promté fufcipiatur, & {piritns illà fa. toretür penitus ; id quod {ola digeftio longiflima mora demum affequetür. -
VII. Majores Magifteriufn ex Succini extracto per acidum
pulveri affociare cupis, terendo idem afícqueris rectius.
VIII. Praftantius magifterium dabit tinétura abfirato V — | . refinofum iftud eft,imó ipía refina five oleofa pars Succini qua-
lemcung; mutationem paífa; fiquidem V. quem diftillando recipis füccigeis viribus impragnatus intimam fni cum Succino unionem indicat. 7 ; | C. UI. (o o Matricis lignee diffillatio. $ e Elegi lignum foffile ficcum cui vitriolum non adherebat: » Verüm poftquam & in ficciflimo aliquid falini latita- re adverti, ftellulas nimirum illas radiantes, fila vel ftrias, quz, quidem vitriolicum faporem guftui non offerebant fed infipidz à lingua judicabantur, & has prius educere decrevi. | II. Fragmenta ligni contufa aqua calida maceravi, lixivium fubdulcis aluminofi aut martialis potius erat faporis,nt zgré tan- dem aliquid vitriolici perfentifceres ; fed ad chryftallos falinos
congregandos infpif[atum magis atq; magis vitriclicum faporem |
prodebat ipfigs cryltalli eundem referebant, nifi quod pri- müm martialis dulcedo linguam afficeret; id quod repetendo
folutionem & corporationem inc'yitallos denud expertusfum. — — ILL Exutom fale lignum retorie mdidi ; & calore arenzin=|
redigere fategerunt, nullo operz pretio ; Si acidum Succini — —
-
tenfiffimo,ut intra vitrum fragmenta canderent,omnem humo- *
rem elicui: Ladteus prorfus erat liquor qui prodibat, fpecie .. | mh: T emulfionis .
| SU NER v
emulfionis amygdalarum ; quádam poftea in fuperficie cuticu- là 8 fubfidentibus in fundo particulis calcitormibus.
IV. Odor graviffimus fü!phureus, qui cotum hypocauftum illicó pervadebat ; Sed propius admoto liquore nares fuccine- um quid percipiebanr, non quidem fragrantis glzbz aut olei, fed phlegmatis aut pott deitiliacionem in retorta refidui : Sapor quoq; quaiis phlegmacis, fumofus ab empyreumate,falfo-aciduli
quidptam gultai in:ermiícens.
V. Lacteus color in liquore poftea diíparuit, pinguiori re- lictà cuticulà. Denuó partem igni feci exponi, fi qua fal vo- latile & puriores olei guttas reiceratà deftillatione exciperem : Verum Salis volatilis nihil afcendit, oleofz autem particulz fübtiliores innat; bant, non amplius in modum cuticuiz cohz- rentes; quzdam etiam forma globulorum pellucidorum fun- dum petierant, igneo {uccini colore confpicuz. .
VI. Exigua portio olei, aliquot guttarum ex iby. liquoris; f;pore & odore oleum petrz prorfus imitabatur ; globuli vero, ut ut in fundo refinofi apparerent, levi concuffione liquori commifícebantur. | |
Vil Calciformes particule tenuiori terreftri porticni ad-
{Cribendz erunt; ignis vi furfum elata.
C. IV.
Matricis ligne poft def elationem examen Docima[ff icum.
"&L Í Ignum ex 6 exemptum brunnoferruginei erat coloris;
multum fülphuris exhalabat ; accenfum inftar fomi- ©
tisignem alebat ; Superficies ejus leviter rubro pulvifculo con-
|. fperfa faerat.
- Il. Crucibulo impofitum ‘per tres horas ignis exercuit; re-
- irigeratum pariter cinnabarino quafi pulvifculo obtectum fuit z flamma admotum minus promté igaem fufcepit, neq; dit de-
tinuit, nedum ut fomitis inftar propagaffet: fpirabat autem
- fulphur auratum, hujufa; faporem commaníum prebuit; ac-
cenfom veró minus fulphuris exhalabat quàm quod in 6 erat
reli&um : Colore etiain lucidiori.
Hil, Denuó in Crucibulo ultra novem horas detinuimus, ne- que accendi amplius potuit, fed inftar amianthi album poft ig- nitionem comparebat, nullo fulphuris odore. pu
IV. Color poft cam longam-in Crucibul o moram ex grifeo partim nigricans, partim {plendens: microfcopii ope alix partes inftar fcociarum, aliz inftar chryfocollz,aliz inftar cal-
| cis efformatz dignoicebantur. | | V. Toflum
ate j
Ne IP WWE Tn NT 'V. Toftum atq; exuftum fatis lignum felle vitri admixto ig- ni fuforio expoluimus; & facilé coierunt if maffam, qu&zra-. nula difperfa Reguli martialis exhibuit pofteà. ^ ^" ** .. VI. Dum vero in unum corpus ifta granula fortiori igne cogere intendimus, colliquata cum regulo maffa, ex nigro Íplendens, vitrea producta eft ; neq; ad reiterandum examen .. jafta copia ligni aderar, neq; vitreum coagulum in ulteriorem . docimaíiam fufficiebat. has diei ver
or ips fe :
X h s C. V. s ^ 1 RA 5 to, L4 " Vitrioli Prufficà examen... eo
$ 13525 fpecie nativum Vitriolum in litore Sudavico | _progignifuperins enarravimuss qualecung; vero fit, five illud amianthi forme, five fufum alterum, attritu. chalybis prodit fii ion cum OQ, fed cum' ^ focietatem initam ; tiul- lam enim cupri indicem rebedinem relinquit. ^^ —— ^ II. Nativam amianthi forme folutum & in cryftallos reda- étum idem confirmat ; fübdulcis enim ac plané martialis pri- mo fenfu percipitur fapor, -qualis Salis five folutionis Martis. lil. Cryttalli non iítà fpecie qua.Goflarienfe concrefcunt ; folutionem autem prius depurgavimus affusá uriná, atq; femo- tis fecibus concrevit terra foliacea 3 reliquus liquor cryftallos fapphirini fermé coloris inzqualibus angulis exbibuit. ^ — — IV. Czterum ex folutione infpiffatáà hincg; filratá fucce- . dente evaporatione, album Olum prodiit, quod furno piftoris | leviter calcinatum loricate retorre inditum fp. vicrioli intra24 horas fudit egregium, qualem ex Olo mattis alias offcinatpar 4 rare folept. .. . DUET UPS. docti a ... V, In Colchotare multum Salis Oli adbuc latere, ope mi-. crofcopii exploravimuss ut pateat quomodo. Olum in colcho- —
"
^ o?
tare aeri expofito regenerari intelligendum. —
Terre cortico[e flauee,- luti carulei examen 61. IL. intentatum PAURA — csi meditabarg; — omnia litoris Sudavici mineralia ad examen ignis - revocare, ut nec terre bituminofe, nec fabulo, nec Dactylis: 7 . idzis, vel aque ex litoreis montibus dimananti parcerem ; ve- | rim. previdi non nifi SERENISSIMI indulgentia ac munifi- -.— centiá fingulari horum atq; aliorum oninium accuratius fcru- ow tiniym inftitni poffe; que propter ftudia & conatus meos in- ^ 3i: ae fan | gis hibere M
A E.
T m ee (35) hibere cogor donec SERENISSIMI augufta gratia viresfüpsee — randa réi difficultati pares clementiflime largiatur. '
- Hi, Terram tamen corticofam ejufdem cum ligno foffili effe natura ignis examen confirmavit ; leviori toftione opus erat ‘ut ex hac aliquid metallici eliceremus, licet quod obtinuimus exiguum effet.
lil. Ex luto ceruleo olim per deftilla tionem Spiritumpanaétus | fam vol latilem falphurei odoris, & bitaminofi quid in fuperficie
| comparebat. -
IV. Terram vero flavam ad martem inclinare adverti SOC Vitriolici aliquid traxiffe ex confinio fapor arguit & odor.
_V. Sed horum & aliorum foffilium litoris Sudavici examen Docimaflicum accuratius urgebo, quamprimum. SERENIS- SIMI auctoritate & juffu ipfam egre altius intro! uL & perfcratari datum fuerit. | 2
Sectio Sexta.
De prudentia. civili, quomodo hec Succinum | in rem fuam vertat.
C. L Poe Suecinum vegale, quomodo curetuv.
5r. JU JE 'Phyfico enarfanda atg; demonftranda, queq; I . Chimico illuftranda erant, faccin&té omnia recenfui- ! mus; adjiciendum;. quomodo t hefaurus hic Succinorum à | Prudentia cuftodiatur, atq; in Reip. ufüm convertatur, : 3 Il. Inter regias opes antiquiffi mis temporibus repofitus fuit, 1 .Regibus qui terras Succiniferas tenuére, jam olim Succina $ .colligentibus, ut magnificentid munerum aliis pares effent. | Apüd Solinum REX GERMANIA, (PRUSSLA intelligen-
| dus, quum Germania tantis opibus fuccineis nunquam gavifa. | ” fit, tredecim millialibrarum Neronidonum mifir.. Non uni- | us fed plurimoram: annorum congeflus ifle fuir acervus; in- |^ tentiori enim licet curd noftro evo haufta & fofla condantur. |^ Succina, ad mille libras raro accedunt, quemadmodum Cata- | logi redituum Succineorum: manifeltant, Sic & publici Suc- To Cinorum fuerunt thefauri, qui ab ZEfliorum Legatis Theodo- -
3 rico Gothorum Regi ap. Cafficdorum oblati leguntur ; Barba-
1 pied; gentes pretiofilima quaq; regiis Gazis inferre noverunt. dum Cell ile. tamen. & Civibus Succina iftis feculis in coms : mercium» -
we.
(36) fRerciam, ex Tacito; & ex Avicenna, quod quondam occu- pantium fuerint addiícimus.
IV. Prifca autem vt mittamus, Pruffia inter regalia eruci-* gerorum ordini Succina vindicavit, aliquo in eadem Epifco- pi Sambienfis jure. Atq; publica autoritate colle&tio etu infti- tuta, feveris in depeculatores legibu:.
V.'Éétetfione Civitatum ordinis z-arium accifis Succinire- ditibus non leve detcimentum paffum eft, quamvis obhixeom- nia ageret ut integro thefauro folidé potiretur.
VI, Poft Crucigeros Ducum Pruffiz que fuerit in fervan-- dis Fifco Succinis cura Annales parcius eloquüntur : Deftinati tamen operi memorantur litoris Sudavici Coloni, quibus ex Capitaneatibas Schakenfi & Fifchufano additi fant alii : ‘Ser, vituti non ftati_dies, fed fi quod capture Bg welt 5 ante ed diu, noétug; bieme zque ac atate.
VH. Stipendium his, domus inftrocta & agelius atq; à trie
-butis immunitas; bauflig; velle&ti Succini modius modio Sa- lis redhoftitur : foffili prefens pecunia adjicit auctarium.
VII. Crocigeri Dominum Succinorum vocabant qui fuc- cineis rebus przerat; alicubi & Commendatoribus ifta cura incumbebat. Sub Divo ALBERTO Magiftrorum atq; poftea Camerariorum nomen frequentius fuit, Equeftris dignitatis viris hoc munere defungentibas : Noftrá etate partem mune- ris capit capitaneatus Fifchufani Prefe&tus, partemtelonioium Dire&or, adminiftratore litoris peculiari. |
IX. Adasiniftratori Cuftodes litoris Equites ( Dimond Keu- ten) prefto fant; Equicibus autem adjunái funt fervi Ca- mere ( Hunraer oar es qui pedeftres cum Equitibus munus cuftodiendi alrernant, quandog; fi opus eft, & horum vices obeunt. ;
X. Adminiftratoris officium eft ad operas diss juffa edere, Succina undiq; recipere, congefra Regiomontum tranf-—
mittere, furta precavere, de inventis difceprare, & regale _ SERENISSIMI ubiq; inviolabile preitare : Hujus etiam eft | Sal Colonis diftribuere. q
. XI. Equites & fervi Camerz litus de die obequitant aut T5 cumeunt, ne quis Succina tollat ; iidem tempeftates obfervánty & colonos fi hauriendum fodiendoma convocant, foflumq:- & hauítum recipiunt. |
Xil. Nulli Colonorum fuccina detinere domi licet, fed ad | Equitem aut aane. cui iftud delegatum, d" pé 3
| Viz
or "- i WoC . ey aes | Pillavie & Neringiz recentioris litore leguntur, fcriba telonit: ab his Sufcipit. Si quando angufiia temporis, infigniori co- pid, in litore feligere non permittit, domum af; ortandi facul- tas conceditur ; vi juramenti autem proximá luce eadcpi ted- dunt : "Inter hauriendüm & fodieridim Opsrariis faccdlus à. . collo pendet, & furti reus habetur, qui veftimento glebam ab- didit. ! "CXIIL Recepta à Colonis Adminiftratori exhibentur, à quo Regiomonti in Succinorum Camera reconduntur, atqj pre fente Directore celoniorum difcernantur & divenduntur. ~~ "XIV. Olim plures Succinorum Camerz erant; Lochfteci, Diríchkeimi, Memelz, Germoviz, fingulifg; fui praerant Magiftri. | | : XV. Prater iftam accuratiffimam Oeconomiam regale hoc graviflimis SUPREMI DOMINI & furis Provincialis Pru- tenici legibus eft munitum. | XVI. Extra litora, Succina in prediis Fifci reperta Przfe- &is funt reftimenda ; quz in privatorum fundis, fi non pri- vilegio Domino vendicari poterunt, fifco neceffe eft pariter cedant ; quamvis hactenus privatis invidendas ex Succino opes obtigifle non memini. | | | b us £s |
Lucrum Fifci ex rudi. Succino.
§ r.( yUondam Privatis Succinorum captura erat elocata, ut | serta annuá fumma prefentis pecunie roooo. aut 12000 .talerorum redimeretur, przterquàm quod in colonos : impenfz erant facienda. | : JT. Verum plus quaftüs ad fifcum rediit, poftquam publica auctoritate non folum curata, fed & divendita func Succina, certo pretio cuilibet generi Succinorum ad menfuram ftacuto. — HI. Succinez rudes glebzia auctarium pretii difcernuntur, | Capitales ( Haubt Stuck) aliquot unciarum pondere, carius ve- neunt; tornatiles ( Duably) palmz longitudine ac latitu- dine; minoris -conftant ;:;. minim ( Krawf) his cedunt. -Tilis autem, qua aliquot librarum pondera xquanit, nulla cere ta eft xftimatio. ' ; V IV. Puritas, dignitas coloris, pretium adauget ; viliffima habentur impura, (Débluck) pretiofiflima alba, lactea.
EF "E SCOT Le.
sia wien fot mro cem M 2s
UC IM | 4 i oie ae — Lucrum Privatorum ex Succino rudi & bane: ret | d gc Regum thefauro, prifcis Succina diftrahere lici- tum fuit. Julianus Eques Romanus, qui Neronis mu- nus gladiatorium curabat, ad litora noflra miffus eft, ut coe- meret, Auctore Plinio: Pluribufq; Cluverius edifferit, ipíos Gothones, horumq; conterminos FEftios Succinum in Panno- niam & ftaliz confinium non modo Plinii, Tacitive, fed & Herodoti zvo folitos faiffe deferre, recipiente ab Italis Graciá.— | OL Crucigeris Dominis Lubecenfes & Stolpenfes Succino- — rum commerciis inclaruére: Poftea & E onec ag; Re | omontani. IIL. Noftrá etate Gedanenfium. maximus ex Succinis eft - quzíins, poílquam Mercatores Ptofüica ad fe tr axé e, Electro- © toreutarumg; c collegium quz Ne ringia recentis tus olicr<, loli dé poflider. . sux IW | IV. Cruda Orientalibus Populi magno pretio: d | Armeniiq; & Periz olim Regiomonto sigan curarunt, la- cro civium non contemnendo. - | V. Ceterum ars Ele@rotcreutarum majorem quaftüm facit 1 Ículpturá ac celaturá aut torno varias figuras inducendo, ut — inter pretiofiffima habeantur ex Succinis fabrefacta opera. VI. Operibus pretium intendit fi ex eidem mal:a integra - confecta, fi nobilioribus coloribus fant con! piciiay. ng apio ] Nature pigmenta monítranc. | VIL Primus ego períaafi ut It2los-& Galles: enol qui 1 effigiem rerum& animalium fegmentdsautteflellisgemmarum — ingeniosé componunt: Et faccederet, opus, fi, SUPREMI : DOMINI juffa accederent, faculuaíg; daretur feligendi, qua ' ad vermiculata five Mufiva iftin(modi opera requiruntar 5. ete- nim opaci colores; quibus ars maxime indiget, in —— currunt rariffimi. 3 VII. Neq; folam arte "Torettici, fed & Pharmaceutics FE Succinis lucrum redigi poteft ; quum Agynz Circumforanei | adulteratis oleis & balfamis Succinorum tantum argenti lucrene-
tur.
IX. Praterea vernicis ex Succino magnus eft uíus ; Lr E lacce non cedit Succinum, fi recté praeparatur. | X. Infeétores quoq; pellium, Ruffi in primis ac Judes Suc P cinum opeiz adhibent ; ut & horum ratione ex Succinó quz-- — ftus promicti gueat. C. 1V. Le -
~
| oe C. IV.
digi um. Ff ex lucro privatorum Civium.
$ "Dn fum, nullam Remp. folo naturalium rerum ; proventu diteicere, fed ut nunc vita eft hominum, ©
non nift artium operd divitias acquiri: exemplis obviis, quod . Regna Provincizve, quz opibus pollent, fimul & artibus ex-
cellant.
. II. Ele&rotorentarum itag; ingenia exciianda nativi ut
artis beneficio majorem ex Succino quxitum Cives facerent,
qui in Fifcum tandem cílet redundaturus.
ANI. Sané quam munera fociis Regibus aut Rebc [publ offe renda non parüm fümtuum reqairant, utig; fi domi ifta deed ta habentur Parcimonia hzc magnum erit vectigal.
IV. Sed & quum illa temporum noltro:um fit feli icitas, üt fentire quz velis, Oc que fentias dicere licet, patrie divitias
cam SUPREME DOMINI thefauris arétiffimo connubio jan- | genda: cenízo.. | Ve Quod commodius fieri non poteff, quim fi fuccinorum, E quibus PRUSSIA pre omnibus Regionibus a bundat, come | mercia its componant, ut non folum ex crudis zrarium ] acquiratfd ut ex arte "enge pariter : in illud ai liquid deri- D vetürit oma- 8E Vl Eie ttonetci: un: iGidemun: uti eli-fammá SE» | RENISSIMI au&terirate confticutum eifdem aufpitiis ad iftas ] opes provehatue, ut pretio conveniente rude omne Succinum | à Fifco poflit redimere, quotannis vero. defignatis artis operi- bas in Thefaurum colla tiam PORUEE SUPREMI indul- peciam demereatu "a -VvH^Eo ne (pero, ut excitatis ingeniis Resiumeita- | ae Artificum operz famam, quam diu perdiderunt, recu- 7 perent, peregriniq; rurfus alliciantur, qui merces fuccineas bic |-Jocorum conquirant 5 ex quo genere commercii non und rati- ene Fifcus nova fubinde commoda percipiet, five fuas merces. E | importent, five fuccineas exportent, preterquam quod Civibus | occafio Iucrandi prabeatue. : CM | - Mufeum Ele&lorale Succineum. i | |$ 1 "Llufire Succinei operis Mufzeum, extrui poteft, cui om- ic nium, quotquot Europzus orbis celebrat, gazophylaci-- 9
rum nplendor cadat, ij Y. Certis
" —n
; X 407j a
IT. Certis B b Mufzum Wiflinguendam;, Alias pe 4 locus debetur hauftili Succino, in quo & figna que Capturam praecedunt, capturaq; inftrumenta ingeniofe recondira cum ipía pifcatura .commonftrabunt.
Ili. Alius foffili eft adfignandus, qui non folum foflorum operam fed & matricem, & in matrice quiefcentis Succini
"glebas, oninifg; generis, quzcunq; litus Sudavicum recondit mineralia ante oculos ponet.
IV. Tertius locus radium Succini’ glebarum. dlitimnis fi- ftet, five moles, five forma, five crufta illis admirationem conciliaverit : Hacq; memorata loca auguftius fpatium occu- pabunt.
V. Poftea Phenomenis colorum infi ignitius confpicua Suc- cina erunt difponenda ; ut non folum pigmenta Naturz, fed
. & delincamenta literarum, fyWwarum, fluviorum, nubium, ali- arumg; rerum complurium, ipforumg; animaliam in Succinis obferventur. . VI. His fuccedent feretra, quibus animalcula, vegetabilia, nsetalid; aquas, caíus abícondidit. d
VIL Inde Artis Pharmaceuticzin medelam hominum cir- 1
ca Succinum ftudia diftinctis capfulis fignanda. . rej VIIL Demüm & quz à variis Artibus ex Succino in ufus | certos parantur aliquem merebuntur locum: - a IX. Cuháis iftis apparatus fuccineus Conclavis fulgorem addet; fi menfa, fi fellz, fi candelabra, fi fpecula, ! fi. alia quzg; utenfilia Succino inducta. comparebunt. — - 3 X. Prafertim fi in imitamentum Mufivorum operum teffel- | lata aut fegmentata Succina ars coaptare edocta fuerit. — i — XL Neq; magnificentius hzc dici quam fieri poffe intra lu-- ftrum demonftrabo, fi SERENISSIMUS iftam mihi curam clementiffimé injunget, illorumq; quibus opus eft fubfi diorum, faciet poteftatem :. Totum autem Mufzum Succineum exor- . patum reddere, non unius luftri, nec unius ingenii eri: labor.
XII. Augerig; poffunt armariola ; fi exotica, fi extra Pruf- fiam reperta Succina, fiex animalibus. exemta obfervatu digna, jadicabuntar. ;
" S. .D..G
London : Printed for Sam. Smith, and Benj. Walford, Printer * to. the Royal Society, at the Prince's Arms in St. Pas Church- Yard. 169$.
SDhtloe “Trarisca odor MP 49
J LI Jo
E. ^ E P. : ] " e r ea S B " : ; u TI é [* ob: > s : j bres d a E "— " --
4k 7: .. Numb.249.
PHILOSOPHICAL.
TRANSACTIONS.
rf
For the Month of February, 1699. |
{The CONTENTS. .
L An Extratt of a Letter from Leghort to Dr. Martin Lifier, - November 34. 1698. concerning Seignior Rédi's Manufcripts, and the Generation of Fleas. li. A way ta make Two clear
Spirituous, Inflammable Liquors, which differ very little in Taffe and Smell, and being mixed together, do give a fine. Carnatios
Colour, without either fenfible Fermeptation or Alteration. Com-
municated by Monfieur Geoffroy, F. R. S. UE A farther - Account of the China Cabinet, by Hans Sloane, M. D. IV. - Part of a Letter from Mr. William Derkam, to Dr. Sloane ; - accompanying his Obfervations of the Height of the Mercury in the Barometer ,Rains, Winds, &c. for the Year 1698. V. An Account of what Rain fel at Yownly im Lancafhire, 2s the — Years 1697, and 1698. with fome other Obfervations om the —— Weather 3 being part of a Letter of the rath of January, 1698. ^o from Richard Towneley, Efg; to Mr. William Derham.
VWI. An Account of feveral CurioGties relating to Ainber, late. dp fent to the Royal: Society from Philippus. Jacobus Hart- - .© mannus (Author of the Account of it publifhed last Tranfadi- ^^ wn) and which are now in their Repofitery at Grelbam-College. — VH. Part of a Letter-of Mr. Dale from Braintree, Feb. x.
-..x69g9. to Dr. Martin Lifter, Fellow of the College of Pbyfician: - and R. S. concerning feveral Infeis, NUL. An Account of a - Young Mani flain with Tbander and Lightning, Dec. 22. 1698. | from Ralph Thoresby, 2/9, F R. $. to Drs Martin Lifter,
2 vite - — -.
( 42 )
Fell.Coll.Phyf: and R. S. VX. Am Account of two Books, y Mu- ~ feo di Fifica & di Efperienze, &c. ‘by Signior Boccone, - 2. Paradifus Batavus, continens plus centum plantas, &c.
with additional Remarks by Mr. John Ray, F.R. S. X. Books
lately Printed beyond Sea. ~ E
L An Extral of a Letter from Leghorn to Dr. Martin Lifter, November 24. 1698. concerning Seignior Redi's Manufcripts, and the Generation of Fleas. "ge
fcript, although I have enquir'd ofa young Phyficianhis _ Domeftick, yet nothing appears: and that fecond part of Ani- — malt Dentro gli animali we are like to be without.
- We have an ingenious Naturalift here, whofe Obfervations about the Generation of Fleas, I fend you,and are as follows.
F OR any thing that Redi hath left behind him in Manu-
— 4 New Difcovery of, the Origiual of Fleas, made by the : -— Signior D'iacinto Ceftone of Leghorn. a A: laft is difcovered, by the indefatigable Induftry of — Signior D'iacinto Ceffone, the true way of the Generation
of Fleas, their Worms, and entire Metamorphofes which have - . been hitherto obfcure, though fought after. TheFleas bring — forth Eggs (or afortof Nitts) from thefe Eggs are hatched — Worms; thefe Worms make to themfelves Bags like Silk- Worms, and from out of thefe Bags come Fleas: | 3
Fleas therefore depofite their Eggs on Dogs, Cats, Menor - other Animals infefted with them, or in the Places where they
fleep, which for being round, fmooth, flip ordinarily ftreight ! |
to the Ground, or fix themfelves in the Plyes or other Ine- — qualities of the Coverlets and Cloaths. From thefe are brought — forth white Worms, of a fhining Pearl Colour, which -
feed themfelves'on the Brann-like Subftance which fticks E i in the Combs when Puppies are combed totake out theFleas; —
M^
or with certain Downy Subftance that is found inthe Plyes — — of Linnen Drawers, or other fuch likeÉxcrement. They — |
(43)
|. come in a Fortnight to the Bignefs of Fig. 5. and are very lively and active, and if they have any Fear, or if they be touched, they fuddenly roul themfelves up, and make as it were a Bal. A little after they come to creep after the man- ner of the Silk-Worms that have no Legs, with a brisk and very {wift Motion. When they are come to their ufual Big- nefs they hide themfelvesthe moft they can, and bringing out of their Mouths the Silk, they make round themfelves a fmall Bag, white within as Paper, but without always durty and | fould with Duft. The Bags are to the Natural Eye of- | the Bignefs of Fig. 6. without magnifying. In other Two | Weeks in the Summer-time, the Flea is perfe@ly form'd, withoutthat theWorm quits itsExaviz in its Bag,as do the Silk worms,and as do all Caterpillars,which leave in the fame their | Exuvia. The Flea, fo long as it is inclofed in the Bag, is | Milk white, although it has its Legs, but Two Days before it | comes out, it becomes coloured, grows hard, and gets Strength, fo that coming fpeedily out, it ftreight leaps away.
| Hereunto annexed are the Figures of the Eggs, Fig. 1. the | Worm Fig. 2. the Bag Fig. 3. and the Flea Fig. 4. but all of | them magnified by the Microfcope. dido
a
IL A Way to make Two clear Spirituoms Inflammable Liquors, which differ very little in Tafte and Smell, and being mixed together, do give a fine Carnation Colour, withont either fenfible Fermentation or Alteration. Communicated by Monfieur Geoffroy |— E X5 IRA EUM ; m
O make the firft of thefe Liquors, put a fmall Handful _of dryed red Rofes into a Giafs Bottle, pour on them | re&ified Spirit of Wine till it cover them an Inch. Let them | infufe in the Cold all together in the Bottle for Four or Five | Hours, then pour off the Spirit of Wine, which will beclear ^ | and have no Colour. | NI The Second Liquor is made by putting into fome good Spirit of Wine fome Drops of good Spirit of Vitriol, or Oyl | of Sulphur, fo that fcarce can the Acid or Sour be difcovered | by the Tongue. — i PC -—
; d. d^ up IRAK
Af you put alittle of this laft Liquor into the firft, it will give a fine redifh Colour, without making it troubled or cau- fing any other fenfible Alteration. ic ee |
If inflead of this Wine mixed with Acids, you put to the ficit ome Drops of any volatile Alcalis, as of Spirit of Sal Armoniack,or other, it will give a Green Colour to the Infufion.
The Two firft mentioned Liquors were brought to a Meet- ing of the Royal Society by Monfieur Geoffroy, one of cheir Members, where the firft Experiment aboveerecited being made, it fucceeded according to Expectation.
HL A furtbek Account of the China Cabinet, by Hans 5 Sloane, 4M. D. |
QUNM to clavifie Water, (wid. Fig. 8.) 'Thefe Seeds I have feen come feveral times heretofore from the Coaft of Coe romandel and Malabar, where they are ufed for the clarifying Water. They are about the Bignefs of a fmall Pea, only broader and flatter, having Striz run from their Center af- ter the manner of the common Nux Vomica.The beft Account . Y have had of the way of ufing them wasfrom Dr. Brown, who lived in the Ea/t-Indies fome time , hefays they rub or grate . them on the bottom of afmall Earthen Bafon, wherein is con- - tained fome Water. This Water and Powder is put into a | lora Rar of muddy, or foul Water, which is by this 9 [v ari ed. ; ng | ^ ,
Nux pepita feu faba fanéti Ignati. This is figured No 7. being about the bignefs of a Nutmeg, and Triangular. This .
Fruit is very much efteemed in the Pdilippine Iflands for the _
Cure of many Diftempers, as will be more at large feen inthe — next ‘Tranfaction , wherein is defign'd to be publifhed . from Mr. Buckly,, a further Account of it, and the De- © {cription and Figure of its Leaves, Flower, cc, drawn . andfent from the Philippine lands, where it grows, by Father |) Ramelli; to Mt. Ray.and Mr. Pestiver, Fellows of the Royal |) Society. proxy ve $0! $3.5 1:2
5 24 301 niko 3
; ^
—
AV. Part. | E
Bp (452
AV. Part of a Letter from My. William Derham, to Dr, Sloane ; accompanying bis Obfer-
- vations of the Height of the Mercury in the Barometer, Rains, Winds, &c. for the Year 1698. | |
t. TF any Explication be needful to thefe Tables, [ refer vou | to Philof. Tras. Numb. 237.
T — The Quantity of Rains which fell through my Tunnel daft Year was 122,32 Pounds: which exceeds the Quan- ‘tity of —97. that being but 77,60 Pounds. |
_ I find Foggy Weather makes the Mercury rife, as well 2 asthe North-Wind; as may be obferved in the Table, inthe Month of DecemBer, at which time the Mercur y - was very high, although the Wind was in the Sou. therly Points. I fubmit it, whether the Caufe be "not the increafe of the weight of the Atmofphere ; T by an Addition of thofe Vapours cf which. the ” Fog confifts, which are manifeftly as heavy as the Air, "because they fwim in it without a{cending ? Thee filling — up many ot the Vacuities of the Air, without extruding much the parts of Air (as I judge Clouds do) do add _ confiderably to the Weight of the Atmofphere, and fo | 1 eaufe the Mercury to afcend. But this. I leave to better Judgments. |
lt may not perhaps be ungrateful to you to obferve, that the greateft Range I have ever ob(erved the Mercu
| y to have, is no more than 2,12 Inches; it being ig | fever higher than 30,40, nor lower than 28,28 Inches. T the loweft it ever was, w ithin my Obfervations, was EE : P an.
l
'( 46) 3.
P 24. laft, but Two of the Clock in die Mllnin 2 3 about which Hour Mr. 7. ownley (whofe Name you well know) obferved his Barometer to fall to 27,80 Inches,
which, he fays, was remarkably low. | ‘ I find it will be neceflary for me to add Two Columns more to each Month’s Obfervations, oz. One for the "Thermometer, another for the Flying of the Clouds,
Which oftentimes fly in a Point different from the Winds,
| efpecially before the Wind fhifteth its Courfe. Moun- tains, Gc. may caufe fome Variation, but as little at Opminfter as almoft any where. This laft Column will be neceflary, among other Ules, to fhew the Reafon why the Mercury varies fometimes : As fuppofe the Wiad was in the Southerly Points, and the Clouds flew from
. the Northerly ; che rifing of A Modi wants "2
- be accounted for.
K $ £z rs
t h 1 f 1
p
A Regifter of the Weather, Winds, Barometer's Height, and Quantity of Rain falling at Upminfter, in Effex — tbe Firft Six Monthy - of the Year One Thonfand Six Hundred Ninety Eight. :
Apr. 6. 12. Ma Jun
Weather|Winds. |Barom. (Rain. || WeatheryWinds, jBarom: Weather|Winds. |
Fair 3 Sby E clag. 68) Warm & Raín Swi 48 Pleafan t j 261. 47 fai Cloudy |W S Wa 279. II IW NW 3 49) Fair 57 Hoar Fr|$ W o 62; Fair IW. 1 71 Rain 830. n E by N o) 9o'o. Fair Er 95 -|39.. oo NNEr 129.
Jan .12 9 Feb Winds, |Barom. (Rain. || Weather | Winds.
Same
Cloudy
E by No | Fair INN Eo
Falr and |w x eu E2 y
IS by-W 2 Showers |N-w 2
Ho.Frofil$ wo - Cloudy |S W 2 Fair So $b.W 2 Cloudy |s. Sw 2
Fair $Wi wich Showers lw by S; Fair lw by Si and Cool 9$ o Cloudy |s 1 Warm |jsswi Wb. Sic [Won 1
[S
"v m-z- -
wo
moz Zee ae
ip Bo
Snow
SuoW 3 N NW Ti
-Rzin.
om
Fair Shower
4
Snow INE 3 Eres j IW | j Cloudy |W 5. S2 nal fich (NE b: N3 3: Ww W NW4 very Cola 2 : Ww E Showers IN NW 3 Snow lug b. E: 5 ‘ EY Snow IN We | Tinch ENE 3 c 1 N $ very Cold] c Cloudy JN 2 I | Cloudy = N 2 1p ; 1g. Far — |NbW 2 " E1||NE2 Sleer ] P : »W2 and N2 Inches Nb. & il leís Cold: 3 Wd '"W 5 Cold NbyEr Little Nt fairer : "e Way's 4) 240. 23) Nb. Wi Snow |N2 2 veo, b E2 7 y Cooler ~Snow 3-g 5 | Hoar Er? Cloudy 4 fond: : z y CM E b.S2 E " eed 2 Fair. 7 Warmer [Ng all day |. .59 Cloudy. o 28||Raun Cloudy jE by Paper jE by | Cloudy very cold! E by . Day 2 J | Warmer
Same E ld 5 ; ] LAE 2||Cloudy |Wo
as before} i Fairer 2 NE Clouds
ees Fair. khe |E by No Troltau Eroft NEr | i
Milt Fro.[E by N o| Fair and|E o
\ [36 d : ; Warm {EbyS.1 Lightnin Mifly Falr— Cloudy Gody [5 2 |
Cooler |SbyW 4
Fair eis
4 | Wb. S 4 5 : X Showers
|W by Si | i IS byW 1 : Cloudy |W byS 2| 3o||Plcafanc |W 2 $ - Erf | l NN Mifling |/SW x
een Pag. 46 47 E Soe d d Philofoph. Tranfa&. Numb. 249: Tab. x
" a
LH.
aos
A Regifter of the Weather, Winds, Barometer’s Height, and Quantity of Rata falling at Upminfter, in Effex, "s Lut Six Mor of the Year One Thoufand Six Hundred Ninety Eight.
— - = July. 6.12.9 | Augult, 6. 12. 9. September. 6. 12.9. October. 7. 12 9. December, 1 alls Weather| Winds, | Barom. JRalin. Weather {Wi __|Barom. | Rain. Weuther| Wimis. Barom. Ran. | | Weather Winds, Barom. E Weather; d WNW 1lag. Far |S Wa. 2g Cloudy |NNV o |29. 33. SWR: i9. 63 1||Cloudy jiby S r 2 W by N3 Cold Wi Warm [5 W b.S4 2 WS Wo Showers o _Day Fair zi : 650. Co [Nt SWwoW1 S Wt Cloudy {52 Far — |$ 670. 2| Ralo NNE2 Shoowry | Showers |S W/ 3} Warm &|3 3 Warmer |SSW 1 68 Warmer |N o NbEI lo. E Fair SI c Wers 640. Fair — [No | W ty So} | IS SW 1 Rainy : 3 Sn $5 Cloudy 3 and — [S2 Falr h 2 SW 5 Warm 3 Wweh. gent, ey ; Day D Cloudy | Sby W 3} : -— 4 = = SW Fair swo, 3 á M Showers | RUD DI , EE A : IS b. Wo Fair | | Warm and B S 3 Mifling
A ibe ed Rain P. ae] er B -Run- - - - Fair WS 2 3 Cloudy |WNW —— [[Esrand [W SW 5|22* : || Rain 2 Fair ! Pleafanc |Swb.W|29. Fair |SW3 ; Cooler Swb.Wo Rala SW b Wa SW. Frolt |Swb;Wo| SW 4 E Fair andi by Wo osj [Cloudy | ? Cold s by Wo A Sb. W 4 Cloudy Re]
air Wb. S aad AD t
| | Fairer m Cloudy | Warmer jjWbS1 Mifly Rain Rain Sm
l| Cool " : Wb. $2 }} Rain [P r 57|| bale 7910. E mh) : Fairer IWSWz
Cloudy Eby S 1 W oH o. m B W3 9}| Hor aod |e r |
[coa 1 | Mifty Rain. [Wb S] hund. E d 2r Day Fair W b.$3| Ind Rain {ESE a 52. 82] ( : by E i f b Ns o: Snow & |N by eur and WS WA SS. H y 2 5 3 " b oor [S W Ma a 1 Ns ; , |WENa| 37 N D 2 3 |
Nb.W 452, 561] [WNWohp, Nb. W : Fair
Falrer |Sby Wo : T i» TESTS SUE ; S " ly |W 2 NA Cloudy, we x Milli N and-fome| Ww ae
12 me Rain SIC
Rain [NWa |. L 3 ; Cloudy {NNW 1 i NoyW 1 7 3 Fair Wb.Sc «Jo. fa 3 . 60} "M|Eroft —|SEb.56 13 INWb Wo TS 4 2 ^ gp Warm. JN 2 Fair iS SEI Far — |Nwb wo : E ; Fai Cloudy ‘ - [Cloudy |SwhW2' "Pret y - Eo air |W by No n 14 | | wth.(omc|S Wb. 3 M Fai Rain — JNby E 2 Fair iS byW 2 Cloudy
Snow & |W by S2
Hard Fr, ey
oa XE .E Tey Frofll(N NW 1 Cloud Fair hb Y. : MNES Raln
16]|Coo |W SW 4 31h. d 5 í Ealtiand Nby Wr warm ion Rain | : | | o SE Fair ud 1 ES and
17)) Fair (53 a : Rain Cloudy |S by W 2| ain Rain Wb. Saar (oh E Br : Ice Rain S E b.S2 MUR M Cloudy |E2 3 bl Falr and |W byw2|
Sy Cold,
[— : "|| Fair and Hoar Er.|N w 5.No| 7| |lürore- ] foudy IS by Wa í {zp ENE2 r.|N w b.No kroft {NNW1 1s || Raia $4 | Warm fair and INw bNT 2 Mifty & | by N o Cloudy ' | S €— li j|Cold | le(s Cold z : Gag [S b. Wa| éc S3
S by E 1
So | ied | Cold | S3. Cloudy Bs : S S S by E s|28.
Hard Fi a8fo. 48 || Fair 2 TSE 5E o
9 Warm _ 58 Colder
Sa
M Ww SW
Cloudy | Wb.Sa and
Phil Tranfati. Numb. 249 Tab. 24
zu
dee yap, - V. Aa Account of what Kain fell at Townly |. __ in Lancafhire, in the Years 1697, and 1698. with foue other Obfervations on tbe Weather s being part of a Letter of the rath of Jan. 1699. from Richard Towneley, Efg; io Mr. William Derham.
* 1697 1698 — jamary $13 6447 February A qu 5 98 March 4. 93 | .30 16 April ; "4 12. 20 Dé May Ir 88 =. 8 os ~~ Fune — : tO Oe 70 dE july — 43 50 10 37 BE od. 1. Ho Ta a XE £O Ss September. ——— 46.90 21 79- p Odfober - : 27 OG ht 26. - November z IO 22 1 d 72 1 December — | 24. $0. 20 4% ES - -Sums 205 70 189 92
Thefe doubled +41 040 37 984
| 3 Tn the Table of the Obfervations I have only fet the* "Quantity of Rain in Pounds and Centefimals, which if JHouble, you will have them to anfwer to thofe Numbers formerly printed in the Philofophical Traufaciizus giving ‘the Numbers of half Pounds, and (near enough) the - height of the Water alfo. So the laft Year there fell Reg : Ga 189,92
ay. 92- E Troy, which doubled make 57,984 In- drical Veffcl. and of this you may better judge by fome Obfervations
“2817, on the 29ih about 2h.: 28,18. and Fam. 2..
. before | went tobed; and on the ó:h ftill about 5 h.
Yearsago, yet never fince I kept my Obfervations, did -
(48) ches, the Inches the Water would have filled any grum
As far as I have learo'd, the Mec is and falls much after the fame mealure j in moft parts of our [iad,
I have here tranferibed and fent you of the very low Sra- tions, Dec. 29. about Three of the Clock Mercury
5
about the fame Hour 28,05. and this time it hardly rife
28 19.but this time before 9 at Night it was got to 2 9,28. what [note is; that though once I faw it lower many
the Quick-filver defcend fo often to thofe Pitches ; or when it was foutid very low, did it ever continue fo for - any confiderable time, as it hath done this Year, during which it hath never been very high, and as 1 remember, E generally much lower than other Years. This hath | AUR very unfeafonable here, and fo backward, that I thought T had never known the like ; but examining my Obfervations, I find that of 1673. cauch what.as late, | though the Confequence proved not fo fatal. to thefe - Parts or all Europe, as EEE ;
-
" H
heat : t ^ am = " »
—
V. vt e
-( 49.) |
VI. An Account of feveral Curiofitiés relating to Amber, Lately | fent to the Royal Society from Philippus Jacobus Hartmannus (Author of the — Account of i publifbed last Tranfattion) and. which are now in their Repofitory at Sioa: College.
Ruflum quod variam concretionem Succini corti- catum cum armatura auri exhibet. 2. Eruítum album fale volatili abundans, ut fapor falislinguam afficiat. 3. Fruftum infignis duritiei cum fapore vitrioli, | 4. Fruftam in quo infignis cavitas aque ia 5. Fruftum in quo lignum foffile. 6. -——— in quo feitucx quafi abiegaze. 7.———— quod fibras een matricis in qua fitum ^ fuit, exhibet, — — : : 8. Gutta cbionga. ! 7 - 9. Gutta oblonga altera. "ro. Gutta fuccinea./—— - rr. Gutta minor. - 15. Gutta minor altera 13. Feretrum aliquot mu(earum, 14. Feretrum aranex. - 15. Litera F primordium mufivi ex füccirno sha :
SUPERIUS.
br Lignum foffile.
18. Terra foliata f. Corticata. —19. Lignum in lapidem metallicum indurefzens. 5. Vitrio-
CIEy ZO.
a6 Vitriolum nativum fvfum c. fibris ligneis. ‘22, wif " 23. | | f 24 C Viticlum nativum SSS.cum terra amianthiforme. — 25. ;
. VH. Part of a Letter of Mr. Dale from Braintree, —
Feb. 1. 1699. to Dr. Martin Lifter, Fellow — — of tbe College of Phyficians and R. S. concern- — ing feveral Infetis. e ad
; | Erewith you will receive a Cervus volans or two, * | which I take to be different from thofe defcribed by Moufet in his. Theat. Infed. p. 148, 149+ thefe are
plentifully. found about Colebeffer, efpecially towards the —
Sea-Coaft.. Befides thefe I have happened upon divers ~ forts of Scarabs, which I cannot find figured in your cu- rious Zazule Mate in the Appendix Hit. Animal, Angl. — asthe Béxeewc Moufet: p. 152. a Species or two of Can- tharides, three or four forts of Lady. Bugs, and others; —
which, although of moft of them I have at prefent but —
fingle Specimens, yét if you defire the fight of them to deiign and fill up the Vacancies of your Plates with, ~ - they fhall be fent up to you. .Laft Summer being on
our Sea-Coaft at Harwich, 1 obíerved no lefs than five or. fix Species of Cochlee. Marine two of which I have fince
found to be already noted by you in your excellent £77; — |
Cenchyl. as of Englifh Production, viz. Sedf. 5. s. 19.
and 42. A third I have which is by you figured, viz . |
5. 13.- but is not marked as found in Exgland. The fourth agrees with your », 8. in Figure, but having no Name, I cannot be pofitive, I therefore defire your Name = = 1
i seein ote ocu 1 This I did fee taken out of the Sea by the Fifhermen, | among Sea-Weeds, and is folitary. The other two (if | they are diftin&t) I have herewith fent you, defiring + your Opinion. Among other things which the : 1. Fifhermen brought up, there were divers of thofe 3$ Marine Animals, which by Dr. Molyneux , Philof. _ Zranf. n. 225. are taken for nondefcripts, and refer’dto _ 3 the Claffis of Scolopendre Marine, the(e our Fifhermea 3 call, Sea-Mice, and aredefcribed by Rondeletius, andby — - Moufet, and Fobufon, figur'd under the Title of Phyfalus, 3 but badly. I had like to have forgot obferving to you, ; 1 that the Female Cervas Volans is pretty well reprefented | by Moofer, in his firft table at the end of his Book; but Z'without a Name, l1 have fent you one of them alfo, I which was found in Cote with the Male Elíe very diffe- 3 rent. 1 fhould be glad to fee your Journal to Paris, or | any of thofe petrified Shells you found there, if you can |. Ipare them. | S n3-3 bus
u——À ————
{ EE
VIM: An Account of a young Man flain with Tbun- ve \| der and Lightning, Dec. 22. 1695. from :
| Ralph Thoresby, E/g; F.R. S. to Dr.Mar-
tin Lifter, Fell. Coll. Pbyf. and R. S.
| Eremiab Skelton, who lived with his Father Daziel | J Skelton, at Warley in. the Vicaridge of FZaZifax in | Torkfhire, obferving a Storm coming, faid, I think it | will be Rain, I will go and gather in fome of the-Corn | Xa late Harveft, which bas been very unkindly in fome | parts of the North) which was out at a Farm they had | in the Co/d.Edge, about a Quarter of a Mile from their | own Dwelling ; while at this Work, bringing in a Bur- | den and cafting it upon the Barn-Floor, the Tempeft be-
En ^ ag AB NE oM EL
! a | - fo much of a Coat-fleeve as covered the Wrift of one |
. another, the Hair of his Head and Beard finged as tho’ —
MN MM re Me 7703
gun as he came forth again ; whereupon he flep'd slide | tor fhelter within the Barn-Door, and while there, was — ftruck with a dreadful Flafh of Fire; a young Woman that — Jiv'd with her Father in the Houfe, that belong’d to this | Farm, being fadly atfrighted with the Thunder and . Lightning (tor part of the Sulphurous Matter came down 1 "the Chimney, .and fil'd the Houfe with a ftrong Scent; like that of Gunpowder after firing) fhe leaves the Houle, - and not feeing the young Man about the Barn, goés 7 |! with fpeed and tells the Family he was related to, that 3 fhe fear'd he was flain. They came to the Barn and found - it even fo: A fad Spectacle, the young Man caft down — and many Stones about him he was laid upon his Face, | wholly naked, fave a (mall. part of his Shirt about his _ Neck, and a very little of a Stocking upon one Foot, and
T
Arm, his C/ogs driven from his Feet, one not to be found, | and the other Clover, his Hat not to be found after fearch, and the reft of his Garments torn into pe Shreds, and caft at confiderable diftances one bit from
it had been with a Candle, and a Jittle Hole below his 1
left. Eye, which they (üppofed might be made with the | T Fall upon a Stone, for there wasa great Breach madeup- — onthe Barn, the Door tops, both of Stone, broken, and — the wall above them fall’n, with the Slate and Water- - Tables. The Young Man would have been Two and Twenty Years of Age next Fune, is faid to havebeen fo- —
ber and hopeful, was buried at Luddenden o Munday 3 following, viz Dec. 26. PES
BL eer L
ONE |
(04839
i LXo An Account wl s
.- Mufeo di Fifica (9- di Efperienze, &c. “a Signior Boccone 5 with additional Remarks iM. Mr. John Ray, F. R. S. | |
HIS Book is made up of many curious Obfer- - vations, Natural and- Mediciaal, about various Subjects, not digefed into any cer:ain Method, but 4, mifcellaneoufly difpoftd : Each Obfervation dedicated to 3 fome Noble or rer ned Períon. 3. . The Four fit Obfervations are concerning | that 3. dreadful Earthquake that happened in Sicz/y, in the Year 2. 1693. and contain a particular and exact Account of ail - the Accidents and Effe@s or Confequents of it. It had _ Two main Fits or Concuffions, which may be called — — Two diftiact Earthquakes: The Firft was on the 9th of Fanuary, about Five Hours after Sun-Set. The Se- - cond was on the rith of the fame Month, at about Biwenty one Hours of the Day, according to the Zta/ias - Account. This was ftupendous beyond Humane Ima- . gination, and lafted about Four Minutes with fierce Pul- | fations, the Earth fo leaping up and rebounding, that i dt was impoffible for a Man to keep him(elf on his Feet, —unlefs he ftcod ftill, firm, without Motion: And he that — eat himíelt, or was caft ‘down upon the Ground with . - his whole Body, Was tofled to and fro, and carried from h. _ one place to another by | the Shocks I thall not men- - tion any Particulars; there having à a fulland ex- act Account and Defcription of this Earthquake inferted : E thefe Tran(a&tions. — | a "The Fifth Obfervation is concerning Yellow Amber, Lo Succinum, and its Original. He endeavours by ma-
“ny Arguments to "pre, that Amber is nothing elfe but — [EE TH
TES mgr =
— 3$ D ÓÁ€€———— ie
| ( 54 ) ] i Naphtha, or Oleum Petroleum coagulated or condenfed. — I was told by a Chymift at Montpedier, That Oleum Pe- troleum was the fame with Oyl of Jet or Gagates, and not to be diftinguifked by Colour, Tafte, Smell, Cons fiftency, Vertues, or any other Accident, as he had by Experience found, which renders Signior Boccoue’s Opi- nion probable, there being great Affinity between Jet and Amber. | ‘ ; "The Sixth Obfervation is about fome’ Alcalick and - Medicinal Earths of italy, particularly the Zerra Virgi- - ne aurea, known in Venice by its Salutary Effects: This — is found in the State of Modeuxa, at a Place called San. Paolo , near the City of Reggio. It is of great Ufe in ~ putrid 'and malignant Fevers, in Hypochondriacal Paffi- — ons, above all it is wonderful in {topping Hemorrhagies or Fluxes of Blood. | Ic aS
The Seventh Obfervation gives us an Account of the _ . Powder of Claramont (Ío called from the Name of the — Author, who hath written-a little Book about it) or ~ Zerra de Beira, becaufe it is found ata Place called Batra -
near Palermo. It is found alfo in other Places of $zcz/y, — andisof.a White Colour. It hath the fame Vertuesand Ufes with the Zerra Vergine aurea. He {peaks alfo in — this Obfervation of the Mineral Bezoar-Stone of Giraldz aus ; and of the Terra Melitenfis or Petra 8. Pauli, and gives us the Receipt of the Pa/vis of Fondacare. More — Experiments of the Vertues of Zerra de Baira he gives in — the Twelfth Obfervation. ND E
The Eighth Obfervation gives a farther Account ofthe — Lapis Bezoar Mineralis fofilis of Sicily, which is a kind — _ of Geodes : This reduced to Powder, and given in a con- - venient Véhicle, is of great ufein Maligrmnt Fevers,Small Pox and Worms, &c. Of this Stone he hath treated'large-- ly in his Recherches § Obfervations Natureles, Printed at Amfterdam. : oe M
Ihe
ED o OM) itp Ninth prefents us with feveral forts of Zerra Kon. sia. | 1. Onefound near the City of Reax in dikermpe 2. One found in the Mountains of Siena, agreeing in all * Points with S. Paul's Barth of Malta, 3. One found in the Meuntain of /Maiello in Abruzzo, which our Author thinks a fit Succedancum of the Terra Vi "jrgiue aurea fore» mentioned. In this Obfervation the Kiel fofiile is briefly touched. The Tenth adds more forts of Zerra Lemnia, as that of AMilila in Sicily, and the Terra Bezoartica of Nocera, which he accounts a fort of Lemyia.’ This is endowed -. With Alexipharmac Vertues, being found by Experience to. be very efficacious againft Malignant Fevers, Heat of pom and Fluxes of Blood. It agrees in Tafle, Smell : . and Vertues with that of Lemzos or Malia. The Aqua _ Santa or Aqua di Nocera (defcribed by Annibal Camillus ina certain Treatife of his) running through the Mine or _ Veins of this Zerra Lemnia, impregnates its felf with the k Particles thereof, and thereby becomes fo cordial and | eorroborant, that it works miraculous Effe&s in many _ Difeafes, fo that itis the Glory of Italy. lt is to be ufed » as other mineral Waters. ^5» In his Twelfth Obfervation he gives us a more exaü x | and particular Defeription of the Fasgus typhoides coccz- b tuberofus Meliteufis; names many Places befides . | ita where it is to be found, as about Zuzs in Barbae b ry, in a little {fland near Cozzo, in divers places of Siezly, elpecially near Zrapani in the Salt- Works, and ina little | Wand called Ronciglio, Gc. He commends it as a (ove- eign Medicine againft the Dyflentery, either taken in E or DNA into à TED:
Ipse The |
C 7
The Foupteenth contains an Account of the Jtalian | Medicinal Manna, found and gathered not only in Calas bria, but many other Places, which he Names, and al- — fires usthat itis no Celeftial Dew, or Mel Aereum, but.*- | a Gum or Extudation. of the Fraxinus rotundiore folio — - €. B. ot Ornus. But I meet with little in this Obferva-- tion concerning Manna of Calabria, but what is to be found in Botanick Books. Here he gives us an Account of Four forrs of Manna, found in the Eaflern Provinces, which he received by Word of Mouth from a difcalccate : Carmelire Fryar, who wasa Mifhonary into thofe Parts. — He fpeaks in this Ob‘ervation ofa fort of Dew, which in the Ille of Corffca: falls on the Leaves of (ome Plants, in . clear, hot, and dry Weather, and condenfes into great. Drops, which being gathered by the Country-men, and . tafted, is found to be a delicate {weet Massa; but being ^ ftruck by- the Sun-beams, is infenfibly diffolved and dif fipated, leaving only upon the Leaves whereon it fell, — fome Impreffions or fine Capfules of a white Colour. | 7
The Fifteenth Obfervation concerns the Propertiesand | .— Medicinal Ufes of the Masaa of Calabria. Here hegives — us a Proverb the Calabrians have concerning Mana. To —
a fick Períon that wants Phyfick they prefcribe, Fa e — perii la Manna, perche b ti fama, o ti ne Manna, i.e Manda, Go and take Manna, for either it will-heal thee, - or elfe fend thee; viz. to another Life. Which Proverb _ had its Original from Experience of the unhappy Effect that. Manna hath had upon (ome fick Perfons, who ha- ving taken it too old, have died by exceffive Purging. - But this is. a-Caution. all Phyfitians give, not to take | Manna above a Year old. Dr Paulo Mafredi, a Phyfi- — ri cian of great Reputation at Rome, acquainted our Author, ‘That. he had often experienced that Manna.will | purge with great Convenience exhibited in a much lefs - Dafe than it is re, given. in,, if diflolved ina co- -
C87), pious. Liga jor, viz. One fingle Ounce in a Pound of Broth or diftilled Water. ! . The Sixteenth is about the Venomous Spider or gà rantola of Corfica.. The Ifland cf Corfica he tells us, pro- duces neither Porcupincs, Wolves, nor Vipers; but in- fiead of theíe laft, it breeds venomous Spiders, called by the inhabitants Zarantola or Ma/mignatto. Ot which there are Two foris, the One hath a round Body, and refembles the Tarantola of Apulia, and in like manner |. bites, impreffing on all the Parts of the Perfon bitten, an irreparable Cold with Pain and Cramps and Sw elling - in the whole Superficies of the Body. The other Spi- der ftings, makes no Web, is in Shape of tle Body lke toa Horfe-Ant,, he hath but Six Feet ; whence it appears to Le really no Spider, but of the Ant- hind Its füpging _ is attended with many dangerous Symptoms, as Livid- | Bels of the Flefh, an iotolerable Spafmus or Cramp, . |. fometimes (topping, of the Urine and natural Evacuation ; | a kind of Congelation of the whole Habit of the Bo- d Roy. For Cure, they ufe Cupping, Scarification, burn- — 10g the Wound, applying to it ZZerzaca, or Orvietan, i zi giving inwardly ftrong Wine with Venice- Treacle to ink. |—— "he Seventeenth pns ccn is of the Zarantola of . Apulia, which is a beaten Subject, and of which more D, “hath been faid than is true. Notwithftanding what our — Author hath written, I am not fully fatisfied, that ig à - Dancing, of the Tarantati to certain Tunes and. Inftru | ments, and. that thefe Fits continue to recurre van. 8$ long.as the Zarantola that bit them lives, and then | ceafe, are any other than acting Fictions and Tricks to.— | get Money. The Symptoms that attend the biting of | | Tarantola of Apulia, as alfo the manner of Cure and | Remedies, are the fame with thofe mentioned’ in the.
D Obfervation. . he Stingiog of a Scorpion - produces.»
]
7 — — a -
| | RY pope
‘produces the fame Effe&ts with the biting of a oun Ifa Zarantola be removed out of its natural Place, v. g. to Naples, Rome, Gc. and there admitted to bite, it doth . noharm at all; which is very unlikely; but that the Tarantole bred at Rome are innocent, is probable. . Zhe fame being ex Wt nt in the flinging of Scorpions, which - in Africa is deadly, but in Italy, if they are bred there, Innocent : and I doubt not but that we in England bave the fame Species of Spider with the Tarantola.
‘The Eighceenth Obfervation is about a venomous Spi- der of Sardinia, whof Bite is very dangerous, fwellin -the whole Body, Sc. and caufing Death i in a few Hours. - It’s cured by Oyl Olive, ia which the Creature is fuffo- cated, fet in the Sun in Summer-time, or upon a Stove for fome Days, anointing the part therewith Morning — and Evening, and giving fome Treacle inwardly. Here - he difccurfes a little upon the Pietra de cobras, which be . thinks moft probably to be a Mixture or Pale thing, nota fimple Body ; concerning the falutary Ef . fc&s, whereof Naturalifts are not agreed, Signior Redi | ftouily contradiding Father Kircher, with his Experie - ments. Ia another Plece he faith, that fome a : that. the Stones with which Signior Redi. mace his Ex. | periments,were not true and genuine ones ; and here he : gives feveral Inftances of Cares wrought by the Ufe of - a this Stone, well attefted. E! - The Ninctceath Obfervation is concerning | Pei(oris and ; their Prefervatives or Antidotes. ' Here he gives us Two | Receipts of the famous Electusry, called, Orvietan; M faith, that he had found cut, that fome Empirick, no- ted for the Preparation of this Medicine, put into it fome . Plants of Afarabacca, and as many S Stalks of Gratiola, - which are ío far from being Alexipharmical, that they - Purge with Violence, and gives an Account of this Pra» &ife. He faith, that he Cannot, . without Relu@ancy, | . believe - E
X “Se
( $9 )
- believe that Afelepias i is an Alexipharmick, becaufe it is. | fo like to Dogsbane, indeed it is a Species thereof, and | becaufe Phyficians never preferibe it alone.
In the Twentieth he gives us more Antidotes againft the Biting of the Zarasiela of Apulia. And here he | difcourfes concerning Signatures, which he approves, | and gives us Signatures of feveral Plants of his owa Obs - - fervation; which as T can make no great Account of, fo neither do 1 utterly reject.
‘The One and Twentieth contains fome Inftances of the
Strange Effe&ts of a kind of Fear or Terror, called by the
|| Sicilians, Scasto; the like to which, excepting thofe I fufpe&t to be fabalous, are fometimes occafioned by
Frights with us. He difcourfes in this Obfervation cone | cerning the inward Ufe of Camtbarides; and tells us,
That in the upper HZangary they give them to Men bit- ten by a Mad Dog, from One to Five, and to beafts in ‘a greater Quantity, in Spirit of Wine, Therzaea or - | Crums of Bread ; and that after the Ufe of them, thofe - bitten do not make bloody Urine. Others affirm that "they are of much Ufe in the Gonorrhea. He telis us, | e That all the Phyfitians and Aromatarii he had confülted, | agree in condemning the inward Ute of them. Bat vet, ‘after all, he predicts, "That Cantharides will have the |; fame Fate with Mercury and Astimony, which after va--
rious Cenfures and Oppofitions, at laft found Credit — “with thofe very Phyfitians which at firft defamed them, and abhorred the Ufe of them as dangerous and Mifchie- vous. | "n" 'The Title of the Two add Twentieth is concerning. - | JObftru&ions, Fl&tufes, Intemperies of the Liver, and a | Periodical Fo/vulus or Twitting of the Guts, | S The Three and T wentieth-is concerning regular Peri- | !0ds of the Ague and other Difeafes ; here he diftourfes of the Root me «celebrated by Tho. Bartholine for the. |N . Cure
~
-
CCE Cure of the Colick in Norwey. He obferves that the 3 Notes of /mperatoria major. G. B. agree very nearly with thofe ef Nuput, mentioned. by Bartholine ; and judges
it to be the fame. : The Four and Twentieth préfants us With curious - A&tions of {ome Animals. And the Five and Twentieth with. extraordinary and curious Effc&s of fome Plants, — One I thall mention, If with the Flowers of Fraxinedla. ' 74€ touch other Flowers, as Roles, Violets, Gil lyflowers,, Orange-Flowers ; Thefe, although they be Odoriferous, - faddeniy lofe their nátural Sentit and allume that of the — _ Fraxinella. | : a The Six and Twentieth is épncepiitdg the extravagant : and prodigious Fffluvia of fome Plants and fome Aui- E mals. 4 The Seven iud Tw cnt bois various curious Et. |
' fe&ts produced by Nature.
The Eight and Twentieth treats of the Bees of (had Hyblean Mountains in Sicily; and thofeof other Provins ' | ‘ces, wherein | find little but what is tobe met with in Books written concerning this Subject. : — "The Nine and Tweatieth gives an Account of dl i Pitch of Caftro, well kaown in the Ecelefiaftick State s famous for its médicinal Vertues, and experieaced for the 1 Cure of many Difeafes.. It is found i in the Campagna of | Rome, ifluing, out of the Cracks or Fiffures of a Mouüs. E tain above the Village of Caffre, Ten Miles diftant from 4 the City of Veroli, belonging to the Houfe of Colonna, and Sixty from Rome. Here he mentions feveral forts o Bituminous Oyls, and Pitches found in other Gown there being fcarce any Province in Europe, in which. there are not found-ofthem. 4 ‘The Thirtieth exhibits a Doferintinn of the Macalu li of Sicily, which isa certain Place near Agrigentum, where there is isa continual Fermentation, and vile bubling up|
ofi
^4
| CSI) dt | of the Superficies of the Earth, which at times fwells and |. rifes up a Yard high ia the Form of a little Hill, and - finks again.in.a ftrange: manner, (9c. . To this he adds | feveral Stories of Eruptions of Vapours and Fumes out | of the Earth, divers of them mortiferous: And Two | Letters, the Firft about Petroleum, found in the State of | Modena, and a Vorags, which oftentimes in a Year vo- | mits out Smoak, Flame, and an Afh-coloured flinking | Lome. or. Mud. . The Second about an Oyl or Balfom . | found in a Well near Viterbo in Italy. — The One and Thirtieth gives an Account of the Oyl | ef Juniper, and the Natural Productions of the Territo- | ry of the Duke of Parma. | | ce |. The Two and Thirticth concerns the Glofopetre of | Malta, and. other formed Stones, conceraing the Origi- | nal and Formation of which he embraces the Opinion of | Columna, Steno and Scilla, that they were really the Parts «or Covers of thofe Animals which they reprefent. He ;anfwers the principal Obje&tion againft. this Opinion, “wiz. thofe Cluíters and Lumps of Lenticular Stones of a ‘Saffron Colour amafled together, which are frequent- ly found in Malta, and of which we have fome very ele-
gant ones; which feem to be the Minera or Ovarium of thofe Bodies they. call Serpents Eyes; thefe he fuppofes may be the Eggs of fome Fifh, which produces or breeds em in a little Ciftula or Bag; by. which means they - me to be united together in {uch Lumps; . which is the Deft Anfwer to this Objection 1 have yet met with; if at leaft there be any Fifh which produces her Eggs in ‘fuch a Manner. . . | jd dons | a he Three and Thirtieth is about the Alternstions of | a certain. Well near Chamberyin Savoy, much refembling he Vieiflitudes of our Ebbing and flowing Well at Gig-
ges
i
"m T tO
ie Sae P3 RS. ——"
( 62.) 1
- "To this he adds feveral ca. DR of Wells which flow | at certain Seafons-of the Y ear, as the Crotta of S. Epipha- nius at Famagufta in-Cyprus: One at Suffenage near the City of Grenoble in France: A (mall Well in the Pro- vince of Lieweis, by the Way fide which leads to Gabi- — ano, Where the Petroleum is gotten, whichruns nowone _ way, now another, contrary to the North and South- — Winds. | :
. The Four and Thirtieth is a Philofophick Cotvérati 1 on containing feveral Conferences about Natural and Me- © dicinal Matters. The Firft concerning the Pleurifie: — The Second concerning Womens Vapours, or the S. * catio Uterina : The Third concerning the Cancer in Wo- — mens Breafts : The Fourth concerning Chirurgical Helps | for Wounds, Tumours, Strokes, and Pains: The Fifth T concerning certain Medicinal Matters. '
The Five and Thirtieth exhibits fome Verthés and © Ufts of divers common and neglected Plants, which grow in almoft all Countries. 7 "
The Six and Thirtieth gives an Account of the various — forts of Cheefe, and fome other Milk Mee, made Lb. Italy and other Places.
- The Seven and Thirtieth is a Difcourfe of joan B tifta Hodierna conceraing the hangiog of Clouds ia th Air, and of Snow, Ge.»
The Eight and Thirtieth is an “Account of a Simpliog Voyage ot Sohn Baptifta Triumphetti, Botanick 1 rer in the Sapienza of Rome, and Demonftrator of Simples. j in the Phy fick-Garden there ; in which Voyage he gives 3 an Account of the Sulphar- Mine at Solfatara, and the — Manner of diftilling Sulphur out of it. 2. Of the ma- king of Iron, of the Furnace where it is melted, ind Forge where it is hammerd, declaring the ma er of - . both. ' 3. Of the Mine and Preparation of Kos AM near Rome.
‘aeons bx. X.
ed 4 Fab he~ My ah dais cit PN er UAB ce nye ay owe
a
E : D Se, Moft of the following Obfervations are about the Na- . .ture and firft Imprefiion of Coral, and other Lithophyra, Fuci, C9 Mafci Marmi, Antipathes and Sponges. of which | forts of Bodies he gives us the Defcriptioa of feveral _ Species: The original of divers Marine Productions, and | other imperfe&t Plants, as Fuci, Corallines, Zoophytes, _ Mafbromes, and the like; with the Defcriptions and Fi- sures of feveral Species of thefe Bodies. Several Sorts | ofthe Pietra Stellaria ot Affroites. Laftly, he adds a | Difcourfe concerning Mufhromes. : | ‘The Two and Fortieth and Four and Fortieth Obfer- ^^. vations we have already given an Account of in the Ab- | «ftraé& of his other Book. | | - The Three aad Fortieth Obfervation is about the Tur-
| choifes of the New Rock, which are artificial Stones | Chymically prepared; the Manner of Preparation fee IB were. =. 2. This Work contains great Variety of Matter, anda | multitude of Medicines, fimple and compound, for al- ! moft all Difeafes and Infirmities. The Author fhews | himfelf to be a Manof great Candor and Ingenuity, (peak- | ing evil of no-Man, nor detracting from any ; without’ | Emulation giving a fair Character of every one that de- —! ferves it, and that rather beyond than fhort of their "| Merit, according to the exceflive Civility of his Nation.
| 2, An Account of Paradifus Batavus, continens plus cen- gum plantas, 6c. with additional Remarks by Mr.Fohz EN Ray, F.R.S. - T
|| HE learned and much celebrated Herbarift Dr. Paul B ‘Hermans, Author of this Work, whofe Name — | alone is fufficient to recommend it to the ingenious Reader, A Jdefigaed therein to give us the Hiftory ot fuch rare and | mon-defcript Plants, as well European as Indian, as were — |-eultivated either in publick Phy fick-Gardens, or thofe of EM" - | [2 private .
ae ee OT ind 2.'
2 PE uy i CHA TT. private curiousPerfons, inand about Z7oZand ; a$ we fee
' now accordingly performed. Of fome of. thofe be pre- ~ fents us with both Defcriptions and Figures, of others with Defcriptions only, and of others which had been ^ before defcribed, but not delineated with Figures, refer- — ing us for their Defcriptions to their firft Authors. Of — the firft Kind, this'Work contains more than an Hundred — Species, digefted in an Alphabetical Order. The Aus — thor intended a-Second and Third Century, for which ~
. he had prepared Materials, having caufed many more © Plants to. be drawn by Hand, which are not as yet en- ~ graven, a Catalogue whereof the Editor hath added to 7 the end of the Book, which it were to. be defired, fome. Publick-fpirited Perfons or Societies would, be at the — Charge of cutting in Brafs, that fo great a Treafure be ~ not wholly fupprefled and loft. — — | A All that I fhall or need fay of this Piece is, That the — Defcriptions are very accurate, and fufficient’ alone to — lead us into a certain and unerring Knowledge of the — Plants deferibed, and withal concife, and not encumbred © with fuperfluous and unnéceffary Stuff, which obfcures — ‘rather than illuftrates; and that the Iconsare anfwerable — to the Defcriptions, not needing their Affiftance to give . us a certain Idea of the Species they reprefent ; to which T may add, that they are fo exactly delineated and curi- oufly engraven, that for their Elegancy alone, they may
~ invite the Curiousin Sculpture to purchafethe Book, — . "But befide the Subject of the Werk, that is, the De- {criptions of the more rare Plants therein contained, the Author givesus fome remarkable Obfer vations by the by, asp. 19, ($c. An exact Divifión of Mallows, or Malva- ceous Plants 5. which he diftinguifhes into Two Kinds; |
i. Such as bear naked Seeds. 2. Such as bear Seeds | enclofed-in Cafes or Veflels. To this laft kind he appro- priates the Name, of. Althga, referring the common al
'T- a oe D
j "
A
-—
8 . ] fel £A " VE my [^^ teeta A É
- 3 ™ - . , *
EX. 65 ) : = | thea of the Shops to Mal/va, ftridtly fo called. TZ think it had been more proper, to avoid Confufion and Miftake, to have left in quiet Poffefiion of the Name Althea, the Plant oz which it was impofed by the Ancients, by which that Plant is denoted in ail the Writings of Herbarifls and Phy-
Sitians, ‘Ancient and Modern; and impofed a new Name |. entbe ladian Mallow, as Monfteur Toursetort bath done,
| viz. Ketmia. Such as bear naked Seeds he divides into
_Malve in Specie fo called, and Alcee. The Notes of Malva he conititutes, Many naked femilunary Seeds, . difpofed in the Form of a Rundie or Placenta; a double Calix divided into Eight Segments or more, as it were into fo many Leaves; Flowers made up of Five Leaves _or Petala, joined at the bottom, and a Stile in the Middle, furnithed with many <Apices ; or inftead of {uch Style, made up of many Leaves [Pera/a ;] fimple Leaves, alter- nately fituate, either roundifh or oblong, either entire and undivided, or divided but not deeply. Thofe called
- bythe Name of Alcea are, he faith, of Two Kinds. Thofe of the firít Kind agree in their principal Parts with Mal. lows, [Malve] only their Stalks and Leaves are fome-.
what more rough, and thefe divided into narrower and deeper Laczsiz*or Jags. Their Flowers have no Petala in.
LL PME L
| nee yes io
€ reyes % Se : : '— the middle, but a Style witn many Apices proceeding. E fometimes fingly, fometimes many togcther out of the
- Bofoms of the Leaves. Thofe of the latter Kind have naked Triangular Seeds, Five for the moft part, rarely - more or fewer, clofe joined together into a Head [Capi- — talum\ eüher of a fmooth Surface, or echinated after the. |^. manner of Xanthium. Their Calices are divided into | —* Five Segments, their Flowers like thofe of the precedent | Kind, but lefs, their Leaves either entire only nicked in. | the Edges, refembling the Leaves of Hornbeam, Elm or — Mulberry, or divided le(s or more deeply into Lobes : | Thofe of the Second Kind, or Indian Mallows, which.
AES - x. (
re"
ee DEUS ro. aes z AMAN
he- .
- M — te t — M á— -————-— c-— 5 S " "e " " : : : d pv» [ p TER - - » P" P ridet Y 3 LE TIC dem 2S v P»; ^ Coen iom - , -
“he calls by the Name of A/tbez, bring forth Seeds ei- ther angulofe or round, in Veflels divided into Five Cells, . more or fewer, of different Form and Magnitude; ha- ving malvaceous Flowers and Calyces; leaves alternate- ly fituate, fome whole, fome divided into Lobes, fome deeply laciniated. A Another Remark he gives us concerning the Plants, called by the diftin& Names of Apocyza or Dogsbanes, Afclepias’s or Swallow-worts, and Nerza or Rofe-bayes, which Three he reduces to one Kind ; the Characteriftic whereof he makes Si/igue, or Cods of one Piece, open- ing long-ways, and containing Seeds piled one upon ano- ther smbricatim, each having a long appendant Filament of Down. - For whereas fome make the Difference be- - tween thefe to be, that the Swallow-worts have fingle | Cods fucceeding each Flower, but the Dogs-banes and . Nerias or Rofe-bayes double; and that the Neria are — fhrubby or arborefcent Plants, containing a Limpid or . Yellowifh Juice, whereas the Apocyna yield a Milk: He fhews that thefe Notes are not proper to one Kind, but agree promifcuoufly to all the reft. For fometimes the Swallow-worts bear fingle Cods ; he might have faid al- ways according tothe Intention of Nature; and on the cone trary, the Apocyna do not always bear double Cods, but fometime folitary or fingle. Neither doth Nerius only — grow up to the Magnitude and Stature of a Tree, or — contain a limpid yellow Juice, but alfo fome forts of Apo. cyna; neither doth Swallow-wort only yield a limpid ^ watry Juice, but fome forts of Apocyna alfo. Befides — though this Juice in Swallow-wort be limpid in the be- ginning of Summer, yet towards Autumn it grows thick. - and Milky; as Fab. Columna hath obferved. Of thefe Apocyna, which are very numerous, he gives us a Cata- logue, containing both thofe obferved by himfelf, and —.— thofe defcribed by others, which he diftinguifhes into. — Two Kinds, 1. Erect, 2. Scandent, . ~~ 3. He PS 3
-- = $t
———— br. *
: ($67 )
^. 3. He gives us an Enumeration of füch Plants as may:
Po ee be comprehended under the general Name of Aron, the.
— Characteriftick. whereof he makes to be- a Bacciferous. Plant, baving a monopetalous cucullate Flower ; whereof there are Four forts called by the Names of Aron, Arifae. rum, Dracontivm and Colocafia. Arifarum differs from: Arum in being le(s and flenderer in all its parts. Coloca-
end, but inthe middle of the Leaf, after the manner of: the Cotolydonei; Flowers fometimes fingle, fometimes
more than one proceeding cut of the fame folliculate- 3. Foot-ftalk ; a Style thicker and fhorter than Arox, and: terminating in a flender Point. — Dracontium differs from: Arum.and the reft, in having a Leaf deeply-laciniated or- divided into many Jaggs. ph x :
uie ais MES A OE — à
———
b UN. Books lately Printed beyond' Sea, |
—7W^Raite des embaumemens felon les anciens C9 les mo-
AE. dernes, avec un defcription de quelques compofrtions | Zalfamiques & odorantes.Par Louis Penicher Ancien Garde.
| des Marchands Apotiquaires de Paris. Da 2o. 1693.
| La Galleria Di Minerva Overo Notizie Univerfali, Di: - quanto e ftato fcritto da Letterati d'Europa nou folo nel: vi prefente Secolo, mà ancora ne gia trafcorft, in qualunque: | materia Sacra, e Profana, Retorica, Poetica, Politica,
| £ematica, Medica, ¢ Legale, e fnalmente in ogni Scienza, | € zn ogni Arie (i Mecanica come Liberale. Tratte da Libri: non folo Stampati, mada ftamparfi, ove oltre à quanto in- | fegnano gli Atti di Lipfia, e d' Inghilterra, l'Efemeride di |. Germania, la Biblioteca Univerfale d? Francia, ed i Gior- | | a : nali
1, =
fa from both, in having fmooth, umbilicate Leaves, - without any Spots; the Foot-ftalk inferted not in the .
Afforica, Geograjica, Cronologica, Teologica, Filofofica, Ma- - |
* wali de’ Letterati d leet Pebe inferite nuove curiofitZ, ed infegnamenti, a profitto della Republica delle Lettere,
con intagli de’. Rami quis a i fuoi uoc. th Venetia, ES 1696. | sy
Eufevologia Remand, overo della We pie di Roma, accrefciuto ed ampliato fecondo lo ftato prefeute s «con. duo. trattati della Accademia Librarie celebri di Roma dell Abbate Carlo Bartot. Piazza. ada impreffa ent, Roma. 1698. 4to.- : | — Hüfloria della Guerca di: Brafi lia fra i Portuguefi ed Hollandefi, &c. con molte charte, Roma. fol. 1698.
. Namifmata Pontificum Bomanorum qu& a tempore Marti-
ni V. ufque ad annum 1699. Vel autboritate publica, vel — privato genie in lucem prodiere, Explicata, ac nei eruditione facra, © prophdna illuftrata a P. Philippa Bo nanni Societatis Fefu.Roma, Anno 1699. pie Bon. rn Herculis in via Parionis.
_- The Natural Hiftory of Sicily, wrote by P. —
will be foon finithed ; the Author is now at. Ad taking c care of the Griviog. - : LE Um.
De E a ede Publication “of P: Boccone’s Two curious Books laté by — mentioned in thefe Tranfaftions, as well a, »- s
Dr. Herman, having been encouraged - from E . fome few Copies of each of them are come over, and t _ fold by Mr. Smith and Mr. Walford at the Prince’s
in St. Paul's Church Yard, and Mr. Bateman i dn
Nofter- Row, sais. r6 Vett hie ay 5
| 5 TN piinted 4 Sab: Syiitb, p Benj. dci Bie S. to th& Royal Society, at the cake Ae Se. Pas ruf tar Chatel Yard. Bares: TENGO CL
e € ow " &- es /
ka fe” rusa fy SL
| E ocn
|
pes TW AG EL Na,
es For the Mouth of March, 1699.
e {
\
ey je i | | I > S
(The CONTENTS. |
de further Account of what was contain'd in sith Chinefe Cabinet, by Hans Sloane, M. D.
1 II. Of Coal. Borings, Canpeuigated by Dr.Mar-- _ tin Lifter, Fell.Col.Pbyf. & WR. S.. VI. Situs
novi Comete menfe Februario, Anni 1699. in Regio Obferwatorio Parifienft Obferwati. IV. Part of a Letter from Dr.Cay to Dr. Li-
dier, concerning the Vertnes of tbe Ofira-
| j cites, V, An Account iof tbe Vertues-of Faba S? Ignatii, mentioned aft Tran{attion. Vis A
3 pee end quove Exa&i Account of the | ^K
fame
eS She, 209023031 “€ go 9 4 fame, pes in a Letter from F ather Camelli to Mr, John Ray, and Mr. James Petiver, Fellows of the Royal Society. VH. 4n Account of a Stone found ia the Stomach ef a Lady on. Diffettion, ancther in the left Kidney, and fome fmaller ones in the - Gall-Bladder.. By Mr. William Clerk, Sar- geom. Coimmunicated by Dv. Chailcs. Pre- fton. VIII. Part of a Letter from Mr. But- fiere, to Dr. Sloane , wherein be gives an Account of tbe mew, way of Cutting for the Stone by the Hermit;-witb bis Opinion-of it, — IX. The Extra& "E 4 Letter from Mr.Petto, concerning [ome Parelii, feen at Sudbury in — Suffolk, December the 281b; T Com- ‘ musicated 5 Pr. Beverley |
» "S . P s
LL A füliber A Ac coni of Jas was contain Wd inthe : Chinefe Cabinet, b Hans EYES He er: oid
| Sea-Horle Tooth, | Ps i Cow-Bezoar. This was roundifh, diga asaHens |
Egg, made of Lamine, or Plates, one Layer on another, |
er the manner of true Bezoar, but melts when appli- -
ed to the Candle, and therefore i is not true, but factitious. —
# ‘
» AN » NEST T. Rd PS TRES d EIAS
í : a IE > Pent Seer
( 71)
A pair of Braís Tweezers.
Around Metallick Speculum, uled asa Looking Glafs, two inches Diameter.
: A Malaya Purfe made of Straw , iets or Woven | as are Straw- hats.
Two Bone Prob:
. . FourCbisa Peacils, with thefe the Chinefe write disir | Letters, as wedo with Pens.
One wide T'oothd Comb of one piece of wood.
One ftrait tooth'd Combe: Its Teeth are all diftin& flat pieces of wood, fharp at both ends, fet together and faftned to one another by two pieces of Reed, laid over their middle: — |
- An Inftrument to clé an the Combs, of three Teeth.
Nux Fomica. :
Bamboo Stone. | Books of Chisza Leaf Gold, the Leaves of fome of which are an Inch and half fquare, others four In- | ches.’ The Paper was of the ordinary China Paper, like-
oly made of Silk or Cotton. The Chinefe Guild Paper on | ene fide with this leaf Gold, then cut it in long pieces, |. _they then weave it into their Silks, which makes them, D. — with little or no Coft, look very richand fine. The fame b long: pices are twifted or turn'd about Silk Thread by ET foartificially, as to look fiaer then Gold Thread, tho it be of no great value. | A Sheet of brown Paper from China This fort of E Brown Paper, which is {mooth and thin, is made ufe of | i0 lieu of Linnen Cloath or Rags, to fpread Oynt- | -Ments on, to apply to Sores, in the Hofpitals in | Paris. - | Two Steel Inftruments for polifhing Rafors, each . : |: Li ‘aig crooked and two inches ee
Semen
ibis (72) : a
Semen Phafeoli Zurattenfis ; ot Couhage ; Rat bf © plant. uled for Curing Dropfics. —
A great black oer VA a Scarlet Butterfly, an nAfh:- coloured Capricorn, a Locuft, and a P/a/zaa, all to pieces. 7 |
An Indian Hone, a blackifh Colour.
A ChinaHone like ours.
; An indian Hone, to be ufed after the Sou. to fmooth
s the points of Lancets, ©c. thisis made of a kindof white Wood, aslight as touchwood.
^ MN Painters Brufh, made of the Stalk of a Plant, the
Fibres of which, at both ends, being fretted afunder -
. and tyed together again, ferve for a Brufh. :
e of feveral kinds of Chine Ink, with, Clariders 4 on them
T * VEA pex - ce
it were to £e wifked other Traveller $. into Foreign — _ Parts mould make fuch enquiries (as MrBuckly, who. fent thefe to the Royal Society 4as done) into the — - Anfiruments and: Materials made sfe.of in the places where they come, that are any manuer of way for Benefit or innocent delight of Mankind, that we may. Ü content our felves with our own Inventions, wherewe — go beyond them, and imitate. ere hernias ar s beyond ours. —
Ib of Coal: Bui ings, Communic
ated by Dr, M AL
tin Lifter, Fell. Coll Pbyf. & RS. whied - Role or Record be bad from Mr. Maleverer, ef Arncliffe in York hire
"Thomas Waike bored for Coal at Maufton near’ Leeds, in the Grounds hereafter named,
May the 20th, 1639. “In the Rye-Clofe, or upper
| \ Pig hill, on the Eaft of the - |. Way,38 Yards, fromthe North
- Eaf Hedge.
In Earth x Yard
in yellow Clay 1 yard
in blew Ramel 1 yard
in black Slate 1 Quarter in grey metal ics tWo . yards and two quarter
in black metal 2 "ERE b in "grey Stone 2 yards . ina Whinflene: 1 qua. in grey metal 2 qua. "a ein a’ Whinftone à Foot. |. ingrey Metalafoot — in Iron-ftone 6 Inches 7 in a Cowhhot
B Itone; with many Iron Gir- - dlesin it, 9 yards 2 qua. Fun black ftone 2 yar. 2 qua.
in a Mous-coloured ftone,
| Jone yard
in black Metals r qua.
“in grey ftone 2 yar. 1 qua. Beas "ina Cowfhot coloured fone with many Iron Girdies in it, | ® yards.
coloured —
ina grey metal 2 qua. - in Goal a foot in a dark grey Stone2 qua. in a Whinftone a foor — ina dark grey Stone r yar. in a Cowfhot coloured ftone with Catheads in it, 1 yar. in black Metal’ mixt with Coal, 2 qua. ^. in Cowfhot. coloured fone, 3 yar. 2 quar.
ds 44-21 Fathom. Lhe Charge 9l. $5 We Bored 140 yards Weft
from the former place, I fup- pofe in the Taith Garth, a-
bout 20 yards S. W. from the -N. E.Hedge ; : :
In yellow Clay 3 yards
in Orange coloured {tone 8 yar.
“ina Cowfhot coloured ftone
(2 yar.
in black metal 2 quarters
án Cowíhot coloured Rone |
I yar. IQqua. — in Coal mixt with Metal, 1 quá. in ablew metala qua. in Coal 5 qua. 6 inc.
T een | in
2 yards In all 9 Fathom. The Charge of Boaring,2]. 11.34.
"We Bored in the Severals upon the. Weft fide of the Fifh-ponds ;
In yellow Clay 5 yards.
in yellow ftone 2 yar. -
. in Cowfhot.coloured ftone 1 yar. 2 quarters |
in blew ftone 5. yards
- 3n Coal ryar. 3 qua.
in grey metal r quarter 7 —
inches, in Coal, under this Coal a hard grey. ftoné I yar.
In all .- The Charge 1] 125. 6 4.
T We Bored at the Weft- of | the Eaft-hall clofe ;.
in Barth. yard.
in Coal 2 qua. and 3 inc.
We Bored 49 yar. by Eaft upon the dip.
in earth 2 yards,2 quarters,
5 inches in Coal 1 yard; I quarter, 5. inches.
We Bored. 30 yards M Eaft further fill accep the
Dip ;- in earth 2 yards ig gy M 3 Suiten
~
Jue)
Ina chil coliieid {tone .
in Coal 1 yat. I quarter 5- inches. in Earth 9 Yards
In al 4, Fathom. | In all tbe Charge 31. 3 s. 9.4. 1
We Bored in the Weft Clofe acjoiningto Win Moor;
in yellow Clay 3 yar.
in Orange: coloured ftong 10 yards
in-a Whinftone 2 qua.: E.
in an Orange cólonged i ftone 2: yar. 2 qua. +
in a Cowfhot caleuid ftone 3 2 yar. 2 qua.
In all 9. Fasbim. The Charge.21. IS) im
rd
September 3 22.1 16$; 9
George White; and James. Stringer, Bored inthe Eaff-ball-.. Clofe, 16 yards from the Eaft--— Corner of Mr. ye tp ‘bread; E Ing. A. D
In Earth. . a
Thence-20 yards ~ In Earth 1 qua. in Coal 1 qua. E Thence again 20 yards: E In earth x yard - in Coal 2 qua. * Thence 20 yards towards T :
orth. ie.
Tn Chay $yards ——
Thence from the faid Cor- ner of the Broad Ing. towards the Weft 5o yards, from the
Afh ia the South- -hedge, to-
_ wards the North 5 yar. | - - In Clay 2 yar. _. 4n Goal x yar. x qua. | Thence towards the North ‘Xe yards in Clay 2 ya. 5 ine. ~ in Coal x ya. 2 qua. Thence 1o ya. further North, in Clay 1 yard 2qua. án Coal x ya. 2 qua. | ^ We funk to it, ind find it | to A S. W. and firm Coal. The-Pit we funk in the Weft Clofe is 17 yards deep , the ' Coal on the N. W. Clofe 2 |' yards thick, onthe S. E. in the old Pit about twelve yards | IN. W. the Coal was x yard | 2inchesthick. | A Thence about 8 yards SW. | from the faid Pit in the Eaft- P hall Clofe, about ten yards i from the. S. Hedge, | In Earth and Cowshot 8 , yards 5a: |. .— in Coal 1 qua. Blew Cowfhot-fione 5 yar. good Metal for Sowing. - |... Thenceabout 5o yards from | the Welt hedge, and 4o yar. | from the South Hedge, . | © dn Barth 5 yards. - ü * in Clay and blew Metal 4 yards.
B ain, prey ftone 1 qua.
- C75)
the Welt end of
in red Stone 3 qua.
Cowfíhot Earth with Brafs Oar
Thence in the middle of the faid Hall Clofe, twenty yards Eatt from the Bufh Afb ia the Weft Hedge,
in Cowfhot Earth with I-
ron beds, 6 yards
in Coal firm rz. yard 2 qua. |
Thence Weft in the Weft- hall-clofe , about 4$ yards Welt from the faid Bufhy Ath, and $5 yards-from the acu : Hedge. |
In Cowfhot Earth with 3 Iron Beds, 6 yards |
in Coal x yar. 2 qua.
Thence ‘90 yards further Weit,about 45 yards from the South Hedge
in hard Cow-fhot Earth,
. with ¢ iron beds 7 yar. 1 qua.
Io inc. | in Coal rx yar. 6 inches | Between thefe two places, about twenty yards to the N.
2 quarters
2 or 5 yards deep.
in $ yards
in Coal 4 yards 1 qua.
Thence in the faid Weft- hall Clofe 46° yards North, from Fames Hunters and Chr. Ambles Hole; for they then began to bore in the faid Clofe;s
in yellow Clay 2 ya.
L 2 in
. in Blew Clay with rotten iron ftone, 1.ya./4 qua; -
in grey ftone x qua.
ia Coal rót:en r ya. 5 inc.
So that from tbe little Ath - in che Eaft Hedge of the faid
Welt hall-clofe’ to the Weft end zo yards ; from the little Odk in the {aid Hedge, the Coal is about x yard 2 inches; about ten yards towards the North from that line, the Coal. Bafféts out , but, good Coai on the South, | ‘Thence about "4o: Wards from the Weft Hedge of the Eaft part of the Severals, a. bout
Boring, to the Northi in that Clofé. | e
in Clay and ‘andy Banh, 1 ya, 2 qua.’
In Coal 2 ya
Thence 2$. yards to the :
:.. South
in Clay pu, yellow Sand, 2 ya. 2 qua.
in foft white Stone or Cow- fhot, x ya. 1 qua. | . in Coal very firm, r ya 3 quarters
‘Thence in did Welt Severals,
- in the firft Furrow on the Eaft of the. Fifh pond
Clofe by the North Hedge, |
in Earth and Iron Stone, I ya. 2 qua. in Coal.
562
From Hunters and "ebsblers s
Thence Southinthefame Fur-
row 1g: ya, *
in Earth andi iron Stone ; I ya. 2 gna. 1rd
in Coal - q Thence 9 dit further South
in the fame Furrow,
in Earth and Iron fone : ya. 2 qua. x "
in Coal 5; T Thence in the faid-Futrow — - clofe by the North Hedge, E | in Earth x qu.
in white Sandy ftone 2 qu.
in Yellow fand fone. 2 NA. Io ine, ^: Wt
in Coal firm, 1ya.jqui- j >in hard. Spaven, I dm sinc. -
“in. hard Stone E Thence cles Sede! tilow! ] . the loweft'of the old Píts, 10 yards, Clofe by the great. : Stone; in the faid Wel Se 5 verals, m. : i in yellow Clay r ya. zi in rum dindyi fone 2 i yards ^ - |
E Cowüharé -flofie 4 ya
- jn hard white ftone 1 [ya E in Cowfhot ftone again, 3 |
ya. 3qua..
in Coal 1 ya qua ^ — | in grey Spaven, i yard 7
inches ©
"Thenteiftóny the doi | corner of the Eaf ra of the Gate Clofe , for.
| x20 yards along the’ faid.
this Coal breaks e
* E
| E
forth one yard two quar ters deep |. |
‘Thence 20 yards further N. in the faid Dich, in Earth 2 qua. !
in yellow ftone or rather -
white, gyar.2qua. Thence in the Weft. Severals again, clofe by the South Hedge;7o yar. from the E. : Hedge, . án blew Clay with Iron flone, 4 yar-i qua. - in Coal 2 qua. Mr Moore's outbreak .
|. Thence in the long Clofe, part of the Weft-field, 4o —
yards from the N.W. cor-
ner of the gate Clofe, ‘in Clay 1 yard : go afinit of Coal 2 qua.
|. "Fhence to Weft 15 yards,
in Earth 3 qua —
in Coal -_ Thence 25 yar. further W. 40 ya. from the-old Pitts) 4n yellow Clay, and rotten
Garon ftone, x ya: 5 qua.
ox in: Coal pipé zinc. .
|. Thence at. the South end. of: | the long Ciols by the S.
Hedge,
in Earth 1 yard
in Cowíibot 2 qua.
|. in Cod (che out-breach of the Several Coal) x yard 1
| - quarter. | | "Thence in the gate Clofe, by.
the W. Hedge about 160 yards from the Lane, ©
eL IUE
in Earth 2 qua: | in yellow ftone. x yard 2 quarters. :
December 3 f. 1659. —
George White and James Stringer, Bored im the Eaff Cow-Pafure, by the E. Hedge, near the IN. Corner, by the fff Oak, ,
in Earth 2 yards 2 quarters - in Cowfhot Earth 2 ya.
in black Metal 3 ya. 2 qu.
in Cowíhor 3qua -. - \ jn black Metal x ya.
in grey Stone 4 inc. Thence in the middle Cow-
pafture, by the E. Hedge,
near the N.fide, againit the . Maple Tree, ES in blew black Earth 2. ya. - án Cowfhot Earth with Cats-heads, 3 ya. :
in black Earth 1 ya.
in Coal1qua. .
in Spaven 1 qua. —
in White Clay and Stone, 2 yards. Thence North about twenty
yards Weft from the tall
Aíh in the E. Hedge;
. jn Clay mixt with rotten. iron ftone, 2 ya. 2 qua.
in {iff brown Metal, 2 ya. 2 qua. in CowfhotEarth mixt with
black. | Thence
“Thence in che nether end of -; the W, Cow-pafture, near the damm, ro yards from . it, and 3o ya. from the N. -Hedge, sa ; in Earth and Clay 3 ya. ‘Thence 4 yards to the S. 15 yards E. from the S. E. corner, ; in Earth 1 ya. r qua. in Coal 6 inches . Thence so yards South, near 20 yards from Peafing Hedge, Peafeing Gap, 5 ya. . South from the young Oak intheDamm, in yellow Clay with iron ftone, 5 yards -. in Cowfhot 1 yard -.in Coal 6 inc. 4in white grey ftone, x ya. ia black Metal, 1 qua. in Galliard
‘Thence in the Weft end of .
the PeafeIng, 2 yards from the Afi in the midle of the Welt hedge , 75 ya. [rot ^ -- 0s Lee in Earth 3 qua.
. Án Cewfhot 1 qua.
( 78)
ia Coal (1 fuppofe hard bond) 5 qua. : in grey Metal, 2 yards 2
quarters
inCoal(I fuppofe thin Coal) 2 quarters uw in grey Earth 4 ya. . in Coal (1 fappofe Crack- ling ) 1 qua. In grey Spaven, 3 qua.
in grey ftone, rya. 1 qua. .
in Galliard Thence 18 ya. South in yellow Clay 2 ya.
in Coal mixt with Earth —
3 quarters.
N.B. This was done for the
Concerns of a Private Fa- snily s. but becaufe it may . be of fame ufeto the N&
It was twice as long again but [carce any thing (m
Repetitions of the fame
things in Nature, and - therefore be Tranfcribed no
mores but the a as th
- were a Specimen.
AH. Situs
turalif , Dr. Lifter was — willing to part with it. .—
dy F f s
M
f
n.
Tl. Situs novi Comete menfe Februario, An- ni 1699. in Kegio Obfervatorio Parifienfi: Obfervati. k :
IN fequente st 19 Hobart anni hujus uw in Obfervatorio Regio Parifienfi inter hiatus ‘nu-- bium quz à diebus aliquot Czlum obduxerant, videri. czpit exiguus Cometa inflar ftella? nebulofe tertie mag- nitudinis, illi perítmilis qu menfe Septembri 1698. fuit . obfervatus. :
Situs erat inter ftellas informes;Sextz magnitudinis - I prope: circulum polarem ar&ticum fupra caput Aurigze, - aquali fere intervallo inter cubitum occidentalem Perfei .& caput majoris ursex, illas adícribit Tycho informibus..
|. circa: urfam minorem Continuatis obíervationibus per- |. intervalla temporis quibus eadem nocte & fequenti nubi- | . um motus cam cxli regionem aperiebat, vifus eft pro-.
- prio motu iter fuum dirigere Cap:llam verfus, cum ex~ _ igua deviatione ab ejus circulo declinationis adeo ut fi - diebus praecedentibus cxli ferenitas affulfiffet videri po- _tuiffet polo ar&ico proxima.. Ea erat ejus velocitas ut unius diei fpatio feptem circiter gradus magni circuli | perficeret, quo motu ase ante dies 4 ipfi polo fermé adheerere & ftellz polari fociari, fefeque Danis qui ftel-- , lam hanc ad itineris directionem frequenter obfervant,vi-
' dendam exhibere.
Ejus tranfitum per hujusurbis verticem, & deinde ejus Moriindtioném cum Capella poft biduum one expectabamus ; : fed optatiffimum fpectaculum & obi | vationibus ad Cometze diflantiam a terra us unu | inftituendis maxime opportunum , nubes qua totas $5
cg.
| - (89) 1 &es fequentes calum obfedere nobis. invigilantibus i invi. derunt. Quarendus poft hac erit Cometa hic in via qua: | per ftellas aurige, qua inter Taurum. & Geminos, per Orionem, Leporem & Columbam aut circa perducitur, quam viam prima obfervationes quz haberi poterunt. - compzratz cum noftris prioribus quarum meminimus, . exactius determinabunt. . Nec enim licet ex unius tage tuum dieiiatervallo quod hactenus minus commode obfer- vari potuit longiorem tractum exactius definire. |
~ Habitarum hactenus obíervationum qux Cometzlo-- cum accuratius determinat ea eft quam habuimus UAR | Sexta poft mediam no&em fequentem diem 19 re 4 ri, Comparavimus Cometam cum ftella fexta ma : tudinis quam Tycho appellat fecundam earum que. KE in linea. recta cum polo, quas quatuor recenfec quz ta- men non funt invicem. in lincá redd quamvis proxime ~ inter (e differant intervallo latitudinum quas illi siga. | ! Cometa igitur in. tranfitu per circulum horarium, pre- © cedebat hanc flellam minutis horartis 15" 53. ; quibus | | debetur differentia afcenfionis re&tze grad. 4. 43° erat au» - tem Septemtrionalicr eadcm ftel'à minutis 8. Unde füp- | pofita hojus ftelle. loagitudine ex latitudine Tychonica . ad hoc tempus, Cometa refertur ad gr. 15; $r. . Ge © minorum, cum latitudine Septentrionaligr. 37:25.
Movetur Com:ta hic ad cxli partes oppofitas. il- lis ad quss tendebat Cometa anni preteriti cum effec fermé in cAdem diftant’A a. p in, quà. nofter hel cum primum vifus eit, mec valde ab eodem loco re«- motus. - .— *-: B
Cometaautem menfis CPP eandem. profequutus e(t vixm quam inter fidera tenuerat Cometa anni 1652. — a nobis Bononiz obfervatus, cujus occafione editis lite. ris ad (creniffimum Francifcum Eftenfm Mutinz ducem, jim viam per cadem fidera que oofter tenuit anno 1698. — ^ | "itin
9 IN. a im ae s r " * Bae ah ng
eee tg
\
ae: * (8x) diftincte defcripfimus. ille menfe Decembri ab Msllra- : - libus cxli partibus per aftra Leporis, Orionis & Taurt - ubi Eclipticam fecuit cum inclinatione graduum 76, & per Períeum ad Caffiopeam pervenit, ubi videri defiic menfe Januario, anni 1653. Hic videri cxpit initio Menfis Septembris in eadem Cafliopez parte ubi ille vi- deridefierat, indeque pergens per humeros & brachia Cephei, ubi latitudinem maximam ab Ecliptica habuit graduum 76. tranfüt inter Draconem & Cygnum, per pellem Leonis in Hercule, per Ophiucum ufque ad Con- ftellationem {corpii, quam tenebat in ultimis obfervati- onibus a die 24 ad 23 Septembris habitis... Ex his autem obfervationibus collegimus cometam hunc Perigeum ob- | tinuiffe die 7 Septembris vefperé cum maxima velocitate - | apparenti graduum fere decem unius dici fpatio, -
| | Nw. ».. of a us frou Dr.Cay to DrlLifter, | concerning the Vertnes of the Oftracites;. with a nds. of tbe DoGlor' s on it.
| X Have been waiting a confiderable time efor a further Ws EL and fuller Account of the Virtues of the Offracites , . | from Dr. Home of Barwick, from whom 1 had the firft. Account of its being {fo extraordinary a Medicine in the | Nephritis, but as yet have not got all the Satisfaction - | that I would have inthe matter. However, left you: | fhould think I forget to make a Return to your laft obli-. | ging Letter, Irather choofe to fend you the following. | Account, imperfect as it is, than make pat wait any. 7 Bnger fora better. | p M. ; Dr.
| ( 82.) Dr. Home, in a Letter to me in Nac lat, tells, me, * That he never us'd this: Medicine to any that he * knew to be troubled with a Confirm'd ftone (being * perfwaded that no Medicine can break a large ftone) - * but only to fuch as were affli&ed with Gravel or {mall * Stones ; that fome of his Patients were cured without .. * evacuating any gravel or Stones at all, that others eva- . * cuated both: “That it never does its Work fuddenly, . - * (being not remarkably Diuretick) but that it rather - * diffolved the little Stonesthanforced'em. — That none — * that he ever gave this Medicine to,however grievoully — * and frequently aiflicted before, have ever been troubled with Nephritick pains fince; That his manner of giving - ‘ itis in fine pouder mixed with about athird part of flores — t -* Chamomel : Dole from half. a Dram to one Dram ia 1 * White-wine. "That the greateft Dofe is often apt to | * offend and naufeate the Stomach ; That he once gave * it alone with a weak infufion of. Chamomil Flow- - * ers, in We ene after it, but chat this did not do | * well. m — "Thusfarhe. | can y but little. yet: of my own | Knowledge of this Medicine, having had it but a thort 1 . while, and not us'd it yet to any but one Gentlewoman, | - whofe frequent and violent Fitsof the Gravel, made her lead a Life uneafy enough. I gave her this Medicine d not mixed with flores Chamomel (for at that time I. was unacquainted with Dr.fZomes manner of giving it) but | with poudered Semina Saxifrag. 1 cannot fay, that finie ^ - fhe ufed this: Medicine fhe never had any Returns of her pains, but fhe neither has them fo violent, nor fo fre- - quently ; and whenever fhe is threatned with them,- fhe moft certainly finds eafe by that time fhe hastaken three ~ Dofes of her Powder: And fhe hasfince the ufe of this Medicine voided a great many {mall Stones: But the reafon e why fhe i is {till threatned with the MP Return
e
P= '
e. ”
E X
| E933. Return of her Nephritick Pains, is, that fhe has never follow'd her Medicine throughly, but upon the-third Dofe, finding füch certain Eafe, fhe gives it over, tilla - new Fit forces herto ufeitagain. But however, this ha- ving done fo much more for her already, than any thing the ever met with before, fhe is fo pleas'd with it, . and {peaks fuch great things of it, that I believe fhe will {oon furnifh me with opportunities enough of giving it - afairand full Tryal; and when I know more of it, . you may expect to hear further. In the mean time it . may not perhaps be amifs for you to be ufing it your felf; and I dare promifé you, that you'll find fome- what in it, that will make you fet a Value upon E db us. M . Itake this Shell to be that which you call Offracztes — maximus rugofys CO afper; and which you have with _ the utmoft exactnefs defcribed. It burns to a Lime as - other Shells do, and as the Se/enites (tho' weakly) does. It yields no Volatil Salt, tho’ I try'd it in a naked Fire ; | Dor does common Oyfter-fhells, frefh taken and ufed, - afford above half a Scruple of a Liquor fomewhat mo- | derately Urinous, from four Ounces of Shells. And it may. be,: if they were long dryed and expofed to the "Weather, they would loofe even that, and yield no | more Volatil Salt than the Offraczzes. I confefs I was -fomewhat furprized at this matter ; fince there are who } fay , that even the other Shells, that are commonly | Gall'd petrify'd, yield a Volatil Salt : and I had my (elf from the Shells of. Cruftaceous Fifhes, (particularly of | | Lobfters) had a Volatil Salt and fetid Oy! in no incon- fiderable quantity ; even in a Sand Furnace. But thefe | fort of Shells differ from other Shells (as you have ex- actly obferved) in this too, Quod in his umbo ad cardi- nem leviter roftratus eff, qui tamen in Oftreis paulum alz- “ir eff, “They differ too in their fpecifick Gravity , 1 M23 thefe
n
| ( $4 2 | 'thefe being more ponderous then common Oy fter-fhells, and fomewhat near the {pecifick Gravity of the Se/euites. But indeed they differ one from another in Gravity, as wellasírom other Shells, as they partake more or lefs of a Tophaceous Subftance that coats many of.'em on the infide, and which perhaps may be fomewhat akin to the Selenites... And whether they may not have many other very different qualifications one from ano- .ther, according to the feveral different Beds they are found in, I think there may be (ome reafon to doubt, { have obferved fome fuch differences among the Coraua Ammonis , kaviog had one or two fmallonés from our Coal-pits here, that had a confiderable mixture of the. .— Pyrites; whereas thefe that are found about Whitby, ap. — proach, I think, more to the nature of the Alum- —. {tone ; and perhaps the Cornua Ammonis of the Ancients — were found in Beds of fomewhat yet more valuable; — fince Pliny {ays they were of a Golden Colour, andwere reckoned,zster Sacratifimas zEtbiopie gemmas. \ know — Agricola, [De ortu C9 caufis Subterraneorum, lib.iv.] ace — counts for this Golden Colour after another manner: — Cornua Ammonis inquit fucco aluminis infecta aurei coloris — | fíuut.. And Yam ready enough to think,that there is fome — truth not only in this Obfervation,but in what he imme- — diately adds, [dem inquit && aliis quibufdam lapidibus acci- - dit. For I cannot but attribute the extraordinary appea- — rance of. Colours in the Peacock-tail Coal, to its being | infected with the Suceus Aluminis, having feenfome pie- ces of this pretty fort of Coal, fhoot into true andge- - nuine Alum. Yet I cannot take this to be all the rea- fon of the Golden Colour of the Corsua Ammonis of the - Antients, fince T think, if this had been all, they had — never beennumbred, or deferved a place among their | Gems. QC, in^ y m
— But
| ( 85)
But be that matter as it. will, I chink its time to put . an end to a Letter, that's already grown much longer | then was defign'd ; I fhall therefore add no more con- |! cerning thefe Shells, being unwilling to burn my Fin- gers with that intricate and perplext queftion, Whar they are? Allthat I fhall fay of this matter fhall be only . this; If they be real Shells, their being found in fuch - different parts of the World, and at fuch great diftance from any Sea, may ferve for a fair and convincing Ar- gurnent of the Univerfality of the Deluge. And it they be not Shells, but only ftones form'd by (what fome People call) Fanciful and {porting Nature, we may at leaft conclude thus much from it, That fince even thefe Lufus Natura, thefe Freaks, .and random ftrokes of Na- | ture, have not only a Beauty, buta real ufe, that no- | thing in Nature is made in vain: And that many other | Foffils that we now contemn as toys and trifles, fit on- | ly for furnifhing out a 7Ma/zwm, may have other remar- | kable Virtues, that may in time bring even them to be |. taken notice of, and valu'd, as well as the long neglected | and defpisd Offracites.
The Do&ors Remark.
N.B. Zhe Golden Colour is from its. being a Pyrites, that is Iron flone. Again, All tbe Conchitze kind, but more particularly the Belemnite & lapides Ju-
daici, were known to the Antients for Specificks in Gravel, -
V. An
(. 86 ) diss.
rr Dcinde ante-dicte rafuree ftagaant fluxum fangui- nis applicate cuicunque vulneri. Et cum anno prete- rito, 1692. daretur bibi feminz laboranti profluvio fan- guinis diuturno evafit incolumis.
5. Fugat febres, nam me prafente eodem anno datum | fuit cuidam infantulz laboranti intenfiffima febre ut bibe- 4 ret & illico aufugit febris.
6. Juvat Parientes feminas ad hoc ut facilius, &felici- — us creaturam expellant. — | 1
7.Venio tandem ad. quotidianam experientiam : Mire | proficit pro quacumque repletione & cruditate Stoma- chi & contra proficit pro dyfenteria & egeo dejicien- - . di cupiditate temperanda.
pOv ‘
De modo applicandi Medicinam fusradiinn.. I
-. Dividat quifque granum in tres partes ad modum illi- - us quod divifum mitto, & cum fenferit neceflitatem,im- — mittat in os per quadrantem hore, vel per dimidium, óc m deglatiat falivas que deftillaverint, ac poftea bibat qua- 5 i duas aut tres uncias aqux frigidae & videbit effe. : ctum. | * Aliter quzratur fragmentum duriffimum teftaceum, E aut quid fimile illi quod mitto, ac in parte concava-pona- — tur parum aqux frigidze, & ibi refricetur fructus (fi icut .— indicat illud quod mitto) & aqua illa ponatur in va- — fcula cum rafuris, & iterum ter aut quater fiat fimiliter ufquedum habeas duas uncias illius confectionis & Joti- onis fragmenti teftacei ac grani fruticis;ac poftea revolva- | a tur & bibat patiens. ^-^ ^ SUNT, DOLES am ltem divifum granum in frufta fi feig tie cum oleo ~ (praecipue Olivarum) & Oleum illud bibatur aut plagis — applicetur, aut membra fpafino laborantia cum €o Une gantur, eft Medicinale ut fupra. 3 le T Hoc Experimento Comperimus. *À
" | F. Joannes a Jel
UN
Y te > sale of rhe aoe of Faba S" Ignatii, | mentioned laft Tranfattion.
Ndex virtutum quas experti fumus 8n fructu quo-
dam amariffimo Philippinarum . qui dicitur de Ca- ba longa. —
Aiunt quemdam venenarium ven: iffe ad Patrem Soci- -etatisJefu ut eum interficeret cum halitu mafticando her- - bas infectas, fed contrarium accidit, nam Maleficus cecidit. .femi-mortuus; Exillis vero qui concurrerunt dixit unus, - Cforte Venenarius,) Patri, habes tecum aliquod Prefers vativum, & Reflectione facta, refpondit Pater, habeo —hic fabam quandam amariffimam cujus virtutes me latent. O Pater, dixit Indus, hoc eft contra Maleficos, & hic mifer fine dubio jacet íemivivus, quia volebat ma- leficare te ; exploratoque ore illius invenerunt illic fu- . pradictas herbas notorie venenatas : Ex hinc cepit mag- _hificare hie fru&us, & paulatim explicat fequentes ali- -as Virtutes, —
1. Habet Virtutes illius metalli quod Tumbaga. dici- mus, & compofiti illius quod Ilingo dicitur, proficit. enim contra fpafmos ac ventos infe&tos, & contra | quoddam genus fpafmi quem nos dicimus fotan. | |» 2. Proficit ut evomatur quodcumque venenum, fi ra- . ‘fore ejus bibantar cum Aqua frigida, item con- -| tra moríus venenatorum, fi fimulapplicentur morfui ali- que rafuree ejus. : | 3- Item fi aliquod Membrum laboret fpafmo profi- 5 ai fi fuper parem infectam | applicentur fuptegiete 4 rà UX,
Ake 4. A
m A Farther and more Exa&b Account of the ame, fent in a Letter from F atber Camelli, — to Mr, John Ray, and Mr. James. Petiver,. Fellows of the Bes Society.
De Igafur, fen Nuce Viiuica Lig Será--
piont $.
atolongay quam alii Cantar’ vocant : eft NucesVo-. a C micas legitimas Serapionis ferens planta, quz are e bores quaívis altiffimas fefe involvendo fcandit : "Truncus: lignofus, levis, porofus, & brachialis quandoque crafli- | tudinis, corticifque fcabri, craffi, et cinerei : Folia am-- pla, nervofa, amara, Folio fermé fimilia : Florem Ba. lauftize fimilem fru&us in fequitur Melone major, qui de-
— licatiffima cuticula que fplendens, lxvis, et viroris la ridi, ceu Alabaftrini coopertus, fubter quam alius cortex: deliteícit fubftantice quafi-lapidefcentis. In hoc, carne. d amaricante, flava; & molli, qualis eft caro fru&tus Man-- — gg, interjedtá, nofirz, feu legitima Serapionis Nu Ss Vomicz, quz recentes abargentea lanugine fplendicant, - joglandinis vix noa pares, inzquales, varizeque form s non raró quatuor, & viginti coar&tantur; quas Indus. Igafur, & Mananaog, id eft, Vi&toriofas,Hyfpanus Nucle. os, s.pepitas de Byfayas, aut Catbalogan, alii Fabas Sandt.. Tgaatii vocant. He. reficcatze avellaná: nuce cum puta- mine pares, aut etiam pauld majores, nodofz; duriffi- me, diaphanz, & quafi cornee fubftantiz funt, faporis femine citri multo intenfius amari, coloris autern inter al. bum, & glaucum, prout & Serapio tradidit... - ?
i a Mult
» E
( “fi ^3 — E GRE s — —
Multi nefcio quo oraculo edocti, Nucem Igafur reti- | cule fructus Salagfalag immittunt, ex collo fufpenfum 1 gerunt; & ita ab omni veneno, pefte, contagio, incan- | tátionibus magicis , Philtris, & fpecialiter à fopto, feu veneno, quod folummodo infufflatum perimere narrant, ‘imo & ab ipfo demone fe liberos, ac immunes efle im- /maginantur. | ‘Quod Ch. Mirailes in fuis colle&aneis affirmat {cribens non tantüm virtutem habere depellendi corporis morbos, fed & malignis fpiritibus fpeciali quadam oppofitione re- fiftendi ; Magosetenim Barangas di&osad prefentiam hujus nucisinquietari, conturbari, & fudore (üffündi ac fi in nefcio quo arduo negotio, anguítis, periculifque pleno verfarentur. Quod experienuá didiciffe, infüper, & id ipfum fibi alios fide dignos vifos affirmaffe addit. Unde pactum cum damone habere dictos Barangas, feu maleficos herbarios fufpicatur, prefertim cum rumor ferat hofce impios medicos, fi in fimplicium cogaitione erudiri velint, confanguineorum proximum interimere obligari. a dm Alii à jam di&o fopto, feu toxici infufflamine quo - malevoli Indi paffim quos male cupiunt perimunt, Alex- | ium Lopez in Guiguan, & Petrum Oriol, preter alios -— Bàcce nuce premunitos, fervatos fuifle ferunt. Sumunt |. autem, uti Vulgus narrat füpradicti Herbarii eis famili- |" arid et nota Aconita, qua faucium latere uno recondunt, "buccá altera veró contrayerbas, prouti hujates loquun- | tur, ideft, antidota, ne videlicet fibimet ipfis mortem. | ^ mafticent : his ica ore detentis arte, & dexteritate di- |" abolicà fibi contrarios, & infenfos viperarum more in- | toxicato halitu impetunt, quo perculfi, ac perplexi mox |-- humi profternuntur, Sc animam agerent, nifi eis jam |" experto remedio hacce {cilicet nuce opem ferant. Ad- |." duat fi quis hanc nucem fecum portarit, ipfum qui fimi- | libus deleteriis becuse ara interficere attentaverat N penas
™
penas confeftim luere Talionis, utiIndus qui, Alexium — ^ Lopez inter fi@tas amicitias, de medio tollere cupiens, — - cafualiter hanc nucem fecum habentem expertus fuit: |... quà occafione primüm Hifpanis innotuit Igafur virtus, — & efficacia. Quomodo autem naturaliter ut non nulli volunt, Igafur virtutem toxici, in diftans agendo repel- lat, judicent alit. SOT o a Pulveris Igafur 2j. quondam Vincentio Olzinz tem- — peramenti melancholici pradito ad vomitum ciendum — propinavi: Hic dyfpepfia, diarrhea, & frequenti vo- - ‘mitu, cum ructibus acidis, nec non flatuum copia mo- . lcftabatur ; fed ftatim ac fumpfiffet tremore totius corpo- ris trium horarum fpatio perfiftente, una cum pruritu, & vellicationibus cenvulfivis horrendis ut pedibus in-. fifere nequiverit, qux in maxillis vehementiores erant, . - ac magis moleftz, ita ut quodammodo ridere cogeretur; correptus fuit. Nulla interim notabili pulfusalteratione, — | Vomitu, aut alio quopiam infequente fymptomate. De - reliquo deia non nihilum melius fenfit. wj Similem tremorem, & convulfionesfpafmodicas quas — V. Olzina expertus fuit, fenfit, Gc paffuseft Johannes Ofaéta, uná cum fumma przcordiorum anguftia, ver- — tigine, animi deliquio, & fudoribus frigidiffimis. Hic Melancholico-Hy pochondriacus fanitatis cupidus nucem, — recentem integram devoraverat. Cui oximel, &oleum cum tepida exhibendo, quo plurimum vifcofi phlegma- tis cum nucis particulis rejecit, opem tul. = = — Joachimus Affin Nucis{umpferat partem tertiam & da mili modo ut V. Olziaa, & Johannes Ofgeta ultra tres horas affe&us fuit. Hic praeter motus contraGtivos, & in- voluntarios, formicationis fenfum, & fpecialiter in capi- te expertus fuit. Similes denique poenas, A. Varaona,, A. Girau, &'alii luere. CUTE TM
2 pe senti ma
E Pd
1 E:
Zim
i Ad - Vulgüs
E. s oe, | Vulgus autem Nucem Igafür, ad cun&tá abfoluté cor- poris humani mala amovenda, nulla habita temporis, morbi, statis, aut dofis ratione indifferenter exhibet; & adhibet, miraculofofque inde fubfequutos effectus narrat, narrat videlicet — magnifaciendo fuam Panaceam, & deprzdicat fucceffüs bonos, reticens infauftos: Nec dubium quin aliquando, à tam vehementi fpirituum ani- malium irritatione, ac alteratione humorum ab hac nu- ce caufatà, hzterogenea, ac incongrua una cum tam ine fefti medicamenti particulis eliminentur, quibus rcjectis, humoribufque crafi meliori reftitutis, fanitas optata fub- fequatur. | : ~~ Qua ratione virtute polleat, & repellendi, '& allicien- di uti vulgus opinatur, nunc fcilicet fanguinem de vul- neribus profluentem fiftendo, nurc Lapidis colubrini inftar, venenum 6 viperarum, aut etiam aliorum vene- | mum vibrantium animalium morfibus, uti € vulneribus | telis intoxicatis inflitis proliciendo: ignoro. - Nucis!lgafur denique vires, & virtutes, non propria , experientia, fed relatione acquifitas, nec non de variis In- 4. dorum, aliorumve curioforum, & obfervationibus, & _ adnotationibus. excerptas, ac colle&as, amicé quondam à Dominico Conzales rogatus in formam digefii fequen- | tem. alli oos it "m | — Modus ordinarius, & communis utendi Nuce Igafar | |
ertt
eft, imponendo eam integram tantillo aqux calidz, | fpatio donec amara reddatur, exhibendo dein dictam in: -fufionem. Alii pulveris modicum in fubftantia propi- | mnt. Aliunam, alteramve offerunt deglutiendam fru- - —|ftulam. Aliinucem integram Amuleti ritu de collo fu- | fpenfam gerunt. ! | . Vomitum pluries caufare folet, dejectiones nonnun: , quam, motus {pafmodico-convulfivos ferme femper in + Hifpanis, Indis non. {n Veneni periculo, & fpirituum 1 inordinate tumultuantium conflictu, pofthabità temporis | | à N 2 . ratione
» EH
OZ ; ratione ufurpanda erit: In aliis accidentibus, aut mor- bis jejuno ventriculo in aurora, attamen vomitüs ciendi tratià convenientius una alteráve poft affumptum cibum. od dofi Z(s. cum alis levioribus vomitum cientibus -exhibebitur. . 3 Qui nucem integram fecum portarint, affirmant mul- ti (fides fic pencs authores) przíervare à Pefte, incan- tationibus magicis, philtris, fopto, fcu herbarum vene-
natarum afflatu, aéris praterea nefcio quo ut volunt con-
tagio, Hifpanis Malaire, & pafmo, id eft, ftupore, In-
dis Sautan (à quo fimiliter przíervare ferunt coralliam. .
nigrum, Ungulam Rhinocerotis, Dumbagam, Ingo, &
Teftudinis fcutum :) Catalepfeos attamen. fpecies po-- ^
. tius effe videtur, eo etenim correpti terrore veluti pa- nico perculfi corruunt, fenfibus & voce privati. obftu- peícunt, mortuifve fzpius fimiles obrigefcunt: Revul-.
foria vero, & crudeli mufculorum in tibiis, ac brachiis. -
flagellatione , quà fanguis inibi aggeftus dein fcarificati- onibus elicitür , revocantur, & curantur. . |
Nucis fruftulum, aut fragmentum (aut rafurz mo- —
dicum). Viperz, Baful, eft Erucz pilofe, atque nociferze,
ad tactum vehementem pruriginem caufantisfpecies, aut _ aliorum venenatorum animalium morfui, vulneri fagitta, _ vel alio intoxicato telo facto adimpofitum, venenum Ja» pidis Culebrini inftar adhaerendo extrahere comimunica- — vit F. de la Zara. Alu in. hzmorhagia narium, -
& ad fanguinem. @ vulneribus. proflaentem fiftendum, pulverem recommendant.. (et tie
-In Malviento, Malaire, Soutan, & pafmo, Catalep. — feos {pecies-eft; ftupore, Apoplexia, Paralyfi, fivefyde- ratione, lethargo, Epilepfia, Morbo caduco, aftmate, & catharro maligno, ac fuffocante, dentium dolore, & aliis defluxionibus fruftellum {upponitur limgueapophleg- — matizandi gratia, ita enim caput à copia vilcofi phleg
matis liberatum, xgri pluries. levamen, percipiunt, c fepius r
fepius jamjam agonizantes, ut ità dicam refufcitentur, .& aut confiteri, aut alia que pro tunc conveniunt de- clarare valenr. ee | - Pulverem, aut infufum, aut oleum infra defcriptum propinant,& dilaudant in febri tertiana & quartana. Ve. neni periculo , aut fupra : Sopto, Buyafio, eft Buyo, feu Betele confectio mortifera (cum femine ut opinor framonii, aut fimili narcotico) quz fi affumpta non peri- mit, hominem perplexum, attonitum , hebetem, ftu-
-. pidum, & torpidiffimum reddit: Ab hujufcemodi con-.
fectione devorata, aut mafticata, infra pofito oleo curata fuifle fcio, & Botete fardinz nociva comefiz fufpici- - ope. .-— | |
Ad urinas item, menfes, & Puerperia fupprefia pro-
vocanda, partum difficilem facilitandum , fecundi-. nam, fxtum mortuum & Lumbricos expellendos effi- eacem reper — - A:
In dolore colico-przterea, cibi indigeftione, crudita-- te ventriculi, & conco&ione lefa, diarrhea, Tenefmo,
_ .& obflructiose Epatis, ac lienis, uti & in omnibus füpra. _ enumeratis morbis exhibent.
— »« Oleum vero ex Igafur fimpliciter infufione paratum, - emeticum eft efficaciffimum, valet ad eadem ad quz nux. -. ipfa, hoc ad magi Barang prefentiam effervefcere,& vale . quo affervatur exilire vir retulit fide digniffimus. Idem: 4 E aliiin fuis fcriptisaffirmant. ——— ; - — Hoc Oleum alii efficacius reddere cupientes compo- -
nunt: Ex Igafur, Tambal de Garigara, Tambal de
7 Sangil; Tambal de Bornei, Salagíalag, Camaefa, Ma-
- pungal, Alagao, Salibutbut, Tambalifay Marbar Mo-
- lavin, Borogtongon, Palyaccan Panambuc, Pancoro, Nolalafíon, Bagatapon, Oriegun, & aliis, vulgo jazeite _ de Tambal, à: cortice {c. emetico Mananangtang appel- . latur, Violenter purgat per. fuperiora, & inieriora, do- fis $)- dij. |
(ma AU m 6. mm amm 8 Umum om NEC mtm
Lignum.
ES A ola tur, de reliquo conco&ionem adjuvat, & dejeétam ci-
borum excitat appetentiam. N. B. Pregnantibus ex-
-hiberi non poteft, quin abortum patiantur.
Lignum Colubrinum Manungal, deco&um ejus ve- nenis omnibus, venenatorumque animalium morfibus fuccurrit, febrifugum eft; & anti-aftmaticum, obítructi- ones inveteratas referans, & abjectam ciborum reftau- rans appetentiam : Tétero praterea , octo dierum {pa-
tio inaurora hauftum medetur, lumbricos pellit, & coli-
cos dolores mitigat. Decoctum ex 3ij. paratum, deje- tiones ferme quinas caufare folet. ——
Cortex Vomitorius Mananangtang, datur in pulvere —
à 3j. ad Div. pituitofa & lenta, nec non biliofa per
vomitum, & feceffüm potenter evacuat, unde in fe- bribus, ventriculirepletione, aut ex humoris vifcofitut- — gefícentia , cachexia, & hydrope feliciter exhibe- —- tur. In omni veneni periculo c. decocto Manun- — .gal; G ad ventris lumbricos educendos plurimum fa- ^
cit, Gc.
The Figures of the Leaves, Flowers, &c. of this
Y^ x
Plant are in tbe Table. Vide fg. 4, 5,& 6.
xy IT ‘ * : 4^ j E
gaum San&um Luzonis Quaiaco utiliter fubftitui-
vu. An Sao of a Stone found is in the Sto- mach of a Lady on Diffe&lion, another in the left Kidney, and fome fmaller ones in tbe Gall-Bladder. By Mr. William Clerk, Sur- geom. Communicated by Dr. Charles Pre- aes 3 | ;
N Hes year TES IM the Curiofity to vifi the | Mineral Wells, called Moffet Wells , in the County | of Annandale in Scotland , I had there an occafion of | Diffecinga Lady who had been drinking of the Wa-
| her Stomach, viz. a continual Vomiting, as alfo for | the Dolor Nephriticus ; How long fhe had been trou- | bled with thefe Diftempers, or what time fhe continued. | todrink of the Waters I had no account; only this I ' know, fhe dyed in a fit of Vomiting , the reafon ' whereof feems to be plain and obvious; for upon dif- | fe&ing the Stomach, 1 found a Stone of the bignefs and. "form asin fig. 1. the corner a. was almoft fixed in the | Pylorus, {o that the paffage from the Stomach to the in- ^ teftines was near quite fhut up. The fubftance of this
-|and an half On Difiection of the left Kidney, Ifound i alfo a Stone of the fame Subftance and form, as repre-
ented in jig. 2. weighing about five Drams, and in the Gall Bladder I found feveral Stones,as reprefented i in 2.3.
weighing two Drams.
"That Stones daily generate in the Vefica Urinaria,
— Reins and Vefcula fells, is a thing very ordinary and common s 5 but that. Stones penta | be bred i in the Sto«-
| ters, by advice of her Phyficians, for a Diftemper in
Stone is alittle Spongy, weighing about eight Drams -
mach:
‘mach of a human Body, is not fo very common; ‘However, it feems they have been produced by M : fame common Caufe and: petrefying Matter. But] - am apt to believe fome extraneous body has given ori. — gineto that. of the Stomach, as it happens frequently — even in thofe extra&ed from. the Vefica Crinaria, — Monfieur. Zo/et in his Treatife of Lztbotemy, relates a | Story of a Soldier that sas cut for the Stone, andan | Iron Tag-taken out of it, Parzus, Lib. 25. chap; 15. re-. | portsthe like. Héldanus de LithiafiCh.3. col. writes that a Gezeva Man dying after twenty eight years com- — plaintof Gravel, on diffe&ion they found a Stone — whereof a Leaden Bullet was the Kernel, which he had — received by a Musket Shor. Jofeph Cavillart, Obfviij, — relates.a parallel Cafe. — . 2 2e E
Stones generated in the Stomach excite horrid pains, -
but there are fcarce any clear figns by which they can be — diftinguifhed from others, except the continuance of the © pain; fometimes they. are ejected by Vomit ; but. we have a moft notable inftance of Stones adherent to the bottom of the Stomach, in Afor/tius, lib. Inft. p. 42 viz. Religiofus quidam nobilis. ordinis Sancli Bene ti Monafterii campidonenfis cuftos. feptem circiter annos per
| | dei 4 Intervalla miris modis conflittatur cum morbis @ praet A
Ceteras res fapius de dolore cirta regionem Cartilaginis en | frformss conquerebatur, 5 mortem apertus. feit 6 ventri- y culo Diffecto plures quam triginta calculos nunc majores nunc. minores fundo ac [abflanti& ventriculi pertinacifime adba~ rentes cum maxima ad/lantium admiratione extraxit. That feveral extraneous Bodies are oft-times found in the Sto. mach, being {wallowed over, either wilfully or by acci« dent; We have the Authority of Senmer. lib. prax. 3. parr. fer. i. cap. XV. primo enim compertum ef] numm: sf , globules plumbeos, clavos, mucrones gladiorum © Cultra-
\
"
/
rum; gemmas, metalla, © alia, deglutita fuiffe, quorum hiftorias varias collegit Schenkius, lib. 3. obf. 2, 3, 4, (8 fé. c | | j eile varia (9 monftrofa [ipe in ventriculo genita * ant quocunque modo producta C9 vomitu rejecla fuiffe ob- fervatum eft tefle Forrefto, G aliis. quamplurimis. Lapi- dis etiam ovi gallinacei magnitudine ibidem generariSchenk. Jib. 3. obf. 9. capillorum veluti glomos , vomitu rejectos fuiffe refert Monardes, lib.3. De Hifl. fimpl. med. C9 no- tabilis , fed certa eft Fiftoria de extradsous cultri ex ventricle, & vulnus idonies medicamentis. fanatum eger- que vivus evaftt. -And amongft the Rarities in the Anatomy Hall a Leyden, there is preferved a Knife ten Inches in length, - which was cut out of a Peafants Stomach, and he lived eight years after. It hasbeen of a long time the re- ' ceived Opinion of Phyficians, that Wounds in the Sto- mach were mortal, but we have alfo a late inftance of the contrary, Philof. 2rasf. Numb.219. ' . Tt were eafy to give a number of frefh inflances of the wallowing down of Money, &c. and there are fome - - date Accounts in Phzlof. Tranf. but there is a Gentleman "one Mr. Cameron, an Epifcopal Divine, who fome years ago in a frolick fwallowed half a Crown, who is alive to this Day , and finds no great Inconveniency therc-
b 2 That Stones are not only formed in the Stomach, ve- - ‘fica urinaria, Reins and vefcula fellis, but alfo in all o- “ther parts of. the Body, is without all controverfy con- firmed by manifold Obfervations and Experience, for “Stones in the Brain, vide Philofoph Trasfat. Numb.228. Stones cut out of the Kidnies, Numb. 233: Stones in «the Ureters and Kidnies, Numb. 233. Stone as big as - an Hens Egg in the Gall Bladder, Numb. 233. Stone bred at the root of the Tongue, bee 247. Tulpius
ia his obf Med. Iib. 2... cap. 25. has thefe words, Caleu- lum ubivis Locorum in bomine reperiri certum eh Vidit eum ex utero erumpere EIipp. ex pulmone Galenus, ex capite — Hhollerius, ab Intefl inisTrincavellius ex Liene acfellis vef- cicula ut alii, fic nos, ex Lingua ac colli glandulis, fed cal- ® culum qui in arteriis Invenerit equidem haétenus. inveni semiuem , Para@us, lib. 25. ch. x5. fays, he took one from a Man's Knee. lZorft. lib. obf. 4.. pag. 249. mene tions one who voided Two hundred thirty three Stones per Annum, and another that voided One hundred and fifty: Page 150. relates a cafe where Two hundred were taken out of the Gal! Bladder, (ome quadrangular and of a brown and yellow colour; but that which is more ftrange is, that Stones. fhould be found even in. the Heart itfelf Hforjt. lib. 4. cap. 5. Quodque nota: ta dignum | circa valvulas dextri ventriculi calculum ex — — zartaro concretum inflar minor is.caflaue uncis comprefioris. ~ Membranofe valvalarum. fabflantig adnatum confpicitur, — pag.253. Hüfferia medico rara (9 | obfervatu baud indig-e — made calculo, viz. Magnitudine nucis caftanee minoris, poft continuum capitis dolorem à naribus per palatum reje- — .. (lo, For Stones found in augulis ocalorum, vide Platerum, page go6. Ch. xv. ‘aliquando emunctione calculum excre- — tum vidimus, expuitione cum tufi calculos: rejectos fu- —— iffe non. folum ego fed &9. alii obfervarunt ; ex ore quoque — — alii calculi aliquando prodierunt, veluti e Lingue tumore, —— ficut aliqui motarunt : per anum calculum Scyballi formam —— exprimeutem redditum domi quoque. affervamus, aliumque — qui ex equi alvo prodiit in partu fetum Lapidejceutem fen petrofum exclufum à matre fe vidiffe medicus quidam no- firi feculi clarus mibi narravit, idemque fcripto publico seftatus eff.. Cutis poros topbulà exigui innafcuntur inde- que eximuntur per aperturas , fponte vel fectione fallas, — -&ophi e nodis podagricorum plures fapenumero prodierunt...
^o
— Tliofe .
P.
Y OMNE 22 ECT i jy diu r.i
oon 9 - 16 Thofe Stones in the Nerves, are ramed by Paulus zE- giueta ,Nodo[g nervorum concretione s.
. Now that Stones are generated in all parts of the Bo- dy, is almoft clear to a Demonftration, confirmed by fo many obfervations of credible Perfons, but more or- dinarily are formed in the Kidnies, and Vefica Uriuaria, becaufe more properly defign’d to (eparate and contain the ferum of the Blood, and for that reafon Stones in the Reins, and vefica urinaria, are more troublefome to Perfons afflidted therewith, then in any other part of the Body ; (1.) Becaufe the parts are more fenfible ;
— (2.) Becaufe they ftop the paflage for evacuating the
Serum, that is continually feparating from the Blood, and by coníequence diftend the Veflels, and (o caufe hor- rid pains. — ! |
Asfor the Figures and bignefs of thofe Stones, that is a thing very uncertain, for they are found of all
Forms and Shapes, fome bigger, íome le(s; fome of a prodigious bignefs, for which wide Philofoph. Tranfad.
Numb.222. and Ze/ets Treatife of Lithotomy. Stones are not only found in Human Bodies, but alfo
|. infeveral parts of other Animals, as Bezoar Stone found
in the Stomach of a kind of .Goat in both Indies, as alfo in the Stomach of Monkies (which is efteemed the
- beft: ) There is alfo a kind of Bezoar called Cow Bezoar, found in the Stomach of a Cow. — £Zzppelitbus found in
the Stomach of Horfes, ZEgagropila, in the Capra Al- pina,&c. it were needleís to mention any more, thefe In-
Ítances being fufücient. . |
"The Writersof the Materia Medica afcribe-great vers: tues to thefe Stones, and particularly the Bezoar, and have wrote large Excominms uponthem, to whom 1 re-
fer. Butif Phyficians would confider ferioufly the true "worth of them, and virtue in the Cure of Difeafes, they
"would find, that their vertue proceeds more from their her. O 2 being
€ 100 J
being brouglit from a: foreign Country, and a common vogue and efteem they have got in the World, then from any intrinfick vertue they have in the cure of Difcafes ; and that which féems moft to recommend them is their extravagant Price : Whereas we can name twenty Me- dicines in the Materia Medica, that each of them is as. effe&ual, if not more, in the Cure of Difeafes, and to. . beprocured at lefs Charges. E
€
VIL Part of a Letter from Mr. Buffiere. to- Dr. Sloane, wherein be gives an Account of. — the new way of Cutting for tbe Stone by the: : Hermit, with bis Opinion of it, 3
"X Ere is the Defeription of the way of performing: — the Operation, for the extraction of the Stone out . of the Bladder, by Brother James an Hermit in France, ' as I received it from Paris. e He maketh ufe of a Steel Staff, much bigger and. fhorter than ‘thofe which are commonly made.uíe of; ^. itis fhorter from the top: to the bending of it, it bends. more than ours, he hath: but two, onefor Men andano- ©
therforChildren. — !
His Conductor is flender and longer than ours, the point whereof, which. goes into the Bladder, being of theFigureof a Lozenge, is wide and open in the extre-- mity. | |
His Forceps have longer branches than ours;. but the holds of them: are fhorter and wider, with many large - Teeth within. | o RO Me d Gh le
|
The C
an C BOR ) | TEN I HEN _ The Zareibra with which lie draweth the Sand'or- - Gravel, which remain fometimes in the Bladder after the . Stone is out, is fhorter than ours. His Knife is much longer and flenderer than - ours.. | He caufeth the Patient to ly flat upon his back, either upon his Bed, or upon a Table, whereupon is a foft Quilt, in füch a manner, that the Fundanient is. three or four Fingers over the Table, fome Servants - fupporting his Thighs and Legs. He ufeth no Ligature to faften the Patient, giving him more liberty than we do ; hecaufeth his Legs to | |
mud Pommes
be bent againft the Thighs, but not the Thighs againft the Belly, except theleft, which in his Operation he u- - feth more or leís as he thinks fit. iini SER Sg Then he introduceth the Catheter or Staff into the Bladder ; which though bigger and fhorter than ours, . yet feemeth to run in eafier : "Very often he holdeth it himfelf with his left Hand, preffing it clofe toward. the Fundament, in order to dilate and extend the Mem- _ branes of the Bladder ; then he feeleth with the Fingers. | ef his right Hand, to find out the ftaff through the | Skin ; fo having felt it, he runneth his incifion Knife atthe bent of the left Thigh, upon the fat protuberan- | ey below the Ifchium Bone, directly upward by the | rectum. to the Bladder, which he pierceth by its neck, | and fometimes a little above it. ( |». When he.Cutteth, the cutting parts of his Knife are | turned upward and downward; having thus pierced the - Bladder, which he knoweth.when the Urine runneth. ‘out; then heturneth his Knife, and thrufteth it a little further, in order to open the Bladder wide enough, that his Finger may go in eafily ; then he withdraw- eth his Knife, and enlargeth the Wound it the out- | | | ward |
! | i | |
-( 102 ) NM *
ward Parts, of the length of two or three inches; -
after which he thrufteth his Finger into the Bladder, in
order to know more precifely the bignefs and
tion of the Stone, and make it loofe, but chiefly to
late the Overture of the Bladder, by tearing its Mern- |
c9
branes.
Along this Finger which is in it. "A . When the Conductor is in the Bladder; he taketh the Staff out, and introduceth the Forceps by the Con- ductor into it,with which he gets hold of the Stone, and draweth it out. Ties AL
If he find. any difficulty , either in getting hold of the Stone or in drawing it out, he ufeth all the ways commonly ufed, raifing the left Thigh more or lefs,
puting his Finger in the Fundament, and fometimes in- . to the Bladder, in order to examine the fituation of the Stone, and loofen it, in café there might be any. adhefion with the Membranes of the Bladder. debes
found out and removed the Caufe of the difficulty,
thrufteth the forceps again into the Bladder, and gets.
hold of the Stone, and pulls it out. | It.is to be obferved, that this fecond time, nor on a-
ny other, he ufeth no Conductor, the Forceps running
in very eafily.
He never thrufteth either his Finger nor any if ftrument into the Bladder, without fteeping them in Oyl.
-of Rofes. rua Foe :
He never ufeth any Délatatorium, nor Canula, or Tents in the Wound, except fometimes fmall Doffils in . the Lips of. the outward Wound to keep them open for. - alittlewhile.. Tp DE “Sy | He ufeth no Oyntment at all for the Wound, applying : only a Pledget fteep'din Oyl of Rofes uponit, for heun- -
derftands
Then he introduceth his Condudtor into the Bladder, -
if D eL
ad n T 3 a y d pcr mt
| | |
- | 3 | derftands nothing at all in the way of dreffing Wounds,
. nor in the Dyet which the Patient is to obferve, which
things he doth not value. | In this way he Operatethas dexteroufly asany of our.
— beft Operators. |
Very often he Cutteth the Patient upon the Gripe, al- moft in the (ame manner as was ufed formerly, except
— that he maketh the Incifion in the fame place as for the | former; this way he liketh better than the other, and it
feemeth to be more favoured by him,and indeed it is furer, though the preffing upon the Belly, which he doth, is
| a very bad Method.
He Cutteth Women upon the Staff, and in the fame
| place as Men; he did perform this Operation in my Prefence upon Three, One whereof was but
PETUNT TUE —"
a Girl of Eleven years old; which maketh me believe that he ufeth the fame way in all, though
^ia them he did cut the internal Neck of the U-
terug.
Te GM ea eh
Wt LE ~ i i ty
of E ^"
— But to tell you my Opinion, That way, neither in Men nor in Women, is not fo fure as the ancient way, by reafon that the point of his Knife not. being
- directed by the Staff, he is always in danger of piercing . all the Membranes. of the Bladder through and through ; | and befides the place whereupon he maketh the Incifion; - _ being full of confiderable Veflels, one can hardly avoid
the cutting fome of them, we have obferved. in
almoft all that dyed in his Hands, that there was a great
deal of Blood in the Bladder, andin-fome, in the Cavity
of the Abdomen. E : ! — He fucceedeth better when the Stone is big and large, ^ than when it is fmall, by reafon that a big: Stone not
only extendeth the Bladder, but it ftoppeth the point of the Knife ; He did refufe to cut one, in she no 2 | Bladder.
Yu * S 7 "ONE
Nee Y Ut. 2e
"Bladder there was but a {mall Stone; which confirm: -
_ Mot.approve that way om aJloccafions ; yet, I think
‘a fürer way by fecuriog the point of the Knife ; by
les werecutthrough and through,which cannot be avoids. E
dd ii } eth me in the Opinion, that the. unfuccefsfulnefS of his Operations proceedeth. from the point of his Knife, not being ftopt neither by the Staff nor -Stone; for when there is but a fmall Stone, the . Bladder being empty, he muft neceffarily cut the whole Bladder throughly, and confequently cut fome of its own Veflels, which caufeth the Hemorrhage, — which is the better voided when the Stone is very — large. | | i-r . |
Now, Sir, to tell you my Opinion, though I can- q
it might be fuccefsfully infproved in fome particu- — lar Cafes; give me leave, Sir, to give you an Ac- - count of my Obfervations about it, : fince I received the — former Áccount. | | PEE - I took a Body, in the Bladder of which I put à — Stone, the Staff being in the Bladder, I did prefsit - downward, hard enough as to be felt through the Te- guments, and made the Incifion upon it in the bent of the Thigh, in order to know whether it would not be
that way I got my Conductor and Forceps into the Bladder, and drew the Stone very eafily ; but after-- ward, by the Diffe&ion of the Body, I found that P the Artery of the Pess, and the Veficule femina- ©
ed, becaufe the Artery and Veficul lye immediately un- * der that part of the Bladder which the Staff prefleth Appt c0? Gio c | | | E Itook another body, and having put in the Bladder afmall Stone, 1 made the Incifion much lower, and ;pierced the Bladder under the Staff, by which Incifi
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: -on 1 drew ‘the Stone; then diflecting the Body, 1
found the Bladder cut through, and its Arteries , which can hardly be avoided , the Bladder being then fo much’ Contracted, that both fides of the Bladder are-cut, before the Operator either feel the Stone , or fce any Urine running out. | | |
[took a-third Body, in the Bladder of which 1
r puta very large Stone, the Staff being in it, I made
the Incifion upon the fat Protuberancy, under the
auc
ER
J/chium Bone ; and piercing the Bladder below the Staff, I found immediately the Stone with the point of
the Knife, with which I cut the Bladder, the length
of an Inch ; through. which having introduced the Conductor, and then the Forceps, I got hold of the Stone and drew it out very eafily. Then I did Dif- fe& the Body, and found, that neither the Vefcicule Se-
minales, nor any Artery had been cut, by rea-
fon that the weight of the Stone preffed the bot- tom of the Bladder; lower than the Veficula’s and Arteries. c li |
_ «My Opinion is then, that this way might be made | fe of when the Stone is very big, and willingly, 1 would prefer it to the old way ; for by this way . |. we avoid that extraordinary and violent dilatation jof
| the Neck of the Bladder, which the Stone cau- — | feth. when it is very big, and which is the caue of the |. Inflamation and Mortification of the Bladder that killeth | thePatient. — |
| .But when the Stone is fmall, or of but an in- | different bignefs, the old way is eafier and (ü- I rer |
"Though I have not tried this way upon Wo-
| men, yet I cannot approve it at all, fince one | cannot avoid cutting the Neck of the Z/rerss, the Ci- a : r : : p =
catrix
(106 )
catrix of which might prove.to be of fome ill Con- |
fequence, in cafe the Woman fhould come to: be. with Child. | i5 54 bal tol & [n Women, when the Stone is but indifferent big, the old way is preferable tc any other; but if
it was very big, then I had rather to thruft my Fin- gers into the Vagida,. and bring the Stone as. near the neck of the Bladder as can be, and cut the Mem: . branes of the Vagiva and Bladder upon the Stone: 1
did cut a Woman in ZZambeurgh by that: way, of which-1 drew a Stone, weighing, five Ounces anda halt, who did. Recover very. well. By this) way
we prevent the: incontinency of Urine, which fol- Y loweth always the Extraction of great Stones in Wos ——
men. |
B 7
. I cannot approve neither the cutting upon the Gripe,
as it is pradctifed by! fome.Mountebanks; Becaufe in that. way one cutteth through the Profates, which
deftroyeth the parts of Generation. 1 have obferved -
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| VIII. Tbe Extra&l of a Letter from Mr. Petto, | .4 Grave Divine, Concerning. fome Parelii t feen at Sudbury in Suffolk, Decemb. 281b, |. 1699. Communicated by Dr. Beverley.
VIA
| C)" August 28, 1698. being the Lord’s-Day , — | ’ about Eight a Clock in the Morning, fome - , Perfons faw the Appearance of Three Suns; ’tis faid, — | then the Apparition was moft full, or a little after. There is really but one true Sun, the Reflection of its Beams caufe fuch Images, as if they were Suns : | About half an Hour after Eight of the Clock, I my | felf faw this; "There wasinthe Eaft, a dark, dusky, watry Cloud in the Form above defcribed ; where thefe | Lines are, and below it towards the middle, was the .true Sun, fhining with fierce and piercing- Beams; | that Perfons could not look upon it; on each fide were the Reflections with the true Sun in the mid-- ‘dle, as you have it in Figure 1. Elfewhere much of the. Firmament was: of. an Azure, Light, Blew. Colour... The Circles whicle I- faw, wasniot‘of Rain- bow Colours, but, white: There: was alfo,. higher ‘io the Firmament, more over our Heads, and to- ‘Wards the South , at the fame time, at a confide- ‘Yable diftance from the other, the form of a half Moon ; but I think it was more then twice the big- ‘pels of a half Moon , with the Horus turned up- |) Ward, and within of a fiery red Colour, and more | 4 like
a m ie toe —" C di à Rain bow Cuba. Thef al faded gradually; - | ‘They continued in all, "addi two Hows: There
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PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS.
' [^ P
au For the Month of April, 1699.
The CONTENTS.
A, A Relation of the fma! Creatures called Sable-Mice , _ which have lately come in Troops into Lapland , . about Thorne, and other Places adjacent to the Mountains, E in innumerable Multitudes. . M... Some Obfervations 2| made at a Meeting of the Royal. Society, Cencera- 1 » dug [ome Wonderful Contrivances of Nature in a Fa- 3| emily of Plants in Jamaica, £o perfect the Individuum, and propagate the Species, with feveral Inftances ana- 1 Jogous to them in European Vegetables. .By HansSloane, | M.D. If. 4» Extra of a Relation Printed at 4 Paris, Mobiathing a Remarkable Hiflery of a Fetus d without the Womb. By Dr.Fern. IV. Aa Obferva- d tom of fome Varelü een at. Canterbury. By Mr. Ste. - ong de ird V. ud peepismcnr to the Account. of a opens Senopsitdra |
n ( IIO ) : E Scolopendra Marina, Gc. Defcribed Numb. 225. of — — abefe Tranfatlions. By Dr.'Yho. Molyneux, F. R. S. — VI. Aa Abjtrac of an Account of Five pair of Mufcles, | which ferve for different Motions of the Head, onthe — - Firft and Second Vertebra of. the Neck ; and of Two Ligaments, one of whith faftens tbe dead to the Firft Vertebra, and the other fastens the Firf to the Se- cond, with the Eiiftory of àn Uncommon Appearance of — a Humane Skull. By Monf, Dupre; Surgeon in Paris. — With Remarks by William Cowper. VII. Aw Ana- — tomical Account of aChild’s Head Born without a Brain. .' 4a O&ober laft,1698: By Monf Butfiere. — VII Part © "ef a Letter from Mon. Geottroy ,. F. R. 8. to Dr. | Sloane, giving an ‘Acconnt of the New Regulations of —— —rhe Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. .YX. An — Account of a Book. Zhe Natural Hiftory of the Cha- — lybeat and Purging Waters of Ragland, with their par» — ticular Eliys.andl Des) BC. witb/Obfervations on the Bath Waters n Someríetíhire, By B. Allen, Med. Bac. —— ~ Printed for S. Smith and B. Walford, zs Sr. Pauls —— sChirelaigdr BN OWT o We SE PAM aS a
i. A Relation of the fuall Creatu
et e$ .J D. I , M « : dg i af M T Mice, which have lately come in Troops into
Lapland, about. Thorne, and other Places ad- : -. jacent. to the Mountains, in Innumerable Mul- _
( axi ) : is
Tecthabove, and as many under, very fharp and point- ed, their Feet like thofe of Squirrels ; they are (o fierce and angry, that if a Stick be held out at them, they will bite it, and hold it fo-faft, that they may be fwinged a. bout in the Air; they are fatand thick, and without any DU VIRA d qe ERU
In their. March they keep a dire& Line generally,from North-Eaft to South Weil, and are innumerable Thou- fands in each Troop, which for the moft part is a Square, they march by Night, and in the Twilight, and lye ftill by Day. - | The Diftance of the Lines they go in is of fome Ells, all Parallel to cach other, fothat the places they have gone over, look like the Furrows ina Plowed Field. If they meet any thing that might ftopthem, they avoid it not, tho’ it were a Fire, a deep Well, a Torrent, Lakes, or Morafs, but without any Hefitation venture through, and by that means, many Thoufands of them are deftroy- ed and found dead in Waters, and otherwife.
If they be met fwimming over Lakes, and Attacked with Oars or Boat-hooks, they neither Retreat, nor of
|^ fer to run up the Oars, (£c. but hold on their Courfe,
and if they be forced out of it, they prefently returniate it-again; when they are met in Woods or Fields and ftopt, they fet themfelves upon their hinder Feet like 2 |. Dog, and make a kind of barking or {queeking noifc, - |. leaping up as high as a Mans Knee, or near 8 Feet, de. fending their Line aslong asthey can; and if. at laft they |. be forced out of it, they creepinto holes, and fet up a ery founding like 2/422, Diabb. ^... ^
|. They never come into any Houfe, nor meddle with | any thing that is Man's Meat; if a Houíe happen to be | ig their Way, there they ftoptill they die; but through _a Stack of Hay or Cornthey will eat their Way ;- when - they march through a Meadow, they endamage it irs
| [ x39)... | —. by eating the Roots of Grafs ; but if they encamp there by day they quite {poil it, and make it look as it it were Burnt, or ftrewed with Afhes. The Roots of Grafs, with rotten Wood, and the Infectsin it, are their chief, if not only Food. ^d |
"Tis faid the(é Creatures are very Fruitful, and bring forth eight ornine at atime, which is fcarce to be belie- ved; tho’ it becertain that they breed, yet neither does that hinder their march; for fome of them have been obferved to carry one young One in their Mouth, and another upon their Back.
It is reported, that fome poor Laplanders, wanting . other Food,have killed and eat feveral of thefe Creatures, and found their Flefh to tafte like Squirrels: . Dogs and Cats when they kil! them eat only the Heads, and Birds of Prey only their Heart: During the Winter they lie
under the Snow, and have their Breathing holes upon — 7.
the top of it, asHaresand other Creatures ufe to have. "Ihe Common People are very glad of thefe Guefts,
fore-telling there will follow great Plenty of Game, asof — a
Fowl, Squirrels, Lo-Cats, Foxes,@c. where of late years
there has been great fcarcity : Some old People fay, — —
thefefort of Creatures were {een in Lapland, about 20
^.
pr 30 years ago, and that thereupon they had abundance 3 1
of fuch Game. |...
The Mice here eiit are the fame with thofe called . .. Mures Norwegici ; and Defcribed by Olaus Wor- —
mius, ina fmall Book wrote on this Subjell, and
Printed 1655. 4to. which Book is Re. printed Ver- batim in bis Muleum. beginning p.322. There be-
. ing fome Particulars inthis Relation, not taken noo
tice of therein, it was thought convenient zt fhould |
be Printed...
v
*. sro CER
&- -
II. Some Obfervations made at a Meeting of the Royal Society, Concerning fome Wonder- ful Contrivances of Nature in a Family of Plants in Jamaica, to perfect the Individuum,
and propagate tbe Species, with feveral In- ffances analogous to them in European Vegeta- bles. By Hans Sloane, M. D. |
^1 HE many Contrivances of Nature, or rather the . Supreme Being, who Created, and orderly di- -Ípoled all things, to bring to Perfection feveral Vege- tables and Animals; and atter the unavoidable diffoluti- on of the Zydzviduum, to keep the Species from being loft, notwithftanding many adveríe Contingencies and -Neceffary Ends they are defignd to ferve, feems on ma- ny Accounts to Deferve , if not Require our Regard and Attention. Tüofe who fpend fome of their time in thefe Obfervations, will not want Occafions of Ad- Miring the great Wiídom and Power of the firft Con- _triver and Preferver of allthings.; nor Means, by imi- tating Nature, to bring fome of the moft ufeful Arts to a greater Perfection, then hitherto they have come. —— I fhall at this time endeavour to Entertain the Society With fome Obfervations of this kind, that I thought: ‘fufficiently Recompensd fome pains I was at, by the - pleafure I had in admiring the Mechanifins I met with, ne fhew the things themíelves to the Members pre- Went. | | ; xa | In Jamaica, the Neighbouring Ifles, and Continent Of America, grow many*forts of Miffeltoe, Parafitical Jw um o [BR >» Plants,
ee -™ T 114 J
Plants, as they are called by fome, or Epidendra by o- thers; which grow not on the Ground, on Rocks, or .
in Waters, ($c. .but. on the Bodies or Arms of Trees, after the manner of Ziffeitee, like to which they bring © "forth Roots, Leaves, Stalks, Flowersand Seed. There - being none other but Miffeltoe in Europe, fo remarkable —
for thefe Particulars, 1 was conftrained, to Convey
the cleareft Idea of the, thing to, becdeferibed, ‘to..give the Name Vi/cum, to-all the feveral Familiesof them,
tho’ they differ’d very much from it, and almoft as much among themíelves, by that name defigning only - a Plant like it in growing on Trees, and bringing forth Roots, Leaves, Stalks, Flowers and Seeds on dio -as other Plants do: on the Ground, or in the Soils they
grow. | | ty} I" io J had tin "2r. The particular Family of thefe I now intend to Ípeak of, isthat kind I have called vifcum Cariophy- - boides, trom having ‘its feed’ Veflel fomewhat like that of Clove-Fuly Flowers , and the particular one of that — Family I íhall defcribe, whereby to give a Notion of . thereft, fhall be what I name in my Catalogue of Jamaica Plants, p. 76. Vifcum Cariophylloides maximum — lere tripetalo pallide: luteo femine filamentofo , and which is commonly in that lfland called, Wi/d — Pine ,; whofe Defcription follows: A’ great ma- |
ny. brown Fibrils encompaís the Arms, or take firm — hold of the Bark of the Trunk of the Trees whereon they grow, not as Miffeltoe, entering the - Bark or Wood, to fuck Nourifhment, but. only wea. . ving and matting themíelves among one another; |) and thereby making to the Plant a firm and ftrong - Foundation, from whence rife feveral Leaves on every fide, (fig. 1. a a, Gc.) after the manner of Leeks, | Ananas ; whence the Name of wild Pine, or Aloes, be. - ng folded or enclofed one within another, each of — | ! 7 20: | which |.
-** £X Se Ls. CUN NM ol -——- sm.
(T2)
— which is two Foot and a half long, from a 3 Inch
breadth at beginning -or baie, ending in a point, ha- ving a very hollow or concave inward fide, and a round
or convex outward one; fo that by all of their hol<
low fides, is made withina very large R efervatory, Ciflern or Bafin, ( fi. x. 4.) fit to contain a pretty deal of Water, which in the Rainy Seafon falls upon the uppermoft parts of thefpreading Leaves which have
Channels in them, conveying it down to the Ciftern
where it is kept, asin a Bottle, the Leaves after they are fwell'd out like a Bulbous Root, to make the Bottle bending inwards, or coming again clofe to the Stalk,
by that means hindering the Evaporation of the Wa-
ter by the heat of the Sun 5 they are of a light green Colour below, and like Leeks above: From the midít of thefe rifes a round, {mooth, ftraight frefh green co-
. loured Stalk, three or four Foot long, (fig.1.¢.) ha-
ving many Branches, when wounded yielding a clear,
WA
white, mucilaginous Gum ; | the Flowers come out here
and there on the Branches, they are made up of three
long yellowifh, white or herbaceous Petala, and fome
purple ended Stamina, ftanding in a long Calix or Tu-
" bulus, made up of three green vifcid Leaves, with pur-
ple edges, to which follows a long Triangular Capfula,
(fíg. x. d.) greeuifh brown, being fomewhat like thofe
| of the Cariopby/i, having under it three fhort capfular Leaves, and within feveral long pappous Seeds, the | Seeds its felf being oblong, pyramidal and very - fmall, having very foft hairs, down, or tomen- . tum, much longer in proportion to the Seed, then any tomentum I know, being as long as the Pod | or Capfula.
T d
R 2)! de
(.116 ) | it grows on the Arms of the Trees, every where in - the Woods, as alfo on the Barks of their Trunks, ©
. efpecially when they begin to decay, their Barks recei- _
| ving the Seed, and yielding then more eafily to the Fi- — brils of this Plant's Roots, which in fome time diflolves — them, and ruines the whole Trunk. i
The Contrivance of Nature in this Vegetable is very — admirable and ítrange, the Seed has long and many - Threads of tomentum, not only that it may be carried | every where by the Wind, as pappous and tomentofe ' Seeds of Hieracium,Lifymachia, &c. are; butalío, that it. may by thofe Threads, when driven through the Boughs, © beheld faft, and fo ftick to the Arms and extant Parts |
of the Barks of Trees; fo foon as it fprouts or ger- | . minates, altho it be on the under part of a Bough, | or the Trunk of the Tree, its Leaves: and Stalk rife perpendicular or right up; becaufe if. it had any o- ‘ther Pofitiom, the Ciftern before mentioned (by which |
it is chiefly nourifhed, not having any Commun:cation © ' with the Tree) madeof the hollow Leaves, could. not —
hold Water which is neceffary for the Nourifhment - and Life of the Plant, soc A n.
. In the Mountaigous as well as dry low Woods, in fcar- city of Water, this Refervatory is neceflary and fuffi-- cient, not only for the Plant it felf, but likewife is very ufeful to Men, Birds, and: all forts of Infeéts,. whither in fcarcity of Water they come in Troops, and fel. dom go away without Refrefhment.. «> —.— 4- Befides,. the Authors mentioned in my Cata- logue of jamaica Plants, p. 76. to take notice of | . this Plant I find ZZuldricb Schmidel, cap. 46. p. 77. of | his Naviy. Printed 1599. 4¢0. to have the following | paffage, which I believe relates to this herb. n
i
I
Ex | * Í |
SX we,
Ex noflris autem | bominibus multi fiti moriebantur , licet ad boc iter apud iffos Carchconos mediocri aque copia nos inflruxeramus, — Imveniebamus autem in hoc itinere, radicem fupra terram extastem, magua lataque folia ba- bentem, in quibus aqua tamquam im "vafe aliquo manet, nec inde effunditur, nec etiam tam facile con[umitur, capit- que una barum radicum aque circiter dimidiam menfuram.
| - Ánd Capt. Dampier, in his Voyages, P. ol. xd of Cam- peche, p. 56. fays thus, |
ft Tbe Wild Pine is a Plant, fo called, becaufe it
* fomewhat refembles the Bufh that bears the Pine: they “are commonly {upported, or grow from fome Bunch, ‘Knot or Excrefcence of the Tree, where they take rcot ‘and grow upright. The Root is fhort and thick, from “whence the Leaves rife up in Folds, oné within ano- ‘ther, fpreading off apthe top: They are of a good
. “thick Subftance, and about Ten or Twelve Inches long,
“the outfide Leaves are fo compact , as to contain. the
- *Rain Water as it falls, they will hold a pint and a half
“or aquart: and this Water refrefhes the Leaves, and
*nourifhes the Root.. When we find thefe Pines, we
* {tick our Kaives into the Leaves, juft above rhe Roots, *and that lets out the Water, which we Catch in our ‘Hats, as | have done many times to my great Relief.
There are fome Contrivances in Plants growing in
- fome Exrope,come near thefe of this kind of Vegetables in _
particulars. The Virga pafforis, or wild teafel, (and moft Plawts call'd Perfoliated) has its Leaves enclofing
- its Stalk, and fo fet by pairs oppofite to one another, and - joined by their Bafes, that they make a hollow place
fit to containfome Water, which though open, yet with-
'€ut doubt, contributes to the perfecting of the Plant.
Several
————— Án M au, é ( 118 )
Several Fuczare lately diícovered to have Seeds, which when ripe break out. of their. places, and by means of a glewy Juice, faften themíelves to the Stones or Sub- ftances at bottom of the Sea, where they are to grow. The common Vif/cum has fich a glewy fubftance, 1 fap- pofe, for faftning its Seed to the Barks of Trees.
- Small Moffes heretofore thought to have no Seed, are now knownto have great Plenty , and that fo fmall, as
I have feen it rife up from the ripe Head in Form of .
Smoak, which is withcut queftion, that it may be car- ried by the Air and Wind, to Walls, Trees, or other fit
Matrix for its Vegetation. . |
There is a Fasgus called by Clefs, fungus minimus ano-
"ymus, and by Dr. Merret, Campaniformu niger multa femina plana in fe continens, which have fhewn this So- ciety many years fince, that when Ripe, opens to
the Rain, whichon filling a Cup, whereinlieits Seeds, they are wafhed out on every hand, to Propagate its
Kind. are e |
"Thereare many Families of Plants. with Pappous or 'Tomentof(e Seeds, as Dandelion’s, Erigerum’s,Lyfimachia’s, - Clematiss, Anemone’s, &c. that when Ripe, their Seeds are, by means of their Feathers or Wings, fcattered to all neighbouring Parts by the Wind. This is fo effe- Ctuala way, thatthe Ajfer Canadenfis annuus non de[crip- tus Brunyer, hort. Blef. p. xo. or Conyza annua alba acris, Morif. which came at firft from Canada, is now
become a wild Plant in many places of Ewrope, where
it never was obferved to grow, and far from the Gardens — -
where it was firft Planted, from whence the Seed :
. had been carried by its Wings, fo that I have feen it in
fome Partsof France, very many Leagues from {uch —
Places,
"There — |
ha LUNO ae am ce a a hat UE Oe i al ak TN a URS ( 119.) | There are ikewife many: Plants, whieh have Seed. Veflels fo contrived , as with a fpring, and fometimes fimart.aoife, when they are ripe, to throw off their. Seeds feveral ways,. to a confiderable diftance ; | moft . Plants having Pods, as Furze, Sc. thofe called, Nolz me Zangere's, or Herbe Impatientes, cucumis afininus,Cranes- __ bills, and many others, have this artifice to fowthem- felves.... Amongft thefe who have thisProperty, none is more fuprizing then one in Jamaica, called Spirit-weed, which when its Seed is ripe, the Veffel containing it, on . the lcaft touch of whatever is wet, does inftantly open - dtsfelf,. and with a {mart noife throw its Seeds feveral ways toa confiderable diftance. Likely the Defign of Nature being, that the Rainy Seafon being proper for | Sowing, its-Seed fhould be kept in its Seed-Vefiel, the | beft Preferver of it from Injuries, till then. | Lychuis’s, Poppies, Antirrhinum’s, and many others, | have their Seedsin heads, which when ripe, are open at | top, and.by the Winds, and help of their Partitions, are fcatter'd and directed to all Quarters. 1 |. Thefe Inftances, and many more, very obvious and |. wonderful, tho not taken notice of, might be given, to | -fhew the great endeavours of Nature to perfect the |— Individaum, and propagate the Kind, which for that |. ¥eafon, I am apt to believe, are all (without the lofs | of one Species) Preferved to us from the Creation |. to this day. n DUM
| It will be eafy, from the Hiftory of the Pzfcum be- | fore mentioned, to believe, that no ordinary Culture | «could make this Plant rife from its Seed ; and that if | is Seed were planted in the richeft Ground, it would | certainly perifh. Wherefore Dam of. Opinion, that one | confiderable way to improve Gardening, and the Cul. | : | ture
QS ect Ney
eure of Plants, would bi eo give aDeftription of the — Plants themfelves, then the Soils, Climates and Coun- tries where the Vegetables to be Cultivated naturally — grow, and what Seafons, Rains, andother Meteorsthey _ dave, which being imitated, as much as poffible, per- —— haps fome Plants might thrive better, then now they do in the fatteft Ground. And to this purpofe, I have beenaflured by an Honourable and very. lous Per- - fon, that he has known fome Plants, parti y Cextau- - rium minus, Which not growing the ordinary way, — was tried by dropping the Seed on the Surface of the | — Ground, amongft the Grafs, by-which artificial imi- tation of Nature it came to Perfection, stole | other Ways could be brought about.
IN 3
se A
HL An Extrad of a Relation Printed at Paris, containing a remarkable Hiftory of a Fetus | wathout the Womb, made by Dr. Fern.
IN the Journal des Savans, of Monday the 26th of No- ER vember, there was an Account publifhed of this
Fact from a Letter of M. Saviard, which was Printed
in the Zraxfactions : But our Author finding that deficient. in many Particulars, and not agreeable to Truth in divers
5 others, thought himíelf able to oblige all Lovers of ——
Natural Hiftory, by a more exact Relation of fo : remarkable aa Accident.
A certain Goldfiniths Wife, whofe Husband had been
. reduced to Poverty by misfortunes in Trade, being near
|. "Nine Months gone with her Fifth Child, was conitrain- — | edto feek Relief inthe Z7ote/ Dieu, where fhe was re- ceived the 2oth of September. | |
| "ThisUnfortunate Woman was then about Thirty four |. Yearsof Age, of atender Conftitution, had had Four Children before, all which had done very well; but | with the prefent fhe had been very ill, and endured a. | great deal of Mifery. The Midwife who examined
- her Body, found a confiderable Rifing on the Right-fide
near the Navel, which very much refembled a Childs.
Head, her Belly below that place bearing no Propor- tion to that above, or to the time of her Pregnancy.
| — On the Left fide there wasnothing fingular. The Mid- |” wife thought fhe felt through the Vagina, a thick Mem-
| brane filled and diftended with Water, and in it the Heel | of aChild, bent towards the Thigh; but fhe could | - not be affured whether this was within the Womb or
| p | not,
( 122 )
not, by reafon the inner Orifice was drawn fo high, under the Os Pubs, fhe could nor, witkout fome diffi- culty, touch it with the extremity of her Finger. Up- on trying fome'time after , fhe found the appearance of things very much changed, and at that time fhe could not difcern any thing like the Fetus fhe had before felt. The oddnefs of the Cafe, made her defire of the Pa- . tient a particular Account of the Time and Circumftan- ces of her being with Child: To this the other repli- ed, That for the firft fix Weeks fhe had great and con- tinual] Pains, which fhot towards the Navel, and ter- minated there, and thefe latted till the third Month; that from | thence to the Sixth fhe had frequent Con-
vulfions, Apople&tick Fits, terrible Syscopes, which - had very much Frightned thofe about her, and obli- .
ged them to give her the Sacraments, defpairing
- . Of her Life; that from the Sixth to the Eighth Month,
fhe had enjoyed a much better Health, which in fome meafure had ftrengthened both’ her and her Infant that the Pains fhe had ‘endured fince that time feem- ed to be fo many alternate Throe’s, ( probably proceeding from the repeated ftrokes of the Childs Head in that Place, where the Teguments were IN by reafon of their great Extenfion , that the har
neís of the Cranium could plainly be difcerned through them.). In this Condition was this miferable Woman
when fhe was received into that Hofpital, till her Af
fli&tion encreafing, fhe could not lye on her fide or back,
being forced to fit in a Chair, or Kneel in her Bed, - y
with her Head refting on her Breaft. Thefe {trange
and unaceountable Symptoms rendred the Midwife ve- 3 ry doubtful how to proceed, and obliged her toapply — — her {elf to M. ZZemmerer, and M. Foney, the firft of —
Which wasat that time Phyfician to the Hall, and the . other a Mafter Surgeon of the Houfe ; thefe Gentlemen
|
ee
were —
#23)
- were as unable to refolve what Method to take, as the
ANA
r .
had been before. The Womans Term was now near ex - pired, the Cafarea» Operation feemed on one hand Cruel and Dangerous ; on the other hand it was proba. ble, theré was fore Hernia or Laceratiox of the Womb, and no hopes of a Natural Delivery. In thefe difficult Circumftances it was thought beít to leave the Work |
| - toNature, and prepare the Woman for her Labour, by
opening a Veinia her Foot. "The Evacuation was order- ed to be fmall [in which regard was had to the Weak- nefs of the Patient, and the nicety of her Conftitution) However, after this time the Child made no more ef- forts, and the Tumor fubfided, there remaining only -an Hydropick Indifpofitioan, which might be perceived by the Fluctuation ; anda great quantity of Water came away for feveral. days, from the Orifice of the Vein;
| infomuch that the who (temed to have her lower Belly
and Ibighsextremely diftended, was very much exte- nuated before her Death.
After the Patients Deceafe her. Body was opened by M. Touey, in the Prefence of M. Colignon, Mafter-Sur- geon, Madam Geuey the Midwife, and divers other Per- 1ons.. Upon the firft Incifion through the Teguments,
IB Shere came away two or three Pints (of Paris Meafure] 2. of Water and Blood, and there appeared the Head of a | Child-naked ; and when the Parts were all laid open,
there was found an intire Female Fetus contained in a
^. fort of Cover or Bag, which at once (erved it both for - |, a Womb and Membranes. M. Foxey took the Child
with the Umbilical firing out of the Mothers Bellie, tracing the {tring to the P/acexta, into which it was in- ferted. This laft appeared like a great round lump of 'Flefh, and achered fo firmly to the Mefentery and. Colon
on the left fide, that it could not be feparated from them
. 1] ! ]
"without fome trouble. On one fide of. this Lump was
| : (124 ) 2 leffer, about the fize of a Kidney,’ which principally adhered to the Mefentery, and received feveral Branches of the String into it. © "5. dice The larger Lump was round, and the greateft part of it adhered to the Bag or Cafe. which contained the Child. VT Ne dus: E As for the Cafe, it was Corrupted and Mortified in part, which probably might proceed from the frequent ftrokes of the Infants head. | This Cafe or Bag (prung from the edges of the Tube, or Fimbria of the Right Ovary, which was more en. tire than the Left, and proceeded obliquely to the Left fide, terminating at the bottom of the Pe/va. In its defcent it fent out a {mall Portion between the Womb and the Recium. This Bag, by compreffipg the Neigh- bouring Parts, had gained a confiderable fpace in the above-mentioned Cavity; in fuch manner, that a great part of the Child's Body was lodged at the bottom of — it, in a bended Pofture, with the Head Projecting for- wards which formed the Prominence near the Navel. - This Bag féemed to be nothing elfe than an Elongati- — on and Diftenfion of the Tube, and an Expanfion or - Produ&ion of the broad Ligament on the Right fide, | "which was evident from its continuity to thofe Parts, and the Diftribution of the Spermatick Veffels, whieh — were larger than ufual, and paffed from the extremity _ of the Tube tothe larger Lump. VD * In the next place viewing the Womb he found iten-- ' tire, and in its natural State, except that it was fome- _ thing larger than ordinary, being about the fize of thar of a Woman Ten or Twelve Days after her Delivery, — and no marks that the Child had been lodged in it. — M. Jouey having obferved this, thought fit to defift for — the prefent, being defirous to have fome eminent Wit- — nefles of fo extraordinary an Accident, or any Rarity | hé. $
| ( 125 ) : | he might happen to difcover in his further ‘Enqui- wies. 1) -- Ot. ; :
|» According to his Defire, about Two a Clock in the
. Afternoon, M. ZZemmerer, Doctor of Phyfick, M. Dz . Ferney, Profeflor of Anatomy and Chirurgery in the . Royal Garden, M. Mauriceau a famous Man-Midwife, and M. Merry, Surgeon and» Anatomift of the Acade- | my of Sciences came to the Z7ore/ Dieu, and the Womb
| being carefully Diffe&ed in the Prefencc of thefe Gen- , | tlemen, together with the Senior Surgeons of that | "Houfe, and divers others, whofe Curiofity had drawn - | them thither ; it was unanimoufly agreed, that the Fe- | tus had never been in it, [it being as was noted above, | in the fame ftate as in Women, whoare not with Child, except the fmall Dilatation of its Bulk, which might | arife from a Compreffion of the Veffels, and iatercep- - | tion of the Refluent Blood, by the unnatural Pofition | of the Fetus.) DUNT EA LET ar |" Inthrufting a long and flender Probe through the | Right Hornof the Womb, it eafily paft into the Tube
of the fame fide, for Three Fingers breadth in length, but it could not be thruft further by reafon of the Con- | ftriction of the-Tube in that part. The Capacity of ‘the Tube could not be diftinguifhed, the Parzezej of Pit, by their Coalition with the Chorion and dm- _nios of the Child , forming the Bag in which the Child "was included, which extended from the Tube’on the Right fide to that on the Left, and was agglütinated to the P;fcera of the lower Belly, the Rectum, and to the “back part of the Womb, as appeared by fome Frag- |ments remaining on thofe Parts after the Separa-
- tion. bo rael ! | ! ~ Our Author Annexes fome Reflections on this extta-—— , ordinary Subje& , which we fhall not here Recite ; - however it muft not be omitted what this Gentleman
| Et M | informs |
E
Hnc c
ee Ren: So! = ea 2
informs us, That formerly. in Diffecting the Body of a Woman, who fuppofed her felf to be Three Months gone with Child ;. he found the Womb very {mall, not larger than in Virgins’, (and»a hard Subftance in the Right Horn, which being opened, appeared to be the Sceleton of an Infant, with the Navel-ftring,, {meared round with a white Matter, not unlike Platter, which he fhewed to M. Du F'ersey;. and other curious Períons.
ais 4
o —m
IV. Aa Obfervation of [ome Pareli feem at Canterbury. || By Mr. Stephen Gray.
Ebruary the 26th , 1693. being Suxday, about half
an Hour after Three in the Aiternoon, chancing
to look out of a Window that faced South-Eaft, I faw not far from the South to-the Weftward, an Appearance. of fomewhat not much unlike the Sua, when feen through Clouds, viz. with its Periphery not exactly de- -fined, from which it likewife differed, in that one half of it was coloured deep Red and Yellow, the other White. 1 went immediately into the Garden, taking a Theodolite with me, in order to take its diftance from
j the Sun, which the room. would not, permit ; but was then prefented with an Appearance exactly like the for- mer, but on the oppofite fide of. the Sun; I took the diftance of this from the Sun, which was 23 degrees to the Weftward ; but before I could take the diftance of the Eaftern one, it Vanifhed, but foon after Re-appear’d, and then I perceived maniieftly, that they were both fituate in the extremities of a Sem. |
E oe circle |
= C 127 )
— eitcle, whofe, Center’ was’ the Sun, paffing Letwixt it and the Zxmith. ^ This Appearance continued about "halfan Hour. ^ ABI :
Des Cartes in his Book of Meteor, calls {uch Pheno- mena Parhelia, or Mock Suns, and gives us the Hiflo- —ry of Five feen at Rome, in the year 1629. March the 2oth, and Demonftrates , that there may fome- times, according to the Laws of Refraction and Re- —fle&ion, appear Six at one time, viz. Five mock Suns,
: and the true one.
6 I chanced to be at home alone, and faw no Body to - whom I-could j impart what- I faw, till after the Mock-
— Suns vanifhed, nor do I hear: of any, but my felf,
. that (aw them ; yet may you be certain, that 1 i have
. not | deceived my felf “or you? |
e
M Lut Sepplement to be D cun of * Scolopen- ; UTE Marina, Qe. | Deferibed N? 225. of | ji Ev porer By Dr. Tho. Molyneux,
a" b E. eas xs
ta
H fr
I Find : a Le. (Philofo ph. Tranfad. Numb. 249-) of Mr, Dale’s. to Dr. Lifter, wherein he mentions the scolopendra Marina Y gave.an Account of, Numb. 225: - ef the Zranfactions, as defcribed by Rondeletius, under . the Title of Phy/alus, in his Book, De Pifcibus ; but 1 . mufl crave leave to differ from him in Opinion as to id Particular: For I conceive that Author could not derfta by the Name of Phyfalus, what I mean by olopen a Marina, é mare Hybernico, Ge, but Pme | other
: | ( 128 ) EÉ s other Marine. Animal: For if we'll fuppofe Aomde- - letius faw what he chere defcribes, and; exprefled his words according to what he faw, I think we cannot imagine that he and I had the (ame obje& before us, - or the fame Idea’s in our Thoughts; and this will ap- pear evident, by comparing his words with mine, which - do not only difagree, but feem in many. Particulars: down-right Cootradi@tory to one another ; as where he fays of his Animal (Lib 15° De Pifcibus, pag) 429.) Ore caret, whereas I fay, the mouth of mine was a very large patulous Opening for the Bulk of the Animal. - He fays, Zn medio latior eff 9 Extrema gracilefcunt, Pus dendi muliebris | [peciem. referens, whereas | fay, “twas bigger at one end, and went taper or gradually, leffening towards the other; he lays, in Dorfo tumores parvi emi= nent verrucas Pifcatores uoffri vocant, l am fure I could obferve none fuch, but fay, zhe Back was covered witha | fhort foft fort of down, in Colour, Texture and Subftance - like* that which grows on the Leaf of Tullilago: Vene- matum effeexpert: fumus, {ays he, whereas I found two | of the Scolopendra’s | defcribed in the Stomach of aa. Animal that had devoured them, and Digefted one as | its natural Food and Suftenance ; from whence we may | conclude, they are not Poyfonous; and befides Resde- | letius his Icon agrees exactly with his own Defcrip- | tion, whereas it neither agrees with my Defcription | nor my Figure. From all which J think 'tis very | plain, Rondeletius his Pbyfalys , and the Scolopendra | Marina 1 Defcribed, are quite different Species of A- |
But I confefs Mr. Dale was thus far inthe Right, thó |. he féems not to have knownit himfelf, that the Scolo- | pendra Marina mention, lias been taken notice of by | others, before I fpoke of it ; for upon further Eng 4
H
; ry, fince my Writing that Account, meet in’ the’| uu M | b Acla |
| ( x29 ) TNT "Alla Medica C9 Philofophica Hafuzenfia, of Thomas Bar . tholine, Vol. the 3d. pag. 87. the Figure of a Sea-Iafect “found at Xatwick-up-Zee in Holland upon the Strasd, and Communicated tothe Publifher by O/igerus Jaco£e. us, who gives it the Name of Vermis Aureus vel jpe- cies Eruce Marine rarior; which I am confident is the fame withthe Scolopendra Marina é Mare Hibernico, &c. ‘inthe Philofopbical-Tranfattions ; tho’. Bartholine’s Fi- -gure is Faulty, and the Defcription fhort, falfe, and Amperfe&t. And I am likewife apt to think, that ZJyffes Aldro- He vandus in his Lib. 5. De Infectis Cap. 15. pag. 636. — defigu'd our Scolopendra by his firft Figure in that Chap- ter, where he calis it Scolopendra Marina lato corpore Jubcaflaneo velut pedibus innumeris longiufculis aurez Co- Joris, and íays no more of it; but his Zcoe» is much
| S db. "9 e i A H : i II D. , I LUN n " gu) j : L] jd ) j \ , 6 nt AE " Pees hs. Ju ' ; i m T Vi. An CH ! - . i y "wo Y $i RAS 3 CMa , tf
acus (230)
VL. An Abfira&l of an Accoun of Five pair of Mufeles, which ferve for different Motions of the Head, on the firft and Second Vertebra of the Neck; and of Two Ligaments, one of which faftens the Head to the Firft
Vertebra, and the otber faftens the Firft to | _.the Second. To which is anuext the Hiftory of an Uncommon Appearance of a Humane
Skull. By M. Dupre, Surgeon, and firft Ayde-Major to the Hotel-Dieu i# Paris: With Remarks by William Cowper.
^q^HIS fmall Tract was lately Printed in French, ® and fent from the Author to Dr. Lifer, who | Communicated it to me. The Author feems to put a " Value on it, and expreffes his Surprife, that fuch ob- vious Organs fhould efcape the Obfervation of Ana- | ‘tomifts: He hopes thefe Difcoveries will excite-a no- | -— ble Emulation in thofe of his Profeflion, which was his principal Motive to Addrefs them to the Surgeons of | the ZZotel Dieu. | y Er | 1 * Juft at the Root of the Tranfverfe Procefs of the | ‘firft Vertebra of the Neck (fays he) arifes on each | * fide a Mufcle that is fonr Lines (one third of an Inch) |
* broad , and running obliquety inward, is Implanted ‘toa {mall fuperficial oval Szzus, feated on the fore-. | * part of the Proceffus Szyloides ; and this he calls Rea- | gorgeur Oblique , or the oblique Bridler of the Head 5 | and has expreft it, in his frft Figure. — d.
Thi, |
( 131) | This pair of Mufcles I have defcribed in my Z4y;- tomica Reformata, pag. 126. Printed in the Year r694. where | have given them the Name of Rel? intern minores ,- becaufe they incline to a right Pofition , lying. under the Rec Majores, and are Antagonifts to the Re minores on the back part. They may be calld from their ufe Annuantes, becaufe they nod the — Head directly foreward ; one of them is expreft z» ftw, in my. laft mentioned Treatife, Fig. Ill. i, and in my Ap- “pendix to the Anatomy of Humane Bodies, Fig 8. H. and 7ig.25.L - |
. *On the Traníveríe Procefs (fays he) of the firft * Vertebra of the Neck there arifes a thick flefhy Muf. ‘cle, of about a Finger in breadth, which is infert- ‘ed after a Perpendicular Afcent below the Preceffus — -. * Styloides , between the Mammiliary Procefs and that; * This he calls Rengorgewr droit, or the ftreight Bridler
* of the Head. iiv -] |. — Both this and the former pair of Mufcles I difcovered ‘in a Humane Body Thirteen years fince ; and about | «that time fhewed them to Dr. Brown, in the prefence of . my Honoured Friend Capt. Wie: But in examining . the Original Writers on the Mufcles, 1 foon found this - datter Pair were partly mentioned by Oribafus after Ga- ' len, and well enough defcribed by FaZeppzus in thefe Words: ^ C//timo in loco notandi funt Mu[cula duo admo- i dum parvi qui à proce[Ja tranfverfo prime Verte£re orti | Valde graciles afcendunt ad Caput, (9 in illud Inferuntur | prope Mammillarem proceffum. Thefe are defcribed and Figured in the above-mentioned Tract, p. 127. Fig. 1 * The Third pair of Mufcles mentioned by M. Dupre, (by him call'd Rengorgeur pofferieur , feems no waysto 2 dier (by his Defcription) from thofe commonly treat- - edof by Authors, called Obsiquz fuperiores. '* E d [i qs Ihe
: ( 132 ) The Fourth pair he mentions feem to be parts of the Reti: Minores; * Thefe'( he fays )' are Auxiliaries to ‘che greater and leffer Oblique Mufcles; which I can- not but think a miftake, fince thofe Mufcles are employed in differing motions of the Head, on the firft and fecond Vertebra; and therefore’ one pair of Mutcles can't be the Affiftant of both. He well obferves,
this Third and Fourth Pair of Mufcles are not found in | ^'ell Subjects; lI guefs he means diftin@ from the |
Redi minores. It is certain if we are allowed to multiply Muícles from their appearance in vari-
ous Subjects, we fhall never arrive to a perfect Myo- | hgy: |t being common to: find: Diftin& Mufcles in
fome Bodies.which are not fo in others, as has been fre- | quently. obferved in the Rhomboides, Pfoas, Elevator |
Scapule, and many more.
‘.The laft pair of Muícles mentioned by our Author. | * ag(e from the midft of the Tranfverfe Proceffes of |
“the Second Vertebra, and are fmall, fhort Mufcles
*.Inferted to the Roots beneath the Tranfverfe Pro- | *- ccfles of the Firft Vertebra. Thefe hecalls theFlexors: |
*- of the firft Verrebra on the Second, from their ufe.
. Having lately an opportunity of Examining thefe | parts in 2.Doy ; tho’ much Emaciated, I could di(cover | flefhy Fibres that refembled füch- Mufcles, and that not’ |
only between the Tranfverfe Procefies of the Firft and
Second Vertebra, but the two next alfo; and F am apt^ | to think, the next tothem in like manner; but my time: |
would not give me leave to profecute the Enquity. How-—
ever I can hardly: perfwade my felf that thofe Mufcles can’ | bend the firft Vertebra on the Second ; the difficulty of | which Motion in thefe Vertebra, willbe very manifeft |
to any that will-be, pleafed to examine their manner of
Articulation: Since itappears that the two flat Proceífes- of thofe Vertebre.are applied to each other in- a Horizon- |
tal.
L
| ( 133 ) e tal manner, and are therefore only fitted for turning to either fide, by means of the Ax ot Tooth-like Procefs of the Second Verre£ra. Theíe-Muícles 1 am enclin'd te think are Auxiliaries to the OZ/iqu2 Zzferzores, but:being very fmall are only imployed in fhaking the Head; either.of them acting may draw the Tranfverfe Procefs of the firft Vertebra, to a Perpendicular with the Second; as when we exprefs Sorrow by fhaking the Head. The Mufcles placed between the Tranfverfe - Proceffes of the other Vertebre of the Neck, are. mere in drawing the Superior Vertebre late- rally. | " The Motion of the Head on the firft erze£ra is fo. manifeft from the manner of its Articülation, that I can:
- not but admire, how moft of the late Anatomifts (as M..
Dupre takes notice) fhould fay it was only mov'd on the: Second. - | ¥ |
—— «'EheFirft of the Two Ligaments, mentioned by M. ‘ Dupre, is placed, he fays, between the firft and fecond
- * Fertebra , in their middle and Foreparts ; which does
in no refpe& (tem. to differ from that defcribed by:
^ Galen, Vefalius, and almoft all Writers on the Subje& ;
| à
the like being found between the. fore-parts of the reft
"mof. the Fertebrasi 0o
* The Second Ligament (he fays) is an Inch leng, and
- * of the bigne(s of a Goofe-Quill, and is faftned above to: — *the middle of the Elongation of the Occipital-bone,. - *and theupper, middle, and anterior part of the firít — *Eertebra:. He adds, [t is obfervable, when this Liga- — * ment is wantiog, the Apoxeurofs which faftens the Oc. | ‘cipital-bone to the Vertebra, is Stronger and Thicker. “in that part. In this likewife I fee no fuch Difagree- - ment from the Defcription given by moft Writers of the Ligaments of this part , as deferves the Title of -a.new Difcovery ; it being very obvious, that the middle of
the.
4
34 ) the lén of that Ligament is much thicker than any. other part of it.
The Firft Figure of M. Dapre Reprefents the lower part of the Occipital-Bone, together with the Three upper Vertebra of the Neck, pee on the Forefide. |
A. The Mammillary Procefs. 2. Lhe Elongation of the Occipital-done. | . The hole in. the Occipital-bone thro which the Spinal row defcends. go d The, ffr Vertebra of tbe Neck. 5: The Second .— . The Third . The Mufcle which be calls Rgcént pofterieur, or the Poflerior Mufcle which Bridles the Head. .This I | take to be part of the Obliquus füperior, as will ap- pear'y comparing bis Defcription with that in my se otom. Reform. p. 120. Fig II. b. 8, The Mufcle call’d Rengorgeur droit (dy Dupre) or the ftreight Mufcle which Bridles the Head: This I have called Regus Lateralis from its Pofition ; Ttis de- — | Seribed by Falloppius , and expreft in the loft mentioned s aid Figure atk,
|. 9.: The Mufcie be calls Reagorgeur oblique, or tbe Ob- E]
lique Bridling Mufcle : This I bave called Anouans, and Kectus internus minor, ibid. p. 126. Fig. i. —— Both this and the former Mufcles are alfo Figur'd in my — Appendix to The Anatomy of Humane Bodies, Fig8. and Fig. 25. ! 10. Zhe Mufcle which be salle the Flexor of the Erf Ver- | tebra on tbe Second. 11. A Ligament whofe upper part is fafued de the middle of the Elongation of the — x -
^ te
dd | QD i. - tbe other Extream of it, to tbe upper part of the firft .. -Vertebra ; which feems to be part of that decribed and figured by Vefalius, Lib. Ul. Cap.X XX. 1 12. The other (hort Ligament which is commonly obfer- ved between the Foreparts of all tbe reft of the . Vertebrz. :
"Ihe Second Figure of M.DupreReprefents part fthe Occipital-bone, together with the two firft Verte- _ bre of the Neck, view'd from behind.
was
I. The Interior part of the Occipital bone.
- 32. The Matculi recti minores. !
3: 3- Zhe Fourth pair of Muféles mentioned by Dupre, which he calls the Auxiliary to the greater and leffer Oblique Mufcles: Thefe I take to be parts of the last
- mentioned Reti. | | 4. 5. The Firft and Second Vertebra of the Neck, - A. The Mammiform Proce/s. | |
| Thefe Figures being very illdone, I thought it would , not be amifs to add Two Figures of the fame Bones | inthe like Pofition, done after the Life ; not only for | the better. Explanation of the above-mentioned Muf- | cles, but fome others alfo,: which M. Dupre may pet- . chance find in Diflecting thefe Parts, and take to be new Difcoveries alfo. |
a | | Fip.1E 7 | — Reprefents part of the External Surface of the Bafis of |o the Skull, together with the Foreparts of all the .Vertebrz of the Neck. N.B. The prickd Lines” denoting the Progrefs of the Mufcles onthe Bones.
A. A, &c.
(136)
A.A, &c. Part of the Bafis of the Craniam. B B, The Two Mammiform Procefles.
(C C, The Preceffus Styloides.
D, The Elongation of the Occipital-bone.
E, Part of the Foramen, by whichthe Spinal bsków :
defcends. 44, Parts of the Two Condyliform Proceffes of the
c
Occipital. bone, . which are received by the fuft |
Vertebra.
1,2,3, 9c. "The Forepatts of the Seven Vertebra of the ©
Neck.
8,6, The Tranfverfe Procefles of the firft Ver- —
sobra;
¢,¢, Their Perforations , through which the Trunks |
of the Vertebral Veins and Arteries pals.
d,d, The Tranfverfe Procefles of the Second Fer
rebra. e, f,g, b, à, The reft of the Tranfverfe Proof of the - Vertebre of the Neck. . k,k, Parts of the Oblique A(cending and Defcending Pro-- ceffes behind the Tranfverfe. 4, 4 C)c. The Foramina between the Vertebra for the Egrefs of Nerves from the fpinal Marrow. : F F.... The Mufcule Annuantes , by M. ge called. - Rengorgeur oblique. — G de - The Reit Laterales by him called Rengergenr . droit. . HH.... The Mufcles, which: he fays, are the Flexors of the Firft Vertebra on the Second ;. which I rather think are employed in Shaking the Head, they arifing _. from the Traníverfe Procefles of the Second Vertebra, and afcend obliquely forwards tothe Firft. OL... The Obdiguus Superior which M. Dapie calls Ren- gorgeur pofteriear,
Fig. Il.
(15725)
Fig. ML
- The binder Parts of the Bones, reprefented in the pre- ceding Figure, with prickt Lines, as before.
A the Occipital-bone. B B, Parts-of the Lambdoidal Sutures.
C C, That part of the Occipital-bone where tne Spleni-
us, Complexus , and the reft of the Muícles of the Head ceaíe to terminate. D D, The Mammiform Procefles,
B EE, Parts of the Styliform Proceffes. 703, 2, 3, 9c, Theback Parts of all the Vertelre of the
Neck.
| FF, The Mafcult rec; minores. BUG... The Mufeles which M. Dupre fays, are the
Auxiliaries to the greater and leffer Oblique ; which I take to be parts of the laft mentioned Recfz minores, vd not found diftiné in all Bodies.
b. EHH..... the Redi Laterales, mentioned by Fal-
RW IL... dd . The ‘final Muícles placed between the 'T'ranf-
vente: Procefies of the Firft and Second Vertebra of the Neck.
ee Another {mall Mufcle like the former, placed
E ewaen the Second and Third Vertebra.
“KK, Gc. The Four pair of Mufcks I call Totee-
- Spnale Colli, which are defcribed in my Book of . the Mulcles , Se.
"uu ad —— — tupra sspe Aerei mr mr mitt " ee IMS A CÓÉ9n t
d ers Rs: | E
An Extract Concerning a Deformed Humane SKULL, from the fame M.Dopre. —
Icholas Brodes, of Thirty Years of Age, having been Afflicted for the {pace of Ten Years with ©
an Inceflant Head-ach, ( which for the laft Twelve Months before his Deceafe had been more violent than formerly , and depriv’d him of his Sight) upon the 15th of March, 1697. was received into the Aorel Dies. After his Head was fhaved, there appeared a — large Tumor, which extended it felf over the Hairy — Scalp. In the midft of the lett Parietal-bone , there . was the Pulfation of an Artery, and a {mall Fluctuation, — the reft of the Tumor being exceeding hard. M. Dupre, — fearing this might be an Aneurifm, was unwilling to — open the Tumor, till he was conftrained to it, by the . importunate Intreaties of the Patient, who chofe rather — the Hazard of ‘his Life, than any longer to endure foex- — quifite a Torment. As {oon as an Aperture was made, — there iffu’d out a quantity of thick concreted Blood,which — wet the Bolfters at every Dreffing. The Second day he — felt a hard Body with his Probe, loofe in the Flefh, - which being taken out, appeared to be a {mall Frag- - ment of a Bone Exfoliated, :efembling a fmall Comb- — .brufh. Unon theFourih day the Patient dyed, — ^ 7 - In Diffe&ting the Head, the Tumified part of the | Skull appeared to arife more tham an Iach above the | — found Bone. "The whole Swelling of the Cranium was - made up of feveral Subfiances, not unlike little Horhs, - or inaumerable fmall hollow Cones, with. their points | downwards; befides a great number of Bony Fibres, | freight, ftiff , and-pointed, refembling the Teafels ufed |
( 139 )
| by Cloth-workers. In the next place there Were feve-
ral Holes, fome of which Perforated the Skull, others
"pot. "There was no diftinction of the Sutures. The
Meninges were Mortified and Confounded together, and in part adhered to the Bony Excrefcencies of the Left
— Parietal-Bore; neverthelefs the Brain was found and
|
I
entire. The inequalities of the inner Surface of the Cranium, refembled melted Metal poured down from a confiderable height, on alight moving Sand; or thein- fide of a Grctto, in which the Stones jet out in an irre- gular manner. The whole Left fide had loft its natural Figure, and the Right had only a few Impreffions, made by the beatiog of the Arteries of the Dara
Mater... j
Itisnot unlikely (he adds) this might proceed from fome Pocky Matter, but in an exact fearch of theBo- — dy no appearance of any fuch Diflemper could be found. M. Dupre therefore imagines, the Blood Vef-
fels of the Diploe might poffibly be burft by fome ac- - eidental blow on the Head, or eroded by fome Acidities of the Huntors, and the Blood be extravafated in its Cells; this ftagnating, and by degrees arriving to a ve- —ry high degree of Corruption; he thinks it is not much to be admired ; that the more ponderous part (by its
great Acidity) thouid diffolve the contiguous bone, and aíter it has penetrated that, by eroding füch nice and fen-
fible Membranes, as the Pericranium and Dura Mater, - cauíe exquifite pains.
. To explain the Irregularities of the Skull he premifes, that its upper Piate is compofed of Strata of Bony Fi-
bres,lying Paralel to each other,and of an Arched Figure.
Now whenthe Volatile Acid fublimes, (fays he) and dif- folves one end of the Bony Fibre, it muft by its Elafti- . city {pring up and become erect onthe other. If more of thefe happen to have thofe ends which remain on the
Tue Vz Cranium
| Clans around one point, they form the fmall Cones
ferved in moft other Boncs of the Body(the Os. Perrofam,
. ded (and their- Appendages thus Difeasd) the Bony — - Fibres fometimes Germinate and Unite both Bones, in. — fucha manner, that they afterwards appear to be one - continued one, as I have feen in the Hip and -
me ER M
( x40 )
above-noted, by iheans of a vifcous Matter which Ce- ments them together, and fills up their Interftices : Oa the contrary, if they ftart feparately they form a Capilla- ry Appearance. wee |
Mr. Cowper's Remarks...
What weight thefe Reafons may have with an Intelli- gent Reader, I fhall not pretend to decide. | Excrefcences not unlike this of the Skuil,have been ob-
Incus,Malleus,Stapes,&c. not excepted) and the Difeafe is. — commonly called SpisaP'entofa. Yt is remarkable,that the Bones of Children and young Bodies (efpecially their Appendages) are more fubjett. tothe like Accidents, than — thofein Years; by reafon their ZZri//ez are much fofter — and apt to extend, whereby that part of the Bone it — felf grows Tumid, and frequently becomes Carious ; and — this probably might give occaiion for Impofing the — Name of Pedarthrocace on that Dileafe, which is vule — garly calld, Zbe Joint-Evil: When the Cartilageson — the extremities of Bones in their Articulations are eros
Thigh-bone, and again in the Thigh-bone the 77- . bia and Patella, and frequently in the Offa Tarfi,Meta- — tarfi, and Bones of the Toes ; many Inftances of which’ — are mentioned by Writers, in the Vertebre and other - Bones. — This-Unition of Bones at their Articulations, |
may alfo happen througha defe&t of the Mucilage, = |
The |
( 141 ) — The Germisation of Bony Fibres, after any Peccant Matter has deftroy’d fome of them, and relaxt others, is -no more furprifing, than the Flethy Inequalities we * commonly meet with in hollow Ulcers, of the foft- --er Parts, as in the Membranes, Mufcles, Glands, (9v, - Befides the Inequalities on the Surfaces of Bones thus affected, and their being very much diftended, I have frequently feen divers large holes in them; (befides- - thofe for the Tranfit of the Blood-Vefiels) fome of which have paít quite through. them: The like has been obferved in both Tables of the Skull, as M. Rupre has taken notice, where part of the Bone has been dif- - folved into an Zchorous Matter, which fometimes has - happened, and the External Teguments not been injured; of both thefe Cafes 1 have mentioned Examples in the 93d Table, and in my Introduction to the Anatomy cf. "^ Humane Bodies lately publifhed..
'
| í VII. An 922 EU Account of a Child's Head, (^ Bern without a Brain zn OGober laff, 1698. By Monf. Bufliere.
| AL French Woman living at Dang-bid , of a good | £% Complexion, and in perfect Health during all the | time of her being with Child, was then brought to Bed | Of a Boy, as big and tall as a Child can be in that - . Age, well fhapd in his Body, and Limbs very found, | without the leaft mark of Corruption, except that , Bis Eyes did look as if they had been placed at the: | top of the Forehead; the Skull was unequal, the skin. | | m - Jdwhereof, ©
C 142 ) -whereof, though full of Hair, was a little redder than
the reft of the Body. Ü - The Midwife faid, - the Child came alive out of : . the terus ; but tho’ we cannot truft fuch Report, yer, tis certain, the Mother affüreth, that.fhe felt him ftir- ring very often, but chiefly an Hout before (he was ta- ken ill for ber Delivery , he was fo troublefome to her -by his Motion, that fhe could fiàd no eafe and quiet, but by her Husbands keeping his Hánds faft upon her Belly, who affirmeth he felt plainly the Child's motions; .
and indeed the good Condition cf this Child's Body, is methinks, fufficient enough to prove, that he was alive in the Belly of his Mother. | [ was fent for to open this MM Head, and here is : what was found in it. % The Skin which did cover the Skull being ta- = ken off, the Corovalis-bone did appear lying flat up- — on the Sphenoides- -Lone, which was the Caufe the | Eyes did look, as if they had been at the top of s 5 Forehead, The Squammofa part of the Temporal Bones was want- — ing, there being but the Os Petrofum, which was in its — naturalplace, and in which the Organs of the feaíe of . hearing were in tlie ordinary Order ^ — - There was no Parietal Bones, nor'ány thing equiva. T lent, which likely was the Caufe that the Coronal Bone, was fet upon the Sphenoides. . a Of the Occipital Bone, there was but the Bafis which joineth to the Sphenoides, in the middle whereof “was the great hole, through: which the Medulla oblongata | comrnonly. pafieth, ali the: upper part of this Bone — being wanting, without any mark of having been corroded or gaawn, the edges T which Were Veo ry fmooth. | - !
o
- All
| ; ( 143 ) All the upper part of the Bones of the Skull being wanting; the Skin had no other fupport but its bafis , which was the reafon why the top of the Head was very unequal and rough. | No Brain at all was found, nor any: mark in the whele extent of the Skull, that there had been any, there being no fpace left between the Bafis of the Skull and the Skin to contain it ; there was no Dura mater. neither, the Bones being covered only with a very thin Membrane. : | Neither the Carotides, nor the Vertebrale Arteries did penetrate the Skull, but by fmall Twigs, fpread in the
. thin Membrane.
I did take off the Three upper Peitálea; of the
Neck, before I could find the Medulla Spinalis,
the beginning of it being under the Fourth Verte. bra, like a {mall ftump wrapd up in the Dura ma-
ter; the Medulla was very found, and not bigger
‘than it is in other Bodies of that Age; all rhe
_ Nerves which parted from it were in their Natural Or- } der. |
|
|] ; | | 1 |
q d
rd
, any other,
The Eyes were well (hap'd, and all the Parts belong-
| ing to them, every one of their Mufcles were far- _Mithed with the ordinary Nerves, the 3d, 4th, sth, | and 6th pair, and the Optick were in their natural Si-
tuation. - — Allthefe Nerves did terminate themfelves in the holes
| of the Skull, through which they commonly pafs, they |. did reach no further, nor had any Communication with. -
\
_ All the Parts of the Face were natural, withtheir Mul . clesand Nerves ; the Tongue was very frefh, and doubr- _ lefs had performed the Deglutition to make the Child |! twallow the Colliquamentum, of which there wasa good - | quantity in his Stomach. | um | ay out The
" ; : = p mri aae t o
( 144 ) :
he Larinx, and all the parts of the Throat wereas | the reit of the Bod»; i ina good and natural Condition as 3 can be. | [leave to others to dades how this Child could live, and move fo long, without Brain. 4 [ keep the Banes of that Skull in’ ‘my Houfe, where E any Body may have a view of it, tó ipao. their Curi- - in when they pleafe.
a's * ~
y HY Part of a Letter from Monf Geoffroy, F. R. $. D: Dated Paris, March 7.1699 N.S;to-Dr.Sloane; giving an Account of tbe New Regulations of a tive Royal Academy of Sciences, ‘at Paris. M
Shall here give you an Account of the great Splendour t & that the Academie des Sciences has Received by the — Regulations, Incouragement, and Orders, Monf.L’abbe — Bignos has obtained to it from the King. That Academy — is now compofed of Ten honorary Academictans, pues i are. chofen beara and Eminent Gentlemen; of Fight |
Lee te Penfioners Fellows, Twenty E i : and Twelve Freach. Affociates ; out- of the honorary — Academicians, two are Ele&ted every Year, one for Pre- Eo fident, the other for Vice-Prefident ; ; only Twenty Pens fioners have every Year. heo) French Livers ; and after * the Death of one Penfioner, the Academy will propofe — to the King Three Perfous y age or Eleves; oríomes - times others ; and his Majefty will call one of the Three | fer Penfioner. -
Hete i5 the. Catalogue. of the iex the Names | of honorary and-Strangers Affociates, who are difpofed - b bj order of Reception; “but the others are difteibuted ine
to Clafles, into which the Academy is divided. 5 | Academiciens
C
Axcademicians 70.
Honoraires 10, . Prefident,M. I’abbe Bignon |
2 sage M.Le Marquis de l'bopital
M. Le Chevalier Regnaut M. De Malefreux Le R. P. Sebaftien, Carme
Affocies Btrangers 8.
M. Lebuitz M.U/chirnhaus
M. Guillelminy M.Berzamlly a Bafle
M.Beraotillt aGroningue —
Le R.P. Malbranche de L'oratoire. M. Hartfoeker
Le R. P. Gouye Fefuite . M. Dabbe yr on
M. Romer M. Newtoz.
M. Fagon 1'* Medicin du Roy
M. De Vauban.
—— URL MEG LTTSRR MEMNERN
.. Clafles 6. Boiosaitis 20. v quier 20. Affocies Francois —.. M.L'abbe Galois. M.Cbevaker dra. docs .M.De 7a bire M.L;eutaud M. Mar aldi .M.Rowe ANE M.Regis | Aftronomes K __M. Caffint ML inem t Coffini le fils «i M.Le feure M.Amontons M. De /a bire le » ^ MVarignon M.Carre fus. | M.Desbillettes: M.Parent M.De Chazelles Mecaniciens — M.Geaugeon M.De Seine AM. De Lagny. M.Dzleme - M
lae nire M; De isst M. Simon P 35 35 M. Cowplet Jefis |
M.Dz hamel M.De lire.
ure eee _ M,. Tauury
| --— - M.D» Verne M.Dz Verney fon M. Beurdelin fe | * ptenafie M. Mer re " frere »f . fus. | dog M.Poxpart | eM. 117727 M.Ibuiher |. M.E'anglade Chy miftes s M. Homberg * M. Geoffroy M.L'Emery. Los — M.Boxidauc - M. Bouldue le fils. te E ^ M. Dodart M. Burlette M. Morte de Tou 3otaniftes —M Marchand M.Reneaume — Jong. | dh s. M.Tournefort -.. M.Berger McMria de Sr. | _ Vitor:
DW 1X The
nt RE tg ——Á'-—— Á — s— r -—
Jack : (146)
dx. An Account of a BOOK. The Natural Hiftory of tbe Chalybeat and Pure ging Waters of England, with their particular - Effays and Ufes, &c. with Obferwations o j
— tbe Bath Waters in Someríet(hire. By Benj. d Allen, Med, Bac. | Printed for S. Smith ana
.B. Waltord, at the- Prince's-Arms in St. Pat | Chuech-yard Doo. cu eee A
^i ny
HIS Treatifé confitts of an Acn of the Ori- | ginal and Principles of the Chalybeat and Pur- .—. ging Waters of England,the Effays of the Particular Wa- ters, and a Regifter of the Virtues and. Properties o . them. This the Author Recommends as a Ud de neve D yet done ; from the Neceffity of knowing the c: and Properties, of any Subject, and nicely ft ae d € Cafes they are proper in, but efpecially of this Subje&t of fo general Ufe and extraordinary Virtue ; and ur- ..geth the Difcovery of fo great variety in the Waters ar their Salts, as amount to effential Differences amon g thofe reputed of the fame fpecies, aud which are ufed — promifcuoufly, this he proves to anfwer Obfervation ; -. and to the negle& of which. Proprieties, he proves the want of Succefs to be much owing, as well as to the ignorance of their proper Place, and full extent of th . Wirtues. In: the Chalybeats he difcovers a: } | orts
as
B (7) forts ; The Light, the Heavy Acidthat takes only a Red with Gall, and does not retain it; the Atramentous, that retain confiderably the Colour, and thofe that have fo great a fhare of the Salt of the Earth, as hindred their retaining the Colour they take withGall, toall which he Affigns diftinct Virtues. Particularly , the LightWaters -. he appropriates to Obftrutions of the more remoteand finer Paffages of the Glands, @c. and the Heavy Acid to the Aftringing and ftopping Fluxes of Blood; in the Virtues of the laft the Author confiders the Apo- plexy diftinétly, which he makes to proceed from a . Vice of the Glandular Duéts, and not from any Obftru- _ ion in the Blood-Vefleis ; evincing,as be thinks, that no Obftruction of them, or of the Brain, nor compreffion of the Brain can effect it 5 and corrects the Notion of - the continued Courfe of the Animal Spirits, to be the —. continuer or our Machin; but the {pring of the Brain - correfpondent to and kept up by the Air, which he |. makes the ule of Refpiration,. and which he argues _ to be deítroyed in this Difeafe, by admiffion of Air with the Biocd which breaks in, and that this Diftemper is Cured by thefe Waters on that fcore ; what concurs to the Produ&ion of this Difeafe (which is to be regarded )
whence it becomes fo frequent; this he makes to be
* cold received into the Cortex Cerebri, and affecting the
| ——— Succus Nutritius , and mortifies it; thatit is fo, the | Hiftory he gives of the Difeafes of the Seafons, he thinks, . . | fufficiently evince: Firft froma general Courfe of the Dif- | eafes of the laft Years, in which he proves the Caufe to”
- bethe fame; and thea chiefly, that upon the removing ‘of the Matter from the Brain, it appears in rheumatick flatulent Tumors in the part where it fettles, and which
| — readily returnto produce another fit : in all which he
ni - approves Dr.Co/es ufe of the Glandular Secretion, e | | a Ee E 7 che
*
‘the Caufe,. which’ he affi ink to ie Cold 5 only more nearly explains the reafon and nature of it, the matter of which this Author íuppofeth to be more minute, than the common grofs parts that affect us, and that the Great Froft did by no means introduce ir, but help-- ed to increafe and urge it ; and this complication of Caufes he confiders in the Cure. |
The Purging Waters he detects the Principles of, which hath been the Work of our greateft Men, and fruitlefs hitherto. And in the Effaysof the Waters, obferves fo great variety of the Salts of them, andin the Nature of the Waters, in proportion to their differences: The Author in fhort, examines them,. and offers their Eflays _ to view ; befides fome of the Waters which he thus proves to be the fame with the fam'd ones.of Scarborow and Anaresborow ; he offers fome not known, and fome — - not ufed at leaft before, pace regards Dai not Cu , red m. the others. niseistutts |
LONDON: Printed ^m Sli, Smith, d Bey Walford, —
- Printers to the Royal Society, at ia HM m: 3 i in nv Paul's ae RS BE isle ma | wisi ribs * 3
» Ai 15. ad 25v01 €
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C149) -Numba52
PHILOSOPHICAL “TRANSACTIONS.
For the Month of May; 1699. | The CONTENTS.
& An Obfervation concerning a very odd kind of Dropfy, or Swellengs in one of tbe Ova- ies of a Woman, by Hans Sloane., M. D. AL. An account of Stitching the great Tendon, _ between the Calf of the Leg and Heel, with sts Union and Cure, after an entire Divifion of it, with Remarks: Read at a. Meeting of tbe Royal Society, By Mr.William Cow- per, P.K.S. WL 4 Difcourfe of the Opera- tionof a Blifter when it Cures a Fever, made — | at a Meeting of theRoyal Society. By Wil- tam Cockburn, M.D. of NOR abe ty RS...
f 8 5H i E
fu ci CESNDI s IV. Of tbe Nature of Silk, 45 it is made in Piedmont, Communicated by William Agli- onby , Efg; F.R.S. V. Two Propofitions defired to be Anfwered. VI. Part of a Let- - ter from Mr.Llwid, to Dr. Tancred Robig- fon, F.R.S. Concerning a Figured Stone found — in Wales:. With a Note on it, ns . Sloane, MD. - OF Ae
X An Obferwation concerning a very odd kind | of Dropfy, ‘or Swellings invone of the Ovaries — of a Woman, by Hans Sloane, M. D. a
iE. M
«ef. a San- V. guine Complexion; bad been Married about Four. - Years , in which time fhe had had one Child : her Belly - fwell'd , and fhe thought fhe was with Child ; thé had often’ great Hyfterick Fits, fomething like thofe of an Epileply, lying ia her Fit fometimes without fenfeor ^ ' Motion,» sat. other times with great Screaming and idle — — talk. Theíe, with proper Remedies, were removed — _ at feveral times with difficulty. Coming to. be about fix Months gone with Child- (as fhe thought) fhe Be- gam to have fome doubt whether it were fo’or not, be-- caufeé fhe had her Catamenia very regularly ;. I wasof - Opinion fhe was not with Child, and would bay C WES ed'fier with Steel, and Purgers of Water , as ropi- .—— | cally. difpofed Bodics'require; but fhe fancying fhe kie !
A Rs. Browne; Aged about Twenty, nine;
| | SC iir) | - the Child ftir, put a ftop to that Courfe, and went ori expecting the good Hour, having prepared all things - for the Child to be Born, and heríelf during her Lying- in.” She delayedthe propofed Method, for three or four - Months beyond Nine, thinking fhe had counted wrong ; - but at laft fhe was perfwaded to Medicines, and under- went a very flrict Courfe, as for Hydropick People ; her Legs did not {well nor pit, her Belly was uneq.i:], -and the Swelling more of the Right. fide; fo thar the Na- vel was thruft over to the other, orleít fide. She had -alío. refolving Plaifters applied to her Belly, but ail - in vain, excepting that with much Anxiety, Gripes, and "Frouble, fomuch Water might be evacuated , as to. "bring down her Belly three or four Inches ; fhe then "eonfulted other Phyficians and Quacks, but in vain; ‘and finding her B:eathing very difficult, and reduced "to a very narrow compas, fhe hearkened to a Tapping, - ver a Paracentefis, which was propofed by fome as What would be the means of her Recovery. "This was "after a fuirable Prognoftick refolved on, and performed at feveral times, by difcharging great quantities, of firft a limpid thick Serum, as whites of Eggs, infipid and ecagulable into the like Subftance by heat ; it came af- ‘terwards to the Colour and Confiftence of thin Honey, ‘and Coagulated on Evaporation. In fome time fhe fell
into aFever, with a great Thrufh, Hickups, and in about Wine days dyed. Out of whofeBody, when Diffe&ted ‘after Death, was difcharged fome Buckets of the fame Watery Subftance that had been difcharged by the Pa- ‘tacentefis ; part of this was floating in the Abdomen, Dut far the greater voided out of great and thick Bags, - |fome of which were as large as the Stomach, others ! fmaller, many of them rotted to pieces, andall of them — ‘in the right Ovary or Tefticle : the Uterus, Tuba Fallo- | ar no as piana,
: ER. C ORI d spiana, and every thing eife being found, bating the ‘Omentum which was quite confumed ; what was very, ftrange was, that feveral Bags of the larger fize, in this Ovary, contained others {maller. within them ; and | thofe who were larger, were filled witha Mellaginous Liquor; thofe ímaller with one like Whites of Eggs. ‘Here and there ‘between were Apoftems, which were but fmall, and filled. with yellowMatter. The Gall. ‘Bladder was full of feveral Triangular -yellow Stones. | She was very Jean all over her Body, and -never had |
«her Legs fwell or pit; nor.the noife of Water on her — iftirring in Bed, till fome {mall time before the Paracen- -tefis, when fhe fell into-fo great an:Orthopnea, that the -could not, unlefs ere&, Breathe, | | 1 |i
~
H] . = ‘ PN ^
i (1532 TE | rt vhs iud . M. Ae Account of Stitching the Great Tendom, between the Calf of the Leg and Heel, with | its Union and Cure, after an entire Divifion
of it, with Remarks. Read at a Meeting of
the Royal Society. By Mr. William Cow-
per, F.K 5. |
E. Oy the Firft Day of February laft 1 was called to | y Thomas Wheatly , a Carpenter , Aged Thirty - Years, who had totally divided the Great Tendon of the Mufculi Gafterocnemii of the Left Leg, about Three
_ Fingers Breadta above the Os Cakw. I found the upper part of the Tendon withdrawn from the Inferior at — leaft Two Inches. J not being provided with Needles. | — large enough for the Operation I defiga'd, I was obli-
-
ged to flep home to fetch them; and in my return E —. called on Mr. Gooddiar, an Experienced Surgeon, who ji was prefent, and affifted me in the following Opera- |, tion. | |
— ^ The Applications being prepared, and Two or Three: [2 large Needles, with ftrong Silk.in them well Waxed, T "was firít obliged to divide the external Teguments,. | Fig.1. a, b. to come at the ends of the divided Tendon, C ABib. Thisdone, the firft Needle ( € ) I paffed tho- | row the Body of the Tendon (4) about half an Tach above its divided Extremity. The fecond Needle (D) | "was thruft through this upper part of the Tendon, a "little under the former, leaft the two Threads (or Silks) |" fhould meet each other at their decuffation, in the mid- | dle of the Tendon. Afterwards both thefe Needles "were paffed thorow the lower part of the divided Teh | don, as expreft in the lait a Figure C. D. Hos |o ] | | v Le 'OO0t
1" LÀ
rR c 28. 2o NES Foot being held extended, the two ends of the Tendon
.. were applied tó eachother, by the Affiftance of the Li-
gatures (C. D.) which were fo tyed, as to keep the di- vided parts clofe together, whilft the Foot remained in this Pofture, After the four ends of thefe Ligaturcs were cut off I found it was neceffary to bring the fides of the divided Skin nearer each other with one fingle Stitch, a little above the Suture of the Tendon. This done, a Pledget of Lint dipt in Balíam of Turpentine was laid on the Wounds, and another large Pledget of Flax, arm’d with Linimentum @ Gummi Elemi over it. Alter the Application of common Bandages, Bolfters,@c. ] found it was neceflary to place a thick piece of Paft- _ board, of a convenient Arched Figure, on the Fore- — | parts of the Foot and Leg, to keep the part Inflected, — and prevent any motion of it, which might break out the Stitches in the Tendon. He complained very much in paffing the Needles through the upper part of the divided Tendon ; tho’ its middle and internal part at the divifion, wasfcarce fenfible of the touch of my Finger. — He had no pain in paffing the Needles through the low- — 2 er part of the Tendon. After Fourteen Ounces of - Blood was taken from his Arm, [left him om his Bed. ~ .Six Hours after ( which was about Eight at Night) I~ found his Pulíe fomewhat quicker then before: He then. .—
. took an Ounce of Syrup. de Meconio. The next Morn- .— ing I found him in no ill Condition: He told mehehad ~ got fome Sleep that Night, but was often awakened _ With twitchings in the Calf of tae Wounded Leg. The ~ third day after the Operation, I dreft the Wound with — the fame Applications as before ; only ufing a Fomenta- -~ tion, madeof a Deco&tion of Wormwood, Sage, Rofe: _ mary, Bay-Leaves, (9c. On the fourth Day after the — Operation, I found the Applications on the Wound ve- _ ry wet with a fcrous Humor, commonly cailed a Gleer,
| | | On -
V DUIS) | Oa the Sixth Day the matter became meu thicker, and the Skin being a little diftended about the Wound, | I was obliged to divide the lift mentioned Stitch, to ad- mit of the free Difcharge of the Pus, which on tlie two - fucceeding Days became much thicker than xd and the Giest confequently leffened. About this time the two ends of the Tendon were. not a little dilated, and a white Slough appeared on it, towards the upper part of the Wound; on which, - inftead of the Balfam of Turpentine, [applied Tin&ure of Myrrh. Not many Days after, this Slough came off, andthe two ends of the Tendon were over- [pread with . 8 Fungous Flefh, . by which I was affured, that its Blood Veflels and Nutritive Tubes, were not compreft by the - two firft Ligatures. Afterwards I made ule of drier Applications than before; fometimes ufing Lint only , and at other times Palvis Terebintbine. About Ten days After the Operation, I found one of two Ligatures inthe Tendon hanging loofe, which! divided and drew out. Two or three Days after, I found the other Liga- ture loofe alfo, which in like manner I removed. The
L. Part all this ‘while being kept Inflected by the ak
- board above-mentioned.
-— lwas often obliged to apply gentle Efcharoticks, or leflen the Fungus on the Tendon. In leís then Thir- ty Days after the Operation he went abroad very Lame-
b^ dy. And not many Days after, he told me he had
walkt round St.jamess Park; nor did any ill Confe- quence follow, tho’ he employed himfelf daily in fome fitting Work of his Trade ; he ftill recovering more and
d - more Ufe of his Foot ; infomuch , that on the 26th of ~ | March following ( which was within Eight Weeks after | ‘the Operation) he walkt from his Habitation in Wztcb-
- féreet without Temple-Zar , to Greenwich , to fce a large
b. Whale d that lay then on. the Shore, ind returned in a
Z E : few
Yew Hours. He has now recovered all the Motions of his Foot, and fhews very little Lameneís in Walking, and is not inthe leaf incommoded in working at his Trade.
If it fhould be thought, I have been tedious in reci- ting fo many particulars of this Cafe, it may be fome ‘excufe to haveit known, that the Uncommonnefs of the Stitching of Tendons in general, and the Rarity of this -Inftance1n particular , might make it neceffary not to omit any Circumffence, fince many Accurate Writers of ^ the Operations of Surgery, either país by thisof Stiteh- ing of Tendons, or dilapprove of it; and others de- fcribe the Practice of it, very different from what I have here Repreíented. VET
| REMARKS. -— Lc
Among all the Authors I have confulted on this Occafion, I can meet but with a fingle Inftance of the like Cafe , which is barely mentioned by Veflingzus, one. of the moft Accurate Anatomifts of his time, who has expreft his great furprize at the Succefs. |
It isa Common Opinion, That Stitcaing divided Ten-
dons is hazardous, if not impracticable ; nor has this Conje€ture been without many Favourers of it among Chirurgical Writers; Tho’ the Worksof Ambrofée Pa- rey juftly exa& our efteem (particularly for recommend- - ing that incomparable Practice of tying the ends of Arteries, after the Amputations of Limbs, to reftrain the Fiux,of Blood; and ftrenuoufly afferting it againft his peevifh Adverfary, * Bartholomeus
- Perdukis ; which Practice has been but lately revived
' among us with Succefs:) I fay, notwithftanding this — ~~ Author has fo well deferved from Mankind, yet lought ~-—
"^ mot to pafs by what he has faid in his Tenth Book,Ch. 36.
/:^* Where he tells us, ‘ Some Surgeons have been fo bold
//. © as to fow together the ends of the Tendons of. the
“©, / Ham and other Joynts, when they have been quite ^ ~
| A i STE
4 EO T » | Cat afunder. Bat I durft never Attempt it, jays he, +. PF "Af ——* for fear of Pain, Convulfions, and the like horrid Ue. * nido. —4* Symptoms. (Zo tbis be adds) For the Wounds of that ’ ^f ec E CLE Yl) 3 ig large Tendon: which is compofed of the Three Muf. — ^ fL. 4 2e de cles of the, Calf of the Leg, and goes to the Heel, /52 £4 thon enn bd | have obferv 'd when it hath been Cut with a Sword,’ v uiti © that the. Wounds have been long and hard to Care ; Bi: eee * and befides, when at the laft they have been healed ; hy s fofoon as the Patient hath got out of his Bed, and en-. a (3 p La deavoured to go, they have grown ill, and broke, 4 Coot Y p open again. —— ' C PS er Mab | T had once an opportunity of obferving the like j ina pe \ Jound of this Tendon, which neverthelefs ought not ) difcourage Surgeons from Stitching it, when it is en- itely divided, as the preceding Inftance will Evince. | Aiippocrates {eems to favour the Opinion, That De Morb. lerves or Tendons would not grow together LA S eU f ly divided; nor does he any where (that I can find). dam eak of Stitching them. ‘Tho’ Galen does not propofe the future of divided pm yet." Gaido pretends he tacitly Acknowledges * Trat. 3. a Practice, níaying,T They are Cured as other Ulcers P € BRUN d Wounds are, ie. Guido adds, Qued alza Ukera fuun- UE ; * at ferventar partes adducle. | |. med.C.s. vicenfays, Sà autem difrumpatur in latitudine Ner- gen. 4. T. ‘tune neceffarium eff fuere ipfum, CB. fi nou, uon conglu. 4. CaP 2+ ur. ‘The like Opinion with 44vicez is Gul. e Salice- ' iba. C.9. Rogerius , L.3. C15. Lanfrancus , L. 2. TIE (n Dod.3. C.3. (9 zn Chirurgia parva, C.4. Nicolaus [Hc yi 4f, 74 VT
2.
1 pr
'
\
tinus fpeaks of the puture of Tendons, and lo does ors "4 fd, a! T une fe I Us, L.t. C.5. Cure’ “fs te FE doi? n iP l ha Contends for his pe a ae pes te "os tc eec hn
"M ; Msg ery i £4 f j bje&ions thofe make, who fay thefe parts will not |. * | 5 " oA | together again by the firft Intention, and mutt . ere a "H ad be oe with a Kereta Subftance, which - n i
mie " E
"Thumb Erect, after its extending Tendons were com-
Epift. XVe
ES
Paflages. of the Spirits. Vidi (fays he) (9 awdivi in multu Nervos C9 Tendines incifos, (9 eos ita reftaurat T
the Practice of Others , that Tendons totally dividec
an Epiftle to Fabricius Hildanus (where he cites diver
fitutas tranfverfiur fub. Patella genu Vulueratus, femile
s qe. bey
will break the continuity of the Pores, and obftrué
TZ
Sutura, © aliis auxiliis, ut po[lea incredibile videretur ipfos fuiffe incifos. | »
. Macius Aurelius Severinus elo pleads for ftitching of Tendons: Here I muft not omit taking notice of à Mifre- prefentation this Author makes in citing a Paffage from Ambrofe Parey,where he only acquaints us of a Tin-cafe i or Thumb-ftall he caufed to be made, to keep the
pleatly divided ; Nor does Parey fay , thofe Tendons were afterwards joyned together again, as Severinus re- prefents. Petrus de Marchetti , Obf.L'XIII. takes No» tice of this Miftake of Severinus, and Cenfures him tor promoting this PraGice of. Stitching of Tendons, — -
Felix Wurtz aflures us from his own Experience, an
will unite again, by ftitching them together. . The Learned and Ingenuous Joannes Veflingius ,
Inconfiftencies out of Galen , concerning Wounds c the Tendons) produces an Inftance not unlike this have related, Vidi (fays he ) iw parentis mei ama auenfe Otbono: Lofero Tendinem a Gafferocnemiu € Sole AMufculis. conflatum, paulo fupra Calcis os diffectum, fute ris aligot a Chirurgis conjuntium. (To this he adds In Arabe item cui acinace Tendo à Tibie Extenforibus con
im modum à Tunitario Chirurgo adducebatur : Deteffala bominum audaciam , fed felix fucceffus 8 vix notabile peratta curatione detrimentum, timoris mez vanitatem d. guebant. TO ONE
^
Mon. Brenaife, isíaid to be the Reviver o£ the Pra-
tice of Stitching divided Tendons. The + Mifcedanea T 42. 13. | Curiofa, and Mon. F'erduc , give us differing Accounts ^^ 1?'- of his way of operating; the manner mentioned by - | the Firft feems not Pratticable; nor is Pereuc's with- | out Perplexity, andicarce intelligible. | Mon. Vauguion in his Chirurgical Operations (late | ly Publifhed in Exglifb ) follows the Account Moni. Verduc has given of Mont. Brenaife's manner ; in which they both agree, that one end of ti he divided Tendon | mult be drawn over the other, which could not have been | done in the prefent Inftance ; nor do I believe it is ne- ceffary in other Cafes ; or that fo many Comprefles they {peak of, fhould be ufeful in the Sutures of Ten- dons; concerning which their Writings may be con- fulted. : Befides thefe, there are other Writers of Chirurgical Operations in French , who pretend to give an Account of the manner of Stitching of Tendons, and feem to | acquiefce in M. Brenaéfe’s Method. | Neck in his Chirurgical Operations, defcribes this | amongft the reft, in thele words: ‘Thus I pafs (/ays he) a | * ftrong Waxed Thread through the extremities of the * divided Tendon. This done, by the Affiftance of a 1 © Comprefs of Cork or Leather, the ends of the Ten- |* don may be drawn to each other, and the Ligature 1* willbe firmer; nor can there be füch Hazard of the | * Laceration of their ends, as irr tying them without a | * Comprefs ; he not {aying any thing of either end of | * the Tendon being brought over the other, | | Tho’ the Authority of fo many Writers would have | prevaild with me infome meafure, to have an Opinion | of the Succefs of fuch an Atrempt ; yet the Contradi- tions of Others , of no leis Note, would have left me | dubious,
\
KW ry JT TECTA INT NEN eee
“C160 ) dubious, had [ not c Lose time fince feen’ es | Veffelsin the Tendon of a Horfes Leg; which at tha t time Convinced me, that Tendons, as well as Bones, " and other Parts, would Unite, tho' they were quite di om vided, in cafe the Neighbouring Parts remain entire; i f _ their two Extreams could be Artificially applied to each other, without Comprefling all or the greateft part of their Blood- Veílels. This diftribution of the Blood! Veflels,is expreft in theannext Figure 2. where oneTrunk - (A 4) with its Branches (aa) to the Fzbrilla of the” Tendon (8B) is expreft: whether it was a Vein or an
Artery, +I could not difcover in that Subje&, but in alf” probability, both thofe Veffels have the like Difpofition” in fuch large Tendons. I am enclined to think the like Diftribution of Blood-Veffels is not to be found in the Tendon, which was divided in this prefent Inftance’s! but that its Blood-Veffels país into it and back again at its internal fide, next the Mufcles of the Toes and 7a rfius s which ought to be taken Notice of by the Operator in the like Cafe, and that he does not free it of its Fat "m 3 ‘Membranes next thofe Mufcles, leaft its ea on with the Blood-Veflels ^3 ug. d
| ie E .7»172
D af 4
IH. A DISCOURSE of the Operation of
'4 Blifter when it Cures a Fever, made at a
Meeting of the Royal Society, by William
..- Cockburn, M. D. of tbe Col. of Pbyf. in Lond. . and F.R.S. 3
I" Purfuance of an Order of this Society, I fhall En- deavor to Entertain you with a reafonable Account, How the Raifing of a Blifter may Cure a Fever, and its moft terrible Symptom the Delirium, and that iv Six,Eight, or Ten Flours.
This I chufe co do towards the Improvement of my own Profeffion; and to mind fome malicious People, that we are not wholly imployed within thefe Doors, in _ the Defcribing the Featuresand Drefles of Flies ; but in _ difcovering too, how they may Benefit, and Hurt Man- — kind; which is the ultimate end of all our Study. When I firft refolved to make this the Subje& of my . Difcourfe, I defign'd to be more full, and to have ex- > tended it to an Enquiry, about the Power thefe Inftru- | ments had to make a Wound, in what Manner, and for | what. Reafons fich a Wound was made, and produ- | "ced fuch effects: But the Subject proved endlefs ; | and I can affure you by much too long for this | place; tho’ moft Authors have gone it over flightly , enough. | «It is not. neceflary. to give you a Lift of thefe Sim- | plesthat have been found to make a Blifter ; fince that | is as ufeleís to you, as it is Foreign to my purpofe. |. Neither is it profitable, in our prefent BufinefS, to lay | before you the common and vifible effe&s of laying on | aBlifter : ForI may believe, that there is hardly one |^ | Aa | in
igen t iid 162°) : dà n thís Kingdom, who has liv'd fo long as tle youngeft Man now in this Room, that has not had either oneh:m- - felf, or {een it on a bride He has fecn a Plaifter, ‘the great Ingredient whereof are Cantharides, laid on a flefhy part, and to have forced up the Scarf-Skin wich 1 . a Liquor, thar Oofed and Iffued out from. within the - Sphere of Aétivity of that Plaifter ; and if -we confule — the moft of Phyfick. Books, the account is no better; but fometimes worle. A Turn over a famous Author, where he writes of oir -— | prefent Subject, and he tells you, that there is avery —
great Analogy between the Operation and Bliftering by — Fire, and the-kaown Inftraments for making of a Veft — cating Plaifter, and then adds, That particule ignem baud vehementer nimi applicata Bilipdeidl abfque continui Solu- — tione penetrantes cutim ipfam ubi vaforum Sanguiferorum, a Nervorum , jibrarumgue nervearum extremitates termis nantur uber ; dbidemque bas à pofitione fua alterantes, varie :contorquent , (© totius texture cutanee covformati- — onem pervertunt + intantum , ut à vafts omnibus Summg anvitatis, humor aqueus particulis igneis imbutus, Cg prope | terea tum: à fanguine ,. tum a fucco nerveo rejetus, in magna copia expuitur: Lympha iflbgc, quia cuticulam pertranfn tre nequit , eam a Cute feparat, atgue in molem — weficularem attollit: &:qua demum fponte , aut octafonas -. liter difrupta effluit. Then he more particularly adds - this concerning the Kaifing of a Blifter with Canthari- des, viz. Ubi primo in Spiritus, (9 dein borum affedtione in humores ©. partes folidas agunt. Afterwards, Quod autem. illa primo in Spiritus. an inde conflat, quod in” defuntlis vim. nullam exerunt. : etiam in Hii € | omen eff, &c.-
This isan Authcr te the Fieft Form, ‘ad | doubt not but that thefe his words prove (ufficiently what.I ak ^ ledged + ;thát little or noi bing. has been faid more pare -
af : pes.
Po "C 156322 . ticularly then any one may obferve every day ; füppo. - fing only that he thinks that our Flefh thus covered . at any time, witha Blifter, 1s made up of many and "divers Vcflels, cut of which the Difcharged Water may come: Andnotto be Nice with our Author, | muft obferve that he falls into as great errors, as can be ima-
gined, when he pretends to fee more than the moft —
. common and ordinary Perfon. He fays that the parts . of Fire, and confequently thofe of a Bliftering Iníiru- : ment, make their way without a /o/uto continuz; that . they attack the ends of all the Veflcls, or the extremi- ties of ali the Vefiels ; and to be more particular he tells us, that they, firft of all, affe& the Spirits. Now I fay he teils us all this, becaufe he does not endeavour .to prove any one but the laft; and that, I think, he . had better left unproved too. It looks a little oddly _ that all this fhould be done, merely by entering the -. Pores, and yet it is not that he feems to hint ; tho’ [ can- - not well imagine how he did apprehend it to be done : - But that they fhould attack the extremities of the Vef- - fels, and even the Spirits firft, is a vaft Contradiction - to the Circular Motion of the Blood, and to the way of makinga Blitier: We fhail find unanfwerable Diffr- culties, not only inthe Circulation of the Blood, but - that the Blood fhould move at all; if once we are able —-to prove that Veflels have ends, or that they terminate -in any manner of way but in themfelves. | -. It cannot fo much as be brought as an excufe for this Author, that by the extremities of the Vefíels he may intend the Veflels of the extremities: this is by nO means proper in this place, ^if. his words could bear it. The reaíoa, indeed, he brings for the parts of a — Blifter firft beginning with the Spirits, is the moft won- | derful thing inthe whole matter, even more than Bli- flering it felf; becaufe, fays he, they are of no effec | Sax with
| ( 164 ) nr with dead People. Good God! Should this Author have — pronounced all the moft probable things imaginable up. on this our Subje&t ; could any one, be perfwaded af- ter this, that he had made any difcovery at all? Take
a Lancet, and Lett Blood of a Dead Man if you can; . . Isthe Confequence that you never could, becaufe now
you bring no Blood? Is it tobe fuppofed, that the ftag- natiog Blood fhould come out at the invifible emiffaries that are made by a Blifter? Is it to be thought, that there can be any Jnflefion, any Comprefion in the Vef- fels of a Dead Perfon ? And are not all thefe the evi-
dent and neceffary Conditions for making a Blifter > . . How is it then reafonable to think to raife a Blifter
on any one that isdead: or of what weight can |
a Confequence be, that is founded on fuch an' Experi-
I have made this neceffary Digreflion to put mind you — how flightly this matter is treated of among us; and - to convince you that it is not only hard to fpeak up . to the worth of our Subject, and with that Particu- —
darnef§ that both thething and youdo require 5 but that
. itdemands a longer time than can be well allewedtoa
.. Difcourfe of this kind. You will be ftill more fatisfied — of the Truth of this, when I tell you, That I fhould —
have thought my felf obliged
To prove and determine the Caufe of the Mo- — tion of thefe Parts of Camtharides that Blifter, not — only by giving a hint what they are, but with | how much force they are brought from the Bli- — ftering Plaifter and driven into our Skin, Veffels ,..— ya MEER NEL APPELS, M [ could have fatisfied you about the Nature of — the Emiflaries they make ; how, and from whence | the feparated Liquor is brought between e: a | : and |
: ( 165 ) -and Scari-Skin:. That nothing more is neceffary, befides: the making of thefe {mall Wounds, for the difcharging of this watery Subftance by a com- mon Biifter. | That the Veflels are indifferently attacked and .broke upon by theíe wounding parts; and tho ‘the Veins are more apt to be affected, yet -., That no Difcharge is made from them ; or that they do not contribute to any of that Liquor, we fee gathered between the Skin and Scarf-Skin : and Laflly, | | o5 | fhould give areafon why this Watery Subftance -fhould be denied a Paflage in the Scarf-Skin, or in a very {mall and inconfiderable quantity ; not- » - withftanding that thefe wounding Particles do pafs 1^. through doth the Skins and all the Veffels, and for » that reafon the Wounds may be fuppofed to be of equal bignefs, and equally capable to tranímit the Liquors. | :
: Do bat think then that I had infifted on Vefication, in | general, or that I Bad prov'd every one of thefe particu-
|. jarly, asI can do. What had I done for time, and Pa- | tiegce , to you my Hearers, in a Difcourfe about a Bli- fier? Any one, but your felves, fhould be ready to. believe, that either there cam be nothing of that Con-- fequence in the thing ; and that they wou'd rather throw away Medicine altogether, at leaft Blifters out of Phy- fick, thanto be troubled with a Difcourfe fo long, that
- itis more painful than a Blifter it felf. ' c. [ muft beg leave to tell you, at this time, that T have
|. imployed Microfcopes to look on the Fly, and its Pou-
der; to feeif 1 could difcover any fharp Inftruments,
- Swords, Daggers, or the like fort of Armiture, in thefe _ Warlike and Wounding Creatures. The Fly becamea TOW | i very
| Casey very Delightful, but too large a Survey for me ; and the
. Pouder begot nothing for my Sight, but a dark Cloud ;
and whatfoever elíe | found, I could meet with no Arms; which makes me think that if they have any, as needs they moft, they are concealed, and are to. be difcover- edin another way. Wherefore, I retir'd- with my Can- . tharides, and turn’d half a Pound of them into a Retort, that I might try their temper that way. Wonderful ! there my Enquiry was fully fatisfied: There came. over with the leaft Sand-heat and in a very fhort time, vaft quantities of Bodies fo very {mall, than Twas not able to difcern their fhape. This convinced me,that thefe Par- ticles were very many, and might have an indefinite de- termination ; . fince they were fo undifcernibly divided, by fo weak an Agent, yet with fo great force: And . therefore, :that;all the World will grant that they can make.a Wound ; and when the force is known, : their Power wil! be found to be of a lárge extent, which is all that 1 am concerned with at this time: Infomuch, that 1 fhould be perfwaded not to name the Procefs, but that I. know that it will pleafe: you'to difcover what I met with in my Tryals on this Animal; fince no body has given any. tolerable account of them : All the Au- _ thors have fuppos'd their, parts to be very fixed, very acid, and very corrofive; Do&or Grew alone has found thar they are, Alcaline : but he will place them among thelaft and weakeft of that Tribe : tho’ I hopethat the following Account fhall be more Inftructive, n
I retired then with my Cantharides, and to the pur-
.pofeltold you before; only, it is very remarkable, : |
that though I proceeded in the ufual way, on the like Occafions, the whole Operation was performed very íoon, and fo haflily, that very little Sa/t ftuck to the neck of the Retort, and the volatil Salt fhot in moft de- lightful Cryftals in the Receiver. Of the whole Eight
e ES Ounces
Ounces of Cantharides, there were only two Ounces and five Drams left as a Caput mortuum in the Retort: When the Liquor came to be purified, the fmalleft heat brought it over füddainly , Oy/, Salt, and Spirit ; fo
that they could not be parted till, by a repeated Ope-- ration, with Brick-duft. J mix'd the Spirit with Sa/z Of Wormwood, Spirit of Harts-horn, and Sal Armoniack ;
but it did not Fermest, contrary to the Expectation of moft Authors: Thea | turn’d it over upon Sprit of Fitriol, where it did Ferment very frrongly, and yet Zer-
^ ter with Spirit of Nitre; with whichalfo 1 did mix the Spirits of Sal Armoniack and Hartihorn; but they nei-
* apd that only to {tate the Cafe, which is more than has
ther fermented fo Jong, nor with fo greatan. ebu/lition:
from. whence it is evident, that it 1s not only alkaline,
buta great deal more than any ove of thefe | have now mentioned. Es | Since. T began this Enquiry, I met with a Book cal:
— led, A Compleat Courfe of Chimiffry, in which the Au.
thor fuppofes that the Parts of Cantharides are very fix'dand very Corrofive; and to try what that Animal gives,he mixesSpérzt of Wine and Nitre: a very ftrange way to try the Qualities of any fimple;. and makesa- Conclufion which my mentioned Experiments prove to
be very falfe, and very unnatural. But he had an end
to.ferve, and would put upon the World a very unfafe.
- Medicine. :
Yet, fince he has brought uson that Subject, and we are now among Cantharides ;7 Creatures that have fee all the Phyfick in this Town in a Combustion, or Ferment
{to ufe the univerfal and. common word) to leave the
thing quite untoucht , would be to acquiefce ina greas ter indifferency than really thereis; and yet you feechat — it is not dire@ly to my purpofe: and therefore totake juft meafures and oblige both; I fhall give fome hints;
been:
—— STREET ee E EE E n Hil
been done in. the whole Controverfy , and leave them
to difpute in clofe Quarters, and not to Skirmith fo mach at random as Mankind isapt to do; which pro- cecds from nothing more than a greater Love to Di/pate than to Know; and I hope that thefe hints fhall be fuch, " as, if us'd as the Topicks in the Controveríy, will foon put an end to it, among thinking and fober People. And firft I would obferve, that the great Arguments that have been usd, area few Inftances of a far greater num- ber of Authors that have fpoke to this Subje&t: Next, thefe Arguments are very often the Flourifhes that Au- thors make in delivering of things, which is a prodi-
gious Fault ; for when Truth is not {poke in asfew and .
i expreís Terms as is poflible, it gives great occafion to miftake : This is not evidentin this cafe only , but in every thing of the fame fort ; and we fee what the Church, what the Chriftian Religion has fuffered in this way ; and Thirdly, that there is no opinion fo abfurd, that has not a Voucher and a Patron fome where, or at
fome time: And Fourthly, what Confideration Hi- ©
{torical Proof bears to that of a prefent Fac or Rea»
on. oy Water Weil then; thisisthe next thing that is challenged, That we may fee Cantbarides, which have been reputed poi- fon, now Correiled, aud are not only innocent, but prodi- gious Inffruments of Health. | | bá . For the clearing of this; firft fettle what a Poifon is; and next, fince Death, or no Circulation of the Blocd, is its Confequence, we muft find as many kinds of Poi- fons as there are ways of ftopping the Blood’s Motion ; which is either, by its own rarefaction to a degree, its Coa- .gulstion, or laftly, by Jezzing zt out in {uch a quantity, that the remaining part gives not Animal A@tions; and as — all or any of thefe may be fudden, or do produce their effects in time ; we fhall have evident Poifoning ; or Poj- — | | | Soning r
eS os s. - LCUL CO NN GS
: | (169 ) | . fouing for a time ; of which we have many Hi(tories. : Again, it may beaskt, of which of all thof* Cawbarides are ; and of alll believe they may be found entirely, or moft efpecially of the third fort. bo Then we fhall be led natura!ly into the next Stage, which is to be fatistied, if they be corrected; or in plain Eaghlifh , if they have left their wounding Power, and thisis the Fa&, of which we may inform our felves,. by applying a Plaifter of Cantharides fo correct:d, toa place expofed to Air; and this will fetile the Fact of Cor- reCtion, and in Circumítances much to the advantage of the Correcting fide ; becaufe, there the Skin and | Veflelsare much harder, than thofe to be met with with- | inthe Body; and if they Blifter chen; much more. | when internally given. The pofübility of their being . corrected , and of their becoming ufcful may not be doubted of ; but then it is our reafon, in this way, that muft be judge. Add toall chis the common Obferva- tion, that a common Blifter fometimes makes Bloody | Urine, and compute what quantities enter the Plaifter ; and then what quantities of {mali parts may be íent from them that are thus mixed: Next calculate what probable diftribution may be made of thefe parts to the | Kidnies; and then you'll find that Parts that arc nearer, |. and as fufceptible muft be wounded too, and produce | all the ill effets that are fuppofed and commonly (cen. But if all this can happen by fo (mall a quantity of the |... Pouder that goes to the Plaifter, and is confined by the | other vifcid Ingredients of it: What? what can be | the Confequence of this Pouder when it is taken In- | wardly, and in Subftance? But: it is Corrected ; and | we are told with Camphir. The moft unfit corrccter - | fo far as I can expe& in reafon, or even imagine: but | ftill our reafon may be frail, and fo it may and really is a ae | Bb fo,
i p ( 170 ) | fo, to a great degree: But then to help it inthe way - | have already propofed, I had two Blifters each of them with Cantharides ; and one of them with as much Cam- phir as Cantharides: 1 fay, 1 had two Plaifters appli- ed after this manner, and for the reafons I juftnow men- tioned. Behold what was the event! what found we next Morning : We, I mean Mr. Brookes an Apothe- cary who made them, and my felf; we found that Bli- fter wherein the Castharides were mixt, to have quite as good effeéts as the other where there was none. What's the Confequence : that is already determin d, viz. That if Cantharides faid to be Corretted make a. Blifler when - applied to any external part of thé Body ; that they are to Ze thought , not to be Correiled : which is the cafe in hand. But to leave thefe Particulars to be fpoke to at greater length , by thofe who are Concerned ;^ I pro- ceed to prove the way of a Blifters Working when it Cures a Delirium and a Fever,;as I at Firf# Pro- | pofed. dide niae d The prefent Eaquiry is plainly this aftonifhing Pbz- nomencn that isío often obferved, that the Delirium and the Fever are almoft quite defeated by applying a Blifter ; and in the fpace of Six, Eight , or ren j Hours. | i TM The moft fenfibfe, and the moft vifible effets op . applying a Blifter, every one of us that are Phyficians or not, obferve to be nothing elfe but the bringing a. great quantity of watry Subftance between the Skin and © Scarf Skin, and that by applying to the partthus Bli- — ftered, a Plaifter made with Cantharides ; *or the like — Subítances, that Experience has taught us that they can — Blifter: And therefore, fince T ‘have fhewed you the ~ - many Particulars t hat any onc that is to {peak to Bli- — flering, in general, is obliged, by the Rules of plain- —
~
$e
"a Ve
Pd
A CME :
nefs to infift upon, and that they fhows {well this Dit courfe beyond the Bounds of. this p ace; I fhall only füppofe,
/ x. That there are very mobile, or Volatil Parts in - .. Cantharides, (Fc. that can be determined into our Fleh , with a force fufficient to make their way thorow the fides of any Veflels that are in the lines . of their direction , fo long and in that propor-
. tion that their imprefsd motion does continue. 2. Ihatall forts of fluid Bodies contain'd in the Ca- . Vities and Channels of thefe Veflels may be tranf- mitted, according to the Conditions of TBI on of fluid Bodies running in Veflels of that fort, . and the wideneís of the emiffaries made by wound- -. ing Particles of Cantharides, or any {uch like bli-
ftering Subftance. ;
. Next I fhould CU to make fome Suppofitions, | from the Natute of a Fever, anda Delirium, that look | more particularly to, and may contribute in the difcuf- | fing the difficulty of our préfent Subje& : But becaufe | ali my Learned Hearers may not have applied chemfelves | | fo very much to this kind of Natural Philofophy, and - that I may not be too uneafy to them by not being un- | derftood: it ems to be very neceflary to hint fome | general things about them, that they may be better able | to judge inthe Performance. |
put FEVERS in refpect of time, either remain after | the fame manner from the firft fickening, till the fick | Perfon is freed of his Difeafé, nor not: if the firft; they | are cal'd Continu'd Fevers; but if the fick-Perfon con- | -tinues evidently ina fickly way, and yet has great Re-
| | ud and almoft free of his Ilnefs, the Fever isfaid to In- | b 3 termit,
| ( 172 ) | | termit, or that it is Intermitting. Now that, whatfo- evera Fever may be, there can be no Fever but of one of thofe two forts is moft evident, tho’ the ffzf? we fhall have refpect to moft efpecially in our prefent Dif- courfe. dot Again, fince Phyficians not only difcover other Difca-
fes, but Fevers too, by the Pulfe, and any Body, as well asa Phyfician, is apt to fay my Pulfe beats very quick,
[am io a Fever. The quicknefs of the Pulfe, in every common underftanding, isthe faule of the Pole; and .. the Pulfe cannot be fo but by the Faultinefs of the Blood, either in quantity, quality or its Motion: Neither can it offend either in quantity or in quality, but it affects its Motion ; and fincethere are no Symptoms that appear inany time of a Fever, either before it, at the time, or after it, but what neceffarily depend on this faulty Mo- * tion. This obfervable defect of its Motion, isthe moft © evident, fenfible Rule of a Fever, both to Phyficians and every Body elfe, and is not only a fignof, but isa Fe- ver it felf. . And therefore give me leave to P
Suppofe 3dly, Thata Fever is an univerfally height- ned Circulation of the Blood, and that a Delirium, Z. e.
. and confequently our Blood to have a more flow and 1 natural motion ; our cited Author will have this great y effect, with all its Circumftances to procceed from the —
pan |
| (o0 0C) pain that is, fometimes, made in the time the Blifter is a making. Others, that (ome of the Particles of the Cantharides that mix with tbe Blood, do induce this quiet, by a peculiar fort of fermentation they make in the Blood. | 2i —— [think the naming of thefe Opinions, is enough to fhow how unfatisfying Accounts we have of them. That pain very often brings a Fever, is his own, and the: Opinion of all the World. And I think, if it is to be imagin'd, that fo conftant a Caufe can produce an effect fo unlike that which does moft commonly attend it ; we fhould have had a better Account of the Accident ; and fince that is not done, the falfity, and precarious put- ting on our underítanding is too evident to require any further Confideration. : [n sr: The other is as precarious, and quite as unfatisfying, tho’ not fo falfe, if the matter was well accommodated | and made the Subject of our Underftanding. All the + World is full of Fermenting, and every thing is faid to. Ferment ; and yet what Fermentation is, and what nee ceffity there is for it in our Bodies efpecially, thefe Fermenting People, that talk fo much of it, have not yet {o much as told us. That by Fermentation, Bodies —. change their motion, in its degree, direction, Sc. is moft certain: and really here is a moft confiderable alterati- on ia the Blood's Motion, as we are inform'd by our Pulfe; and therefore it might be fuppofed that it did Ferment. But then it fhould have, been a moft confi- derable and ufeful Enquiry, to know how the particulars of Caxtharides do Ferment, and the ways of affection .to make this great Change. I have fhown in another place, that there i$ no (uch thing as a Chymical Fermen- — tation in our Biood, and that from hints of an eminent Member of this Society, and perhaps the greateit Chy- mift that ever Liv'd: and now the fequel of my | | Difcourt
( 174 ) Wis, A
Difcourfe will prove, that this great Change is made without any Fermentation, or any kind of Fermenta- tion, inthe moft tolerable and fober fenfe. zd ‘Ido not nameathird Opinion from the quantity of Lympha thatis now feparated from the Blood, becaufe moft of our Modern Phyficians do acknowledge, that that is a weak caufe for fo great an effe& ; and it fhall appear, by and by, that whatfoever fo great a Difcharge might perform in the fame way we confider otheriéva- cuations ; that yet it cannot account for the Cures ia fo fhort a time, no more than they. ' So here are Con- fiderations taken: from the folid Parts,’ by ‘making Path of fome Benefit ; from the Liquors’ in the Veffels, by Fermentation , and the Liquors out of the Veffls, by the difcharged Lympha: and yetnot one of them’ to an{wer the Phenomenon , even fuppofing they were {poke to the beft advantage. ‘Here feems to be all the 'exadneís imaginable, and even nothing left. “Let us ftate the queftion again. A Delirium which à the ef- : fect of this quick Pulfe, which is Cur d by the Wounds of
Cantharides, or a Bliffer. CR | ThePulfe is nothing but the fide of an Artery that is diftended, by a certain quantity of Blood that is deter- mined thorow its Cavity, by a certaia motion at every . time the Heart is Contracted, and that touches and beats up our finger when we lay it on a place where we may be fenfible of this affeGion in the Artery. -We fay this Pulfe is more frequent, not fo much that it beats -oftner than any other Bodies, but that it beats quicker inthe fame Perfon when he is faid to have a Fever, than before , when he was reputed to be in perfect Health; — fo that a Phyfician is oblig’d to know the natural Pulfe | of every Perfon, before he can’ judge by the Pulfe, that -any one is Sick. And how that may be done, Ihave — fhow'd at length, in a Book fome timeago. Howloever, » Ba EL
v Aa D : inthis our Cafe, the Pa/fe is quicker, and there is no _Pulfe, but when the Heart is contracted; and the Heart — being a Mutcie and contracted at every Pullé: The Heart iseither the chief or only Caufe that determines this Liquor, that diftends and ftretches the fides of Ar- teriesand makes a Pulfe; or a very extraordinary mea- | fure of fuch diftentions : But as [-faid it has the grea- |. teft fhare in propelling the Blood round the whole Body, - . in refpeét of thé help of the Arteries, which they are |^ fuppoled to give by their reftitution, after their extra- ordinary Diftention. Be it how it will, both their a&i- | onsare by Contraction; (tho’ afterwards I take no no- |^ "tice of that of the Arteries) and no Contra&ion in Muf-- | cles was ever fuppofed by any fober Man to be per- | -orm'd, but by an Influx of Spirits into the Fibres ‘of the Mufcles fo contracted. So that now our queftion €hanges thus, How wounding by Cantharides makes the
Contraction of our Heart weaker. buda : ~The Contraction of Mufcles, and Confequently of | the Heart, being by the Spirits that. flow into them, | 8sl have faid before. Therefore whatfoever weakens | the Contra&ion of any Mufcle ; fuppofe the Heart , . |. muft either be fuch a thing'tliàt can hinder the Sepa- | ration of thefé Spirits ; or"iffercept them in their . Channel of Conveyance to that Mufcle ; after they are |^ feparated.. . ry eee Jt MH ada? | '"The Spirits are known, by Anatomical Experiments, | to befeparated from the Blood in tlie Brain + now, what- |. foever hinders the feparation of the Spirits from the Blood | muft either hinder that Rarefattion of the Blood , that. |^ comes by being broke down into (mall parts, and makes - | them Spirits in their proper place, or the Blood of that | finenefs, that is neceflary for it to be perfpired, b. e. a |. Body that affe&sthe Blood fo, as notto fcparate Spirits, | muft be of a Nature to make its Parts more compact | m
| C 176 )
in their Contra& ; to havetheir Contra& with a grea- ter Nifus, and confequently to have its Parts leís fe- parable. (s
The next way is by affe&ing its Motion, fo that it difcharges great quantities out of the Blood ; by thefe- means the quantity of the Blood being lefler, it gives fewer Spirits, when it is broke down ; and is not fo ca- pable to be fo Comminuted, becauíe of the parts of Blood not preffing fo much one upon the other in the whole Courfeand Time of Circulation.
Or Thirdly, by fome means that affect the Parts that tran(mit thefe Spirits, fo that now no Spirits can be fe- parated, or in a {maller quantity. :
If we apply the wounding by Cantharides, or its ef: fects, to all thee ways, we fhall find that in the firft Con- fideration, the Lympha feparated in a. Blifter is nothing at all Concern'd, and that the ftupendous effe& might poffibly be produced, without any fuch difcharge: but if you go further, and fuppofe the Castbarides got into the Maís of the Blood, without any gathering of Wa- ters, you cannot füppofe that the parts of Cantharides that are fo fubtil, fo alkalin, and which, by erber Ex- periments, make the Blgod fo f/aid, can be any great —— Enemies to the Rarefaction of the Blood, which makes - Spirits, and fits them tobe feparated ; or any con(ide- | rable inftrument in leffening the Rarefa&tion, which is requifite and abfolutely neceffary, by the firft Condition, Neither are they in their Nature fit Inftruments for the third; befides, that we find no figns and no marks of fuch an Interruption,cither in the Brain or any where elfe, |
The Second Condition for hindering fo great a Prepa- ration, and fo great a Separation of Spirits, isthe effec of all Evacuations. fo that, by the by, Bvacuation isthe great Indication for the-Cure of a Fever, and is a great. —
Mice deal
Boc o TM deal more Evident than any fuppofed Poifon, ot malig- nity; fuppofed to be difcharged, by fappofed Alexiphar- micks, that are their fuppofed Antidotes : yet this effect by an Evacuation is granted, and by the way of work- - ing will be found unable to diícufs all the Phxaomeaa, in doing itinío fhort atime. It is certainly true of the difcharge of Lympha, by a Blitter, what is faid of Eva- cuations of other kinds, and in a proper Proportion. what isfaid of the Evacuation by Per{piration; which is ten times the whole natural Evacuations. It is obferva- ble to this purpofe what I faid, p. 108. of the fore- mentioned Book, when I fpoke about the vaft quantity . of Perípiration in a natural and unprovok'd way. —Z;- «e fit maximum, boc modo, liquorum difpendium: ap- | prime tamen utilis ef? fecretio bec ad valitudinem con- | fervandam. Si enim corpus noftrum porofum non effet, ac partes de corpore ditto uon. dimitteret modo; febricitare nos femper oporteret : quum, enim, calor fanguinis ab e- jus motu, calorque per motum produilus ab attritione par- dium calorem comprehendentium pendeat ; que per motum divulle &9 à contattu abjtratte calori libertatem permit- iunt, COc. Butthis Contact , this condition of motion being chang’d, there is a leffer Nzfus, a leffer Separation and diftribution of {mall parts to the Heart; as we de- fire. But I fay, this is granted to be the effect of "Time, of a longer time than in the fiate of our Pro- pofition; and whofoever is able to look particular- | ada the Progreífion ; he will be further convin- Thus we have feen, by looking into thefe Conditions _as nearly as this place willallow , that the Castharides cannot cosdenfe the Blood, or ftop that Rarefaction, and that Contrition that difpofeto the Separation of Spirits intheir proper place ; or, which is the fame thing, that they do not prevent a more frequent Costraclien of the he. Cec c Heart,
i a ae
sanct: x em / 3 rr ET a t t ————— M —— —= : es
| (179 ) QS Heart, or a quick Pulfe; as we were obliged to in- quire. The Third is evident; and fo fhould the Se. cond by a little. Proof, if it were not granted before- _hand, and may be eafily underftood, by what I-did fay. . | L In all this, I have not fuppofed or affum'd any thing but what is granted as felf-evident, among Phyficians ; tho’ the proving of this in a more rigorous way fhould be ftill more fatisfying, tho’ perhaps lefs pleafing. How- foever, I hope that the thing has all the poffible Proof itis capable of. But fince a Blifter does not hinder the preparing and feparating of Spirits ; either in refpect of the Liguor, out of which they are Íeparated, or the place by. which they are feparated. And both Spiriis are (eparated {rom the Blood, and -tranfmitted thorow the Glands of the Brain, into the Nerves, andby confe- — quence the Heart (till retains its frequent and violent Con- — | traction, notwithftanding of a Blifter; andin defpiteof | all thefe wounds, we have a quicker Pulfe than naturally, or we have a Zever. " Waist she ... Let us once more enquire, if a Blifter that makes | fmall Wounds, and Cures a Fever, in a fhort time, can | produce this its effect in the only way we have left . us; and that is by wounding that Channel that car- ries thofe Spirits, that Contract the Heart, give us'a | quick Pulfe, anda Fever, with all its Attendants, Deli- - rium, Qc. . er . | cei ane - 1f this fuppofition is allowed of, no doubt but thata- “9 ny the leaf? quantity of Animal Spirits let out, by fach i Wounds in a very little time, will proportionably wea- 9 ken the Heart's Contraction, and give us'a flower Pulfe ; 7 which is all we want ; and which is more, this flower © . Contraction, which is known by our flower Pulfe, de. termining the whole circulating Blood with lefs force, the” parts of Blood do not comminute themfelves fo much as? ; | when:
| Cn. when the motion was more rapid ; and, by confequence, ‘there is not fuch a Difbofition lor feparating (mel parts in the Brain, that afterwards they may be derived tha- row the Nerves 1nic the Heart. But moreover, the- lefler Motion continuing, for fome little timc, or zio or three Minutes, in a Velocity lomething like our natu. ral Motion: all the Secretions, which are performe in fuch like degrees of Velocity, will again begin to be done as before; and that this muft be is evident; be. ‘caufe I have already prov'd, that the different velaci- ties of the Blood’s Motion did make the variety of Secre- tions, whether the Paflages or Pores were uniform, or of irregular and various Figures. HM : And but juft now we faw it, evidently, that evacu- _ations were the genuin ways of Curing Fevers, Cc. tho’ their way was not anfwerable to every part of this diffi. culty. ; . . Here isa notable Difcovery ; if wecan put little E- ‘miffaries on the Nerve that is more efpecially concern’d in the Heart’sContrattion, we fhall hinder any Prepara- tioe in the Blood for Separating {o great a number of Spirits ; which is one great requifite : Nay, we fhall make Secretions of that fort, and in that way, as in. time of Health ; andif they be but Secretions, thecon- triting Parts, and thofe to be broke down, fhall have no fuch a clofe Contact, and therefore that extraordinary . quantity of Spirits fhall not be prepar'd in the Blood ; and if they are not prepar'd, they cannot be /eparated ^ fromit: or a moderate quantity of animal Spirits thall 7" be conveyed into the mutcular Fibresof the Heart: or again, which isthe fame thing, its contraction fhall be natural, or very like, Gc. | AURA But more wonderful, all this may be done, or begin - tobe done in two or three Minutes; and therefore our Propofition may be, That wounding by Cantharides may | us eoe» eure
»
( 180 )
cure a Delirium not only in Six, - Eight, or Ten Hours, b in One, Two, ot Three Minutes, which is very afto- niíhing. | ER
‘If 1 had explain'd Vefication in general, you might have feen, that the wounding Parts might bave reached their Stage in a quarter of an Hour ; and that isall I fuppofe, more than the Three Minutes, juft now affign'd. But how fhall we wound their Conveying Nerves, how fhall we apply a Blifter, that its Parts may affe@, is now the great and only queftion that remains. To do this, you muft bring into your Memory, what you have feen in Diffe&ions: That this eighth pair of Nerves, which ferves for the Heart’s Contraction, hasitsrifefrom the _ Sides of the Medulla Oblongata behind the Proceffus An- nularis,-by feveral "Threads which joyn together, and . go out by the fame hole that the Simus Laterales dif- charge themfelves into the Z4gulars..— And fince the U- nion by the 44//as, is not fo firm and compa& as in the other Vertebre ; it is evident, that there is no extraor- dinary hindrance, why fome of theíe woundifg Parts. 7 may notcome at that Nerve. Butif you reflect again, — that this Nerve, or confiderable Branches of it, run fa- | perficially enough on the neck; and by confequence,. — gives us lefs difficulty to apprehend how fome of them — are wounded, and to underftand how thefe miraculousef- — " do happen, and are produced. Or, it is eafy to © underftand how the fmad parts of Cantharides can wound | the ezgbtb pair, or by wounding its Branches derive from the Nerve it felf, and leflen the Motion of its Liquor; or ’tis not hard to apprehend how wounding by Cantha- rides hinders the difpofition of Separating Spirits, and zn- — tercepts them in their way to the Heart ; how they make ~ its weaker Contraction, and a flower Pulfe. .Or, again; it 9 isevident, how the fmaZ Emiffaries. made inthis way 9
| | a cam. —
| ( 181 ) | " can Cure a Fever, anda Delirium in a fhorter time than: is fuppofed in the Propofition, aslintendedto fhow. — — But to prevent our malicious Enemies, that confefs. we talk like Men of Wit ; but nothing for the ufe of. Man, or Pra&iíe ; Oh! the great Power and Preroga-- tive of a defect of Underftanding : Is it not Reafos that guides that Experzence they pretend to ? Is it not certain, that there can be no Experience without a fuit- able ufe of Reafon to Colle Circum(tances? | or why did a great Man complain.of Experientia being FaZax? Is not thisan unreafonable task to be put to defend good . fenfe > Good Senfe will defend its own caufe with Peo- ple of Senfe; but where are they ? How fmall a number are they to the grofs of Mankind? ‘Will nota common Almanack-maker perfwade the moft of the World, that he can fore-tell an Eclipfe better than fuch an one; who, perhaps Calculated thefe Tables from: whence he has his Prediction ? And whatI fay of him may be infianced in every thing elfe. But, I fay,. to let them fee, that tho’ this Difcourfe has more of Humane |. Frailty than any thing faid among you; VI let them. | fee, that the neceflary Corollaries from this Difcourfe _. very Practicable ; and could let them fee, that moft of their Pofitions are moft inconfiftent, not only with
| what I havefaid, but even with what they fay theme
Wertelves. |
First, If I had {poke to Vefication in general, I fhould
have fhown you, that not only the Operation of a
|. Blifter is great and fudden, but of mighty Confe- | quence, | I fhould have made it evident, how Blifters may 4e-
|." rive, rouze People that are /?7upid, as well as deprefs too. || great an Agility of Spirits. :
[E
( 182 ) | Tíhould have fhown. you how they make Stranga- ries ; and how, that tho' they do all this and much more, yet; by diffipating of vaft quantities of Spirits, and by great Difcharges of Humidity, they may and really do fuch Miíchief, that can neither be avoided - nor repaired by all our. Medicines, or Pearled Draughts. .^; But to come nearer our purpofe ;. "tis moft evident, — —tbat if- the Wounding of this Nerve or a Branch, be fo — ' abfolutely neceflary ior Curing a Delirium and a Fever, - that whatíoever Mifchief the applying vaft Numbers ‘of Blifters over all the Body may do; yet the mzin . «nd is neglected, if you forget a large one high on the Nop of the Neck. Secondly, That if there is no Vefi- cation after the laying on a ftrong Plaifler, it neceffa- | riy eftablifhes a new and prodigious Hardnefs in the | A Skinand Veílels, a thickning of the Blood for a further — - total ftop; but nothing of the Blifters chufing to grap- | ple firft with the Spirits. Lin | « . » Many Inferences of-that fort may be made, but I have : already, I'm afraid tried Patience toofar. = © + ©
Case D
. IV... Of the Nature of $1 L K, “ds it is made ia . Piedmont. Communicated by William Agli- pt onby, Play PRS. : |
id QUIE which is the Spittle of a Worm, hath its goodor bad.
J Quality from the Nourifhment the Worm receives | either from a good or bad Leaf; Therefore the chief Dependance is on a happy Spring , proving both {weet
and pleafant ; exempt from too much Rain, which com-
‘monly rot the Leaves; from Southerly Winds, which |
burft the Worms; and from ftrong Northerly Winds,
_ whofe piercing cold fpoils the Leaf, giving it an ill Qua-
lity. All thefe unfeafonable Weathers are very pernici- . ous to thefe little Animals, which every: one obferve with great Attention, and follow more or lefs the Indi-
| Ctions; from whence they draw the Confequences by
_ the Product, in Quantity and Quality.
_~ When the Spring proves delightful and fweet, the —
* Worm feeding on a good and tender leaf, free from the _ Prejudices of an unkind Seafon, (which fometimes fpoil _ the Leaf, by giving ic a rough, -grofs, and heavy Na- ture) then one may expect a profitable Harveft ; and in fuch Years ‘tis beft to make a good Provifion, for - Silk will then find good Sale when moft Abundance,and the Buyer mects with that of a good Subftance, which
"the advantzgious Seafon very much contributes to ; but
“not knowing how long it may laft, about Midíummer "(or St. Fobs’s Tide) they. begin to draw the Silk from "dts Cecoz, to fee what it yields, and judge of its increafe vor fcarcity , as wellas the eftimate of its goodnefs and
" perfections, thofe moft defirable are, viz. That it proves.
- clean, l'eht, and ftrong. - Br MUN, : an Great
A
no lefs Advantages to be drawn from them, provided
they buy as faft as they can old Silk, and keep as much as they can of the other, for the beft Fabricks, that fo
not defpifing the old, but only laying it afide, till . proof: be made whether the new be better ornot. - :
beclean; the Straw colouris commonly the lighteft , —
| C i) ES "Great Ufe may be made of. thefe Obfervations, and.
the Management be with Study to improve them; for it requires a particular Care to hatch the Eggs,as alfo ten- dernefs and great caution muft be ufed, even till rhe Silk be ready to be drawn off. | »
In cafe the Scafon fhould not prove plentiful, then
they may not be obliged to hazard all their good, at the Price of the worft, which is commonly practifed. But if the Seafon promifes a great and (atisfadory Harvett, they take the new, and put it apart for the beft Fabrick,
Some Obfervations to kuow the bef Silk ,
or Organcine.
The Goodnefs of Silk is diftinguthed by its lightnefs, — as the moft Effential Quality, which every Body knows | carries a confiderable Profit along with it, when bought by weight, and fold by the Yard or Aune. Itistobe — noted, that the Orgawciwe is Super-fine, it being the | beft fort, and N°: That the two threads are equal in finenefs, that is to fay, both alike in fmoothnefs, thick. nefs and length, for the thread of the firft twift: For the fecond, it matters not whether the finglethread _ be ftrong, before the two are joined, unlefs to fee whe- ther the firft ewift prove well. It is neceffary the Silk.
ee ee
( 185 )
. "with great reafon one may. fufpect that it is refufe.
‘Silk , and. cannot be equally drawn out and {pun, for
one Thread will be fhorter than the other, which is
Labour and Lofs It will be aifo requifite to {earch the
- Bale more than once, and take from out of the Par-
cels a Skean to make an Effay ; for unlefs one buys that which one knows by tryal, there is a hazard of being Cheated, and fo, for one fort, have another.
| : To make an Efimate of Silk by Effsy, 4nd to
know its Lightnefs. i |
Fix the Effay upon one eighth of a Portée hand of
-Slk, of 110 Aunesot. Lyons ia length, and fce what - it makes of Aunes by the Eighth part; the Skean
| whichis of 80 Threads,muft be multiplied by rroAunes
of Lyons, which is the length of iro. Aunes, from which Number muft be deducted one eighth; as for
Example, 1:0 by 80 makes 8800, the eighth part of
which is 1100, whicü is the eight part of a Perteé :
- Now to calculate what thefe 1100 dunes weigh, which
is the eighth part of a Ported, ot of 110 Aunes of Lyons.
- It will be proper to take a Skean out of the Parcels * which you take from out of the Bale, which you judge
| may contain at leaít 1100 4uzes , to make the one -
eighth part of a Portée, which Portée muft be divided —
| ontwo Bobbins, half on each, then fix the two Bob-
— bins on the Cantre ( Beam, and from thence país it : -through the (Combe) hourdiffoir, viz. 550 from the _ Two Bobbins will make 1100, which will be one eighth — part of what you defire to know ; thisdone, you cut off your Silk, and carry it to be put on the ZZvarZ;ffoir : | Then weigh it, and Multiply the Weight by eight,
it
BE Law s 9,
. it will weigh juft as muchas a Porteé of 110 funes. of Lyoss, which is the general Rule for Calculating, when they draw the Sik out: By this means one may learn to adjuft the weight. . There are Silks. of Piedmont which are very light and clean, and to be preferred. before any, in Sale ; The Perzée of Silk of the lighteft, weighs near twenty four Penny-weight to twenty five and twenty fix Penny-weights the Portée ; others twenty even and twenty eight, «which: Weight may be difpenfed with, on condition the other Qualities be as good, to wit, well wrought, Even, Fine, and Clean: But above thefé Weights they cannot be, unlefs they abate of their Profit, proportionable to. what they want in lightnels.. Ee wer’
V. Two Propofitions defir'd tobe Anfwered — | ina Ycaraad half, by any Perfon; if they | are not in that time, the Propofer promifes — he will do it himfelf. | |
DEDE
&- 4 wWOum à praparationibus ac folutionibus Chymicis, ~ " varias, fecanda corpora, fubeant mutationes; de — vis brevioribus, fimplicioribus, ac magis waturas — dibus. follicitus indagamt bomines; preter alias. — invenitur quod 39.5 ER
Dato nafcente Pegetalili quolibet. ^ nafcendt modo; *
ejufdem cobarendi nifus, feu partium. ejufdem mo- bilitas. ac immobilitas , determinari poffunt.
Que propter rogamus , quoflibet Botanica, Medicine,
Philofophie , &c. Studiofos Methodum bujufmodi Pro- pofit ionis invenire.
- Rogamus etiam, an effe pofit fignum aliquod, © — quidam fit illud, quod ex anatomia, ac ca- daverum Diffellionibus certo poterit. indicare. quemlibet ob. affumptum Opium | interemptum
ffe
| VK. Part of a Letter from Mr. Llwid to Dr. | Fanered Robinfon, F. R. $. concerning 4 | CE igured' Stone found in Wales; with a Note | enit, by Hans Sloane, M. D.. "
_ Jf Here fend you the Reprefentation of a Limeftone-- |.R. Marble, we have lately Difcovered in this Coun- 3 try, when Polifh'd. We have Plenty of it; but few 3 pieces exceed Six, Nine, or Twelve Inches Diameter ; 3 tor 'tis only a fort of Alcyoxium, incorporated in feve- f ral {mall blocks of the Lime-ftone ; whereof the firft & Figure reprefents a piece polifh'd Perpendicularly, and ‘the other Horizontally. I would intreat you to Dif- ‘courfe fome Stone-Cutter, and to advife me what U- fes it might feem proper for, Gc. "Tis (to me) more TP Beautiful than the Florextzxe Marble, but much more Vhard and fubítantial. I fhould be glad of a Line or
i
ftwo aboutit. *
a
| Fi ide Fig. 3: ( 4, Ti bie:
ENSE ed
» x 7
ae
n i y vis ‘ d $y
LONDON: “Printed for San. Smith, m Ber} walftdy Printers to the Royal Society, at” the Prince's Arm, 4 4n St Pass CNET asp BE |
that will Polifh as well as Agat,.
d are frequently dug up in the Inland parts of E "land, and elfewbere, near to o which places d
e 188 9 adt ccdi y. 0 The: N O. iE E. NT
B, bis Tec is a fort if Coral, vad phe Lapidis 4
— Aftroitidis five Stellaris primum genus Boet. de _ V OBUdrs or Aftroites Worm, Mus. - It growiin tbe , Seas adjoining to Jamaica. . dti freq ably. found — E England. , J baveifome of it found here, — was many Tears fince found out by Mr.Beaumont There are many other things growing in the Seas about Ja~ — maica, ard not to » found inibefe parts, which —
a
‘Hot V naturally pe. cem " C Lf 1 I : y"? : : ' - 2^ * © d t "v T 1 - m Z , 2 git xu mee, | " 3 i32 ^ 2. = iy‘: # à ds wee " vos ^ [ v amc 4
ee
Philos Transad. A223 .
( 189 ) Numb, 255.
TRANSACTIO
For the Month of June, 1699.
ibe CONTENTS.
I, Part of Two Letters of May the 22th, and
June zhe x 22h, 1699. from Sir Charles Holt, 40. Dr Shsdsell: Concerning a Difeafe caufed — y Swallowing Stones; with Remarks on the - fame, by Hans Sloane, M.D. 1I. Some Thoughts and Experiments Concerning Vegetation, by John Woodward, M. D. of the College of Phyficians, C R. S. & Profeffor of Phyfick in Grefham-College. IL Az Account of /—— Mr.Savery' s Engine, for Raif 8 Water b the belp gf Ares
Ee Y Pari
'( 90)
1. Part of Two Letters of May the 22th and _ June z4e. 1 225, 1699. from Sir Charles Holt to Dr. Shadwell, Concerning a Difeafe caufed by Swallowing Stones; with Remarks on the - fame, by Hans Sloane, M. D.
"73 4IS now about Two Months or more fince one Tho. Gob/ill, of Shelden near Colefbill in Warwickfbire, (a Lean, Spare Man aged about 26 or 27.) came to me and gave me the following Account of himfelf: «zz. That about Three Years ago, he was extremely troubled with the Wind, which put him to great Torture: and one day making his Complaint to an old Woman in the Neighbourhood, fhe advifed him to {wallow Stones, v7z. round white Pebbles: upon the next return of a Fit, he obferved her Directions ; and the Stones paffing eafily through him, he found great Relief by. his new Medicine, of which he was very proud ; and repeated it as often, ‘as he had occafion with the fame happy Succefs, After fome Months, he being feized with a violent Fit of this . Spleen Wind (as he call’d it) he immediately apply'd himfelf to his old Remedy, and fwallowed his ufual num- ber of Stones (which as I remember was Nine) but they not pafüng, he repeated the Dofe ; and fo continued ta- - king of them 'till he had taken above 200. He had thefe "Stones, in him above two years and a half, when he firft Came. to me,. and .then complained, that his Appetite was gone, “that he could digeft nothing, büt threw up e- very thing he eat; I was then going abroad, and' had not time to make a more particular Enquiry, ‘but from this Relation I imagin’d, that the Stones by their Weight and preffure might have diftended the Coats of the Stomach, cforee'd themfelves aBed sm fundo Ventricul But the next time I faw him, Í found I was miftaken ; for up- oc on
( 191 ) on Examining his Belly I found the Stones lay ulmoft as low as the Os Pudis, and thrufting my Fingers juft about that Bone, fo that the lower part of the Abdomen might lie on my hand, I could with the Motion of my hand fhake
' them, and make them rattle, as if they had been in a Bag.
- When Ihad made this Difcovery, I caufed a Ladder to be fet
againft a Wail, and hung him by the Hams on the infide of the Ladder with his Head directly perpendicular to the ground. Whilít he was in this Pofture, he told me the
- Stones were got up to his Stomach ; but being fet upon
| |
| E |
his Feet, after a very {mall time we could plainly hear the Stones drop fuccetlively one after another, and fo di- ftin&ly, that they might be counted.
If his Body be not Laxative, he Vomits all he eats ot drinks; to prevent which he commonly keeps it open with Whey. | As he lies in Bed the Stones will fometimes get up (as he expreft it) almoft to his Heart, and give him great Difturbance ; at which times he is forced to get upon his Knees, or to ftand upright, and then he can hear them drop as is before-mentioned ; and at fuch times he has counted 2n hundred and odd ; fome times i ge fometimes lefs, but always above an hundred,
He is now fo difabled by thefe Stones that he cannot Work, but in pain; and when he attempts it, he finds the fame N ight and the next day, a great forenefs in the bottom of his Belly, and voids large quantities of Blood by Stool.
Before I faw him, he had been under the hands of fe- veral Quacks : fome had. Vomited him with Stibium, and Purg'd him, others Purg'd and Glifter'd him ; but all the forcing Medicines they made ufe of, could never bring one 5tone from him.
He now eats tolerably well, but complained when I faw him Jatt (which was Friday the sth of fune) that the Stones i more troublefome to him every day than other, | | Not
( 192 )
Not long fince my worthy and ingenious Friend, the Learned Dr. Fowke, making me a vifit, I (hew'd him this - Man, andi he was pleafed nicely to examine his Cafe, and told me he had never heard, or met with in Books, any
thing like it. [04 | | This day (‘une 12.) I faw Godfill; he looks better than he did when I left the Country. Dr. Davies was with. me, and examined. all the Particulars herein men- tioned. Fps | nó iind. fhe (RE: Mea Re KS; | . There are many People who are of Opinion, that tbe Swal- — dowing Stones or Pebbles is very beneficial to the Health, by helping the Stomach to digeft their Food. The rea- fon of this, I fuppofe, is becaufe they fee Birds Langut/h, unlefs they fwailow Gravel or fmall Stones. I have been confulted by foie upon this occafion, but was always againft this practice in Men: becaufe the Stomachs (or Gizzards) of Birds (they wanting Teeth to grind their Food) is made very firong, Mufcular, and defended in the infide with a . Coat, by the help of which, and thefe Stones, their Viciuals are ground. . Now.the Stomach of Men being different, tis not reafonable to think they fhould be of ufe to them. I knew one Mr. Kingfmill, who ufed to fwallow for many Years (tf I remember right) Nine at atime, once everyday, without any injury. He at my defire, fwallowed fome be» — fore me, thofe be fwallowed were near as large as Walnuts.: He told me be found they pafs'd, and bad no inconvenience by them, though be had ufed them many Years; and bought — them by the Peck, having them taken up fome-wherein Kent. — He only chofe fuch as were roundifh and fmooth, He died .— afterwards fuddenly. poda. Á agii... As Remedies which have been found helpful to other 4- _ nimals may be fometimes beneficial to Man, yet the inflance — Sere related fhows great Confideration fhould be bad of them.
( 193 )
IL Some Thoughts and Experiments Concerning Vegetation. By John Woodward, M. D. of the College of Phyficians, & R. 5. & Pro- feffor of Phyfick in Grefham-College.
HE Ancients generally intituled the Earth to the Production of the Animals, Vegetables, and other Bodies upon and about it: and for that reafon ’twas that they gave it fo frequently the Epithets of Parent and Mother *. They were of opinion that it furnifhed forth * Tara Pa- the Matter whereof thofe Bodies confit: and recei- e T? pá- — ved it all back again at their Diffolution for the Compo- 725 74/7". fure of others. Even thofe who afferted four Elements, fuppofed that the Barth was the Matter that Conftituted thofe Bodies: and that Water and the reff, ferved only for the Conveyance and Difiribution of that Matter, in order to the forming and compofition of them. ’Tis true, Thales, a Philofopher of the firft rank in thofe early Ages, has been thought to have Sentiments very different from theíe; but that without juft Grounds; as I think I have fufficiently proved in another Paper, which I am ready to produce. But tho’ Antiquity thus gave its Vote for Terreftrial Mat- ter, feveral of the Moderns, and fome of very great Name too, both Jere and abroad, have gone quite Coun- ter,-and given theirs in behalf of Water. The dignity of the Perfons that have efpoufed it, as well as their nam- ber, renders this Doctrine. very confiderable, and well worth ‘our enquiring into. The great reftorer of Phzle- Sophy in this laft Age, my Lord Bacon, is of opinion, _ That for Nourifoment of Vegetables, the Water is almoft all in all: and that the-Earth doth but keep the Plant up- | right, and fave it from over beat, and over cold +. Others + Nat. Hif. there are who are ftill more exprefs : and;affert Water Ce 5. $411. | to
( 194 ) to. be the. only Principle or Ingredient of all natural things. They fuppofe that, by I cannot tell what Pro- .cefs.of Nature, Water is tranfmuted into Stones, into Plants, and, in: brief, all other Subftancés: whatever.
|| Complexio- Helmont || particularly, and his Followers, are very pofi-
num atque Mi- tive in this: and offer fome Experiments «o render it cre-
LR ais dible, Nay a very extraordinary Perfon of our own
* Mr. Boyl Nation * tries thofe Experiments over again: and dif-
Scept. Chym. covers a great’ Propenfity to the fame Thoughts and
per? Opinion they had; declaring for this Tran/mutation of Water into Plants and other Bodies, tho’ with: great Mo- defty and Deference, which was his ufual manner.
The Experiments. they infift upon are cheifly two; the fir? is, that Mint and feveral otber Plants profper and thrive very greatly in Water. ‘The other is this; they take a certain quantity of Earth, and dake it in an O- ven; then they weigh it, and put it into an Earthen Pot. Having well water'd this Earth, they make choice of fome fit Plant, which, being firft carefully weigb'd, they fet in it. "There they let it grow, continuing to Water it for fome time, "till 'tis much advanced in bie nefs. Then they take it up; and tho’ the Bulk and
: Weight of the Plant be much greater than when fir/? fet, yet upon Baking the Earth, and weighing it, as at firft, they find it little or not at all diminifbed in' weight ; and therefore conclude ’tis not the Earth but Water that nourifhes and is "urn'd into the Subftance of the Plant. . |
I mut t oafebi I cannot fee Ke! this Experiment can ever be made with the nzcety and juftne/s that is requi- fite, in order to Build upon it fo much as thefe Gentlemen - do,» "Tis hard to weigh Earth in that quantity, ot Plants of the fize of thofe they mention, with any great ex- a&inefi : or to bake the Earth ‘with that Accuracy, as to” reduce it twice to juft the fame! Drynefs. But I may - wave all this; for tho’ the pene be never fo ea-
fiy
Pd
( 195 ) fily practicable, and all the Accidents of it exaly as they fet forth, yet nothing like what they zer can pof- fibly be concluded from it; unlefs Water, which they
fo plentifully beftow upon the Plant in this Experiment,
be pure bomogeneou:, and not charged with any ferre- firtal Mixture ; for if it be, the Plant after all may owe its growth and encreafe intirely to that.
Some Waters are indeed fo very clear and tranfparent, that one would not eafily fufpect any ferreftrial Matter were latent in' them : but they may be Zzgbly faturated with fuch Matter, tho’ the Eye be not prefently able - to defery or difcern it. ’Tis true, Eartd is an opake Bo- dy; but it may be fo far diffolved, reduced to fo ex-
treme {mall Particles, and thefe fo diffisfed through the
watery Majs, as not fenfibly to impede v7//o2, or render the Water much the lefs diaphanous. Silver is an Opake, and indeed a very demfe Body; and yet, if pum y dif-
folved in Sp. of Nitre, or Aqua Fortis, that is rectified and thorowly june, it does not darken the Menfiruum, ot render it lefs | gpellucid than before*. And other Inftan- ces there are, that oftentimes great quanti- ties of Opake Matter are fuftain’d in Fluzds, without confiderably firiking the Eye, or
* Provided the Silver be
pure and abfolutely vefin'd :
For the leaft admixture of Cop- per will produce a blue Tin- &ure iz the Menfiruum; as that of fome other Bodies, ane different.
being perceived by it. So that were there Water any where found fo pure, that the quickeft Eye could dit-
cover in it no ferreftrial intermixture ;
that would be
lan [hor ‘of a Proef, that in reality there was
MPG.
Fp 2
But after all, even the iir Water is very far from Mons pure and whol ly defecate, in any part of the World, | that I can learn. For Ours here, I have had an Oppor- | tunity of Examining it over a good part of England; and cannot fay I ever met with any, that, however frefb i ite teuly taken out of the Spring, did not exhibit, even
to
( 196.) to the naked Eye, great numbers of exceeding {mall ter- refirial Particles diffeminated through .all parts of it. Thicker and crafer Water exhibits them in (till greater Plenty.
Thefe are of two general kinds. The one a vegetable terrefirial Matter, confifting of very different Corpufcles ; fome whereof are proper. for the formation and incre- ment of one fort ot Plant, and fome of another: as al- fo fome for the nourifhment of sze part of the fame Plant, and fome of ano:her. The other kind. of Parti- eles fuftain'd in Water are of a Mineral Nature. Thefe likewife are of different forts. In fome Springs we find Common Salt, in others Vitriol, in others Alum, Ni- . tre, Sparr, Ochre, &c. nay frequently feveral of thefe,
or other Minerals, all in the fame Springs; the Water as it drains and pafles thorow the Strata of Stone, Earth, and the like, taking up and dearing along fuch loofe M;- neral Corpufcles, as it meets with in the pores and inter-. ftices of thofe Strata, and bringing them on with it quite to the Spring. All Water whatever is much char- ged with the Vegetable Matter, this being fine, light, and eafily moveable. For the Mineral, the Water of Springs contains more of it than that of Rrvers, efpecially when at diftance from their Sources: and that of Rivers more than: the Water that falls in Raz. , This I have learn’d from feveral Tryal/s,. which I muft not give Account of here; my Drift in this place being only to evince the — exiftence of terreftrial Matter in Water. . . Any one who defires further fatisfaction in this, may — — eafily obtain it, if he only put Water into a clear G/z/s — — Viol, ftopping it clofe, to keep Duft and other exteri- or Matter out, and letting it ftand, without ftirring it for fome Days. He'll then find a confiderable Quantity of zerrefiria! Matter in the Water, however pure and free it might appear when firft put into the Viol. He’lll | in
/
( 197 )
ina very fhort time obferve, as I have frequently done, the Corpufcles that were at firft, while the Water was agitated and kept in Mofzon, feparate, and hardly vifible *, by * 72/4 na degrees, as the Water permits, by its becoming more 7E & thols full. and at ref, affembling and combining together ; by diicesnible. that means forming fomewhat /arger and more ¢onfpicu- ous Molecule. Afterwards he may behold z5efe joining and jixing each to other, by that means forming large thin Maffes, appearing like Nubecuie, or Clouds in the Water ;; which grow more thick and opa£e, by the con- - tinual appulfe and accretion of frefb Matter. Uf the faid Matter be chiefly of the Vegetadle kind, twill be fu- _feained in the Water » and diícover at length a green co- lur; becoming {till more and more of that Colour, I mean an higher and more faturate Green, as the Matter thickens and encreafes. That this mazter inclines fo much to that Colour, is the lefs (trange, fince we fee fo large a fhare of it, when con ftituting Vegetables, wearing the fame Colour in them. But if there be any confiderable quantity of meer Mineral Matter in the Water, this, be- ing of a greater /pec?fick gravity than the Vegetable, as the Particles of it umite and combine in fuch Number, till they form a Molecula, the impetus of whofe Gravity fur-. AM that of the Ref i Rance of the Water, fubfides a great deal of it to the dottom. Nor does it only fall down 7 Jelf, but, frequently. entangling with the Vegetable Nu- becule, forces them down along with it.
The reafon why Bodies, when dif/felved and reduced to extreme /z2/] parts, are fuftain'd in Liquors that are of lefs /pectfick Gravity than thofe Bodies are, hath been pointed at by a late zmgentous Member of this Sockty --. 4 Mr. #
. . He is indeed far from having adjufted all the Momenta Missus,
Philof. Tranf. of this affair; however it muft be admitted, that, in ae
the drviding or folution of Bodies, their Surfaces do not stile in the fame Proportion that their Bu/& does. Now.
| ( 198 ). Now the Gravity of a Body which is the Caufe of its Jinking or tendency downwards, is eommeníurate to its Bulk: but the Reff/ance that the Liguor makes is pro- portion'd, not to the Bulk, but to the extent of the Jurface of the Body immerfed in it. Whence ’tis plain, a Body may be fo far divided, that its Parts may be (u- ftain'd in a Fluid, whofe Specifick Gravity is lefs than that of the faid Body. Nay, ’tis matter of Fact that they
frequently are fo: and we daily fee Menjtrua fupporting |
. the Parts of Metal//s, and other Bodies, that are of fix,
ten, nay almoft twenty times the Spec. Grav. of thofe -
Menfirua. And as the Parts of Bodies when divided are thus fupported in a Fluid: So when they occur and unite again, they, muft //s& of Courfe, and fall to the - Bottom. | RI | Upon the whole, 'tis palpable and beyond reafonable Conteft, that Water contains in it a very confiderable Quantity -of terrefrial Matter. Now the Queftion is to which of zbefe, the Water, or the Earthy Matter fit- ftain'd in it, Vegetables owe their Growth and Augment. For deciding of which I conceive the following Experi- ments may afford fome Light: And I can fafely fay they were made with due Care and Exaéinefi.. —
Anno 16 oor.
I chofe feveral Glafs Viols, that were all, as near as — .
poflble, of the fame fhape and bignefs, After I had put . what Water I thought fit into every one of them, and taken an Account of the weight of it, I ftrain'd and ty'd over the Orifice of each Viol, a piece of Parchment, ha- ving an hole in the middle of it, large enough to ad-
mit the Stem of the Plant I defign'd to fet in the Viol, — .
Growth
without confining or ftraightning it fo as to impede its
*
ERU
| ( 199 9o: Growth. My intention in 7/7; was to prevent the en-
^. Clofed Water from Evaporating, or aícending any other — "way than only thorow the P/ant to be fet therein. Then
I made choice of feveral Sprigs of Mint, and other Plants, that were, as near as I could poffibly judge, alike fre/b, found, and lively. . Having taken the ia of each, I placed i: in a Viol, ordered as above: and as the Plant imbibed and drew off the Water, 1 took care to add more of the fame from time to time, keeping an Account of the weight of all I added. Each of the Glaffes were, for better dijtiné#ion, and the more eafy keeping a Regifer of all Czrcumflances, noted with a different Mark or Letter, 4, B, C, &c. and all fet ina Row in the fame Window, in fach manner that all might
partake alike of zr, Light, and Sun. Thus they con- tinued from ‘Fuly the Twentieth, to Odfober the Fifth,
which was juft Seventy Seven Days. Then I took them out, weigh’d the Water in each Viol, and the Plant. likewife, adding to its Weight. that. of all the Leaves .
-that had fallen. off during the time it ftood thus. And
Laflly, I computed how much each Plant had gau'd : and how much Water was [pent upon it... The: Part:-
— £ulars are as follows.
A. Common
( 200 do
The Wt. [The Wt. ,/The Wt. (The Wt. | The Proportion of of the [of the Pl.igained by [of the | the Encreafe of the Plant ^ |whenta- |the Plant {Water ex-| Plant to the Ex- when firfl|cen again|during the}pended up-|pence of the Wa- fet in Wa-jout of the|77 days. Jon the | ter,
ter. Water. Plant. .
A. Common Spear-Mint, fet in Spring-Water. The Plant weighed, when put in Faly 20. juft 27 Grains: when taken | ' forth, Od7od. 5. 42 grains. So that in this {pace of 77 days, it had gained in weight 15 grains.
The whole quantity of Wa- ter expended, during thefe 77 days, amounted to 2558 gr. Confequently the weight of the Water taken up was 170 ,*. times as much as the Plant had got in weight.
Er, pf. CT PCR 27 42 15 2558 Asitoi70;'.
, !
B. Common Spear- Mint: Rain waiter, The Mint weigh’d, when put in, gr. 28 25; when taken out gr. 45 2 having gain'd in 77 days gr. 17 ;. | _ The difpendium of the ig
ter gr. 3004 which was 17 1 32
times as much as the Plant id received in weight. ©
: Ryo CE 5 MAT 28; 45% 172 3004 Ásito1717
C. Common Spear - Mint : Thames Water. The Plant. when put in gr. 28. when ta- ken forth, gr. 54. So that in 77 days it had gain'd gr. 26.
The Water expended a- mounted to gr. 2493. which was 95 25. times as much as the | additional weight of the Mint. .
Et... de < ae BF : | ji rs ey 26 2493 Asrtog5iz |
( 201 )
— m
D. Common Solanum, or Night
The Wt. |The Wt. |The Wt. |The Wt. 7The Proportion of
Jhade: Spring Water. The Plant | ofthe — lof the Pl. gained by Jof the — |:he Encreafe of the
weigh'd, when put in, gr. 49 : | Peet agli desta lauing che pended y. ence ofthe Wee when taken out 106. having | fee in |outofthel77 days. |on the — ter. gain'd i in 77 days 57 gr. Water. |Water. | Plant. The Wat. expended during | - the faid Time was 3708 gr. ghüod Bo erly aT: As ° which was 65 3. times as much Mur 100 00 dihulado8.«: 1to 65-5, as the augment of the Plant. | This fpecimen had feveral Buds upon it, when firft fet in the Wat. | Thefe in fome days, be- came fair Flowers, which were at length fucceeded by Berries,
E. Lathyris feu Cataputia Gerh: Spring Water. It weigh’d,
. when put in, gr. 98. when ta-
ken forth, gr. 101.2. The ad-
ditional weight for this whole V er. gr. gr. gr. As
77 days being but gr. 3 5. “oy Mon. 22 uror ^ Ito 7145 ^ The quantity of Wat. fpent upon it during that time, gr. 2501. which is 714 + times as
muchasthePlantwasaugmented.
Several other Plants were try'd, that did not thrive in Water, or fucceed any better than the Cafa- ; putia foregoing : But 'tis befides my. purpofe to give a particular Account of them here.
F, G. Thefe Two Viols were fill’d, the former (F) with Rain, the other with Spring Water, at the fame time as thofe above-mentioned were : and ftood as long as they did. But they had neither of them any Plant; paws Gg my
i Amos)
4 ( 202 ) du my Defign in thefe being only to inform my felf, whe- ther any Water exbaled out of the. G/a/fes, otherwife
than ¢horow the Bodies of the Plants. . The Orifices of thefe Two Glaffes were cover’d with Parchment; each piece of it being perforated with an hole of the fame
- bignefs with z5ofe of the Viols above. In this I fufpended a bit of Stick about the thicknefs of the Stem of one of the aforefaid Plants, but not reaching down to the Surface of the included Water. I put them in thus, that the Water in Zbefe might not have more fcope to evaporate than that in the other Viols. ‘Thus they ftood the whole 77 days in the fame Window with the reft; when, upon Exa- mination, I found none of the Water in thefe wafed or gone of. Tho’ I obferved, both in thefée, and: the ref, efpecially after bot Weather, {mall drops of Water, not unlike Dew, adhering to the zwfdes of the Glaffes, that part of them I mean that was above the Surface of the enclofed Water. | Medii
The Water in thefe two Glaffes that had zo Plants in them, at the end of the Experiment, exhibited a /arger quantity of zerref/iria] Matter than that in any of. thofe that had the Plants in them did. The Sediment at the
‘bottom of the Viols was greater: and the Nubecula dif-
fus'd through the Body of the Water thicker.. And of
that which was in the others, fome of it proceeded from certain {mall Leaves that had fallen from that part of the
Stems of the Plants that was within the Water, wherein
they rotted and diffolved. ‘The terreftrial Matter in
the rain Water was finer than that in the /pring Water. -
|
| | |
i
[|
| | 1
|
— Srille adher'd pretty much zer- reftvial Matter. In the Water
( 203 ) Anno 1692. The e Glo made ufe of in zbis, were of the fame fort
. with thofe; in the former Experiment : and cover'd over
with Parchment in like manner. The Plants here were all Spear mint: the moft kindly, frefh, fprightly Shoots
1 could choofe. The Water, and qe Plants, were
weigh’d as above: and the Vio/s fet, in a Line, in a South-Window ; where they ftood from Jane 2d, to fa- ly 28. which was juft 56 days.
H. Fiyde- Parke Conduit Wa- ter, alone. The Mint weighed, when put in, 127 gr: when taken out, 255 gr. ‘The whole quantity -of Water expended upon this Plant amounted to 14190 gr.
This was all along a very kindly Plant : and had run up to above two foot in height. It had fhot but one confiderable collateral branch : but had fent |. forth many and long Rootes, from which fprung very nume- rous tho’ fmall, and fhort leffer Fibres. "T hefe leffer Roots came out of the larger on two oppo- fite fides, for the moft part; fo that each Root, with it's 7;- brille, appeared not unlike a {mall Feather. To thefe F;-
The Wt. of the Water ex-
The Wt, |The Wt. [The Wt. ofthe [ofthe Pl. [gained by Plant . : |when ta- |the Plant when firft|ken again |during the fet in Wa-jout of the |56 days. tere Water. —
on the Plante
gr. grt sg pps
which wasat laft thick and tur- bid, was a green fubftance re- fembling a fine thin Cozferva,
tere
The Proportion of the Encreafe of the Plant to the Ex- pended up m of the Wa«
As —. 127 255 128 14190 I to 11075;
T, The
1. The fame Water, alone. The Mint weigh’d, when put in, 110 gr: when taken out, 249. Water expended, 13140 gr.
This Plant was as kindly as the former, but had fhot no col- lateral Branches. Its-Roofs, the Water, and the green Swbjtance, all much as in’ the former.
K. Hyde-Park Conduit-Water in which was diffolved an Ounce and half of Common Gar- den Eartb. The Mint weigh'd, when put in, 76 gr: when taken out 244 gr. "Water ex- pended, gr. 10731.
This Plant, tho’ it had. the Misfortune to be annoyed with many fmall Jn/eés that happen- ed to fix upon it,” yet had fhot very confiderable collat. Braz- ches: and at leaft as many
Koots.as either that in EL. or I 5. which had a much greater quan- |
tity ‘of ¢erreftrial Matter adhe- ring to the extremities of them. The fame green Subftance here, that was in the two preceding.
a
( 204 |
The Wt. the- |.
of
Plant
when firft jken again
The Wt. f the Pl. when ta-
fet in Wa-lout of the}56 days. ter
Zr. ey" IO
I
pgs
i
76
Water. .
gr.
249 |
S.
gr- 139.
ig:
The Wt. The Wt. ined by |of the the Plant |Water ex-|the Plant to the
during . *— ‘up-|Expence of the
t
| gr. i
13140
168 .
| gr.
10731
|
The Proportion of rhe Encreafe of
As 1 t0 944 -
Z 4
P2
LES »
M]
eer Se VUE gv wv
a EUR a |
Y
( 205 )
L. Hyde-Park Water, with the fame quantity of Gardez Mould as in the former. The Mint weigh'd, when put in, 92 gr. when taken out 276 gr. The Water expended, 14950 r.
The Wt. |The Wt. |The Wt. ;,The Wt. } The Proportion of ef the fof che Pl.jgained by fof the the Encreafe of the Plant when ta- |the Plant Water ex-] Plant to the Ex- when firfilken again|during the|pended up-] pence of the Wa- fet in Wa-|ont of the|56 days, bn the ter,
ter, Water. Plante
This Plant was far more flou- filing than any of the Prece- dent: had feveral very confi- derable collateral Branches: and very zumersus Roots, to which terrefirial Matter adhered very copioufly. | The Earth in both thefe Glaffes was very fenfibly and confiderably wafted, and le/s than when firft putin. The fame fort of green Subftance here as in thofe above.
ore. ue AP qo As g2 370 284 14950 11052 2256
M. Ayde-Park Water, deftil-) led off with a gentle $7. The | Mint weigh'd, when put in, i14 gr. when taken out, 1 55. The Water expended, 8803 zr. This Plant was pretty kindly : had 2 fmall collat. Branches, and | TP ; feveral Roofs, tho? not fo many| $7". Sf 8". £r &s as that in H orI, butas.much ) 114 3155 4i 8803 1t0214;2 m terrefirial Matter adhereing to | : » them as thofe had. The Wa- | ter was pretty Zbick; having very numerous fmall derrifirial Particles fwimming in it, and fome Sediment at the bottom of i | the Glafs. This Glafs had none a $6 of the green Matier above-men- *
tioned, in it. X^ n | onn, QS | : : N, The
à ( 206 ) N. The refidue of tbe Water which rémain'd in the 5/77] af- ter that in M. was deftilled off. It was very turbid, and as high- coloured (reddifh) as ordinary ^ ‘Beer. The Mint weigh’d, when ^ put in, 81 gr when taken out,’ 75. Bt. ater expended, | 4344.gr. This Plant was very - lively: and had fent out fix. collateral Branches, and feveral ' Roots.
of the of the Pl. [gained by |:
fet in Wa-fout of th:|56 days. tere Water.
gr. gro qr. Re 91. .175 94 4344
“~~
The Wt. |The Wt,fThe Wt.|The Wt, | The Proportion of
Plant. when ta- }the Plant |Water ex-|Plant to the Er- when firftiken. again’ |during the|pended up-|pence of the Wa-
As
11046 ;z
O. Hyde-Park Conduit-Water, in which was diffol-
ved a Drachm of Nitre.. The Mint fet in this fuddenly began to wither and decay; and dyed in a few Days. As likewife did two more Sprigs, that were fet in it, fuc-
ceffively. In another Glafs I diffolved an Ounce of good
Garden Mould, and a^ Drachm of Nitre: and in a third half an Ounce of Wood-Afhes; and a Drachm of Nitre;
but the Plants in thefe fucceeded no better than in the former. In other Glaffes I diffolved feveral other forts of Earths, Clays, Marles, and variety of Manures, &c. I fet Mint in di iflilled. Mint-Water ; and other Expert=
ments | made, of feveral kinds, in order to-get light and . |
information "what baflened or retarded, promoted or im-
peded. Vegetation ; but thefe do not iid to the Head ..
HE am now upon, .
m
~ € C^ N ee E
P. Hyde Parke Conduit W ater. In CET fixed. a n RR ^ Tube about ten Inches long, the Bore aboutione fixth of -
an Inch in Diameter, fill'd with very fine-and white
Sand, which I kept ftom falling down: outiof the Tube . into the ‘Viol, by tying a thin piece of S//& over that end ©
of the Tube that was downwards. Upon’ immierfion: of -— the lower end of it into the Water, 757; by little and -
up qu que to the upper Orifice of the Tub. ——
. And
| ( 207 ] And yet, in all the fifty fix days which it ftood thus, a very inconfiderable quantity of Water had gone off, viz. fcarcely Twenty Grains; tho’ the Sand continued moi? up to the fof till the very laft. The Water had impart- eda green Tindture to the Sand, quite to the very top of the Tube. And, in the Viol, it had precipitated a greenifh Sediment, mixt with black, To the bottom and fides of the Tube, as far as 'twas immers’d in the Wa- - ter, adher'd pretty much of the green Subjiance defcribed above. Other like Tubes I. fill’d with Cotton, Lunt, Pith of Elder, and feveral other porous Vegetable Sub- fiances; fetting fome of them in clear Water: Others in Water tinged with Saffron, Cochinele, &c. And fe- veral other Trza/s were made, in order to give a Mecha- nical Reprefentation of the Motion and Deftribution of the | “Fuices in Plants: and of fome other Phenomena obíerva- | ble in Vegetatzon, which I fhall not give the particulars of bere, as being not of Ufe to my prefent De- | fign. | | e | Q , R, S, Gr. Several Plants fet in Viols, ordered | in like manner as thofe above, in Ocfober, and the foilow- | ing colder Months. Thefe throve not near fo much: | nor did the Water aícend in nigh the quantity, it did in | the otter Seasons, in which the before recited Tria/s were made.
| Some Refletions upon the foregoing Experiments.
| d. In Plants of the fame kind, the lefs they are in Bulk, tbe fmaller the Quantity of the Fluid Mafs in which | they are fet is drawn off; tbe Difpendium of it, where | the Mafs is of equal tbicknefs, being pretty nearly prow portioned to the Bulk of tbe Plant. Thus that in the | Glafs Mark'd A, which weigh’d only 27 gr. drew ud ig ee ut
( 208 ) but 25 "T grains. of the Fluid: and that in B, which weigh'd only 284, took up but 3004 gr. whereas that in H, which weigh'd 127 grains, fpent 14190 gr. of the Liquid Maj.
The Water feems to afcend up the Veffels of Plants in much the fame manner as up a Pi/tre: and ’tis no great wonder that a Jarger Filtre thould draw off more Water than a leffer: or that a Plant that has more and larger Veffels fhould take up a greater ífhare of the Fluid, in which "tis fet, than one that has fewer and fmaller ones can. Nor do I Note this as a thing very confiderable in it felf, but chiefly in regard to what I am about to. offer beneath: And that it may be feen that, in my other Collations of de I made due Allowance for this Dif-
Jerenee,
_ 2. "The much greatef part of the Fluid Mafs that is thus drawn off and comvey d into the Plants, does not fettle or abide there: but paffes through the Pores of them, and ex- bales up. into the Atmofphere. ‘That the Water in thefe Experiments, afcended only through the Vefféls of the | Plants is certain. The Glafes F and G, that had zo —
Plants in them, tho’ difpofed of in like manner as the — ref, remain'd, at the End of the Experiment, as at firft: - and none of the Water was gone off. And thatthe great- | eft part of it flies off from the Plant into the Atmofphere, — is as certain. The leaft proportion of the Water expend- ed was to the Augment of the Plant, as 46 or 50 to 1. — And in fome the weight of the Water drawn off was | 100, 200, nay, in one above 700 times as much as the i Plant had rener iad of Addition. X
This fo continual an Emi ffi on and Délerbaéhr of Wa- : ter, in fo great Plenty from the Parts of Plants, affords — us a manifeft reafon why Countries that abound with
Trees and the larger Vegetables efpecially, thould be | : very |
( 209 )
very obnoxious to Damps, great Humidity in the Air, and more frequent Rains, than others that are more open and free. The great Moifure i in the 4ir, wasa mighty inconvenience and annoyance to thofe who firft fettled in America; which at that time was much over-grown with Woods and Groves. Bat as thefe were burnt and de- Jiroyed, to make way for Habitation and Culture of the Earth, the 477 mended and cleared up apace: changing into a Temper much more ary and ferene than before.
JNor does this Humidity go off pure and alone; bat "ufuelly. bears forth with it many parts of the faine Na- ture, with £bofe whereof the Plant, tarough which it pat- fes, confifls. The Craffer indeed are not fo eafily borne 'up.ipto the Atmo/phere: but are utually depofited on the Surface of the Flowers, Leaves, and other Parts of the Plants. Hence come our Manna’s, our Honzes, and other Gummous Lixfudations of Vi egetabls, But the fmer and lighter Parts ace with greater eafe fent up into the dtmofphere. Thence they are conveyed to our Organs of Smell, by the dir we draw in Refpiration: and are pleafant or of- fenjive, beneficent or inpyurious.to us, according to the Nature of the Plants from whence they arife. And fince thefe owe their Rife to the Water that afcends out of the Earth through the Bodies of Plants, we cannot be far to; feek for the Caufe why hey are more numerous in
the dir, and we find a greater quantity of Odours exha- ling from Vegetables, in warm, bumid Pepe than in any others whatever.
| EN Ah great part of the terrefirial Matter that is mixt | with the Water, afcends up into the Plant as well as the Water. ‘There was much more terreftrial Matter at the end. of the Experiment, in the Water of the Glaffes p and G, that had zo Plants in them, than in thofe
H h that
( 210 ) that had Plants. The Garden-Mould diffolved in the Glaffes K and L was confiderably diminifbed, and carried of. Nay the terrefrial and Vegetable Matter was borne up in the Tubes filled with Sand, Cotton, &c. in that quam- tity as to be evident even to fenfe. And the Bodies in the Cavities of the other Tudes tit?» ad their lower Ends immers'd in Water wherein Saffron, Cochinele, &c. had been infufed, were &zged with Yellow, Purple, &c. If I may be permitted to look abroad a while, to- wards our Shores and Parts within the Verge of the Sea, thefe will prefent us with a large icene of Plants that, along with the Vegetable, take up into them meer mi= neral Matter alío in great abundance. Such are our Sea- Purflains, the feveral forts of Alga’s, of Sampires, and other Marine Plants. Thefe contain common Sea-Salt, which is all one with the Po/Z, in fuch Plenty, as not only to be plainly diftinguith’d on the Palate, but may be drawn forth of them in coz/iderable quantity. Nay, there want not Z5ofe who affirm there are Plants found that will yield Nztre, and other mineral Salts; of which indeed I am not fo far fatisfied that I can depend on the Thing, and therefore give this only as.an Hint for En- Miry. | ; To go en with the Vegetable Matter, how apt and how much difpofed this, being ío very fine and fight, is to attend Water in all its Motions, and. follow it into. each. of its Recef/es, 1s. manifeft, not only from the In- fiances; above alledg'd, but many others. Percolate it with all the Care imaginable: Fr/ter it with never fo- many Filtrations, yet fome terreftrial Matter willremain. — "Kis true the Flazd will.be ¢hinner every time than other, and more. difingaged of the faid Matter: but never wholly free and clear. .X have filtred Water thorow fe- veral Sheets of thick Paper: and, after that, through — — very clefe fine Cloth twelve times doubled. Nay, I have — ; $4 done 1
| ( 211)
done this over and over; and yet a confiderable quan- ‘tity of this Matter difcover’d it felf in the Water after all Now if it thus pafs Interffices that are fo very fmall and fine along with the Water, ’tis the lefs ftrange it fhould attend it in its paflage through the Dués and Ve/- Jes of Plants. "Tis true, filtering and diffilling of - Water intercepts and makes it quit fome of the Earthy Matter it was before impregnated withal: but then that which continues with the Water after this, is jime and fight ; and fuch confequently as is in a peculiar manner fit for the Growth and Nouri/hment of Vegetables. And this is the Cafe of Rain Water. The quantity of terre- firial Matter it bears up into the Atmo/pbere is not great. But that which it does bear up, is mainly of that “ght kind of Vegetable Matter; and that too perfectly dz/fol- ved, and reduced to fingle Corpu/cles, all fit to enter the Zzbules and Veffels of Plants. On which Account "tis that 75:5 Water is fo very fertile and prolifique.
The reafon why in this Propofition 1 fay only a great pert of the terreftrial Matter that is mix'd with the Wa- ter, afcends up with it into the Pélaxzt, is, becaufe - all of it cannot. The mineral Matter is a great deal of it not only gro/s and ponderous, but fcabrous and inflexible: and fo not difpofed to enter the Pores of the Roots. And a great many of the /imple Vegetable Particles by ‘degrees unite, and form fome of them fmall Clods or Mo- - decule ; fuch as thofe mentioned in H, K, and L, fticking to the extremities of the Roots of thofe Plants. Others of them zz£angle in a loofer manner : and form the Nudecule, and green Bodies fo commonly obferved in f/agnant Wa- ter. Thefe, when thus conjoyn’d, are too big to enter the Pores, or afcend up the Veffels of Plants, which fingly they might have done. They who are converfant in Agriculture will eafily fubfcribe to this. They are well aware that, be their Earth never fo rich, fo good, and
: | h 2 fo
(218: J; fo fit for the Production of Corm or other Vegetables. little will come of it, unlefs the Parts of it be /epara- ted and foofe. "lis.on this Account they beftow the Pains they do in Culture of it: in Digging, Plowing,. Harrowing, and Breaking of the Clodded Lumps of Earth. "Tis the fame way that Sea- Salt, Nitre, and: other» Salts. promote Vegetation. I am forry I cannot fubfcribe to the Opinion. of thofe Learned Gentlemen. who- imagine Nitre to be effential to Plants: and that nothing in tbe: Vegetable Kingdom is tranfaéted without it... By all the: Tryals Y have been able to make, the thing is guste other- wife :. and when contiguous to the P/az it rather deftroys. than nourifhes it. -But this, Nitre and other Salts cer-. tainly do: they /oofen the Earth, and feparate- the con- creted Parts of it; by that means. fitting and difpofing | them to be afumed. by the Water, and carried up into- the Seed or Plant, for its Formation and Augment; 'Vhere’s. . no Man but muft obferve how. apt all forts. of Salts are. to. be wrought upon by Moi/ture: how. eafily: they /-- quate and run with it;.and when. thefe are drawn off, and. have deferted the Lumps wherewith. they were in-. corporated, z5ofe muft moulder immediately, and fall. afunder of Courfe.. The hardeft Stone we meet with, if it happen, as frequently it does, to have any fort of. Salt intermixt with the. Sand of. which it. confifts, upon. being expos'd. to an humid Air, in a fhort.time diffolves. and crumbles all to pieces :: and much more will clodded . Earth or Clay, which. is.not.of: near fo compact? and ‘fo-. lid. a. Conftitution as Stone is.. The fame way likewife is. Lime. ferviceable in this Affair. The Hufbandmen: fay of it, that it does not. fatten, but only. Mellowes the Ground. By. which they mean, that it does not con- tain any. thing in it felf that is of the fame Nature with. — | the Vegetable Mould,. or. afford: any. Matter fit for the. — formation. of Plants :: but. meerly. foftens and relaxes: ^ A W cd Earth ;,
( 213 ) Barth, by that means rendering it more capable on en- tering Weeds! ana Vegetables fet in it, in order to their Nourifoment, than otherwife it would have been. The Properties of Lime are well known:,and how apt 'tis to be put into ferment and commotion by Water; Nor can füch:Commofion: ever happen: when Lime is. ‘mix d with. Earth, however bard and clodded. that may be, without. opening and /oofening of it..
^4 The Plant is more or lefs nourijb'd and augmented in: | proportion as tbe Water in which itflands contains a grea- | ter or fmaller quantity of proper Ld Matter in it. The Truth of this Propofition is {6. eminently difcerni- ble through: the whole Procefs of thefe Tryals, that I think no doubt can. be made of it. The Minz in the Glafs C. was of much the fame Bulk and Weight with thofe in.A. and B. But the Water, in which that was,. being River Water, which was apparently ftored more. copi- oufly with terreftrial Matter than the Spring or Rain: Water, wherein they. ftood, were; it had zbrzven to-al- moft dóuble the Bulk that either of them had ; and with. a le/s Expence of Water too. So likewife the Mint in L. in. whofe Water was diffolved a. (mall quantity of good Garden. Mould, tho’ it had the difadvantage jq to be /gs t Confers when firft fet than either of the Mints in H. ot I. whofe Us pur Water was the very fame with this in L. but had none of that Earth mix'd with it; yet, in a fhort time the Plant not only overtook, but much out-ftripp’d thofe, and at the end of the Experiment was very. confiderably bigger and heavier than either of them. In. like manner: the Mint. in N. tho’ /efs at the beginning than that in M. being fet in that ¢hzck, turbid; feculent. Water, that re- mained behind, after 2527, wherein M. was placed, was. Still'd off, had in fine more than doubled its original weight and bulk : and received above ¢wice the additional En-.
creafe.
( 214).
ereafe that that in M. which ftood in the thinner deftill'd Water, had done. And, which is not lefs confiderable, had not drawn off half the Quantity of Water that that . had. |
. Why, in the beginning of this Article, I limit the Proportion of the Augment of the Plant to the Quantity of proper terreftrial Matter in the Water, is, becaufe all, even the Vegetable Matter, to fay nothing of the Mi- neral, is not proper for the Nourifhment of every Plant. There may be, and doubtlefs are, fome Parts in diffe- rent Species of Plants, that may be much alike, and fo owe their fupply de fame common Matter: but ’tis plain 2// cannot. there are other Parts fo differing, that 'tis no ways credible they fhould be form'd all out of the fame fort of Corpuícles. So far from it, that there want not good Indications, as we fhall fee by and by, that every Kind of Vegetable requires a peculiar and fpe- _ cifick Matter for its Formation and Nourifbment. Yea, each Part of the fame Vegetable does fo: and there are very many and different Ingredients go to the Compofition of the fame individual Plant. If therefore the Soil, wherein any Vegetable or Seed is planted, contains 2// or moft of thefe Ingredients, and thofe in due quantity, 'twill grow and thrive there: otherwife 'twill not. If there be not as many /orts of Corpujfcles as are requifite for the Con/Aifution of the main and more effential Parts of the Plant, ’twill mot profper at all. If there be zLefe, and not in fufficient Plenty, twill ftarve, and never ar- rive to its natural Stature. Or if there be any the /efs neceflary and effential Corpufcles wanting, ‘there will be
fome Failure in the Plant: 'twill be defe@tive in Tafe, — in Smell, in Colour, or fome other way. But tho a —
Traéi of Land may happen not to contain Matter pro- _ per for the Conftitution of fome one peculiar kind of — Plant: yet it may for feveral others, and thofe much dif=
3/5 | fering 4
—-
( 215 )
fering amongft themíelves. The vegetative Particles:
are commixt and blended in the Earth, with all the d-
verfity and variety, as well as all the uncertainty conceiv-.
able. I have given fome Intimations of this elfewhere +, t Nat. Hip. and fhall not repeat them Jere: but hope in due teme enu to put them into a much Jetter light than that they there - |. ftand in. |. "]tis not poflible to imagine how one, uniform, bomo- geneous Matter, having its Principles or Original Parts all of the fame Subflance, Conjftitution, Magnitude, Fi- gure, and Gravity, fhould ever conftitute Bodzes fo egre- gioufly wnizke, in all zbofe refpects as Vegetables of diffe- rent kinds ate: nay even as the different Parts of the fame Vegetable. That one fhould carry a Refinous, ano- ther a Milky, a third a Yellow, a fourth a Red Juice, in its Pens: one afford a Fragrant, another an offenfive fmell: one be fweet to the Ta//e, another Afer, acid, acerb, aufiere, &c. that one fhould be mourz/hing, ano- ther poyfonous, one purging, another affringent z in brief, that there fhould be that vaft difference in them in their feveral Con/iztutions, Makes, Properties, and Effects, and yet all arife from the very fame fort of Matter, would | be very ftrange. And, to Note that by the by, this Argument makes equally ftrong againft thofe who fup- pofe meer Water the Matter out of which all Bodzes are form d. | It
"The Cataputia in the Glafs E. received but very little Encreafe,-only three grains and an half all the while it ftood, tho” 2501 grains of Water were fpent upon it. I will not fay the reafon was becaufe that Water did not contain in it Matter fit and proper for the Nourifhment of that’ peculiar and remarkable Plant. No, it may be the Water was not a proper Medium for it to growin ; and: we know there are very many Plants that will xof thrive init. Too much of that Liquor, in fome Plants, 5 may
*
( 216 )
may probably burry the terreflfrial Matter hotow their |
. Veffels too faít for them to arre/? and lay hold of-it. Be.
that as it will, ’tis moft certain there are peculiar Soils
that fuit particular Plants. In England, Cherries are ob-
ferved to fucceed eft. in Kent: Apples in Herefordjhire:
Saffron in Cambridgefhire : Load in two or three,of our
Midland Counties: and’Teazles in Somerfetfbire. “This is
an Obfervation that hath held in a//-Parts, and indeed in
all Ages of the World... The moft. ancient Writers of
* Vid. Fari Hufbandry * took Notice -of it: and are not wanting
peuci their Rules for making choice of Soz/s fuited. to: the
quos Rei Rupti-nature of each kind of. Vegetable they thought valuable ee Scriptores. wor worth propagating. Ty
But, which is a further Proof of what I am. bere en- deavouring to advance, that $e7/ that is once proper and fit for the Production of fome one fort of Vegetadle does mot ever continue to be fo. No, in Trad of time it lofes that. Property :, but fooner in fome Lands;-and la- ter in otbers. ‘This ts what all who are converfant-in thefe things know very. well. .If Wheat, for Example; be fown.upon a Trac of Land that is proper for that Grain, the fir! Crop. will fucceed .very well: and per- haps the fecond, and the third, as long as. theGround is in Heart, as the Farmers ípeak;. But in a few Years
: "twill produce zo more, if fowed with that Corz, Some — other Grain indeed it may, as Barley. And after this has been fown /o often. that the Land can bring forth zo emore
of the fame ; it. may afterwards. yield good Oats: and perhaps Pea/e after them... At length ’twill become Bar= — ren; the Vegetative Matter, that at firft it abounded — withal, being educed forth of it, by thofe fuccefive,Grops, and moft of itZerz of. Each fort of Grain takes. forth — that. peculiar Matter that is proper for its own Nourifh- —— ment, Firtt the Wheat draws off £bofe Particles that — . fuit the Body of that. Plant ; the reft lying all guzetand — ORL t IEEE BL QUEE soe toes undifiurbed —
( 217 ) undifiurbed the while. And when the Earth has yielded up all them, zho/e that are proper for Barly, a different Grai", remain ///] bebind, "till the fucceffive Crops of that Corn fetch them forth too. And fo the Oats, and Peafe, in their Turn ; till in fine all is carried off, and the Earth in great Meafure drain’d of that fort of Mat- fer. After all which, that very Tract of Land may be .. brought to produce another Series of the fame Vegetables : but never “till ’tis fupphed with a new Fund of Matter, of like fort with that it at firft contain’d. This fupply is made feveral ways. By the Grounds /yzng fallow for fome time, “till the Rain has pour'd down a fre/h fiock upon it. Or by the Tz/er's Care in Manuring of it. And for further Evidence that ¢hzs /upply is in reality of Eke fort, we need only reflect a while upon thofe Ma- | mures that are found by conftant Experience beft to pro- | mote Vegetation, and the fruitfulne/s of the Earth. | Thefe are chiefly either Parts of Vegetables, or of Ani- mals; which indeed either derive their own Nourt/bment | immediately from Vegetable Bodies, or from other Anz- | mals that do fo. In particular, the Blood, Urine, and | Excrements of Animals: Shavings of Horns and of. | Hoofs: Hair, Wool, Feathers: calcin'd Shells: Lees of | Wine, and of Beer: Afbes of all forts of Vegetable Bo- | dies: Leaves, Straw, Roots, and Stubble, turn'd into | the Earth by Plowing or otherwife, to rot and diffolve | there; thefe I fay are our beft Manures, and, being | Vegetable Subflances, when refunded back again into the Earth, ferve for the formation of other like Bodies. - Not. wholly to Confine our Thoughts to the Frelds, | let us.look. a while into our Gardens; where we fhali | meet with ftill further Confirmations of the fame thing. The: Trees, Shrubs, and Herbs Cultivated in thefe, after they have continued in one Station till they have derived H 4 1i thence
ee nN
| ( 218 y |
thence the greater Part.of the Matter fit for their Aug- ment, wiil decay and degenerate, unlefs either frefb Earth, or fome fit Manure, be applied unto them. ’Tis trae, they T maintain themíelves there for fome time by
fending forth Roofs further and further to a great extent all round, to fetch in more remote Provifion ; bat at laf all will fail: and they muft either have a frefb fupply brought to them, -or.they zbemjelves be removed and tran[blanted to fome Place better furnifbed with Matter for their Subjjtence... And accordingly Gardiners obferve that Plants that have food @ great wihile.ina Place, have longer Roots than ufual; part of which, they cut off when. they ¢ranfplant them toa frefb Soil, as now not of any further z/e to them. All thefe Inflances, to pafs.over a. great many o¢bers that might be alledged, point forth a. Particular terrefirial. Matter, and not Water, for the Subjec to which Plants owe their increafe. Were it Wa= — ter only, there would be no need of Manures: or of — tranfplanting them from place to place. The Razn falls in all Places alike z in this.Field and in that indifferent- ly: in one fide of an Orchard or Garden as well as ano- — ther. Nor could there. be any reafon why a Trad of Land fhould yield Wheat one.Year and not the next ;. . fince the Raza fhowers down alzke in each. But I am. - fenfible I have carried on this Article to too great a | length =. which yet on fo ample and extenfive a Subject -
'twas not ealy to avoid,.
5. Vegetables are not form'd of Water : but of a cer-. ‘tain peculiar Terreftrial Matter. At thath been fhewn,. — that there is a confiderable Quantity of this Matter:con- tain’d both in Rain, Spring, and River Water’: that the: much greateft gart of the fluid Mafs that afcends up in— _ to Plants does not fettle or abide there, but paffes through: — the Pores.of. them and exbales. up into the w&tmofpheres 4
( 219 ) that a great part of the terrefirial Matter, mixt with the Water, faffes up into the Plant along with it: and that the Plant is more or À efs augmented in proportion as the Water contains a greater or fmaller Quantity of that Matter. From all which we may very reafonably infer, that Earth, and not Water, is the Matter that confti- ' éutes Vegetables, The Plant in E. drew up into it 2501 grains of the. Fld Mafs : and yet had received but gr. 3 and a half of Ezcrezfe from all that. The Mint in L. tho’ it had at firft the difadvantage to. be much lefs than that :in I. yet being fet in Water wherewith Ear£b was plentifully mix'd, and that in I. only in Water without any {uch additional Earth, it had vaftly outgrown the other, weighing at lait 145 gr. more than ¢hat did, and fo.having gain’d above twice as much as ¢hat had. In like manner ¢hat in K, tho’ ‘twas a great deal /e/ when put in than fhaz in 1, and alfo was impair’d and offended by Infeéts, yet being Planted in Water wherein Earth was d ifolved, whereas the Water in which I. ftood had none, it not only over-took but confiderably furpa/s'd the other ; weighing at laft 29 gr. more than chat in I, and yet had not expended fo mucb Water at that by above 2400 gr. The Plant in N, tho’ at firft a great deal defs than that in M, yet being fet in the foul erafs Water that was left in the S7z//, after that in which M was fet was drawn off, in Conclufion had gain’d in weight above double what that in the /mer and thinner Water | sad. The Proportion of the Augment of that Plant | that zbrove moft was, to the Mluzd Ma/s {pent upon it, | but as: to 46. In wt bis twas but as 1 to 60, 100, :200: nay in the Cataputia 'twas but as r to 714. The Mint in B took up 39 gr. of Water « day, one day with another; which was much more than the whole weight - of the Plan originally : and yet with all hs it gazn'd not one fourth of a grain a day in wezgbz Nay that —
; li2 in
( 220 ) in H_ took up 253 gr. a day of the Fiud, which was near fwice as muchas its original Weight, it weighing, when firft fet in the Water but 127 gr. And after all, the be encreafe of the Plant was no more than gr. 25$
6. Spring and Rain water contaim pretty near an opt Charge of Vegetable Matter : River-qwater more than &i- ther of them, "The Plants in the Glaffes A. B. and C, were at firft of much the fame fze and weight. Atthe End of the Experiment the Mint in A had gain’d 45 gr. out of 2558 gr. of Spring-water; that in B. gr. 17 and an half, out of 3004 gr. of Ratn-water: but t had got 26 gr. out of only 2493 gr. of Re I do not found this Propofition jolely upon thefe having made fome more, which I do not relate. agree well enough with thefe. So that the. here delivered will hold for the main; but a Jf jujft Comparifon is hardly to be expected. So far from it, that I make no doubt but the Water that falls in rain, at /ome times, contains.a greater fhare of terreftrial Matter than that which falls at others. Amore powerful — and intenfe Heat muft needs hurry up a larger quantity — of that Matter along with the humid Vapors that ‘form rain, than one more feeble and remifs ever poffibly can. The Water of one Spring may flow forth with an digher— Charge of this Matter than that of another; this de- pending partly upon the guscknefs of the Ebullition. of the Water: and partly upon the Quantity of that Mat zer latent in the Strata through which the Fluid pafies, — and the greater or lefs laxity of thofe Strata. Forthe | fame Reaion the Water of one River may abound with 3t — more than that of another. Nay the fame River, when — much agitated and in commotion, muft bear up more of it, — than when it moves with lefs rapidity and violence. —
That 3
[ 2291 7
"That.there 1$ a great quantity of this Matter in Rivers z and that it contributes vaftly to the ordinary fe tility of the Earth, we have an illuftrious Inftance in the Nile, the Ganges, and other Rivers that yearly overflow the neighbouring Plains. ‘Their Banks thew. the jairef and largeft Crops of any in the whole World. They are even Jozded with the multitude of their Producfions : and | thofe who have not feen them will hardly be induced to. believe the mighty Returns thofe 7ra&fs make in com- parifon of others. that have not the Benefit of like Znun- dations. |
5. Water ferves only for a Vebicle to tbe terreftrial Mat- ter which forms Vegetables: and does not itfelf make eny addition unto them. Where the proper terreftrial Matter is wanting, the Plant is not augmented tho’ never fo much Water aícend into it. The Cazapuzia in E took up more Water than the Mint in C, and yet had grows but very /¢t/e, having received. only three grains and an half of additional weight : whereas the other had re- _ ceived no /e/s than twenty-fix grains, The Mint in I ‘was planted in the fame fort of Water as that in K was; only the /atter had Earth diffolved in the Water ; and yet £bat.drew off 13140 gr. of the Water, gaining it- felf zo more than 139 gr. in weight: whereas the other. took up 2z£ 10731 gr. of Water, and was augmented 168 gr. in weight. Confequently that fpent 2409 gr. more of the Water than ¢4zs in K did, and yet was not fo much encreafed in Weight as this by 29 gr. 'The Mint in M. ftood in the very fame kind of Water as that in N did. But, the Water in M having much lefs terreftrial Matter in it than that in N. had, the Plant bore up 8803 gr. of it, gaming itfelf only 41 gr. the while: whereas that in N drew off zo more than 4344 gr. and yet was augmented 94 gr. So. that z£ {pent 4459 9.
( 222 ) of Water more than that did: and yet was mot i£fef . fo much encreafed in weight as chat was by 53 gr. » This. is both a very far and a very conclu/rve Inftance : on which Account ’tis that I make oftner ufe of it. . Indeed they are a/l fo: and to add any thing further on this Head will not be needful.
"Tis evident therefore Water is not the Matter that compofes Vegetable Bodies. "Vis only the Agent that conveys that Matter to them: that zatroduces and difirz- butes it to their. feveral Parts for their Nouri/bment. That Matter is fluggifh and inaétive : and would lye eter- nally confin’d to its Beds of Earth, without ever ad- vancing up into Plants, did not Water or fome like In- frrument, fetch it. forth and carry it unto them. °That therefore. there. is that plentiful Provifon and vaft Abun- dance of it fupplied to al] Parts of the Barth is a mark of a natural Providence fuperintending over the Globe we inhabit: and ordaining a due difpenfation of that F/u;d,
, without the Mrnif/ry of which the Noble fucceffion: of Bodies we behold, zipimals, Vegetables, and» Minerals a Nat. would be all at.aiftand*, But to keep to Plants; B. T "tis. manifeft. Water, as. well on this, as upon: the other uti & p. 128, Hygotbe os, is abfolately neceffary in the Affáir-of Fege- | Ge. tation: and it will not Jucceed without it. Which indeed gave occafion to the Opznzon that Water zt felfnourifh- — - ed, and. was changed into Vegetable Bodszes. They faw, | - tho’, thee were planted in a Soz/ never fo rich, ío bappy, — — fo advantageous, nothing came of it unlefs there was — Water too in confiderable quantity. And it muft beal- lowed Vegetables will not come on or profper where that — — is wanting: But yet what tho/e Gentlemen inferr'd thence ——.| was-not, we fee, well grounded. T
This Fluid is, capacitated for. the Office here affign’d it feveral ways. By the Figure of its Parts; which, as — | appears from many Experiments, is exactly ‘and mathe= - n
Hum 1
( 223 ) matically Spherical; their furfaces being perfectly’ pe hte, and without any the leaft znequalities. -’ Tis evi- dent, Corpujcles of fuch a Figure are eafily fufeeptible of Motion, yea far above any ofbers whatever :, and con- fequently the moft capable of moving and conveying other Vatter that is not fo aéhive and voluble. Then-the In-
_fervalls of Bodies of that Figure are, with refpe&t to their’
Bulk, of all others the Jorge: and fo the moft fitted to. receive and entertain foreign Matter in them. ^ Be- fides, as far as the Trya/s hitherto made inform us, the: Conftituent Corpufcles of. Water are each fingly confi- der’d abfolutely fod: and do not yield to the greateft external Force, This fecures their Figure againft any Al- deration : and the Intervalls of the Corpu[cles muft be al-
ways alike. By the /atter ’twill be ever difpofed to re-
ceve Matter into it: and by the former, when once re- ceived, to bear it on along with it. Water is further ca- pacitated to be a Vehicle to this Matter, by the tenuzty and: finene/s of the Corpufcles of which it conffis. We
hardly know any Pluid in all Nature, except Fire, whofe
confiituent Parts are fo exceeding i ubtil and fall as- thofe of Water are. They'll pafs Peres and Interfiices that neither r nor any other Fluid will. This enables. them to enter the nef? Tubes and Veffels of Plants, and to introduce the ferrefrial Matter, conveying it to all
Parts of them; whilft each, by means of Organs ‘tis.
endowed with for the purpofe, intercepts and affumes in-
|. toit felf fuch Particles as are fuitable to its own Nature, | letting the ref pa/s.on through the common Duis: Nay
we. have almo(t. every: where’ Mechanical Inflances of much the fame Tenor. "Tis obvious to every one how
E eafily and: fuddenly Humidity, or the Corpufcles of; Wa-
fer {uftained in the zr, pervade and -2n/inuate themfelves. into: Cords, however tightly twifted : into Leather, Parch- ment, Vegetable Bodies, Wood, and. the. like. This ^ is- DX Cc i that:
( 224 ) that fits them for Hygrometers : and to meafure and de- termine the different quantities of Moif/ure in the Air, in different Places and Seafons. How freely Water pa/-
Jes and. carries with it terreftrial Matter, through Fil- —
tres, Colatures, Diftillations, &c. hath been intimated already. | | |
|. 8, Water is not capable of performing this Office to Plants, unlefs afffled by a due Quantity of Heat: and this muft concurr or Vegetation will not fucceed. The Plants that were fet in the Glaífes Q. R. S. Ge. in October and the
following colder Months, had not near the guantity of
—
Water {ent up into them, or fo great an additional En-
creafe by much as ¢hofe that were fet in "fune, Fuly, and
the hotter. "Yis plain Water has no power of moving it
felf: or ring to thé vaít height it does in the more tail
and /ofty Plants.. So far from this, that it does not ap- pear from any JDz/cevery yet made, that even its own Fluidity confits in the zntefizne Motion of its Parts;
whatever fome otherwife very Learned and. Knowing |
Perfons may have thought.. There’s no need of an thing. more, for folving, all. the Phenomena of Fluidity, than,fuch a Figure and Dz/pofition of. the Parts, as Wa- ter. has." Corpujcles of that. make; and. that are all ab/o- lutely Spherical, mutt ftand fo very tzc&le and micely up- on each. other, as to. be fufceptible of every vmpreffon : and, tho’. not perpetually in Motion, yet, muft be ever ready and Jiable to be put. into it, by any the /ighteft Force imaginable. It is true, tbe Rarts.of Fire or Heat ate not capable. of moving themfelves any :more: than thofe.of Water: but they are more fubtil, light, and active, than zbofe.are, and fo more eafly put intonMotion, In fine, tis evident and matter of. Fact thatddeat does operate upon..and move.the Water, .in order to its carry ing on the JZer&.of Vegetation : but how "tis peto | j felf,
/
( 225 ) | felf, and where the Motzoz firft begins, this is no fit Place to enquire. | !
That the Concourfe of Heat in this Work is really ne- ceffary, appears, not only from the Experiments before us, but from a// Nature: From our Fzelds and Fore/is, our Gardens and our Orcbyards. We fee in. Autumn, as the Suz's Power grows gradually /e/s and jefs, fo its ef- fects- on Plants is remitted, and their Vegetation flackens by little and little. Its Faslure is firft difcernible in , Trees. Thefe are razfed higheft above the Earth: and require a more zz£enfe Heat to elevate the Water, char- ged with their Nourz/hment, to the Tops and Extremities of them. So that for want of frefh fupport and Nutri- ment they fhed their Leaves, unlefs fecured by a very firm and hardy Confiitution indeed, as our ever-greens are, Next the Sirzés part with theirs: and thén the Herbs and lower Tribes; the Heat being at length not fufficient to fupply even Zefe, tho’ fo near the Earth, the Fund of their Nouri/bment. As the Heat re- turns the fucceeding Spring, they all recruit again: and are furnifh'd with fre/b fupphes and verdure. But firft thofe which are Joweff and zearef? the Earth, Herbs, and they that require a leer degree of Heat to raife the Water with its Earthy Charge into them. Then the Shrubs and higher Vegetables in their turns: and laftly the Trees. As the Heat encreafes, it grows too power- | ful and hurries the Matter with too great rapidity tho- | row the fier and more fender Plants. Thee therefore go of, and decay: and others that are more hardy and vigorous, and require a greater /hare of Heat, fucceed in their Order. By which Mechanifm provident Nature furnifhes us with a very various and differing Extertain- ment: and what is deff fuited to each Seafon, all the
_ Tar round, bh j 90:01 4p itt
K k As
'( 226 )
As the Heat of the feveral Seafons affords us a different Face of Things; fo the feveral diftant Climates thew s different Scenes of Nature, and Produétions of the * Conf. Nat. Earth *.' The Hotter Countrtes yield ordinarily the | d" ubi largef] and fallef Trees: and thofe too in much greater E "U ^ variety than the colder ever do. Even thofe Plants TU which are common to both, attain to a fnuch greater Bulk in the Southern than in the Northern Chimes. Nay there are fome Regions fo bleak and chill, that they raiíe no Vegetables at all to any confiderable fize. This we learn trom Groenland, from Ifland, and other Places of like cold Site and Condition. In thefe no Tree ever ap- pears: and the very Shrubs they afford are few, ttle, ~
and /ow. 9t Os ec M | | Again, in the warmer Climates, and fuch as do fur-. nith forth Frees and the larger Vegetables, if there hap- pen a remiffion or diminution of the ufual heat, their Produttions will be impeded and diminifbed in Proportion. Our late Colder Summers have given us Proof enough of this. : For tho’ the Heat we have had was fufficient to raife the Vegetative Matter into the /wer Plants, into our Corns, our Wheat, Barley, Peafe and the like: and - we have had plenty of Strawberries, Rafberries, Cur- - rans, Goofberries, and the Fruits of fuch other Vegeta- bles as are ow and near the Earth: Yea and a moderate ftore of Cherries, Mulberries, Plums, Filberts, and - fome others that grow at a fomewhat greater Hezght 5 34 ^ -. yet our Apples, our Pears, Walnuts, ien Dwarf Agploed Peat ys and the Productions of the taller 4» Trees of the fame Kind, thofe that keep Trees have been fewer, and thofe clofeft to the Earth always produce the not fo kindly, fo thorowly ripen’ | “iathattheGardinerscbeckand refeare 284 brought to that Perféttion they the Grow:b of their better Fruit-Frees: Were In the former more benign . ane prerent tip uptotoogreat and warm. Seafons. Nay even the — wage ~ lower Fruits and Grains an
| A 227. ]
fome fhare in the Common Calamity : and fallen fhort both in Number and Goodnefs of what the Lotter and _ kinder Seafons were wont ta (hew us. As to our Grapes, Abricots, Peaches, Nectarins, and Figs, being tran- {planted hither out of Aotter .Clrmes,-’tis the lets won- der we have of late had fo general a Faure ot them. | Nor is it the Suz, or the ordinary emiffion of the Sad- ' terranean beat only, that promotes Vegetation: but any other indifferently, according to its Power and Degree. This we are taught by our Stoves, Hot Beds, and the like, All Heat is of like Ad: and where-ever is the fame Cau/e, there will be conftantly the fame Ef fed. ‘There's a Procedure in every Part of Nature, that is perfectly regular and geometrical, if we can but find it out: and the further our Searches carry us, the more thall we have Occafion to admire this, and the better QM pron our t dpduip
vo
dA, Aa
( 228 )
ill, An Account of Mr Tho. Savery's Engine for
raifing m. ater by the help of Fire.
MA Savery, “une 14. 1699. Entertain’d the Royal —
Society with fhewing a {mall Model of his Engine for raifing Water by the help of Fire, which he fet to Work before them; the Experiment fucceeded according to Expectation, and to their Satisfaction.
The Engine may be underftood by the Draughts of it,
Where, Fig 1. is the Front of the Engine for Raifing
‘Water by Fire. AQ the Furnace. | B 'The Boyler. 7 ** | C Two Cocks which Convey the Steam by turns, to the Veffels D. ! xw D The Veffels which receive the Water from the bottom, in order to difcharge it again at the top. | E Valves. | F Cocks which keep up the Water, while the Valves on occafion are Cleans'd. | ! _ G The Force Pipe. HI 'The fucking Pipe. J The Water. | | Fig. 2. the fide Profpe& of the fame Engine.
/
ug
LONDON: Printed for Sam. Smith, and Benj. Walford — | Printers to the Royal Society, at the Prince's drms —
in St Pau/s Church-yard, 1699. |
vr ( 229 ) | Numb.2 54.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. -—
For the Month of July, 1699.
The CONTENTS.
LL. Part of a Letter wrote by Mr. James Frafer, Minifter of Kirkhil, wear Invernes, to Doctor Ja. Wallace at — Edinburgh , concerning the Lake Nels, Gc. | 1l. A fhort Difcourfe concerning Concottion: Read at a Meet» ing of the Royal Society, by Clopton Havers, AM. D. | fellow of the Royal Society. Ul. An Account of the | Moorith Way of Drefing their Meat (with other Re- . marks) in Weft-Barbary.from Cape Spartel £o Cape de | 'Geer. By Mr. Jezreel Jones... 1V . Z4 Account of the | Third Volume of Dr. Wallis’s Opera Mathematica, in | Folio; finifhed and pullifbed at Oxiord, x699; the £wo former Volumes baving been publifhed in the Tears 1693 aad 1695. | |
De h.ecrn dE L Pei i a L Y : : e 1
( 230 )
I. Part of a Letter wrote by Mr. James Frafer, Minifter of Kirkhil, near Invernes, to Ja. . Wallace at Edinburgh, concerning the Lake Nels, @c. 7 a
gt HE Lake Ne/s, though oft mentioned by our Hi- ftorians as one of the Wonders of Scotland, yet . they give but an ill Account of it. This Lake, accord- ing to our Highland Tradition and Bards, has its Name from one Ny/us an Jrifh Hero, that fix'd a Colony in Stratharig, with Dornadillo his Wife. “Ihe Promonto- ry, upon which he had his Refidence, is to this Day cal- — l:d Dews Dearnill ; and he being the firft that ever of- fered to fet out Boat or Barge upon this Lake, it is after him called Loch-Nefs. As to its Dimenfions, it is twen- ty four Miles in length, and in moft Places twoin — breadth. In many Parts of this Lake it hath been — founded, but no bottom found. One George Scot, who — built a great Ship here for the Venetian Service, tried 500 Fathoms, but all in vain. And when the Exglifh had their Garrifon at Zzverzes, they had a Frigat which — ufually failed from one end to another, with Provifion, — to their Garrifon at Zrrver/ecby ; and one Ortos, Captain. to the Frigat, told me, that he tried a whole Barrel of — Plum-line, but found no bottom. The Banks of this — Lake afcend high and mountanous, with Woods. The . Lake never freezes, which is imputed to the many great — Springs and Fountains in it ; the only Fifh in it is Sal-. - mon. This Lake Nefs di(charges it felf in a River of © the fame Name, fix Milesin length, which never freezes, — but ftili fmoaks with Frcft ; and from this Smoak is — {pread a Fogg over all the adjacent Country. The Ri- © ver runs flow ; the Poet gave it this Epithet. < E Neffa flues lente, tamen admirabile didlu E. V/ndas ton poffit bruma domare tuas. — . Upon —
( 231.) | | Upon the North fide of Loch Ne/s ftands the famous Caftle of @rgbart upon a Rock ; the great Ditch round it was for the moft part cut out of the Rock, and re- ceived the Water of the Lake. This Caftle confifted of feven great Towers, and it’s faid was built by the Ca. _ minees, but had its Overthrow by King Edward the Firft of England ; and nothing remains now but one Tower to the Eaft. ign ]
To the Weftward of this Caftle, about four Miles up. on the fide of Loch-Ne/s, ftands that great Mountain Meal-fuor-vouny, of a round, neat, high Shape ; it will be two Miles of perpendicolar height from the Lake. Upon the very top of this Hill there is a Lake of cold freíh Water, about thirty Fathom in length, and fix broad, no Courfe or Stream running to it or from it. The bot- tom of it cannot be founded. I went purpofely to fce it, and with a hundred Fathom of {mall Line plum it,. but could find no bottom. It is the No-fuch Rarity of . all this Country; for Summer and Winter, Spring and. - Harveft, it is equally full, and never freezes..
There is, due Weft, from the end of the River of 1 Nefs.an Arm of the Sea called Beaulie Frith, fix Miles in. length and two in breadth. This Bottom fure has been firm Land of old ; for near the middle of it we find long. jJ oaken Trees with their whole Roots, fome above fixty. Foot in length, lying covered with the Sand, which, no. $ doubt, have grown there, and lie flat as they fell; for | further Information, there are three great Heaps of Stones. J in this Lake, at confiderable diftance one from the other, T thefe we call Cazrus in the Zrif&. One of a huge bignefs, (in the middle of the Frzzh) at low Water, is acceflible ;. ;and we find it has been a Burial-Place by the Urns which. are fometimes difcovered. As the Sea encroaches and wears. the Banks upward, there are long oaken Beams of 20 or 130 Foot long found; fome of thefe 8, fome.12 or 14 Feet. under Ground. I fee oneof them 14 foot long, that car-. _ m o v Lla Ts ried.
|
| ( 232 )
»tied the mark of the.Ax on it, and had feveral Wimble- bores in it. The River of Beauly, which falls intothis arm
-of the Sea, near Lovat, hath fo funk, that oaken Trees of incredible length, and 16 Foot under Ground, are difco- vered in the Banks, with degrees of Sand, Gravel, Clay, and Earth above them: And if youremember,whea you : did me the Favour to fee meat my Houfe, when we went ; to Beuly, we found fome Oaks, with Coals, and pieces of burnt Timber, as low as 16 Foot, or thereabouts.
There is,due Weft, from Beauly, about 17 Miles, a Foreft call'd Affaruck; in which there is a Mountain call'd G/es- Zn-Tea ; and on the North fide, under the Shade of a great. floping Rock, ftands a Lake of frefh Water, called Lochaz AFynorGreen Lake, x 8F oot in diameter,aboutaFathom deep. This Lake is always covered with Ice,SummerandW inter.
The next Mountain, North of that, is called Sc#re-iz- Lappich ; onthe top of it there is a vaft heap of white © Stones,like Chryftal, eachof them bigger than a Mancan ~ heave, they will ftrike fire like Flint,and have the Smell of - Sea-wrack. How thefe were brought there,or heap'd toge- — . ther,or what the nature of the Stone is, Edo not know,nor — is there any Tradition about them. Upon this Mountain is found alfo Oifter-Shells in plenty, Scallop and Limpet- — Shells, yet 20 Miles from any Sea. Round about this Hill — grows the Sea-Pink, in 7rifb, Teartag: It has the Taft — and Colour of that grows upon our Sea Banks.
" The Pagan Temples or High Places of Idolatry, are ftill - very numerous here, upon the River-fide of Nares ; 1 | teckon'd 13 intwo Miles ; they are orbicular round, and — at the Weft end two high Stones like Pyramids; there is — an outward and inward Circle of leíler Stones, anda rOourd Mote in the Centre for Sacrifice. Another fort of — them are only of Earth, and a Trench round about, and — a Mote in the middle. In many of thefe I find a round — heap of Stones, and Urns in them. It feems a different — Religion afterwards turn'd thefe Places of Worfhip into — Barial-Places. i. Am
(233)
A fhort Difcourfe concerning ConcoSlion : Read at a Meeting of the Royal Society, May
.. 1699, by Clopton Havers, M. D. Fellow —
of the Royal Society.
tape E Manner in which the Digeftion of the Ali- ment is performed, isa thing not very eafie to
be underfílood and explain'd. However, it has nat efcap'd the Conje&tures of fome Philofophical Men, who having curioufly obfere'd the Phenomena of Nature, and enquired into their Caufes, have, amongft other things, endeavour’d to account for this. But their . Sentiments about it have been various, and the Hypo- thefis, by which they have ftudied to explain it, very
different. Some have thought the Concoction of the Food to be a kind of Elixation ; and that the groffer and more folid Parts being as it were boiled in the Li- . quid by the Heat of the Stomach, and the Parts adja- cent to it, as the Liver, Spleen, and Omentum, areby a long and continued Elixation firft render'd more ten- _. der, and then colliquated, and diffolved into minuter . Particles, fo asto mix more equally with the fluid, and | with that to make one Puipament, or chylous Mafs. . And Hippocrates, tho’ he does not plainly call it an E- _ lxation, yet feems to attribute the Concoction of the — Food to the Heat of the Stomack, as the Caufe of it: |— Seil. 4. Libro de falubri vittus ratione. So where he takes Notice of the voiding of fuch Foeces as appear to be like the Food that has been eaten, he adds, Con/fat
enim, "fand "ventriculum, ciborum copiam, ut concoquat, calefacere non po[fe. And there are other Paflages in the fame Book, from which we may.conclude, that he fup-
| Mm posd
.U,
Me
| ( 234 2 | pos'd the Heat of the Stomach to be the great Caufe of the Digeftion of the Food. si |
There ate others that make the Stomach it felf to be -the great Inftrument of Digeftion, but in a different © manner : And they fuppofe it to be perform'd by an At- trition, as if the Stomack, by thofe repeated Motions, Which are the neceflary Effects of Refpiration, when it is diftended by the Aliment, did both rub or grind off fome minuter Particles from the grofler Parts, and by continually agitating the Mafs of Food, make thofe Parts, which are not contiguous to the Stomack, ftrike one againft another, and break one another in pieces, until they are all attenuated. It is evident enough, that the fides of the Stomack do in Expiration prefs upon the Contenta, fo as to oblige, at leaft fome Parts of them, every time the Mufcles of the Abdomen are contracted, to move and fhift their Places. So in Infpiration, when the Diaphragme and Liver prefs upon the upper Part of . the Stomack, the Aliment muft be moved again. So that by thefe reciprocal Motions, that part of the Food, . which is contiguous to the Stomack, and moves in a Line parallel to ir, muft rub againft it : And alltheother | Parts being moved by fuch a Compreffion, as gives them — a différent Tendency, it is certain they muft beconti- nually ftriking one againft another. And for Bread, | . and fuch Things as are made of Flower, that will be —
foften’d and diflolv.d with any common Liquid, that —-]
Agitation of the. Stomack, which moves them in Re- | fpiration, might feem fufficient to break and diffolve 1 them, when they are fufficiently moiften'd witha Fluid. 4 Yet this cannot be thought enough to break and digeft | Flefh-meat, Fruits, or any other thing that will not be | . foftned and diffolv’d in Water, or fome fuch Liquid,
But altho’ this Motion of the Aliment, caufed by Refpi. ‘ |
ration, does not actually ag it, yet it has a greag ; ! j . anda
1 V s Lu NE
(235 )
and neceflary Ufe in Concoction, and makes all the groffer Parts, as they are attenuated, mix equally with
the Fluid. vn | Some think that the Bilious Juice ; others, that the Spirits, are chiefly concern'd in this Affair. Gale, in his Book ae Naturalibus Pacultatibus, makes i to be the Effect, not of one, but of feveral Caules 5 .as, a Pi- tuitous Juice in the Stomack, the Bile, @c. which ap- pears from what he bas faid, and the Tranflator thus renderd: * Verum quanto iz (cibi) qui manh funt, iis, * gui inheferunt, magi fant. alterati s tanto etiam bi *"* magis ii, qui devorati fant. — Siquidem incomparabilis ** erit lorum alteratzonis exce[Jus, fi C quae in ventre eft * Pituita, (9 Bilis, (9 Spiritus, © Calor, © tota Ven- - * tris fubftantia, eftimentur. — RUM i Some there are that will have the Food to be diffolv'd by a Menftruum, which is fupply’d from the Glands of the Stomack, or fome other way : But thofe that do fo far agree in the General, as to think Concoction is per- form'd by a Diffolvent, do differ in their Notions of the Nature of the Menftruum: For there are fome that fup- 'pofe it to be an Acid, which does erode the groffer Parts of the Food, and diffolves them in the fame manner as Vinegar, Spirit of Vitriol, or any fuch-like Acid, will . .diffolve even fo folid a Body as Iron. And it cannot _ -bedeny'd, but that Oil of Vitriol will diffolve Flefh- |. meat, and reduce it to a Pulp : But it is not to be fup- posd that the Fibres of the Stomack can admit any fuch
... ftrong and corroding Acid, without fomething to cor-
|. retit, but it muft be injur'd in its Tone, and labour | under great and extraordinary Pains. Neither does fuch a Menftruum, tho’ it will digeft fome things, feem ca- pable of diffolving fo great a Variety of Things as we cat, efpecially when a great many of. them are of a con- trary Nature. Some will have the Menftruum to bea
MR "ow Mma nitro-
=o we UL ae
C536 J — nitro aéreous Spirit, that is, quick, and very penetra- ting, and included in its proper Vehicle ; which, being
^. inits own Nature apt to penetrate the Mafs of the Ali- ment, does diffufe ic felf through the Whole, and break- ing the Vinculum of the more folid Parts, does diflolve their Compages. By cthers, it is thought to be fome Saline Juice in the Stomack, by which the Parts of, the Aliment are divided and diflolved, and thofe which are fit for Nourifhment, are volatiliz’d. - er
Laftly, There are fome others who reje& the Opini- ons I have already mention'd, and fuppofe the Digeftion of the Food to be perform'd by the Benefit of a Fer- ment, which, when it is mix'd with the Aliment, ex-
: cites inthe Mafé an inteftine Motion, and the different - and contrary Motions or Tendency of the Parts making fome kind of Collifion, gradually break *off Particles from the Groffer, and more folid Parts, till they are fo attenuated as to be apt to mix more equally with the
Fluid, and with them to make one foft or chylous Sub- flance. But yet there is not amongft them an univerfal Confent, either about the Nature of this Ferment, or the manner how it is fupply'd. For firft, fome think it to be the Remains of the Food that was lafOdigefted ; which, having lain fome time in the Stomack, after the - reft is carried down into the Inteftines, contracts an Acid, or fome other Quality, and is fo alter'd as to par: take of the Nature of a Leaven. And this Leaven be- ing a Part of the Food, which has been already digefled, — - is fo (oft and liquid as to be capable of mixing with the — Aliment, which is next taken into the Stomack, and | being agitated: with it by the repeated Preffures of the Diaphragme, Liver, and Abdominal Muícies upon the Stomack in Refpiration, does diffufe it felf through the Whole Mafs, and being mixed with it, like Leaven, or...
^. Xeft added te new Wort, &c. puts it into a State of —
| ee: . Fermentation,
E. bes d A LI m M i S. t | : Jn | M " | / * Wy Pw (8 X
*, T. $2
; | x |
a —— ee
C 137 »j *
Fermentation, and by this Fermentation, or the Expan-
fion of the Ferrnent, and the more tenuious Parts, - which are firft put into Motion by it, thofe which are
more folid, and with which they are intermix'd, are rent, and divided, and fo attenuated, as to become a “ft and pulpous Matter. And altho’ the greateft part of the Food, that is thus broken and concocted, is by the Contraction of the Fibres of the Stomack preli'd i in- . to the Duodenum, yet. they do not contract themfelves fo as to force out all the Aliment, but leave between the
Quantity to be a Leaves to the next Meal ; and fo from time to time. |
Some have a Notion, That this permeate or Princi- | being a Congeries of Matter, confifting of various | Parts of a different Nature, is no fooner enclofed in | the Stomack, and digefted in the Heat of that, and the adjacent Parts, but the more fpirituous and (ubtil Par-
the Difference of their Natures, and enter upon a Fer- mentation. And fo by their inteftine Commotion, and the Violence they offer to thofe Parts which oppofe the
is more folid. "Again : Some fuppofe, that this Beats is füpulyta | from the Glands of the Stomack.
Reafon, contend for the Saliva, and make that to -be the Ferment, which ferves principally for che Digeftion X the Food ; which in Maftication being mix’d with
i kindly and agreeable Heat, they do ferment with, and OX cin firft thofe Parts. of the Food which are moft
apt
dur Aliment, . is with that carried down into the Sto. mack, where the Parts of it being put into Motion by -
| Rugs or Folds, on the infide of the Stomack, a fufficient -
| ple of Fermenration, is in the Aliment it flf; which -
€—Á—
| ticles are put into motion both from that Warmth, and
| Tendency of any of them, they break and “tae ive what
And Laítly, Others, and perhaps with much better '
TST 6 aE —————
| (C238) | apt to ferment with it, andthen both confpire to break and diffolve the groffer and more ftubborn Parts. And . Galez,in the Book I have before-mentioned, plainly allows that the Saliva isconcern’d in the Bufineís of Concoction, tho’ he fuppofes the Alteration, which is produc’d by. this Juice, to be made in the Mouth, as appears from thefe Words: Que (alteratio) in ore agitur mutat quidem dd (nutrimentum) in alteram fpeciem manifefté, non ta- men ad perfectionem tranfmutat——- Qui manft funt Czbi primum quidem bác Pituita (oris) imbuuntur, © cum ea mifcentur——— — Itaque majorem mutationem confecuti funt, quam ii, qui im vacuis dentium intervalls fuere im-.
pacti.
Now I have given this fhort Account of the various Opinions of fome Ingenious Men, concerning the Man- ner how Concodtion is perform'd ; I come now to pre- pofe my own Hypothefis, by which I fhall endeavour toexplain i£; corse | d
In order to the more eafie and effe&tual Digeftion of the Food, Nature has appointed fome Parts for the break- ing our Aliment, and reducing whatever is grofs into ,- {maller Parts, before it is put upon Digeftion :: Others to fupply the Ferment, by which it is to be diffolvd — -. and concoded, and which, before it comes to be inclu- ded in the Stomack, does. moiften, and make. it more foft, that it may more eafily be penetrated and broken - by thofe Parts which ferve to divide every Morfel into - fmaller Pieces, and prevents the Inconvenience and Trou- - ble which would arife from the Nourifhment fticking about or between them, when it is dry or vifcous.
For the breaking of that part of our Food, which is - not liquid, Nature has furnifh’d us with Teeth, and thofe of two forts: For fome are ordain'd to Ey i à
rea
(239 ) ae break off fmaller Morfels from a larger Mafs ; others are made for the grinding thofe Morfels into much fmal- ler parts. The Teeth, which ferve to break off Pieces of a convenient Magnitude from a larger Mafs, are of two forts accommodated to the Nature of the Subftance
. which we eat. Thefeare the Zwcifores, and the Deuzes Caninz. If the Subítance, which we have to eat, be not hard, but more eafily penetrated and divided, then the Zwczfores are capable of making an Impreffion upon
it, and fix'd firmly enough in the Jaws to break off that Part which they take hold of. Butif it be more folid, - and not eafily penetrated, nor any Piece without Diffi- culty to be feparated from that Body, whereof it isa Part, then we apply the Dentes Canzni, or Eye-Teeth to it, which are not fpread, nor have fuch an edge as | the Zzczfores, but are fharp and pointed like an Awle, | - and fo do more readily penetrate a Subftance that |» ishard, and which the Zxcéfores can {carcely make any
_ Impreffion upon. Andas the Parts of a more folid Bo-
|. dy are commonly with more Difficulty feparated, and
_ there muft be a greater Screfs put upon thofe Teeth
_ which pull it into pieces 5 fo thefe Teeth are much more
| firmly fixed in the Jaws then the Zzezfores, tho’ they |^ have but one fingle Root. Befides, the Pofition of all |. thefe Teeth is accommodated to their ufe, as being
. planted oppofite to the Aperture of the Mouth, fo that
| they may be conveniently apply'd to the Subftance
_ which we have to eat, before it is broken, and when it
| . - is too large to be admitted within the Mouth. : |— c Whe Teeth which do by a Compreffion and Attrition | reduce the little Morfels to fmaller parts, are from the | . manner in which they break the Aliment, called Denes Molares, becaufe they do, like fo many little Mill-ftones, | grind the Food between them. And that they might | be render'd fit for this purpcfe, they are made broad at
that
u- | Ux j|
"A »
Ree yo
m
- i
that Extremity, which ftands out of the Gums, ‘by ‘which means they retain fome Quantity of t between them every time the lower Jaw is pulled up
he Food
and forcd againft the Maxilla fuperior. And as they
_are broad, fo they are formed with Inequalities and Pro-
tuberances, and by the motion of the lower Jaw, from one fide towards the other, they grind what they have - between them into pieces, . The Pofition of thefé Teeth too is as convenient as that of the Zucéfores, and the
Dentes Canini : For being defign'd to break thofe pieces
. of cur folid Food, whtich are taken into the Mouth, and - _ thefe pieces, when they are comprefsd, and moved by the Dentes Molares, being apt to fly out of the Mouth, - if there were no Contrivance to prevent it, they are
fire to. the Cheeks, which keep the Food within
placed beyond the Aperture of the Mouth, and oppo- that Ca-
vity, and not only fo, but prefs it in-between the Den- tes Molares on one fide, as the Tongue does on the other,
until they have fufficiently broken and divided i
t.
At the fame time, whilft the Desres Molares are
itis intimately mixed with it by the Teeth agit fLirring them together in maftication. This Liquor, which we commonly call the'Sa
Spittle, feems to be a Compofition made of two feveral . Juices, very different in their Nature. And therefore — the feveral Parts of it are feparated by their proper — Glands, and Nature has planted no fewer than four pair about the Mouth, which fupply the Juices that make the Saliva; to wit, the Parotides, and the Glasdule
Nuckiana, the Glandule Maxilares interne, and
§
. breaking the Food, there flows into the Mouth a falival .' Juice. which mixes with it, and not only ferves to moiften it, and to render it more apt and eafie to be di- vided, but feems to be the Ferment, by the Benefit of — which the Food is diffolved and digefted. Andtherefore —
ating or .
liva, or
Sublin- guales.
| ( 241 ) guales. Whereas if the Sa/zva were but one more fim: ple Liquor, a lefs Number of Glands might have been fufficient. At leaft there appears no. Reafon why one of every Pair fhould difembogue it felf into the Mouth fo very near to the Orifice, by which a Gland of fome other Pair throws in its Juice; and they are not rather all planted at more equal Diftances from one another, fo to flow in upon every part of the Aliment at the fame ‘time. | Not that I fuppofe, as there are four pair of falivatory Glands, fo there are four forts of Juices {upply’d from them, to make the Sa/iva; but, as I hinted before, that there are only two different Juices, that conftitute it. And thefe are not only fufficient, but more proper to excite and fecure that Fermentation, which is neceflary to Concoction. For we find that moft of thofe Fermenta- ‘tions, which arife upon Mixtures made for Experiments, are produced from the Mixture of two things, and It is not fo eafie to find out three or four fuch Liquors of a different nature, as will, upon the Mixtion of them all, produce a Fermentation, and from the Omiffion of any one of them difcover no Difcord or Difpofition to ferment. Befides, it is certain that two do better fecure the End, which Nature defigns. For, if there were three or four different Juices, of which the Salzva na- — turally confifts, thefe muft all have their proper Quali- ties preferv’d to them, or elfe the Fermentation, which - flhould ariíe between them, will not neceffarily follow - upon their Mixture; and it is certain, that there would be more Danger, that one of three or four fhould be depriv'd of its natural Quality, than one of two. "What Nature theíe two Juices are of, I do not pre- tend pofitively to determine ; but fo far as I have been able to make my Conjectures about it from Experiments, - 1 do think one of them to be an acid Juice ; the other Nn op M Tan
cae
an oleaginous Liquor, fomething like Oil of Turpen- tine. For amongft the many Experiments I have made, there was no one that gave me fo much Satisfa@ion as that which I made with Oil of Turpentine and Oil of Vitriol, tho’ I try'd feveral other things, that will pro- . duce a Fermentation upon their Mixture. - And it was for this Reafon that I made the Experiment with Oil of
Turpentine, and the other Oil. I took a piece of raw Flefh, and having cut it into pieces, but much larger than what our more folid Food is reduc'd to by due Maftication, I mix'd fome Crums of Bread with it, then I poured in the Oil of Turpen- tine to them, and upon that the Oil of Vitriol, and ha- ving fhak'd them together, I digefted them about four . Hours in Ba/zeo Marie, and then fhaking them again in the Glafs, I found the Meat diffolv'd, and they all be- came a thickifh Pulp. I could not but take notice, that Oil of Camphire (tho' it does not otherwife feem much different in its Nature from Oil of Turpentine) and Oil of Vitriol, which upon Mixture will produce an effervef- cence as well as the Oil of Turpentine and Oil of Vitriol, yet did not touch the Meat, upon which I poured them, {fo as in the leaft to diffolve them. I cannot deny but that an. Acid, and a Solution of Salt of Tartar, did dif- — folve fome part of the Flefh-meat, which I mix'd them with, but yet neither fo foon nor fo perfectly as the two forementioned Oils. And I do the rather think one of thofe Juices, which conftitute the Saliva, to be of the Nature of Oil of Turpentine, than of a fix'd Salt, be- caufe it will correct and temper even Oil of Vitriol, fo as to render it more tolerable to the Fibres of the Stomack. Not that I fuppofe the acid part of the Sa/z- va to come near to the Acidity of Oil of Vitrio. For - tho’, when they are mix'd, they will make a Liquor that may not-beinjurious to the Stomach, yet the acid. — : | |o Juice, 8
A ee ee ees ee eee u—e ed
ee a ee
Juice, if it were fo corrofive as Oil of Vitriol, would — certainly be injurious and painful to the falivatory Duds, which convey it to the Mouth before it is mix’d with the oleaginous Liquor. But I only fay it is an Acid, and in fome degree approaches to the Nature of that Oil. And Nature, which can much better adapt feveral Caufes for the Production of fuch an Effect than Art, may attain her End. by a more temperate Acid. *Tho™ at the fame time we may be able to make fome proba- ble and true Conje&ures about the Nature of thofe Cau- - fes from Experiments. ;
It being moft reafonable to fuppofe, that there are but two forts of Juices, of a different Quality, that make the Saliva, 1 do conceive, that four of the eight falivatory Glands, or two pair of the four, do fupply
one of thefe Juices, and the other four Glands the other.
And this feems to be a very good Reafon, why they are fo planted, and the Orifice of their Du&s fo order'd,
— that the Juice, which is fupply’d by one Gland, is-dif-
chafg’d into the Mouth, very near to the Orifice, by which the Juice of a different Nature is tranfmitted from another, fo that they muft neceflarily meet and mix together. Thus the Glandule Nuckiana, and the Parotides, throw in two different Juices by Orifices, which open into the Mouth very near to one another ; and the Glandale Maxillares interne, and Sublinguales, do below fupply the fame kind of Juices by Orifices, that open fo near to one another as to fecure the Mix- ture of the two different Juices.
Thefe Glands, I fay, do between them afford two diverfe forts of Liquors, of fuch a Nature as are apt to ferment upon their firft Mixture, but perhaps more con- fiderably when they come to be digefted by the Heat of the Stomack. So that the Collu@tation, or Fermenta- -
tion, which attenuates and concocts the Food in the
Nn2a ... Stomack,
ne ( 544 ) | Stomack, does not ordinarily arife between the Ali- ment and the Saliva, but between the feveral Parts of the Saliva it felf. And indeed, if the Saliva did not con- fift of two Juices, whofe Nature is infüch a manner dif- ferent, astorender them apt to ferment upon their Mix- ^ ture, it would be very hard to conceive how it fhould fo readily and indifferently ferve for the Digeftion of all Eatables ; how it fhould ferment with, and diffolve fo great a Variety of things, not only of a different, but of a contrary Nature ; how it fhould ferment with Acids as well as Alkalies, digeft things that are cold as well as hot or temperate ; fome things that are falt, o- thers that are infipid, bitter, and fweet, mucilaginous, oily, 6c. But if we füppofe, that the Fermentation, which ferves for the Digeftion of the Food, ariíes from a peculiar Difference in the nature of two Juices, which + conftitute the Sa/;va, it will be eafie to give a rational . Account of our Conco&ion of innumerable things of a different Nature. And this feems to be as effectual, and a more certain way to attenuate and diffolve the groffer Parts of our Food, than if the Fermentation were made -. only between the Sa/zva and the Aliment: Befides, the Saliva feems to difcover a Fermentation upon the Mix- ture of its conftituent Juices, even at thofe times when. we do not actually eat; for it is always attended with Bubbles, and a Froth, when it has not been at all agi- tated in the Mouth, and many of thofe Bubbles will remain for fome confiderable time after we have {pit it out. | Nature therefore having appointed the Saliva for the Digeftion of the Food, has taken care that it fhall be thrown in upon the Aliment on every fide. Thus the Glandule Nackiaue, and the Parotides {upply their Juices to that part of the Food, which lies on the outfide of the Gums, between the Cheeks andthe Teeth, andthe | Rep hatnlt is Glandula |
| Qu Ue ru |
Glandule Maxillares interng, and Sablinguales, do be-
ftow their Liquor upon the Meat, which is within the Teeth and Gums. Neither has fhe had a Regard only _ tothat Supply, which is due to all the Parts of our Food, | but likewife to the Mixture of the two different Juices of the Saliva, which is neceffary to its Fermentation. And therefore, as I have already obíerv'd, the Orifices _ of the Duds, which belong to one fort of Glands, are placed near the Aperture of a Duct, which conveys a _ Juice from one of the other Glands. So tne Ducts of the Glandule Nuckiane, and the Duclus Stenoniani, do on each fide open into the Mouth, near one another ; and the falivatory Du&s of the G/asdule Sublinguales, and the /MaxiZares interug, tho’ they have diftinct Ori- fices, empty themfelves under the fame Papille ; and the Juices, which are fupply'd by them, meet there, and flow into the Mouth together. The feveral Parts of the Sa/zva being difcharg’d into the Mouth in fuch a manner as to meet and begina Fer- mentation, the Sa/zva does, partly as it is agitated with | the Food by the Teeth, and fome other Parts of the. | Mouth, partly by its own Fluidity infinuate it {elf into, | and mixes with the Food, and not only moiftens and | foftens it, but excites the Fermentation, which is to dif- folve it. And when the Aliment is thus mix'd with the
— Saliva, which ferves to ferment the whole Mafs, it is then to be convey'd into the Stomack, that great dige-
- ftive Veffel of the Body, where the Fermentation is not
- only continued but improved. | |
|^. "The Nourifhment being convey'd into the Cavity of
the Stomack, is there kept for fome time in a digeftive
| Heat, all which time it is under a Fermentation produc'd
| by the cifferent Parts or Juices of the Saliva, which are
|. mixed with it ; which Fermentation does firft agitate the.
| more tenuious or fübtil parts of the Food, and pus them.
. them into motion, and fo with the Fermentation of its —
.. times by a Compreffion, when the Particles, which are
. infinuates it felf into the Interftices of the more craís
=~
. and tear to pieces that Matter, which does endeavour to
maünicates a motion to, improv'd by the Heat of the
mented, the fame Tendency, but what isío various and .
the Freedom of its Motion, and offering a Violence
~ Stomack fhould by its reciprocal Motions in Infpiration,
the Diaphragme and Abdominal Mufcles in Refpiration, 5 . do make thofe Parts, which are broken off, as they aret
* WW aie -—— — —
( 246 )
own, and thofe Alimentary Parts, which it firft com-
Stomack, the Sa/iva muft neceflarily a& upon the grof- fer Parts. For the inteftine Motion, which is excited in the Maís, does not give the Particles, which are fer-
confus'd, that they muft inevitably ftrike not only one againft another, but againft thofe, which are more grofs, fo asto attenuate them, fometimes by a Collifion, which | {trikes off {maller Particles from the larger Parts ; (ome-
in motion happen to ftrike directly -againft any groffer Part, on every fide of it ; fometimes by a kind of Ex- plofion. For without doubt the Sa/iva, which is fluid, —
Parts of the Aliment, and whatever is agitated and ex- - panded in thofe Interftices, requiring a larger {pace for
to every thing, that oppofes its Tendency, will, like Gun-powder included in a Shell, force its way out,
confine it. i
Thus the groffer Parts are broken and divided, until 8^ they are at laft (o far attenuated as to mix more equally 9° with the Fluid, and with them to make one Pulp or chylous Mafs. And altho’ I do not apprehend how the 3 '*
and Expiration, be able to break and attenuate any Mat- 2*5: ter, that will not be foften'd and diffolved by agitation in e a Liquid, yet it is certain that thefe Motions, caufed by ©
diffolv'd, mix intimately with the more liquid, as they Meat which I digefted with Oil of Turpentine, E
Geta, De
| Oilof Vitriol, did by agitation mix more equally with
the Oils, and became a Pulpament.
As the Juices, which. conftitute the Sa/iva, do fer. ment upon their Mixture, fo it is probable that from - their Mixture and Fermentation there refults fuch a Tertium quid as is apt to ferment with the Bile. And therefore, when the Aliment has been under the Fer. mentation, excited by the Saliva, a fufficient time, it is then thrown into the Dzodesum, where it meets with the. bilious Juice, which flows into that Inteftine from the Liver, from which a new Fermentation feems to begin; and the Commotion of the Parts of the Aliment
— being ftill continued, does carry on the Bufinefs of Di-.
. .geftion until the Food is perfectly concocted. Tho’ it
is probable, that this new Fermentation ferves not only for the more perfec Digeftion of the Food, but like- wife for the Separation of the Chyle from the feculent
Parts.
Neither do I by a random Guefs, and an ungrounded
"Conje&ture, fuppofe that from the Mixture and Fermen-
tation of the two Juices, which conftitute the Saliva,
~ there refults a Matter, which is apt to ferment with the Bile. But to me the Notion feem'd to be confirm'd by
an Experiment that I made. For confidering with my
— felf that the Bile is generally allow'd to have much of a faponary nature, I made a Solution of Soap in fair - Water, and mix'd it with the Oils of Turpentine and
Vitriol firft put together, and from their Mixture I ob-
— ferv’d a very eafie and gentle Fermentation, which .. continued for a confiderable time.
(248)
WIL Aa Account of the Moorifh Way of Dref-.
fing their Meat (with other Remarks) in Wek —
Barbary, from Cape Spartel to Cape de Geer. — By Mr, Jewel jones. |
HE Mauritanian or Barbarian Moor, when he ri- fes in the Morning, wafhes himíelf all over, and drefles, then goes to their fama, or Church, íays - his -Prayers, and returns home, where his Wife, Concubine, . . ot Slave, hath his Breakfaft provided for him, which is . fometimes made of Barley or Wheat-Gruel ; for I have. "known both. It is made fomewhat thicker than ours, till it be ropy ; they put.Origan, and other Herbs, pow- derd, into it, which for fuch ufes they keep dry'd all - the Year; fome will put a little Pepper, and other - . Spice. I have often been treated with warm Bread, . frefh Butter, and Honey, in a Morning, which is not - feldom ufed amongít themíelves, an Hour or two after. they have had Grucl; as alío Hafty-Pudding, with ~ Butter, aad fometimes Butter and Honey, (as the Guefts — are, and according to the Ability of the Entertainers.) — Some again give Cafcafoo, with Milk, others with Flefh, — a third with Roots. It isto beobíerved, when any one — . hath a Gueft or Guefts in his Houfe, the Neighbours bring their Difh to welcome him or them, on account. of the Refpect and Love they bear to their Neighboar, © as well as to fhew their Readinefs to entertain the Stran- — ger. This Pra&ice is found conftantly ufed throughout — the whole Country amongft the Moors, one towards — another, reciprocally. And I have as often found the . like Civility, as I-had occafion to take up my Lodging at any Place, where I was acquainted with any of the — ^ T Inhabitants.
Aet m pay
1 — A
( 249 ) Inhabitants. The fews likewife thew great Civility to
any Chriffian, and treat him with what they have, as
ftew'd or baked Hens, Capons,. hard Eggs boil’d or roaft- ed, which they prefs flat with Pepper, and Salt, Wine, Brandy, (c They have generally the beft Bread, aad every thing ele of the kind that they can get. "They
—— put Annis, and two or three other forts of Seeds in |. their Bread; one is black and angled, tafts almoft like
Carrot feeds, and. I thick I have fee thefe fometimes ufed in Bread in Spain; 1 know not the Names of tbe
other Seeds in Englifh, nor any Language but Arabick.
They efteem Honey as a wholfome Breakfaft, and the moft delicious that which is in the Como, swibl the
ia young Bees in it, before they come out of their Cafes, - whilftthey (ull look Milk-white, and retemble (being
taken out) Gentles, {uch as Fithers ufe: Thefe | ties
"often eat of, but they feem'd infipid tomy Palate, and fometimes I found they gave me the Heart-burn.
In Sufe I had a Bag of Honey brought by a Friend
^. who made a Prefent of it, as being of great Efteem,
and fuch as they prefent to. Mea of greateft Note amongft.them. This, he told me, I was to eat a little of every Morsing, to the quantity ‘of a Walaut ; 5 It was
thick as Venice Yreacle, and full of fmall Seeds. I
ufed to breakfaft on it for feveral Days together, taking
the fiid. quantity ata time ; it always made me fle py,
but I found my felf well, and in.very good: tempen of Body after it, The Seeds were about the bigacfs of Muftard, and, according to the Defcription of themto me, aud the Efs@s 1 found by cating the Honey: and them, they muft be a large forti of Poppy-feed. The
- Honey was of that fore they calb sin Sufe, Fzucanee, ot.
Origanum, which (the Bees feed on, d thefe pars |
| were. mixed with,
O o | ET.
( 250 )
Cufcus, or Cuskfoo, is the principal Difh amongft them, as the OZa is in Spain: This is made of Flower of Wheat, and when that is fcatce, of Barley, Millet, Indian Corn, (9c. They fhake fome Flower into an earthen Pan, made on purpofe, which is not glazed, fprinkling a little. Water on the bottom of the Pan firft, and then working it with both their open Hands flat, turning them backwards and forwards to grain it, till they make it much refembling Sago, which comes from the Eaft-Indies. They ftew their Flefh, keeping their Pots clofe covered, which are made of Earth, put the Cuskfoo into an earthen Cullender, which they call Caskafs, B. vid. Fig. and this Cullender into the Mouth of the Pot, C. that foall the Steam which ariíes from the Meat may be imbibed by the Cuskfoo, which caufes it to fwell, and make it fit to be eaten: When it is enough, for they love every thing thoroughly done, they put this Cuskfoo out into the Diih they ferve it up in, which is fomewhat like D. and the Cusk/oo being heaped up, they make (asit were) a Bed or Place for the Meat to lie in, then they put good ftore of Spice, as Ginger, Pepper, Saffron, (9c. This Dith is fet upon a: Mat on
the Ground, and four Men may eafily fit about it, tho’
_ Thave feen fix and more at one Difh; they fit with their Buttocks upon the Calves of their Legs, with the bot- tom of their Feet on the Ground. If there are many to eat at this Meal, there are more Difhes. This Dith they have in ufe fometimes at Breakfaft, as well as Dia- mer and Supper, but it is commonly ufed for the two la(t Meals. They cover it witha thing madeon pur- pofe, fomewhat like E. and it will keep hot enough two Hours. Ata ftately Entertainment they will have a Sheep roafted whole, fometimes a half, or a quarter, on a wooden Spit, or the moft convenient thing they - «an find. They do not continually keep turning it, as We
we do, but leifürely let one fide be almoft roafted be-
fore they turn the other. The Fire is commonly of Wood burnt to clear Coal, and made fo, that the Heat afcends to the Meat. They bafte ic with Oil, and a lit- tle Water and Salt incorporated. They let it be tho-
. roughly roafted ; then they fay, Bi/miillah, In the
Name of God, after they have wafhed their Right Hands, and‘pulling the Meat in pieces, they fall to eating. lt isto be noted, that they never ufe but their Right
Hand in eating, and one holds whilft.the other pulls ir
afunder, diftributing the pieces to the reft, as he pulls
itofl They feldom ufe a Knife, and a Fork is a "ftrange thing amongít them. They ere dextrous at
this way of carving, and never flinch at the heat or warmth, for that would look mean, and might occafi- on one more bold to take bis Office upon him to per-
form. Wherthey have done, they lick their Fingers,
and as often as they have a hot Difh, they wash their Hands afrefh. Then they bavé A/fdoufb, or Virmizzellz,
. With fome Meat on it, ftew'd Meat, well fpiced, with
favoury Broth; which, after they have eat the Meat, they dip their Bread in the Sauce, or Broth, and eat it. - They are cleanly in their Cookery, and if a Hair be found it is a capital Crime, but a Fly not, becaufe it has Wings, and may get in after it pafles from the Cook's Charge or Management; to be well and ftrongly fea-
. foned is no great Fault ; and if one fhould fay "tis too
high of Pepper, they'll reply, It is better to be 44 than Paugb; alluding to the Differences between a ftrong,
. high, or hot, and favoury Taft, and an infipid, watry,
or unpleafsnt. Cuboé is {mall pieces of Mutton, with the Cawl of a Sheep wrapped on them. Some make
- good Cobbob of the Liver, Lights, and Heart. They
Pepper and Salt them, and put Sweet Herbs and Saffron into'them, then roaft them, and when they difh them O 02 : ' up,
E TT T D T T DEED | up, fqueeze an Orange or two on them. Thus they . ufe commonly in their ftewed Meats, Lemon and O- range for Roaft or Fifh. _ Elmorofia is another : This is pieces of Beef, of Cow or Camel, ftew'd with Butter, Honey, and Water; fome will put Rob of Wine amongft it; they add Saf- fron, Garlick, or Onions, a little Salt, and when ’tis enough, ferve itup. They efteem this a delicious Difh, ufed moftly in the Winter, and fay it is good againft — Colds, notwithftanding they fay Beef is cooler than Mutton, They have a piece of good Houlewifry for a ready Dish, which is likewife appropriated to the Winter. Seaíon ; and this I will give an Account of be- fore Fhave done. Then they will treat you with Hare ftew'd, ftewed and roafted Hens and Partridges : Thefe they disjsiat, and let ftew in Water, and Oil, or But- ter, if they are not fat enough of themfelves. When they are almoft enough, they beat a couple of Eggs, mix them with the Liquor, with Juice of Lemon or. Vinegar, which they ufually have very good, and ferve . it up. | Then you may have more baked and roaft, and ano. -ther Difht of ftew'd Meat, which for its Goodnefs would be efteem’d amongft us: They take a Leg of Mutton, cut off the flcfhy part, leave out the Skin and Sinews. This Flefh they mince very fine (with two Knives, one . in each Hand) by holdi*g them acrofs, which they ma- nage with great Dextericy ; they alfo mince fome Suet, Parfly, Thime, Mint, (9c, Then they take Pepper, Salt, and Saffron beaten together, and fome Nuimeg ; all thele they add to the reft, with about half a hand- — fubof Rice; they cut an Onion, of the beft fort, half through, and take off ‘he firft Lay, as not fo fit for ufe,. unlefs it be thick. (They that are curious take out the inner Skin, faying it is not whollome, and bad for the — : . S j Eyes,
UE ( 253 ) :
Eyes, it being the worft thing in an Onion, which other- wife would be the beft of Roots.) This Lay they fill with forc'd Meat, then the next, and fo on, which makes them look likefo many Onions; fome they put up in Vine-leaves of the bet they can find for their pur- pofe. Whilft this is doing, the Bones and Refidue of the Leg of Mutton, being in mioderate pieces, are ftewing, with as much Water as will juft cover them; then they put on their forcd Meat Balls atop of the Meat, anda green Bunch of Grapes upon them, ‘cover it, and let it boil till thoroughly enough. This, I *. think, is one of their beft Difhes, which they often ufe | in Fefs and other. Cities. PZZowe, or PZ/óe, is a Dith very well known, made with Rice boiled, with a good Hen, Mutton, and Spice, the Flefh and Fowl being put
on the Rice ina Difh, as Cusk/oo, and fo ferved up. A Buftard, which they roaft and ftew, and make an excellent .Diih of its Guts, I eat of it once ; to. me
feemed very. pleafant andfavoury, and very grateful to - |
the Stomack: This Bird is fit for their King’s Table, as likewife the Hedgehog, of which I will give an Account anon. Then they have Ragous, made with Sparrows, Pigeons, (Sc. ee ‘Their Drink is plain Water, or Milk, and fometimes Rob of Wine mixed with Water. T was once treated with this by the Dafbaw' of Sufe, Addolmeleck ben Alchotib, and there was brought to mea great Bowl -which held above three Quarts ; he told me there was . not above half a Pint of this Rod init, and the reft was filled up with Water. It was very generóus and plea- . fant, and tho’ I did not drink a quarter of, it, yer f. |. found the Strength in half an Hour. This they’? is |... a Remedy againft Cold likewife, and pretend to take it : medicinally ; tho’ Rob of Grapes is lawful according to
ee Mee qut a 2
| their * Law. Under this Pretext, many £effee Merchants,» Alaran:
to
| AME Lt. to make Rob, or Vinegar, prefs all the Grapes in their Vineyards, put it up in great Jars, under Ground, and keep it long, fo that it proves excellent Wine. When four or five merry Companions, with every one his Miftrefs, appoint to be merry, they go our to their Vineyard or Garden, have Mufick, and all or moft of thefe Difhes, and there fit and caroufe over a great earthen Bowl full of Wine, of about four or five Gal-
lons, and fo driak round in a Cup that. will hold almoft — -
aPiat, like a large Tea-Dith, till there is. none left; it often happens that they do not part till they have made an end of the whole Jar, which feldom is lef$ than a Week's time. I have known fome that have been nine ‘Days fucceffively drunk ; thofe that are known to drink Wine, or pifs ftanding, their Teftimony will not be va- lid in Law. | | í ,. In a Morning, during this time of Merriment, they are for fome favoury Bit, Pickled Fifh, or Efcaveche, or Elchole.. They are great Lovers of Fifh, and have as great Variety, and very good, which they fry in Organ Oz/, ftew, toaft, and bake, with good ftore of Spice, Onions , Garlick, Cummin, Parfly, and Coriander. The Efcaveche, or fry'd Fith, is cut in thin flices, and put into Vinegar, with the aforefaid Spices, adding Saf- fron and Pepper, @c. It will keep above a Month, and this they have commonly, as alfo pickled Limes, Olives, Capers, ©c. -They eat parched Garavangas, parched ]monds, and Beans, which they parch in a Pan with Water and Salt. Thefe, and other things, they have to relifh their Glafs of Wine, or give them a frefh Appe- tite to drink. They fay, to cure the ill Ede&s of a drupken, Bout, is, to take a {winging Cup of the fame Liquor, Which invites them to more, and fo on. js ,But,I have left fome Difhes, by this Digreflion, to | give an Account of their extravagant Mirth. jaa Vc | e
C255 )
The Hedgehog is a Princely Dith amongft them, and before they kill him, rub his Back againft the Ground, by hold:ng its Feet betwixt two, as Men do a Saw tha: faws Stones, till it has dene fqueaking ; then they cut its Throat, and with a Knife cut off ail its Spines and finge it. They take out its Guts, fluff the Body with fome Rice, fweet Herbs, Garavancas, Spice, and Oni- ons; they put fome Butter and Garavancas. into the Water they flew it in, and let it (tew in a little Por, clofe ftepped, till it is enough, and it proves an excel- | lentDifh. The Moors do not care to kill Lamb, Veal, | . nor Kid, faying it is a Pity to part the Suckling from its Dam. "They eat with their boiled Meat, many times, Carots, Turnips of twoor three forts, Cabbage, Beans, and Peafe, &c. which they have plenty, and very good, I have eat of Porcupine ftewed, which much refembled Camels Flefh in Taft, and that is the neareft to Beef-of any thing I know. | | | I I come now to give an Account of the Alcholea: It
is made of Beef, Mutton, or Camel’s Flefh, but chiefly Beef, ‘which they cut all in long flices, falt it well, and let it lie twenty four Hours in the Pickle. Then they remove it out of thofe Tubs, or Jars, into others with: Water, and when it has lain a Night, they take it out, | and put it on Roaps in the Sun and Air to dry ; when | it is thoroughly dry'd, and hard, they cut it into pie- |. ees of two or three Inches long, and throw it into a. | Pan, or Cauldron, whichis ready, with boiling Oil and | Suet, füfficient to hold it, where it boils till it be very | clear and red, if one cuts it, which, taken out, they | fet to drain : When all is thus done, it ftands till cool, . | and Jars are prepared to pot it up in, pouring the Li- | quor they fried it in upon it, and as foon as it is tho- *|. roughly cold they ftop it up clofe. It will keep two |. Years, it will be hard, and the hardeft they look on m | | e
a | ( 256 ) be beft done. This they difh upcold, fometimes fry’d _ with Eggs and Garlick, fometimes ftew'd, and Lemon «cine onit. Itis very good any way, either hot or . Coid. ^ ev Before I conclude, 1 willingly give an Accouüt of their Travelling-Provifion, viz. Bread, Almonds, Rai- fons, Figs, hard Eggs, cold Fowl, c. But what is moft ufed by Travellers, is Zwmeet, Tumeet, or Flower of "des Barley for Limereece. "'Ihefe are not Arabian ut Sbzlba Names, fo I believe it is of a longer ftanding than the Mahometans in that Part of /frick. They are
all three made of parched Barley Flower, which they
carry in a Leather Satchel. Zameet is the Flower mix- ed with Honey, Butter, and Spice ; Zumeet is the fame ^. Flower done up with Organ Oi/; and Limereece is only . mixed with Water, and fodrank: This quenches T hirft much better than Water alone, fatisfies a hungry Appe- tite, cools and refrefhes tired and weary d Spirits, over- coming thofe ill Effe&ts a hot Sun and fatiguing Jour- ney might occafion. This amongft the Mountaineers of Sufe is ufed for their Diet as well at Home as on their Journey. All things taken in Game, as Hawking, . Hunting, and Fowling, are lawful for them to eat, if they take it before it be dead, fo that they can have
time to cut its Throat, and fay, Bifmiillahe ; or it he is known to be an expert Man at the’Game, and fays -
thofe Words before he lets the Hawk take its Flight, lets
flip the Greyhound, or fires his Gun, it islawful; all 1 (I fay, but Swine’s Flefh, and what dies of itsfelf) they —— have Liberty to eat, and may fell it. They tell usthere E
. is but one Part about the Hog or Swine that is unlawful,
which they do not know, and are obliged to abflaim —
_ from the Whole ; but if they knew it, they would let
us have but little to our*fhare." "Fhey eat Snails boil'd- : with Salt, and ‘praifé their Wholfomnefs. Fifh of all —
forts
i oe —
2 — ( 257 ) "m. forts, are lawful. In Zafg/e and Dra moft of their Food is Dates, there are ten or a dozen forts. They have good Capons all the Country over; no Turkeys, - Ducks, nor Geefé, but wild, and thofe they have of two forts; Duck, Teil, and Mallard, Corlews, Plo- vers, Snipes, Oxbirds, Pipers, a fort of a black Crow,
— with a bald Pate, and long crooked Bill, is good Meat, and a hundred other fort of Fowl. 1 have eat Antelope, which we have killed in hunting, and. are very good Food. They are as large as a Goat, of a Chefnut Co-
- lour, and white under the Belly ; their Horns are al- moft quite ftreight from their Head up, tapering gradu-. ally, with Rings et a diftance from one another, till within an Inch and a half of the top; fine large black Eyes, long and flender Neck, Feet, Legs, and Body, Ahaped fomewhat like a Deer; they have two Cavities between their Legs, I think the Male as well as the Fe- male. ^ I have fent of thefe Antelopes alive to England. There are many in a Herd, when at the fame time they have Scouts, or thofe who by ruaning give 'em notice of an approaching Foe. When two lie down to- gether, they lay themíelves (o, that their Backs are to- wards each other, and the Head of one towards the Tail |.- of the other, that they may fee every way. Their
Dung is {weet and pleafant enough. They are taken
fometimes by the Hawk, fometimes by the Shot ; for
they are too {wift for a Greyhound. ~Partridges in $us commonly rooft on Trees; there are fo many Foxes which would otherwife deftroy them. | And here I fhould make mention of another Dith : "The Moors will eat Fox, if it be fat, either ftewed or roafted, but they do not care for it lean, which has oc-
| - cafioned a Proverb amongft them on that Account, to |^ -wit, ZZei/el deeb, harom deeb; alluding to the Scruple | . might be made of its lawfulnefs. Thole Words fignifie, —
gn - n c e uo bp a Fox .
ma m Ca 8 à
a Fox is lawful, and a Fox is unlawful; z. e. Fat, Lawful ;.
Lean, Unlawful. | ! “Fruits and Sweet. meats they have of many kinds, as. of three or four forts of Pumpkins, Macaroons, Al- monds prepared many ways, Raifins, Dates, Figs dry and green, excellent Melons of two or three forts, and nea 22, °* Water-Melons, Pomgranates of feveral kinds, Apples, * Grapes in Pears, Apricocks, Peaches, Mulberries white and black, Mia s s pig Plutmbs, and Damaícens, Cherries, * Grapes of many — — as a Pigeonskinds, and very good, and if they would affift Nature, Egg s but they they might have every thing in Perfc&ion. a
o not make iin : : ;
Wine, Their Salating is Lettuce, Endive, Carduus, Parfley, ge Apium, and. other {weet Herbs, Onions, Cucumbers. of feveral kinds, fome about a Yard inlength, and two or three Inches thick, and hairy, (this is efleemed the. wholfomeft) Radifhes, Fumatas, or Apples of Love, all.
which they will cut, and put Oil, Vinegar, and Salt, with fome red Pepper: This Salate they eat with Bread.
They. have a Fruit called Baranéén, in Spain, Barage-
nas; thefe they ftew with their Victuals, and fometimes
|. €ut them in thin flices, and fry them 5 it makes a pretty ‘Difh. When the Moors have feafted, every one wafhes. his Hands and Mouth, thanks God, and bleffes the Hofts. and Entertainers. from. whom they had it; they talk a. little, or tell fome Story, and then lie down to reft,
where I- fhall leave them at prefent, and do beg your.
Pardon for fo tirefome and frivolous a Difcourfe, —
ha »
| |
" "
| | ] |
S| !
| | 4i | |" |
| | I
i j
f- H 1
Lk
| li 1
| AMI aL F IV. An Account of BOOKS.
Aa Account of the Third Volume of Dr. Walhs's Opera Mathematica, i» Folio ; frnifbed and publifbed at Oxford; 16993 tbe two former Volumes having beem publifbed in the Tears 1693 and 1698.
: Hi much the Learned World has been obliged to
| the Reverend and Worthy Dr. Wallis, S. T. D. (Profeflor of Geometry in the Univerfity of Oxford, and Fellow of the Royal Society) is evident to all who
. have any Concern in thefe Matters. The great Im-
provements that have been made in Mathematical Learn- - ing in thisCentury now expiring, are very much owing to him, who, for more than one half of it, has made
|... fo great a Figure among the Mathematicians.
The two firft Volumes of his Works, of which there
| isan Account given in Ne 216 of thefe Tranfactions, . ere lafting Monuments of his great Reach, Induftry, and
Succefs in thefe abftrufe and ufeful Studies. - Much of this Third Volume is imployed in Preferving
and Reftoring divers Ancient Greek Authors (very con-
fiderable) which were in Danger of being loft. For
which Work the Doctor is fitted not only by his excel-
lent Knowledge in Mathematicks, Accurateneis in the
|. Languages, and great Induftry in collating Manufcript
Copies ; but alfo, by what is peculiar to him, his Art - and Practice in De¢iphering 5 which enables him to make fagacious E cues Supplements, and Emendations : Which muft often be an Editor's Bufinefs, and which we fo juftly admire in him. £a ES ce ! Pp2 He
( 260 )
He begins with that of Prolemy's ZJarmomicks, the —
moft confiderable of all the Greek Maficians. "This he had firft publifh'd in the Year 1682, (and hath now re- printed) out of rr or 12 Greek Manufcript Copies, (having been never before publifhed in Greek, and but very Imperfe&ly in Latine, by Gagovinus,, more than an Hundred Years ago.) To this he gives a new Latine - Tranflation, with large Notes; giving Account of the Various Readings in the feveral Copies, and the Reafons . of what Amendations he thought nece(fary to make ;
with clear Explications of what might feem difficult ia
the Greek Mufick. — |
'To this he fubjoins an excellent Treatife of his own, comparing the Ancient Greek Mafick with that of the’ prefent Age ; whereby that which was before Admired rather than Underftood, is now rendred very ZnteMigible, according to the Language of Modern Mafick.
Next to this is the Commentary of Porphyrius (in Greek and Latine) on a great part of Ptolemy's Harmo- nicks; never till now publithed in either Language: With like Notes, and neceflary Emendations, as theformer. — —
Then follow the ZZarmósicks of Manuel Bryemmius, . (now firft publifh'd) in Greek and Latine 5 with Notes, | and neceflary Emendations, as the reft. — !
So that now we have all the Ascient Greek Muficians (which are known to be extant ) publifhed in Greek and latine: Marcus Meibomius having formerly publifhed —
divers of them in the Year 1652; and the remaining "Three (which he feems to have intended, but did not publifh) being nowadded. — A enone d
The next Piece is Archimedes’s Arenarius, or tappt- - ams, (which he had firft publithed in the Year 1676.) Of. .—
this we had a GreekE dition of Zervagzus, publifhedat Baffl, inthe Year 1544; which feems to be done by Hervagius with great Care and Fidelity, but out
i Very ——
of 4 eT
CS ia Ciiór"Y : very faulty Manufcript Copy. Of which, (befide fome others) there is extant a Latine Tranflation of Comman- dinus, (a Perfon who hath very well deferved of the
Ma:hematicks) but cut of a fau/ty Greek Copy, of |
which he oft complains : So that in many other Places he. doth rather attempt giving the Senfe, than the Words of his Author ; and even in that doth many times miftake. For whereas Zatecius had long fince revifed divers Pieces of Archimedes, and given us his Commen- taries and Emendations of them ; this Piece (with fome others) had efcaped his Care, and fo remained (uncor- rected) with all the old Errors which had then happen'd; and, in the old Dorick Dialect (which Ezfoczus had chan- ged with the Azrick in moft of thofe Pieces which he had reviled) and but very few Copies remaining, (of which Hlervagius {eems to have had-but one, and Commandi- nus either but tbe fame, or but one other. - And the prefent Editor having no Manufcript Copy to conful, - was. left to ufe bis own Sagacity, making Kational Conje- dares (from the Foot-fteps remainisg which ZZervagius had carefully preferved in his Edition Oh hast Copy) for Reftoriag this Excellent Piece of Archimedes.
“To this was then fubjoined (and is now reprinted) that of Archimedes, called Kóx^s Mérptac, or Dzmenfto Circuli, (a Piece worthily admired and valued by all Ma- tnematicians fince his Time) which had: been: formerly publifhed in Greek, with other Works of Archimedes, inthe Bafil Edition, by Hervagiys; not without fome Sphalmata, but much. fewer than thofe of the former Trac, by reafon that this had been revifed by Eutocius, and thereby freed from many Errors which before that. time had happened ; but fubje€t to fome others which."
have bappened fince. :
E ^: To this, (becaufe very füccindtly handled by AB:
des) was then added (and is now reprinted) the Com- Ge mentary
=>
—--- má ee ee ae ee ee eee ee ee, ee TM ae oe _ 3
jd ( 262 ) ‘mentary of Eutoczus, (formerly extant in Greek, but now publifhed in Greek and Latine) partly, as a Speci- men of the Method which the Greek Commentators were wont to ufe for explaining of more ancient Au- thors ; partly to illufirate that of Archimedes, whole Demonftrations were very brief, and his Calculations - only pointed at ; which Eutocids hath actually performed: And chiefly, to thew how troublefome it was (at that time).to perform the Arithmetical Operations of Divifi- on and Extraction of Roots, (and other intricate Opera= tions) before the Introduction of the ZsZzan Algorifm, . (or Calculation by the Numeral Figures now in ule) of which Archimedes, in his Arenarius, gives us the true Foundation, as to the Oeconomy of Numbers, but with- out the Notation now in ufe.
After. thefe Pieces of Archimedes and Ewtocius, in Greek and Latine, (with neceflary Notes) follows a Treatife of <Ariftarchus Samius, (De Magnitudinibus © Diftantiis Solis € Lune) firft publifhed by Dr.Wal/is (out of fome Manufcript Copies) in the Year 1688, (and now reprinted) with the Latine Tranflation of Comman- dinus; and with the Annotations of ciem and of his own. ; : .. To this was then fübjoined (and is now reprinted) in Greek and Latine, a Fragment of the Second Book of Pap- pus Alexandrinus s Mathematick Collections. ‘The La- tine Tranflation of which Author, publifhed by Com- mandinus, (the Greek being not yet publifhed by any, but whereof there are-in Oxford (ome M.S. Copies) be- gins at the Zhird Book (the two former being wanting.) But a good part of the Second Book (being extant at Ox-
|. ford, in one Greek Manufcript) is now publifhed in Greek and Latine: Whereby we may judge of the Contents
of what is loft; and that the Lofs is not great ; as gi- ving an Account of the Arithmetical Operations MN
t ufe;
( 263 ) — wufe; which are now performed with much more Advan ‘tage by the Algorithm or Numeral Figures now in ule.
_ After this Prefervation and Reftitution of thefe ancient Greek Authors, here follows a Collection of divers Lez. ters (relating to Mathematical Affairs) which have for- | merly paffed between Mr. Oldenburg, the Lord Brosua- | ker, Mr. Neuton, Monfieur Libnitz; and, more lately,
between Dr. Wallis, Monfieur Libnitz, Monfieur Mex.
kenius, and fome others) wherein may be feen by what - Steps fome of the late Methods for the improving and | promoting of Mathematicks have proceeded (and by |! whom truly made, and to whom juftly owing) as that | of Dr. Walliss Arithmetica Injinitorum ; which, by way |^ of Induction and Interpolation, (proper Methods of Za-. |. weftigation, but with Demonftrative Certainty, hath gi-
. ven an In-let to many new Difcoveries, not formerly | thought of, (Reducing Geometricad Inquiries. to purely |. Abftracted Arithmetical Confideration:) And that of — Mr. Neuton’s Merhodus Fluxionum; «ed Monfieur Lib. nitz’s Calculus Differentialis ; with {ome others. | There is alfo an Account of the Bufinefs of Decipher- | ing (wherein Dr. Wadis hath been fo remarkable) with | fome Specimens. thereof. Which Art of the Doctors, | Monfieur Lilsiiz, (a competent Judge) among many | others, in a Letter dated the 24th. of March, 1698,. ? which in this Collection is Epift. XXV. Pag. 688, calls P the greatef? Inftance that is known of thé Force aud Pene- | tration of humane COnderftandiug. | | With thefe follows a Letter of Dr. Wadlis, wherein he gives an Account of his Methods for teaching Perfons | Deaf and Dumb to fpeak, and to underftand'a Language; | and thereby to expreís their Minds by writixg; and to. | underítand what other Improvements of Axowledge may. be obtained by readiag: And for the correcting of Im- pediments of Speech from Stuctering or Stammering, or:
: x otl ee:
, Z dol afi cma SS
ee
^
| ..— Whereby the Exg/i/h Language 1s rendred very eafe, and
— —— T n M PY n á
| €( *64 ) : JH | other Zmperfeclions in the pronouncing fome Sounds (of our own or other Languages :) All which he hath exer- cifed with good Succefs, and doth here give an Account of the Afethod whereby he hath done it.- The which . Letter (in Englifh) we have given an Account in Ne 245. . And, Laftly, here is a Letter of Mr. F/amffeed ; where- — . in he gives an Account of a very remarkable Difcovery of the Parallaxis of the Eartb's Annual Orb, obfervable . in fome of the /fxed Stars. Which is a noble Pheno- menon, diligently fought after, for fome Ages, but hi- therto without Succefs; and now at length difcovered in England, and confirmed by the concurrent Obferva- _ tions of Eight Years, compared together. .By which the Copernican Flypothehs (as it is wont to be called) feems to be clearly eftablifhed. -— à After thefe Treatifes, (more particularly Marhemati- cal) he fubjoinsdivers other Mi/cellaneous Tracts; which (though not fo purely Mathematical) may at leaft be ac- ceptable to inugifitive Perfons, and fhew how ufeful — Mathematicks are in moft other Studies. Where the — Author has fo dextroufly and füccefsfully applied them. Amongft thefe, in the firft place, appears his Zraffas — . de Loquela, Grammatice-Phyficus, (firft publifhed in the — Year 1653, and fince reprinted many times;) wherein —. Ne gives a very particular Account of the Phyfcal or — Mechanical Formation of all Sounds ufed in Speech, (ex- — preffed by the Letters of feveral Languages :) A Defign — which i$ not known to have been (before him) under- — taken by any Perfon: In Purfuance of which he hath — . undertaken (with Succefs) to teach fome Dumb Perfons — todpedkbro s Ss Ehe ae - To this is adjoined a Grammar of the Engli/h Tongue — adapted to the peculiar Genius of this Ladguage; very — different from that of the Greek and Latine Languages. -
s T Vat ee CUM C t RENNES
7. cleamm
EM 20$ ) clear of the Encumbrances which do attend many other (even of the Modern) Languages. Which hath been
fince imitated by fome of the French in Grammaire Uni- werfelle, &c. And this hath been alfo feveral times re- printed ; with a Praxis-Grammatica thereunto annexed, for the eafie Uaderftanding and Exercife of the Englith Language. | | | | Then follows his In5Zitatio Logica, firft publifhed in
the Year 1687. Wherein he makes it his Bufinefs to give
a clear Account of the true Foundation of Logick ; and reducing the fame, from the ordinary Di/pates in the Schools, to the true Ve of it in the common Affairs of
- Life ; and the Advantages thereof to be made in Ratio- nal Difcourfes.and Argumentations of all kinds. — To which are annexed Three Thefes, or particular - Difcourfes, for the Redctifying fome Miftakes com- . monly committed by Logicians in their Treatifes of Logick. . dd : "ur After this, follows a Larzse Sermon, preached by him to the Determining Batchelors of Arts, on Afb Wedunef- day, Febr. 20. 1655, Stilo Anglia, (on Tit. 2. 6.) ine tituled, Mens Sobria: DireGing them to à Serious and Sober Profecution of their Sradies. — "Yo which is fubjoined his Curfory Expofition of the - Epiflle of Titus, and a Theological Thefis, by him main- tained (in the Vefpers of the Actin the Year 1654) in - otder to his Degree of Doctor in Divinity, (De Electione ; & De Poreflate Minifteriali etiam ultra limites particula-- ris Ecclefig) firft publifhed in the Year 1657.
Then follows aacther Latine Sermon, De Federe E- vangelico; preached to the Univerfity of Oxford, (pro inchoando Termino Academico) in the Year 1661, (now firít publithed:) From Gal. 3. 17. (partly Theological
and partly Chromological) Wherein is particularly dif- couríed what is the Promife or Covenant there afferted, ia | Qg Contra- -
LN ee 229 i
Contra-diftin&ion to the Law there mentioned, and the true Date thereof: And what are thofe 430 Years which are there *faid to intervene 5. with the Force of the Apo. | jfMes Argument frorhence for the Abolition of Circum- cifton, and the Fewi/h Rites, againft the Pretenfions of the Judaizing Chriftians, or other Impoffors, contrary to the Truth of the Chri/tzan Religion, defended by St. Paul, After this follows a Sermon preached to the Univerfity . of Oxford, on Ealter-Day , in the Year 1679, (from I Cor, 15. 20.) Wherein the Refarreclion from the Dead (both of Chrifé and of Believers through him) is clear- ly afferted. Publifhed in Englifh the fame Year; and now put into Latine. | Then follow fome fhort Difcourfes, (firft publifhed in Englifb, in the Year 1692 , and now made Latine : ) One concerning Melchizedek; who he was, (moft likely to be the fame with Sbem,) and where was that Sa/em of which he was King ; (not Ferufalem, or any part of Canaan; but on the other fide of Jordan», in the Land . of the Sbemites) Another concerning Fob, the Place of his Hfabitation, (near that of Melchizedek;) and the Time of his Life, (during the Time while the Z/rae/ztes . .were in Egypr :) Which Treatifes were partly Chorogra- - phical, and partly Chronological, Anda Third concern- ing the Zitles of the Pfalms, and the Three Orders of Singers to whom fome of them are directed. ... After thefe follow Three Sermons concerning the Sa- cred Trinity ; firft publifhed in Exg//b, in the Year 1691, and now made Latzxe : Wherein are contained the Sub- {tance (digefted into a convenient: order ) of feveral Pieces about that time publithed, for, the true Axp/ica- tion and Defence of the Doctrine of the Sacred Trinity: — Occafioned by feveral Pamphlets then printed and pub- 7 lifhed to the Derogation of it. E
P Then M
-— H 4
‘ Z * [4 ' - 4 », " * ' » . * ; - ' . A s ! [| »
——— Phi Toh 355:
dp s |
^ D
D. a _
| xb (o ae ; a Then follows a Difcourfe in Defence of the Chriffian Sabbath, to be celebrated on the Lord's Day, or Firft Day of the Week: Being the Subftance of Zwo Zreati-
- fes, publifhed in Exgli/fb, in the Years 1692, 1693, in
Vindication of the Lord's Day, againft (ome Treatifes of Z. B. contending for the Jews Saturday-Sabbath to be now obferved. Which Two Treatifesare here made La- tine, and digefted into another order: Wherein the whole Controverfie is managed at large, and many Oc- cafional Points therein difcuffed ; which feem not to have been fo well confidered by former Writers. With feve- ral Particulars Hiftorical, Chronological, and Cofmo-.
- graphical, which are there occafionally difcuffed and.
Geared 7%, | . . And laftly, There is a fhort Difcourfe of Pedo Bap-.
_ Zifm, in Anlwer to a Letter of an Asti Pedo Baptift, de-.
- livering SatisfaQion as to that Point.
. per to be fübjoined to the Difcourfes purely 7Marbemati- — _ cal) are fo ordered as that they may be feparately bound
E
: Which Mifcellaneous Treatifes Gif thought not fo pro-.
. apart. :
Dr. Wallis having fo highly obliged the World with his own Works, and thofe of fome of the Ancients,. .
$ part of which, as the Harmonicks of Ptolomy, &c. (had
| it not been for him) in all likelihood would never have
| feen the Light in their Original Language ; being, for.
their ImperteCtions defpaired of, ever fince the Reftau-
ration of Learning : We cannot but ( with all who know.
€ him) wifh and hope that he would be pleafed (if his
great Age may permit) to-fdorn the fucceeding Centu- ty alfo with the Edition of fome other of the Ancient "Gcometers in Greek, as ZpoZosius, Serenus, or Pappus, which (by the Catalogue of Manuftripts, lately pub- | d ua Qa — — difhed)
*
d et
- dithed) we (ee are {till in the Libraties of Oxford, tho never hitherto printed ; And that he may continue id . | the next (what he has been in this Ceutury) an Orna- .. .- ment to the Chair which he fills in that amous Uni-
verfity.
ZONDON: Printed for Sam. Smith, and Benj Walford, : Printers to the Royal Society, at the sang Arms: Ste Paul's Church-yard. : Ape. [AP
3 nb ,
(109)... Numb. 255
AEE EE as » —————S
PHILOSOPHICAL ^ TRANSACTIONS ~
For the Month of Auguft, 1699.
: Y
00 The CONTENTS.
Y, Part of a Letter from Mr.Leuvenhook,dated Delft June 23. 1699. contais- ~ ang bis Anfwers to Objections made te bis Opinions concerning the Animalcula | . infemine Mafculino. A Letter of Dr. Wallis to Dr. Sloan, giving an Ac-- count of fome late Paffages between bii and Myn Heer Leibnitz,of Han- nover. An Account of Mounfieur | Pezron the Abbot Charmoy’s Book ace cording to bis own Relation,fent to Abbot Nicaife,in form of a Letter, which be calls,’ Origin des Nations. = — | II. A Letter from Dr. Wallis £o Dr.Sloan, concerning fome Alteration of the Meridian Line ; which may affect the Declination of tbe Maguetical Needle, - and the Poles Elevation. IIT. Av Extract of a Letter from Mr. Thomas — Luffin of Colchefier to Dv. Wallis,concerning the ufe of the Numeral Figures - im England as old as the Year 1090. And, concerning the Application of avs. Air-pump, to Capping-glaffes. IV. Some Attempts made to prove, that Herbs of the fame Make or Clafs for the generallity, have the like Vertue and Tendency to work the (ame Effects. In a Difcourfe made before the Royal Soci- ety, by Mr. James Petiver Apothecary, and Fellow of the faid Society. V. A Catalogue of Shells, ec. gathered at the ifland of Afcention, by CMr.James Cunningham Chirargeon, with what Plants be there Obferved s Communicated to My. James Petiver Apothecary, and Fellow of the Royal . Society. VI. Part ef a Letter from My. Leuvenhook, Dated June 9th. 1699. concerning the Animalculain Semine humano, ec.
xu creep as -
si ein ee eae
UN ie 270 ) -
LL Part of a Letter from Mr. Leuvenhook, Dated Delft
234. of June, 1699. Concerning bis Anfwers to Ob- jcétions made to bis Opinions concerning the Animalcula femine Mafculine.
^
fl j<étions, propofed by way of Queftions, which the very learned Dr. Martin Lifter maketh, againft many pofitions, concering the Procreation of an Animal out of the Mafculine Seed.
Have feen in the Philofopbical Tranfattion, Numb. 247 fol. 337. The Ob-
Concerning this, I muft cell you, that thefe Objc&ions do not at all alter my Opinion.
We ice almoft always that provident Nature, doth, eoncerning . the encreafing or Procreation, be ic in Animals, Fifh,or other things, almoft go e- very where the fame way to Work. For we have as little Peafon as we have to ask, how oucof the Seed of a Tree, let us take an Apple-tree, which Seed we know to be 3 Kernel,of an Apple, can not only come to grow a wholé Tree, but alío in a few Years time, can be Multipiyed into a thoufand
rees, All the Trees, that wefind onthe Globe of the Earth, Origivall
are come, and do proceed, from Seed of the Trees, that were at fir Created on our Globe,
Now we come to fee, in the Seed of an Apple, the Leaves al. though they are very muchlefs, then the Leaves of other Seeds of Trees, but according to the fmalnefs of the Leaves proportionably, ícems to us in the Pith of a Seed of am Apple-tree, much bigger that part, chat. fhall make the ftem of the Tree, and in this we fee the Pich of the Tree, md a great many Veffels, part whereof did carry up the Juices and the Bark 5. but, } believe, that we fhail never penetrate into thefe Mifteries, that inthe Plant of the Seed of an Apple which we endeavour to Avatomize, we fhould be able to difcover, the Tree with its boughs, much lcís the Bloffoms and Apples ; aud although fuch an inveftigation, fhall remain hid from our Eyes, yec notwithftanding dayly Experience doth teach us, that out of a Seed of an Apple, is produc'd a young Plant; which Plant in procefs of time, after the expiration of fome years, is not only grown up inte a Tree, but italfo doth Bear Apples 5. Now certainly the whole Tree and Fruit was locked up in one Seed of an Apple, for if it had nor been locked up in the
Seed, how could (according tomy fuppofition) poffibly the Tree and Fruit- Sprouy out of it.. 4
*
Muftnot we fland amazed, when we confider, the encreafing aud procre-. ation, of fo many fortsof Fifh that have Rows, and whofe Mafculine Sced is - the Soft Row, viz. that out of one Soft Row, to Wir the Cods, p many Millions of (mall Animals every year, «ud thatat that time v hen the Cod. has fliot his Soft Row, he Lobs thereof fhri-k up, or the twifted! parts of thefe Soft Rows fhiink up fo clofe together, that they only feem to} be Skins. or. Membranes;; and we fee that (ome Weeks. after, the Soft-row' doth en-
creaíe- du x
(29) ^ TT
ereafe again from time to time and accordingly the twifted parts of the Row: ork grow fullazais, with Ma(culine Seed, that fo atthe firiking time, they are fo Lively, or are f5 much enlivened that we have ofren times feen then fwim forth, ia this Mo ftx:e that conraineth them. 1 This being fo, we muft certainly affert itas a truth, thar when a Cod hath fist his Mafcuine Seed. there doch {tll remain. ia his Soft Rows} a greac : : dca! of Seeding Mattei, where cut more Seedly Animalsare produced, then were flor our of it she “Year before; by. Reafon as Fifhes grow bigger from Year to Year, fo doth alfo their Soft Rows encreafe ia buik. ———
*$
|— Now that thefe Animals fhovld come or proceed from’ themfelves, feems to.me not to be spprehended, for if they fhould come from, or out of them.
felves, Timagine that vien they could not all be endued with one. and. the
~ fame qaality-as now they are. TOR S
| For we fisd no: the Mafcu!ne Seed of a Cod; doth, intermix with the
Female Esc: oi other Fi, althcugh they ‘ftrike at the fame time. We
E
- have only oorved \that the Fifhes which we call Sois and Scbars, inter- mix rhei: Sho: Seeds (yct very feldom) with one another, from whence | comes a Fifh, thar is neither Sebarr nor Soale, and therefore the Fifher give
a
him the name of Scharre-foale. Es : :
Now are alfo the Fifhes, as many forts as are found, not of-themfelves,. but Originily come from the ficft Seeds, and that from thé fame, that
were Created fromthe beginning. (ME qi Now if we know «which way the Fifh do increafe,tbat it is not done but by.
-— Intermixing of che Male end Female Secds,and likewife we do know the great- i - Miflerv that is included ta the (mall Seed of an Apple, why might not we
. then aff-rt, that in ax Animal of the Mafculine Seed of a Man, is locked up-
_ a whole Man, and char che Animals of the Seed, are ail deícending from.
’ the fitft. €reated Man. ~~
— We know, that the Tefticles are chiefly confifting of a very thin and long’
- Veffel, that doth lay in amu'titwde of turnings and windings, and that we
- have pulled out near the end of it fome Living Creatures. ——
Now if we imgine,char through this long and thin Veífel, the Matter of the:
Mafculine Seed, wherewith this long vedfel is filled up, is from time to time:
carryed very flow!y further, to fil! up the places again, of thefe Animals that
in and about the Copulation were carried off ; and who doth know, bur thefe ~
‘Animals have left behind them fome Seminal Matter, from whence ; their Species can be Propagated, and that without Copulation, as we have:
^ Obferved, that fmall Animals, that were not rear come to perfection:
* bring forth cheir Kind withouc Copulation, are encreafed in bigaefs, and. —
afterwards changed into Flying Creatures. SP ! NM S
— yr
A -
L2
It willfeem ftrange to many, that cannot comprehend, how fn an Anis.
“mal of the Mafculias Sced.tbatis fo incomprehenfively fmall, fo great a Secret;.
‘asa Body of a Men dothcomprehend, caa be Locked up... But if. we re--
member thar there are Living Creatures in Waters, that we have many times.
- feen comie before our Eyes, that being of a Roundifh Body, were no thicker: *
then the thineft ead of a Tayl of an Antmalia the. Mafcaline Seed.. RE -And we have aifo at the fame time judged, that athoufand Millions oi thefe:
— Animals together, could make up no bigger a Body then.a fing'e wis a. b D UH | iouríe-
X
&
Cnm) -Courfe Sand, (as I havefaid heretofore) and if we ther alfo confider, of how many pieces and Inftruments the Body of (uch an‘Animal doth confifi, wherewith it moveth ic felf from place to place, and alío farther confider, . hat great’ Wonders can be lodged in fuchan Animal,we iauft ftand amazed, ‘and cannot apprehend, the exiraordinary fmallnefs of thefe Parts, whereof - thefe Creatures are compofed, and fay within our felves, how imperveftigable is che depth of Wifdom. ° It being then that hitherto, nothing at all is come before me that can make me the: leaft Scruple, to induce me to recede from my former opinion, and to recelve an opinion to believe, or hold, that Animals fhould come forth of themfelves, therefore I ftill remain of this my opinion, that out of the Ani- mals Of Mafculine Seeds, come forth Anima!s of the fame kind as they were Created in the- beginning, andthat ashitherto no truer Pofition fs left. For if Animals could be bora of themfelves, which I fhould reckon . t9 be a Miracle, then muft not only every Minute, but every Second, Millions of Miracles be done, which is an opinion not to be received, for if this was fo, there muft daily new Creatures be brought forth, which hitherto we have ‘not obferved. | | Se d. s Now if we add hereunto, as 1 bave Judged it to be formerly, that in the Animals of the afculine Seed, there was a (mall difference, from each o- ther, from whence 1 conclude the one fort to be Males che other Females,and if this takes place- ia all Mafculine Seeds, I cannot fee, why we have not a hundred times more Reaíon to believe, that the Animals in the 2/afculine Seed, when they are grown to perfection, are provided with Matter fit for - Seed, wherewith to propagate their Kind, then that we fhould Forge in our ‘Brains, that Animais come from themfelves, I know no Animal ( {mall {nfe&sonly excepted) thatis fubje& to fo many changes -as a Frog, for out of the Egg, comes forth an Animal, that is more like unto a Worm, then- unto a Frog, and as it could in the begin- ing nothing elfe, but fwim a long by the moving of its Tail, and beating of it from fide to fide, ic doth Swim (after it is come to bea Frog) by pulling in and thrufting out of {t's Four Legs, and it runs and jumps upon the Land, where it alfo gets it's Food. | : Now as the change of the Animals inthe Maículioe Seed cannot be Ín- veltigated by the Eye, as we can do inother things, fo we have the Liberty "to communicate to others,our reafonable thoughts, foas after a moft notable confideration they may be Framed {n our. Brains,fo that every one may think ‘his pleafure. ~ 2L My intention is, fhortly to communicate to you fome of my Obfer- vations, concerning the Motion and Stagnation of the Blood in the Tall of — .a Frog, inthe mean while I remain, ec. T.
\
ie (275) | | II. A Letter of Dr. Wallis to Dr. Sloan, Secic- — tary to tbe Royal Society, giving an Account of fome late Paffages between bim: and. Myn Heer Leibnitz, of Hannover. | oe j gute | “April, 22. 1699. E oe ours FJ Received lately a Letter from Myn Heer Leiluuz, A of March 30th. 1699. wherein'are fome Paffages
- relating to Mathematicks; of which I fhall not at pre- — fent trouble you with a particular Account.
After which follows a Paffage fomewhat relating to the Royal Society, in thefe words: Nefcio quomodo re- miffius nunc trattantur fludia altiora, cum tamen nunquam, pull. tot aditus apertos, facilius. potuerint trattari. Sed
| puto infelicia tempora intercefif[e, dum bella curas bomi- -
num alià vertére, Ita paucà admodum juvenes in prifting glorie [pem fuccrefcunt. | Etzam Natura quam paucos
. wunc Obfervatores diligentes. babet. Utinam, ut Gal/ica _ Scientiarum Academia nuper a Rege [uo reftituta est,
etiam Veftre Regie Secietati novus calor ixfunderetur. > To which what I have thought fit to return in Anfwer,
you will fee afterwards. | - He then fends me the Copy of a large French Letter,
- of 2 Abbé de la Charmoye to 2 Abbé Nicaife, giving him a Particular Account of the Contents of a Freatife. in-.
tended to be fhortly publifhed, congerning the Orzgi- nal of Nations; wherein, out of Ancien: Mythology, he endeavours to difcover an Hiftorical Account of the
. Original of divers Nations. Which Copy Myn Heer
~ Leibuitz defires me to commu sicate -to the Right Reve-
- rend the Bilhop of Lichfield and Coventry (now Bifhop
- of fForcefler] (who doth fometimes make ufe of fuch Bo t S
Methods
| (C274)
Methods where Hiftories are filent) and to fuch others as to whom I may think it grateful, which makes me to - fendit to you, to Communicate as you fhall fee caufe.
To which Myn Heer Leibuitz fubjoins fome Thoughts of his own' to that purpofe, He thinks this French. Author may be perhaps inclinable to be fomewhat par- ‘tial in favour of his Gauls or Celt@, but however that fome good Difcoveries may be hence made. He tells us, as his own fenfe, That Celte olim Germanos & Gal- los complettebantur. Quod Wallica feu Cambrica noftra- Lingua, ef] Semi-germanica, "eter? Gallice proxima, Putatque, faltem fufpicatur, Camros vel Cambros noftros, gro parte, ex =pforum Cimbrig antiquis babitatoribus venife, ut poflea Angli ex po[lerioribus funt egreft. Ti- tanum cum Diis belloveteres intellexiffe putat, Scytbarum vel Celtarum antiquas in Afiam (9. Grazciam irruptiones ; tune cum ibi regnabaut qui poflea Diz funt habiti. Et — Promethei ( Titans) alligationem.ad Caucafum, forte nox aliad defignare, quam, coercitos copia ad Cafpias portas. ^ locatis Scythas. Sed nibil ( inquit ) e£. in bu altra con- - jediuras., me | |
HE An Account of the Abbot Charmoy's Book, . according to his own Relation, fent to Abbot Nicaife, in form. of a Letter, which be calls, L' Origin des Nations. |
"qd "HE Author firft fays, his Book fhall be publith’d: = —underthe Name of, Zhe Origin of Nations. That.
it fhall be an Hiftorical Comment upon the Tenth Chap-. ter of Genefis, where Mofes mentions the firft Fathers and Replenifhers of the Earth, after the Deluge. This. Work the.Author divides into Five Books.. | a | Su E
-
d | ( 275 ) | | In the Firft he difcourfes on that Subject which re- lates to the Inhabitants of the Earth, before the Con- fufion of Tongues, and Tower of Babel; and who it - -was-that undertook this great and wonderful Work or _ Enterprize ; Alfo what Number of People and Tongues there were before the Confufion, and how difperfed throughout all the Lands and Regions of the Earth. In this Book, the Author fays, he fees the perfect Up. rightnefs of Mofes in the 324. of Deuteronomy. Quando dividebat altifimus gentes, quando feparabat fiios Adam, . sconflituit terminos populorum juxta numerum filiorum Tf- . vael; or asfome read it, juxta Numerum Angelorum Dei This Pafiage, and fome others in Scripture con- firming it, have laid open fingular matters, to the Au- . thor, concerning the firft People ; and he finds by thefe . words, Couflituit terminos populorum ; that Noah, by God's fpecíal Command, had, before his Death, laid out, and limited certain Portions of Land fortis three Sons, Sem, Cham, and Tapbet to pofíeís; he proves that Fapher is the youngeft of the three Brethren, Gc. . In the Second Book he difcourfes at large of the De- fcendants of Sem. —— ned dish In the Third, He enquires into the Pofterity of Chay. And... ad ‘In the Fourth, the Eftablifhment of Tapber. . Then the Abbot fays, in the Three Books, that Mon- / fitur Bochard, who deferves great Praife for the good _ Account he left concerning the Colonies of feveral Peo- ple (though in fome confilcrable Paflages he is mif- - taken ) he proves the Priviledges of the Chaldeans , Ethiopians, Gomoreass, and many other Nations. After this, he goes on, faying, that the Pofterity of Cham were the firft Ulurpers, invading fome Rights belonging to the Children of Sem, in their Alotments in 4fa; Canaan, and his Sons, invaded them, who afterwards ! alam S £2 called
eee E t i
- ER UE emn i mE ee a s T a m
nimm ea = * IE »
—-
(6)
called the Land, Canaan ; for moft of this the Author
gives good Proof (as he fays) from the time of the
Canaanites, or Phenicians, who were known to inhabit
the Borders of, before they were eftablifhed in Pale/tine, Moreover, he gives Reafon, why the Twelve or Thir-
‘teen Tribes, who went away from the Camaanites, (even
only fhould be exterminated; and this, the Abbot fays, he proves from Holy Scripture. He then proceeds on many other things, as of Mizraim, or the Egyptians ,
.and concludes this Part with an Account of the firft
Anciéft Tribe they had. |
- In the Author'sFifth Part of bis Work, he fays, he difcovers the beginning of the Ancient Celtics, who were afterwards called Gauls: And he tells the Abbot Nicaife, he will make appear from Fofephus, and other Ancient Writers, that they deícended from Gomer ,
youngeft Son to Fapher; yet will not reft his Proof
here, he’ fays, he will give good Reafons, that Afa Major, toward the Cafpian Sea, was their firft Etablith- ment; that is, about Margia, Hlyrcania, Baéfria, and other adjoyning Parts ; alfo that they had the Name of Gomorians, ot Gomarites, for many Ages, as defcending from. Gomer, Faphet’s youngeft Son. -He then fays,
"That thofe who went out from the Parthians in the fir ft - Age, were called Saces,. or Saques, in Latin, Sace;
and that their Names were celebrated throughout the Eaft, that during this Age they were fcattered all over Armenia, then into Cappadocia near the Lake, and fome time after that,into Phrygia,which paffes into Affa Minor ; where they began to bear the Name of 77£2as, this word
_fignifying in the Celtic, Men of the Earth; though . the Abbot fays, the Gree£s have {trained it too far b
Twyrevs. And then fhews what part of them were eftablifhed from this time to fucceeding Ages on the Euxine-Sea, who had the Name. of Cimmeriass, or
| | Cimbrians :
fag
e)
. Cimbrians; who inhabited afterwards the Cherfoneffan
Cimbria, then Denmark ; after this, they bad the Name. -
of Ce/fes, and then Gauls ; theíe two laft Names figni-
fying in their Language Valorous or Valiant.
_Then the Author returns again to the Zitaws, who are called (he fays) by the ancienteft Greeks Tirinves, Calimachus (adds he ) knew it well, and in his Wri- tings fays, the Celtes or Eaftern Gauls were deícended from them. From hence he tells the Abbot Nicaé/e ,
that they have .done unexpreffible things under that
Name (fince Adrabam’s time) which cannot be con- tained 1in'a Letter; but continues to give this Relation.
"They afterwards made themfelves Matters of Afra Minor,
Thrace, Greece, and the Ifland of Crete, and thea of all
Europe, and if 1 be not miftaken, part of Mauritania ;.
during their ftay in Phrygia, Greece, and Mfland of Crere,
- their Princes lived in those Provinces for near two Cen-:
turies, the Names of four amongít them (which An- tiquity hath preferv’d) 1 Shall here thew you. The firft is Acmon, his Son is called Ophion, by the Poets, Cranes), he was Father to Satarn, whom the Titans or Celtes call Satdora in their Tongue, aad frum him was
born the famous Jupiter ;“ his true Name with them be-
ing Java, or Fou; trom whence is formed the Ancient
. Latins ovs ; Dat he was called fo before they gave
him the Name of Jepiter,-as in fome cafes he {till re- tains the Name of. fovis, inftéad of Tapitris; neither Farro, nor any other Latin, can givea reafon for this,
the thing fecms fo ftrange to them; alfo amongft the
Greeks Plato bimfelf is ignorant, as appears by his be-
- licf. of the Etimology they gave; for which I render a
plain and eafie Rea‘on from the Celticks. By the three »
| Jaft of. their Princes (from whom I derive this my Dif
courfe ) you will be informed of their well-known An-
| tiquity: They had very Potent Kings among(t them,
: bearing
: (278) "bearing that Title, & whofe Names were Saturn and Fa. piter, doing great things, though with a mixture of
Vices and Diforders towards their Friends. They were called Gods of the Firft Order, by which may be feen their Brutality, and what they did to inveigle and de- .ceive Men; { fay, the firft Greeks and Ancient Latins, are the Abbot’s words. You will fee, Sir, their A@tions, _ as well good as bad, defcribed in this Fifth Book, bur ‘it fhall be free from all ridiculous Fables and Fictions of the Poets, for the whole Narration fhall be Authentick, and bear moft Ancient Truth. In the Conclufion of this Paragraph the Abbot feems to be tranfported, and cannot exprefs whether it was a Vifion or Antiquity he. — - had been delineating, and returns again to the Zztaw or Celtic Princes, who Reigned a long time in Greece and |
. : ]
Ztaly, where Saturn, being perfecuted by his own Sons, - fled for Refuge. Their Language was fo mixed with - Greek, that it became almoft o/ick, which is confo- nant to the Ancient Latiz. _ Then he tells the Abbé de Nicaife, how it will fur- prize him, when he relates fome words which agree with the Celtic, efpecially in Numbers; for Example. The Celtic fay dec, Ten, and the Greek d¥xy; the Celtic call Four pedwar, and the olians Tlézogess the Celtic {ay undec, Eleven, dawdec, Twelve, 9c. andthe — Greek "Evdtyg,, Swdexg,, &c. He goes on, afluring him — — that he finds above 1200 Latis words in the Cé/tic, - and fays, he will leave it to any learned Man, who ( he is fure) cannot be againft what feems fo true, viz. _ to judge, that the Celtics had thefe words from the © "Greeks and Latins. Yt remains then lefs furprizing, that the Latin Tongue fhould have fo many of the Celtic Or Gaulic words. But the Omériass (continues our . Author) being the ancienteft People of Ztaly, border- ing and mixing with them, from the beginning, who — vier ear DEO | Were
( 276)
. were the true Gau/s ; it appears, they were called by
the Ancients Propago Gallorum. And from thefe Ov - briaws deícended the Sabines, to whom the Romanus were
fo beholding for many things, among fome of which
the word Quirites; it fhould be pronounced Curztes, as from Cars, which is as much as £affa. The Learned Che fays) are not ignorant of this, but do not know
that Curis, as well as Lancea is from the Cejtie, and
fignifies thg Greeks Keenzes, which occafion’d fe great | pain and ftudy to find the meaning, and from whence -
it came. Then he refers to Strabo for to juftifie what
he fays; and goes on with the Account of the Omér:- ans and Sabines, faying, the Ofcz or Opicz were equal . and Originally Celtics ; and gives fome Reafons that the Laconians were Celtics; he confefles that for the difcovery of this Antiquity, he is much beholding to | the Languages of Europe, efpecially the Zeutonick, or | Germans, whom the Abbot affirms to be derived from | Afchenez, the youngeft Son of Gomer, Father of the | Celtes, ot Gauls; that from Afcbeses came the Daes, | or Lam Dae, or Dai, afterwards called Daces, and | Getes by the Greeks: He was alío Father of the Phry- | giang. From thefe Daes and Phrygians came the Zeutons, | who from the beginning have had great Friendfhip, and: | as great a fhare in the Expeditions with the Celtics or Gauls.’ From theíe Daces ( continues the Abbot ) are | defcended the Ancient Parthians, the Arfacides, who | were fcattered throughout Perfi2, and do {till retain fo many Germas words in their Tongue, as alfo a great many Celtic: But the Greeks taking many more words: from the Phrygian (as Plato obíerves)) it need not feem. - | flrange, that the Greek has fo many of the Teutonic, \fince the Original was Phrygian. The festons were mixed with the Ombrians in Italy, and from thence it happens the Latins have o many more words, efpecially *. Verbs,
——
ce
( 280).
Verbs, which the Abbot paífes over in his Letter, and
. Concludes that the word Germaves, which. the Romans
gave the Zeatons, fhewed the great Friendthip between
"them and the Gaa/s or Celtes, as Strabo well obferves,
were like Brothers. # j
defredo Gulielmo Leibnitio, Hanoverz. _
| Oxoniz, Apr. 20. 1699.
LLuftrifime Vir, ae
U novis me continue cumulas beneficiis: Talia fiquidem reputo tuasLiteras. Quarum ego ali-
1v. Iluftriffimo Celeberrimoque Viro D. Go- |
we (te permittente) meisripterferui ; ut Gemmas & -
rnamenta. Neque tibi €rit dedecori, te ea dudum fuiffe meditatum, qux etiam nunc non forent contem-
nenda.
Ultim:z tuae, 30 Martii date,{erius huc accefferunt quam.
ut poflent. precedentibus aflociari ; quum totum illud. -
opus abfolverant Ty pographi ; iftiufque ego duo exem- ]
plaria tradideram Juveni Menkenio ( D. Menkenii filjo )) quz fufcepit ille fe Parenti fuo tranfmiflurum, | indeque
eorum alterum ad Te transíerendum (quod factum iri. {pero ) dicitque, jam efle in- itinere; Idemque Juvénis iogenuus, qui apud nos egit aliquandiu, ad Patrem die
craftino ait rediturus, eft harum lator.
— Ludovicum | Ferrarium , Bombelio priorem, Aquas ^. tionem Biquadraticam in duas Quadraticas diftribuiffe, ~
iplo Bembe/lio id fponte agnofcente (& Cardano pa- 1
ritér comprobante, ): ego te monente jam reícico. .. Er. -
quidem fufpicor, me id olini apud Bombelium legifle ; — fed, cum illud. jam: ante multos ennos factum fuerit , — iftius ego eran plane. oblitus; tibique gratias habeo:
| ID Ss quod .
(a9) quod candide monueris. Quod de illo peculiarem (crip- ferit differtationem Cardanus, vel neíciebam vel oblitus eram. | Hr | S --- De ZEquationibus Superiorum graduum, exponentem - habentium numerum compofitum, ad inferiorem redu- cendis cujus exponens fit numerusincompofitus proxime minor; ego plane juxta tecum fentio. Atque in hunc, . eredo, finem, Harriotus tot parádigmata fubjecit /Equa- tionum Inferiorum, ex quibus Superiores componi pof- fent, atque in illas refolvi. - | -- De differentiis Inficitefimarum-infinitefimis explican- dis, non eft ut fis porro folicitus. Nam, ut tu mihi fa-- cilis concedis, quod nibili quodvis multiplum fit adbuc nihil; eacem ego facilitate tibi permitto, ut Differeu- - tiasinfinitefima, in infinitefimas dutias,tu merito negli- gas ; potefique id tuto fieri, modo caute, (quod ego vos feciffe, diferte dixeram.) — Quippe, in quovis genere Quantitatum, que differunt. dato minus, reputanda {unt |- ZEqualia, Quo nititur. Exhauftionum doctrina tota, . Veteribus pariter & Recentioribus neceflaria. Methodo tua, cum tibi ufui fit, quo utaris non repugno.
De ^ Zh feu I/- 1,jam ante dixi (quantum mihi vide- tur.) fatis neq; jam vacat rem eam penitius excutere. © | -. Quod tu quereris, Remiffius nunc tractari. altiora » fludia ;. &, Pauctores efle Naturz obfervatores diligen- tes; quadantenus verum éffe non diffiteor. Sed miran- dum non eft, (ut res alias, fic) hominum Studia, fuas * habereviciffitudines. Praefenti feculo (quod jam ad &- mem vergit) Eruditionem, in omni rerum genere, in- | fignes(& quidem infperatos) proceffus obtinuiffe, cer- tum eft ; inre Phyfica, Medica, Chymica, Anatomica, | Botanica, Mathematica, Geometrica, Analytica, Aftro- mica, Geographica, Nautica, Mechanica, ipfag; (quod | minus lzior) Bellica. Et quidem longe majores quam | permulta retro fecula obtinnerat, | Quippe quibus vix
TIC alud -
| | C28» )
aliud fibi propofuiffe videntur homines, quam, ut intel- ligere videantur quz ab Euclide, Ariftotele, cateriíq;. ex antiquis jam olim fuerint tradita ; de progrefiu porro faciendo baud foliciti ; quafi fcientiarum metas potuerint illi, quas tranfcendere fit nefas. Cum vero aufi fint aliqui (& quidem pauci) ultra profpicere ; facti funt aliisanimi, late patentem campum ingredi. Et res novas aggredi, novus ardor, novus impetus impulit ; nec infeliciter. Sed, poftquam bec defiit efle res no- va; hic novusardor deterbruit. Mortui funt. ex fe-. dulis indagatoribus non pauci alii morituri : Juvenes que-non accendebat (ut antea rerum, Novitas, )
Sed et ipfa materiaerat magna ex parte exhaufta ;. ut nontam. Meffiis jam fperanda fit quam Spicilegium... Equidem, jam feffis & fatigatis permittendum videatur, ut quadantenus quieicant, et que hinc factum (pro va- riabili mature hominum,) quod feveriora fludia. negligantur Fieriq; forte poteft, (quod tamen ominari. nollem) ut przíentis feculi diligentiz fuccedat defidia- fequentis. AM |
Optas Tu (& quidem ego pariter) ut, ficut. Gal-. lorum Academica Scientiarum jam videatur refticuta, fic Noftrze Societati Regiz novus calor infunderetur. At-.. que hoc ipfum jam modo monui tuisverbis. Sed & ipfi. (quod tibi non difplicebit) reapíem me monentem preve- — nerant; qui jam nuper fibi novas leges pofuerunt, vari-- - as hujusmodi Inquifitiones viritim promovendi. Sed. — & inter Gallorum illam Academiam, noftramg; Societa-. * tem,hoc intereft Difcriminis ; Fruuntur illi fumptibus Re-- gis, fuifg; gaudent fingulatim Salariis. Noftri fuis. - fumptibus agunt omnia. ' |
Verum etiam,ubi obtinueris quod ego tibi nuper- | nifi Volumen meum Tertium; videbis, in Flamftediiad — me Epiftola, non plane otioíos noftrates effe;ut qui, ' tum Fixarum loca plurima a fe fedulo obfervata narrat 5.
: LAUR . tum
(283 ) 4 cum nobile exhibet Phanomenon, Parallaxeos Orhis Ay. nui Telluris, ab ipfo deprehenfum, & continuis Annoruny Odo obíervationibus inter. fe collatis flabilitum. Phx.
nomenon per aliquot retro fecula fruftra quefitum, & fere defparatum, nunc in Anglia primo dctectum. Literarum exemplar tuis inclufum, mittendum curavi (quod tu petis)ad D. Epifcopum nuper A/aphenfem nunc Lichfieldi-Coventrienfem, mox futurum Wigornien/em (feu Worceftrenfem.) | X anne Idq; mihi jam in mentem revocat "Tractatum bene longum, cujuídam Ola: Rudbeck, Succi ; ante Annos ( fi fatis memini) quafifexdecim (aut etiam plures ) editum, (faltem fuo id tempus a me confpectum ;) quo dedu- cere fatagit, ex veterum Mythologia, res Hiftoricas, quae Fabulis hifce fecerint occafionem ; et fpeciatim,ex ZZome- rica natratione Itincrum @/y/is (poft captam Zrojam, )de- ducit eum (partim Navigio,partim Terreftri itineres,Sep- tentrionem veríus,atq; ad extremas oras Suecze Septentri- onales; ubi figit Rudbekins Columnas Herculis, (non ad fretum Gi£ra/tar;) indeq; per oras Norwegze, (jam dix) . Infulafq;Britansicas circumvectum, perducit ad Pheacum Infulas (jam Canarizas aut Afores forte ditas; ) indeq; per fretum Gibraltar & Mediterraneum Mare, ad fuam tan- | dem Zzbacam reftituit. Omniaq; hzc, ex Poctarum
|
| Mythologia defumptis characteribus, adorant haud in- | venufte ; ut, fivera non fint, magnam (altem habe- want veri fimilitudinem. | Id autem ego inibi fpeciatim | notavi quod habet ex Poetarum quodam veterrimo, | (cujus ego nominis jam fum oblitus,) de quadam In- fala (prope Britanniam) tum olim à. Mari abforpta ; | unde Mare totum, circum circa, redditum eft longo - | tempore lutofum, & ceno turbidum, ut per plures - | Annos navigari non potuerit.; donec tandem, difperío fenfim luto, ad (tatum eum redierit quem jam cerni-
mus, - ! So p ur Q ualis
? b ( 284 ) ee | Qualis fuerit hzc infula,aut ubi particulatim fitas non "memini quod Rudbekius diferte dicit ; nequidem ex con- jeCtura. Sed mihi fubit cogitare ( cxteris ftantibus, ) hoc infinuari poffe, Ruptufam I(thmi, quo Britannia fu- eyat olim (ante omnem harum rerum certam Hiftoriam) cum Gallia conjun&a. Quippe fi talis fuerit olim Ifth- mus,marium impetu Britannici & Germanici coeuntium Cifthmumg; marino ZEfto, utrinq; verbérantium, ) ruptus, (quod nod eft inopinabile,) neceffe.eft ut inde ta- lia obvenerint Phznomena que narrantur, Non enim .tota moles Ifthmi foret uno impetu difcuffa 5 fed, poft quam Marium alterum, Ifthmi fummum tranícenderat, - molemq; illam (eundo & redeunda) fenfiam abluerat ; lu- . tofum interim turbidumq; fa&um eft (propter Maria jam conjun&taquz fuerant Ifthmo pridem difterminata ; indeg;; ortam infuetum Marium. horum .motum,) haud Navigabile ; donec, turbidis hifce mo tibus tan- dem compofitis, in pacatum ftatum redirer. Ego ni- hil hacia re ftatuo, fed rem totam pernitius confideran- dam permitto. Ad id quod Tualicubi quzris, de Lito- - ribus Gallico & Anglicano ; Hoc porro dicendum putem; Pretuptos Clivos atq; pre altos (congeneris Materias, & . fimil: fitu, quafi ad perpendiculum) erectos ad Dubrim & Caletum Longum tractius contra pofitos(ubi eft breviffi- - mus Trajes ab Anglia in Galliam) magnam przfi ferre - fpeciem, quafi fueriut olim aliquando (ante hominum memo- - riam) (Ifthmo continuati, nec nifi rupto Iftmo (qui Angliam © forte cum Gallia conjunxerat) feparati ; & quafi dilacerati, * Multog; que dudum me legiffs memini, apud Rudbekii At- | lanticam (fed quz poft tot Anno,non jam diftin&e reminifcor © a veteri nefcio quo Scriptore deprompta, mihi videntur hac | Ípeé&are. Quzille aliam trahit;puta;ad Infulam (nefcio quam) quam fupponit ille'a Mari abforptam ; unde factum fit Mare (per multos Annos) cznofüm, tervidum, & innavigabile, fed — huic Ima (fiquis olim fuerit) hzc aptius convenirent. Tu ' interim vale ; atq; favere dignare. TOM m^ : Tui obfervantiffimo eter. PLS. Ang. 29. 99° - Johanni Wallis.
" 2 - a] eT tr 1 3 die ^. - ' MG "
( 285 ) | Numb.255
V. A Letter from Dr. Wallis to Dr. Sloan, Se-.— _cretary to tbe Royal Society, concerning fome fappofed Alteration of the Meridian Line ;
which may affect the. Declination of the Mag- ; netical Needle, and the Poles Elevation.
Oxford Toe Er 1699.
E I R, I Ke ed (two days pite a rre Cis me direéted)
from an unknown Perfon (without any nime Sub- fcribed, or mention of the Place from whence,) con ‘taining a Suggeftion about {ome Variation of the Me- ridian Line, (which, if fo, ma yconfequently affe@ the variation of the Maguetick Needle, and the Elevation of the Pole,) which he defires may be Communicated ; i: ae is eae, as folleweth, —
6a For the Riad Dr. gübn Wallis rye Pro- * flor | in Oxford, thefe, fuse 12, 99. Sir, Thiscomes «© from one who is no ftranger to your Abilities, t though: ** unknown to your Perfon; however’ 1 prefume ona ** Minute of your Leifure, without any further Apo- “logy, than that I hope it may tend to promotea .** Point of Learning. Upon Reading the Philofophical “ Tranfation, Num. 241. Ajdast was wondering how * anordinary Mathematician could mits fo eaty a ‘thing ..* as the drawing a true 7Meridian, | hit upon a Thought, € that Meridzans mutt needs vary ; but ‘whether in fuch . © manner, and proportion, as appears in the Inftance * of that Zranfadion, 1 am not able to determine :: _ * Having contented my felf with fuch skill in- A(trono- * my as fzrves only to contemplate the wonderful Fa-
v * brick of the vifible Heavens, without ad ding (o much ^ Geome-
*
( 286 )
““ Geometry and Arithmetick, as are needful for ma- -
-king Calculations. What I would offer,is this;Taking '** for granted that the Earth moves, ©c. You know, “ that befides the Diurnal and Annual Revolutions, “ there muft alfo be a Third, to account for that flow * Motion of the fixed Stars, upon the Poles of the % Ecliptick, in about 25000 Years ; which is folved by * the direction of the Earth's Axis fromene Point to .* another of the Polar Circle. And that direction be- * ing nothing but a certain wabble in the Earth's Mo- tion, muft needs make the Noon-fhade ofa Perpendi- .cular not lye always in the fame Line. I would re-
next Yranfactions, if | were (ure that it were not * a Blunder. But if fo, I have thisto excufe, that I *'have not made it tedious. J am, Sir, your moft ** bumble Servant. |
Now, this being a new Suggeftion, and which (if well grounded) may be of confiderable confequence |
-(bothas to the Declination of the Magnetick Needle, and the Poles Elevation). and therefore deferving to be. well confidered: And, it not being very probable, that fo careful a Man as Zicho, and thofe concerned in the
‘Church of St. Petrosio (mentioned in the Tranfactions, -
Num. 241.)fhould be fo much miftaken in the Meridian Line: lthoughtfit to recommend it (as is defired)
to your confideration, and (thereby) tothe Thoughts — |
of. others... But, if there be ought of thisnature ; it
- —— muftarife from a change of the Zerre/frial Poles (here
. on Earth)of the Earths Diurnal Motion ; (not. of their pointing to this or that of the fixed Stars: ) For, if
the Poles of this Divrnal Motion remain fixed tothe '
. fame place on the Earth; the Meridians (which pafs
through thele Poles) muft remain thefame. |^ ^, ho dé Ha Your Humble Servant,
John Wallis.
queft, that this hint might be improved in one of the
VL 4»
(387 )
VL An Exirad of a Letter. from Mr. Thomas: ^ Buffkin of Colchefter to Dr. Wallis, con- - cerning the ufe of the Numeral Figures in
England, es old as the Tear 1090. And,
concerning the Application of an Air-pump,
to bi -glafles.
a
- Colcheffer, June 22. 1699.
aro Sir,
Having lately taken notice of. your accurate Trea | € tife of Hiftoric and Pra@tic Algebra, and finding. Hs therein that you cannot Trace the ule of Numeral Figures | amongft us in England lower than the Year 1133; and. |' I meeting with an undeniable inftance of their exceed- . ing that Age by 43 Years amongft us, I thought the
| Communication of it to you could not but provefatis-.— . factory. And if it really do fo, I fhallinjoy the utmoft —
of my ambition. The account take as followeth ; O- - | veragainft our Market place, ftands the Houfe of Mr. | Furly, a Linnen-Draper ; fome of the backermoft part. | of which is an Ancient Romaz building, but the Front: | is of Lefler ftanding, and Timbred. Upon the bottom Cell (which isalmoft in the form of a Triangular Prifin) - | of one of the Windows of the Front, between two | Carved Lions,ftands an Efcutchion, containing only thefe - ‘Figures rogo (as near.as my rude hand can delineate . them.) They are of a Secretary form [er rather /quare. - Zext,] the Periphery of the Ciphers, and Nine, are. | rather Fracted than Flected, prominent, large, and very. | fair; but to miake them the more perfpicuous, they. ‘are Guilded by the Proprietor. The Window looks directly North; the Date being thereby preferved . "d s from..
UU UO ar a a | ( 288 ) from the fcorching heat of the Sun; and by its incli- . mation (falling from the Verten [er perpendicular] by ah Angle of about 60 degrees) from Kain, Snow, Ge; It’s poffible that it. may be obje&ed, that the Second and Fourth Figures, may repretent that amongít the Aradz- Lians (from whom we feem to have received our Nume- ral Figures, and they theirs, from the: Jadzans,) which is with usa 5; To this lanfwer, that. the Window is in England and not in Arabia; nor is there any likelyhood that ever it was imported from thence ; [por és o with all the Arabs, ufed for 5, but with fome for a Cipher, and fo it was ufed by the Moors in Spain, who firft brought thefe Figures into our parts s nor is the Square 9 an A- rabick Letter, but an Englifh Letter, of that Age.) And the form of thefe Figures toon degenerated from that of the Arabs, into füch as we now. ufe, if not at the firft reception fram the Arabs [or Moors) certainly long be- fore 1595 (as this conftru&tion would make it.) | Szr, a- bout three Months fince I. received your Letter in An- fwer to-one of mine. Ia order to compenfate which fa- vour, I fhall (if you teftify your’ willingnefs to receive it) oblige you with a defcription of an improvement, or rather invention (of my Brothers) of a neat, compact, very portable Air-pump, applyed to. Cupping ; with 2 . or.3 Sudtions of which,a períon may exhauft the Air from a Large Cupping-Glafs ; and,by the preflure of the . External Air upon the Circumjacent parts of the Body . (and not by fuga vacui) the Flefh fhall be admirably — forced up into the Glafs ; and, by continuing of the Suc- - tionasneed fhall require, he may take away what quan- © “tity of blood he pleafeth, It is ani nvention of ex- traordinary advantage to Mankind, Ge.
Tour moft obliged Servant | "Thomas Luffkio. AS | Some —
(389) :
VIL Some Attempts made to prove that Herbs of tbe fame Make or Clafs for the general- lity, bave the like Vertue and Tendency to work the fame Effects.In a Difcourfe made
- before the Royal Society by Mr. James Petiver- Apothecary,and Fellow of the faid Society.
YAving by fome Perfows been asked what Method À might be beft propofed towards the Zifceverzzg of the Vertues of Plasts, amongít others I thought this _ might not prove an altogether unfuccefiful conjecture, Viz. That Plants of the (ame Zzgare or Likenefs,have for the generallity much the fame Vertaesand Vfe:- Efpecially if we confider, that the Organs or Strudure - of all Plants of the.fame Family or C/afs, muft have ~ much the fame Veffels and Dadtus’s to confummate that Regular formation, and confequently the Juices Circu- -* lated and ftrained thro’ them cannot be very | ZZereroge- neous ; and thatas for the moft part , the Scent and Zaf have great affinity, fo of courfe their Pertue likewife cannot be very diffonant. — x. As for Inftance, the ZZerbe Umbeliferae or Tribe of Ombelliferous Herbs. Thelethe Learned Mr. Ray hath accurately Treated of in the 9th. Book of his excel. lent ZZzflery of Plants, pag. 406. and his Sysopfts p. 63. andin his 24. Edition, pag. tor. as hath Mr. Dale alío in his Pharmacologta, pag. 202. — | _ It’s the property of thefe Herbs to havethe Pofition tof their Flower-branches to proceed from one Bafis or + Center, which expand themíelves into an Umbel, whofe | _ Flowers confit of Five irregular or rather unequal, (that. _ is, differing in fhape and bignefs ) pentapetalofe Leaves, : o | "Uu: from
" ( 290 ) from whence their Seed are produced, whichare naked
or double, or by their fplitting feem fo. ^ This Genus 1 generally obíecve to be endowed with a Carmiuative Taft and Smell, are powerful expellers . of Wind, and are therefore good in all flatulent Di- {eafes, and of great ufe in the Chollick, &c. To Inftance a few for Example, as Anifs, Caraway, Cummin, Angelica, Smallage, Parfly, Lovage, &c. 1 |
Here. is to be noted, that the Seed of Umbels are moft ufed, as in all thofe juft mentioned, and the Roots alío of fome are no leís prevalent, Viz. the Angelica, Fennel, Parfly and Smallage,and the Leaves of fome few, Wiz. thefe laft recited. Sone! | " — 2. Let us now look into another Clafs, Viz. the Plantz Galeate and Verticillate, Rau Aiift. Plant. lib. 11.
pag. 508. Synops. 77. and Ed. 2. 122. The Medicinal -
ones of this Tribe arealfo Treatedof in Mr. Dales Manududtio ad materiam Medicam, pag. 230. Thefe area ‘Family of Plants which bear their Flowers in Rundels or Whorles, at more or lefs diftances round the Stalk, whofe Monepetalofe Flowers, if we may fo call them,being fuch at the bottom, being Zubulofe, contrary to the laft,
andare generally divided into Five. unequal Segments.
as the Umbels, but with this diftin&tion, that the two
greater petala or Flower-leaves in this Tribe are fomes. -
times above, and other times below ; whereas the a thers are conftantly the fame, that is always lye in the fame place, being expanded on a flat or plain Surface : The Filewers of our Verticillated Plants from the dif-
ferent Pofition of their Peta/2, are therefore diftin- —
guifht under the Flore Galeatz fen Labiate. The Calyxor — Cafe to the lower, or Zabulofe part of each Flower ferves: .
. alfofor it's Seed Veffc], in the bottom of which is con- ~
tained, in all I have yet obferved, 4 Seeds fet clofe to-
gether upon a Plain, which Nature lets fallout when | ripe, -
*
APT NT e
| | ( 291 ) | ripe, the Husk being always open, and commonly di. - _vided into Five Points, Adequating the Segments of each -
Fiower. | : | .. Now whereas the greateft Vertue of the Umbeliife.
rous Tribe, were fpecified tolyein the Seed, and next to
them the Roos, there are few or none as I have yet ob- ferved in this Genus famous for any extraordinary Ver- - tues or Effects in thofe parts, but the Sovereign balm of -thefe chiefly confift in their Leaves and Alusks, rather then the Flowers ; which laft, efpecially all Authors has hitherto. given the preference to; as for Example, in the
Flowers ot Rofemary, Lavender and Sage, particularly
the firft, as the only part from which our beft Queer of | Alungary's Water is extracted. I will therefore take this
occafion to give my Reafons, for preferring that part - which by all others has been hitherto neglected and "lighted, or if ufed, has been by accident only or cafual- _ fly by being contiguous to the Flower. —
4 would not be thought to propofe this Azypothefs for €heapuefs fake, for if my aflertion holds good, as I1 doubt not to prove it, | fear they will quickly fell the
— ZHusks as dear as the Flowers, if they find a great vend ora frequent demand for them. uj * _. My Reafonsfor giving the preference to the Hlusks of this Tribe, before the Plowers,are, becauíe I. com- monly obferve the Calyces are the chiefe(t, if not the only part on which I find it's Vifcous or Sulphureous Par- ticles ro adhere, this you may very eafily perceive, not only by it's much. ftronger and penetrating {mell, but . by the Clamminefs of this, far beyond the other parts, as is very apparent, particularly in the ZZusks of Sage | and Clary, and if. with Spirit of Wine you make a Di- |. flillation of thefe alone,you will find them: much ftrongcr | then from a. greater quantity of Flewers only, which
Ly
} being of finer aad more Volatile parts, are oni; capable
:
vt.) AA
I
| -t Cg. J of retaining what the vicinity of the ftronger and thicker Texture , which the Ca/yces are compofed of, and can without prejudice eafily communicate to them. Ilook upon the generality of this Tribe,to be a de- gree Warmer then the laft, and their Heat confequently to approach nearer to the Aromat or Spices,then the Car- minatives, and the Effe&s therefore to be more pecu- liarly appropriated to fuch Nervous Difeafes, as are ‘more intenfe,andthe Z/m£e/liferz cannot (o quicklyreach, Viz Apolexies, Epilepftes, Palfes, &c. in which cafes our Lavender, Rofemary, Sage, Stechas,and fome others, are Simples which all cur antient Phy/tians (in thefe ftubborn Difeafes) have very much applauded. Yet at the fame time we muft not forget the many Celebrated
Effects that are owing to fome others of this Family, as
Mint, Bawm, Pennyroyal, Savory, Time, Hyffop, Marje- rom, Bafil, Origanum , Dittanny of Creet, Marum or common Maftick-cime, with Marum Syriacum and fome
-
other, no lefs Noble Herbs of this Family, that I have .
lately received both from the Eaf? and Weft-Indies, which J have alfo. Experienc'd in fome Cafes with very good fuccefs. | 3. We proceed next to thofe herbs which have a Zerra- petalofe. Regular Flower,(by Regular | mean,fuch as have
Four equal petala in each Flower), thefe Mr. Ray .
_ Treats of in his Sixteenth Book of his Hzfory of Plants, and in his Sywopfts Stirpium Brittannicarum pag. 108.
and in his Second Edition, p. 164. under the Title of
Flerbe Flore Tetrapetalo uniformi and by Mr. Dale in
his Pharmocalogia, under the fame CharaGer pag.292. . thefe in Relation.to their Seed-Veflels, are fub-divided —
under two Heads, Viz. Siliquofe vel Capfulate, being
fuch as have their Seeds containedin long or fhort re- —
ceptacles as Podds or Capfules,
ne The 7 |
Be ( 293 ) The known Herbs of this Genus that are moft com- monly ufed.in Phyfck, are the following, zx. The Sinapi, Raphanus, Eruca, Alliaria, Paronychia ot Whit- Jow grafs, Sophia Chyrurgorum, Eryfimum, Nafturtium,
. Cochearie utrinfg; with íome others.
: muft be added.
The moft Effential Vertue and ufe of the Herbs of this C/afs Y obíerve are more particularly in the Leaves and Seed, and next them the Roots, and if any parts are flighed, it’s the Flowersand Podds. me | The Leaves are more particularly ufed in the Wa- ter and Garden Creffes, Sea and Garden Scurvy-grafs, Fledge-Muftard, Iberis, or Sciatica Creffes, Lepidium {eu Piperitis Officinarum, Cardamine, Burfa paftoris, &c.
-To which may be added our Cabbage, Coleworts, Sa-
voys, Sprouts, &c. which are of this Tribe alfo; and tho’ they are of no great Reputation in Phy/fick, yet for fome Ages paft they have got no {mall efteem in the Hitchen. pe 1 | Others of this Family that are moro; peculiarly e-
minent for the Verte contained in their Seed, are the
Common Mullard and Rape, the Thla/pi Diofcoridis or Treacle Muftard, the Eruca or Rocket, and Sephia Chy-
- rurgorum or Flixweed, the Seed of which laft I am
informed, by avery Worthy Member of this Society,
hath for fome Years paft been ufed by feveral People
in the North of England, for the Stone and Gravel with with very good fuccefs. The like hint, if I miftake not, Signior Paul Boccone gives us in his late Jta/zam Book, Tntitled Mufeo di Fifca. | :
— We come now to the Roots, Two or Three of which have gained no ímall repute, as well in Diet as Phy-
fick, Viz. The Radifbes, both Garden and Spanifb,( which
is the large Black-rooted ;) as alfo the Wild or Hlorfe Ra- difb, and to thefe the round and long Rooted Zurnep
Moft
| ( 294 ) ee Molt of this Zribe I find, tho’ they are bot. like th
two laft, viz. the Umbelliferz and Verticillatz, yet -
they exert their power in a much different manner, to wit, by a Diuretick volatile Salt, and are found moft pre- valent and effectual in Chronick Difeafes, as the Scur- / «y, Dropfy, Gout, Faundice, and other il habits of the Body, where the Blood is vitiated, rather in it’s Par- ticles, then irregular Motion, carying off it's impurity bya Diuretick Difcrafis or difcharge of the offending Heterogeneos Salts therein contained, and confequently
by purification, difpofing of it to a better, or more fane
-difpofition. i, NER | Whether thefe conjectures agree with the opinion of fome Practitioners of Phyfick, 1 know not, but! am
certain the effects of many of thefe Herbs, asWater- —
Creffes, Garden and Sea Scurvy-grafs, with Muftard-feed, and Garden and Horfe Radifb, which are ail of this Fa- wily, are by moft, if not all Phyfitians, as well Antient as Mordern, allowed to be extraordinary Déureticks and Anti-{corbuticks.
Something more might be faid on thefe Heads, and fome other. Claffes, which at another ‘time I fhall endea- vour : to Illuftrate, if what I have here already humbly offered, may be thought Worthy the acceptance of fo Ulluftrious and Learned a Society Bee Sa
Mey the 10th, | —
1699. ^ — :
*
us ( 295 )
VIN. A 'idipus of Shells, n. gathered
at the land of Afcention, by Mr. James Cuninghame Chirurgeon, with what Plants be there Obferved; Communicated to Mr. . James Petiver Apothecary, and Fellow of the Royal Society.
. I Intend to range the following Shells, M oue to
the accurate Method of that moft Sagaczous Natu- raliff and Expert Phyfitian Dr. Martyn Liffer, in his Elaborate and curious “iftoria five Metbodus Couchyli- erum, and ínall thereiore begin with, - x. Buccinum parvum brevé afperum. | i This comes next of Kin to that which Dr. Lifer kept alive in his Garden a whole Summer or more, which
was brought him from Jamacia,by that Zadaftrious
Promoter of Natural kwowledze Dr. Hans Sloan, and very nearly Refembles, if not the fame, as Dr. daten himfelf afferts, with that variety which he has Figured
in his excellent ZZifferia Conchyliorum Lib. 1. below Lif. nin: X Num. 28. without a name, it being lefs, the Nodes Ln. —— fharper, and not Umbilicated.
. 4. Pecten ex rubro alboque fafciatus, uodis inflati ftriatus. an 2 P. ruber firiis circiter 10 nodofis, five bul» Jatis &9 inequalibus donatus, Lift. Fifi, Conch |l. 3.18 H.Conch-
E Fig. 24 lide 3. Fig.24.; Mug. Oftrea rupefiris fulcata, capite cavo. | A * Spondylus fere ruber muricatus Litt, FT, C. 2 T Bs
Thefe are alfo found on the Barbadves Shore, yer. rarely in Pairs and entire, the only one I have yet ob-
Aerved, ds in the incomparable Mufeum.of that moft
| Curie
( 296 ) '
— Curious Preferver of both Natural and Artificial Rari-
5. B I3. H.'C. L3. F. 319. - - Jr Lift... H5 CG
ties, and my Worthy Friend, Mr. Wz/liam Charlton in the Middle Temple. — : . 8. Pectunculus albus, parvus, friatus © fafciatuus. 6. Pe&unculus albus compreffusrugis faciatus. an. ? P. arbicularis planior rugofus Lift. H. C. 1.3. Fig. 119. 7. Pe&unculus triguetrus albus, ftriatus, undis ra-
fefcentibas.
P3 2 eae The 94th.Figure in the 2d.€lafs of Bonánnus his Shel/s,
Bos. p. 111. Fig. 94».
8.
exactly Hefembles this, it is alfo next of Kin to Dr. Lifters Jamaica one, figured in his ZZi57. Conch. l 3. pag. 153. | | | |
8. Mufculus arcuatus major, fulcis profundior ftri-
Lift. H. é 2, 4145. an ? M. angustior crafforibus firiisdonatus undatim
Fig. 209. 9.
Lif. H. C.
depidlus, Lift. H.C. l. 2. Fig. 209. | | 9. Mufculus zrzguetrus albus minor cancellatus. Ihis is much larger then the Garwfey Shell, which .
13. Figs Dt. Lifter has Figured in his Hist.C. /. 3. Fig. 69.
10.
LIT.
12.
Bon. p. 52. Fig. 20. Lit. B.
I3.
*
Lif, H. C.
L 4. Sed, 6
Fig. 1.
otherwife very like it, and therefore it may rather be that above it, Figured in the fame Page, under Num. 67. without a Name. | .. 10. Balanus compreffus albus, 6. fiffuris, fulcatus. 1r. Patella foraminofa minor , Striis ex allo ru- broq; alternis. *. - xz. Vermiculus, circumflexus albicans, fuperneé Stri- atus, | This feems very much to Refemble that which Philippus Bonannus in his Recreatio Mentis © Oculi hath Figured under Num. 20. Lit. B. of his Firf? Clas, Pag, 92. |. ideo odi? 13. Nerita bidens faciis fulcatu, ex albedine nigroq; Striata, clavicula produétiore. | | . This may be one of thofe Figured in the 1/7. Chapter, * Liiferi Hift. Conch. lib. 4. Sect. 6. De Nerits dentatis, claviculà paululum prominente, but the dip of | | . fome
x» crifpo & afpero.
Name.
"CR. fome cf them are fo nice, that I dare not yet be pofitive which of them it certainly i is. | 14. Concha. Venerea media Callanei coloris, utrag; capite bimaculato. = : I5. Buccinum Perficum parvum, Hriatum, fufcum, s
X
ore urit
Buccinum dentatum leve fubrufum, fafciis in-
| ‘cubits , fve maculatis depittum, Litt. H. C. h 4. Sect. 11.
Eig. This Shell was 1 Inch 2long and near $ thick, it's
ground pale Brown, fafcitated with darker (pots; often
feparated by lighter, crofs the Middle of the upper Whirle is à Remarkable pale Lift, befet with Arrow-
headed Brown Marks : The Mouth is Canulated along.
the left Lip; the Middle of the other fide is (mooth, the top fomewhat Warted, but.atthe lower part which isnear the Middle of the Shell is one very confpicu-
' ous Ridge, attended underneath with a {maller, by thefe
a dead She/l may be eafily known I have Received thefé alfo from Barbados, as hath Hee
| Dr. Lister from Famacia,
. Bucciaum Zzingue igi tenue, ex rufo db DU Euow-
Muricstum Lift. Z7, C. di 4. $. 12. Fig. 1. . Lit. Ht. C
A very fair Shell of the fame, but much lefs, was 25s o 12.
gathered on the Z//and .of Flores in the Eait- Indies ee Platt,
Mr. Rowlfton Jacobs. Buccinum roftratum faciis elatis ore crifpa. This feems to be Figured in Dr. Lifter, his 77. AS t Conch. 4 4. S. 14. under Numb, 36. withouc A Lid HG hg $. 14. Fig.36
Buccinum sez oraatum, coftis iifdem alatis, . E o Dr. Lifter has Figured Three or Four of this Species in his FourthjBook, 14th. Section at Nam. 38. Ge.
nl
Xx. : Dre
id MAD GC uh hr 2». Dr. Grew his lefler Perfian Wilk, with furrowed — Lips. Mus : Reg, Soc. 127. Tab. 9. Fig. Dorf.and Veatr. | | | P Buccinum recurvirofirum ventricofum, labro pulvi- gato, variegatum ftriatum, magnis preterea fulcis ad cla-
viculam | donatum Lift. £7. C. 1.4. S. 15. Fig. D. 57.
Turbo awritus Muricatus Bonan, pag. 132. Fig. poe. -. ; ( |
This Author fays, the French call this Shell the Purfe, becaufe there is joyn’d to it’s jong and narrow Mouth,
(one of whofe Lips is tooth’d, the other notched) a Glo-
lar puff, like a full Bag, or Parfe. :
Ihe Figüres inall thefe Authors have reverfe Pof- wp tures, and muft therefore be viewed on the back fide of . . the Paper, holding it between the Eye and the Light, - and then you fee it in it’s Natural pofition, To the $eZs we add : ui Our {mall Warted Barbadoes Sea Egg. 2t. Echinus Ovarius Barbad. verraci plurimis minoribus Mus. Pedver Mus. Petiver. 123. "E | | a _ The Spines of thefe are Purplifb, efpecially the 7755, ' ghe largeft I have yet feen, exceed not a Crom-quill in thicknefs, and are {carce an Inch long ; they end point- - ed, andare finely ftriated if ftri@ly viewed. The na- ked Shell of this was fomewhat more than fix Inches ia Circumference, and about 5 Broadways and 5% Length- pays. | | We come now to the Vegetables, Sc. Viz. Chamelyce frutefcens elatzor floribus comofts.
This.chiefly differs from the Eaf£ and Wef?- India forts of this Species, in having all it's Flowers at the top only, and thofe in Clufters, fomething Refembling — our Lauruftinus,, A : |
22s
eee . E ' "t Cha- ~ s: . ‘ ^ 4 5 ; t
? Nw,
gt AT ^ Lt pa DIE ai e a j vira -
4
ee
—— A
Creme a UI e e
-—- aye Spee qv E
E Gardens with us; of which this feems a true Bree 112. " Viz, Of the Altea Arborcícens glabra Xetmia dicta, I
*
C209 )..
Chamzfyce frutefcens humilior fares comofts. 24.
The Flowers aud Seeds of this grow kethelatam = . |
Clufters, at thetop of each Sprig only, ihe Leaves grow alfo in pairs, but much cloler tog: ther; this is more Branched, and feems Shrubby, the Stalks i bei ing Woody ; yet the Spriss much fhorter, many of them not more then 1 Inchand: from the Woody Stalk; and yet plene tifully ia Flower.
Indian Forked Leav’d Sea-Bindweed.
“6 à 24. i Soldaneila Malabarica cordato folio ius. Petiver. 98. de Petiver.
Convolvus maritimas majore folio Chinenfis Pluk. Pluk, 24. f.
Tab. 24. Fig. 5. Marinus Catharticus folio rotundo, E
«89. f. 1
Plum. p. 89. Fig. 104. qui Fis J}
| Though I have often times fcen the Leaves of thefe c. 69. Fig.— whole, at the point; yetthey are Benseally found Fork." UD ed, and fometimes very large. : | PL3.Fig 89. Ketmta fetida flere luteo fundo purpureo. KT QUE
fet fi : f: pen : Tab. $3. pag.
The Leaves of this, are fomewhat like our Black. ,,7.
poplar, they are often Notched, but not jagged like the SL. Zen. 7.
common kind of Shrab Mallows, which grows in molt um d £49.
ae H, 726. V2 31i p. 957. Whofe name I follow to d: ifii ae
it from ffe Althea’s and Aleca’s, amongft whom it has
hitherto been falfly plact, they having naked Seed, and
t
Feftuca juuceis foliis, fpica minus Sparfa, arista tri- [t 2d. 6
| fidi. au 9$ Gramen Avenaceum, pawicula minus fparsd, SL. Fam. 35. - cujas fi w^ grana 3 ariftas long; ffimas babent. SL. Jam. Pl. 5.
LOS
Ihe Roots are all. Fibres, whitith and adams. the Leaves long and narrow like fmal! Rufbes, the Spike VE" pecrigtia.
ry much Refembles our Capons tail Grafs, which grows
with us pretty common on the Brick-wails about Lon:
| don; but what i in this is moft Remarkable is, that exch
Xx 1 ghuma
j this a Capfule. f D dS } um
Place.
27.
€ 300 )
gluma or busk, terminates inthree Awns, two of which are even, the other fomewhat lorger.
This fame Grafs Mr. George Stoneftreet brought me fome time fince from tbis fame Z//asd. Dr. Sloan hath alfo obferved one very like it near the. City of Fuschalin the 7/le of Maderas. |
Thefe are all che P/azts except Purflain, which this
| inquifitive Perfon could find at this Z//asd, What he
elle obferved is as follows, Viz. : -Corallium album minus Conglomeratum, ^ — This feems a Congeries or Clufter of our {mall White
: Eaglifh Coral Clung together, and which is oiren Cruft-
28.
Ray Syb. Ed. 2. pag: 346- Pl. 3.
29.
ed over with the fame fubftance. Spongia globofa reticulata Coralloides.
This grows very like our common Branched Coraline Mofs, and exactly Refembles Mr. Doodys Picudofpon- - gia Ceralloides, Ray's Synops. Edit. 24. pag. 346. but oF gives way as other Sponges, whereas his is brit- t é :
e. A. ‘This I found in the hollow of a dead Echinus, brought from .Afcentzos. . | ! d a Terra Spongiofa nigricans, Carbonilus exuffis per- fimilis. — | b This is what feveral parts of the Earth is covered with, andin many Places it lies in Heaps, it’s. very light and porous, eXadly Refembling a Ciader or Burnt- Coal. — : mer — . Gláteola-Maritima Perlata. Inflead of fine Sand, the Shoar here is Stored with this fort of Grért or {mall Gravel, a great part of which
. IsÍmooth and fhining like Millet Seed or Pearl,
| | ( 301 ) Part of a Letter from Mr. Leuvenhook, Dated
Jane oth. 1699. concerning the Animalcula . an Semine humano, @c. : |
WT did happen fo that a certain Dr. of Phyfick did Ac-
- commodate me with a Book called Novelles de la
. Republique des Lettres,and shewing me on the 552 pag. an Extractin Latze, of a Letter Written by Mr.
Dalen Patius to the. Writer of the Novelles, wherein the Author of the Letter amongft the reft fays thus,
At length it has hsppened beyond expectation, viz.
by way ot a Magnifing-Glafs, fo good (without praife be it (aid) that none better can be made, becaufe it - doth hardly exceed the tmalleft vifible Point in. bignefs, : Sc 3 | | P:
i When he is {peaking about the fmall Animals in the
Seed of the Male, he tays thus. im Befides thefe, we diícovered fome fmall Animals, of -
the fame fhape, as are in the Pools in the Month of. -
May, &c. like the Spawn of Frogs taat is in fmall Wa- ters; and this Body doth hardly exceed the D gaefs of a {mall Corn-grain, the Tail being Four: or Five times as big as the Body ; thefe do move themfelves with a
ftrange quickneis, (c. and make withthe beating of their Tail, fmall Bubbles, whichthey alfo did pull
along. a | d — How fhould we have believed,that in them, a Human
— . Body was Lockt up, ($c. Yet notwithftanding we have
feen it with our. owa -Eyes : For when we did. Con-
D. template every thing with great Curiofity, one did ap-
"m the Skin, wherein it was Locked up. _
pear that was {omewliat bigger, (9c, that had pull'd of
This:
~
dum
: / ( 302 ) a ‘This fhowed clearly the two naked Thighs, the |
Legs, the Breaft, (9c. Both the Arms, (9c. the Skin be- ing pulled up fomewhat higher, did cover the Head like a Cap. us 2 | |
We could not difcern the difference of Sex, &c. and
atthe fame time it pulled of it’s Skinit died. This —
changing. although hitherto never heard o£ muft feem tono Body flrange, or wonderiul; becaufe- many other Animals change their fhapes daily, whereof poffibly the opinion of the Tranfmigration of the Souls, hath drawn it’s Original. Moreover, we did alfo obierve parts of the Blood, which we found fhining and Glo-
. bular, Cc. the Diameter about half a Line, driving {tuff like unto feed; which perhaps is ufeful to Carry
the Humours through the Body. "Theíe Particles do
fink, ©c. and grew into one, when the Moiflure - | . was gone. We fhall perhaps fhortly publith fome
Writings, that may perhaps not be ufelefs, Gc. but pleafant and intermixt with feveral Obfervations, we
made about the parts, caufing venereal and other Di- —
feafes ; which no body did yet to this day,but only feek after ; and alfo many other things concerning the Circulation, and feeding of the Juices in Plants. Inthe mean while, we had amind to make this publick, that the Learned World might give us their opinion and Senfe
thereof... - | AMET. . Concerning this laft Writing, 1 take the freedom
to fay to you. :
^ That what concerns his Magnifying.glafs, of fo in-.- comparable fmalnefs , as ever wasmade, we will Jet it — be fo; I believe-that amongít the Members of your —
Royal Society, fome of an equal fmalnefs are to be
found. But to mount {uch fmall Glaffes well;requireth —
afar greater judgment, then to make them.
Concerning my Self, although they have been made ff
by
^
- ^! au
ET oe by me for thefe Forty Years almoft, of an Extraiirdi-. - - mary fimalnefs, yet they have been bat little ufed by me ; for according to my judgment, they are not fit to make the firft Difcoveries, tor thefe that are ground of a . bigger Diameter, are more fit for that.
{ have difcovered the Saline parts, and the fhape of the Animalcula in the Maículine Seed, and fent the fame to you in t^e Year, 1677. - Which alío are - come out in Print in your Philofophical Tranfattions, - Numb. 142. fol. 1042. But that one fhould find fuch a perfeét Human fhape, as I have fent herewith, which ‘I got Drawn after the Figure out of the {aid Novelles,
Marked with 3 and 4 ; I am certainly perfwaded you will not allow of it.
We know that the {mall Animals inthe Mafculine Seed of a Frog,have no Similitude at all, with them that come out of the Eggs of a Frog,and if weContemplate the Ani- mals that are come of the Eggs of the Frog, and are grown bigger, by the help of a Magnifying-glafs, they have no Similitude at all with thefe, we find in the Maf-
. euline Seed of a Man, fave only that they bothhave —
"Tails, and fo can Swim, and if we Anatomife one of | thefe Animals that come out of the Egg of a Frog, that is come to a Confiderable bignefs, yet we can not dif- . cover their Legs, but when it is grown a hundred and _ more times as big as it came out of the Egg, then the _ Legs begin firft to thew themfelves. - —Now is it certain, that although we can not difcover - the Shape of a Frog, in an Animal that 1s come from _ the Egg of aFrog, when we Anatomie it,that yet not- ^ withftanding the Frog is Lock'd up in it. — — Now if an Animal, ia the Maículine Seed of a Beaft Lor Fowl, was provided perfectly with all it’s Members, fo that by the help of a .Magnifying-glafs they might _ be difcovered, they endeavour to make us believe elle,
. then. thefe Animals maít from time to time, as they
| : grow
i grompigger, encreafe in their perfection. But that itis. -
- to free it felf of it,but that the Membranes or Skins are
. grow bigger, which Membranes we call the. after burdens.
. mated , and took out of them, the fame wherein | the creature did lye, that would have come to bea
4
_ ter Contrived. |
— fents it's Saline Figures, and the fecond Figure fheweth
dicernthe parts of this Body from one another ; partly
(C39)
not ío, we fee by the Obfervations that the highly
"Learned Malpigius bas made, about the beginning of a
Chicken in the Egg, for as much as was then in his power. MT % i
As what concerns me, I cannot imagine, that an Ani- mal of the Mafculine Seed,can pull of it’s Ski nor Film,or
ftrong, and more than one, and the Membranes wherein the Creatures lye in. the Mothers are not depending
from the Mother (aterus) but that the Animals that are~ |
inje&ted into the wterus, are only brought there for to
I have bad brought íeveral times to» me, uterufes of Sheep, after they had been fome days before impreg-
Lamb.
a Magnifying-glafs, as we judged to be moft conveni- ent for it, we were forced to look out very fharply,to
becaufe al! the parts of fo {mall a Creature,are very foft ~ and ímooth, and partly becaufe this Creature was ina round or Globular Poflure, fo that when wecame to — unfo!d them, by the help of a gentle hand, we broke fe- — veral of the Members. | E. We fee alfo, that when a fmall conception, cometh a- way from it's Mothers Womb before it's time, - that the Skins wherein it lyéeth, are perfectly whole, and that the Creatures therein, are not extended ftrait, but they - lye round, and in fuch a pofture, that it canbe nobet-
The fi:(t figure in the before mention’d Novelles repre- —
an A
e
E
When we did lock upon this Creature through füch E
an E
"Us was a 2 i= E -
3o E Ha
ek.
Edd
mal (and fach an other kind of delineation isalfo come to my hand) hasi's Tail almoft every where, or quite through of the fame thickne(s, and is fplit at the end, as if it was made — ‘on purpofe to take hold therewith of fomething, yet we fee every whére,that the Tail is the longer the fmaller to the end, này to that degree, that where it doth lye the thinnefsthere- of makesusloofeitsfight, =~ Se st Now if we confider the Poftures of the Figures of 3 and — 4, Which fhow the fhape of aHuman Body fo exactly, fo
that they lay ftraight extended, with their hands upon the
Abdomen, and the Two Legs Straight out by one an other, I believe that no Member of the Reyal Society will allow of the difcovery of fuch a Creature, but rather take ittó be a Fancy or imagination, then a real truth. :
For Experience teacheth us daily, that all kind of Creatures, that lye in the mterus, make a roundifh or Globular Figure, as wellas the Scituation will allow of it,
m . asI have already faid before, that the Mother in Bearing of the Fruit, may be lef5 hindred, and Secondly, Becaufe the
Foetus laying in that Pofture is the more eafy, and then becaufe a round Figured Body doth lye in lefs room, then any other, This being fo, how is it poflible to comprehend, that fach
D. 3 perfsét Human Body, could be comprehended in fo {mail ^ aplace, quire ftretched out, and what is yet more, that it
fhould have fach a Motion, as to breakin pieces, that wheres
in it was wrapt up, and to ftretch is. felf at length, which "is altogether contrary to Naturalexperience, for we never fee that a new Born Child, doth ftrecch out ics Limbs, but it ) doth always draw it's Arms and Legs inwards, according to
the Pofture it did lye in, in the Mothers Womb. —. We have formerly obferved, that in all Seeds that come to
7 our hands, the Plant of a Tree orany Herb, or Shrub, was
“included in it,that the Kernel or Pith,is only for Prefzrving;or to Nourifh and Feed the Plant that doth lye between them
a ‘until ic can fhoot a Root füfficient to draw Nouriihment
- enough out of the Ground it ftands in to Feed it. E It is fo, chat in Wheat, Barly, &c. we have difcovered fe- — M iter Y y es s weral
d ** 54 ed d M a wh A M.» Nah LN WEITER TOC | S eee LE Jd. 47. 9 "2 REM. s 5 Most /5 Doy. 23 te UE te Pell e um T7" a M — 4 CG ea 4r. ‘ene % LESS Po) TM A ore RE att are d 3 Celine T 2 Mis : JA" Vito uen IPTE | ^
we Ll
V rue an (1395). 4-7 tM
~ veral. Plants in each of them, and accordingly, in eachof — - them are feveral Acres of Wheat or Barly ; for if they were not included withinthem, how could they come out of them. And yet much lefs do the Ears of the Wheat, fhew us their Wheat Corns, when we Anatomife them, for thisgreac Mi- ftery doth remain hid from our Eyes. _
I put thisdown asa certain truth, that the fhape of a Hu- man Body is included in an Animal of the Mafculiné Seed, but that a Man: Reafon fhall dive or penetrate into this Mi- - {tery fo far,that ia the Anatomizing of one of thefe Animals . of the Mafculine Seed, we fhould be able to fee or difcover,
the intire fhape of a Human Body, I cannot compre- hend, | Tt Ow P |. As to what concernsmy Magnifying: glaffes,I will not brag of them, | make them as good as poffible I can in my power, and I muft fay that feveral Years fince, I have not only Ground them ftill better and better, which is a matter of confequence, but I have alío Mounted them better from timeo time, which isalfo very Material : I have known fome = that have made Magnifying.glaffesjand have bragged of them, and yet were not fit to judge, whether a Glafs did diíco- ver well or no, and feeing that every one is not fit, tojudge =~ well and truly of a Magnifying-glafs, much lefs can hebefit — | ,to make new Difcoveries, and thus doing fo, no Body muft Publith or bring to light, new Difcoveries, and judge by one fight,but he muft fee the fame over and over feveral times, for it doth happen often to me, that People looking through a Magnifying-glafs, do fay now I (ee this, and then that, and when I gave them better Inftructions, they faw themfelves miftaken in their opinion, and what is more, even he that is very well ufed to look through Magnifying-glaffes, may be mifled by giving toofudden a Judgment,of what he doth fee.
In the mean while that I am bufie in Writing thefe,I have — —
gor 1o Magnifying-glaffes lye before me, which Ihave fec in Silver my felf, and although I have never had any Inftru&tion at all how to Work any Mettal with Hammer or : File, yecI mount my Glaffes and Toolsfo well, that Work- men in Gold confefs themfelves that they are not ableto do — the fame. ..— : ELA EVE SO ^u
"Theíe Magnifying-glaffes Magnify fome more then others, and before them ftand the Animals, that are in the Mafcu- line Seed of Mankind. EM MET vie
,
¥Y, : i -
| eee os COR Qe qe e "Tbefe Magnifying. plaffes. are thus placed, that although T have fome-times Twenty five, fometimes 2 Hundred coming | before my Eye fight,and in the {pace of che beating of a Pulfe, . others doappear again; yetnotone came ever before my | Eyes, that was r7 times as big again as any of the reft,which | I found in great numbers, fo that it is a certain Maxim to | me, thatthe faid Animals do not grow bigger, as long asthey
are in the ters; and have received yet no: Nourifhment-
D enrio "EE | ||| Now if an Animal doth come a little to far from the Focus -— of the Magnifying glafi, then we fee in a Glafs that doth Magnify very mach, only the higheft parts of the Body, and thus the Animal doth appear Lefs tous, then it would do o-- | therways, and if we put the Animal fomewhat nearer to |^ the Glafs, then we. begin to fee the outfide thereof, and by |^ placing the Animals fo, we may eafily judge fome to be big- || ger then theothers. us | e 3 : 1 It may alfo happen, that when Two Animals lye by one- - another, or lye partly one upon. another, fo that we {ee but- — only one Tail, we may in fuch a Cafe judge that we (ee but
| info doing, we conceive, to fee fomething, that in reality Was fiot true. — i | - In this fight looking narrowly to it, wefee very well that .. the parts that are within the Body of the Animals,ftand fome- — what out of che Skin; now to look intoit with a roundifh- “part, and then- two or three parts again that ftand out, and: then again one and fometimes two. parts that are longeft and’ - lye one by the other, and that each of thefe parts Reprefents- V aclearer being then the other, we fee in each Body, that is- — lying feparated from she other parts a peculiar fhape, for as 7. now one Animal does lye with it’s back towards us fo canan- \ other again lye with the Belly towards us fidewards. In fhore, . ^ itcan appear or Reprefent it felf before us, in fo many pecu- ud liar fhapes or poltures, 5. any great Beaft, can Reprefent it: X. felf before our naked Eyes in ftanding, turning, winding, or | lying. Nay, it is poflible chat Four Animalsmay lye toge-- 1. ther ia fach a Pofture, that Two of their Tails might Repre- "fent the Arms, and the other two the Legs. |
7 1 cannot omit to tell you, ec. how I come tohandle: ' thefe Animals ia the Mafculine Seed, fo that £ may fee chem "as diflin&tly, as ever it is poffible, For if we look pie ios ae ale
one Animal, that exceeds the other in bignefs very much, and:
ae eae I" ^ "Mafculine Seed of any Animal fo as icis, then the Multitude ‘of thefé Animals do not only deceive our fight, but they alfo ~ hinder the exact infpe@ion and contemplation of chem. b. But [take only alittle thereof the bignefs of a Pins-head, and mixit with'acommon crop of clear and clean Rain water. This fiuff thus mixt, 1 fpread about, and that fo thin asI can poffibly evento the greateft extremity, on ave- — ry clear Glafs, thac I have by me ready made for that pur- pofe, and in fo doing, T do not only bring a;thinner Watry - -.- moifture about the Animals, but they lye difperfed in many * - placesfo far: afünder, thatthey do not touch oae another. And _thus doing I reckon to be the beft way and means, to con- template chefe Animals in the ground with the utmoft ac- curacy that is poffible. Part of thefe fpread Animals, | fix be- . forefuch Magnifying-glafs, as I Judge to be moft convenient _for that purpofe, and thusthey feem to lye before-my fight, as in-open Field, which I contemplate in a clear day, and fometimes by Candle-light, and to have ftill more light, 1 ufe fometimes a metal Concave Looking glafs, but above all things you muft have a care, notto make yourview ~ - in the Sun-fhine, for if you do fo, the Circumference of — . each Animal, will have almoft as many Colours, as we fee in the Rainbow. Nam Za I have alío obferved, that between thefe Animals, did lye . fome fmaller Roundifh parts, and thefe have feemed to me, as if they had Tails wherefore 1 took into confideration,whether thefe parts might not be young Animaals,for certainly thefe Animals {hall procreate, and from {mall ones grow to their perfec bignefs, and who doth know, whether thefe Animals - do not come to their perfe& bignefs in the {pace of Twenty Four hours, as we have obferved in {mall Water Animals, and . alfo,if any of thefe Animalscome to dye, they do not ferve as Food for the growing of the ref. —— n.
“a And thus I imagine that I have fatisfied the defires of the Author, viz, to confer my Obfervations, and co give my opi- ma thereabout ;. which i think I cannot better Addief: than - to Xou. .— zt
s
L—— 7
LONDON, Printed for Samuel Smitb, and Benjamin Walford, Printers to the. Royfii Sogjety, at the Princes-Aims, in St. Paul's Church-yard. — 1699. s te" T :
—————————————————— —
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PHILOSOPHICAL.
TRANSACTIONS.
For the Month of September 1699.
t € À—ÀÀ
The CONTENTS. I, e partium Septentrionalium quibuldam affetkibus & vemediss. Axtore Phil. Lloyd. M. D. 2. 24 Dijcourfe of. Coffee, read at a Meeting of the Royal Society, £y Zr. John Houghton, F. R. S. 3. A Letter from Mr. John Friend to Dr. Sloane, da- ted Oxon. Jul. 26. concerning an Hydrocephalus. 4. Some Ob-
— fervations of the Mercury's Altitude withthe Changes of the Weae-
- Modern Geography, after a new and curious Method.
ther at Emuy im China. Lat. 24°20, N. §. Part of à Letter from Dr. David Gregory, to Dr. Sloane, dated Oxford, O&ober 12. 1699. containing [ome of his obfervations of the Eclipfe of the Sunon the 13th of September laff. 6. Of the Origin of white Vitriol and: the Figure of ts Cryftals, not yet accounted for. By Dr. Martin Lifter, F, K. S. 7. .4 Letter communicated from Mr. Tho- resby, F. R. S. to John Evelyn Efg; F.R.S. concerning [ome Cures done by Mr, Greatrix the Stroker. 8. An account of Bocks, and Geography Anatomizd, or the Compleat Geographical Gram-
mar. Being a fhort and exatt Analyfis-of the whole Body. of The Se-
"cond Edition, much improv d and enlarged. By Pat. Gordon.
M, 4, F. R. S. 9. The Celeftial Wo: ld Difcover'd, er Con- Je&ures concerning the Inhabirants, Plants, and Producti- ons of the Worlds in the Planets. Written in Latin by Chü- ftianus Huygens, and In[cribed to bz Brother Conftantine Huygens, fate Secretary to his Majefly King William, is Svo. with 5 Copper Cuts of Illuftration, 10,Oran OQutgan, five Homo Sylvettris : Or the Anatomy of a Pygmie,compared with that: of a (Monkey, a» Ape, and 42 Man. To whith is added aPhi- lological Effay concerning the Pygmies, tbe Cynocephali, rte
‘Satyrs and Sphinges of the Ancients, &c.Ry Edward dyfon. 24.
D. Fellow of the College of Phyficians, aud of the Royal. Scciety, &c. London, iu 4to. 1699. | ihoé X0. ig a I, De
I. De partium Septentrionalinm quibufdam affectious @ 7 remediis. Autore Philippo Lloyd. M. D. a Alnea nufpiam frequentiora funt quam in Lithuania: : Balneum ingreffi poftquam largiter fudarunt, cucur- t bitas fibi apponi faciunt, aut virgis tergum cedunt ufque ad infignem ruborem: Inter Cofacos quoque fiquis graviter infirmatur, Balneum ingreditur, & corpus tegunt certis herbis, partique dolenti applicant certum Cornu Cavum ad veficam attrahendam, quá ruptá effluit ichor varii fepe coloris, flavi, viridis, & nigri, & patiens convalefcit ; varie- tas autem ifta colorum, herbis quibus patiens tegitur aut Cor- © nu fuco aliquo imbuto adfcribi debet. Cofacorum quoque Cura. multum in Aqua Vite, aut Jufculis acidis cum oleo & pipere ad fudorem eliciendum, confiftit: nec abftinentin Dieta à carni- bus cum aceto & capis coctis, quod Bigoft vocant : Sicuti autem. ifte nationes pharmaceutica non multum aftimant, ita vice ver. fa funt prodigales quoad ea que ex fonte Chirurgico petuntur, ut Ven, Sect. ufum Sanguifugarum(quas etiam palato & gingivis intro applicant) fonticulos, & trepanationem, cujus ufus eft valdé frequens in Suecia bono cum fucceflu ; habent enim Sueci capita fatis dura 8 urfina. Apud Mofcovitas ufus herbe Thez ob viciniam cum Chinenfibus frequens eft, non folum in decocto fed. in fubftantia pulverifatam fumunt pondere 3s, cum Aqua Vite.
Sunt apud ipfos paftilli certi odoriferi & flavi colorisin ufu; per nares attrahunt pondere gr. iv, ore aperto. Per 2 horas tanta copia muci vifCidi rejicitur, quantum vix Catharticum e- liminare poffit, quo remedio curant omnes affectus Capitis à fri-. gida caufa ortos: aliqui hauriunr fumum Tabaci, non per vices, fed fimul & femel, ex tubulo capaci de hoc fumo quantum pof- funt deglutiendo; tunc corruunt in terram non aliter quam A- poplexia tactis fomnum abbreviat fuperveniens vomitus & alvi perturbatio, quod etiamfi non füperveniat, poftquam expergif- cuntur capitis levamen fentiunt , & funt ad omnia bene- difpofiti.
Natio Tartarorum ut plurimum à teneris lactis & carnis Equi- nz pabulo affueta, in continuis equitationibus-Medicinam que- rens, preter externa eaque Empyrica, pauca interna excolit re-. media; v.g. dumquis graviterinfirmatur, & eft (ufpicio febris maligne, tunc capiunt lepufculum juvenem, cui incidunt arte. riam Carotidem, & (anguinem fugit agerquamdiu poterit, po- ftea pelle detracta & calente tegit caput; feque ad fudorem & fomnum difponit: dum quis ex captivis aut fervis febri corripi- ur, tuncapprehenfá Comá ipfum aliquantifper exagitantes & circum rotantes in aquam profluentem projicíunt, hocque modo humores & fpiritus alterando procurant febri fugum. Hec
oe
Hecfunt que ab amico in Caftris accepi, qui diu verfabatur - in locis iftis Septentrionalibus: idem mihi retulit Coronidis loco .
dari obfafcinationem folo afpectu inductam in Lithuania prefer.
tim (Credat quis vult) ubi homines effluviis fubtilibus ex oculis .
emanantibus non modo aliis noceant fed etiam animalibus: hoc mali genus Uroki appellatur: ad quem effectum producen- dum requiritur approximatio corporum viciniffima, & deindé ne alter altero ftet notabiliter editiore loco: curantur tales preci-
pue balneo,Origano, Hyperico, aliifque herbis parato ; fuffumi- -
gio ex crinibus, unguibus aliifque partibus ipfius obfafcinatoris fi fieri poteft, & demum fuüdoribus, —
Inter Tartaros fiquis ex Equo vel alias graviorem paffus eft Cafum, ante omnia illum ftimulant ad urinam, dein Vena
fe&tá Offa Equorum combufta vel certum albi boli genus quo -
Terra illa abundat, ad ebibendum prebent.
Lac equinum acidum factum eft illis univerfale omnibus -
morbis calidis refrigerium, imo balfamicum Stomachale.
In variolis infantum, loco venz Sect. apponunt Mofcovitz cu- -
curbitulas fcarificatas clunibus, fübinde fanguifiigas. Emulfie-
nes parant ex femine Napi, hauftui imponunt album gre-
cum. | Poloni habent certum medicamentum alimentofüm ipfis fa-
miliare Barft. dictum, quod fermentum ftemachale acido fuo - fuaviter reftaurat, & Polonica Nationis crapulas, ex largiori, .
cremati, mulfi, & vini eenerofi, hauftu, vel ex Ciborum cali-
dorum copiá, contractá conveniens : hoc edulii medicamen- -
tofi genus ex Brancaurfina, velex folo pane filigineo fermen-
tato {uo modo, conficere norunt in forma decocti herbacei a- -
quofi.
Caeterum fi quis infirmari incipit, & conqueritur de ingenti : capitis dolore, torminibus ventris, arthritide vaga, &c. Statim - formatur fufricio de plica five Koltum s nihil aliud. fatagunt . quam plicam in Capitis capillis precurare, id quod lotione ex - - brancá urfiná aliifque h«:ois, vel faltem mixturá olei & vini :
fepius lavando Caput, cfficiunt, Plicdita procuratá, in capi- te, vidctur ipfe morbus micfcere materia morbifica quafi criti- cé fic tranflitá, & nature torum relinquitur opus: quod pla- néindicat hunc morbum ab alia caufá quam neglectu pectina- tionis produci ; fi quis pectinando divellere aut Capillos abfcin-
dere tentat, in alium incidet morbum, & fanguis fepe effiuic -
tanquam ex venz ramulis pilis abfciffis; nec mirum hoc vide- ri debet, cum pili ex arteriz, vene, & nervorum ramulis in
Capfala inclufis, & poftea extenfis formentur; ut patet autop- bon fia s
Im - : "P eye ge 2 . I 1 fia; ope microfcopii in pilis barbe felis aliorumque atíiita- ' fium. : e Quicquid de caufa Plice tradunt authores vel nimis. eneri- cum eft vel imperfectum & infüfficiens : nam quod ad aquasin Ruffia fpectat, etfi certum fit ex illarum hauftu caufari, unde €- tiam dum exercitus militaris illas partés tranfit ad aquarum iftarum vada alii ftant vigiles milites tranfeuntibus prohibituri de fimiles aquas hauriant. Queritur quomodo illi qui ad 100 leucas inde diffiti habitant & ultra Plica corripiuntur ? nmififor- te nobis perfuadeamus aque illius ex Ruffia venas propagari per totam Poloniam. - : Qaufa intrinfeca in glandulis fubcutaneis conftitui poteft, quomodo plures earundem ductus & pori conjuncti fünt ac ob- liqui, ex quibus deinde pili copiofiores anguftiore in loco pofi- ti, accedente fimul glandularum fucco nimis vifCido, intrican- tur & complicantur ; fed & ifta caufa cum extra Poloniam dari poffit, ad morbi Endemii naturam, fola non fufficit: quamo- brem caufa adequata paffim in Contagio partim rerum non naturalium ufü incongruo quaerenda : decontagio non dubi- tandum, cum familiare fit itinerantibus lectos fecum circum- vehere : aer fatis rigidus Boreali acido coagulante abundat, unde tranfpiratio pituite illius glutinofe circa pilorum radices herentis faciléimpeditur, vel maxime dum’ Poloni nudato Ca- pite frequenter incedere confüeverunt. BUST UM Laborantes hoc morbo habent appetitum in certum ‘obje- étam defixum alii folam Aquam expetunt, ali'erematüm, alia potulenta averfantes: ex fimilibusremediis in fcórbuto juvan- tür; ? VA STS ORT: 53 Preter febrem malignam Hungaricam dictam, occurrunt alii morbi fevioris momenti, "Eddemii ut Czemer, porcellus Caffo- vienfis, ftrume.'" | Pe qt smart ‘Czemer eft tumor aliquis fub carpis manuum a latere fu- pra arterias ad inftar nodi alicujus mollioris; dolorem dum tan- gitur excitans; curatur emetico & fudoriferis. ^ ' |
-Porcelius Caffovienfis eft tumor durus inftar porcelli, regioni lienis incumbens incolis Civitatis Caffovienfis familiaris, einge fchitrofa difpofitio lienis cum flatibus Colon'obfidéntibus:' cura- ‘tur aperitivis. ^ . 1E mnüdyort SE SES he: 3
Strumofi in Hungaria non reperiuntur nifi circa montanas ci- vitates ubi auri funt fodinz propter aquas Mercuriales & efllu- via mineralium: decre(cente Lund fpongiá combuftá fumum ore excipiunt ftrumofi & fefiduum Cinerem "melli admixtum de: vorare folent in principio; nam ftrum: inveterate nullam ad! mittunt Curam. EM
um Stee ae
tl: n ( Difeousfe of COFFEE, | Tead. at a Meeting of: tbe. R OY AL. SOCIETY, 5 Mr. John Houghton, F. R. S.
X Everal have written of this! Plant, and particularly
) the.Learned Mraz», in his large Hiftory of Plants,
page 1691, 2. 3. But for its Deícription, I fhall only re-
fer you to what was Publifhed by Dr.- s/eaze, inthe
17th. Vol. of thefe TranlaGions, No 208; pag. 63. where is the Figure , Defcription, ec.
. At the. beginning of the Tranfaction, . isa Cui of the Branch, with its Leaves and Berries, only the Leaves are not fet oppofi te one to another, a as he tells me they ought to have been.
X cannot learn the ufe of any part of this Plant, except
the Berries; of which. boil'd in Water, a Drink is made, and drunk much among the Arabians and Turks, and alfo now in Europe,
How the Arabians fell firft into the ule of Coffee is hard to tell, perhaps twas their succedaneum for Wine, which Mahomet had prohibited 5 5 nor how they come to roaftit before boyling; which it’s probable is owing to Chance, or. perhaps a.debauch’d Palate, as fome with us love the burnt part of: broil’d Meat, and from fome great one, it mightgrow into a Fa(hion, as the ufe of
- — "Tobacco and Coffee with us, although had they. been
impofed by a Law of the State; or Phyfician, it would - have been p though very fcvere... However ‘it got head, | Aaa A for
2i
[312 ] forby itsactual heat it refrefh'd the weary, and did feve-- -gal other Services, as Wine thatacted by a potential heat.
The general ule of it quickly made it a Trade in great Towns, and the frequent ule of it made it be defired ftronger and ftronger, till the exceffive Drinkers would
take whole Spoon fuls of the Oyl that fwims on the top, . asour grea. Drinkers arrive from Wine to Brandy, and from thence to more burning Spirits. . "
Into thefe Publick-houles they would come by Hun-- dreds, and among them Strangers would venture; where they learn'd the Cuftom, and carried it to their own: Countries; for one Mr. Rafal’ an Ewelifb. Merchant, whom I knew, wentto Leghors in 1651, ‘and there found a Coffee-houfe.. To the fame Houfe of Merclian- dife where this Ra4//4// was, came Mr. Daniel Edwards a. Merchant from Smyrza (where Coffee had been :ufed im- memorially) who brought with him, Ango 1652, a Greek - Servant, named 2a[qua, wlio made his Coffee, which: hedrank two or three Difhes at a time; twice or thrice a. Day. ^ | ci. The fame Year Edwards came over Land into Enzland, and Married the Daughter of one Alderman Hodges a Merchant, wholived1 thinkin abro, © This Hodges: ufed with great delight. to drink ‘Cote’ with’ Ed: wards, {o it is likely, chat this Edwards was the firft: that brought Coffee into Engé:nd, although I am in- form’d that Dr. Harvey thefa. nous Inventerof the Cir«- culation of the Blood; did frequently uféit; ^ ^ 007070
After this it grew moreia ule in teveral private Hoü- - fes, which encouraged Mr. Edwards to fet up Pajguz for - &Coffce-man, who got a Shed in the Church.yard of ~
St. Michael Corubil, where he had great Cuftom, info- - much that the. Ale-houle-keepers fearing it fhould fpoit. their Trade, Petitioned the Lord Mayor againft him, ‘al- . ledging his not being a Freeman. Upon this Alderman Hedges joyned as a Partner with Pa/qua ome. mn his.
oach- ..
[ign]
‘Coachman, who was made Free, upon which they lived unmolefted in the fame place, where Mr. Raffall found them in the Year1654, but fometime after this Pafqua for fome Mifdemeanour run away, and Bowman had the | whole Trade, and managed it fo well, that by his Pro- fr, and the Generofity of his Cuftomers, who contribu- tedSix pence a piece,to the number of almoft aThoufand ; he turned his Shead into a Houfe, and when he died, left his Wife, who had been Alderman Hodges’s Cook-maid; pretty Rich, but fhe died Poor not many Years fincez d + |
jSebn Painter was Bowwsans firft Apprentice, and out of hisTime in 1664, Bowman died 1663, and after one: Year his. Wife let the Houle to one Bat- der, whofe Daughter Married Hamphrey Hodskins Bowman’s fecond Apprentice, who was with him before Atonk’s March, Anno 1659. This Hampbhrey \i- ved long in St. Peter’s-alley in Cornbil, and died not many Years fince, and left there his Widow, Bat/er's Daughter, "from. whom I had this Account. - .. How long this has been in ufeinthe World, is hardto fay, but Tavernier’s Travels, the Exnglifb Edition, fays it had been in ufe but Twenty Years, although the Author faid Six-{core-years, |
Iam inform'd that Dr. Beveridge has an Avabick Book, . that faysa Hermit drank it, andcalled it Coffee which fignifies Drink, but the nameis Buz. E.
This is what I can learn of the Original of Coffee, and Coffee-houfes, butas for its Virtues, I think no bo- dy has Publifhed any thing confiderable about it. I fhall give my Thoughts, which perhaps may provoke fome that underftands better to fhew the Weakneís of them, and in their room fet forth better. ‘The beft Coffee-berry is what is large and plump, with ‘a greenifh caft, and having on the thin partsa Tranf{pa- ) Aaa 2 | ^ gency s
[314 1
rencys thé other has a yellowith caft, and ig more
opaque; but when they are roafted, tis hard to dittin-
ui(h. : I put fome Berries into. a Glaís den Water stent a W eek fince, to fee if they will fprout, but as yet there is no appearance, altho’ they are tollerably fwell'd, and look white and bright.
Ihave máde.a Deco&ion of them,. which: has made them fhoot.
The common way of preparidg the Berry for: m Drink Coffee, is roafting it in a Tin Cylindrical Box full of holes, through the middleof which runs a Spit; under this is.afemicircular Hearth, »wherein is madé a large .. Charcoal fire : -By the help ofa Jack, the Spit turns fwift;
and fo it Roafts, being now and then taken up to be fha-- ken. . When the yl 'arifes, and it’s grown of a dark . browncolour,. it’s emptied into two: Receivers made
with large Hoops, whofe bottoms:are. Iron-plates,: t fhut into, and there the Coffee is well (hakény and lefstill
alm ft cold;.and if it looks bright, Oyly,; and faning,
tis a fign 'tis well done. . ' Snob 4
Of this; when frcíh,. if an /Oüncé.be- ground; and boil’d in fomething more than a: quartiof Water; till. jt.
be fully impregnated with the fine Particlesof the Cof
fee. and the ret is grown fo: poridetóus; as it will fib-. fide'and leave the Liquor clear; and of a rediffi Goleür; it
will make about a Quart of very gond Coffeen voi) The beft way ot keeping the Berries when roafted sis is in
feme warm place, where it may not bé, fuffered to im- —
bib- any Moiftire, which will ipall itjs;aiid take} off ir s brr.Kk: aesof Taft: bed Eus TO hos itasuled. except
There, svill: Aot i p Coffee. an “Oyl, aftyich the Turki great Cofftesdrinkersi will take-in great
pen if they can getite - When the Coffee has ftood : fome - t
— SÉ
x. c EM Y
:fometimie to cool, the grofs parts will fübfide, the ‘brisknefs will be gone, and *twill grow flat and almoft clear again. Cf | L
© That I might farther underftand Coffee, and how dt agrees with Horfe-beans and Wheat, which fome- “times I have heard has been uled inftead of it’: I fent to the Chymifts 1 Pound of ‘clean: Coffee, 1 ‘Pound of Husk’d Horfe-beans, and 1 Pound of pick’d — Wheat; and I received back
hai UG.) Coffee Horfe-beans "Spirit net — Svióvi" [^2 0071 NISI ori sti | VO9yl.- -—. Sit Siti Sit 31511 gr.x- Cap. mort. - SV Sili- 4 $v Silt: P SEU TS | Wheat | Aion Spitit Zvili 311 51 PeQ@yk ro Srsr ve
Cap. mort. Ziv 3v1-
- By this account it appears that Coffee yields by "diftillation,in aR etort,almoft double as much Oy! asBeans - *and almoft treble as much as Wheat; the other pro-- ‘portions may eafily be feen above. | : © The Oyls are- very thick, but they and the Spirits. -- "have all of them ill favours as. is: ufual from burnt Materials. | ^C By Seirit is meant the Flegm. (8 “The Capita stortua have no fmell. They have been -ealcin'd over and over with ail the Art my Chymift ‘fas, but he cannot reduce them toa Ca!x or Afhes, ‘and concludes there is no Sait to be gotten from ‘them. But that from your more knowiag Ccnfidcra- oi aah des | | tions :
£ "ur Lj M *. us
ll
Ege] -tions they may be better underfiood, I have br all the particulars hither. | From what's afore faid I note, that from the com- mon drink called Coffee, there islittle good caa. come from any part, but its Oyl, becaufe its other thin parts are evaporated, and its thick fubfides; but its Oyl I fuppofe to be nutritive qwaf Oyl, and warm guaf a Chymical Oyl, for all the warm parts are brought . hither as to a point, and thereby it may enliven and invigorate fome heavy parts in the fermentative juices, and nourifh weak Parts within as other Chymical Oyls do the parts external when rubd, but bemg di- luted as it ulually is, I queftion whether it does any ‘more good than hot Tea, hot Broth, or any thing elfe that is actually hot $ for 1 believe that a&ual and potential Heats are much of the fame operation, for 1 have often found, that in a fainting, or wearinels, a
hot fupping has refrefh'd me as muchas a glalg of -
W ine. t itis.
It has been generally thought to be an Antihypno- *tick or Hinderer of Sleep, which I dare not gainfay 5 Dr. wills and other learned Men baying declared; it fo, but now itis come into frequent ufe, the contra- ry is often obfery’d, although perhaps Cuitom as it does with Opivm alters its natural Qualities. Could
I meet with a fatisfa&ory Theory. of Sleep, perhaps |
at this 1 might give fome better gueífes. |
; B >
As to the Political ufes ef Coffee, I am told,that
our three Kingdoms. {pend about one hundred Tun a | Year, whereof Emelasd {peads about feventy. Tun, which at fourteen Pounds a Tun (a middle price now a Days) will amount to 20586 Pound fterling, and if it were to be all fold in Coffee-houfes, it would reach treble 61740 Pounds, which at ten Pounds a Head
will find employments for 6174 Perfons, although I -
‘Ss ==. # e cre we | "à Ee ee
| [ 317]
believe all the People of Eag/and one wich another do not {pend five Pounds each.
Coffee when roafted lofes about a fourth part ; thea thereis fpent about fifty two Tun and a half of roaft- ed Coffee, which makes 117600 Pound or 1881660 Ounces or 15252800 Drachms, which if there be Eight Millions of People, it is not two Drachms or half - . a pint of Coffee a piece for a Year, How little is this Trade when thus confidered, and how greatly may it be improved, although we fpend as many Tuns in half a Year, asit has been Years with us. Befides
what we ufe, we fend a great deal abroad, and I doubt
not but in fhort time the gain of what we fend abroad. -will pay the firft coft of all we fhall fpend at home, and I believe one of the beft ways to make advantage of Foreiga Trade is to ufe fuch Wares much at home, and that will teach all we trade with to follow our _. Example ; it does thus in Silks, Calicoes, Pepper, To-- bacco, and. feveral other things. | _ Furthermore Coffze his greatly incréafed the Trade of Tobacco and Pipes, Earthen difhes, Tin wares, ^ Wews-Papers, Coals, Candies, Sugar, Tea, Choco-- late and what not? Coffee-houfe makes all forts of © - People fociable. they improve Arts, and Merchandize, and all other Knowledges 2nd a worthy member of this Society ‘now departed) has thought that Coffee- houles have improved ufeful knowledge very much...
June 14th 1699.
LVI.
[ 318 ] : TIL 4 Letter from Mr. John: Friend to Dr. Sloane, - dated Oxon. Jul.26. concerning an Hydrocephalus.
: i .Od6o7 £7 E00 v : . LI : A. > Sfr y en end opti
2 ae |
| (2. 3) sang. n. sd Ja. 3gid a || 'HE encouragement you give to Enquiries of this
Nature, by communicating your own Obferva- -
tions, as well as recommending thofe of others, makes me trouble you with the following account: Having. had the goodluck to meet with an Hydrocephalus which feem’d to have fomewhat extraordinary init, I thought it might not be improper. to. acquaint. you with it. 1 fhall only fet down the particulars, as they offer'd themfelves in Diffe&ion, and leave it to your. Judgment, whether they delerve to be. taken notice: of or no, Pn. |
»
"The outward Dimenfions, taken, before the Head T
was open'd. $1006 | eA Lia iai " mo , . cInches: From the Eyebrows over the Crown to the Nape 23: Circumference from the( the Offs Bregmat - 26 Nape round. h di |
From Ear to Ear, over the Crown | |: 19. -
From the Eyebrows to the Chin
MD dnini avi 2331 00 From one extremity ofthe Eyebrows ^ — 4 and half, -
to the other. | : From the Chin to the coronal Suture ^ * Circumference from the Chin round the Crown, 30
E — a *
From one extremity of the? round the Nofe 14 round the Nape6 & half
. Bar backward to the other - From Temple to Temple over the Fore-head 1I Circumtference of the Head round the os i
Frontis &» Occipitis
the Os Frontis 24. |
7 add hal£.-
4 ~
"
at d
, t i i :h E ! :
[ 319 ]
Circumference : 9 and helf Length of the Neck 3 Length of the Body 33 Circumference of the Thorax 18 Length of the Foot | 4. and half From the middleFingers end to theAcromion 12 and half es Arm 5 Circumference of he) Sale M s and half C Thigh 8
After the integuments were remov'd the top of the
Cranium appeard foft €? A4embar sow. The extent of the A4eméraz from one Templeto the other was 8 Inches, between the parietal bones 3 and half, from the Os frontis to the Os Octipitis 12. In the middle juít upon the Crown lay a Bone (in fome places a little Cartilaginous) 5 inches long, and r broad, join'd to the Membran on every fide; of the fame thicknefs with thereft of the upper part of the Cramium that was bony, which wasextreamly thinevery where, andthe Lamine lay Ío ^ clofe that in many places no diploe -cou'd be difcern’d. The Adembran was as thin as «he Pericranium which yet was eafily divided from if. : EX. i , - "None of the Sutures were entirely clos’d, ^ thofe of the üpper Jaw very loofe. In the Temporal and Lambdoidal was aninfinite number of the Triguerra Wormiana, al which had fo many diftin@ Sutures.
Upon piercing the Dura Mater, a great quanti y of Water flow’d out; it lay as well between the Dara Mater and tne Pia, as in the Ventricles of the Brain. The Liquor was thin, pale, and infiped, there was taken out Five Quarts of 1t, - .. The Dura Mater was firm andentire, of its ufual — thicknefs, and ftuck very clofe as well to the Mem-
branous as to the bony parts of the Crazism. All its Procefles andSinus's were fingular,theath finus fomewhat | Bbb | larger
[320 |
ger than ordinary. A very large Vein of the Dura Mater enter'd the Longitudinal 5s, directly forwards towards the Crzf/4 Galli, contrary to.the Courfe of the Blood. | 20 aif The pia A¢ater was very much diftended, .and feem'd to be ftretch'd as much as it cou'd bear. It lay fmooth and equal upon the Surface ofthe Brain, there being neither any Circumvolutions 1n' the Brain for it to go between, norany Partition to the Corpus Callofum, tho’ there was a large Falx in the Dara ater. The lateral Ventricles were. very thin: Towards the, Cerebellum their upper part was quite walted, fo that nothing was left to cover the Cavity in that place, but the Pia Adater. This was fo thin, that in ftooping down the Head to empty the Water, it broke and hindred us from knowing exactly how much Water the Lateral Ventricles cone tain'd ; but by their Cavity, which was very large, one might ghelsthey held at leaft a Pint each: ;'The 3d. and 4th. Ventricle had fome little Water in them, but were fcarce larger than ufual , as S£eze hath obíerv'd in his Hydrocephalous Calf. | ay bsrdd The Brain had all its. Parts plain and intire, tho* its Subftance in moft places was but very thin and loofe: About the Corpora Striata c Thalami nervorum Opticorum it wastolerably thick, and firm enough, tho' nothing to what it is in a natural State. | The Cerebrum c Cerebellum, when laid out in their right Pofition were 11 [acheslong; the cerebrum, crofs the lateral Ventricles, 9 broad... After all the Water was taken out, both of them weigh’d, Z. a ff, | The Corpora Striata c Thalami Nervorum Opticorum were very fmallinalltheir Dimenfions; within fide to- ward the Veatricles they were wrinkled and lay in folds, like thofe in the inner Coat of the Stomach. In the Corpora Striata there were no Série difcernible.
The
4 | [ 32: |
The Plexus Choroides was very Ímall. The G/azduiz Pinealis wasíomewhat bigger, but leis compact than ordinary.
- The Nates were very red and large ; 2 Inches long, 1 broad, and x thick: The Teftes were not diftinguith’d from them by any Protuberances they feem’d rather to bea Production, into which the Natés leffen'd by de-
grees like a Sugar-loaf.
The Cerebellum was very firm every where, and did not much exceed its natural Bulk. The Medullary Trunk which fends out'thofe little Branches, like Trees, was thicker and harder than ufual 5 the Branches were nót fo much di(pos'd, like thofe of a Tree, büt went rather in fingle oblique Ae like fo peru sm m from à Point. ;
The:Nerves were all regular and plain ; ; only the Ol-
fa&ory were very fmally the (agg did ; not joyn be-
fore they enter’d the Orbits. :
"The Rete Mirabilé was very large, fo Was Dr. Ridley’s Circular Sivas.
On the right fide were two Carotid Arteries (thei ine
tercoftal Nerve lay between thenf) they enter’d the
Skull at the fame hole. The Trunk of the Vertebral (where thofe Arteriesunite) wasextreamly big and full of Blood. The Veins were neither larger, | nor more thanpfual., Upon the Brain over the Lateral Ventricles, Icould eatily diléekg three or four Lymphsticks, but they were too (mali to be trac'd. - Whether this. great — Effufion of Water was caus'd by an Obftruction in the Capillary Arteries, (which might make the finer part of the serum ooze thro’ their Coats) or by a Rupture i in the Lymphaticks , muft be determin'd by thofe of a bet- ter Judgment, at leaft of a ftronger Conjecture,
The Mother brought the Child to Oxford for a Sight, the Account fhe gave of it was, that fhe was 1n Travel three Weeks, and that at laft (he was forc'd to have the
Bbb2 Je
* c
[322] | |
vagina vipd for its Paffage. The Child was two Years and fix Weeks old, it cou'd fpeakalittle; cou'd not go, or hold up its Head; 'twas always Merry, never fubje@ to Drowfinefs, Pain in the Head, want of Appetite, or Indifeftion. Its Sight was fomewhat Dim, and its Smelling but dull. It never had any Illne(s, only two or three Days before it Dy’d, ?twas very much troubled - with the Gripes, and upon opening the Abdomen, the Guts were found extremely fwell’d with Wind. Ever thing elfe in both the lower Cavities was.as it fhou'd be. By comparing thofe two Hydrocephali, which T/prss gives an «Account of ; we may fee how different each of them is from this. For his firft was a Boy five Years old, the Skull no bigger than a Man's, and only five Pints of Waterinit 5 the Brain had loftallits Shape,
. and moft of its Subítance, the Relicks of which ftuck
tothe Skull. He fays nothing more ofthe latter, than that ithad a Quart of Water in one of the Lateral Ven- tricles, | |
Howured Sir, Your very bumble Servant,
John Freind.
Cave ]
[ $23..]
IV. Some Obfervations of the Mercury's Altitude, with the C hanges of the Weather at Emiiy im China. Lat. 24^ 20. Ne
By Mr. fames Cunningham. October 1698.. | p
31 Rom the 1f. to the 875. fair and clear Weather, the Mercury's Altitude, 392 Digit. = |
From the 8/7. to the 1125, clofe and cloudy Wea- ther, the Mercury falling to 292 Digit. uo
11th. Clofe Weather, fomewhat cloudy.
12th, Clofe Weather blowing fre(h at Worth-ea/.
- 33th. and 14:5. cloíe and cloudy Weather, with much Rain, and frefh Winds from North-eaft to North-weft.
The Tide, (which commonly flows 3 Fathoms) did flow above halfa Foot higher 3 Days after the full Moon, then ic did on the full Moon at the Equinox. .
15th. Fait aod clear Weather, with fmall Gales at Nortb-eaff. |
From the 15:5.tothe 24/5. fine moderate fair Wea- - ther, with {mall Gales about Worth-eaf, and to the 31th, Winds and Weather variable.
Movember the 1//. to the 15th. variable, clofe and cloudy Weather, withfome Rain, and variable Gales round the Compals. : | |
d 1525, Fair and clear Weather, with fmall Gales at North-eaff, in the Morning the Mercury's Altitude 2923 Di- git, at Noon 29%3 andat ten of the Night, being cold, rifing to 395. 16rh,
pe ae ON,
— %.16¢h. At Sun-rifing very cold, the Mercury’s Alti- tude 29% At Noon fair and pleafant Weather, - the - Mercury fallingto 292. At Night cold, rifing to 29%. . The Wind at North-ea/?. 2 WE ie |
y . 1745. This Morning cold, the Mercury at:2925, - fair and clear Weather all Day, and at Night blowing fome- what fre(h at. North-eaf?, the Mercury at 297.
9. 18th. This Morning cold, the Mercury at 29%. All
Day fair and pleafant Weather, the Mercury falling to —
29%,andby Noonto 292, The Weather fair, fome- whatclofe and cloudy ; the Afternoon Sun-fhining and War m, and at Night temperate, the Mercury continu- ing dt 292. Small Winds at Worth eaj?, and almoft C amu T -— á €. 20th. A pleafant Sun fhining Morning, the Mercury at 292, At Noon overcaft, and cloudy, with little Wind. at North-eaff, the Mercury falling. to 29%.° In the Afternoon’ fome drops of Rain, ‘with clofe Wea- ther, and at Night the Mercury continuing at 298, with {mall Wefterly Winds. Some Rain in: the
at North-eaft, ate ae 292 in the Morning, and continued foallday, with fome drops of Rain in the Afternoon, the Galefrefhning, and a fhower of Rain at 8 ofthe Night, the Mercury rifing to292 ^ — | — 6.324. Gray and cloudy. Weather all Day, with frefh Gales between Ea/! at.d,Worth-eaft, the Mercury at 29%, and.at Night rifling tó 292. Fair, Weather, fomewhar Cloudy. . | |
. €, 23d, A very cold Morning, fair and clear, with freth Gales from Nortb-ezfh to North, the Mercury at 30 Digit. Fair and dearall Day, with à moderate Gale a- bout Werth ea/?: Clear and very cold all Nfghr, the Mee cur; continuing at 30 Digit. ip topes - i:
Y. 24th.
"49 aif. Clofé and cloudy Weather, with (eiall’ Galds
ee
| [ 325 J
x. 24th. A fair, clear, and cold Morning, the Wind at Nortb-eaf, a moderate Gale, the Mercury continuing at 30 Digit. AclearSun-thining Day, cold and clear all Night, the Mercury as before.
g. 25th. A fharp cold Morning, fair and clear, with a moderate Gale at North weft, the Mercury fallento 29 . All Day fair and pleafant, very warm, and no Wind, the Mercury falling as Noon to 29%, and at Night being fomewhat Hazy and Calm withal, to 25 |
h. 26th. temperate Weather al! Night, and this Morn- ing fomewhat clofe and hazy, and no Wind, the Mer- cury at 2¢%, and towards Noon growing clearer and warmer, rifing to 29:5. Small Brizes at North-ea/?, at Night falling to 2955, temperate Weather. |
o. 27th. Fine pleafant Weatherall Day, with fmall variable Brizes from the North to weff. and about to South, the Mercury inthe Morning at 29:5, and at Noon falling to 292, and at Night rifingto 3925, Fair Wea- -
ther and Calm. | |
». 25:b. Fine moderate Weather, with a Gale at North eaft, the Mercury at 29%, In the Afternoon the Gale frefhn’d, the Weather fomewhat Cloudy, and at Night the Mercury was at 29%, blowing frefh, —
-' 6, 29th. Fair and clear Weather, fomewhat cold this Morning, with a freth Gale at North-eaf ; the Mercury at 29%. Fine pleafant Weather all Day, with {mall Gales at North-ea#, at Noon. the Mercury falling to29Z, and at Night being clear and fomewhat cold, rifing to 297. . | Ud | X. 30th. Fair and pleafant Weather, with {mall - Galesatw. E. the Mercury at 29%. At. Noon a frefh -
Gale, the Mercury falling to 29%. At Night temperate
Weather, and little Wind, the Mercury rifing to 29:5.
> D £-
[326] DECEMBER.
x. 1f. Fine temperate Weather, with {mall Gales at North-eaft, the Mercury at 29: in the Morning. Fair Weather all Day, and {mall Brizes at North-ea/?, the Mercury at Noon falling to 29%, and in the Evening to 29%, and at Night rifing to 29%, being fine clear Wea- ther. |
9. 2d. Fair and temperate Weather; fomewhat Clou- dy, and overcaft with {mall Gales at Aorth-ea, the Mercury at 2934, and at Night rifing to 29%.
h. 34. A clear and cold Morning, with a fine fharp Gale at North, and by Ea, the Mercury at39%. A cold Air all Day, the Mercury at Noon falling to29%, and at Night the Gale frefhning madeit colder, the Mercury riling to 295. |
C. 4th, A fharp Morning with a frefh Gale at qvorth
and by Eaf, the Mercury at 29%. Fair and clear all
Day, with afmall Northerly Gale, the Mercury by Noon falling to 295. Aferene temperate Night, and almoft ‘Calm, the Mercury as before.
|... 5th. Afine clear Morning, with a moderate Gale at South.weft, fomewhat cold, the Mercury at 295. At
Noon afmall Brize at Ea? by South, pleafant Weather,
the Mercuryat 293. At Night a fmall Gale at south by Eaft, fair and temperate Weather, fomewhat hazy, the Mercury at 29%. AG
d. 6th. This Morning fomewhat clofe and Cloudy, with a few drops of Rain, the Weather temperate, with
{mall southerly Brizes, the Mercury at 293. The After- -
noon Calm, and fomewhat Hazy, the Mercury falling co 2933. At Night overcaft and Cloudy, with jfome Rain, blowing freíh at North, the Mercury rifing to 29%. |
7th.
Ww euu—-Xn—— ]!
a | [^65 05 | D
9. 7th. Agray Morning, clearing up with a freth Gale at North-eaj?, the Mercury at 293. In the After- noon the Horizona litile Hazy, the Mercury falling to - 295. At Night clearer, with a frefher Gale, the Mercury rifing to 295. A very cold Night.
X. 8th, A sharp clear Morning, with a fine Gale at North-eaft, the Mercury at 30 Digit. At Noon falling . to 293, a fine Sun-fhining Day. At Night cold and
clear, a {mall Gale at North-eaff, the Mercury rifing to - 30 Digit. ; |
?. 9th, This Morning asthe laft, all Day and Night the fame, and the Mercury alío. ye . h.' 1efb, A cold Morning, fomewhat Fogsy, with afneGieat Nerthb-eaft, the Mercury at.30 Digit, all -Diy Fair, Clear and Sun fhining. At Night cold, the
Mercury at 292, : O. 11th, A cold Morning, with a moderate Gale at — North-weff, the Mercury at 293. All Day fair and clear,
the Mercury falling to29:5. At Night a frefh Gale ct Noyth-eaft, the Mercury at 293. : :
». 1275; Agray cold Morning, fomewhat Cloudy, with ahazy Horizon, a frefh Gale at ?orth-ea/?, and the
- Mercury at 292, towards Noon falling to 292, with lit-
tle Wind, and fair Weather ; at Night calm and fome-. what cold, the Mercury rifing to 295. _
- 6, 13th. A fine pleafant Morning, with a {mall Brize at North-weff, the Mercury at 292. At Noon a. {mall Gale at Worth-caf?, and inthe Afternoon Calm, the Mercury falling to 293. All day Serene, at Night Calm, witha clear Sky,fomewhat cold, the Mercury rifingto 29. V, rath. A fine temperate Morning, with fome [mall Rain like Dew, and a moderate Gale at South weft, the Mercury at 293. The Afternoon a little overcaft, and the Horizon fomewhat Hazy, a fmall Gale at south-ca/?, the Mercury falling to292. At Night Temperate and Calm the Mercury rifing to 29:.
"n CROCO X. gt. |
[ 328 ]
4... 15th. A fine temperate calm Morning, the.Mercu- ry at 29%. At Noon fair, pleafant, calm Weather, the Mercury fallen to 293. Allthe Afternoon, and at Night a freth Gale at Worth-eaft fair Weather, the Mercury. ri- fiagto298. 8 .
2. 16th. A gray cloudy Morning, fomewhat Hazy, with a frefh Gale at Worth-eaft, the Mercury at 29% At. Noon fair and. clear, the Gale moderate, and the Mer- cury falling almoft to 29: The Afternoon fomewhat Cloudy with a fine Gale at North Eaft; At Night alittle Wind, ferene and tharp, the Mercury rifing to 295. |
^. 17th. A Gray. Morning fomewhat cold. with a fine Gale at North Eaft, the Mercury at 292, and at Noonfalling to 29%. At Night little Wind, the Mer- eury rifing to 295. | —. e» 18th. A fair temperate calm Morning fomewhat foggy, the Mercury at 293. All Day fair Weather fome- what Cloudy with fmall Winds at North Eaít, the . Mercury falling to 2935. At Night blowing frefh, the
Mercury rifing to 295. /
).19.A Gray cloudy Morning with a frefh Gale at North Eaft, the Mercnry at 295. Clofe Thick Weather, with continual Rain all Day and Night, and a moderate Gale at North Eaft ; at Night the Mercury rifing to 295.
z. 20th. Clofe thick Rainy Weather, the Morning with a moderate Gale at North Eaft, the Mercury falling below 29%. And by Noon to 295, continual thick rainy Weather all Day and Night, the, Mercury at 29:, and the Gale as before. | B^ dA
v. 21íft. A gray cloudy Morning but fair and begin- ning to clear up and Calm. withal, the Mercury at. 29%, at Noon fair Weather, and fomewhat clear, with a fmall Gale at South-we/?, the Mercury falling to 293. At Night calm and fomewhat. cloudy;. the Mercury. at 29%, : !
EN.
E ooo rh
X, 29d. A gray cloudy Morning continuing fo all Day with a {mall Gale at Aorth-Ea?, the Mercury at 29%, at Night rifing to 29%, | -
$. 23d. A gray cloudy Morning, continuing fo all.
Day, with (mall Gales at Nerz5b-Eaff, the Afercury at
29:, at Night more ferene the ZZercury rifling to 2923. 1 A
_h. 24th. A gray Morning and calm Weather, the Mercury at 29%, clofe and cloudy Weather all Day and no Wind, the Mercury falling to 29:5. At Night
rifim» almoft to 29%.
. €, 25th. A gray cloucy Morning, (fome Rain be- fore Day light) with {mall southerly Brizes, the Ader- cury at 29%. Towards Sun-{hining and pleafant, little Wind variable, the /zercury falling to 29%. The Af-
- ternoon and at Night overcaft and cloudy, the Wind at
sowth by Eajt, and the A4ercury rifing to 293. | d. 27th. A fine pleafant Morning, with a hazy Hort-
zon, and altogether calm, the Mercury at 292, and by
Noon at 29%. All Day pleafant Weather, and at. Night {mall Gales at Xertb-Ezff the Mercury rifing to
12, : T
at v 28th.. A fine, pleafant Morning. sorte a {mall Brize at Eaft North Eaft, the Horizon fomewhat ha-
zy and the Mercury at 295. at Noon falling to 29%.
All Day fair and pleafant Weather with the forelaid
Brize. At Night calm, the Mercury falling almoft
to 295 0 j a
d. 29th. À gtay Morning, with a clofe Horizon,
- . and a fmall Brize about’ Eaft-North-Eaft, the Mercu- ry at 292. Calm all the Forenoon, inthe Afternoon
pleafant Weather, with a fmall Gale of South-Eaft,-
the’ Mercury’ at 29: At Night calm, the Mercury at wp cc ia PE. :
x. 30th. A gray cloudy Morning, and clofe Weather,
with a frefh Galeat South-Eaft, the Mercury at 29. | (ce2 | A
| n rio Phat All Day cloudy and dark, the Gale frefhning and veer- » ing to Eajt-North-Eaff, the Mercury rifing to 295.
f. 31ít, Gray cloudy Weather all Day, with a frefh. Gale at Northb-Eaf! in the Evening fome Rain blow- ing frefh all Night. — ' |
FANUARY.
©, rift. Variable Weather with fmall Gales at North-Eaft. reb
«. 2d. Rainy thick Weather all Day and. Night : with little Wind at Aorth-Esf. | ; 6. 3d. Continual thick rainy Weather all Day and | Night, the Wind at worrb-Eaff. | | y
v. 4th. Fair Weather fomewhat clofe, and calm all. Day and Night. 3 vi X. sth. Clofe Weather with fome Rain and Calm this Forenoon; and in the Afternoon a fmall. Brize at weft-North-weft. Departed from Emily, .
V. Part of a Letter from Dr. David Gregory, to Dr.Sloane, dated Oxford, October. 12. 1699.. containing bis obfervations of the Echpfe of the Sun on. the 13th of September af.
* Send you a Scheme of the Phafes.of the, late E-
clipfe ofthe Sun, (fee the Table) as Lobferv'd them.
I did not fee the beginning of it: But the end hap- pened here, precifely Twenty four 2Zinutes and Nine feconds after Ten a Clock in the 24orning,. appa- rent Time, and all the Times marked in the Figure. are fuch: The greateft Obfervation, which was Ten Digits and a Quarter, was about Seven ,éinutes af-- ae , e tes:
[33r] ter Nine, "The Scheme fhews the reft of the Pha. fes. | | a i :
Of the Origen of white Vitrwl and the Figure ef ats C. ryftals, not yet accouuted for, by Dr. Mar- tin Lifter, F. R. S. |
| Z4ongít the Defiderata, relating to rof Salts, the Origin that I know of white Fitriol is ob. Ícure, and its Cryftals undefcribed.. - All I can find of this matter is out of Borrichius de Docimaftice metallica , that it is produced from & certain Lead Ore, boiled raw. (Plambi nigri Vena vitriolum album producit, etiam non crémata) none, that I know of, of our Englifh Lead Ores gives us any . fufpicion of any füch Vitriol. It is true, I have by me fome Sorts of white Lead Ore Spar-like, plentifully yielding Lead: But I cannot fay thateither thofe or - any coloured Lead Ores, did give me any reafon to fulpea&, after diverfe experiments upon them, that
. yielded. white. V itriol..
As to the Cryftals of white Vitriol, they are very dif- ficult to defcribe, and feem to me to be a congeries of infinite {mallNeedles,for which realon itis of a moft fpee- . dy Operation, and irritates the Stomach fuddenly, be-. fore they can be well diffolved or broken.
I recommend the inquiry of both thefe particulars. concerning white Vitriol, to the Induftry and Diligence: of the Curious. | d.
mare L338] 4 ena. ada Jo fst codeword ;Smmogod Sd] oor 321 A Letter Communicated from Mr. Thoresby F. R: S. to John Evelyn Efquires concerning the Cures done by Mr, Greatrix the Stroke. ub SAR, A Sto Mr. Greatrix’s Cures, becaufe I was not wil- E ling to truft too much to my own’ Memory at that diftance of Time (it being (cat 20 Years face I {aw him ftroke any) Thave not writ! of any; but füch as Thave ftill [ome Friends livirig who’ were Eye-wit- neffes as; well as my felf, with whom I have: compas red Notes Yefterday,: and give you nothing but what they think exadly true, The firft T thal mention was my own Brother Tob» D-- which bóth ry Sitter and my felf remember to have been {tized with a violent- Pain. in his Head and Back, wlien about r4 Years of Ape, ore of my Sifters at that time had tlié SimálbPox, ádd'iy Mother judging tit he was caken with che fame Diftertiper, üfed- n8 rrieátis to remove it; till by accident Mr. Greatrix comitig to oür Houle; atid hearing’ of his HIneíà; defired’ to’ fee him, he Ordéted the Boy to ftrip him to his Shirt, which hedid, and having given prefent Eafe to his’ Head by ofily’ ftroke ing it with his Hands, he fell to rib his Back, which he moft coftiplaifted” of; but thé Pain immediately fled fron his-Hland' to his right! Thigh} te’ followed it there, it! fell’ to-his: Knee, from thenée tb his’ Les, but he fill purfued it to his Ancle, thence-to his Foot, and at laft to his great Toe, as it fell lower, it grew more violent, efpecially when in his big Toe it made him roar out, but upon rubbing it there it vanithed, and the Boy cried out, "Tisquitegone. Itne- - ver troubled him after, but he took the Small Pox ^ above
Bold 3
above 3 Weeks after. The next Inftance was Mrs. D-- who was my Uncle P-----s Daughter, fhe was feiz’d when a Girl, witha great Pain and Weaknels, - inher Knees, which occafioned a white Swelling ; this followed her for feveral Years, and having ufed di- verfe means to no efiect, after 6 or 7 Years time, Mr. Greatrix coming to Dublin, and lodging at my Fa- thers, my Aunt (who is ftill living and weil remem- bers it) brought her to him, where he ftroked both her Knees, the Pain flying downwards from his Hand, it drove it out of her Toes, he gave her prefent Eafe, and the {welling in afhort Time wore away and never troubled her after. I had alfo a Comerade one Mrs, L---e who after a Feaver was much troubled with a Pain ia her Ears, and very Deaf, fhe came to Mr.- Greatrix, when at my Fathers, 1 remember he put - fome of his Spittle into her Ears, and turning his Finger in her Ears rubbed and chafed them well, which - cured ‘her both of the Pain and Deafnels, Mrs. H---y- my oppofite Neighbour told me Yefterday, that her Uncle Mr. Charles L---z, who was Secretary to the _ Commiffioners, was cured by him of the fame Mala-- dy, having much loft his hearing by fome accident, till Mr. Gzeatrix by ftroking reftored it. Mr. H---s Daugh--
. ferin law Mrs. s---2 told me her felf, that fhe: was, -
when a Child, extreamly troubled with the Kings E- vil, her Z4other fent her to be ftrok’d in King Charles the 2ds Time to London, but fhe was nothing the bet- ter, but 7t. Greatrix perfectly cured her. A Smith whofe | . Name was Pier[oz near us had two Daughters extream- ly troubled with the Evil, the one in her Thigh, the other in her Arm, he cured them both at my Fa-- thers, one of them lives ftill in Town, I was with her Yefterday, fhe isa healthy Woman, the zzother of feveral Children, fhe fhewed me her Arm, where the. -. feats the Evil-fore left ftill remain, 3 in one Arm,though "tis
TAM ages ^us 20 Years fince they were cured, fince when {he never had any fymptoms of it. n 1 could add many things of this Nature, both of what I have feen. and heard from my | ZZother, who was much more with him than my (elf, but. want- ing room fhall only tell you, that where he ftroked for Pains, he ufed nothing but his dry Hand, if Ulcers or running Sores he would ule Spittle on his Hand or Finger, and for the Evil if they came to-him before it was broke, he ftroked it, and ordered them to poultefs it with boil’d Turneps, and. fo did every Day till it grew fit forlancing, he then lanc'd, it and with his Fingers would fqueeze.out the Cores and Corruption, and then in a few Days it would be
well with his only ftroking it every A4Zorning, thus -
he cured many who keep well to this. Day, but, if it were broke before he faw them, he only fqueez- ed out the Core, and healed it by ftroking 5 fuch as were troubled with Fits of the Mother, he would prefently take off the Fit, by only laying his Glave on their Head; but I never knew any that -he cured . of that Diftemper, for their Fits would return, but I have heard he cured many of the falling Sickneís, if they ftay'd with him, fo that he might fee them in 30r 4 Fits, elfé-he could not cure them, I have
been too tedious, and therefore fhall notadd, but that I. —
am. | |
| S215 E Dublin May 2d, 1699. | L — Tour humble Servant,
——— — m 77 oe S
[£335 ]
I.
An account of Books, Geography Anatomizd, or the Compleat Geographical Grammar. Being a fbort and exatt Analyfis of the whole Ecdy of Modern Geography, after a new and curtous Method. The Second Edition, much improv d and enlarged. By Pat. Gordon. M. 4. F. R. S.
H E principal Defign of this excellent Treatife, is. A (GntheWords of its Ingenious} Author) To pre- fent the younger fort of our Nobility and Gentry with a Com- . gendious, Pleafant, aud Methodical Tra of MODERN J. GEOGRAPHY, that moft ufeful Science which highly de- ferves their Regard ina peculiar manner. It confifts of two Parts, whereof the firft gives a Geweral, and the {e- cond a particular View of the Terraqueous Globe.
Inthe General View, the Author has (1.) Illuftrated, by way of Definition, Defcription, or Derivation, füch Terms asare neceflary for aright Underftanding of the Globe, adding Analytical Tables of the following . Treatife. (2.) He hath given in fuch pleafant Proélems, as ate performable by it, and the manner of their Perfor- mance. (3. Hehathíubjoyn'd divers plain Geogra- phical Theorems, clearly deducible from the foregoing Problems. (4.) He has advanc'd fome Paradoxical Po- fitions in Matters of Geography, yet equally cer- tain withthe Theorems. Laftly, He has taken a Tran- fient Survey of the whole Surface ofthe Earth, as it con- fits of Land and Water. B ie in the particular View he
[356].
fias iven the Maps, and a clear Profpect of all remarka- ble Countries, andtheir Inhabitants, particularly as to their. f
1. Situation, both for Latitude and Longitude, for the more readily knowing them.
2. Extent, or true Dimenfion in Exglifh Miles; from Eft to wef and from South to North.
3. Divifion, into the more general Parts, and how fuch Parts are readily found.
4, sub-divifion, into particular Provinces, how thefe are moft readily found. | 5, Chief Towns, giving cheir modern Names, and.
how thofe Towns are moft readily found.
6.. Names, as called by the Ancients, or by fgme » more Modern, with the Etymology of the E»g/ifp Name..
7. Air, astoits Temperature, as alfo. es Antipodes of that part of the Globe. | 8. Soil, and proper Climat of the Counties 5 its natu-
ral Produ&, and the lengthof the Days and Nights.
9. Commodities, there produced.
10. Rarities, either of Nature, or of Art, efpecially Monuments of Antiquity.
1t. Arch-bifbopricks, their Number and Names,
12. Bifbopricks, their Number and Namies. »
X3. Univerfities, their Number and Names,
14. Manners,that is, the natural Géwins and Temper of : the People, and their moft noted Cüftoms.
15. Language, it’s Compofition and Propriety; andi in many the Pafér Nefler as aSpecimén théreof, —.—
16. Government, it's Nature or pcipge and: ihe publick Courts of Judicarure. «
17. Arms, how Blazoned, and the proper Mottos, ^
rs Religion, the chief Tenets thereof.and when; and by whom Chriftianity was planted, ifat alloy
To thefe ‘two Parts is'annex'd'an Appendix, compie- à hending the European Plantations, andFa¢toriesin Afi (ay A
rica.
t
38] frica, and. Americas as alfo (ome reafonable Propo[als cone cerning the Propagation of the. ble[[ed Gofpe? in. all Pagan
Countries.
Shik
The Celeftial World Difcoverd, or Conjectures concerning the Inhabitants, Plants, and Pro- ductions of the Worlds in the Planets — rzt- im Latin by Chriftianus Huygens, and Infcri- bed to bis Brother Conftantine Huygens, /ate Secretary to His Majefty King William. iz 8vo. with $ C opper Cuts of IMuftration. :
“HE Ingenious Authorof this Difcourfe, having : fpent much Time, and taken great Pains in mak- ing Celeftial Obfervations and Dilcoveries by Te- le{copes of the largeft Sizes, and other Inftruments, and hàving moreover acquainted himfelf with the lateft and beft Obfervations and Difcoveries made by other Mo- dern Aftronomerss and having well weighed and confi dered the Import and Significancy of them, comes in this Book to acquaint his Brother the Heer Coz//aztize Huygens, (who was aifo a great lover of thefe Inquirys, and who was the Perfon that furnifht him with the ex- cellent Telefcopes he made ufe of, Wrought with his own Hand, wherein he had for his Diverfion acquired an extraordinary Artand Dexterity, unknown to any befides him(elf) and by the Publication of it, ifhe thought fit, likewife to acquaint the Learned World, what up- onthe Refult of all, his Opinion and Belief was con- | Ddd 2 | cers
[ 338 J , cerning the Form, Struéture, and Fabrick of the Uni verfe, or the whole vifible World, andthe Reafons and Arguments that induced him thereunto, which he hopes may feem reafonable enough to Men Skilled in Geome- trical, and Aflronomical Sciences; fuch as he wifhes his Readers may be. But becaufe he was well aware that many of them might be Perfons of differing Qualificati- ons, and fuch as could not, or would not underítand the Cogency ofthem,or from Prepofleflion would endeavour to Carp at, and make Arguments againft the whole Do- Grin there delivered, therefore he endeavours to E- numerate and Obviate fuchas are moft likely to be pro- duced for that end: The firft of which he conceives, may be of fuch as are ignorant of Mathematical Know- ledge, whóWill'beapt to reprefent it asa Whimfey on- ly of a difturbed Brainy they thinking i» impoffible to meafure, or any wile to be afcertain’d of the Magnitudes and Diftances of the Celeftial Bodies, and as to the Earth's Motions they look on them as Fitions, and not capable of being proved: To fuch he anfwers, that he . does not affert thofe things as abfolutely demonftrated, but rather as probable Conje&ures, and that he leaves every one free tojudge of them as they pleafe. And to fuch as may thinlothem ufelefs, fince they are only Con- je&ural, he anfwers, upon the fame account, all other '" Phyfical Knowledge may be rejected, fince that alfo for the moft part is but Conje&ural ; and yet we-know the Studies ofthofe things are very commendable, and afford great Plea(ure, Sati;faXion, and Benefit, even to fuch as think them Contradictory to Holy Writ, to fuppofe o- ther Worlds, or Animals thenthofe of the Earth ; be- - caufe fuch are not mention'd in the Hiftory of the Crea- tion. Hethinks there has been enough faid to fhew that the Defcription of the Creation 1a the Bible, was only with Relation to the Earth, and not at all with Refpect to theother Parts of the World, then what were pi pm | vift-
[ $39.17] : vifible 5 nor can it be Detrimental to Religion, but will, be rather, as he conceives, a meansto make fen havea leffer Efteem of thefe Earthly Things, (ince they are but fmall, with Refpecttothe other World, and to have a greater Veneration and Adoration of that wonderful Wifdom and Providence which is univeríally difplayed through the whole Fabrick of the Univerfe. As to the Form and Difpofition of the Whole, and of the Parts of this Univerfe, he agrees with the Syftem of Copernicus , for the better Explication of which he hath added twoFi- sures, the firft of which fhews their Order and Pofitions, andthe fecond their Comparative Z7agnitudes. And becaufe by reafon of the fmallnefs of thefe Figures, the true Proportions could not be fufficiently expreft, he has addeda particular Explication, exprefliog in Numbers - the Diftances of their Orbsfrom the Sun in the Center, and the Times of their Periods in them: Next of their par- . ticular 7Zagnitudes;and fo of their Proportions to each o- ther, andtothe Body of theSun, And fince it hereby appears that the Earth is moved about the Sun, as well as the other Planets, (which all the beft of the z7odern Afttonomers do now believe, and none but fuch as are of a more dull Apprehenfion, or are otherwife over-pow- ered by their Superiors, do deny. or make any fcruple
pofitively to affert) andthat thoíc Pianets are Enlight'ned by theSun in the {ame manneras the Earth is, and fome of them as b and » have their own Moons, or Secundary Planets moving about them, fometimes Eclipfing them, and Eclipfed by them asthe Earthalfo is by its Moon, and tbat (ome of them are much bigger, as well.as fome others fmaller then the Earth ; and fo that the 2Zagni- ' tudesarenot proportion’d, either according to their Order or their Diftance s fince alío they are obferved to have the (ame kinds of A4ot10n0, both Annualand Diur- nal, therefore he thinks it very probable that they do refemble the Earth alfo in other Qualifications ; for that.
we
. eae J we have no Argument to the contrary why they-fbould, not, not isthis way of Reafoniag fromthe Agreement: infome to alike. Agreement.of. atber |precarious, fiace! 'tis.the moft ufual Method of difeovering the infenfible Parts of the World by their Similitude to the: more Senfible, asin Anatomy wejudge of the Parts of a..Crea- ture, by the Similitude we find they have to the Partsiof fome other before known. |. From. this Tdflick there- fore he thinks we may fafely conclude that the other Planets have lolid Bodies, and Gravity towards their Centers, as the Earth hath fince, we find them to have the fame Figure, and the fame Motions, and. the fame Concomitants, and that they have Atmofpheres and Air, and Water, c. And (ince it would be toogreat a Depre- tiating of them, and a too much Over-valuing of the Earth, to fuppofe them not tobe likewife Adorned with the more admirable Productions and Fabricks of Plants; and Animals; which. more evidently manifeft the Wil- dom and Defiga of the Divine Architect, whichwe find the Earth to beEnriched and Beautified with.But to fup- pofe them oaly lifelefs Lumps of Matter ; as Earth, Wa- ter, €. Or vaft Delerts, barren Mountains, Rocks, oc. This hefays would fink them too much below the Barth in Beauty and Dignity, which this: Method of Reafoning willin no wile permit. He conceives there- fore we muft fuppofe, and believe them to have Animals as wellasthe Barth 5 and fo of .neceffity Plants for their Nourifhment, And thele poffibly not much different from thofe we have; both as to their outward Form, and as totheirinternal Structure, and as to their Me- thod of Production, or Propagation, and their Increafe or Growth... And that if there be any Difference, moft probably it muft arife from the differing. Diftances of thofe Globes from the Sun, whichis more likely to affe& the Matter thanthe Form. Wherefore though we can- : | not
| E 34V 1
not be afcertain'd what thefe Differences are, yet we: may reafonably conclude, that they are Compoled of Solids andFluids ; for that the Produ&ion and Nutrition
of thefeAnimals mult be made by Fluids; and thence alfo thatthe Parts of them for Motion muft be fomewhat like thofe of Terreftrial Animals ; whether Beafts, Fith- es, Birds, or Infects; thatis, they muft have Legs, Finns, Wings, crc. Though not exactly the fame with
ours, fince the Fluids may be more various, as totheir
Number, and as to their Denfity, and as to their Rari- fa&ion and Conglaciation, fome of thele Globes being
much further off, and fomewhat nearer tothe Sun, and its powerful Rays. And fo the Fluidsof P and ¥ may
not befoapt tobe Frozen, nor thole of? and 9 td be
Rarified into Vapours, neither of which would deftroy the. FormandUlfe of Water for the Vege:ation of Plants, ~ | |
"And becaufe though we fhould allow thefe Globes. thefe Ornaments and Furniture, yet though we fup-
pofe them deprived of the principal Production and Ma-- fter-piece of all, and for whofe Ule and Benefit all the teft eem tobe mide, we fhould too much Exalr and O- “ver-value this Globe of the Earth, and too much Depre-- ciateallthe other. Therefore he thinks we muft fup- pofe them to have Rational Animals alfo, and that thofe "have all thofe Senfes, and other neceffary Organs for Reafoning that Men have here, and thatthey do ule ‘them, and have procur'd thereby the fame Advantages,’ ‘and Improvement of that Paculty, thatin che like Ca-- fes Men have done here uponthe Earth.. And fince we find that Fire in many Cafesis of great Ulfe, hé thinks. ‘that we mult fuppofe it common to all the other Globes. aMo. Butto jadge of the Magnitude, or exact Shape of "thofe Aniinated Bodies in the other Planets, by the Mag--- nitude of thole Globes, he thinks we have no Medium:
C 342 1 | to dire& us, fince we find that Nature does not reftrain it felf to fuch Rules of Meafure as might feem the beft to us. But fince the Principal Ufe of Reafon, which he fup- pofes to be the fame as here feems to be for the Con- templation of the Works of the Creatour, and the Im-
' provement of Arts and Sciences, he conceives that thole Inhabitants do not only Contemplate and obferve the Stars, but that they have alfo made an Aftronomy, and Cultivated fuch Arts as conduce thereunto; as thofe of Geometry, Arithmetick, Opticks, gc. and that of Writing, by whichthey may Regifter their. Obfervati- ons to their Pofterity. And thence he concludes they mutt have Hands and Legs, or fuch like Limbs, and an ere& Face by which they may be enabledto perform fuch Aétions as are neceflary for thofe Purpofes, and in general he thinksit probable that they may have many
_ Arts and Sciences, the (ame with ours, though poflibly not all, but yet others inftead thereof, not lefs Valuable.
. Nor would they (eem lefs Wonderful and Pleafant to us, could we be Tranfported thither by fome powerful Ge- nius, which fince he defpairs of, he endeavours in his fecond Book togive us his Judgment concerning the Phenomena of the Heavens, what they might appear to one of us fuppofed to be there in oneof them, which he
. Founds on the Knowledge we now have of them, as to Magnitude, Diftance, cc. And here; after he has Cen- {ured Pather|Kércher’s Iter Extaticum(a Book Publifh'd on the like Subject) he begins to tell what muft be the Phe- nomena of the Sun,and Planets, [een in © , and next what the fame muft be feen in Venus, which fince with a fixty Foot Teleícope, andallhisDiligence, he could never difcover to have Spots, . or differently illuminated Parts, as are vifible in Adars, Jupiter, and Satern: He Conje- é&urés that the Reflection of Light from it is made by
the Atmofphere aboutit;and not by the Body it felf.
Thirdly, What they are ia 2425, which he makes much
leís
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then Vezus, or the Barth, tho’ without a Moon, and fur- ther diftant from theSun. And Fourth'y, What in Fa- piter and Saturnz, which fo va(tly exceed all the other three, both for their Magnitude, and for thcic Concomi- tants, 74»iter having 4, and Saturn 5, together witha Ring, whereas the Barth has but one, and the other 3 noneatall. Upon Explaining the Phenomena of thefe, he more largely infifts, and has therein Summ'd up all the lateft and beft Phenomena that have been obferved concerning them, as to the 5 Moon's about *, tho' he : confeffeth that he had not feen the 2 innermoft of them, yet he Confides in the Obfervations of Monfieur Caffzsi. and fufpects alfo that there may be more yet difcovered, when the Glaffes of 170, and 210 Foot made the moft Accurate by his Brother, fhall come to be ufed for that Purpole. But whatto determin comcerning the Furni- ture, or, Nature of all thefe azocn’s, though he thinks them to be much the fame with that of our 47000, Yet as he conceives, being not f.i fficienily infora’d by Ob- fervation, that the A40on has the like Furniture as the Earth has; heis ata ftand, and knows not well what to decermin concerning them. . He grants we can plain- ly.difcover that the 44000 has 74ountains and. Valleys, and. oth-r Afperitiesas the Earth has but as he conceives there areno Seas nor Rivers, for that he thinks it more probable that thofe Spots which others have fuppofed Seas, are only great Pizins ofa darker Colour, his Reafon is, forthat there are divers inequalities to be difcovered | in them the fame as in, other Parts of its Surface, and from thence he imagines there can be no Rivers, . and confequen:ly no Water, norany Atmofphere, or Air. Thefe are the Difficulties which perplex him, which if he could have removed,and that he could have been affured there had been Water, he could have allow’d it all the o- ther Priviledges, and with Xeaophanes have furnifh'd it with Inhabitants, Cities, €&?v. But as he conceives of
Eco it
*
[ 336 | t, he can neither allow it to have Animals, no; nor Pjants. And yet at latt he fays, ?tis not improbable but that it may have Plants and Animals too, but they muft have another fort of Nourifhment. Now by this Cen- fure of the Moon he has pafs'd the (ame upon all the o- ther Moons, to wit the Concomitantsof ¥ and 5 , which: lie judgesto be of the fame Nature, and to expofe the fame part always towards their primary Planet, as the Moon doesto the Earth; by.a Phenomenon of one of the Moons of h , the Confideration of which Suggefted to him that the Phenomena of the Heavens muft be to their Inhabitants,.ifthey could have any, and'for all the reft gives.an Inftance of thofe ofthe Moon. Then he pro-- ceeds toconfider the Sun and the fix'd Stars, promifing the Magnificence of the Solar Syfteme5. this he does by Words, becaufe Schemes he could not render ’em large enough to reprefent the proportionate Magnitudes of the Orbs tothe Minutenefs of the Plenary Bodies ; for . the Orb of Saturz wouldrequire an Area of 360 Foot in Diameter, and that ofthe Earth, one of 36 Foot to draw them proportionate to the Globes, for the Orb of the Earth is 12000 times the Diameter: of the Earth's Ball.. And confequently the diftance of the Barth from the Sun will be above 17: Thoufand, or. 17 Millions. of German Miles. To make the vaftne(s of thefe Diftances . the more conceivable, he Computes them by-the Times thata Cannon-bullet (fappos'd to país a hundred Fa- thom in a fecond of Time) would fpend in paffing thofe Spaces, whence heconcludes it would be 25 Years paí-. fing tothe Sun from the Earth, 135 from x, and 250 from b. Then he proceeds to confider the Body of the. Sun,. where he is zonplss'd, as about the Moon; for he is not fatisfi'd whether it be a folid, or fluid Body, but he inclines to think it a Fluid. ‘Next, he knows not what to think of Animals, or Vegetables in it, fince there can be nothing like any thing we know, by reafon . of
L 332% 1
ofthe continual Fire and Heat which would confume afl
fuch as we havehere. He thinks therefore it might be made for the Illuminating and Enlivening of the Parts oí the other Planets. 4nd as for the fix’d Stars he conceives them to be {fo many Suns, and to be difpers'd in the vat Expaníum of Heaven at various Diftances, and each of them to have a proper Syítem, and Planets moved about
them. And tho’ it be impoffible for us ever to ee thole
Planets, by reafon of their vaft Diftance, yer from the Analogy that is between the Sunand Stars, we may judge of the planetary Syftems about them, and of the Planets themíelves too, which probably are hke the
planetary Bodies about the Sun, «that is) that they have
Planets and Animals, nay, and Rational onestoo, as
great Admirers and Obfervers of the Heavens as any on the Earth. . This Reprefents to us a wonderful Scheme
of the prodigious vaftnefs of the Heavens; fo that the
diftance between the Earth and the Sun, though of 17
Millions of German AZiles, is almoft nothing to the di-
ftance ofa fix’d Star. And becaufe of the Difficulty in
making Obfervations for this Purpofe, in the common
Ways, he therefore propofes a new A¢ethod of his own
forthis Purpofe; which he alfo explains, and by that
one may the better conceive the vaftnels of the diftance
of one of the neareft, as for Inftance from the Sun; which by this way he proves to be 27664 times the Di- ftance of the Sun from the Earth; and to make this Di- .
ftance yet more comprehenfible, he makes ule of the
former Explication, by the time that a Cannon-bullet
. moved as fwift, as hath been juft now Explained. Where-
fore multiplying 27664 by 25, he findsthat a Cannon- bullet moving a hundred Fathom ia a Second would be 700000 Years in its Journey betwixt us and. the fix’d Stars; hereby the way he makes fome Reflections on Des Carteja'S Vortices, and explains his own Sentiments concerning the Prefent State of the Univerie, nor will
. Ecco "Rhe
[ 338 ] he trouble his 7Zind about their biginning, or how. made, as knowing it to be out of the reach of human’ Knowledge or Conje&ure. amas fi] .
. Upon the whole Matter you will here find the Inge- nious Author's Opinion concerning the Univerfé with all the Arguments for it drawn from the moft accurate Obfervations that have been hitherto made that are Pertinent thereunto. Theonly Failure, feems to fome to be in his Opinion concerning the 2400n and Secun- dary Planets... Upon which Subject, there may perhaps be íhortly Publifhed a Brief Difcourfe of one who is of a fomewhat differing Sentiment. |
III. Orang-Outang, five Homo Sylveftris: Or th Anatomy of a Pygmie, compared with that of a Monkey, az Ape, and 4 Man. To which is ad- ded 4 Philological Eflay concerning the Pygmies, the Cynocephali, tbe Satyrs and Sphinges of. the Ancients, &c. By Edward Tyfon, M. D- Fel- low of the Colledge of Phyfictans, and of the Rayal Society, &c. London, im 4to. 1699: —
“HE Ingenious Author of this Treatife, having of-
ten obliged the World withhis Anatomical Dif coveries and Obfervations on feveral curious Subjects, of which there is a Catalogue at the end of this Tract, has here givea us a veryAmple, as well as Accurate Ac- count of this ftrange, and indeed furprizing Animal, a Creature rarely, if ever feen by our World, at leaft in this Age, of which I fhall give a fhort, and but imperfea Abftraéts for totake notice of all that is Remarkable, were to Tranícribe the whole, and refer the more Cu- rious to the Perufal of theDifcourfe it felf, well zeri- | ting
[339] ting the Time ofthe moft Knowing and Learned Re der, who will find ample Satisfaction therein.
And firft inthe Preface our Author gives an Account of his Undertaking, vie. To give a Comparative Sur- vey of this Animal, witha A4ozkey, -an Ape, and a Adan, fhewing wherein they agree, and in what Particulars _ they differ from each other, and in the Philological Ef- fay, he provesthere were {uch Creatures as the Anci- ents: called Pygmies, Cyaccephali, &c. And that thefe were all either Apes or Monkies, andnot Men. As to this Crazg-Outang which was brought from | 4244. in Africa, but taken up higher inthe Country, he begins with thefeveral Names by which it has been called by feveral Writers, and obferving the great Confufion in. Authors Treating of the Ape, or Menkey-kind, he obli- ges himfelfto give a more particular Defcription of this, and tho’ he oblerves it in many things more. agreeable to a Man, than any ofthe Ape kind, yet he by no means al- lows it tobe Humane, buta Brute-animal, [wi generis, And before he comes tothe particular Defcription of it, he prefents us with a Text in Arijfotle, delcribing the. Ape kind, which he Evglifbes, and gives a Comment thereon, fhewing wherein the prefent Subject agrees, or - differs from it, and then proceeds togive anexact Ac- - count of the outward Shape and Size of the Creature dit fe&ed, which was 26 Incheshigh, andia this he is ve- ry particularia the Proportions of every part, and takes noticeof the Figures and Defcriptions given by. Twlpizs, Bontius , Gefner, &c. Wherein they agree, or differ from this, all which Figures he gives us a Copy of, and quotes at large feveral Authors, Ancient and Modern that have mentioned, or treated of it, and fo comes to the Anato ny of its feveral Parts. I fhall remark fome few, of them I: thought more obfervable, as that its Skin was whitifh; and adhered pretty firmly, and hadthe Z4ezebraza Aai-
fefa next to theSkin, asin Man, and under that the ; . Carnol
L 340 |
" Cartto[a. ‘The Seminal Veflels pafled between the two Coats of the Peritenaum to the Scrotum, as in Many, whence our Author Argues, Nature defigned this Crea- ture to go erect, fince ’tis otherwile in all Quadrupedes. The Omentum was fattened asin Man, different from what the Parifags found in the Monkey. Treating of the Duttas alimentalis, which he makes the Proprium quarto modo of an Animal 3 he takes occafion to recommend the more Nice Examination of the intermediate Species of Beings between Plantsand Animals, as the Zoophite, of which he once met with one that had a fenfible Contra- ction, or Motion of fome Parts, but nothing like the Structure ofany Parts or Organs likean Animal. The Stomach was like a Man's, there was no Bezoar Stones in it, which: Boztias fays are fometimes found in the Sto- mach's of Apes. “The Word Bezoar he oblerves:comes trem the Perfiaw Pa-zahar, contra venenum, and recom- mends it as an excellent Medicine, and quotes the fame Bontius for the Stone bred in the Bladder of Men, as an extraordinary Diuretic, and Sudorific. Treating of the Inteftines he finds the Apendicwla Vermiformis, as tis in Men, tho’ tis wanting in Apes and Monkies.: The Liver likewife the fame as 1n Man, and different from the aon- keys, as was alío the Dacfus Hepaticus, the SpleenjPancress, Glandulae Renales, And {peaking of the Kidzeys, he hints at the Reafon why Bleeding has been Succefsful in aSup- preffion of the Urine, the T#ba/i Urinarit being overpref- fed bythe Fulnefs-of the Blood-veflels: that run: between them. The-A:rta; and Cava were asiao Azan. The Tefes were not ina Scrotum, but more Cortracted by the out- ward Skin nearer to the Os Puis, by the fides of the Penis,’ whence he queries whether the having them fo placed, may contribute tothe SalacioufnefSidf ithe Ape- kind, of which he gives à remarkable Relation: or two, and proceeds to the feveral Parts and Veffels of che Te/fes, whichwere conformable to thofein 27an. The Pemss
se ‘dif-
[ 341 |
differed, had no Eventi, nor is he certain whether it had’ any G/ans.
-— Astothe middle Venter, the Lozgs had five Lobes in Colour, Subftance, Situation, and all Circumftances like a Afan’s; as was the T; rachaasand the Pericardium was faft- ened to ‘the Diaphragm, juft as "tis in Azan, which is ufual in Brutes. Whence he raifes another Argument that Na- ture defigned it a Biped, and gives the Reafon why 'tis fo faftened to aflift the Dia/fole ot the Diaphragm in Expira- tion, which otherwife the Liver and Stomach would draw down too much into the Abdomen. The Hearr, &c. much the fame as in 77an. The Larinx, Cartilages, Mule cles, Os Hyoides, and all the Organs of Speech the fame exactly, as tisin A/an, excepting the Tongue, and the . Rough of the 24outh.
Coming to the Head, he obferves the 274;7inall Re- [pects, exactly refembling a Man's. From the Agreement of which Parts heargues that the nobler Faculties in the Mind of Man muft have a higher Principle, and that 77at- ter Organized could never prod uce them.
In the next place our Author examines the Bozes, E by the way touches at the Difpute between Pefz/is, and others-in Relation to G4/ez, whether he ever difie- Ged human Bodies, or only Apes; Then he Inferts Réo/a- zur's Treatife, Intituled, Sime Ofteslogia, &c. Upon each Chapter, whereof he ‘makes his particular Remarks, _ fhewing wherein the Orang-Oxtang agreed more with a Man than a Afonkey, in more than 20 Particulars, and: endsthis Difcourfe with an account of the Azuleles, for which he owns himfelf obliged to 7t. Cowper, as likewile for the defigning allthe Figures which are done with: the greateft Accuracy, and curioufly Engraved on eight large Plates, Reprefenting the Creature both before and behind, then 2 Fig. likewife with the Skin off, fhew- ing all the 2zu/cles ; then the mbil and laftly the [e- m Vifcera,.
He
[342]
He concludes this Difcourfe with aRecapitulation of 48 Particulars, wherein the Orang-Outang more relembled a Man than. Apes and Z4onkies do, and 34 wherein it dif- fered from a Afan, and more Refembled the Ape and Monkey-kind. ee
We come now to the philological Effay concerning the Pygmies of the Ancients, wherein our Author fhews that in all Probability this Creature gave the firlt Occafion of this Story, which he traces upto the Original, and finds Homer to be the firft that mentions it, and their fighting with the Cranes, of. which, Gerazomachia he givesthe Reaíon. He Cites the feveral Authors, Ancient and 740- dern, that have any where mentioned them; and upon the whole concludes that the Pygmies were not .a dimi- nutive Race of A4ankind, as has beengenerallythought . but this Creature, which he proves at large, {nftancing and Explaining the feveral Accounts of them in Hower, Athenaus, e/lian, Pomponius Mela, Pliny; Oneficrit us; Ctefias, Herodotus, Hellanicus, Ariftotle, Strabo, Nonni[füs, Albertus Magnus, Ifaac: Cafaucon, Gener, To. Talentonius, Olaus Magnus, Barthotine,&c. Commenting upon the par- ticular Treatife of the laft upon this Subject. In the ncxt place, coming to Treat of the Cysocey hal: of the ancients, he thews thele likewile to have been Apes only, and not Men, and in this, as well as the Pygmies, and other Par- | ticulars fhews Ctefias tobe a very fabulous Writer, giv-_
ing the Hiftory. of this 4nimal fromthe Ancients, with
his owa Remarks thereon; and fo. proceeds to Treat of the Satyrs, Pan, eAigypan, Sylvanus, Silenus, and the Nymphe, all which he fhews were feveral species of Apes, or donkeys. In the laft place he {peaks of the Sphinges, which he fays are. a fort of Ape, or Azonkey bred in Aithiopia 5 thefe he defcribes out of Pliny, Agatharchides, Diodorus Siculus, Philoftorgins, and Phil. Camerarius, who faw one of them at Verona, arid fo Concludes this Learn- ed and Ingenious Treatife. |
Londen, Printed fors. Smith, and P. walford at tlie Feathers in St, Paul's-church-yard, 1699.
~
€ 339)
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS.
For the Month of October, 1699.
The CONTENTS. I. _N Experiment of the Refratiion of the Air made at the. Command of the. Royal Society, Mar. 28. 1699. By J. Lowthorp. A. M.
IL. im Extrat of two Letters, from Dr. John Wallis, (Profzffov of Geometry in Oxford.) The One to his Grace the Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury. The. Other to the Lord Bifhop of. Worcefter.
III. Zhe Report made by rhe Lord Treafurer Burleigh to the Lords of the Council, Gf the Confultation bad, and tbe Examination of the Plain and Brief Difcourje by John Dee for the Queen's Majefty. 25 Martii 1582.
IV.: Reflexion: made on the foregoing Paper by Mr. John Greaves, Savilian.
. b Profeffar of Aftronomy in the Univerfity of Oxford. 1645.
V.. Analyfite Gometrica, five nova C vera Methodus Refolvendi, tam Problemata Geo- suetrica, quam Arithmeticas Queftionss. Pars prima, de Planis; Authore D. Antonio Hugone de Omerique Sanlucarenfe.Sold by Sam. Smith and Benj. Wal- ford at the Prince's in Sr. Pauts-Church-yard London. .
L An-Experinent of the Refrattion of the Air made at the Command.
of the Royal society, Mar. 28.1499. By J. Lowthorp. A. M.
E took a Cylinder of Caft- Brafs Fig: IL: ABCD; and cut one end of it CD perpendieular to the Axis: ax, the - other end AB enclin'd to it. at an. Angle of: about 279 30^, ©
and therefore the Perpendicular to this enclining plain, | pe, and the Axis of the Cylinder 4% comprehended an Angle pes - of about 620;. 30d. Theíe ends were groumrd very true upon.
a Glafs-Grinder's Brafs-Tool, and‘each of them wascompatt :
about with a narrow Ferule of thin Brafs 6666. Into the upper | fide of the Cylinder at E was folder'd the Brafs pipe EF, and - into the under fide at 6.the. other Brafs pipe GH ;. the :
former of theíe Pipes. being. about 3 inches long. and the late 6 . Upon the plate ddd were fixt two other plates LL . Perpendicular to it and parallel to: each other. . Each of thefe -
. inches.
two plates had-an Arch: of a Circle ( equal to the Circumfe- rence of the Cylinder): cut outof: its upper Edge, fo thae::
when the pipe GH was let through a hole near the middle of -
the plate ddd, the Cylinder fell into the Arches; and being
Eee. site fafter'd
i
TUR .£ 349 )
faften'd there with Soder, the Axis 4x laid Parallel to the Plate ddd.and_about..an-inch-and-half above it... i
was füpported near the upper End O with a little prop &4. - |
We then placd the Cylinder (asin Fig. III.) upon a Table which was well faften'd to a firm Flore ; The pipe GH was les through a Hole, and the Axis laid almoft parallel to the fides of the Table, and the Plate ddd was nail'd down to it. The Tube of the Telefcope [f with the Eye gla(s was apply'd to the Object Glafs, and a Hair fixe withinit at the common Focus of both glaffes in the Axis of the Cylinder continu'd, x. Upon the floore (under the Cylinder ) we nail'd the plate with the inverted Siphon upon it, and join'd M to H by the Infection ofthe Glafs Tube T. The joints were very carefully closd with Cement: And then they were cover'd over with . pieces of a bladder and wrapt hard with ftrong thread. There was alfo a bladder ty'd below each joint at ss, and when it was filld with Water it was ty'd above it at s; So that no Air could come to the Cement or infinuate it felf through it's pores or fiffures if anyhappen’d:to:be left uncloed; |...
It is.not (I1 think) an unneceffary trouble, . that in/this account of the Apparatus 1 have mention'd fo: many minute Circumftances , for we found ic difficult enough to exclude the - Air, and almoft Impoffible to difcover the very little-holes through which fo fübtil a fluid would freely enter and pof- fefs the fpaces deferted by the (uübfidiog; Mercury. | But. with all chis precaution the experiment fucceeded at laft; as 1 wifhe, : after chis manner. | v hbh 5 SF posif adn
We placd the Object 4 (which was a black thread fliding in a little frame over a piece of white paper ) in the Axis of the Cylinder cx continu’d to it; We fill’d thé Pipes:and Cy-
i SDIE BC TESTOR 3:323. -dMnder--
Toe. Fix. HE LZ ue 1 ! ! - Hd d gs , «A ok EM hu Yr L , 11 p z ^ ig Bate ~ 1: AE = hs LÁ. { > - fs = ei an " N "e |
[ 341]
linder with Mercury ; and having ftopt the uppermoft Pipe ax. F with the little Iron ftopple K and closed it at» the other joints, we let the Mercury run out gently at O intothe bladder 9, till it remaind fufpended at the. ufüal height (as in the Barometre ) leaving the fpace above it between the glaffes oe and ff void of Air. We then found the Object, which before appear'd in the Axis at x, raisd confiderably above it; and we reduc'ditto appear at x by removing it from 2 to x. The Axis’ therefore, of the vifual Ray «2 (which was alfo the Axis of the Cylinder) xa, falling Perpendicularly on the void {pace in the Cylinder paft through it without any Re- fraction: But emerging obliquely into the Air, it was Re- fracted towards the Perpendicular pe, and, there receivd a new direction tox. And therefore thefpace ax fubftended the Angle of Refraction acx; which we meafur'd amd found as
follows.
The height of the Object above the Axis 4 inches dephs of vifual Ray ax the unrefracted : Oo 425
The Diftance of the Object from the Refrain, Ótá Plain, @c. about $1 feet or 5 "Therefore the Angle of Refraction acx was. | o. 2^. 23° The Angle of Emerfion pea (by the contention e 6) de ofthe Cylinder) was. .- | je cs Therefore the Angle of Incidence pex — i i t5 o pea ‘+ ack) was j iis 3 Yea WI And therefore univerfally (according © | to the known Laws of Refraction) . | ! “The fines of the Angles of Incidence being © 100000 The fines of the Angles of Emerfion are — 100036 And the Refractive Power of the Den(e ir | 26 ;. By the Refractive Power of a Pellucid body I. mean that Properly in it whereby the Oblique Rays of Light are diverted from their direct Courfe; and which is meafur’d by the Pro-. portional Differences alwavs Obferv d between the fines of the Angles of Incidence and Emerficn. ; - This Property is not always proportional to the Denfity ( at leaft not to the Gravity ) of the Refracting Medium. .Por the. Refractive. power of Glafs to that of Water is as $$ to 34. whereas its Gravity isas 87 to 343 that is, the fquares of their Refractive Powers are ( very near ) as their refpective Gra- vires, And thereare (ome fluids which tho lighter than Water mer
( 342 ) yet have a Greater Power of Refraction ; thusthe Refractive Power of Spirit of Wine ( according to Dr. Hooks Experiments) Microg. p. 220) is tothat of Water as 36 to 22 and it’s, Gra- vity reciprocally as 33 to 360r 355. Burthe Refractive Powers of Air and Water feemto obferve the fimple Proportion of their Gravities, ‘irectly ; as I have compar'd them in the following Table. The Numbers there Expreffing the Refraction of Water are taken from the mean of |
*9g'Obfervations at fo many feveral Angles of Incidence made fan. 25. 164;. by Mr. Gafcosgne the Ingenious Fire In- ventor of the Micrometer, and the ways of meafuring Angles by Telefcopes "and. thofe of Air are producd by the Expe-
* Tam Indibted for them to Mr. Flam- fteed, who bad cover'd them with bis Obfervations,, and feveral paffages vele ting to them, from his Letters to Mr. Crabteer which were happily prejerv'd we the time of our Civil War by Sr. Jonas Moor ^4. Mr. Chriftophes Towneley ; and are.now in the Hands of Mr.RichardTowneley of Towneley in Lancafhire, by whom they were ime parted. to him. .
riment above related, @c..
t 100090: 100000:
Water. The (affum’d’) fines of the Angles of Incidence through z The fines of the correfpondent Angles t da Sis ee of Emerfion out ‘of 134409. 100036 The Refractive: power of 34400 ..... 36 The Specifick Gravity (if as 900 to 1 P at the time. of the Experiment ) e 34400 .. .. 38 or(ifas 850 to 1) of ad KoA 40 From hence it feems very probable that their Refpective Den- fities and Refractive Powers are in a juft fimple proportion: And-if- this fhould be confirm'd by fücceéding Experiments made at different Angles of Incidence and with Cylinders con- tinuing Exhaufted through feveral Changes of the Air it would. be-more than probable that the Refractive Powers of the. Atmofphere are every where, at all heights above the Earth, proportional to it's Denfities and Expanfions, And here it would be no difficult matter to trace the Light through. it, thereby to terminate the fliadow of: the Earth ; and ( together. with proper Expedients for meafuring the Quantity of Light — IHuminating an Opaque Body) to Examin at what diftances the Moon muft be from the Earth to fuffer Eclipfes of the Ob- ferv'd Duration. This Limitation is- confiderable enough in Aftronomy , abundantly to recompenfe the trouble. of Profe. cuting füch.a. New Experiment. P5
»
Se CIC ae :-
Yi hi
/f/
NASA " NW
"fasi
IL. 4» Extrat of two Letters, from Dr. John Walls, ( Profeffor of Geometry in Oxford. )
| be One to his Grace the Lord Arch-Bifhop of Canterbury. The Other to the Lord Bifhop of W orcefter. | |
Concerning the Alteration (fuggefted) of the Fallen : | account for the Gregorian. |
FOR The moft Reverend Father in God , Thomas
Lord drcb-Bifbop of Ganterbury, bis Grace at Lambeth. 2s Oxford June 13. 1699. May it pleafe your Grace, ns OA S to what your Grace mentions (inthe clofe of (EAM your Letter which I had the honour to receive } about altering the Annual Stile. I amat a lofs what tofay. That thereis, in our Ecclefisfical Com- putation of the Pafchal Tables, fomewhat of Diforder, is not tobedeny'd. But I am very doubtful, that, if we gotoalter that, it will be attended with greater Mifchief, than the prefent Inconvenience, Itis dan- gerous removing the Old Land-marks. | Kaxov ev sequwevov wu. A thing (of moment) when once fettled Su F ff (though
: [93M].
(though with fome Iaconvenience; fhould not be ra(hly alter’d. Such changes may have a further profpett — than Men at firft fight are aware of , and may be at- tended with thofe Evils which are mot prefently ap-
prehended. | : | |
— Ja the bufinefs of Geography ; upon removing the Firft- Meridian (upon {ome plaufible pretence ). from where — Ptolomy had placd it ( though a thing at firlt purely arbitrary ) it is now come to pafs, that we have (in a manner) no Firff- Meridian, at all; that is, none
Fixed; but every New Map-maker placeth his Firft- Meridian where. he pleafeth : which hath brought a great Confufion in Geography. :
. And,. as tothe point in queftion, the Diforder inthe Pa[chal Tables: was a thing noted, and complained of | for three or four hundred years ; before Pope Gregory did (unhappily) attempt the Correction of the Ca- lendar. But it was, allthat time, thought advifeable, ‘rather to fuffer that Inconvenience, than, by correcting it, to runthe hazard of a greater Mi(chief.
And it had been much better, if it had fo continued . to this Day, rather. than Pope Gregory (upon his own . fingle Authority) íhould take upon him to impofe a Law onall the Churches , Kingdoms and States of Chriften- . dom, to alter both their Ecclefíaflical. and Civil year, . for aworfe form , than what before we had.. " Or if merely upon account of the -Pafchal Tables - (for he made no other pretence) it were thought ne- ceflary to make a Changes he might have corrected the Pajchal Tables (or given us New Pafcha! Tables inftead of thofe of Diomyfivs,) withont altering the Civil year." Which hath introduced the confufion (which we now complain of ) of the Old and New Stile. And which now can never be remedied ; unlefs all Nations fhould, at once, agree upon ones which is not to be fuppofed. AE | ":
Te
L 345 J
Ifay, atonce; for if fome fooner and fome later do alter their Stile, the Confufion (in Hiftory) will yet be greater than now It Is,
’Tis true, that upon pretence of the Popes ( ufur- .ped) Supremacy in Spirituals ( and in Temporals alfo in order to Spirituals ) moft Popifh Countries (but I think, not all) have fubmitted their Civil year (ds well as their Ecclefiaftical) to the fingle Authority of the Pope’s Bull. | i But your Grace knows very well, that the Church
of England had (long before this pretended Correction) . “Renounced the Pope’s Supremacy; and (that being fup-
- pofed ) there is no pretence for the Pope of Rome’s ... ampofing a Law on the Church and Kingdom of Ez-
gland, to change our Ecclefiafticaland Civil year ; more
than, in Us, for that in Rome,
And, uponthis account, the Church and Kingdom. of England, didat firft not admit of that change, and have hitherto retained our Old Conftitution of the Fa- tian year ; notwithftanding the Pope’s (pretended )
^ Supremacy; and I feenot why we fhould now admit it, after having fo long renounced it. - And really, though it may not yet appear and be © " owned above board; and, thofe who now prefs
for an alteration , be not aware of it, and be far from
any Popith defign, I cannot but think there is, at
bottom, a latent Popifh intereft, which (under other fpecious pretences ) fets it on foot ; in order to obtain
(in practife) a kind of tacit {ubmiflion to the Pope’s n Supremacy, or owning his Authority. And though they be fo wife as to fay nothing of it at prefent (for the . Bait is defigned to Hide the hook till the Fifh be caught, }
they will pleafe themfelves to have gain'd de f«/»,
what in words we difclam. —Fcr there is nothing but
the Pops Bull ; which (hould inducethe Change of the
(Civil) Fulian year ( which is much better) for the
| ; ^ F f 2 New
[346] © New Gregorian. For the Equinox going backward, (for | .10 or 11 Minutes each year,) is very inconfiderable, -and which in Celeftial Computations, 1s eafily rectified ; as are many other inequalities of much greater con- cernment.
And I think it was never pretended that the civ year muft needs agree (exactly to a minute) with the Celeftiat, And, if never fo much affected , isimpoffi- ble to be had: For the Solar year, and the sidereal year, differ more from each other, than the Fwlian from either, which is a midlde betwixt them.
And the Seat of Eaffer (which only concerns the
Ecclefiaftical not the Civil year) may eafily be rectified,
if need be, without affecting the Civil year at all. — Qr; if not recified3 the Celebration of Eafter a Week or Month fooner or later, doth not influence at all our folemn Commemoration of Chrift’s Refur- rection. | a
And "tis agreedby moft (if not all) Chronologers, that asto the Year of our Lord, the 4554 Vulgarisis not the Asnus verus (though it be not agreed how much it differs:) But it would bea horrible Confufion in Hi- ftory, if we fhould now goaboutto alter the Vulgar Account. ;
All the pretence that T can underftand for altering our Stile, is only, that in fo doing we thould agree with fome of our Neighbours with whom we now differ: But it - will then be as true, that we fhall differ from others with whom we do now agree... We fhould agree with Frazce, - but differ from. Scot/and (which, as to us, is more con- _fiderable) and with all others who yet follow the old .
“so SMS ;
If it be faid; that they, in time, may come fo to da by our Example. This would but maketheConfufion _ yet the greater. For then we mult be. obliged, not —
: 1347] only to know what places do ufe the new Stile, but; from what time.they began fo todo, if we would un- derftand their Dates. » | | And; if. we fhould, by anew Law alter our S:ilein England ; this would not compri(e Scotland: And we cannot promile our {elves that they would prefently comply alío. For (according to the prefent Conftitu- tion of that Church) they are not fc pliable to com- ply with the Z4edes of Rome as fome in Englana are. — And the bufinefs of EaiZer (which hasthefole pre- tence of the firít alteration) would, to them, fignifie nothing : Who (according to their. Conftitution) ob- ferve no Eaffer at all, but-do rather declare againft it. . And whenall is done, there will ftill be a necefli- ty of keeping up the diftin&ion of old Stile and new Stile (which Pope Gregory’s pretended Correction hath. made neceflary 5) and with that. diftin&ion things may be now as well adjufted, as if we fhould now change our Stile. . ^1 forbear todifcourfe at large (that I be not too te- dious) how much a better Conftitution the 74/45 Year is, and more advifable, than the new Gregorian. Which isa thing fo notorious, that no Aftronomer, (who underftands the Methods of Aftronomical calcus lations) though a Papift; can be ignorant of; howe- ver they may pleafe to diflembleit. Infomuch that (in their Aftronomical Calculations) they are fain firft to adjuft their Calculations to the. Fadiaz Year, and thence transfer them to their New Gregorian. - And confequently how. unreafonable itis for us to exchange our better Fwliaw Year. for one that is fo much. worfe. | | ' # It would be much. more reafonable (fave that they. - will never be induced to part with ought, which may - favout. their. Ufurpation, how abfurd foever,) thar the | Papifts
pO Bs [348 ]. Papifts fhould quit their. new Gregorian, and return to their old Fulian Year. prit |
But I forbear to enlarge on: this, (and many other things which might be alledg’ds) and hum bly beg your Graces Pardon for having already given you the trouble of toolong a Letter. Andam,
My Lord,
“Your Graces very humble 4nd obedient Servant —
John Wallis.’
A POSTSCRIPT
To be added to.a former Letter to the Lord Archbifbop — ef Canterbury. ey
Poft-feript, Aug. 31.1699.
i F what Mr. Zock hath done in this*matter, I know 1 nothing but from your Graces Letterof 747. 27. — 1699.]t feems he adviles, that, for Eleven Leap-years,we fhould omit the Intercalation of Febr. 29. and thence: - forth go on with the Gregorian Account: The laft of © which 11 Lain vea fhould be 1744. But, if we be- gin in thé Change (as it is fuggefted] at the Year 1700. the laft of thofe Elevea Leap-years muft be 1740. not. 1744. | ! This —
=
[ 349 ] ms This Expedient is the fame that was (during our Civil-wars) fuggeftedly thofe then at Oxford in the Year 1645..viz, That, from thence forward, we fhould omit ten fuch Intercalations. t Againft which there feems to me this great Obje- --&ion. : : In the time of Fulius and Auguftus Ce[ar, there was a Year which was called 4274s confufionis: Upon the fet- tling, unfettling, and refettling the $442. Year. (Of which Kepler gives an. Account, with the Mifchiefs of it, in his Tzbule Redolphine, with the Title Typus An- ni confufionis,) And the like in the Year 1582. when Pope Gregory did at once ftrike out Ten Days of that Year, - doi . But, if this Advice fhould take place; we fhould now, inftead of one Aanus confufionis, have a Confw[fon for Four aid Forty Years together, wherein we fhould agree neither with the O/d nor with the ew Account. But be fometimes 10 Days, fometimes 9 Days, fometimes 8 Days, (and fo forth) later than the One, and fooner than the other account. And a Forreigner would not _ be able to judge of an Englifh Date, without knowing ' in which of thefe Years, we vary 10, 9, or 8 Days (and fo forth) from either of thefe Accounts, And this, . for 44 Years together. Which feems to me a much. greater Confufion, then if (as in 1582) we fhould - (once for all) caftout 11 Days. But Icannotthink it.
- advifable to do either. |
FOR
[aso ] FOR
The Right Reverend joe e in God Williara Lord Bifbop of Worcefter at Whitehall.
Oxford June 30. 1699.
pay it pleafe your Lord|bip, Y N.a late Letter which I had the honour to receive dA from, my,Lotd. Archbifhop's Grace of Canterbury, His Grace was pleafed to intimate, asa thing now under - Confideration, about changing the Stile of our Civil YeaerE od) sur; A meo : -It,may perhaps be prefumption in me to interpofe my thoughts with your Lordíhip in a Bufinefs of that Nature. But I muft needs think it a tender point to touch upon : and which, if we attempt it, may be at- .tended with greater Mifchiefs, than we may at firft. be aware of. . l adventured to fay. fomewhat to that pur- pofe in a Letterto his Grace: But more may be faid. "That the difference of Stiles doth- create fome Confu- fion in Hiftory is notto be denyed. (And'tis very un- happy that Pope Gregory XIII. did in the laft Century attempt. it-) . But is 1s. now unavoidable and cannot be wemedied. a. | pa | | | For ’tis not Ezglazd only, that ufeth the Fudsan Year, But all the Three Kingdoms of Eagland, Scotland, and | Irelands and allour Foreign Plantations, which are not a few ; and the two Kingdoms of Denmark and swe- denm: the Proteffant Cantons of Switzerland; and Four Gf the Seven united Provinces; and how many more of the Proteftants in Germany I cannot prefently fay.. And if wefhould now change our Stile in compliance with fome of our Popifh Neighbours from whom we — differ 5
Essa
differ; we fhould then vary from the Proteftants with whom we now agree. | |
And particularly from 5ee£/asd, (with whom we are more concerned to agree than with Fravce.) For we are not to prefume thatthey will prefently change. at the fame time with us. "Tis happy that they did comply with us in the late Revolution, (to be under the fame Kiag with us:) We cannot prefume they will be fo fond of Compliance in all the Z4e4es of Rome ; Asis very evident in their not admitting Ep;- feopecy, nox the Oblervation of E«fer 5. ( which latter was the only pretence of firft introducing the Gregoriaz Year.) : : - So that there will {till be as great neceffity of SV. and SN. ( Old Stile and New Stile) as now there is, ( mitbeut which we fhall beat a lofs, in Hiftory to judge ditiactly cf Dates; and, with it, we arenow as cafy as if. we change.) | |
If it be faid, that other Proteftants may, in time,
be induced to follow our Example : Perhaps fome may ( notall:; Bot this would but make the confufion yet greater: Forthenceforth, we muft be obliged (if we would beat a certainty in Hiftory) not only to know what Countries do ule this or that Stile 5 but, irom what time they began fo to do. as
de would be much more advifable Gf the Papifts would be as.compliant as they would have us tobe ) forthe Pa- pits to return to themO/d Fetes Year, than for us to em brace their Wew Gregorian., And, it might much eafier be eficQed; For, ifthe Pepe could be. perluaded to. grant a Bull pothanparpefes ail the Papifts would, at once, beas,muydh obliged, fo»to: do, as by Pope cre- gorys Bullto vary fompitso Bilt be (ands: there is no hopesofithat; Theüthe Argumént fands: 1f the Pope will mot leave his: pretended, Snpremisty, | then we muft admit ut: ioY Wo | o WS SE Ggg : | That
[352] | |
‘Fhat the Fulian Year is, in it felf,’ a ‘better form; and more advifable , than the New Gregorian, is un« . deniables and, all Aftronomers, even Papifts them- felves (if not otherwife Bigoted in favour of the Pope's Supremacy , and the Infallibility of the Roman Church) cannot but kaow it: Infomuch, that in many. cafes they are fain (or find it advifable ). firft to Adjuft their’ Calculations to the 74/j4» Year, and thence transfer them tothe Gregorian,
- And there is no Inducement for our changing our Better Year, for a/Woríe, but enly in compliance. with the Pope’s pretended supremacy, not only over all Churches and Kingdoms, but even the Celeftial- Motions , (as Pope Gregory, in. his Bull, doth wifely pretend. ) |
Now "tis well known, that, long. before: Popé- Gre- gorys Bull, Exgland had renounced the Pope’s Supremacy’ C and are therefore unconcerned in that Bull; ) and E: fee no reafon. why ( after fo long. a Difclaimer) we — fhould be now fond to readmit it. But what greater: . Evidence Cof owning that Authority ) can (in practice) be expected, than obeying their Commands; in:things (otherwiíe) unadvi(íable? Hoc Ztbacus velit, G magno’ mercentur Atride, Ando doubt but the band of Foab™ is inthe matter, though perhaps we do notfee it.
As to our felves, this cannot be done, without. altering the 44 of^ Usiformity, andaltering the Common-- Prayer Book; (For, at leaft , all the Calendar muft be. new fram’d: ). And your Lordfhip knows how warm. fome were a while fince , againft touching that inthe - leaft, _(or fo much as confidering fon the King's. Commiffion for that purpofe, ) whether ought in it- might be changed for the better... ' nia
If yet your Lordíhip think it neceffary , that the seg of Eafter thould be rectify"d 5. that may eafily be done, without altering the Civil Year: For if, inthe Rule for-
| Eaffer -
| 2438223. Eafler, inftead of faying wext after the One and Twentieth of March, youfay, next after the Vernal Equinox , the . work isdone. (And we might be excufed the trouble - of Pafchal Tables ; and the intricate Perplexities of the Gregorian Epatts.) -For then every Almanack will tell you, When it is Equimox , and when it is Full Adoom, for the prefent year, (without difturbing the Civil Account.) And this Pope Gregory might as. well have done, without troubling the Account of Chriftendom. But, if he would needs difturb the Cz rear; He fhould have rectified it (not to the time of the zviceze Council, but) tothe time of our Saviour’s Birth. For : our Epocha is not from the Nicene Council, but fromthe Birth of Chrif. We do not lay, une Niceni Conc/lii ; but 4250 Domini. And moft certain it is, that, at our Saviour’s Birth, the Vernal Equinox, was not on the - . Ome and Twentieth of Adarch, (asthis New Account would fuppofe, ) but wearer to the Five and Twentieth. _ “It is alledged as an Argument, why Now to change, becaufe the difference, which this Year is but Ten Days, will next Year be Eleven Days. | Codd But, My Lord. we muft be very weak Difputants, to be caught by fuch a Fallacy, ( which is barely begging the Queftion.) The Point in Queftion, is not why Now 4 but Why at 4l/. It is not We that have departed from - them; but They from Uis. The 7w«» Year was their - Year, as well as Ours, till the year 1582. when a — Fancy took Pepe Gregory to Exchange a Better year for a Worle, and difturb the Chriftian World. And then the Argument (if it fignifie any thing) ftands thus: The farther they be gone aftray, the more veafon there is that we fhould follow them. Vhould rather . argue , The more Reafon there is why They [bould retura X to that from whence they went aflray.) we are as we were, (andas They were tillthat time.) And the Ggg 2 reafon
34
yeafon ‘why we did not then change , remains ftill good why we íhould not make shat change, 4 all, - 1f this Point had been ftarted in our late King Fames’s time ; I defire your Lordíhip to confider, with what Face it would have looked. And, ifthe Mask be taken off, the Face is ftill the fame. :
I find, it was ftarted in the time of our Civil Wars ( about the year 1644.) by thofe about the King, when Oxford was the King’s Head-Quarters ; but the proje& did not then fucceed , by reafon that the King's Party Cinthat conteft ) were not prevalent. And your Lord- fhip knows very well; how much it was to the prcju- dice of the King’s Caufe, that thofe on the other fide would füppofe him to be too much influenced by Popith Councils; of which this was a great Inftance.
And no doubt they will be as ready to pufh it forward, ( upon any the leafl pretence ) whenever they find us foft enough to receive the impreffion. Not perhaps under the names of Falian and Gregorian, ( forthe word Gregorian {peaks too plain,) but (under the fofter terms) of Old avd New Stile.
Otherwife, fo mueh weight would not be laid upon fo flight a pretence... For the Addition of O/d Stile or New Stile will certainly determine the difference of Eleven Daysinthe next Century, as of Tes in this, if. nothing elfe were in the wind. We have been toooften. caught in fuch Snares..
Y forbear to fay more (though more might be faid ) that I may not too much prefume on your Lordíhip's. Leifure, But am, |
, Yos. Lordjpips- very bumble-
| StrUAN E, | John Wallis.
eS
£355 J
IV. The Report made by the Lord Treafi urer Burleigh
‘to the Lords of the Council, of the Confultation had, and the Examination of the Plain and Brief Dif-
courfe by John Dee for the Queen's Majefty.
ee
25 Marti 1 5842. |
T was agreed by Mr. Digges, Mr. Savile, and Mr. Chambers, that upon their feveral Perufal of the- Bock written by Mr. Dee, 45 4 Difcour[e upon the Refor-
miis of the Vulgar Calendar for the Civil Tear, that
they do allow cf his Opinions that whereas in the late Roman Calendar reformed there are Ten Days cut off to. reduce the Civil Year to the State it was eftablifhed.
in at the Council of Wice, the better Reformation had
beento have cut off Eleven Days, andto have reduced. the Civil Year, according to the State as it wasin at. the Birth of Chrift. And fo they all agree, that fuch. - a Reformation had been more agreeable to the Account.
of Chrift.. And fo they do alío affent that having Re-
' gard to the Council of vice, the Subtraction of Ten... Days is agreeableto Truth. And therefore the better to. agree with all Countries adjacent, that have received: . their Reformation of fubtraQing Ten Days only, they. _. think ic may be aíTented unto without any. manifeft. Error: having Regard to obferve certain Rules hereaf- -
ter, for omitting fome Leap-Years in fome Hundred e
Years. And for the fubtracting of Ten Days, Mr. Dee.
has compiled a Form of a Calendar, beginning at 7447, and ending at uguff, wherein every of thefe. Four: Months, Atay, Func, Fuly, Augufé, íhal have in the. ends of them fome Days taken away without changing of any Feaft-or Holy Day, moveable or fixed, or without
ekeriog. the Courfes of Trinity Term: That is to fay,. u | | Aa;
7
: L356] | 4415-to confift of 28 Days, taking from it 3 Days: Fune
to have 29 Days, taking from it but one Day: Faly to
confift of 28 Days, taking from it 3 Days: Augu/t to to confit: of 28. Days, taking from it three Days: . All which Days {ubftracted make Ten Days. | In the which Four Months no Feftival Day is changed, but remain
" upon the accuftomed Days of their Months.
. And becaufe the Roman Calendar hath joined to it
.agteat Company of Rules, of which only are capable
&
the skilful Computifts or Aftronomers, it is thought good to make a fhortTable like an Ephemerides, to continue the certainty of all the Feafts moveable, depen- ding only upon Eaffer, and agreeing with the Roman Calendar: which may ferve for an Hundred or Two Hundred Years, and fo eafily renewed, -as we fee year- ly Almanacks are, if the Sins. of the World do not ha- ften a Diffolution. (npe Whereupon her Majefty may pleafe upon Report to © commit it to Confideration of Council, whether fhe will have this Reformation publifhed : which if fhe will, it were expedient, that it were done by Proclama- tion from her Majefty, as thereunto advifed, and allow- ed by the Archbifhops and Bifhops, to whofe Office it has always belonged to determine and eftablith the . Caufes belonging to Ecclefiaftical Government, .
TIL Reflexions made on the foregoing Paper by Mr. | John Greaves, Savilian Profeffor of Aftronomy in the Unverfity of Oxford, 1645. "2e
B His Reformation of the Roman Calendar, Propo- AA. (edby Mr. Dee, asT cannot wholly approve, tot cannot altogether difapprove. “For I like the Subtra- -€&tion of Ten Days, as the Church of Reme has done, be- ginning the Computation from the Council of Nice: * : MP | though
VEND $33 T 1 though it cannot be denyed, but that the Reformation: from the time of our Saviour had been much better Butfince the Fathers of the Council of vice thought it more Wiídom to look forwards, than to look backwards, and to have greater Care of avoiding Diftractions in the Church, about the Celebration of Eaffer for the fu- ture, than to remedy the Errors paft: T think we fhall - ~ do well, with the Church of Rome to follow their Ex- . ample. And whereas fome have thought of a more exac& Calculation, than this Emendation, introduced by Pope Gregory the xuith. which they ground upon the late Aftronomical Obfervations of the learned Tycho Brahe: yet fince the Difference is not fo great, as to make any fenfible Error in many Ages, and fince that Error may be eafily correéted by the Omiffion of: an in- tercalary Day, I think it not fit for fo {mall a nicety. to. make a new Diffenfion inthe Church. Much lefsam I of their Opinion, who think this Correction of the Year therefore to be rejected, becaufeit comes recommended bythe Church of Rome: which were all one to refufe. fome wholfom Potion, becaufe it is prefcribed by a Phyfi- cian whofe Manners we approve not of. And thus far I. aflent to Mr. Dee. Don
But I cannot fubfcribe to his Opinion, that this Refor- mation fhould be made by the lubtraction often days . out ofone year alone. For tho? I grant, that this were | a quick cure of a lingring Difeafe, yetit 1s againft all. Rules of Artin curing one malady to make "Ten. For. it cannot be, but that the Defalcation of Ten Daysin - one Year mutt be of infinite Difturbance in the Common wealth in all Contracts, where neceífarily a certain time . " is.defined. And therefore when Filius Cefar the Di&as - tor corrected the Roman Year by the help of Sofigines, | a Mathematician, after this manner, thatis, by Subtra- - - &tion of Days, that Year,in which he did it,was called by. the Antients 4472: Confufonis : by Reafon of the Ao
3 ON= -
[358] ‘Confufions and.Inconvenienccs, which thereby hapned : and I doubt not, but that the Year 1582. in which the Defalcation of Ten Days was made by the Bull or Edi& of Pope Gregory, might jultly alfo be ftyled Annus Confw- frons. But {uch Examples, as thefe, are not to be imita- ted. For what Czfar did as Dictator, or what Gregory the Xiiith. did as Pope, the one by the Power of the Tempo- _— ral Sword, the other of the Spiritual Sword, is not to be practifed by Gracious Princes, I hall therefore humbly recommend to His Majefty's Wifdom, and favourable Confideration, that Courfe,
_ which was long fince propofed by many able Mathema- ticians to Pope Gregory, upon the firft Notice of his Pur-- ofe of Correcting the Calendar; which if. it had been Biol, either to Mr, Dee, or to his Learned Judges, or to the Wife and Honourable Lord Burleigh, the Refor- mation with us had long fince been finifhed, and-not one Man prejudiced in his Eftate. The manner was this, that for Forty Years fpace there fhould be no Bif-
"fextile or intercalary Years, or as we call them Leap- - years, inferted inthe Calendar. By which courfe iris moft evident,that ten Days will be Subtracked in forty? . Years, and thefe forty Years will be each of them anni «quabiles, confitting of 365 ‘ays, as our common and or- dinary Yearsdo, without any alteration inthe whole Year.And,this being beyord all Exception, had-been rea- dily entertained by Pope:Gregory, badinot his Ambition : been greater than nis Judgment, for he was; willing to) havethe Honour of tius Emendauon, and'noz to leave " ito hisSuccetlors ;; wbereby. the. Year. eves fince has: . been called 4274s Gregorianus. .My Opinion therefore is, that by His Majefty's Letters Parentsy fome. Skil ful - Aftronomer fhould be. appointed to.havethe Compiling: and Publifhiag, wishia Elis. Majefty-s, Dominions, -df all : Calendars and Almanacks. for forty, Years,. in which fpace, by omitting the Intercalations, | wefhall atlength : Wu come
£359] come to agree withthe account of the Church of Reme > and every Year, during this time of Forty Years, hall be as this prefent Year1645. and as thole of 1646, and 1647. will bein the ufual and ordinary computation,
AIL A Calculation of the Credibility of Human Te ftcmony.
Oral Certitude Abfolute, is that in which the Mind of Manentirely acquicices, requiring no further Affurance : As ifone in whom 1 abfolutely con- fide, fhall bring me word of 1200 accruing to me byGift,or aShipsArrival ; and for which therefore I would not give the leaft valuable Confideration to be Enfur’d. Moral Certitude Incompleat, has its feveral Degrees to be eftimated by the Proportion it bears to the 4b/olute. As if one in whom I have that degree of Confidence, as that I would norgive above One in Six to beenfurd of the Truth of what he fays, fhall inform me, as above, concerning 1200/: I may then reckon that I have as good as the Abfolute Certainty of a 1600 /; or five fixths of Abfolute Certainty for the whole Summ.
"The credibility of any Reporter isto bexated (1) by his Jstegrity, or Fidelity ; and (2) by his Adsty: and a double Abilstyisto be confidered 5 both that of 4p- prehending, what isdeliver’d; and alío of Retaizizg it afterwards, till it be tranfmitted.
- ©What follows concerning the Degrees of Credi-
* bility, is divided into Fear Propofitions. The Two Firft, “refpect the Reporters of the Narrative, as they either - Tranfmit Succe/ively, or Atteft Concurrently: the Third, “the Subject of it ; as it may confit of feveral Articles : * and the Fourth, joins thofe three Confiderations to- ** gether, exemplifying them in Oraé and in Written
«Tradition. . | | H h h ; Pré-
_£ 30 |
PROPOSI Concerning the Credibility of à Report made by Si Succeflive Reporters, who are equally Credible.
E T their Reports have, each of them, Five Sixths
1, of Gertainty ; and ler the firft Reporter give mea Certainty of a 1000 /, in 1200 /: it is plain that the Se- cond Reporter, who delivers that Report, will give me the Certainty but of sths, of that 1000 / or the ztb of ubs of the full Certainty for the whole 12007, And foa Third Reporter, whohas it from the fecond, will tranfmit to me but 2hs of that Degree of Certainty, the Second would have deliver'd: me e. That is, if, 2, be put for the Share of Affurance' a fingle Reporter gives me ; and, c, for that which is want- ing to make that Affurance compleat 5 and T therefore fnppos'd to have 5 — of Certainty ; from. the Firft
EE
Reporter 5 I {hall have from the Second, —— from the. Third sae | : jn JA 3th?c fv
> 4c on ! 101 i£215O ain 19d Ac "And accordingly if, 4, be — 1005 and: € -—6, .( the number of Pounds that an 1007, put out to Jatereít brings: atthe Years end) and confequently my Share of Cer-. tainty from One Reporter, be — 5 whicbis the pre- fent value of any Summ to:be paid a. Year; hence s, The Proportion of Certainty coming tom: from a Second, will be = multiplied by 32, (which isthe jprefent:Va- lue of Money to.be paid after two Years ;Jand that from a Thirc-band* Reporter, = 5: thrice multiplied into. irfelf; (the Value of Mony payable at the.end. of Three. | ears) Ores. | 95103 Slorfz wie! aed Sri; bas "* * | | | Corollary. uy USI ..196 : And therefore, as at the Rate of 6 ger; Ces.
In:
Ex « >}
(£361 |]
Intereft Mie’ prefent Value of any Summ payable after Twelve Years, 1s but halt the Sumim: So. af the Probability or Proportion of Certitude tranfmitted by each Reporter, -be%225 tlie Proportion of Certainty after -Twelve fuch Tranimiffions, will be but as a halt 5. and it will grohw by tat Time an equal Lay, whether the Report be true or no. In the fame Manner, if the Pro- portion of Certainty be fer at i, i will come to a half from the 7orh Hand: And if at, from the 695¢4.
P R O PO S. il.
Concerning Concurrent. Teftefications. WE Two Concurrent Reporters have,each of them,as hs of Certainty ; they will both give me an Affurance of ths; or of 35. to one: Ii Three s: an Affurance _of 2%, or of 215 toone. | :
‘For ifone of them gives a Certainty for 120047, 38 of ztbs ; there remains but an Affurance of v^, or of 200 / wanting to me, for the whole. And towards . that the Second Atteiter contributes, according to his Proportion of Credibility; Thatis to ‘ths of Certainty before had, he adds é/s_ of the &5 which was wanting: |
— Sothat there is now wanting but ith of ab. that ts ths and confequently I have, from them boih, sms
ofCertainty. So from Three, $5, Qw. — ‘That is, ifthe Firft Witnels gives me —— [4
ty, and there is wanting of it; — the Second Atteftce
-
of Ceriain=
4 4 € í | will add ie of that S od and conlequently leave no-
€ Cz
° 3 4 thing wanting but; of that ; 5; ————— ——,, Aad
: & 6 e os Ur j . ; : a a in like manner the third Attefter adds his —— of that 9$; : i COMIS Me qp and leaves wanting only ———; &c..— E Hhh a Co-
L 362 | Corollary. 48 Hence it follows, that ifa fingle Witnels (hould be
only fo far Credible, asto give me the Half of a full Cer- tainty ; 2 Second ofthe fame Credibility, would (joined withthe firft) give me #hs5 a Third, ths; v: So chat the Coatteftation of a Tenth, would give me igsrbs. of Certainty; and the Coatteftation of a Twentieth, »»ths or above Two Millions to one. cee. !
2097000
PROPOS. Hi. Concerning the Credit of a Reporter for a Particular Ar- ticle of that Narrative, for the whole of which be is Credible in a certain Degree. ,
^ ET there be Six Particulars of a Narrative equally
: , remarkable: If he to whom the Report. is given, has ths of Certainty for the whole, or Summ, of them ; fie has 35 toone; againftthe Failure in any One certain Particular. | | | cot
For he has Five to One, there will be no Failure atall: . And if there be, he has yet another Five to One, that itfalls not upon that fingle Particular ofthe Six. That is, he has ths of Certainty for the whole: and of the zb wanting he has likewife £s, or Sths of the whole more; and therefore that there will be no Failure in thas fingle Particular, he has ths and ths , of Certainty, or 4ths of it. | um no
In General, if “bet the Proportion of Certainty
for the whole, and zs be the chance of the reft of the | particular Articles m,. againft lome one, or more of them 25 there will.be nothing wanting to an abfolute Certi- tude, againft the not failing in Article,’ or Articles; sj we "
but only m-nxáceé
PRO.
a = = : Eme ae
[ 363]
PROPOS, IV.
Concerning the Truth of either Oral or Written Tra- dition, (tn Whole, or in Part) Succefhvely tranf- mitted, and al[o Coattefted by feveral Succeffons of T ranfmittents.
(0 QYUppofing the Tranfmiffion ofan Oral and Narra-
_) tive to be fo performed bya Succeffion of Single Men, or joined in Companies, asthat each Tran{miflion, after the Narrative has been kept for Twenty Years, impairs the Credit of ita +h part; and that confequently at the Twelfth Hand, or at the end of 240 Years, its Cer- tainty is reduced to a Half ; and there grows then an even Lay (by the Corollary of the fecond Prepofition) againft the
. Truth ofthe Relation : Yet if we further fuppofe, that
the fame Relation is Coattefted by. Nine other feveral Suc- ceffions, tranfmitting alike each of thems the Credibili. ty of it when they are all found to agree, will (y the ce. vollary of the firft Propofition) be as 123 of Certainty, or- above a Thouland to Ones and if we fuppofe a Coattefta- tion of Nineteen, the Credibility of it willbe, as above Two Millions to One. "y. 9n |
(2)In Oral Tradition as a Single Man is fubje& to much
. Cafuality, foa Company of Men cannot be fo eafily lüp- - pos'dtojoin and therefore the Credibility of es, or
about 28s, may poflibly be judged too high a Degree for an, Oral, Conveyance, to the Diftance of "wenty Years, Butin written Tradition, the Chances againft the Truth or Confervation of a fingle Writing are far lefsy and feve. ral Copies may alfo be eafily füppos'd to concur; and.
thofé fince the Invention of Printing: exa@ly the
" fame: feveral alfo diftin& Succeflions of fuch Copies may
tes
| [ 364 ] be as well fuppos'd, taken by different Hands, and, preferv'd in different Places or Languages. And therefore if Oral Tradition by any one Man or Company of, Men might be. fuppos'd to be Credible, after Twenty Years, at 3/55 of Certainty 5 or but ,2¢45; or itbs : a Written Tradition may be well imagifi'd to con. tinue,by the Joint Copies that may be taken of it for one Place, (like the feveral Copies of the farne Impreffion) during the {pace of a 100, if not 200 Years; and tobe then Credible. at iss of Certainty, orat the Propor- tion of a Hundred to One. And thea, feeing that the Succeflive Tranimiffions of this of certainty, will not diminiíh it toa H,al until it pafles the Sixty ninth Hand ; (for it will be near Seventy Years, before the Re- bate of Money, at that Intereft, will fink it to half :) It is plain, that written Tradition, if prefery’d but by a fingle Succeflion of Copies, will not lofe half of its full Certainty, until Seventy times à Hundred Gf not two Hundred) Years are paíts that is, Seven Thoufand, if notFourteen Thoufand Years; and further, that, if it be likewife preferv’d by Concurrent Succeffions of fuch Copies, its Credibility at that Diftance may be even in- creasd, and grow far more certain from the feveral a- .greeing Deliveries at the end of seed Succeffions, than it would be at the very firft from either of the Sin- ole. Hands, Mo hivi us Pots" (3) Laftly in ftating the Proportions of Credibility for any Part or Parts of a Copy; 1t may be obíerv'd ; that in an Original notvery long, good Odds may be laid by a careful Hand, that the Copy fhall not have fo much as a Literal Fault: But in one of greater Length, | that there may be greater Odds againít any Material Error, and fuchas fhall alter the Senfe 5. greater yet, that the Seníe (hall not be alter'd in any Confiderable Point 5 and : | ftill
[ 365 J fill greater, if there be many of thefe Points, that the Error lights not upon fuch a fingle Articles a iz the 7 bird. Propojition. | :
IV. Part of a Letter from Dr. Hotton to Dr.
Tancred Robinfon, Concerning the late Swam-
merdams Treat? de Apibus; the Ahmella .Ceylonenfibus, and the Faba Sti. Ignatii.
"T A eft, damnabat fua ftudia 6 waxee mie Smammerda- ÉR Uus noter; erat enim Se&z Astonia Bourignon adi- ictus : id veró doleo non prodiiffe Amici hujus noftcr
tem Urticefoliam Indicam Lithontripticam. —
_Noviflimé quoque increbuit ufus Fede, quam vocant, di Ste. Ignatio 5 dicitur & Higofwr & Vaba di St. Nicolas & de Cava longa. . Semen eft amarifimum, quod nulhim- | j Fabs
| . t$ 408 ] Fabe pre fe fert fimilitudinem, ut ex ipfo femine adje- &o videbis, Ad movendos fudores & debellandos Fe- bres przcipuum creditur ; & Diarrhoez, Dyfenteriz, co- licis. doloribus, motibus convulfivis, ipfique epilepfiz mederi, & externé admotum fcabiei; celebratur cum pri- mis & ejus Virtus Alexipharmaca. Provenit in Philippi- nis quas vocant, iiíque vicinis /7/4//s5, Cujus Generis ftirps fit ignoratur ; id tantum: didici ex D. Rafaele de Roa, Hifpano viro egregio & erudito, qui in iis Infulis diu vixit, convolvulaceam effe Plantam Arbores altií- fimas fcandentem, fru&umque ferre Mali Punici mag- nitudine, quo complura. Semina reconduntur, ex quibus deciduis nove Plantz fubnafcuntur. Forté erit ut ejus mentio fiat in Hifferia Naturali In[ularwm Mollcarum, Opere grandi & infigni, quod ad Societatem noftram Indicam nuper mifit ejus Auctor Geergiws Rumpfius. Hoc fi aliquando publicctur (ut credibile eft) materiam praebere poterit Quarto Volumini Hiffer, General. Plan- tar, D. T. Ratk. | TU
SA 544
ü ^ ü
filha 1?
[ 5535]
| | V. Li
Analyfis Geometricay frve nova & vera Methodus Re- folvendi, tam Problemata Geometrica y... quam Arithmeticas Rueftiones. Pars prima; de Plauis ; 4uthore D. Antonio Hugone de Omerique San-
- tucarenfe. Sold by Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford - attbe Prince’si St. Paul's Church-yard London.
H E Author of this Bock being of opinion that
the Method of deducing Geometric Demen(ra- tions from an Algebraic Calculation, is forc'd and un- © natural, has ftudied how to find an Analyfis purely Geometrical, from which a Synthefis might eafily be deriv’d , according tothe Method of the Antients.
He begins with an Introdu@ion confifting of about twenty Geometric Propofitions 3 which are fo many Lemmas, in order to make his Analyfis the more eafy ; the chief Propofition of his Introduction, and which he has occafion to ufe moft, is this: To fizd two lines whofe [um or difference is given, that fball be reciprocal $o two given lines, this comprehending the Conftruction of Quadratic Equations. He divides the reft of his Book intoFour Parts. Inthe Firft he confiders thofe Pro- blems that are folv'd by fimple Proportions.. In. the 24, . he confiders thofe that are folv'd. by ufing Compound Ratio. Inthe 34, he refolves thoíe wherein it is nece[- fary to conlider Quantities connected by the Signs + and —, And in the qth. he confiders Indeterminate © POE, ot oy. actam sted to "He.Prefixes to his Firft Part fome General Rules. how to proceed in a. Geometric Inveftigation ; and becaule . thefe Rules contain what is moft material ia his Method,
Ew lil gni usd we
> - > Pe EE" "RA
gaps [352 ] we thiok it not improper to relate ’em as he has laid "ear down himfíelf. .
1v, An unknown Line is always terminated in an unknown Point ; hence to avoid confufion, the unknown Points ought to be Denoted with the lait Letters of the. Alphabet v, £, y, x, &c. to diftinguilh 'em from the known Points 2, 6, c, 4, &c. and if there is eccafion, one and the fame Point may be denoted with two Letters, when a known and unknown Line concur in it..
: Fir( Definition.
Additive Ratie is that whofe Terms are difpos'd to Addition, that is, to Compofition. subtractive Ratio is that whofe Terms. are difposd to Subtraction, that is, te. Divifion.
| r a b. x. iS
Let the Line 4 c, be divided in the Points 4, and’ x; the Ratio between 25, and bx, is Additives becaufe the Terms 45, and 6x, compofe the whole «x; but the Ratio between ax and £x is Swbtraffive, becauíe the Terms ax, and 6x, differ by the Line a.
20. The fame order of the Letters which. is in the Figure,ought to be kept in your Analyfis, that fo by meer Infpe&ion you may know whether the Ratio is Additive or Subtracfive ; and comfequently whether you ought. to Compofe or Divide. — 1 j T
30. When: you are to argue by Proportions , and tlie. Proportion lies im a Right Line, you have no other ‘way to proceed: on but by Compofition or Divifion: Therefore if both Ratios are Additive, you muft argue by Compofition; if both Subtra&ive, by Divifion: fo as alwaystoufe that way of arguing which is the fitteft- for the prefervation of thofe Terms that are known; but when one Ratio is Additive and’ th’other Subtragive, the Additive muft either be made Subtra&ive,or the Sub... tractive Additives; Now this. change i wrought by repeating either Term. For
| | [353] a ar: E "ed
For if we defign to change the Additive Ratio of 4» to 6d, into Subtra&ive, let 4c be made equal to 45, and thus the Ratio of 7c to bd, that 1s, of a5to bd, will be Subtractives and likewife,1f che Subtractive Ratio of 24 to be was to be made Additive, it is but making 22 equal to Le. ea
4e. This is alwaysto be obferved, when the Terms of the Ratio which isto be reduc’d, are knowns; but if they are unknown, and their Sum or Difference is known, it is often convenient to ule the 7th. and 8t4. Propofition of the Introdu&tion by means of which the difference of the Terms of an Additive Ratio, or the, fum of-the Terms of a Subtractive one, may be expreft, whence you may argue by Divifion or Compofition. ‘Now the 775. Propofition of the Introdu&tion is this ; If a Right Line is Divided into two equal Parts, and into two unequal Parts, the middle part isthe half difference of the unequal parts, The 8¢4. Propofition is this; If a Right Line is Divided into two equal parts, and a Right Line i$ added toit, that which is compounded of the half and of the Line added, is the half fum of the Line that is added, and of that which is compounded of the whole and the Line added.
Second Definition.
That Ratio we call Common which is Common to two Proportions whether it be Dire& or Reciprocal ; Let there be two Proportions 2 6::d, e, and £e: : e, 4, having the fame Terms 6 and e, and conftituting a Di- rect Ratio , this Ratio we call Common, becaule it is Common to both Proportions: In like manner lez there be two Proportions 2, 6::e,/and 4,¢:: d,e, each having the fame Terms 4 and e whichconftitute 2 Reciprocal Ratio, this Ratio we call Common, becauleit is Com- mon to both Proportions. |
2 4149 | Se
L 354 J
so; Therefore if two Proportions have a Common Ratio, wemay argue by Equality ; but if a Common Ratio is wanting’, it mult, be introduc'd, that we may proceed farther, which will be done by the Reduction of fome Ratio into another equal to it. ra
, Likewife:if a Proportiog lies ia. a Triangle or any other Figure, you muft ule a new Proportion by. re- peating {ome Angle, that is,by changing its Pofition,that fo you may have two equal Terms 1n two different Pro- portions, and fo may argue by Equality : Hence it is evi- dent that, that Angle ought to be tranfpofed, which together with the other Angles and Sides of the Figure, fhews the moft convenient fimilitude of Triangles,
60. Now what is fought being afflum’d as granted, all our endeavours mult be to retain in arguing thofe magnitudes which are already known, and to extin- guith as much as. we can theunknowa Point, and the Analyft underftanding where to ufe Additive or Sub- tractive Ratio in one Proportion , and how to Introduce a Common Ratio in two Proportions, if it be wanting, will come tothe end of thisRefolution by neccífary confe- quences: Now.-this endis obtain'd when the unknown Magnitude is found equal, to fome kaown Magpicude; or the unknown Point is in one Term, which is a 475. Proportional, or in two Terms either Means or Extreams whofe fum or difference is known, for a 4th. Propor- tional, or two Reciprocals will do it. |... :
70. The Analyfis being ended, the order of the Con- _ ftruction and Demonftration is evident, for nothing elle is required for the Conftruction, but what: has ,.or is fuppos'd to have been done in the Analyfis, and for the - Demonf(tration , nothing but to begin from the end of the Analyfis and proceed to the beginning of it, obfer- ving that wherethe Analyfis argues by Alternate or In---
verted Propofitions, the Syathelis argues by the fame,
[355] and that where the Analyfis Compounds, the Synthefis Divides, and vice verfa. —
But to make thofe Rules more ufeful, it won't be amifs to fhew the applications he has made of "em in the folu- tion of fome Problems , and. becaufe there is a great variety of’em in his ‘Book, we will chufe a few of the
moft remarkable as Rulesin cafes of the like nature.
PROBLEM, cds hio d
The Line zc being divided at pleafure in 4 to di- © vide it again in x between £ and c fo that ax xe, bx — be proportional,
| | | Analyfis. Let therefore | PERDU RC CC RU D and Componendo 46. WES S Lee ad and Alternando ub. DEI LE ads Let cq be made — be . id. and Componends. (Q1: b6, bx.
odi Therefore. the Problem is folv'd. .
| Conftruttion. . Let the Conftru&tion be made as before. .
| Demonftration. . | For fince, by the Conftruion, 44 1s to c2 as. be to bx. Therefore Dividendo ac is to cq that is to bc, as xc to bx and Alternando ac is to xe, as be to bx. Therefore Dividendo ax, is to xc as xe to bx, which was to be done. - PROBLEM
[356]
PROBLEM.
The Line 4c being Divided in 4 to Divide it again - in x between 4 and / (o that 2x, #¢, xb be Proportional. Now becaufe in the Proportion ax, xe. : : cx, xb, the firít Ratio is Additive and the fecond Sw/tracfive it is evident that the Additive muft either be made Swbtradive, or the Subtratiive Additive. But becaufe the Terms are un- known, letac be bifected in m, and 2 m x will be the Difference of the Parts ax, xe; likewife let 4c be bife&ed inp, and 2xp. will be the fum of the Parts xc and xb 5 whence one may proceed by Compofition or Divifion. Analyfis, Let a xt: Se "[heref. Compomendo = ac — xc:: axp, xb and Pbalf. tbe Antecedents mc, xcz: xp, xb and Convertends mic mxX:: xp, b Therefore the Problem is folv'd. - Becaufe the Point x being only in the middle Terms, we can proceed no far- ther. And becaufe there is nothing from whence we may . infer which ofthe two mx and xp isthe greateft, it will - be in our choiceto take »x either for the greateft or the leat part, and there will be two Solutions for which there is one Demonftration,
ef -
| (337) 'ofthe Terms xc-and x£, therefore Dividende ac, xc: xe, xb, which was to be done. . pS
PROBLE M.
To Divide the given Lines 46 £c in x and 7 fo that ay be to xc as f to g and x£ to yeas b tok. | Conditions.
URS LES NIB CE. and xb yes: b. É
p Analyfis. | Let therefore ay, “er: fb, g.
and alío XR 53:1 by ke
or 6, Cg. And as the fum of the Antecedents to the fum of the: Confequents, fo one Antecedent to its Confequent. -
Therefore Xe, x m ok or Dieiby | Therefore by Equality — ay, »4:t: f, L..
Conftruction and Demonftration,. . Let b beto 4, as bc to c4,-and fo g tos, Let agbe . be Divided in » in the Ratio of f£ to /, and let ay be to xcas f tog. I-fay that xb, yer: b, &. for fince by the Conftruction 27 »4:: f, 4; and ay to xc as f - teg: by Equality xc will be to »4, as g to 7 that is - as b¢ to cg and becaufe the difference of the Antecedents is to the difference of the Confequents, as one Antecedent to its Coufequent, «£ will be to ye as be to eq, that is, as b to £, which wastobe done... |
PUR OD EE M.-
A Square. or Rhombus «4 e d. beinggivem to draw
Therefore by Equality. But the Angle | X02 am dby on dxa.
[ 358 J . draw from the Angle 4 to the oppofite fide produc'd ab a right line dxy, and to make xy equal to a- right Line given "m.
»
‘Let therefore — xy be equal. to ax:
: by the 24. of the 6th. Book. of Euclid n dys: dx, xy,
Let the Angle - dxz be.— a.
and becaufe the Triangles dx£,. doy are Similar, 7
byzs dx, . xe. : db, 4b 1j a xR.
Therefore ‘the Triangles dies, xbx are Similar, qus ‘Therefore’. ^ (SA Xe bgod
^ Conftrnttion. and. Demonfiration,. 003)f0Ó
Let db be to ab, as m to g, and let dz, 4z..whole, 2o : rence is 4^ be found reciprocal to g. Set off from the
point z the Line 2+ equal to g,and through x draw dxy, l fay that xy is equal to the given line z.
“For fince by the Conftru&ion dg is tog asgtoZ&, that
is dz is to xe as xz tO bz:, The Triangles dex, bax
vill
L3394 will be Similar, Therefore the Angle dxz will be equal -to the Angle xe, that is, to the Angle 45 ( forthe -Angles dby and x/z are equal, becauíe 45cin a Square or Rhombus is equal to.the Angle abd, or its equal »2z, hence adding the common Angle xy, the Angles dby xbz will be equal.) Therefore fince the Triangles ax, dby have the Angles dxz and déy equai, and the Angle bdw ~ ‘common, they will be fimilar, and. therefore dé will be to £y as dx to xz that is to g3 but becaule ad, bx are parallel, 26 willbe to ^yas dx to xy. Therefore by Equality 4é is to db as. g to xy. But by the Conftruction 4b is to db asg to m, Therefore »y is equal to zx. Which was to be done. "n Gc PROB aL Ee. A Circle xy= being given by Pofition, and two Points in it 2 and ^ being given, to draw the Lines ax, xb fo that 7@ fhall be Parallel to. 24...
E Ee dit L2
| ANALYSTS. |
Let therefore yz be parallel to a2 Therefore the Angle abxcom EN Let the Angle 4yv be made = abx Therefore the Angle .- 4AyU = EX Therefore... | x, v, 7, b,arein a Circle Therefore the Rectangle ^^^ vay = xay —— S Butthe Rectangle — xay — any Re&angle through 4
Theref. the Rectangle vas — any Rectangle through 2. 3 s Confiraition and. Demonftration, ^ ‘Let the Rectangle vab be made equal to any Rectangle
through « fuch as cad, let the Tangent vy be drawn
ma KEE... through
[ 360 ] through 4- let the line yx, and through 4 the line xs. be drawn, let ye be join'd , T fay that yz is parallel to ab. . | ! | Er.
- For fince the Re&angle vab has been made equal to ead, and xay is equal to the fame, the Rectangles va^ xay will be equal: Therefore the points x, v, », 6, will bein a Circle; and the Angles 45v, 45x upon the fame Line xv will be:equal , but becaufe vy touches the Circle xyz and xy cutsit, the Angle ayv isequaltoyzx. Therefore the Angles yzv abx will be equal, Therefore the. Lines
, 4b. will be parallel, which was to be done.
. The following Problem is taken owt of the [econd Book.
; 2o) PROBLEM, |
The Line 44.between/? and c being Divided in 6 and £, to Divide it again in x fo that the Re&angle axb. be to the Rectangle dxc as mp togp..
€ hou, MARC EDU d KX OM
co sd t ? | 4 A ATT- $e Ll ewe
Let clierefore. ^ axb/ dXc::. mp, gp: ae x MP, py-
$. XC24 E. = >for the produés of. sd |.
Thereforeifyou make, ^ ^ ax Andalfo "D. The Problem will be folv’d: Analogous Terms will.reftitute the Proportion.. Let therefore. $552 : s ; ax, xd Lr mw A. py and Componenao —— y anil ‘ Let mg, mp, ad, ak. be. roportional. ak.- ome> Let alfo t j | As AR Mak and Compemendo ^. 0. bc, xc:: Let bc, cf, Hg, [47 be proportional ef ness or Therefore Componendo |. .. xf,
atid Comvertemdo ___ xf, cf » ak,
SP
BP
eS
; x KOO?) My, mg-
and by equality. teak eae xf, pees ak. I xk
'Ehe-
The following Prablem.is taken out-of shelsbird Bick’
aX,0 adt: mp, "my,
bx,- xe np 2138.1
!
[361]. | ded qogdPS AO. B Lo Bi M; the Line zc being divided any where inb, to divide - it again in x between £ and c fo that the Rectangle 4x2. thall be equalto the Rectangle £xc together with the double fquare- of xe. . : N |
qii bcd X et y P Tr epe
Let therefore axb = bxc -2xcx Bu by X 26) El. - bcx — bxc + xcx Therefore . axb = bex + xex Let cd be made — be, theref.. bex. — dex Therefore "e——b — dox = = xcx thatisby. 3. 23. El. axb —. dxc
Therefore Aas omens "xdg bx and. Componendo X Wax, 3€ db, bx Let cf-be made = bd - cf
. andas:the fum of the Antecedents. to the fum of the . ' Confequents. So oneAntecedent to its Confequent. . "Therefore | aly be ::- cb bye Therefore the Problem is folv'd..——.— | | Conftruttion and Demon[iration. Let cd and df be made equal to 7e, and let af, be, cf, bx,:. be proportional, I fay the thing is done. | For (ince af, 6¢:: cf, bx, and the difference. of : the Antecedents to the difference of the Confe- . quences as one Antecedent is to its Confequent.ac will be-- to xe, as cf ot bc to bx , and the Rectangle zx^ will ^ be equal to the Rectangle dxc, that is,. to the Recin- . gle dex together with the Square of xc or- ( becaufe £e - and ed are equal) tothe Rectangle dex with theSquare -: of xc 5. But the Rectangle dcx is equal to the Re&tangle - bxc andthe Square of xc: Therefore the Rectangle axé is equal to the Re&angle dxc, and the double Square of - xc Which was to be done. | | The following Propofition ws taken ous of the 41h. Book, | TOP OR O BE EGM.- | | - Two Points « and 6 being given, to draw the two | | | | Lines -s
( 362°). Lines 2x x5, whofe Squares together fhall be equal © tothe Square given ££
ES axb whofe heights is-xy be the Tvangleroqied bife& 4b in m:and:draw. mx. [3 of NaELTISJI S. cava vis i o p^ dDieeiore axa sto xbx. =: gg Bub by the i phobie Anat wed aba 2ama-«2mxm
TM | 01305002 Bye 2ama-to2mxm -
—2ama — 2mxiri Therefore the Problem i is folv'd , but the Length of mx being given and not its Pofition ,. itis evident that it may be the Semidiameter of a Circle whofe Citcumfe- rence fhall be the Locus of the point x.
Conftruction and Demon[iration.
From the Square given gg Subtract the double Square. of am, the Square root of «half the remainder íhall..be:
théline mx, with the Center. m and diftance 5x, . de- _feribe the Circle px4, 1 fay that any point x taken in its Circumference refolves the Problem.»
_For fince the double of the Squares of az. pao xm is equal to the Square gg, by the Conftruction,; and by.the ;
13/5. Propofition of the Introduction. to the Squares ax
aüd x5: The two Squares ex and x@ together will-be.
en to the Squáte ££ Which was tobe denei: : SR AT S ADS
“ERRATA jm lox. for. TV. 1: HE: p. 356. 1.26. fis HI. r. IV. and, for ab É uz i, Juitraiti on, &C. x. Jubfrat, &c. p. 357. 1. 33. T. Soffgenes.
Ta ee Se a ee
Ne
qu BA, &
Y F. *» © "T
F. Shurt
- L 363 Ju Numb, 258.
PHILOSOPHICAL. TRANSACTIONS.
For the Month of November, 1699. "B | THE Be: : CONTENTS L N Account of two Glands and their Exeretory
OL Duets lately difcover d in Human. Bodies. By - - Mr. William’ Cowper. F. B.S.
IL Zpiftola D.Raymundi Vieuflens, 42D. & S. R.S. 4d Societatem | Regiam. Londinenfem miffa, de Organo Auditus. |
Ill. A Letter from Dr. William Mufgrave to Dr.Sloane, being an Argument for the more frequent ufe of La- ryngotomy, urgd from a remarkable Care in Chi- rurgery ; perform d by Mr. John Keen of Roch zz Cornwal. | 3 |
Lll | | T Ax
[3479
I. mo Account of two Glands and their Excretory Duéts lately difcover'd in Human Bods. By Mr. William Cowper. F.R.S.
Otwithftanding the general application of the Learned in this Age to Anatomy, and the M fuccefs wherewith they have cultivated it, there remain undoubtedly many confiderable Difcoveries to be made, many ufeful Organs to be de- tected, of great confequence to the right underiland- ing of che Animal Deconomy ; for the knowledge of which perhaps Pofterity fhall be obliged to the fuc- cefsful Labours of thofe thar fhall come after us, and wonder how they efcap'd our Obfervation, as we have done by thofe that preceded us. Of this tbe Difcove- ry of two Glands (not before that we know taken no- tice of in a Humane Subject) may be-an Inftance, . efpecially fince they are found in a part that has not only been accurately defcribed by others, but fre- quently and carefully examin'd by my íelf before I took notice of them. This may encourage us not to defpond, if we don’t find all our Enquiries attended with Difcoveries, nor to fet an over-value upon our felves for thofe which our good Fortune may prefent us. with; fince it is fometimes the misfortune, of Men of greater Application’ and Sagacity. than our. feives. to meet with Difappointments. “ow . About a quarter of an Inch below the Proftate Glands . (Fig, 1. E.) I found two other fmall Glands (z^. GG). placed on each fide the Urethra (ib. F) a little above j the.
[aes 1
the Bulb of its Cavernous Body: (/5.1.) Thefe Glands are of a depreft Oval Figure, not exceeding the magnitude of a {mall Frevch Bean. After thofe parts of the Mufculus Accelerator (ib. 1 1) are removed, which país over thefe Glands, you may feel them placed like two hard Bodies on each fide the Urethra. They incline toa yellowifh colour like that of the Proftates. Their Excretory Ducts appear on their internal Sur- face (Fig. 2. A. b) next the inner Membrane of the Urethra (Fig. 2. C) whence they defcend about half an Inch in length before they grow lefs and pierce that Membrane obliquely at their opening into the Urethra, (ib. D.) in which they difcharge their fepa- sated Liquor. After opening the upper part of the Urethra towards the Dorfum Penis and expanding. its. inner Membrane, if you comprefs thefe Glands, you may fee their Liquor iflue from two di(tinct Ori- fices, which is very Tranfparent and Tenacious: thefe two Orifices open into the Uethra juft below its bend- ing under the Offa Pubis in the Perizem.
The Artifice of Nature is very extraordinary in thus placing thefe. Glands and their Excretory Ducts, (ince on the Erection of the Pems-and the diítenfion of the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra, they are thereby neceffarily compreft, and the Liquor contain’d in their Excretory Ducts forced through their two Ori- ficesinto the Cavity of the Urethra: befides this, that. part of the Mufculus Accelerator. (mentiond . above) Which paíles over thefe Glands, contributes to this Compreffion. It feems requifite (uch . Agents fhould | Confpire in Compreffing thefe Organs, fince the Li- quor they feparate is fo very Tenacious ; which cone - fiftence of it is abfolutely neceflary for the Ufes it is- employed in, i13
The:
E 366 ]
"The main defiga of Nature in framing thefe Glands feems to refpe& the grand Work of Generation, which will be more evident if we examin the Analogous Or- gans in other Animals. In Rats thefe- Glands are re- markably large, and are fo placed that upon the Ere- &ion of the Pens they are compreft by its Turgefcency and appofition of the Offa Pubs; the like may be ob- ferv'd in other Animals, particularly in Hedg-hogs.
Boars have thefe Glands very large, and the Matter they feparate is more tenacious, and not fo tranfparent as in all other Creatures I have examin'd ; there is {omething peculiar in the contrivance of them in this Animal, each Gland being cover'd with a peculiar Muf- cle not unlike the Gizards of fome Fowl; which Me- chanifm feems contrived for more forcibly comprefling of them, to difcharge their very teriacious Contents into the Urethra, and that not only in the time of 'Coition, but at any other time ; which feems to be more peculi- arly required in thofe Creatures, becaufe the paflage of their Urin is very long, and therefore ftands in need of more of this Glutinous Matter to befmear it, where- by it is defended from the injuries that may arife from the Salts of the Urin. As the "Urin of different. Ani- mals is more or lefs impregnated with pungent Salts, fo - the proportion of thefe Glands differ as well as on the account of the various lengths of their Urethra’s. Te is remarkable we don't find thefe Glands in Females like thofe in Males,tho they have fomething Analogous to them, which are defctibed in Women by De Graaf, and calid Proffate Mulierum ; but the Orifices of their Excretory Ducts opening at the exit of the Urethra, they ferve to defend the Nymphe and Labia Pudendi only from the: Urinous Salts, and diícharge their Li- quor in Co-'tu, as I have elfewhere taken notice ; the whole Urethra in them being fo fhort, that the contra-
| ction
4s I
‘€tion of the Sphincter Mufcle of the Bladder is fuffici- ‘cient to expel any remains of Urine from that paílage. -The Ufe of the Glands (1 have now Defcribed) is twofold ; firft on the Erection of the Penis there is fo much of their Liquor difcharged into the Urethra as füffices to drive out any remains of Urine, and prevent its mixing with the Semen; and at other times the conti- ‘nual difcharge of fome part of their Liquor into the Urethra, defends that paflage from the Salts in the Urine: the like continual exfudation cannot happen ci- ther from the excretory Ducts of the Proftates or thofe - -of the Veficule Seminales, becaufe the nearnefs of the Sphincter Mufcle fo corrugates the inner Membrane of the Urethra, as prevents an eafie paflage of the Liquor by the Off iol; of the former: nor can the Semen run out of the latter, fince the Caruncula or Caput. Gallinaginis is contriv.d on purpofe to prevent it: wherefore the Dia- phragme, Abdominal Muícles, and Levatores Ani are employed in compreffing thofe parts to diícharge their
- "Contents.
;0 It i$ not: improbable that the Matter which flows at the latter end of the Cure of Veneréal . Difeafes, and is called a G/eet, proceeds from thefe Glands, and not from the Proftate or Veficule Seminales, as is common- ly fuppofed ; which may afford us no mean Argument for the Ufe of Injections in füch Cafes; inftead of which fome Practitioners perfecute their Patients with violent Purges, and cram them with vaft quantities of Aftringent Medicines. We may eafily conceive how fuch Gleets become fometimes very Obflinate, if not Incurable, by fuppofing the Ulcer in that Contact te happen upon the Offiole of thefe Secretory Ducts.
M mm Fig.
E3691 F1G. L
A, A Portion of the Bladder of Utine.:
BB, Parts of the Ureters.
| C C, Parts of the Vafa Deferentia.
D D, The Veficule Seminales fomewhat diftended with: Wind by blowing into the Vafa.Deferentia.
aa, The Blood Veffels of the Veficule Seminales.
E, The Glandule Proftate.
F, The Urethra expanded after op-ning its füperior and fore part to fee the Offiele of the Excre- tory Ducts of the following Glands.
GG, The two Glands above defcribed, which from the Liquor they n may be calf Glandula Mutofe.
h, The Excretory Duct of one of the laft mention'd Glands; before-it pafles under the: Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra.
I, The Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra partly’ diftended with: Wind; and devefted! of the: Accelerator Mufcle to thew 'its “External Membrane, ‘which is very. thin, whereby. the laft. nam'd Mufcle does more adequately com- prefs that Bulb, and drive its contain'd Blood towards the Glands when the Penis is Erected:
Ky The third Pair of Muícles of the Peas...
LL, The Accelerator : Mu(cle divided in | its middle Seam on the Bulb, and afterwards freed: froim it, and Expanded.
11, The upper part of this- Mufcle which. mcum imme- diatly over the Mucous Glands. : )
MM, The Mufculi Directores Penis.
NN, The Cavernous Bodies of the Pezi;.
O; The Cavernous Body. of the Urethra. ae
The
E 369 9 P, The Ligature made to prevent the Wind fom .paffing out of the- Cavernous Body of the Urethra and its Bulb. Q. The Aperture by which the Inflation was made.
EG. dM.
One of the Mucous Glands after being Monced it
Water, and its Excretory Duc fill’d with | Quickfilver.
A, The Mucous Gland fomewhat diftended ; ;
b, Its Excretory Dud.
€, A Portion of the Internal Membrane of the T0
_ fhraExpanded. _- D. The Offite of the laf mention ‘d sda Duck,
Mma m2 HB piel
L 370 J
, r / ' » J 4
TL Zpiflola D.Raymundi Vieuflens, M. D. & S.RS. ad Societatem Regiam Londinenfem miffa, d: Or- gano auditus. — iit
Pin Clarif ig nihil mihi jucundius atque ploriofius effe pof-
fit quàm wobifeum colloqui, ne miremini quzfo quod vos fupplex rogare aufim, ut meam hanc Epifto-
lam de'méis €iréá organum auditus animadverfionibus. benevolo, gratoque animo accipiatis, & veftrum, cium
libuerit, dela judicium ad me mittatis, qué deinceps eam typis excudendam tradam, fi vobis Digna vidca- tur, qux aliquando publici juris fiat. Claviffimus, D. Duverney vir non modó anatomicarum, fed & phy-
ficarum, medicarumque rerum peritiffimus de hac cor-
poris noftri parte de qua hic dicturus fum, eximié fané . N i MEL . Á- fcripfit; verüm ut ut accurate illam deícripferit, ad-
vertetis tamen, ni fallor, viri fpectatiffimi, me nova
quadam in ftructura interiori ejus detexiffe, qux vo-
bis forfan, ut & mihi, per neceffaria videbuntur ad fa
ciliorem explicati onem auditus, imó & morborum, . quibus hxc ipfamet pars obnoxia eft; quapropter hzc breviter & nitidé, quantum fieri poterit, hic vobis ex- ponam, & poftmodum nervos feptims conjugationis defcribam. | | Imprimis, Animadverti membranam tenuiffimz, ra-
rxque admodum texture intra cavitatem tympani efle :-
hanc, habita ratione loci quem occupat, interiorem imeéimbraham tympani'muficupo, ut ab ca diftinguatur, qua meatus auditorii finem extremum obturat, & quam exteriorem ipfiufmet tympani membranam nominare
| placet,
ES ee ee eee S W Y
Laat)
placet, quo fcilicet idea unius nunquam cum idea alte.
rius confundi queat, hxcce membrana peritis omnibus ©
anatomicis nota, & ànullo, quod fciam, recté defcripta, fi attente. perfpiciatur, in utraque aure vafis capillari- bus pené infinitis apparet irrigata, qux carotis arteria, & vena jugularis utriufque lateris ipfi largiuntur. Hinc fit; ut vafculis, quibus irrigatur, fanguine fupra mo-
dum-turgentibus tota feré rubra videatur, cum radio-
rum folarium interventu, ac przíertim microfcopio in- - termedio exploratur. Ejufmodi vafícula. impediunt né-
membranz, qua fuffulciuntur, partes, füperna fcilicet & laterales, in femetipfas corruant, & compliccntur,
uti proculdubio corruerent & complicarentur, nifi eas. fufpenías tenerent ; quoniam per fe ipías interiori {uper- - ficiei hujus, qua continentur, cavitatis immediaté non.
adhzrent.
Hic ipfamet membrana, qux eft productio mem-
branz tenuis interiora aquxductus inveftientis, os fpe-
ciei cujufdam fpecus occludit, quà itur.ad foveolas in« tra maítoidem apophyfin excavatas; proindeque im- pedit/né conclufus in iis aér, libere faltem, cum aére | tympanum fubeunte communicet ; ac preterea tenuil- - fima ejus productio una ftapedis aperturam, altera veró . foramen vulgó rotundum nominatum -obturat, & ulce- rius extenfa toti fuperflernitur interiori fuperficiei exi- - gui hujus fpatii cavi, quod à foramine rotundo exten- - diturad extremum ufque finem ductus femi-ovalis fpi- -
fális Cochlez, & ufque ad rimulam incifam bafi concha;
'
Ira ur interior tympani membrana hac productione fua -
intermedia, qua {cilicet extremitatem ductus femi. ovalis {piralis cochlex, & rimulam bafi conchz infcul- - ptam extrinfecüs occludit, commünicet cum hac por- tione membranz nervez interioribus conchz parietibus .
fuperflrate, quz bafeosconche ejufdem rimulam intus -
claudit, & cum extremitate laminz nervex fpiralis,
qux.
L 372 J
qux intra ductum femi-ovalem {piralem cochlex recoup ditur. \ | Preterea membrana, de qua nunc agitur, fubtus il- lam {ui partem, qua externam tympani membranam re- fpicit, fat amplum. relinquit fpatium vacuum, quod a- quxdudtu ad fe delatum aérem extrinfecum admittit : interea hec in íemetipíam ita convolyitur, & campli- catur, ut intra cam tres formentur cavitates. Prima hu- juímodi cavitatum occupat fpatium, quod externz in- €udis apophyfi, & huic interjicitur fpecui, quà itur ad foveolas apophyfeos maítoidis, ut fupra dixi: fecunda prime &.tertiz intermedia, iiíque minor precise. bafi conche fubfternitur, & malleoli caput, necnon fermé totum incudis corpus intra fe recondit : tertia omnium ampliffima internum aquaductus orificium refpicit, & intra fe continet ventris primi auris interne muículi & incudis portionem una cum binis illius. apophyfibus, ftapedem, os Lenticulare, tendinem íccundi auris ins ternz muículi, & cervicem unà cum manubrio mal- leoli. Demum membrana, de qua nunc loquor, in quibuf: dam. tantüm hominibus ita conformatur, ut parya illius portio in membranulam tenuiffimam abeat, qua dimi- dium circiter fpatium tertià necnon maximá, cavitatum ejus comprehen(um in duas partes velut fepto inter. medio dividitur. Ejufmodi membranula à nullo ana- tomico, quod íciam, hactenus defcripra, & a, me viris Clariffimis, D.D. Barbeyrac, Joly, Marcot, Verny Dodoribus medicis peritiffimis, & quam pluribus aliis, - medicis, & medicine fludiofis in mufxo meo oftenía in omnibus feré hominibus defideratur, & in iis, in quibus. reperitur, fuperna fua parte hafi conchz, & in- ferna exteriori tympani. membranz meatus auditorii fie nem extremum .occupanti, & obturanti alligatur, eam» que in binas partes fermé aquales ex traníverfo Vidi Nigetue
| | [3j videtur ad extremum ufque finem manubrii malleoli, cui adhxrefcit, imo & paulo ultra. Ita ut membranula: ifta unà cum extremo fine manubrii malleoli mediam partem. exterioris membrane tympani verfus interiora- cavitatis ejus attrahat, eamque ita inclinet, ut é re- gione meatus auditorii parum concava, & é regione cavi- tatis tympani parum convexa fit. Hac membranula apta nata eft, quz in hominibus. in quibus non defide- ratur, impediat né validioribus muículi monogaftrici auris internx contractionibus exterior tympani mem- brana fupra modum diftendatur, vel extremitate manu- brii malleoli dilaceretur, cum prxdictus mufculus con- vulfione, vel. motu. convulfivo. afficitur. Ita: ut hzc membranula vices quodammodó fupplere videatur muf- culi antagoniftz mufculi monogaftrici, de quo nunc dixi, fi fpectetur quatenus tendine fuo gracili & longo agens, ut ex dicendis in fequentibus patebit.
-- Siquis horum. omnium perípiciendorum jucunda cu- riofitate frui velit, os petroíum fecernat à reliqua calva-
ria, hominis ftrangulati, vel phrenitide, aut apoplexiá perempti, fi fieri. poffit: os illud à reliqua calvaria {e- cretum per biduum in loco ficco fervandum, ut per id tempus membrana, quam nunc deícribo, parum exfic- cetur, adeóque in femetipfam contrahatur, ut, quan- ram par eft, fecedat ab interna fuperficie cavitatis, ins tra quam continetur, né ab anatomico illius texturam penitus. exploraturo dilaceretur. | Poftea os {at tenue; quod fupernam tympani partem conftituit, fruftulatim cultro: perité fecandum, & auferendum eft. Fr veró cumprimüm fuperna tympani pars fecta & ablata fuit ; membrana, de qua nunc, intra cavitatem illius antea latens oculis fubjicitur, & adeó numerofis vafis capilla- ribus irrigatam fefe prodit, ut hzc, cum fingula cjus afa repleta funt fanguine, fpeciem quamdam retis mi- rabilis reprafentet. | zl Mem-
L 374 ]
"Membrana jamjam defcripta mirabilibus (an& mu- niis preftandis, & mox defignandis dicata eft, Imprimis hac quà tenui productione fua occludens labyrinthi januam impedit, né naturalis puriffimus ac fubcilifüi- mus acr intra diverías cavitates, diverfofque illius mz- andros latens communicationem, faltem valde liberam, habeat cum aére craflo, qui tympani cavitatem aquz- ductu fubit.
Secundó hzcce membrana miti calore fanguinis va- forum, quibus adornatur, offeam, labyrinthi totius ba- fin leniter calefacit, & uno eodemque tempore fovet atque confervat motum aéris in binis veftibulis, flexuo- fifque omnibus illius ducibus conclufi. & Lymphz de- fxcatiffime animali fpiritu impregnate, qua fingule nervi mollioris auris propagines inferiüs defcribendz imbuuntur.
Tertid eadem membrana intra cavitates fuas acrem "benigno calore fanguinis vaforum fuorum maximé rare- factum continet, qui utpoté maximé rarefactus, atque adeó tenuiffimus, & magna ztherex materie copia im- pregnatus valde aptus eft, qui corporum omnium. fo- nororum impreffiones facile. recipiat, eafque citiffime ad acrem, & fingulas propagines nervi mollioris aurisin- teriora labyrinthi adornantes, necnon ad ovale cerebri centrum tranímittat. |
Ex iis, qux modó diximus, plané fequitur membra- nam, de qua nunc agitur, auditui preducendo mirum in modum conducere: ita fane hzc ut poté valde te- füuem, raramque texturam habens liberum in cavitates . fuas introitum, paricerque liberum ex iis egreffum prz- bet fonororum objectorum impreffionibus, qux cum- primum aéri caput ambienti communicate fuerunt, zetherez, qua gravidus eft aér, materi motu, & mem- branz exterioris tympani innumeris foraminibus infen- fibilibus .:perviz, necnon aquxductus interje@u ad ip-
LN ae fàm-tranímittuntur. Ac re quidem ipfa quevis, nifi mea me fallit opinio, objectorum fonororum impref- fiones aéris intra cavitates membranz fupra defcriptz contenti, aut ipfam extrinfecüs ambientis quà fcilicet ztherea gravidi materia interventu momento citius in- teriora labyrinthi per portam & feneftram illius fubeunt, & ex eodem labyrintho interjectu fpiritus animalis, ‘cui inibi communicantur, etiam momento citius ad ovale ufque cerebri centrum tranímittuntur ; ibique loci pro diverfis fonororum objectorum impreffionibus di-' ver(€ excitantur in anima idex, diverfas foni fpecies defignantes, qux diverfis nominibus exprimi folent. Eorum, qua modó diximus, veritas experientià con- firmatur ; quoties enim pus abfceflus intra maftoidem apophyfin, vel intra tympanum ipfum producti hanc, de qua nunc, mémbranam dilacerat, prorfufque rodit, toties auditus ita leditur, ut multüm imminuatur, fi nen proríus aboleatur, ut in obfervationibus meis ana- tomico-practicis explicabitur, - pti |
Ex fupra dictis claré intelligitur, Viri Clariffimi, in- tra tympanum neceflarió excitandum efle tumultuofum quemdam motum prxternaturalem fonum producen- tem, quoties immodico cibi, potuíque ufu, vel ob- ftructionibus imi ventris, vel longis, plurimümque la- boriofis animi contentionibus, vel alià quapiam causá nimia fanguinis fupra modum rarefacti, & vaporofi quantitas ad vaícula fuperiüs defcripte membranz a- mandatur. Is enim fanguis nimià copia nimiaque ra- refactione fua eas, quibus devehitur, arteriolas magis, quàm par eft dilatat necnon pulfat, & tum nimia hu. jufmodi vaforum dilatatione atque pulíatione, tum ni- mio halituum copiofiorum, quas emittit; motu hanc membranam ita concutit, ut tumultuofus aliquis ftre- pitus intra tympani cavum neceffarió excitetur ; prx- fertim fi vapores illi propter aquxductus obftructio-
nn nem,
Ld
[ 376 J
nem, vel propter nimis compactam texturam exterioris. membrane tympani facile tranfpirare nequeant. Tu- multuofi autem hujufmodi-ftrepitus impreffio ad ovale ufque cerebri centrum tranflata hanc in anima excitat ideam, qua murmuris auris nomine vulgó exprimi fo- le. Hujufce murmuris tres funt fpecies omnibus nore, & a nemine, quod íciam, plane ac diftinté explicate ; bombus fcilicet, fibilus, & tinnitus.
Quoties vapor fupra modum copiofus, & exagitatus, qui murmur aliquod in curibus excitat, ita humidus eft, ut ad naturam aqux {at prope accedat, interiorem, facilé- que mobilem membranam tympani relaxat, & uno eo- demque tempore ipfam movet variéqueflectit, Hinc fit, ut hxcce membrana nonnihil relaxata, motuque fibi com- . municato varié ac velut undatim flexa cüm ambientem, tum. intra cavitates fuas reconditum aérem ita exagitet, ut vibrationes debiles.lenté necnon flexuosé, ac velut undatim fefe invicem excipientes patiatur, quales feré patitur, dum vel ab aqua é loco fublimi delabente, &, cumprimum delapfa eft, undatim defluente, vel quam- plurimis ab apibus fimul congregatis, & partim fur- fum, partim deorfum, partim oblique, partimque in or- bem motis agitatur. Iftz autem vibrationes fpiritus animalis nervi mollioris auris textum interius occupan- tis interjectu ad ovale ufque cerebri centrum delatz hanc excitant in anima ideam, qua fonum tumultuo- {um gravem bombi nomine vulgó expreffum defignat.
Ubi vapor murmuris cujuídam in auribus excitandi capax particularum. aquofarum tam inops eft, ut po- tius exhalationis ficcx, quàm meri vaporis naturam re- doleat, atque adeó flatulentus fit; is membranam inte- riorem tympani, dum huic alliditur, quadantenus ex- ficcat, illam. expandit, atque diftendit. lade fit, ut hacce membrana communicato fibi motu nonnihil ex- ficcata, & expanía, adeóque plurimüm diftenta =e
ambien-
[327 J
ambientem, tum intra cavitates fuas latentem aérem ira concutiat, ut in eo vibrationes validas excitet, qux fucceflive fané, fed tamen cito, &rectis vel fermé re- Cus lineis fefe invicem confequuntur. Ita ut ejufmosi wibrationes his feré fimiles fint, quas patitur, quoties mero flatu fupra modum exagitatur; proptereaque illx ad ovale ufque cerebri centrum eà, quà fupra explica- tum fuit, ratione tranfmifle hanc excitant in anima ideam, que fonum tumultuofum fat acutum fibili no-
mine vulgó expreflum defignat. | Quoties interior membrana tympani, aut aliqua pars ilius ab arteriolis ipfam irrigantibus folito frequen- tius, validiufque fuccuffibus fefe velociffime excipien- tibus ob fanguinis fluxum tunc in his aliquatenus impeditum -quatitur, toties illa (fi tunc temporis prz- calido & exficcante quodam halitu ita diftendatur, ut immiílos fibi fuccuffus validé repercutiat) tum ambi- entem, tum intra cavitates fuas reconditum aérem ita exagitat, ur eafdem aut feré eafdem patiatur vi- brationes, quas pateretur, fi vibrationes illius argenteo malleolo excitarentur, quo fcilicet parvis ictibus iteratis citiffimé fefe excipientibus incus parva percuteretur, qua ex argento, vel alio quodam metallo valde fonoro, proindeque ad incuffas fibi ictus validé repercutiendos apto conflata effet. Unde mirum non eft, quód ejut- modi vibrationes, cum ad ovale ufque cerebri centrum pervenere, hanc excitent in anima ideam; quz fonum preternaturalem tinnitus auris nomine vulgó expreffum
denotat.
Diffenfus Anatomicorum tum veterum, tum recenti- orum de numero, & ufu mufculorum auris interne veri eorum numeri, verique ufüs inquirendi mihi an- fam prebuit, Viri {pectatiffimi; eos igitur multis ab- hinc annis (xpiffimé indagavi, & partem hanc duobus tantum inftructam effe femper obfervavi : hi nervulos (7 CN mn 2 pené
| ENRES - v pené infenfibiles à nervis quinte conjugationis recipi- unt, & vafculis fanguiferis etiam pene infenfibilibus irri- gantur, quz funt arterix carotidis, & venz jugularisin- tern propagines; illorum. primus craffior & longior unicum ventrem, bina capita, binofque tendines ha-, ber; unde proculdubio factum eít, ut Anatomici quam- plurimi, qui oculatiffimi habentur, eum duos mufculos ab invicem diftinétos effe putaverint Verüm cum mufculus ifte unicum habeat ventrem, illum mufculum unicum effe afferere aufim, quem, utpoté unico ven- tre inftructum, mufculum monogaftricum nominare
lubet. |
Primum mufculi monogaftrici auris interne caput va-
ginula membranacea veftitum € finu exiguo offeo fupra partem {upernam aquzductus excavato emergit; fe- cundum veró, quod meré carnofum apparet, non procul à latere externo exigui finus oflei, de quo mox dictum,
fuam ducit originem. Fibrz carnex bina diverfa ca- pita mufculi, de quo nunc agitur, cemponentes invi-. cem ftrictiffime uniuntur paulo antequam tympani ca- .
vitatem fubeant, & tuncin ventrem vagina membrana-
cea fat valida undequaque cinctum unius & ejufdem..
mufculi definunt. Deinceps ipfemet fibre carnez, de. quibus. jam loquor, verfus tympani cavum. fefe porri-
gentes, paulo poftquam illud fubierunt, ab invicem fe-.
parantur, & in binostendines vaginulà membranaceá va-..
lida indutos abeunt ; horum primus fecundo longior nec-
non gracilior, poftquam feíe parum furfum. erexit, parvae -
trochlee membrano( interventu huic offis petrofi paz-. ti alligatur, cui infculptum eft initium aquxdudus.
Fallopii, feu. canaliculi offei, qui nervum. durum auris admittit ; ita ut officiofo hujuíce membranofx trochlez minifterio liberé motus omnes edat, quibus edendis di-
catus eft: tendo ifte deorfum reclinatus fuper gracilem. malleoli apophyfin ad perpendiculum defcendit, eique.
annecti-
E39.)
annectitur fefe parum expandendo ; unde fit, ut ejus nexus ad cervicem ufque ipfiufmet- malleoli extendatur. Secundus muícu'i, quem jam defcribo, tendo primo . brevior & craffior, multümque crafsá vagina membrana- - cea veítitus in cavitatem tympani recta fere porrigitur, & medix capitis malleoli parti annectitur, ibique ita explicatur, ut ejus nexus ad corpus uíque incudis pro- tendatur, adeóque binis ejuímodi offibus invicem ne- Ctendis inferviat: tendo ifte offi, cui fuperfternicur . membranacex vaginx fuze interventu alligatur. Secundus auris interne muículus ab Anatomicis | quamplurimis recté. defcriptus emergit ¢ tubulo offeo. excavato in parte infima offis, quod porte labyrinthi, © & illius feneftrz interjicitur. Mufculus ifte mufculo - monogaftrico fupra defcripto multó. minor & brevior . eft. Hinc fit, uc illum mufculum minorem auris in- ternx nominem.. Ventrem carnofum fat craffum habet, . & tendine fuo. maxime gracili capiti ftapedis inferitur. Dum mufculus monogaftricus auris in femetipfum . contrahitur, longior illius tendo caput malleoli & cor-. - pus incudis parum furfum tollit. Dixi tendinem longi- orem muículi monogaftrici auris caput malleoli unà . cum incude parum folummodo furfum tollere; quoni- am tendo brevior ejufdem mufculi, utpote capiti mal- leoli extremo {uo fine annexus, quemadmodum longior . illius apophyfi gracili, atque cervici annectitur, longi- - orirenititur, dum fefe contrahit ; quia vagina {ua offi . alligatur, cui fuperjacet, ut fupra notatum, & propter . ejufmodi nexum verfus fuperiora multüm tolli nequit; - unde fit, ut tendinis longioris fefe contrahentis nifui quodammodo refiftat, & impediat. né caput malleoli . unà cum incude verfus fuperiora multum tollat, ut fü- .- pramoxnotavk. .» | Ubi malleoli caput furfum. tollitur, extremitas ma» . nubrii ejus neceffario deorfum inclinatur, adeoque par- - : tem
[ 380 ] tem mediam, cui adhexrefcit, exterioris membrane tympani ex interioribus ejufdem tympani verfus ex-
teriora pellit, atque adeo illam tendit, ejufque fuper-
ficiem planam, aut faltem fere planam reddit,
Dum tendo muículi monogaftrici auris, de quo nunc, & malleolus hzc, qux modo dixi, munia preflant, hanc extendunt membranulam fupra defcriptam, quz membranam .exteriorem tympani ex tran{verfo fecare videtur, cum non defideratur. [ta ut ejufmodi mem- branula: mufculi antagonifte mufculi monagaftrici au- ‘fis vices quodammodo fupplere videatur ; quoniam vi fua elaftica naturalem tenfionis fux ftatum recuperat; &.eodem, quem tunc edit, nifu exreriori membranz tympani ad ftatum naturalem tenfionis, &figurz fux re- ftituenda conducit, cum hzc extremo fine manubrii -malleoli premi ceffat. ! | "Quemadmodum elatione capitis malleoli verfus fu- periora extremitas manubrii ejus param deorfum incli- natur ; fic etiam elatione incudis verfus fuperiora ex- tremitas interne apophyfeos illius paululum demittitur. Dixi modo elatione incudis extremitatem interne apo- phyfeos illius paululum folummodo demitti ; quoniam incus ita fita eft in fovea offi marginem exteriorem baf- .eos cavitatis tympani formanti incifa, ut corpus ejus furfum tolli nequeat, quin exterior illius apophyfis ex- tremitate fua citó innitatur offi fibi fubje&o, à quo hzc parum diftat. Hinc fit, ut mufculus monogaftricus auris longiore tendine fuo incudem verfus fuperiora multum erigere nequeat. | |
Ex fupra dictis.claré patet ut plurimum binas, & ali- quando tres effe cauías mechanicas propter quas muf- culus monogaftricus longiore tendine fuo incudem & -malleoli paululum. folummodó verfus fuperiora tollit, adeóque internam ‘apophyfin ipfiufmet incudis, & fi- nem extremum manubrii malleoli paululum tantum- modo demittit. Ubi
EE a NI TENOR NN S NITET ERE LES EIN TRECE ERES ERE)
PF she]
Ubi corpus incudis parum furfum erigitur, interna illius apophyfis parum deoríum inclinatur, ut mox no- tatum fuit, & uno, eodemque tempore caput ftapedis, cui lenticularis offis interjectu annectitur, fecum trahit, adeóque parum quoque illud demittit. Dum caput fta- pedis parum deoríum inclinatur, neceflarió füperna pars bafeos ftapedis ejufdem à fuperna feneflrz labyrinthi parte, cui fuperjacet, nonnihil recedit, atque adeo il- lam paululum aperit & quodammodo pulíat, fi ita lo- qui fas fit.
Ex his, qux modo dixi, facilé intelligitur tendinenr longiorem .monogaftrici 'auris mufculi auditui faciliüs ac perfectius excitando bifariam conducere. Primum enim quatenus manubrii malleoli extremitate membra- nam exteriorem tympani tendit, & fuperficiem illius planam, aut fermé planam reddit ea ratione, qua fu- . pra explicatum fuit, efficit ut pororum ejus parietes non- nihil à fe invicem diducantur, ac propterea. materia x- therea, cum ad hanc membranam appellit, incuffis fibi ab objectis fonoris impreffionibus onutta, illos ita pa- tentes reperit, ut.eos-tympani cavum ingreffura facile permeet : Ubi veró tympani cavum ingrefia eft, levi fuo. pondere, licet fibi minimé incommodo (preedittis fcili- cet impreffionibus) in aetheream fefe exonerat materiam, que inibi conclufi aéris poros replet, quxque illas in labyrinthum per januam & feneftram illius transfert. Cum primum objectorum fonororum impreffiones ad in- teriora labyrinthi pervenerunt ; ex ibi loci fpiritui ani- mali intra diverías nervi mollioris auris propagines re- condito, xtheredque materia gravido incutiuntur; fpi- ritus veró animalis merum ipfarum characterem ad ovale cerebri centrum tranfmittit, ubi hanc excitat in anima ideam, cui ex placito Dei Optimi Maximi excitande aptus natus eft.
Secundé
C 392 ] Secundó longior mufeuli manogaftrici auris tendo auditui facilius, ac perfectius producendo infervit, vi- delicet quatenus eà, qua fupra explicatum fuit, ratione fupernam feneftrz labyrinthi partem. paululum aperit ; quoniam dum hzc aguntur, pars una ztherea materix incuffas fibi ab objectis fonoris impreffiones fecum ve- hens fecundum labyrinthi veftibulum faciliüs ingredi- tur, dum parsaltera primum fubit. lis, quz contractionem tendinis longioris mufculi- 4monogaftrici auris confequuntur, bactenus explicatis, -operz pretium eft, ut ea nunc explicemus, qux con- tractione tendinis brevioris mufculi ejufdem fiunt, ut «commoda dignofcantur, qux homini exinde nafcuntur. Dum mufculus monogaftricus auris contrahitur, is bre- -viore fuo tendine caput malleoli unà cum incude verfus feipfum parum oblique trahit. Hinc fit, ut extremi- tas manubrii malleoli, & acumen interne apophyfeos incudis ex interioribus tympani verfus exteriora necef- {arid inclinentur. Et veró dum finis extremus manu- ‘brii malleoli é cavo tympani verfus meatum auditorium inclinatur, hic neceffario convexam partem, cui anne- itur, exterioris membranz tympani deprimit, adeóque naturali ejus tenfioni augendz, necnon utrique illius fu- -perficiei planz reddenda plurimüm conducit. Ubi pars acuminata interne apophyfeos incudis ex interioribus tympani verfus exteriora inclinatur, ut fupra dictum -fuit, hzc neceflario caput ftapedis offis lenticularis in- terventu fibi annexum fecum trahit, atque adeó par- tem lateralem internam bafeos hujuíce officuli à parte quoque laterali interna feneftre labyrinthi nonnihil re- movet, & tunc rimula interjicitur margini laterali ac interno baícos ftapedis ipfius, & margini quoque laterali ac interno feneftre labyrinthi, qux mate- rie ztherez incuffis fibi ab objectis fonoris impref- Mionibus oneratz ac velut obfignatz, & labyrinthum ingref-
C 383 ]
ingreflure aditum, fed arctum fané, in concham prebet.
Ex his, que jamjam dixi, claré patet binos mufculi monogaftrici auris tendinesiifdem muniis obeundis di- catos effe; licec motus eorum, utpoté in diverfas loci partes prorogati, diverfimode fiant, quin fibi tamen ad- verfentur, ut ex fupra dictis facilé intelligi poteft. Ac re quidem ipfa eorum unufquifque ratione fibi propria exteriorem membranam tympani tendit, planamque reddere nititur; atque adeo materix xtherez incuffas fibi ab objectis fonoris impreffiones (ecum vehenti a- ditum. in cavitatem tympani expeditiorem reddit: dum longior fupernam feneftre labyrinthi . partem parum aperit, brevior ejufdem feneflrz partem latera- lem internam nonnihil recludit, qué rimulà tunc ibi loci facta xtherex materix aliqualis portio concham fubire queat...
uod attinet ad actionem mufculi minoris auris in- terna, hzc facillime intelligi poteft. Ife namque muf- culus, fi originis & infertionis ejus ratio habeatur, in femetipfum contrahi non poteft, quin ftapedis caput, cui inferitur, ab exterioribus tympani verfus interiora - trahat, atque adeó partem lateralem externam feneftrz labyrinthi parum aperiat, ut materix ztherez aditum in concham przbear. Ex his clariffimé patet mufculum minorem auris, de quo nunc, dum {efe contrahit, & mufculum monogaftricum fpedtatum qua tendine {ue breviori agentem feneflram labyrinthi oppofita prorius ratione aperire, Hine haud dubié fit, ut propter oppo- fitas motus naturales jamjam explicatos binorum ejuí- modi mufculorum labyrinthi feneftra nunquam mul- tum aperiatur, imo & aperiatur tantum per latus íu- fim externum mufculo minore agente. Contra vero hxc ipfamec feneítra per fuperiora, & uno »codemque cempore per latus fuum internum recluditur, ubi mul- Ooo ulus
C 384 4 culus monoóga(iricus fefe contrahit, ut fuperius fuse atque nitide explanatum fuit.
Partes fuperius defcriptas, quibus tympani cavum a- dornatur, muniis obeundis dicatas effe, quz ab ipfis naturaliter przftari dixi, à nemine. in dubium revocare. - poteft; quandoquidem auditus toties lxditur, quoties naturalis illarum ftatus immutatur: neque tamen quem- piam in hanc abire fententiam velim illas ad auditum excitandum abíoluté neceflarias efle; quia fxpe in fectione cadaverum humanorum obfervavi externam ut & internam tympani membranam, imó & aliquando majorem mufcul rum illius portionem defiderari ; quo- niam lix partes acti pure abíceffus modo in foveolis a- pophyfeos maftoidis, & modo in cavo ipfiufmet tym- pani producticorruptz, prorfufque confumptz fuerant ; & tamen ih omnibus his hominibus, quorum auris una vel altera abícefíu pus emittente laboraverat, auditio inaure affecta prorfus abolita non fuerat, ut ab illis, dum erant in vivis, didici.
Singularum partium in cavitate tympani latentium (fi officula quatuor non nemini nota excipiatis).(lru- Gura, figura, mutüa connexone, necnon. genuinis uni- ufcujuíque ipfarum muniis curiofitate pene religiofa in- dag:tis & explicatis, unum explicatu maxime difficile . mihi perpendendum fupereft ; videlicetan bini auris in- ternz mufculi voluntarie, vel abíque prxvio ullo volun- tatis actu motus illorum determinandi capace movean- tur Re attente, quantum fieri potuit, perpenía, in .hanc fententiam: non abire non potui ejuímodi mufcu- lorum motum, utpote partim à voluntate, partimve ab impreilionibus objectorum fonororum, inícià, imó & aliquando reluctante anima, determinatum, | partim quoque voluntarium & partim involuntarium e(fe. Ac re quidem ipfa verofimillimum eft hoc ipfo voluntatis actu, quo ad aliquid facile atque. claré audiendum de-
terminamur,
[385 ]
terminamur, fpiritum animalem determinari ad fiuen- dum veríus mufculos, de quibus mox dixi, ut motum illorum promoveat, cujus ope rei audiendx perceptio expeditius & clarius fiat. Verum enimveró mufculc- rum aurisinternz motus meré voluntarius dici nequit ; cüm nemo fit, qui proprià experientià perfuafum non habeat illos prxter voluntatem íxpe moveri, ut jam dixi. Quz cum ita fint, extrinfeca tantüm caufa de- tigenda fupereft, que ipíos ad fefe movendos excitat, & ratio explicanda qua hxcce cauía fuum producit ef-
fectum. | - Quod ad caufam extrinfecam attinet, que mufculos auris internz ad fefe movencos determinat, nullam aliam excogitare licet quam materiam xtheream objectorum fonororum impreífionibus onuftam. Et vero hujufmodi caufam ea, qua fequitur, ragone predictos mufculos ad motus fuos obeundos excitare verifimillimum mihi videtur. [nac Fig | Dum materia ztherea repetitis vibrationibus fuis, que feíe modo citius modo tardiüs excipiunt, ad exteriorem membranam tympani-appellit, tota fere in concavam illi- us partem derivatur, & tum ad eam appellendo, tum cjus poros fübeundo, & permeando illam percutit, & verfus interiora capitis protrudit. Ubi autem concava pars ex- terioris membranz tympani percutitur, & verfus inte- riora capitis protruditur, annexam fibi extremitatem manubrii malleoli 6 meatu auditorio verfus tympani. Cayum pellit, furfumque erigit, & uno eodemque tem- pore caput illius, eique alligatam incudem deor(um in- clinat. Dum caput malleoli & incus deoríum inclinan- tur, binos tendines muículi monogafirici auris interne ad fe trahunt, totumque muículum extendunt, atque a- deo illum ita difponunt, ut vim elafticam ipfius contra- .&ioni promovendz aptam acquirat. Verum cüm vi- brationes aéris xthered materia imprxgnati, utut citó Ooo2 fiant
[ 386] |
fiant & fe(e confequantur, exiguis quibufdam temporis intervallis femper ab invicem diftinguantur, certo cer- tius effe mihi videtur & temporis intetvallo, quod inter primam, exempli gratia, & fecundam vibtationem in- tercedit, praedictum mufculum €à, quam adeptus eft, vi elaftica, dum extenfus fuir, lenique fua extenfione determinari ad {efe contrahendum, & fpiritum anima- lem avocandum, & reapfe contrahi, juvante fcilicet fpi- ritu animali recéns motricum fibrarum illius poros in- grefio. Contractus autem muículus monogaftricus fta- pedem ex interioribus tympani verfus exteriora pellit, & fic mufculum minorem auris interne extendit, & ita difponit, ut vim elafticam ipfi contrahendo aptam adipifcatur, cujus ope determinatur ad fefe: contrahen- dum, & revera contrahitur fpiritu animali interveniente, ftatim, atque mufculus monogattricus rurfus ca, qua mox explicatum fuit, ratione iterum extenditur.
Singulis partibus tympani cavum adornantibus de- Ícriptis, & mechanicis earum muniis accurate, quan- cum fieri potuit, defignatis & explicatis, partis alterius internz auris, labyrinthi fcilicet, exteriora & interiora lufiranda veniunt, fi prius dixerim. os, ex quo interio- res fingularum ejus cavitatum parietes conflati funt, al- bum, duriffimum, necnon maximé compactum effe. Id autem à natura ita comparatum efle videtur, ut mate- ria atherea fonororum objectorum impreffionibus onu- fta, dum prxdictis impingitur parietibus, nihil aut fal- tem fere nihil motus fui amittat, atque adeó illum qua- lem ab objectis fonoris accepit, talem aut (altem fere talem. communicet {piritui animali contento intra ex- panfiones rami mollioris nervorum auris, qus variis atque variis modis configurate varie atque varié inte- riora labyrinthi adornaat, ut cx dicendis in fequentibus patebit. | :
In.
meray
—In exterioribus labyrinthi, quem omnipotens intra petrofum os excavavit, & nunquam fatis mirando modo effinxit tria tantüm notatu digna fefe offerunt, offleum nempe fepimentum {upernam ejus partem occupans, quo intermedio ductus tres femicirculares illius ab invicem difpefcuntur ; & aperture dux non procul ab invicem diffite, quz materix xtherex aditum prxbent é tym- panicavo in labyrinthum. Portio illa offis petrofi, qux ductibus tribus femicircularibus interjacet, ac proinde illos ad inftar fepimenti offei ab invicem difpeícit, hoc peculiare habet, quód textum interius ejus quampluri- mis foveolis pervium fit, intra quas permultz capilla- res vaforum íanguiferorum propagines difleminantur. Et vero fanguis, quem ejufmodi vafcula devehunt, mi- ti calore fuo naturalem fovet, atque. confervat motum {picitus ahimalis in poris membranularum. nervearum intra. femicirculares labyrinthi ductus. reconditarum hofpitantis, atque adeó impedit né fupra modum con- denfecur, & auditui excitando ineptus evadat.
Binz aperturx fupra deíignatz in hac offis petrofi parte funt excavate quz labyrinthi bafim conftituit : prima figuram habet ovalem, & fitus ejus paulo altior eft quàm fitus fecunde : hxc labyrinthi feneftra nuncupanda " mihi videtur; fiquidem conche ac proinde labyrinthi interioribus inhiat. Hanc, de qua jam fermo habetur, aperturam interioribus labyrinthi inhiare non abs re dixi, cum hzc parieti conchz incifa fit, quz pars illi- us eft, cujus interventu reliquas inter partes ejus inte. riores communicatio quzdam habctur, ut infra dice- tur. Huicce feneflre ftapedis bafis applicatur, & il-. lam claudit, quandiu auris interne mufculi otiantur ;- contra vero eam paululum recludit, quoties eorumdem: muículorum alteruter in. femetipfum contrahitur, ut: fupra explicatum fuit.
Alteram-
[ 388 ]
Alceram binarum aperturarum, de quibus nunc agi- tur, fere rotundam labyrinthi januam appello; quoni- am hxc aditum prxbet in parvam cavitatem fermé ro- tundam, qua itur adlabyrinthum. Etenim parva hzcce cavitas cum cochlez extremitate ductus femi-ovalis fpi- ralis illius, & cum concha rimulà bafi ejus incisá; atque adeó cum ductibus femicircularibus in’ fequentibus de- fcribendis communicat, ut poftmodum explicabitur, Quz cum ita fint predictam aperturam janux labyrin- thi nomine jure, meritoque 4 me infignitam efle nemo non videt. -Janua ifta membranulà tenuiffima velatur; & obturatur, quz, utpoté rariffimam habens ‘texturam wtherez materi: objectorum fonororum impreffiones fecum vehenti facilem -in labyrinthum aditum prabet, ut fuperius dictum, explanatumque fuit. 213
Ex fupra dictis intelligitur retro januam. labyrinthi exiguam effe cavitatem, qu& primum illius veftibulum nominari poffe mihi- videtur; cum hàc'eatur ad cochle- am, & concham à clariffimo D. Duverney veftibulum labyrinthi nominatam. Ita ut tres femicirculares laby- rinthi ductus, & cochlea fint veluti bini ejus andrones ab invicem concha diftin&ti; & tamen ejus interje&u fi- mul commuhicantes ; proptereaque illam fecundum la- byrinthi veftibulum nuncupo. | |
Tenuiffima hec membrana, quam labyrinthi januam Obturare fuperius dixi, in primum illius veftibulum ex- porrigitur, totamque fuperficiem ejus interiorem co- operit, proindeque extrinfecus claudit rimulam bafi con- che incifara, & cochlex finem extremum ; ita ut hxc adhzreícat tenuiíffimis membranis nerveis conchz, & cochlex interiora .occupantibus, earumque interventu cum ramo: molliori nervorum ‘auris communicet. ^^.
Ut ordo, -qüem ha&enus in/aure interna defcribenda fervavimus, & poftmodum fervaturi *fümus; »auditus explicationem facilem planamque reddere queat, ex-
baron: im. plorato
[ 3890 ]
plorato primo labyrinthi veftibulo, fecundum explora- bo. Veftibulum iftud, quod idem ac concha veterum omnium anatomicorum fonat, multo magis amplum eft quàm primum :_cavitas ejus pene rotunda duarum circiter linearum diametrum habet; ita ut duo fere tri-- tici grana in tres vel. quatuor portiunculas diviía in a- dultis continere poffit, ut aliquoties expertus fui: inea novem obfervantur aperture ; bina nempe foramina ex- igua, penéque infenfibilia, que in ipfam aditum pre- bent binis propaginibns exiguis rami mollioris nervo- rum auris inferius deícribendis ; rimula {at longa non- nihil flexuata bafi cjus incifa ; ovalis apertura in pari- - ete illius tympani cavum refpiciente {culpta, & ab anti- quis anatomicis feneftra ovalis nuncupata ; & oftiola trium ductuum femicircularium, que quinque tantüm funt; quoniam ductus femicircularis fuperior, qua {ci- _ licet. parte capitis pofteriora refpicit, inferiori cum du- &u femicirculare ita coit; ut ambo fibi communi oftio- lo unico conchz interioribus inhient. Hinc fit, ut o- ftiolum iftud unà cum recentioribus anatomicis portam communem. nuncupem.
; Singuia-ductuum trium: Gmicitoulariam sthiola ita configurata funt; uc oftium finem extremum tubz oe- ‘cupans quadantenus referant. Ac re quidem ipfa {emi- circularium ejuímodi ductuum cavitatem , fi attente, quantum par eft, exploretur, à media fui parte fen- fim ampliorem fieri ad binas ufque fuas extremitates - oculis claré patet, ac proinde illam ea fermé ratione utrinque finiri oportet, qua tubz cavitas finitur: hzc, de quibus nunc fermo habetur, oftiola ica difpofita funt, ut duo fummam, & duo imam conchz partem occu- pent; quintum vero fat pene rimulam i gon con- che bafi incifam fitum eft.
In hoc fecundi veftibuli labyrinthi | latere, quod ex- teriora gipitis refpicit, exigui tres fant canales rotundi,
quos, -
[ 390 ]
-quos, utpoté in femicitculum inflexos, unà cum recen- tioribus anatomicis femicircularcs appello. Et vero ut -canales ifti 4b invicem diftingui poffint, illis diftincta no- mina ab corum. fitu defumpta tribuam : primum fupe- -riorem nuncupabo, quod arcuatum : conchz laquear cir- .cumdet : fecundum. inferiorera quod imas ejufdem laque- aris conchz partes cingat: fertzum vero, quippe qui inter primum & fecundum fitus eft, medium no- minabo. ^l
Semicircularis ductus fuperior. cumprimum é- vefti- bulo prodiit, furíum tendit, furfumque tendendo pau- lulum in femetipfum infle&titur; ubi veró paulo pluí- quàm. dimidium circulum defcripfit, & ad medium ufque pofticx offis petrofi partis fefe parum incurvando -exporrectus fuit, inferiori committitur canali; "üt mox dicetur. | gii NuoUp. 27
Secundus femicircularis ductus, quem inferiorem-no- minavi, ex ima conchz parte prodit, &, decurío paulo ‘majori quàm dimidii circuli fpatio, ductui femicirculari fuperiori adjungitur, ut modo dixi ; itaque bini du&us ifti in unum plane coalefcunt, qui obliqué..protendi- tur, donec in oftiolum illud definit: cxteris -oftiolis paulo amplius, quod porta communis nuncupatum
fuit. | Tertius ductus femicircularis, quem medium vocavi, feparata duo habet oftiola, nee plufquàm femicircu- lum deícribir. - Ductus ifti; quorum fuperficies interior valde levigata eft, ut plurimüm interius rotundi (unt, & aliquando figuram ovalem imitantur. pun In hoc fecundi- veftibuli labyriathi latere, quod tri- ‘bus ductibus femicircularibus oppofitum eft, & capitis interiora refpicit, ; alterum labyrinthi andronem co- chleam dictum, collocavit natura: Cochleam in binas divido partes, quarum prima cochlex nomen retinet, & cavitatem babet, quz lentem crafliorem facilé ad- ; : | mittere
[0j
mittere poffet : altera veró pars ductus femi-ovalis fpi- ralis dicitur. Hac rami mollioris nervorum auris por- tione, qux per cochleam difleminatur, exempta, ofle- um mediz iliius bafi adnatum corpus obfervatur lined circiter uni longum, in {piram difpofitum, & quadan- tenus pyramidale, ac proinde nucleus pyramidalis co- chlee nuncupatum. Hicce cochlez nucleus circa me- diam fui partem lateralem capitis interiora refpicientem tenui laminà offea pellucida innititur, qux marginem - oftii ductus femi-ovatis fpiralis partim conftituit, ime & latus internum fecundi gyri laminz fpiralis prxdi&o nucleo pyramidali circumductz partim format ; ita ut fecundus ille gyrus laminz fpiralis, de qua jam dixi, partim cfleus, partimve nerveus fit. |
Intra medium nuclei pyramidalis textum unum exca- vatum eft foramen valde fenfibile. Non procul ab a- cumine nuclei pyramidalis jamjam deécripti tenuiffima in adultis obíervatur prominentia oflea in orbem diípo- fita, & quarta circiter linez unius parte lata, quz fü- perficiei interne cavitatis cochlex adnata eft, proin- deque illam apophyfin orbicularem cochlex appello. Ig medio offe cochlez extremitatem formante una ex- cavata eft foveola. Czxterum tota fuperficies interior cochlex valde lxvigata eft, & fi microfcopii interpofitu infpiciatur, quamplurimis foraminibus exiguiffimis per- viaapparet, potiffimüm in ea parte, qux nuclei pyra- . midalis bafi circumjacet.
Secunda cochlex pars eft ductus femi-ovalis fpiralis, . ut (upra notatum, qui à bafi cochlex, ubi fuum habet initium, ad fupernam primi veftibuli labyrinthi partem, & rimulam ufque bafi fecundi incifam protenditur: ca- vitas ejus ita conformatur, ut in femt-ovalem fpiram difponatur, & circa finem paulo latior fit, quàm circa initium : hac rami mollioris nervorum auris portione femota quz per eam di(leminatur, in illa proceflus offeus
P5120 Ppp tenuifW-
: [ 393 ]
tenuiffimus obícrvatur, qui à latere interno bafeos nu« clei pyramidalis cochlez ad extremitatem ufque illius: porrigitur. Hunc proceflum ofleum, utpoté minimum, lineam offeam du&us femi-ovalis fpiralis cochlez nomi-- nare lubet. | De cxtero tota fuperficies interior ejuí- - modi ductus exiguiflimis pluribus foraminibus pervia valde levigata eft, fi hanc parrem illius exceperitis, in qua linea ofíca, de qua fupra, prominet. Totius auris internz labyrinthi interioribus explo tis, & dccuraté, quantum fieri potuit, deferiptis, reli- quum eft ut varias rami moliioris nervorum ipíiufmet auris propagines, qux per ea difleminantur, exadif- fimé defcribam. Ramus' mollior nervorum feptimz conjugationis ramo duriore craffior, licet multó paucio- res quàm ilefibras medullares à proceflu aszulari reci- piat, Zztergmum auris duum ingreflus in tres dividitur tamulos; [uperiorem nempe, infimum, & medium: füpe- rior conchz cavitatem fubit per foramen peculiare fu- | pernz illius parti incifum; ibique in membraffam cena- iffimam rariífimam necnon molliflimam explicatur, qua totam ejus fuperficiem cooperit, fi fibrillam illius excipi- atis retinentem formam nervuli, qui innititur & adhae ret exigux apophyfi. oflex nonnihil acuminatz margi- nem internum íupra notati foraminis occupanti, & ob fupcriiciem fuam parum inzqualem, nervedque. mem- branà albicaate jamjam defcripta coopertam exigu- um apicem album quadantenus emulanti. Nervulus ille molliffimus tenerrimufque arteriolam & venulam comites habens, quz latera illius occupant & im- mediaté tangunt, ubi fecedit ex apophyfi offea, cui eum. innixum & adhzrentem effe modó dixi, mediam conche cavitatem inftar funiculitenfi decurrit, & ad la- tus ufque porte ductui (emicirculari fuperiori & ductui femicirculari inferiori communis porrigitur, eique ad- hzrefcit, ac deinceps portam communem fubit, camque d p pq eus {ubeundo
‘
L 393 J
fabetinds in binas expanditur membranulas, quarum una fuperficiei interiori cavitatis ductus femicircularis füperioris, & altera interiori quoque fuperficiei cavita- tis ductus {emicircularis inferioris fuperílernitur. Ín- fimus ac minimus rami mollioris nervorum feptimi paris ramulus unà aut alterà pene infenfibili Hbrilla emit- sa, que diffeminatur intra textum interius hujus offis petrofi partis intra quam femicirculares labyrinthi du- Gus excavatifunt, perexiguum foramen fubit, cujus in- ' terventu in infimam conchz partem fefe infinuat, & ini- bi explicatum tenui huic membranz formandze impen- ditur, quam interiori conchz ipfius fuperficiei fuper- firatam effe fupra dixi, fi portiunculam illius exceperi- tis, que ductum femicircularem medium ingreditur per -
foramen fitum paulo fubtus portam communem, de qua fuperius, ibique in membranulam tenuiffimam expandi- tur, quz interiori ductus illius fuperficiei fuperfternicur. Nervex membranule tenuiffimz interiora ductuum femicircularium labyrinthi occupantes irrigantur vafis fanguiferis exiguiffimis, & ut plurimüm oculorum aci-- em fugientibus, dum {cilicet nullum, vel pauciffimum tantüm fanguinem intra perexiguas cavitates fuas conti- nent. Tpfemet membranule, utpoté limpidiffimo ac fubtiliffimo liquore fpirituofo imbutz, przíertim in re- cens natis, adeó molles funt, ut vix tangi poffint, quin dilacerentur, ut ut leviter inftrumento quovis tangan- tur. Praeterea ille, fi radiis folaribus excalefacto aéri exponantur, citiffime exficcantur, & ita friabiles eva- dunt, ut, fi é fede fua dimoveantur, in frufiula minima dividantur, terantur, & redigantur in pulverem fubti- liffimum, qui facillime tenues evanefcitin auras. Lim- pidiffimus pariter liquor fpirituofus, quo menibranu- las, de quibus tunc, femper imbutas efle dixi, & qui fihil aliud effe videtur quàm fpiritus animalis ob nati- vam loci quem occupat frigiditatem nonnihil condenfa- tus, fcré momento citius diffipatur, poftquam ductus fe- Dupo uc . micir-
E394] | micirculares labyrinthi aperti fucrunt, quos in recéns natis ejufmodi liquore femper repletos obfervavi. Hoc autem aliter fefe haberet. neceífarió, fi quinque oftiola, quibus femicirculares labyrinthi ductus interioribus conchz inhiant, membrana nerved fuperius defcripta naturaliter obturata noneflent. Nequaquam tamen du- bitandum mihi videtur, quin liquor, de quo. modo lo- cutusfum membrana nervex conchz poros fenfim fine fenfu fubeat, & impediat ne fupra modum exficcetur, hinc fit, ut nativam illius temperiem coníervet ; qua. fcilicet auditui excitando conducit.
. Ex fupra dictis patet incifam concha bafi rimulam, & ovalem illius feneftram, ut & quinque oftiola ductu- um trium femicircularium labyrinthi nervea, tenuiffi- maque membrana obturari, qux conchz interiora occu- pat, utfupradixi. | ;
Medius rami mollioris nervorum feptimi paris ramu- lus juxta hanc offis petrofi partem, que bafis eft nuclei pyramidalis cochlex, plures emittit fibrillas, quz cum- primum cochleam ingreflz funt arteriolis & venulis co- mitatz fuam inibi formam mutant, & fequenti ratione difponuntur, atque diftribuuntur: Imprimis. tenuis il- larum membrana, quam pix meningi acceptam referunt, ita explicatur ut definat in membranulam tenuiffimam, & numerofiffimis vafculis fanguifcris irrigatam , quae primo cooperit fuperficiem bafeos nuclei pyramidalis cochlez, & quicquid ab illa ufque ad fecundum gyrum laminz fpiralis ipfiufmet nuclei pyramidalis continetur, ac deinceps in Ductum femi-ovalem fpiralem ejufdem cochlex porrigitur, & ita expanditur, ut finem illius extremum obturet, & totam cjus fuperficiem, imo & utrumque latus laminz fpiralis femi-ovalis inibi recondi- tz obducat. Et vero hacce membrana, cum tenuiffi- mz, rariffüumeque texture fit, non impedit quonimus materia ztherea continuó & expedite étympano in laby- rinthum, fingulofque illius receffus tranfeat, gines
| emi-
————— —————
L 395 J femi-ovalis fpiralis cochlez finem extremum obturet, we fupra notatum. Hine fit ut fita retro labyrinthi januam cavitate ad labyrinthum ipfum iri fupra dixerim.
Quod attinet ad fubítantiam medullarem fibrillarum nervearum, de quibus nunc fermo habetur, hujus por- tio una impenditur formando (ecundo gyro laminz fpi- ralis nucleo pyramidali cochlex circumductz, cujus {ci- licet gyri latus internum meré offeum eft, ut fuperiüs infinuavi : altera vero portio initium ejuidem laminz {piralis primum format, quod in dimidio tantüm gyro mere nerveo confifit, ac deinceps in ductum femi- ovalem fpiralem cochlez porrecta definit in. laminam {piralem femi-ovalem vere nerveam, qux inibi recondi- tur, quxque craffiore fui parte linez offex hujufce du- Gus adhzreícit. Ita ut initium laminz fpiralis nuclei pyramidalis cochlex fit etiam initium laminz fpiralis femi-ovalis, quam modo defcripfi. Ejufmodi autem lamina fpiralis femi-ovalis ad extremum ufque finem ductus, intra quem latitat, exporrecta nonnihil acumi- nata extremitate fua medix parti rimulz bafi conchz. incifz adhzreícit, adeóque ejufmodi ductum in partes. binas difpeícit, inter quas nulla eft fenfibilis communi- catio: bine iftz partes ductus femi-ovalis fpiralis co- chleez ita difpofitz funt, ut prima, qux capitis inte- riora refpicit, cum primo & fecundo veftibulo labyrin- thi communicationem habeat; fecunda veró tympa- num, proindeque capitis exteriora refpiciens cum con cha tastum communicat. | ;
Medius rami mollioris nervorum. feptimi paris ra- mulus, fibrillis tenuiffimis modó defcriptisemiífis, fora-- men exiguum intra medium textum nuclei pyramidalis. cochlez incifum fubit arteriolam, venulamque comites. habens, & cumprimum ex illo egreífus eft, tenuiífima. ejus membrana ita explicatur, ut cooperiat quicquid à. fecundo gyro laminz fpiralis nuclei pyramidalis cochlez. partim ofleo & partim neryeo, ut (upra dictum, ufque
! ad.
[ 396 ]
ad extremitatem ejufdem cochlez continetur ; medulla- ris vero illius fub(tantia definit in tertium gyrüm torum nerveum laminz fpiralis, de qua mox dixi, qui circum- ferenti fua innititur, & adhxret apophyfi orbiculati co- €hlex ; demumque pars illius extrema in membranulam expanditur, qux undequaque paululum in femetipfam inflexa margini foveole in media extremitate cochlex excavatz applicatur, & adhzreícit, atque adeo par- vam format cavitatem exiguum poculum claufum imi-
tantem, cui innatus tantüm aer ineft, | Ex jam dictis patet laminam fpiralem intra cochleam feconditani dimidio uno gyro, & gyris duobus ihtegris folummodo conftare, qui exiguis cavitatibus innato aére repletis, inter quas nulla eft fenfibilis communicatio, ab invicem diftinguuntur. Hic norandum venit quod [a- mina fpiralis nucleo pyramidali cochlez circumducta, & lamina fpiralis femi-ovalis intra ductum femi-ovalem fpiralem cjufdem cochlex recondita, ut & membranulz .fnervex interiori fuperficiei ductuum trium femicircula- rium fuperftratz fucco limpidiffimo fpirituofo, prafer- tim in recéns natis, imbutx funt, qui aperta cochlea vi- fü deprehenditur, & citiffimé diffiparur. Interior veró, feu medullaris ac veré nervea fubftantia predictarum laminarum brevi exficcatur, & valde friabilis evadit, fi calido aérialiquandiu exponatur, ut fupra notatum. — Ex iis, quz modó dixi de ramo molliore nervorum feptimz conjugationis, facilé intelligi poffe mihi vide- tur binas fuperius deícriptas laminas fpirales neryeas unà cum tenuiffimis nerveis concbz, & ductuum trium femiciccularium interiora occupantibus immediatum atque completum auditus organum conftituere; adeó ut pro diverfis moribus, qui in eo, quem proprios in- tra poros recondunt, fpiritu animali ab objectis prx- didi fenfus excitantur, & communi fenforio com- - municantur, diveríe in anima foni idex producantur. Afferuit mihi, Viri Clariffimi, D.Baro de la Mouffon vir nobilis iftius urbis fe Londini meníe Julio anni proxime
4
[ 397 ]
proxime elapfi didicifle à clariffimis viris D. D. Briggs & Silveftre medicis celeberrimis vos pro ea, qua nati. eflis tum humanitate tum honeftate fumma me Regiam | in focietatem veftram cooptaffe. Si có fzlicitatis per- venerim, ut me focium habere non dedigmeni, de co- optatione mea inexpectata amplifíimas vobis gratias habeo; de mea, inquam, cooptatione vobis iterum gratias habeo, quz, utpoté mihi perhonorifica, mihi quoque perjucunda non effe non poteft. Com enim honor omnis jucundus femper accidit, tum veró ille jucundiffimus, qui à talibus, tantique Viris profectus eft, qualesvos, ego, quantofque efle intelligo. Ad vos, nobiliffimi viri, binas de fanguine diílertationes intra paucos dies mittam, qux omnes haud dubié perfectio-- nis gradus, qui in iis defiderantur, acquirent, uti fpe- ro, apud vos, quibus nihi! eorum, quz nofle mortali- bus datum fuit, non notum eft: imo & identidem lu- cubrationum mearum fructus aliquos typis excuden- dos, & publicis fcriptis vetlris adjungendos vobis com= municabo, fi vobis id gratum fore mihi videbitur. In-- terim meas circa organum auditus animadverfiones à clariffimo viro D. Herbert nobili anglo vobis meo no- mine offerendas accipite : fi mints placent, pro meis: non habebo, fi fecus, nec docti cujuíquam judicium, nec publicam lucem reformidabunt, cujus ufuram vos. ipfi concedatis, quexfo, iis, fi vobis Digna videantur, quz publici juris fant. . Valete, viri {peCtatiffimi, & me. vobis devindtiffimum in xre veftro numerate.
Raymund. Vieuffens,D.M.M.. — Monfpelii_die— vigcfi-
ima menfis Februari: anni 1699.
E398]
ni A Letter from Dr. William Mafgrave to Dr. Sloane, bemg an Argument for the more frequent ufe of Laryngotomy, urg’d from a . remarkable Cure in Chirurgery; performd by Mr. John Keen of Roch m Gornwal.
STIR,
T cannot pafs your Obfervation, that the erreneous | Opinions, and unhappy Prejudices ; entertained by Mankind, in matters of Phyfic; have occafioned great Calamities, and been of Pernicious Coníequence to them. iiie | . It was no fmall number of Men, that fome years fince, loft theirLives, from an Averfion to the Jefuits- Bark : depriving themíelves of the Ufe and Advantage _ of that excellent Drug, from a Reafon merely no- minal. 5 d
The like unaccountable Humour obtained a long - time againít the uíe of Opiates, and a Temperate Regi- men in the Small Pox; by which fingle Method, the famous Dr. Sydenham has in all probability already preferv'd more of his Countrymen, than in the laft ten years fell by the Sword, in Zreland and Flanders. :
Of {uch deftructive Confequence are Errors of this kind, when they become Fafhionable and Eftablifht ; and of fuch Public Advantage is it to hinder their Growth, and taking Root inthe minds of Men.
We are ftill Labouring under many Prejudices of this Nature; fome quite excluding, others rarely ad- mitting, even in the utmoft extremity, moft advanta- geous Methods of Phyfic. I will at prefent mention only one ; that is Laryngotomy, and fet forth the ground-
d i lefs
L 399 J
lef Exceptions, and needlefs Fears, commonly expreft -
- againft this fafe and ufeful Operation.
Laryngotomy is highly to be valued, for that in the greateft extremity, when a Man is in moft imminent danger of Suffocation, and to all appearance within
very few minutes of his laft, by opening a new Paflage —
for Breath; it gives fpeedy and certain Relief, and this when all other Methods fail: and without any con- fiderable Injury fromthe Inftrument. ‘The Patient, in a Minute or two, is brought from the flruggles of
Death; to a flate of Complacency, Eafe, and Secu-
rity. In the large Field of Practical Phyfic ; perhaps there is not any one Method that works fo great a Change, for the better, in fo fhort a time. |
But however Beneficial this Operation is, in itfelf, we find it feldom practisd ; very feldom in Compa- rifon to the occafions for it. That Gap which appears
onthe cutting a Throat, (the divided Parts being then
drawn to their other more fixt ends;) together with
ftances.
the great Flux of Blood, when the Jugulars, and Ca-
rotid Arteries are alío wounded ; create in moft Men a dread of this butcherly Operation; and make thofe, efpecially who are unacquainted with Anatomy, íu- fpect all Wounds of the Zracbea, as mortal; and op- pofe Larysgotemy under all the moft urgent Circum-
This Prejudice is ftill of worfe Confequence, for
that Squinzies may be, as‘they often have been, Epi-
demical; (infiances of which we have in Pazzrol,
Wier, Hippocrates, &c.) in which Cafe this Opera-
tion becomes of more frequent neceflity; and greater numbers of Men mutt perifh for not admit-
ting it:
Q qq la.
[ 400 ] |
In order to wipe off this Prejudice, (as far as Ar gument will go in this Matter ;) it may be affirmid, that Laryngotomy is in great danger of Suffocation, allowable, and the Wound curab!e: for that, (to. argue ‘2 fortiori) when the Trachea has been Cut through, the Parts have been joymd together, and the Wound cured. 1g hu |
Indeed, the Encyclopedia Chirurgica (Lib. a. cap. 4°) has thefe words, Que (vulnera feili Afpera Arteria) ut plurimim. periculo. funt pleniffma ; praefertim. ft. vafa. Fu- gularia frm frat difeiffa, ant ip[a Arteria integré per’ trahfver[um diffecta; que nulla Arte: denud connecte-: tur, fed Machine humane totalem affert d:fbradti- 075, . ; , A ~ . But, in oppofition to this Voluminous. Authority, - I beg leave to prefent you, with the following Obier- vation, {eat me by an Ingenious Chirurgeon, Mr. Fohbn Keen of Corawal, who perform d the Cure. . You: have it under his own Hand. Eu |
Nicholas: Efobb, of St. Fuodór. itv Cornmal; aged. Sixty three or thereabout, was fome time. in: Marchb.1696.- at.a diftance from’ any Houfe fer on by ^ Ruffians; who fir(t by: a. Blow onthe. Occiput knockt him. to the Ground; ther tran(é&ted- che: Trachea: fomewhat beneath the Pomum Adami, together with feveral of the adjacent. Mutcles, and fome large Dlood-Veflcls.; from which he loft a very great quantity of Blood; fcen: afterwards: lying on tlie Ground: The Ruffians having Robb'd: him, - and thinking him either dead, or paft all recovery, left him. © Afterfome-time thé Wounded Man recovers fo. much Senfe: and Strength! as to. thruft his Neckcloch. into the large and gaping Wound, and by degreesto: craul Home to his own Houfe, not far from. the Scene . of this Tragedy. |." : In
ur Turre CELLULE a PSs ee
[ 4et. ]
In this lamentable condition 1 was fent for, and af
ter examination of the Wound, and confidering the
great Flux of Blood, I was not more furprifed at any thing than thar the Patient was then alive, There feem’d to be no manner of hopes, not the leaft pro- {pect of Recovery: however, in order to an attempt, I endeavoured to fupprefs the Hemorrhage, and to join the divided parts.
Lipothymies came frequently upon the Patient, efpe- cially upon every little motion of his Body, and gave great interruptions to the Methods of Chirurgery, and leffen d our hopes of a Cure. His frequent Lipo- thymies were after fome time fucceeded by Convulfions, and then indeed I thought his Thread of Life very near an end. Tus. :
-.* Another great difficulty arofe from the parts of the Trachea being now at a vaft diftance from each other. The lower part being every turn of Infpiration funk deep into the Neck as low as the C/zvicule, and juft
appeared upon every Expiration.
To furmount thefe Difficulties, and particularly to fecure faft hold of the lower part of the Zrachza, f or- dered a lufty ftrong Fellow, then prefent, to hold the Legs of the Patient over his Shoulders, and by this means raife them, together with the Aldomen, above the Thorax, Collum, éc. in which Pofture the divided parts came fo near to each other, that with {trong waxen Thread J few'd together feveral of them: but as to the Divifions of the Zrachea, I {ecured them toge- ther by paffing large Needles deep into the Flefh on each fide; and twifting ftrong waxen Thread about them as in Jadio fifo. Over ail, for greater fecutity, I applied a Reftrictive (ex palv. reffring. Clowes) cover- — ing the greateft part of the Neck with a Defenfative,
ala 3 Qq42 Ex
[ 402 ]
Ex bolo cum albumine ovor. advi(ing the Patient to lie as quiet as he could.
The Patient now begins again to Speak, and as well as the Cough, difficulty of, Breath, and his weaknefs would allow, foftly, and with a low Voice gives an account of the occafion as above.
. An Arterzac was then made up for him (to fmooth the Zrachea, and promote Expectoration ). & Troch, Pectoral, Batean. (in ag. Stephan 86. Solut.) uj. Syr. ^O Tufflag. f. Balfamic, 8v pulv. Anil. Glycyr. ana 3\.Balfam.
Sulphur. terebinth. 3\%. Peruv. gut. vj. cum mellis opt. Ned. 4. f. fat Linifus per Bacillum Glycyr. fapius ad libend. From the uíe of which his Cough abated, and he difcharged by Expectoration much Grumous Blood and other Matter. __ | | |
... As to the Convulfions. and Lipothymies, Y applied to '. his Noftrils Spir. C.C. Succin. Gc, and Embrocated the back part of his Neck with a Liniment, ex ol. Lil. Alb. 51. Tereb. Succin. ana 51. N. M. 5 p. Ung. Nervin, 39}. Mif. And then took leave, and upon my return the next day found the Convulfions had left him ; nor had he from that time any return of them, or of the Syncope. | |
But on the fourth day the Stitches were torn open, the Wound appeard large enough to admit a middle — fizd Hand: a great part of the Ocfophagus appear d in view much inflam'd and feratcht by the In(trument. The Epyglottis did. not as ufual, cover the Rima of the Larynx, {o that I could eafily fee up into the Mouth, part of the Annular Cartilage was cut obliquely, and hung only by a little Fibre to the upper. part of the Larynx, Gre. - E
Indeed I met with frequent Ruptures, the wax Thread and Needles often fretting through the Fleff ! | | | they
x
tet TT SINIT PE
[ 403 J
they held, and was by them put back in my Cure; bus
| as often repeated the {aid Stitches in manner. aad. me- thod as before-mentioned. x das
About the tenth Day the larger Blood-Veflels ap- peard conglutinated and covered with new Fleih; the Gala-of good Aípect, the Inflammation of that and all the Neighbouring parts gone. I now dreit with Lini- ment z4rcei. p
On the Eleventh the fymptomatic Fever was in a manner gone, and the Wound under the circumítances of good digeftion. | |
Inthe mean time the Diet when he could {wallow was of Mutton-Broth, Ale-Meat, Poacht-Eggs.
The Cough continuing a long time very fevere, was at length overcome by duly adhereing to the LizZus aforefaid, with repeated Boles of Balfam. Lweatel. Conf. Rofar. Rub. hora [nmni, with a Draught of a Pe&oral Decoction, uíed alfo inftead of common Drink To mitigate the violence of it, and procure him Sleep, the following ZZawffus was frequently uíed, and never fail'd our expectation. O/. Amygdal. Dul. Rec. Expres 5 8. Syr. de Mecon: 3%} Laud. Lond. ( Aq. Steph. 3ij. Solut.). gr. ij. fiat hauftus hora [omni [umendus. |
About the Eleventh and Twelfth Days we plainly difcovered little Portions of new Filefh arifing not on- ly from the Carneous Membrane incumbent on the
Gullet, but alfo out of the Subftance of the Carti-
lages themfelves, both on the upper and lower parts of the divided Trachea. The external containing parts of
the Neck began now to unite by Incarnation; new Flefh
arifing and apparently leffening the dimenfions of the. . Wound every time there was a Laceration of the. Stitches, infomuch. that two Needles were now fíuffi- cient, whereas | uíed in the beginning not lefS than.
fix.
Lr
[ 404 ]
— fix. And thofe Carneous Portions both of the 77;- . chea and. Exterior parts, gradually joining and inter- mixing, became one folid Cicatrix from each end of the Wound almoft to the middle of the Wind-Pipe, where the Air continued in fome degree to have an Exit. (009.
About the Fifteenth Day I removed feveral pieces of Bones which had contracted a Caries in the Carti- lage (which in this old Man as in many others was grown Offeous) and were thruft out by the New Flefh.
He now Swallows with little trouble, Eats fufficiently, - and nourifhes in Proportion. "The Aperture about the Twenty fixth Day was almoft clos'd up, and. in Four or Five Days more the fides of the Wound were per fe@ly join'd and Cicatriz’d, the Trachea performing its part in Refpiration as at other times without any confi- derable inconvenience.
He {peaks indifferent well, but is forc't to take care in fwallowing, the Riwula not being exacthy fhut as be- fore the Wound, which makes Liquor of any fórt more apt to fall into the Canal, and fo cauíe a Cough, Hoarfnels, ec. He does not Swallow dry Meats as well as formerly, but-in all other refpects is as well as
ever. io. x "This Cure was in this manner perform’d by me Fohn Keen, of Roch in Cornwal, inthe Year 1696. as above.
This fignal Hiftory affords Matter for much Obfer- vation; but the only ufe T hall at prefenc make of ir, is, that if, in a Perfon of this Ape, (above Sixty ;) if in a Wound whereby the Trachea was Cut through, and feveral of the Cartilages beaten together; the divided parts of the Trachea may be madé to unite and
c | grow 9
[ 405 ] grow together, (as inthe prefent Cafe ;) certainly then Largyngotomy; which is a much lefs dangerous Wound indeed, but little in Comparifon to it: in violent Squinzies, in danger of Suffocation, from Caufes of a like nature with them; may fafely, and ought to be put in Practife. The Difadvantage is a flight Wound eafily cured ; che Advantage nothing lefS than the Life of a Man.
Exon. Dec.2,8. 16 99.
np o ose
^
i Heus 7"( 406 )
-4 ^.
^ An ApDvERTISEMEWN T.
- Viris Eruditis Sacix Antiquitatis Studiofis Joannes Ani: fonius. Pra fectus Typographeo Regis Chriftianiffimi. :
[£03 A funt nuper à nobis Atta Conciliorum, cum E-
Lu piftolis Decretalibus c Conftitutionibus Summorum — Pontificum Regiis typis imprimi. — Damus autem operam, ut cx elegantia charatferum. cy charte nitore, priores reliquas editiones bac editio longe antecellat. ur We:
— Predire enimvero voluit adeo utile Reipublice Chrifliane epus. e {uo Typographeo Chriftianifimus Rex Lupovicus MacNus: juffitque nulli in eam. rem opera vel {umptui parci. Optat ille nimirum, ut cy legentium oculos illiciat detineatque cum voluptate perfectio artis in eo opere: Cy po-
iffa fumptuum parte in fe ultro fufcepta, fentiant in hoc
queque-genere. Regiam munificentiam, tum viri Principes, quos hifce voluminibus muneraturus eff : tum privatus qui[- que, non modo ? fubjectis fibi, verum. etiam ex univerfo erbe Chriftiano facta [cilicet omnibus copia comparandc hu- jus editionis Regie mullo minori pretio, quam qua privati cujufquam. Typographi, aut collatitiis [ocietatis ullius Ty- | pographice impenfis prodire. poffit ia lucem. - - Contulere «certe anuos jam complures. im emendationem Greci Latinique contextus, colletioncmaue diver[orum moa numentorum Cr variarum lectionum ex quamplurimis optimi[- que M|J.ad banc editionem omnibus numeris abfolvendam, vie ri pereruditi : -quilus fi quis aliquid nibilomiuus indican- BD dum putaverit, quod huic operi locupletando C perficiendo ~ profit, {criptis ad nos literis ut id. efficiat flagitamus 5 pra- fiituri viciffim, ut. ejufdem: frat, collatique ab co benefíciz mentio perhonorifica in prafatione operi prafigenda. Parifiis, oy. Kal. Maias, anni MDCLXXXXIX. .—
a
London: Printed for Sam, Smith and Benj. Walford,.Printers to _ "the Royal Society, at the Princes Arms in St, Pau/s Church-Yard, 1699.
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PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS
“For the Month of December, 1699.
* "OL
o | THE
CONTENTS
L A Letter from. Mr. "Thomas Luffkin, £o.Dr. E concerning the application of the Pueumatick En- gine to Cupping-Gla[Jes.
Wl. A Letter of Dr. Wallis to Dr: Sloane, concerning the Quadrature of the Parts of the Lunula of Hippocta- tes Chius: performed by Mr. john Perks; with the. fur ther puppis of the fame, by Dr. David Gregory, and Mr.John Cafwell ——
Ill. Refponfo ad Animadverfionem ad Davidis Gregorii. Catenariam, AG. Eruditorum Lipfie Menfe Feornarii An. 1699.
IV. A Relation of two Monftrous Pigs, with the refem- blance of Efumane Faces, andtwoyoung Turkeys joined by the Breaft, by SirJohn Floyer, Communicated ty Dr. Ed- ward T yfon, Fellow of the College of Phyficians,and R. S.
V. A Letter from the Reverena Mr. Hugh Jones to the Reverend Dr. Benjamin Woodroofe, F.R.S. concerning feveral OLfervables in Maryland.
VI. An Index to the Philofophical Ti HUM, from
Numb. 247. 10259. imeluft ive. La.
E 408.)
tart eme —
‘I, A Letter from Mr. Thomas Luffkin to Dr.Sloane, concerning the Application of the "Pnewnatick En- gine to Cupping-Glaffes, :
Res quatuorve jam effluxére menfes ex que a Clariffimo omnique laude Digniffimo Do- ctore Joanne Wallifio literas accepi, quibus
exoptat ut defcriptionem applicationis Or Pneumatici ad cucurbitulam (à me fratreque meo ex- cogitatam) tibi communicarem. — Quamvis tempus tunc -amenioribus Mathefeos Studiis tererem tamen diutius generi humano tam utile inventum: ab erudito mundo detinere par non cxiflimavi pracipue cum ejufdem publicatio mea, tam ingeniofo viro (quem alrerung Ar- .chimedem vocare foleo) defiderata erat: itaque morem gerens Inclitiffimo viro fubfequentem defcriptionem compilavi,. quam precor ut fereno animi vulu à me
"accipias, (quia adolefcens fcribo) locumque ei quer in eruditiffimis actis publicis Philofophicis concedere - digneris. i
| Organi Pneumatici Defcripti, Oc.
Sit AB (Fig. x.) cylinder zneus concavus ido- ‘nex craífitudinis cujus diameter fit unius longitudo ‘vero decem, aut duodecim unciarum, paríque interna -exquifitiffimé lxvigata ut nimirum MA rimula rema- neat, fitque ei prope fundum parvulum foramen O ; porró fit (operculum) EF ; (Fig.2.) fundus G H (Fig.3.) illud duabus cochleis, hie cemento metallice cylin- dro nexus, adfit fundo nafus 1, 2. medio perfora- tus; & ejufdem parti externz ad modum cochlex. Fiat virga ferrea NN (Fig. 4.) idonex craffitudinis, & | ii | '—— - . Jengitu-
L 409 ]
longitudini cylindri adaptata ; ad ejufdem extremita- rem lamina, znea LM, & propinquius duabus unciis cacumini altera I K ; fpatiumque intermedium ita filis linteis oleo madefactis replendum eft, ut perfectiffimé - cavitatem cylindri claudat ; adfit tandem manubrium N. Ex his partibus complexum haud diffimile eft Syringx Chirurgorum. Formetur etiam cylinder zneus OP OR (Fig. 5.) magnitudinem figure, adzquans duabus alis OSPS, per axem perforatus tam magno foramine, ur. ejufdem pars interna forma cochlex feminz modificata, accurate cochleam marem nafi recipiat; porró augea- tur foramen ab R & Q ufquead T T ; tandemque fiat humerus V V & formetur lamina W medio perforata . ut ei (humero) conveniat & adhxreat. Porró formetur: conulus rectus per axem perforatus 1, 2,3. (Fig. 6.) - augeaturque foramen ab r, 2. ufque ad 4.4; forme- turque humerus 55. ut exquificiflime conveniat cae. vitati cylindri T T, .&.ei ftrenué adhzreat ; : fiatque - tandem clater (Fig: 7.) ex filo neo helicis forma . circa cylindrum, idonez viris, & pixidis 4. 4. V. V. diametrum feré adequans; fed. pixide aliquanto al- .- tius cum fibi relinquitur, habeat ad extremitatem inf- -
mam laminam 77 ejuídem magnitudinis, cum pars
infima corio molli oleo armato veftienda eft ad oc-
cludendum orificium canalis. Iteràm fiat ad ver--
ticem cucurbitule (Fig. 8.) perforatio rotunda, quà im- -
mergatur conus ufque ad alas S,S. & rimulx aur al furz repleantur cemento ex refina, terebinthinà & calce - compofito. Tandemque fiat operculum 6.76 7.(Fig. 10.) - ad humerum 77 corio oleo madefacto veftitum, quo aér quamprimum ex vitro hauítus erit (fi fiffurx ut ut parvulz valvulà forte remanebunt) excludi poteft. Hu- cufque in ejufdem defcriptione tempus trivi, nunc non de ufü & ad morbofos-applicatione,, quia Medico- rum & Chirurgorum eft, fed ufus ratione quatenus ad - | Phile- -
N
2 [41]
Philofophiam (h.e. Savepoww nature éxplicationem) fpectat, pauca Subnectam Cum. pollex ftrenué applicatur ad foramen, & lamina, 99 (Fig.9.) manubrio attollitur ad 10. IO. at quia aér antca tantum fpatium 9.0.9. replevit, nunc ita rarefactus aut expanfus eft ut ípatium 9.9. 10.10, (hoc eft tricenties majus) occupat, quapropter aéris vitro inclufi elafticitas, elafticitates elateris & agris cy- lindro contenti füperans, furfüm obtrudetur lamina; aut valvula, qux aperta remanebit. donec tanta quantitas aris petat cylindrum ex vitro, ut complementi aéris vi- tro elafticitas fiat equalis elafticitatibus elateris & a&ris nunc cylindro contenti ; at aperto foramine O a£ris ex- terni preffürà potenter occluditur valvula : Czteris pa- tibus, i& tribus quatuorve fuctionibus plus minufye rose 8€ris (fecundum elateris poteftatem; & rationem quam habet.capacitas : cylindri ad capacitatem cucurbi- tulz) exhauftz:erunt: & fi elafticitas aéris eodem fpa- tio fit ut quantitas, refiftentia aut preffura fub vitro erit ad preffuram fupra partes circumjacentes ut unitas ad mille, quia antequam aér exhauftus erat vitro, refiften- tia aut preffura füb vitro eadem fuit cum illa füpra par- *esextra vitrum. Notatu diguum exiftimo, ut quanto major erit cylinder eodem clatere, tanto ‘major 3&ris quantitas exhaufta erit vitro ; quia aér 9:0:9. in ma- jus fpatium extenditur, & confequenter minorem habet elafticitatem, quapropter majorem habebit rationem ela- {ticitas a&ris in vitro ad elafticitatemaéris in cylindro-& elateré contenti itaque major aéris quantitas vitro ex- trudetur, &c. COUTE |
. Colceftriz. Oob. 16. 1699. i
4 Letter of Dr Wallisto Dr Sloan, cozcerz- img the Quadrature of the Parts of the Lunula of Hippocrates Chius , performed by Mr John Perks ; withthe further Ym- provements of the fame, by Dr David Gregory , avd Mr John Cafwell.
sadi d. A HE Sguarigg a certain Lunula by ZZppocrates Chius long fince, hath been known (as to the whole Za) for many Ages. But (as to the Parts of it, and the - urtenances thereunto,) ew Difcoveries have been lately made, | pale (I think) had not been confider d by any before this pre- ent Age.
I received (in. November 1699.) from Mr. Fohn Perks (Malter of an Hofpital at O/¢-Swynford in Worcefter-fbire, founded by Mr, Thomas Foley) a brief account of his Sguarzug the Portions of Zdippocrates's Lunula; with which (I prefume) you will not be difpleafed. :
For the better underflanding of which; I íhall premife as known ( becaufe long fince demonftrated, ) That, If on AB ( the
Chordof ADB, the Quadrantal Arc of a Greater Circle, whos Center is C, ) be defcribed, as on a, Diameter, a Semi-circle xe rr J
| [ 412 | This Semi-circle, will be Equal to that Quadrant. ( Becaufe the Squares of their Diameters, are as 2to 1 ; And, in fuch propor- tion are their refpective Circles ; and therefore a Quarter oft the ~ one, equal to Half the other. ) ’ a t.
And, confequendy, If; from each of thefe, we fubtract the common Segment ABD ; the Remaining Lunula ADBE ( on the one fide) will be Equal to the Remaining Triangle ( on the other fide ) ABC. (Or, to ABK, fuppofing AB bifectedin K ;. that is, to half the Square CK,, in(cribed . in the Leffér Circle.) Which is commonly called, 7 2e Squaring of Hippocrates s Lunula, That is, the Finding a RecTilinear Figure ( which may be eafyly redu- ced to a Square ) equal to that Lunula.
This being premifed ; The Point in hand, is, the Sguaring a given Portion of fuch Lunula: fuppofe ADE, cuttoff by a- Streight Line CDE, drawn from the CenterC. Which Mr Perks ( not knowing that the like had been. before attempted by any other ) doth perform after chis manner ; viz. |
phi the Streight Lines EA, and EB ( cutting the Arc EB in G,) and, on AG, a perpendicular EE, ( which will therefore pafsto the Center C, becaufe BifeCting AG at Right-angles ;:) 75e. Right-lined Triangle AFE, 2s equal to! ADE, the propofed Portion of the Lunula. |
His Demonftration is to this purpofe : vz. | _ ADB being a Quadrantal Arc; the Angle AGB will be Térée Flalves of a Right Angle ; ( and its Conjun& Angle EGA, Half a Right Angle.) And that Angle ( being External to. the "Trian-
gle AGE, ) is Equal to the Two Oppofite Internals GEA ++ EAG. Whereof GEA ( becaufe an Angle in the Semicircle AEB) isa - Right Angle; and therefore EAG is F7aif'a Right Angle, ( as. are alio FEG, and FEA.) Andthe Three Triangles AFE, wee,
and
[413 J :
and GEA, each of them Haifa Square. And AG to AE, as V2 to 1. (proportional to the Refpettive Radi ofthe Two Circles. ) And the Like Segments ADG, AE, in their Refpective Circles (as the Squares of their Refpective Radi) as 2to 1. And there- fore the Semi-fegment AFD, equal to the Segment AE. And con- fequently (one taking from the Triangle as much asthe other addes to it) the Portion of the Lunula ADE, equal to. the Trian- gle AFE. Which was to be Demonítrated. —
( I take the liberty ( both in this and the things that follow ) to vary fomewhat from the Authors Words, ( but to the fame fenfe, and without any difadvantage to Them,) fo as to Defign the fame Refpective Points (in all the Figures) by the fame Letters. Which:makes 1t fomewhat Shorter ( without Repeating the fame Conftruction anew for every Figure; ) and prevents the Confu- fion which might arife tothe Fanfy, if the fame Refpective Points, in feveral Figures, were defigned by different Letters ; and the fame Letters, in the different Figures, defign diMerent — Points. ) |
If the Point E, chance to bein K. ( the middle of the Arc AEB) there will be no Interfection at G ( the Points G,B being then coincident, but without any difturbance to the Demonitration = ) Ifit happen beyond it, toward B; then G will be on the other fide ; and what 1s here fayd, of EGB, mnit be accommodated to EGA: which things are fo obvious, as not to need any long difcouríe.
The whole proceeds upon the fame general notion with that of fquariug the whole Za (and fome other Curve-lined Fi- gures; ) that, if as much be added to the one fide, as is taken from the other, the Equality remains, | :
And the flrefs of the Demonflration, is, to prove the fegments ADG and AE, to be Like Segments ; and therefore Proportional to their Refpective Circles; the Whole of one,equal to Half the other.
The Ground of the whole Procefs is plainly this, The Angle ACE, being an Angle at the Center of the Greater Circle, but at - the Circumference of the Lefler, the line CDE (as it pafleth from CA to CB) doth, in the fame proportion, divide the Quadrantal Arc ADB, and the Semicircular AEB: whence all the reft doth naturally follow... pus
And this is Applicable to other Zumnula’s ( befide that of ZZze* pocrates) if ( by altering the Angle at F, or otherwife,) we take-in fuch a Portion of the common Segment ABD on the one fide (inftead of AE cut-off on the other fide) as the Proportion of the
two Circles requires. | | Ruin I fhewed
[ 414.]
T fhewed this Quadrature of Mr. Perks to Dr. David Gregory ( our learned Profeflor of Aftronomy at Oxford,) who gives his Opinion about it ( with his Improvement of it) in a Letter of histo me; which I fhall give you in his own words,
“Reverend Sir, The Quadrature of the Parts of the Lanula of * Fippocrates Chius, by Mr. Perks ( which you fhewed me ) is “ very Elegant.
* | remember, the like was done, fome years fince, by Monfieur « T chirnhaufe ; who affigns, as equal to the fame Portion, not the “fame Triangle with that of Mr. Perks, bnt another Equivalent “thereunto, (as IÍíhallfhew by and by.) We have his Theorem, “in the Za Lipfie, for the Month of September, 1687. But, * without any Demon/ftration. |
“But, both the One and the Other, feem not to have confidered “this affair in its full extent.
“For, if you compleat the Two Circles; whofe Arcs contain “the Lunula of Hippocrates; the fame is true, as well of the Points * 1n the other Semi-circle ACB,as of thofe in the Semi-circle AEB; “and, for the fame Reafons. As appears in the Scheme annexed, “ wherein I have mark’d the Points 1n the Semi-circle -ACB, ( cor- * refpondent to thofe of Mr. Perks in AEB,) with the correfpon- ^ dent fmall Letters of the Roman and Greek Alphabets.
“If Mr. Perks had made his conftruction univerfal; by ma- “king both EA and EB, meet with the Greater Circle, (which he “might have done by protracting thefe Lines and the Greater “Circle "ull they meet ; ) he might have found that the Portions * of the Spaces Az CM, BHCN, (fuppofing MCN parallel to AB) “are Quadrable as wellas:thole of Aiippocrates’s Lunula: And “that E, A being a ftreight Line, the Portion AED of =e | “pocrates’s Lunula, isto A «9 ( the Correfpondent of AsCM )
“in the Duplicate Proportion of Cz to As. For E Re(at R the “Center of the Leffer Circle) is, in this cafe, a Right Angle. | -
^ Moreover; If you take any Point « in the Semi-circle ACB, - “and proceed according to Mr. Zer£s conftru&tion Univerfalized "as above-faid; you will find, on the one fide, the Zrmeum _ ^ À t? (contained by the Arcs As AS, and the ftreighc line +2). “equal to the Rectilineal Triangle A «e. And, on the other fide, “the 7rzlueum contained by the Arc Bs ( the Complement of ¢ A. “to the Semi-circumference,) and the Arc B d ( the Complement ^ of A? to the Fourth part of the Circumference, and the ftreight
“line «d, (thatis, the Zriimeum BHCd diminifhed by the Se- | gment
c
« ement C; ) to be equal to the Re&tilineal Triangle Bef. And, “that thofe two fpaces A«4, and the Difference of BHCd from “the Segment Ce ( parts of the ZLunula ACB gy A ) taken to- “gether, are equal to the Triangle ACB; as well as the two - “Spaces AED and BED, parts of the Luuula of Hippocrates. . “So that, upon the whole, it appears, that the Two Circles: “( containing the Lunula of Hippocrates) being completed ; this « Lunula AEBGA, and the other ACB g y A, make up one Syflem;. “and are Conjugate Figures... “ For, (drawing a ftreight line CDE,or C :2,or C « d,at pleafure. “through C the Center of the Greater Circle, and cutting thofe. * two Circles, ) the Space contained within two Ares of thele. two: -“Circles and part of the faid ftreight line, (as AED, or Ax 2, or. Mois C BRIT, y
[416] “BHed,) is equal to the Rectilineal Triangle AEF, or A «6, or “Bef, refpectively.
“ And it fo happens, that, if this line going out from C, be on “ the fame fide of the Diameter MN with the Lunula of Hippo- “crates; the forefaid Space ( which receives a perfeét Quadra- « ture) is folitary ; ( fuch as are the Parts of ZZrppocrates's Lunula ; “and of the two Spaces A « CM, BHCN ;which therefore are Parts “of the Lanula more nearly relating to one another.)
* But if that Line going out from C, be on the other fide of “MN ; then the Space which 1s equal to the Reétilineal Triangle, “is, the Difference of two Mixtilineal Figures, ( the one a Tri- « ]ineum, the other a Segment of the Lefler Circle,) as is above- “faid; neither of which can be fquared feverally.
“All thefe particulats are plain from Mr. Perks’s Demonftra- “tion; which, with a little variation ( fuchas is ufual in the dif- “ ferent Cafes of the fame Zheoreme) is applicable to all of them : * though perhaps he was not aware of it.
“In the Dimenfion of the Parts of ZZrppocrates's. Lunula, “it might perhaps be expected, that the Triangle affigned equal to *3 Portion of the Zuzzla, Íhould be Part of the Triangle to “ which that whole Lanu/a is wont to be affigned equal ; ( that is, “that the Triangle affigned equal to the Portion ADE, fhould be « the refpective part of ACB which is equal to the whole Lanula; ) “ which in that of Mr. Perks is not. 1
“But, in thatof Mr. 7/chirnbaufe (above-mentioned ) it is fo, * which 1s to this purpofe. | a
“Tf from any Point E, in the circumference of the Leffer Circle, * we let fall on AB, a Perpendicular cutting it in L, and draw the “line CL; the Triangle CAL, 1s equal to the Portion. of the Zz- * 55]; ABD, ( And, confequently, the Triangle, CBL, equal to “shePortipe RED. )A swan. ods to zund) 2D smoug»2. of? € Which. ( becaufe Mr 7/charnhanfe hath notat all. done it ) - ^ [ fhall briefly Demonftrate, fo: asthe Demonftration. may. reach ** the Portions of the Conjugate Space ACB gy A. 2203
“ For the Triangles ACB, AEF, are like Triangles, each being “the half of a Square: And therefore, by 19 el. 6, the Triangle * ACB is to the Triangle AEF 1n the duplicate proportion ‘of BA “to AE, that is, by 8, el, 6; as BA isto AL; But, by r- e. 6, the. “ Triangle ACB is tothe Triangle ACE; as BA 1s to AL. T here- “fore, by ovel. 5, the Triangles ACL and AEF are equal. But “the "Priadgle AEF is ( by Mr Perks ) proved equal to the "Por- '
tion
[417 ] | -“ gion AED... And thétefore the faid Portion AED | is alfo equal the Triangle ACL.--— | “Tam, Sir, ^ Your&ce. D. Gvezory.
Mr Gafwe// had a fight of this Quadrature of Mr Perks ( be- fore Dr Gregorie or 1 had feen 1t ;). And had given a Specimen of its being capable of further Improvement. But, without having Leifure, or giving himíelf the Trouble, of purfuing it through all its Appendages. 1 would ( with his leave ) have here in- ferted that Specimen: But he chofe rather to decline it ; faying, He thought it needlefs, becaufe Dr Gregorze had, fince, done the like more fully. | !
The Refult of 16 1s to this purpofe ; On the Center B, he draws by A, a "Third. Circle ; which forms another Lunuala , than that of ZZrppoerazes : And he doth (very dextroufly) Square the Portions of this Lunula. And doth thereby let ws in, to.a New Sy{tem, which ‘may be purfued in like manner as Dr Gregorie hath done that of ZZippocrates.
After thefe learned Difquifitions, on fo trite a Subje& ; it will not be needful for me to fay much. | I fhall but briefly Compare the Two Quadratures of Mr 7 /chirnbaufe and Mr Perks, (where- in they Agree or Differ with each other. ) And then fhew, How, by either of them, to Divide the Lunu/a in any Given Proportion.
»Monfieur 7/chirnhaufe ; Letting fall, from E (on AB) a Perpen- dicular EL, determines the Triangle ALC equal to the Portion. ADE. | |
Which being admitted ; We may
thus Divide the Zzzala in any deben
Given Proportion. If-we divide AB, at L, in fuch Given Proporti-- on ; CL will, in the fame propor- « tion ( becaufe of the Common Alu- ' |^ tude ) divide the Triangle ACB
( which is equal to the Whole | Zz- whla.) And LE ( erected at Right Angles on ALB) will determine . | W - the Point. E ; from whence if we . A C draw; to C, the Streight line EC, this will, at DE, divide the. Lunula inthe fame Proportion.
Mr Perks; On EDC, drawing the Perpendicular AF , de-.- termines the Semi-quadrate AFE, equal to the. propofed. Por-
; tion :
[418 ] $n
tion ADE. Which Semi-quadrate, is
a Like Figure, and a tke om to B AE, asisACBtoAB.
And therefore ( becaufe like Fi- guresare 1n the Duplicate Proportion of their refpedtive Sides) If we fo infcribe AE, as that the Square of | AE beto the Square of AB, in fuch Given Proportion, the Lunu/a will
C at DE, be fo divided as is required.
| And this will hold ( if duly appli- ed, according as the different Cafes may require ) though E be taken (in the Continuation of the Semi-circle) beyond B. For (füll) Like Figures, wil be in Duplicate Proportion of their Refpective Sides ; and CE — CD X D E. And the fame is yet im- proveable much further.
I forbear to Apply this to the feveral Parts of the whole Sy- fteme, confidered by Dr Gregorze, ( Or to that of Mr Ca/we/Z, ) that I be not too Teadious. |
Much lefs fhall I give my felf the trouble to confider the Solids to be made by the Conyerfion of it, or ofitsparts, abouta given Axis, (as MN, or AB, or AC, or BC, &c. ) with their Surfaces and Centers of Gravity; as I have done elfewhere for the Cychid: But fuchas are at Leifure ( and think it worth the while, ) may do it by {uch like Methodes ás I have made ufe of for the,Cyeloide,
“Yam STR, TE E ET Yours to ferve you,
FOHNWALLIS. ©
Poft-fcript. : Yes In the Tranfacions for the Month of Augu/t laft paft; Numb. 25 5. A Letter of mine, is very faultyly Printed. I defire that the Zrraza may be thus Corrected. "
Pag. 280. 1. 24. ut ait. p. 281./. 15. differentias infinitefimas. p. 282. /. 12. (ut antea) rerum Novitas. 2 14. Meflis. 4 15. Et quidem. /. 16. Atque binc. . 17. natura, /.22. Academia. /. 25. reapfe. 7, 33. mifi. p. 283.2 5. defperatum. Ll, 11. Sueci. /. 17. itinere. 7/25. adornat. 4. 33. Coeno. p. 284. I. 1. fita. 7. 13. redeundo ) fenfim, /. 17. motibus. /. 19. penitius. 4. 22. materia, 4 23. per- pendiculum erectos ) ad. /. 24. longo tractu. 7. 25. pra fe. /.29. Multaque. 7. 30, annos. /. 31. deprompta ) mihi videntur huc. /. 32. alio. 4. 34. coenofum, turbi- dum, 4.35. Ifthmo. /. ult. T be Words P. S. Aug. 29: 1699. Jfbould have ftood at lin. 20.-
Numb. 257.p. 346. l. 11. the Solar Tropical year. p. 349. 4. 2. fuggefted by. p. 35 1. i 34. ftands thus. id. |
a
ee [419 7
Refponfo 9 ad deine 1onem d Da- vidis. Gregori. Cazenariam , Ald. Eruditorum Liphe. Menfe Fe ebruari ain. 1699.
U /& in Animadverfione ad noftras de Catenaria Demonftrationes objicit Anonymus funt hec.Quod rem ab alus jam ante feptennium inventam & publice expofitam demonftrare aggreffus fim, modo quodam meo. Ita quidem eft, & mehoc facturum in ipfa pracfatione {um profeflus. Quid vero hic redarguendum fit non ca- pio. Celeberrimi viri Hugenius, Leibnitius & Bernoullius plurimas Catenarie proprietates detexerunt & edide- runt, at non demonftrarunt. Ego, quod fufcepi, de- monftrationes pertexui. An Archimedi honefte obji- ciatur illum fof? dzutzorem ‘Temporis moram eorum de He- lictbus Theoremaium demon[lrationes, edidiffe que Conon rep- perit at non demonflravit?. Hoc tamen profitetur, in pref. ‘ad Librum de, iffis linets, Archimedes, Ego certe Credo -ita demum Geometrie fuam finceritatem, decufque con- - ftare, fi nihil non demonftratum in publicum profera- tur, faltem per annos plures non demonftratum ma- neat, Sed an res hec ( nempe Catenarie Natura & proprie- tates primariz) ab aliis inventa & publice expofita fuit >
- Certe ifta Catenariz proprietas, Corol. s. Prop. 2. aliis ; iB. rd indicta
[426]
indicta eft penitus ante editas hafce demonftrationes. Cum tamen fit ni fallor inter primarias illius proprie- tates, & omnium longe utiliffima, & ad vitz commu- nis ulus facillime reducenda. Abomni zvo, in zdifi- ciis publicis fornices arcufque tam ad firmitatem quam pulchritudinem. adhibuerunt Architecti: Qualis tamen fit fornicis figura legitima ad uíque editas noftras de- monftrationes ignoratum eft. Citato enim Corollario dictum eft primo, Catenam zn plano verticals, fed fitu. in- verfo, fteuram fervare nec decidere, adeoque arcum feu for- "cem facere tenuiffimum: Hoc eft [pheras minimas rigidas € lubricas in inverfa curva Catenaria difpofitas arcum con- ftutuere cujus. nulla pars ab aliis. extrorjum vel intrarfum propellitur ; fed manentibus infimis punttis unmotis, virtute fue figure fuftinert. Verum quidem eft fornices firmos jam olim fuiffe extructos : fed ad di&um Corol. often- fum id exinde fieri, quod in. craffitie cu, uflibet eorum qua- dam Catenarta inclufafit : neque ft tenuiffimus effet, partefque haberet. lubricas fufteneretur alterius figure arcus.
Agnofcit tamen poftea Animadverfionis Auctor Ope- re pretium fore fires licet cognita dudum; ex novo fed folido principio derivaretur. (Quomodo Res Geome- trica non demonftrata dici poffit cognita, ego non Capio, nifi affertum pro cognito habeatur, axioma certe Geo- metriz promovenda parum idoneum. Nullus dubito quin Celebres fupra nominati Viri Theorematum inven- tores illorum. demonftrationes noverint. At certerfon - ediderunt, nec alios ab illis edendis arcere voluerunt : Neque omnia ad Funiculariam attinentia exhaurive- runt, ut ex dictis de Fornicis figura conftat. Si pro- priorum pulcherrimorum Theorematum demonftratio- nes publici juris feciffent, ego de aliis demonftrationi- bus condendis, neque forfan. de aliis Theorematibus 1n- veniendis cogitaffem nunquam. .
Sufficere ait Animadverfor fi confideretur quomodo
propof&tionem primam & primariam cui reliquz fuper- | ftruuntur
[421 ]
ftruuntur demonftraverim ego. Neque illi fuffeciffe credendum, nifi quia inaliis quod commentario fuo in pejus detorquere poflet invenire nequibat. Et certe fi, aflumpta primaria Catanariz proprietate, adalia exinde eruenda me protinus contuliflem , nihil feciffem quod à principibus Geometris non fit fadum: Et in-ifto cafa proprietates fequentibus propofitionibus 6, & 29 corol- laris, de afflumpta Curva legitime demonftrate ( quod ante non erat factum) jure habendz forent. Malui tamen ex Catenz natura proprietatem iftam in ante- ceffum eruere per prop. hanc primam , quam attente confiderandam fibi proponit Animadverfor.
Primum quod reprehendat invenit, quod quzdam ex Mechanicis conftare dixerim, qua diftinétius enuntiare atque etiam applicare opere pretium fuiffe ait. Ego qui Geometris demonftranda — Theoremata quaedam {ufceperam , omnia minutim exequenda non credebam, fed yulgo nota & ex alus fcientus petita affumere fas effe etiamnum arbitror; prefertim fi ipfum Theorema, ut in cafu prefenti, aperte enunciaverim. — Verum ut Animadverfori gratum faciam, Lemma iftud demonftra- bo, cum diftinétius enuntiare nequeam, quam eft hacte- nus factum in hac verba.
LEMM A.
Potentia tres im equilibrio pofite uo babent ratio- nem cum rectis tribus ad spjarum direttiones parallelis, vel zn dato angulo guclnatis, à mutuo occur[u terminata.
Puta fi potentie tres esca impellentes vel utcunque agentes, fecundum rectas P A, PB, P C fint in zquili- brio; & inclinentur ad has dire&tiones tres recte EF, ED, DE 1n angulo quovis dato, hoc eft fi anguli EAP, EBP,DCP fuerint equales, Dico potentias S{f 2 A,
[422] A, B& C effe inter fe ut recte FE, FD& DE, Producantur recte AP, B P, CPi in an H&K. |
In qdadrititer F AP B, cum angulus externus E AP fit, ex hypothefi, aequalis interno & “oppfito P B E, Erunt interni duo oppofiti FAP & EBP zquales duobus rectis; Cumque omnes quatuor interni quatüor rectis zquentur, erunt reliqui duo F & AP B in eodem qua- drilatero oppofiti, duobus rectis etiam eequales. - Sed
APB & BPG efficiunt duos rectos, & igitur arigulus "a
F eft zqualis angulo BPG. — Similiter Oftendentur D & BPK zquales, item E& APK.
Quoniam tres potentie funt in zequilibrio, funt im- mote, & igitur earum qualibet pro hypomochlio ha- beri potelt reliquarum duarum refpectu quz "in squi- ‘brio manent, Si B habeatür pro. hypomochlio; per Mechanix notiffimum tliéóFema , " Potentia "A eft ad
potentiam. C, ficut finus anguli BPK ad finum anguli ©
BPG, hoc eit. finus anguli D' ad finum, anguli’ F, ‘hoc eft recta FE ad rectam DE. | "Rurfüs, pofito C hspo- ~ mochlio, | potentia. A ett ‘ad potentiam" Bo ut finus‘an- guli C P Had finàm “anéult CPG; five finus- anguli
BPK ad finum: anguli APR, hoc-eft finus anguli- ci
| [423] ad finum anguli E, hoc eft ut recta. FE ad rectam FD. Tyres agitur potentiae A, B& C funt. ut rectae E E, Eb & DE. q.e.d.
Prima eG nttvavishe més V orba vera efle. agnofcit lin. 16. pag. 88, in feníu ibi pofito, quem ego viciflum pro vero & meo agnoíco : Sed hzc facilius ex praemiffo Lemmate fequuntur, fi mecum concipiatur totius lineo- ‘le d D gravitas in cjus medium punctum congregari, nempe grave in ejus centrum gravitatis ut Genre letris folenne eft ; atque grave hoc, rotatione circa d centrum, in fitum. perpendicularem, five inter d & Terre cen- trum ferri; hoc eft, primo momento, per rectam ad d D normalem.
Demonftrationis mez verba fequentia aliquot zz. 24. pag. 88. & feqq. apponit, quibus fuum in. illa commenta- rium fubnectit, in cujus ultimis verbis nemp», a£ conftans quedam retla oft ad illam. tpfam portionem, 2equivocationi fundamentum ponit. Si per conftantem banc rectam in- telligat infinite parvam, ejuídemque generis cum d D vix. conftantem fluxionem ordinate in Catenaria, me- cum facit, eftque illud ipfum quod dixi in primis voci- bus abillo citatis, £z. 14.& feqq: Sed in hoc fenfu non explicant verba mea ultimo citata quibus explicandis adduci videntur. : In illisenim loquor. non de gravitate lineze d D qua in fitum verticalem fe componere cona- tur, fed de gravitatis hujuscaufa, quam ad diftinctionem. 'Yoco Gravitatis a&lionem in Dd normaliter exertam. At- que caufam hanc exponi Jubeo per rectam a, ejufdem nempe eeneris lineam cum Catena longitudine quam ile | affignabilem vocat. Superius quidem linea Dd gravi-. tatis partem eam qua in fitum verticalem fe compo-. nere conatur , reprefentari oftendi per infinite par- vam fed conftantem d 2 :: At hujuscauíam, quam gravi- tatis actionem voco, per.aflignabilem & conftantem a expono.' Verbaenim mea funt Gravztatis actio 1n partes.
corre[pondentes Catene Dd normaliter exerta etiam. conftans erit
die [424 ] erit. five ubique eadem. Exponatur hac per vetlam a... Falfo igitur poft verba hac Exponatur hac fübjungit ( conffans Gravitationis quantitas) Et ut fidem falfze hinc expofitioni faciat, prius & etiam poftea ( lineis 29 & 35 fag. 88. ) vocem gravitation {cribit charactere Italico, qualiubi- que mea verba à fuis diftinguit, cum interim à voce hac nimis ambigua prorfus abftineo, &gravitatem pro effe- ctu, gravitatis actionem pro caufa ufurpo femper. '.Po- tuiffet Caufa, five Gravitationis Actio, per eandem od etiam exponi: Et ita quidem feciffem fi nulla fuiffet oc- cafio hunc applicandi potentias modum mutare. Verum cumin decurfu hoc fit fadum, itaut ponderis per ME trahentis vis infinite quam nunc major, evadat, ideo Caufam utrique modo applicationis communem, per li- neam ordinariam exponere volui.
Poftquam femel invenit, vel inveniffe fingit me gravi- tationis quantitatem qua linea d D circa d mobilis fitum verticalem affectat, per lineam a exponere vel repre- dentare, multa undique illi occurrunt monftra quibufcum j$:89 & 9o fortiter pugnat. De horum ( quippe fuo- rum.) falute videat ipfe: ad me nihil attinent : Ego fi- quidem de ponderibus :z & z ab ipfo in {cenam. productis ne verbum; qui in vocibus ab ipfo citatis fic aio, dd re- prefentabit gravitatis partem eam qua fit ut D d en. fitum ver- tacalem fe componere conatur ; & rectam aflignabilem 2 ex- ponere jubeo gravitatis predicte actionem, quarum al- tera eft effectus, altera Caufa. Licetque, ni fallor, cau-
fam ab effectu diftinguere, & per lineas diverfas exponere,
modo hz femper fint proportionales, ut in noftra re- prefentatione fit: Effectum fiquidem per conftantem in- finite parvam, Caufam per conftantem affignabilem. Pofteriore parte pagina 89, poft citata quaedam ex meis verbis, ait non fatis apparere Lemmatis Mechanici vel fenfum vel applicationem... De ejus fenfu hactenus dictum, quem nunc fatis apparere non dubito: De ap-
plicatione nunc agendum.
Si
/——A «m As EY um, rs.
——_—— MS — —
[ 425 ]
Si concipiatur ( ut fupradictum) lineole dD gravitas abfoluta’ per d D expofita, in ejus centro gravitatis M colle&t4, & grave hoc fecundum directionem MF ad d D normalem vi gravitatis fue deícendere: — Potentia fecuadum M D trahens qua in zquilibrio eft cum pree- dicto gravi, per pramiflum lemma, eftad ejus momen-
tum five potentiam trahentem fecundum MF, ficut2 D ad dd. Nam angulus 2Dd, quo D2 inclinatur ad MD, zqualis eft angulo deF quo dd inclinatur. ad ME; vx. uterque complementum anguli d ad. rectum, Atque hoc etiam obtinet , agnofcente Animadverfore , fi utin vulgari Mechanica, predictum grave plano ME incumbens, interpofita trochlea ad M, trahatur ab alio- gravi ipfi MD incumbente: Erit hoc ad illud ficut D 2 ad dd.
Quod fi, reliquis manentibus, modus applicationis ha- rum potentiarum mutetur, ita ut ad flexilis lineze d Dy. cujus extremum d immotum, punctum medium M ap-. plicetur pondus fecundum MEF vires exerens, quippe arcum centro d, radio d M, in defcenfu defcripturum = Erit Ponderis hujus vis, ad flexilem lineam rectam ad M incurvandam, infinita refpectu vis fuz gravitatis ab-- folute ; & vis fecundum M D trahens ad modo defcri-. ptam incurvationem. impediendam requifita, etiam. infi-- | nita:
[426] TM nita'refpectu ejus quz prius requiribatur ad pondus M - in plano MB fuftinendum., . Adeo ut potentiz quz; in. priore applicationis modo, exponebantur pér dd, 2 D, nunc exponendz veniant per infinite majores prioribus proportionales: Nam, ut prius, .pondus M trahit fecun- dum directionem M. E, & potentia 1llud: fuftinens. fecan- dum MD; &hzc duo effe in equilibrio, ex partium Catenz quiete conftat. Eadem igitur manebit harum - ratio que prius fuerat. Sed caufa quz lineam flexilem d D (cujus extremum d immotum, cujufque medio pun- cto M applicatur grave infinite quidem parvum, fed cujus vires per hunc applicationis modum infinite majo- res redduntur, & proinde in Animadverforis phrafi affi- gnabiles fiunt ) 1n rectam extendit; eft Catenz D A gra- vitas que eft ipfius longitudini proportionalis. Hac ergo eftad conítantem & affignabilem « (conftanti fed inaffignabili d 2 proportionalem) ut Dd ad 2d. Atque fic Animadverfori patere credo veram conclufionem abíque affumptis erroneis fuiffe probatam. v . Ad. fugillationes fub initium ac finem Animadverfio- nis iftius tam indecore {parfas, commodius refpondebi- tur, cum Auctor innoteícet ; Nam cum ignoto de. Ma- tbematicis pofthac, nedum. alus, difputare facile mibinon — - patualerimey io cuifibssg «oinndosM eet
C431 J
ae À—M MÀ ———— M"
--
IV. 4 Relation of two Monftrous. Pigs, with the refemblance of | Fumane Faces, and two youne Turkeys joined. by the Breaft, by Sir Joan Floyer, Communicated by Dr. Edward Tylon, Fellow of the College of Phyficians, and R. S.
E Y the defcription of the following Monfters I de- E fign to prove that the Diftortion of the parts of -a Fatus, may occafion it to reprefent the Figure of dif- ferent Animals, without any real Coition betwixt the two Species. Ew ovo In. May 1699..there was fhewed to me a Pig, at Weeford in Stafford|bire, with a Face fomething repre- fenting that of a Man's ; the Chin was very like that of an Humane Fetus, and the roundne(s of the Head, and flatneís of the Ears furprized all Perfons, and they did - ufually apprehend it to be a Humane Face, produced by the Copulation of two Species. But when I had long confider’d the Head, I obferved there was a de- preítion of the Bones of the Nofe in that place which was betwixt the Eyes; in which the Pig’s Face feem’d | to meto be broken, and the Nofe drawn up to appear . like a Humane: the Under-Jaw was inverted to grow up to meet the Upper, the Tongue and Mouth were - made more like a Humane, being altered by (ome ex- ternal Preflure upon the Mouth of the Pig, which broke the Bones of the Nofe, and. cauíed their. depreffion to- wards the Palate, and the inyerfion of thé. Under-Jàw. "This preffure on: the Mouth. ferced. the Bones upward, fo much as to cover the Eye-holes, and the Pig appears blind: A. (Zai.1.) is the place of che Bone deprefied : D. E Uuu | i$
L 432 J
is the depth of it. It clofed it felf with a Spring, when w* opened it by force, fo that it had grown clofed up ever fince it was Cartilaginous. By tliis breach or depreflion ' . of the Pig's Face, I was firít convinced thatthis Mon- fter was not from the Conjunction of both Kinds ; but only occafioned by the pervertion of the compreffion of the Womb, or P/acezta, or other Pigs in the fame part of the Womb. And that the Pigs Head was ftreigtned in its growth, appeared by the flatnefs of the Ears, and that this depreffure happened whilft the Bones were Cartilaginous, appears by the Bones de- preffed, which remain'd Cartilaginous, and at the fame. time thé Under Jaw was inverted, and Head made more round. I farther obferved that all the Head was covered with Hair, as the other Pigs were; that the Teeth in the: Mouth were Pigs Teeth, the Hair of the Pigs Head was Yellow, as that of the Sows was: the Monftrous Pig was as big, and as well grown as the reft of the Pigs, and therefore begot by the Bore at the fame time: the Nofe was a perfect Pigs Snout, and there was no Upper Lip as in the Humane Kind; in all the other parts it appeared to bea perfect Pig, no parts were wanting, but thofe of the Face, diftorted by fome external Accident. I could not learn by enquiry that theSow had any blow, or other Accident, which might occafion the Monftrofity. - Ir is not to be thought that the ‘Imagination of the Sow ceuld be fo violent as to diftort:the Bones without injuring the reft of the Pigs, which appeared all feund. “This Monfter was pig 5 alive; but dyed becaufe it could not Suck; the Nofe being ftopped. The cry of the Pig- was not like the - other Pigs, becaufe of the ftoppage of its Nofe, and —— the alteration of the Figure of its Mouth. ^"
x
L 433.)
. 1 was further convinced in-Opinion tliat there was
really no mixture of the two Species in this Monfter,
by the Woman’s account who faw the Sow take the Bore, and after fixteen Weeks, onthe beginning of the feventeenth, which is the ufual time, the Sow pigged eight Pigs, the firft five were perfect Pigs, the fixth was the Monfter, and after that two more perfect Pigs, all which I faw fucking the Sow, and as well fhaped, and as large as poffible, being then three or four days old. * ! | | ..- Loft reflected on the Figure of a Mule, that being - an Animal produced by the Copulation of an Afs and a Mare, the extremities of the Body, the Feet, Tail and Ears, and the black Crofs on the Back refembling that.of the Affes; by this we can obferve that the. Fe- male contains in her Eggs the firft Rudiments of the Animal. of her own Species, and that the- impregnati- . on only changes fome of the extremities into refem- blance of the Male. |
Paraus gives an Account of a Monfter born at Braffels AnnoY$64. with a Humane Head, Face, and fore Feet like Hands and Shoulders; but in the reft of the Body like another Pig, ‘This at firft fight refembled our Monttrous Pig defcribed, but ours had no Hands, nei- ther any part truly Human, but only like the Humane
Kind.
Licetus de! Monftris, gives. many odd Stories of the mixture of many Animals, of Pigs with a Man's Head, and Pigs with Dogs Heads; and a Monfter half Man, and the lower parts like a Dog, and this both Cardan and Pares; defcribe. This fcems to contradict. our new Difcoveries; for if the Male fupplies the Animal- cula, the Fetus muft alway be of the fame Species as the Male, if the Female fupplies it of her Kind, but this Monfter muft be: by a mixture of both Species.
| DUuuz This
Soe aa |
This kind of Mon(tróus Pigs produced by the un- natural fituations of Parts by fome external compreffi- on believe is very frequent, becaufe | had another of the fame Kind fent. me out of Derbyfhire, whiclr had a refemblance of a Man's Face, and all the other parts: of a Pig, and this had’ the fame Chin, and depreffion. betwixt the Eyes, the roundnefs of the Head, and flat- nefs of che EarsI have above defcribed. But this Der-
byfhire Monfter wanted Hair, as Pigs which come too -
(oon do; and no. Sex, could be diftinguifhed in it: but the former defcribed was a Bore Pig, many other Pigs were pigged at the fame time, but 1 will not relate what particular Monftrofities were told of them, as one Eye amongít five, the crying like a Child ; be- caufe Í believe either Fiction, or. want of Obfervation has made more Monfters than Nature ‘ever produced. Blindnefs is’ frequently obferved amongft young Pigs, but the caufe of their being born blind is not yet ob- ferved. | D nd
An Aécount of two young Turkeys joyned together — by their Breafts, [ent to me from ‘Thorpe.
4 e Turkeys were taken out of one Egg, which was notobferved to bé more large than ordinary, when the reft of the Turkey Eggs were well hatched, thefe Turkeys grew together by the Flefhof the Breatt
Bone, but were in all other parts diftin@; the two - Heads, four Legs, four Wings, and two Trunks of the Body did appear fomething Monftrous ; but it was -
. evident that the Monflrofity was only two Turkeys fticking fuperficially together, and both feemed lefs than the. ordinary thicknefs of Turkeys; there. — As | | both.
/
) e ; | q | . ! 1 :
[ 435 J
both Nutriment, and room for the growing of both ~ Turkeys, which was the occafion of their cohefion and {fmallnefs. "Tis very obvious to imagine that the Egg had two Yolks in it, and from thence came the double Turkeys. For'tisa general caution amongtt the Women not to fet any Egg with two Yolks, be- caufe ic always mifcarries, Thefe Turkeys had diftinct Cavities in their Bodies, and two Hearts ; fo that they had two diftin@ Cicatricula’s, and confequently two Yolks from whence they were produced, which Acci- dent is very common. 1 have a dried Monftrous ‘Chicken, which was given me, it has but ene Head, four Wings, four Legs, and one cavity in the Body, and confequently had but one Heart, in this cafe this Mon- {trous Chicken was produced from one Cicatricula, and confequently one Heart. So Pareus mentions a double Infant with one Heart; in thefe Cafes the Original of the Infant was one, and the Veffels regular, but in the extremity the Arteries and Nerves were divided into more Branches than ordinary, and produced double parts; and this is like the double Flowers of Plants; Which are. produced fo by the richnefs of the Soil.
As the two Yolks of Eggs are joyned inthe Ovarzuz, and covered with one Skin. So it is in the Eggs of Quadrupeds they are joyned in the Ovarium, and as they. grow their Bodies do externally cohere. So that . I may obferve that there are thefe two Reafons of the
multitude of the parts in an Evsbryo; the joiningof two perfect Animals, or elfe the extraordinary divifion of the'Original Veflels, the Arteries and Nerves. I-can- not omit another Accident, of which I was informed, and it was much admired by the Country. This year at Dunchurchin Warwicklhire, a Cow calved four Calves perfect, and all living. :
V. Part:
( 436 )
"
Vi. Part of a Letter from the Reverend Mr. Hugh
- Jones to the Reverend Dr. Benjamin Wood- roofe, F.R.S. concerning feveral Obfervables in Maryland, ww |
Honoured Sir,
A, S for this Country which you defire me to fend 4 X you an account of, the following Particulars,
I hope, will give you an Idea thereof, and of our.
way of Living. Chefepeak-Bay which runs North and by Weft about two hundred Miles or more, divides this Province, as well as Virginia, into two parts, which we call the Eaftern and Weftern Shores. The whole Province ‘contains Eleven Counties, Six on . out fide, which is the Weílern, and Five on the Eaflern Shore. The Land is generally Low on both fides. No Hill that I have feen or heard of among the Inhabitants: fifty Yards Perpendicuggr ; but abour one hundred Miles back, or Weft of us, towards the Heads of Rivers the Ground rifes and appears if’ very high Mountains, and rocky Precipices, running North and South, from the top of which a Man may havea clear Profpect of Virginia and Maryland. All the low
Land is very woody, like one continued Forreft; no -
part clear but what is cleared by the E»e///b. - And tho we are Pretty clofely feated, yet we cannot fee eur next Neighbours Houfe for Trees. Indeed in few years
we may expect it otherwife, for the "T obacco-Trade de- :
ftroys abundance of ‘Timber, both for! making of — Hogíheads, and building of Tobacco-Houfes ; befides
clearing of Ground yearly for Planting. Our Soil is -
generally Sandy, free from Stone, which makes it - vety
L 437 J very convenient for Travelling; and we have no oc- -eafion for Shooing our Horfes, except in frofly Wea- ther. And what with the goodne(s of our little Horíes, and the {moothnefs of the Roads, we can tra- vel upon occafion fifty Miles in a Summers Afternoon, and fometimes a hundred Miles in a. Day: indeed our. Miles are not counted fo long as in England. As for the natural Situation of the Country, the number ef Navigable Rivers, Creeks, Inlets, render it fo Cone venient for Exporting, and Importing Goods into any parc thereof, by Water Carriage, that no Country can compare with it. ‘The rich and plentiful Gifts of Na- . ture likewife add to the Happinefs of the Place ; the: Three Elements affording plenty of Food for the ufe of Man, viz. Deer, Fowle, both Water and Land, in a- bundance: and for the preferving of Health many cx-- cellent Herbs and Roots, the difcovery of whofe Ver- tues we owe chiefly to the Jvdians. As for the natural. Product of the Country, we have for Timber, feveral. forts of Oak, viz. The Red, White, Black, Chefnut, Water, Spanifh, and Line Oaks; which laft bears a. Leaf like a Willow. We have Cedar White and Red; the Red ferves only for Pofts and Groundfils, the White. to rive or fplit into Boards, that being the freeft from. Knots, and goes under. the name of Cyprefs, but I
— think falfly..
Here is a Tree we call Cyprefs, which is extraor-- dinary large in Bulk, and bears a Leaf like the Senfi-- tive Plant, itis foft and fpungy, will not Rive, and is. fic for no ufe. We have Black Wallnut, which is: mightily efteemed by the Joyners for its Grain and. Colour. Here is a fort of Poplar that makes good. White Plank, it isa large Tree, and bears a Flower: like a Tulip. We have alfo plenty of Pine, and. . Dog-Wwood, which is a fine Flower-bearing-Tree. i
| | áfras, ,
| [ 438 ] fafras, Locuft, a Tree of very quick growth, and ye- ry durable in Building, Hickery, of which he have two forts, Red. and White, this ferves chiefly for fire Wood, being the beft for that ufe. We haye alfo plenty of Chefnuts and Chinquapine another Species of Cheínut; and a fort of Elm like a. Dutch Elm, which we call the Sugar-Tree, from the fweetneís of its Juice, with- which fome have. made good Sugar. Here isalfo a fort of Elder, whofe Bark is clofely guarded with Prickles like thoíe of a Briar. Tulip-bearing- . Laurel, and Myrtle of feveral forts; one whereof bears a Berry with which they make in the Eaftern Shore green. Wax, very proper to make Candles if mixed with Tallow. | J ! Among the Inhabirants of the Air, which are ve- | ry numerous. The humbing Bird is the moft curi- ous, they continue with us all Summer, feeding on- .ly upon Flowers like Bees. The mocking Bird, for - various Notes, exceeds all the Birds, I believe, in the World ; but it is bard to raife one, by reafon of the hardnefs of the Winter that Kills them in their Cages: it is a very tender Bird, and requires a great deal-of Attendance, and the Seamen will not give it them, elfe I had fent your Son one before now, purfuant to. his requeft. Of all our Reptiles, the Rattle-Snake is the . moft noted ; and what is commonly reported of its charming. Birds, and Squirrels, ¢vc. is not. groundlefs, for it hath been affirmed to me by feveral Eye Witnef- fes... As for the Nature of che Clime, the Air is now more wholefome than formerly, which I füppofe pro- ceeds from the opening of; che Country, that givingsthe Air a freer motion. . Our Summers are not extreme hot, as in the firft {eating; and our Winters are generally fevere towards what they are in EzelazZ... The North- Weft Wind. is very fharp in Winter, and even. in eie eat
Lt 439 ]
heat of Summer it mightily cools the Air; and too often at that time a fudden North-Weftern ftrikes our Labourers into a Fever, when they are not careful to. provide for it, and put on their Garments while they - areat Work. We have little or no Woollen or Linnen. Manufacture followed, by any of us (except what is Gone in Somerfet County over the Bay) becaufe we are yearly fupplied from Exgland with neceflaries: but Tobacco is our Meat, Drink, Cloathing and Monies; not but that we have Money both Spani/h and Ezeli[h pretty plenty, which ferves only for Pocket Expences, and not for Trade, Tobacco being the Standard for ‘Trade, not only with the Merchants, but alfo among
ourfelves. . | It were too tedious to relate the way and manner of making lobacco, which is a Commodity fo vendible, efpecially thefe laft feven years paft, that thoufands have got good Eftates by it. Moft of our Planters when they began this fort of Husbandry had not where- withal to Cloath themfelves, whereof fíeveral now are worth thoufands of Pounds. Indeed this Country hath been cniefly feated by Poor People, whofe Induftry hath raifed them to great Eftates Our common Drink is Syder, which is very good, and where it is rightly ordered not inferior to the beft White-Wine. Wehave Wine brought us from Madera and Fayal, Rum from Barbadoes ;, Beer, Mault, and Wines from £zzg- land. We have plenty of good Grapes growing wild in the Woods, but there is no Improvement made of them. And now Sir, to touch a little upon that which chiefly under God. Advances our welfare, viz. Our Government ; we are governed by the fame Laws as in England, only fome Acts of Affembly we have re- lating to fome particular Cafes not under the Verge of she Fnglifh Laws: or where the Laws of England do : | | Xxx not
[ 44e ] not fo aptly provide for fome Circumftances under which our way of living hath put us.
The Church of Exgland, God be praifed, is pretty firmly Eftablifhed among us. Churches are built and. there is an Annual Stipend allow'd co every Minifter by a perpetual Law, which is more or lefs according — | to the number of Taxables in each Parifh, every Chri- — - {tian Male above Sixteen years old, and Negroes Male
and Female above that Age pay forty Pound of To- - bacco to the Minifter, which is Levied by the Sheriff among other Publick Levies, which makes the Ré- venues of the Minifters, one with another, about twenty thoufand Pound of Tobacco, or one hundred Pound Sterling per 422. Yt hath been the unhappinefs of this Country that they have had no Proteftant Mini- fters hardly among them till Governour Nicholfon’s. time (who has been a great Promoter and Encourager: of the Clergy) but now and then an [tinerant Preacher of very loofe Morals, and ícandalous Behaviour ; fo that what with fuch Mens ill Examples, the Roman Prieftscunning, and the Quakers Bigotry, Religion was in amanner turned out of Doors. But God be praifed. things now ftand better, and our Churches are crowded as full asthey can hold, and the People are pretty fen- fible of the Roman Superftition, and the Quakers - Madneís; fo that their Parties both joyned. toge- gether are very inconfiderable to what ours is. Indeed the Quakers ftruggle hard to maintain their footing, and their Teachers (efpecially che Female Sex, who are the moft zealous) are very free of their Taunts, and Con- tumelies againft us, but it is to little purpofe, unlefs to " make their own way more ridiculous and odious, | As for our part, I think we take the moft effe@tual Me- thod, under God, to ftop their fpreading, viz. By not minding them, for ] believe that to oppofe a Herefieby | X4 | Difputes
E44]
Difputes and Declamations is the ready way to increafe it. And I find the more they Condemn our Church, Rail and Scoff at the Clergy, the fewer Profelytes they Gain. And Ido not doubt, if it pleafe God, but in few years the Church will have not many to oppofe it, efpecially of Quakers. We have not yet found the way of Aílociating our felves in Towns and Corpora- tions, by reafon of the fewneís of Handicrafts-Men ; and we have no. Trade at Home or Abroad, but that of Tobacco: "There are indeed feveral places allotted for Towns; but hitherto they are only Titular ones, except Anwapolis where the Governour Refides. Go- vernour Nicholfon hath done his endeavour to make a Town of that: there are in it about forty Dwelling Houfes, Seven or Eight whereof can afford good Lodging and Accommodations for Strangers. ‘There is alfo a State-Houfe, and a Free-School built with Brick, which make a great fhew among a parcel of wooden Houfes, and the Foundation of a Church laid, the only Brick Church in Maryland. They have two . Market-days in the Week, and had Governour Nichol-
fox continued there fome years longer, he had brought . it to fome perfection.
As for our Predeceffors the Zndians, I cannot give you at prefent any further account of them than this, viz. That whereas at the firft Seating of Maryland there were feveral Nations of Zzdiavs in the Country, go- verned by feveral petty Kings; Now I do net think that there are Five hundred fighting Men of them in the Province, and thofe are moft on the Eaftern Shore, where they have two or three little Towns : fome of them come over to our fide in Winter time to Hunt for Dear, being generally Employed by the Ezg///b, they take delight in nothing elfe ; and it is rare that any of them will imbrace our way of Living or Worfhip.
XXX 2 The
r
L4] AT
The Caufe of their diminifhing. proceeded not: from any Wars with the £ze/ifb, for we have had none with them; but from their own perpetual Difcords. and Wars among themfelves, as being a fcattered People under feveral Heads, and always at variance one with another. The Female Sex alfo have {wept away a great many, fo that now they are dwindled almoft to nothing. One thing is obfervable in them, tho they are a People very timorous and cowardly in Fight, yet when taken Prifoners and Condemned, they’l dye like Heroes, braving the moft Exquifite Tortures that can | be invented, and finging all the timethey are uponthe Rack. me | ! atu. |
. Now, Sir, Left I fhould trefpaís too much upon your Patience, I will puta ftop to this imperfect and
defultory Difcourfe, hoping you will generoufly par- .
don all the Faults and Miftakes of
Sir, | Tour mush Obliged | | and very humble Sere Hugh J iil. | Maryland, | "fan. 23. 1698.
v
‘AN
i N
Philofophical
TQ TH P
Tranfactions:
From Number 248, to Number 259. inclufive.
A.
e Cademy Royal of Sciences | — at Paris, sts mew Regula- NT o - tions, Numb.251. p.144.
Ahmella, a Ceylon Plane -. defcribed, N. 257. p.365. Air Pump applyed to Cupping- Glaf- Jes, Ne 2555 p. 288. Air, an account of an Experiment of. its Refratlion, N. 257- p. 329. Algebra. . See Arsthmetick. Amomum legitimum, or Tugus de- feribed, N. 248. p. 2 Amber an Hiflorical account of it, N. 248. p. 2. Found moftly in Germany and tbereabout, ib. p. 7. Moft in Pruffia of any place, p. 8. Found in the Stomachs of feveral Creatures, p. 16. Several Curio- - fities of Amber fent to tbe Royal Society by Dr. Hartman, N. 249. p- 49. More Difcourfes of Amber, - and sts Original, N. 249, p. 53. ‘Anatomical Mareers. 4 Fatus extra yterum, N.251, P. 121s Mn Ac.
count of feveral Mufcles ferving - to move the Head, N. 251. p. 13€» © Anatomy of a Pigmy, which in Several particulars agrees with a Man, N.256. p.339. ad ult, Two Glands and their Excretory Duéts near the Proflrate Glands difco-
. vered, N. 159. p. 364.
Animalcula in femine mafculino, de- - fended by Leuwenhoek, N. 255. p.279. That poffibly they Gene- rate, p.272. N. 255, p. 308. More | concerning tbeíe Animalcules, N. 255. P,301. That they ave all much of a fize, N. 255. p» 307. The beft way of difcovering them, N.2$5.p. 308. The Figure of one lke am Human Fetus fenr, but the Reality queftsoned,N.255. . » 303.
Annus Confufionis at the fertling of tbe Julian Account, N.. 257. P. 349:
Arithme=
An IN
Arithmetical Arabian Figures ufed in England Anno 1690. N.255.7.287. A new Method for folving Arith- metical Queftions, N.257. p. 351. Concerning fame Algebraic Quefl i- ons, N. 255. p. 281.
-B.
pem height for tbe Year ; 1698. N. 249. p.45. Baro- metérs height at Emay im China, N. 356. Pp. 323. "Bees, a Treatife of them finifbt by Swammerdam, /uppofed to be loft, N.257. pr 365. : Blifters, bow they cure Fevers; N.152.
P. 16r. "Books, Sieur Redrs M. S. not like
ever to be Printed, if be left any,
N, 249. p. 42. Some of Swam- . smerdams oft, N. 257. p..365.
- -Acta Cencilierum eum Epift. De- cretat, in the Prefs now at Paris,
- dNo157, p.406.
A Catalogue of [owe Boeks /ately
(| printed beyond Sea, N.. 249. p.67.
‘Books ab/irafled, Analyfis Geome- trica, five nova & vera Methodus refolvendi tam Problem. Geomet.
quam Arithmat, Queft. Auth.|
Anton. Hug. de Omerique, N.257.
fe 351. | The Celeftial World difcovered, &c.
by Ch. Huygens, N. 256. p. 237.
... "Geography Efiromized by Pat. Gor- |
don, N. 256. P: 335.
Natural Hiflfory of Medicinal Waters |
in England, N. 25 1. p- 146. Mufeo dififtea & de Bfperienze Aut. P. Boccone, N. 549. f. 53.
‘Orang Outang, or the Anatomy of a
Pygmy by Dr. Tyfon, N. 256.
2-339. - Paraditus Batavus, &c; Aut. Doctore
. Hermans, N. 249. f. 63.
Dr. Wallis’s Mathematical Works, |
third Vol. N. 254. P. 259+
Brain wanting in a Child new. Born, |.
N. 251. p. 141.
DEX um o
Antharides ufed inwardly fer J the ah of a Mad Dog, and sts ufe juftified, N. 249. p. $9. More af the inward 4 ^ rat
" D N. 152. p. 168.
‘two Chymical Propofitions propofed to be folved, N. th P. 85, p
A Chymical Examination of Coffee, N. 258. f. 315.
Chirurgieal Cures of tbe great Ten- don between tbe Heel and Calf of the Leg by ftitching it together, N. 252. p.153. Trachea, and feveral large Blood-Veffels of the Throat cut into two, cured, N.257. P. 393. Nem Merbod of cutting for tbe Stone, N. 250. p. 100,
Coffee, a Difcourfe of its ufe, Ke. N. 311. p.256. t -
Carnation Colour made by the mix- ture of two colourlefs Liquors, N.249. f.436 |
New Comet [eem zn Feb. 1695. N. 25o, p: 79. A Difcousfe of Concoction, N. 254. p. 133
Cupping- Glaffes by the Preumatickh, Engine, N. 259. p-428. »
Cure of tbe Bite of 4. Mad: Dog by
Cantharides, ufed ssmPardiy, N.249. p. 59. Cures. done, by Greatrix the Seroaher, N. 156.9. 3322 Cures of Wounds. See Chirurgical Cgres,
Curiofities sa Chinefe Cabinet; N. 249. p. 44.. Nouge. fe 70.
6 A Difenurje of, Digeflion, N54. BY Aci Bett at Daciam
| Difeafes, bam. Blifters. oyre.. Eewers,
Ni, 252... P.
6a. | | Difeafe. caujed. by Suallosw ing, Stones,
CU INAaSas eggs io o Difeafes and. heir. Resnedies, ufed by he: Northern. Nations, N.. 256. f: 310. . dn Account of, an. Hydro cephalus, Ng ps Lis Quenisg 5:93
: An INDEX the Trachza propofed im S$qui- | Hydrocephalus, See Difzafey, Hush,
nancies, N. 237. P. 399. Dropfie i2 the Ovary of a Woman, N, 252, p. 150.
à E. 1 1 Clipfe. See Mathematicks. — Earthquake i” Sicilia, Anno 1693. p. 53. Hills rifing and fal- - ling facceffively, N. 249+ p. 61.
Earths Medicinal 75 Italy, N. 249. |
P 54 Earths obferved in Coal-borings im Yorkfhire, N. 250. p.73.
F.
cetus. See Generat. Faba Sancti Ignatit. See Plants. Fleas. See Infels. Fungus. See Plants,
^^ Eneration of a Foetus extra u- J terum, N. 151. p.rzr. Obfervables about the Generation and incréajé of the Animalcules in utero. N.255. P. 304. See more in Animalcula.
Two New Glands difcovered near |
the Proftrate, N,258.. P. 364.
Gloffopetrze of Malta, N. 249. p. 6r. |
BH. :
; r [^ its Efficacy in Vegetation, N.253. p.226. Herbs. See Plants.
vated of Hearing defcrited, N. 258.. . 364. : | ferens at a vaft diflance, N. 256.
+ 337. | di Hil rifiÁmg and finking again fucceffively, N. 349. p.61. An Hill
two Miles bigb, N.254. p.231. Hiftory colle&ed from tbe ancient
See Plants, | I.
ges « Cantharides, ehesr ufe ine
à Wardly N. 249+ p.59, Tavan-
4. tola, of its Bite, N, 249, P. 59. A Venemous Spider of Sardinia, N.249, p.58.
Infects snclofed in Amber, N. 248. p: 42. Fleas, an account of their Generation, N.249. p.42, Swam- merdams Hiflory of Bees loft, N, . 257-p.365.Several Infe&s noz men- tioned by Moufett, N..349. P. $0.
Invention of an Engine to raife Water by the help of Fire, N23, - Pp. 228. Of the firft Inventors of fome Matbematical difgitsfitions,
IN. 255. p.280, lithmus fuppefed once to jeyn Eng. . land to France, .N. 255. f; 284.
L.
pe eret propofed im cafe of Suffocations, N..257. p. 398. Lake Nefle, twisbout bottom, never Freezes, IN. 254, p.210. . Ano- . ther bottomlefs Lake always full, but mever runs over, N. 254. - p.231. Learning, tbe Reafon of its being at - .. 4 fland, N. 25$. p.273. 2816 Lignum Foffile CbysasicaHly examined, N. 248. p. 32. —— hat st is, and that itis the - . Matrix of Amber, p. 12. Lunula of Hippocrates Chius, Qua- drature of sts parts, N.2359. i43 .
M.
Anna, N. 249. p. $6. Exudes . through the Plant, N. 253.
P- 209; ; . Mythology, N. 255. p, 273» N.275. |, Maryland, Obfervables in it, N.219. . 5 P. 436. j
p 233.
P. 43
bo Mathe-
E ; An I N D E bo "Mathematieal - Difeoveries, A New | Numeral Figures ufed in England as
Comet in Feb. 95. N.2$0. p.79:| old as the year, pie ap 255.
An Account of tbe Paralax of the| p. 287. 20» iic m
Earths Annual Orb, N.244. p.264. H
Of tbe alteration of tbe Meridio- 0.
nal Line, N. 255. p.285. Belipfe |
of the Sun, Oct. 12. 1699. ob- Bfervables in Maryland, N. Served at Oxford,'N.256. p.330. 259. p. 436.
Of :the alteration of the Julian | Oran Outang. See Pigmy. Account, N. 257. P. 343. The| Original of Nations colle&led from "Gregorian not better, but upon the . ancient Mythology, N. 25 PL fome Accounts teorfe4N. 257. 9.343. |... Pe 273» 275, 383. and 347- A new Method of re- Oltracites sts Vertues, N. 110. f. Sr, foloing Geometrical and Arithme- | Oiftez-Shells, on the top of an high tical “Problems, N.256. p..391.| Mountain in Scotland, N. 254, Concerning fome Algebraick.9uef7. | | P232. - LOI UM N.255. p. 281, A Medicinal Fungus, N, 249. p. $3. Ps | ‘Of Medicinal Manna, N.249.p. $6. nd Medicinal ufe of Cantharides 77-|.|[J Arelia. One at Sudbury z» Sur- wardly, N. 249» p. 59. Strange folk, N.250- P. 107... Another Prefervatives. from Poifoning,| 4+ Canterbury, N- 25r. p. 126, IN. 250. p. 87. and 89. Medicines Petrifications, viz. Gloffopetrze, &c. ufed by the Northern Nations,| _N.249- p. 61. N. 256. p. 310. Of [mall Mi-| Pigs monstrous, N. 259. p. 431. crofcopes, and their Goodnefs, | Pigmy Anatomized N. 256. p:339. N.255. p.302. difficulty in ufing | Planets tmbabited as well -as our . them, N. 255. p.304. Eartb, N. 257.$.339. » .'Microfcopical O/fervarions. See A- | Plants. .Amomum Legitimum or Tu- ' mimalcules. Sable. Mice 7» great gus, N. 248. p. 2. Faba Sancti multitudes in Lapland, N. 251.|.. Ignatit, zzs vertue agasnft Poyfon, <p. 1106 adi |^ AN.250. p- 87, 88. and N, 157. Moors way of dreffing their -.Meat,| | «365. 4 medicinal Fungus, N. and of their Food, N. 354. p.248. | 249, p. 53. Olfervations on fome Monftrous Pigs, Relarzon of them,&c.| Plants to propagate their Kinds, N. 259. f. 431° fig: N.2$1. p.iYX3. Some thoughts Turkeys, tb. ( concerning. Vegetation, N. 253. Monftrous human Scull, N.251.p.138. || P. 193-. Water. not only the nou- A Child born without a Brain,| vifbment of Plants,p.194. That His — N.251. pe T4te .- the Terreftrial parts im tbe Wa- — A Difcovery of feveral Mufcles fer- | ter that nourifbes them, ib.p 221. ving to move the Head, N.251.| Netre and Salt so Friend to Ve- p. 13°. Pi getation, N.253. p. 206.212. Why Pr : Lime good for Plants, ib; Each Y. 9M Vi iso f | F'egetable requires its proper now SU ART SO MEL | anflamenh IN. 253. 9.244 ever Itre and Salts mixt with Earth| Water beft, Nv253.p-220. Why - “LN deftroys Vegetation, Ni 253. |. bot Summers -caufe. bef? Fruit, pf. 206, and 2iz 26 dp ON. 253. p.227. All beat alike for om i uas Vege.
\
An Vegetation. .N. 253. Pp. Herbs of the fame Clailis have the libe vertues, N. 255. p. 289. The Hush: of the Vereicillate
Plants have mere vertue than the.
Flowers, N. 255. p. 291. Some
parts of fome Trsbes, others of
other moft Efficacious , NN. 25). P291. Sophia Chirurgorum, good for the Stone 1b. p.293. Fraxinella deftroys the {mell of other Plants, NN, 152. p. 168 A Catalegue of fime Plants obferved at the Ifland . of Aícenfion, N.255. p. 298. Of the Signatures of Plants, N.249.
pg. : ae : Pneumatic Engine appised to Cup- |
- ping-Glaffes, N, 249. p. 408. Poyfons.. See Venoms, .
Pruffia, soft fruitful of Amber,
N. 248. p. 8. Proffian Vitrio! examined, N. 248.
p. 34- G
Qe rature of tbe Parts of tbe = Lunula of Hippocrates Chius, Ne 259. P. AIT.
R.
R^ an Account of what falls,
X. N.249. p. 45 and 47. Why Rain Water good for Plants, N. 253. P. 211.-
Redís 44, S. fuppofed loft, N.249. p.42
Refraction af the Air Experimented, N. 257. 7.339. . -—
Relponfio ad animadverfionem ad
- Davidis Gregorii Catenariam, &c.
N. 259. P. 419.
S.
=~
S t Mice in great multizudes an
Lapland, N. 251. f. 116.
Saliva compounded of two diftin®.
juices, Ni 254. p. 240.
222.1
INDEX
Salts. See Netre and Virriol.
Seeds ufed in th: Falt-tndies £o c/z- rifle Water, N. 239. p. 44. Seed of Fhxmort good for the Stone; N. 255. 'P. 293.
Scolopendra marina, au addition £o tots former De[cription, N. 251.
p. 127. ! Sicilian Earthquake. See Eartha- quake. Silk, a Difcourfe of it as it 1s made
in Piedmont, N, 252. p. 183. Shells om the tops of fils, N.25.
p. 232. Le
Shells gathered on the Ifland of A- cenfion, N. 255. p. 298. Of the Phyfical and Mechanteal formati--
_ on of Speach, N. 294. p. 264.
Spiders, a Venemous kind im Sardi- Dia, N. 249, Pp: $8.
Stones found in tbe Stomach Kid- ney, and Gall-Bladder, N. 250. P 95. New Method of cutting for the Stone, N, 280. p. 100° 4 new fort of Marble or figured Stone found in Wales, N.252.
P. 187.
Strata of Earths in Coal-boring, N. 250. p. 73. Concerning Swam- merdam and his Treatifes, N.257. - p- 368: Half-Crown Swallowed without any great. inconvenience, N.25$0. p.97. Swallowing Stones. very dangerous, N. 253. p. 190.
ve.
F tbe Tarantola, and s;be- Strange Bffes of its Büe,. . N. 249, p. 57. | Temples of the Heathens or Bury- - inp places of two Circular Orders of Stones im Scotland, N.254. - p.232. Tefülimony Human, a calculat F sts validity, N.257. p. 359. ^ Thunder, an account of a Mau &i-- ied by it; N.249. p.50. .—
Yyy:. re
^ p>
An INDEX >
— "Fraebxa, and. feveral Ve[fels cut, cured, N. 257. p. 4co.
Tradition, written and oral, of
what validity, N. 257. p- 363 Treatifes. merdam.
Turchoifes of the mem Rocks arti- |.
ficial Stones, N. 249. p.63. Turkeys monfirous, N. 259. p. 431.
Ago odi nien ME: ore WV Egetation. See Plants, Venoms and their Antidotes, _ Ne 249. 7,58. srl Vitriol. Pruffian, #3 examination, N.248. p. 34- White Vitriol sts
Origine, and Figure of it$ Cr)-
Stals, N.256. p. 331. Under-Ground Obfervations.. Great Beams of Timber found under Ground, N. 254. p. 231. 4n . Urn containing Afhes, anda Bal- Samick Liquor found, N.249.p.55.
See Redi and Swam-
L4 - ‘ "I W , »"
V Ater not the mourifoment of a - Plants, is ‘the Vehicle, .253.p. 194. Rifes up the Vel- | fels of jS ee i the Time NE mer a4: upon a Filtre, N.253. _ p. 208. No Water abfolntely clear, N. 253. p. 195. Rain Water. See Rain. Engine to vaife Water. See Inventions. | Weather, a» account of ji; fer the Year, 1698. N. 249. p. 45. An account. of that, and of tbe Ba- rometer at Emüy in China, N, 256. 9.323... ~ |
Y.
Y Julian of its alteration for | tbe Gregorian. N. 2$7.p.343.. Annus Confufionis, at the Settling - the Julian Account, N, 157. p.349.
| ‘Umber 252. Pag. 118. Line 4. read Boedt. Ibid. I. 10,.
M Dele and not to be found in thefe parts,
ve D
Londen : Printed for Saw. Smith, and Benj. Walford, Printers to the Royal Society, at the Princes Arms in St. Pais:
~@hurch-Yard. 1799.
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