INDEX.

Womb of a Woman, a bony Subftance found in it, ». 440,

p.i 89.

Worcejier , an ancient Date there, //. 439, p. 132, 136.
Wounds in the Guts, Obfervations of them, 0, 443, 336.

Y*

aSortof-Tea, ». 441, p. 258.

F I U I S.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

giving some

ACCOUNT

O F T H E

Prefent Undertakings , Studies , and Labours ,

O F T H E

INGENIOUS,

IN MANY

Confiderable Parts of the WORLD.

VOL. XL. For the Years 1737, 1738.

With a Supplement, being the Croonean Lectures
on Mufcular Motion , for the Year 1738.

L O N D O Hr

Print ed for T . W oodward, at the Half- Moon, between the
Temple -Gates in Fleet ftreet ; and C. Davis in ‘Pater-
nofter-row i Printers to the Royal Society.
M.dcc.xli.

4

’

.

TO THE

Honourable

John Winthrop, Efq;

Fellow of the Royal Society,
&c. &c.

SIR,

PERSONAL Friendfhips and Favours
are become the trite Topics of Dedi-
cations and public Addrefles, as if it
concerned the Public to have upon Record
the mutual Regard, private Perfons may have
to each other : Therefore without expatiating
here, lb far as Gratitude might lead me, on
the many Favours you have honour’d me
with, I ihall confine myfelf to the Relation
Tour Illujirious Grandfather had, and Tourfelf
have, to the Royal Society.

No fboner were the Sciences revived at
the Beginning of the laft Century, and that
Natural Knowledge began to be thought a

A Study

D ED I CAT I 0 N.

Study worthy a real Philofopher, but the inge-
nious J 0 HN W I NT HR 0 P , Efq; your
Grandfather, diftinguifh’d himfelf in the high-
eft Rank of learned Men, by the early Ac-
quaintance he contracted with the moft Emi-
nent not only at Home, but in his Travels all
over Europe , by the ftrict Correfpondence he
afterwards cultivated with them *, and by
feveral learned Pieces he compofed in Natural
Philofophy; which indeed his innate Modefty
would not fuffer him to publish immediately,

* As might appear from the great Treafuft of curious Letters on 'various learned Subjefis
fill in your Hands , E gr, from

Earl of Anglefey.
Earl of Arundel.
Elias Alhmole, Efq j
Rob. Boyle, Efq\
Tycho Brahe Otto -
tildes »

Lord Brereton.

Lord Brookes.

Lord Brounker.

Dr. Browne. '

Jo. Camden.

Dr. Charlton.

Dorn. Chartes Jefuita
Ludg, Bat.

Lord Chan. Clarendon
Dan. Coiwall.

Ds. Comenius.

King Charles II.
O- Cromwell.
Arthur Dee, M. D.
Jo. Dee, fun.

Dr. D ekinion.

Sir Keneirn D’gby.
Com. D rebel ius.
Ernest us Cclcnijs
Epifcopus
Elect.

jo-h. Efpagnet, Pr,
Farl. Aquitan.

Dr. Everard, Ox.

Pet. Jo. Faber, M.D.
Monfpelii.

Gal. Galileo.

J. Rud Glauber.

Dr. Goddard.

Pr inc eps Gothar.

Dr. Grew.

Mr. Hartlib.

Dr. Haversfeild.

J. Bapt. van Hel-
mont, cui fuit unius
vefperi amicus ille
mirificus.

J. Fred. Helvetius.

Lord Herbert.

Hans Albrecht Do-
minus Herberftein
& PraefeCtus Dal-
matias.

Joh. Hevelius Cos.
Gedan.

Sir Jo. Hey don.

Fred. Princeps Hol-
fatiae & D. Slefvic.

Robert Hooke.

Ch. Howard, after -
•wards Duke of N or-
folk.

Ds. Jefle.

Joh. Keppler.

J. S. Kuffeler, M.D.

Dr. Lovell, Ox.

Earl of Manchefter,
Lord Chamberlain.

Dr. Merret.

Dow. Michael, Mona-
cbus.

John Milton.

Joh. de Monte.

Sir Rob. Moray.

Lord Napier.

Mr. Ifaac, afterguards
Sir Ifaac Newton.

Mr. Oldenburgh.

Dr. Pell.

Earl of Pembroke.

Pet. PeregrinusRown* .

Albert Peterfon Am -
fe't. vixit an. igo.

Sir Edward Peto.

Ds. Polemannus.

Jo. Ray.

Conrad. Roves Do-
minus Rofenftein
Margrav, in Croa-
tia.

Prince Rupert.

Dr. Sackvile.

Earl of Sandwich.

Dr. G. Starkie.

Lord Say and Seal.

J. Slegelius in Ac.
Franc. Med. .
Prof.

Sir Rob. Southwell,

Dr. Sprat, Bijhop cf
Rochefter.

Princeps Sultsber-
genfis.

Ds. Tanckmarus,

M. D.

Jo. Tradefcant.

Sir Philiberto Ver-
natti.

Dr. Wilkins, after-
wards Bijhop of
Chefter.

Dr. Willis.

Dr. Wither ly,Pr. Col»
Med. Lond.

Dr. Wcrfeley.

Sir Henry Wot ton.

Sir Chrift. Wren.

Many of which you have given me the Pleafure of perufing j befides a great Number
which it would take up too much Room here to recit e.

and

DEDICATION.

and when prevailed on by Friends to impart
feme f of them to the Public, he concealed
his Name, not being folicitous of the Repu-
tation they might reflect on their Author :
The fame Principle in you ftill induces you
not to withdraw the Veil; it having always
been a Maxim with both him and you,
Prodejfe quant confpici.

The Cloud that was gathering over his
native Country, warned him and his Father
to feek a quiet Retirement in the new
World,

• Sedes ubi fata quiet as

Ofendunt ; illic fas Regna refurg&re nova.

Where, after having fold a very plentiful
Eftate in Old England, they conduced a
large Body of People, and at the Expence of
their whole Patrimony, firft * eftablifh’d the
Colony of Maffachufets-Bay, and afterwards
other Colonies in New-England, fo that they
were in Reality the Founders of that now
raoft flourishing and moft potent of all the

+ Many more unpuhlijti d remain in MS . in your Hands .
*, See the Magnalia Chris ti Americana.

Eng-

b

D E D I C A T I 0 N.

Englifh' Settlements, NEWENGLAND ,
of which his Father the Honourable John
Winthrop, Efq; the Elder, was the firft Go-
vernor.

The Fatigues of this great Undertaking
took up too much of his Time, to allow
him all that Leifure that was wifh’d for by
his learned Friends in Europe , for his pub-
lilhing many curious Pieces which they
had Reafon to expert from him. His
diftant Abode from London , and his not
putting his Name to his Writings, made him
not fo univerfally known as the Boyle' s, the
Wilkins' s, or the Oldenburg s of his Days,,
nor his Name handed down to us with fuch
general Applaufe. In Concert with thefe and
other learned Friends, (as he often revilited
England) he was one of thofe, who firft
form’d the Plan of the Royal Society ; and
had not the Civil Wars happily ended as
they did, Mr. Boyle * and Dr. Wilkins , with
feveral other learned Men, would have left Eng-
land, and, out of Efteem for the moft excel-

* As may apfear in Letters from Mr> Boyle/ Dr.
Sir K. D.gby, <yV. to Winthrop.

Wilkies,

lent

DEDICATION.

lent and valuable Governor, JOHN WIN-'
THROE the younger, would have retir’d to
his new-born Colony, and there haveeftablifh’d
that Society, for promoting Natural Know-
ledge *, which thefe Gentlemen had formed,
as it were, in Embryo among themfelves ; but
which afterwards receiving the Protection of
King CHARLES 11. obtain’d the Style
of R oyal, and hath lince done fo much
Honour to the Britiflo Nations , as to be
imitated by the feveral European Princes ,
who defir’d to be efleem’d the Patrons of
Learning.

When the Royal Society was thus founded,
it was his conftant Care to fhew a peculiar
Regard to promote the Delign of its Inftitu-
tion, by fending over many Specimens of
the curious natural Productions of thofe
Countries, and by communicating in Writ-
ing his Remarks upon them ; fome of which
grace the earlieft of our TranfaCtions : And
by a Letter from Mr. Oldenburg , written by
Order of the Royal Society , Mr. Winthrop

* Which not taking p’ace , his Father frft founded the
College at Cambridge in New-England, Jince known by the
Name of Harvard-College.

b 2

was

DEDICATION.

was in a particular mariner invited to take
upon him the Charge of being the chief
Correlpondent of the Royal Society in the
IV eft, as Sir Phi liber to Vernatti was in the
Eajl-Indies *.

You, Sir, have imitated the Example of
your worthy Anceftor: Your Regard to the
Royal Society fhew’d itfelf from your Youth ;
you having fent to England many rare
Curiodties for the Mufeum of the Royal > So-
ciety, which, although by the Difingenuity
of the Pilot they mifs’d their Port, and were
not laid up in the intended Repoftory , are
home of them to be feen in a recent Mufeum
now at Cambridge.

When the Injudice and Ingratitude of a
defig'ning Party in Power among that very
People , whereof the IV I NTH R 0 PS have
always been in the mod drift Senfe the
Fathers , the PATRES PATRIAE, had
mod Cruelly driven you from your Family

* In a Letter from Mv. Oldenburg, Aug. 3. 1 <55 4..

and

D E D I CA T I 0 N.

and Native Soil, to feelc Juftice and Security-
in your natural Rights from the Hands of
our moft Gracious Sovereign; amid ft the
Vexation of the greateft Abufes, and the
Hurries of the moft hidden Departure, you
were not unmindful of the Royal Society ; for
foon after your being chofen a Fellow , you
increas’d the Riches of their Repojitory with
above Six hundred curious Specimens, chiefly
in the Mineral Kingdom, accompanied with a
Lift containing an accurate Account of each
Particular; thereby {hewing your great Skill
in natural Philofophy, and at the fame time
intimating to England the vaft Riches which
lie hidden in the Lap of her principal Daugh-
ter. Since Mr. Colwall , the Founder of the
Mufeum of the Royal Society , you have been;
the Benefa&or who has given the moft
numerous Collection ; and it is to be hoped
your generous Example will be followed
by feme of the prefent Members, by
which means our Repojitory may foon be-
come one of the moft confpicuous in Eu-
rope.

T h e extraordinary Knowledge, you have
in the deep Myfteries of the moft fecret Her-

• metic

mm AT 10 N.

metic Science, will always make you efteemed
and courted by learned and good Men ; but
I forbear to fay any more, left the Trouble
I have given you by this long Addrefs
ftiould be a Trefpafs upon your Patience ; in
which Cafe I know your Goodnefs will for-
give me ; and I hope you will be perfuaded,
am upon all Occaftons, with the
Sincerity,,

' - . A • * "T • Tl ...••* --i

greateft

SIR,

Dartmoutb-Jlreet,
WESTMINSTER,
' Augufi 15. 1741.

Tour moff affectionate Friend,

u ^ ^ n * ,

and obliged humble Servant ,

Cromwell Mortimer, M. D.

Secretary to the Royal Society, and
Fellow of the Royal College of
Physicians, LONDON.

\

•V

Numb. 44 p
Beginning Vol. XL.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

For the Months of January , February, March, April,
May and June, 1737.

The CONTENTS.

I. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants, from Chelfea-Gar~
den, prefented to the Royal Society by the Company ^Apo-
thecaries, for the Tear 1J35. purfuant to the Direction of
Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med. Reg. id Soc . Reg. Prcef. by
Ifaac Rand, Apothecary , F. R.S. HorL CheL Prcef ac
Prcelec.. Botan.

IL The Cafe of a Lad bitten by a mad Dog, communicated iw
a Letter from Mr. Edward Nourfe, F. R. S. and Chirur-
geon to St. Bartholomew^ Hofpital, to Cromwell Mor-
timer, M. D . Seer. R. S.

III. An Explanation of the Runic Characters of Hellingland,.
by Mr. Andrew Celfius, R. S. Suec . Seer. F. R . S% and.
Profeffor of Aftronomy at Upfal.

IV. A Collection of the Obfervations made on the Eclipfe of
the Moon, on March 15, 1735-6. which were communi-
cated to th& Royal Society.

V. Inveftigationes aliquot , ex quibus probetur Terra figuram
fecundum Leges attractions s in ratione inverfd quadrats dift an-
tiarum maxime ad Ellipfm accedere debere , per Dn. Alexin,
Clairaut, Reg. Society Lond. id Reg. Scient . Acad. Parif. SoL.

VI. Extrabi of a Letter from Stephen Williams, M, B.
F. R. S. concerning the Viper- catchers, (mention'd in
N° 443. of thefe TranfactionsJ and the JEjfcacy of Oil of:

: Plives in curing the Bite of Vipers,

VIL A:

The CONTENTS.

VIT. A Propofal for the Meafurement of the Earth in Ruflia,
read at a Meeting of the Academy of Sciences at St. Peters-
bourg, Jan.21, 1 737. by M • Jof. Nic.de L’lfie, frfiProf.
of Aftron. and F. R. S. Tranflated from the French printed
at St. Petersbourg, 1737. 4to. By T. S. M. D. F. R. S .

VIII. Extract of a Letter from Monfr de L’lfie to Mr . Net-
tleton, containing the actual Menfuration of the Bafis pro*
pofed jp. 42. Tranfated from the French by T. S. M. D<
F. R.S. ‘

IX. ^Letter from the Rev * Mr. Timothy Neve, Secretary
of the Gentlemens Society at Peterborough, to C. Morti-
mer, Seer . R . S. containing his Obfervations of two Par-

- helia, or Mock-Suns, feen Dec. 30, 1735. and of an Au-
rora Borealis, Dec. 11, 1735.

X. An Obfervation of two Parhelia, or Mock- Suns, feen at
Wittemberg £« Saxony, on Dec. 31, 1735. O. S. Jan.
11, 1736. N.S. by John-Frid. Weidler, F.R.S. &c.
Fran fated from the Latin by T. S. M. D. F. R. S.

XI. An Obfervation of three Mock-Suns, feen in London,
Friday, Sept. 17, 1736. by Martin Folkes, Ef-t V. Pr .
R. S.

XII. De Ruptura Inteflini Ilei ex contufione externa fine mi-
xer e exterm inflifio ex Literis a Chriftiano Wolfio, Prof
Mathem . Marpurg. Reg . Soc. Lond. & Acad. Reg. Scient.
Parif. Socio ^SGulielmum Rutty, M. D. Soc. Reg. Lond.
jolim Secret, confcripth excerpta Obfervatio .

XIII. An Account offome new Statical Experiments, by J.T*
Defaguliers, EL. M. F. R. S.

XIV. The Apparent Times of the Immerfions and Emer-
fions of Jupiter* j Satellites, for the Tear 1739, computed
to the Meridian of the Royal Obfervatory at Greenwich,
by James Hodgfon, F. R. S. and Mafler of the Royal Ma-
thematical School in ChriftV Hofpital, London.

XV. The Apparent Times of fuch of the Immerfions and
Emerfions of Jupiter’j Satellites, as are viftble at London,
in the Tear 1 739. By James Hodgfon, F. R* S ,

I. A Catalogue of the Fifty P l a n t %
from Chelfea-Garden, presented to the
Royal Society by the Company of Apo-
caries, for the Tear 1735. purjuant to the
CDireffion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med.
Reg. & Soc. Reg. Fraf. by Ifaac Rand,
Apothecary , F. R. S. Hort. Ch el. Traf
ac Tralee. Botan.

6fi. tk BUTILON AMmxks; Bore cameo $
fru&u globofo. Hort. Elt. T. i .

672. Anonis Americana fixpina, Medica-

ginis facie; filiquis iatis, planis.

3. Ariftoiochia rotunda j flore ex purpura-nigro,
c. B. 307.

654,. Atriplex Halimoides, latifolia, dentata.

677. Canella alba, cujus Cortex eft -Cortex TPln-
teranus. Officin. Fond

Arbor baccifera , laurifolia, aromatic a y fruffiu
viridiy calyculato} racemofo . Sloan. Hift.

Jam. T. 191. f. 2.

6f6. Cannabina Cretica, fru&ifera. T. Cor. p.

657. Digitalis Acanthoides, Canarienfis, frutefeens y
flore aureo. Hort. Amft. II. p. ioy.

658. Eupatorium Virginianum; Salvias foliis Ion-
giffimis, acuminatis y perfoliatum. Pluk. Phy t. T. 87.
fig. 6.

65^9. Ficoides ; folio parvo, enfiformi; purpureis
floribus, ad caulium extremitates fere umbeliatim na-
-feentibus.

An.

A

C * 3

An Mefembrianthemum falcatum minimum ,
&c. Hort. Elth. 288?

660. Geranium Africanum, arborefcens ; flore di-
lute coccineo; Malvx folio minore. Vide Hort *
Elth . Tab. I2f. f. if 2.

661. Gramen Americanum 5 Spica echinata, ma-
joribus locuftis. Schol. Bot.

662. Gramen arundinaceum, Halepenfej Tragopo-
gonis folio. D. Bobart.

663. Gramen Miliaceura, Americanum, latifolium $
panicula parva, laxa.

An Gramen Miliaceum Americanum , majus ;
panicula minore. Pluk. Almag. 176?

664,. Gramen paniceum j Spica funplici laevi. Raii
Syn. Ed. 2. p. 249.

66 f. Gramen paniceum 5 Spica afpera. C. B. 8.

666. Gramen paniceum s Spica divifa. C. B. 8.

667. Gramen paniceum, Jamaicenfe 5 Spica divifa,
nitida.

(568. Helleborus niger hortenfis $ flore viridi. C. B-

i8y.

669. Milleriaj amplis Scrophularix foliis, niacu-
latis.

670. Myofotis hirfitta, minor. T. Inft. 245.

671. Nicotiana major, anguftifolia. C. B. 170.

672. Nicotiana major, angufto longoque folio, cau-
lem fere ample&ente.

673. Nicotiana latifolia majors albo flore. Ex In-
fula Tobago.

674. Nummularia major, lutea. C. B. 309.

67 y. Paftinaca fylveftris^ latifolia, Auftriaca* D*
Boerhaave.

6j6. Piyl-

[ 5 3

6y6. Pfyllium anguftifolium, perenne.

Pfyllum majus, fupinum . C. B. 191.

677. Pfyllium majus, ere&um, anguftifolium an-
nuum.

678. Pfyllium Diofcoridis ; yel Indicum; crenatis
foliis. C. B. 191.

679. Pfyllium majus, ere&um, latifolium, annuum.

Pfyllium majus , ereEttim. C. B. 191.

680. Rofa mofchata; flore pleno. C. B. 482.

681. Rofa rubra plena, fpinofiflima; pedunculo
mufcofo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 25*2.

682. Salicaria; Hyffopi folio latiore. T. Inft. 2yj.

683. Scabiofa; capitulo globofo ; foliis in tenuiflimas
lacinias divifis. C.B. 271.

684. Scabiofa; capitulo globofo, major. C. EL
270.

Scabiofa minor . Matthiol.

68 f. Scabiofa 5 capitulo globofo, major 5 acutiore
folio, tenuiter difle&o.

686. Scabiofa i capitulo globofo, tenuifolia; pedf
culis florum pradongis.

An Scabiofa 5 capitulo globofo, minor ? C.B.

270.

687. Scabiofa peregrina, rubra ; capitulo oblongo*
C. B. 270. foliis integris .

688. Solanum hortenfe 5 finuatis foliis; Acinis fa-
turate virentibus.

689. Solanum nigricans, hortenfi fimile, elatius, Vir-
ginianum, flore foris purpurafcente.

690. Solanum nigricans, hortenfi fimile, minorc
flore & fru&u. Ex. Infuh Tobago.

691. Solanum Officinarum 5 acinis luteis, C.B,
1 66.

A 2 692. So-

[ 4 1

6pz . Solanum Officinarum $ acinis puniceis. C.&

1 66.

693. Solanum Americanum, glabrum 3 acinis pu-
niceis, majoribus.

694. Solanum Guineenfe; fruftu Cerafi nigri forma
& magnitudine. D. juffieu.

69 f. Teucrium Hifpanicum 5 latiore folio. T.
Inft. 208.

696. Thlafpidium Apulum, fpicatum. T. Inft.

2If.

697. Verbena Americana, humilior; Urticx I011-
giori folio 5 Spica fere fimplici, flore albo.

69 8. Verbena Americana ; Spica multiplici laxa.

An Verbena Carolinianas folio afpero.

Hort. Elth. 407 ?

699. Verbena Lufitanica, latifolia, procerior. T.
Inft. 200.

70O0 Verbena peregina? foliis Urticae, Dod.Mem*

XL The

[ 1 1

II. The Cafe of a Lad bitten by a mad Dog,
communicated in a Letter from Mr. Ed-
ward Nourfe, F. R. S. and Chirurgeon to
St. Bartholomew's Hofpital, to Cromwell
Mortimer, M. 2). Seer. R. S.

'Dear SIR 9

P Refuming that the following Cafe will be accept-
able to the Society, I beg Leave to communicate,
it through your Hands. I am

Tour mofl obedient Servant ,

x8 Jan, 1736-7*

Edward Nourfc

VTephen Bellafs, aged about Sixteen, feme time in
^ "June 1 737, was bit by a mad Dog through the
Nail of his Right Thumb : I was called immediately
upon the Accident, when I propofed to make a Li-
gature above, and to cauterize the wounded Part; but
that not being complied with, I defired Mr. Gernum
the Apothecary y who was prefent, to make up the
Remedy mentioned by Rampier in our Tranfac-
tionSy NQ 237 [and 443.] {viz.) Lichenviner.ter-
reflr'tSy Riper, nig. act §i . f.Rnlvis, Of this Powder
be took a Dram, within an Hour after he was bit 5
repeated it the next Morning before he fet out for
Gravefendy where he was ten Days, and dipt in the.
fait Water every Day; during which Time he re-
peated the Medicine Night and Morning, and eon-
’tinned fo to do for forty Days. This Boy was with-
out

m

mtt the lead: Sign of being affeded by the Poifbn,
till Tuefday laft the nth of January 1736-7. when
in the Evening he complained of a Numbnefs in three
of the Fingers of the Hand that was not bit : On
Wednefday Morning he was fide, had great Pain
acrofs his Stomach, and in all his Bones 5 in the Even-
ing I was fent for to bleed him, the People about
him fuppofing he had got Cold. When I came, I
found him feverilh, with a hard full Pulfe : I asked
what Complaints he had ? He told me thofe above-
mentioned. I inquired what Nourifhment he had
taken that Day ? the Anfwer was, None, for he could
not fwallow 5 whereupon I looked into his Mouth,
but there was no Inflammation ; neither did any thing
occur to me that could poffibly produce the Difficulty
of fwallowing, he faid, he had : I offered him fome
Sack-whey in a Bafon, but he ftarted at the Sight of
it, neither would he fuffer it to come near him j I
then offered him a Spoonful, which I prevailed upon
him to fwallow : The Moment it was down, he was
convulfed, and a remarkable Horror appeared in his
Countenance, which was fucceeded by a profufe
Sweat all over his Face and Head. He afterwards
took another Spoonful 5 the Confequence was as be-
fore, but in fomewhat a higher Degree : I was now
convinced that this was the J ^(poSVa, and that it arofe
from his having been bit nineteen Months ago s for
after the moft Arid Inquiry, it does not appear that
he has been bit by any Animal fince ; and if he had,
it is very probable I fhould have known it, his Matter
living next Door to me, and the Boy knowing how
much Danger we thought him in, when he was bit :
I acquainted his Friends with my Apprehenfions, and

deiired

C 7 ]

defired farther Advice 5 upon which Dr. Monro war
fent for, who ordered him to be let Blood, a Repeti-
tion of the above-mentioned Medicine in a Bolus
every four Hours, and a Clyfter : He was blooded, and
the Clyfter was injected ; but he was prevailed upon
to take but one of the Boluftes. This Night was (pent
with great Inquietude, and without any Sleep ; Thurf-
day Morning he was generally convuifed, and had
frequent Reachings and Yawnings alternately 3 about
Noon his Mind (which till then continued found) left
him, and he raved and foamed at the Mouth till five
o'Clock in the Afternoon $ at which Time Nature
feemed quite fpent, and he lay very quiet till Seven,
when he died.

The Poifon in this Boy, you find, was latent near
nineteen Months 5 which I know the Books mention,,
but it never fell within my Obfervation before.

I do not know whether it be neceftary to tell you,
that I cut this Boy for the Stone laft Summer, about
a Year after he had been bit 5 I never faw a Wound
more difpofed to heal, and he was well and abroad m
five Weeks.

III. An Explanation of the Runic Charade rs
of Helfingland, by Mr. Andrew Celfius,
R. S. Suec. Seer. F. R. S . and Frofejfor of

TIS well known, that there are Stones found
in the feveral Parts of Sueden, which were
formerly fet up as Obelisks in Memory of the Dead,.

Thefe

[ 8 1

Thefe Monuments are mark’d with the ancient
Northern Letters, called Runor (or Runic Cha-
racters'). But there is one Province of North Sue -
den , namely Helfingland , where five of thole Stones
occur, which have Characters cut into them, that
Teem to differ from the common Runic . Upon
the Introduction of our modern Letters, thefe
Runic Characters became To little regarded, that
their Interpretation was loft even to the Anti-
quarians of our Country till the Year 1674,; when
-my Grandfather Magnus Celjins , then Profeftor of
Aftronomy in the Univerilty of Up fat, revived their
.Pleading, and drew up the following Alphabet of
them, ranged after the manner of the Ancients.

n

l Ul

p vc

A 1 * * : .

> •

I V

DORK hi N J

A b T 13 L MR

final

There are but fixteen Letters, and the Words are
.frequently diftinguilh’d either by three Points fet per-
pendicularly over one another, or by two at Tome
Diftance afunder.

Among the feveral Alphabets hitherto known,
it would be a hard Matter to find one like the
foregoing 5 if we may not perhaps except the Cha-
racters of the Rerfepolis Infcriptions, which have
not as yet been decypher d. For the Letters ge-
nerally made ufe of fignify different Sounds, accord-
ing to their various Shapes: Whereas in this Alpha-
bet the fame Character often denotes a different
•Sound, according to the Diverfity of its Place and
Attitude between the two Parallels. Thus a ftrait

Stroke,

[? 3

Stroke*, {landing perpendicular to the parallel Lines,
fignifies I, F, D and S. For when it joins thefe Pa-
rallels, it fignifies 1 5 when it refts on the lower Pa-
rallel, it fignifies F ; on the upper, S j and D, when
it touches neither of them. The fmall Wedge lean-
ing to the Right, and placed near the upper Parallel,
denotes L j in the middle, N ; and O, near the lower.
A Line defeending from the upper Parallel, and
making a Curve downward to the left, (lands for K j
the fame placed contrary wife, from the lower Pa-
rallel upward, exprefies R : and fo of the reft.

The Intention of the firft Inventor of thefe Letters
feems to have been, to form all the Charafters of
fmall Wedges, ftrait and crooked Lines, and two
Points, varioufly placed between the two Parallels.
For the Wedges may be placed fifteen different ways :
Ex. gr.

123 4 5 6 78 9

10 1 1 12 13 :

14 If

Y- A. >>

Tr V

-4

The ftrait Line may alfo have fifteen different Situ-

ations, viz.

1234 7 6 789

16 II 12 13 14 If

]T? N

— _

V.

B

The

s

C >0 ]

The crooked Lines can likewife be varied fourteen

different ways : viz.

12 3 4 f 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

n ) r

In fine, the two Points admit twelve Variations :

But as the ancient Sueo-Gothi had but fixteen Letters
in their Alphabet, they did not want all thefe Vari-
ations of the Wedges, Lines, and Points : Wherefore
they employed fix Variations of the Wedges 5 of the
ftrait Lines, five, of the crooked, three $ and but two
of the Points.

If we now fuppofe thefe Helfingic Characters to
be older than the common Runics y the greateft Part
of the common Runics can eafily be derived from the
Helfingics , by adding a perpendicular Line to the
fmall Wedges and Curves $ as appears by the follow-
ing Examples :

Thofe of

Heljingland.

Common Runics .

VO RKNIATBL

h iv

v b' l

k

i ■

A

*

~7

> 1*
f

TTfTR Pi

L

\

□

□

H

But if we fuppofe the common Runics to be older,
and to be derived, as it is very probable, from the

ancient

ancient Greek and Roman Letters; We nnift, in the
contrary way, deduce the Helfingic Characters from
the common Runics, by fubtractmg the perpendicular

Line.

As a Specimen, I beg Leave to lay before this So-
ciety a Stone found at Malftad, a View of which
is reprefented in Tab. I. I took an exaft Copy of it
in the Year 172^, in Company with my Uncle, the
Rev. Doctor Olave C elfins, of whom we expeft a com-
plete Account of all thefe Helfingic Infcriptions.

On the outward Limb or Border.

I

nh

A JA 1 A

4 jJ. > A

<> 1

ll

[:

FRUMUNT FST ST A

1NA D1

IN A FT IR

I

lib '■>(

1 — 1 — ri

JL /

V • n

Ilk IT *

Sr pA

FI

SIULFA, BRISASUN; IN BR1

TIVASLINA

* Aa

1

a! y ^>1

SUN;IN LINI VAS UNAR SUN; INUNVAS

, A lp

1Aa hr

V

FAH SUN; IN FAHA DUR1

SUN.

In the firft Curvature.

A |> >

(^71

A 1* L

■n

^A,

IN DA BARLAFilN DA SU DR UNAR;

B 2 In

C 3

In the fecond T^na^e'
Dragon

4 \A ^

^ l> j

if * ill

.N DA LANASR;IN DA I!

[DR A S I V

In the inner Limb.

rn'WhVr Hrr:'h'P7v

FRUMUNTFI SI ULF A SUN FAD I R U NAR D I S A R ' V I RSUTUM

h -1

f

:>>VF

i

ST IN DINA NU

RI, BALA ST J

N.

In the fecond Curvature.

A

fY(

A

I

Vj

ARVA VAS MUDIR FI SI ULF I

In the firft Snake.

T

V*T

♦ 4 >

. ( 1 y > A

'hr

rpr

T

[ULF IR YARD UM LA NT]

[DISUR

VISR.

In the Heads of the Snakes.

T

< r

u

A

•

SIN VANU ]

N RJ

IM MUM.

That

V

f '? ]

That is :

Frumunt ereEled this Stone to Fifiulfi the Son of
Brifi: But Brifi was the Son of Lini. But Lini
was the Son of Un. But Un was Son of Fah.
But Fah the Son of Duri. But he {the Son) of
Barlaf. But he the SonofYDmw : but he { the Son)
of Lanas: but he {the Son) fl/'Fidrafiv. Frumunt
the Son of Fifiulfi made thefe Runic \_Letters.~\
We have placed this Stone to the North of Bala
Stone. Arva was the Mother 0/* Fifiulfi. Siulfir
{or Fifiulfir) was the Governor of this province..
His Blace of Abode was in Rimbium.

That this Monument was ereded fince Chriftianity
began to flourifh in Sweden , diffidently appears by
the Figure of the Crofs. Moreover, Tis probable that
Fifiulfi , as the Governor of the Province, was de-
fcended of a very noble Family 5 feeing his Genealogy
is traced ten Generations backward. Now if we fup-
pofe Frumunt to have been thirty Years of Age when
he ereded this Monument for his Father, and, with
Sir Ifaac Newton , allow thirty Years for each Gene-
ration j we fhall find three hundred and thirty Years
from the Death of Fifiufi to the Birth of Fidrafiv ,,
who is the Stock of thefe Generations.

This Stone is publiftfd in Monfieur de la Motrayes
Travels 5 but with confiderable Errors in the Windings;
of the Snakes, and in the Letters, as well as in the
Explanation given to them.

IV. A

t H 3

IV. A Collection of the Obfervations made
on the Eclipfe of the Moon, on March 1 5.
1 7 35-6. which were communicated to the
Royal Society.

s . Eclipfe of the Moon, obferved by Mr. Geo. Graham
in Fleetftreet, March if. 1737-6.

H. M. S.

10 13 00 The Beginning.

11 11 00 The total Immerfion.

12 49 00 TheEmerfion.

13 47 00 The End.

2. cDr. Halley at Greenwich obferved,

H. M. S.

The Beginning 10 13 37

The Immerfion 1 1 09 42

[ ‘5 I

3. Obfervations on the Lunar Eclipfe of March ip
1735-6. made at Mr . GrahamV Hou/e in Fleet-
ftreet, by Mr. Celfius., F. R. S . with a reflecting
Telefcope of eleven Inches , magnifying Sixty-three
times, and made at Edinburgh.

H. M. S.

10 22 05 The Shade on the Middle of Kepler „

23 15 Entering the Mare Humor-urn .

28 16 Entering on Copernicus.

29 3+ the Middle of Copernicus *

30 26 Copernicus entire.

33 28 Enters on Timocharis.

3 8 44 Enters on Tycho.

39 12 The Middle of Tycho .

40 48 Tycho entire.

46 00 Enters on Menelaus.

49 20 Rlinius.

11 00 40 Enters on Mare Criflum .

5 36 Criflum entire.

9 17 The total Immerfion is about to begniv.

13 13 55 Tycho is emerged out of the Shade.

29 00 Mare Serenitatis is totally emerged*

40 45 Mare Criflum is totally emerged^

45 50 The Eclipfe is nearly ended.

46 12 The Eciipfe is certainly ended.

-- . - . ■ . : :

4. Ofc

L '6]

4. Obfervationes habit a in Covent-Gardcn, Idibus
Martiis 173 7 6. S. V. per D. Bcvis, M. T).

Tefti-

pus

6

7

7

8

8

8

9

9
10
10

10

10
10

10

10

10

Ver.

n

31
3 1

7 3 2
7 4*

19

20

21
fo

01
o 9

10

11

H

19

24

3 2

P. M.

47

of

f°

3f

39

Satumus in punfto decuffationis filo-
rum micrometri.

Hyadum primus ad cT filum a tranfit.

— Slum ho-
rarium b

tranfit. /\c 1 Tubo

—filum c j \T \fcilicct

tranfit. ~/t objec-

Saturnus ite- 1 .y M. j turn
rum in fi- \ n, J inver-

lorumcon- Jy tente.

curfu. x

57^ Hyadum primus ad filum a tranfit.

42 i b tranfit.

2 72 c tranfit.

00 Difcus Lunaris horarium filum percurrit

139 minutis fecundis horariis.

Iterum 139^.

Iterumque I39r/.

Penumbra tenuis Lunam prope Heve-
lium obnubilare videtur.

Jam valde fenfibilis.

Initium defe&us pono.

3 8 Limes umbrae, quantum cenfeo, per Gri-

maldum & Cavalerium tranfit.

46 Per Ariftarchum.

if Umbra Mare Humorum ingreditur.

44 Sinum R,oris tegit.

00

00

40

20

40

10 32 44

Tem

pus.

IO

IO

IO

IO

IO

II

II

11

12
12
12

12

*3

*3

*3

*3

J3

13

C»r3

Ver. P. M.

32 44 Luna per Nubes vk cernitur,

40 18 Tychonem umbra dividit.

42 26 Mare Serenitatis attingit,

46 ox Menelaum tangit.

Nubes atra fupervenit.

n 4^ Difcedente Nub'e totum Mare Nedaris
te&um deprehenditur.

Denfiflimx Nubes Lunam iterum adi-
munt.

00 f6 Umbra Mare Ctifium tangit.
of 48 Immerguntur Mare Crifium & Marc
foecundum.

10 00 Totalis Lunx in Umbram Immerfio.

42 20 Clarefcit jam Limbus Lunx orientalis.

46 Of Fit clarior adhufc. ' '

47 f6 Filamentum ftncerx Lucis quafi i&u

oculi reftituitur.

Nubeculx plurimx fugaces.

57 of Limes Luminis attingit Mare Flumo-
rum.

04 03 Totum Humorum Mare recuperator

13 40 Semitegitur Tycho.

14 00 Retegitur totus.

1 7 22 Waltherus emergit.

Multa Nubium caligo diu, uti vide-
tur, duratura.

43 44 Mare foecundum extra umbram cer-

nitur.

46 zf Umbra vera delink.

48 30 Umbra notha non amplius fenfibilis.

In hifce obfervandis Horologio bon# not# pluribus
retro diebus, etiamqiie hac ipfa die, per quinque folis
altitudines correfpondentes debita proftaphaerefi cor-
re&as exafto, Tuboque opt Leo fex pedes longo utebar.
Circa medium obfeurationis Luna quafi per Nubccu-
lum fubfufeam confpiciebatur, ad margines autem can-
den tis inftar ferri rubebat. Terminus Lucis & Um-
brae per totam Eclipftn baud probe definiebatur.

S' ObfervMions of the Mooxi s Eclipfe, March if.
17$ f 6- at Yeovil m Somerfetfhire, Latitude
fo Degrees fi Minutes , by Mr. John Milner,
communicated by John A Men, M. 2) . F. R . •&

-AT. B. The Clock was firft adj lifted by the Equa-
? xion- Table.. * •. r

H. M. S. D. M.

H. M. S,
io 6

f .. , . . f

• • ^

'Thc'Moon’s Altitude then

The Beginning .

34 29

The Duration of thfi j?
whole Eclipfe f 3

33 i?

V.

c «?■ J

V. Inveftigaciones aliquot , ex quibtis prtibe-
tur Terrae figu am fecundum Leges at true*
tlonh in ratione inverfa quadrati dijlantid -
rum maxlme ad Elltpfin accedere deberet
per Dn. Alexin Clairaut, Reg. Societ.
Lond. Reg. Sclent, jilcad. Parif. Soc.

ii. f i g. i.

J. | ,A X principiis m'athcmatiris Philofophix mttt-
rails Nqwfoniartae' (Coral. 3. Prop. xci. Lib.
i. & Prop. xix. Lib. 3.) it:$pfcsrois Elliptka ex pat-
ticulis conft'ans ftuidis' dehomogencis fefc mutuo at-
trahentibus in, ratione inxrerfa quadrat! diftantiarunr
circa fuurn axerh A a revohatur, quo columna: CE,
CN, CA, ex quibu's conflatur ifta Sphscrois, in aequi-
Iibrio conftitaanfur',' fi'eq'ue* Spfrajroi'di'&ntper eadem
habeatur figura, . neceiTe eft ut gravitas m-fupedkiei
quocumque punflo N, fit ift 5 fatfbfte' driVSM.^Adii

r- V' ' - ' ' ■ t l ■ . \ ' ■

Ur igftur feiamus dri Spbaerols gaudeat liao;proprie.r
tate,- riune quatfamus qiaalem. patiatar, attraftionem
,quodcumqae Corptrfea4uirt N, totius Sphxroidis fe-
cundum difefti6nem' C^3 atque eX^ifirat attractions
fubducemus illam vis centrifnga6 {^ter»fii|q»;PbOVenit
ex rotations: : Sffejroidis lecundumiiCsN agentis> &

quattamus an vis refidua fit proportionalis

Ideo quarrcmas prim©

is nobis fit animus inventa applicare ad Terrae Sphaeroi-

C 1 deni.

r 20 1

dem, qcmm Sph^er^ parum diflimilem cfle apud omnes
conftat, computa noftra eruiit iis Sphxroidibus ap-
tanda,f quarum axis maximus minorem fupcrat quam
minima quantitate.

Problema Primum.

2, ttraffiionem invenire , quam Spharois AE^E,

A Sphara opium par um dtjjidens exercet in Corpttfcu -
hmfitum adToium A.

Ad Solutionem hujus Problematis repetendum effct
Corollarium 2um Prop. 91. Princip. Math. PhiloE
nat. ex quo difcas modum inveniendi Sphaeroidis cu-,
jufcumque attradionem, fi fubftituas fcilicet in valore
generali pro CE quantitatem, quae infinite parum dif-
fcrat ab A C-, fed cum in ifto cafu miiko facilius evadat
problema, modo fequenti folvemus.

Sit ; A MD^ d Sphxra, cujus radius eft AC: qtfaere-
mus attradionem Spatii orti ex revolutione AD^E,
qua? attradio attradioni Sphaerae addita dat quaefitam
attradionem. f

Ad inveniendam attradionem Spatii ex revolutione
ANE^DM orti, fint AC, r, DE, ar, AP, ex na-

tura Ellipfeos erit NM = q V iru—uu ex natura
vero circuli AM = v' iru. Spatium vero orturq ex re-
volutione Nua&M erit — zru — uu,du cum'fit, c

f Won!

circumferentia, r vero radius. ,

Propter parvitatem ipfius NM, patticulas omnes
materiae ifto in Spatio conclufas habere licebit tanquam
sequaliter attrahentes corpufculum in A: quare parvi
iftiusfpatii atttaftfcflcm habtbis, fi foiiditatem ilhus. per
vnz i. is auKjKqc.canjyiji -t-U.-is i?> :.i \. at-
1 O

E ]

attractioriem in M multiplies, atqui ifta attradio in
i AP

M debct effe AlvF x AM. Habcbis er£o analytics

u

2ruV 2 ru r

— ■ 2 ru—uu.du

irrVir ^rduVii

olC

—uduV u) cujus integrate -—^fiwVu—$uuVu)

eft attradio fpatii orti ex revolutione ANM, Quo ia
valore ft facias »= 2 r, habebis per rcdudionem -fT
Unde totius fpatii AEaC exprimitur attradio, ad-
dendopoftea pro totius Sphere attradione. Habebis

^ c + ty c * Ellipfoidis attradionem.

3. Coroll. Si oblongatum Sphaeroidem habere ve-
lis, & erit negativus, fumma veto attradionis erit
T C Yy t CL *

4. Nota. Si pradida Sphxrois loco circularium
elementorum in P N exfurgentium aliis conftaret de-
mentis, v. gratia Ellipticis, quae non magisquam Elliplts
AE a circulo difcreparent, & quibus eadem quae cir-
cuits PN efiet fuperfieies, eadem, ut patet, Temper
efiet attradio, quia in iftis dementis P N, quascumqne
vis refidua -effet, circuits P M fublatis, haberetur tan-
quam conflata ex partibus quas eandem ac in earn El-
lipfoidis attradionem habercnt, ratione habita parvi-
tatis N M, aequabilifque quantitatis materiae.

L e m m a. Tab. II. Fro: 2*

Sint KL circulus, H centrum circuli, VH per-
pendicularis in area circuli, NH verb linea aequalis per-
pendiculari V H, qu# faciat angulum infinite parvum,
vel perexiguum cum illa^J dico attradionem circuli
KL in N haberi polfe abfque error e/enfibili, tanquam
attradionem ipfius circuli in V, five, quod idem eft*

aliam

[ ” ]

dKam aft rad tone m ab altera non differre nifi quanti-
tate infinite minore refpcdu utriulque quam VN
minor eftrefpedu HV.

Qux propofitio ut demonftretur, oftendendum eft,
duobus corpufculis ad extremitatem confiitutis alicujus-
Diametri KL unam efle vim attradivam in N,& aliam
Vim in V, quarum fumma haberi poteft eadem. At-
qui ncgleda computatione ad habendam attradionem
corporis in K pofiti in corpufcuium N, facile vidcas
iliud idem futurum efle cum attradione in V, cui act-
<dita foret infuper parva quantitas, quam ingrederctur
N V. Similiter etiam vidcas attradionem corporis pofiti
in L in corpufcuium N eandem fore cum attradione
in V, fublata eadenv parva quantitate. Ideoque ha-
rumcc ambarum attradionum fumma una & eadem
eft.

6. Coroll. Si loco circuit KL eflet ccrta Ellipfis,
fivequaedam alia curva linca, qux difereparet quam pa-
rum a Circtilo, ex iifdem argumentis, qux jam attuii-
mus art. 4. facile colligitur locum femper fore propo-
foioiii prxdidx.

T H E OR EMA P RIM U M.

Tab. IL F ro. 3.

7. Sit AE<0<? Ell'iptica Sphxrois, cujus fit Aa axis
Revolutionist dico quam attradionem hxc Sphxrois
cxercet in corpufcuium in N pofitumr eandem efle
cum ilia attradione, quam exercet quxcumque Sphx-
rois cujus eflet Polus N, axis revolutionis N#, axis
vero feeundus radius circuli, cui eadem effet foper-
fides ac Ellipfi FG fedioni Ellipfoidos AE^per
planum aliquod perpendiculariter eredum in FGDia-
aietrum conjugatam igfiuSo

<Quo4

C M ]

Quod ut demonftremus, imagiiiemnr ihnmiiera eld
mcnta KL, qux fint parailcla ad Ellipfim FG, id eft
qua: fint omnia ereda in .ordinatas ad Diamctrunv
Evidens eft quod Sphserois A E ae in co tantum a
Sphxroide prxd Ida dillidebit, quod in prima omnia
demenfa fadant angulum cum C'N abangulo recto
difcrepantem angnlo infinite parvo, in fecunda vcro
Elcmenta omnia angulum redum fadant abfque ullo
difcrimine, cum in utraquc Sphxroide Ele mcnta fu-
perficicm habcant eandem. Atqui ex propofitione
prxcedcnti uniufcujufque Elcuienti KL in N attradio^
•quafi eadcm cenfctur in utroque Cafui quod lpedat
^vero crafliticm Elementorum KhlL, licet ftimere
H h pro perpend iculari hi propter parvitatem angulii
ihWy utriufque ideo Sphxroidis attracti-onls totales?)
altera, in, alterius deem iumu poterunt.

P t'O B I ; E M A ■ SEGUNDU M.

Ifyuenir e, attrabiionem Sftharoidis A E n&incm*
piifculumiquocumque in funElo N pofitum.

Sint A Cp=^, C E z^b, C N —r, C G Diameter conju

rrSta CN erit — (quando a, & b quamminime inter fe.
» r

differunt,) oportet ex propofitione prxcedcnti quxrerc.
attradionem Sphxroidis, cujus major, axis fit minor

vero fi vc bV

• k a. j , • T

Ad hoc a&liibefictei iieft formula, quam iavenmaw
.(Probjkmate i®) % P'^'rr ; fv\se : pjr r x {po-

nendo^r pro r) in /locum, a xero-hac. in formula fu'b*

, .•••':> n

^imcw-dwrL cft r~by~ ^

•a! j . — — V— - V'^r five in -m, fi

pro b, a-\-na pro r ponas, atque in comput©
contcmnas jjradus feomdos magnitudum » et m.

Si

[ Ml

Si ergo 1 — m iii locum a fufficias, formula pr#-
dida evadet j- pr — i pr n -f- prm , five | pa —

pan-\- Pj pam 5 qu# expreffio eft qu#fit# attradi-
onis Sphxroidis ill N*

9. Si 72 = 0, tunc habeas -|/^+Tt pro attrac-
tione in id eft ad Polum.

10. Si vero n=.m, tunc habeas -J pa-\- pam pro
attradione ad ^quatorem.

Theorema Secundum.

Tab. Fig. i.

1 1. Sit, ut fupra, AE ae Sph#rois, cujus axes inter
fe difFerant quamminima quantitate, quam ad 111a*
jorem p^rfpicuitatem dicam infinite parvam. Si h#c
Sph#rois concipiatur efle ex materia fluida ac homo-
genea, &rotata circum axem A <2, tempore congruent*,
quo #qualis fit column# CE gravitas, gravitati co-
lumn# AC, hoc eft, ex principiis Newtonianis attrac-
tio inE, demta vi centrifuga fit ad attradionem in A,
ficut C A ad CE : dico quod omnes column# C N, in-
finite parvo fecundi ordinis deficiente, #quilibrium cum
iftis duabus columnis fervabunt j id eft, attradio in N,
fublata vi centrifuga fimplici effeda fecundum CN, eft
ad attradionem in A, ficut C A ad CN.

Ad Demonftrationem e#dem ferventur denomina-
tiones, quas in propofitione pr#cedenti adhibui^
qu#ratur primo vis centrifuga in E, qu# conveniat
cum AEquilibrio Columnarum CE, CA.

Propterea fic dicatur ipa+jTpam —f: •§ pa 4.
y\pam : : 1 : 1 + m, unde cducitmfz^-frpam.

Deinde ad adhibendam gravitatem in N compofi-
tam ex attradione, demta vi centrifuga, qu#renda eft
vis centrifuga in N, five, quod idem eft, in M fupra

Sph#ram,

C *5 3

Sphatram, quia a fe inviccm noil diffidere debent niff
infinite parvo fecuudi ordinis, fi fupponatur D E exprl-
mete vim centrifugam/ in E, M N exprimet vim cen-
crifugam in. N, vires enim centrifugal funt ut radii,
quando eadem funt revolutionum tempora, per pro-
prietatem vero Ellipfeos fit ut DE : N M : : CE :
MP.

Vfs autem centrifnga il agat fectmdum N P, opottet
earn reducere fecundum N C. NO erit pars refidua.
Vis igitur centrifuga in N yel in M eft ad vim cen-
tritugam in E vel in D, ficut N O eft ad D E* Exprefi*
fio adeo vis centrifugal in N erit -^jpan, ac confe-
quenter expreflio gravitatis eodem erit | pa — ^jpan
+-rjpam — -£fpna, vel ^pa — -jpna + Pjpam.

Nunc ad inveniendam vim centrifugam in N qiice
fequitur ex Aequilibrio Columnarum^ gravltas in A
fitoportat ad gravitatem InN, ficut NC ad AG, gra-
vitas in A eft f p a + -fjp a m , qua exprelfione du&a in

4- five i— poft redu&ionem evadet

1 *T" Tl

pn+-r3pam, & eadem qua: fupra eft expreflio. Inde
videre licet inter figuram quam obtinere debet Terra
ex hypothefi Newtoniana, et Ellipfoidem non nifi
infinite parvum difcrimen effe pofle. Quantitas enim
DE cum fit r!o™a pars AC circiter, in prxcedenti
Computatione, contemnuntur tantunjjwodo quanti*
tates ejufdem ordinis cum

e

[ 16 ]

Vi. Extra# of a Letter from Stephen Wil-
liams, M. B. F. R. S. concerning the Vi-
per-catchers, {mention d in N® 443. of
thefe Tran factions) and the Efficacy of Oil
of Olives in curing the Bite of Vipers.

‘Plymouth, July 2, 1737.

. tifllliam Oliver, in Prefence of feveral Gen-
tlemen of the Faculty of Phyfick, fuf-
fer’d himfelf, on June 26, 173 7. to be bit by a Fe-
male Viper } which being enraged, fix’d her Fangs in
the middle Part of his Fore-finger. Blood foon ifl'ued
out at the Wounds : But that the Poifon might more
ftrongly appear, the fame Viper immediately bit a
‘Pigeon in the Breaft, which expired in lefs than half
an Hour. Another Pigeon was alfo bit by the fame
Viper, which expired alfo, though not fo foon as the
firft. M.t.0 liver immediately complain’d of an acute
Pain in the wounded Part; It foon look’d red, then
became of a livid Colour : His Finger fwell’d to a
great’Size, and he could hot bend it. Soon upon this
liis Hand alfo began to fwell: He complain'd" of Faint-
liets, and Pains flying to Ms Arm, Shoulder, and Arm-
pit. In half an Hour’s Time from the Bite, we per-
fuaded him to try his Specifitik < wtiidh being applied,
and ftrongly rubbed into the Part affe&ed, procured
him Immediate Eafe. His Pain leflen’d, his Finger
became flexible, his Spirits teem’d more chearful :
The Specifick being feveral times repeated and ap-
plied, his Pains gradually diminifh’cL The next Day,
June his Finger and Hand remain’d tumefied, but

without

1*7 3

without Pain : The Skin began to appear yellow, and
Puftles appear’d, like Bladders, on his Finger s winch
being prick’d, emitted a fanious Liquor, In two Days
time all his Symptoms vanish'd, and he became per-
fectly well.

June jo, the Gentlemen of the Faculty met again,
when we tried feVeral Experiments on ‘Puppies, Cats ,
and Pigeons ; wherein we found the Efficacy of Mr.
Oliver’s Specifick, and gave the Company great Satis-
faction. I therefore ..... recommend him tp
Lovers of Natural Philafophy, and fuch who ftudy the
Benefit of Mankind. I think h,e deferves Encourage-
ment, that the Specifick may be more univerfally
known.

See. Williams, M. B. F. R. S.

VII. A Propofal for the Meajurement of this
Earth in Ruffia, read at a Meeting of the
Academy of Sciences of St. Petersbourgs
Jan. 21. 1 7^7. by Mr Jof. Nic. de I/Ide*
jirjl Frofejfor of Aftronomy , and F.R.S*
‘Franjlated from the French printed at St.
Petersbourgh, 1737. 4to. By T. S. M, Dl
F.R.S.

NEceffity, or the Exigencies of Geography and
Navigation, put Mankind very early upon the
•Enterprize of meafuring the Earth. For how is it
poffible to conftru£t the Charts of each Kingdom or
Empire, without fating down all the Places in

i> % their

2* ]

the Meafures made ufe of in
each Country : Such as were the Stadia of the An-
cients, and fuch as arc our Miles, Leagues, Werfts, &c.
And how could different States be compared with one
another, fo as to come at the Knowledge of the Spaces
they fevetally occupy on the Earth's Surface, without
knowing the Number of thefe common Meafurcs
contain'd in a Degree, or in the whole Extent of the
Earth? Hence proceeded the twofold Method of de-
termining the Situation of the different Parts of the
Earth, either by their mutual Diftances fet down in
the Meafures made ufe of in each Country, or ex-
prefs'd in Meafures common to all, as Degrees, Mi-
nutes and Seconds, by marking the Longitude and
Latitude of each Place.

Upon the firft Determination of the Magnitude of
the Earth in Geographical Meafurcs, as in Stadia and
Arabian Miles, the Ancients did not employ any
great degree of Exa&itucfc. They were content to fet
down the Circumference df the Earth, and of its
Parts, in round Numbers $ probably, becaufe they
did not expert to be able to attain much Precifcncfs
in aRefearch of this Nature. But according as their
’Defires of improving Geography encreafed, by en-
tering into a Detail of it, they found it necefiary to
have a -more exad Knowledge of the Magnitude of
^cach Degree, not only in great Meafures, as in Miles
and Leagues, but alfo in Pearches, Toifes and Feet ;
which could not -be done other wife than by Geome-
trical Operations and Aftronomical Observations,
more exaft, andcorafequentlytnoreoperofe, than had
*been, or indeed could have -been undertaken before.

- - id ■" i

■X. \

their true Diftances,

[

by

[ ’9 ]

I fhall not enter here upon a detail of the immenfe
Labours of modern Mathematicians on this Head, as
thofe of Feme l in France $ of Snellius , Blaeii , and
Muffchenbroek in Holland $ Norwood in England j
Father Riccioli , and lately Monfignor Bianchifii in
Italy j and the Gentlemen of the Academy of Sci-
ences in France 5 to get only the precife Magnitude of
a Degree in the Meafures of their refpe&ive Coun-
tries. But I will anfwer an Obje&ion which might
be raifed hereon, viz. That it was needlefs to under-
take thefe fame Operations in fomany different Places,
fince the Magnitude of a Degree once determined in
the Meafures of any one Country, may be eafily re-
duced to the Meafures of any other, by the exaft
Knowledge we now have of the Proportions of mo r
dern Meafures. Whence it might be inferred, that
after all the Exaftnefs which the Aftronomers of the
Royal Academy of Sciences of Baris have detain'd
by their Labours, in drawing their Meridian from otic
'Sea to the other, it is unneceffary to enter upon a new
'Undertaking of the fame Thing any where, elfe-:
fince, in order to reap the Advantage of that Work
for the Geography of each particular Country, no-
thing more is requifite than exaftly to compare the
Meafures of thofe Countries, with thofe made ufe erf
'by the French Aftronomers in their Operations and
Calculations.

Now, taking Rujfia for the Example, thc-Gcogra-
phical Meafures of which are Werfts, divided each into;
500 Sagenes , and each Sagene fuppofed to be exadly
feven Feet Englifh 5 this Relation once known, .as alfo
the exa£t Relation of <the Englifh 'to the French Foot,
iOr to the Toife of fc Feet, which the French Aftro-

nomer#

C 5° ]

nomers employ’d in their Meafurements, and of which
they found a Degree of a great Circle contain’d:
57060s what more is requifite for concluding that a
Degree of a great Circle contains 104 ~ Werjls ? And
what remains towards the Perfection of the Geogra-
phy of Rujjia , in the moft minute Detail that can be
enter’d upon, but to employ this Meafure of JVerfts>
Sagenes , and Englifb Feet, (if you pleafe) in adtual
Meafurements* and to confbuft the Charts by the
moft exaft Methods of Geometry * taking care to fet
them down right, as to their true Bearings, and to
regulate them by the moft exaCt Aftronomical Obfer-
vations of Longitude and Latitude that can poffibly be
made.

It muft be confefs'd, we fh.ould be very happy, if in
the Geography of Rujjia we were arrived at this
Pitch 5 not only in the general Map, but likewife in
that of any particular Diftrift whatsoever, the neareft
and of moft Concern to us. But befides that we are
as yet far from pretending to this * I will now make
appear that it is not pofTible to attain it, without un-
dertaking an equal, and even a greater Work than all
that has been hitherto done in France and elfewhere,
towards the Meafurement of the Earth. I am myfeif
affrighted at the very Thought of what I propofe, and
am under Apprehenftons that it will give the fame
Pain to thofe of the Company, who know, as well as
I, the prodigious Labour, in which this Work muft
engage the Undertakers. But what is not a Perfon
capable of undertaking for the Glory and Intereft of
her Imperial Majefty, when excited by the Benefits
fhe heaps on the Academy, and by the Angular
Protection her Minifters grant to this Body and the

Sciences

[;•]..

Sciences therein cultivated! Sufficient Motives for
undertaking Matters of the utmoft Difficulty.

When I faid above, that an exad Knowledge of the
Magnitude of a Degree of the Earth in any known
Meafures of one Country was fufficient for conftru&>
ing exa& Charts of all other Countries, only having
a Regard to the different Proportion of the Mea-
fures $ that is to be underftood upon a Suppofttlon of
the Earth s being perfectly fpherical : feeing it is well
known, that in a Sphere the Degrees of all the great
Circles are every where equal ; and that we likewifc
know, in a Sphere, the Proportion of the Degrees of
the fmall Circles to their great Parallels, according to
their Diftance from them.

But if the Earth be not perfe&ly fpherical, the Cafe
is quite alter'd : All the Degrees of the great Circles
will not be equal to one another ; and thofe of the
fmall Circles, taken at a certain Diftance from their
parallel great Circles, will not have the fame Relation
that the Degrees of the fmall Circles, taken at the
fame Diftance, would have on a. Sphere. In all this
there might poffibly arife an infinite Variety, accord-
ing to the Figure the Earth might have* and as it is
not yet decided what is the Earth's true Figure, andl
that there is no better Method of afeertaining it than
by Obfervations made in fo great an Extent as that of
RuJJia : For thefe 'Reafons I have advanced, that the
Perfe&ion of the Geography of Rujfia ftands in need
of this great Undertakings which, befides the Ufefuk
nefs of it, will acquire much Honour to the Academy
of TeUrsbourg \ if that Body can, by means of this
Work, contribute towards the. deciding the celebrated.

C p ]

Qacftion of the Earth's Figure. But before I enter
into a Detail of the great Advantages of this Rcfearch,
and the Nature of the Operations I propofe, it is ne-
ceflary to explain in what Manner I mean that the
Queftion of the Earth's Figure and Magnitude is not
yet decided.

There have been fome who have long fince fufpe&ecj,
and even thought they were furnifhed with Proofs of the
Earth's not being exactly fpherical. I here entirely ab-
ftract from the Unevennefles of its Surface, which arc
not fenfible in regard of the Earth's whole Bulk ; feeing
the Tops of the higheft Mountains, and thofe even
few in Number, arefcarce more than a League above the
Level of the Seas. Wherefore* I fuppofe the Earth to
be bounded by a Curve Surface, fuch as it would be by
the Level of the Sea carried quite over all the Earth.
'Tis m this Manner, the Earth being confider’d as
cover'd with a Fluid, that Sir Ifaac Newton, in the
firft Edition* of his Trincipia , publish'd in 1686, has
demonftrated, that fuppofing this Fluid homogeneous,
and the Earth to have been at reft at the Time of its
Creation, itmuft have affumed the Figure of a perfect
Sphere : But afterwards, fuppofing it to have a Mo-
tion on its Axis, as is well known it has in 24 Hours ;
this fpherical Figure muft have been changed into that
of a Spheroid, flatted at its Poles, in which the De-
grees on the Meridian muft be greater drawing near
the Poles, than near the Equator.

Sir Ifaac confirms this Hypothefis of the Earth's
Figure, by Obfervations jpf the Diminution of the
Ample Pendulum upon approaching the Equator : To
which P r. Vound adds the Analogy the Earth has with
fome of the other Planets, as Jupiter , which fome-

times

[??]

times appears oval, its lead Axis being that about which
it makes its Revolution.

This Opinion of Sir lfaac has likewife been main-
tain'd by Mr. Huygens , though with fome fmall Dif-*
ference. But in 1691, Mr. Eifenfchmid * having
compared the Meaiiirements of the Earth made in dif-
ferent Latitudes, as that of Father Rtccioli in Italy *
of Mr. Picart in France , and of Snellius in Hol-
land 5 and having found that the Degree, which re-
fused fromthofe different Meafurements, continued to
grow lefs in drawing nearer the Poles, (which is quite
the contrary of what follows from the Earth's Figure
fuppofed by Sir lfaac and Huygens ) Mr. Eifen-
fchmid was thereupon of Opinion, that the Earth was
longer at the Poles.

This Opinion of Mr. Eifenfchmid was afterwards
confirm'd by the late Monf. Cajfmi , in the Obferva-
tions of the Meridian of Par is. For in 176!, having
carried on thefc Operations to the Pyrenadn Moun-
tains, which is a Space of above feven Degrees and a
half, lie found, that as he advanced to the South thefc
Degrees cncreafed Part, or 72 Toifes each De-
gree.

Since the Meridian of Paris was, in 1718, carried
on Northward to the Sea, Monf. Caffmiy the Son,
found, upon comparing more than eight Degrees,
which this Meridian contains from Sea to Sea, that
the Increafe, going Northward, was but from 60 to

* Jo. Cafp. Eifenfchmidii Diatribe defigura telluris Elliptico-Sphae-
roide } ubi una exhibetur ejus magnitude) per lingulas dimenfiones, con-
tenfu omnium Obfervationum comprobata. Argemorati* apud Joh.
Frider. Spoor. \6y 1 410, (pag. 5+. cum fig.)

E

61

[34]

Toifes each Degree $ as may be feen ia the large
Treatife publifh'd in a feparate Volume, as a Sequel
to the Memoirs of th z Royal Academy of Sciences of
Warts for the Year 1718. Thefe Reafons did not
hinder Sir Ifaac from perfifting in his firft Opinion of
the figure of the Earth flatted at the Poles, as appears
in the 2d and 3d Editions of his Frincipiay publifh’d
In 1713 and 1726 : And 'tis very furprizing, that by
this very Figure of the Earth he demonftrates a certain
Motion it has, to explain in the Copernkan Syftem
the Preceffion of the Equinoxes, or the apparent Mo-
tion of the fixt Stars in Longitude. Sir Ifaac finds
the Inequality of the Degrees on the Meridian, in fc
little an Extent as that of France , not fenfible enough
to be poflibly determin'd by immediate Obfervationsr
and he is of Opinion, that we ought more to rely on
the Obfervations of the dimple Pendulum, and on the
other Principles which he has built upon, to conclude
the Earth flatted at the Poles.

In 1720, Monf. Makan attempted to reconcile the
two different Hypothefes of Sir 7)2^ and ^A.CaJfmi ,
by imagining that the Earth, at its Creation, being
without Motion, was of a much more oblong Figure
than that which 'Cajfini thinks it has at pr.efcnt 3 fo
that it might have been reduced to that which it
now ha.s, by the diurnal Motion on its Axis, &c\
JBut Dr. ^DefagulierSy who is of Sir lfaacys Opinion,
has made appear, in the Thilofophical Tranf act tons
for 3*725, N*5 388. that Mr. Matrons Suppofition
is contrary to the Laws of Motion 5 and has moreover
^propofed feveral confiderable Doubts on the Obferva-
tions and Suppositions employ'd by M. Caffint in his
determination of the Earth's Figure in 1718.

As

E j 1 ]

As fbon as the Meridian of $ Paris had bee u exr-
tended from one Sea to the other, and M. CaJJtni had
thence deduced a Confirmation of the Syftem of the
Earths being longer at the Poles 5 I imagined a new
Method of deciding the Queftion, by the Obfervation
of the Degrees of the Parallel compared with thofe of
the Meridian,

For that Purpofe I confider'd, that as the Degrees
of the Meridian and thofe of the Parallel, at the fame
Elevation of the Pole, had different Relations, accord-
ing to the different Figures afcribed to the Earth > no*
thing more was requifite for concluding which Hypo-
thelis was the true one, than to determine this Rela-
tion by immediate Obfervation.

Having fuppofed, that there had been obferved on
the Parallel of ‘Paris , a Space nearly of the fame Mag-*
nitude with that on the Meridian, that is, of about 1 £
Degrees, fince that on the Meridian is about eight
\ Degrees 5 I found by an exaft Calculation, that
according to the Figure which M. CaJJtni has given to
the Earth, this Space ought to contain thirteen Mh
nutes and half of the Parallel more than in the Hypo-
thefis of the Earth's being fpherical ; which appear'd to
me confiderable enough to be able to decide between:
thefe two Hypothefes, and by a ftronger Reafon be*
tween the Hypothefes of Mez vton and Cafftni > fee-
ing the Difference ought to. be ftill more confiderable
than that now fpecifkd.

I concluded, at lead, that, independent of the Figure
of the whole Earth, which could not be determined
by the foie Obfervations made in Front e, without
* making Suppofitions, and admitting Principles, which
are ftill liable to be eontefted 5 it would be of great Confe-

E % queiicc

C 1

qnence towards ctonftru&ing exact Charts of the King-
dom, to afcertain this Relation by Obfervations, which
confifted only in forming Triangles along the Parallel
of ‘Paris, and obferving at the two Ends the Diffe-
rence of the Meridians, by the moft exact Methods.

The Difference, which I have now mention’d,
feem’d to me to be fo confiderable, that I was in hopes
of being able to determine it by Means only of two
Places within Sight of one another, and fituatc to the
Eaft and Weft; provided their Difference of Longi-
tude were accurately obferved, independently of
Aftronomical Obfervations, by means of lighted Fires;
after the Manner that M. Pic art put in Practice in
1 Denmark , for determining the Difference of Longi-
tude of the Aftronomical Tower at Copenhagen and
of Uraniburg in the Ifle of Huen. With this In-
tent, in the Month of April 1720, I went fome
Diftance from Paris Southward, to the Places which
I judged moft proper for my Purpofe; but my Defign
was not then executed, for want of Afliftance, andfor
other Reafons, which 1 fhall pafs in Silence.

Since that Time, I faw with Pleafure, that the Mar-
quis Poleni had hit upon the fame Thought with me ;
as may be feen in his Letter to the Abbot Grand i,
dated in November 1724.

The Dedfion of this famous Queftion of the Earth’s
Figure had ftop’d there, when in the Year 1733, the
Minifter of France having thought it neceflary to con-
ftruCt an exact Map of the whole Kingdom ,• and be-
ing inform’d, that the Work could not be better car-
ried on than by the Aftronomers of the Royal Aca-
demy of Sciences, applied to M. CaJJini on that Head *,

who

C

who was of Opinion, that, in order to execute it wide
the utmoft Exa&itude, the fame Method ought to be
employ'd as for the Meridian, by taking through the
whole Extent of the Kingdom, Triangles link'd to-
gether by means of Objeds feen fucceflively one from
another, &c. This Projed of making a Map of
France by fuch Triangles, had been already offer'd to
Monf. Colbert by Monf. Ficart in 1681, but was not
then executed. However, M. Cajjlni propofed, that
thefe Triangles fhould be begun in a Diredion perpen-
dicular to the Meridian 5 in order to render thefe
Operations of Service towards the Decifion of the
Earth’s Figure, purfuant to the Method which I fpoke
of above : And M. CaJJini , having- in Perfon under-
taken thefe Operations, and having carried them that
fame Year, 1733, from Far is to St. Mala , whofe
Longitude from Faris M. Ficart had obferved in
1681 > the Relations of the Degrees on the Meridian
and Parallel were found to be fuch as were required
in the Hypothefis of the Earth lengthen'd at the Poles,
and even more lengthen'd than CaJJini had determin'd
.in 1718. For inftead of the Diminution of afixtietft
Part for each Degree of the Parallel, which I had
found according to the Earth's Figure, as determined
by CaJJini in 1718, he deduced from his Operations
in 1733, a Diminution of the 36th Part of each
Degree.

True it is, that M .CaJJini, in the Account he gave
of this Determination at the publick Meeting of No-
'vember 14, 173.3, does not give it as entirely fure >
becaufe the Longitude of St. Mala, with regard to
Far is, was colle&ed but from one Obfervation only
of Jupiter's firft Satellite, wherein there may poffibly

C $8 3

be Tome Error : But at leaft M. CaJJini teems certaia,
that there is a very confiderable Diminution in the
Degrees of the Parallel of ‘Paris, which confirms his
Opinion of the Earth's being longeft at the Poles.
This we are likely to have a better Certitude of here-
after, feeing we are inform'd that this Meafurement
of the Parallel of Paris, is carrying on in France by
M. CaJJini s Sons, M. Maraldts Nephew, and feveral
other young Mathematicians, inftru&ed by M. CaJJini
in this fort of Work.

I have already faid, that all thefe Operations per-
form'd in France, for the Figure and Magnitude of
the Earth, could not ferve to determine the Earth's.
Figure out of France , without the Affiftancc of cer-
tain Hypothefes $ unlefs the fame thing were under-
taken and carried on in the other Regions of the
Earth, more Northern and Southern than France ..
'Tis upon this Conflderation, that the Royal Aca-
demy of Sciences took up the Refolutron of fending
feme Aftronomers to make the like Obfervations as
near the Equator and the Poles as pofilble, which are.
the Places where the difference of the Degrees on
the Meridian ought to be the greateft, according to the
different Hypothefes.

In the Month of April 173 f , fet out from France
three Mathematicians and Aftronomers of the Aca-
demy, Mefileurs Godin , Bougher, and P)e la
Condamine, for the Province of Quito, which is the
moft Northern part of Peru in America 5 in order
to obferve, juft unde* the Equinoftial Line, the Mag-
nitude of fome Degrees of the Meridian and Equator.

As to the other Mathematicians and Aftronomers of
the fame Academy, vi&. Meffieurs de Maupertuis,
J j Camus r

[ i9 1

Caftttis , Clair aut the Son, and Monnier the Son, who
have been fent to the North, they departed from
France in April of laft Year 175 6, with Mr. CelJiUs ,
Profeflbr of Aftronomy at Upfal , who accompanied
them to Sweden , as far as the Bottom of the Gulph of
Bothnia , where they might meafure about a Degree
on the Meridian at its croffingthe Polar Circle. But as,
by the laft News I received from them, they had not
finifffd their Operations, *tis not yet known whether
the Magnitude of the Degree meafured bjthem, fa-
vours the Opinion of M. CaJJini , or that of Sir Ifaac
Newton . All we know is, that they have found the
length of the fimple Pendulum favourable to the
latter, that is, longer under the Polar Circle than far-
ther South. 'My Brother *De laCroyere , had already
found the fame Thing: For being at Archangel in
1728, he there obferved, in the rtioft exaft Manner
he poflibly could, the Length of the fimple Pendulum,
which he found to be Parts of a Line longer than
at 5 Paris,

We are likewife informed hy the other Aftrono-
merS’ gone to Feru, that in their Way towards the
Equator, being at St . ^Domingo, in the Latitude of
18 Degrees 37 Minutes, they there found the Pendu-
lum Twinging Seconds, to be about two Lines Ihorter
than at ‘Paris.. Thus, all we as yet know from thofe
Gentlemen, on the Expeditions to the North and the
Line, confirms the Opinion of Sir Ifaaz Newton
and his Adherents : And yet M. Mairan , whom I
have already mentioned, pretends, that this fhorten-
ing of the Pendulum in. drawing nearer the Equator,
is in one Seiife entirely independent of the Earth's
Figure.

Tim

[ 40 1

Thus it appears from the foregoing Account, that
the Queftion concerning the Earth's Figure is not yet
at an end. Nay, 'tis not impoflible, that after finifh-
ing all the Obfervations which are a&ually making,
new Difficulties may arife, and. new Obje&ions be
flatted, that may prevent its being entirely decided.
However, all this W ork cannot fail giving great Light
to this important Queftion, and procuring confider-
able Advantages to Geography, Aftronomy, and na-
tural Philofophy.

5Tis with this View, and particularly to render fuch
important Service to the Geography of RuJJia , that I
think it neceflary to undertake a Work of that Nature
in RuJJia ; towards executing which we have great
Advantages, which the other Nations have not. One
of the principal of thefe Advantages is the great Extent
of RuJJia every way. For were the Meridian of the Im-
perial Objervatory of Tetersbourg to be determined,
it might be carried to between 22 and 23 Degrees ;
which is a fourth Part of the Diftance from the Pole
to the Equator. The Meridians of Mojco and AJlra -
can are not of lefs Extent $ and confequently we
might, by the Meafurement of fome one of thefe
Meridians, determine more exadly than could have
hitherto been done, the Inequality that fubfifts befiveen
the Degrees of the Meridian.

This is what the great Cajjmi wiftfd, when, after
having, in the Year 1701, determined this Inequality
by the extent of feven Degrees obferved in France ,
as has been mention'd above, he fays, that this Faft
might be verified by Meafurations of greater Extent,
if the other Princes of the Earth did contribute as

much

C 41 3

much as the King of France towards the perfe&ing
of Sciences.

M. Caffini was then ignorant of the Views which
Refer the Great had formed in the Eftablifhment of
the Academy of Sciences at Refer sbourg ; nor could
he then forefee that her prefent Imperial Maiefty,
who now fo glorioufly governs in the Empire of
Ruffia , was deftined not only to purfue the Defigns
projected by that great Monarch, but alfo to ripen
them to Perfe&ion, by granting fuch Succours and
Afliftances for the promotion of Science, as were
never yet afforded from any of the greateft Princes
of the Earth.

In the great Extent which might be given to the
Meridian of Refer sbourgy as abovefaid, there would
be the Advantage of knowing, by Operations link'd
together, or uninterrupted, the Magnitude of fome
Degrees equal to thofe which have been meafured in
France , and to that which the French Aftronomers
have meafured in Sweden ; and not only all the De-
grees between the two, which the French Aftrono-
mers have not had in their Power to obferve, but alfo
fome Degrees farther Northward than that meafured
by them in Sweden.

As the Exigencies of Geography require the Tri-
angles, taken for the Determination of the Meridian,
to be continued on every Side, and principally in
Directions perpendicular to the Meridian, or accord-
ing to the Parallels \ with how great Exa&itude may
we not then determine the Proportion of the De-
grees on the Parallels to thofe on the Meridian, by
means of the vaft Extent of the Ruffian Empire,
which on its Weftern Side extending as far as all the
Dominions of Europe from the moft Northern to

F the

[ 4* 1

the moft Southern, has no others Bounds to the Eaft
than the Eaft itfelf, if I may be indulged the Expref-
fion 5 feeing its Extent that Way contains near half
the Earth f

Another great Advantage to be obtain’d by the '
Work I now propofe to be made in RuJJla , is. That,
we coming after others, fhall reap the Benefit of all
their Knowledge and Experience in the like kind of
Meafurements : Whence we may exped to fucceed
and execute it better than could have been done elfe-
where, by applying timely Remedies againft the Diffi-
culties that occult d in other Places.

Thefe Operations are to be founded on a Balls of
the greateft Length poffible ; which muft be adually
meafured, and with the greateft Exadnefs that may
be 5 as it is to ferve for a Foundation to the Meafure-
rnent of all the Triangles. And in this Point too we
have a very great Conveniency near Retersbourg , fee-
ing on the Ice here we may meafure out a Bafis,
greater than has been hitherto taken, namely, from
the Coaft of Ingria about Reterhojfy to the Coaft of
Finland toward Syfterbeck . There is not lefs than
20 Werfts Diftance between thefe two Extremities,
and this great Diftance may be meafured very exadly,
this Year efpecially, that the Ice is very even. More-
over, as this Bafis is fituate between the Ifle of Cron -
Jlad and Retersbourg , in a Diredion nearly perpen-
dicular to the Diftance from Retersbourg to Cron-
fiady there can be no better Method for inferring
thence, by exad Obfervation of the Angles taken at
the Extremities of this Bafis, the Diftance from the
Centre of the Imperial Obfervatory to the Steeple of
the new Church of Cronftadi which two Objeds
are feen reciprocally from each other, and are not

Ids

C 4? ]

lefs than 30 Werfts afunder : And this Diftance once
known exadly, will fcrve as a Foundation for all the
Triangles that are to be taken * of which each of the
Sides may have not lefs than from 30 to 40 Werfts,
according as we fhall find Objeds advantageoufly fituatc
for that Purpofe. W e have, to begin with, the Moun-
tain of T)ouderhof, which, with the Imperial Obfer-
vatory, and the Steeple of Cronftad Church, forms
one of the rnoft convenient Triangles imaginable for
the Subjed we propofe.

In taking Obfervations at thefe three Places, we
fhall fee if we can difcover others of the fame advan-
tageous Situation 5 but when .no remarkable Objeds
are found of the Situaticm and Diftance fought for,
theymuft be ereded on purpofe, in the fame manner
as was of neceffity done in other Countries: And
this may be done here with more Eafe, feeing, in-
Places where the Woods intercept our Sight, fimall
Towers may be raifed, at very little Expence, out of
thefe fame Woods, with Signals placed on them,
which may be feen as far as may be required. In open
Places, where confequently Wood is not fo common.
Signals alone, without Towers, willfuffice.

The moft necefiary Inftruments for executing this
Undertaking, are, befides the ordinary Aftronomical
Inftruments, a common Quadrant of between two
and three Feet Radius , for obferving the Angles of
the Triangles that fhall be taken ; and a Portion of a
Circle of the greateft Radius that can be convenient-
ly had, for obferving the Arches of the Heavens cor-
refponding with the Diftances meafured on the Earth,

I fay, the Quadrant ought not to have a Radius of
more than between two and three Feet : For if it be

F z bigger*

/

E 44 1

bigger, it cannot for the mod part be made life of in
Steeples and other Places, of confiderable Height,
where 'tis requifite to obferve * but alfo if it be lefs
than two Feet, it will not give the Value of the Angles
with fufficient Exa&nefs.

As to the other Inftrument for obferving the Arches
of the Heavens, its Radius ought not to be lefs than
from twelve to fifteen Feet : but 'tis not neceffary that
it fhould contain a large Portion of a Circle. Tis
only requifite to have this Portion fomewhat larger
than the Arch of the Heavens intended to be mea-
jfured. Thus, as the Meridians, which may be traced
in RuJJia , can be extended but between 22 and 23
Degrees, as already mention'd, it will fuffice, that the
Inftrument employ'd therein be a Portion of a Circle
of 30 Degrees.

M. Ricart, for his firft Operation, got an Arch of
a Circle made of 18 Degrees and of 10 Feet Radius,
with which he thought himfelf fure within two or
three Seconds : And no other Inftrument was made
ufe of in the chief Obfervations for the Meridian of
Raris . The Aftronomers who are gone to America ,
carried with them an Inftrument of twelve Feet Ra-
dius, and of a Portion of a Circle of 30 Degrees.
But thofe come to Sweden , contented themfelves with
a Portion of a Circle of five | Degrees, and nine Feet
Radius: But this Inftrument, made by Mr. George
Graham , a very able Englifh Mechanician, is by its
Gonftruftion fo exaft, that the Aftronomers who have
ufed it, think themfelves fure to two Seconds. The
one we want for the Obfervations in RuJJia ought to
be made by the fame Artift, and of the fame Con-
fou&iom

[ 45 3

*Tis with futh ah Inftrument that Mr.' Bradley, a
celebrated Englifo Aftronomer, has difcover’d, in the.
Meridian Altitudes of fome fixt Stars, certain conftant
and annual Variation's, which do not proceed either
from the Variation of the Refra&ions, or from the Pa-
rallax of thefe Stars, or, in fine, from any Nutation or
W avering of the Earth's Axis 5 but which he accounts
for by the fucceflive Motion of Light. v

Whatever be the Caufe of thefe Variations, (which
Caufe, as well as its Effeft, are not as yet, perhaps,
entirely cleared up), as they may poffibly happen in
the Space of Time requifite to be fpent in making
the Obfervations for the Meridian, or in paffing from
one End of the Meridian to the others it is necefiary,
with the fame Inftrument, or fuch another, that is
of pretty near the fame Exaftnefs, to examine the
Variations of the Stars made ufe of: Wherefore it
would be of confiderable Advantage, not only for
the Obfervations of the Meafurement of the Earth,
but alfo for all the other principal Refearches in Aftro-
nomy, to have Orders given for procuring two mural
Quadrants of Mr. Grahams Make, and of the fame
Conftrudion, as I have already fpecified 5 for which
there are Walls already raifed at the Imperial Obfer-
vatory, in the Plane of the Meridian.

With thefe two Quadrants, which might be of
feven Feet Radius, and the moveable Telefcope nine
or ten Feet long, we fhould be in a Condition to make
Obfervations of the utmoft Accuracy, fuch as the pre-
fent State of Aftronomy requires.

Beftdes thefe Inftruments now mention'd, which,
are of abfolute Neceility to a folid Eftablifhment of
Aftronomy and Geography in this Country, there are

[ 4<S ]

flill fome other fmaller Inftruments, that may be of
great Ufe in the Operations I propofe, or may fcrve
to make other curious and ufeful Obfervations at the
fame time that thofe for the Meafurement of the Earth
are making.

When the Sides of the Triangles, taken for mea-
suring the Earth, terminate at very elevated Places, as
on the Tops of the higheft Mountains, it is neceffary
to reduce thefe Triangles to what they would be, had
they been obferved in horizontal Planes frtuate upon
a Level with the Sea. For this Purpofe, we muft
know the Height of the Mountains above the Sea Js
Level, which cannot always be determined geome-
trically, or would at leaft be too tedious to perform :
Wherefore, in the Meridian of "Paris , which crofs'd
very high Mountains, M. CaJJini was of Opinion, that
he ought to fix: their Height by a fhorter Method,
which is that of the Height of the fimple Barometer,
obferved on the Top of each Mountain, and com-
pared with that obferved at the fame" time in another
Place, whofe Elevation above the Sea's Level was
known. But as that Method fuppofes the Knowledge
of the Proportion which the different Fallings of the
Mercury keep with the different Heights to which
the Barometer is carried j and as natural Philofophers
are not as yet entirely agreed on this Head, for .want
of Obfervations of fufficient Accuracy : Thence it
happen'd, that Dr. "Defaguliers , making appear that
Mr. Cafjini has not employ'd the mod exadt Propor-
tion, found Reafons for corre&ing, or at leaft for
doubting, of fome of M. CaJJini s Calculations. Thus
it muft be by the Affiftance of new Experiments, bet-
ter xircumftanced than thofe hitherto made,- and pur-
, 2 fuant

[ 47 3

fuant to a Theory entirely agreeing with theft Experi-
ments, that this Method may be employ'd with Cer-
tainty, for determining the Height of Mountains by
the Barometer, and reducing the Angies obferved from
the Tops of theft high Places, to what they would
be, if they had been obferved on a Plane horizon-
tal with the Level of the Sea. Now theft new Ob-
fervations can be made on our Way in tracing the
Meridian $ and for that Purpofe I have begun to
conftruft compound Barometers, which, by their pe-
culiar Make, being very nice, will ftrve to ob-
ferve with Accuracy the Quantity of the Mercury's
Fail at the different Elevations to which they fhali
he carried, in order to fix with greater Certainty the
Proportion of that Fall. I fhali take particular Care
in the Conftru&ion and Uft of theft Inftrumeiits to
provide a Remedy againft the Effect of Heat, which,
as it is different in the different Times and Places
of making thefe Experiments, may poffibly produce
apparent Variations, of which 'tis neceffary to keep
an Account^

There is {till another Method of determining the
Elevation above the Level of the Sea of all the
Points, in which the Triangles terminate, that are
made for the Meafurement of the Earth. This may
be done by beginning theft Operations near the
Sea, as I propofe to do, and adually meafuring how
many Toifts and Feet the Places of. the firfl: Sta-
tions are elevated above the Level of the Sea. F03*
if. the Angles of the apparent Elevations of the Ye-
eond Stations feen from the firft be afterwards ob~
ferved. It will be an eafy Matter, from the known
Diffuses, to deduce the true Elevations of the latter

C 48 ]

above the former, and confequently above the Sea^s
Level, making proper Allowances in the Calculations
for the Difference of the apparent Level from the true
one. In this Method nothing is to be apprehended
but the Variation of Refractions ; but for this a Re-
medy may be found, for the moft part, by returning
upon one's Steps, that is, by reciprocally obferving
the firft Stations feen from the fecond : For if it be
found, that as much as the fecond Station appears ele-
vated above the firft, fo much the firft is deprefs'd be-
low the fecond, except the fmall Difference which
muft arife according to the given Diftance, it will be
a Proof, that the Refradtion has. been of no Pre-
judice.

The Obfervations and Determinations of the true
Heights of ail the Places which ar£ to be vifitcd, will
not be the leaft laborious of thofe that are to be made
in' theft journies 5 but then their Ufefulnefs will be a
fufficientRecompenfe for the Trouble; feeing they will
afford us the Means of knowing all the chief Unevcn-
neffes of the Ground traverfed by thefe great Tri-
angles, which being compared with the Length of the
Courfeof the Rivers, may give us room to judge of
their Rapidity, of the Eafe or Difficulty of their Com-
munications, <&c.

The other confiderable Obfervations and Experi-
ments to be made in the Journies undertaken for fuch
Enquiries, are, the Obfervations of the Magnetic
Needle, both as to its Dip and Variation : But chiefly
the Obfervations of the Length of the Ample Pendu-
lum, which, at prefent, is become requifite to be ob-
ferved with as much Exadtnefs, and in as many Places
as is poflible 5 but alfo for which there are new Me-
thods

[ 4? 1

thods invented, that we are promifed the Communis
cation of, and which probably furpafs thofe hitherto
made ufe of ; in as much as, fince thofe Methods have
been found by the Royal Academy of Sciences of
Raris , it was thought proper to notify them to the
Aftronomers fent to Reru, in order to put them in
practice in their Obfervations.

Whereas all thefe Operations and Obfervations,
Hvhich I have here propofed, however arduous and
difficult they may prove, have no other End than the
Benefit of Geography ; thofe who are to have the
Management of this Enterprise muft be attended by
feveral Surveyors and other Mathematicians of this
Nation, who are to be inftru&ed on the Road, and
employ'd at the fame time in Idler Operations with
fmaller Jnftruments : By which Means the Maps of the
Countries, taken in by thefe great Triangles, may be
verified ,* and thus, according as this Work advances,
the finifhing Stroke may be given to the Charts of
Rujfia.

G

VIII. Extradt

VIII. Extract of a Letter from Monfr de
L'lfle to Mr. Nettleton, containing the
affinal Menfuration of the Bafis propofed
p. 42 . Eranflated from the French by

T. S. M. D. F. R. S.

Tetersbourg , May 14, 1737.

SIR ,

* * * ^ I N C E my laft to you, I undertook to
meafure the Bafis which I fpeak of in Page
42 of this TranfaElion , and had the good Fortune to
meafure very exadly on the Ice, by taking the precife
Diftance between her Imperial Majefty's Caftle o&Re-
terhoff \ and the Caftle of Doubkiy fituate oppofite to
it, on the Coaft of Finland . I found the Diftance
between the oppofite Walls of thefe Caftles to be
74,250 Feet Englijh- . This Bafis, being much greater
than any of thofe employ'd hitherto for this Purpofe,
gives room to exped great Exadnefs in the whole
Work, when it fhall be carried on in the fame Man-
ner. It will at once ferve to make a very exad Map
of the Bottom of the Gulph of Finland. Tis for
the fame Defign, and for better ordering the Charts
of the Coafts of the Balticky that I intend (as foon
as my Projed fhall be approved here in its full Ex-
tent) to begin to meafure my Triangles along the
Coafts of Ingria and Livonia , to the Iflands of
Daghoy Oefely &c. And to the end that the Charts
of the Places taken in by thefe Triangles may be
ftniftf d at the fame time, I fhall take with nae all the

Charts

C 5> ]

Charts of thefe Parts, which can be had, at order
to verify and corred them in my Way. According as
thefe Charts are thus finififd in the beft Manner, they
may be engraved. I likewife intend to publilh, as
foon as poflible, all the Operations and Obfervations
I fhall have made in my Expedition $ that thus early
Benefit may be reap'd from them, and that the Pub-
lick, at the fame time the Charts come out, may be
acquainted with the Foundation on which they are
conftruded. I once thought to have by this time
printed the whole Detail of my Operations in taking
the Bafts, that is, of the Precautions I ufed in afeer-
taining it 5 but as it was meafured in Englifh Feet,
which I have a Defire to reduce to this Country
Meafure, and that 'tis requifite to confult the original
Standards here on this Head, which I have not as
yet been able to procure 5 for thefe Reafons, I am
obliged to delay the Publication of thefe firft Ob-
fervations. * * *

IX. A Letter from the Re v* Mr. Timothy
Neve, Secretary of the Gentlemen's So-
ciety at Peterborourg, to C. Mortimer, Seer.
R. S. containing his Obfervations of two
Parhelia, or Mock-Suns, feen Dec. 30,
1735. and of an Aurora Borealis, Dec.

SIR,

I Send you an Account of two Phenomena which
I lately faw : The firft was on Tuefday the 30th
of ‘December paft, as I was riding betwixt Cherry
Orton and Alwalton in the County of Huntingdon ,
I obferved two ‘Parhelia , the firft of which fhone fo
bright, that at firft Sight I took it for the real Sun, till
looking a little farther on my left Hand, 1 was con-
vinced of my Miftake, by feeing the true Sun much
the bright eft in the Middle, and a Mock- Sun on each
Side, in a Line exaftly parallel to the Horizon. I
gueffed. their Diftance to be about 40 Diameters of
the Sun, or, as they ufually appear, 23 Degrees. That
on the left Hand of the Sun, when I faw it firft, was
fmall and faint, but in about two Minutes time be-
came as large and bright as the other, and appear'd at
once as two white lucid Spots on each Side the Sun,
Eaft and W eft, feemingly as big, but not fo well de-
fin'd ; In about three Minutes they loft both their Co-
lour and Form, and put on thofe of the Rainbow ;
the Red and Yellow in both very beautiful and ftrong
neareft to the Sun, the other Colours fainter. They be-
came

t 53 1

came as two Parts of an Arch, or Segment of a Cir-
cle, with the Concave towards the Sun, only round
at Top, the Light and Colours ftreamlng downwards*
and tending towards a Point below. This continued
for about four or five Minutes, when the Colours gra-
dually diiappearing, they became, as before two lucid
Spots, without any Diftinftion of Colours. They laft-
ed a full Hour, fometimes one brighter, and fome-
times the other, according to the Variation of the
Clouds and Air, as I fupppofe. When I firft faw it,
it was exadly a Quarter after Eleven. There had been
a Froft in the Morning, which went away pretty foon
with a thick Mift, and between io and n o’Clock
clear'd up, leaving only a Hazinefs in the Air be-
hind it : The W eather quite calm, Wind, as I thought,
N. W.

Thefe ^Parhelia commonly are feen with a Circle
or Halo round the Sun, concentrical to it, and paf-
Ting through the Disks of the fpurious or Mock-Suns.
But there was not the lead Appearance of fuch a Circle
here, it having only a Tendency towards one, when it
was feen with the Rainbow Colours.

The other Phenomenon was that pretty common
one of the Aurora Borealis , of which though you
have fo many exaft and curious Accounts in your
learned TranfaStions , yet I do not remember any
one in the Manner I faw this of the nth pad. A
little after five o'Clock, I obferv'd the Northern He-
misphere to be obfeured by a dusky red Vapour, in
which, by Degrees, appear'd feveral very fmall black
Clouds near the Horizon. I thought it feenfd to be
a Preparation for thofe Lights which afterwards were
feen 5 the firft Eruption of which was within a Quar-

C 54]

ter of an Hour, full Eaft, from behind one of the fmall
dark Clouds, and foon after feveral others full North.
Thefe Streams of Light were of the fame dusky red
Colour as the Vapour, juft appear’d, and vanifh’d in-
ftantly. I faw eight or ten of thefe at once, about the
Breadth of the Rainbow, of different Heights, feveral
Degrees above the Horizon, and look’d like fo many
red Pillars in the Air ■, and no fooner did they difap-
pear, but others fhew’d themfelves in different Places.
In about half an Hour, this Colour of the Vapour gra-
dually chang’d itfelf towards the ufual White, and
fpread itfelf much wider and higher ; and after that, ap-
pear’d as common. I am, SIR,

Peterborourg, Tour mo(l obedient

Jan. 29, 173 5-6. humble Servant,

Tim. Neve.

X. An Obfervation of two Parhelia, or Mock-
Suns, feen at Wktemberg in Saxony, on
Dec. 31, 1735. O. S. Jan. ii, 1756.
N. S. by John-Frid. Weidler, F. R. S. &c.
'Tranjlated from the Latin by T. S. M. 2).
F. R . £

T A B. II. F I G. 4.

THIS Day, a little after 10 in the Morning, a
Friend told me, that feveral Suns were to be
feen in the Heavens : Whereupon I went diredly into
the Garden adjoining to my Houfe, and immediately
faw near the Sun S, on its Left or Weftern Side (1)

the

[ 5* 3

the Parhelion 8, as big as the true Sun, This Mock -
Sun (2) was amidft little, round, white Clouds, fet
thick, and clofe to one another, (3) The Part of the
Parhelion which faced the Weft was not round, but
broken, having about a third Part of its Circumfe-
rence open, and fhooting out the long bright Stream
or Tail B H. (4) To this, both above and below, ad-
fiered another Stream F G (y) fomewhat curved, (6}
with its Horns turn'd from the Sun Weftward. (7)
The Middle of this Mock-Sun fhone with fo great a
Light, that the naked Eye could not bear it 5 where-
fore I view'd it attentively through a Glafs darken'd
with the Smoakof a Wax-candie. (8) The Light of
the Parhelion B appear’d much weaker than that of the
true Sun. (9) Its Circumference which faced the Sun,
was red : Likewife (10) that Part of the Stream FG,
which was towards the Sun, was Purple. Within the
red Border appear'd the other Colours of the Rain-
bow, as Yellow, Green and Azure. And the Stream
B H was likewife embellifh'd with Red and Yellow.
Both Edges of this were reddifh, and its Middle yel-
lowifh. (11) The Sun S, was iy Degrees and half
above the Horizon % and its Image B was near the
fame Altitude, for I then found it to be 14 Degrees.
(12) I meafured the Diftance from StoB, more than
once, and found it to be 20 Degrees. (13) The Arch
F G was near fix Degrees in Length. (14) Moft of the
South part of the Hemifphere was overfpread with
white Clouds, interfperfed here and there with fame
darker ones. There were fome thin Clouds before the
true Sun, through which its Rays eafily paffed. (1 y)
When thicker Clouds furrounded the Sun, the Bright-
nefs of the Parhelion was Lefien'd. (16) The Par he-

' . _ * - • j ✓ ' *

t J« ]

lion was now and then hid by dark Clouds. (17) The
thin white Clouds, with which the Northern Part of
the Sky was overfpread, reach'd up to the Zenith .
(18) Soon after my firft obferving the 'Parhelion B, as
I look'd up to the Zenith , I faw the beautiful Rain-
bow CDE parallel to the Horizon, with its Horns
turn'd to the North. It had the ufual Colours of the
Rainbow, all very diftinft. The Purple was on the
Side facing the Sun 5 next to it was the Yellow, then
the Green, and laft the Azure. (19) A Line drawn
from the Sun's Centre to the Middle D of the Ins
tended to the Zenith , and was a Portion of that ver-
tical Circle, in which the Sun then was. (20) The
Point D was 61 Degrees diftant from the Horizon;
wherefore the Diameter of the Rainbow was y8 De-
grees : (21) However, there was but Part of the Rain-
bow CDE feen, the Ends of which were fometimes
but 38 Degrees from one another: For more or Ids
of it appear’d at different Times, but fcarcely above
a fourth Part of its Circumference at any Time. (22)
It was fometimes feen among fmall white Clouds,
which were about the Zenith , and fometimes in a
clear Sky. It lafted till the Sun and moft part of the
Sky was overcaft by thick Clouds. (23) The Thick-
nefs of the Rainbow C K, as well as I could eftimate
by the bare Eye, was one Degree of a great Circle.

But as the neighbouring Houfes prevented my have-
ing a free Profpeft Eaftward from my Garden, I went
to another Place, whence I had a full View of the
Hemifphere. And having reach'd thither a little before
Eleven, I immediately faw another Parhelion A to the
Eaft,* (24) 20 Degrees from the Sun, as the foregoing
was, and raifed 1 j Degrees above the Horizon. (25)

This

C 57 ]

This Mock-Sun was not inferior to the other B, in
Brightnefs, for the naked Eye could no more bear it
than that. (2 6) Its Light was white; (27) its Figure
round, and its Size equal to that of the Sun S. (28)
This ‘Parhelion A, fhot out the Stream IL, which was
redlinear, white and refplendent, eight Degrees long,
and, as far as I could poflibly difcover, void of Co-
lours; (2p) for it appear'd among fmall white broken
Clouds, and lafted fomewhat longer than the former,
without changing its Figure. (30) Upon the Suns
being hid by thick Clouds about half an Hour after
Eleven, both thefe Mock- Suns difappear'd, but be-
came vifible again, upon the Sun's {Lining bright.

The Whole of the Ph£nomena obferved in thefe
‘Parhelia comes to this : That the true Sun, S, was
accompanied by two Parhelia , both 20 Degrees dis-
tant from the Sun, one on each Side, and having near-
ly the fame Altitude with the Sun from the Horizon.
Above the Parhelia , part of a Rainbow furrounded
the Zenith ; and each of the Parhelia fent forth a
bright luminous Stream or Tail, one redilinear and
white, file other fomewhat curved and coloured.
Moreover, from the weftern Parheliony a Stream pa-
rallel to the Horizon , and fomewhat pointed, ex-
tended itfelf on the Side oppofite to the Sun ; and
this Scene lafted the two Hours of Ten and Eleven
before Noon, until thick Clouds put an end to it.
There was no Appearance of an entire Crown, fuch as
ufually accompanies Parhelia , and encircles the Sun ;
although I obferved the Trad of the Sky near the Sun,
both with the naked Eye and through Glafles.

As to the State of the Heavens on the nth of Ja-
nuary 7 when the Parhelia were obferved; early in

H the

[ 5« ]

the Morning a thick Fog overfpread the Horizon ;
about nine o'Clock this Fog condenfed into fmall
Drops of Rain, which fell (lowly: Soon after, the Va-
pours were colle&ed into thin Clouds, particularly in
that Part about the Sun. Then the Sky became clear
about the North, and there blew a gentle Wind a
little to the South of the Eaft.

After Noon, Clouds gather'd to the Weft; about
go Minutes after Twelve, the whole Hemifphere was
overcaft, but in the Evening it became clear and fe-
rene on all Sides. On the following Days, from the
1 2th to the 17th of January , N. S. the Sky was con-
ftantly cloudy or dark, and the Sun feldom feen thro'
the breaks of the Clouds. On the 18th Day, the
Weather clear'd up, which lafted three Days. On the
2 1 ft, that I am writing thefe Obfervations, the whole
Surface of our Hemifphere is overcaft with Clouds $
and therefore this Appearance of Parhelia has not
been attended with any uncommon Weather.

N. B. The Publiflier having fent Mr. ProfefTor Weidler an Ac-
count of Mr. Neve's Observation of the Mock- Suns , feen by him
in England. , which feem to agree in fo many Circumftances with
thofe feen by the other in Germany : the Profeflor faith in his
Anfwer, Cc That it feems to him very worthy of Remark, that Far-
<c heliaj fo very much alike, fhould appear two fubfequent Days in
<c Places fo diftant from each other ; which indicates a fimilar State
cc of the Air or Atmofphere in both. ” This extraordinary Incident
put the ProfeiTor upon writing an Eflay on the Caufe of Farbelia ,
and accordingly he hath published a fmall Pamphlet in Quarto, in-
tituled, Jo. Friderici IVeidleri commentatio de Farheliis menfe Janu-
^ rii Anno M.DCC.xxxvi. prope Fetroburgum Anglia , & Vitemburga
iSaxonum vifts. Accedit de Rub ore Cali igneo menfe Decembri Anno
* 737. obfervato Corollarium. Vitembergia, 1738. in 410.

1 .

XI. An

C 5? ]

XI An Obfervation of three Mock-Suns feen
in London, Friday, Sept. 17, 1736. by
Martin Folkes, Effo V- Tr. R. S,

Tab. II. Fig. 5.

AS I was reading this Morning a little after feven
o’Clock, in a Room looking towards the
North-Eaft, I accidentally took Notice of an odd
Stream of colour’d Light, fhooting upwards from the
Sun, as I then thought, fhining through a thin waterifti
Cloud s but recollefting the Appearance was feveral
Degrees more northerly than the Sun’s true Place at
that Time, I immediately went to the Window, and
found what I had taken for the Sun was a Parhelion
fhooting out a fhort horizontal Stream or Tail towards
the North ; the Sun itfelf fhining pretty bright and
clear at the fame Time. I alfo obferved, the Stream I
had at firft feen, was part of an Arch concentric to
the Sun, and paffing through the P ar he lion : This
Arch was for a good Way tolerably defin’d, and ting’d
with Red on the Infide, and a blueifh White on the
other. I then caft my Eye to the other Side the Sun,
where I perceiv’d a fecond Parhelion , at the fame
Diftance from him, towards the South, tho’ not yet
fo bright as the firft. I then went up to my Leads,
my Profped being too confined below : Where foon
after I was come, I found the Phenomenon confidera-
bly to improve, the Arch round the Sun forming
itfelf into more than a Semicircle, reaching almoftto
the Horizon Northward, and with very little Difcon-

H 2 tinuance

[ <s° 3

tinuance beyond the fecond Parhelion towards the
South. I then began to perceive a third Parhelion
where the Circle furrounding the Sun would have
been cut by the Vertical paffing through him 3 and in
the fame Place his Circle was touch'd by the Arch of
another, in fome fort confounding itfelf with it in
the Place where the third Parhelion appear'd: This
was fainter a good deal than the other two, and, the
laft Arch I have been fpeaking of extended but a little
way, fo as for it to be difficult to determine where its
Centre lay 3 this Arch was colour'd alfo, but with Red
on its convex Part. I had fome Time before this be-
gan to fee alfo another Circle, furrounding the Sun at
the Diftance of about 45 Degrees, which appear'd to
be about twice the Diftance of the firft 5 and this alfo
encreafing whilft I was confidering it, became little
lefs than a Semicircle, being alfo ting'd with Red like
the other on the inner Side. When this Circle had
thus pretty well form'd itfelf, I alfo difcover'd the
Arch of a fourth, touching this, or rather confound-
ing itfelf with it, in its higheft Part, and furrounding>
as it feem'd, the Zenith . Of this laft Circle I faw,
when it was moft complete, better than half, and it
was much ftronger colour'd than any of the others,
being of a bright Red on its convex Part, and a good
Blue on the Concave. In the Part where this Circle
confounded itfelf with the larger of thofe that were
concentric to the Sun, their common Part was nearly
white, and brighter than the reft, though hardly
enough to call it a forth Parhelion . The principal
Mock-Suns continued tolerably bright till near eight
o'Clock, the fouthern Part of the Phenomenon im-
proving as the northern decayed 3 and the fouthern

Parhelion

[ 6x ]

Parhelion was once fo bright, that, taking the Ad-
vantage of a Place where a Chimney fhaded the true
Sun, it call a very vifible Shadow : The white and
luminous horizontal Tail alfo, that went from this
Parhelion , was much longer than that of the other,
reaching at one Time beyond the outer of the two
concentric Circles. The Parhelia themfelves, thoJ
very luminous, were, however, never defin'd with
any Exadnefs as to their Difcs, but look'd as we feme-
times fee the Sun through a thin whitifh Cloud, and
they were themfelves of a reddifh Colour on that Side
next the true Sun. About Eight the Phenomenon
was fenfibly decreas'd, and had entirely difappear'd by
20 Minutes after.

XII. SDe Ruptura Intejlini Ilei ex contujione
externa fine vulnere extern k infi£io ex
Litteris a Chriftiano Wolfio, cProf. Ma-
them. Marpurg. Keg. Soc. Lond. & Acad.
Reg. Scient. Paris. Socto ad Gulielmum
Rutty, M. 2). Soc. Reg. Lond. ohm Secret,
confcnptis excerpta Obfervatio. Mart. 3,

1.

***TN rebus naturalibus nihil mihi hactcnus oc-
1 currit, quod lit notatu dignum, nifi quod
anno fuperioxi funefto quodam cafu operarius quidam
vitam finiit. Saxum fcilicet in ventrem infimum de-
iapfum eum percuilit, ut locus affe&us in confpe&um

quidern

E 6t ]

-quidem prodiret, nullum tamen vulnus infligerctur.
Poftero die circa meridiem praeter omnem expe&atio-
nem fupremum fpiritum duxit homo fatis robuftus.
Aperto abdomine cadaveris ingens ruptura in inteftino
ileo deprehendebatur, ita ut tantummodo .a tergo ce-
teris cohxreret & contenta in cavitatem abdominis
^ffufa ingentem Toetorem naribus aftlarcnt. Hepar
pallebat nativo fuo colore prorfus deftitutum, ipfique
etiam pulmoncs a ftatu naturali recefferant, colore
naturali amiffo. Ex macula livida abdominis collige-
bam, faxum angulo acuto impegiiTc in ventrcm & in-
teftinum nimia tenfione difruptum fuiffe, quemad-
modum incurvata rumpuntur in convexitatefuperiori.

XIII. An Account of fomc new Statical Ex-
periments, by J. T. Defaguliers, LL. D.

HEN a long and heavy Body lying on the

Ground is to be rais'd up at one End, (like a

Leaver of the fecond Kind) while the other End keeps
its Place and becomes the Centre of its Motion j the
Prop, that is made ufe of to fupport it at any Point in
its whole Length, fuftains a certain Preffure from the
Beam. Now the Experiments which I fhall make
are to fhew, by a Force drawing always in the Direc-
tion of the Prop, what is the Quantity of the Prefliire
on the Prop, according to the Length of the Prop, the
Angle which it makes with the Beam, or with the
Horizon, and the Diftance from the Centre of Motion
of the Beam at which the Prop is applied. For when

F. R. S.

the

C 1

the Prop is taken away, the Force drawing in the Di-
rection of the Prop will keep the Beam in /Equili-
bria 5 and a Force ever fo little fuperior to the Friction
added to the Power, will make it overpoife the Beam
and raife it higher $ but overcome the Power and
bring down the Beam, if it be added or applied to the
Beam.

Tho' in every Cafe and Experiment we have this
Analogy taken from mechanical Principles, viz. that
The Intenfity of the Power :

Is to that of the W eight :

As the Diftance of the Line of Direction of
the Weight :

Is to the Diftance of the Line of Direction of
the Power,

Yet to find thofe Diftances nicely in the feveral Ap-
plications of the Prop, we muft have Recourfe to geo-
metrical ConftruCtions and Reafonings. With theft
and the algebraical Expreflions of the fame, the Ex-
periments exactly agree.

I defign to give to the Society a Paper upon this.
SubjeCt, wherein will be explain'd not only the In-
veftigation of the Proportion between the Power or
Preffure fuftain'd by the Prop and the Weight of the
Body fupported, but alfo the Determination of the
Maximums of Preffure, where there are any, and the
Nature and organical Defcriptions of fome particular
Kinds of Curves of the third Order, deferibed by
one End of the Prop in its fucceffive different Situ-
ations.

The Numbers made ufe of in theft Experiments
.are the refult of the Calculations,* and all I propofe
now is to ftiew the Experiments by Means ef a Ma-

.ehine

[ <4 ]

chine which I contrived for the Purpofe, and got exe-
cuted with great Nicety, not in Ornaments, but only
where Nicety in a mechanical Inftrument ought to
be obferved 5 a Caution ufeful in many other Ma-
chines.

In this Machine, the Iron Bar* or Parallelipiped
reprefenting the heavy Body, weighs 12 Drams, 12
Dwt, 12 Grains, or 6060 Grains, and its Centre of
Gravity is at the Diftance of 20 Inches and a half from
its Centre of Motion.

The Props I make ufe of are, the one of five, and
the other of ten Inches. To overcome the Fridion,
allowed for by certain Rules in all Cafes, I ufe a nice
Brafs Pully of three Inches Diameter, whofe Pivots
are but ^ols of an Inch in Diameter 5 fo that the 60th
part of the Power added to it, will, in all Cafes, over-
come the Fridion.

First Case.

In which the "Prop is perpendicular to the Horizon ,
exemplified by two Experiments .

Experiment I.

The Prop is equal to five Inches, and plac'd under
a Point in the Bar 10 Inches diftantfrom the Centre
of Motion. Here the Power ading in the Diredion
of the Prop, able to keep the Bar in that Situation,
or the Prefiure fuftain'd by the Prop, will be found
2fo Ounces, 17 Dwt, iy Grains 5 and the Fridion
8 Dwt, 1 y Grains. The Foot of the Prop is to be at
% Inches and from the Centre of Motion.

Ex-

C *1 1

Experiment II.

If the fame Prop of five Inches is plac'd under a
Point in the Bar at 30 Inches from the Centre of Mo-
tion, the Power or PreiTure will be 8 Ounces, i 2 Dwt,
1 3 Grains > and the Fridion equal to 2 Dwt, 2 1 Grains.
The Foot of the Prop is to be diftant from the Centre
of Motion 29 Inches -^-0.

Second Case,

In which the Brop is perpendicular to the Bar , ex-
emplified by three Experiments .

Experiment L

Now let the Prop (ftill five Inches long) be plac'd
fo as to be perpendicular to the Bar in a Point it
Inches diftant from the Centre of Motion. Here the
Power exprefiive of the Preflure fhould be 19 Ounces,
18 Dwt, 4* Grains, and the Fridion 6 Dwt, if Grains*
but on account of a Corredion neceflary to be made
to this, (becaufe the Bar is thick as well as heavy, and
the Centre of Gravity above the Surface to which the
Prop is applied) the Power or Preflure fuftained will
be only 19 Ounces, if Dwt, f Grains, and the Fric-
tion 6 Dwt, 14 Grains.

N. B. The Diftance of the Foot of the Prop In this
Cafe is 1 3 Inches from the Centre.

Experiment II.

The Prop here is 10 Inches long, (ftill perpendi-
cular to the Bar) under a Point in the Bar, 24 Inches
diftant from the Centre. The Power equal to the
Preflure fuftain'd fhould be (if the Bar was only heavy,

I and

[ 66 ]

and not thick) 9 Ounces, 19 Dwt, 4 Grains 5 the Fric-
tion 3 Dwt, 11 Grains and an half; but with the
proper Correction, which I (hall explain hereafter, it
muft Be only 9 Ounces, 17 Dwt, iy Grains; the
Fridion 7 Dwt, 7 Grains. Here the Foot of the Prop
is to be 26 Inches from the Centre.

Experiment III.

If the End of the Prop is placed under a Point in
the Bar, fo that the Horizontal Diftance of the Foot
of the Prop be exadly equal to the Diftance of the
Centre of Gravity from the faid Centre of Motion,
viz. 20, f Inches; the Power or Preffure fuftain'd by
the Prop will be precifely equal to the W eight of the
Bar, viz. 12 Ounces, 12 Dwt, 12 Grains. In this
Cafe, the Prop is diftant from the Centre of Motion
on the Bar 17,9 Inches, and the Fridion 4 Dwt, y
Grains.

The Third Case,

In which the Angle made by the Trop with the
horizontal Line is given, either acute or obtufe.

As this Cafe is very intricate, (on Account of the
feveral Powers of the Sine and Cofine of the given
Angle, which are multiplied into the Prop and into
the Weight of the Beam) we will exemplify it only
in one Experiment ; which is, when the Angle made .
by the Prop, with the horizontal Line contain'd be-
tween the Foot of the|Prop and the Centre, is acute :
then there is a Maximum of Preffure, which I will
(hew by Experiment to be the very fame as the Cal-
culation gives. I fuppofe the Angle made by the
Prop and the horizontal Line to be 60 Degrees: The

Cal-

C<7 ]

Calculation of this Maximum ftiews, that if the Prop
isio Inches long, the Diftance meafufd upon the Balt,
to which the upper End of the Prop muft be applied,
will be io Inches the Bar itfel'f making then an
Angle of about y2 Degrees 12 Minutes 5 and the hori-
zontal Diftance between the Centre of Motion and
the Foot of the Prop is then 1 1 Inches

N. B. Three Things are to be remarked in this
Cafe :

Fir ft. That when the Angle made by the Prop and
the horizontal Line, contain d between the Centre of
Motion and the Foot of the Prop, is acute, as in the
laft Experiment, there is always a Maximum : Whereas
if the fame Angle was obtufe, there would be no poll-
tive Maximum 5 for then the Prefiure would continu-
ally increafe, the nearer the Prop is to the Centre of
Motion.

Secondly , That when the Angle of the Prop with
the Horizon is acute, as in the laft Experiment, the
Bar or long and heavy Body can be raifed by apply-
ing the Power or Prop always with the fame Angle
to the Horizon, quite up to a vertical Situation.

Thirdly , That the firft Cafe, which is when the
Prop is perpendicular to the Horizon, is only a parti-
cular Cafe of this more general one.

The Fourth Case,

Is when the Angle made by the Prop with that
part of the Beam contain d between the "Point to
which it is applied , and the Centre of Motion, is
given either acute or obtufe.

As the Expreflion of the Power in this Cafe is fully
as intricate as in the laft, I will only give one Example

1 2 or

[ <58 1

<©t Experiment 5 and, for the greater Satisfaction of
thofe that fee it, I chofe that, wherein the Prefiure is
in its Maximum . I fuppofe, as before, the Angle
made by the Prop, ((till 10 Inches long) with that Part
of the Beam contain'd between the Point to which it
is apply'd, and the Centre of Motion, to be acute and
of 60 Degrees 5 then the Maximum of Prcfliire will,
be, when the part of the Beam intercepted between
the Centre of Motion and the upper End of the Prop
is 12 Inches the Bar is then elevated about yo
Degrees 1 3 Minutes, and the horizontal Diftance be-
tween the Centre of Motion and the Eoot of the Prop
is then 1 1 Inches ~Q76-

N. B . Obferve alfo in this Cafe as in the laft.

Firfty If the Angle made by the Prop, and the part
of the Beam intercepted between the Point of Appli-
cation and the Centre of Motion, is acute, there will
always be 1 Maximum. The contrary will happen,
if that Angle is obtufe..

Secondly , If the Angle is acute, the Bar cannot be
raifed up to a vertical Situation by applying the Power
or Prop conftantly with the fame acute Angle ; but' it
may be raifed quite up, if the Angle of the Prop with
the Beam is ohtufe.

Thirdly , The fecond Cafe is but a particular Cafe
of this general one. For the Reafons of all thofe
Things, the Corrections needfary to be made on ac-
count of the Thicknefs of the Bar, the Nature and or-
ganical Dcfcription of fome Curves, and feveral other
remarkable Confiderations on this Subjed, I muft refer
4:0 the Paper I (hall give in to the Society.

XIV. Tht

C <s?3

XIV. The apparent Times of the Irmner-
fions and Emerfions of Jupiter 5 Satellites,
for the Tear 1739. computed to the Meri-
dian of the Royal Obfervatory at Green-
wich, by James Hodgfon, h\ R. S. and
Majler of the Royal Mathematical School
in Chrift s Hoipital, London.

Eclipses of the firfi Satellite a/’Jupiper.

D.

H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

B.

H.

M.

January.

FEBRUARY.

March.

Emerfions.

Ermerfions.

Emeifions.

2

7

44

E

1^

9

50

E

2

5

36 Ml

4

2

12

E

3

4

19

E

3

12

5 E

6

8

4i

M

5

10

48

M

5

6

35 E

8

3

9

M

7

.5

17

M

7

1

4 E

9

9

37

E

8

11

46 E

9

7

33 M’

XI

4

6

E

10

6

15

E

1 1

2

3 M-

13

10

34

M

12

0

44-

E

12

8

32 E

15

5

3

M

14

7

!3-

M

14

3

2 E

1 6

1 1

3*

E

1 6

1

42

E

16

9

3.1 M

18

6

00

£

*7

8

1 1

E

18

4

O M:

20

0

28

E

19

2

40

E

19

IQ

30 E

22

6

57

M

1

21

9

10

M

21

4

59 E

*4

1

26

M

2 3

3

39

E

23

1 1

28 M

25

7

54

E

24

ID

8

E

2 5

5

57 E

27

2

23

E

26

4

37

E

2 7,

0

27 M

29

8

52

M

28

11

7

M

28

6

56 E

31

3

21

M

30

t

25 E

APJB.LL:,

C 70 ] -

Eclipses of the fir ft Satellite of Jupiter.

D. H. M.

April.
Emerfions.
i 7 55 M

Jupiter and the
Sun will be in
Conjun&ion on
the 23d Day in
the Morning.

May.

Immerfions.

2 6 2 38 M

27 9 7 E

29 3 35 E

31 10 3 M

June.

Immerfions.

2 4 31 M

3 11 o E

5 5 28 E

7 11 56 M

D.

H.

M.

9

6

24

M

1 1

0

53

M

12

7

21

E

14

1

49

E

16

8

17

M

18

2

45

M

l9

9

14

E

21

3

43

E

23

10

10

M

25

4

38

M

26

1 1

6

E

28

5

35

E

30

0

3

E

July.

Immerfions,

9

2

6

51

M

4

1

0

M

5

7

28

E

7

1

56

E

9

8

25

M

1 1

2

53

M

12

9

22

E

14

3

50

E

1 6

10

19

M

18

4

47

M

J9

11

16

E

21

5

44

E

D.

H.

M.

23

O

13

25

6

42

27

1

IQ

28

7

39

3°

2

8

August.

Immerfions

1

8

36

3

3

5

4

9

33

6

4

3

8

10

32

10

5

1

ii

u

3°

13

5

58

i5

0

27

i7

6

56

19

1

25

20

7

54

22

2

23

24

8

52

2 6

3

22

27

9

5i

29

4

20

3r

io

49

September

EwwsgwwggwtflMggnwgg * wwggw

[ 71 ]

Eclipses of the firft Satellite of Jupiter.

D.

H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

September.

II

3

56

M

T9

4

3i

M

12

10

25

E

20

10

59

E

Immerfions

14

4

54

E

22

5

27

E

16

11

23

M

24

1 1

55

M

2

5

l8

M

l8

5

5i

M

26

6

23

M

3

11

47

E

20

0

20

M

28

0

5i

M

5

6

16

E

21

6

49

E

29

7

19

E

7

O

45

E

23

I

17

E

9

7

14

M

25

7

46

M

December,

II

I

43

M

27

2

14

M

12

8

13

E

28

8

43

E

Emerfions.

9

14

2

42

E

30

3

11

E

1 6

9

1 1

M

1

1

47

E

i8

3

40

M

November.

2

8

15

M

*9

10

9

E

5

2

42

M

21

4

38

7

E

Immerfions

«

6;

9

10

E

23

11

M

M

8

3

38

E

25

5

3^

M

1

9

40

10

10

6

M

27

0

5

M

3

4

8

E

12

4

34

M

28

6

34

E

4

10

36

E

13

11

2

E

30

1

3

E

6

5

5

E

1 5

5

30

E

8

1 1

33

M

17

1 1

58

M

October

10

6

1

M

19

6

26

M

- •

12

0

29

M 1

21 !

0

54

M

Immerfions

22

7

22

E

Emerfions.

r

24

1

50

E

2

7

32

M

?

26

8

18

M

4

2

1

M

13

9

7

E

28

2

46

M

5

8

30

E

15

3

35

E

291

9

.14

E

7

2

59

E

17

10

3

M

3*

3

42

E

9

9

27

M

\

Eclipse

[ 72 ]

Eclipses of the fecond Satellite 0/ Jupiter.

D. H, M.

January.

Emerfions.

3

3

17

M

6

4

35

E

30

S

52

M

*3

7

10

E

i7

8

28

M

20

9

46 E

24

1 1

4

M

28

0

23

M

3i

1

4i

E

February.

Emerfions*

D.

H.

M.

D.

15

5

33

M

22

18

6

52

E

26

22

8

12

M

29

25

9

3i

E

29

10

5i

M

4

7

11

H

18

21

3

4

5

6

8

9

o M
9 E
38 M

57 E

1 6 M

April.

Jupiter and the
Sun irr Conjunc-
tion on the 2.3 d
Day in the
Morning.

May.

Immerfions.

D. H. M.

3 33

4 50
6 8

July.

Immerfiom

25

28

5 14 M

6 32 E

June.

25

10

55

M

Immerfions

7

8

/

25

.

11

9

44

March.

I

7

49

M

14

11

3

Emerfions,

4

9

7

E

18

0

22

8

10

24

M

22

1

40

X

0

14

M

11

11

41

E

25

2

59

4

1

35

E

15

0

59

E

29

4

18

8

2

54

M

19

2

16

E

3
6

10 10

13 11

1 7 o
21 1

24 3

28 4

3i 5

7 25

8 44
o

18

36
54

12

30

48

August.

Immerfions

September.

C 7! 3

Eclipses of the fecond Satellite of Jupiter.

D.

H.

M. D.

H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

September*

IO

8

5 E

22

2

n E

14

9

23 M

26

3

28 M

Immerfions.

17

10

42 E

29

4

45 E

22

0

0 M

2

5

38 E

25

1

18 E

December*

6

6

57 M

28

2

36 E

9

8

16 E !

Emerfions.

9

35 M

November.

*5

IO

54 E

3

6

2 M

I9

o

13 E

Immerfions.

6

7

18 E

23

i

32 M

10

8

35 M

2 6

2

50 E

1

3

54 M

13

9

52 E

29

16

9 E

4

5

I£ E

i7

11

8 M

8

6

28 E

21

0

25 M

October.

1 1

7

45 E

24

1

42 E

28

2

59 M

Immerfions.

Emerfions.

3i

4

16 E

3

5

28 E

!5

11

37 M

7

6

47 M

l9

0

55 M

Eclipses of the third Satellite of Jupiter.'1

D. H. M,

D.

H.

M.

D. H. M.

January.

Emerfions.

February,

Immerfions.

1

11

23 E

Immerfions.

9

3

23 M

1 9 11 E

16

7

23 M

6 5 16 E

9 1 11 M

23

11

23 M

1$ 9 19 E

1 6 5 11 M

23 9 12 E

jo i 13 l

30

I

3

24

21 I 22 M

s8 5 26 If.,

1

K

Emerfionji

[74 3

Eclipses of the third Satellite of Jupiter.

D. H. M.

D. H. M.

D. H. M.

Emerfions.

Emerfions.

21 I 47 E

28 5 47 E

6 7 27 E

13 11 29 E

June.

Emerfions.

21 3 32 M

28 7 36 M

Immerfions.

7 ? 0 M

March.

1 9 52 M

14 0 0 E

21 4 1 E

8' j 51 E

28 8 2 E

Immerfions.

r 5 5 50 E

.

? 9 30 M

22 9 48 E

30 i 48 M

August.

Emerfions.

Immerfions.

Emerfions.

15 8 2 E

4 9 48 E

7 11 40 M

22 J2 1 E

12 1 50 M

34 3 43 E

39.. 4 0 E

19 5 52 .M

21 . 7 47 E

« Q , T - T Y?

>6 9 54 M

2<>

July.

.Emerfions.

May.

Immerfions.

5 0 3 M

12 4 5 M

Immerfions*

7 5 47 M

19 8 8 M

14 7 47 M

26 0 11 E

25 , v 5 53 ^ C

J 1 i ' ■ ' !

; „•

^ l % 1 *

J u . .

M - ■’

1

* j • r

4 Jl * I »

* ;> • • *•

SEPTEMBER;

•* - * - •

-

C 75 3

Eclipses of the third Satellite 0/ Jupiter.-

D. H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

September.

2.2

6

. 7 E .

December.

z9

IO

7 E

Immerfions.

Immerfions.

Emerfions.

2 1

56 E .

19

1

52 M

9 5

58 e ;

1

s

24 M

2 6

5

49 M

16 10

i E

8

0

26 E

K>

to

3 M

Emerfions.

November. .

Emerfions.

4

8

24 E

Immerfions.

12

0

22 M

2 4

13 E

*9

4

20 M

9 8

16 E

6

2

6 M

2 6

8

18 M

17 0

19 M

•

24 4

22 . M

Emerfions.

October.

13

8

29 M

20

0

28 E

Immerfions. -

l7

4

26 E

1 6

5 M;

8 10

6 M

15 2

7 E 1

The Fourth Satellite will continue to pafs wide of the
Shadow till the 24th of June 1740, when the Immerfi'on
will happen at 8 Hours, 42 Minutes, 42 Seconds; and
the Emerfion at 10 Hours, 15 Minutes, o Seconds, in the

Evening.

1 . j

f * * i

■ * * 1 *“ ‘l w fc> .

f f- ' 1 i r

K » ;

XV. The

■ V

tr&l

XV. The apparent Times of fuch of the
Imme fions and Emerfions of Jupiter 5
' Satellites, as are vijible at London, in the
Tear 1739. By James Hodgfon, F. R. S.

D.

H.

M.

D.

H.

M.

1

January.

22

21

7

47 E

|E. 3

23

28

6

56 E

IE. 1

J

1

9

11 E

1.

3

2

1 1

23 E

E.

3

Bv

reafon of the

: near

3

2

7

44 E

E.

1

Approach of Jupiter

4

6

4

35 E

E.

2

to the Sun, the Eclip-

, 5

9

9

37 E

E.

1

fes will not be vifible

6

‘*3

7

10 E

E.

2

till

7

1 6

11

31 E

E.

1

8

18

6

0 E

E.

1

June.

9

20

9

46 E

E.

2

10

25

7

54 E

E.

1

18

2

45 M

1. 1

25

19

2

16 M

1. 2

February.

26

30

1

48 M

E 3

11

1

9

50 E

E.

1

July.

12

6

5

1 6 E

I.

3

l3

7

27 E

E.

3

27

4

I

0 M

T. 1

14

10

6

15 E

E.

1

28

11

1

53 M

r. 1

*5

*3

9

19 E

I.

3

29

21

I

54 M

1. 2

16

14

6

57 E

E.

2

30

27

I

10 M

r. i

i7

17

8

11 E

E.

1

3J

28

4

30 M

1. 2

18

21

9

35 E

E.

2

Avgust*

March,

32

3

3

5 M

f. 1

1*9

5

<5

35 E

E.

1

33

5

0

3 M

E.3

J20

12

8

32 E

E.

1

34

11

11

30 E

. 1

h

18

6

52 E f E.

*

35

12

1

£0 M

3

36

I 77 ]

D.

H.

M

D.

H.

M.

36

12

4

5 M

*7

« —

3

65

*7

10

42

E

I. 2

37 ■

14

11

3 E ,

i.

2

66

18

5

5 1

M

I. 1

3»

r9

1

25 M

I,

1

67

zo

0

20

M

I. 1

39

22

1

40 M

1.

2

68

21

6

49

E

I. 1

40

26

3

22 M

[.

1

69

25

1

18

M

I. 2

4i

29

4

18 M

[.

2

7C

47

2

14

M

I. 1

f

71

28

8

43

E

I. 1 |

September.

72

29

10

7

E

I- 3

42

2

5

18 M

[.

1

November.

43

3

1 1

47 E

I.

i

44

5

6

16 E

i.

1

73

1

3

53

M

I. 2

45

1 1

1

43 M

I.

1

74

3

4

8

M

(. 1

46

12

8

13 E

t.

]

75

4

5

11

E

I. 2

47

45

10

54 E

[.

2

76

10

36

E

I. 1

48

1 6

10

1 E

t.

3

77

6

2

6

M

I- 3

•49

i7

0

19 M

E.

3

7^

5

5

E

I. I

5°

18

3

40 M

1

79

8

6

28

M

I. 2

5i

*9

10

9 E

1

‘8c

no

6

1

M

I. I

52

23

1

32 M

[.

2

81

11

7

45

E

,1. 2

53

24

2

3 M

f.

3

82

12

0

29

M

I. I

54

55

56

25

27

4

5
0

22 M
36 M
5 M

E.

I.

I.

3

1

1

Jupiter and the Sun
are in Oppofition.

57

28

6

34 E

I.

1

83

,*3

9

7

E

E. I

, 58

3°

4

9 M

I.

2

84

l9

0

55

M

E. 2

35

19

4

31

M

E. 1

October*

86

20

10

59

*E

E. 1

87

22

5

27

E

E. 1

59

1

6

5 M

I.

3

,88

26

3

28

M

E. 2

60

4

2

1 M

I.

1

89

6

23

M

E. 1

61

5

8

30 E

I.

1

90

27

4

26

E

■E-3

62

10

8

5 E

I.

2

91

28

0

51

M

E. 1

63

1 1

3

56 M

I.

1

92

29

4

45

E

E. 2

, 64

12

20

25 E

I.

1

93

7

*9

E

E. 1

94

C 78 3

p-

H.

M.

j

D.

H.

M.

December.

104

l9

1

52 M

I.

3

105

4

20 M

E.

3

94

3

6

2 M

E.

2

106

6

26 M

E,

1

95

4

8

24 E

E.

3

107'

21

0

25 M

E,

2

96

5

2

42 M

E.

1

108

0

54 M

E.

1

97

6

7

18 E

E.

2

109

22

7

21 E

E.

1

98

9

to E

E,

1

Iio

26

t

49 M

I.

3'

99

12

0

22 M

E.

3

II l

28

2

46 M.

E.

i

100

4

34 M

E:

1

II-

2

59 M

E.

2

IOI

1 3

9

52 E

E.

2

113

29

9

14 E

E.

1

102

1 1

2 E

E.

1

m

31

4

16 E

E.

2

103

f5

*5

30 E

E.

1

T 1

11 1 14.

The 2 d and 5$, Columns, fliew the Times when the
Eclipfes will happen *, thd ift and 4 tb9 the Order *, the
and 6tb, the Kind. Thus, on the 1 ft of January , at 9 h.
11 m. in the Evening, there will be an Immerfion of the
third Satellite of Jupiter. Again, at 28 Minutes after Three
in the Morning, on the 26th of November, there will be an
Emerfion of the fecond Satellite .

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetjireett
and C. Davis, the Corner of Tater-nofter-row*
next! Warwick-lane\ Printers to the Royal
Society. M.dcc.xxxix,

1 ‘ e\ *4 .-J

/

.&■ I

/

jPL JL

6. 2ra/uac£, •

Numb. 44 6.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

For the Months of July , Auguft, September , October,
November, and 'December, 1737.

The CONTENTS.

I. An Account of the Peruvian or Jefuits
Bark, hy Mr. John Gray, F. R- S. now at
Cartagena in the Spanifli Weft-Indies ;
extracted from fome Fapers given him by
Mr. William' Arrot, a Scotch Surgeon ,
who had gather'd it at the Flace where ■
it grows in Peru. Communicated by Mr ...
Phil. Miller, F. R. S. &c.

II. An Account by Mr. John Eames, F. R. S.
of a Rook entitaled, A Mathematical Trea-
tife, containing a Syftem of Conic-Sedtions,
with the Dodtrine of Fluxions and Fluents,,
applied to various Subje&s. By Mr,.
John Muller.

III. An Obfervation of the Moon’s Fran fit by
Aldebaran, April 3, 1 73 6. made at Lon-
don John Bevis, M. D.

IV. A Colledtion of the Obfervations of the

Lunai

The CONTENTS.

Lunar Eclipfe, Sept. 8, 1 73 6. which were
fent to the Royal Society.

IV. Eclipjis Solaris obfervata Londini, Sept.

23. 1736. a J. Bevis, M. 2).

V. Obfervations of the Occultation of Mars
by the Moon, Od:. 7. 1736. communicated
to the Royal Society.

VI. Obfervations of the Tranfit of Mercury
over the Sun, Oft. 31. 1736. communi-
cated to the Royal Society.

VII. A Colle&ion of Obfervations communi-
cated to the Royal Society, relating to the
Comet that appear'd in the Months of
January, February, and March 1 7 3 6-7.

VIII. A Letter from John Phil. Breyne,
M. D. F. R. S. to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart.
Eref. R. S. with Obfervations , and a *De-
fcription of fome Mammoth’s Bones dug up
in Siberia, proving them to have belonged
to Elephants.

IX. Extraft of a Letter from Andrew Cant-
well, Ed. D. Monfpel. to Dr. Stack, dated
at Montpellier, June 29, 1732. A7. S'.
Containing an Account of a large Glandu-
lar Tumor, in the Pelvis 5 and of the perni-
cious Effects of crude Mercury given in-
wardly to the Eatient.

I. An

[ 8> ]

I. An Account of the Peruvian or Jefuits
Bark, by Mr. John Gray, F. R. S. now at
Cartagena in the Spanifh Weft-Indies j
extracted from fame Fapers given him by
Mr. William Arrot, a Scotch Surgeon ,
who had gather'd it at the Flare where
it grows in Peru. Communicated by Phil.
Miller, F. R S. See.

THE Tree from which the Jefuits Bark is cut,
grows in the Kingdom of Peru, in the Spanijh
JVefi -Indies, and is found moft commonly in
the Provinces of Loxa, Ayavaca and Quenca, which
are fituated between two and five Degrees of South Lati-
tude. This Tree is tall, and has a Trunk rather bigger
than a Man’s Thigh, tapering from the Root upwards,
has no Boughs or Branches till near its Top, which
grow as regular as if lopp’d artificially, and with the
Leaves form exactly the Figure of a Hemifphere : Its
Bark is of a blackilh Colour on the Outfide, and fome-
times mixt with white Spots, whence commonly
grows a kind of Mofs, called by the Spaniards, Bar-
bas ; its Leaves referable much the Leaves of our
Plum-tree, of a darkifh green Colour on their upper
or concave Side, and on their lower or convex Side,
reddifh : Its Wood is as hard as our common Englijb
Ajb , and rather tough than brittle.

There are four forts of the Bark of this Tree, to
which the Spaniards give the following Names, viz.
CaJ'carilla color ada, or reddifh Bark ; amarylla, yel-
lowifh 5 crefpilla, curlings and blanca, whitilh: But

L ~ Mr.

[ *»■]

Mr. Arrof could only find two different forts of the
Tree, and he believes that the other two forts of the
Bark are owing to the different Climates where it
grows, and not to a different Species of the Tree. The
Bark called color ada and amarylla , is the bell, and
differs from the b lane a in this, that the Trunk of the
former is not nigh fo big as that of the latter, the
Leaves as deferibed above 5 whereas thofe of the
blanca are larger, and of a lighter green Colour, and
its Bark has a very thick fpungy Subftance, whitifh on
the Outfide, and is fo tough, that it requires the Force
of an Ax to (lice it from the Tree : Tis true, indeed,
it is as bitter when cut down as the belt Sort, and has
then the fame Effedl in intermitting Fevers; but when
dry and long kept, turns quite initpid and good for
nothing : And it is to beobferved, that both Sorts have
a much furer and quicker Effecl in Cures when green,
than when dry. As the bad Sort is in great Plenty,
and the belt very fcarce and hard to be come at, large
Quantities of it are cut yearly, and fent with a little of
the fine Bark to ‘Panama for Europe.

The Tree of the crefpilta is the fame with that of
the amarylla and color ada, but grows in a cold
frofty Climate; by which means the Bark is not only '
alter'd in its Quality, but is alTo whitifh on the Outfide,
though cinamon- colour'd within, and ought in Me-
dicines to be rejefted. This Sort and the blanca grow
plentifully in the Province of Ayavaca, fo Leagues
fiomPiura, and d2 from Payta , a Port in the South-
Sea ; as alfo in Cariamango , Gonfonama and Xim-
huro, whence they commonly fend it to Payta , and
there fell it as the beft. The blanca likewife grows
in the Province of Quenca, and in the Mountains of

Caxamarea :

• [ 8* 3

CaXafnarea : But the true and genuine fine Jefuits
Bark , which is of a reddifh or yellowifti Colour, is
only found from five to about fourteen Leagues round
the City of Loxa, in the Province of Loxa , called ge-
nerally by the Spaniards , Trovincia de Las Calvas .
This City is fituated between two Rivers, that, run into
the great River Marartnon , or of the Amazons, and
lies about an rbb Leagues from Tajta, and in a direft
Line about no Leagues South-Eaft from Guayaquil ,
though by the common Road near 200. The Places
about Loxa , where this fine Sort is found, are, La
Sierra de Caxanuma , Malacatos , Trutajinga , Tan-
gana, Manfanamace , Sierra de Boqueron, and a

Place called Las Monfas.

The Bark Trees do not grow all together in one
Spot, but intermixt here and there with mahy others
in the Woods 5 it happens, indeed, fom crimes, that
Clutters of them are found together, though at pre-
fent they are much fcarcer than in former Times, a
great many of the fine large Bark Trees having been
entirely cut down, that their Bark might the more
eafily be diced off.

The Soil where the beft Sort thrives, is generally in
red clayey or rocky Ground, and very frequently on
the Banks of fmall Rivers defeending from high Moun-
tains.

That this Tree flourifhes and bears Fruit at the fame
time all the Year round, is certainly owing to the ah
moft uninterrupted Rains, that fall in thofe high Moun-
tains where it grows, which continue with little or no
Intermiffion : Although about three or four Leagues
down in the low Country, where it is exceflive hot,
there are wet and dry Seafons, as in other hot Coun-

L 2 tries*

[ ]

tries, the Rains beginning in 'December and ending
in May } this Seafon the Spaniards who live there call
Temporal , and it is general all thereabouts 5 whereas
what they call T aroma is a cold rainy Seafon that lafts
in all the mountainous Places of thefe Countries from
June to November , but efpecially in the City of Loxa
and Places adjoining, where Mr. Arrot has pafs’d
or 30 Days without feeing the Sun once, and felt the
Air fo extremely cold, that he was obliged always to
be wrapped up in his Cloak, and to be in continual
Motion to keep himfelf warm. Such exceflive Cold
fo near the Line, appears to Europeans incredible ;
but many Places in thefe Latitudes are fo, by their
Situation and Vicinity to high Mountains.

The propereft Seafon for cutting the Bark is from
September to November , the only Time in the whole
Year of fome Intermiffion from Rain in the Moun-
tains. Having difeover'd a Spot where the Trees mod
abound, they firft build Huts for the Workmen, and
then a large Hut wherein to put the Bark, in order to
preferve it from the wet 5 but they let it lie there as
fhort time as poffible, having before-hand cut a Road
from the Place where the Trees grow, through the
Woods, fometimes three or four Leagues, to the
heareft Plantation or Farm-houfe in the low Country, .
whither, if the Rain permits them, they carry the Bark
forthwith to dry. Thefe Preparations made, they pro-
vide each Indian (they being the Cutters) with a large
Knife, and a Bag that can hold about yo Pounds of,
green Bark : Every two Indians take one Tree, whence
they cut or flice down the Bark, as far as they can
reach from the Ground 5 they then take Sticks about
half a Yard long each, which they tie to the Tree with
„ r _ tough

[ S> }

tough Withs at proper Dlftances, like the Steps of a.
Ladder, always Hieing off the Bark, as far as they can
reach, before they fix a new Step, and thus mount to
the Top, the Indian below gathering what the other
cuts : This they do by Turns, and go from Tree to
Tree, until their Bag is full, which, when they have
plenty of Trees, is generally a Day's Work for one
Indian. As much Care as poffible muft be taken that
the Bark is not cut wet 5 fhould it fo happen, it is to
be carried diredtly down to the low Country to dry 5
for otherwife it lofes its Colour, turns black, and rots 5
and if it lie any Time in the Hut without being fpread,
it runs the fame Rifque : So that while the Indians
are cutting, the Mules (if the Weather permits) ought
to be carrying it down to the Place appointed for dry-
ing it, which is done by fpreading it in the open
Air, and frequently turning it.

Mr. Arrot had the Curiofity to fend above yo $e-
roons from the Woods to the City of Loxay where he
put it into a large openHoufe, and dried it under Co-
ver, never expofing it either to. the Sun or Night Air,
imagining that the Sun exhaled a great many of its
fine Parts, and that the Night Air, or Serene , was very
noxious to it; but he found the Colour of the Bark
thus cured, not near fo bright and lively as that dried
in the open Air. He is of Opinion, that a very fhort
Time will put an End to this beft Sort, or, at leaft^it
will be extremely hard to be got, by reafon of its Di-
ftance from any inhabited Place, the Impenetrability:
of the Woods where it grows, and the Scarcity of the
Indians to cut it, who, by the Spaniards hard Ufage
and Cruelty, are daily diminilhing fo faft, that in a very

■' [ 56 }

few Years their Race in that Country will be quite ex*
rind.

Mr. Arrot fays, that the fmall Bark which curls up
like Sticks of Cinamon, (and which in England is
much efteenid, as being cut off the Branches, and
therefore reckoned better and more cffcdual in curing
Fevers) is only the Bark of the younger Trees, which,,
as it is very thin, curls m that manner ; and that the
Bark oftheBranches wouldnot compensate the Trouble
and Expences of cutting. He alfo told me, that after
the Bark is cut off any Tree, it requires at leaft 18 or
to Years to grow again 5 which is diredly contrary to
what Dr. Oliver fays in N* 290. of the Thilofopkical
TranfaElions. He added befidcs, that its Fruit is no
ways like a Chefnut, as the Dodor informs us in the
fame Paper 5 but rather like a Pod, which indoles a
Seed fomewhat like a Hop-feed, and that he had fent
fome of them to England .

He could not tell me by what Artifice or Stratagem
the Jefuits have got this Bark to be called after them,
if not that they carried it firft into Europe , and gave
themfelves out as the firft Difcoverers of its Virtues :
But he allured me, that the current Opinion at Loxa
is, that its Qualities and Ufe were known by the In-
dians before ever any Spaniard came among them i
and that it was by them applied in the Cure of inter-
mitting Fevers, which are frequent over all that wet ,
unhealthy Country,

H. An

[ §7 ]

II. An Account by Mr. John Eames, F. R. &
of a Book enfttukJj A Mathematical Trea-
tife, containing a Syftem of Conic-SedlionSj
with the Doctrine of Fluxions and Fluents*
applied to various Subjects. By John
Muller.

THE ingenious Author of this Work, obferving
how much Time is neceffarily fpent, and Pains
taken, in learning thefe valuable Parts of Mathematics,
thought it would be very well worth his while to lefleiv
both, which he hopes he has done confiderably, in
the following Treatife. He has divided it into three
Parts, contained in fo many Books.

In the firft of thefe, he confiders the Properties of
the three Sections of a Cone, as well in, as out of the
Cone. And to make this Part of the Work of more
Service to the Reader, Mr. Midler has not only fe~
le&ed the mod: confiderable Properties of thefe Curves,,
that are to be met with in other Writers, both An-
cient and Modern; but has added feveral new ones,,
which, as he informs us, are inferred in their proper
Places. And that fuch Gentlemen as are defirous to
read Sir Ifaac Newtons, Brmcipa? but are at a lofs
for W-ant .of a fufficient Acquaintance with Conic-
Sections, may be the more obliged, he has taken parti-
cular Care to demonftrate fuch Properties as Sir Ifaac
prefuppofes his Reader to be acquainted withal. Ac-
cordingly, he has prefix'd a Table of fuch Proportions,
inforining him as well where they are to be met with

im.

[ 88 3

in this Book, as in Sir Ifaac Newtons Trincipia Ma-
thematical.

The Proofs made ufe of in his Demonftrations, are
fometimes Algebraical, at other times Geometrical,
according as he finds the one to be plainer and (hotter
than the other.

Book II.

The fecond Book treats of the dired Method of
Fluxions. And here he hopes the firft Principles of
this Method are laid down, not only in a new, but
very plain and concife manner. He proceeds to fhew
the Ufe of Fluxions in the Solution of the common
Problems of finding the Maxima and Minima of
Quantities, the Radii of the Evolution of Curves, and
the Radii of Refradion and Reflcdion. Under the
firft of thefe Heads he tells us, particular Care has been
taken to diftinguifh the. Maximums from the Mini-
mums , a thing which has not been taken Notice of fo
much as it ought to have been. And whereas fome
Mathematicians, having made ufe of what they call in-
finitely fmall Quantities, are forced to rejed fome-
thing out of the Equation, for finding the Fluxion of
a Redangle, whofe Sides are varying Quantities, Mr.
Muller ufes only finite Quantities j and finds the Flu-
xion of fuch a Redangle after a new manner, without
rejeding any Quantity for its Smallnefs. He does the
fame in finding the Fluxion of a Power. And to
avoid the Ufe of infinitely fmall Quantities, introduces
a new Principle, viz. That a curve Line may be con-
fiderd as generated by the Motion of a Point carried
along by two Forces or Motions, one in a Diredion
always parallel to the Abfcifs, and the other in a Di-
redion

C 89]

region always parallel to the Ordinate. Hence he in-
fers, that the fluxion of the Ordinate is to the Fluxion
of the Abfcifs, as the Ordinate is to the Subtangent
of the Curve.

Having likewife proved from the firft Suppofition,
that if the defcribing Point, when arrived at any Place
given, fhould continue to move onwards, with the
Velocity it has there, it would proceed in a Right
Line, which would touch the Curve in that Point 5
he concludes that the Direction of the Force in that
Place is in the Tangent to the Curve : Confequent-
ly, the three Directions being known in each Place,
the Proportion between the Velocities of the urging
Forces will be likewife known. So that the Nature
of the Curve being given, the Law obferv'd by thefe
Velocities may be found 5 and if the Law of the Ve-
locities be given, the Nature of the Curve may like-
wife be given.

Book III.

In the third and laft Book, we have the inverfe Me-
thod of Fluxions, with its Application to the feveral
Problems folvable by it; fuchasthe fuperficial and fa-
lid Contents, of Curvilineal Figures, the Redification
of Curve Lines, Centres of Gravity, Ofcillation and
Percuffion. Here alfo Mr. Cotes s Tables of Fluents
are explain'd and illuftrated by Examples.

He finifhes this Book with a great Variety of Pro-
blems, that are of a Phyfico- Mathematical Nature, fe-
veral of which are new, and propofed to him by Mr.
Belidor . Some, indeed, are not fo, having been

folved by Meffieurs Varignon and Parent but then
he has folved them after a different, and, as he hopes,
a more agreeable Manner, the Conftmdion bring
more fimple, and the Procefs much {hotter.

M III. Qfa

%

[ 9° l

- Jk

III. Observation of the Moon’s Tranjit by Al-
debaran, April 1 ?]6. made at London,
by John Be vis, M. D.

The Glals in-
verting the
Objefts.

Apparent Time;

H. M. S.

7 40 00 The Moon's Body and Aldobaran fcen
together in the diftin& Bafe of the
Telefcope.

7 47 fi The Moons fo at hern Limb running

along the parallel Thread, the.
weftern Limb came to the horary
Thread.

7 45> 41 The Glafs remaining fix’d, and Aide-

baran running along the parallel
Thread, (having the fame Declina-
tion with the Moons fouthernLimb)
came to the Interfe&ion of the
Threads.

S 13 04, The Moon again running along the

Parallel, came to the horary Thread.

8 15 50 Aldeharan (the Glafs remaining fix’d)

came to the firft oblique Thread,
at c.

8 iy 54 4 to the horary Thread at b.

8 1 y ^9 2 — to the fecond oblique Thread at a.

8

[ 9l ]

H. M. S.

8 fcf 54, Aldebaran in the Line paffing through
the Cufps, his neareft Diftance from
the Moon’s Body being fo me what
lefs than the Length of Mare Cri-
jium, or nearly To of the Moon’s
Diameter.

M 2 IV. A

[ 9* 3

IV* -A Collection of the Obfervations of the
Lunar Eclipfe, Sept. 8, 1736. which were
fent to the Royal Society.

1. An Obfervation of an Eclipfe of the Moon, made
in Fleetftreet, London, by Mr. Geo. Graham, F.R.S.
and by Mr. James Short of Edinburgh, F. R. S. on
Sept. 8, 173d.

Beginning of the Eclipfe . . .

The Shadow touched Grimaldi .

touched Kepler . .

touched Copernicus .
touched the Eaft Side?

of Tycho ... >
touched the Eaft Side?

Side of Rlato . j
touched the Eaft Side?

of Manilius . y
touched the Eaft Side ?
of Mare Crijium J

Beginning of total Darknefs

The Obfervation made with a f - Inches reflecting
Tcl^fcope, magnifying about 38 times.

H.

M.

S.

12

0

*3

0

0

9

3°

17

10

?

3+

3°

B6

40

5<>

20

14

3

4*

3. E^lipfis

[ 9i J

\

2. Eclipfis Lunx totalis obfervata Londini in Covenf-
Garden, Sept. 8,1736. S. V. Telefcopio 7 Ted. a
J. Bevis, M. T>.

Temp. Appar.

12 f % 27 Penumbra infkit Limbum Euro-bore-

um. Aere Sereno.

74 27 Quae nunc fatis confpicua. Seren.

76 70 Umbra vera, quantum judico, Lim-

bum attingit. Seren.

77 30 Umbra Grimaldum tangit. Seren..

13: 00 27 Tegit Grimaldum. Satis Seren.

07 23 Intrat Mare Humorum, per tenues Nu-

bes. Denfiffimae deinde Nubes.

28 3 9 Mare Vapoxum tangit umbra. Seren.

31 1 2 Lunae pars obfcurata fubrutili quaft co-

lons cernitur. Valde Seren.

3 6 53 Limes Umbrae Manilium biflecat, &
mare Serenitatis contingit. Valde
Seren,

3S 48 Mare Tranquillitatis tangit. Seren;

47 21 Tegitur Serenitatis Mare. Seren.

77 26 Tangit Mare Crifium. Seren.

58 Of Mare foecunditatis obtegitur. Seren.

14 02 2f Immerfio Lunas totalis.

Denfiffimae Nubes fuperveniunt, nec
Lunaamplius confpicitur, priulquam

26 43 00 Mare Tranquillitatis, utividetur, peni-

tus retectum- -per hiatum Nubium,

43 30 Iterum Nubes.

17 03 22 Difcedente nube, Luna ab omni full-

sine libera videtur,

Hor©-

[94 ]

Horologium per Altitudines Solis equates Tempori
vero aptabatur, ejufque Confenfus cum Chronome-
troDni- G. Graham, mediants optimo Horologio por-
tatili notabatur.

3. Momenta Eclipfeos Luna: totalis, A . Mdccxxxvi.
die ix St. V. xx St. N. Septembris, mane Vitem-
berga: Saxonum obfervata , a J. F. Weidlero,
R. S. $. dec.

Hor.

Min.

Sec.

I

O

Penumbra inftar fumi vel nebula: par-
tem Luna: orientalem fubit.

I

fo

0

Initium.

I

f°

3°

Umbra appellit ad Grimaldum.

1

2

2

P

0

1

OOO

attingit Galileum.

attingit Keplerum,

, totum tegit Keplerum.

2

7

O

Lunaris difei portio altius in umbram
immerfa clarior apparet ilia, qua: pro-
pior erat margxni umbra:.

2

8

O

Umbra appellit ad Copernicum.

10

16

H W*

O O

—tegit totum Copernicum.

— ad Ty chonc m.

20

O

Luna: pars dimidia obfeurata.

27

O

Umbra ad mare ferenitatis pertingit.

29

IO

ad Menelaum.

36

00

Tegitur totum mare ferenitatis.

Luna hoc tempore per umbram ru-
bet inftar prunae.

4f

3°

Umbra ad mare Crifium appellit.

Hoc

Hor, Min, Sec.

2 fO

53

3 43

4 8

4 44
45

E pj ]

Hoc tempore circa mare Crifium um-
bras margo introrfum curvatur.
Et in tota Eclipfi umbra: periphe-
ry afpera, variifque prominentiis
diftiafta, & in extrema regione
veluti tenui furno circumdata cer-
nitur.

oo Totum mare Crifium obumbratum,
oo Obfcuratio totalis.

Jam circiter tertia lunaris difci pars
verfus orientem obfcurior apparet
parte occidental!.

oo Umbra in medio obfcurior, circa ex^
trema dilutior videtur.
oo Luna nubibus involvitur.
oo Emerfio Lunas ex umbra,
oo Umbra rclinquit Grimaldum.

PofteaLunam nubes abfconderunt, ex
quibus licet fubinde iterum emer-
geret, nebula tamen vel nubes rarior
ita earn obumbrat, ut macula diftingui
non poilint. Tandem nubibus den-
Eoribus tota Luna occultatur.

Obfervatio Telefcopio otto pedes Pari*
finos longo fatta fuit

# An*

4- An Obfervation of the Eclipfe of the Moon, Sept.
8, 1736. made in Hudfon\r-Bay, by Capt. Chrifto-
pher Middleton, F. R. S.

BEing in Hudforis-Bay , in the Latitude yy De-
grees 34 Minutes, North, and on the Meridian
of the North-Bear-IJland , which lies 30 Miles to the
Weftward of Charlton , I obferv’d a total Eclipfe of
the Moon on Sept. 8, 1736. The Weather was very
clear, but the Motion of the Sea render’d my Tele-
fcope ufelefs, and I mifs’d the Beginning.

In order to re&ify my Watch, and be certain of
the true Time, I took three feveral Altitudes next
Morning, and one in the Afternoon, by Mr. Had-
ley s and Mr. Smith's Quadrants 5 wiiich (having made
proper Allowances for the Refraction of the Atmo-
fphere and the Height that I flood above the Surface
of the Sea) were as follows :

H. M

The total Immerfion of the Moons

Body into the Shadow . .

The Emerfion .. . . . . ,

The End .

10 8 by ditto.

11 1 6 by ditto.

Deg. Min.

Deg. Min.

Firft Altitude 23 00

Latitude

Hence the true
Time is

8 49 —

Watch too flow o 21 —

Second

t 97 ]

Deg. Min.

^ 9 if —

l 8 f4

x

Watch too flow 0

21 —

Third Altitude 26

S The true Time ?
therefore is S ^

24 _

Latitude

ff

J~The Time by 7
my Watch 3 ^

°3

Watch too flow o

21 —

The Fourth Altitude taken in the

Afternoon thel

br

Hence the true \

2f +

fame Day J

29l Time is 1 5

Latitude

ff

-A The Time by Z
my Watch $ *

04

Watch too flow o

21 +

If 21 Minutes therefore be added to the times
above-mention'd, for the Error of the Watch, we
fhall have the true times of the feveral Obfervations
on the Meridian of the North-Bear-IJland , as fol-
lows, <z riz%

N

uc !

I vi 111,

Second Altitude 2? 48STh? tru5 Time

£ therefore is

Latitude yy 45 fThe T“»e *>7

T' S my Watch

The

[ 1

H. M.

The total Immerfion of the Moons Body 7 o

into the Shadow , $

TheEmerfion 10 29

The End ........ * . . 11 57

This fame Eclipfe was obferved Sept. 8, 1736. by
Dr. Bevis at London , and he made the true Time of
the total Immerfion of the Moons Body into the Sha-
dow, 14 Hours, 2 Minutes, 2 y Seconds 5 confequent-
ly the Difference of Longitude between London and
North- Bear IJland in Hudfons-Bay , is y Hours, ip
Minutes, 2y Seconds, or 79 Degrees, yi Minutes.

IV. Ecltpjis Solaris obfervata Londini, Sept;
23. 1736. a J. Bevis, M. 2X

Temp. App. P«M.

4 12 jy Limbo Solis boreo fi-

ium parallelum PP
decurrente, Limbus p
occidentalis attin-
git filum horarium
H PI.

2 2 42 Maculaparvula prope Limbum boreum
ad filum obliquum primum 1 . per-
venit.

13 01 Macula ad filum horarium HH.

13 20 Macula ad fecundum filum obli-

quum 2.

/

H 4-f

Teir.p. App. P. M.

14

45

45

41

45

48

46

00

5 °5

29

°5

41

07

Of

07

39

Solis Limbus orientalis ad filum ho-
rarium-. Deinde Nubes.

Sole ex Nubibus emerfo, Eclipfis per
Tubum incepta quidem, fed vix jam
incepta cernitur.

Inermi oculo trans vitrum coloratum
adhuc imperceptibilis.

Nunc autem fat fenfibilis. Tunc Nu-
bes.

Limbo auftrino, parallelum decurren-
tem, occidentalis Limbus ad horari-
um filum.

Cufpis Solis Occidentalis ad horarium
filum.

Cufpis orientalis
ad horarium.

Limbus orientalis
ad horarium. p

Tunc Sol ufque 1
ad occafum nu-
bibus involutus
eft.

Initium pono ad 4 Hor. 45 Mm*
31 Sec. P. Mo

J. Bevis.

H

[ t0° ]

✓ ^

y, Obfervations of the Occultatiori of Mars
by the Moon, Odt. 7. 1736. communicated
to the Royal Society.

1. An Obfervation of the Occultation o/' Mars by the
Moon, Od. 7. 1736. made by Mr. Geo. Graham,
F. R- S. in Fleetftreet, London, with a Refracting
Telefcope of 12 Feet.

October 7th, the firft Contad could not be feen for

Clouds.

Apparent Time.

H. M. S.

At 14 24 44 Mars appear’d about half cover'd,

but a diftind View could not be
had for flying Clouds.

14 27 21 Mars totally cover’d, the laft Ray

of Light being then loft.

17 11 22 The Moon appear’d, but Mars was

not feen, no Part being yet
emerg’d.

H IS

1

H I judg’d it was quite emerg’d, but
Clouds- prevented the Moon’s
Limb from being diftindly feen.

2. An

[ .01 ]

2. An Observation of an Occultation of Mars by
the Moon, in Covent-Garden, 1736. by T. Bevis,

M. T>.

BEfore the Eclipfe,T took fcveral Differences of
Right Afcenfion and Declination between &
and [a Tifcium , for afcertaining the true Place of
Mars : As alfo feveral Differences of Right Afcenfion
and Declination between the Moon and Mars , before
and after the Eclipfe, which I fhall give another Time;

Offob. 7. *P. M.

Apparent Time.

H. M. S.

14 24 10 I was furpriz'd to fee Mars continue.

quite round, though hardly, to Ap-
pearance, disjoin'd from the fcabrous
Edge of the Moon 5 but that Inftant
I thought it began to lofe its Figure.
Clouds.

14 25: 26 The Moon fhone out bright again, but

Mars wasintirely vanifh’d.

If 14 46 The Moon being juft clear of a Cloud,
I faw Mars partly emerged.
if 14 49 He feem'd juft half out 5 then Clouds
came on again, fo that Ifaw not the
final ContadR

The Moon's Diameter was 21,157 Parts of the Mi-
crometer and its illuminated Part pafs'd over the
horary Thread in 2 Minutes, 3 Seconds.

I am certain of the Time to 2 or 3 Seconds*

VI. Ob.

t ■« 3

yi. Obfervations of the Tranfit of Mercury
over the Sun, Oft. ji. 1736. communi-
cated to the Royal Society.

j. An Obfervation of the Tranfit of Mercury over
the Sun, Oct. 31. 1736. by Mr. George Graham,
F. R. S. made in Fleetftreet, London.

OB. 31. A. M.

Apparent Time.

H. M. S.

At 9 22 oo Mercury not yet feen, then Clouds.

9 2 5 37 * few Mercury for a few Se-
conds, and judged he was got
intirely within the Sun’s Disk,
or perhaps a little morej then
Clouds again, with fome Inter-
vals of a few Moments between,
which allow'd us a Sight of
Mercury about three or four fe-
vcral times, then quite cloudy
till near 12, when we had a
Sight of the Sun for a few Mi-
nutes, and took his Tranfit upon
the Meridian; at which time we
judged Mercury to be about two
of his Diameters, or a little more,
within the Sun’s Disk, and a little
paft the vertical Line.

tz 10 27 We had again a Sight of the Sun „
but Mercury was gone off.

2 . Con -

Specula Bononieniis Jcientiarum Inftituti obferva-
tus, die xi Novembris, mdccxxxvi. (N. S.) mane:
referente Euftachio Manfrcdio, ejufdem inftituti
Aftronomo. & R, Lond. S.

UM mihi ob adverfam valetudinem tranfitum

hunc Mercurii fub Sole rionnifi per intervalla
fpe&are, neque in eo mihi ipfi fatisfacere licuerit, re-
feram paucis, qux in hac fpecula non tam a me quam
a Viris doftiftimis., qui frequentes hue adventare com
fueverunt, obfervata fuerint, praefertim vero ab egre-
gio juvene Euftachio Zanotto Rhil. "Doc., qui meas
in aftronomica profeflione vices gerit ; deinde ea fub-
jungam, quae poftmodum ex obfervationibus in typura
relatis, atque ad calculos expenfis una cum illo defi~

In fupremo fpeculae conclavi, unde majores tubiop-
tici promi, aptarique pofliint, intenderat Zanottu's in
Solem optimae not# telefcopium, a Campano elabo-
ratum, pedes 22 Bononienfes longum, quo ipfum, fi
fieri poffet, Mercurii in marginem Solis incurfum no-
taretj ac quando incurfum ilium quorumdam aftro-
nomorum calculi maturius, aliorum ferius, complu-
rium fcrupulorum diffidio, pollicebantur, cum Jofepho
Roverfio condixerat, fi quando ipfe ceftaflet, utiscom
feftim eidem telefcopio fuccederet. Alii interea ali-
unde brevioribus tubis in idem intendebamus. Coe-
lum erat nitidiilimum, aer nullo ventorum flatu per-
turbatus. Obtigit Roverfio, ut omnium primus Plane-
tam ad Solis marginem deprehenderet hora poll meri-
diem 22. 8. 37. ac mox interiorem ejus cum Sole com-
taftum defimret kora 22, 11. 12. Horologiis uteba-

nivi.

mur

C 104 ]

mur ad meridianam lineam per eofdem dies expenfis,
quam ipfam lineam Zanottus per xquales altitudines
matutinas ac vefpertinas pluries ad Solem cxegit.

Obfervatoribus aliis paullo ferius Planeta in Solis
limbo eft animadverfus. Mihi, ex inferiori conclavi
collimanti telefcopio Campani pedum 1 1 non ante
horam 22. 9. 5. eft confpedus, cum jam fat notabili
fui parte Solem delibaret, contadus autem interior eo-
dem tubo seftimatus hor. 22. 10. 5*3. Sed longe cer-
tior prior ilia obfervatio, quippe quae prxftantiori in-
ftrumento eft habita. Quoniam tamen ex temporibus
egreflus Planetx mox afferendis conftitit ejus corpuf-
culum in exceffu impendiffe min. 3. 16. ft tantumdem
ex tempore contadus interioris a Roverfio notati fub-
duxerimus, fiet contadus exterior, five primus Mer-
curiiad Solem appulfus adhuc certior hor. 22. 7. fd.

Deinceps obfervationes eo fpedarunt, ut punda ali-
quot invenirentur ejus femitx quam Planeta in Sole
deferibere vifebatur. Ea punda fingula ad circulum
horarium, necnon ad parallelum per centrum Solis
dudum retulimus, Cafliniana methodo, notatis ex ho-
rologio temporibus, quibus & limbi Solis, & Mercu-
rius filum horarium micrometri, hie vero prxterea
etiam obliqua pertranfiret, interea dum Sol boreo fui
margine filum ipfum parallelum perraderet. Multa
ejufeernodi punda naclus eft Zanottus telefcopio pe-
dum 8 ; unum ego vel alterum tubo pedum 6, cui
tubo micrometrum aptatum erat exquifiti operis a viro
cl. Jo. Jacobo Mar inonio Mathematico Cafareo exco-
gitatum, atque huic obfervatorio dono mifiiim. Eo-
dem & Rover (ius , & Thomas Rerellus , M. T). non-
nulla punda alia determinarunt. Hue etiam pertinet
obfervatio a Rerello in ipfo meridiano habita, murali

femi-

[ io5 ]

ftemicirculo, qua obfervatione inventa eft Planets aft
cenfio reda fecundis 1 1 \ temporariis major, declina-
tio autem fecundis 587 temporariis minor quam cen-
tri Solis. Illud prarterea Zanottus ftbi fumpfit, ut in-
Cgniorum macuiarum, quar plures eo die in Sole cer-
nebantur, pofitus defcriberet. Ab iis maculis facile
erat Planetam internofcere, 5c quod exade rotundus,
& quod nigerrimus, 5c quod nulla areola eftet ob-
feptus.

Ad Mercurii egrclFum quod attinet, Francifcus AU
garottus , R. S. Lo7id. S. qui nuper ex Gallia 5c Britannia
in Italiam redux h u j ufce p h x no m e n i fpedandi gratia Bo-
noniam fe contulerat, tubo pedum 8 ulus initium notavit
horaameridieo. fo. iyfinemhor. o. 53. 6>egoverotele-
fcopio illo 1 1 pedum initium hor. 0.51.7, finem hor. o.
53. 44 y Roverjius telefcopio pedum 14 finem tantum
advertit hor. o. 5*4. 1 ; verum hx obfervationes minus
certar cum ob mediocrem tuborum prarftantiam, turn
quod ventus id temporis coortus tubos ipfos nonnihil
agitaret. Prarferenda ergo hifce omnibus obfervatio
telefcopio illo pedum 22 habita, quo Francifcus Van-
dellius , in hoc fcientiarum Inftituto militaris archi-
tecture profejfor , interiorem contadum definivit hor.
o. fo. fo, exteriorem hor. o. 5*4. 6, unde mora pla-
netar in limbo min. 3, 16, 5c tempus egrefius centri
hor. o. f2. 28, quod ex mea obfcrvatione foret hor.

O. 5'2. 2f.

Hadenus obfervationes ipfse -y nunc quar ex earum
inter fefe collatione una cum Zanotto deduxerim, per-
fequar. Afiumpta Solis diametro min. 32. 34, ac
tempore ejus tranfitus per circulos horarios min. 2.17.
(quos numeros 5c recentiorum aftronomorum tabular
’exhibent, 5c obfervationes ipfx comprobamnt) punda

O ilia

[ *o<S ]

ilia planetaria femit# obfervando definita in typum
retulimusi ac cum ob exiguas obfervationum fallacias
minime omnia examuffim in eandem re&am lineam
inciderent, nullam eorum conciliandorum rationem
aptiorem invenimus, quam fi ftatueremus perpendicu-
larem lineam ex centro Solis ad planet# femitam
dudam angulum cum horario circulo comprehendere
grad. 23. 40 ad orturn: cjus vero perpendiculars lon-
gitudinem a centro ad ipfam femitam poneremus min.
13. f 8 ad boream. Ex his reliqua omnia calculo de-
duximus in hunc modurn.

Initium ingreffus Mercurii in So-

Hor.

/

If

lis difcum

hor. 22

7

S6

Ingreffus centri

hor. 22

9

34

Totalis ingreffus

hor. 22

11

12

Initium egreffus

hor. 0

fo

fo

Egreffus centri

hor. 0

28

Totalis egreffus

hor. 0

74

6

Mora centri Mercurii in difco

Solis

hor. 2

42

74

Semimora

hor. 1

21

27

Tempus medii tranfitus

hor. 23.

31

1

Angulus line# perpendicularis ad
femitam planet# cum circulo

horario ab obfervationibus defi-

0 / n

nitus, ad ortum

gr. 23 40 0

Angulus ecliptic# cum horario ex

tabulis aftronomicis ad ortum

gr. 105- 48 0

Inite

C '07 ]

Inde angulus ecllpticx cum per-

pendiculari ad Mercurii femi-

e

!

it

ram apparentem

Et angulus femitx app. cum eclip-

gr-

82

8

tica

Diftantia femitx a centre Solis
ab obfervationibus inventa ad

gr.

7

■ -

bor.

gr-

O

*3

58

Semidiameter Solis
Longitudo femitx intra Solis dif-

gr-

O

16

17

cum

gr.

O

16

4f

Ejus longitudinis dimidium

gr-

O

8

22

Ex his motus horarius Mercurii in

femita apparenti

gr-

O

6

10

Motus horarius apparens in eclip-

tica

Inde portio femitx inter medium

gr-

O

6

6

tranfitus & conjun&ionem
Portio femitx ab ingrefiu ad con-

gr-

O

I

f 8

jun&ionem

Portio ejufdem a conjun&ione ad

gr-

O

IO

20

egreffum

Differentia longitudinis Mercurii

gr-

O

6

24

& Solis in ingreffu

gr-

O

10

I*

Differentia longitudinis in egreffu

gr-

O

6

21

—f .

Tempus a medio tranfitus ad con-

• ■- *■ '•*' >

O

/

it

junctionem hor. o 19 z

Tempus ipfum conj unc-

tionis Bononi® temp.ver. hor. 23

temp. med. hor. 23
O z

3

34 25

Lon-

Q

t It

[ *°8 3

Longitudo Solis & Mer-
curii in ipfa conjunc-
tione e Caffinianis ta-
bulis Sc or pit gr. 19 23 30

Huic longitudini refpondct intra
fee. 4. obfervatio a ‘Petro Lilio
J. U. ©. eodem die habita
gnomonemeridiano adDiviPe-
tronii.

Latitudo Mercurii in ingreffu bor.

gr-

O

12 37

Latitudo in egreffu bor.

gr-

O

14 5-4
0 foi

Inde motus horarius in latitudinem

gr-

O

Et latitudo in ipfa conjundione bor.

gr-

O

14 1

Ex his intervallum tempo-
ris a tranfitu Mercurii
per nodum afeenden-
tem ad conjundionem

hor.

16

39

Et tempus ipfum tranfitus
per nodum t. ver.

hor.

7

IX

t. med.

hor.

6

ff

Ex tabulis Caffinianis motus Mer-
curii in orbita e Sole vifus inter-
tervallo horarum 16, 39 circa
hoc ternpus, feu argumentum la-
titudinis in conjunction e gr. 4 if 47

Idem motus ad eclipticam redudus gr. 4 ij 5 6

Inde locus nodi afeenden-

tis Mercurii eSole vifus Taurine. 15 9 34

Diftantia

[ 1

Diftantia Mercurii a Sole ad tern-
pus conjun&ionis e tabulis Caf-
finianis Log. 445)301

Diftantia Telluris a Sole ex iifdem

tabulis Log. 499 5D3 ,

Inde latitudo Mercurii in con-
jun&ione, e Sole vifa bor.

§r-

0

3°

31

Unde inclinatio orbit# Mercurii
ad eclipticam

gr-

6

fi

0

Tempus a contaftu interiori Mer-

curii ad exteriorem in egreflii
ex obfervatione

bor.

O

3

16

Portio femitaehoc tempore aMer-
curio peragrata

gr-

O

O

20

Angulus femit# ipfius cum femi-
diametro Solis in egreflu

gr-

*8

So

0

Inde diameter apparens Mercurii

quamproxime

gr-

O

0

10

Boreas

3* Ex-

I "O ]

3. Extrabis of a Letter from Mr . Frofejfor Weid-
ler, F. R. S. &c. to Dr. Mortimer, Seer . R .
datedfyt W ittemberg, Jan. 1, 1737. Tranflated
from the Latin by T. S. M.D. F. R . «S*.

I Have lately anfwer’d your agreeable Letter of Off.

26. 1736. and now fend you a printed Copy of
my Obfervation of the Tranfit of Mercury over the
Sun , on Nov. 11. for though the uncertain State of
the Weather was fomc Hindrance to a complete Ob-
fervation, yet what I obferv'd, I thought proper not
to deprive others of j chiefly becaufe it does not appear
to me, that this Fhtenomenon has hitherto been feen
with better Succefs.

X beg you will fend the other Copy to Dr. Halley.

Dr. WeidlerV Obfervations of Mercury V Tranfit j
extracted from the printed Account .

Mercury appear'd
within the Suns eaft-
ern Limb (as in the
Scheme)

H. M. s-

10 49 20 at 1

11 36 OO - £ abt. Z

11 jT2 20 - at 3

12 2 30 - 4

4 30 - f

44 20 - 6

_5*Mz 7

[ 11 * ]] .

VII. A Collection of Obfervations commune
cated to the Royal Society, relating to the
Comet that appear d in the Months of
January, February, and March 1736-7.

1. Obfervations upon the Comet that appear d in
the Months tf/7 January, February and March 1737,
made at Oxford, by J. Bradley, F . R. $. Sav .
Trof Aftron.

I Made feveraF Obfervations on the late Comet,
during the laft five Weeks of its Appearance^
which enabled me to find out the Elements of a pa-
rabolic Traje&ory, upon which a Calculus might be
founded, that would correfpond with each of my Ob-
fervations within about a Minute of a Degree : But
the firft of them being taken many Days after the
Time of the Rerihelion , and the whole Series compre-
hending but a very fmall Portion of the Trajectory 5 X
was fenfible, that a little Error, either in the Obfer-
vations themfelves, or in the Places of the Fixt Stars
with which the Comet was compared, might occa-
fion a confiderable Difference in the Situation and Mag-
nitude, <£rc. of the Orbit deduced from them alone 5
and therefore I was defirous of having feme earlier and
accurate Obfervations, in order to determine thofe
Elements with more Certainty : But not having yet
been able to procure fuch, I fhali not longer defer lay-
ing before the Society the Particulars of my own, to-
gether with the Comparifon between the obferved

Places

[ ll* ]

Places of the Comet, and thofe computed from fuch
Elements as I have already collected from my own
Obfervations.

I firft faw the Comet on the i yth of February 1737,
between Six and Seven in the Evening, when its
Nucleus appear’d fmall and indiftinft, and its Tail (ex-
tending above a Degree from the Body) pointed towards
the Star in Lino Auftral . Fifcium , marked £ by Bayer.
Applying my Micrometer to a good feven Foot Tube,
I obferved, that at 7 Hours, 3 2 Minutes Temp. Mquat.
the Comet preceded the laid Star 1 Degree, 1 Mi-
nute, 40 Seconds, in Right Afcenfion, and was 20
Minutes, 20 Seconds more Southerly than the Star.
Note , That the equal Time is likewife made ufe of
in all the following Obfervations.

Afiuming the Place of this Star, as it is fettled in
the Britijb Catalogue , (as I fhall likewife the Places
of others hereafter mentioned) it follows, that the
Comet's Right Afcenfion was 23 Degrees, 58 Minutes,
o Seconds, and its Declination 1 Degree, 31 Minutes,
yy Seconds, North.

February 1 7. 7 Hours, 33 Min. the Comet followed
a in Nodo Lin. Fifcium 31 Min. 2y Sec. in Right
Afcenfion, and was y2 Min. 30 Sec. more Northerly.
Hence the Comet's Right Afcenfion was 27 Deg. 38
Min. 20 Sec. and its Declination 2 Deg. 21 Min.
10 Sec. North.

February 18. 7 Ho. 14 Min. a fmall Star (whofe
Right Afcenfion was afterwards found to be 29 Deg.
o Min. y Sec. and Declination 2 Deg. y8Min. 30 Sec.
North) preceded the Comet 24 Min. o Sec. in Right
Afcenfion, and was iy Min. 30 Sec. more Northerly.
Hence- the Comet's Right Afcenfion was 29 Deg,

24

t nj ]

y Sec. and its Declination 2 Deg. 34Min.oSec.

North.

February 21. 7 Ho. 2y Min. the Comet preceded
vCeti 1 Deg. 6 Min. o Sec. in Right Afcenfion, and
was 3 8 Min. 20 Sec. more Southerly. Hence its Right
Afcenfion was 34 Deg. 2y Min. 10 Sec. and its" De-
clination 3 Deg. 47 Min. 20 Sec. North.

February 22. 7 Ho. 4y Min. the Comet followed
v Ceti 30 Min. y Sec. in Right Afcenfion, and was
18 Min. 47 Sec. more Southerly. Hence the Comet's
Right Afcenfion was 36 Deg. 1 Min. ry Sec. and its
Declination 4 Deg. 6 Min. yy Sec. North.

February 27. 7 Ho. 4y Min. a fmall Star (whofe
Right Afcenfion was afterwards found to be 40 Deg.
34 Min. o Sec. and Declination y Deg. y Min. 30 Sec.
North) followed the Comet 2 Min. 30 Sec. in Right
Afcenfion, and was 2 Min. 30 Sec. more Northerly
than the Comet. Hence the Comets Right Afcenfion
was 4oDeg. 31 Min. 30 Sec. andits Declination yDeg.
3 Min. o Sec. North.

The Difference of Right Afcenfion and Declination
between this Star and the Comet was taken with a 1 y
Foot Telefcope; but the Place of the Star was deter-
mined by one Obfervation made with the 7 Foot
Tube.

February 27.8 Ho. 4y Min. the Comet preceded a
fmall Star 1 Deg. 16 Min. o Sec. in Right Afcenfion,
and was 2 Min. iy Sec. more Southerly. The Right
Afcenfion of thisSrar was after wards (by a fingle Gbfer-
wation) found to be 44 Deg. 37 Min. 40 Sec. and its
Declination y Deg. 38 Min. 30 Sec. North. Hence
the Comet's Right Afcenfion was 43 Deg. 21 Min.

P 40

[ i J4 1

40 Sec. and its Declination y Deg. 36 Min. iy Sec.
North.

March 4. 8 Ho. o Min. a fmall Star (whofe Right
Afcenfion was found to be 49 Deg. 30 Min. 30 Sec.
and its Declination 6 Deg. 38 Min. 30 Sec. North) pre-
ceded the Comet 7 Min. 30 Sec. in Right Afcenfion*
and was 10 Min. o Sec. more Southerly. Hence the
Right Afcenfion of the Comet was 49 Deg. 38 Min.
oSec. and its Declenfion 6 Deg. 48 Min. 30 Sec.

March 12. 8 Ho. 2y Min. the Comet preceded
p Tauri 2 Deg. 5 Min. yo Sec. in Right Afcenfion,
and was 4 Min. 2y Sec. more Northerly than the Star.
Hence the Comet's Right Afcenfion was y8 Deg. 12
Min. 40 Sec. and its Declination 8 Deg. 16 Min. 50
Sec. North.

March 14. 9 Ho. o Min. the Comet followed the
47/^ Star of Taurus in the Britifh Catalogue 12 Min.
yo Sec. in Right Afcenfion, and was o Min. 15 Sec.

• more Northerly than the Star. Hence the Comet's
Right Afcenfion was 60 Deg. 8 Min. y Sec. and its
Declination 8 Deg. 34 Min. y Sec. North. This, and
all the following Obfervations, were made with a
good ly Foot Telefcope, the Comet now appearing
too faint to be wellobferved with the 7 Foot Tube.

March 17. 8 Ho. 40 Min. the Comet followed r
Tauri 2y Min. y Sec. in Right Afcenfion, and was
9 Min. 40 Sec. more Northerly. Hence its Right AT
cenfion was 62 Deg. 47 Min. yy Sec. and its Declina-
tion 8 Deg. y8 Min. 4y Sec. North.

March 19. 7 Ho. yo Min. the Comet followed the
fame Star 2 Deg. 4 Min. yo Sec. in Right Afcenfion, „
being 23 Min. yy Sec. more Northerly. Hence its

Right

[ "5 1

Right Afcenfion was 6 4 Deg. 27 Min. 40 See, and
Declination 9 Deg. 13 Min. o Sec. North.

The fame Night, at 9 Ho. o Min. the Comet pre-
ceded d Tauri 47 Min. 40 Sec. in Right Afcenfion,
and was 22 Min. 50 Sec. more Southerly. Hence firs
Right Afcenfion was 64 Deg. 50 Min. 20 Sec. and De-
clination 9 Deg. 12 Min. 35'Sec. North.

March 20. 8 Ho. y Min. the Comet preceded d
Tauri o Min. 30 Sec. in Right Afcenfion, and was
16 Min. 3 y Sec. more Southerly than the Star. Hence
its Right Afcenfion was 6y Deg. 17 Min. 30 Sec. and
Declination 9 Deg. 18 Min. yoSec. North.

March 22. 8 Ho. iy Min. the Comet followed the
fame Star 1 Deg. 36 Min. 10 Sec. in Right Afcenfion,
and was 3 Min. yo Sec. more Southerly. Hence its
Right Afcenfion was 66 Deg. y4 Min. 10 Sec. andDe-
clination 9 Deg. 31 Min. 3ySec. North.

This was the laft Night that I faw the Comet; for the
Moon being then in her Increafe, intirely obftruded
its further Appearance. TheLight of the Comet was
indeed (even in the Moon's Abfence) fo very weak,
that 1 found it difficult, in fome of the latter Obfer-
vations, to take its Place with any tolerable Certainty;
which is, in part, the Caufe of fome little Difagree-
ment obfervable in the Cornet's Places taken from the
fame Stars on different Nights; though there are like-
wife other Irregularities that occur in this Series of Ob-
fervations, which feem to arife from fmail Errors in
the affirmed Places of the Fixt Stars.

Suppofing the Trajedory deferibed by this Comet
to be nearly ^Parabolical^ conformable to what Sir
Ifaac Newton has delivered in the third Book of his
Princip. Math . I colled from the foregoing Obfer-

P 2 various.

C 1

vations, that the Motion of this Cornet in its own
Orbit was cDireEl> and that it was in its Perihelion,
January 19. 8 H. 20 Min. Temp. <^yEquat. Lond.
That the Inclination of the Plane of the Trajectory to
theEcliptick was 1 8 Deg. 20 Min. 45* Sec. The Place of
the Descending Node 16 Deg. 22 Min. The Place
of the Perihelion & 2 f Deg. 55 Min. The Diftance
of the Perihelion from the Descending Node 80 Deg.
27 Min. The Logarithm of the Perihelion PDiJlance
from the Sun 9.347960. The Logarithm of the Di-
urnalMotion 0.938188.

From thefe Elements (by the Help of Dr. Halley s
general Table for Comets, to which they are adapted)
I computed the Places in the following Table 5 which
alfo contains the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Co-
met, calculated from the obferved Right Afcenfions
and Declinations above-mentioned, together with the
Differences between the obferved and computed
Places*

Oxon*

[ n 7 J

^ *

^ <S C? CO

+ !+++

m C\ d VO co
d d h cn

I+! 1 +

oo oo o d cev

m d d co co

I !+++

■ ^

. -hoc CN to

00 hi d H CO

+ 1 + 1 I

CN d- to fO

to Cl rl

++ 1 ++

N On n d m
d m

+ ! 1 1 +

^ 1

ro* M ^ *>

to -<J- d

coOO roVO C\
<-» to d -f- d *<"i

Q r^oo oo o C\

d COOO CvVO
d m m d

d H NmC\
w co rf- rj-

O O M m w

Ov Id d ro M
'd-'d-iocOTj-

VO O O d to
<o O O

^ d d d d

' ^
^ Is

ro O '^h-'O coOO

00 O 4- to d

*5 )oO t^VO to
o-i -d* ro h rl

C\ rlvooo co to
W M d rt

W X)

C7>vO VicoO\

M ^ to M

H\a CTiCnN
’td- co rf- *d“

CV Cl Cs d- CN
h h d d

o <CCC)(V| C\
>cdH CC.H

O d lc> cc H
CO M M -j-

d db d“ to Vo

w

Lat.Auft.

Obfervat.

. d- h o o o

co n n n i^o

*5-1 res d- rf-'O O

^ to d 4* d d-

Q d*oo oo On Cn

h c| 'o m C\
d , rh rf- to

d h \o rc a
m ro rj- 'd-

O O - W M M

M M IH M IH

M C\(i Icic
CO M M M

VO O w CO vo
lo O

w d d d d

M M M M M

Com. Longit.
Obfervat.

rA d- O

'yj co m ro to

5 ^ocova •h

. iJ-COH d

Q d vo oo m to
d d d

> 30

oo ccooo d

d^o c^C\N
rh co 'd' -d"

Cn d C\N Cv
w m d d

r^vo m o O

tO CO H IH CO

O d to CO M
CO M 1 H -rt-

d *d- to vo

w

V fC§s
s .

p Cu
O r<4i

H

d co -d- »o *o
CtlCOH d Tt’

d- d- d- h- t"'

^ to IdOO w d
^ W H M- d <S|

Q w

<t»

to to O to O
'd- O d O

dOO OO OO On

to d'. rj- d rf*
d d ih m l

1 1

O O O to to
rj* to O M

OO C\0O oo

d- os o d
! m m d d

From the fmall Differences between the Comet s
obferved and computed Places, exhibited in the two
laft Columns of this Table, we may reafonably con-
clude, that the Orbit, as above determined, cannot,
differ much from the Truth, and muft therefore be
near enough to enable future Aftronomers to diftin-

{ 1

guifh this Comet upon another Return, and thereby
to fettle its Period j which I cannot at prefent pretend
to do, not having met with an Account of any former
Comet that feems likely to have been the fame with
this, whereof a Defcription has been given particular
enough to determine this Point.

2. €~ometes Rom# -ex Monte Aventino obfervatus
menfe Februario 1737, a Didaco de Revillas Abb.
Hieronym. R. S. S.

Circa horam feptimamP. M. diei 16 nobis primum
in occidental coeli parte Comctcs apparuit, odo
vel novem gradrbus Venere inferior 3 atque ab ejus
verticali circulo aliquantulum Meridiem verfus decli-
nans. Nudo oculo nonnifi albicantem, et crepera
luce fulgentem Lineolam confpicicbamus : egregio
tamen Campani Telefcopio Pcd. 6. pr#ter Caudam,
•qu# in partem a foie averfam protcndebatur. 6c line-
ol# fpeciem extra telefcopium pr# fe ferebat. Nucleum
quoquc etfi tenui Athmofph#ra circumundique obte-
nebratum intilebamur. Quum nullus circuli quadrans
tunc pr#fto effet 5 Sc viciniorum fixarum confpedum
nedum nebula interciperet 3 verum & crcpufculum
fuburaheret, ‘Comet# locus apparens ea node definiri
minime potuit.

A die 1 6 ad 19, ficuti Sc poll 2f, plura alia occurrc-
bant impedimenta, qu# obfervationibus vacate prohi-
bebant. - Nodibus porro inter 19 6c 26 mediis haud
aliter apparentem Comet# locum accurate determinare
licebat, quam Phoenomenon cum Venere comparan-
do; proptcrea quod parvo dumtaxat Quadrantc utere-

mur.

C 1'9 3

mur, cujus tubus opticus pedem Anglicum vixxqua-
bat. Ex verticalibus itaque cum Comets, turn Vene-
ris altitudinibus eodem tempore obfervatis, verticales
utriufque differentias collegimus, quas hie damus.

Die. P.#M. Differ. Vert.

H. M. * * M.

20 7 Gr. f 2 2

22 7 oo Gr. 3 y6

23 7 20 Gr. 3 13

24 6 iy Gr. 2 ,30

2y 7 30 Gr. 1 47

Cometse Cauda die 22. Ver-
ticale Micrometri filum per-
tranfiens horarium minutum
cum Sec. 7. impendebat. Mi-
crometrum autem laudato Cam-
pani Telefcopio applicitum erat.

H. M.

O /

Die 24. 8

Die 27. f

3 Venus, & Cometa appa-
rebant.fub Angulo
70 Apparebant fub Angulo

}Gr- 7 3f

Gr. 8 y

3. Obfervations upon ^Cornet feen in]zsmaxy and
February 1736-7. ofan Eclipfe of the Sun,

*Feb. 18. 1736-7. ^ Philadelphia /» Penfyl-

vania, mclofed in a Letter from L)r. -Kearfly to
Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S.

ON the 27th of January laft, about Six in the
Evening, I Paw ..a dull Star about 3 or 4 Degrees
above Mercury y and a little to the Southward of a
Vertical paffihg through but took little Notice of;
it then, not thinking of a Comet 5. but. by comparing
§'s Place with' the Fixt Stars, I afterwards thought it

might be a Comet. On the 31ft, about 6 Ho. 30

Min. P. M. I took its Diftance from Venus , by a re-
fk&ing Inftrument of Mr. Hadley % Make, 14 Deg.

4°

[ t*o’3

40 Min. but by a Foreftaff, 14 Deg. yo Min. and a
Right Line pafs’d over the Comet, Venus, and the
Tleiades. The Night following, about 6 Ho. 20 Min.
its Diftance from Venus was, b'y Mr. Hadley’s Inftru-
ment, 13 Deg. 2f Min. The reft of my Obferva-
tions, by fuch Inftruments as I had, being none of
the beft, and the Comet’s growing very dull, are as
follows :

Deg. Ho. Min. P. M.

Feb. 7. 6 47 Comet from Venus 7 Deg,

40 Min.

7 3 from Aldebaran 59

Deg. 40 MJn.

— from Algenib 17

Deg. 4f Min. 'by a Fore-
ftaff.

A Right Line from the Co-
met over Venus pafs'd over
the bright Star in the Side
of Ferfeus.

II. 7 14 Comet from Venus 7 Deg.
1 2 Min.

7 20 A Right Line over the Co-
met, Venus , and Head of
Cajfiopeia .

17. 7 20 The Comet was in a Right

Line, and to the North-
ward of two Stars 5 Di-
ftance of the Stars I fup-
pofed to be about 40 Mi-
nutes, and the Comet from
the leaft 30 Min. Thefe
Stars, I think, were the
South

D.

20.

3° 7

2i. about 30 8

South Node of Tifces,
brighteft from Venus 10
Deg. 20 Min. from Aide-
bar an yoDeg. 30 Min. as
I found it fet down, but
muft be very falfe.

No Star within Sight of the
Comet by theTelefcope.

Comet from Aldebaran 34,
Deg. from Lucida Cap. Y
1 Pi-

Wanted about a Degree of

Oculus Ceti . Which

was the laft Sight I had of it.

T. S. The Eclipfe Feb . 18. could not be well ob-
ferved here, by reafon of Clouds. I re&ified my Clock
by one of Heath’s large Ring Dials. At 7 Ho. 1 8 Min.
there was a fmall Dent in the Sun's Edge, whence the
Beginning 1 or 2 Minutes fooner : Juft before the End,
*viz. 10 Ho. 11 or 12 Minutes, I had a Sight of the
Sun again, and there was then a Dent in the Sun's
Edge, fo that the End muft be 10 Ho. 13 or 14 Min.
in the Morning : About the Middle of the Eclipfe,
there was a large Spot near the Middle of the en-
lightened Part, which was the North Side of the Sun.

4i Tart

[ 121 ]

4. Tart of a Letter from RofeFuller, M. D. F. R. S.
to the Trefident j mentioning a Comet feen in Ja-
maica, /^January 1736-7.

Spanifh-Town, Mar. 1. 1736-7.

WE have nothing new here to write you of, but
the Appearance of a Comet, which was firft
perceived about the 26th of January , but muft, by
its PJainnefs then, have been vifible for fome time be-
fore. It was in the Weft firft of all, fome Degrees
below and dire&ly under Venus : Every Night it ap-
pear'd nearer to that Star, but inclined Northerly. In
about a Fortnight, it was parallel to it, and in a W eek
after, was no more to be feen.

I am, &c.

Rofe Fuller.

f. Extract of a Letter from Mr, Sartorius, a Mif-
fionary ^Madras, dated Feb. 9. 1736-7. V S*
to Mr* Bayer at Petersburgh j concerning the Co-
met. Tranfiated from the German ^ C. M,
R . S . Sec .

FO R feven Days laft paft, about 7 Hours Vefpere
there hath appear'd a dim Comet, as we took it
to be : It is feen in the Weft, under Venus towards
the S. W. It looks through a Tube of 10 or 1 1 Feet
long, like a dim or pale Planet •, its Tail tends upwards.
What do the Aftronomers in Europe fay of it, if it
hath been feen there?

1

I >*3 ]

6. An Obfervation of the Comet feen at Lisbon, by
G. R. Vanbrugh, Efq ; on board the Burford Man of
War. Communicated to the Royal Society, by 1 ohn
Hadley, Efqt V Tref R. S.

Lisbon , Jan. 29, 1736-7.

AT 6 Hours 49 Minutes, P. M. we faw a Comet
with a long brufh Tail, at which time its Alti-
tude was found y Degrees iy Minutes, its Diftance
from Venus 1 8 Degrees y Minutes ; and Venus’s Alti-
tude was observed 20 Degrees 40 Minutes. It bore
due Weft.

G. R. Vanbrugh,

[Note by John Machin, R. S. Seer. 3

<c The Place of the Comet, according to this Obfervation,'
cc ought to be on Jan. 29. 7 Hours 39 Minutes, Eq. Time at
cc Lond. P. M. (X. 13 Degrees 38 Minutes) Latitude 3 Degrees,
cc 59 Minutes, 40 Seconds, Bor. The Comet of 1556 moves the
cc fame way, hath its Nodes nearly in the fame Place, and with nearly
£ the fame Inclination to the Ecliptic.”

<ii vm. r4

[ U4 ]

VIII. si Letter from John Phil. Breyne,i\£ 2>.
F. R> S. to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart •
Fref R . j1. with Observations , rW a De-
fcription of fome Mammoth 5 Bones dug
up in Siberia, proving them to have be -

OUR very learned and inftructive Accounts of

Elephants Teeth and Bones found under
Ground, 1 faw with great Pleafure in the Rhilofo-
phical Tranfaffiivns, N° 403. and 404. In the fame
Year, to wit 1728. I was bulled about the very fame
Matter, efpecially to prove, that the extraordinary
large Teeth and Bones found under Ground, and
digged up in feveral Places of Siberia , by the Name
of Mammoth's , or Mammut'sy Teeth and Bones,

I. True Bones and Teeth of fome large Animals
once living ; and,

II. That thofe Animals were Elephants , by the
Analogy of the Teeth and Bones, with the known
ones of Elephants .

III. That they were brought and left there by the
univerfal Deluge. I made likevvife feveral ufeful In-
ferences about this Matter.

At the fame time there flourished in our City a So-
ciety of fome learned and ingenious Gentlemen, who
met once a Week in a certain Place : In one of thofe
Meetings in the Month of March, I had the Honour

SIR

were.

)

to

[ ]

to read and communicate my Thoughts and Obferva-
tions about this Subject; which, as I believe, they
will not be difagreeable to you, I have tranflated into
the Englijb Tongue, and joined to this prefent Letter.

After that, viz. in the Year 1730, Dr. Mejfer -
fchmidt returned to Dantzick, from his Travels thro'
Siberia , and was pleafed to communicate to me feme
curious Draughts of a Part of a Skeleton, to wit, of a
very large Skull, ‘Dens exfertus & molar is , with the
Os femoris , belonging to the Animal commonly
called Mammoth , found in Siberia $ by which our
Affertion, that the Teeth and Bones, called in Rtifland
Mammoths Bones, are the true Teeth and Bones of
Elephant s, is not only, as you wifhed in your firft Ac-
count, put in a greater Light, but, if I am not mif-
taken, demonftrated beyond all Doubt.

Therefore I cannot forbear fending you thefe
Draughts copied, for your Infpe&ion, with the Ex-
plications and the Teftimony added. Being with true
Refped, SIR ,

Vavtzick , Tour mpjl humble and mojl

Sept. 28,1735. obliged Servant,

J. P. Breyne.

Obfervations on the Mammoth’s Bones
and T ?eth found in Siberia : Read in a
Meeting of fome leaned Gentlemen at
Dantzick in the Tear 1728. by J. P. B.

THAT learned and curious Gentleman Dr. Da-
niel Gottlieb Me(ferfchmidt , who was fent
fome Years ago, by his late Czar ip Majefty, Deter the

Great,

[ u<S ]

Great, into Siberia, to fearch after the Produ&s of
Nature in this uninhabited and cold Country, was
pleafed to fend me in the Year 1722, amongft fome
other Samples of Natural Things out of Siberia, two
very large Teeth, called there, Mammoth or Mam -
mufs Teeth, with the following Infcription : "Dens
molar is, ut videtur, diluvianus, Bellua cujufdam
haclenus incognita, nifi fro Elephantino habendus
Jit, cujus jam penes Te ejlo arbitrium, RnJJis Mam-
moth, repertus in Montium altijjimis jugis ad
Thomam fiuvium. Alterum ejl frtijlum aliud Eboris
1 Denti exerto Elephantis non abjimile, ab aliis re-
pertum in Thoma Montibus.

After I had made an accurate and nice Examination
of them, I thought it worth my Pains, Gentlemen,
to fhew you the fame here.

One is a \ Dens Molaris , or Grinder, a Foot broad,
half a Foot long, and three Inches thick, weighing
8 fb and 5iij. pretty entire, except that it is broken
in two Pieces, and the Extremities of the Roots
fpoiled. The Subftance is between that of a Bone and
Stone, except that on the upper part of the Outfide
fome parallel undulated Lines appear, which have Bill
preferved the Enamel of the Tooth.

The other is a Piece of a "Dens exertus , 8 Inches
long and 3 Inches thick, of 1 Pound and 6 Ounces
Weight ; in fome Places not different from Ivory, but
in others calcined like the common Unicornu Fof-
file.

What

[ “7 3

What Tsbrand Ides :j: mentioneth of the Mam-
math’s Teeth and Bones, deferves to be looked at 5 as
alfo the Journal of Laure?is Langes Journey to Chi -
na *, and the Remarks of Capt. John Bernard
Muller f.

Thofe above-mentioned, as far as I know, are the
chiefeft Authors which have treated of the Mam-'
moth’s Teeth and Bones, as a very remarkable and par-
ticular Curiofity of Siberia .

It would not be worth while, nor our Pains, to
detain you with the Refutation of fome partly mere-
ly fabulous Opinions, quoted by the faid Authors,
about the Origin of thofe Teeth and Bones : There-
fore I defign only to pick out of the Teftimonies of
Matters of Fad of the forefaid Authors, the following
Points to myPurpofe:

1. That thofe Teeth and Bones are found in Si -
beria , chiefly in the Northern Parts, near the Rivers
Jenizea , Trugau , Mongam-Sea7 Lena , &c. towards
the icy Sea; at the Time when the Ice has broken,
the Banks of thofe Rivers, fo that part of the adjacent
Mountains do fall down ; and that they are found in
fuch Quantity as is fufficient for Trade, and to make
a Monopoly 'for the Czar ||.

2. That fometimes Skeletons of this kind are found
very near complete.

3. That thofe Teeth and Bones are not found al-
ways of the fame Size, but fometimes very large ; as

£ In his Travels from Mofco to China . * f To be found in the

Vrefent State Ruilia. (] Vid. The Vrefent State of Rufland.

'Dentes

[ '28 ]

Dentes molares, or Grinders, of 20 or 2+ Pound
weight f , and 'Dentes exert i, two of which weighed
400 Pound ^ 5 fometimes of a middle Size, as mine
above-mentioned, and at other times (till fmaller.

4. That of thofe Teeth, viz. Dentes exerti, fomc
are ufed as Ivory, to make Combs, Boxes, and fuch
other Things. Capt. Muller faith **, that it in every
thing refembles the common Ivory, being but a little
more brittle, and eafily turning Yellow by Weather or
Heat.

Out of thefe quoted Remarks join'd to ocular In-
fpe&ion, I think I may advance three Things.

I. That thofe Mammoth's Teeth and Bones are
truly natural Teeth and Bones, belonging heretofore
to very large living Animals; becaufe they have not
only the external Figures and Proportions, but alfo the
internal Structure analogous to natural Teeth and
Bones of Animals.

II. That thofe large Animals have been Elephants
which appears by the Figure, Strudurc and Bignels of
the Teeth, which do accurately agree with the Grinders
and Tusks of Elephants .

To be convinced hereof, one needs but to compare
thefe Teeth with the Figures of thofe which fomc
Years ago were digged up in Ireland , and thofe which
reprefent the very natural Teeth of Elephant s, and
confider the accurate Remarks made by Dr. Moli-
neux and other curious Fellows of the Royal Society
thereon.

f Capt. Muller loc. eit. £ Ys brand Ides lot. cit.
brand Ides and Capt. Muller loc. cit.

** Vid. I>-
Nor

[ *59 ]

Nor needs any body to doubt, that they are true
Teeth of Elephants ; from the uncommon Size of the
Mammoth’s Teeth before-mention'd 5 becaufe Verto-
mannus , as the famous Mr. John Ray tells us, has
feen in Sumatra a Pair of Elephant’s Tusks of 33 6
Pound Weight; and Terzagus, in Mufeo Septa-
liano , makes Mention of one two Yards long, and
160 Pound Weight.

C-' _

III. That thofe Teeth and Bones of Elephants
were brought thither by no other Means but thofe of
a Deluge, by Waves and Winds, and left behind after
the W aters return'd into their Refer voirs, and were
buried in the Earth, even near to the Tops of
high Mountains. And becaufe we know nothing of
any particular extraordinary Deluge in thofe Coun-
tries, but of the univerfal Deluge of Noah , which
we find deferibed by Mofes ; I think it more than pro-
bable, that we ought to refer this ftrange Rhoenome-
non to the faid Deluge. In fuch Manner, not only
the holy Scripture may ferve to prove natural Hiftory ;
but the Truth of the Scripture, which fays that Noah’s
Flood was univerfal, a thing which is doubted by
many, may be proved again by natural Hiftory.

Here I muft take Notice, that fuch Teeth and Bones
alfo are to be found in feveral other Countries befides
Siberia , as Roland , Germany, Italy , England , Ire-
land, and many others; but lefs common than in Si-
beria, and not fo well preferved, but more wafted and
calcined, without doubt by the greater Warmth of
thofe Climates.

Hither are alfo to be referred the large Bones found
under Ground, or rather Tusks of Elephants, known
by the Names of Ebur, feu Unicornu fojfile , which are

R of

[ >;o]

of the fame Origin with the Mammoth’s Teeth, but
different, as they are better preferved, and therefore,
for a great part, have • ftill the natural bony Sub-
fiance, and may ferve the Workmen as natural Ivory,
and in fome Meafure the Phyficians and Apothecaries
as Ebur,feu Unicornu fojjile.

An Explanation of the Draughts of the above-
mention’d Antediluvian Bones of an Animal
commonly called^ The Mammoth of Siberia 3
or of the Bones of the fojjile Skeleton of an
Elephant 3 done to the antient Roman Scale
contracted , and exhibited in fix Figures.
T'ranjlated from the Latin by T. S. M. 2).
F. R. S.

N.B. All theTi gures are reverfed by the Mijlake
of the Engraver.

Figure I. exhibits,

A Front View of the Head. It weighs 130 ib
5iij. 3v. 3j. Apothecaries Weight, or iyj
Ruffian Pounds.

Its Length or greateft Height is 48 Inches.

Its greateft Breadth near the Ears, 29 Inches, 5 Lines
Its Thicknefs from the Forehead to the Nape of the
Neck, 22 Inches, f Lines.
a a. The Os front is.

bb. The Sutura fagit talis, hardly to be difeern'd.
c. The bony Septum Nap, or the external Procefs of
the Os ethmoides, without its Fellow.
dd. The Coronal Suture appearing imperfed.
ee. The Of a Sincipitis .

ff The

[ I)* 3

ff The Sutura fquamofa of the Temples.

gg. The Sutura lambdoidea of the Occiput .

h. The external Procejfus zygomaticus of the Os
temporwn.

i . The pofterior lateral, or zygomatic Procefs of the
Os maid (or Cheek-bone).

k . The upper Procefs of the Os maU , join d with the
outer Procefs of the Os frontis , and conftituting a
Part of the Orbit of the Eye.

/. The outer Procefs of the Os frontis , forming the
upper Part of the Orbit.

m . The anterior Procefs of the Os malte, join d with
the Os maxillare.

nn . The anterior Procefs of the Os maxillare , form-
ing the Sockets of the foremoft Teeth.

oo. The lower lateral Procefs of the Os maxillare ,
conftituting the Sockets of the Grinders.

p. A Grinder in its Socket, one on each Side.

q . A furprizing Cavity of the Nofe, ftretching above
the Palate, through which, by means of its ‘Pro-
bofcis , the Water, upon drinking, is convey'd to
the Throat, in the Manner peculiar to the Ele -

Figure II. exhibits a View of the Right Side of the

Head.

a . The round Procefs of the Os occipitisy entering
into the Pelvis Atlantis.

bb . The occipital Bone of a monftrous Size.

cc . The Lambdoidal Suture.

d. The Os petrofum with the Meatus audit or ius.

e. The outer Zygomatic Procefs of the Temple-bone.

/. The Sutura fquamofa of the Temple-bone.

R 2 g. The

[ <J* ]

g. The Os Sincipitis.

h. The outer Procefs of the Os front is, forming the
upper Part of the Orbit.

i. The Bottom of the Orbit.

k. The Hole of the optic and pathetic Nerves,
pointed to by a prick'd Line.

/. The upper Procefs of th cOsmaltf, join'd with the
outer Procefs of the Osfrontis , conftituting part of
the Orbit.

m. The anterior Procefs of the fame Os mal£? join'd
with the Os maxillare.

n. The pofterior lateral or zygomatic Procefs of the
fame Os mala.

o . Another zygomatic Procefs of the fame Os malre,
peculiar to this Skeleton.

p. A Hole near the foregoing Protefs. Outer e, if to
let a Nerve pafstothe Teeth?

qq . The anterior Procefs of the Os 7naxillare , con-
ftituting the Sockets of the Fore-teeth.

rr. The inferior lateral Procefs of the Os maxillare ,
fupporting the Socket of an upper Grinder.

ss, A Grinder faft in its Socket, one on each Sides
which is no fmall Argument that this Skeleton be-
longs to an Elephant , and not to the chimerical
Behemoth of the Rabbins ; or the Behremaeth fup-
pofed different from the Elephant : of which Bux-
torjfi the learned Bochart , and others, have treated.

Figure III. gives the back View of the fame Head.

a . The great Hole of the Occipital Bone, for the Paf-
fage of the Medulla oblongata to the Spine .

bh. The

C < n ]

bb . The *ProceJJus globofi of the Occipital Bone co-
vered with a Cartilage, entering into the Telvis'
Atlantis .

c. The Os fphenoides (< cuneiforms , or bajilare).

d. A peculiar and very remarkable Sinus of the Occi-
pital Bone, deeper than an Ojlrich’s Egg, ferving,
in all Appearance, for the Infertion of the Mufcles
of the Neck.

ee . The outer Surface of the Occipital Bone intire.
ff The Surface of the fame Occipital Bone broke
through, exhibiting deep winding Cells running on
every Side.

f, The Os petrofum , with the Meatus audit or ins.

. Quote, if this be the Place behind the Ears, where-
in Elephants are wont to be kill'd, and here da-
maged by the Knife ?

i. The outer zygomatic Procefs of the Temple-bone..
k. The outer Procefs of the Frontal-bone, conftituting
the upper Part of the Orbit (of the Eye).

/. The Bottom of the Orbit, and the Hole that gives
Pafiage to the optic and pathetic Nerves, mark'd by
a fmall Line.

m. The upper Procefs of th zOsmalo join'd with the
Procefs of the Os front is, and making up a Part of
the Orbit.

n. The pofterior lateral or zygomatic Procefs of the
Os malo .

o. Another zygomatic Procefs of the fame Os malo,
peculiar to this Skeleton.

p . The lower lateral Procefs of the Os maxillare , fup-
porting the Socket of an upper Grinder.

q . The tranverfe Procefs of the Maxillary- bone, or the.
greater Os palati, which is very fhortin the Skele-
ton..

I 1 54 1

ton of an Elephant $ whofe Tongue is fcarce longer
than a Man's Hand: Which leaves no room to
doubt but this muft be the Skeleton of an Ele-
phant,

rr. The upper Grinders, one on each Side, to which
their Oppofites anfwer in the lower Jaw : And as
the Elephant's Grinders are commonly four in
Number, this Circumftance is another Proof of our
Opinion.

s. The Paffage from the Noftrils into the Probofcis,
and ending in the Fauces , with the Os vomer very
vifible : though ill drawn by the Negled of the
Painter.

it. The anterior Procefs of the Os maxillare , con-
ftituting the Sockets of the Fore-teeth, which are
to be exprefs'd in Figure VI.

Figure IV.

*

A Grinder, which feems to be the Left one of the
lower Jaw, feen on the Outfide. It weighs viij ft.
gix. 3ij. Apothecaries Weight, or 10 Pound RuJJian,
Its greateft Length 12 Inches.

Its perpendicular Height 5: Inches.

Its Thicknefs, or Breadth, 3 Inches.

'Tis made up of above 20 tranfverfe Lamella, a
Finger thick, perpendicularly ere&, lying clofe to one
another, and its Root compofed of two Apophyfes.
a a. The plane Surface of the exerted Part of the
Grinder, fcarce making half the Length of the
Tooth, contrary to what is obferved in the Grinders
of the upper Jaw,

bb. The

C M5 J

bb. The Ends of the tranfverfe Lamella , terminating-:
in the Surface of the exerted Part, and here of the
Hardnefs of Stone.

cc. The anterior Lamella not extending to the ex-
erted Part, and, perhaps, lying hid either in the
Socket of the Os maxillare , or under the Gums.

d. The anterior Apophyjis or Root of the Tooth, not
quite intire.

e. The pofterior Apophyjis or Root, broken as the.
foregoing.

f. A deep Sinus between the two Apophyfes.

Figure V.

The Tusk, by fome improperly called the Horn,
of the Right Side, having a twofold Direction by be-
ing bent outward and backward, which is peculiar to
the Male Elephant, it being ftraiter in the Female.
It is the Ebur fojjile of the Shops, and weighs,
cxxxviiib. §j. 3ij • 3ij- Apothecaries Weight, or 160
Pound Ruffian.

Its Length, or the exterior Circumference of its
back Part, was 136 Inches, 5 Lines.

The Circumference of the Root, where it got dear
of the Socket, was the greateft, being 18 Inches, f
Lines.

The fubtended Arch from one Extremity to the
other, yy Inches.

The fame fubtended Arch ac. but bigger, 61
Inches.

a. The Root hollow within, the Cavity extending be-
yond the Place mark’d b.

b. The Root riling above its Socket, where it was
thickeft.

c.. The.

c mo

ec. The Place where the fubtended Arch was greateft,
6 1 Inches.

d . The Point of the Tusk fomewhat bent outward
and backward, although this Curvature could not
be exprefs'd by the Painter in a vifible Manner in
the lefler fubtended Arch of f finches.

The Tusk anfwering to the foregoing on the Left
Side, was intireiy like that on the Right, except the
contrary Diredion of its Curvature, and its lefs VV eight,
on Account of having loft its Point ; for it weighed
but cxxviij lb. gviij. 3ij. Apothecaries Weight, or
i f o Pound RuJJian : And this fmail Difference did
not feem to deferve a feparate Drawing.

Figure VL

The Right Thigh-bone, exhibited to View on its
Inner Side, which turns towards the Body. It weighed
xxj lb. 5vj. 3v. 3ij. Apothecaries Weight, or 2flb
RuJJian .

Its perpendicular Length is 38 Inches, f Lines.

The greateft Breadth of its upper Head (or Apo-
phyjis) 11 Inches.

Its Circumference at the Middle of the Bone, about
13 Inches.

a. The Head cover'd with a Cartilage, placed on its
Neck, and inferred in the Socket of the Os lfchium ,
and fatten'd by means of two Ligaments.

b. The Cervix on Neck of the Bone.

e. The upper external or greater Trochanter*

d. The lower internal or leffer Trochanter.

e. The Place in the Middle of the Bone, where the
Circumference meafured 13 Inches.

f. The Sinus facilitating the free Motion of the Tatella.

g. The

[ *37 1

g. The other Procefs or inward Head, cover'd with a

Cartilage, together with its Fellow.

h. Two vertical Sinufes in the Tibia anfwering to the

external Trochanter .

The Bones of this Skeleton, with the Ribs, Ver-
tebra^ and others thereto belonging, were found in
the fandy Side of a fteep Hill, on the Eaftern Bank of
the River Indigirska, which falls into the Northern
Ocean, not far from the Mouth of the Rivulet Woloc-
kowoi rufzei . The River Indigirska to the Eaft of
the River Jena , where it runs in its own Channel,
has not been laid down by Mr. JVitfen in his Map of
the North-Eaft Part of Afia : But its Courfe is de-
feribed by Is brand Ides in the Map of his Travels*
And fome of thefe Bones are found now and then not
only in thefe Parts, (which are fo dangerous on Ac-
count of the exceflive Cold, and continued Chains of
inacceflible Mountains, that to us Europeans , who
have the Happinefs to live in a milder Climate, it
would be prefent Death to travel through them) but
likewife in the Sand-hills on the Rivers Chatanga*
Thomas , Tobol , Irtifch , &c. which are all at a good
Diftance from the Sea 5 though neither Elephant s,
nor chimerical Behemoths , have been ever leen in
thofe Countries, nor could they live therein by reafon
of the Inclemency of the Air. Wherefore the beft
Judges follow the Opinion of the learned Dr. Wood -
ward, the Scheuchzers , and others, (whofe Argu-
ments, which are well known and of great Weight
among the Literati , I think needlefs here to repeat)
in taking them for the Bones of Antediluvian Animals,
or of fuch as were convey'd thither in the univerfal

S Deluge.

[ M8 3

Deluge. And led the Truth of what I have faid above
be called in Queftion by fuch Perfons as are prone to
Envy, Calumny and Falfhood, and .detract the contrary
Virtues in others ; I thought proper to give a Copy of
the original Certificate of a Perfon who was an Eye-
witnefs to the digging it up.

T17Hereas Mr. Meffierfchmidt intreated me to let
” him know where the Head of the Mammoth
with its Teeth and other Parts were found; as I was
an Eye-witnefs to the digging it up, I thought proper
to give him this fhort Account thereof in Writing :
That Head was found by a certain Ruffian Soldier
Wafile Erlow , on the Eaftern Bank of the River In -
digirska , not far from the Mouth of the Rivulet Wo -
lockowoi-rufzei . After it was difcover'd, I, being at
Leifure, was prefent, and an Eye-witnefs to the dig-
ging up of this Skeleton or Bones. And further like-
wife, on the other Bank of the fame River, which
Bank is named Sztanoijahr , I faw aPiece of Skin pu-
trified, appearing out of the Side of a Sand-hill, which'
was pretty large, very thick, and cover'd with long
Hair, pretty thick fet and brown, fome what refembling
Goats Hair : Which Skin I could not take for that
of a Goaty but of the Behemoth 5 in as much as I
could not appropriate it to any Animal that I knew.
This I certify by this Latin Teftimonial for the pre-
fent, and can fafely, and even hold it my Duty to give
a more circumftantial verbal Account thereof, when-
ever her Imperial Majeftyfhall be gracioufly pleafed to
lay her Royal Commands on me. Sign'd,

Dated at Irkutskoe,
Feb. 10. 1724.

Michael Wolochowicz .

IX. Exz

C M9 ]

IX. Extraffi of a Letter from Andrew Cant«
well, M. D. Monfpel. to Dr. Stack, dated
at Montpellier, June 23. 1732. N. S.
Containing an Account of a large Glandu-
lar Tumor in the Pelvis ; and of the perni-
cious Effects of crude Mercury given in~
voardly to the ‘Patient .

ON the 7th Inftant, I was called hence to Bai-
ler uc, to vifit an Englijh Gentleman, who was
ill there. In the Houfe where he lodg'd, was one
P r M—n , born in France , but fettled in Ca-

diz. This poor Gentleman, having been very ill thefe
two or three Years laft paft, had loft the Ufe of his
Left Leg and Thigh, was fubje&to frequent Head-achs
and Pains in his Bones, but more efpecially in his
Legs : For which, becaufe he had been given to Wo-
men, his Phyficians in Cadiz falivated him twice,
fent him to feveral hot Waters, and gave him all the
Remedies they could imagine, but to no Purpofe s for
his Illnefs increafing, he had from time to time great
Difficulty of making Water, and going to Stool. In
this Condition he came from Spain to Marseilles , and
from thence was fent to the Waters of Balleruc , of
which he drank a great Quantity. But as they did not
pafs, his Phyfician there order'd him ftrong Purges,
with ClyftersofaDeco&ion of Tobacco y and the like.
He then began to vomit his Excrements 5 upon which
the Phyfician to the Marquis of C— — — s Regiment
in Spain , who happen'd to be there, order'd him half

[ *40 3

a Pound of crude Mercury by the Mouth, which made
him fuffer the mod exquifite Pains; and his Belly
dwell'd, and became as diff as a Drum. Here Dr,
Moyitagne was fent for, who foon difcover'd the Er-
ror in the preceding Practice, by feeling a folid Body
near the ReEtum , which obdru&ing the Paffage, hin-
der'd the Clyder-pipe from entering far enough into
the Gut. After his Departure, the Patient was again
order'd Clyders, which were injected with a crooked
Pipe, and feveral Purges 5 till at the End of eight Days
he died, having his Belly bigger, differ and' harder
than ever. Though I arriv'd the Day before his Death,
I faw him not tHl after he expir'd. His Phyfician
having invited me to open the Body, I willingly con-
fented, curious as I was to find the folid Refiftance or
Tumor, which he could give no Account of. I fent
for the Surgeon of the Village, who with a Riftouri
(the only anatomical Inftrument he had) open'd the
Abdomen by my Directions, which was fill'd with a
whitilh Liquor of dome Confidence. The Epiploon
was all diffolv’d, and fwam in this Liquor like lo much
5 Pus. This Water pour'd out, I examin'd the Intel-
tines. The Colon was burd under the Stomach, and(
in three other Places at its lower Part; and fo was the
Coecum\ the Ileum all inflam'd, and in one Part gan-
gren'd. The Lips of the Ruptures were plaifler'd
with Excrements, all befet with a prodigious Number
of Globules of Quickfilver ; and when the Inteflines
were difengaged and taken out, the Quickfilver fell
from them in large Drops. The other Vifcera were
m the natural State, except the Liver, which was gan-
gren'd. As I was very folicitous about the Tumor, I
look'd into the *Pelvi$3 where I found an Excrefcence

of

t ]

of a prodigious Size, which fill'd all its Left Side. I took
the Knife, and clear'd all round the Tumor; whereby
I found the urinary Bladder clofe pent up between the
anterior Part of the Tumor and the Ojja pubis*, which,
occafion'd the Strangury the Patient had been tor-
mented with : The Return , which lay upon the Mid-
dle of the Os facrum , was alfo vaftly prefs'd on by
the Tumor, which feem'd to take its Rife from the
Holes that are in the Left Side of that Bone. The
Surgeon was fo unluckily impatient, that while I laid
down the Knife, in order to feparate the O (fa pubis:
with a Hatchet, he cut out the Tumor. I then exa-
min'd the Os facrum , ^vhich was fo very fbft, that my,
Fingers enter'd it every where on the Left Side. The
Tumor is of an ovoide Figure, cover'd over with fe-
veral Membranes: Its Weight is two Pound and an-
half; its longeft Axis is five Inches and fome what more
than three quarters, French Meafure ; its fhortefi: four
Inches three quarters. Atfirft Sight Itook it for a Pa-
renchyma, but, upon Diffe&ion, found it analogous to
the Liver in Subftance, Colour and Confidence. Its
Artery, Vein and Nerve are very big, and are diftri-
buted through its whole Subftance: Wherefore I
really take it to be one of the conglobate Glands of
the Pelvis, whofe Veffels yielding to the Blood inn
pell'd thither with greater Force and in larger Quan-
tity than ufual, on account of the violent Exercifes of
Dancing, Jumping, which the Patient very much
practis'd, gave Room to its Increafe to that enormous
Size. Upon opening, I remark'd three very apparent
Divifions in it : And where the Pfoas lay over it, and ;
one of the Pyramidales beat upon it, it was offified* .
I preferve it in Brandy, and find that the fmall Veffels, ,

[ ‘4* ]

that were mod fill'd with Blood, ,prefs it out into the
Interfaces of the neighbouring ones.

The- Weight the Patient conftantly complain'd of
at his Left Hip 5 the Difficulty he had in going to Stool,
and that of thrufting a Syringe far enough into the
Re Bum to give him a Clyfter with any Succefs ; the
Tumor itfelf, which was eafily felt upon putting the
Finger into the Anus 5 together with the Palfy of the
Left Leg and Thigh, might, I think, have given other •
Indications to the Phyftcians, than thofe they took.
And, in my humble Opinion, the Frictions and other
heating Medicines the Patient was ply'd with, contri-
buted to augment his Illnefs. In fine, the crude Mer -
cury he fwallow'd, the vaft Quantity of Bailer u* Wa-
ter he drank before it, with the ftrong Cathartics taken
by the Mouth and Anus, feem to have cut him fhort
of fome Months, which he might have liv'd, had he
ufed no other Remedies than a {lender relaxing Diet.

Printed for T* Woodward, at the Half- Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetjlreett
and C. Davis, the Corner of Tater-nofter-row,
next VParwick-lane ; Printers to the Royal
Society. M.dcc.xxxix.

Numb. 447.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

For the Months of January , February 7 March , ^77/
and May, 1738.

The CONTENTS.

I. Catalogue of the Fifty Plants
from Cheliea-Garden, prefented to the
Royal Society by the Company of Apothe-
caries,/or the Tear 1736. purfuant to the
Direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart . Med.
Reg. & Soc. Reg. Braf. by Ifaac Rand,
apothecary , F. R. S. Hort. Chel. Braf
ac Bralec. Botan.

II. Bart of a Letter from Dr. Steigertahl,
F. R. S. to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Bref.
R. S. giving an Account of a Narhual or
Unicorn Filh, taken in the River Oft, in the
SDutchy of Bremen.

III. A Defcription of the fame Narhual, com*
municated by J. H. Hampe, M. 2). F. R. S.

IV. Infedum Aquatieum, antea non deferip *
tuM) Scolopendra feutata dicendum , cujm
Iconem & Defcriptionem ad IllufcriJJimum

Dorn.

The CONTENTS.

JDom. Hans Sloane, R. S. Rraf. mijit Ds.
Jacobus Theodor. Klein, Reipubl. Gedan. a
Secret. & R. S. Lond. S.

V. A Letter from the Revd Mr. Littleton

Brown, F. R. S. to C.Mortimer, M. D. R. S.
Seer, concerning the fame fort of found

in Kent 5 ‘with an Addition by the Rublifher.

VI. An Account and Abjlraft of the Meteo-
rological Diaries communicated to the Royal
Society, for the Tears 1719 and 1730.
By Geo. Hadley, Efq 5 F. R. S.

VII. A Collection of the Obfervations of the
Solar Eclipfe, Feb. 1 8. 17^6-7. font to the
Royal Society.

VIII. ui Letter from the Re vd Ebenezer La-
tham, M. D. and V. D. Ad. to C. Morti-
mer, M. D. Seer. R. S. containing a Propofal
to make the Poles of a Globe of the Hea-
vens move in a Circle round the Roles of
the Ecliptic.

IX. A Contrivance to make the Poles of the
‘Diurnal Motion in a Celeftial Globe pajs
round the Roles of the Ecliptic 5 invented
by John Senex, F. R. S.

X. ’The Solution of Kepler s Problem, by J. Ma-
chin, Ajlr. Rrof Grefli. and Seer. R. S.

I. A

I Hi 3

I. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants
from Chelfea-Garden, prefented to the
Royal Society by the Company of Apotlie-
caries, for the Tear 1 736. purfuant to the
bDtreilion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med.
Reg. Soc. Reg. Rrtef. by Ifaac Rand,
Apothecary, F. R. S. Hort. Chel. Rraf.
ac Tralee Botant -

7° I. A BUTILON; Lavaterx flore ; fruclu
criftato. Hort. Elt. 3.

■*- -*■ 702. Alyflbn Alpinum hirfutum iuteum.
T. Inft. 217.

Leucoium Iuteum aizoides montamm. Co-
lumn. 2.62.

703. Amygdalus fativa. C. B. 441.

704.. Anonis Garoliniana ramofifiima crccta; flori-
bus albislaxe fpicatis j filiquis inflatis. •

70 y. Bidens Americana triphylla; flore barbulis
latis albis radiato.

706. Bidens Americana triphylla ; flore luteo ;

capite foliofo. 1

An Bidens Canadenfls latifoliai flore luteo ?
T.Inft. 461. * t

707. Bupleurum arborefeens ; Salicis folio. T>Inft,’

310. ' i

SeflelixM^thiopicum, frutex. Dod.- 3 1 2. .

708. Calamintha, Pulegii odore, five Nepdta.

C. B. 228. -

Calamintha Offiein. Lend. 1 .

T 709. Ca«

E >44 ]

7©p. Calamintha vulgaris, vel Officinarum German
nis. C.B;228.

710. Calcitrapoides procumbens; Cichorii folio;
flore purpurafcente. D. D’Ifnard. Mem. Ac. Reg.
Anno 1719.

71 x. Campanula Canarienlis; Atriplicis folio ; tu-
berola radice. T. Inft. 109.

712. Campanula pratenfis; flore conglomerate.
C. B. 94.

713. Carduus humilis -alatus, live Carduus Mariae
annuus ; folio lituris obfeuris notato. H. C. Boerh.
Ind. Alt. 136.

714. Clinopodium Virginianum anguftifolium; flo-
ribus amplis luteis purpuro-maculatis, &C. Pluk.
Phyt. Tab. 24. Fig. 1.

7 if. Ciftus ladanifera Cretica flore purpureo.
T. Cor. 19.

7x6. Cotyledon Afra; folio craflo lato laciniato,
flofculo aureo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 288.

717. Cupreflus Yirginiana. Tradefcanti Catal.

X06.

Cupreflus Virginiana ; foliis Ac act# deciduis.
H.L. B. 107.

718. Doria ^Egyptia annua; foliis trilobatis fer-
ratis.

719. Doria parva annua; foliis anguftis leviter fer-
xatis.*

720. Echinopus Graecus, tenuiffime divifus & lanu-
ginofus ; capite minori cceruleo. T. Cor. 34.

721. Filicula; quas Adiantum nigrum, Officina-
rum.

Adiantum , foliis longioribus pulverulentis ;
pediculo nigro. C. B. 3ff.

722. Filix

t H5 ]

722. Filix faxatilis, foliis tenuioribus & acutiori-
bus.

Adi ant urn nigrum s finnulis Cicutarid divi •
fura. D. Bobart. Raii Syn. II. 50.

723. Filix faxatilis; caule tenui fragili. Raii Syn.
Ed. II. 50. Piuk. Phyt. 18 a. f. y.

* 724. Garidella; foliis tenuiffime divifis. T. Inft.

Nigella Cretica-, folio Feenicuii. C. R. 146.
725. Heleniaftrum Amerieanum latifolium ferra-
tum.

616. Hieracium Chondrillaj folio, hirfutum. C. B.
127.

727. Linaria hederaceo folio glabro ; feu Cymba-
laria vulgaris. T. Inft. 1 69.

728. Lingua Cervina minima; folio obtufo undu-
lato & ferrato.

An Lingua Cervina angnflifolia hcida ; folit
ferrato ? H. Reg. Par.

729. Lingua Cervina maxima; undulato folio,
auriculato per bafin. H. Reg. Par.

730. Lingua Cervina minor, crifpa uno pcdiculo,
trifolia. H. Reg. Par. Pluk. Phyt. 248. f. 2.

731. Lingua Cervina Officinarum. C. B. 373.

732. Nerion; floribus rubefcentibus. C. B. 464.

733. Orchis; galea & alis fere cinereis. J. B. IB

7?f-

734. Pamaffia paluftris & vulgaris. T. Inft. 24 6.
Gramen eParnaJfi>> albo fimplici fore. C. B.

309.

73 7. Polypodium Cambro-britannicum ; pinnulis
ad margines laciniatis. Raii Syn. Ed. II. p. 3 7.

T 2 73^ Poly-

[ ]

736. Polypodium murale, pinnulis ferratis. Petiver.
Bot. Hort.

. 737. Polygonatum latifolium ; flore majore odoro.
C.B. 303.

738. Polygonatum latifolium vulgare. C. B. 303.

739. Polygonatum ma>us vulgari fimilc. J. B. III.
P9-

740. Prenanthes Americana ; folio lato, bipennem
militarem rcfercntc ; flavefcente flore.

741.. Pulegium minimum ; Serpylli facie.

742. Salvia Africana frutefcens j folio Scorodo-
niaj ; flore violaceo. H. Amft. 2. 181.

' 743. Sinapi Hifpanicum pumilum album. T.Inft.

744. Sium Aromaticum, Sifon Officinarum. T.
Inft. 308.

Sifon, quod Amomum Off tints noftris. C. B.

747. Tilia Caroliniana ; foliis acuminatis.

746. Veronica, Cymbaliae folio, verna. T. Inft.

Hf-

Alfine Hederulte folio. C. B. 270.

747. Veronica; flofculis oblongis pediculis infiden-
tibus ; Chameedryos foliis alternis. H. L. Bat. 62 2 .

. -748. Veronica mas fupina & vulgatiflima. ,G. B.

if 6.

749. VirgaAurea, feu Solidago procerior, Ameri-
cana j caule multiplier Pluk. Phyt. 237. f. 7.

750. Virga Aurea Virginiana annua. Zanon. 207.

If. Tart

[ *47 1

II. SPrfrf of a Letter from Dr. Steigertahi,
F. R. S. to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Fref
R. S. giving an Account of a Narhual or
Unicorn Fifli, lately taken in the River
Oft, Datchy of Bremen, dated at Hano-
ver, Apriilo Franjlated from the

French by T. S. M. D. &c.

TOwards the End of January laft, N. S. we had
the Curiofity to catch a fort of Whale called the
Narhual on Sea-Unicorn. It was taken in the RiverO/?,
near the Village Bellum , where it falls into the Elbey
(in theDutchy of Bremeny which belongs to our Mo-
narch) four German* Miles from the Sea. They took
a great Quantity of Fat out of it, to make (Thrann
6r) Whale-Oil i but obferved, that this Train-Oil was
of a Stench almoft intolerable, by reafon that this
Narhual feeds on Carcafles : For Nar fignifies a Car-
cafs or dead Body, according to Valentini in his Mur
feum Mufeorumi Book III. Chap. 30.

There was fuch Care taken of the Skin, before the
Diffe&ion, that it was cured with Salt and Alum, and
ftufPd fo as to give the juft Figure of theFifh : Having
left with it the Bones of the Skull, and fome Verte-
brae near the Tail.

The Skin was fpotted with dark brown Spots upon
a white Ground. The Epidermis was tranfparent,
and under it was another Skin very thin and fpotted 5
but the true Skin was brown, and near an Inch in
Thickneis. On. the Top of the Head they only found
a femilunar Hole, as in the Porpoife, according to the

Dc,

[ »4* ] .

Defcription given by John "Daniel Major , and pub-
lifh'd in the Mifcell. Academ . Nat . Curiof Dec. i.
An. 3. p. ii. & feqq» This Hole opens into the two
Canals which run through the Skull to the Palate, and
are called by Major , DuElus hydragogi. They did
not remark in the Skin any Opening or Outlet for the
Excrements 5 and I have been told-, that this Narhual
voided them through this Hole on the Top of the
Head.

Concerning the Horn, I agree in Opinion with
JVormius and others, who take it for a Tooth j but
I cannot believe that its foie Ufe is to break the Ice:
It rather ferves the Fifh for Peeking its Food. A Cap-
tain of a Greenland Veflel has allured me, that being
upon the Coaft a Whale-filhing, and having taken one,
as he was turning the Whale to get at the Fat, he found
on the oppoftte Side to him, a Narhual , that had
ftuck this Tooth into the Whale's Belly, up to its
Mouth, and had fuck'd the Blood and Humors.

I am forry I have not an exaft Account to fend you
of- every Particular that wasoblerv'a in the Dilfeftion
of this Narhual 5 for I have only feen the Huff'd Skin,
and confequently the outward Shape, as it was carry-
ing to Leipjic Fair, and on the way {hewn here at
Hanover . And as I find that the Figure engrav'd and
printed at Hamburg , has a good Likenefs to what J
have feen, I have hereto annexed a Print of it.

Explanation of the Print, Tab. I. Fig. 1.

x. A Semilunar Hole, through which the Filh caft out

Water and Blood, upon dying.*

2. A Email Rifing on the Middle of the Back, and

flefhy as the Fins.

3. The

Karhuai

SCOLOPENDKA Aqnatica Scutata

i •

V-.

‘A f.

Ife

■i

' ■ # , :

«< ■

V • t

> ##

C 149 1

3. The Mouth very little, without Teeth in the upper
Jaw, except this ‘Dens frominens, or Tusk $ which
has by fome been taken for a Horn ; And there was
no lower Jaw found.

4. The Eye, very fmall.

f. The Fin on the right Side, which, as well as the
oppofite, is flefhy.

6 . The Tail flefhy, like the Fins $ which, taken ac-
cording to its Width, is not vertical, but horizontal*

7. The prominent Tooth or Tusk, generally taken for
a Horn.

The Length of this Narhual from NQ 3 to 6, was
meafured, and found to be 17 Feet 9 Inches.

The Tooth fix Feet three Inches.

The greateft Thicknefs, meafured round, was 14,
Feet.

The Skin was fmooth, without Scales, like that of
an Eel ; and was white mark'd with blackifli Spots.

III. A ‘Defcription of the fame Narhual, conu-
municated by John Henry Hampe, M. 50,
F.R.S.

IN a Creek called the Beluhmer Wadt, belonging
to the Bailiwick of Newhaus in the Dutchy of.
Bremen, hath been caught alive, an unknown Fifh of a
large Size, 18 to 20 Feet in Length, and four in Dia-
meter. He hath on the Fore-part of the Head, juft
above the Mouth, which is very fmall, a Horn fix Feet
long, white like Ivory, and curioufly twilled. The
Body is white, fprinkled with black Spots, and fmooth
like an Ed. Tire Head is in Proportion to the Body,

Verv

C *5° ]

"Very fmall, about 1 6 Inches in Length, and the fame
in Diameter. The Eyes are alfo fmall, about the Big-
nefs of a Sixpence. On the upper part of the Head,
is a Hole about three Inches in Diameter, out of which
probably he fpouts Water, like the Whales. On each
Side of the Neck are placed two black Finns, one
above another, and at a fmall Diftance from one- an-
other. They are half an Inch in Thicknefs, of one
Hand’s Breadth, and two Feet in Length, round on
the Fore-part all flefhy, and of a Liver-colour.

IV. Infe&um Aquaticum, antea non defertp -
turn, cujus Iconem & Defcriptionem ad II -
lujtr. <Dm Hans Sloane, R. S. Rraf mijit
I)om. Jacobus Theodor. Klein, Reipubl.
Gedan. a Secret. & R. S. Lond. S.

rlSECTUM aquaticum, cujus iconem trado, Udet-
wangae in Boruflla Oriental! inter aftacos lacuftres
repertum, hominibufque aftacos venantibus plane ig-
notum, amicus fingularis D. B. turn temporis Uder-
wangae commorans, pro mufeo meo confervatum, re-
dux mihi tradidit.

Ob magnum numerum pedum, & mira facilitate
mobilium, Scolopendram Aquaticam Scutatam pari,
•ft non meliori, jure, quo Aldrovandus pifeem cmen-
dam cetaceum, Scolopendram Cetaceam (de Cetis
pag. 721.) infignivit, appcllarc liceat.

Vide

I

C M«J

Vide T a b. I. Fig. II. A.

Exhibet Infedum, a parte fuperiori, Scuto tedum ;
hoc ad forma m Teftudinum accedit, nifi, quod in me-
dio dorfo longitudinaliter nonnihil gibbofum, &ver-
fus extremitatem Corporis fedura triangulari, leviter
denticulata, hiatum patiatur; integrum eft, & ejuf-
dem fere Subftantix, dilutions tamen coloris, ac funt
vagina? alarum Scarabxi Goedarti, a frumenti vermc
oriundi, vel illius, qui nobis audit Scarabxus rofa-
rum. Oculi per Scutum tranfeunt, nonnihil emi-
nentes.

F i g. II. B.

Infedum a parte inverfa delineatum; ubi fimul ap-
paret ingens Copia crurum : Horum quodlibet fub ti-
biis, fi his locum affignare licet, facculo quodam (vid.
Fig. D.) donatum, in pedes, vel, ft mavis, digitos ter-
nos exiens. Anteriora duo hoc fingulare habent,
quod ipfis pedes vel digiti terni fint longiores prx reli-
quis, etfi inter feipfos menfura differant. Omnes di-
giti majorum minorumque pedum ex fimilibus arti-
culationibus conftant, qualibus gaudent fetx caudx hu-
jus Scolopendrx bifidx, vel aliorum infedorum an-
tennx. Non longe aberrabo exiftimaturus, infedum
hoc anteriorum amborum pedum digitis longioribus
ante, fetis vero caudx fux bifidx pone, pro antennis
uti, quibus mediantibus perfequentes veftigia fua, vel
in cryptis offendentes hoftes fuos tempeftive explorat j
nifi duo ilia cornicula curta, qux in figura ad ilium
locum, ubi jure merito caput quxritur, extant, pro
antennis habere velis.

U Fig.

[ *5* 3

I i a It C.

Corpus* fab- Scuto, nudam & detcdum, a dorfo
infpiciendum, cuius gratia Scutum longitudinaliter &
circumfpede divifum, utpote, quod, quoad partem ex-
plicatam, dorfo continuum non eft. In inferioris partis
Scuti cuticula tenui, & quidem ad ambo latera, aper-
ture velut acu pidae (vid. Fig.) obfervantur. An per
has aperturas aquam in Cavitatem, quae eft Scutum non-
nihii gibbum inter & cuticulam, attrahat, & rurfus
emittat, vel cuticulam aere repleat, & vacuatam ha-
beat, pro ratione, qua vel fundum petere, vel ex aquis
furgere vult, certo affirmare non pofliim. Infediones
circiter triginta, crura vero difficulter numerare licet,
quoniam unicum hoc Exemplum libentius confcr-
vare, quam deftruere volui. In extrema corporis parte,
qux Scutum feparat, annuli infedionum fpinulis, &
quidem eodem ordine, obfiti funt, quo delineati ap-
parent (vid. Fig. A & C).

F i g. IL D.

Cmrum alterum cum facculo, ex illis, qux anteri-
-oribus funt proximiora > funile cfus alio in Situ expli-
cstum, vid. Fig. B.

Quamdiu hoc infedum vitam egit, tamdiu pedes
continue -& lingulari facilitate movit, extremam cor-
poris partem fimul quail in vagmam contrahens, rur-
fufque promittens.

Nullum apud authores hujufmodi infedi veftigium
teperiire potuL Hinc eft, quod & ftguram & aliqualem
deferiptionem cum cariofts communicare Voluerim,
nefeius an mihi vel aliis alterum exemplum aliquando
obvium fe dabit, Tantum.

¥. A

[ »55 3

V. A Letter from the Rev* Mr. Littleton
Brown, F. R. S. to C. Mortimer, M. D. R. S.
Seer . concerning the fame fort of Ink £t found
in Kent, fome of which he prefented to the
Royal Society yto he keppintheir Mufeum.
With an Addition by the Rublifher.

s i k5

I Have fent a Creature to you, whofe Name I can-
not learn from any Books or Perfons I have yet met
with. I brought it from a Pond upon Bexby Common
laft Saturday y where great Numbers hav.e been ob-
served for thefe five W eeks paft : The Pond was quite
dry the 24th of Juney but upon its being filled with
the great Thunder-Shower upon the 2yth, within two
Days the Pond was 6bferved to fwarm with them, by
a Farmer watering his Cows there: And, what I
thought obfervable, there is. no Duft or Channel
that could convey them from any adjacent Place. I
beg the Favour of its Name, or where I may fee its
Defcription. I am Tour very obliged Friend
9‘ and humble Servant,

Littleton Brown.

Fig. II. E.

The Legs of this Infeft are very extraordinary ; I counted 42 on a Side
in one of thofe found in Kent ; the 20 next the Head are nearly of a Size,
but then they grow gradually fmaller and fmaller towards the Tail. I took
out one of the larger ones of the LeftSide of the Chelt ; the Foot cenfifts pf
five flat membranous Claws, with a ftiff Rib along their Middle, an.d be-
fet with Hairs on the Edges, like thofe of Crabs ; on the lower Side of the
Leg hangs an oval Bag, and beyond that grows a large thin Membrane,
which can be extended by a bony Rib that runs crofs it ; this Membrane
and the whole Foot, is convex on the Side next the Head, and concave on
that next the Tail ; the Thigh or firft Joint of the Leg, is webbed on each
Side ; fo that the whole Strufture of the Legs feems to fhew that they are
rather deiign’d for fwimming with, than walking. The Leg reprefented
at E, was drawn, when the Infeft lay on its Back, as at B. Many Parts
of this In left, tho’ no bigger than the Figures, have fome Refemblance to
thofe of the Molucca Crab. C. M.

Us VI. An

t *54 3
c

VI. An Account and Abjlraff of the Meteo-
rological Diaries communicated to the Royal
Society, for the Tears 1719 and 1730.

By Geo. Hadley, Efq $ F. R. S.

THE Society having been pleas'd to refer to me,
on the Death of Dr. j Derham, the Meteoro-
logical Diaries tranfmitted to them from the curious
Obfervers both at Home and in foreign Parts 5 as foon
as they were put into my Hands, I apply'd myfelf to
make an Abftraft of them in fuch Manner as I judg'd
may be moft ufeful, and have nearly purfued the Me-
thod of Dr. cDerharay beginning at the Year 1725X,
where he left off. [See thefe Tranfattions^ N° 43 y.]
Before I proceed to the Tables, I think it proper to
give fome Account of each of the Diaries of thefe
two Years, and their Contents, that any Member of
the Society, that may have Occafion to make farther
Inquiries into thefe Matters, may be acquainted what
is to be found therein, and what Pains have been be-
llowed by the curious Obfervers.

The Diary kept by Mr. Hauksbee , by Order of the
Society, at their Houfe in Crane-Court , confifts of Ob-
fervations of the Barometrical Heights twice a Day,
i. e . Morning and Evening, in Inches, Decimals and
Centefimals ; the Thermometer likewife, in its pro-
per Graduations, which, I fuppofe, are already well
known to the Curious, and the Weather, with the
Hour of each Obfervation. The Winds are omitted.

The Depth of Rain is fet down feveral times for the
moft part in each Month, the Sum of which is to be

divided.

I

. ■■ . - • . 1

[ *55 3

divided by io, the Funnel which catches the Rain
being fo much bigger in Surface, than that of the Vef-
lei which receives the Rain from it.

That from Souths ick near Oundle in North amp’
tonjhire , by George Lynne , Efq$ contains the Height
of the Barometer once a Day, and the Winds, the
Steadinefi and Strength of which is likewife mark'd
with proper Marks and Figures. Obfervation is made
of the upper and under Currents of the Air, when it
fo happen'd. The Thermometer is mark'd twice a
Day; the Weather often, both by Day and Night’s
the Rain from time to- time, and the Quantity of each
particular Shower often fet down by itielf, with fome
other mifcellaneous Obfervations, as Haloes, Thun-
der- ftorms, and fudden Changes of Wind, He

takes Notice of his Thermometer being placed in an
Out-houfe expos'd to the Air, but fereen'd from the
Sun, which is a proper Precaution in ufing that Inftru-
ment. The remarkable Rifes and Fails of the Mer-
cury are alfo mark'd with proper Marks s which Me-
thod would be ufeful in the other Columns alfo, for
Comparifon of Diaries, if fome certain Rule were
agreed on.

That from Kent , 1 6 Miles South Eaft from Lory
deny gives an Account of the Barometer once a Day,,
fometimes twice or thrice, with the Hour of each
Obfervation, and the Winds, Weather, and Rain, the
Proportion of which for every Day, is given at the
End of each Month. There is alfo a feparate Column *
for the Height of the Clouds, which he divides into
three Orders; and where there are two Orders at a
Time, they are both noted s as alfo when any of them
move with different Velocities or Dire&ions, which

he

C

he fuppofes to be commonly a Sign of Change of
the Wind: But he does not inform us by what Me-
thod he determin'd their Heights or Velocities. The
reigning Wind, and general Strength of it, is noted
at the End of each Month $ the Eclipfes alfo, and
the Times of the New Moons; which he obferves
make it appear, that the Notion of the Change of
Weather depending on the Age of the Moon, is with-
out any Ground : With other Mifcellaneous Obfem-
tionsf as the Aurora Borealis , Fruitfulnefs or Sterility
of the Scafon. He had no Thermometer.

That from Hudickpvall in Sweden , by Mr. OTave
Broman , fhews the Height of the Barometer fome-
times once, fometimes twice or thrice a Day, O. S.
in Englifb Meafure, with the Winds, and the Strength
of them, and the Weather. There is alfo to the
Diary 1729, annex'd an Account of the Height of
the Sea- water for every Day, which I obferve varies in
the whole about two Inches, and is fometimes inter-
rupted by Floods from Rain. This, I fuppofe, may
relate to the Tides in the Gulph of Bothnia, I have
not inferred thefe in the Tables, not being of general
Ufe- There is no Thermometer, nor the Quantity of
Rain, fet down.

That from Rifinge in Oftrogothia in Sweden , by
Sueno Lam elans y Paftor and Provoft, gives the Height
of the Barometer for the moft part three times, fome-
times Eve times a Day, with the Hour of theObferva-
tions, 0,S, in English Meafure. He refers for the
Defcriptions of his Barometer and Thermometer to
the Diary 1727. The Winds, with the Degree of their
Strength, Weather, and Depth of Rain, are alfo fet
down.

In

[ l57 3

In that from Upfal in Sweden, by Mr. Andrew
*■ Celjtus , ^/?r. T. R. and F. i?. <5*. Obfcrvations are made
three times a Day, of the Barometer and Thermo-
meter, both which Inftruments were made by Mr.
Hanksbee $ the Winds, with their Strength, and
the Weather, andDepth of Rain, from time to time.

That from Svendker in Sweden , near Trollhetta ,
by Torftanus TVaJpenius , V.'D.M. &e. contains the
Height of the Barometer twice a Day, fometimes
three times, O. in Swedifb Feet and Inches and De-
cimals, which being fuppos'd to be in Proportion to
Fnglijh as 974, 375 to 1000, the mean Heights are
reduced in the Tables following into that Meafure.
The Winds alfo, with their Strength, are noted, and
the Weather. There is no Thermometer. Notice is
taken of Thunder Storms, and other Meteors

That from Lunden in Sweden , by Mr. Conrad
Quenfel , Math. Prof, in Acad. Carolina , contains Ob-
fervationsof the Barometer twice a Day, O. S. in Eng-
lijh Inches and Decimals, and 4ths of them 5 the
Winds, with their Strength, and the Weather. The
Thermometer is Florentine , and therefore the Obfer-
vations not inferted in the Table. The monthly
Mean there given, is taken fimply between the two
Extremes : I have given it in the Tables taken the
other way, as all the reft are.

* Notes, In the Account of the tfantdifi Diaries 1728, Svenaher is laid
to be 109 London Feet above the Surface of the Sea. The mean
Height of the Barometer there in thefe two Years is but 29 Inches,
47, which 'would give the Height of the Place near 450 Feet, ac-
cording to the Reckoning hereafter in this Paper; therefore I think
there muft be fome Miftake. Perhaps fome Air might have got into
the Top of the Tube, or the Scab. placed too high.

[ *58 ]

That from Bygdea in Sweden , by Mr. John Te-
Tinas, Paftor there, has Obfervations of the Barome-
ter twice a Day, Morning and Evening, O.S. i w Eng-
lijh Inches and Decimals j the Winds, with their
Strength, and Weather. The two laft Months are
wanting. There is no Thermometer.

That from Betna in Sudermanland , by Mr. And.

C lermgius , Paftor and Provoft, has Obfervations of the
Barometer thrice a Day, except in the firft Part of Ja-
nuary, Q. S . in Englijh Inches and Decimals 5 the
Winds, with their Strength, and Weather, with other
Meteorological Obfervations, and upon the Seafons,
as to Fmitfulnefs and Sterility, &c. The Aurora Bo-
realis is frequently mention'd. The Thermometer
is peculiarly graduated, and fo could not be inferted.
There is a Column for Rain, with Marks, which I
nnderftand not.

From Wittemberg in Saxony , there are two Diaries
communicated, one from Mr. Mat . Hafius, Math.
Prof, the other from Mr. J. Fred. Weidler , LL. B.
and Math. Brof. Brimar. That by Mr. Hajius has
the Height of the Barometer feveral times a Day, fome-
times four or five times, O. S+ in Englijh Inches and
Decimals, and the Parts of thefe in vulgar Fra&ions,
but are reduc'd to Decimals in the Tables. He ufed
two Barometers and Thermometers. Thofe mark'd
I, are Mr. Hauksbees , thofe mark'd 1 1, Florentine .
The coldeft Day he ever obferved, was February the
fth 1726. It contains alfo the Winds, with their
Strength, and Weather. Mr. Weidler gives the
Height of the Barometer three times a Day, N.S. in
Baris Inches and Lines, and the Parts of thefe in vul-
gar Fra&ions $ the Winds alfo, with their Strength,

and

C >59 ]

and the Weather, and Quantity of Rain, in Cubes and
Lines, but at the End of each Quarter the Depth is
given in Earis Inches and Lines. The Thermometer
is Mr. Hauksbees. There are fome Aftronomical
Obfervations of Eclipfes, &c. He takes Notice, that
an Occupation of Venus by the Moon , obfcrv'd with
a Telefcopeof 1 8 Feet, may ferve to prove the Moon
to have an Atmofphere 5 for being then in its Quadra-
ture with the Sun , it appear'd to lofe its Cufps, and
become oval, when it came near the Moon. I have
in thefe two Years made ufe of Mr. Hajlus’s Baro-
metrical and Thermometrical Obfervations, being in
the O. S. and Englip Meafure, though the three laft
Months of 1730 are wanting. The Depth of Rain is
taken from Mr. IVeidler, and reduc'd out of the Ear is
to Englijh Meafure, being fuppos'd to be as 1068 to
1000, but is not reduc'd to the Old Style . Mr. Weid-
ler refers to his Dilfertation upon Meteorological Ob-
fervations fent to the Society. The Year 1730 he
obferves to have been more than had been known
wet and cold, and the Sky very mifty.

That from Eadua , by the Marquis Eoleni , fhews
the Height of the Barometer once a Day, O. S. in
Engl ip Inches and Decimals 5 the Winds, and fome-
times their Strength, and Weather. A particular Ac-
count of his Thermometer has been publifh'd former-
ly inth zTranf all ions, andalfohis Obfervations upon
his Diaries, containing in the whole fix Years. {Tranf.

421). The Depth of Rain is given both for the
Old and New Style .

That from Bengal , by Mr. Bellamy , Preacher to
the Faftory, has the Height of the Thermometer
twice a Day, Morning and Evening 5 the Winds,

X with

[ ><So ]

with their Strength, and the Weather, for the Year
2730. The Medium of the Thermometer is taken
from both the Evening and Morning Heights, the
Difference there being very great in Proportion be-
tween Morning and Evening.

That from Bofton in New-England , by Baul
i Dudley , Efq; F. R. S. {hews the Weather three times
a Day, and Wind once or twice. No Barometer or
Thermometer.

There is one of the Year 1729, feems to be Swedijhy
but finding neither the Author's Name nor Place, I
have not inferted it.

In the Year 1730, thofe from Crane-Comt , South -
wick , Kent, Hudickfoall , OJlrogothia , Upfal , Svena-
ker , Lunden , Betna , Wittemberg , Badua and Bofton ,
are continued in the fame Manner. There is none
from Bygdea. The Obfervations for the Year
1730, by Mr. ©. Sporing , fhew the Height of the
Barometer twice a Day, in Swedijh Inches and Deci-
mals, but the mean Heights are reduc'd to Englijh in
the Tables. They fhew alfo the Winds and W eather,
and in the laft Column the Aurora Boreales , which
are frequent in moft Months of the Year.

That from Naples , by Cyrillus, fhews the Height
of the Thermometer, which is Mr. Hauksbees , once
a Day. The Winds, with their Strength, and Wea-
ther, and Depth of Rain in Neapolitan Meafures, 2 3
of which make a London Inch, and are reduc'd there-
to in the Tables. The Barometrical Heights he has
not fet down,becaufe he found them not to agree with
thofe of former Years, which made him fufpeft his In-
ftrument to be out of Order; but as it appears he had
remov’d his Habitation, it might be owing to its being

fituated

[ 161 ]

fituated higher or lower than the former. An Erup-
tion of Vefuvius happening, an Account is givtti of
it, and of Damage done by Lightning, and alfo of the
Seafons, as to FruitfulneiCs and Healthinefs. (Set
Tranf. N° 424).

Note, In fome of the Diaries, the Numbers fhew-
ing the Decimal Parts of the Inches, are fet down in
fingle Figures, without any Rule or Cypher to diftin-
guifh them from the Centefimals, and in others the
Centefimals in like manner j but 'tis eafy to make a
Judgment of the Author's Method by Confideration
of them.

Having given an Account of the Method and Con-
tents of the feveral Diaries, I now proceed to the Ta-
bles extra&ed out of them. The Barometrical Table
confifts of two Parts: The Upper fhews the mean
Height of the Barometer, taken in the Method pro-
pos'd formerly by Dr. Jurin , for every Month through-
out the Year, for each Place ; and in each Column the
higheft Month is mark'd with an A, the loweft with an
/, to make them more obfervable to the Eyef At
the Bottom, the Mean of the whole Year is fet down
for each Place. At the Foot of this Table is another,
{hewing the greateft Afcent and Defcent of the Mer-
cury in that Year, with the particular Day of each,
the Difference of which is the Range: Which Cir-
cumftance Dr. cDerham> and other Obfervers, have
ufed generally to take Notice of.

Next follows the Table of the monthly Thermo-
metrical Heights, extra&ed in Dr. Juriris Method
alfo, in every Place where the Society's Inftruments
were ufed ; and at the Bottom the Mean of the whole
Year, and alfo the hotteft and coldeft Day in each

X 2 Place.

[ ■«* ]

Place. Tn the laft Place, the Tables of the .Depth of
Rain, where it is contain'd in the Diaries.

I chofe to put each of thefe Matters in feparate Ta-
bles, that the Eye may be able to take a View of the
Whole, and compare the State of each Place with the
others, as to each Particular, with lefs Confufion, as
alfo becaufe feveral of the Diaries have nothing upon
one or more of thefe Heads.

Note, The mean Heights of both Barometer and
Thermometer are extracted only from the Morning
Obfervations, fome of the Diaries containing no
more 5 and judging it fufficient to the prefentDefign
of thefe Tables, except in the mean Heights of the
Thermometer at Bengal , which are taken from both
Morning and Evening Obfervations.

A

A Table of the monthly mean Barometrical Height s, and alfo of the greatefl Afcents and Defcents of the
Mercury obfervedin fever al Places, in the Tear 1729, in Inches and, Decimals.

[ 1*5 1

<

We foregoing Barometrical Table continued .

[ i«4]

A Table of the monthly mean Thermometrical Heights in fever al Places in

the Tear 1729.

[ !<Sj 3

rf Table of the Depth of Rain which fell in feveral Places in the Year 1729. in

Inches and Decimals .

c 1(56 3

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A Table of the monthly mean Barometrical Heights, and alfo of the greateft Afcents and Def cents of the
Mercury obfervedin feveral Places, in the Tear 1730, in Inches and Decimals.

The foregoing Barometrical Table continued .

[ ><s« ]

A Table of the monthly mean Thermomctrical Heights in feveral Places in the Tear 1730.

[ »<* ]

Y 3 A Table

A Table of the Depth of Rain which fell in fever al Places in the Tear 1730. in Inches

and Decimals.

C *70 0

C >7. ]

Firjl, I obferve upon the Barometrical Tables of
tliefe two Years, that they confirm former Remarks
made by Dr. cDerham and others, of the Confent of
the Barometers in Places at a good Diftance from
each other. Not only the monthly mean Heights
agree in the three Diaries of thefe two Years here in
England , but alfo the greateft Afcent and Defcent of
the Mercury happen commonly on the fame Day, and
the Barometers have been found to agree in their Mo-
tions to an Hour, fo far afunder as Townly in Lanca -
Jhire , and Greenwich nzzr London, which is near i6q
Miles, although that might be partly accidental. The
Barometer at Crane-Court and Soutbwick , diftant
about yy Miles, being compared, feem very feldom
to vary from their mean Difference above ~ and i
each way > at Soutbwick and Kent fomething more.
From whence it might be expetted, that the Weather
fhould be much the fame in all thefe Places ; which
nevertheless feerns not to agree with Accounts in fome
Years from different Parts in this Ifland, not very
far diftant: And I myfeif have obferved fometimes
Clouds to lie in one Part of the Horizon for a great ,
Part of a Day, which have difcharg'd a large Quantity
of Rain in Places not far off, while the Place, where
I have been, has all the while enjoy'd fair Weather,
and vie e verfa. Whence it appears, that the Baro-
metrical Alterations of the Air extend farther than
their Effe&s, as to the Produ&ion of Rain, at thofe
times. Comparing the Diaries of Crane-Court and
Upjali I find the Barometers vary from their mean
Difference an Inch and half each way i Crane-Court
and Tadua as much, or more, and often go a pace
quite contrary ways at the fame time, and their

monthly

[ *7* ]

monthly Differences are alfo very variable, fo that
their Agreement at any time feems to be but acci-
dental.

Secondly , I obfcfve, that the Defcents of the Mer-
cury below the mean Heights of each Place, taken
in this way of Dr. Jurins , are generally much greater
than the Afcents of it above 5 and there are alfo other
extraordinary Defcents of the Mercury in every Year,
of the fame kind. The Rcafon I take to be, becaufc
the Expanfion of the Air, whereby it becomes lighter
in fome one Place, being the Original of the Altera-
tions in the Atmofphere, its Effefts by Condensa-
tion or Accumulation of the Air in the Places round
about will be more difperfed, and therefore lefs fen-
fiblc.

Thirdly , The Variation or Range is greater the
farther North, as has been heretofore obferved, and
appears in thefe Tables, in which I have put the Lati-
tude of each Place 5 and likewife’tiS' greater generally
in the Winter than Summer Months. The Sum ot
the Motion of the Mercury upwards and downwards,
taken from the Berlin wandring Line, with a Pair of
Compafles, in the Year 1726, amounts to about 76
Inches, which gives 5 for a’ Month, and about 0,21
for each Day. But the Barometer is by much mod
Ready in the Summer.

Fourthly i The mean Height of the Barometer hath
already been apply'd to determine the refpeftive Heights
of Places, and alfo the abfolute Height above the Surface
of the Sea. Dr. Scheuchz,ery in his Tables publifh'd
in the TranfaBions of this Society, N° 40 y, 40 6.
fuppofes, from Mr. Marriott the mean Height at the
Surface of the Sea to be 2 8" i!" Baris Meafure, which
' ' * reduced

[ m 3

reduced to Englijh , gives 29 Inches, 993. This agrees
very well with a Diary communicated to the Society,
containing 10 Months of the Year 1723, and Janu-
ary 1724 j the Author of which found by Experi-
ment, that in the Place where his Barometer was kept,
the Mercury flood T~ and ~ higher than at the Surface
of the Sea, which was not far from his Habitation.
The mean Height of the Barometer for thofe 10
Months (leaving out the January following, which
feems to he a very irregular Month) I find to be 29,
S2y, to which adding -^ 4, it will give the mean
Height at the Surface of the Sea 29, 97 y 5 fo the Dif-
ference between thefe is only ,018, and therefore pro-
bably may be near the Truth, but may hereafter be
more exa&ly determin'd by Experiments. Then al-
lowing about 90 Feet, or rather lefs, for each 10th of an.
Inch in Height of the Mercury in fmaller Altitudes, or in
greater according to the Tables calculated for that Pur-
pofe, by Dr. Scheuchzer and Dr. Nettleton , and pub-
lifh'd in the Tranf actions of this Society, /. c . & Nc 3 8 8...
you will have the Height of each Place pretty near,
provided the Obfervations be carefully made, and con-
tinued for a fufficient Time; for the yearly mean
Heights in one of the Places in thefe Tables appear to
differ near Tao- of an Inch in thefe two Years 5 and in
moft of them, the laft of thefe two Years exceeds
the firft, two or three Hundredths: The Barometer
alfo ought not to be remov’d to a lower or higher
Place.

Upon the Thermometrical Tables, and thpfe of the
Rain, I have at prefent no Remarks to make, but
what are obvious on firft Sight 5 only that the Thermo-
meters agree, efpecially as to the hotteft Days in the

Year,

[ *74 ]

Year, more than might be expeded from Places at fuch

a Diftance.

The Winds are of fo uncertain and variable a Na-
ture, that they require a more than ordinary Care and Di-
ligence in making the Obfervations, and a great Length
of Time, and Comparifon of a vaft Number of them,
before any thing can be deduced more than is com-
monly known ; and therefore 1 fhall not endeavour to
do it at this Time, but only give this Hint, that if the
Obfervers would take particular Notice, in great Storms,
of the Time when the Mercury firft begins to rife, whe-
ther before, or after, or in the very Height of it, it
might be a Diredion to judge when an Abatement or
Increafe of it might be expected, (if any regular Or-
der fhould be found therein) which might be fervice-
able on Lome Occafions. But if any Attempt fhould
be made to lay down any thing certain concerning the
Rife and Progrefs of the variable Winds, it will ap-
pear, by confidering the Caufe of the Trade-Winds,
that for the fame Caufe the Motion of the Air will not
be naturally in a great Circle, for any great Space, upon
the Surface of the Earth any- where, unlefs in the Equa-
tor itfelf, but in fome other Line j and, in general, all
Winds, as they come nearer the Equator, will become
more and more eafterly, and as they recede from it,
more and more wefterly, unlefs fome other Caufes
intervene.

Thefe are all the Obfervations I have at prefent to
offer on this Sub j eft, which I fhould have been glad if
they had been more material, and anfwerable to the
Labour beftow'd by the curious Obfervers i but they
may affure themfelves, that the Diaries communicated
to the Society will be carefully preferved, for the Peru-

fal

[ *77 1

fal of thofe who may be inclin'd to inquire farther into
this Part of Nature ; and perhaps by the Continuance
of this Method, in Procefsof Time, aDifcovery may
be made of fome regular Courfe in thefe Things, which
may be of Ufe.

VII. A Colle&ion of the Ohfervations of the
Solar Eclipfe, Feb. 1 8. 173 6-y.fcnt to the
Royal Society.

1. The Sun’j Eclipfe on February 18. 1737. obferved

in Fleetftreet,
F. R. S.

Apparent Time.
Ho. Min. Sec.

London, by Mr. Geo. Graham,

: 2 2y

9

P. M. a fmall Impreflion appear'd
on the Sun's Limb 5 I judge the
Beginning to have been about
five or fix Seconds fooner.

3 21

28

The Middle of the firft and larger
Spot was cover'd.

29

3°

The Middle of the fmaller Spot.

40

4

The Cufps perpendicular.

4 3

34

The Cufps horizontal.

3?

32

The Middle of the larger Spot
emerged.

38

21

The fmaller emerged, or a little
before.

Z

4 f2 f7

[ >/-<S ]

Ho. Min. Sec.

4 f2 57 The Chord between the Cufps 1057

ff 00 The Chord 9^4

5 6 3 2 The Chord 8fi

19 34 The Chord 632

Then a Cloud cover’d the upper Limb, and pre-

vented a Sight of the ending, which was loon after.

Between twelve and one o’Clock, I meafur’d the
Diameter of the Sun with a Micrometer. At the
time of the greateft Obfcuration, the lucid Part of the
Sun’s Diameter was equal to 392 fuch Parts as his
whole Diameter contain’d 2188.

I had a Tranfit of the Sun at Noon, and of Sirius
at Night, which, compar’d with preceding ones, I
found my Clock went too fail for mean Solar Time,
about one Second in a Day.

2. The fame Eclipfe obferved at the Royal Obferva -
tory at Greenwich, in Company with 'Dr. Edm,
Halley, by Dr. j. Bevis.

Apparent Time.

Ho. Min. Sec.

At 2 2f 39 P. M. The Beginning,
f 03 29 The End.

At the End, the Sun’s Limb appear’d fomewhat
tremulous, and a fmaii thin Cloud came over it. Dr.
Bevis judged the Time might be relied on to two or
three Seconds.

3. An

V .

c

3. An Obfervation of the Eclipfe of the Sun, on
Feb. 18. 1737. made at Edinburgh, by Colin Mac
Laurin, Profejfor of Mathematics in that Univer -
(ityy and F. R. S. in a Letter to Martin Folkes,
Efqy F. P- R . S

SIR ,

I Hope the following Account of the late Eclipfe of
the Sun, as it was obferved here, and in other
Parts of this Country, will not be unacceptable to
you. In the Hiftory of Eclipfes colleded by Ric -
cioluSj there are very few faid to be Annular ; and of
thefe fome have been controverted, as that feen by
Clavius at Rome7 April 9. 1567, and that feen by
JeJfenius at Torgaw in Mtfnia , Feb. 2 y. 1 598, which
are both difputed by Kepler. Some Aftronomers,
Antient and Modern, have been of Opinion, that no
Eclipfe can be Annular 5 and fince fuch feem to have
been rarely obferved, and I have not met with a parti-
cular Defcription of any of them, I fhall give you as
full an Account of this Eclipfe as I can coiled from
the Obfervations that were made here, and thofe that
have been communicated to me from the Country.

The Sky was generally favourable in the Southern
Parts of Scotland during the Eclipfe 5 and though there
were great Showers of Snow in the North, they had
fometimes a View of it. There was fomething very
entertaining in the annular Appearance, a ‘Pheno-
menon that was equally new to all who faw it, that
gave great Delight to the Curious, without ftriking
Terror into the Vulgar. It extended Southward ah
moft to Morpeth in Northumberland y and beyond X?i-

Z 2 *vernef$

c >?8 :

*vernefs Northward 5 fo that a Part of England , and
almoft all Scotland , were within its Limits. I have
not as yet learned how far the North Limit was from
us : In Expectation of fome Letters from the remote
Parts concerning this Limit, I have fo long delayed
fending you this Account ; but I am informed, that the
Weather was very unfavourable there.

Ten Days before the Eclipfe, I wrote to many of
my Acquaintance in the Country, defiring that they
would determine the Duration of the annular Appear-
ance as exa&ly as poflible 3 in Hopes, by comparing
their Obfervations, to have traced the Path of the
Centre and the Limits of this Ehanomenon after the
Example given in i/if, by Dr. Halley , to whom we
owe the beft Defcription of an Eclipfe that Aftrono-
mical Hiftory affords. I fhall give you an Abftrad of
the Accounts I received in Anfwer to thefe Letters,
after I have deferibed our Obfervations at Edinburgh,

The Times of the Appearances here were deter-
mined by a Pendulum Clock, which Mr. Graham
gave me feme Years ago, from whom I alfo had the
meridian Inftrument by which it is examined. The
meridian Line was often adjufted in the ufual Manner,
and an exaCt Account of the Sun’s Tranfits in the Me-
ridian, and of the Tranfits of Erocyon in a fix’d Tele-
fcope, was kept by Mr. Short for a long time before
and after the Eclipfe; and, by comparing his Obferva-
tions, I cannot doubt but that the Times were deter-
mined with fufficientExadnefs. I was often with him
when he examined the Meridian, and obferved thofe
Tranfits; particularly the Day of the Eclipfe, when by
the Suns Paflage in the Meridian, we found that the
Clock was before the apparent Time 13 Minutes 27

Seconds;

[ *7? }

Seconds ; and fo much I have fubductcd from the’
Times that were marked during the Obfervation..
The Latitude of this Place is commonly faid to be
Degrees yy Minutes s and by fome Trials we have
made lately, this muft be near the Truth, though in
fome Maps and Tables it be reprefented greater. By
comparing an Obfervation we had here of the End
of the Eclipfe of the Moon, iVw. 20. 1732. with an
Obfervation of the End of the fame Eclipfe by Mr.
Graham at his Houfe in Fleetjireet , the Longitude of
this Place is a little more than 1 2 Minutes of Time
further Weft : But I may be able to give a more exafi:
Account afterwards of the Longitude and Latitude of
this City.

Some Days before the Eclipfe, the Right Honourable
the Lord Aberdour fet up a Clock in the Caftle, and
adjufted it with mine by a Watch that fhewed the Se-
conds. The Clocks were compared together the Day
of the Eclipfe at Noon, by a Cannon fired from the
Caftle, fome Perfons being appointed to attend each
Clock, and mark the Seconds when they heard the
Sound : An Allowance of two Seconds and a half be-
ing made for the Progrefs of the Sound, (which was
determined by feveral Trials at Night) the Clock in
the Caftle was found to be before the apparent Time
12 Minutes 19 Seconds, and fo much is fubdufted
from the Times that were marked in the Caftle during
the Obfervation. It was agreed that we fhouLd give
Signals to one another mutually at the Beginning and
End of the Eclipfe, and at the Beginning and End of
the annular Appearance. His Lordfhip's Signal from
the Caftle was a Cannon, ours from the College a,
Mufquet, Perfons being appointed to mark our Signal

from

[ i8o ]

from a proper Place of the Caftle : There is no Regard
however had to thofe Signals in marking the Times
of the Appearances. Lord Aberdour made ufe of a
reflecting Telefcope of if Inches and a half focal
Diftance, that magnified 90 times 5 only he obferved
the annular Appearance with one of f Inches and a
half, that he might have a View of the whole Disk of
the Sun at once. Mr. Short obferved the Beginning
of the Eclipfe with a Telefcope of if Inches and a
half focal Diftance, that magnified 104, times, but the
annular Appearance with one of the fame Length, that
alfo took in the whole Disk of the Sun, and magnified
fo times. The reflecting Telefcope with which I ob-
ferved the Eclipfe from the Beginning to the End, took
in the whole Disk of the Sun, (having been made by
Mr. Short for this Purpofe) though the focal Diftance
of the big Speculum be pinches and a half; and though
it bears a higher Charge, I made ufe of anEye-glafs on
this Occafion, that magnifies only fo times.

By a Computation that had been made here from
Sir Ifaac Newtons Theory, I expected that the Eclipfe
would begin at 2 Hours 6 Minutes, apparent Time ;
we therefore looked attentively towards the South-
weft Part of the Sun s Limb from Two o'Clock. At
2 Ho. f Min. 36 Sec. we perceived a Depreffion that
was juft difcernible on the Sun's Limb near that Place ;
our Signal was then made, but by an Accident Lord
Aberdour had been hindred from obferving the Sun
at that Time : However, when he looked for it, he faw
it was begun, and his Signal gave general Intimation
of this to the To wn, about 40 Sec. after we had firft
perceived it 5 and, as far as I have learned, it was not

difeerned

[ '8> 3

difcerncd hv the Eve, though shifted with a fmoaked
Glafs, till about this Time.

I obferved the Progrefs of the Eclipfe by a Helio-
fcope; but after io Digits were eclipfed, I returned to
the Telefcope, to attend the Beginning of the annular
Appearance. A little before the Annulus was com-
plete, a remarkable Point or Speck of pale Light ap-
peared near the Middle of the Part of the Moon’s Cir-
cumference, that was not yet come upon the Disk of
the Sun 5 and a Gleam of Light, more faint than this
Point, feemcd to be extended from it to each Horn:
I did not mark the precife Time when I firft perceived
this Light, but am iatisfied that it could hardly be lefs
than one fourth of a Minute before the annular Ap-
pearance began. Mr. Short (who was in another
Chamber at fome Diftance, and made ufe of a larger
Telefcope) allures me that he faw it 20 Seconds before
the Annulus was completed ; and this is confirmed
by a Call that was then heard from the Chamber where
he was, of which I did not underftand the Meaning
till we met afterwards, and upon which the Perfon
who made our Signals was about to fire, if I had not
forbid him. I was furprized with this Light at firft,
and did not immediately recoiled that it proceeded
probably from the fame Crown that was feen about
the Moon in a total Eclipfe of the Sun at Naples in
i6oy j and was obferved by many in different Parts of
Europe in the three late total Eclipfes of 1706, 1717
and 1724,. I did not exped to have feen this Light,
when fo much of the Sun's Disk was uncovered 5 but
as 1 kept only fo much of the Disk in the Telefcope as
was necelfary for afeertaining the Time of the Forma-
tion of the Annulus, this muft have contributed to

mv

[ ]

my difcovering it $ for this Light was very faint, com-
pared with that which appeared upon the Sun’s Arch
near the fame Place the Moment it was uncovered,
and the Annulus completed.

Moil of thofe who obferved the Eclipfe with Te-
lefaxes, mention in their Letters, that as the Annulus
was forming, they perceived the Light to break in
feveral irregular Spots near the Point of Contad, and
that the Limb of the Moon feemed to be indented
there. Some exprefs themfelves as if thojfe irregular
Parts had appeared to them in a kind of Motion. It
is thus defcribed by Mr. Bayne (Profeffor of the Mu-
nicipal Law, a worthy Gentleman, whom we have fince
loft) in a Letter toluol Aber dour : “ What appeared
tc to me moft entertaining, fays he, confiderecfas an
“ Objed of Sight, was, when the Extremities of the
“ Horns formed upon the Face of the Sun feemed as
lc if they had been in the Adion of uniting their
^ Points, the Inequalities on the Extremity of the
“ Moon s Disk gave the Appearance, as it were, of
“ fmall Bodies in particular Motion. ” There was not
any Undulation at this Time on the Circumference of
the Sun. I find that fuch Appearances of a tremulous
Motion in certain Periods of folar Eclipfes are men-
tioned by Hevelius and others. Lord A her dour ob-
ferved the Beginning of the annular Appearance with
a fmaller Telefcope, and perceived only a narrow
Streak of a dusky red Light colour the dark Edge
of the Moon, immediately before the Ring was com-
pleted, and after it was diffolved.

At 3 Ho. 2 y Min. yy Sec. the Circumference of the
Sun appeared complete, and perfedly circular. We
called at the fame Inftant to the Perfon who was ap-
pointed

[183 3

pointed to make our Signal, and in a Second or tfad
the Camion from the Caftle was heard. The Annulus
appeared to the Eye to be central fox fome time, but
in the Telefcope it was always broader toward the
South-eaft than toward the North- weft Part of the
Sun’s Disk. The Breadth appeared much greater to
the naked Eye, than could have been expeded from the
Difference of the Semidiameters of the Sun and Moon.
This was fo remarkable, that fuch a 'Phenomenon
muft have confirmed thofe Aftronomers in their Opi-
nion, who imagined that the Diameter of the Moon
is contraded in her Conjunctions with the Sun. This
Appearance proceeded chiefly, I fuppofe, from the
Light’s incroaching on the Shade, as is ufual ; but what-
ever was the Caufe, every body feemed furprized that
the Moon appeared fo fmall upon the Disk of the
Sun.

It was obferved, that the Motion of the Moon ap-
peared more quick in the Formation and Diflolutiom
of the Annulus, than during its Continuance. This
is particularly deferibed by Mr. Fullartony of Fullar-
ton , in a very exad Account of the Eclipfe, as it ap-
peared at his Seat at Crosby , near Air, on the Weft
Coaft of Scotland , that has been communicated to me
by a Friend. He writes that “ the Annulus appeared
“ to be nearly of an uniform Breadth during the
u greater Part of the Time of its Continuance, but
“ feemed to go off very fuddenly $ fo that when the
<c Disk of the Moon approached to the concave Line
“ of the Sun’s Disk, they feemed to run together like
ce two contiguous Drops of Water on a Table when
“ they touch one another i ” and he adds, that it came
on in the fame way. This Appearance feems to be

A a ac~

[ >*4 ]

accountable from the fame optical deception as the
former.

During the Appearance of the Annulus, the direct
Light of the Sun was (till very confiderable $ but the
Places that were (haded from his Light appeared
gloomy. There was a Dusk in the Atmofphere, efpe--
daily towards the North and Eaft. In thofe Cham-*
bers that had not their Lights Weftwards, the Obfcu-
rity was confiderable. Venus appeared plainly, and
continued vifible long after the Annulus was diffolved,
and I am told that other Stars were feen by fome :
One Gentleman is pofitive, that, being fhaded from
the Sun, he difeerned fome Stars Northwards, which
he thinks by their Pofition were in Urfa Major.

It was very cold at this Time $ a little thin Snow fell •>
and fome little Pools of Water in the College Area,
where there was no Ice at two o'Clock, were frozen
at Four. A refie&ing Telefcope of a large Size, and
of a much greater Aperture than ordinary, that took
in the whole Sun, and burned Cloth very fuddenly
through the tinged Glafs at the Beginning of the
Eclrpie, and on that account could not then be ufed
with Safety, was that by which Mr. Short obferved
the annular Appearance. Some curious Gentlemen
found, that a common Burning-glafs, which kindled
Tinder at 3, Ho. 5:9 Min. and burned Cloth at 4, Ho.

8 Min. had no Effect during the annular Appearance,
and for fome time before and after it.

I have mentioned thofe things moftiy upon the Re-
port of others j for during the greater Part of this Ap-
pearance I was obferving the Progrefs of the Moon
upon the Disk of the Sun through the Telefcope.
The firft internal Conta& of the Disks, at the Forma-
tion

[ *85 ]

tion of the Annulus, was confiderably Below the Weft
Point of the Sun's Disk $ and the fecond Contaft, at
the Diflolution of the Annulus, feemed to be about
io Degrees Eaftwards from the North Point or Zenith
of the Disk : But I did not find that the Pofttion of
thofe Points of Contad could be eftimated with E#
actnefs on feveral Accounts. The Breadth of the An-
nulus towards the South-eaft Part of the Sun's Disk,
was at leaft double of its Breadth towards the oppofitc
Part, about the Middle of this Appearance. An Ap-
paratus, by which I was in Hopes of being able to de-
termine thofe things more accurately, was not ready.
I propofed to have made fome Eftimation of the Ratio
of the Continuance of the annular Appearance, where
it was central to its Continuance at Edinburgh , from
that of the Arithmetical Mean betwixt the Numbers
that fhould exprefs the Proportion of the greateft and
lead: Breadth of the Annulus to the Geometrical Mean
betwixt the fame Numbers 5 or from the Ratio of the
Radius to the Sine of half the Arch intercepted be-
tween the two Points of internal Contaft > but I did
not obtain thefe Ratio's with fufficient Exa&nefs.

At 3 Ho. 31 Min. 43 Sec. the Annulus was dif
folved, after having continued y Min. 48 Sec. And
here again our Signals were heard immediately after
one another: The Middle of the Eclipfe was there-
fore at 3 Ho. 28 Min. 49 Sec. In this the Time by
Obfervation did not agree fo well with the Time by
Computation as in the Beginning of the Eclipfe, the
Difference being here about four Minutes. The Irre-
gularities of the Moon's Surface occafioned the fame
Appearances, in fome meafure, as at the Formation of
the Annulus . When I returned to the Heliofcope,

A a 2 there

L

there was feme Time loft in direding it towards the
Sun; and when I got the Image in a due Pofition, there
was left than n Digits eclipfed; and Ifufped that it
never amounted to full 1 1 Digits. I had no Micro-
meter. -

After taking fome more Digits, I went with Sir
John Clerk to a neighbouring Houfe, to obferve the
End of the Eclipfe, being afraid we fhould not be
able to fee it from the College. By a„Signal that was
made to the Perfon who attended the Clock, (two Se-
conds being fubduded, that were loft in making the
Signal) the End . was at 4 Ho. 44 Min, yi Sec. The
Wind blew hard at this time, Co that the Telefcope
.could, not be kept very fteady, and there was fome
Undulation on the Circumference of the Sun 5 but I
cannot think that the Error of this Obfervation can
exceed three or four Seconds, the Circumference of
the Sun appearing to me complete at that Inftant.

I fhall now fubjoin the Observations that were made
in the Caftle and College in one View, by which you
will fee that they agree precifely as to the Continu-
ance of the annular Appearance, a Coincidence that
copld not have been expeded 5 but fo it is, according
to the Numbers that were given me immediately after
the Eclipfe by thofe who attended the Clocks.

The

[ '87 ]

J*n the College. In the Caflle..-

, «

Tlie Beginning of the?

Eclipfe at ... . X

The Beginning of the(
annular Appearance y

The End oftheannu- ?
lafr Appearance y

The End of the RcJipfe

By Lord Aberdours Obfervations, the lowermoft
and biggeft of the two Spots that appeared upon the Disk
of the Sun in the upper Part, was touched by the Moon
at 3 Ho. 4 Min. 40 Sec. and this Spot was wholly
covered at 3 Ho. y Min. 19 Sec. Mr. Short obferyed
another Spot at the Circumference of the Moon, at
2 Ho. 24 Min. yi Sec. Though the Obfervations, of
the Digits could not be made with fo much Exattnefs
as the preceding, on feveral Accounts, I (hall fubjoin*
feme of them.

H. M. S.

The Sun was eclipfed 2 Digits at 2 21 14

6 Dig. 2 yo- ^4.

After the annular Appearance 9 Dig. 3 4y yy

8 Dig. 3 52 j$v

7 Dig. 3 ^3

6 Dig, 4 6 51

At Hopeton-Houfe , nine Miles Weft, and a little
Northwards from. Edinburgh , the Right Honourable
Lord Hope obferved the annular Appearance begin at

3 Ho,

H.

M.

S.

2

r

3

n

?

31

43

4

44

5-1

h;

M.

S.

3

2f

?3

3

31

41

4

44

48

r ■** ]

3 Ho. 2f Min. the End of this Appearance at 3 Ho,
31 Min. and the End of the Eclipfe at 4 Ho. 44 Min.
and a half. His Lordfhip was obliged to obferve the
'Eclipfe at a Diftance from the Clock, and to deter-
mine the Times by a Pocket Watch, that had been ad-
jured by a very good Dial that Day at 12 o’Clock >
but allures me, that the Duration of the annular Ap-
pearance was fix Minutes, as near as could be judged
by a Watch that did not fhew the Seconds. The Moon
appeared to touch the larger Spot above-mentioned at
3 Ho.^ 4 Min. and covered it in about half a Minute.
The Emerfion of the fame Spot was at 4 Ho. 13 Min.
A lefler Spot, higher on the Sun's Disk, was not covered
till 1 1 Minutes after the greater Spot, but appeared
xather fooner than it.

At Crosby y on the Weft Coaft of Scotland , about
four Miles North from Air , Mr. Fnllarton obferved
the Eclipfe to begin at two o'Clock. A difttnft An-
nulus was formed about 20 Minutes after Three, which
continued exaftly feven Minutes, mcafured by a Pen-
dulum vibrating Seconds. It appeared rather broader
on the lower Verge of the Sun ; but the Difference
muft have been very fmall, for it was but barely dif-
cernible in a Species of the Eclipfe fix Inches over, caft
on a Piece of Paper behind the Eye-piece of a Tele-
feope fix Feet long. He adds, that the Day-light was
not greatly obfeured, appearing only fo much dimmer
than ufual, as that of the Sun is, when feen through
a very gentle Mift in a fine Morning in April or May .
Sir Thomas Wallace found that the annular Appear-
ance continued at his Houfe near Lockryan in Gallo -
way five Minutes.

From

C •«? ]

From the Obfervation at Crosby the Centre of the
annular Penumbra Teems to have entered Scotland not
far from Irwine. It proceeded afterwards towards the
Eaft, with a confiderable Inclination Northwards 5 and
probably left Scotland not far from Montrofe on the
Eaft Coaft : For the Reverend Mr. Auchterlony found,
that the annular Appearance continued there feven
Minutes, as near as he could judge by an ordinary
Watch. The Annulus alfo appeared to him of an uni-
form Breadth, through a common Tclefcope. This
Obfervation, though not fo exaft as that at Crosby , is
however confirmed by that at St. Andrew’s , to be
mentioned afterwards. Thefe two Obfervations at
Crosby and Montrofe , were made nearer the Path of
the Centre, than any others that have been communi-
cated to me.

As for the Southern Limit of this Appearance, the
Eclipfe was not Annular at Newcajile , and there
wanted about 40 Degrees of the Limb of the Sun to
appear in order to form an Anmdusy according to the
Obfervation of Mr. Ifaac Thomfon , communicated to
me by Mr. Blake , a Gentleman of the County of
\ Durham , who was prefent with us at Edinburgh
during our Obfervation. The whole Duration of the
Eclipfe was f o Seconds lefs by his than by our Obfer-
vation 5- and the bigger Spot was hid 1 Ho. 5? Min>.
jySec. by his Obfervation,. the Digits eclipfed at its
Immerfion 7,7 * at its Emerfion 4, 1. Nor was the
Eclipfe Annular at Morpeth , whence Mr. John Will -
Jon writes, that the Body 6f the Moon appeared almoft
intirely on that of the Sun j and that, to the naked.
Eye, the Disk of the Sun Teemed to be aimoft round.

I ’?» 1

But of all the Obfervations that have been com-
mmnicated to me, that of Mr. Long at Longframling-
ton *, determines the Southern Limit with the greateft
Exa&nefs. The Annulus, he fays, was very fmall there
upon the upper Part, and the Duration 40 or 41 half
Seconds, meafured by a Pendulum 9, 81 Inches long ;
from which we may conclude, that the Limit was very
near this Place. This curious Obfervation, with feve-
ral others, was communicated by Mr. Mark at Dun-
bar. I have received no Accounts concerning this
Appearance from any Places on the Weft Coaft of
England. At Alnwick in Northumberland the Eclipfe
was Annular, but I have not heard that the Time of its
Continuance was meafured.

At Berwick^ the annular Appearance continued
Betwixt four and five Minutes : The End of the Eclipfc
.at Dunbar , by Mr. Mark's Obfervation, was at 4 Ho.
48 Min. 1 6 Sec. but there was fome Miftake com-
mitted in reckoning the Vibrations of the Pendulum
in meafuring the Continuance of the Annulus.

At St. Andrew's, this Appearance was oblerved to
continue precifely fix Minutes, by a Pendulum Clock,
by Mr. Charles Gregory and Mr. David Toung , Pro-
feffors in the Univcrfity. By a Figure of the Annulus
taken from its Image, projeded through a Telefcope
upon a Paper Screen, the Breadth towards the South-
eaft Part of the Sun's Disk is rather more than double
of its Breadth towards the oppofite Part.

* LongframUngton is feven computed Miles on this Side of Morpeth.

. ... • : • ’ • ' ‘ '

I have

[ ipl ]

1 have already mentioned the Obfervation at Mont -
rofe . At Aberdeen the Annulus was obferved by Mr.
John Stewart 7 Math. Prof, for 3 Min. 2 Sec. It was
almoft central, when the Clouds deprived him of any
further View of it; he thinks it probable, that it con-
tinued there about fix Minutes. Several Gentlemen,
who live on the Coaft Northwards from Aberdeeny
were defired to obferve the Continuance of the An-
nulus ; but I do not find that any of them faw this Phe-
nomenon from the Beginning to its End.

At Elgin , the Eclipfe was obferved Annular at 3 Ho.
29 Min. the larger Part of the Ring being uppermoft,
by the Reverend Mr. Irwin , who had a View of it
for about 30 Seconds; but by reafon of intervening
Clouds could not determine the Beginning or End of
this Appearance. At Caftle Gordon, Mr. Gregory had
one View of the Eclipfe while it was annular, but
could make no further Obfervation for the fame
Reafon.

At InvernefSy the Eclipfe was annular for fome
Minutes, as I am informed by feveral Gentlemen ; but
they did not meafure the precife Time how long it
continued. By the Accounts I have had from Fort
Auguflus and Fort William , it is doubtful whether
the Eclipfe was annular in thofe Places or not. Fort
Augufius is at the Weft End of Lochnefs , and probably
was not far from the Northern Limit of this Fhtfno-
menon . I have as yet received no Accounts of this
Appearance from any Place further Northwards, or
from any Place in the Weft, but thofe I have men-
tioned. Some Gentlemen in Argylefbire, who ob-
ferved this Eclipfe, were deprived of a View of the
Annulus by the Clouds.

B b Mr,

/

5; m 3

Mr. Walker , an ingenious Gentleman at Frazer -
burgh on the North Coaft, [Feb. 18. 173 7.) found
that from the Time of the Ring's beginning to appear
upon the lower and Weftern Part of the Sun's Disk,
till it began to break on the Eaft and upper Part, there
were 300 Vibrations of a Pendulum, or five Minutes.
The Ring feemed fomewhat narrower even at the
Middle of the Eclipfe on the lower Part.

This is the Sum , of what I have been able to learn
concerning the Obfervations of this Eclipfe, that were
made in this Country, and in thq neighbouring Parts
of England . I have made fome Computations relate-
ing to the Extent of the annular Fenumbra , and the
Direction and Velocity of its Motion ; but finer; I have
not a fufficient Number of exact Obfervations* by
which I might examine them, it would be of little
Ufe to deferibe them. Had the Weather been more
favourable in the North, and my Requeft of having
the Duration of the annular Appearance meafured,
been made more public before the Eclipfe, after Dr.
Halley's Example in 1717. I doubt not but I fhould
have been able to have given a more exad Account of
the Progrefs of the Centre of this Phenomenon, and
of its Limits; but I had been difeouraged from pub-
iifhing any thing concerning it, by our bad Fortune in
feveral late Eclipfes, of which the Clouds had not al-
lowed us the lead View*

I am informed, that there was very little Notice
taken of this Eclipfe by the Populace in the Country 5
and I cannot but add, that feveral Gentlemen of very
good Credit, who are not in the lead fiiort-fighted,
allure me, that about the Middle of the annular Ap-
pearance they were not able to difeern the Moon up-
on

[ m 1

on the Sun, when they looked without a fmoaked
Giafs, or fomething equivalent.

I have taken Notice of this, bccaufe it may contri-
bute to account for what at firft Sight appears furprize-
ihg, that there are fo few annular Eclipfes in the Lifts
colledcd by Authors. Kepler , in his AJlron. Optic .
docs not feem to acknowledge, that any Eclipfe, truly,
annular, had ever been obferved. There are none
mentioned by Ricciolus , from the Year 334 till i f 6/.
though there are 13 or 14 total Eclipfes recorded with-
in that Period ; yet it is allowed, that the Extent and
Duration of the annular Appearance may be confider-
ably greater in the former, than of the Darknefs in the
latter. It may have contributed to this, that annular
Eclipfes muft have been rather incident in the Winter
Seafon in the Northern Hemifphere, and that Eclipfes
have been more readily total in the Summer, when
their Chance of being vifible was greater, and the Sea-
fon more favourable for obferving them. But per-
haps the chief Reafon why few annular Eclipfes appear
upon Record, is, that they have not been diftinguiftied
in moft Cafes from ordinary partial ones. The Dark-
nefs diftinguifhed total Eclipfes, or fuch as were very
nearly total ; and it is thefe chiefly, Hiftorians men-
tion. There are two central Eclipfes of the Sun ftill
famous amongft the Populace in this Country : That
of March 29. i6f2. was total here, and that Day is
known amongft them by the Appellation of Mirk
Monday. The Memory of the Eclipfe of Feb. 2y.
1598. is alfo preferved amongft them, and that Day
they term, in their way, Black Saturday. There is a
Tradition, that fome Perfons in the North loft their

B b 2 Way

[ i?4 ]

Way In the Time of this Eclipfe, and perifhed in the
Snow.

There was a remarkable total Eclipfe of the Sun in
this Country, June 17. 1433. t'le Memory of which
is now loft among the Populace 5 but it appears from
a PafTage in a Manufcript in our Library, that it was
formerly called by them the Black Hour , after their
ufual Manner. It is deferibed thus: “ Hoc anno
“ fuit mirabilis Eclipfis Solis, 1 ym° die menfis Junii>
“ hora quafi tertia poft meridiem ; & per dimidium
<c horae tenebr# tanquam in node fupergreftx funt
cc fuperficiem teme, ita ut nihil obtutibus humanis per-
“ vium fuit 5 unde abhinc vulgariter difta fuit Hora
<c Nigra/' This Eclipfe is not in Ricciolus’s Cata-
logue, but is mentioned by him in another Place,
Schol, Cap, 2. L. y. By a Computation of thisEclipfe,
the Sun was within two Degrees of his Apogeum , and
the Moon within 13 Degrees of her Rerigeum $ fo that
this muft have been a remarkable Eclipfe. The Pro-
grefs of the Shadow was towards the South-eaft ;
and Sethus Calvijius cites the Turkijh Annals for its
being total in fome Part of their Dominions.

You will perceive by this Account, that we have
no Obfervatory in this Place ; but we are in Hopes
that fome time or other we fhall obtain one from the
Patrons of the Univerfity. I doubt this laft Eclipfe
will not be diftinguifhed by any particular Appellation
amongft the Populace, as the former that were cen-
tral in this Country. The Remembrance of it how-
ever will be preferved by the Curious, who obferved
it with great Pleafure, and agree that it was the moft
entertaining Spe&acle of this kind they ever faw. I

fhall

[ m ]

lhall be glad if this Account of it give you any Satif-
fadtion, and am with the greateftRelpedt,

5P. S . We looked for the Occultation of Aldebarart
by the Moon on Feb. 2f. in the Evening $ but the Star
palled by the upper Horn, without being hid, at a
Diftance from it, that was by Eftimation nearly equal
to the Diftance betwixt the neareft Part of the Spots
Eudoxus and Arijiotle .

4. An Account of the Obfervations of the late Solar
Eclipfe made at Edinburgh, on Feb. 18, 1 736-7-
by the Honourable Sir John Clerk, Bart . one of
the Barons of his Majefifs Exchequer there , and
F \ R. S . Communicated by Roger Gale, Efq> F. R. S .

the 1 8th of February laft, we had a very fine

bright Day for obferving the Eclipfe 5 and never

was any thing of that kind, 1 believe, obferved with
more Exadtnefs. In feveral Places for 10 Miles round
this City, as well as in it, were fome skilful Perfons
ftationed for that Purpofe : I myfelf happened to be
in the Caftle here, which is an Eminence at leaft of yoo
or 600 Feet in Height, befides a great Afcentfrom the
Level of the Sea to the Foot of the Rock upon which
it is fituated.

Our Profeflbr of Mathematics, Mr. Mac Laurin7
a Perfon of great Knowledge in this Science, had
placed himfelf at a Window in our College i others

S I Ry

Edinburgh ,
May 12, 173 7.

Tour moft obedient ,
mofl humble Servant ,

Colin Mac Laurin.

were

1 .?« ]

'were Lent where the Eclipfe, we fuppofed, would be
perfectly central, about 12 or 14 Miles farther North.

A Gun from the Caftle was fired at 22 Seconds after
Twelve, mean Time, (or 12 Minutes 22 Seconds be-
fore Twelve, apparent Time) upon which, by Agree-
ment, the Clocks and Watches of the Obfcrvers were
adjufted. A fecond Cannon was difeharged precifely
when the Eclipfe began, which was at y Minutes 3 6
Seconds after Two. A third was difeharged when the
annular Appearance began, which was at 2 y Minutes
yy Seconds after Three ; its Continuation was y Mi-
nutes 48 Seconds. A fourth Cannon was fired at the
End of the Eclipfe, which was at 44 Minutes yo Se-
conds after Four j ail reckoned by apparent Time.
We had half a fcore good reflecting Telefcopes to
make thefe Obfervations, and our Calculations per-
fectly agreed, fo that you may depend upon than as
molt exaCt.

This was not done by us as a Matter of mere Curi-
ofity, but to affift in afeertaining the Motions of the
Moon, on Sir Ifaac Newtons Theory, upon which
a good deal of the DoCtrine of the Longitude will
depend. Sir Ifaac s Calculation, as to the Beginning
of this Eclipfe, was pretty right 5 but not fo well as
to its central Appearance. Two Spots in the Sun
made a very diftinCt Appearance to us, as they entered
under the Moon s Body 5 one was a little above the
central or horizontal Line of the Sun, of this Shape
J|j^ ; the other was near the Edge, on the Eaft Quar-
ter. The firft, by Comparifon with the Sun's Dia-
meter, was larger than the Disk of our Earth ; it was
dark in the Middle, and certainly emitted no Fire or
Light. The Edge of the Moon appeared a little rag-

[ '97 ]

ged or rough, but not mountainous, becaufe of the
Sun's Light. There .was. no confiderable Darknefs,
but the Ground was covered with a kind of a dark
grcenifh- Colour. Two Stars appeared, the Planet
Venus , and another farther-Eaftward. 'This Account
is what you: may depend on; * * r

y. Obfervations of the Solar Eclipfe, . on Feb. 18^
1736-7. made at Trinity-College, Cambridge, and
at Kettering $ communicated in^ Letter from Mr.
Charles Mafon to Mr. John Scnex, F.R.S.

H. M, S.

The Beginning by the Clock * at 2 36 40

The End at 5 14 12 ExaftL

The Eclipf

eObferved."

rA |The Eelipfe Obferved.

,ts 1
to

IncreafihgJDecreafing.

4-*

’5b

Increafing.

Decreafmg.

5

H. M. S. !

1

H. M. S.

B H, M. S.

H. M. Si

2 39 3°!

5 ” 5°

6 !

3 22 20

4 35. 20

!i

2 43 00;

5 9 00

64

; 3 26 3°

14

2 46: 40

1 • *

7'"

! 33° 40

4 2 7 40'

I2.

i

2 50 25

-

rt\

! 3' 34 50

-4 2 3 55

!21

2i 54. 15

4 59 30-

8 j

3 39 3°

4 20 10

|3

2 58 05

8±

• * •

4 16. 3.0

3l

3 1 55

9*

Clouds.

4 13 00

I4,

3" 5 5°

9t

« • •

4 10 10

4j

3 9 50

'

10

• 1 •

4 7 50

5

3 14 00

! 4 42 55

5i

3 18 10

3 39 10

H. M. . S.

The leffer Spot im merged * ' “ * at 2 58 50

The greater Spot begun to im merge - at 3 33 05

The Middle * • * at 3 33 20

The End at * * • 1 3 33 37

Times

C '?8 3

Times obferved at Kettering, as follow:

Beginning
2 Digits

Centre .

End

Ho. Min.
2 21

a

2 2 6

3 °7

4 22

4 f 9

Great Spot immers'd . . . . 3 18

N. B . The Obfervatory Clock was 1 Minute yo
Seconds too flow, which being added all the way,
will give true Time.

I fliould be obliged to you, if I could have any Ob-
fervations that correfpond with thefe, to compare
them : thefe are moft of them tolerably exa£t ; but
the Wind, and other Difficulties, make fome of them
a little precarious. The Time is nearly true, if the
Error be corre&ed depending upon the Truth of a
Meridian Telefcope, which I can yet correft, if any
nicety of Longitude require it. I hope you will ex-
cufe my freedom in troubling you with with this from

Tour humble Servant y

Cha. Mafon.

6. De-

t '99 3

<S. Defedus Solis obfervatus c Specula Bononienfis
Scientiarum Inftituti, dieprima^Aami 173/.

INitium hnjufce deliquii calculos noftros minutis ho-
rariis plus feptem antevertit. Hora enim 3 min.
33 fee. 36 jam aliquid Solaris marginis a Luna deli-
baari apparuit, diredo intuitu per vitrum fuligine infe-
ftum, ac telefcopio pedum undecim aptatum (cum
paullo ante, hoc eft in ipfo fcrupulo 33, eodem tele-
fcopio Sol plane rotundus vifus eflet) : calculi autem ini-
tiumin horam 3. 41 conjiciebant.

Deinceps digitos eclipticos notavimus trajedo Solis
radio per tubum opticum pedum fex, eoque excepto
in tabella Candida, cui tabellx circulus inferiptus erat
ad imaginem Solis commenfus, atque in digitos ac fe-
midigitos difpertitus. Verum obfervationi haud pa-
-rum obftitit ventus machinam exagitans. Certiores
phafes hx fuifle videntur.

Hor. Min.

3. 40 Deficiebat digitus prxterproptec

3.'. 48 Duo digiti

3. 57 Digititres

4. 6 Digiti quatuor

4. 1 Quinque digiti

4. 3 y Digiti feptem

4. 45* Septem cum femifle, qux nobis obfeu-
ratio maxima vifa eft

4. 57 Iterum digiti ipfi feptem, Eclipft jam

decrefcente.

Foftmodum cum fpecies Solis in occafum vergentis
nimis fluduans ac trepida viferetur, necnon ex rotunda
in ovalem fat manifefte deformata, a digitorum di-
menfione, quippe haud fatis certa, ceflavimus.

Cc Non-

[ 200 ]

Nonnullae apparebant in Sole macula, tres praefer-
tam, quarum pofitiones ipfomeridie ejusdiei ab obfer-
vationibus defcriptas exhibet fubjedum fchema. [vide
Tab. II. Fig. x.] Duarum ex his occultationes ita de-
finivimus eodem tubo pedum undecim.

Hor. Min. Sec.

4. 23. 1 8 Limbus Lunae coronam maculae A

contingit

23. 45) Nucleum ipfum maculae A tegere

incipit

24. 2f Totum nucleum abfeondit

26. 14 Maculam B diftringit

26. 31 Totam involvit.

7. Defedus Solis ex Monte Aventino Romae obfer-
vatus , die prima Martii, A . 1737. N. S. a Di-
daco de Revillas, Abb ate Hieronym. R. S . Lond. So

TRajeda per tejefcopium Campani Ped. 6. Solis
fpecie, hanc tabella alba excipiebat, cum cir*
cuius fpeciei aequalis in digitos XII divifus, inferiptus.
erat. Phafes hoc.ce organa obfervatae, funt hujufmodi.
H. p. m. M. S.

3. 43 4 Limbus Solis jam limbo Lunae ali-.

quantuluni obfeuratus deprehen*
ditur.

51 50 Digit. I.

4> o 40 Digit. II. ,

9 3°. Digit. III,.

18 20 Digit. IV.

27 1 a Digit. V.

36 o Digit. VI. Dum limbus Lunae.cen*
tmm Solis attingit, denfae nubes utriuique luminaris-
& fequentium eclipfis phafmm confpedum eripiunt.

8, Eclipfis

[ 201 ]

8. Eclipfis Solis partialis, qua die xnx. Eeb. St. Vet.
five D. i. Martii St. Nov. A. 1737. contigit , Phafes
decrefcentes Vitcmbergaj Saxonum obfervata, a J.
Frederico Weidlero, Math. ‘Prof. &R.S. Lond. S.

Digiti Eclipfeos decrefcentis. Vide Schema ill
H. M. S. Tab.ILFxg.II,

VIII 4, f o 21 p. m.

VII | 58 16

Vlli s 1 56

VII-? y 2 6

VII 8 16

VI ~ 10 16 Poftea Sol ad cccafum ver-

gens nubes fubiit.

Initium propter nubes coelo ohduclas videri non

potuit.

VIII. A Letter from the Rev* Ebenezer
Latham, M. D. and V.D M. to C.
Mortimer, 7\d. D. Sec. R. S. -containing a
Propofal to make the Poles of a Globe of

the Heavens move in a Circle round the

.

Toles of the Ecliptic 3 read at a Meeting
of the Royal Society, April 17. 1738.

SIR, Finder n, April 14,38.

I Take the Liberty through your Hands to commu-
nicate the inclofed to the Royal Society, and at
the fame time to fubmit to that learned Body a Pro-

C c 2 pofal

[ 201 ]

pofal I would make relating to an Improvement in
the Conftruftion of the Globes of the Heavens. As
we now have them, you know they are only form'd
for theprefent Age, and do not ferve the Purpofes of
Chronology and Hiftory, as they might, if the Poles
whereon they turn were contriv'd to move in a Circle
round thofe of the Ecliptic, according to the prefent
Obliquity of this. By this Means we might have a
View of the Heavens fuited to every Period, and that
would anfwer the antient Defcriptions, thofe of Eu-
doxus, for Inftance, who is fuppofed to borrow his
from the moll early Obfervations 5 and of Hipparchus ,
Nor could any Contrivance better enable the
lowed Reader to judge of the Merits of the Contro-
verfy about the Argonautic Expedition, as far as it
depends on this : For it will verify to the Sight the
Path of the Colures, at any Time. I thought to
have tranfmitted a Scheme of the whole, in which
the Equator muft be fix'd to the brazen Meridian,

But it is eafily underftood, and can only wait the Ap-
probation of fuch great Judges to recomipend it to
tthe Artifis.

Tour mofl obedient ,
Humble Servant ,

£, Latham.

That Globes, to anfwer the End here propofed,
tho* differently conflrufted, had long before been made and
publifhed by Mr. Senex, who at next Meeting gave the fol*
lowing Account of his Contrivance.-

IX , A

C *0} ]

IX* A Contrivance to make the Poles of the
‘Diurnal Motion in a Celeilial Globe pafs
round the '•Poles of the Ecliptic. Invent e A
by John Senex, K R. S. read at a Meet-
ing of the Royal Society, May 4. 1738.

H E Poles of the Diurnal Motion do not en-

ter into the Globe, but are. affix'd at one End,
to two Shoulders or Arms of Brafs, attheDiftance of
2 3. Degrees and an half from the Poles of the Ecliptic.
Thcfe. Shoulders at the other End are ftrongly faftned
on;to an Iron Axis, v/hich pafieth through the Poles of
the Ecliptic, and is made to move round, but with a
very ftiff Motion 5 fo that when it is adjufted to any
Point of the Fcliptic, which you deftre. the Equator
may interfeft, the Diurnal Motion of the Globe on
its Axis will not be able to difturb it.

When it is to be adjufted for any Time, paft or to>
come, bring one of the brafen Shoulders under the
Meridian, and holding it faft to the Meridian with one;
Hand, turn the Globe fo about with the other, that the
Point of the Ecliptic, which you would have the
Equator to interfeft, may pafs under no Degrees of the
brafen Meridian : Then holding a Pencil perpendicular
to that Point, and turning the Globe about, it will
defcribe the Equator as it was pofited at that Time 5 and
transferring the Pencil to 23 Degrees and an half, and
66 Degrees and an half on the brafen Meridian, the
Tropics and Polar Circles will be deferibed for the
fame Time.

[ ^4 ]

By this Contrivance, the Celeftial Globe may be fo
adjuited as to exhibit not only the Rifings and Settings
of the. Stars, in ail Ages, and in all Latitudes, but the
other ‘Phenomena like wife, that depend upon the Mo-
tion of the Diurnal Axis round the Annual Axis.

See the Scheme, Tab. II. F ig. 3.

aaaa. A Sedion of the Celeftial Globe.

E E. A ftrong Iron Axis, palling through the Poles of
the Ecliptic.

be. Two ftrong Arms of Brafs, ferew'd on to the Ends
of the Iron Axis, at d.

PP. The Axis or Poles of the Diurnal Motion, (by
which the Globe is hung in the brafen Meridian)
rivetted on to the other Ends of the brafs Arms,
and which may be carried round the Poles of the
Ecliptic, by the Iron Axis, but with fo ftiff a Mo-
tion, as not to difturb the Diurnal Rotation on
the Poles PP.

X. The

Tab.h

X * B*

/ • .

A#

\ 1

| \
i \

' t^pua/or-i-

-P/uYaftr/i/i . Transact. y

: a-

.T.Mipuk. •"

[ «, ]

X. Solution of Kepler’s Problem, by

J. Machin, Ajlr. 'Prof. Grefli. and Seer.

R. S.

n

MANY Attempts have been made at different
times, but, if I miftake not, never any yet
with tolerable Succefs, towards the Solution of the
Problem propofed by Kepler : To divide the Area of
a Semicircle into given Parts, by a Line from a given
Point of the Diameter, in order to find an univerfal
Rule for the Motion of a Body in an Elliptic Orbit,
For among the feveral Methods offered, fome are
only true in Speculation, but are really of no Service.
Others are not different from his own, which he
judged improper : And as to the reft, they are all fome
way or other fo limited and confined to particular
Conditions and Circurnftances, as ftill to leave the
Problem in general untouched. To be more parti-
culars it is evident, that all Conftru&ions by Mecha-
nical Curves are feeming Solutions only, but in
reality unapplicable j that the Roots of infinite Se-
ries's are, upon account of their known Limitations-
in all refpeds, fo far from affording an Appearance of
being fufficient Rules, that they cannot well be fup-
pofed as offered for any thing more than .Exercifes in
a Method of Calculation. And then, as to the uni-
verfal Method, which proceeds by a continued Cor-
reftion of the Errors of a falfe Fofttion,it is, when
duly confidered, no Method of Solution at all in itfelfs
becaufe, unlefs there be fome antecedent Rule or
Hypothefis to begin the Operation, (as fuppofe that of

an i

[ 20 6 ]

an uniform Motion about the upper Focus, for the
Orbit of a Planet ; or that of a Motion in a Parabola
for the perihelian Part of the Orbit of a Comet ; or
fome other fuch) it would be impoffible to proceed
one Step in it. But as no general Rule has ever yet
been laid down, to aflift this Method, fo as to make
it always operate, it is the fame in Effed as if there
were no Method at all. And accordingly in Experi-
ence it is found, that there is no Rule now fubfifting
but what is absolutely ufelefs in the Elliptic Orbits of
Comets 5 for in fuch Cafes there is no other way to
proceed but that which was ufed by Kepler : To com-
pute a Table for fome Part of the Orbit, and therein
examine if the' Time to which the Place is required,
will fall out any- where in that Part. So that, upon
the whole, I think, it appears evident, that this Pro-
blem (contrary to the received Opinion) has never yet
been advanced one Step towards its true Solution : A
Consideration which will furnifh a fufficient Plea for
meddling with a Subjed fo frequently handled ; efpe-
cially if what is offered fhall at the fame time appear
(as I truft it will) to contribute towards Supplying
the main Defed.

Lemma L

C ]'

Lemma I.

The Tangent of an Arch being given, to find the
Tangent of its Multiple .

Let r be the Radius of the Circle, t the Tangent of
a given MdiA, and n a given Number. And let T
be the Tangent of the Multiple Arch nxA to be
found.

Then if gg be put for— rr, and tt for — tt;

-j— |* - — ,»

The Tangent T will be — - — — - ? :

r+T I +r— rl

Which Binomials being raifed according to Sir-
Ifaac Newton’s Rule, the fictitious Quantities t and p
will difappear, and the Tangent T’will become equal to

71*71 1#»— -2.

71 1 I 2 3 Y 2 *" I

n n — i %n — m — 3.72 — 4. t*
2

3

4

— - &c.

71 71-

I

tt ,
rr 1 i

71 71 1 71-

i 2 rr i i 3 4

This Theorem (which I formerly found for the
Quadrature of the Circle, at a time when it was not
known here to have been invented before) has now
been common for many Years 5 for which Reafon I
fhall premife it, at prefent, without any Proof 5 only-
for the fake of fome Ufes that have not yet been made
of it.

Corollary 1. Erom this Theorem for the Tangent,
the Sine (fuppofe) T> and Cofine Z of the Multiple.
Arch n may be readily found.

For if y be the Sine, and z, the Cofine of the given

Arch Ai then putting v v for — yy> and fubftituting ~

rT

x

rv

for .t, and — for t, and

Vrr-\-TT

D d

forT

The

[ioZ ]

The Sine T will be z~r'IJl

"l/1

2 rn

TheCoiinci^ will be z 4*^] ”4- * — *4”

2 ^ «-i

Each of thefe may be expreffed differently in a
Series, either by the Sine and Coiine conjointly, or
by either of them feparately.

Thus T the Sine of the multiple Arch A, may
be in either of thefe two Forms, viz.

^'hi l+^=3.!n^_

Z. A. C ~4

# I

»— I 72 2

nn— i

- A ^ s

3

» » — 9
4- 5 r r

i it f

B s_JL£21.Cj7-+c.

or— ny __ — ,

^ .2. 3?*r y 4-5rr y 6.jrr

t it i

Wherein the Letters A, B C, . Hand, as ufual,
for the Coefficients of the preceding Terms.

The firft of thefe Theorems terminates when n is
any integer Number, the other (which is Sir Ifaac
Newtons Rule, and is derived from the former by
fubftituting / r r—yy for z) terminates when n is any
odd Number.

The Cojine Z may, in like manner, be in either
of thefe two Forms, viz.

mi

n — i

nn ’

or = r— • — A/

irr J

». »— x9y

1 2

nn

•t + *• nJZl- SZ3 in

2 a A a.4 & ■

3 3

nn~\6

C^6 —

3-4rr " 5 . 6 rr

The latter of which terminates when the Num-
ber n is even, and the other as before, when it is
any Integer.

Corollary i. Hence the Sine, Cofine, and Tangent
of any Submultiple Part of an Arch (fuppofe) *A>
may be determined thus :

The

[ *0 9 1

The Tangent of \a will be £rFI;~~«?

y-j-r| « -j~r — r

i jl

The Sine of * ^ will be

2 r 71

For thefe Equations will arife from the TranfpolP*
tion and Redu&ion of the former for the Tangent and!
Sine of the Multiple Arch, upon the Subftitution of
t,y, z and A ; for T , T, Z and n 't A.

Corollary 3 Hence regular Polygons of any given
Number of Sides may be infcribed within, or circum-
fcribed without, a given Arch of a Circle. For if the
Number n exprefs the double of the Number of Sides
to be infcribed within, or circumfcribed about, the
given Arch A ; then one of the Sides infcribed wilh
be the double of the Sine, and one of die Sides cir-
cumfcribed the double of the Tangent of the Sub-
multiple part of the Arch, viz. % A .

Lemma II.

To find the Length of the Arch of a Circle wit him
certain Limits , by means of the Tangent and Sine
of the Arch .

Let t be the Tangent, / the Sine and z the Coline
of the Arch Ay whofe Length is to be determined.,
and let v be expounded as before 3 then, if any
Number n be taken, the Arch of the Circle will be.

I T

always lefs than

7--j-7|7Z r — t|*

T~ i i

r T\n Hh f* — tJ#

1 1

and bigger than

— 2: — *v\

Dd 2

Fox

I 210 ]

^For if, by the preceding Corollaries , a regular
^re&ilinear Polygon be infcribed within, and another
without, the Arch Ay each having half fo many Sides
as is expreffed by the Number n ; then will the former
of thefe Quantities be the Length of the Bow of the
circumfcribed Polygon, (or the Sum of ail its Sides)
which is always bigger, and the latter will be the
Length of the Bow of the infcribed Polygon, which
is always lefs, than the Arch of the Circle; how^grcat
foever the Number n be taken.

Corollary i. Hence the Series’s for the Re&ification
of the Arch of a Circle may be derived.

For by converting the Binomials into the Form of
a Series, that the fi&itious Quantities, £, t, v may be
deftroyed ; it will appear, that no Number n can be
taken fo large as to make the infcribed Polygon fo
big, or the circumfcribed fo little as the Series.

r r
3 *3 +

— LZl-f. &c. in one Cafe, or its Equal

jzSjz1
t ^ Z?

. . — t 5+ &c. in the other Cafe.

3 r 1 5 r* yt

Wherefore fmee the Quantity denoted by the Sum
of the Terms in either of thefe Series's is always
bigger than any infcribed Polygon, and always lefs
than any circumfcribed, it muft therefore be equal to
the Arch of the Circle.

Corollary 2. If, in the firft of the above Series’s,
the Hoot Vrr—yy, be extra&ed and fubftituted for z,
there will arife the other Series of Sir Ifaac New-
ton, for giving the Arch from the Sine; namely.

, 7s .
y + — ~r

17

6r*

I

40 r
73,

1L

112 7

3-3

)r

777^+ or otherwife,

[ ■ VMA

1.2.3 r 2 1.2.34.5. r^‘1.2.^.^.6.7. r(>

x76+i^‘:-

SCHO-

t *»* 3

Scholium.

In like manner, as the Arches of the Polygons ferv£
to determine the Arch of the Circle, fo by comparing
the Areas of the circumfcribed and infcribed Poly-
gons, \nrT and \nTZy the Area of the Sedor of a
Circle may be found. For if T , T and Z are the
Tangent, Sine and Cofine of the Arch A ; then by the
fecond Lemma the Area of the circumfcribed Polygon

_ 1 jr,

r -j— t\u — r — r| n

will be found to be ~ » r f x — t — — "y— ~

and the Area of the infcribed will appear to be

z +

z — v\n

rz.

4 r n

But upon the Expanfion of thefe Binomials it will
appear, that no Number n can be taken fo large as to
make the one fo big, or the other fo little, as the Area
denoted by the Series.

. t* t7 is.

Xnnt

2

3 r r * 5 i'

So that this Area being larger than any infcribed,
and fmaller than any circumfcribed Polygon, muft be
equal to the Area of the Sedor.

It may further be obferved, that as the Arch or
Area is found from the Sine, Cofine or Tangent of
the Arch, by means of the limiting Polygons, fo
may the Sine, Cofine or Tangent be found from
the Length of the Arch by the fame Method.

Thus, if A be the Arch whofe Tangent T \ Sine T,
and Cofine Z, are to be determined, then will the

Tangent

Tangent Tbe

[ 212 ]

i A3

i As

Sine T

Cofine Z

For it may be made to appear, from the firft Lemmay
and its Corollaries , that if in any of thefe Theorems,
as fuppofe in the Firft, the Quantity A ftand for the
Bow of the circumferibed Polygon, then will the
Quantity T exhibited by the Theorem, be always
bigger; but if for the Bow of the infcribed, always
lefs than the Tangent of the Arch, how great foever
the Number n be taken ; and confequently, if A ftand
for the Length of the Arch itfelf, the Quantity T muft
be equal to the Tangent > and the like may be fhewn
for the Sine,, and, mutatis mutandis , for the Cofine.

Thefe Principles, from whence I have here derived
the Quadrature of the Circle, which is wanted in the
Solution of the Problem in hand, happen to be upon
another Account abfolutely requifite for the Reduction
of it to a manageable Equation. But I have inlarged,
more than was necefiary to the Problem itfelf, on the
Ufes of this fort of Quadrature by the limiting Poly-
gons, becaufe it is one of that kind which requires no
other Knowledge but what depends on. the common.
Properties of Number and Magnitude and fo may
ferve as an Inftance to fhew that no other is requifite
for the Eftablithment of Principles for Arithmetick and
Geometry. A Truth, which though certain in itfelf,
may perhaps feem doubtful from the Nature and Ten-
dency of the prefent Inquiries in Mathematicks. For
among the Moderns fome have thought it necefiary,.

for

c*Ml

for the Inveftigation of the Relations of Quantities, to
have recourfe to very hard Hypothefes; fuch as that of
Number infinite and indeterminate } and that of Mag-
nitudes in Statu fieri, exifting in a potential Manner,
which are actually of no Bignefs. And others, whofe
Names are truly to be reverenced on account of their
great and lingular Inventions, have thought it requilite
to have recourfe even to Principles foreign to Mathe-
maticks, and have introduced the Confideration of
efficient Caufes and Phyfical Powers for theProdu&ion
of Mathematical Quantities 5 and have fpokenof them,
and ufed them, as if they were a Species of Quantities
by themfelves.

N. B. In the following Fropofition I have , for the fake of Brevity ,
made ufe of a peculiar Notation for compofte Numbers (or fuch Quan-
tities as are analogous to them) whofe Factors are in Arithmetical
Frogrefjion.

The Quantity expreffed by this Notation has a double Index : that at
the Head of the Root at the Right-hand , but feparated by a Hook to
diftinguifb it from the common Index , denotes the Number of Favors ;
and that above , within the Hook on the Left-hand, denotes the com-
mo7i Difference of the Fa Hors proceeding in a decreafing or increafwg
Arithmetical Frogrefjion.

ay

Thus the Quantity ^ ~ j. a (m denotes by its Index m On the Right -

hand, that it is a compofte Quantity, conf fling offo many Pallors as there
are Units in the Number m j and the Index et above, on the Left, denotes
the common Difference of the FaH.ors, decreafing in an Arithmetical
Frogrejfion, if it be Fofitive ; or increafing, if it be Negative ; and fo
fignifies, in the common Notation, the compofte Number or Quantity ,

n-j-a. n-j-a — n-j-a — 26t- n-f-a~“3 A' fi on%

2

For Example : ~ £~5 «=^5.n+3. n+i. n— i.

confifling of fix Fall or s whofe common Difference is 2. After the fame

manner n_|_^ is ==.n-|-4. n-j-2. n. n— 2. n — 4, confifling of five Fac*

tors. According to which Method it willeafily appear, that if a be any
' 2

Integer , then * will be s= n n— 1. nn-— 9. nn-— 25,

continued

[ iH ]

continued to fuch a Number of double FaBors as are expreffed by a+i,
or half the Index ? which in this cafe is an even Number. S
2^

S+Ia(2a+I will be equal to n. nn— 4. nn- 16. nn- 36, and fo on
where there are to be fomany double PaBors as with one fngle one (n)
will make up the Index 2-a+i, which is an odd Number.

If the common Difference ct be an Unit3 it is omitted

Thus , ^(6 is = n.n~T . n— 2. n— 3 . 5^4- containing 6 Faftors ,

50 T(6 « =5 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1, like for others.

If the common Difference ct be nothing ? ^ <?77Z/ >

and it becomes the fame with the Geometrical Power .

o 1

So n-£-a^ — - n— - 1 according to the common Notation.

Proposition I.

An Arch lets than, a Semicircle being given, with
a Taint in the Thame ter faffing through one of
rf iltr entities ; to find, by means of the Sine,
o f a 'given Tart of the Arch left than one half ,
IheArea of the- Setter fubt ended by the givers
Anh, and comprehended in the. Angle made at.
the ffiveti *P olut •

Let PN A be a Semicircle deferibed on the Centre
c and Dieter AP, and let PN be the gt.en Arch
k6 than a Semicircle, and S the given Point in thcDta-
AP Daffin^ thro’ one of the Extremities of the
Amh NP hr P Then taking any Number » bigger
than i, let PK be an
Arch in Proportion to
the given Arch PN, as
Unity to the Number
n ; and let it be required
to find by means of the A

f 215 ]

Sine of the Arch PK, the Area of the Sedor NSP
fubtended by the given Arch NP, and comprehended
in the Angle NSP made at the given Point S.

From N and K let fail on the Diameter AP the
Perpendiculars N M and KL, and join CN and CK.

Then let t Hand for CP the Semidiameter of the
Circle 5 f for C S the Diftance of the given Point S
from the Centre 5 p for SP the Diftance of it from
the Extremity of the Arch through which the Dia-
meter A P paffes 5 and y for K L the Sine of the Arch
KP in the given Circle.

Thefe Subftitutions being prefuppofed, the Pro-
blem is to be divided into two Cafes 5 one when SP
is lefs, and the other when it is greater than the Semi-
diameter CP.

CASE L

If SP be lefs than CP, then take an Area H equal
to the Sum of the Redangles exprelfed by the feveral
Terms of the following Series continued ad libitum:

And the Area ~n*H will determine the Area of the

2

Sedor NSP ad libitum.

For the Sedor P SN, being the Excefs of the Sedor
NCP above the Triangle NCS, will be the Diffe-
rence oft wo Redans;les: iCPxPN— iCSxNM; but

c"2 2

PN is the Multiple of the Arch PK, namely tzxPK 5
and NM is the Sine of that multiple Arch : Where-
fore if for CP be put t, for CS, f9 according

E e to

C**4 1

to the Suppofition; and if for PIC be fubftituted :

b 7 *• Lem. z5

and for N M :

nJL

i

2

-~|4

-if±I,x')+ Z_db_x accord-

31 5 J

ing to G?r. i. Lm. i. the Area of the Seftor will
appear in a Series, as is above determined.

But fince the Number n is greater than 2 , and the given
Arch PN is lefs than a Semicircle, and confequently
KL or jy the Sine of the Submultiple Arch PK, is
lefs than the Semidiameter CP or it may thence
be eafiiy proved, that the Series will approximate to
the juft Quantity of the Area, ad libitum.

Corollary i. Hence, if the Number n be: taken

equal to 25 the Settor NSP will be

n. nn
12 1 1

I P v3

y +****

1120 lty

+ <&c.

For the Numerator of the Coefficient of the third
Term in the Series, that determines the Area Hy

namely, 9,_;q^|jy is equal to <>?— 7^

which, according to the above Determination of the
Number n, will become nothing ; wherefore, if for
t—p be put/’ in thefecond Term, and the Value of n
be iubftituted for n in the Third and Fourth, the Series
for the Area will appear upon Reduction to be as is
here laid down.

Carol.

[ 1

CoroL i. Hence the Area of the Se&or N $P may
be always defined nearly by the Terms of a Cubic
Equation.

For the Number n, as conftruded in the former Co-
rollary, is always greater than the fquare Root of io>

and confequently *- is always lefs than the Sine of one
third Part of the given Arch 3 fo that the fourth Term
with the Sum of all the following Terms of

the Series, can never be more than a fmall Part of the
whole Sedor.

Corol. 3. If iJftahd for 57,29 Degrees*

(or the Number of Degrees contained in an Angle
fubtended by an Arch of the fame Length with the
Radius of the Circle) and M be the Number of De-
grees in an Angle which is to 4 right Angles, as the
Area N S P to the Area of the whole Circle ; then will

Mbc = ityj E=Lp nearly,
for — x— will appear by the Conftrudion to be

jR 2

equal to the Senior N S P.

CASE II.

If S P be greater than C P, then take an Area H
equal to the Sum of the Terms in the following
Series :

t * i ^

py , <-hr!x/v2! , 9<4^Rlx/vi! i , .

7+ — TP *+ yF- y~x 7«+&'

and the Area ~ nx H, will be the Sector, as before.

2

Ee i

For

[*'8]

For the Point S being on the contrary Side of the
Centre to what it was before, it will eafily appear,
that the Change of -f./'into —f, maft reduce one Cafe
to the other, without any other Proof.,

Corollary . Hence, if the Number be taken equal

to t? or in this Cafe ^ then the Series for the

Seftor will want the fecond Term, as in the former it
wanted the Third.

Definition.

The Angle called by Kepler xhcAnomaliaEccentri ,
is a fictitious Angle in. the Elliptic Orbit of a Planet,
being analogous to the Area defcribed by a Line from
the Centre of the Orbit, and revolving with the
Planet from the Line of Apfides $ in like manner as
the Mean Anomaly is a fi£titiou$ Angle, analogous to
the Area defcribed by a Line from the Focus.

Otherwife, if C be the Centre, S the Focus of an
Elliptic Orbit defcribed on the tranfverfe Axis AP,
and the Area NSP in the Circle be taken in Pro-
portion to the whole, as the Area defcribed in the
Ellipfis about the Focus, to the whole : Then is the
Arch of the Circle PN, or the Angle NCP, that
which Kepler calls the Anomalia Eccentri .

This Angle may be meafured either from the
Aphelion , or from the Terihelion s in the following
Propofition it is fuppofed to be taken from the
Ter she lion.

Pro-

C 1X9 ]

Proposition II.

The mean Anomaly of a Comet or Tlanet revolving
in a given Elliptic Orbit being given s to find
the Anomalia Eccentri.

The Solution of this Problem requires two diffe-
rent Rules ; the firft and principal one lerves to make
a Beginning for a further Approximation, and the
other' is for the Progreffion in approximating nearer
and nearer ad libitum.

I. The Rule for the fir ft Affumption : Let t,f and
p, (land as before, for the Semi-tranfverfe Axis of
the Ellipfis, the Semi-diftance of the Foci, and the
Terihelian Pittance ; then taking the Number n equal

to let !Tfi:and for — — ■ ■■ - . and

*P for— — ■ (or~rAi which conftant Num-

— — ( or ftp \ •

nnt—nn — i.p ' 1 t

bers, being once computed for the given Orbit, will
ferve to find the Angle required nearly by the. follow-
ing Rule.

Let Af be the Number of Degrees in the Angle of
mean Anomaly to the given Time, reckoned from or
to the Perihelion ; and fuppofing R> as before, to
(land for 57,25)57, &c. Degrees s take the Number

and let A be the Angle whofe Sine is

71 R

then the Multiple Angle n x A will be nearly equal
to the Anomaha Eccentri,

The

[ 210 2

The Truth of which will appear from the Refo-
lution of the Cubic Equation in the laft Corollary to
the preceding Proportion.

Corollary I. If the Quadruple of the Quantity

be many times greater or many times lefs than
Unity 5 or, which amounts to the fame, if the mean
Anomaly My be many times lefs, or many times
greater, than the Angle denoted by the given Quantity

Ry'P (one or the other of which two Cafes mod

frequently happens in Orbits of very large Eccentri-
city) then the Theorem will be reduced to a fimpler
Form near enough for Ufe.

Cafe I. If M be many times lefs than ,

then the Angle A may be taken for that whofe Sine is

/ x M
v pXR

Cafe 11. If A/ be many times greater than ^yyPy'p,

P

then let A be the Angle whofe Sine is N— - .

and the Multiple Angle n x A , according to its Cafe,
will be nearly equal to the Angle required.

Corollary II. In Orbits of very large Eccentricity,
the 'Perihelion Diftance p is many times lefs than
the Semi-diftance of the Foci f> and the Number

» = 5 + ^25 + ^; is always nearly equal to ■/ 10

or to the Integer 3, either of which may be ufed for
it without any material Error in the Orbits of Comets.

II. The

C ]

II. The Rule for a further Correction ad libitum.

Let A/be the given mean Anomaly , t the Semi1-
tranfverfe Axis, as before 5 and let B be equal to or
nearly equal to the Multiple Angle n x A before
found, then if^ be the mean Anomaly , and at the Planet's
Diftance from the Sun, computed to the Anomalia Ec -

centri Bb the Angles taken equal to B + f x M

will approach nearer to the true Value of the Angle
fought, and by Repetitions of the fame Operation,,
the Approximation may be carried on nearer and
nearer, ad libit ufn.

This laft Rule being obvious, the Explication of
it may be omitted at prefent.

S g h o l i u m.

In this Solution, where the Motion is reckoned
from th zBerihelion, the Rule is univerfal, and under
no Limitation : But had the Motion been taken from
the Aphelion , the Problem muft have been divided
into two Cafes : One is, when the Eccentricity is lefs
than 5 the other is, when it is not lefs, but is either
equal to, or more than in that Proportion.

If the Eccentricity be not lefs than 7^-, then the
fame Rule will hold, as before, only putting the
Aphelian Diftance, .fuppofe (a) inftead of the 5Pm-
helian Diftance (jfr), and fubftituting —f for A-f in
the Rule for the Number n .

If the Eccentricity be lefs than then take the Num-

ber n equal to and ~ x — will be nearly equal to

A r f n a R

the Sine of the Submultiple Part of the Anomalia
Eceentri denominated by the Number as before.

It

[ »» ]

It is needlcfs to obferve, that the like Rules would
obtain in Hyperbolic Orbits, mutatis mutandis . But
that which perhaps may not appear unworthy of being
remarked, concerning this fort of Solution from the
Cubic Root, is, that although the Rule be altogether
inipoffible, upon a total Change of the Figure of the
Orbit either into a Circle, or into a Parabola 5 yet it
will operate fo much better, and hand in need of lefs
Correction, according as the Figure advances nearer
in its Change towards either of thofe two Forms.

That the Ufe of the Method may better appear, it
may not be amifs to add a few Examples.

I have given two for the Orbits of Planets, one the
mod, and the other the leaft Eccentrick; but which
.are more to fhew the Extent of the Rule, than to re-
commend the Ufe of it in fuch Cafes; for there are
many other much better and more expeditious Me-
thods in Orbits of fmall Eccentricity. The other two
Examples are adapted to the Orbits of two Comets,
whofe Periods have been already difcovered by Dr.
Halley i the one is to fhew the Ufe of one of the
Rules in the firft Corollary , and the other is to ex-
plain the Ufe of the other Rule.

Example I.

For the Orbit of Mercury.

If an Unit being put for the Semi-tranfverfe Axis (t)y
the Eccentricity 0,20589 will become (/), and the
Ferihelian Diftance (/>) will be 0,79411 s wherefore
by means of the Number R given as before, the con-
ftant Numbers for this Orbit will appear to be,

**?= 3,56755, ^=0,5 857271, >=^=0,4651319, andhence
0,0085965

Example.

[ 3

Example. SuppofeAfthe mean Anomaly from the
Perihelion to be 1 20°. 00'. 00", to which it is rc-
-quired to find the Anomalia Eccentri.

Here, fince the mean Anomaly M is not many times

more than the limiting Angie (which in

this Orbit is about 74 Degrees) recourfe mull be had
to the general Rule in the Propofition.

3 9 7*

The Number N then, which is J—m will be

y nR

:= i, 0104195'; which found gives
3 --—‘j

n/ -+V-+ — = 1,0389090 5 and alfo

==—0,4477126. Wherefore the

Sum of both (under their proper Signs) viz.
0,7911964 will be the Sine whofe Arch 36^,24197
is the Angle A-, the Multiple whereof n't A
— 1 29°, 297703, will be the Angle to be firft affirmed
for the Anomalia Eccentri.

For a further Correction ; this Angle, now called
By whofe Sine is fuppofe /, and its Cofine z, gives,

by a known Rule,' .#4. tz =1,1304 for x the Pla-
net’s Diftance from the Sun 5 and by another known
Rule b— — j< = i2o0,i6768 for ju the mean Ano-
maly to the Anomalia Eccentri B. Wherefore the
corre& Angle b=b+ tx m—p will be i29°,i4846
=129°. 08'. 74", 7, erring, as will appear from a fur-
ther Correction, about 7% of a Second.

J? f This

[ 2 24 ]

This Angle, being thus determined, will give by
the common Methods 1370. 48'. 33" -i-, for the true
Anomaly or Angle at the Sun: The Sine of the true
Anomaly being in Proportion to the Sine of the
Anomalia Eccentri, as the Semi-conjugate Axis to
the Planet’s Diftance from the Sun. So that the
Equation of the Centre in this Example is ij9..

48'. 33 "i*

Example II.

For the. Orbit of Venus.

Suppofing, as before, the mean Diftance t to be
Unity, and the Eccentricity /to be 0,004985-7 ; the
conftant Numbers for this Orbit willbe, 7= 0,9930117;
50 = 6,4116* 2'= 1,762134 j: T = 0,1751217 ;

~t= 0,0 1 27771; and the limiting Angle

will appear to be about 303 Degrees.

Example. Let M be 120°. 00'. 00", as in the
former Example. Then, fince the mean Anomaly is,
in this Cafe, not many times lefs than the limiting
Angle, the general Rule muft be ufed as before ; ac-
cording to which the Number M will appear to be
3,172787.; the Sine of A will be 0,3217917 * the
Angle A, 180, 77132 * and the Multiple n't A, or
Angle B ; for the firft Afiumption of the Anomalta
Eccentri will be I20°,374i6.

This Angle B will give, by the Method before ex-
plained, the Angle .g = 120°, 34777, or 120°. 21'.
44! fere, for the Anomalia Eccentri correct; the Er-
ror of which will appear, upon Examination, to be
but a fmali Part. of a Second.

In

[ ]

In this Example the true A&omaly is x 20®. 41V
2 5", 1 ; and confequently the Equation of the Centre
no more than 41'. 25", 1.

Example III.

For the Orbit of the Comet 0/1682.

To know the mean Anomaly of this Comet to any
given Time, it is to be premifed, that it was at the
Ferihelion in the Year 1682, on the 4th Day of
September, at 21 Ho. 2 2 Min. equated Time to the
Meridian of Greenwich , and makes its Revolution
about the Sun, as Dr. Halley has difcover’d, in 7 7 1
Years.

The Ferihelian Diftance p is, according to his De-
termination, 0,0326087 Parts of the mean Diftance
t. So that the conftant Numbers for the Orbit will
be, »= 3, 1676061; 7'=o, 2074272 ;55=o, 00665)8675

and the limiting Angle p will be about

3 t

Minutes or 7 of a Degree.

In the Orbits of Comets, the Rule for the firft Af-
fumption of the Anomalia Eccentri is generally fuf-
ficient without Correction.

Thus, fuppofe the mean Anomaly Mto be 0,072706,
(as it was at the time of an Obfervation made at Green-
wich on the 30th of Auguft 1682, at 7'1. 42'. rEq.T.)
then the general Rule (which muft be here ufed, lince
the Angle of mean Anomaly is not above 4 or 7 times
lefs than the limiting Angle) will give n't- A or B = 29.
12'. 48", 7, erring about ~ik of a Second from the true
Anomalia Eccentri,

F f * Btof

[ *vt ]

Bat in thefe Orbits the Rules in the firft Corollary
to the fecond Propofition moft frequently take Place-,
efpecially the laft ; and the Calculation may alfo be
further abreviated, by putting the fquare Root of io,
or the Integer 3, for the Number n.

Example. Suppofe the .mean Anomaly to be
o®, 0065-22, or 23", 4792: Here, fince M is 50 times
lefs than the limiting Angle, the Rule in the firft Cafe of
the firft Corollary may be ufed ; that.is, to take theSinc

of the Angle A = ‘-dUll.

Wherefore, if the Number 3 be put for n, the Sine
of A, which is ~, will be =0,00116367; and con-

fequently the Angle A will be 4'. 00", on j and the
multiple Angle n't A to be aftiimed for the Anomalia
Eccentri will be 12'. 00", 033, the Error of which
will be found to be about -f of a Second.

Example IV.

For the Orbit of the great Comet of the Tear 1680.

This. Comet, according to Dr. Halley, performs
its Period in 575 Years; and was in its ‘Perihelion
on the 7th of ‘December 1680, at 23k. 09' /Eq. T.
at London ; th tperihelian Diftance p is 0,000089301,
in.Parts of the mean Diftance t : Wherefore fuppofing
the Number n to be VTi, the conftant Numbers for
the Orbit will be T=o, 2000161 ; ?*=o, 000017862,

and the limiting Angle =^k-/T will be about 4 of

3 *

a Second.

Example. Suppofe the mean Anomaly to be
3', 3i",4478 or o°, 05873541, (as it was at the Time
of the firft Obfervation made on it in Saxony, on

November

C *17 I

November the 3d, at i6l>. 47 1 JEq. T, at London.)
here, fince the mean Anomaly is many times greater
than f of a Second, the Rule in the fecond Cafe of
the firlt Corollary may be ufed j that is, by taking the

Sine of A = N— ~

N

j

But the Number N or V— m is =0,0 <7941 34 5

Til R *'

P

and will be = 0,0030827 ; wherefore

p

~=) 0705763307, will be the Sine whofe Arch

3°>3°397 is the Angle and the multiple Angle
n*A=z ioQ. 26'. 53'', 07, will be the Angle to be firft
aflumed for the Anomalia Eccentri s the Error of
which will be found to be lefs than a Second.

The true Anomaly , computed from this Angle ac^
cording to the Rule in the Example for Mercury , will
appear to be 1710. 38'. 24". from the Perihelion.

By thefe Examples it appears, that the. Solution is
uniyerfal in all refpeds j for the two firft, compared
with the two laft, ferve to fhew that it is not confined
to any particular Parts of the Orbit, but extends to all
Degrees of mean Anomaly : And by comparing the
fecond with the laft, it fufficiently appears to be
univerfal with refped to the feveral Degrees of Eccen-
tricity 5 fince in one the Equation of the Centre for
the Redudion of the Mean to the true Motion is not

fo much as the 775th Part of the whole s whereas in
the other it amounts to almoft 3000 times as much as
the mean Motion itfelf.

?OSTr

d

[ 2 28 ]

POSTSCRIPT.

UPON reviewing the Reftedions on the Quadrature of the
Circle in Page 212* I believe it may be neceffary for me, to
prevent any Miftake that may arife from the different Opinions that
obtain about the Nature of Mathematical Quantity, to explain my-
felf a Jittie upon that head • as alfo to add a few Words to fhew how
the Method of Quadrature by limiting Polygons, takes place in other
Figures as well as the Circle.

I take then a Mathematical Quantity, and that for which any Symbol
:is put, to be nothing elfe but Number with regard to fome Meafure
which is confidered as one. For we cannot know precifely and de-
terminately, that is. mathematically, how much any thing is, but by
means of Number. The Notion of continued Quantity, without
regard to any Meaftire, is indiftind and confufed ; and although fome
Species of fuch Quantity, confidered phyfically, may be defcribed by
Motion, as Lines by Points, and Surfaces by Lines, and fo on ; yet
the Magnitudes or Mathematical Quantities are not made by that Mo-
tion, but by numbering according to a Meafure.

Accordingly, all the feveral Notations that are found neceffary to
exprefs the Formations of Quantities, do refer to fome Office or Pro-
perty of Number or Meafure j but none can be interpreted to fignify
continued Quantity as fuch.

Thus fome Notations are found requifite to exprefs Number in its
ordinal Capacity, or the Nuvierus Numer ans^ as when one follows or
precedes another, in the firft, fecond or third Place from that upon

which it depends; as the Quantities x,x, x,tx, x, referring to the
principal one x.

So, in many Cafes, a Notation is found neceffary to be given to a
Meafure as a Meafure ; as for Inftance, Sir Ifaac Ne<wtoris Symbol for
a Fluxion * ; for this ftands for a Meafure of fome kind, and accord-
ingly he ufually puts an Unit for it, if it be the principal one upon
which the reft depend.

So fome Notations are exprefly to fliew a Number in the form of its
Compofition, as the Index to the Geometrical Power *n denoting the
Number of equal Fadors which go to the Compofition of it, or whac
is analogous to fuch.

But that there is no Symbol or Notation but what refers to diferete
Quantity, is manifeft from the Operations, which are all Arithmetical.

And hence it is, there are fo many Species of Mathematical Quan-
tity as there are Forms of compofite Numbers, or Ways in the Compo-
pofttion of them , among which there are two more eminent for their

Simplicity

I l

Simplicity and Umverfality than the reft: One is the Geometrical
Tower formed from a conftant Root ; and the other, though well known*
yet wanting a Name as well as a Notation, may be called the Arith-
rnetical Tower , or the Power of a Root uniformly increaling or dimi-
nishing, and is that whofe Notation is defigned in Page 213 : The one
is only for the Form of the Quantity itfelf, the other is for the Confti-
tution of it from its Elements.

Now from the Properties of either of thefe it would be eafy to lliew
how the Quadratures of fimple Figures are deducible from the Areas
of their limiting Polygons. I fhaU juft point out the Method from
the Arithmetical Power, as being the Ihorteft and readieft at hand.

Let zy zyz See, or z, z} z] 6cc. be Quantities in Arithmetical Pro-
greftion, diminiftiing or increafmg by the common Difference z} and

2

let, as before explained, dignify the Arithmetical Power of js, de-
nominated by the potential Index m, namely, zXzx'z, &c. whole
firft Root is a and laft z— w — 1 xz , which being fuppofed, the Ele-

mentof the Arithmetical Power will be m'zxL that is, the Pro-
duct made from the Multiplication of the two Indices, and the next
inferior Power of the next Root in Order. For the firft Arithmetical
2 2 2 2

^®.». ytm Vi, _

Power z is as z. z , and the next z is=z z Xz — mz,
wherefore the Difference will be as is explained.

And confequently, fince the Sum of thefe Elements or Differences,
taken in order from the firft to the laft, do make up the Quantity ac-
cording to -its termini ; hence, it z be the Abfcifs of a curvilinear
Figure whofe Ordinate y is equal to a Demonftration might

eafily be made that the [Form of the Quantity for] the Area will be
zm-, that is, the fame Multiple of the next fuperior Power of & divided
by the Index of that Power.

For fince the Arithmetical Powers do . both unite, and become the
fame with the Geometrical Power, when the differential Index z
is fuppofed to be nothing; the Magnitude of the Geometrical Figure*
will be implied from the Magnitudes of the two Polygons made up of
Re&angles, one from the increafmg Arithmetical Power, the other*
from the diminiftiing, although it be true, that the Elements of the
Polygons cannot be fummed up> when s, the Meafure of the Abfcifs -
^ is.fiYppofed to be nothing

t 3

In like manner, in any other Cafe where z and z are two Abfciffes

whofe Difference as a Meafure is z; and y, y the two Ordinates;
the Magnitude of the Figure will be implied by the Magnitudes of the
two Polygons which are made from the Sum of the infcribing and

circumfcribing Elements zy and zy, although the Figure itfelf is not
to be refolved into any fuch primogenial rectangular £lements.

And thus, I think, the Symbol z, confideredas a component Part
of the ReCtangle z y , may bear a plain Interpretation ; viz. that it
is the Meafure according to which the Quantity z is meafured; nor
can I fee that any other Interpretation need to be put upon a Symbol,
which, like a Meafure, is ufed only to make other things known, but
•is of itfelf for nothing but a Mark.

And what is faid of the Elements of the firft Refolution, is eafily
applied to thofeof a fecond or third, and fo on; the laft may always
be confidered as the Meafure of the former and indivifible, although,
in refpedt of the following, it be taken as the Part according to which
: the Meafure was made, and. therefore divifible.

'The candid Reader is defited to fir ike out a Remark -of mine , about
the Comet of 1556, fuhjoined to an Obfervation of the late Comet
made at Lisbon, printed in Rage 123 of the lafi TranfaCtions, NQ 446.
The Note was there infer tod i>y fome Accident, without my Intention
for I had foon afterwards informed the Society, that the Remark was
ill-founded. According to Mr. Bradley’* Obfervations at Oxford,
which were not then commu?iicated , the Rlace at the Time mentioned
ought to have been in Long. X. 130. 21'. 5. Lat. o°. 29/. South.
So that in all probability there happened fome Mi fake in making this
Obfervation.

ERRATA. P. 213. L. 31. for n.n — 2 read n.n — 2.
J?. 222. L. 2 6. for being read be.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half-Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetjlreet >
and C. Davis, the Corner of ‘Pater-nojler-row ,
next Warwick-lane-, Printers to the Royal
Society. M.dcg.xxxix,

fc&i ■

*r 1 .

fe.--'

^ 4

Numb. 448-

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

For the Months of June and July , 1738.

The CONTENTS.

I. A ’Defer iption of a new Invention 0/’ Bellows,
called W ater-Bellows, by Martin Triewald, F. R. $.
Captain of Mechanics, and Military Ar chit ell to
his Swedifh Majefiy 5 communicated to the Royal
Society by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Brefi R. S. &c.

II. Viri celeberrimi Johannis Marchionis Poleni, R. Si
Lond. S. ad Virum DoCtiJfimum

M. D. R. S. S. Epiftola, qua continetur Summa-
rium Obfervationum Meteorologicarum per fexen -
Patavii habit arum. Ann. 1731* — 1736.

III. The Imperfections of the common Barometers,
and the Improvement made in them, by Mr. Cha.
Orme of Afhby-de-la-Zouche in Leicefterlhire,
where they are perfected and rectified s with fome
Obfervations, Remarks and Rules for their Ufey .
by Hen. Beighton, F. R. S.

IV, Re~

The CONTENTS.

IV. Relatio de Caverna vaporifera Sulphurea in La-
picidina Pyrmontana, qua Jimilis eft Foveas Nea-
politanx Grotta di Cane di&ae, a F>no Miffon, &
aliis defcripta , cum Regali S octet ate communicata
^Johanne Philippo Seip, M. T>. Conftl. Aulic.&
Archiatro Serenijf. Frincipis a Waldeck, necnon
R . S. Lond. So cio .

Y. ^ Letter from John Fuller, Efq $ Jun. F. R. S.
to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart . &c. con-

cerning the Effects tf/DampierV Powder, in cure-
ing the Bite of a Mad-Dog.

VI. Another Cafe of a Ferfon bit by a Mad-Dog,
drawn up by David Hartley, M. A . and Mr. Fr.
Sandys, communicated to the Royal Society
•by Francis Wollafton, Ejqi F. R. S.

X A

[ 3

I. A Defcription of a new Invention o/Bellows,
called Water-Bellows, by Martin Triewald,
F. R. S. Captain of Mechanics , and Mili-
tary Architect to his Swedifh Majejly 3
communicated to the Royal Society by Sir
Hans Sloan zyBart. Pref R. S. &c. See
, the Fig . in T ab . prefixed.

SINCE fcarce any thing, efpecially what relates
to Mechanical Contrivances, may be faid to have
attained fuch a Perfedion as not to want any
Improvement, it may not be amifs to undertake the
Improvement of thofe Inventions that Time out of
Mind have been pradifed, as well as to invent En-
gines to do thofe Services that have been effeded by
mere Labour. Of this the laft Age has produced not
a fmall Number; yet he that firft undertook to con-
vert Leathern Bellows into Wooden, which are made
ufe of in this Country at all our Iron Forges and Fur-
naces, &c. has procured as great a Benefit to this King-
dom, as ever any Inventor of Eafe and Conveniency in
the Necefiaries of Mankind.

I have now the Honour to propofe fuch Bellows ,
which as to their EfFed will not be inferior to the laft-
mentioned, but far more advantageous, not only for Iron
Furnaces, but likewife for many other Smelting- works
requiring large Bellows.

It will doubtlefs feem in the Beginning a little
ftrange, that Water fhould be able to blow the Fire ;
bftt he, that has read the Thilofophkal Tranfa£lions9

G g and

\

[ *5* ]

and feen the Invention there defcribed, and made ufe
of in Italy at Tivoli , and feveral other Places, called
Soffi d\ Acqua , and doth with Attention confider the
following Defcription, will, I hope, be convinced,
that this new Invention of Water-Bellows is built on
the very felf-fame Foundation, to which Leathern and
Wooden Bellows owe their Ufe and Being, and will
in feveral Cafes prove of more fignal Service.

Thefe Water-Bellows A and A, reprefented in the
Figure annexed, are made of Wood, not unlike the
Shape of Diving-Bells, in the Form of a Conus Trun-
catusy and confequently wider below than at top,
where they are furnifhed with clofe Heads B and B,
but at the lower Ends E andE, quite open. At the
Heads B and B, are two Valves V and V, which open
inwardly, and are made like the Claps of other Bel-
lowsy with their Hinges, and the Valves themfelves
covered with Hatters Felt, and are (hut by an eafy Steel
Spring, till the Air from above opens the fame, which =-
happens only when thefe Bellows receive their Mo-
tion upwards j but are fhut by means of the Preffure
of the Air within, when they fink down into the
Water. On the very fame Heads are two pliable Lea-
thern Tubes R and R, fixed one at the Top of each
Water -Bellows , which Tubes are made and prepared
in the fame manner as thofe ufed in Water-Engines
for extinguifhing of Fire, Thefe Leathern Tubes or
$ipes reach from the Bellows to Wooden Tubes
T, T, which carry the Wind into the Iron Furnace
M, or any other Place, according to Pleafure.

Thefe Bellows are likewife provided with Iron
Chains k, K, which are fattened to two Sweeps S, S,
by which means they hang perpendicular from the

Beam

[ Mi ]

Beam of the Balance, and at the fame Diftance from
the Centre of its Motion C.

On the Balance are two flopeing Gutters F, F, into
which the Water alternately runs from the Gutter G,
and fo gives Motion to the whole Work 5 fo that thefe
lad- mentioned Gutters F, F, do the fame Service as an
Over-fhot, or any other Water-wheel, and coft a
great deal lefs, but give as even and regular a Mo-
tion, as any Bendulum^ for meafuring of Time;
for as foon as fo much Water runs into either of the
afore-mentioned inclined Plains of the Gutters, fo
that the Momentum of the Water exceeds the Fridion
near the Centre of Motion C, the Gutter immediately
moves down with a Velocity increaflng, till the Ba-
lance meets with the Refiftance of the Wooden
Springs H and H, and at the fame time raifes the
oppofite JVater-BellowSyOX. that Bellows which is fixed
under the oppofite Gutter. In the fame Moment
again as the faid Gutter begins its Motion, being come
down on the Spring, delivers all the Water it has
received; at the very fame time the Water begins
to run into th£ oppofite Gutter, which receives its
Load of Water almoft as foon as the former is
emptied ; fo that one of the Gutters does its EfFed, as
foon as the other has done his, and this alternately
one after another.

Thefe flopeing Gutters on the Balance do therefore
all the Service and EfFed which a Water-Wheel does
in working the ordinary Bellows , and that by means
of the Power which the Water applies to the Wheel
of giving the ordinary Bellows their Motion, after the
fame manner does the Water here impower the flope-
ing Gutters to do the fame Work.

G g 2

But

[ *54 1

But as for the manner and by" what means thefe
Water-Bellows are fit to blow the* Fire, and to per-
form the fame as Leathern or Wooden Bellow s, there
is no other Reafon, but the very felf-fame wherein
the Effed of the ordinary Bellows confifts. For an
ordinary pair of Bellows blow for no other Reafon,
but that the Air, which enters the Bellows , and which
they contain when raifed, is again comprefled or forced
into a narrower Space, when the Bellows clofe : Now
fince the Air, like all other Fluids, moves to that
Place where it meets with the lead Rcfiftance, the
Air muft confequently go through the Opening which
is left for the fame, with a Velocity proportioned to
the Force by which the Air is comprefled, and muft
of neceflity blow ftronger or weaker, in regard to the
Velocity by which the Top and Bottom of the Bellows
meet % theBlaft alfo will laft inProportion to theQuan-
tity of Air, that was drawn into the Bellows through
the Valve or Wind-clap.

This does after the fame manner happen in our
Water-Bellows s for the Air, which they contain,
cannot force itfelf down through the Water more
than though a well-fecured Deal-board with Pitch $
^hen the Bellows are lower'd down into the Water,
* the Air which they contain muft neceflarily be com-
prefled by the Water, which rifes alternately into
the Bellows A and A ; fo the Air muft recede and go
through the Leathern Tubes R, R, where the Air
meets with the leaf! Refiftance. From all which it un-
doubtedly follows, that the larger, that is to fay, the
more Air thefe Water-Bellows are made to contain,
and the greater the Velocity is by which they are made
to defcend into the Water, fo much greater is

their

. [ 235 ]

their Effed 5 and that the Effed which they are able
to perform, muft be equal to that of Leathern or
Wooden Bellows of the fame Capacity, in containing
an equal Quantity of Air.

As to the Advantages which this new Invention has
in regard to thojfe ufed hitherto, it is a known Thing,
that the Power which works your common Bellows
ufed at Iron Furnaces, muft be fufficient not only to
comprefs the Bellows, but at the fame time to force
down the Leaver with its Weight or Counterpoife ;
which Leaver ferves again to raife the Bellows , when
the Cog or Button on the Axle-tree of the Water--
Wheel Aides off from the Bellows tree , fo that the
Power muft be fufficient at once to produce two dif-
ferent Effeds; whereas thefe new Water-Bellows
require fcarce any greater Power but what isneceffary
to overcome the Fridion near the Centre of Mgtion,
or the Axis C ; for in this my Invention an Advantage
is obtain d,_ which very rarely happens in Mechanics,
viz. That the Weight to be moved is7 as here , on the
Balance in /Equilibrio 5 fince the Bellows A and A
cannot be otherwife conceived than as two equal,
though heavy Weights in a pair of Scales, which ba-
lance one another, although their Weight be everfo
great 5 fo that, if each of thefe Bellows ffiould weigh
a Tonn, they muft ftill equiponderate 3 which is fo
much eafier attain'd to, fince it requires very little Art
to make them both of a Weight, and order them at
equal Diftances from the Centre of Motion. It is
confequently known how fmall a Power is requir'd
to fet the. Scales of a Balance with equal Weights in
Motion, notwithftanding the Weight may be as great

a$:

t »3« 3

as poffible ; all which may with good Reafon be ap-
plied to thefe Water -Bellows .

And though it cannot be denied, but that the Bel-
lows which finks down into the Water-hole or Sump
N, grows fo much lighter, as it lofes of its Weight
in Water, by which means the Water-Bellows x. o be
raifed grows fo much heavier, as the former lofes of
its Weight by being let down into the Water 5 yet
-this is compenfated, if we confider, that the Water
which falls down along the flopeing Gutter, ac-
quires a Power of a falling Body; which Power in-
creafing in the fame Proportion as the Bellows to
be raifed grows heavier, this Power fuits admi-
rably well the Weight to be raifed j for th z Bellows
that finks down into the Sump N, does not at once
lofe its Weight in the Water, but gradually as it
comes deeper into the fame j and_ after the fame man-
ner the afcending Bellows does not grow at once hea-
vier than the other, but gradually, growing heavieft
juft when the lowermoft Edge gets even with the Sur-
face of the Water; and that happens at the fame In-
ftant of Time when the Power of the Water in the
flopeing Gutter is at the higheft pitch, or has received
its greateft Momentum .

This fhews, I hope, very plain, that the Power
required to work thefe Water-Bellows , is far lels,
and confequently lefs Water will be confumed in
working thefe Bellows than thofe commonly ufed;
and again, that an Iron Furnace, which for want of
Water to work the common Bellows , cannot be kept
at work longer than fix Weeks, though it be pro-
vided with all other Neceffaries, may, by means of

fuch

C M7 ]

fuch Water-Bellows as litre defcribed, be kept at work,
at leaft as long again.

It is farthermore a known thing to Miners, of what
prodigious Lofs and Inconvenience it is, when the
Hearth or Mouth of an Iron Furnace is placed low,

. in a wet and damp Place, which they oftentimes are
forced to do, in regard to the Axle-tree of the Water-
Wheel which works the Bellows 5 for which Reafon
fuch Furnaces as hand in the like moift Places, give
daily confiderably lefs Iron, than others which are better
fituated. There is like wife not a fmall Difficulty to
find a fit Situation for fuch Iron Furnaces where Iron
Guns are caft, and require deep Pits under the Mouth:
of the Furnace : But by means of this new Invention;
of Bellows , one may be at Liberty to place the Mouth,
of the Furnace as high, as one pleafes, feeing it is very
eafy to.guidethe Blaft by means of Wooden orLeaden:
Tubes, as far as necefiary, and in a proper Dire&ion.
into the Furnace, which Advantage cannot fo eafily
be obtain'd by thofe Bellows in common ufe.

Further, this may be accounted as no fmall Ad-
vantage which thefe Bellows afford* in being of fo very;
eafy a Stru&ure, that any Carpenter at firft Sight is able
not only to conftru£fc the whole Engine, but eafily
repair every Part of the fame, requiring at the fame
time the leaft Repairs of any that can be ufed ; and if
the Bellows fhould be caft Iron, they would laft for
feveral Ages ; and when caft ftrong, they would not
require any Weight to fink readily in the Water.
One might caufe them to be cover'd with Lead, or
make them of thin Copper with a thick Leaden Hoop
at top, to make them fink. As for their Shape, it is
not a&folutely neceffary they fhould be of the fame as

* [ M8 ]

the Figure annex’d denotes j for in cafe one would
not beftow Iron Hoops on the Bellows , they might
be made fquare, in a Triangle, or any other Shape,
provided they be as wide again at Bottom as at top i
and if they be made of Wood, it will be neceflary
to provide an Edge round the Tops, for containing
Stones or Leaden Weights, as much as will be found
neceflary to make them fink readily, when they are
lower’d down into the Water.

Laftly, If we will confider the Charge of thofe
Bellows made ufe of at Iron Furnaces, as to the
Bellows themfelves, the Water-Wheel and its Axle-
tree, &c. and compare the fame with the Coft of
thefe, we (hall eafily find a vaft Difference, not to
mention the vaft Charges of keeping the common
Bellows in Repair. But before I conclude, I think
myfelf obliged to mention, that the Blaft of thefe
Bellows is govern’d and moderated in the fame man-
ner as the common ones, viz. by letting more or lefs
Water into the flopeing Gutters, and by taking out
and letting in Plugs for that purpofe placed in Holes
near the Top of the Water-Bellows.

Stockholm , Martin Triewald, F. R, S.

Majiz, 1736' -

II. Vtrt

C 2!9 3

II. Viri celeberrimi Johannis Marchionh Fo*
leni, R.S. Lond. S . ad Virum
Jacobum Jurinum, M. 2). R. S. S. Epi-
ftola> qua continetur Summarium Obferva-
tionum Meteorologicarum per fexenntum
Patavii habitarum *.

ITTO Tibi, prxftantifilme Vir, excerpta hxe

altera ex obfervationibus meis Meteorologicis,
ante fex hofce annos habitis, ipfarumque collationcs
ad Invitationis tux normam direftasj atque ideo
refpondentes collationibus, qux literis conlignatas
funt in priore mea Epiftola Tibi data, editaque in
Regime Anglican a Academia AElis Thilofophicis
fpe&antibus ad menfes poftremos anni 1731. (Nu-
mero 421.) Nunc autem mex obfervandi rationis Ta-
per vacanea efiet commemoratio, cum ijfdem Temper,
quibus primo iilo Sexennio uTus fueram, ufus fim in-
ftrumentis, pofitis in locis iifdem, eodemque adhibitis
modo, quern jam in epiftola ilia Tuperiore indicavL
Itaque ftatim ad rem ipTam aggrediar.

* Vide Tranfaft. N° 421. />. 201. Sexenn. praeced.

Hh

T^bella

[ *4© ]

Tabella A.

, j

Dig. Dec.

Dig. Dec.

1733-
Dig. Dec. !

1734-
Dig. Dec.

17

Dig.

35-

Dec.

Deg. Dec.

- Jan.

2 546

2

129

1

855

1

034

4

052

6

54i

Fe;b.

3 °93

1

959

0

4° 5

1

735

2

420

2

981

Mar.

0 976

2

765

5

642

1

558

5

162

2

721

Apr.

3 434

5

432

3

8l6

1

70 6

1

452

1

227

Mai.

0 602

1

864

5

330

4

372

2

681

4

444

JUN.

4 253

2

872

2

712

4

555

865

2

777

JUL.

3 4°2

1

5?5

3

874

7

015

4

99 2

3

064

Aug.

7 372

3

112

3

679

3

082

0

720

1

844

Sep.

2 21 6

0

089

0

589

2

899

1

287

2

479

Oct .

'4 354

9

164

2

788

4

391

1

878

0

529

Nov.

1 653

0

957

0

382

1

3°7

-

542

1

454

Dec.

0 -30 6

3

528

1

065

4

909

0

572

“ Sum.
totius
anni

34 2°7

35

456

32

*37

38

5^3

|29

685

633

Ac primum, ill Tabella A, aquas fex abhinc annis
colle&as ex pluvia 6c fufa nive quantitates repraefen-
tantur. Si vero annorum eorundem omnes cogno-
mines mcnfes Januarii, Februarii, 6c ftc porro, una
conjungantur, invenietur, aqux quantitatem, quae de-
cidit menfibus Novembribus, Dig. 6. Dec. 295. mi-
nimameffe; contra maximam Juliis menfibus, asquan-
, tem Dig. 23. Dec. 932. Cum in fuperiore fexen-
nio minima quantitas ad menfes Februarios, maxima
ad Odobres pertinuerit. In priore Sexennio diffe-
rentia inter minimam et maximam quantitatem, erat
Dig. 22. Dec. 7965 in hoc autem, eft Dig. 17. Dec.

637-

Liquet etiam ex propofita Tabella, hoc Sexennio,
ceteris ficciorem fuifie annum 1735. cui appofita eft
fummaDig. 29. Dec. <58 f; humidiorem vero annum
2734. cui fumma convenit Dig. 38. Dec. f6 3. In

priore

i *4> ]

priore Sexennio differentia inter annum iicciorem 5c
humidiorem, fuitDig. 2/. Dec yoy. in hoc, fuitDig.
8. Dec. 878.

Tab ell a B.

I73I-

1732.

*733-

*734-

1735-

T73^-

Hyems.
Dig. Dec.

Ver.

Dig. Dec.

Dig. Dec.*

Autumnus.
Dig. Dec.

5 759
4 5^2

6 321

4 "74*
10 450
it 945

6 647

IO 300

15 758

■"B 14

10 848
8 74

13 59?

7 220

8 762
H 34

7

6 371

8 17

IO 186

3 759
10 125

3 337

4 588

Sum.

43 71

59 621

57 79<5

40 12

. r

In propofita hac TabellaB facile apparet, quantita-
tem aquas coll e&as ^Eftate & Autumno, tribus annis,
majorem fuiffe quantitate aquae colledae Hyeme &
Vere ; tribus vero annis fuiffe minorem : cum fupe-
riore Sexennio quantitas pertinens ad ^Eftatem &
Autumnum Temper major extiterir. Sexennio illo
tempeftates, fecundum incrementa fummarum aqutas
colle&ae, conftituendas erant fequenti ordine i Hyeiiis,
Ver, ^Eftas, Autumnus : pofteriore hoc Sexennio com
ftitui debent tempeftates ordine fequenti s Autumnus,
Hyems, iEftas, Ver.

Hoc Sexennio, fumma quantitatis aquae colle£te
AEftate etVere excedit fummam aquae collects Hyeme
& Autumno. Utroque autem Sexennio, ^Eftas ad
duas illas tempeftates copiae majoris, Hyems ad duas
tempeftates minoris copias refertun

H-h z * T a-.

[ 3

Tab ell a C.

Decrefcente Barometro a Me-
ridie Diei praecedentis ad
Meridiem Diei, quo pluit.

Crefcente Barometro a Me-
ridie Diei praecedentis ad
Meridiem Diei, quo pluit..

Numerus Die-

Ventus qualis e-

Numerus Die-

Ventus qualis e-

rum, quibus

rat Meridie Di-

rum, quibus
pluit.

rat Meridie Di-

pluit.

erum, quibus
pluit.

erum, quibus
pluit.

140

N

80

N

47

NE

29

NE

15

E

7

E

18

SE

4

SE

27

S

H

S

28

SW

17

SW

33

W

24

W

6 2

NW

3i

NW

Sum. 380

Sum. 206

Ut miratus fucram in rcfpondente Tabella fupe-
rioris Sexennii, ita in hacquoque Tabella C, non fine
admiratione animadverti, inter numeros incrementi
decrementique altitudinis Barometri (pluviofis diebus)
non intercedes difFerentiam majorem ea, quae inter-
eft inter numeros 370. & 206: quae eadem ferme eft,
ac prioris Tabellae, nempe numerorum 378. & 2 1 1.

Obfervare etiam praeftat, fex illis prioribus folidis
annis, dies pluviofos fuifle f 89 ; fex autem pofterio-
ribus annis fuifle 576: exigua dumtaxat differentia
dierum 13. inter utrumque Sexennium. Utroque
etiam Sexennio, a Borea (N.) pluviae quantitas major
quam a quolibet alio vento allata eft : minima ab Euro
(SE) & a Subfolano (E) Ceterum quae pro fuperiore
Tabella in priore Epiftola dixi, in hac quoque ceu di&a
intelligantur,

T A-

-

-

i

[ *4$ 3

Tab ella D.

Decrefcente Barometro a Me-
ridie Diei praecedentis ad
Meridiem Diei, quo ninxit.

Crefcente Barometro a Me-
ridie Diei prsecedentis ad
Meridiem Diei, quo ninxit.

Numerus Die-

Ventus qualis e-

Numerus Die-

Ventus qualis e-

rum, 'quibus

rat Meridie Di-

rum, quibus

rat Meridie Di-

ninxit.

erum, quibus
ninxit.

ninxit.

erum, quibus
ninxit.

3

N

5

N

i

NE

2

NE

i

W

I

SW

i

NW

I

w

Sum. 6

Sum. 9

Primis illis fex annis ninxerat decrefcente Barometro
diebus pluribus, quam Barometro crefcente ; at con-
trarium videre eft in fuprapofita Tabella D. Sex illi
anni dedere ni vales dies 18, hi fex anni dant diesni-
vales if,

Tabella E.

Summa

dinum

metri.

Dig.

Altitu-

Baro-

Dec.

Summa Altitu-
dinum Ther-
mometri.

Dig. Dec.

Altitudo Media
Barometri ad
fingulos dies.

Dig. Dec.

Altitudo Media
Thermome-
tri ad fingulos
dies.

Dig. Dec.

1731.

10850

18286

25

29

72

5° 9

1732.

10870

*9

18361

30

29

70

50 17

*733-

10867

18

18301

97

29

77

50 14

1734.

10850

24

18305

Z8

2 9

73

50 15

I735*

10861

21

18274

87

29

76

50 6

*73 &

10870

7

18338

42

29

7°

So io

Annuas fummas Altitudinum Barometri & Ther-
mometri hac in Tabella E videre eft : turn etiam Alti-
tudines Medias fingulis diebus convenientes.

In-

[ 244 3

Integro autem hoc Sexennio adhibito, Media Baro-
tnetri Altitudo, referenda diebus fmgulis annorum
Sexennii ejufdem, prpdit Dig. ip. Dec. 7.3 : tribus
tantum partictili? differeps ab ilif priqris Sexennii, quae
fuit Dig. 2 9. Dec. 70.

Et Media Altitudo Thermometri pro fingulis diebus
itidem horum fex annorum, reperitur Dig. 70. Dec.
12. quatuor dumtaxat particulis differens ab eaprioris
Sexennii, qua? fuit Dig. 50. Dec. 16.

Univerfim Diales Media? Altitudines tumBarometri,
turn Thermometri, pertinentes ad annos fingulos pa-
rum differunt inTabella hac; prout in Tabella quoque
fuperioris Sexennii valde conveniebant.

Tab e l l a F.

Ann!

Memes.

Dies

s.v.

Hora1

h /

Maxima -
Barometri
Altitudo.
Dig. Dec.

Minima
Barometri
Altitudo. J
Dig. Dec!

Thermo-
metri Al-
tudo.

Dig. Dec

Venti

Tempeftas.

■

S Feb.

6

15

30

2 6

48

36

NW

Cceium fudum.

I73I-

<! Jan.

29

15

28

7°

+7

92

$£

Aer caliginofus.

5 Dec.

10

15

30

20

48

32

N

Coelum fudum.

1732.

CMar.

11

2

28

8?

49

67

sw-

Coelum nubib. obdudt.

CJan.

23

15

30

48

48

62

NW

Cceium fudum.

1733.

1 Mar.

19

iy

28

95

49

18

N

Pluvia.

$Jan.

12

17

3°

34

48

N

Coelum fudum.

*734*

C Dec.

17

15

28

88

48

30

S

Cceium nubib. obdudh

5 Feb.

8

15

3°

3°

48

40

NW

Cceium nubib. fere obdud.

I-735*

c Mar.

r7

15

29

49

48

W

Pluvia tenuis.

J Nov.

19

15

,3.0

20

48

70

N

Cceium fudum.

1730.

<Feb. .

12

15

28

88

48

74,,

NW

Cceium nubib. obdudh

Ta-

[ *45 ]

Tab el la G.

Anni Menfes.

Dies’Hora

Barometri

Maxima

Minima

Venti

Tempeffas..

S.V.

Altitudo.

Thermome-

Thermome-

:i*i Altitudo.

tri Altitudo.

h-JL

Dig. Dec,

JQk..

Deg.

.Dig*

Dec,,

1731.

CjUN.

29 j

[' 15

29

' 80

52

40

SE

Coelum fudum.

?Jan.

2 7 j

1, 15

29

30

47

44-

NW

Pluvia tenuis.

j

1732.

j

!5 Jul.

20 ’

4

29

62

52

52

NW

Sol Sc nubes alternation

i^DEC.

6

I5

29

55

47

75

W

Coelum fudum.

I

1733.

? CjUN.

29

45

29

86

; 52

3*

NW

Coelum fudum.

jDec,

13

*5

15

30

10

47'

85

W

Coelum nubib. fere obdudk,

r734*

! J Jul.

1

29

70

: 52

- 24

NE

Sol Sc nubes alternatim.

?Jan.

H

*5

30

12

47'

92

SW

Coelum fudum.

C Aug

2 6

15

29

7*

I 52

18

w

Coelum fudum.

r735-

?Dec.

27

15

30

H

47

74

w

Sol &: Aer caliginofus*

i73<S.

y Jul.

22

29

90

52

30

NE

Coelum fudum.

? Dec.

20

J5

29

72.

47

92

W

Coelum nubib. obdu$t

Tabellas addidi F & G, in quas Maximx Miniitiiquc
Altitudines turn Barometri turn Thermometri relate
funt. Ex harum comparatione cum refpondentibus
prioris Epiftoke Tabellis fcire licet, Altitudinem Maxi-
mam Barometri Dig. 30. Dec. 48. exceffiffe Maximant
illam notatam priore Sexennio, qua: Fuit Dig. 30. Dec.
40. At Mercurii depreffio ad Dig. 28. Dec. 76. cedit
'ei deprefTioni ad Sexennium fuperius pertiilenti, quam.;
fuifTeDig. 28. 28, Dec. f6. obfervatum eft.

Thermometri in recentibus hifce Tabellis Maxima
Altitudo habetur Dig. f2. Dec. f2 5 prioribus in Ta-
bellis eft Dig. f2. Dec. f4 : ditabus ciumtaxat particulis
major, quam ilia. Altitudo vero Minima in Tabellis
hifce Dig. 47. Dec. 44. efti in illisDig. 47. Dec. $8>:
itaque pofteriore hoc Sexennio Mercurius fubfidit par-
ticulis 14. humilius, quam Sexennio priore unquant
fubfiderjt

Taj*

£ 3

Tab el la H.

Anni

Stylo Novo.

Pol. Ped.
Paris.

Lin.

1731.

3l

nj-

1711.

3°

7

*733-

3*

fT

173 4-

37

I73f-

28

74

1716.

29

24

Sum. 187

9i

Pollicibus 187. & Lin. 9 1, (qui numeri fuppedi-
tantur a Summa poftremae hujufce Tabellae H) in fex
aequas portiones tributis, habetur Menfura aquae Media,
pro annis fingulis Pol. 31. Lin. 3 77. In priore autem
Sexennio inventa fuitPol. 3^. Lin. i7^: differentia igi-
tur eft Pol. 3. Lin. 9.

Quod ft ex Summis utriufque Sexennii unam efficia-
mu s Summam, hancque per numerum duodenarium
partiamur, inveniemus convenire fingulis annis PoL
33. Lin. 2tz. Et quantitas haec, ft (ut in priore Sex-
ennio fa&um eft) conferatur cum Menfura Media
aquae, quae cadit Lutetiae Parifiorum Pol., 19. vel Pol.
18. Lin. 8. adhuc plane liquebit, aquae copiam Patavii
dccidere multo majorem, quam. Lutetiae Parifiorum.

Atque hoc etiam Sexennium obfervationem fuppe-
ditat, qua oftendatur, intra 24 horas aliquando Pata-
vii -aquae copiam cadere multo majorem ea, quae intra
idem tempus Lutetiae Parifiorum unquam decidat. A
meridie diei 27. (St. V.) Odobris anni 1732. (flante

Borea)

C H 7 ]

Borea) ad meridiem fequentis diei, deciderunt pluvias
Pol. 2. Lin. circiter p. Porro hujufce quantitatis ex-
ceflus fupra quantitatem (intra jam commemoratum
tempus) decidentem Lutetian Parifiorum, ex collatione
cam Commentariis Regise Scientiarum Academic
cognofci facile poteft, ut alias innuimus.

Barometri Altitude Maxima die 23 Jan. 1733. hoc
Sexennio obfervata, ad menfuram Gallicam adduda,
eft Pol. 28. Lin. 670'. Altitudo autem Minima per-
tinens ad diem zp Jan. 1731. eft Pol. 26. Lin. 107%.
Differentia inter Maximam Altitudinem Minimamque
inveniturPol. i. Lin. 8.

Et cum inventa fuerit (ut fuperiore in Epiftola com-
memoravimus) Lutetian Parifiorum differentia inter
Maximam ScMinimam Barometri Altitudinem Pol. 1.
Lin. n.£, hxc noftram differentiam Patavii repertam
excedit Lin. 3^. Quamobrem quod de hujufmodi
differentiis fuperiore ilia in Epiftola obfervavimus,
novis obfervationibus hifee confirmatur.

Demum ut Epiftolx illi priori quadret Epiftola hxc,
mantiffam adjiciam de Declinatione Magnetic# Acus.
Menfe Aprilian. 1733. repetitis obfervationibus com-
peri, Declinationem verfus Occafum fuiffe Graduum
decern & trium cum dimidio. Poftremis diebus fupe-
xioris anni 1736. earn invent Graduum tredecim &
fexagefimarum 45*. Itaque, ft cum hifee jam dida de
Acus Declinatione, priore in Epiftola, conferantur,
plane liquebit, Declinationem annis tribus primis
hujufce Sexennii magis creviffe, quam tribus poftre-
mis annis. Tibi autem mittam (ut olim feci) Ephe-
merides compledentes dierum fingulorum Obfervata.
Interim ad Obfervata prxeipua hafee Annotationes,
qualefcumque fint, quoniam ab optima voluntate

I i pro-

r i48 ]

profequendi Invitationem tuam proficifcuntur, It-
benter, ut opinor, videbis. Vale. Patavio. Kal. Juru

eiDIDCCXXXVII.

III. T*he Imperfections of the common Baro-
meters, and the Improvement made in
them > by Mr. Cha. Orme of Afliby-de-la-
Zouche in Leicefterfliire, where they are
perfected and rectified 5 with fome Obfer-
vations , Remarks and Rules for their Ufe >
by Hen. Beighton, F- R» S.

AS we know nothing more wanting than a
Theory of the Weather on Mechanic Prin-
ciples 3 there does not feem any thing in all Philofophy
of more immediate Concern to us than the State of
the Weather.

In order to which, a complete Hiftory of the Wea-
ther is necelfary, to deduce from thence fuch Rules
and Obfervations as may in fome meafure form fuch
a Theory : And it may be faid, that could we in any
tolerable degree foretel, but by fome fmall Space of
Time, the Change of the Weather, it would be of
admirable Ufe to us, in thofe Affairs on which the
chief part of our Welfare and Subfiftence depends.

It was from fuch Confiderations, that more than
20 Years ago I began, and have continued, to keep a
'Diary of the Weather (the fix laft Years of which I
have here fubjoin'd) 3 but cannot think myfelf fo well
qualified as to form a juft Theory upon them, though

t 2 49 3

I am not without Hopes they may have their Dies,
when they fall into more able Hands.

Yet I believe I may fay, that from them, and the
Obfervations I made by a new Improvement of the
Barometer , (for the fame Number of Years) I can
generally foretel for a Day, or perhaps two, the Change,
or what Continuance the Weather will have.

And although fo many ingenious and curious Per-
fons, lince the Invention of Torricellius s Barometer y
have been improving and endeavouring to bring that
Machine to Perfedion •, yet notwithstanding all their
indefatigable Care and Pains, the Air that is inter-
fpers'd and mix'd with all fluids, (of which Mercury
is efteem'd one) has in fome meafure fruftrated their
Labours, and it has remain'd imperfed : For whilft
there are any fmall Quantities or Particles of Air re-
maining in the Quickfilver, it will be conftantly fifing
in hot Weather, and falling in cold : Which really
perverts the very End and Delign of a Barometer ,
which fhould fhew the Prelfure of the Air, and fore-
tel when either fair Weather or Rain is coming; in-
ftead whereof it is in a great meafure a Thermometer ,
foretelling Heat inftead of fair , and Cold inftead of
Rain and Jlormy Weather : And thefe Imperfedions
have all the various forts of Barometers (more or lefs)
that have hitherto been invented.

The Barometer I am about to defcribe, is not diffe-
rent in Form from fome ufually made, it being of the
2 diagonal kind, from whence the more minute Alte-
rations are more readily difcovered: Of this Form
many have been made by the late Curious Operator
Mr. Batricky who has, in his way, well deferv'd of
the Curious j who, though he had done fo much to-

I i z wards

C M° 1

wards the proving the Weight of the Atmofphere by
which the Mercury in the Tube was fuftain’d, he him-
ielf did not believe it, but run into that Abfurdity of
the Funicular Hypothecs.

There is an Inconveniency or Imperfedion in mod,
if not all, of thofe "Diagonal Barometers } for after
fome time, the various rifing and falling, and Changes
of the Weather, of Heat and Cold, the fmall Particles
of Air that have been interfpers'd in the Mercury ,
have got together in a larger Mafs, as they will incline
by Attradion, which will feparate the Mercury ; and
that Quantity of Air will be dilated by Heat , and con-
traded by Cold , fo as to fpoil the Defign thereof.

Befides, there is fuch a Cohefion or Attrition of
the Mercury to the Tube, (efpecially in the fmall ones)
that after fome time, the Mercury that is not truly
cleans'd from its Drofs, and purg'd of all its Air , in re-
markable Changes of the Weather will neither rife
nor fall. All which Embarrafment is taken off, and
the Difficulties furmounted, in

Mr. Cha. Orme’s Improvements of the Ba-
rometer, hy the Method following.

Eirft, The Quickfiher is all purified from its Drofs
and earthy Particles by Diftillation ^ and when the
Tube is filled by a Pound and half, two, or three Pounds
of Mercury , and all the Air got out by the Methods
ufed in filling Tubes , then the remaining Air is got
out by fuch an intenfe Heat of Fire as makes the
Mercury boil\ by which Ebullition an innumerable
Quantity of fmall Particles are emitted, and blo w with
a great Velocity at the open End of the Tube , till all

the

C 151 ]

the Air is quite cleared out which curious as well
as fatiguing Operation is continued for the Space of
four Hours : And when no more Bubbles would rife
in the Tube, it remain’d whole, with its Mercury of
a moft lively fparkling Brightnefs, with this Difference
only, that the Mercury , fo purged from its Air, did
not fill the Tube fo high as when firft put in by about
two Inches ; which is a plain Demonftration, that in
that Tube, which was 49 Inches long, there was in-
terfpers’d in the Mercury at firft filling it, fo much Air
as would fill two Inches of the faid Tube, which was
a 24th Part of the faid Space.

The whole Operation I myfelf attended the 2.0th
of January 1734-y.

And further I can affirm, that every Part of the
Mercury boiled for a long time, and the Tube was
gradatim fo red-hot, that with a warm Knife I could
make Impreffions in any part of it.

And this I the rather mention, by reafon I have
heard feveral Perfons, and thofe not incurious, affirm
it was impoflible.

And that this is the moft fure and certain (if not
the only) Method for getting out all the Air, may be
judged by the boiling of Water, which in its Ebulli- •.
tioa does emit a great Quantity of Air for a long Space
of Time.

The Perfection of thefe Barometers, ‘which
exceed all others I have ever obferved in
the following ‘Particulars.

x. They arefenfible of the moft minute Changes of
the Air whatfoever.

2. They

t 25* ]

2. They foretel the Weather by a much longer
Space of Time than others, as moftly 20 Hours, fome-
times 3 6 or 48 Hours: Nay, before great Tempefts,
and fuch Rains as caufe great Floods, for a much
longer time before they happen.

3. Although they are fo fenfible of fuch minute
Changes of the Air, yet the molt intenfe Heat will
not raife them -a Haifs-breadth, nor the greateft Cold
make them fall This fhews they arc perfed Baro-
meters, and not in any degree Thermometers.

4. You may by them diftinguifh whether, if they
fhew for Rain, it will be little or much.

y. As by other Barometers you cannot tell the
Weather, but by a paft and a prelent Obfervation ;
thefe tell you, the Inftant of Time you come to them,
what the W eather is going to be : For by rapping the
Cafe with your Finger, if it is going to be fair, or
very fair Weather, the Mercury will rife that Moment
a 10th of an Inch, or more: But if for foul, it will
icarce make any fenfible Rife.

[A.] TheReafon of this I fhall explain in the Ob-
servations at the End, Rage 249.

I have had one of the Glalfes by me for 10 Years,
and have conftantly obferved its Motions, which has
very feldom failed me in foretelling any confiderable
Change of the Weather.

But as fome People have fuch ftrange Notions, as
not judging afterward whether they were told true or
falfe, and others may mifs in their Expectations of per-
fect Certainties, which none can attain to; it will
not be improper to make the following

Re-

Remarks.

1. Though you can foretel it will rain on the Mor-,
row, it is impoffible to tell where that Rain will fall 3
for as every Shower has Space, i. e . Length and
Breadth, if it rains in that particular Field, yet it may
be fair in the next adjoining : And if in Harveft, or
on a Journey, you proclaim it will rain on the Mor-
row, fome will, if it does not fall on their Land, or
on his Coat, be fo filly as to fay the Predi&ion was
falfe*

2. The Barometer does only (hew the Preffure or
Weight of the Atnlofphere, and Inclination of the
Air, in and about the Country where it ftands, and
not always in a particular Spot 5 fo that in foretelling of
great Rains, People are apt to fay the Indication is
falfe, becaufe they have not feen or heard of it 3 when
perhaps in a Day or two you will hear, that it did then
fall three, four, or may be 10 Miles off. For though
the Rain Ihould be over us when the Glafs fell, yet
the Wind, which bloweth where it lifteth, carries
the Clouds and Rain with it.

3. It is very hard to diftinguifh on the Mercury's
falling, whether it will be Rain or high Winds, they
equally caufing the Mercury to fubfide.

4. Of all thofe who guefs at the Weather from the
Whims of their own Brains, it is obfervable, it is not
true one time in Ten, nor do any two of them agree
about it.

But from Obfervations on this Barometer , it will
fcldom fail you once in 20.5 fo it is above 100 to 1
preferable.

f. If

[ M4 ]

y. If from the State of the Mercury Yefterday and
this Morning, it be pronounced the next Day will be no
Rain, and I look at the Glafs no more To-day 5 per-
haps Winds may arife, and fo alter the Atmofpheres
Weight, and the Glafs falls much, it will rain on the
Morrow, contrary to what I at firft expeded : Here it
is plain, had I feen the Glafs again in the Afternoon,
I might have alfo forefeen the Rain.

Hence it is evident from thefe Remarks, that Judg-
ments are taken on the Weather from Barometers ,
which do not prove fo 5 and this begets Opinions in
the Vulgar and Ignorant, that there is no Judgment at
.all to be had from them.

If they could confider, nothing in Nature is cer-
tain, permanent and perfed, neither in ourfelves, or
what we do or think 5 then why do we exped it in
the Air? Is it not fubjed to as many Chances, Vari-
ations and Mutations ? Or why fhould we exped a
Foreknowledge of it abfolutely from the Barometer ,
and that it fhould force us to underftand its Meaning
infallibly ?

If the Barometer could only foretel very great and
remarkable Changes of the Weather ; for Inftance, in
Harveft-time, that a very great Rain, or perhaps Floods,
were coming; the Husbandman would flop cutting
down his Grain, and fave forne of it being fpoiled bj
the Wet : Or on a Journey, if I know that if I do not
get Home by fuch a Time, or pafs fuch Rivers
the Floods will be fo great as not only to prevent m
but endanger my Life : And may be here is a ManJ
Fortune faved, nay his Life, merely from the India
tions of the Barometer j and who reckons this nt
thing, deferves neither.

D

[ 2 5 5 ]

Do not we reckon a Memory, or aHiftory, good,
that calls to mind, or notes every valuable or re-
markable Event, though not every Tale or trifling
Story ?

The g reared Storm that has been in our Days, was
Jan, 8. 1734,-y. On the 5th the Mercury began to
fall, and on the 8th was a 10th below 28 Inches 5 which
has not been feen in this Age, or perhaps fince Torri -
cellius’s Time 5 thence I could plainly indicate, that it
would be the greateft Flood we ever heard of, or the
greateft Storm we ever felt 5 the latter of which it
proved.

Some Rules and Obfervations for fore-
knowing the Weather, by the rifiag and
falling of the Mercury.

Though rifing always prefages fair, and falling foul
Weather, yet there are feveral Difficulties and Niceties
in making a true Judgment from them, and herein
confifts the chief part of the Art.

I (hall not trouble you with the feveral Obfervations
made by Dr. Halley , Dr. Beal , Dr. Derham , Mr,
‘Patrick, and others, though they are mod of them
applicable to this improved 'Diagonal Barometer , by
reafon their Efteem has caufed them to be in fo many
Hands, and in moft Authors on the Subjed, and be-
caufe I have colleded them in order to be made pub-
lick, at the Requeft of the Improver of the Barometer ,
Mr. Orme , and for his Ufe, which fome time fince
were put into the Hands of my very worthy Friend
Dr. Defaguliers , who is acquainted with Mr. Orme
and his Glafles. I fhall only infert here fome few Ob-
servations, which I believe may be called Rules, as 1

1£ k have

C ]

have deduced them from time to time, in ufing Mr.
Orme’s Glaffes, and keeping a Regifter of the W eather ;
and fhall at the End of this Account infert feveral
more Obfervations on the Diary of the Weather, now
fent with this, which are not yet digefted into certain
Rules, but may in- time, I prefume, by fome more
skilful Perfonss or by a longer Series of Obfervations
andRegifters of the Weather, which I defign to pur-
fue, if Health continue.

Rules and Obfervations for the improved
Diagonal Barometer.

1. This Barometer very rarely foretels Thunder,
feldom falling at all before it, which Mr. Tat rick ob-
ferves others do.

2. In ferene and hot Weather, when the Mercury
is high and riling, and you have all the pollible Cer-
tainty of fair Weather the next Day, and if there
happen to fall great Showers, you may conclude they
have been driven upon you by Thunder, though you
have heard nothing of it.

3. When the Mercury is pretty high, and has fallen
to foretel Rain, and it rifes again before the Rain
cometh 5 it indicates there will be but little of ir.

4. If the Mercury continues falling whilft it does
. ram, it fhews it will rain the next Day.

f. In fair Weather when the Mercury has continued
high or riling, if it falls a little To-day about Noon,
and towards the Evening rifes again, you muft expeft
a fmgle Shower the latter part of the next Day, (or
perchance by Noon) and then fair Weather again
forward.

6. When the Mercury rifes gradually, (about half
a 10th perpendicular) and continues fo to do for

many.

t 157 3

many Days together $' you may reafonably expert a fair
Seafon for as long a time as it was rifing, unlefs feme
Gales of Wind intervene, and efpecially the S W by
S. or thereabouts.

7. When the Mercury rifes very faft, or falls very
faft, neither the fair nor foul Weather it forebodes
will continue long.

8. Without knowing how the Mwcury has flood
fome little time before, .a true Judgment cannot be
given at all times : For fuppofe I find it in a riftng Con-
dition, 1 am apt to think it will be fair 5 but if it had
been higher fome Hours ago, and fell, there muft hap-
pen a Shower.

[A.] What I promifed in ‘Page 2f2. to explain.
Was,

Why the Mercury in the ‘Diagonal Barometer (if
it be for fair Weather) on rapping the Cafe feveral
times, which jars and makes the Tube tremble, will
rife at every Stroke for feveral Strokes together, and
in all fometimes a 10th of an Inch, or more, in the
perpendicular 5 may, I prefume, be thus accounted
for :

1. There is a Cohefion of the Mercury to the Tube*,
which hinders its rifing, and fuch rapping releafes
that.

2. But it is obfervable, that it will rife a little at
all times, even when it is in a {landing or even in a
falling Condition* This may be accounted for thus :

The Mercury and At mo fy her e are in an Equilibria ,
and rapping ftarts and raifes the Mercury a little in a
boiling manner, efpecially the upper Surface of it,
which is feen to leap, or be in a fwimming Fofture*
then the Preffure of the Atmofyhere over- balances

Kk 2 the

\

[ *5« ]

the remainder of the Mercury , and it muft rife a
little.

Or fuch violent jarring puts the Mercury in a lateral
and upward Motion, (for downward it cannot go)
which takes off its Gravity, as the Winds leffen the
Preffure of the Air j therefore it muft rife a little.

But then it is obfervable alfo, that if the Mercury
was in a (landing Condition, or falling,’ fuch rifing. as
above, will in a Minute come to the fame Place again ;
and even when the Mercury is in a rifing Condition,
it will, in that Space of Time, fall a little part of that
it rofe by fuch rapping.

This Barometer has the Corufcations , as they were
obferved in Mr. Patrick's pendant one 5 for by rap-
ping the Cafe with the Finger in a dark place, it will
emit feverai bright Flafhes, along the empty part of
the Tube .

This I take to be an Argument that the Vacuum is
very pure, and the Mercury truly purged.

I (hall not need to fay any more, having doubtlefs
already defcended to Trifles ; only 1 would add, which
I can with Truth and without Vanity affirm, that in
all the Affairs of Husbandry, but efpecially in Harveft,
it hasfeldom failed me inforetelling the Weather fo
well, as to be very advantageous to me for nine Years
together 5 and fo pleafing and fatisfa&ory at other
times, that they who never had one, cannot know
the want of it i and thofe only who have ufed it, are
able to know its Ufefulnefs 5 and that I could not with-
out fome Reftraint, and more Reludtancy, be without
one of thefe Barometers .

[ z59 3

Collections from the Diary of the Weather
and Barometer, in order to fettle Rules
for foretelling the Weather by the Baro-
meter.

Great S.torms.

Before them the Mercury falls three or four Days,
and is exceeding low. - .

1734,-5'. Jan. 4. at Nightth tMercury at 29.92 Inches,
f. Night . . . . 29.66

6. Night . ; . . 29.2

7. Night .... 28.1

8. Noon .... 27.9 Lower
than has been known by tV, and the greateft Storm of
Wind ever heard of in this Age, in the South #f
England, as alfo in France and Holland.

1736. Jan.$i 29.47

Feb. x. ..... . 29.15’

2. v v . . . . 28.39 Rain

and Stormy.

1734. Aug. n. Stormy.

Great Floods.

Before which the Mercury falls very much.'

173 f. Sept. 4 . 29.7

y. . . . . . 29.6

6. Night . . I 29.6.

7. .... . 29.2 f The

greateft Flood that has been (at Coventry , being about

thf

[ 1*0 ]

the Middle of England') thefe 40 Years, and yet the
Mercury fell but little.

24 • ■»•»» 29.55

24. Night .... 28.8

25. Night .... 28.78

26. ..... 28. 8y

27. ...... 28.26Agreat

Flood.

VI f- -Aiig. 19-
20.
21.
22.

>3;

24.

173 y. 2)^. 2.

- • . 29.3

. . . 29.28

• . . 29.3

• . . 29.2

• . . 29.2 Stormy,

great Rain.
^ • . 29.38 Floods.

• . . 29.32 Rain.

• . . 29. y Fair.

. . 28.8 Rain.

. € . . 28.9 Rain.

. . 29. y Fair.

. . . 29.^2 Great

Rains and Floods.

Thunder.

The Mercury feldom falls for Rains that come by

Thunder. See Diary, June 2. i73f.

*- » • * • *• *

1" HU MDER.

When the Mercury-^ id rife.

1733. Jme‘ 2 29.16 29.5-6

ij. 29.56 29.56

23. 29.62 29.65 Hot.

H-

[ !«• ]

24.

29.67

29.57 Sultry a

25.

29.54

29.52 Sultry.

26.

29.51

29.59 Great

Thunder.

2 7-

29.57

29.56 A very

’ — - — - - — ■> X** IUV XYXV^J.11

ia the Afternoon, doing great Damages.

*73* June I- 29-3 29.8

2. 294

29.55 Thunder
and great Rains.

Thunder.

The Mercury fell before it,

1733. July if. 29.44 hot, fair.

28.

29.

1734,. Aug. 7.

8.

9-

10.

29.37 Wind, Rain..
29.09 Violent Thunder..
29. 5-9 Sultry.

2946 Fair.

29.25- Thunder.

2S.87 Rain, Thunder..

Frost.

A Froft, when the Mercury is high, brings Rain.

1731. March. The Mercury was high all the
Month, and no Rain, but what followed the. Froft on
the 17th and 29th.

Dry Season.

In June 1729. and the Mercury fcarce ever above
changeable.

In Aug. 1730. the Mercury never lower than 29.37.
1731. from the ift to the 10th, and Rain came the
1 6th, though the Mercury was riling.

Frost.

[ rtl ]

Frost.

A great Froft, although the Mercury fell ; but it was
attended with a great Snow, which might occafion it
to fubfide.

1731. Jan. 1.

Rain.

2.

39.46

29.12 Rain.

3-

38.78

28.72 Wind.

4-

38.72

28.81 Froft, great

Snow.

5-

.28.93

29.12 Snow, Froft.

Great Rains.

Although the Mercury was :

riling.

1732, May 1.

29.28

29.27 Wind.

2.

29.21

2 9. 2 7 Rain all Day,

Snow hard from 8 to 1 1 .

3'

39.34

29.0 Rain.

4-

29.09

29.09 Rain.

29.12

29.34 Wind.

<S.

39.44

29.46 Fair.

7-

39.72

29.39 Rain and

great Floods.

Great Rain, though the Mercury fell but little.
1733. 24. 29.6 29. 74 Wind.

27. 29.7 1 29. 74 Fair.

26. 29-72 29.7 4 Fair.

37. 29.7 29.39 Violent

Rain for more than 1 1 Hours.

Great

[ 1

Great Rains,
The Mercury falling very much.

1734. July 10.

29.67

29.67 fair, hot.

11.

29.63

29.62 fair, hot.

12.

29.79

29.4, Rairl.

2C?.29

29.13 Great Rains.

-—The Mercury falling a great while before the
Rain came, and the Rain continued as long.

Rain came, and the Rain continued as long.

1736. May 19. 29.77 fair, Wind, 29.8

20. 29.8^ cold Wind, fair, 29.7

21. 29-67 cold Wind, 29. 72

22. 29.39 wind,clouds,rain,29.3i

I® 23. 29.28 cloudy, fair, 29.27

24. 29.32 fair, 29.3 7

27. 29.32 clo. Wind, Rain, 29.24

26. 29.17 Rain, 29.17

17. 29.12 Rain, 29.2

28. 29.28 Rain, 29.25

29. 29.37 Wind, cloudy, Rain.

1737. Feb. 22. 29.43

23. 26.82

24. 28.9

25. 28.76 great Rain.

Juft after hot or fultry Weather, the Mercury ge-
nerally falls.

See 16 Sept. 1731*

8 Aug. 1734.

After the Aurora Borealis , there generally follow
high Winds.

LI 27

[ l64 1

2 7 OH. 1733,' a large Aurora Borealis, and the
28th, 29th and 30th high Winds*

See 23 Jan . 1734*

The Mercury falling pretty much, and neither
Wind nor Rain fucceeded.

1733, from the 18th to the 21ft it fell 41, and no
Wind or Rain at all till the 25th.

Sultry Weather generally makes the Mercury fall
foon after.

1734. Aug . 8.

After a great Storm the Mercury rifes very fall.
1734. Aug. 11.

1736. Feb. 6.

Before great Winds the Mercury falls very foon.
1734. Aug. 26.

1736. Feb. 8.

The Mercury below 28 Inches.

1734. Dec. if. at 27.9

173 5- Jan- 8- z7-9

In Winter, before Frofts, the Mercury generally
rifes pretty faft.

1735. Dec. a.

Before a Thaw the Mercury falls.

173 f. Dec. 13.

*7*

1736. Feb. 9.

/ ' ~ *% r. ** * f v r . * *

The

[ ]

The Mercury falls fuddenly before a great Snow,
1731. Jan. Ai.

1 736. Feb. 8.

21.

When the Mercury falls for high Winds, and it
continues to fall when that Wind is come, it is likely
to be tempeftiious, or continue fome time, unlefs Rain
fucceeds.

2736. 22. Nov. 29.62 fair, warm 29.62

23. 2949 windy, warm 29.32 wind.

24. 29.1 high Wind 28.8828.73

Stormy.

\

Some of thefe Collections are quite contradictory
to any fettled Rules, and fuch will happen, and others
confirm them j but I have collected fo very few of
a Sort, though the Diary furnifhes a great many, that
till more are in this manner collected, it will be very
doubtful to form any Rules from them : As Oppor-
tunity gives leave, I intend to colled many more.

LI 2

IV. Relath

U 1<S<« ]

IV. Relatio de Caverna vaporifera Sul-
phured in Lapicidina Pyrmontana, qute
Jimilis eft Foveas Neapolitans Grotta del
Cane di&ae, a jDn° Miflfon, & aliis de-
fcriptse^ Regali Societati communicata a
Johanne Philippo Seip, M. D. Confil.
Aulic. & Arch'iatro Serenijf. Rrincipis a
Waldeckj necnon R . 5. Lend. Socio.

Apicidina Pyrmontana 800 Paflus a Fontibus

noftris Chalybeatis diftans, ab Annis centum,
6c quod excurrit, Incolis atque Vicinis fatis nota eft,
quia Lapides pro .Edificiis valde idonei ex ilia effo-
diuntur.

Ante Annos viginti, cum ipfe in exftruenda Domo
occupatus effem, 6c Lapicidinam faepius intrarem, opi-
fices mihi narrabant, frequenter fe in fovea quadam
profundiore Aves mortuas reperire : monftrabant etiam
aliquoties diverfas Avium fpecies recenter mortuas.

Curiofus Cauflam Mortis Avium indagans, fufpi-
cabar primo de Materia quadam minerali venenofa
Cobalto vel Auripigmento fimili Lapidibus intermixta,
& Aquis pluvis colliquefa&a, ex qua forfan Aves liti-
entes potaverint.

Cum autem ipfe in foveam defeenderem, 6c ad ex-
trahendas Aves caput ad fundum inclinarem, ftatim
odqre fulphureo penetrantiflimo ita correptus fui, ut
vertiginofus ajtque afthmaticus fuga recedere cogerer.

Myfterium itaque dete&um erat, 6c judicabam inde
Halitum iftum fulphureum fuffocantem ejufdem ori-

ginis

C *67 ]

ginis & nature effe cum illo, quern in Scatebris Fom
tium noftrorum, Coeio fereno exiftente, 6c Tempore
licco tranquillo, horis matutinis 6c vefpertinis obfer-
vamus, ubi fxpe Volucres appropinquantes ipfo mo-
mento fuffocatx intereunt, & Anates inFonte major!
pro Balneis ufitato natantes vix momenta aliquot per-
durare valent, fed mox fuccumbunt

Equidem non confultum duxi, fed periculofum
potius atque damnofum Experimentum fore Fontibus
noftris Chalybeatis plures ejufmodi Caminos 6c Spi-
racula facere, 6c ita Halitus fulphureo-fpirituofos ex
Cryptis Montium elicere, qui potius ad imbuendas 6c
acuendas Aquas fubterraneas fupprimi 6c retineri debe-
bant.

Ex hac ratione etiam, & ex petitione 6c monito meo,
Princeps Sereniffimus Noster operariis prohiberi
juflit, quo minus profunde ex fundo Lapicidinx La-
pides effodere amplius auderent, 6c ita vaporibus mine-
ralibus viam 6c exitum panderent.

Unicum tamen locum, pro Fovea quadrata, fingulis
lateribus fex pedum, Curiolitatis 6c forfan Experb
menti caufia pro Balneo licco a Sereniffimo Principe
mihi exorabam, quern ante 12 Annos fornice lapidea
muniendum, 6c janua'claudendum curavi.

Parva hxc Caverna muris munita 6c coar&ata tanto
minus Aquis noftris Chalybeatis vires fulphureo-fpiri-
tuofas fubtrahere poteft, quanto certius eft, vaporem
iftum non femper exfpirare 5 fed folummodo Coeio
placido, tranquillo 6c Aere fereno exiftente, vends
orientalibus 6c borealibus ficcis non procellofis, fed;
leniter flantibus, item Nebulis6c Vaporibus ante Fill-
gur 6c Tonitru exfurgetitibus*

Halitus >

C *« ]

Halitus etiam Horis matutinis 6c vefjpertinis folurn-
Biodo reperitur j Sc quemadmodum Sol per diem
gradatim afcendft, ita Vapor dcfeendit, Sc verfus me-
ridiem plane fab Lapidcs recedit, Sc totus evanefcit*
fub vefperam paulatim redit, 6c poft fobs occafum co-
piofiffime iterum egreditur.

Vapor ifte ft mil is non eft Nebulis 6c Vaporibus
aquofis, fed nunquam vifibilem fe monftrat, nifi in
Radiis folaribus, ubi Motus vaporis tremulus, fulgu-
rans quafi 6c per intervalla breviffima ex Lapidibus ex-
furgens oculis fe exhibet.

Ordinarie 6c ut plurimum Lincam certain Horizon-
■talem fervare folet Halitus, 6c vix ultra i. i j-. 2 pedes
afcendere Sc vires fuas exferere folet. Ideo ft quis in
fovearn defcendat, credo Corporc in ilia commo-
retur, neque Caput infra Lineam notatam inclinet,
odorem non animadvertit, 6c organa Rcfpirationis
nullo modo afficiuntur.

Certis tamen Temporibus, praefertim Aere traa-
quillo, fereno 6c valde ficco, Fulgure 6c Tonitrugra-
vido exiftente, Vapor elevatur, 6c vires fuas fufFocantes
exercet ad altitudinem 5,6 Pedum 6c ultra, quod tamen
raro contingit.

CPhtenomena & Experimenta princtpaliora ex
HaJitu hoc minerali prodeuntia , hatfenus
notaw fequentia.

1. Cavernam . ingreffus, corpus & caput ereclum
fervans, Odore percipit plane nihil; Paucis vero mo-
tnentis Pedes in fundum collocati incaleiiunt, Hali-
tus per Calceamenta etiam crafliora mox penetrate

fenfum

[ 9 1

fenfum ftimulantem quaff ab urticis urcntibUs in Cute*
excitat, qui ad tibias 6c femora gradatim iefe extendit,
6c partes inferiorcs ita calefacit, ut inter ignem verfari
credas.

Si per breve Temporis fpatium ita quietus in fovea
perfiftis, Sudor primo in partibus inferioribus, tandem
per totum Corpus fine uila moleftia aut anxietate eii-
citur copiofijlime. "

2. Illi autem qui Caput ad fundum fovea: inclihanr,.
odorem penetrantiffimum ftatim fentiunt 5 Rcfpiratio
fupprimitur 5 in Ocuiis acrimonia uti ab Allio aut
Raphano marine percipitur, 6c Aqua ex illis elieitur ,
Os 6c Fauces fapore fulphureo implentur, Caput ver-
tigine 6c fopore afficitur, ita ut SufFocationem & Lap-
fum fubterfugere 'eogantur.

3. Omnis generis Infedx 5 Mufcar, Papilioncs, Sca-
rabxi, vaporem attingentes mox concidunt 6c
moriuntur.

4. Aves minores interdum, fihalitus valde copiofus-
eft, fub introitu ipfo momenta fuffocantur 5 fxpe autem
adhuc per aliquot momenta convuifionibus quafi cor-
reptae volitant, faltant, Roftra aperinnt, anhelant, &:
Gefticulationes imitantur Animalium, quibus fub An-
tlia Aer furbtrahitur 3 tandem exfpirant.

Si Terftpus bene obfervatur, quando Aves conci-
dunt, 6c Deliquium pati incipiunt, fed nondum plane
exanimataep 6c turn propere in aerem liberum expor-
tantur, prsefertim autem fi Aqua oribus infundatur, ita
paulatim tanquam ex fomno profundo cvigilant, revi-
vifeunt, 6c brevi ita ad fe redeuntp ut perfede fanae 6c
falvx evadant, 6c fine ullo vitas 6c fanitatis detrimento
vivere pergant.

Ita

r *70 ]

Tta decies uno die Avem Deliquio tali obdormifcen-
tem 6c iterum expergefa&am vidi, quam deinde inco-
lumem per longum Tempus fervavi.

y. Aves majores, & Volatilia domeftica ; Gallinx,
.A nates, Anferes, &c. diutius in fovea noftra vapor i-
fera perdurant, in primis fi collo longo fupra Lineam
•emineant, aut repetitis faltibus fphxram Halitus tranf-
fcendant, 5c ita per intervalla Aerem liberum refpirare
poftlnt 5 fi autem Vapor copiofus eft, aut fi ad fundum
Cavern# Capite detineantur, tandem eofdem cum
Avibus minoribus patiuntur Manes.

6. Quadrupedia; Canes, feles, oves, &c. quo ma-
jores 6c fortiores funt, tanto diutius fuffocationem eli-
dere, tandem fimili modo uti volatilia fuccumbere
folent.

Multo facilius tamen in Aere libero refipifeunt,
in primis fi immergantur, aut Aqua copiofa fuper-
fundantur.

7. Ignem, maxime flammam Ignis, Candelas nu-
das, aut Tafis perlucentibus inclufas, Halitus nofter fta-
tim extinguit.

Pfaaenomenum jucundum eft, fi fax ex ftramine
colligato-confeda incendatur ; & ad fundum Cavern#
inclinetur; mox enim flamma extinguitur^ 'fi iterum
fupra Sphaeram Halitus in Aerem liberum elevatur,
ftatim in flammam rurfus erumpit, 6c ita toties quoties
Tax celcriter extingui 6c inflammari iterum poteft.

8. Tempore quo Vapor copiofus 6c fortis eft, Pulvis
jpyrius in fundo fove# inflammari non poteft.

Scintillas ex Byrite aut Alice Ghalybe percufla ca*
tlunt in Pulverem pyrium, fed non inflammant.

Anno 1724. cum primo Foveam vaporiferam mu*
m circumducendam, et fornice elaudendam curarem,

medi*

[ *71 3

meditabar mccum quomodo Vaporem tam mirabi-
lem, fpiritibus noftris quibufcumque Chymicis multo
fubtiliorem 6c penetrabiliorem in fanitatis human#
commodum applicare poftem.

Vaporem enim non inveni arfenicalem, neque
corrofivum, uti ilium qui ex Sulphure ardente exfur-
git, non inhaeret, 6c rodit Pulmones, fed Aerem &
Refpirationem folummodo remoratur 6c aufertj in
Homine tamen non ita fubito hoc efficit, ut fpatium
recedendi fatis commodum habere non pollit.

Sxpiffime Experimenti caufla tam diu uti vaporem
fufferre potui, ufque ad Momentum Deliquii 6c fufFo-
cationis in Caverna commoratus fui, ore aperto va-
porem haufi, 6c tandem faltu in Aerem liberum me
recepi : Nunquam male inde habui, verum potius
pe&us 6c Refpirationem leviorem fenfi s interdum Ca-
tarrho 6c TulU afFe&us congeftiones 6c obftru&iones
catarrhales folvi 6c diflipari ex Suffimento ifto ani-
madverti.

Methodus brevior 6c facilior fudorem provocandi
non eft fub coelo s nam poft moram aliquot momen-
torum in fovea halituofa totum Corpus fudore dif-
fluere folet.

Ruftici quidam, uti faepillime nullum Remedii
genus defperati non tentant, aliquoties Cavernam
ingreffi. Pedum Tumores, Rheumatifmos, Dolores
Membrorum arthriticos notabiliter a vapore levatos
fuifle teftati funt.

Quia autem Halitus interdum Sph#ram fuam ordi-
nariam tranfcendit, 6c turn nimis fortis 6c intolera-
bilis eft, timui ha&enus ne quis incautus aut teme-
xarius moram nimis longam in Caverna faciens fuc-

M m cumbere

C 27* ]

cumbere poUIt : malui itaque Experimcntum nullum
quam per mortes facere.

Pyrmonti apud fontes Chalybeatos die 1 2° Maii
1736. St. N.

Johan. Philippus Seip,

p. S. Baromctra & Thermometra in foveam no-
ftram vaporantcm immiifa, nullas fubeunt Muta-
tiones; fed in firu fuo tanquam in Aere libero
perfiftunt.

V. A Letter from John Fuller, Efq 5 fun.
F R. S. to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Fref.
R. S. <&c. concerning the Fffehls of Dam-
piers Powder, in curing the Rite of a
Mad Dog.

/

I Imagin’d the Ufe of the Lychen cinereus terrejtris
with black ‘Pepper , had been fo infallible a Re-
medy for the Bite of a MadSDog , that there needed
no Proofs of its Virtue: I myfelf have ufed it upon
Dogs, and always with Succcfs s and it is ftrong in ray
Memory, that fome Years ago, a Mad -‘Dog or Cat (I
forget which) had bit fome Children and the Mother,
at Battle ; the Chirurgeon came over to my Brother,
Dr. Rofe Fuller , and we all went out in a Snow,
with a Broom, and found fome of it, and mix’d it as the
Account of ‘Dampier dire&ed. They all took it, as
well as a Dog or two that were bit, and none of them
had any bad Effects from the Bite.

This

C V! ]

This laft Chriftmas 1737, my next Neighbours
Servant imprudently going to fearch whether a Dog
fufpeded to be mad, had been worm'd, (which Dog
died mad in three or four Days afterwards) was bit
very much in both his Hands : He went to a Perfon
near me, who has had fuch Succefs, as to be applied
to far and near, and who told me he would venture
his Life againft a Crown Piece, if a Man, or any Ani-
mial, was brought to him within three or four Days
after the Bite, that he cured him. I faw the Man that
was bit every Morning, and he told me his Do&or
went into the Fields, and gather'd an Herb that grew
very near the Ground, like a dried Leaf, and mix'd it
with ‘Pepper. I (hewed him fome Lichen cinereus
terrefiris , and he faid he believed it to be the fame.
Every Day he took his Medicine, about 10 or 11 of
the Clock, he complained of a violent Heat, and Pain
in his Head, which I was afraid was the EfFed of the
Bite, and not the Medicine : But after he had taken it
for fuch a dated Number of Days, he grew better, and
has continued well ever fincc. He had tied his Fin-

gers with Shoe-makers Ends, which are often ufed
for a Cut 3 and they were all very much inflamed, and
very fore. I made him take them off, and all his
Plaifters, and wafh his Hands with Salt and Water, and
in a Fortnight's Time they were quite well. * * * *
If this Account fhould corroborate any Experiments
already made, or incite the Skilful to make farther
Search of the Ufefulnelsof the Lichen , &c, I hope
it will excufe this Trouble from,

SIR ,

May 23. 173S, Jour , &C.

J. Fuller, Jun.
M m z VI. Another

[ *74 ]

VI. Another Cafe of a 'Terfon hit by a MacJ-
Dog, drawn up by David Hartley, M. A.
and Mr. Fr. Sandys, communicated to the
Royal Society by Francis Wollafton,

BOUT the latter End of November 1732.
Mr. Soames Groom was bit in the Hand by

a Mad^Dog, fo as to fetch Blood. It was not known
in the Family for three Days. On the 4th Day, when
Fr . Sandy s firft faw it, the Wound was healed 5 but
it was opened again by him, and kept fo for fome
time, but at laft healed fooner than was intended, by
the Negleft of the Servant. He was bled, took a
Purge, after that half an Ounce of Fulvis Antilyjjus
every Morning for three Mornings, and was ordered
to go into cold Water every Day for fome time; but
he neglefted it after the 3d Day. Beftdes this, Fr.
Sandys order'd him to forbear all Meats, and drink
nothing but Water. He continued in this Regimen
for about five Weeks; then finding himfelf well, would
confine himfelf no longer to it.

On Sunday , Jan . 7. following, he was feized with
a Sicknefs, Vertigo, and faultering in his Speech and
Memory 5 and at laft his Vertigo increafed to fuch a
Degree, that he fell down twice in the Space of half
an Hour ; and the laft time did not recover his Senfes,
till he was put to Bed, and blooded by a Perfon in the
Neighbourhood, to the Quantity of 18 or 20 Ounces,

Efqb F. R. S.

t>y

[ *75 ]

by his Matter's Order. Fr. Sandy s was fent for, but
could not come. He continued all Night reftlefs and
fullen, and in the Morning was blooded again, to the
Quantity of iy Ounces. 2). Hartley was fent for,
and came about Eight at Night, and found him very
fullen, thirfty, but averfe to drinking, and his Pulfe
quick and hard. He ordered him to be put into the
cold Bathj but he refufed to comply with it, till he
faw that Force would be ufed. About Midnight his
Pulfe rifing, the Do&or ordered him to be blooded to
the Quantity of 16 or 18 Ounces: He continued all
Night reftlefs. About Eight in the Morning he went
into the cold Bath again : About io 2). Hartley went
away, leaving it as his Opinion, that the cold Bath and
Bleeding fhould be freely repeated, as the Ciixum-
ftances fhould require. About Noon 2). Sandy s, be-
ing hitherto detained by Bufinefs, came, and bled him
immediately, to the Quantity of 18 or 20 Ounces:
He continued all this Night reftlefs. Upon Fr.
Sandy ss asking him whether his Averfion to drinking
proceeded from any Pain in fwallowing, or fome
other Caufe ? he faid it was from a Pain in fwallow-
ing. The next Morning his Strength not being at all
diminifhed, and his Pulfe continuing full as vigorous
as ever, Fr. Sandy s bled him again to the Quantity
of iy or 1 6 Ounces 5 yet he (till remained the fame,
and took the fame Care of his Horfes as ufual. Fra
Sandy s went away, leaving Orders that as long as thefe
Symptoms, viz. Reftleflnefs, Strength, and Averfion.
to drinking continued, he fhould be blooded freely,
and put into the cold Bath. He was blooded twice
more within the Week, fo that the whole Quantity,

which.

[ *7* ]

which he loft in that time was about 120 Ounces.
After the laft bleeding his Symptoms difappeared, and
he grew weak, low-fpirited and fleepy : Then he went
eight times into the cold Bath. He did not take any
Medicines during his whole Illnefs.

N. B. This Perfon hath continued well ever fince.
Anno 1738.

See 2? ampler' s Powder, N° 237. and N° 443.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Moon-,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetjlreet ,
and C. Davis, the Corner of Tater-nofter-row ,
next Warwick-lane Printers to the Royai,
Society. M.dcc.xxxix.

1- r; v ,

TAB . II .

J.Mj/ru/t'Jculpt .

Numb. 449;

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

For the Months of Auguft and September , 173&

The CONTENTS.

L An Inquiry concerning the Figure of fuch Planets
as revolve about an Axis, fuppojing the Denfity
continually to vary , from the Centre towards the
Surface j by Mr. Alexis Clairaut, F. R . S. and
Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris,,.
Tranflated from the French by the Rev. John
Colfon, Lucaf. Frof Math . Cantab, and F. R. S.

II. New Experiments upon Ice j taken from Abbe
Nolet, F. R. S. at Paris, and communicated by
J. T. Defaguliers, LL . D. F. R. S.

III. An* Observation of the Magnetic Needle being
fp affe&cd by great Cold, that it would not tra-
verfe 5 by Capt. Chriftopher Middleton, F. R. S.

IV. Extract of a Letter from Dr. Andrew Cant-
well of Montpelier, to Dr . Thomas Stack, dated
June 23 . 1732. concerning anuncommon Falfey of
the Eye-lids.

V. An Account of the Man whofe Arm with the
Shoulder-blade^^ torn off by * Mill, the 1 jth of
Auguft 1737. by Mr. John Belchier, F.R S. Sur-
geon t# Guy’s Hojbital

VI. An

The CONTENTS.

VI. An Account of the Wound, which the late Lord
Carpenter received at Brihuega; whereby a Bullet
remained near his Gullet for a Year wanting a few
Days--, communicated to the Royal Society by his
Son the Right Honourable George Lord Carpenter,
F, R . S , &c.

VII. Of an ObftruElim of the Biliary Duds, and an
Impoftumation of the Gall Bladder, difcharging
upwards of 18 Quarts of bilious Matter in 2y
‘Days, without any apparent Defetl in the Animal
Functions. By Claudius Amyand, Efq j Serjeant
Surgeon to His Majefty , and F.R. S .

VIII. Some Obfervations on the preceeding Cafe ,
by Alexander Stuart, M, D. F.R. S. &c.

IX. The apparent Times of the Immerfions and Emer-
fion sof the four Satellites a/7 Jupiter, for the Tear
1740. computed to the Meridian of the Royal
Obfervatory at Greenwich, by James Hodgfon,
F. R. S. Mafter of the Royal Mathematical School
in ChriftV Hofpital, London.

X. The apparent Times of fuch of the Immerfions
and Emerfions of JupiterV Satellites, as are vifble
at London, in the Tear 1740. By the Same .

XL A Continuation of an Account of Aw EBay to-
wards a Natural Hiftory of Carolina, and the Ba-
hama Iflands ; by Mark Catesby, F. R. S. with fome
Extracts out of the ninth Set , by Dr, Mortimer,
Seer, R, S.

\ .

I. An

[ w. 3

i

I. An Inquiry concerning the Figure of Inch
Planets as revolve about an fuppofmg
the Denjity continually to vary, from the
Centre towards the Surface $ by Mr. Alexis
Clairaut, F. R. S. and Member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences at Paris. Tranjlated
from the French by the Rev . John Colfon
Lucas , prof Math . Cantab, and F. R . S.

NOtwithftanding that Part of Sir Ifaac New-
tons Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philofophy , where he treats of the Figure of
the Earth, is deliver'd with the ufual Skill and Ac-
curacy of that great Author; yet I thought fomething
farther might be done in this Matter, and that new
Inquiries may be propofed, which are of no fmall
Importance, and which poffibly he overlook'd,
through the Abundance of thofe fine Difcoveries he
was in Purfuit of.

What at firft feem'd to me worth examining, when
I apply'd myfelf to this Sub j eft, was to know why
Sir* Ifaac affumed the Conical Ellipfis for the Figure
of the Earth, when he was to determine its Axis?
For he does not acquaint us why he did it, neither
can we perceive how he had fatisfied himfelf in this
Particular: And unlefs we know this, I think we
cannot intirely acquiefce in his Determinations of the
Axes of the Planets. It feems as if he might have
took any other oval Curve, as well as the conical
Ellipfis of Apollonius , and then he would have come
to other Conclufions about thofe Axes.

N n

I

E vs ]

I began then with convincing myfelf by Calcula-
tion, that the Meridian of the Earth, and of the other
Planets, is a Curve very nearly approaching to an El-
lipfis 5 fo that no fenfible Error could enfue by fuppofing
it really fuch. I had the Honour of communicating
my Demonftration of this to the Royal Society,
at the Beginning of the lad Year 5 and I have fince been
inform'd, that Mr. Stirlings one of the greateft Geo-
metricians I know in Europe, had infertedL a Dif-
courfe in the <PIoilofophical TranfaElions, NS 438.
wherein he had found the fame thing before me, but
without giving his Demonftration. When I fent that
Paper to London , I was in Lapland , within the frigid
Zone , where 1 could have no Recourfe to Mr. Stir-
lings Difcourfe, fo that I could not take any Notice
of it.

The Elliptical Form of the Meridian being once
proved, I no longer found any thing in Sir Ifaac
Newton , about the Figure of the Earth, which could
create any new Difficulty j and I fhould have thought
this Queftion fufficiently difcufs'd, if the Obfervations
made under the Ardlick Circle had not prevail'd on
ns to believe, that the Shape of the Earth was ftill
flatter than that of Sir Ifaac s Spheroid 5 and if he
himfelf had not pointed at the Caufes, which might
make Jupiter not quite fo flat, as by his Theory, and
the Earth fomething more..

As to Jupiter , he fays, fPage 416 of the 3d Edi-
tion of Thil . Nat . Trin . Math.) that its Equator
confifts of denfer Parts than the reft of its Body, be-
caufe its Moifture is more dried up by the Heat of the
Sun. But as to the Earth, he fufpe&s its Flatnefs to be
a fmall matter greater than what arifes by his Calcu-
lation.

[ *?9 1

lation. He infinuates, that it may poffibly be more
denfe towards the 'Centre than at the Superficies.
(See Art. XXIV. following) I am fomething fur-
prized that Sir JJaac. fhould imagine, that the Sun's
Heat can be fo great at J upiters Equator, when it
has no fuch Effed at that of the Earth; and that he
*does not aferibe each to a like Caufe, by fuppofing
alfo, that Jupiter mzy be of a different Denfity at the
Centre from that at the Superficies.

But whatever Reafon he might have for introducing
two different Caufes, I give the Preference to the
Hypothefis which fuppofes unequal Denfities at the
Centre and at the Circumference. I have inquired,
by the Affiftance of this Theory, what would be the
Figure of the Earth, and of the other Planets which
revolve about an Axe, on Suppofition that they are
compofed of fimilar Strata , or Layers, at the Surface $
but that their variable Denfity, from the Centre to-
wards the Circumference, may be expounded by any
Algebraical Equation whatfoever.

And though my Hypothefis fhould not be conform-
able to the Laws of Nature, or even though it fhould
be of no real Ufe (which would be the Cafe, if the
Obfervations made by the Mathematicians now in
*Peru, compared with ours in the North, fhould re-
quire that Proportion of the Axes, which is derived
from Sir Ifaacs Spheroid) $ I thought however that
Geometricians would be pleafed with the Speculations
contain'd in this Paper, as being, if not ufeful, yet
.curious Problems at leaft.

N n &

Fait

[ »8o ]

Part I.

la which are found the Laws of Attraction,
which are exerted upon Bodies at a Di-
ftance, by a Spheroid compos'd of Orbs of
different Degrees of Denfity.

Problem I.

To find the Attraction which a homogeneous Sphe -
roid BNEbe, (Tab. i. Fig. i.) differing but very
little from a Sphere , exerts upon a Corpufcle placed
at A in the Axis of Revolution .

I. We may conceive the Space BNEbDMB, in-
cluded between the Spheroid and the Sphere, to be
divided into an infinite Number of Sections perpen-
dicular to the Axe ACb. Suppofing then that every
one of the Particles, which are contain’d in one ot
thefe Elements or Moments N nmM, exerts the fame
Quantity of Attraction upon the Body at A, which
may be fuppos’d becaufe of the Smallnefs of N M 5

, \ye fhali have c^PM8 X^Px^n^ f°r Attraction

of any one of thefe Elements 5 putting c for the Ratio
pf the Circumference to the Radius, and a for the
given Ratio of M N tg> P M? that is, of D E to CD.

Now if we make CA=Le, CB=r, AM — z$ and
for PM, AP, Pp, if we fubftitute their Values ex-
prefs’d by z, and then feek the Fluent of the forego-
ing Quantity $ we fhali have i £11!— for the
0 ^ 3.ee fe4

Value

[ 28i 3

Value of the whole Attraction of the Solid gene-
rated by the Revolution of BDbEB: To which if

we add the Attraction of the Sphere, we fhall

3 ee

have cd- 1+ — - - — for the required Attraction

3ee 3ee 5e’

of the Spheroid upon the Corpufcle A.

Problem II.

Suppofing now the Spheroid Bebe (Fig. 2.) to be no
longer of a homogeneous Matter, but to be com -
pos’d of an infinite Number of Elliptical Strata,
all fimilar to BEb, the ‘Denfities of which are
reprefented by the Ordinates K T of any Curve
whatever VT, of which we have the Equation
between CK and KT ; the Attraction is required
which this Spheroid exerts upon a Corpufcle
placed at the Tole B. ^

II. Making BC=e, CK=r, by the foregoing Pro-
pofition, we Ihould have

2 r 2 3 c j 4.C r 3 ct 4car3

for

3 ee 3 ee 5 e

the Attra&ion of the Spheroid KLK, if it confiftedof
homogeneous Matter,- and the Fluxion of this Quan-

tity

2rrc r
ee

— - — iSlllL would be the Element

ee

or Moment of the Orb KLKklk. But becaufe the
Denfity is variable, we muft multiply this Value of the
Attraction of the Orb by KT, and the Fluent of this
Quantity will be the Value of the Attraction of the
Spheroid KLK.

As to the Value of KT, which expreffes the Den-
ftty of the Stratum or Bed KLKklk, we fhall take

only

I *«* 1

only frP-pgrq, becaufe we (hall fee afterwards, that
a Value more compounded, at frP-fgrti-|-hrs-(-irt,
fyc. which by the Property of Series may exprefs all
Curves, would not produce any Variety in the Cal-
culation.

Therefore multiplying the foregoing Equation by

3+P . ..,5-f-p

ifrP-fgr^, we (hall have - — Xl+.aa—

eex^ + p

3+q 5+q

4C*fr

e4*5+P

2 C g X 1 rf-2gtXr

Acgtgr for the Quantity

e4X5 + q

"4“ ,

ee X 3 + q

of Attraction of the Spheroid K L K, exerted upon a
Corpufcle placed at B.

III. In this Value making r=e, we fhall have

3cfe1 + Pj 8cfeI+p* ■ 2Cge1 + q 8cge1+ +

3 + P 3+Px? + P 3 + q +3+qx5+q’

which will exprefs the Force of Attraction of the
Spheroid BEb, exerted upon a Corpufcle placed at
the Pole B.

T H E ORE M.

A Corpufcle being placed in any Toint N of the Sur-
face of the foregoing Spheroid B E b e, I fay it
will undergo the fame Attraction from this Sphe-
roid, as if it were placed at the Tole N of a fe-
cond Spheroid revolving about the Axe N O, the
fecond Axe being the Radius of a Circle equal in
Superficies to the EIRpfis F G ; fuppofing this fe-
cond Spheroid N G O F (Fig. 3.) to be compofed of
the Strata MmqQ_, whofe ‘Denfities are the fame
as thofe of the Strata KkLIKk, of the firfi
Spheroid \

IV. In

C *-«5 ]

IV. In the Difcourfe I had the Honour of commu-
nicating to the Royal Society, being then at
Torneo , printed in the Thilofophical Tranfatfions,
N° I have demonftrated this Propofition as to a
homogeneous Spheroid 5 and the faiue Reafoning will 1
obtain in this Cafe alfo. .

Problem IIL

To find the Attraction which the Spheroid Be be
(Fig. 2.) exerts upon a Corpufcle placed at any
point N of the Superficies.

V. We will make, as above, BC=e> CE=e+e^'
and alfo CN^e + eA, and half the Conjugate Dia-
meter of CN will be CG~e+ea— eAi whence the
Radius of a Circle, equal in Superficies to the Ellipfis
FG, will be a mean proportional between CE and

and CG, that is to fay, e + e<x~-~eA. Therefore the

Spheroid BE be exerts the fame Attrattion at N, as
would be exerted at the Pole of a Spheroid NGOF,
(Fig. 3.) of which the principal Axis would be
NO = 2e+2eA, and the^fecond would be to the

Principal as 1 A to 1.

Therefore in theExpreffion of the Attraction at the
Pole, (Art. III.) we muft fubftitute e+eA inftead of

e, and a — ~A inftead of But if f and g muft no

longer be the fame 5 for we may eafily perceive by the
foregoing Theorem , that the Denfity muft be the fame
in this Spheroid NGOF, at the Diftance r+r A from
the Centre, as it is in the Spheroid BE be at the

Diftance

C 184 ]

Diftance r. Therefore f (j-^) ! P+ 8 (_«_)■ q mun be
put inftead of fC’+ge'1. Thus we fhall have

aefe I~r‘P , 2p— icfAe1^"? Scfae'+P irop' + l

^ <--- [ — .

3+q

3 + P

+

3 + PX5 + P 3 + p x5 + p

,*+q

+_8cg«e- +q for t|K Attraction of

3 + qXj-f-q "T" 3 + qX)+q

the Spheroid BE be at N.

VI. If we make A — a, the foregoing Exprelllon

will be reduced to this 2cfel + P . acfe^P*

r + q j J_ q . 3 + P 5+P

■ I 2Cge i 2cge which exprefles the At-

+ 3+q + 5+q ’

itra&ion of the Equator.

VII. If we would have the Attraction at any Point
M within the Spheroid, in the Expreflion of the At-
traction at N, we muft put t inftead of e. The Proof
of this is plain from the fame Reafons that Sir I/aac
Newton makes ufe of, (Corol. 3. Prop. XCI. L. 1.
Princip. Math.) to (hew that the Attraction of an
Elliptic Orb, at a Point within it, is none at all.

Problem IV.

Let RnrTT (Fig. 4.) be a Circle whofe Centre is Y ;
'tis required to find the Attraction which this
Circle exerts upon a Corpufcle at N, according to
the Direction H Y $ fuppofing the Point H, which
anfwers perpendicularly below the Point N, to be
cat a very Jmall Diftance from the Point Y.

VIII. Let there be drawn nH7r perpendicular to
the Diameter RYr,. and let the Space RLIt be trans-
ferred

C 3

fer’d to 7t n Z. Then the Space 7rZ nr will be the
only Part of Rnrx, which will attract the Body N
according to HY.

To find the Attraction of this little Space, ■fre will
fuppofe it to be divided into the Elements TtsS, the
Attractions of which, according to HY, will be

or ~HYnt»X^T' the Fluent of which
iHVxHQTz is the Attraction of TZrS, according
to HY. In which if we put n v for H Q> we fhall have
"HtR^hy, iHYxnffxc. for the Attraction

ITT? ot nt3
required.

IX. It is eafy to perceive, that if, inftead of a Circle,
the Curve R n r were an Ellipfis, or any other Curve
whofe Axes were but very little different from one
another, the foregoing Solution would be ftill the
lame.

Problem. V.

To find the Attraction which an Elliptical Spheroid
KLk (Fig. f.) exerts upon a Corpufcle placed with-
out its Surface at N, according to the "Direction
CX perpendicular to CN.

X. To perform this, we will begin by drawing the
Diameter Cpy, which bifeCts the Lines Rr perpendi-
cular to CN; and the Ratio of CH to HY fhall be
call’d n. Then efteeming the Ellipfis Rr as a Circle,
(fee the foregoing Article) we fhall have by the Pro-
blem aforegoing ;ncxRH* xCH por jts Attraction,

O o

according

C it* 3

according to HY ; which being multiply’d by the
Fluxion of MH, the Fluent of this will be the At-
traction of the Segment of the Spheroid RMr.

This Calculation being made, and Nm being fub-

ftituted for N R, we (hall have — ' ztJ for the Attrac-

A • 5 e 4

tiort of the Spheroid in N, according to the Direc-
tion CX.

Il" ‘ Problem VI.

j ^ * i T* // * ' ( > ' ■ ^ v n • * ,7 ' * I * * * t y - ■ i *

Th find the Attraction of a Corpufcle N, according
to CX, towards an Ellipfoid BNEbe, comp of ed
of Strata, the E)enfities of which are defined by
the Equation D=frr+grt3.

XI/ Take the Fluxion of the Quantity Lfjili,

5 e ^

which exprefies the Attraction of the homogeneous
Ellipfoid KLk, and you will have — 4 - for the

Attraction of an infinitely little elliptick Orb 5 which
being multiply’d by the Denfity D, gives ?cnfr4"^Pr

e *

+

lcgnr^lr, the Fluent of which ?cfnr*~^~p

5-f-pxe4

•, is the Attraction of the Spheroid

2 c a n r

e*

?+q

5 "d- x 4 .

KLk, according to CX. Therefore the total At-
traction of the Spheroid BNEbe. upon the Cor-
pufeie N, according to the Direction CX, will be

r I + P i + q

s c f ne 1 r » 2cgne 1 \

5+p ~ 5+q -

Now

[ 3

Now if we have regard to the Smallnefs of thf
Line Nr, and obferve how little the Angle >N C wilt
differ from a right one, we may perceive that the Dia-
meter CN contains the fame Angle with the perpen-
dicular NX in N, as the Diameter CN with the per-
pendiculaf at y $ that is to fay, that the Angle N G v
is the fame as the AngleCNX j fo that inftead of n we

may take Wherefore the foregoing Hxpreflion of

the Attraction of the Ellipfoid BE be, a&ing accord-
ing to the Direction CX upon a Corpufcle placed in
c i — {— p C X i -f* q C X

N, will be 2cfe *

5 + P

CX

CN'

2 ege

5 + q

X

CN

Problem VII.

To find the ‘Direction of the Attraction of a Cor *
pufcle N towards the Ellipfoid.

XII. By the fecond Problem we {hall find the At-
traction of the Spheroid according to CN to be
i “f" P * -h* q

acfe.. _-4-i£&£ > by 'expunging what may be

3 t“ P 3 “r q

here expunged. Then by taking a fourth proporti-
onal to thefe three Quantities, the firft of which is the
Attra&ion according to CN, the fecond is that ac-
cording to C X, and the third is the right line CN s
there will arife

r+P,

fe

_ 5 + P

5 + q

feI + p

-fr— +

1 4-q
ge 14

xCX— Cl.

O O 2

Whence

[ in 3

Whence we {hall have NI for the Direction requir’d,
of the AttrafUon of the Corpufcle N.

XIII. If we fuppofe p=q=o, that is, if the Splie-

riod be homogeneous, we fhall have C I — C X ;

which agrees with what Mr. Stirling has 'found, in
that curious Difiemtion he has publiih'd in the Tbila-
fophical Tranfattions, N® 438.

Part I?.

The Ufe of the foregoing Problems, in find#
ing the Figure of Spheroids, which revolve
about an Axis.

XIV. Let us now fuppofe, that the foregoing Sphe:
roid BNEbe, (Fig. f.) which is dill compofcd of
Beds or Strata of different Dcnfities, revolves about
its Axis Bb, and that it is now arrived at its- per-
manent State. It is plain that the Particles of the
Fluid, which are upon its Surface, muft gravitate ac-
cording to a Direction perpendicular to the Curvature
BN Et for without this Condition there could be no
/Equilibrium.

We (hall now inquire, whether the Elliptic Figure
we have aferibed to our Spheroids can have this Pro-
perty, and to produce this Effeft, what muft be the
Relation between the Time of Revolution of the
Spheroid and the Difference of its Axes.

Let us then put 4> for the centrifugal Force at
the Equator, and the centrifugal Force at N will be

becaufe jPNx«— Cx.

[ 18<? ]

By refolving this centrifugal Force according to the
Perpendicular to CN, we fhall have

<p*CX . > . i

-7-p? which

2ctXCE

h^incr sdrtaH tn 2 c g e A ^ CX

being added to

found by Prob. V. will give the whole Force of the
Body N, according to the Direction CX, when the
Spheroid is converted about its Axis. But becaufe
this Body, by virtue of the Attraftion according to
CN, and the Force according toCX, ought to have
a perpendicular Tendency to the Superficies 5 we fhall

2 c f e 1
3~4-p

fhall have this Analogy, CN. CX:

2 cee

i + q

CX

CX

3 + q

— x

2 A

CE

2cfeI + p

“7 TT*

CX , „ i+q
2 c g e 1 ^

CN

7T7

.. CN And hence, becaufe CN and CE may be
aflumed as the fame on this Occafion, it. will, be

8 cf e 1 | 8 c g e *

8+PX5+P 3+qxs+q
And as in this Value of the centrifugal Force, no
Quantity enters but what will agree to any Point N >
we may therefore conclude, that
wh™ our fuppos'd elliptical Spheroid
cal. Bodies -will gra- performs its Rotation in. a proper
•vitate perpendicu- Time, fo that the centrifugal Force
Lrly to its Surface. at t}lc EqUator may be as before ; then

the centrifugal Force in any other Place N will be
fuchas it ought to be, tocaufe Bodies to gravitate in a
perpendicular Direction to the Surface.

XV. If

[ *9° 1

XV. If we now confider, that

The'ExpreJJlonfor ED (Fig. 6.) being taken for the
the Gravity at any .r " , v • 1- i .

Flace on the Sthi centrifugal Force in E, then will

roid. x MN exprefs the centrifugal Force

in'N, and confequentJy MI will be

fuch a Part of this Force as afts according toNCj we

',cfeI + P* , gcae1"*-^

fhall have °cfe A |

3+pxj+p 3+qx^ + q
from the Attraction at N. Hence
I + P Scftter + P

to be fubtrafted
2cfeI+P

2p — iocfAe

r t r ^ ^ 1 c. |Ouiac ,

n r~i— . r-f= r~—r— ~ — r= +

i c g e

3 + P

i+q

3 +PX 5 + p 3+Px5 + P 3 + q

IOCsAeI+q ■ sce«eI+q wiU be the Gn.

■ . 2q — iocgle 1 't , s c a a e 1 ’

3 + qX5 + q 8 + qX5-(-q

vity at N.

XVI. In this Value making a =<*, we fhall have

*Fhe Gra— . i —I— p ■ 1 c i E p i q

•vity at the acfe Tll,ap-2cfae acge

Equator. 3 + P

3 + PX5 + P ‘ 3+q

2q — 2cgcte £or tbe Gravity at the Equator.

3+qxs+q

XVII. If we fubtraft the Value of the Gravity in
N from the Value of the Attraction or Gravity at

the Pole, (Art III.) we fhall have IO“2pcfAeI+P

x + q

3 + PXJ + p

,10 — 2qccrAe-1'1 ^ . * r » 1

■~r — - - — • - — • But it is eafy to perceive, that

3 + q x 5 + q

A is proportional to the Square of the Sine of the
Arc PM, or of the Complement of the Latitude.
Whence we may therefore conclude, that the Dimi-
nution

C *9* ]

nution of the Gravity from the Pole to the Equator is
proportional to the Square of the Cofine of the Lath
tude 5 or, which is the fame thing, that the Augmen-
tation of Gravity from the Equator to the Eole is
as the Square of the Sine of the Latitude , as Sir
Ifaac Newton has demonftrated in his Hypothefis of
a homogeneous Spheroid.

XVIII. From the following Calculation it is eafy to
conclude, that Sir Ifaac’ s Theorem, ( Trin . Math .
L. III. Prop. XX.) which is this, that the Gravity in
any T lace within is reciprocally as the Diftance
from the Centre , cannot obtain here. For we may
fee by the foregoing Exprefllon, that the Gravity in
N cannot be to the Gravity in P as 1 to 1 +a, except
when p— q — o, which happens only in Sir Ifaac’ $
homogeneous Spheroid.

It was for want of confidering, that this Theorem
was demonftrated by Sir Ifaac only in the Cafe of his
homogeneous Spheroid, that feveral Geometricians
have too haftily concluded, this Theorem might be
apply'd to determine the Ratio of the Earth's Axes*
and the Lengths of the Pendulum obferved in two
Places of different Latitudes. Dr. Gregory is one of
thofe who have fallen into this Miftake, in his Ele-
ments of Aflronomy, Lib. III. Sed. 8. Prop. y2. And
in the Ehilofophicai TranfaElions , Ng 432. it is con-
cluded, from the Proportion of Gravity at Jamaica
to that at London , that the Diameter of the Equator
muft exceed the Earth's Axis by 7-f^th Part, which
Computation was founded on this 20th Propofition,
Lib. III. of Sir Ifaac $ Trincipa} which is true only
of his Spheroid.

XIX, La

[ *9* 3

XIX. Let us now fuppofe, that
jfafiv VhaenAxes°!f the centrifugal Force at the Equa-
te spheroid, the tor is known by Obfervation, as

Variation of the a[fQ within the Earth, &c. and that

Densities of the
Strata being taken
at pleafure.

it is a certain Part - of the Gravity ;

by Articles XIV. and XVI. we fhall
have this Equation :

r I 4-p ~

2C fe ' •

2D'

3 + P

“ r I+P I+q

2Cfe ' ret | 2 C g C 1 n

2_q

2c 2 e

t + q,

3 + P*5 + P
_ 8cf m e

3 + q

8c mge
o ..

! + q.

+ qx5+q 3 + pxj+p 3 + qM+q

From hence it will be eafy to derive the Value of x,
becaufe f,g,p,q, will be given, from the Hypothefis
that will be chofen, for the Variation of the Denfity
in the internal Parts of the Spheroid.

XX. And if on the contrary a. be given, that is, if
we know by Obfervation the Ratio of the Axes of
the Planet concern’d; then by the foregoing Equation
we may perceive, whether we have afl'umcd an agree-
able Hypothefis For the Variation of the Denfities :
But we cannot precifely determine what this Hypo-
thefis muft be, becaufe there is but one Equation, in
which four indeterminate Quantities f, g, p, q, are in-
volved* And indeed there might be many more than
four indeterminate Quantities, if we Ihould aflume
more than two Terms in the general Equation of the
Denfities D=frp-Jrgr<1-j-hrs, &c.

XXI. In order to apply the foregoing Theory to the
Earth, it might feem at firft Sight, that by the Afllft-
ance of Obfervations made for meafuring the Length

of

C m 3

of the Pendulum, we might have other Equations,
which with the foregoing Equation A, would deter-
mine the Coefficients & Exponents now mention’d ;
but we (hall foon fee the Impoffibility of this upon two
Accounts : Firft, There need be only two Obferva-
tions, as to what concerns the Length of the Pendulum.
For becaufe by Art. XVII. the Augmentation of the
Gravity from the Equator to the Pole is proportional
to the Square of the Sine of the Latitude, two Obfer-
vations as much determine the Problem as an infinite
Number can do : So that we could have but one other
Equation befides the foregoing. This Equation will

The firft Member of this Equation expreffes the Gra-
vity at the Equator fubtraded from the Gravity at the
Pole, and divided by the Gravity at the Equator ; a
Quantity which may be known in Numbers, by deter-
mining the Length of the Pendulum at two different
Latitudes. The other Member of the Equation is an
Expreffion of the fame Quantity, as it is deduced by
the preceding Calculus.

Secondly, This new Equation B cannot be of any
Service in determining the Coefficients and Expo-
nents f, g, p, q, <&c. For we fhail now (hew, that the

foregoing Ratio P~P has fuch an immediate Con-

P

nexion with «, that one of them being determin’d*
the other wiU neceffarily be fo too, independently of

/

H-p x s+p ^+qxs+g

be (B) £23?
P

P p

I 2 94 3

t be Values of f,g,p,q, &c. This may deferve our
Attention, and the Proof is thus :

XXII. Becaufe the Ratio of the Gravity to the Cen-
trifugal Force is very great, and is exprefs'd by m, in
the Equation A we may rejed the third and fourth
Terms , by which means the Equation will be reduced

f , g 4 mfa ( 4mga

tothis, ?_|_p ?_j_q 3 + PX5+P 3+q*5+q

And if from this Equation we deduce the Value either
of f or g, and fubftitute it in the Equation B.; (having
firft reje&ed the firft and fourth Terms of the Deno-
minator, as in this Cafe may be done) we (hall have
after the Calculation is made, whatever is the Num-
ber of Terms in the Equation of the Denfities,

/ .7

p — P TO or P — J a, by .putting 280 for

p 4m P IT5

The .Figure -of m> » r,h« b?en lonS known.
the spheroid being It is eahly feen from this Equation,

known, the Aug - '

mentation of Gra - that when cc is determined, E—
'vityfrom theEqua- P

tor to the Vole will will be lo too, which was the

be known alfo', and thing, propofed to be proved,
y^vicevefla.

XXIII. But from this Equation there follows a very
lingular Proportion, and which, in fome fort, is con-
trary to the Sentiments of Sir Ifaac Newton , Page
430. of the 3d Edition of his Principles. And this
is, that if by Obfervation it fhall be difeoverd , that
the Earth is flatter than according to the Spheroid
4>f Sir Ifaac, that is , if the Diameter of the Equa-
tor exceeds the Axis by more than the tjo Dart, the

■Gravity

[ *95 3

Gravity will increafe lefs from the Equator towards
the cPoley than according to the Table which he has
given for his Spheroid $ Prop. XX. of the 3d Book,
And on the contrary, if the Spheroid is not fo flat ,
the Gravity will increafe more from the Equator
towards the T ole.

XXIV. Tis thus that Sir lfaac Newton exprefles
himfelf about it, when he relates the Experiments
made towards the Southy concerning the Diminution
of Gravity, which Experiments make it greater than
his Theory requires. He affirms^
that the Earth is denfer towards the
Centre than at the Superficies, and
more deprefs’d than his Spheroid re-
quires. But by the foregoing Theory
we may eafily perceive, that if the
Denfity of the Earth diminifhes from
the Centre towards the Superficies,
the Diminution of Gravity from the
Pole towards the Equator will be
greater than according to Sir Ifaac'%
Table ; but at the fame time the
Earth will be not fo much deprefs’d
as his Spheroid requires, inftead of
being more fo, as he affirms. Yet
I would not by any means be underflood to de-
cide againft Sir Ifaac's Determination, becaufe I
cannot be allured of his Meaning, when he tells
us, that the Denfity of the Earth diminifhes from the
Centre towards the Circumference. He does not
explain this, and perhaps inftead of the Earth’s being
compos’d of parallel Beds or Stratay its Parts may be

P p a con-

Et excejfus longi -
fudinis Penduli Pa -
riftenfts fupra Ion -
gitudines Pendulo-
rum ifochronorum in
his latitudinibus ob-
fervatas , funt paulo
rnajores quam pro
Tabula longitudi -

num Penduli fupe-
rhts computata. Et
propterea Terra ali-
quant o altior eft fub
aquatore , quam pro
fuperiore calcuhj &
denftor ad centrum
quam in fodinis
prope fuperficiem.

[ *,« ]

conceived to be otherwife arranged and difpofed, fo
as that the Proportion of Sir Ifaac fhall be agreeable
to the Truth.

XXV. As to Dr. Gregory , who has attempted to
comment upon this Paflagc of Sir Ifaac , I think I have
demonftrated, that he has committed a Paraiogifm.
He fays {Element. Aftronom. Lib. III. §. VIII. Prop.
LII. Schol.) that if the Earth is denfer towards the
Centre, or if (for Example) it has a Nucleus of greater
Weight than 'the other Parts, the Diminution of Gra-
vity from the Pole towards the Equator fhall be greater
than if the whole were of the fame Dcnfity $ and in
this he is right. But he is in the wrong (I think) im-
mediately to conclude from thence, that the Earth
has a greater Flatndfs. Whence can he conclude this ?
It can be only from that Propofition of Sir Ifaac which
informs us, that Gravity is in a reciprocal Ratio of the
Diftancesi becaufe he gave us the Propofition but the
Page before, as a Method for determining the Tigure
of the Earth. But we are not allow'd to make ufe
of this Propofition in this Cafe, becaufe it »has been
fhewn, Art. XVIII. that it can take Place only on
the Suppofition of a homogeneous Splieroid. There-
fore, &c.

XXVI. It 'will not be very difficult, without any
Regard had to the foregoing Theory, to find the Ratio
of the Axes of a Spheroid, which we may fuppofe to
ihave a Nucleus at the Centre, of greater Denfity than
the reft of the Planet^ and hence we fhall be eafily
aflured of Dr. Gregory's Miftake.

XXVIL Setting afide all Attraction of the Parts -of
Matter, if the Aftion of Gravity is directed towards a
Centre, and is in the reciprocal Ratio of the Squares

of the Diftances, the Ratio of the Axes of the Sphe-
roid will then be that of f/6 to 577 : And the Gra-
vity at the Pole is greater than at the Equator fay
^th Part, or thereabouts. Which may be a Con
formation of what is here advanced, efpeciaily to fuck
as will not be at the Pains of going through the fore-
going Calculations. For we may confider the Sphe-
roid now mention'd, in which Gravity afts in a reci-
procal Ratio of the Squares of the Diftances, as com-
pofed of Matter of fuch Rarity, in refpeft of that at
the Centre, that the Gravity is produced only by the
Attraction of the Centre or Nucleus.

XXVIII. In the foregoing Calculations, in order
to find the Axes of our Spheroids* and to know whe-
ther their Figure makes a fenfible Approach to that of
the conical Ellipfts, we have had Recourfe to this Prin-
ciple, that Gravity ought always to aft in a Direftion
^perpendicular to the Surface. Two Reafons have
prevail'd with us to make ufe of this Principle rather
than the other, which confifts in the Equilibrium of
'the Columns. The firft is, becaufe the Calculations,
founded thereon are more fimple. The lecond is,
that confidering the State of the aftual Solidity of the
Earth, it fhould feem as if this Principle were the
more indifpenfably neceffary. However, becaufe Sir
Ifaac Newton, and all the other Philofophers, who
•have treated about the Figure of the Earth, have taken
it, as it were, at its firft Formation, at which Time
they fuppofe it to have been fluid-5 we (hall here make
'the fame Suppofttion, and we fhall affume no other
Ratio for that of the two Axes, than that of the Sphe-
noid, which refultsTrom a Coincidence of thefe two

[ ]

We fhall begin by inquiring what is the intirc
'Weight of any Column CN, Fig. 7. To do this we
muft refume the Expreflion of the Attraction in any
Point M of the Column CN ; then multiply it by

r -f- A r, and by theDenfity frP-j-grq, and afterwards
we muft find the Fluent. Thus we fhall have

cf Ie2~^~2P I cg^e2"^"21! | 2 cfge2~^~ P~^~q
I+P X 5+P ‘ i + qy Hhq a + P+q X 3 + p

1 3cfee2-^-^)-^"q

a+P+qX3 + q

2 + 20

+

4cg *e

4cft <2 e~~^~2p

i + Px 3+PX5 + P
8cfgae2 + P~l"q

1 +qx 3-f-qx 5+q ' 2+p+qx3+px5 + q

- j - 8 c f g <* e2 P~^T~ ^ 4-|- 2p,c f * A e2 2 P

+

+

2+P+qX3 + qX5-fq i + pX34-px5-f P
4- -f- 1 o c <? * \ p 2 q _|_ 8-4-4pcgfxe2~^~P~^~q
3+qX5 + qxx + p a + P + qX3 + pX5 + p

8 + 4qcfgxp ~f~pj^ for the total Gravity of
2 + P + q X 3 + q X 5 -f* q

any Column CN,, having Regard only to the At-
traction.

XXIX. If in this Expreflion we make a=o, we
fhall have the Gravity of the Column at the Pole.

XXX. And if we make A = «, we fhall have the
Aggregate of the Attractions of the Column at the
Equator.

XXXI. Now becaufe the Column C N is in /Equi-
libria with the Column C B ; it follows from thence,
that if we lubtraft the W eight of the Column C B from
the Aggregate of the Attractions of the Column CN,
«he Refidue muft be equal to the Sum of the centrifugal

Forces

C 2 99 ]

Forces of the Column C N. Now to endue our Sphe-
roids with this Property, we will refume the Expreffion
of the centrifugal Force in E, which we found Art.

XIV. which will give ^

Scf e

*4-P,

4

Scge

i + P

■)

3+-Px5 + P 3 4<lK5 + q

for that Part of the centrifugal Force which afts ac-
cording to CM, in any Place M, by expunging the
Terms in which a, a. would be found. This Value
being multiply ’d by r, and by the Dcnfity, will give

('when we have taken the Fluent) - _ — — —

2+PX^+PX5 +;P

+ 8cfge2+p4q^ 8cfge2 + P + qx

2+P'x3 + qx5+4 2 + qX3+pX5 + p

-p g -iL- -~L for the Silm of the centri-

2+qx3+q><5+q
fugal Forces of the Column CN> (till expunging thofe
Terms in which either a a or. a A are found.

Then making this* Expreifion equal to

2 + P + qA

4 2 p c P* e 2 ^ 2 P a | 8 -f- 4. t> c f v e

I+Px3+Px 5+P 2+p+qx3 4-pX5‘if-p

8 -f- 4. q c f g e2“^~ P 4-^-2 qcgse2^"2 C*

A.

— ?

2+p+qx3+qx5+.q ' i+qx3+qx5+q

which is the Difference of the Weight of the Co-
lumn at. the Pole C B, from the Sumuof the Attrafti-
ons of the Column CN, we fhall have the Equation

ppff a p q f g

’74^X^+pxH-:Px5+P ‘ a + P + qx3 + Px5+Px2 + q
} 2pqfg ^ q q g g

^i-fp 4-qxT+qX 5 + q x 2+P i-f qXa+qX3-(-qx5 + q
where we have put e=i, for the greater Simplicity of
Calculation.

XXXII,

■3=0,

Determination of
fuch Spheroids , as
make the Principle
of the Equilibrium
of the Columns^ and
that of Gravity per -
pendicular to the
Surface , to coincide
•with each other.

[ S°® 3

XXXII. This Equation informs us, that when out
of all the infinite Varieties, which will be fupply'd

by the Equation of the Denfities D=frp^-gr^3-f-hrs,
&c. we (hall have taken at Plea-
fure all the Coefficients, and all the
Exponents, one only excepted 5 if
this laft is fuch in refped of the
others, that it may fulfil the Con-
ditions of the foregoing Equation,
the Spheroid, being fuppofed in a
State of Fluidity, will be in c/ Equi-
libria, becaufe it will unite as well the Principle of a
perpendicular Tendency to the Surface, as that of an
Equipoife of the feveral Columns.

XXXIII. Before I conclude this Paper, I (hall make
a few Refle&ions on the Principles we have now
made ufe of, for determining the Figure of a Spheroid
revolving about its Axe.

The firft Principle which* after Mr. Huygens , we
have had Recourfe to, and which confifts in making
Bodies gravitate perpendicularly to the Surface, feems
to me of abfolute Neceffity. For if there were never
fo little Water upon the Surface of the Earth, it could
not be at Reft, if it had a Tendency any how inclined
to the Surface.

The fecond Principle, made ufe of by Sir Ifaac
Newton , and which confifts in an Equilibrium of the
Columns CE, CN, CP, could be thought neceflary
(I think) only for thefe two Rtafons : The firft is
that which is ufually affign'd, that at the firft Forma-
tion of the Earth, it was probably in a State of perfect
Fluidity 5 in which cafe it mult acquire fuch a Figure,

[ *01 ]

as will refult from the Equilibrium of the Columns,
and from the Gravitation afting perpendicularly to the
Surface. Indeed though this Reafon has a Degree of
Plaufibility, yet there are many who think it to be of
fmall Force. Perhaps, fay they, the Earth has never
been in this fluid Condition.

The fecond Reafon, which I believe will have a
greater Weight with every Body, is this. Confider-
ing the Earth as it is at prefent, and without carrying
our Thoughts fo far back as to its Formation, if the
Ocean, which is now upon its Surface, has any con-
fiderable Depth, and if its Parts preferve a Commu-
nication with each other, from Region to Region, by
fubterraneous Canals; it can only keep an Equili-
brium by this Means, becaufe its Superficies is the
fame as it would have, were the whole a Fluid.

XXXIV. This fecond Reafon has fuggefted a Re-
flexion to my Mind, concerning the Equipoife of the
Columns now calculated, Art. XXXI. and XXXII.
Let us firft fuppofe, that the Earth is our fluid Sphe-
roid, compofed of Beds of different Denfities ; and
that afterwards this Fluid hardens into a Solid, fo that
the different Beds or Strata , of which it is made up,
are of no other Ufe but to caufe a Gravity by their
Attractions. Then let us fuppofe, that the Seas and
great W aters about the Earth have a Communication
with each other, by means of fome fubterraneous
Canals. As the Waters of the Sea, which unite with
one another, are probably homogeneous, the forego-
ing Calculation, wherein we have confider d the Sphe-
roid as a Fluid, can no longer take Place, becaufe we
have there fuppofed, that the Fluid contain'd in the
Canal BCN is of a Denfity, that varies from the

Q^q Centre

I jW ]

Centre to the Circumference. From hence it feems
ro me, we muft undertake the Computation of the
Equilibrium of the Columns after another Manner,

thus :

We muft examine whether two Canals, as CN and
BC, which arefiird with a homogeneous Fluid, will
be in ti^quilibrio, all the other Parts of the Spheroid
continuing as above.

XXXV. To do this, we will begin with finding the
Gravity of any Column CN, (Fig. 7.) arifing from
Attraction alone. Firft, then, we muft refume the Ex-
preffion of the Attradlion in any Point M, Art. VIL
Then we muft multiply it by r-f- Ar, which will give

acfr1 84"iP,cf j

3 + P F r+px5"+? 1 3+PxT+P

JL 2cgr1^"qr And taking the Fluent of this
3 + q *

Quantity, we fhall have , -L. 4-cf*e2^p

3 + PX2 + P 3+Px5+P

-f -b— gea + q &c. for the Gra-

2 + Px3 + Px5+P 3+qX2 + q

vity of the whole Column C N.

XXXVI. If in this Value we make A=o, we fhall
have the Gravity of the Column at the Pole.

XXXVII. And if we fubtraft the Gravity of the
Column at the Pole from the whole Sum of the
Attractions of the Column CN, we fhall have

which muft be equal to

3+PX5+P 3+qX5 + q

$he Sum of the centrifugal Forces of the Column C N,

in

C 5°5 ]

in order that the Columns CB and CN may be
C yEquiiibrio.

But we fhall find this really to obtain, if we refumc

in

the Quantity

/8cfeI+P , 8

:

+

cee‘+qAr

xr+qj?

.... . ...... . which

\3 + Px5 + P 3+q
expreffes (Art. XXXI.) that Part of the centrifugal
Force in M, which a£ts according to C M. Then mul-
tiplying this Expreffion by r, and feeking the Fluent,

we fhall have. l e

2+p

+

4 c g e

2-fq

for the Ag-

3 + P*5 + P ‘ 3 + q x 5 -f <3
gregate of the centrifugal Forces of the Column CN.
And this being the fame as the foregoing, {hews, that
the Columns CB and CN are in ^/Equilibria, fup-
pofirig them to be homogeneous s nor are we here
obliged, as in Art. XXXII. where we confider them
as' heterogeneous, to fuppofe the Coefficients f, p, &c.
to have any certain Relation among one another.

XXXVIII. Perhaps it may be urged, that the fore-
going Calculus agrees only to a Canal, as B CN, which
paffes through the Centre; and that we ought to
prove, in the fame manner, that the Water included
in any other Canal pqr would obferve an ^Equili-
brium. But it appears to me, that this Property may
. be derived from the former: For it follows from the
foregoing Calculation, that if we might be allow'd to
make this. Hypothcfis, ws. That independently of the
Attraction of any Matter, the Gravity at any Diftance
CN from th£ Centre/ (fee Fig. 7.)' would bepropor-

2cfeI + P.|,I^I^cfxe1^'P j Scf^e'+P

tional to m

3+P 3*fPX5+P ' 3+PX* + p’

&c. it is plain from thence, that a Mafs of the homo-

Q,q i ' geneous

. [ m ]

geneous Fluid, which fhould turn about the Axis CB,
would afiume the fame Form as that of our hetero-
geneous Fluids. But if this Spheroid fhould then put
on a fix'd State, except only fome Canal pqr, the
Water in this Canal would be in z^Equilibrio ; for
without this, the Spheroid could not be efteem'd as
having arrived to its fix'd State. But this Supposition
comes to the fame as that of our heterogeneous Sphe-
roid, compofed of elliptical Beds, in which fhould
be found a Canal pqr of a homogeneous Fluid > pro-
vided that the Space, which this Canal poflefies in the
Globe, be not of fo large an Extent, as to change the
Law of Attra&ion.

It might now be thought feafonable to give Ex-
amples, for illuftrating the foregoing Theory 5 but
they are fo eafy to be produced, aftet what is already
done, that I fhall leave them to the inquifitive Reader,
having perhaps exceeded the Limits, within which this
Difcourfe fhould be confined. Therefore I fhall only
add the few Obfervations following.

The only three Planets, in which we can be affured
of Gravitation, and the centrifugal Force, are the Sun,
Jupiter, and the Earth. As to the Sun, the centri-
fugal Force is there fo fmall, in refpeft of its Gravity,
that his Poles muft be very little deprefs'd, fo that we
cannot be fenfibleof it by Obfervation. Then as to
Jupiter, Obfervations make him fomething lefs flat
than according to Sir Jfaac Newton s that is to fay,
than if he were compofed of Matter of an uniform
Denfity. Therefore by the foregoing Theory, he
muft be a little more denfe towards the Centre, than
at the Parts near the Superficies. We might make a
thoufand Hypothefes about the Manner of diftributing

C ].

the Inequality of Denfity, proceeding from the Centre
towards the Circumference, which would all agree
with the Figure obferved, and which are very eafy to
calculate by the Principles here laid down.

As to what concerns the Earth, I fhall wait till we
receive the Obfervations which muft have been lately
made in 5Pm/; that by comparing thofe with what
Obfervations we have made under the ar&ick Circle,
and with thofe of Mr. Tic art in France , we may have
the true Difference of the Earth's Diameters at the
Equator and at the Poles. Then our Theory may be
apply'd, to determine whether the Earth is more ot
lefs denfe at the central Parts than at the Surface, or
whether it be every-where of an uniform Denfity, as
it ought to be, if (without admitting very grofs Er-
rors in the Obfervations) it may be concluded, that
the Earth is really the Spheroid of Sir If aac Newton
and this Cafe would be the fimpleft and the moft natural
of all.

I am here obliged to acknowledge, that if the Ob-
fervations we have made in the North may be rely'd
upon, and if we muft admit as inconteftable as well
the Meafure of a Degree as the Length of the Pendu-
lum, the foregoing Theory could not be reconciled'
to the Thanomena. For it follows from our Obfer-
vations, that the Diameter of the Equator muft exceed!
the Earth's Axis by more than ~ Part : And that the
Gravity at the Pole muft be greater than that at the
Equator by more than Part likewife $ which will
by no means agree with what we have deduced im
Art XXIII.

As to what concerns the Meafure of Gravity in
Lafland, as being not fo liable to Error as the mea^

Turing

c 5°n

faring a Degree ; the Earth may be not quite fo flat as
Sir Ifaacs Spheroid requires. By the Table of the
Length of the Pendulum, exhibited in the Treatise
^concerning the Figure of the Earth, publifh'd this Year
by Mr . de Maupertuis, and by Art. XXII. of thepre-
fent Difcourfe, the Earth may be more elevated at the
Equator than at the Pole by the Part, or there-
abouts. After the true Quantity of the Earth's flat-
nefs (hall be fully fettled, if it fhould be found to have
this Figure, I fhould be apt to think it is a little more
denfe at the Centre than towards the Superficies.
But if on the contrary we fhould be wellt afcertain'd,
that the Earth is raifed higher at the Equator than at
the Pole, by above the ^art > and if, for any fuf-
ficient Reafon, we may fomething fhorten the Length
of the Pendulum that beats Seconds in the North >
there would be Tome grounds to allow, that the Earth
is not fo denfe at the central Regions as at thofe near
the Surface. But if it fhall happen, that we can nei-
ther diminifh the Length of the Pendulum, nor the
Excefs of the equatorial Diameter above the Axe $ I
muft then give up my Hypothefis. Yet I fhall think it
may be of fomc Ufe to have thus difeufs'd it, becaufe
pollibly no one would have imagined what might
. havq been the Refuit of it. It appears that even Sir
If nac Newton was of Opinion, that it was neceffary
the Earth fhould be more denfe towards the Centre,
in order to be fo much the flatter at the Poles : And
I that it follow'd from this greater Flatnefs, that Gravity
imereafed fo much the-more from the Equator towards
die Pole*

II. New

C 3°7 1

II. New Experiments, upon Ice ; taken from
Abbe Nolet, F. R. S< at Paris, and comma *
nicated by J. T. Defaguliers, F.R.S.

f

l* TCE that begins to melt, and Water that begins
JL to freeze, have always the fame Degree of
Cold.

2. That Cold may be increas’d by a Mixture of
Salts.

3. It has. been thought for a long time, that Salt-
petre was moft fit to increafe the Cold of lee j but
Experiments have {hewn, that few Salts increafe Cold!
fo little as that Salt. Mix one Part of fine Saltpetre. :
with two Parts of beaten Ice, and Monf. Reaumur’s. s
Thermometer will defcend in it but 3 j- Degrees ber
low the freezing Point.

What had caus’d this Miftake, is, that People gene-
rally made ufe of Salt-petre of the firft or fecond Melt-
ing, as being the cheapeft 5 but that Saltpetre not be-
ing purified, contains a great deal of Sea-Salt \ and it
was in Proportion to the Quantity of the Sea-Salt that
the Effeft was the greater.

From thislaft Obfervation, one may deduce an ad-
vantageous Method for trying Gunpowder 5 for as of
the three Ingredients of which it is made up, Salt-
petre is the only one that caii increafe the Cold of
lee s if one Part of Gunpowder , or a little more, be
mix’d with two Parts of Ice, and it increafes its Cold
more than 3 §• Degrees, it is a Sign that the Saltpetre :
contain’d in it is not well purified 5 and the beft Pow-
der !'

[ ?°8 3

der will be that which does leaft increafe the Cold of
Ice.

4. Sea-Salty that is the Bay-Salty which is com-
monly us'd at Table in Francey and that which is im-
mediately taken from the Mines, call'd Sal gemma ,
give the greateft Degree of Coid, for the moft part 5
for Tot-aft gives fometimes a little more, but gene-
rally lefs. Sea Salt mix’d with Ice in the abovefaid
Proportion, gives 1 y Degrees of Cold on Monf. Reau-
mur s Thermometer, and Sal gem. 17.

y. Afbes of green Wood 3 Degrees,

6. of Sea-Coal

7. of Vitriol 2

8. Tartar 10

9. Common Tot-aft (in

French call'd Sonde
ordinaire)

10. Tot-aft made of Vreck

or Sea-weed

This laft Tot-aft may be fubftituted inftead of Sea-
Salty for making Ice-CreamSy in Places where Salt
is dear, as in Francey where it is fold for 10 Sols a
Pound.

ijly Becaufe in France this Tot- aft is fold only for
2 1 Sols a Pound.

2 dlyy Becaufe, not freezing fo faft, it does not fpoil
the Creams by reducing them to Hides.

$dlyy Becaufe Ice-Creams made this way, wili keep
longer in a Condition fit to ferve at Table.

11. Sugar . . . . . . 4 Degrees.

12. Allom ...... ii

13. Salt oiGlafs .... 10

14* Sal

C l°9 J

14. Sal Ammoniac . . . . i2-§ Degrees.

if. Quick- Lime .... 1^

1 6. Sal Glauber i .... 2

1 7. The Cold of Jr* may ftill be considerably in-
creas'd by a Mixture of Sprit of Wine f about a
Drinking-glafs full of Spirit of Wine to a Pound of
beaten Ice .

18. The Cold of Ice will not increafe, unlefs the
Ice melts.

EXPERIMENTS .

Put into one Veffel four Ounces of Ice beaten very
fmall, and into another Veffel two Ounces of Sea-
Salt j fet the two Veffels in a Mixture of Ice and Salt,
which is to be renew'd ftill, till by means of the Ther-
mometer you find, that the Salt and the Ice of the
two firft Veffels have acquir'd each of them 10 or 12
Degrees of Cold 5 then mix your Salt with your Ice,
and this Mixture will not increafe the Degree of Cold
that the Ingredients had acquir'd, becaufe the Mixture
does not melt.

But if inftead of Salt you mix'd with your Ice
Spirit of Nitre cool'd to the fame Degree as the Ice ,
as this laft is liquid, it will melt the Ice , and confi-
derably increafe its Cold.

19. Salt mix'd with Water, increafes its Cold.

20. Of all Salts, Sal Ammoniac gives the greateft
Degree of Cold; fo that if that Salt has been cool'd
in Ice , and then one Part of it be thrown into two
Parts of Water cool'd to the fame Degree in Ice , that
Water will become colder than Ice, and will freeze
other Water thrown into it in a fmall Quantity.

R r

This

[ ?io ]

This laft Obfemtion may be applied to the cooling
of Liquors where no Ice is to be had 5 for there is
hardly any Place, but what has Wells: Now the Wa-
ter of a Well moderately deep, wants about eight or
10 Degrees of the Cold of Ice > and Sal Ammoniac
being cool'd beforehand in the Well, will, by mixing
with fome of the Water of that Well, come very
near to the Cold of Ice .

III. jin Obfervation of the Magnetic Needle
being fo affe&ed by great Cold, that it
would not traverfe 3 by Capt . Chrifto-
pher Middleton, F. R. S-

IN a Letter which was publish'd fome Years ago in
the Bhilofophical Tranfaffions , (N° 41 8.) 1 made
Mention of a ftrange Phenomenon relating to the
Sea-Compafs, which 1 had frequently obferved, when
we were among the Ice in Hudfons-Bay $ to wit,
that the magnetic Virtue of the Needle was fo far
loft or deftroyed, that it would not traverfe as ufual,
even when the Ship was in a conftderable Motion :
And in my Voyage thither laft Year, I obferved our
Compafs would not move at all, any longer than the
Quarter-Mafter kept touching it. We had then much
Snow on the Land, and many Ifles of Ice around us,
and the Sea not very fmooth : I order'd one of the
Compafles to be brought into the Cabin, but did not
find it any better, till it had flood near the Fire about
a Quarter of an Hour, and then it began to traverfe
very well ? I then order'd it to be placed in the Bin-
nacle,

C *«« 3

nacle, and another to be brought into the Cabin,
changing them alternately thus every Half Hour, and
found by this Means I could make them traverfe
as well as in any other Part of the World: I was
obliged to continue this Practice, till we got near ioo
Leagues from the Coaftj but afterwards I had no Oc-
cafion for that Trouble. What fhould be the Caufe
of this wonderful ‘Phenomenon , I am not able to con-
jecture, being certain the Compafles, as to their me-
chanical Structure, were very perfeft, and anfwer'd
very well both before and after, during the whole
Voyage 5 there is never any Oil ufed to make them
move eafily, for in that Cafe it might often congeal,
and flop the Motion of the Chard : But whether the
Cold of the Climate hath a Power to deprive the
Needle of its Virtue for a Time, or that thel?ri&ion
is increas'd thereby to fuch a Degree, as it cannot be
overcome by the Magnetifm, I am not able to fay 5 but
theFad is certain and furprizing. April 20. 1738.

IV. Extract of a Letter from Dr. Andrew
Cantwell of Montpelier, to Dr. Thomas
Stack, dated June 23. 1732. concerning
an uncommon Ealfey of the Eye-l'id$.

JUNE 7. 1732. Monf. GnilUminet , Counfellorof
the Court of Aides, went hence to Balleruc ,
(whither I had been call'd to attend a Patient) with
a Nun his Daughter, about 30 Years of Age. This
Lady was troubled with as fmgular a Difeafe as I have
heard of. Twas an intermitting periodical Palfey of

R r 2 the

[ V1 1

the Eye-lids, which began every Evening about fix
o'Clock, with a Defluxion from the great Canthus , of
a whitifh Matter of fome Confidence 5 fo that fhe
remain'd blind till next Morning, and then recover'd
the Ufe of her Eye-lids, as before. This Diforder
held her fince February laftj from which Time all
Remedies order'd her by her Phyfician proving inef-
fectual, fhe was fent to Ballerac for the Benefit of the
Waters. As we lodged in the fame Houfe, I had a
fair Opportunity of obferving the Effects the Waters
had on her. She was pump'd on the back Part of her
Head and Neck Seven times, without receiving any
fenfible Benefit : The Ninth time her Diforder feiz'd
her an Hour later than ufual, and the Defluxion was
lefs and thinner. The next Evening it retarded two
Hours.* and the following Night fhe had as much Com-
mand of her Eye- lids as ever. She took the 'Douche
(for fo we call that way of pumping) the next Morn-
ing and Evening, and was intirely cured. I fat with
her an Hour that Evening, carefully obferv'd her Eye-
lids by Candle-light, and ask'd her feveral Quefiions
on her Diforder. She open'd her Eyes as well as I
did mine, and fet out the next Day for Montpelier .

V. An

9

C 3

Y. An Account of the Maa whofe Arm with
the Shoulder-blade was torn off hy a Mi l,
the \)th of Auguft 1737. by Mr. John
Belchier, F. R . S. Surgeon 1 0 Guy s HofpltaL

CAmuel Wood , about 26 Years of Age, Servant to
^ Mr. Felton , being at Work in one of the Mills
near the IJle of "Dogs , over-againft 'Deptford , and
going to fetch a Sack of Corn from the further Part
of the Mill, in order to convey it up into the Hopper,,
carelefly took with him a Rope, at the End of which,
was a Slip-knot, which he had put round his Wriftf
and palling by one of the large Wheels, the Cogs of
it caught hold of the Rope, and he not being able to
difengage his Hand inftantly, was drawn towards the
Wheel, and raifed off the Ground, till his Body being
check'd by the Beam which fupports the Axis of the
Wheel, his Arm with the Shoulder-blade was fepa-
rated from it.

At the Time the Accident happen'd, he fays he was
not fenftble of any Pain, but only felt a tingling about
the Wound, and being a good deal furpriz'd, did not
know that his Arm was torn off, till he faw it in the
Wheel: When he was a little recover'd, he came
down .a narrow Ladder to the firfl: Floor of the Mill,
where his Brother was, who feeing his Condition, ran
down Stairs immediately out of the Mill to a Houfe
adjacent to the next Mill, which is about a Hundred
Yards Aidant from the Place where the Accident hap-
pen'd, and alarm'd the Inhabitants with what had hap-
pen'd to his Brother $ but before they could get out of

the

[ S'4 ]

the Houfe to his Afliftance, the poor Man had walk'd
by himfelf to within about ten Yards of the Houfe,
where, being quite fpent by the great EfFufion of
Blood, he fainted away, and lay on the Ground 5 they
immediately took him up, and carried him into the
Houfe, and (brew'd a large Quantity of Loaf-Sugar
powder'd into the Wound, in order to choak the
Blood, tili they could have the Afliftance of a Sur-
geon, whom they fent inftantly for to Limehoufe 5
but the Meflenger being very much frighted, could
not give the Sufgeon a clear Idea of the Accident, lo
that when he came to fee the Condition the Man was
in, he had no Dreflings with him for an Accident of that
Kind 5 but had brought with him an Apparatus for a
broken Arm, which he underftood by what he could
learn from the Meflenger to be the Cafe; however,
he fent home for proper Dreflings, and when he came
to examine particularly into the Wound, in order to
fecure the large Blood-vefiels, there was not the leaft
Appearance of any, nor any EfFufion of Blood ; fo
having firft brought the flefhy Parts of the Wound as
near together as he could by means of a Needle and
Ligature, he drefs'd him up with a warm Digeftive,
and apply'd a proper Bandage : The next Morning he
open'd the Wound again, in Company with two Sur-
geons more 5 and not perceiving any EfFufion of Blood
at that Time, he drefs'd him as before, and fent him
in the Afternoon to St. Thomas s Hofp it al , where he
was admitted a Patient under the Care of Mr. Femes
from which Jim e he was conftantly attended, in Ex-
pedition of a Hemorrhage of Blood from the Sub-
clavian Artery 5 but there being no Appearance of -
frefh Bleeding, it was not thought proper to remove

the

r ?»5 1

the Dreffings during the Space of four Days, when
Mr. Feme open'd the Wound, at which Time like-
wife there was not the lead Appearance of any Blood-
veflels ; (6 he drefs'd him up again, and in about two
Months time the Cure was intirely completed.

Upon examining the Arm within a Day or two
after it was feparated from the Body, I found the Sca-
pula fra&ured tranfverflv, as were likewife the Radius
and Ulna in two Places : But whether thefe Bones
were fradturd before the Arm was torn off, the Man
cannot poffibly judge.

The Mufcles inferted into the Scapula were broke
off near their Infertions, but the Mufcles arifing from
the Scapula came away with it intire.

The LatiJJimus 'Dorfi and ReFtoralis , were like-
wife broke off near their Infertions into the Os
humeri .

The Integuments of the Scapula, and upper Part of
the Arm, were left on the Body, as alfo the Clavicle.

But what is very furprizing is, that the Subclavian
Artery, which could never be got at to be fecured by
Art, fhould not bleed at all after the firft Dreffing;
the Artery being feparated fo happily, that when the
Coats of it were contrafted, the flefhy Parts prefs'd
againft the Mouth of it, and prevented any Effufion of
Blood.

As this Cafe is very lingular, and fb remarkable, that
noHiftory can furnilh us with any Inftance limilar to
it, in order to give a particular Account of it, befides
vifiting the Man, frequently, from his firft Admittance
into the Hofpitai, and getting from him what Infor-
mation he was capable of giving me, I went myfelf
two Days ago to the Mill where the Accident hap-
pen'd,

[ ^\6 ]

pen'd, and inquir’d into every particular Circum-
ftance relating to the Fad, of Mr. Felton , with whom
the Man work'd, the Woman of the Houfe where the
Man was carried into, and the Surgeon that drefs’d
him, who all certified to me what is above related ;
and for the farther Satisfadion of the Society, I
have brought the Man himfelf, and likewife the Arm,
juft as 'twas torn from his Body, which has been kept
in Spirits ever fince the Accident happen’d.

Nov. 17. 1737.

VI. An Account of the Wound, which the
late Lord Carpenter received at Brihuega;
whereby a Bullet remained near his Gullet
for a Year wanting a few 2)tiys-0 commu-
nicated to the Royal Society by his Son the
Right Honourable George Lord Carpenter,
L • J^.1 S*

LORD Carpenter was wounded at the Defence
of the Breach of Brihuega in Spain , in the
Mouth by a fmall Spanijb Musket-ball, which having
taken away Part of his upper Lip, beat out all his
Teeth (except two) on one Side, broke and fplinter’d
part of his upper Jaw-bone, went through his Tongue,
and lodged itfelf near his Gullet, where it remained
fifty-one Weeks and three Days before it was ex-
traded, the Chirurgeons thinking it had been fpit out
with fome of his Teeth foon after his being wounded.
The Ledge which was made upon the Bullet by the

two

[ 3*7 3

two Fore Teeth, lying almoft by the Gullet, and con-
tinually grating upon it, occafion'd an intolerable
Pain, and preventing him from fwallowing any thing
but Liquids, it brought him fo low, that his Life being
defpair'd of, to make a final Trial, his Tongue was
drawn out as far as it could be, and one of the Chi-
rurgeons feeling the Ball with his Probe, which he
then took to be a Piece of a Tooth, (feveral Pieces of
Teeth having been beat into his Tongue by the Bullet)
and endeavouring to extrad it, he took hold of the
Ledge with his Forceps, and pulled the Bali out, after
which he recover'd in a few W eeks.

The Marks of the Fore Teeth are to be feen on the
Bullet, and where it flatted upon the Jaw-bone.

N, B. A very^ extraordinary Narrative of a Gun-fhot
Wound, is to be feen in N? 320. of thefe Franfafiions : It
is the Cafe of one Dr. Feilding, who was (hot in near the Eye,
and after 29 Years the Bullet was cut out near the Pomum
Adamu

VII. Of an ObJtruCiion of the Biliary Duils,
and an Impojiumation of the Gall-Bladder,
difcharging upwards of 1 8 Quarts of bi-
lious Matter in 25 Days, without any
apparent Defect in the Animal Functions.
By Claudius Amyand, Efq 5 Serjeant Sur-
geon to His Majejty , and F. R. S.

MR. La Grange, aged about 70, of a fallow bi-
lious Complexion, died of an Abfcefs in the
Vefica Fellis, the 29th of May 1733. Dr. Vat as, his

SS Phy-

r 1

Phyfician in Ordinary, reports, That about 14 Years
before, this Gentleman was afflifted with a Tertian
Ague, which was cured by the Bark, and from that
Time had complain'd of a Senfe of Weight, and fome
Uneafinefs and Hardnefs in the Region of the Liver
and Borborygmi , which were* reliev'd by frequent Pur-
gations i not withftanding which, he had enjoy'd all the
Appearances of Health, till about four Months before,
his Death, when fome Symptoms of the Jaundice firft
began to appear on him, which had greatly increas'd
five or fix Weeks before he died, when he began to
complain of fhooting Pains on the Right Hypochon-
der, which was foon follow'd with a hard inflamma-
tory Tumour there, tending to Suppuration. The
4th of May , I met Dr. Fatas, and Mr. Fiquel , his
Surgeon, in order to open a large Abfcefs pointing,
below the Cartilages of the fecond and third fpurious
Ribs on the Right Side. 'Twas determin’d to open it
immediately with a Lancet, whereupon a Pint of a
purulent fetid Matter was difeharg'd. The Aperture
being large, and the Dreflings eafy, by the next Day
we found, that a very large Quantity of Sanies, and
fome Bus left in the Bag, had found a Vent 5 and this
was fo great, that 'twas thought proper to renew the
Dreflings twice a Day. This had the defired EfFeft fo
far, that from this Time the Matter daily decreas'd till,
the 1 2th of May% when we were inform'd, that during
the Night the Wound had difeharg'd near two Quarts
of Matter of a faffron Colour, intermix'd with large
flakes and thick Lumps of a coagulated Lymph or
Jelly, tinged of a deep Yellow 5 and what furpriz'd us
no lefs, was, that upon Drefling we made way for the
Difcharge of about -a Quart more of the feme, as we

inlarg'd

t 3 '9 3

inlarg d the Orifice of the burfted Bag, to favour the
coming out of the large Flakes and Lumps of Jelly ob-
turating at times this Orifice. During this Day the
Difcharge was exceeding great, and at Night was
emptied about a Pint more of the fame Matter. From
this Time a fhort and thick Canula was left in the
Opening of the burfted Bag, this caufing a more eafy
and conflant Difcharge, and a vulnerary Inje&ion,
•ftrongly faturated with Spirit of Wine, had thejgood
Effed to diminifh it very confiderably 5 but yet it con-
tinued fo very great, that we had juftReafon to appre-
hend our Patient would foonfink under fo great a Flux
of this bilious Matter, and the rather that his Stomach
and his Reft fail'd him $ but the Difcharge daily lefiem
ing, and his Appetite and Reft returning in Propor-
tion, he recover'd Strength enough to be able to
walk. All this while the Appearances of the Jaundice
were wearing of, the Urine was return'd to its natural
Colour, and the Patient had regularly a natural Stool
every Day, till about eight Days before his Death, when
his Body becoming coftive, the Phyfician found it ne-
celfary to difcharge the Feces, by Clyfters and lenient
Purges. Whilft I attended him, his Belly was
always free from Fulnefs or Tenfion, being foft
and lank, and he lefs troubled with Wind, than he had
been for many Years before. Two Days before he
died, he went to air himfelf in another Room, and
caught Cold : This is prefum'd to have occafion'd a Fe-
ver follow'd with a Lethargy, in which he continued
till the 29th of May, when he died.

Dr. Stuart and Dr. Vatas , Mr. Fiquel , myfelf,
and feveral more, attended the Difte&ion, when 'twas
obferv’d, that our Patient was not nearly fo exre~

S f 2 nuated

[ ?10 ]

nuated as might have been expe&tfd, after fo great a
Difcharge of Bile and Lymph during 2f Days j for
much Fat was yet obferv'd under the Skin and elfe-
where, and his Flefh not much funk from the natural
State, but the Blood-Veflels were found extremely
empty. The Abdomen being open'd, the Caul or
Omentum was fhrivel'dup, and adhered to a great Bag
or Cyftis , affixed to the Infide of the great Lobe of the
Liver, and ftretching from thence along the Right
Flank, over one half of the Kidney on that Side. The
Left Lobe of the Liver was remov'd from the Left Side
to the Right, not reaching farther than the Right Edge
of the Cart ilago Enjiformis , and the ‘Pylorus : The
Ligamentum latum Sufpenforium hepatis, was drawn
backwards into the Right Hypochonder. The Liver
was of a natural Colour, but very fmall, and more
decay'd and wafted in Proportion than the other Vif-
cera , but as free as they from any preternatural Ad-
hefion, Obftrudfion, or1 Induration, and the Bag or
Cyjiis arifing from it, ftrongly adhering by its Outfide
only, to the ‘Peritoneum , down to the Right Kidney.

Upon palling my Finger through the Wound in the
Integuments,it enter'd firft into a Cavity made between
the Peritoneum and the Outfide of the Cyjiis , in which
the Matter of the Abfcefs had been lodged, and then
through a Hole in the Cyjiis , or grand Bag, through
which the great Colle&ion of Bile in this Saccus had
afterwards made its way y and 'twas obferv'd, that the
ftrong Coalition of this Bag to the Peritoneum round
that Part where the Pus had been colle&ed, had ffiut
up all Communication with the Cavity of the Belly,
and thereby prevented any Extravafation into the Ab-
domen.

Now

C $** ]

Now the Bag or Cyftis being feparated from the Pe-
ritoneum, and this and the Liver fpread on a Board, 'twas
obferv'd that the Matter had been colle&ed in the Gall-
Bladder, without affeding the Liver itfelf. The Vejica
Fellis was become a very large Bladder, and extended
fo as then to appear capable of containing three Pints,
or more j 'twas nearly as broad as long: It arofe very
broad from the inner Surface of the Right Lobe of the
Liver, which it occupied about io Inches in Circum-
ference, or more : Its Bulk had remov'd the Stomach
and Pylorus i rom their natural Situations, and prefs'd
them far under the Left Hypochonder, and that Part
of the Colon placed naturally on the Right Kidney,
forwards upon the Spine: Its Surfaces were rugged
and unequal,, as that of a Potato, and. its Coats thick
and horny, forming feveral Tumours, Elongations or
Expanfions, of different Sizes and Figures ; one of
which* as large as a Hen's Egg, was full of a cretaceous.
Matter-, intermix'd with hard white Stones. This cre-
taceous Bag was made in the Duplicature of the Vejica
Fellis , but had no Communication with nor* Opening
into it, which feveral other Tumours appearing of the
fame Kind, had 5 whence 'twas prefum'd that fome
very fmall Pieces of Creta , found in the great Bag,,
might have droptTrom them into it, but 'tis more
likely we had dropt them there, becaufe nothing like
them had been difcharg'd through the Wound. The
outward Opening in this Bag anfwer'd in the Cavity
of the Abfcefs, wherein Incifion had been made, as
this latter was form'd between it and the j Peritoneum*
In the Bag were found about two Ounces of the fame
bilious Matter which had all along been difcharg'd 5
which being computed, muft be equal to, if not exceed.

C

"the Quantity of i8 or 20 Quarts, during the 2 f Days
the Patient lived, from and after the opening of the
Tumour.

It has been obferv'd, that the Liver was in a natural
State, and that the Matter collcded in the Vefica Fell is
Lad not in the lcaft wounded oraffeded the Liver itfelf>
fo that the great Quantity of Bile and Lymph daily dif-
charg'd through thelncifion, muft have proceeded from
the internal Surface of the diftended Gall-Bladder.
This put us upon inquiring for the Radices Cyfiica and
Hepati-cyfticDuQis, I mean for thofe very Duds which
Giovanni Caldeji has fo earcfully traced in feveral
Animals, and delineated in his Obfervatione Anato-
miche al illuftrijfimo Sig. Francifco Redi 1687. and
which Verheyen has dilcover'd in the Bullock Kind,
but could not trace in Man ; Thefe Duds, I fay,
whereby fo great a Quantity of Gall had beat depo-
fited in the Vefica Felhs, for as much that the Cyftick
Dud was obturated, whereby fome Anatomifts have
fuppos'd the Gall to flow back from the Hepatick
Duds^ and upon Difledion, we traced a Trunk like
unto that, which Bid loo and fVinJlow obferved in Man 5
and refembling that form'd by feveral Branches in the
Liver, and dilcharging itfelf into the Vefica . We
would gladly have traced this further, but the Time
allow'd for Diffedion did not permit us to purfuc this
Inquiry.

The ‘Duffus Communis Choledoclms was found
empty, and opening, as ufual, into the Cavity of the
^Duodenum 5 but the Cyftick Dud was fo comprels'd
by the Bag, that nothing could pafs through it. The
Spleen, ‘Pancreas , and all the other Vifceray were in a
natural State, faving (as hath been already obferved)

that

j

that fomeofthem had changed and altered their natural'
Situations.

Upon the whole it appears, ift, That the animal
Eundions have been in no-wife vitiated by fome of the
Vifcera having been difplaced * and notwithftanding
that for 2 f Days, the Difcharge of the Bile through!
the Wound had been fo great, that little was left to
pafs into the ’Duodenum, neverthelefs he digefted his
Food well. The Stools continued regular, till within,
a few Days before Death, and even to the laft the
Feces ail along retain'd their natural Colour. 2 dly?
It may be obferv'd, that the Jaundice in our Patient
was not occafion'd by the Obftrudion of the Cyftick
Dud, though that is apprehended as a common Caufe
of this Malady 3 for this Obftrudion muft have been)
of many Years handing, and our Patient's Jaundice
was of a very late Date. Nor was his Jaundice owing
to any Retention of the Bile in the Torus Biliar ms;
from the Tumour continually preffing that Dud, and!
thereby obftruding the free E)ifcharge of the Bile from
the Glands of the Liver into the Duodenum and Gall-
Bladder r nor even to the ftrong Compreilion and total:
Obftrudion of fome, yea almoft all the Biliary Duds,,
viz. The cPorii Biliarii , the DuPhis Hepaticus, the
Hepaticyjiici, and the DuEius-cyJUcus, and Commu *
ms Choledoehus , the principal* of which areflated in?
the Concavity of the great Lobe of the Liver, unde**
the PrelTure of this great and hard T umour, and underr
its Increafe for near 14 Years together, Obftrudions>
and Compreilions generally accounted as primary and i
idiopathick Caufes of the Jaundice, becaufe no Diftem-
per like the Jaundice had appear'd in our Patient till;
within, a few. Months before his Death, and no true

Jaundice

[ JH 3

Jaundice till within a few Weeks, and only then as
the A bfcefs form'd in the Neighbourhood of the Liver
had brought an Inflammation there ; but as all the
Symptoms of his Jaundice began to wear off, foon
after the Tus had got a Vent, viz- as the Inflammation
of the Liver brought on occafionally by a Suppuration
in the Neighbourhood wore off, and fome Days be-
fore the burfting of the VeficaFellis , it does not appear
unlikely, this Inflammation of the Liver was the Pa-
thognomonick Caufe of the Jaundice here ,* which In-
flammation of the Liver, as it was accidental, fo the
Jaundice occafiond thereby was a&ually remov'd foon
after a Vent was made for the purulent Matter which
had occafiond this Inflammation.

The Draughts hereunto annex'd were done by Me-
mory, we not being permitted to take the Liver out
of the Body.

Explanation of the Figures in TAB. II.

F 1 o. I.

A . The external Surface of the Right Lobe of the
Liver.

B . B . Parts of the fame.

C. C. The Ligament which fufpends the Liver to
the 'Diaphragm .

!D. ©. The Ligament which fufpends it to the Car -
tilago Enjiformis .

E. Part of the Vefica fellis below the Liver in its
Fore Part, emptied of its Contents, arifing from
the Concavity of the Right Lobe, 10 to 12 Inches
in Circumference.

EF.F. F. Its

C ]

F. F. F ' F. Its Adhefions to the Teritoneum.

G. An Opening into the External Bag or AbfceJ.
or Incifion into it.

H. H. H. H. H. Elongations and Inequalities in it.
O. O. O. O. The Angles of the Cyfiis open'd, (hew-
ing in its back Parts an Elongation opening into
it at F.

A. A. A. The concave Side of the Liver.

B. The Vena umbilicalis,

C. The Vefica bill aria emptied, which when full
cover'd almoft all the Infide of the Right Lobe
on its back Part.

2). 2). 2T 2>. 2). 2). Several Elongations or Expan-
fions of the Vefica opening into the Gall-Blad-
der.

E. The cretaceous Bag in its Duplicature full of
Chalk, ^ intermix'd with hard white irregular
Stones.

VIII. Some Obfervations on the Cafe of Mr.
Le Grange, by Alexander Stuart, M. D .

HE Symptoms during Life, recited by Mr,

Amy and in the foregoing Paper, and the Ap-
pearances in the Body open'd, which I was Witnefs
to, therein likewife fully narrated, I hope it may not
be unacceptable to point out what appears to me to
be the mechanical and neceflary Connexion between
thefe apparent Caufes and their Effe&s, in this uncom-
mon Cafe.

F i g. II.

F. R. S. dec.

Tt

i. As

[J»<]

i. As to the original or prime Caufe of all the Sym-
ptoms, to wit, the Diftention of the Gall-Bladder, now
become a morbid Cyftis of an enormous Extent.

If we conilder the Size and Figure of the Liver, and
Situation of the Gall-Bladder, with the Courfe orDi-
redion of the Biliary Vcffels, from various Places of
the Liver, towards that narrow Space where the Pori
biliariio^zw into the Cyftis , it will appear, that in al-
moft every Pofition of the Body, at lead; in an erect,
fupine and lateral Pofition, forneof thefc biliary Duds
terminating in the Gall-Bladder, are perpendicular or
nearly perpendicular to the Horizon and to the Cyftis :
Therefore, as far as Gravity takes Place in the Animal
Oeconomy, the Bile defeending by thefe Duds, will
prefs upon the Contents of the full Cyftis and its Sides,
as a Cylinder of that Fluid, of the Length of the Se-
cretory Duds or Pipes, and of the Diameter of the
Cyftis.

Befides this, the Extremity of every one of thefe
fmall Duds, conveys its Fluid into the full Cyftis , as
a Wedge aded upon by the repeated Strokes, Impulfes,
or Prefiure of the circulating Blood of the Vena Porta ,
where it fupplies the Gland at the Origine of each Pe-
er etory Dud.

Therefore, by the known Laws of Hydrofta-
ticks and Mechanicks, it is apparent, that the Force
of this Secretion of the Bile into the Gall-Bladder is
very great, and the Quantity copious 5 fufficient at lead
to diftend the Cyftis to an enormous Pitch, where the
Difcharge by the 'DuEtus cyfticus is not equal to the
Secretion by the Pori biliairi and the EDuEfus hepatico-
cyfticus ,

- Thefe

[ 3*7 3 X

Thefe Powers mention'd do fuiiiciently account for
the Diftention of the Abdomen in an Afcitesy of the
Womb in Geftation, of the Bladder in a morbid or
voluntary Retention of Urine j alfo of morbid Im-
poftems or Tumors, and of the Gall-Bladder in the
Cafe before us.

But this Diftention could never have happen'd, with-
out a total or partial Obftrudion of the excretory Dud,
th z'fDuUtus cyfticus .

Had this Obftrudion been at once total, as when a
Calculus is thrown fuddcnly out of the Cyfiis into the
Dud, and flops it totally, he muft have had the Jaun-
dice immediately, or very foon after : For, notwith-
ftanding the ftrong Powers above-mention'd, it would
have been impoffible for the Sides of the Cyfiis to have
yielded to fuch a fudden Dilatation, no more than the
Womb in the firft Week of Geftation, can be dilated
to the Pitch it is brought to in the Ninth Month, with-
out a Rupture : So that the Dilatation here muft have
been very flow and gradual, and therefore the Obftruc-
tion muft have been at firft, and probably for many
Years, only partial j and the Gall-Bladder thus flowly
diftended, gradually yielded and gave way only for the
Reception of the Excefs of the Secretion beyond the
Excretion, and fo prevented the jaundice, or Regurgi-
tation of the Bile into the Blood.

This partial Obftrudion of the cyftic Dud may
probably have been occafion'd by one of thole final!
loft ineyfted Tumors, lodged between the Membranes
of the Cyjiis fellea, near the Origin of its excretbrv
Dud, containing a foft white pultaceous Matter, with
Calculus s or chalky Concretions in its Centre. If
this was the Cafe, it is conceivable that while the Con-

T t 2 tents

• [)>«]

tents of this fmall incyfted Tumour was fluid or foft,
it might not be capable to obftrud totally the Current
of the Bile through the excretory Dud : But as the
Matter of it grew thicker, and its Bulk increas'd, by
prefling gradually more and more upon the Dud, the
Obftrudion muft increafe 5 and the Formation of Cal-
culuses, by their Prefliire, muft at laft make the Ob-
ftrudion total. But as the cyftic Dud was at open-
ing of the Body intirely coalefced and obliterated, its
Vicinity and Situation, with refped to thefe fmall
incyfted pultaceous and cretaceous Tumours, cannot
be precifely determin'd j and therefore this is offer'd
only as a probable Conjedure.

The Bulk, Contents, and Adherences of the Gall-
Bladder to the Right fide, were without doubt to him
a very fenfible, and to us avifible Caufe of his firft Sym-
ptom, the increafing Weight he had felt in the Region
of the Liver, for 14 Years before his Death.

The Current of moving Humours in the Animal
Body, is always determin'd moft ftrongly to the Place
of leaft Refiftance : Therefore by the partial Obftruc-
tion of the cyftic Dud, a greater Quantity of Bile
than ufual will be forc'd upon the biliary Duds, lead-
ing ditedly from the Liver into the great hepatic
Dud, to difoharge itfelf by the Choledochus com-
munis into the 'Duodenum , fufficient for the mo-
derate Ufes of the Animal Oeconomy 5 though not
fo perfedly fufRcient, but that the periftaltic Motion
in our Cafe felt the want of the cyftic Bile, or at
leaft the Defed of it, fo far as to become weak and
imperfed, too weak to propel the Excrements, or
keep the elaftic Air within due Bounds, and therefore
the Patient muft be fubjed to flatulent Diftentions,

and

[ W 3

and fome Degree of Coftivenefs, only to be reliev'd
by fupplying the want of a fufficient natural Stimulus
of the Gall, by the artificial Stimulus of Purgatives
and Clyfters, to affift from time to time the Expullion.
both of the Excrements and alfo of the Flatus's, for
the Eafe of the Patient, as was pradifed in this Cafe.

As to the Jaundice which began to (hew itfelf four
Months before his Death, and continued increaiing
till the external purulent Tumour in his Side was
open'd, when it began to decline, and quite difappear'd
loon. after the Gall-Bladder burft.

It is eafy to conceive, that fo long as the Gall,
defeending from the Tori biliar //, could make its
Way into th z Cyjlis fellea, and dilate it, there could
be no Regurgitation of the Bile into the Blood, and
therefore no Jaundice : But fo foon as the purulent
Impoftem began to form itfelf in the Neighbour-
hood and Contact of the diftended Gall-Bladder, it
incroach'd or prefs'd upon the Cyjlis fellea , by the
Force of a Multitude of Veflels, pouring Tus into the
Cavity of the Impoftem, urged on by the Circulation
of the Blood, which is more forcible in thefe Veflels
than in thofe of the Liver : And therefore this puru-
lent Tumour increaiing,. will very forcibly incroach
on the Cyjlis fellea in Contad with it, and not only
hinder its farther Diftention, but even force the Gall
it contains to regurgitate, or return again by the Tori
biliarii upwards, and from thence by the Capillaries
of the Vena cava into the Blood, and fo produce the
Jaundice j without raifing an Inflammation or Ob-
ftrudion in the Liver itfelf, whofe Veflels and Paflages
remain open, though the Bile take a retrograde Courfe
in its biliary fecretory Duds*

Bur.

C n° 3

But fo foon as this acceffory Prefiure is taken off
from the Cyftis fellea, by opening and emptying the
purulent Tumour or Impoftem in its Neighbourhood,
adjoining and adhering to it, the Bile begins again to
flow freely into the Cyftis felleay and to dilate it as
before i therefore the Regurgitation of the Bile into
the Blood ceafeth, and the Jaundice begins to decline.

Then fo foon as the Rupture or Burfting of the Gall-
Bladder happened, and it began to be emptied, all
Degrees of Refiftance being now totally taken off from
the "Tori biliarii , they fpew out their Contents fo
copioufly, that the Hepatic Duds are gradually fruf-
trated by fuch a ftrong Revulfion $ the Bile begins to
flow all to the wounded and almofl emptied Cyftis
biliaria , and either very little or none to be carried
by the ‘Duff us hepntiens to the Chokd'ochus com-
munis , whofe Diameter and Paflage into the ‘Duode-
num we found larger than ufual, but empty. In this
State, which was the laft Stage of his Diftemper, the
pcriftaltic Motion begins to fail, the Expulfion of the
Excrements to be very tardy, or not at all to fucceed
without the Afliftance of purging Medicines or Cly-
fters, which alfo had but a very {lender EfFed; the
Patient ceafeth to be nourifhed, tho' he took a com-
petent Quantity of Food, and dies in a Week after this
Coftivenefs began.

The Degree of Perfedion of the Natural, Vital and
Animal Fundions in this Perfon, during 14 Years
Indifpofition, was certainly owing to the Soundnefs of
all the Vifcera , and an almofl fufficient Secretion and
Excretion of Bile by the Duff us hepaticus into the
Choledochus communis y whofe Cavity and Paflage into
the ‘Duodenum was large and open, which could not

have

L jp 3

have been and have continued, without a continual
and proportional Flux of Bile through it : For it is
well known, that fo foon as the Fluids ceafe to flow
through their natural Duels, their Sides foon collapfe,
coalefce, and at laft totally fhut up. Thus the Ura-
chus, and Canalis arteriofus Bat alii in the Foetus,
fhut up totally foon after the Birth ; and Mr. Amy-
and and I have lately fecn one of the Ureters totally
coalefced and fhut up, for want of a Fluid from the
Kidney, which had fecreted no Urine for fome time,
having become a Cyftis , fill’d with a thick white pulta-
ceous Matter, nearly of a cretaceous Confidence.

Therefore as the cDu£lus cyfticus was found oblite-
rated, and the Choledochus communis large and open, it
is plain that no Bile had for fome time flow’d through
the former, and that there was a conflant Supply from
the ^uftus hepaticus to the latter, for the Ufcs of
the animal Oeconomy; until the Wound or Rupture
of the Gall-Bladder, gradually abating its Current by
that Channel, at lad dopp’d it quite, and put an End
to his Life in a few Days after.

The mod eflential Points in this Cafe, bearing a
Conformity with what I have formerly obferv’d in this
Society, concerning the Ufe of the Bile in the animal
Oeconomy, may fo far ferve to confirm it.

C 3 3 2 3

- *

IX. The apparent Times of the Immerfions
and Emerfions of the four Satellites of
Jupiter, for the Tear 1 740. computed to
the Meridian of the Royal Obiervatory
at Greenwich, by James Hodgfon, F. R.S.
Mafer of the Royal Mathematical School
in Chrift’s Hofpital, London. In all 3 74.

Eclipses of the firji Satellite of Jupitek.

D.

H.

M.

s.

D.

H.

M.

s.

D.

H.

M.

S.

January.

Emerfions.

February.

Emerfions,

March.

Emerfions.

I

22

10

13

1

0

15

7

2

2

30

48

3

16

38

24

2

18

44

2

3

2 1

O

9

$

1 1

6

35

4

6

13

12

59

5

15

29

32

7

9

5

34

49

7

4i

59

7

9

58

53

0

3

7

8

2

1 1

0

9

4

28

15

10

18

31

30

9

20

40

2

10

22

57

39

12

12

59

53

11

•*5

9

8

12

*7

27

1

14

7

28

18

13

9

3**

16

14

11

56

26

1

56

45

15

4

7

25

16

6

25

49

17

20

25

15

16

22

36

35

18

0

55

1 1

19

14

53

49

18

i7

5

47

x9

1 9

24

35

2 1

9

22

28

20

1 1

35

1

21

13

53

57

23

3

5i

8

22

6

4

15’

23

8

23

18

24

22

19

50

24

0

33

3i

25

2

52

37

2 6

16

48

38

25

19

2

49

26

2 1

21

58

28

1 1

l7

27

27

13

32

9

28

15

5i

16

3°

5

46

16

29

8

1

28

30

10

20 3-6

April.

Cm 3

Eclipses of the firjl Satellite 0/ Jupiter.

D,

H.

M.

s.

D.

H.

M.

S.

D.

H.

M.

s.

Apial.

IO

3

26

53

August,

11

21

55

29

Emerfions.

Immerfions*

►

June.

1

4

49

51

1

5

30

21

2

23

19

7

Immerfions.

1

2

23

59

9

4

»7

48

21

4

18

27

59

6

12

33

28

14

28

22

6

12

56

49

8

6

46

43

30

8

56

43

8

7

25

39

10

1

15

56

io

1

54

32

11

19

45

4

JULY,

11

20

23

26

.13

14

14

11

13

14

52

21

15

8

43

15

Immerfions,

15

9

21

IS

17

3

12

19

17

3

5°

l6

18

21

4i

9

2

3

25

24

18

22

19

14

20

16

10

19

3

21

53

44

20

16

48

*3

22

10

39

15

5

16

22

4

22

11

17

13

24

5

8

10

7

10

5°

26

24

5

46

14

25

23

37

4

9

5

18

49

26

0

15

l6

27

18

5

54

10

23

47

14

27

18

44

17

29

12

34

44

12

18

i5

40

2 9

13

13

2r

H

12

44

7

3i

7

42

25

May.

16

7

12

38

18

1

4i

10

September

.

Emerfions.

19

20

9

44

21

14

38

20

Immerfions,

f

7

3

3°

23

9

6

54

3

1

32

15

25

3

35

32

2

2

II

30

4

20

0

53

26

22

4

12

3

20

40

32

6

14

29

37

28

16

32

53

5

15

9

36

8

8

58

16

3°

11

1

37

7

9

33

38

Uu

9

[ m ]

Eclipses of the fir Jl Satellite of Jupiter.

D.

H.

M.

s.

D.

H.

M.

S.

D.

H.

M.

sv

9

4

7

41

19

21

10

48

29

13

55

56

IO

22

36

45

21

15

39

15

12

27

5

48

23

IO

7

38

December

*4

1 1

34

51

25

4

36

2

16

6

3

51

26

23

4

23

Immerfions.

i8:

O

32

50

28

.17

32

41

19

19

1

50

3°

12

0

57

1

8

23

40

21

13

30

48

3

2

5i

19

23

7

59

45

November

•

4

21

19

1

25

2

28

41

6

15

46

44

26

20'

57

34

Immerfions*

8

10

14

23

28

1 5

26 [

28

10

4

42

3

3°

9

55

20

1

6

29

*9

11

23

9

44

3

0

57

16

13

17

37

30

October.

4

19

25

28

15

12

5

14

* v

6

13

53

33

Immerfions.

8

8

21

35

Emerfions,

JO

2

49

38

2

4

24

10

j 1

21

17

39

17

8

47

8

3

22

52

57

13

1 5

15

35

19

3

14

54

5

i7

21

44

i5

10

13

29

20

21

42

42

7

1 1

50

29

17

4

4i

22

22

16

10

3i

9

6

19

13

18

23

9

14 24

10

38

20

1 1

0

47

54

20

17

37

5

26

5

6

10

12

19

16

34

22

12

4-

53

27

23

34

7

14

i3

45

9

24

6

32

41

29

18

2

5

1 6

8

13

45

26

1

0

27

31

12

30

4

48

2

42

18

2 7

19

28

12

Eclipses

Eclipses of the fecond Satellite tf/’ Jupiter.

D. H. M. S.

January.

Emerfions.

3 1 7 33 io

7 65 o 27

10 19 7 57

14 8 25 35

17 22 43 21

21 12 1 25

25 1 19 37

28 14 38 3

February.

Emerfions.

D. H. M. S.

March.

Emerfions.

4 3 49 1 5

7i 7 8 50

11 6 28 25

14 19 48 2

18 9 7 40

21 22 27 15

25 11 46 46

29 1 6 16

April.

Emerfions.

D. H. M. S.

May.

Emerfions.

3 14 15 *9

7 3 33 31

10 16 51 36

June.

Immerfions.

25 18 57 5

29 8 14 '22

July.

I

3

56

35

4

17

15

18

8

6

3+

9

11

19

53

8

15

9

12

16

18

22

3i

3°

22

11

10

50

26

1

10

14

29

14

29

43

1

14

25

41

5

3

45

37

8

17

4

10

1 2

6

23

*9

1 5

J9

42

18

19

9

1

6

22

Z2

x9

55

26

I I

38

33

3°

O

57

1

Immerfions.

2

21

31

46

6

10

49

15

10

0

5

48

*3

*3

24

27

x7

3

42

20

16

0

9

24

5"

18

6

27

18

36

12

3i

7

54

16

U u 2

August

I il* ]

Eclipses of the fecond Satellite of Jupiter.

D.

H.

M.

S.!

D.

H.

M.

S.

D.

H.

M.

S

■»

August.

22

15

34

34

7

20

25

51

-

26

4

53

5

1 1

9

42

37

Immerfions.

' - ;

29

18

11

34

14

22

59

1 1

18

12

15

38

3

21

12

44

October.

22

1

3*

57

7

IO

3 1

8

25

14

4S

14

IO

23

49

37

Immerfions.

29

4

4

2J

14

13

8

IO

18

2

26

48

3

7

29

55

December.

21

15

45

30

6

20

48

IO

25

5

4

15

IO

IO

6

20

Immerfions.

28

18

23

2

i3

23

24

*9

17

12

42

12

2

*7

20

29

September,

1

21

1

59

53

6

6

36

29

24

15

17

24

9

*9

52

52

Immerfions,

•

28

4

34

47

!3

9

8

38

1

7

41

53

3i

17

5i

59

Emerfions.

4

21

T

O

W/

45

November.

17

I

12

3

8

IO

19

36:

20

14

28

24

31

23

33

25

Immerfions,

»

24

34

44

44

15

12

57

11

27

17

1

11

*9

2

16

4

4

7

8

48

31

5

17

57

t /

»v , ,

-

Eclipsbs

* t

C ?)7 3

Eclipses ef the third Satellite

r>. H. M. s.

D. H. M. S-

January.

Immerfions*

I

21

47

22

9

1

45

43

. 16

5

44

4*

23

9

44

4C

3°

13

45

M

Emerfions.

Emerfions.

6 20 20 27

§4 o 23 8

21 4 26 17

28 8 29 49

March,

Immerfions,

6 9 55 57

13 J3 58 43

20 18 1 34

27 22 4 15

Emerfions,

' /

4 4 43 2

XI 8 51 2

0/ Jupiter.

d. H. m. $.

18 12 53 35

25 16 55 38

May.

Immerfions*

Emerfions.

2 20 57 9.

10 o 57 54

JUNI.

Immerfions.

21 22 3 20)

29 2 1 34

Emerfions.

July.

Immerfions.

6 6 o 9

13 9 59 3

20 13 58 28:
27 17 58 x5
Emerfions.

2 o 17 c
9 4 r6 1 1

16 8 16 8

23 12 16 52

30 16 18 20

February.

Immerfions.

6 17 46 27

43 21 48 14

21 1 50 29

28 5 53 7

Emerfions.

6 12 33 33

13 16 37 15

20 20 41 2

28 o 44 39

April.

Immerfions.

4 2 6 42

11 6 8 46

C 3

Eclipses of the third Satellite 0/* Jupiter.

D H. M. S.

D. H. M. S.

D. H. M. S.

Emerfions.

20 1 6 53 32

Emerfions.
1x7 318

19 9 56 20

26 13 52 32

27 20 54 15

8 21 5 31

16 1 7 40

Emerfions.

August.

23 5 9 34

30 9 11 7

5 5 10 57

Immerfions.

3 21 58 32

October.

ii i 59 10

Immerfions.

December.

18 6 0 9

25 10 1 25

7 10 7 25

14 !4 7

Immerfions.

Emerfions.

21 18 6 23

3 17 48 23

4 0 55 28

4 57 2

28 22 . 4 58

Emerfions.

io 21 44 7

18 8 58 57

25 13 1 7

7 13, 12 15
i4 17 I2 53

Emerfions.

September.

21 21 12 53

18 4 52 54

Immerfions.

29 1 12 18

25 8 49 52

November.

1 14 2 44

8 18 4 5

Immerfions.

15 22 5 22

23 2 6 24

5 2 v 2 43

3° 6 7 7

12 5 59 S2

Eclipses

C 33? 3

Eclipses of the fourth Satellite*

D. H. M. s.

June.

Immerfions.

24 8 42 42

Emerfions.

24 10 15 o

July.

Immerfions.

11 2 51 17

27 20 45 32

Emerfions.

11 4 28 53

27 22 38 46

August,

Immerfions.

13 14 52 25

30 8 54 3°

D H M. S.

Emerfions. i

13 i'6 51 29

30- 10 13 -46

September.

Immerfions.

16 3 * 55

Emerfions.

16 4 32 41

October,

Immerfions,

2 21 3 55

1 9 15 6 9

Emerfions.

2 23 44 47

19 17 56 37

D. H. M. ' S.

•» ■

-November.

Immerfions.

5 9 5 25

22 3 2 0

Emerfions.

5 12 4 45

22 6 10 o

December.

Immerfions;

8 20 54 40

25 J4 48 37

Emerfions.

8 23 10 32

25 18 12 9,

X.

[ 54° 3

X. The apparent Times of fuch of the Im-
merfions and Emerfions of Jupiter’s Satel-
lites, as are vijihle at London, in the Tear
1 740. Sy the Same.

D.

H.

M.

t

D

H.

M.

T

January*

5

11

7 E

E.

I

28

5

53 E

1.

3

7

5

35 E

E.

I

8

30 E

E

3

6

50 E

E.

2

29

8

2 E

E

1

*3

1

0 M

E.

I

*4

7

28 E

E.

I

March.

8

26 E

E.

2

16

5

45 E

I.

3

6

9

56 E

r.

3

21

9

22 E

E.

1

7

9

59 E |

E.

1

22

0

1 M

E.

2

if

6

28 E

E.

2

23

9

45 E

L

3

16^

6

26 E

E.

1

24

0

17 M

E.

3

18

9

8 E

E.

2

28

11

17 E

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1

23

8

23 E

E.

1

30

5

4 6 E

E.

1

30

10

21 E

E.

r

3l

1

45 M

E.

2

April.

February.

11

8

51 E

E.

3

5

1

13 M

E.

1

15

8

58 E

E.

1

6

7

42 E

E.

1

9

1 E

E.

2

8

6

34 E

E.

2

*3

9

38 E

E.

1

May.

15

9

12 E

E

2

20

1 1

35 E

E.

1

8

8

58 E

E.

2

22

6

4 E

E.

1

1

11

5 1 E

E.

2

July.

[ 54* 3

D. H. M. [

July.

14

I

24 M

I.

2

*5

0

44 M

I.

1

21

I

58 M

L

3

22

2

38 M

I.

1

29

4

33 M

r.

1

August.

7

0

57 M

1.

1

*4

2

52 M

1.

4

51 M

E.

4

*5

1

8 M

I.

2

21

4

48 M

I.

1

22

3

45 M

b

2

2 6

1

1 M

E.

3

30

1

13 M

I.

1

SEPTEMBER.

2

2

3 M

E„

3

5

3 M

E.

3

6

3

10 M

I.

1

*3

5

6 M

r.

1

14

11

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i.

1

16

0

57 M

1.

2

22

1

31 M

1.

1

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3

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1.

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29

3

26 E

1.

1

2°

6

12 M

r.

2

V

9

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D.

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M. j

October.

6

5

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f

7

10

7 E

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3

11

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I.

1

8

1

12 M

E.

3

10

10

6 E

I.

2

15

1

45 M

I.

s

2

7 M

I.

3

5

13 M

E.

3

18

0

42 M

I.

2

20

3

6 M

I.

4

5

57 M

E.

4

22

3

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1

6

6 M

I.

3

23

10

8 E

r.

1

25

3

17 M

1.

2

29

5

33 M

[.

£

3i

0

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November:

1

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r.

2

5

7

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i.

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5

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3

9

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r.

4

6

0

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4

7

1

54 M

I.

z

8

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£

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1

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December.

6

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1

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£.

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I.

1

The ifi and 3 d Columns, fhew the Times ; the id and
4% the Kinds. Thus, on the 5th of January at 7 Mi-
nutes after 1 1 in the Evening, there will be an Emerfion
of the firft Satellite . Again, on the 26th of December , at
49 Minutes after 2 in the Morning, the fourth Satellite
will im merge into the Shadow ; and at 12 Minutes after
6 the fame Morning, it will emerge out of it.

i

i

■

XL A

C W 3

XI. -A Continuation of an Account of Ati
Efiay towards a Natural Hiftory of Caro-
lina , and the Bahama Iflands 5 by Mark
Catesby, F. R. S. with fome Extracts out
of the ninth Set , by Dr. Mortimer, Seer.
R. S.

THE Extrads and Account of the eighth Set arc
inferred in N° 441 . ofthefe EhilofophicalTranf-
actions, p. iji.&feq. This ninth Set begins with
Plate 6 1, of the fecond Volume ; and as the fore-
going treated chiefly of Serpents, this contains the
Figures and Defcriptions of feveral Quadrupeds, inter-
mix'd with Plants. The Author begins with the mod
beautiful flowering Tree of thefe Parts, and I may
venture to fay, of the known World 5 he gives a very
magnificent Figure of it in Plate

61. Magnolia altijjtma , flore ingenti Candida.
The Laurel-Tree of Carolina *

The native Places of thefe fine fragrant-flower'd
Trees are Florida and South Carolina* but they have
been fo far naturalized to the Climate of England , as
for feveral Years to have flower’d in the Garden of Sir
john Colliton of Exmouth in E)evonfhire , and at
Earfons -Green, in the Garden of the Rt. Hon. Sir
Charles Wager .

62. Eutorius Americanus ftriatus . The Pol-cat.
Thefe Creatures, when attacked, can from fome
fecret Dufts emit fuch fetid Effluviums, that neither
Men, or but few Dogs, care to approach them s they

X x 2 have

E 3 44 1

have not this Scent, but when Fear or Self-preferva-
tion prompts them to it. Our Author hath feen them
kept tame about a Houfe : The Indians reckon their
Flefh a great Dainty : Our Author found it well-tafted.
They feed on Infcds, and wild Fruit.

jP feudo-phalangium ramofum .

63 . Lacertus omnium maximus, Crocodilus didus.
The Alligator.

Our Author hath in this Plate given a Figure of a
Crocodiles Egg, which is not larger than a common
Turkey's, and of a young Crocodi e or Alligator ,
juft got out of one. It is to be admired, that from fo
fmall a Size thefe Creatures fometimes grow to be 10
or 30 Feet long. Thefe Monfters are not found
further North in America, than the fame Latitude that
anfwers to the Northern Coaft of Africa. They
fometimes, though rarely, attack Men or Cattle, but
are great Devourers of Hogs. They are beft avoided
by turning flhort from them s for they cannot eafily
turn, either in running or fwimming, the Joints of
their Back not being very flexible. The hind Part of
their Belly and Tail is often eat by the Indians 5 the
Flefh is delicately white, but of fo perfum'd a Tafte
and Smell, as to make it difagreeable to eat.

To this I fhall beg leave to add, that thefe Creatures
were known to the Antients in the Nile , and arc
defcribed by the Name of Crocodilus , both by the
Greek and Latin W riters $ which Word is fuppos'd to
be compounded of the Words jtgojcu, littus , and
ifgiX®-, timidns , or an Animal fhy of the Shoar.

This Species of Creatures is exadly the fame with
thofe in America , where the Spaniards firft gave them
the Name of Allagarto 5 which is as much as to fay,

. The

[ M5 ]

The Lizard , by way of Pre-eminence, this being
the gigantic or largeft Species of the Lizard Family $
the Word being compounded of the Arabic Article
Al , the , and Lagarto , a. Corruption of the Latin
Word Lacertus , a Lizard ; and from the Words
Al Lagarto , our Englijh Sailors have formed the.
Word Alligator.

Candela Americana , /??///> laurinisy flore tetra *
petalo lateo , fruSu anguftiore.

The Mangrove- tree. Thefe Trees grow in watery
muddy Places, even in fhallow fait Water : They are
propagated not only by their Pods, which falling off
take Root in the Mud, but likewife by the Branches,,
which, if they hang down fo as touch the Mud, will
take Root, and fend up other Stems ; fo that great
Tradts of Land are over- run from one original Tree,
which forms an impenetrable Wood, the Retreat of
fmall Alligator s, Turtles, ', and various Fi(h of Prey.

It was probably of this Sort of Tree the Forefts
were compos’d, which 6L Curtins mentions Lib. IX.
Cap. i. *

64. Lacertus Indicus, Senembi & Iguana diffius.
The Guana. This fort of Lizard is fome two, fomo
five Feet long. They are the chief Food of the
Inhabitants of the Bahama lllands, where they take
great Numbers of them, having Dogs train’d up to

that

* Hinc Poro, amneque fuperato, ad interiora Indix proceffit [Alex-
ander]. Sylvie erant prope in immenfum fpatium diffufe, procerif-
que & in eximiam alcitudinem editis arboribus umbrofx : plerique
rami inftar ingentium ftipitum Hexi in humum, rurfus, qua fe curva-
verant, erigebamur, adeo ut fpecies effet non rami rdurgentis, fed;
arboris ex fua radice generate.

[ ?4« 3

that Purpofe 3 fome they carry alive for Sale to Caro-
lina, others they eat frefh, or fait and barrel up for
keeping : Their Flefh is cafy of Digeftion, delicate,
and well tailed.. It is remarkable, that the Fat in their
Bellies imbibes the Colour of the Fruit they laft fed
on.

Anona maxima, foliis latis , fr tiffin luteo conoide ,
cortice glabro. The Fruit of this Tree is eatable,
and is the Food of Guanas , and many other wild
Creatures.

6y. Lacertus viridis Carolinenjis. The green
Lizard of Carolina. Thefe Creatures are quite
harmlefs, and lufFer’d to go about the Houfes: They
will from green, by Cold, change to brown.

Liquid-ambari arbor , feu Styraciflua, Keens folio,
fruffiu tribuloide , i. e. pericarpto orbicular i ex quam-
plurimis apicibus coagmentato , femen recondente .
Pluk. Aim. Bot./. 224. Phytogr. fab . 42 .f 6. The
fweet Gum-tree . The Wood is good Timber for
Wainfcoating and Joiners Work 5 the Bark is ufed for
covering Houfes: From the Bark and Wood diftils a
fragrant Gum, fcarce to be diftinguifh’d from the
Balfam of Tolu.

66. Lacertus <viridis Jamaicenfs. The green
famaica Lizard . The Pouch under the Throat
doth not look red, but when the Creature inflates it
through Fear or Anger.

Lignum Campechianum ; Species qusedam Brafil.
Joh. deLaet, Sloane Hill. Jam. Vol. II./. 183. Log-
wood . Three of thefe Trees grew in the Ifland of
5 Vr evidence , in three Years, to be (from the Seed) 14
Feet high, and their Trunks feven or eight Inches
thick. From this quick Growth of this ufeful Tree,

which

C 347 ]

which hath fo often been the Caiife of Quarrels with
the Spaniards , it were to be wiflfd that the Englijh
in Jamaica , and the Southern Colonies, would be
induced to propagate thefe Trees in our own Plan-
tations.

67. Lacertus [ flriatus ] cauda coerulea. The
blue-tail Lizard . They are fufpeded to be veno-
mous.

Anona fruttu viridi Itevi , Ryri inverfl forma .
The Fruit of this and moft other Anonas are Food
for Lizards , and other Animals 5 there are none
North of the Tropic. Some of thefe Fruits have,
from their Tafte, been called Cuflard apple, Sugar-
apple, and Sour fops.

68. Lacertus grifeus. The Lion Lizard . It
hath got its Englifh Name from a Fiercenefs in its
Looks, though inoffenfive.

Vifcum caryophylloides, foliis longis in apice
incifls, floris labello albo trifido, petalis luteis lon-
gis anguftifflmis. This Plant is called Vifcum, mere-
ly as being a Parafitical Plant, not that it refembles
Mifletoe, it being really a bulbous Plant.

69. Rana terrejlris. The Land-Frog .

Sarracena foliis longioribus & angufiipribus 3

Bucanephyllon elatius Virginianum, &c. Pluk. Aim..
p. 72. T. if 2. f 3. The Strudure of the Leaves of
thefe Plants is very extraordinary, they being tubulousr
having a Flap at Top to cover the Opening. From the
Shape of the Flower, they are in Virginia called the
Side f addle- flower.

70. Rana aquatic a. The Watery frog,

[ ?♦* 1

Sarracena foliis brevioribus latioribus. Sana -

vena Canadenfis , foliis caws & auritis . Hift.
R. H. 657. The Hollow of the Leaves of this
and the preceding Sort, always retain fome Water,
and ferve as a Retreat for numerous Infefts.

71. Rana viridis arbor e a. The green Tree Frog .
Thefe Frogs are always found flicking to the under
Sides of Leaves of Trees, and other Plants 5 nay, they
can faften themfelves to a reclining Glafs, by the extra-
ordinary Strutture of their Toes, which are made like
the Mouth of a Leech , whereby they cleave to any
thing. [Poflibly the fame Structure may obtain in the
Feet of Flies and other Infefts, that can walk on Ceil-
ings with their Back downwards, aflifted by fome
glutinous Matter.] They appear moft in the Night,
£nd are incefiantly chirping chit chit, chic dm.

Arum Americanum , Beta folio. The Scunk-weed .
This Plant will bear the Englifh Climate.

72. Rana maxima Americana aquatic a. The
Bull-Frog . This hath its Englifi Name from its
Noife, which feems not unlike the Bellowing of a
Bull at a Diftance. ft is the largeft known Species of
the Frog Kind ; fome being near two Feet from the
Nofe to the Ends of the Toes of the hind Feet. The
Membrana Tympani of the Ear lies quite expofed,
being even with the Skin of the Head, without any
Meatus auditorius. They are commonly found in
Pairs in clear Springs : They devour young Ducklings
or Goflins whole.

Helleborine . The Lady's Slipper of Fenfvfaania.
It bears our Climate in England .

73. Sciurus niger . The black Squirrel . Their

Flefh is reckon'd delicate.

Cal-

II 549 D

Calceolus Mariams glaber , pet alls anguftis. Pet.
H, S. f . Rail Hift. Tom . III. App. 243. Vide Pluk.
Tab. 418. Fig. 2. The yellow Lady's Slipper. Thefe
will flower here in England .

74. Sciurus Virginianus cinereus major . Raii
Syn. Quad. />. 2 if. The^r^y Fox Squirrel . Thefe
are larger than the Englijh Squirrel, and are great
Deftroyers of Corn and Pulfe.

Vi/cumC ary ophyllo ides , floribus parvis luteis pun -
tlatis. This is another parafitical Plant, but of the
bulbous Tribe, and like a Narcijfus.

75. Sciurus Jlriatus. The Ground Squirrel.
Thefe are bay, beautifully ftreaked with Black and
Yellow.

Cornus, foliis laurinis, frufru may ore luteo . The
Mafic-tree. The Wood of thefe Trees is reckon’d
good Timber; the Fruit is like a fmall Plum, and is
fweet and lufeious.

76. Sciurus solans. The flying Squirrel. I fhali
not fay any thing here relating to the Defcription of
this Squirrel ; there being an accurate Figure and De-
fcription of one of the fame Species found in Ro-
land, by Mr. Klein , in the Fhilofophical TranfaElions >
Ng4 ij.p-io.

Guajacana. Thefe Trees have been naturaliz'd to
our Climate. The Fruit dried, refembles in Taftc
Raifins of the Sun\ the Stone fplit, exhibits in the
Kernel the Tree in Embryo , with its Stem and the
two feminal Leaves, in a more confpicuous manner
than any other Seed I have met with.

77. In this Plate is reprefented a flying Squirrel ’ in
the Pofture of flying, with the Membranes on each
Side extended.

Yy

Vifcum

L 35° 3

Vifcum caryophylloides, Aloes foliis viridibus acu -
m mat is, floribus racemojis luteis. This parafitical
Plant is a fort of Aloe j its Root is tuberous.

78. Vulpis cinereus Americanus . The grey Fox .
Thefe Foxes live in hollow Trees, not in Holes under
Ground 5 the Hunters drive them out with Smoak.

Gentiana forte? qua Periclymeni Virginiani fore
co c cine 0 , FI ant a Marilandiea fpicata erePta, foliis
conjugatis. D. Sherard R. Hift. Tom. III. Dendr. 3,
N. 23. A Deco&ion of this Plant is good againft
Worms; it will bear our Climate.

79. Cuniculus Bahamenfis. The Bahama Coney .
This Creature is rather a Marmot than a Rabbet j and
its Flefh taftes more like Fig .

Fittonia fimilis \_frutex ] L aureol re foliis, for i-
bus albis, baccis rubris. In the Bahama Iflands it
is called Strong-back 5 a Deco&ion of the Bark is uled
there to ftrengthen the Stomach, and reftore the Ap-
petite, as the Caffena is ufed on the Continent. Co-
nies, Guanas and Birds, are fond of the Berries.

80. Magnolia, amplijfmo fore albo, fruPtu coc-

cjneo. The Umbrella-tree . This much refembles

that beautiful Plant the Carolina Laurel-tree , Plate
61. but is not fo high, and doth not require a parti-
cular Defcription.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetjlreet y
and C. Davis, the Corner of Fater-nofter-row ,
next Warwick-lane 5 Printers to the Royal
Society. M.dcc.xxxix.

Numb. 4p.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS

For the Months of October and November , 1738.

The CONTENTS.

I. Matthiae Belii Pannonii , Reg . 60c. Lond. S. 6? 7?^.

Berolin. College See. Observatio Historico-
Physica, ^ Aquis Neofolienfium csratis^ vulgo Cement-
Wafzfer Ferrum JEre per mut antibus ^ in Epiflold ad

Jlhtft. 2>* Hans Sloane, Bart. R. S. Pr. feriptd commu -
nicata .

II. 0/ 0 Bubonocele flr Rupture in the Groin, and the Opera-
tion made upon it *, by Claud, Amyand, Efq\ Serjeant Sur-
geon to His Majesty, and F. R. S.

III. An Account of a Pin taken out of the Bladder of a Child ,
by Mr. William Gregory, Surgeon *, communicated in a
Letter to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Pr. R. S.

IV. A Letter from the Marquis de Caumont to Sir Hans
Sloane, Bart . Prefident of the Royal Society, containing
the Defcription of a very extraordinary Stone or -Calculus
(Tee Tab. fig. 1.) taken out of the Bladder of a Man. after
Death ; tranjlated from the French by T. S. M. D. F. R ■

V. An Account of the Cafe above-mentioned, tranjlated from the
French by Mr. P. H. Zollman, F. R. S.

VI. Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Pr. R. S. his Anfwer to the Mar-
quis de CaumontT Letter , concerning this Stone •, tranfated
from the Latin by Tho. Stack, M. I). F. R. S.

VII. An Account of fome Oil of S afiafras cryftallizea by Mr.
John Maud, Chemifi , F. R, S.

VIII., An

The CONTENTS.

VIII. An Obfervation of an extraordinary Damp in a Well in
the Ifle of Wight *, communicated in a Letter from Mr .
Benj. Cooke, F. R. S. to Mr . Peter. Collinfon, F. R. S.

IX. * An Extract from the Journal Books of the Royal Society,
concerning Magnets having more Poles than two * by John
Eames, F. R. S. with fome Obfervations by Dr. Defagu-
liers on the fame Subject.

X. An Account of fome Magnetical Experiments made before
the Royal Society, on Thurfday the i\th Day of June
1736. by the Rev^ J. T. Defaguliers, LL, D. F. R. S.

XL The Defcription of an antique Metal Stamp, in the Col -
leftion of his Grace Charles Duke of Richmond, Le-
nox and Aubigny, F. R. S. (Ac. being one of the In{lancest
how near the Romans had arrived to the ' An of Printing *,
with fome Remarks by C. Mortimer, M. D. 'Fellow of the
College <?/Phyficians,<mi Seer. R.S. Lond. 6V<?TAB.fig. 3.

XII. Mercurius a Venere occultatus Maii 17. 1737. in Ob-
fervatorio Regio Grenovici, ab J. Bevis, M.D. obfervatus.

XIII. The Ufe of a new Azimuth Compafs for finding the
Variation of the Compafs or Magnetic Needle at Sea , with
greater Eafe and Exaffinefs. than by any ever yet contriv'd for
that Purpofe ; by Capt. Chriftopher Middleton, F. R. S.

XIV. An Account of a Book intituled , Notitia Hungarian
novae Hiftorico-Geographica, (Ac. Auttore Matth. Belio.
By the Rev ^ Zachary Pearce, D. D. F. R. S. (Ac.

XV. A Jhort Account of Mr. Kerfleboom’j Effay [ intituled ,
Vanhandeling^/ eenProevcom teweeten de probableNLenigtz
des Volks in deProvintie van Hollandt en Weftfrieflandt.
Hage 1 73 8. in Ag°- door W. KerlTeboom] upon the Num-
ber of People in Holland and Weft-Friefland, as alfo in
Harlem, Gouda and the Hague * drawn from the Bills of

1 Births , Burials , or Marriages , in thofe Places. By J.
Eames, F. R.S.

XVI. An Anfwer to that Part of Mr. W. KerfTeboom’j Effay ^
..which treats of the Number of the Inhabitants 0/* London*

’ . by Wm. Maitland, F. R,S,

I. Matthias

I 55* 1

I. Matthias Belii Rannonti , Reg. Soc. Lond. S.
& Reg. Soc. Sclent. Berolin. College , See.
Observatio Historico-Physica,
de Aquis Neofolienfium JEratis , njit/go Ce-
ment-Wafzfer diftls, Fermm /Ere permit-
tantlbusy In Epljloll ad Illufl. Dn- Hans
Sloane, Bart. R. S. Er.fcrtpta commitment a .

§. I. ^^>|ELEBRE aquarum aeratarum Neofo-
1 lienjium a apud do&os nomen eft. Me-
minit earum Athanafius Kircherus , in
Mundo fubterraneo, Tomo II. p. 185. Edvardus
Brown, in Memorabilibus Peregrinationum fuarum
p. 186. atque Jacobus Tollius, in Epiftolis Irinerariis,
Epift. V. p. ip 1. ut minutiores. feriptores alios tacea-
mus. Non eft opus eorum five opiniones, five ac-
ceptas a vulgo narratiuntulas, recognofcere, 8c ad veri
tramitem revocare. SufFecerit ea nunc dedifie, quae
8c noftra nos ocvro^icc, 8c amicorum experimenta, con-
docuerunt.

§. II. Scatent ex, uno, ab urbe Neofolienji, in aqui-
lonem, milliari, in vaftilllma ilia cupri fodina, quam
Valle m cDcminorum, ex Germanic o Herr n-Grund,
adpellamus. Quando primum deteQix fint obferva-
taeque, fi a vulgi traditionibus difeefferis, incertum fm
erit dubiumque. ^tate certe Georgii Agricola, Ger-
manorum illius Tlinii, nondum fuifte celebratas, ex

a Hiftoriam metallic# hujus urbis deferiptam legelis Htmgaria
Nova Tomo II. p. 409. feqq.

Z z ei m

C m 3

C|US filentio arguas. Cum enim Lib. IX. de Natura
FoJfiliuMy poft initia, p. m. 347. Schmolnicenfes b,
confimilis naturae aquas, cum cura meminiffet ; Neo-
folienfes iftas tacet : tametfi alias fepius Neofolienfium
aquarum aliarum, 6c metallorum, habuerit mentio-
nem. Aiuntautem,tummtuante, annoMDCV. Botf
kayoy forte fortuna, atque metu magiftro, <eratas
aquas noftras innotuifte. Cum enim expilato, ac
foede exufto Neofolio , ne metallicis quidem operis, a
funeftillimo hominum genere, parccretur 5 reculas
fuas, atque in his ferramenta etiam, ne prxdae eflent
hoftium, malleos puta, clavafque, intra fodinas, tan-
quam inaccefla perfugia, metaliici abdiderant. Hie,
dum uliginofis locis, ultra menfis fpatium, ferrea ilia
fupellex haereret, atque decedentibus Botskaianis , pro-
traheretur iterum, sere arrofam repererunt, quiinjece-
rant j idque eo penitius, quo humidiore loco delitu-
erat. Ergo cepere indicium, ftillantibus hinc atque
illinc, per fodinarum latera, aquis, vim inefle oportere
rerificam 3 quod demum occafto fuit, ut colligendis ifti-
ufmodi aquis, Schmolniczenfiam ritu, alvei poneren-
tur, cameris poftea, ne vulgo paterent, concludendi.

§. III. Invaluit mox inftitutum, quando magis ma-
gifque animadverfa eft, ar at arum aquarum , quas 6c
vitriolicas poffis dicere, efficacitas : quippe quse, e^efo,
quod injiciebatur, ferro, tantundem puriflimi aeris red-
debat, quanta molis fuit immiffum ferrum. Jam adeo
fe compendiaria haec producendi aeris ratio adpro-
bavit, ut cameras iftiufmodi viginti queas numerare.

h Habaimus metaliici hujus oppidi Sc seratarum ejus aquarum
mentionem, in hiftoria Comitatus Scepufienfis, Operis noflri (Hift.
Hungarian) Prodrome, p. 1x9. §. III. 2,

Ex

C m 3

Ex his, duas sdmodum defignabimus $ ex quarum ha-
bitu, de reliquis facile fuerit conjiccre. Prxcipua in
his eft, quae perpendicular iter, ad LXXV. circiter
orgyias, in profundum deprimitur, atque CLI. orgyi-
arum anfraduofo meatu, gradatim c pedibus aditur.
Aqua arata guttatim hie e fodinae lateribus ftillat,
excipiturque, labro primum exiliore, atque hinc de-
mum, in grandius aliud, & in alveos divifum, immit-
titur. Minori illi labro, minutiora ferramenta im-
mittuntur, uti funt foleae equinae, & id genus alia, quae
trium, aut quatuor hebdomadum fpatio, in aes, eadem,
quam habuere, fed elevatiore paullo forma, tranfinu-
tantur. Atque haec quidem aqua efficacior multo eft,
quam quae majori illo labro excipitur. Languide enim
ifthic, & ad eum modum, ferrum arroditur j ut primo,
in fuperficie aquae, limofa tantum, flavefeentis coloris,
cuticula quaedam innatet, quae demum, Marte nondum
penitus erofo, ceu pinguis limus quidam, ferro paulla-
tim haerefeit. Limofam earn materiam metallici den
Schmund vocant, & in fingulos menfes, de ferro, accu-
rate demram, in peculiari & altiori loco fada camera,
ut humor demanare poffit, reponunt. Quod tamdiu
faditant, dum ferrum, aut partem maximam, aut pror-
fus exefum fuerit. Haec de priori ilia camera .

§. IV. Camerarurn altera, quindecim orgyias, pro-
fundius fubfedit : quam a forma & fitu, longam vocant :
nam cum duarum paffim orgyiarum latitudinem ha-
beat, longa eft orgyias viginti quinque. Largius hie,
quam in reliquis earner is, ar at a aqua deftillat. Prx-
terquam enim, quod ex lateribus & concamerationibus

* Germani defeenfum iftiufmodi Manns-Fakrt vocant.

fodina?.

Z z %

£ 354 ]

fodinx, guttatim decidat j duas fcaturigines habet pe:
fennes, qux ftraminis craflitie, aquas continenter fun-
dunt. Utraque fcaturiginum a meridie adaperitur :
atque prior quidem, ab aditu earner £ finiftrorfum paf-
fibustribus, altera, paffibus quinque interius. Ne au-
rem inutiliter diffugiant aquae, per canaliculos, partim
in alveos, partim in quadrata labra, corrivantur : in
quae demum vetus novumque ferrum injiciunt aqua-
rum procuratores. Quin & iftud obfervavimus, alveos
aquis atque ferro accipiendo fados, provide adeo humi
difpofitos efte, lit nihil ufquam deftillantis laticis pef-
fum ire queat. Quod uno alveo ad eum modum ac-
ceptum eft, demanat in alterum, &: ex hoc, in tertium,
atque ftc porro 5 aquarum tamen efficacitate multum
diminuta. Nam, cum in priori alveo, & celerius, &
fortius, arroferit ferrum 5 tardius id fit atque langui-
dius, in altero ac tertio. In eadem hac earner a, me-
dio pariete, peculiaris, & limpidior aqua, guttatim ftil-
lat j quam ideo fingulari labro colligunt. Hue demum
xs, in reliquis cameris fadum, immittitur, ft id purius
fieri volunt. Eft enim limpidius hoc aqux genus ea
virtute, ut impurius cuprum reddat excodius, magif-
que nitidum. Alioquin, quia fingulx hx camera:
pofttione funt declivi, aqux, ex alveis & labris dima-
nantes, a porofo cuniculorum fundo abforbentur fen-
ftm, planeque evanefeunt. Prxter hxc, qux deferi-
pftmus aratarum aquarum receptacula, pafllm per
fodinarum anfradus, loca reperias uvida, quibus fer-
rum xreo colore tingitur : quod indicio eft, aratos
plerofque omiies fodinx humores efte oportere.

§. V. Ad aquam ipfam quod adtinet, viridiufcula
ea, in labris adparet 5 tametft, vitro pellucido haufta,
limpida fit, & ad cryftalli modum tranfparens. Odoris

ex-

cxpertem cognovlmus; faporis autem ritriolico-ad-
Jlringentis, atque temperamenti frigidi. Nobis certe,
guttasejus, ad ipfas fcaturigines, incautius guftantibus,
ad eum modam labia arrofit, uti id accidit, ex depulfa
febre languidis. Cum in fodina verfaremur adhuc,
tria quatuorve Germanica milliaria, per fubterraneos
cuniculos reptando, emenft, nihii in labiis fenfimus mo-
leftix, prater tenerum quendam pruritum s at ubi in
liberum, fub dio, aerem emerftmus, intumefeere pri-
mum, ac dein pus coeperunt concipere. Alioquin
aqua efficacix Temper eft ejufdem, nifi ubi forte ftillare
coepit largius; tunc enim dilutiorfit, & in arrodendo
ferro fcgnior. Alveos, atque labra, quibus continetur
lignea, non modo non corrumpit 5 fed confolidat
etiam, ut folito perdurent diutius. Carrier quibus
labra funt claufa, nihil quidquam redolent gravius,
funtque vitrioli, quod in hac fodina paftim fubolefcit^
expertes : credo ob humidiorem aerem, qui id liquat,
neque patitur in filamenta cryftallofve coalefcere. Re-
perias tamen in nonnullis cameris , qua arata hx
aqu£ defluunt, lapidem albulum hie, alibi plane ad
modum vitrioli cceruleum. Quin & ad latera cunicu-
lorum, qua ea funt fundo camerarum proxima, accre-
tum fal quoddam medium obfervavimus, quod hu-
mid# ac flav# terr# immixtum, infipidum eft, & uti
lapis fpecularis friabile. Metalli foflbres, pronum in
morbos genus, aratam hanc aquamy cum defperatis
morbis laborant, tamquam medicatam potionem,
magna falubritatis confidentia bibunt: qux demum
aut citam alvum, aut vomitum, aut ftmul utrumque
provocat. In ophthalmia tutior ejus ufus eft, ft ad mo-
dum colly riiy cautius adplicetur : arata enim aqu£y

C

oculis profunt, inquit Agricola , Lib. II. p. m. 117*
de Natara comm, quae effluunt ex terra.

§. VI. c /Es Cyprium , quod hie ter at £ aqute ge-
nerant, muito 6c deco&ius. eft, du&iliufque, 6c ad li-
quandum fundendumque pronius, quam funt ejus me-
talli reliqua genera : qua re addu&i aurifabri, pateras
ex eo, pocula 6c capfulas, nicotian# fecum geftandae,
producunt arte alii aliis limatiore : quas demum, facetis,
quin 6c do&is inferiptionibus ornare, in more pofitum
habent noftri. Plures earum dedimus Hungaritc
Nova Tomo II . in Hiftoria Comitatus ZolienJisy
cParte Generali , Membr. Phyfico , §. XI. p. 3
Cum in aquis adhuc hxret, Cyprium iftud xs , muito eft
friabilius, quam cum inde eximitur: tunc enim foli-
defeit quodammodo, particulis, e quibus conftat, arftius
concrefcentibus. Limus vero, de quo fupra diximus,
nihil eft aliud, quam praecipitatum ex aqua, 6c haere-
feens ferro, indigeftum cuprum . Annis id fingulis.
Neofolium , in officinam aerariam, [Kupffer- Hammer
Germani dicunt) defertur, eliquaturque illic, in purif-
limum aes Cyprium 3 idque fine extanti intertrimen to :
eoquod exefum, ab aqua aerata, ferrum, pauxillum, in
eodem limo, de heterogenea materia relinquat. Ante-
quam, ter at# aquarum venae iftae, ab illapfa fuperne
inundatione, fuiffent contemeratae : id quodnoftra xtate
accidiffe recordamur; plus aeris e ferro produci potu-
iffe, certum eft. Nam anno quidem MDCCVII. cen-
tenaries ferri LXXXVIII. in cuprum converfos fuifle,
certum eft: cum jam quotannis, vix centenarii XX. in
xs commutentur. Unde, pronum eft colligere, inun-
dationem illam vehementer imminuifle aratte
aqua priftinam efficaciam : quando abundantiores
fa&ae venae, quern antea vehebant, fpiritum , ut ita

dicam.

C 357 ]

dicam, arificum, diluerunt omnino, feceruntque,’
multo, quam erat, parcioribus adhuc venis languid!-
orem. Enimvero pauciores antea camera araria,
plus procreabant cupri, quam id hodie, in Viginti
earner is, fieri obferves. Quid > quod, camerarum pie-
ra^que, non amplius folidam xs producant, fed limutn
tanturn, quem nunc meminimus, luculento demuni
igne eliquandum.

§. VII. Hxc de habitu aquarum ar at arum dixific
fatis eft. Nunc, quibus experimentis, 6c ipfi nos, 6e
amici noftri, in cognofcenda earum penitiore natura*
elaboraverimus, expromendum eft.

1. Tondo unum , fortiffimas 6c maxime praegnantis
aqua arata , fenfim lenteque evaporatum, turbabatur
primum 5 lutei quidpiam pulveris dejiciens : qui deindc
ad ficcitatem exco&os, duos, 6c medium fcrupulum
refidui, viridiufeuli coloris, poft fe reliquit. Idem
iftud refiduum , more confueto, aqua folutum, praebuit
folutionem viridem 5 quae demum filtrata evapora-
taque, vitriolum exhibuit cryftalliforme , duorum
fcrupulorum. Quod e pulvere fuperabat, luteum fuit,
6c fex granorum ponderis : ut adeo pondus medicinale .
aqux xx.2Xxy vix quidquam, ultra duos fcrupulos vi~
trioli cuprei contineat.

2. Pondo unum, ejufdem arata aqua , oleo tar -
tari praecipitatum, turbabatur, fiebatque coloris marino-
viridisi Germanis Meer-griin. Id demum filtratum ,
refiduum in filtro reliquit, quod exficcatum, duos 6c
medium fcrupulum praebuit, cum modico 0 medio.

3. Denique, pondo aqua arata , in vitro, accurate
claufo, inje&um ferreum cuneolum xxco colore bul-
lulis paflim adhaerentibus, fenfim ccepit tingere. Al-
tero poft die, aqua fiebat turbida, evadebatque albula,

ftriis

[ 358 ]

finis fimul albidiufculis, in vitri fundo, & circa cunea-
lum, animadverfis : dum poft dies aliquot, luteum, feu
cupriforme fedimentum, ad eundem cuneum, obXer-
vafiemus.

§. VIII. Ex his experiments, iftud omnino condidi-
fcimus :

1. Aquam hanc revera reratam, 5c vitriolo cupri,
afFatim faturatam efle, atque e metallicis venis, foluto
pafllm aereo pyrite, fcaturire : hinc, 6c ‘vitriolatam dici
poffe, fupra monuimus.

2. Aquam eandem ferrum arrodere folvereque j
atque exiftentes in aqua, feu menjlruo hoc, aereas parti-
culas, praecipitare ; five a folvente illo feparatas, ad
fundum demittere, fenfimque injefti ferri, cui haere-
fcunt, formam referre. Id quod accuratior cupri hujus
infpedio fatis fuperque docet : quippe quod, non in
folidam quandam glabramque maffam efFormatur ; fed
coalefcentibus infinitis granulis, ficuti ova pifcium, in
unum corpus coit, friabile illud, 6c ultra modum fragile.
Atque notum fane eft, cum chymicis, turn metallurgis,
6c qui eas artes vel a limine tantum falutarunt, metal-
lum unum praecipitari ab altero. Ita nimirum Mer-
curius viyus, in aquaforti folutus, praecipitat L unam ;
haec Saturnum 5 ilte Verier em j Venus denique Mar -
tern. Hinc, fi particulam cupri in aqua jorti fob
veris, injecerifque poftea aliquam ferri particulam,
eandem hanc metamorphofin poteris obfervare, qua-
lem nunc de aqua noftra rerata adnotavimus :
nempe, menjlruum\\\w&y ferrum arrodet folvetque i
atque in eodem illo aftu, xs menjlruo immixtum, ab
co feparabitur, 5c in locum ferri fenfim ac lente fub-
iidebit*

§. IX. Quae

C r> 9 ]

§. IX. Qnx cum ita lint, ficuti funt omaino, refelli
hinc poterunt, qux ex <eratx hujus aqti£ effedUbus,
incautius deducuntur a nonnullis.

1. Ac primo quidem; quod, cum tantum aeris cx
aqua hac noftra eximi foleat, quantum ferri fuerat
immilTumi male ii argutantur, qui fibi perfuadent,
corrofum ab aqua ferrum cupreas, quas intus habebat
particulas, quafi vinculo quodam folutas, deponere,
partes autem materiales reliquas, prorfus confumere,,
aut facere, ut evanefcant.

2. Neque praterea, ferri, in cuprum ejfentialis
tranfmutatw , in tota hac naturae molitione, locum
habere poteft : id quod Alchinujl £ , 6c nefcio qui non
Chryfotechn£ , 6c fibi perfuadent, 6c aliis nituntur per-
fuadere; quafi revera, metallum imperfedtius atque
ignobilius commutari tota fubftantia poflit in me-
tallum aliud perfedtius nobiliufque. Satis enim ex
memoratis fupra experimentis adparet, fatifque ex
ratione conftat phyfica, aquam noftram aratam nul-
latenus permutatricem efl'e ferri in cuprum 5 fed depo-
Jitricem tantummodo (fit verbis venia!) aerearum par-
ticularum, quibus jam ante impraegnata fuit. Contra-
rium prorfus, fi id haberemus propofitum, adverfus
Chryfotechnas illos, ex noftra hac obfervatione, pof-
femus evincere. Si enim, ferrum 6t cuprum, cog-
nata maximopere metalla, natura ipfa adminiftra, ne-
queunt mutuo pernnitari, ut, exempli caufla, ex ferro
fiat cuprum j multo minus ab arte id ex fpe&ari poteft,
etiam maxime fcientifica. Quod autem, inter reliqua
metalla omnia, cuprum 6c ferrum, praecipuc fibi invi-
cem fint cognata; abunde id, 6c ultra veri fimilitudi-
nem docuit, Henckelius y in HiJloriaVyritum, (Kiefs
Hiftorie) p. ^z^fequ. ubi fimul,p. 422. 6c iftud ad-

A a a firmat,

{ 1

firmat, nullum fibi, inter tot experimenta, lapidem,
feu mineram au*ariam, occurrifie, quam non magnes
adpetierit: ut adeo, magnetis adtrattiva ilia virtus ,
poft ferrum, aeris quoque cyprii maxime patiens ob-
fervetur. Et cum ferrum atque cuprum eadem ilia
metalla lint, quae proprie fie dictum Vitriolum prae-
bent ; id quod de reliquis, eadem fpecie atque forma,
did haud poteft ; paris enim funt 6c fubftantiae, 6c
coloris, viridis ejus aut coeruleij oporteret fane, fi
decantatum illud Hermaphroditicum vitriolum uf-
quam daretur, id, in exftanti hoc naturae opificio, cer-
tiffimis indiciis, prodi : quod tamen haud eft.

§. X. Ceterum, aratam aquam Neofolienfem , uti
fupra didum eft, a foluto, per retrufos fubtus meatus,
pyrite tfreo^ vim omnem efficacitatemque habere 5
cum res ipfa docet, turn Schmolniczenfium exemplum
operaeque. Tota, nimirum, metallifera ejus oppidi
regio, intus & extus, pyrite tereo eft referta ; ut pro-
inde arata aqua (Ciment-Wasfer) non intra fodi-
nas modo, fed 6c in harum fuperficie, ubertim fcateat :
qua re fimul fit, ut multo, quam hxc noftra, quae eft in
Valle cDominorum , 6c praegnantior fit, 6c ad praecipitan-
dum cuprum efficacior. Quid ? quod coelo fiticu-
lofo, 6c deficiente, fub dio, in fcaturiginibus arata
aqua , ex fontibus proximis, aqua vulgari alia, egeftos,
ex puteis aut cuniculis metallicis, pyritis aerei cumulos,
quin 6c obfoletos cuniculos, ubertim perfundere fo-
leant Schmolnicenfes , ut vulgares aquae illae, perluto
pyrite <erato> vim inde atque efficaciam adipifcantur,
& ferri corrodendi, 6c deponendi cupri : quod 6c ita
evenit $ corrivatae enim in alveos atque labra, ean-
dem, quam nativae atque aeratae, ex eluto pyrite, vim

atque

C 3** ]

atque efficaciam indipifcuntur. Hxc de aquis Neo-
[blienfium gratis, feu vitrioticis, obfervafle, pre-
tium operae vifum eft.

Tifonii, A. CId la CCXXXVIII. Idibus Augufti.

II. Of a Bubonocele or Rupture in the Groin,
and the Operation made upon it ; by Claud.
Amyand, Ejq-y Serjeant Surgeon to His
Majesty, and F. R. S.

UPON the 8th Day of Ottober 1 737, my Lord
Thomond’s Coachman's Wife, Mrs. Bennet ,
of a thin Habit of Body, aged 70, had a Return of a
Tumour in the Groin, with unufual Pain, which
was foon followed with a cruciating one in the Belly,
and fuch Colicks, Reachings, and excrementitious
Vomitings, as ufually attend the Strangulation of the
Gut in the Miferere met . This came upon her
unaware, and the Diftrefs fhe was in, made her forget
that for 2j Years laft-paft fhe had had a Swelling in
the Groin as big as a Hafcl-nut, which feldom had
given her any Uneafinefs, and which fhe never fu-
fpe&ed to be a Rupture. Of late fhe had been more
fubjeft to Colics than ufual, but that was imputed
to bad Digeftions ; and that Day fhe had ufed no Mo-
tion capable of producing a Rupture : So that it was
by chance that Mr. <rDefpaignol7 who was fent for the
next Day, difeover'd the Caufe of the Complaints*
She was blooded, clyftefd, fomented, poulticed, and
embrocated 5 but the Complaints fubfifting, with a
continual Singultus, I was called in, the nth.

The

[ J-Si 3

The Tumour was now oblong, about the Bignefs
of a Hen's Egg, fomewhat inflamed, yet not tenfe,
nor fo painful as to take much Notice of it. Upon the
repealed Ufe of the forementioned Means, and of
lenient Purges and Opiates, the Vomitings and Hic-
cough were at times flopped, and the Patient made fo
much eafier, as to ground Hope of Succefs; but as
during fix Days, the Patient had had no Paflage, and
the Tumour could not be reduced, fo we thought it
unfafe to delay the Operation any longer. At this
Time fhe was free from Fever, the Belly was not
tenfe, and fhe had great Intervals of Reft.

The Tumour felt unequal (though it appear'd even)
and pappy, as the Tumours of the Omentum gene-
rally are, and therefore of that Kind that is always
moft difficult to reduce ; the Omentum wanting that
-elaftic Springinefs which favours the replacing of the
Guts. Upon Difieftion we found it was imbodied
in the hernial Bag, and that upon the external
Surface of the Slits in the abdominal Mufclcs, the
Folds of it had form'd a round Protuberance, not
unlike' the Os Tine#, in th o. Vagina, or like a Bour -
lety which, by compreffing the Gut, prevented the
Return of it unto the Belly, and by obturating the
■Opening, as the Gut was prefs'd upon it, had ftrangu-
lated about an Inch of the Gut incompafs'd -by it in
The Hernia .

This being the <Sth Day from the Beginning
of this Evil, the Gut there was found of a very
Twarthy Colour, but yet fpringy, fo that it was not
totally mortified. It lay inclos'd in a Net form'd
•fey The Omentumy as a Fifh in a Fifliing-net, ftran-
• gulating the Gut under its PrelTure without the -ab-
dominal

[ 3<fi 3

Nominal Mufcles : It was With feme Difficulty the
Omentum was torn off and feparated from the Bag
it was attach'd to ; and as this lay in the way of the
Pveduction of the Gut, and almoft fphacelated, fo it
was cut off without any previous Ligature, though
its Vefieis were turgid and large, as it was impofi-
fible to pull it out fo as to make the Ligature upon
the found Part of it; after which the Reduction of
the Gut might e-afily have been made, without in-
larging the annular Slit. for this made no Stri&ure
to prevent it. But the Quantity of the Omentum
within it being great and voluminous, and the Gut
in a very crazy State, it was thought more expedient
to inlarge it, to make the Redu&ion of the whole
^eafy : Afterwards the Omentum was detach'd from
its Adherence round this Place, and pull'd further
out i and . a. Ligature being made upon the found
Part of it, that was. alfo replaced in the Belly, and
the Entrance flopp'd with a conic Tent, dipp'd in
the Yolk of an Egg, and Oil of St. 'Johns-wort :
The Belly , was embrocated, and the Dreflings well
fecured ; for as the Patient was greatly opprefs'd
with an Afthma, fo Ihe was oblig’d to be fitting in
Bed.

From this time the Hiccough and excrcmentitious
Vomitings have difappear’d, but. the Reachings and
Vomitings continued near five Days longer, before
the Foeces detain'd above the ftrangulated Gut could
make their way downwards, though they were fre-
quently invited by Clyfters, and lenient Purges. .She
was blooded immediately after the Operation, and
loon after took an emollient. and .carminative Clyfter,
which was repeated Night and Morning ; and an

[ ?<4 ]

oily Laxative of two Drachms of Manna , and half an
Ounce of Oil of fweet Almonds, in Mint and fmall
Cinamon- water, every four Hours. At firft the Eva-
cuations were extremely fetid, black, griping, and
frequent ; but they became more moderate as fhe took
Abforbents and Diluents ; but yet fo frequent, that it
was thought proper to reftrain them by gentle Aftrin-
gents, fo that fhe might be enabled to bear them. Ia
five or fix Days, the Stools had remov'd the Ten-
fion, which appear'd on the Belly after the Opera-
tions ; the Reachings and Vomitings, and the remain-
ing Symptoms, went off; the Wound digefted well,
and the Patient continued in a mending and recover-
ing way.

It has been obferv'd, that this old Woman was
greatly afflided with an Afthma \ (he had, at times,
violent Fits of it, and the 14th Day from the Opera-
tion fhe had one, with a total Stoppage of the Dif-
charge from her Lungs, which choaked her upon the
17th Day. I fhould have been glad to have had the
Opening of her, but could not obtain her Friends
Confent.

This Cafe confirms me in what I have frequently
obferv'd upon the like Occafion, that as the Omentum
is the principal Obftacle to the Redudion of the Guts
in Ruptures, fo it is the Occafion of the greateft Ac-
cidents that attend that Evil. It wraps up and inclofes
the Gut prolapfed, like a Net, whofe fatten'd End
within the Belly ftrangulates the Part detain'd in the
Rupture without the abdominal Apertures where it is
confin'd 5 and is produdive of fuch Folds in it, and
Prefiures of the Gut wrapp'd up in it, as is oftener the
Caufe of a Strangulation and Miferere mei, than

[ 3^5 3

the tendinous Slits of the external oblique Mufcles in the
inguinal Rupture, or tendinous Opening in the Navel,
which upon thefe feldom is found inflam'd, and can
never contrad fo fuddenly, as to obftrud the Return of
the Gut into the Abdomen, when the Omentum is
abfent : Agreeable to which, it is rare to find any
ftrangulated Rupture that is not attended by it.

The fatty Subftance of the Omentum fubjeds it to
Inflammations, Suppurations, and Putrefadions, that
contaminate the neighbouring Parts. It wants that
elaftic Springinefs the Guts have, which favour the
Redudion in Ruptures. It frequently flays behind
when the Guts are reduced, and therefore bars the
Patient not only from the Benefit of retentive Tcufles
he ftands in need of for his Security, but it direds the
Gut into the Rupture where it lies, the Guts being moft
apt to Aide down along it; and when it is fix'd in the
Rupture, it too often pulls and draws into it the
Coecum and Colon it is attach'd to, and even the Stor
mach itfelf, in proportion as the Quantity of it in
the Rupture happens to be more or lefs ; and therefore
the umbilical Ruptures are moft dangerous of any *
for as the Omentum lies over the Guts, fo it is always
prefs'd in foremoft, in the Ruptures of this Part,
which, when large, will alfo caufe an Elongation of
the Fundus of the Bladder that way, and a Difficulty
of Urine, in proportion as the Urachus attach'd there
isftretched forwards towards the Navel.

The Pain attending the Frolapfus , foon fwells the
Vefiels of the Omentum , and that will fill up the Aper-
tures in the abdominal Mufcles, through which the
Vifcera are fallen out, prevent their Return, and
bring on an Inflammation. If, by plentiful bleeding,

the

[ i<st 1

the Veflels emptied do not facilitate the Return of the
Parts prolapfed, and all the Confequences that gene-
rally are obfervUupon the like Occafion, and if thefc
do not operate foon, it is very feldom that any thing
is got by the Application and Ufe of all the other
Means prefcribed.. Certain however it is, that 'tis
very dangerous to depend too long upon, them ; and
that a Sufpenfton of the Symptoms is no Security,
whilft the due Courfe of the Forces is interrupted. The
Cafe I have here mention’d, may be a Warning to
others, not to delay too long an Operation whereby
the Parts are to be releas’d from Confinement, and
which oftener would be fuccefsful, if it was not de-
layed fo Jong.

In the cafe of a Rupture with a Miferere met,
feme deny that Excrements and Clyfters from the
lower Guts can afeend, and be difeharged through the
Mouth, upon a Prefumption, that the Strangulation
that prevents and’ flops the Defcent of a thin Fluid
downwards, muft prevent the Afccnt likewife, anal,
efpecially of fuch folid Subftances as are reported to
be difeharged upwards ; and the rather, that the Val-
mda Coli , and the Wrinkles or Valves of the Guts,
muft impede the Afcent : But the Fa £t is true, and there
is no one converfant in Pra&ice, but has feen Fceces
and oily Clyfters difeharged upwards.

If this be allowed, it will follow, that in the Gut-
Pvupture, there is a Paffage through their Pipe, and
confequently that the Strangulation muft be lefs than
it is generally afeertain’d.

The Inflammation of the Guts inverts, but we do
not know how, the periftaltic Aftion of them,
and the Difchargc, and that fo long as that is con-
tinued.

C J*7 ]

tinued, infomuch that this will continue even fomc
Days after the Reduction of the Gut is made.

Parts inflamed, and in Contaft, will foon flick and
coalefce together: Pain is the indicating Sign of In-
flammation, and an Inflammation is an Intumefa&ion
of the Vefiels in the Parts inflamed- If then Pain
happens to be an Attendant of a Rupture, wherein
the Omentum is concern’d, and the Parts fo inflamed
continue in Contact:, that is, if the Parts prolapled in
a Rupture are not foon reduced, they will fwell in the
Bag, and be knit together, and by filling up the Open-
ing, by which they had prolapfed, choak up the
Paflage, clog and prevent the returning back, com-
prefs the Guts under the Preflure, and ftrangulate them
more and more, in proportion as their Bulk fhall
increafe, fo long as the Fluids can flow into the
comprefs’d Canals ; in which at laft they ftagnate, and
upon Extravalation fuppurate, or the Mortification of
the Parts comprefs’d enfues.

III. An Account of a Pin taken out of the
Bladder of a Child, by Mr. William Gre-
gory, Surgeon $ communicated in a Letter
to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Tr. R. S.

Brompton near Chatham t
Jan 4. 1733-4-

I Was call’d to the Afllftance of a Woman in Tra-
vail. The Foetus prefented in a tranfverfe Pofition ;
I foon recover’d the Feet, and in a few Minutes deli-
ver’d the Woman. The Funiculus Umbilicalis was

B b b fo

r i*n

fo fhort, that it was with Difficulty I could make a
Ligature upon it, in order to make a Separation : I im-
mediately extracted the Secundine, and meafur'd the
Funiculus , which was little more than four Inches
long: As foon as the. Woman was taken care of, I
examin'd the Child, which I found to be imperfed
in feveral Parts, there being no Anus , neither Pri-
vities to diftinguiffi of what Sex it was : Where the
Vulva fhould be, there was a fmall Perforation, (though
no Appearance of Labia) through which the Urine al-
ways pafs'd away 5 there was likewife a large Hernia
Umbilicalis , and a little lower in the Linea alba>
was a Perforation, into which the Intejlinum reElum
open'd, and there the Excrements pafs'd during the
time the Child liv'd, which was almoft ten Weeks.
Several Days before the Child died, a Gangrene ap-
pear'd on the Hernia , which foon pafs'd into the In-
teftines, and occafion'd the Child's Death : The Her-
nia, in my Opinion, was occafion'd by the Shortnefs
of the Funiculus , which did not grow in Length pro-
portionable to the Foetus 5 the Child in all other Parts
was perfed. When the Child died, I had Liberty
from the Parents to infped into it : I did not go
through a regular Diffedion 5 I only infpeded into the
Inteftinum reUtum , (which I found is above defcrib'd)
and the urinary Bladder, which V found very fmall,
and no Urine in it,* the Child was never obferv'd to
make Water in a Stream whiift it liv'd, which makes
me of Opinion, the Sphinffier Vefic £ was imperfed.
In handling the Bladder, I found fomething ffiarp
pointing to my Finger 5 I could not difcover what it
was, until I fnip'd off the Neck of the Bhdder : I then

[ ]

took out of the Bladder a tough kind of Subftance,
about as big as a fmall Fig, in which was a Pin with
the Head on, and very black j the urinary Bladder,
Pin, and vifcid Subftance,. (though now fomewhat
wafted) are here preferv'd in Sp. Vin. R. The Cafe,
in my Opinion, being very extraordinary, occafion’d
my giving the above Account of it, which I declare
to be Truth, having open'd the Child in the Prefence
of feveral Spectators. Witnefs my Hand,

Wm. Gregory.

IV* A Letter from the Marquis de Cau-
mont to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Trefident
of the Royal Society, containing the De-
fcription of a very extraordinary Stone
or Calculus taken out of the Bladder of
a Man after Death 3 tranflated from the
French by T. M. D. F. R. S.

30. 1732.

YOU have an indifputable Right to all the
Wonders of Nature: They have, in fome
manner, recourfe to your Tribunal: For where can
they be examined with fuch Judgment > This is my
Motive for communicating to you the Figure of an
uncommon Stone found lately in the Bladder of a
dead Body, which I had engraved in my own Pre-

B b b 2 fence.

SIR,

Avignon, June

C 170 3

fence. Tis exaCtly conformable to the Original.
The moft able Phyficians, and the beft Anatomifts,
whom 1 have confulted on this SubjeCt, allure me
they never faw any thing like it of the kind. I can
vouch, that the Engraving, rho' very exaCt, does not
come up to this lingular Work of Nature j the ten
Branches of which, that fpread from the Centre,
have fome Refemblance with thofe of certain Plants.
It is a matter of Difficulty to me to think, that the
Syftem of Juxt-Appofition, which is employ'd to ex-
plain the fucceffive Growth of common Stones or
Calculi , can hold good on this Occalion. I dare not
however advance, that Vegetation has any Share here-
in : Though the Shape of the Branches of the Stone,
of the Canals, or *Papilltey which feem deftin'd to
convey the nutritious Juices, do in fome meafure
favour this Hypothefts. I hope, Sir, you will be fo
kind to give me your Thoughts on this ^Phanomenort
of Nature. I fhall efteem it as a fure and infallible
Oracle, and fhall bring to it, as to a fix'd Point, every
Conjecture and Idea that fuch a Novelty can give Rife
to. I thought proper to join to the Figure of the
Stone, the Account of the Patient's Diftemper, in
whofe Bladder it was found ; as Mr. Salien, Surgeon
of Lijle in the County of VenaiJJin , has fent it to me.
TheFaCt, of itfclf, examin'd with fuch Philofophical
Eyes as yours. Sir, cannot fail of appearing curious.
And moreover, skilful Lithotomies may reap
fome Advantage by it, for perfecting their Opera-
tions. For allowing the Poffibility of Calculi of a
Conformation fomewhat like this, which they may
judge of by knowing the Bulk of the Stone, they
will underftand, that in fuch a Cafe, no other Method

but

C !?> 3

but that of the high Operation can facilitate the Ex-
traction of an extraneous Body, whofe Branches can-
not fail caufing confiderable Lacerations $ unlefs they
found fome favourable Circumftances, and that the
Contexture of it were brittle enough to break it be-
fore its being extracted.

But I am aware. Sir, that I do but Hammer on a.
Subject quite foreign to me. Guriofity, join'd to the
perfed Veneration I have for you, were my Motives;
in examining it. All Europe does Juftice to your.
Merit. Such a Suffrage as mine can add nothing to
your Reputation, and only does Honour; to my Dif-
cernment

I have the Honour to be with the greatefl: Refped*,

SIR ,

Tour*moJi hurnbU
And mofi obedient Servant ,

The Marquis of Caumont,

V . An Account of the Cafe above-mentioned^
tranjlated from the French by Mr. Zoll-
man, & R. S.

ON E Jofeph Vajfe , Inhabitant of Le Thor , a
fmall Town at a fliort League's Diftance from
Lijle in the County of VenmJJin , aged Sixty-fix
Years, of a robuft Conftitution, who ufed to travel

about

[ vi 3

about to Fairs and Markets in that County, dealing in
Com and Cattle, without having ever complain d of
any Indifpofition, began on the 14th of February
1731. to feel in the Night-time fome Difficulty of
making W ater, attended with a Smarting about the
Gians y which however did not hinder him from at-
tending his Bufinefs as before.

On the 28th of March 1732* the faid VaJJe was
feiz’d in the Night with a true Ifchuria , which
cruelly tormented him. I was fent for on the 29th
in the Evening, to fearch him, and to draw off the
Urine. I drew accordingly fix Cups, each contain-
ing one Pint and a Quarter. The Patient found im-
mediate Eafe, and continued without Pains or Fever, fo
that he thought himfelf intirely cured. But the Night
following the Pains return’d, which made him refolve
to come to Lifle, to be nearer at Hand to be founded :
He came on the 30th of March aforefaid ; and had his
Water drawn off regularly every Day, Morning and
Evening, till the 1 yth of April next, during all which
Time the Patient fuffer’d no Pains, did not fall away,
nor had any Symptoms of Sicknefs upon him.

On the iyth of April , being the third Day of
Eafter Holidays, he fupped with his ufual Appetite;
but half an Hour after Supper, he was feized with a
violent fhaking Fit, which laffed a full Hour, upon
which a burning Fever enfued, attended with an un-
quenchable Third, with great Head-ach, and an ex-
traordinary Reftleffnefs.

In this Condition I found the Patient about Eight in
the Evening, being the Hour I ufually went to found
him. I immediately prepar’d myfelf to draw off his
Water, according to Cuftom, thinking thereby to pro-
cure

C 373 3

cure him fome Eafe. Till then the Catheter had
enter'd without any Obftacle 3 but this time, upon my
pufhing it into the Bladder, I felt a Stone which ob«
ftrufted its Paffage. I turn'd the Catheter to the Left,
and hit upon one of the Branches of the Stone, which
you have with this in a Print engrav'd by Order of the
Marquis de Caumont , from the Stone itfelf, which I had
fent him {See theYig. in theT a b .prefix d,~\ In order
to know whether there was not another Stone, I
drew the Catheter a little back, turning it to the Right,
which was done without any Difficulty 5 and having
puttied it in again, I met with another Branch of the
fame Stone, which I took for a Stone different from
the former, and concluded then, that I had found
feveral Stones in the Patient's Bladder 3 and that if the
bad Symptoms which appear'd, fhould continue any
longer, there was no Probability of his recovering.
Accordingly, the Hiccough coming upon him on the
20th, and the other Symptoms not difcontinuing, he
died on the 28th. The Stone was taken out four
Hours after his Death, in the Prefence of M. Granet
the Curate, M. Cafari a Burgher of this Town, and
two of my Apprentices.

The extraordinary Figure of this Stone will be of
no great Ufe for practical Surgery 3 but it may fur-
nifh Matter of much Reafoning for Philofophers, to
know how it could be form'd in the Bladder, and yet
not be troublefome to the Patient for fo long a Time 5
what it may be that has given it fo particular a Figure,
and fo regularly fhaped. For my own Part, I do not
queftion but it was fufpended in the Bladder of the
Patient, where it might be framed by the Urine 3 the
dried membraneous Filaments, which are ftill per-
ceived

[ *74 3

ceived on the Extremities of fome of the Branches,
are a new Proof of this Conjecture. The Stone hap-
pening afterwards to loofen itfelf, may have occa-
sioned to the Patient all thofc Symptoms that befel
him at laft, and afterwards Death itfelf. This Opinion
may appear extraordinary to able Lithotomifts, and I
willingly fubmit it to their better Underftaning.

Salieiiy Surgeon,

VI. Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Fr. R. S. his
Anfwer to the Marquis de Caumont s
Letter , concerning this Stone j tranjlated
from the Latin hy Tho. Stack, M. Z). F. R. S.

My LOR<D,

I Am extremely obliged for the Favour of your
Lordfhip’s Letter, and the inclofed Figure and Ac-
count of a Stone taken out of the Bladder ; which is
fo Angular, that among fome Hundreds of thofe in
my Pofleffion, I have not any that comes near it.
Once indeed I had under my Care a Gentleman be-
tween fixty and feventy Years of Age, who had extra-
ordinary Difficulties in making W ater, and an Incom-
veniency even beyond that ; which was, that he could
not fit in an ordinary Chair without fuffering ex-
tremely in the Region of the cPeritemeum. With the
Help of lenient foft Medicines and Waters, he voided
by the Urethra a Stone, which was flat in the Middle,
and fmooth, but had five Points, refem.bling the Rowel

of

C 17 5 ]

of a Spur, The Points of the Rays were {harp, but
there were no Afperities or Cryftallizations on their
Surfaces. It was fmall, fo as after many Days to pafs
along the Urethra : But if it had not paffed through
the Neck of the Bladder, but remain'd in the Blad-
der, it would, in all Probability, have attra&ed Mat-
ter to all the Points or Rays, and increafed in all Pi-
menfions.

It is very common, that when any extraneous folii
Subftance gets into the Bladder, there is either attracted
to it, or adheres to and furrounds it, a tartareous cal-
culous Concretion, which affumes the Figure of the
faid Body now in its Centre, as a Nucleus .

There was a Soldier cut in St. Thomas's Hofpital,
London , for the Stone, which, when taken out, was
found to cover a Mufquet- bullet, that had been fhot
into his Bladder, where it was cover'd by a calculous
Concretion.

I have a filver Bodkin, which a Gentlewoman ufed
for her Hair 5 and thinking with it to thruft back a
Stone that was engaged in the Neck of her Bladder,
it flipp'd into it, and the calculous Matter gather'd
on the larger End into a Stone of an oblong Figure,
and equal Thicknefs, of half an Inch all round the
Bodkin.

I have likewife a common Pin, which by fome
means or other had got into the Bladder of a young
Woman, and was there coated all over by a calculous
Matter 3 but having occafion'd a fiftulous Ulcer in her
Groin, it was difcliarged thence with the Matter of
the Fiftula.

It is in this manner that Bezoars are formed : for I
have the common Eajl-India Bezoars, which are

Ccc roundifh.

C V6 1

roundifh, and have in their Centres the Seeds of a
fort of Acacia, which had attra&ed, or was coated
over by that Subftance, efteem’d a great Cordial or
Alexipharmac 5 while others are long, and are gather'd
in Layers or Coats upon the Stalks of Vegetables.
And I have one form'd round the Stone of that great
Plum, which comes pickled from thence, and is called
Mango .

As to the Afperities or Prickles on the Rays, they
are taken notice of, fo long fince as the Time of
Cornelius Celfus, who, Lib . VII. c. 26. calls them
Calculi Spinofi .

It may feem very ftrange and paradoxical, what I
can affure your Lordfhip is true, that the fewer the
Knobs, Afperities or Prickles are on the Surface of
Calculi, the more troublefome they are to the Per-
fons in whofe Bladders they lie. Dr. Hickes , a very
learned Divine here, and defervedly famous for
his Knowledge in Antiquities and the Northern Lam
guages, was the mod tormented with the Stone in his
Bladder of any I ever knew, efpecially upon any Mo-
tion. He would not fubmit to be cut for the Diftem-
per, upon the account of his Age, and many other
Reafons 5 but order’d his Executors, that he fhould be
open’d after Death, and the Stone taken out of his
Bladder, put into afdverBox, and given tome, who
had been his Phyfician for many Years, to place it in
my Colleftion of fuch kind of Curiofities. What is
very particular in this Stone, is, that the Protuberances
and Prickles upon it were few, and at a Diftance from
each other. Every one of them had made a Hole in
his Bladder, like a Sheath or Socket s and when, up-
on Motion, they were removed out of their corre-

fponding

[ 177 3

fponding Sheaths, they hurt the Bladder in the found
Parts, and put him upon the Rack of Pain.

When they are thick-fet, one hinders the other
from entering or wounding fo deep ; and perhaps gets
not much farther than the Mucus which lines the In-
fid e of the Bladder.

I hope your Lordfhip will pardon my not anfwer-
ing your Letter fooner : * * * By the hafty Account of
feveral Matters of Fad and Obfervations that occur’d
to my Memory, relating to the Subjed of that very
uncommon Stone, you will fee, that I am very far
from being able to fatisfy you about its odd Figure,
or fay any thing better on the Caufes of it, than your
Lordfhip, or the skilful and accurate Surgeon who
attended the Patient, have thought reafonable. How-
ever, by this it will appear, that I am extremely glad
upon every Occafion to fhew the greateft Refped,
with which I have the Honour to be.

My LORD ,

Tour Lordjbifs

Moft humble and moft
obedient Servant ,

Hans Sloane*

Ccc *

m An

[ 378 ]

VII* An Account of fome Oil of SafTafras
cryjlallized \ by Air. John Maud, Chemijt ,
F. R. S.

HAVING lately met with an uncommon Thse-
nomenon in Chemijlry , furprifing to many well
experienc'd in that Art, to whom I have related it j I
hope the Honourable Society will excufe the Li-
berty I have here taken, in prefenting it before them.

A few Days ago, I obferv'd lome eflential Oil of
Sajfafras , which had flood expos'd to a frofty Night,
in an open Veffel, was chang'd, three Parts out of
four, into very beautiful tranfparent Cryftals, three
or four Inches in Length, half an Inch in Thicknefs,
and of an hexagonal Form.

Thefe Cryftals fubfided in Water, were indiffolu-
ble in it, inflammable in the Fire, and when expos'd
thereto, melted into their priftine State. Hence it is
evident, that they ftill retain the natural Qualities of an
Oil, although they appear under a different Modifica-
tion of their conftituent Parts. What is moft remark-
able herein, confifts in a Met amorphous from a fluid
to a folid Body, of fuch a particular Figure, and from
a yellowifh Liquor (not unlike Madera Wine) to a
very pellucid Body, like Ice congeal'd from the moft
tranfparent Water. This feems to afford a new In-
ftance of Cryftallization, which being generally ac-
counted for by the Particles of a Fluid, or thofe of
any other Body, fufpended by the Fiuid, brought
nearer by Cold, and at length coming within the
Sphere of each other's Attraction, unite together into

an

C 179 1

an immediate Contatt. This Oil being one of the
heavieft Oils, and even heavier than Water, is the more
likely thus to unite, as its Parts are nearer together.
This may be a Hint to the Curious, to difeover
wherein confifts the Difference of Solidity and Flui-
dity 5 and likewife (hews how much the Colour of
Bodies depends on the mechanical Situation of their
Parts.

See a like Cry flail ization from Thymey by Dr. Neumann z
which he calls C amphora Thy mi , N? 389 and 431. of thefe
*Tranf actions*

VIII. An Observation of an extraordinary
‘Damp in a Well in the Ifle of Wight $
communicated in a Letter from Mr. Benj.
Cooke, F. R. S. to Mr. Peter Collinfon,
F. R. S.

'Dear Sir,

HAVING fo fair an Opportunity, I fend you an
Account of the melancholy Effedts of a Damp
or fulphureous Vapour, which happen’din thislfland,
and of which I was an Eye-witneis.

In the Month of June 1733- a Farmer, in Hopes
of finding a perpetual Spring of good Water, funk a
Well, whofe Diameter was feven to the Depth of 4f
Feet (through a Soil whofe Surface was a kind of
brick Earth mixt with Sand, which in defeending
became almoft wholly hard coarfe yellow Sand) ; which

Work

r 5«o 3

Work employed the Labourers about 20 Days, with-
out finding the leaft Appearance of Water.

At the Diftance of about 18 Feet from the Top,
a Stratum of a. mineral Mixture, about nine Inches
thick, was dug through, without any Inconvenience;
nor were the Workmen in the leaft incommoded in
carrying on the Work, till about the 12th Day after,
when towards the Evening they were much annoy'd
with a faint fuffbeating Heat, (which they compar'd
to that coming from the Mouth of an Oven) and
which, as they were drawn up, was moft remarkably
perceiv'd, when they came oppofite to the mineral
Stratum above-mention'd, to come out in the Form
of a warm fulphureous Halitus.

The next Morning, a lufty young Man attempted
to go. down (hand over hand, as the Workmen call it)
by means of a fingte Rope which was ufed to draw
up the Earth digged out ; but as foon as he came op-
pofite to the above-mention'd Stratum , he became
incapable of fuftaining his own Weight, fell down to
the Bottom, and died immediately.

Another young Man, not fufpe&ing the Caufe, had
the Rope nimbly drawn up; and having featedhim-
felf aftride a Crofsdtick fixed to the Rope for that
Purpofe, was haftily let down to his Friend's Aflift-
ance ; but when he came to the fame Diftance from
the Top, he was obferv'd to give the Rope a very
great Shock, and when he came to the Bottom, fell
down, as the other had done before him, was feiz'd
with violent Convulftons, which held him more "than

Quarter of an Hour, and then he expir'd.

A third Perfon, in Hopes of fetching up this fe-
cond before he was quite dead, was tied fall into a

large

C

large Basket, and let down with more Caution j but
when he came to the fame Stratum, finding his Breath
going, (as he express'd it) he cried out, and was drawn
up again ; but remain'd in the open Air, for the Space
of near half an Hour, pale as dead, panting and
fpeechlefs.

The dead Bodies were, within three Hours Space-
drawn up by the Help of a fort of Tongs, ufed to
fetch Things up from the Bottom of the Sea; but
brought fuch a difagreeable Stench in their Cloaths
with them, as made feveral hardy Men, who affifted l
in doing of it, vomit*

The next Day a Cat was let down, and at the fame
Place feiz’d with Convulfions ; but being drawn:
quickly up again, foon came to herfelf 5 which Expe-
riment was repeated feveral times for fome Weeks
following, by which it was found, that this deftruc-
tive Vapour was fometimes of a greater and fome-
times lefler Force, and fometimes quite gone, fo that -
the Cat felt no Uneafinefs j and a lighted Candle,
which would fometimes be immediately extinguififd
as foon as it funk below this* deadly Stratum , would
burn clearly at the very Bottom.

It was very remarkable, that there was a whitifii
Fog in the Well, fo thick that one could but juft fee
the dead Bodies through it.

Water being fcarcc in that Place, the Well was left
open for about eight Months, in Hopes the Damp
might at laft wholly leave it 5 but inftead of fo doing
it became worfe 5 and not confining itfelf within its
firft Bounds, it overflow'd at the Top, where, when
the Air was moift, it appear'd like a thin white Fog;
and when the Air was dry, could be perceiv'd like a

warm

[ ]

wafm Breath, at all times diffufing a fulphareous
Stench, (fomething like that which arifes fromFile-
ings of Iron, while corroding with Vinegar) affetting
thofe who came into it with a Giddinefs, Shortnefs of
Breath, and Propenfity to vomit; fo that a.t laft the
Well was filled up, being troublefome to the Family
which liv’d near it.

I have fent you a little Quantity of th t Stratum
above-mention’d, which is continued to the neigh-
bouring Clift, where, when heated with the Sum-
mer’s Sun, it gives a noifome fulphureous Smell, and
is, after moderate Rains, cover’d with a yellowifh
efllorefcent Salt, very aftringent and acid.— —On the
Shore below there are gather’d : 'Pyrites .

I am ,

‘Dear Siry

Newport (Wight Ifle) Lour moft affectionate

humble Servant ,

Benj. Cooke*

By a Letter fince from Mr. Cooke, he fays ,

1 have recolle&ed fome further Obfervations on the
Damp. The Vein which was cut through in the
Middle of the Well, from whence were emitted the
fatal Effluvia , is a crude Ore made up with Iron, Sul-
phur and acid Salts, mix’d with ‘Pyrites.

Thefe Effluvia were not perceiv’d till after the Vein
had imbib’d the Air for feveral Days.

Whilft the Air continued dry, thefe Effluvia fub-
fided, and lay in the lower Part of the Well, which

feem’d

L-3«3 ]

feem’d fill’d near to an exad Level with the Stratum
from whence they came.

But when the Weather became rainy, the Quan-
tity as well as the Impetus of the Effluvia increafed to
fuch a Degree, as to appear ill Mornings over the Top
of the Well, in the Form of a Mift, and gave great
Annoyance to thofe that came within its Sphere of
A&ion/

From hence it is worth obferving, that the fame
Damp, according to the Variation of the Weather, is
fpecifically heavier or lighter than the Air.

IX. An Extra A from the Journal Books of
the Royal Society, concerning Magnets
having more Poles than two-, hy John
Eames, F. R. S. with fome Obfervations hy
2)r. Defaguliers on the fame Subject.

TH E fagacious Dr. Halley , in his Account of
the Changes of the Variation of the Magne-
tical Needle, upon the Hypothefis of the Earth’s be-
ing one great Magnet having four Magnetical Poles,
tells us, that he had found two Difficulties not eafy
to furmount ; the one was, that no Magnet he had
ever feen or heard of, had more than two oppofite
Poles, whereas the Earth had vifibly four, if not
more, &>c. I find in looking over the Copy of the
Journal-Book of this Honourable Society, Vol. II. an
Article in the following Words :

C 584 ]

July 20. 1664.

iC Mr. Ball produced feveral Load-ftones, and
“ among them two Terrella's, whereof one feem'd
a to have four Poles, with a Circle pafling between
“ them, of no Virtue at all. Some of the Com-
tc pany fuggefted, that it was probable this Stone
<c conftfted of two Stones, by Nature cemented to-
“ gether by a Piece that had no Magnetical Quality
“ in it. ”

Quary, Whether this Stone can be come at, to
examine whether it be a Angle or a double Stone ?

An Account of fome Magnetical Experiments by
J. T. Delaguliers.

In the Year 1715, trying fome Experiments upon
a very large weak Load-ftone, I found that it had
feveral Poles : Then I tried feveral other Load-ftones,
and often found four Poles in fuch as had been arm'd
when I took off their Armour. In large coarfe
Stones I found fometimes eight, nine, or ten Poles.
This made me believe all Load-ftones to have feveral
Poles ; but when I tried my Lord Taifley’ s (fince
Earl of Abercorn ) Load-ftones, and other very good
ones, I then found that homogeneous Load-ftones
had but two Poles ; thofe that have more being only
an Aggregate of Magnetical and other Matter, which
makes an heterogeneous Subftance. Such is the So-
ciety's great Load-ftone ; for it has feveral Poles.

X. An

C J8j 3

X. An Account of fome Magnetical Experi-
ments made before the Royal Society, on
Thurfday the 24th *Day of June 1736.
by the Revd- J. T. Deiaguliers, LL. 2).
F. R, S.

I Took a Bar of Iron, of one fourth of an Inch Dia-
meter (which having been if Years in an ered
Pofition, had acquir'd a fix'd Pole at Top, fo that the
End which had flood uppermoft attracted the North
End of a Compafs-Needle, and the other End the
South End of the Needle) j and having fufpended it
by a String for the Space of half a Year, it acquir'd
a fix'd South Pole at that End, as well as it had done
at the other in the Time of if Years, without dimi-
nifhing the Virtue of the other End : So that both
Ends of the Rod in any Situation attraded the North
End of the Needle of the Compafs.

That Rods of Iron untouch'd, or which have not
acquir'd a Magnetic Virtue by their Situation, will
with their upper End (whatever End of the Bar be
held upwards) attrad the North End of the Needle,
and the lower End of the Bar the South End of the
Needle, is a Truth known many Years ago, and men-
tion d in Dr. Browns Book of vulgar Errors.

Ddd i

An

[ 3*« 3

An Account of fome Magnctical Experiments made
before the Royal Society, on Thurfday the lift of
April 1737. by "Dr. Defaguliers.

IT is well known, and has been often found by
Experience, that an iron Bar untouch'd by aLoad-
ftone, will, with its upper End, attrad the North
End of the Needle of a Compafs, when the faid Bar
is held upright, and the South End of the Needle with
its lower End, when applied to it, ftill in a perpeng
dicular Pofition, whatfoever End of the Bar be held
up ; unlefs the Bar has acquir'd a fix'd Pole by having
been long in a vertical Pofition. But if the Bar from
a vertical be brought to an horizontal Pofition, the
Needle will return into the Situation it had before,
which was in the Magnetical Meridian, the Bar being
then at Right Angles to it. Upon railing or finking
the End of the Bar which is fartheft from the Needle,
the one or the other *End of the Needle will bedn to

O

move towards the Bar. Such a Bar has in itfelf no
fix'd Magnetic Virtue 5 but if it had, it mud be heated
red-hot, and then cool'd in an horizontal Pofition.
A Bar thus prepar'd is fit to make the following Ex-
periments, communicated to me by Monfieur cDu

Fay .

Hold the Bar upright, and give it a Blow or two
againft the Ground with its lower End 5 and that End
will attrad the South End of the Needle, when the
Bar is held horizontal, and at Right Angles to the
Magnetic Meridian : The other End held horizontal
in the fame manner, will attrad the North End of the
Needle. Invert the Bar, and the Virtue of it will

be

r >87 1

be loft by ftriking as many Blows with it againft the
Ground with the other End : Then ftrike another
Blow or two, and the End which attrafled the North
End of the Needle will now attraft the South End,
and fo vice verfa , the Pofition being ftill hori-
zontal.

If the Blow be' given againft the Ceiling, or any
horizontal Body, with the upper End of the Bar, the
fame Virtue will be communicated as before.

This will likewife happen, if the upper or lower
End of the Bar be ftruck with an Hammer or Mal-
let $ whether the Blow be given end-wife or at Right
Angles to the Bar: Nay, though it fhould be given
in the Middle of the Bar $ the Pofition of the Bar
at receiving the Blow being all that is requifite ; for
if you give the Bar only a Jerk or Shake in that ver-
tical Pofition, it will receive the Virtue, as if there
were in the Iron feveral Threads or Beards fix'd at
one End, as Monjieur "Du Fay fuppofes, which the
Blow or Shake laid" all one way, and which were
plac'd the other way by inverting the Bar, and then
giving it a Shake or Blow.

N. B. When the Bar is plac’d horizontally, a Blow
in the Middle deftroys its Virtue.

XL The

C ?88 ]

XI. The Tdefcription of an Antique Metal
Stamp, in the Collection cf his Grace
Charles Duke of Richmond, Lenox
and Aubigny, F. R. S. &c. being one of
the Injlances , how near the Romans had
arrived to the Art of Printing 5 with fome
Remarks by C. Mortimer, M. 2). Fellow

INCE Arts and Sciences, efpecially Statuary and

Sculpture, were arrived at fo great Perfection,
when the Roman Empire was in its Glory, as the
many beautiful Statues, the exquifite IntagUaJ, and
fine Medals, which Time hath handed down to us, do
fufficiently evince j it is much to be wonder'd at, that
they never hit upon the Method of printing Books.

The Dies they made for their Coins, and their
(tamping them on the Metal, was in reality Printing
on Metal j their Seals cut in Cornelians and Agates,
and their prefling them on Dough and foft W ax, was
another fort of Printing and a third fort was the
marking their earthen Veflels, while the Clay was
foft, with the Name of the Potter, or the Owner the
Yeflel was made for. Thefe being of a larger Size,

were

C ?89 1

were properly called Signa ; the Seals cut in Stone
were called Sigilla 5 Sigillum being a Diminutive of
Signum , as Tigillum is of Tignum: But the later and
more barbarous Latinijis have form'd the Diminutive
of Signum into Signetum 5 and If a very filial! Pocket-
Seal, they have called it Signaculum . See Job. Mich .
Heine cius de Sigillis. Franco f 1 709. Fol .p. 1 6. & feq.

The learned Montfaucon , amongft his prodigious
Treafuresof Antiquities, in his Anti quite expliquee7
Tom. III. Fartie 2de. Chap . 12. gives us the Figures
and Defcriptions of feveral of thefe larger Sigilla or
Signa , whereon, he faith, the Names were all cut
in hollow in capital Letters, 'Domini Fatronique
nomen majufeulis literis infculptum, which he
expreffes in French , imprime en creux s and he
imagines their Ufe to have been to mark earthen
Veffels, particularly thofe great earthen Jars, wherein
the Romans ufed to keep their Wines. If any of
them had occurr'd to him with the Letters excifre , ex -
fculpt<ey protuberant or (landing out, as the Types in
our modern way of Printing are made, fo accurate a
Defcriber of Antiquities could not have paffed fuch
an one over without having mention'd it, and that
the rather becaufe of its being a greater Rarity : tho'
feveral Lamps of Terra coSta are (lamp'd with Letters
imprefled or hollow, from fuch protuberant Letters as
in this Stamp, but the greater Number have the Letters
raifed, or (landing out.

You have here the Impreffion and Figure of
one of thefe lad fort of Stamps *, whereon the
Letters are exfculpt£ or protuberant, as is like-
wife the Edge or Border round the whole Stamp.

This

* The Impreffion at p. 3^8. is from the very Stamp itfelf, and the
Figure of the Stamp is reprefented in the Tab. prefixed.

[ 39© ]

This Stamp is made of the true antient Brafs, and is
cover'd over with a green Scale or Coat, fuch as is
ufuaily feen on antient Medals. It was found in
or near Rome. On the Back is fatten'd a Ring,
whereof the Hole is || of an Englifb Inch one
way, and the other way j the Plate itfelf is two
Inches long, wanting and its Breadth exactly •£-§
of an Inch: The Sides are parallel to one another,
and the Ends are likewife parallel to each other,
but they are not upon an exad Square with the Sides,
var} ing about one Degree and an half from an exad
Redangle. On the under Side ftand two Lines or
Rows of Letters of an Inch in Height, and well-
form'd Roman Capitals : The Faces of them ftand up
all upon an exact Level with one another, and with
the Edge or Border of the Stamp ; their Protuberance
or Height above the Ground is different, the Ground
being cut uneven ; for clofe to mod of the Letters
the Ground is cut away only 4%, clofe to fome near
^-0, and clofe to the Edges full The firft Line
contains thefe Letters, CICAECILI\, with a
Stop or Leaf to fill up the Line > in the fecond
Line, HERMIAE.SN. Which I judge is to be
read C aii ]ulii Cxcili, Hermix Signum. Who this
Cams Julius Ccecilus was, I cannot find, he being
probably a Man in a private Station, and fo his
Name hath not been handed down to us in an/
Monuments, but only accidentally in this Stamp,
In Gruter occur two of the Name of Hermias , and
feveral of the Ccecilii , but none with thefe two
Names joined together.

The Ufe of this Stamp feems to have been for
the Signature of the above-mention'd private Man,
to fave him the Trouble of writing his Name,, as

fome

[ 191 ]

fome People have now- a- days. It was certainly ufed
on Paper or Membranes, being firft dipt into Ink,
or fome fort of Paint, becaufe of the Protuberance
of the Letters, the hollow Letters being fitter for
foft Subftances, on which they leave the Impreffion
(landing up, and confequently more legible. An-
other Argument to me, that this Stamp was not to
be ufed on any foft Subftanoe into which it might
be preffed quite down to the Ground, is the Un-
evennefs and Roughnefs with which, the Ground is
finifh’d, which, was it to have made part of the Im-
preflion, the Workman would have finifh’d with
more Accuracy ; but he, knowing that the Surface
of the Letters was to perform the whole Work
requir'd, was only attentive to finifh them with that
accurate Evennefs that thefe have.

The learned Mr. Matt air ey in his Annales Typo -
gr aphid, Hag£ 1719. in 4°. p. 4. concludes from
the beft Authors, that our modern Art of Printing
was firft thought of about the Year 1440. A Copy
of the Book he mentions, ibp. 13. called Speculum
nofir£ Salutis , being Pi&ures of Stories out of the
Bible, with Verfes underneath, in "Dutch , I have
feen in the Stad-houfe at Harlem. Each Page was
printed from a Block of Wood, like a forry wooden
Cut $ and this was the firft Effay of Printing, which
Hint was taken from Engraving, and is what he
means p. 4. by Typi fixi s after which they foon im-
prov’d to ufe feparate Types, .as we now do, which
he terms, ibid . Typi mobiles. This Stamp is, in
Reality, a fmall Frame of fixt Types, and prints
with our modern Printer’s Ink, which is only a fort
of black Paint, as readily as any Set of Letters, cut

E e e in

[ \9* 3

in the rude manner thefe are, can be expe&ed to per-
form : X have therefore exhibited the Impreffion of
it, at the Head of this Paper, as the moft antient Sample
of Printing we know of 5 for by the Appearance of
the Metal it feems to be of the Upper Empire.

We fee by this Stamp of two Lines, that the very
Effence of Printing was known to the Romms , and
they had nothing to do but to have made a Stamp
with Lines three or four times as long, and con-
taining twenty inftead of two Lines, to have form'd
a Frame of Types that would have printed a whole
Page, as well as Cafter’s wooden Blocks, which he
ufed in printing the Speculum Salutis .

In the firft Volume of a Collection of feveral
Pieces of Mr. John Toland , printed Lond. 1726. in
8°. p . 297. is a fmall Traft of his intituled, Conje -
Slur a verofimilis de prima Typographic Invent ioney
which is founded upon the following Paffage in Cf-
ceroy in cap . 20. Lib. II. de Natural) eorum\ where
Balbus the Stoic ufes the following Words in an
Argument againft Velleius an Epicurean :

Hie ego non mirer effie aliquem , qui fibi perfua-
deaty corpora quedam folida atque individua vi &
gravitate ferri y mundumque effici ornatijjimum &
pulcherrimum , ex eorum concurfione fortuita ? Hoc
qui exiftimet fieri potuijfiey non intelligo cur non
idem put ety (i innumerable s rnius & viginti forme
liter arum {vel aurec vel quales libet) aliquo conji -
ciantury poffe ex his in t err am excujfis annales
Enniiy ut deinceps legi pojfinty effici s quod nefcio
anne in mo quidem verju poffit tantum valere for-
tma»

C 393 ]

He conje&ures that this very Paflage gave the fitft
Hint to the Inventors of Printing about the Year
1445. becaufe they retain'd even Cicero's Name for
their Types, calling them Forma Liter arum, and
made them of Metal, as he fays, aurea vel qu&fer
libet. Moreover, in Cap . io. Lib . III. de Dtvina-
tione , Cicero hath the very Phrafe imprimere lit eras.

Brands for marking Cattle were in Ufe in Virgil's
Time, Georg. Lib . III. wr. iy8. where he fays,
Continuoque not as, & nomina gentis inurunt.
‘Procopius, in his Hijloria Arcana, fays, the Em-
peror Juftinus, not being able to write his Name, had
a thin fmooth Piece of Board, through which were

cut Holes in form of the four Letters Jj

which, laid on the Paper, ferv'd to diredt the Point of
his Pen 5 which being dipt in red Ink, and put in his
Hand, his Hand was guided by another. Poflibly
this may like wife have given the Hint to the firft of
our Card-makers, who paint their Cards in the fame
manner, by Plates of Pewter or Copper, or only
Paftboards, with Slits in them in form of the Figures
that are to be painted on the Cards,

T e-t i XIL Met*

C 394 3

XII. Mercurius a Venere occult atm Mail 17.
1 737. *» Ob/ervatorio Regio Grenovici,
ab J. Bevis, M. 2). obfervatus.

Tem. Appar. P. M.

H M. S.

1 37 °3 TJRKcdcns Limbus Veneris Meri-

JL dianum tranfit, centro a Venice

Mercurium vero intra tekfcopium ne-
quaquam confpiciebam.

9 04 09 Centrum MercuriiLimbum Veneris prae-

cedentem praecedebat 1 2" Temporis.-

06 20 Repetit. eodem tempore praecedebat,

quo prius.

2$. 00, Mercurio Filum parallelum Micrometri
decurrente, Cufpis Veneris auftrina.
ab eodem Filo refcinditur, 5^
unde Venerem Mercurium obteftu-
ram> vel faltem ftridturam colligebam 5
Micrometrum itaque extrahebam, quo
melius inftantem Contadtum difcer-
nerem Tubo 24 Pedum.

43 04 Mercurius haud plus diftat a Venere

quam decima vel duodecima parte
Diametri Veneris: Deinde inimical
Nubes.

51 10 Venus iterum clarilTime effulget, Mer-

curius vero totus fub Venere latet.

: ^ Nubes jam Venerem rurfus excipiunt,
ulteriorem tarn rari fpeftaculi con-
templationem prohibentes.

Man

Cm]

Mail 1 8. 5P.il/. '

Diftantia Meriaiana Solis a Vertice
300 04'.

1 31 53 Limbus praecedens Veneris Meridian.

tranfit. Centro diftant a Vertice
2f° 57' if".

Mercurium culminantem neque hac die
videre licuit, coelo licet admodum *
fereno.

N. B. Diftantix a vertice a refradioni- :V
bus non purgantur.

Vide Fig. 2 ,\in Tab.

XIII. ‘The Ufe of a new Azimuth Compafs
for finding the Variation of the Compafs
or Magnetic Needle at Sea , with greater
Eafe and Exaffnefs than by any ever yet
contriv’d for that Eurpofe 5 by Captain-
Chriftopher Middleton, F. R. S»

TO difcover the Declination of the Magnetic-
Needle, or Variation of the Compafs at Sea,
with fome tolerable Degree of Certainty and Exadf
nefs7 is a thing of great Ufe and Importance in the.
Art of Navigation.

The Inftruments and Methods hitherto ufed for
this Purpofe, (as we could eafily demonftrate, if it
were needful) are fubjed to feveral Inconveniencies, Er-
rors and Defeds 5 to remedy which, this new Azimuth

Com-

[ JS><5 ]

Compafs was contriv'd, and has by Experience been
found effedual. It would be needlefs to give a De-
fcription to fuch as have the Inftrument before them,
and we (hall therefore only (hew the Manner of ufing
ir, and that as briefly as may be, which take as fol-
lows :

i :Ji7 The Inftrument muft be redified, or fitted for
Obfervation, by turning it about till the four Car-
dinal Points, that are hung upon the Centre-pin,
agree with the four Cardinal Points on the Chart, at
the Bottom of the Box : Then will the Needle, that
fhews the Magnetic Meridian, ftand at no Degrees,
and the Eaft and Weft Points at 90 Degrees, on the
.graduated Circle within the Box; and in this Situa-
tion it muft be kept, as near as may be, during the
whole time of the Obfervation.

idly7 Let the Index of the Quadrant be placed to
that Degree of the Arch, on the Rim of the Box,
which the Obferver judges to be nearly equal to the
Height of the Sun or Star whofe Azimuth is fought ;
for by this means the Objed will be more readily
found.

3 dly7 Turn the Quadrant round towards the Sun
or Star, till it appear upon the vertical Hair within the
Telefcope, to an Eye looking through the fmall Hole
or Sight; and then Aide the Index a little upward or
downward on the Arch, till the Objed by this means
be brought to coincide or touch the vifible Horizon.

Laftly , The Degrees and Minutes then mark'd
by the Index upon the Arch of the Quadrant, will fhew
the Altitude of the Objed, which will always be the
fame, whether the Inftrument is in Motion or at Reft $
at the feme time the Degree cut by the Index on the

ho-

[ \97 ]

horizontal Rim or Circumference of the Compafs-
box, will give the magnetical Azimuth of the Sun
or Star.

N.B. All this may be perform'd by one Perfon,
whereas the old Compafs requires feVeral
to manage it, which alio makes it fubjed to
many great Errors.

How the Variation of the Needle is found by mean&
of Magnetical Azimuth and Altitude thus obtain'd,
is taught in every Treatife of Navigation, and we
have no need to repeat thefe Rules in this Place. But
as the Refolution of this Problem is fomewhattrouble-
fome, and requires fuch a Knowledge of the Dodrine
of the Sphere, as every Seaman has not attain'd, we
fhall here exhibit an eafy Method of difeovering the
Variation of the Compafs without any manner of Cal-
culation, which cannot fail to render this Inftrument
ftill more acceptable : To this End,

ijfy Let the Magnetic Azimuth of the Sun (or any
Star, when it is near the prime Vertical, and confider-
ably elevated above the Horizon) be found according
to the Diredions already given, before it arrive at the
Meridian, and note well the Altitude, or let the Index
remain fix'd at the fame Point on the Arch.

idly y Find the Magnetic Azimuth of the Sun or
Star in like manner as before, when it is exadly at the
fame Degree of Altitude, after it has pafs'd the Meri-
dian: And,

3 dljy If thefe two Magnetical Azimuths are equal,
the Needle has no Variation : If unequal, add them
together, and half their Sum will be the true Azi-
muth \ or fubtrad the lefs from the greater, and half
the Difference will be the Variation required. The

Cir-

[ 598 3

Gircumftances of the Obfervation will the more
readily difcover whether the Declination is Eafterly or
Wefterly.

N.B. Though it would be very commendable in
' Gentlemen who ufe the Sea, to learn the Names of
moft of the principal Fix'd Stars, yet even that Know-
ledge is not neceffary in the Ufe of this Inftrument :
Neither is it needful in this Cafe to know exa&ly the
Latitude of the Place of Obfervation, provided the
Difference of Latitude between the Obfervations be
not very great : It is fufficient, that Care be taken to
obferve the felf-fame Star, before it comes to the Me-
ridian, and after it has pafs'd it 5 and for the fake of
greater Exa&nefs, the Caution before given (hould be
regarded, to wit, That the Star be atdome confider-
able Height above the Horizon, and alfo near the prime
yertical.

XlV. An Account of a Book prefented to the
Royal Society, and intituled, Notitia Hun-
garian novan Hiftorico-Geographica, &c.
Au£iore Matth. Belio. By the Reverend
Zachary Pearce, CD. 2). F. R. S. &c.

THE Author of this Work is the Reverend
Matthias Bell , a Paftor among the Lutherans
at Bresburg in Hungary. About twelve Years ago
he publiflfd an Account of what he intended to
execute 5 and by the Encouragement of his prefent
Imperial Majefty, and Tome of the Nobility, he went

on

C 399 ]

on with it, notwithftanding many Difficulties, which
(as he tells us) he met with in the Undertaking, and
publish'd the firft Volume laft Year.

This firft Volume is to be follow'd by feveral
others 5 for the Kingdom of Hungary includes 48
Diftri&s or Counties, and this Volume gives an Ac-
count of only one of them, and indeed is chiefly
taken up with the Hiftory of the City of Bresburg
(or Tifonium , as he calls it) ; which, though inferior
in other refpe&s to the City Buda , is the Place where
the Emperors (as Kings of Hungary) are crown'd,
where the States of the Kingdom aflemble, and the
Courts of Juftice are held.

This Volume confifts of two Parts. The Firft is
general, and gives an Account of the phyfical and
political State of the whole Diftrift or County of
Bifonium , defcribing its Soil, Produce, Rivers, the
Temperature of its Air, the Nature of its Inhabitants *
its antient Inhabitants and prefent ones, its Nobility,
Magiftrates, and whatfoever belongs to the natural
and political Hiftory of the Diftrift.

The fecond Part (which is much the largeft) is
taken up with the Defcription of the City Bresburg 5
where the Author is very copious and elaborate in
fetting forth every thing that relates to it: Particu-
larly its antient State under the feveral Nations who
polfefs'd it, and its prefent State under the Aufirian
Family 5 all its Privileges and Prerogatives, efpecially
of the Inauguration of their Kings, which he defcribes
in all its Parts, even to a moft minute Exa&nefs.
He then enters into a Detail of the prefent State of
the City, its Churches, and other public Buildings,
its Magiftrates, Iflands adjoining, and the Country

F f f round

[ 4°o 3

round about its Walls; leaving to the next Volume
the Defcription of the four other Cities or principal
Towns, which are fituated in the fame Diftrid.

The Work is printed after a moft beautiful and
*xpenfive manner, with all the Ornaments of En-
gravings that may fet it off to the beft Advantage.
There are two different Profpeds of the City Pres-
burg , and a Map of the whole Diftrid, which feems
to be very accurately taken, and is made by Samuel
MikoviniuSy a noble Hungarian , and Member of the
Royal Society of Berlin. Every other Diftrid is to
Vave a Map of it plac'd before the Defcription of it:
And the Maps are made in an Aftronomico-Geome-
trical Method, upon a careful Survey of each Di-
ftrid; for which laborious Work the States of the
Kingdom of Hungary , by Order of the Emperor,
were pleas'd to give him all manner of Encourage-
ment and Afliftance : As they have like wife to Mr.
Matthias Belly the Author of the Defcription, to
which the Maps are prefix'd.

Upon the whole, fhould this Author live long
enough (if any Life be long enough) for the finifh-
ing of fo very extenfive a Defign, the Libraries of the
Learned will receive a great Addition, which may
not only gratify their Curiofity, but afford Matter of
Improvement in the Hiftory of Hungary .

XV. A

/

[ 4°0

XV. A Jhort Account of Mr Kerfleboom $
Ejfay £ intituled, Verhandeling tot een
Broeve om te weeten de probable Me-
nigte des Volks in de Broventie van Hol-
landt en Weftfrieflandt, Hage 1738. in
a}0' door W. KerflTeboom] upon the Num-
ber of people in Holland and Weft>Friez«
land, as alfo in Harlem, Gouda and the
Hague 3 drawn from the Hills of Births ,
Burials, or Marriages , in thofe Blaces.
By John Eames, F. R. S.

EVERY body knows to what ufcfal Purpofes
the Bills of Births and Burials at the City of
Brejlau, the Capital of Silefia , have been applied,
by a very learned and ;fagacious Member of the
Royal Society; as alfo what curious Obferva-
tions have been made, both Moral, Phyfical and Poli-
tical, by Six: William Tetty, upon the fame Argument,
feveral Years before, and Dr. Ar but knot and others
fince. Our induftrious Author hath not only con-
fulted them, but acquainted himfelf more particularly
with Mr. Kings Obfervations in cDavenanfs Effays,
in order to render himfelf more capable of
making a juft Eftimate in this Matter. He begins
with the Number of Inhabitants in the two Provinces
of Holland and Weft-Friezlmd\ thefe he makes at
this time, viz,, 1738. to amount in all tp 980,000,
and prefects the Reader with the following Tafble of
the Particulars. It exhibits the Number of People of

Fff2 all

C 40a ]

all Ages, living at the fame time, from the Birth to
extreme old Age ; which, becaufe it {hews the Chances
of Mortality within the Ages mention’d, he calls the
Table of Contingency of Life and Death.

The Table of Contingency.

Of above 90 Years old there are 500

of 90

86 inclufive

2,500

*5

81

6,500

80

76

13,000

75

7i

20,300

> 70

66

27,300

65

to 6 1

34>3°°

-

60

56

40,800

55

5i

47,000

50

46

53,000

45

4i

57,800

40

36

62,500

35

3i

67,600

30

27

58,400

491,500 the Sura above 27 Years.

of 26

21

94,300

20

16

83,400

15 to

11

87,200

10

6

91,800

5 to

Birth

1 31,800

488,500 Sum under 27 Years old.

49M°°

488,500

980,000 Sum of all the Inhabitant

This Table is founded upon three Principles, viz.
Correct Obfervations upon the Tables of alfignable
Annuities in Holland, which have been kept there
for above 125 Years ; wherein the Ages of the Perfons

dying

[ 4°i ]

dying are truly enter'd : Upon a Suppofition that there
are yearly born in the two Provinces 28,000 living.
Children; and laftly, that the intire Number of Inha-
bitants in any Country is to the Number of the Births
as 3 y to 1.

This T able was fent fome time after its Compofure to
Profeffor s’Gravefande, F.R.S. to know his Thoughts,
as well concerning the Juftnefs of it, as its Fitnefs to
afcertain the Value of Annuities on Lives 5 and, as he
tells us, it met with the Profeffor's Approbation.

From this Table it appears, (1.) That about half
the Number of People in the two Provinces are above
27 Years old, and confequently that near the other
half are under that Age: (2.) Then, by following,
what hath been obferv'd for more than 100 Years in
England , and particularly in London , out of 3 y Chil-
dren born, 18 of them are Boys, and 17 Girls, the,.
People in thefe two Provinces will confift of
^ 504,000 Males.

1 476,000 Females^

— i

980,000.

He farther remarks, that it appears from the affigiv
able Annuities for Lives mention'd before, the Fe-
males have in all Accidents of Age lived about three
or four Years longer than the fame Number of Males $.
which he looks upon to be appointed as a Compen-
fation for the continual Excefs there is in the Birth of
the Males above the Females.

Having confider'd the Quantity, he then comes to
take Notice of the Quality of thefe 980,000 Inhabi-
tants, and fays he fees no Reafon to differ from the
Proportion of Mr. King in Davenanfs Eflays, who

with

[ 4®4 ]

with a great deal of Pains and Judgment hath divided
the People of England in this manner :

The Proportion for every 100,000 Inhabitants is.
Married Men and Women . . . 34,5-00.

Widowers 1,500.

Unmarried young Men and Children 45,000.
Servants ......... 10,500.

Travellers, Strangers, &c. . . . 4,000.

100,000.

If this Proportion be admitted, then the Number
of each Sort in Holland and Weft-Friejland will be
as you have underneath. He adds, that the faid Pro-
vinces can raife at this Time 220,000 able-bodied
Men, deducting vd for Difeales and other Infirmities.
But then he admits at 1 6 years of Age, whereas Dr.
Halley admits none till 18, Perfons under that Ago
being generally too weak to bear the Fatigues of W ar,
and the Weight of Arms. He then proceeds to
redify the Miftakes of the learned Ifaac VoJJiusy who
makes but 550,000 in Holland , Weft-Friejland, .
Difallows Six. William Fettf s Account of the Num-
ber of People in London , becaufe he makes them
alone equal to the Inhabitants of Holland and Weft-
Friejland together.

He clofes the whole with a Table of the prefent
Values of Annuities upon Lives, in Proportion to the
ordinary or common Bonds charged uponthofe Pro-
vinces, and fubjeft to the extraordinary Taxes raifed
at this Time, viz. 1738. You will find annex’d, the
Degrees of Mortality or Fatality, faid to be in the
Hague and Haagambagt , as alfo the Numbers and

Con-

' C 4°5 3

Conditions of the Inhabitants of Amfterdam, Har-
lem, Gouda and the Hague , not omitting London at
this prefent Time.

The two Provinces of Hol-
land and Wefl-Friefland.

Amfler -
dam.

Har-

lem.

Gouda.

Hague.

Lon-

don.

Married Men and i
W omen, ]

Widowers, . . . •

Widows,

Unmarried Youth ‘
and Children, <
Servants, . . . . .
Travellers, Stran- \
gel's, <&c. \

Tota

£ 338000! 86x56

14700] 4218

44100! 13858

> 441000 93990

102900.^ 28318

J 393°^ 14460

I742°

760

2280

22700

5300

2040

690c

3°c

90c

900c

210c

80c

1485c

720

2380

16190

487c

249c

241800

13100

45700

215700

85000

52300

1 980000 241000

50500! 2000c

4150c

353600

The Fatality of the Quarters, dead. The Fatality of the Months 31

Years> one with another.

dead.

yarn ary 102

February 88

March 95*

April 77

May 1 12

yune 100

yuly 92

Auguft 95

September 99

O Bober 9 3

November 95

December 99

Hence it appears, that March is lefs fatal at the
Hague and Haagambagt than April, and April than
May and June ; that May is the moft fatal Month of
all j that the remaining Months are nearly equal. It
appears further, that three Parts or Seafons of the Year
are very nearly equals but that the other Quarter or

Seafon,

Spring to Summer . . 307

Summer to the Autum- ? Q
nal Equinox . . S 2
Autumn to Winter . • 287

Winter to Spring . . 286

C 406]

Seafon, beginning at the Vernal Equinox, is more
fatal than any of the reft by one fifteenth Part.

Table of Annuities for Life.

Let the Annuity be 100 Guilders a Year, upon a Life under a Year old.

Guild. Guild. Sti.

Its prefent Value is . . . 1667 that is 6 o per Cent.

Upon a Life of 5 Years to 1 inclufive 1869 5 7

IO

to 6

. 1835

5

9

V

to 11 .

• 1770

5

13

20

to 16 .

. 1667

6

0

25

to 21 .

• 1587

6

6

30

to 2 6 .

. 1515

6

12

35

to 31 .

1429

7

0

40

to 3 6 .

• J334

7

10

r-»

45

to 41 .

1212

8

5

w

>4

5°

to 46 .

• I093

9

l

55

to 51 .

97i

10

6

r ’

60

to 5 6 .

840

11

8

65

to 6 1 .

709

14

2

70

to 66 .

570

J7

11

USE.

QueJtion, Let it be defir’d to know the prefent Value
of any Annuity for Life, for Inftance, of 90 Guilders
a Year, which was granted in the Year 1703, upon a
Life then of three Years old.

Anfwer, The Life now (in 1738) is between 37
and 38 Years old ; hence the Number between 40 and
3 6 gives 1334, for the prefent Value of an Annuity of
100 Guilders 5 hence ) 1200 Guilders is

the prefent Value of the Annuity for that Life.

There are other Ufes mention’d; but for thefe I
refer to the Effay itfelf.

XVI. An

[ 407 ]

XVf. An Anfwer to that Tart of Mr. W,
Kerfleboom'5 Ejfay , which treats of the
Number of the Inhabitants of London 5
by Wm, Maitland, F. R. 3.

SOME time ago an Abftrad of a Political Eflay,
written by Mr. JV. Kerjfeboom , a "Dutch Gentle-
man, [intit led, Verhandeling tot een Proeve om te
weeten de probable Menigte des Volks in de Provent ie
van Hollandt en Weftvrieflandt) was read before this
Honourable Society; wherein the Author, to the
great Difparagement of the City of London , has
aflerteda, that the City of Paris , in the Year 1684,
and at the Clofe of the laft Century, contain'd more
Inhabitants than the City of London .

And to prove that Paris contains a greater Num-
ber of Inhabitants than London, he has had recourfe
to the Accounts of Chriflenings annually publifh'd in
both Cities, without giving himfelf the Trouble to
inquire into the Nature of thofe his Authorities 5
which if he had, he would foon have difcover'd, that
the former, is a perfect Account, while the latter, is
perhaps the moft defe&ive of any extant ; for the
Chriflenings therein mention'd, are only thofe where-
at the Parifh Clerks are prefent which, l am of Opi-
nion, cannot amount to near two Thirds of the whole*
as I fhall endeavour to make appear.

The Burials in the annex'd Table, by fomeTypogra-
phical Errors in the Political Account of my Hiftory of

G g g London

* Kerjfeboom' s-Verhandel.jp. -14. ib. ij>.

I

[ 408 ]

London a, from which it is taken, being increas’d 491
above the real Number, in Gr aunt’s Account^, the Sum
Total whereof, amounting to 90 350, muft be reduc'd to
89879; and as in the annex'd Term of Years, there
appears to have died of the Plague 1741 c, three and a
half of which, I compute, would have died of com-
mon Diftempers, ont of each Hundred, which amount-
ing to about 61, the fame being deduced from 89879,
the real Number of the Burials, the Sum will be
reduced to 89798, which taken from 90883, the
Number total
of the Chri-
ftenings, the re-
maining Sum
will be, 1087,
whichbeingdi-
vided by Ten,
the Medium
thereof will be
io8| yearly in
Favour of the
Chriftenings.

This Difference in Favour of the Chriftenings, is
owing to the Citizens of that Time being almoft of
the fame Religion; but the Civil War breaking out
foon after, the People deviated into a Variety of Se&s,
fubverted the Church of England , and afliiming the
Civil Power, eftablifh'd a new Hierarchy, or Church-
Government. But the Members of the abolifh'd
Church continuing to baptize among themfelves,

8 Maitland's Hid. Lond, 535* b Gr aunt’s Nat. and Polit.

Obferv. 3d Edit. Lond, * Maitland's Hift. Lond. p. 535.

A Decenary Account of the Chriftenings and
Burials of London , in the following Years.

Years.

Chriftn’d

Buried.
Com. Did.

3uried

■Mague.

Totals

Buried.

1626

6701

7400

*34

7534

1627

8408

77H

4

7717

162 8

8564

774°

3

7743

1629

99° 1

8771

0

8771

167,0

93 J5

9228

1317

10545

1631

8524

8288

274

8562

1632

9584

9527

8

9535

1653

999 7

8392

0

8392

1634

9855

10899

1

10900

i<>35

10034

10651

0

10651

Tot. Gen.

90883

88609

I74I <90350.

[ 409 3

(without reporting their Chriftenings to the new-ap-
pointed Members of the Company of Parifh- Clerks)
occafion’d a very great Defeft in the Account of
Chriftenings annually publifh'd by the laid Parifh-
Clerks.

From this Epocha , is to be dated the Majority of the
Burials in the Bill of Mortality over the Chriftenings
of London : And though the Church of England
was foon after re-eftablifh’d, yet the numerous Dif-
fenters of all Denominations, perfevering in their
Separation, continued to baptize within themfelves,
without fending in Accounts of their Chriftenings to
the reftor'd Members of the Company of Parifh-
Clerks 5 and the Schifm ftill continuing, the Ac-
counts of the Chriftenings and Burials of this City
remain upon the ancient Foot of Divifion and Impet-
"fe&ion.

Add to this, that not only all the foreign Churches
in London chriften within themfelves, but likewife
many Churches and Chapels of the Church of Eng-
land, that fend not in their Accounts to the Com-
pany of Parifh- Clerks, which, together with thole of
the Diflenters and Foreigners of all Denominations,
amount to no lefs a Number than one hundred and
eighty-one Congregations, whole Acounts of Chrift-
enings are not publifh’d : By which it is evident, that
the vaft Difparity between the Chriftenings and Bu-
rials of this City, is not owing, as Mr. Kerjfeboom
vainly imagines *, to the Refidence of the Court, Con-
vention of Parliament, and great Refort of People
from all Parts, but in Fa£t to the great Defeft above-
men tion'd.

Gg g 2 How-

* Kerjfehom’s Verhandel. f>, 25.

[ 4'° ]

However, that Gentleman, from the aforefaid very
defe&ive Account of the Chriftenings of this City,
has calculated the Number of its Inhabitants by a
Medium of the Chriftenings in the Years 1684 a and
16855 whereby he makes the Number at that Time
amount to five hundred thoufand three hundred and
forty-four : But as this Number, is only taken from a
Medium of two Years, he imagines it too great 5 there-
fore to reduce the fame to the Number of b four hun-
dred and fixfy-nine thoufand feven hundred, by a
Medium of twenty Years, he has unwarrantably pre-
cluded the Sum of fourteen thoufand feven hun-
dred and two, the Number of Chriftenings in the
Year 1684, to make room for the Sum of eleven
thoufand eight hundred and fifty* one, the Num-
ber of Chriftenings in the Year 16745 whereby the
Number of the Inhabitants of Londony is very much
lefien’d.

And as a farther Inftance of Mr. Kerffeboom’s Parti-?
ality in Favour of the City of ‘Paris, he has calculated
the Number of its Inhabitants (without mentioning
the Uncertainty of a Calculation founded on a fhort
Space of Time, as he has done in the Cafe of Lon-
don) at a Medium of the Chriftenings for the Years c
1670, 1671 and 1672, whereby he makes them at that
time, amount to, fix hundred and ten thoufand three
hundred 5 adding, the Number muft have been greater
at the End of the laft Century 5 as by his extravagant
manner of Calculation it fhould be at prefent.

But as it appears by the above-fpecified ten Years
Account, that the Chriftenings of London greatly
exceed the Burials of that Time, I think it will not
be

* Kerffeboonfs Verhandel. 14. * id. ibid. f ib.p, 1 6>

r-4»t j

ht deny'd, that they exceed the fame at prefent $ efpe-
dally if we confider, that the Number of Chriftenings
in ‘Paris, at a Medium of nine Years (preceding that
of 1737) exceeded that of the Burials ninety- eight
yearly 5 notwithstanding that City, not only abounds
with a vaft Number of Religious of both Sexes, who
are fworn to Celibacy, but likewife many Thoufands
of Students belonging to the Univerfity, who lead a
fingle Life 5 whereas in London , there are no fucL
Perfons, to prevent the Increafe of its Inhabitants.

And as in my Political Account of London , it
appears a, that at a Medium of nine Years, there are
annually buried in London 29542, and in ‘Paris
only 17804, which is 11738 in Favour of the former $
fo muft the Births in London at prefent (accord-
ing to the above-fpecified ten Years Account, the
Reafons aforefaid, and the Paris Account of Chri-
ftenings) yearly exceed thofe of Paris 123205 where-
by is (hewn, that the Inhabitants of London exceed
thofe of Paris abpve three fifths in Number.

By what has been faid, I doubt not but Mr. Kerjfe-
boom’s Aftoniihment will not only ceafe, in refped to
the great Difference between the Chriftenings and
Burials of London 5 but he will be likewife induc'd
to do Juftice to this injur'd City, by acknowledging
that the Inhabitants thereof vaftly exceed thofe of
Paris in point of Number.

What Mr. Kerjjfebooms Partiality in Favour of the
City of Paris is owing to, I know not 5 unlefs it be
out of Pique to Sir William Petty , (with whom he
feems not well pleas'd) for faying, that the City of
London contain'd as many Inhabitants as the Province
of

* Maitland’s Hilt. Land, p. 540 and 548,

I 4»* ]

of Holland and Weft-Frieftand : Which, I think,
will be no difficult matter to make appear, by allow-
ing that Gentleman his fuppos'd Number of 28000 a
Children to be annually born in the faid Province;
whereas, according to the above-fpecified ten Years
Account, and the Faris Proportion of Births, there
mud be annually born in London thirty-one thoufand
and eight Children : Therefore, as this Number, ac-
cording to my Calculation b, is the Produce of 72 5*903 ,
the prefent Number of the Inhabitants of London }
fo muft 28000 c, the Number of Children fuppofed to
be born yearly in the Province of Holland and Weft -
Frieftandy be the Produce of 657485*, the prefent
Number of the Inhabitants of the faid Province,
Notwithstanding Mr. KerJfeboomy by his exceffive
and unprecedented reckoning of the Births at a thirty-
fifth part of the People, has calculated them at

• 980000 ; whereas by the ingenious and learned Dr,
Halle/s Method of Calculation (which is fo highly
approv'd of by Mr. Kerftfeboom , that he feemingly
would be thought to make it the Standard of his Cal-

• culations) the Inhabitants of the Province of Holland
and Weft-Frieftand do not amount to twenty-nine
times the Number of the Births s which gives room
to fufpeft, that Mr. Kerftfeboom has introduc'd this
unheard-of Excefs, to increafe the Number of People
in the faid Province of Holland and Weft-Frieftand .

* Kerjfeboom's Verhandel.^. 3. b Maitland sYLik.LQnd. p. 541,
« Kerjfe boom's Yerhandel. p, 3.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetftreet ;
and C. Davis, the Corner of Fater-nofter-row y
next Warwick-lane, Printers to the Royal
Societ y. M»dcc»xl»

Numb. 4J r.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Month of j December, 1738.

The C O N TENTS.

L A Defcription of a Water-Level to he fix d to
D a v i ss Quadrant , whereby an Obfervation may
be taken at Sea, in thick and hazy Weather , with-
out feeing the Horizon j by Charles Leigh* Gent .

II. The Defcription and Ufe of an Apparatus added
as an Improvement to Davis\r Quadrant , confuting
of a Mercurial Level, for taking the Co-altitude of
Sun or Star at Sea, without the ufual Ajfifiance of
the fenfible Horizon , which frequently is ob feared*
By the Same .

III. A Letter from Mr. John Fergufon Surgeon, to
William Che fd den, Efq ; Surgeon to Chelfea Col-
lege, F. R. S. &c. containing an Account of the Ex-
tirpation of part of the Spleen of a Man

IV. A Letter from Benjamin Cooke, F, R. S. to Peter

* Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a Bali of Sulphur

fuppofed to be generated in the Air .

V. An Account of a Book intituled^ Obfervationes de
Aere& MorbisEpidemicis>ab Anno 172.8, ad finetn
Anni 1737, Plymuthi fadae, His accedit Opufcu-
lum de Morbo Colico Damnonienfi. Audore Jo-
anne Huxham, M. D. R. S. S. Drawn up by Tho.
Stack, Af.fZXF.R.S,

VL An

The CONTENTS.

VI. An AbftraEt by C. Mortimer, M. D. Seer . R. S.
of an Inaugur alDiffiert at ion pub lifted at Wittem-
berg 173 6. by Dr. Abraham Vater, F. R. S. concern-
ing the Cure of the Bite of a Viper, cured by Sal-
lad-oil.

VII. Abfratts of two Letters from M. Dufay, F. R’. S.
&c. to Dr- Mortimer, Seer . R. S. concerning the
Efficacy of Oi[ of Olives in curing the Bite ^Vipers.

VIII. Extrait of a Letter concerning the Roifon of
Henbane- Roots, from Dr. Patouillat, Rhyfician at
Toucy m France, to M. Geoffroy, F. R. S. and Mem-
ber of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, com-
municated to the Royal Society, London, by Sir
Hans Sloane, Med - Reg. and Rref R. S. Tranfated
from the French by T. S. M. D. F. R. S.

IX. A Letter from the Rev*' Mr. Tho. Steward,
V.D-M. to Dr. Mortimer, Seer. R. S. concerning
the Virtues of the Star of the Earth, Coronopus,
or Bucks-horn Plantain, in the Cure of the Bite of the
Mud-Dog.

X. De ReduElione Radicalium ad fimpliciores ter-

minoSyfeu de extrahenda radice quacunque data ex
Binomio a-f\/b, vel a- ]~V — b. Epistola

Abrahami deMoivre, R-S.S. ^Gulielmum Jones,
Armigerum , R. S. S-

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half Moon t
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleet freet ;
and C. Davis, the Corner of Rater nofter-rowt
next Warwick lane j P r i n t e r s to the Royal
Society. M.dcc.xli.

IMytute fc.

I

P /n/vj> T'mrw. f)t -

[ 4M ]

I. A ^Defcription of a Water-Level to be
fi%d to Daviss Quadrant, whereby an
Obfervation may be taken at Sea, in thick
and hazy Weather, without feeing the
Horizon j by Charles Leigh, Gent.

H E Sea-Quadrant now in Ufe, called Captain

‘Davis's Quadrant, being invented by that in-

genious Gentleman, for taking the Sun's Al-
titude, is an Inftrument well known, univerfally ap-
proved, and fufficiently accurate ; I fay fufficiently,
becaufe it is well known to all Artifts at Sea, that
five or ten Minutes Error (which is generally the
mod, if the Inftrument be good, though the Motion
be great) is a Trifle fcarce worth the noting, either in
failing near a Meridian, or parallel Circle. This, to-
gether with a long Ufe of this Inftrument, has, to
my Knowledge, (having had the Experience of 17
Years in the Royal Navy) occaftoned Inch a Fondnefs
to it, that it would be no eafy matter to difluade the
Navigator from the Ufe of it, to any other.

It is true, that when the natural Horizon is obfeured
by thick and hazy Weather, (which is very frequently
the Cafe, efpecially off of our Chanel, the Banks
of Newfoundland , 6cc.) this Inftrument, as it now
{lands, is of no Ufe 3 which too often occafions me-
lancholy Confequences, filch as the Lofs of Ships and
Cargoes, and, what is ftill more valuable, our Sea-
mens Lives. If therefore, to this Inftrument, an
Apparatus were added, fuch as an artificial or portable

Nov. 3. 1737.

Hhh

Horizon*,

[ 4*4 ]

Horizon, that could be as effectually relied on, as
that of the true or natural 5 and at the fame time
plain, eafy, and obvious j I am of Opinion, it would
be needlefs to go about proving its Ufefulnefs.

To this End, fome ingenious Gentlemen have,
within thefe few Years, very commendably employed
their Talents this way 5 among which, I humbly offer
my Mite : And that the Partiality of a Parent to a
Child of his own begetting, may not carry me too far,
I fhall moft humbly fubmit it to the Determination
of that venerable and learned Affembly, who are as
ready to infpeft, as they are willing to encourage and
promote, the Inventions of all ufeful Parts of Me-
chanifm.

I fhall now proceed to the Principle on which this
Apparatus is founded, viz.

That the Surface of all Liquids {when free from
any external Caufe) that have a Communica-
tion with each other , though divided and fe-
farated in their Surfaces , will be truly in a
horizontal Flain .

The Quadrant, and its Conftru&ion, being well
known, there remains but little to be faid to it $ the
principal Parts that I fhall take Notice of, are the two
Se&ions of two different Circles that are concentrick,
a sj4B, CD , {fee Tab. I. Fig. 1. ) on which the De-
grees and Minutes are graduated 5 E, the common
Centre, through which goes a brafs Pin fix’d to the
Apparatus EF, which is an Index or Radius to the
Se&ion CD, on which Index is fix’d a brafs Tube if
Inches long, in the Extremities of which are fix’d

per:

C 415 3

perpendicularly two glafs Tubes Ehzn&dh, fourln*
ches long, with brafs Ferrels on the Tops.

On the central Pin, which is fix'd in the Index, is
alfo fix'd the brafs horizontal Vane Ez obliquely,
in which there is a Hole for the central glafs Tube
Eh , to come through three fourths of its Length,
clofe to which, and from the common Centre, comes
a white fine Thread, the End being fix'd in the Vane
Ezb and in the fame manner is a Thread fix'd clofe to
the glafs Tube dh.

Directions to prepare , and obferve by this

Injtrument.

To prepare this Inftrument for Obfervation, you
muft pour Water (for that is always to be had) into
the Tube Eh , till its little Surface rifes to the central
Thread 5 then to keep it fix'd there, fhut the Slide or
Stop that is fix'd on the Top of the central Tube,
and there it will continue 5 then you may at Plea-
fure pour or drop Water into the Tube dh , till its Sur-
face alfo rifes to the Thread fix'd there 5 and if too
much Water is dropp'd in, dip in a Wire with a fmall
bit of Spunge or Cotton fix'd to the End, till you
exaftly trim your Tubes 5 for in this lies the greateft
Nicety and Exa&nefs, to trim your Surfaces true to
the Threads.

This being done, you are prepared for Obferva-
tion ; and placing yourfelf conveniently, where there
is the lead Motion, fit down on a Stool or the Deck,
and having the Quadrant in its proper Pofition on
your Lap, open the Slide on the Top of the Tub zEh*
that the Water may have its natural Tendency, which

Hhh 2 will

C 4«< ]

will be truly Horizontal, conformable to the above
Principle 5 then keeping your Eye on the central
Thread, bring that and the little Surface into one,
which will be effefted with the fame Eafe, as if you
obferved by the natural Horizon 3 then keep moving
the End of the Index F, till you bring the Speculum
of the Sun in the little Hole on the horizon Vane
that is clofe to the Thread, fo that you have, as it
were, but one ObjeCt to look at during the time of
Obfervation : But if you ufe the (hadow Vane, you
mud bring the upper Edge of the Shadow on the
central Line, drawn on the horizon Vane, as ufual ;
remembering as often as you reft, waiting the Sun's
rifing, to clofe the Slide, which prevents the Water's
running out, it then remaining immoveable. And
thus continuing to do, till the Sun is on your Meri-
dian, caft up the two Sums as is ufual, that is, the
Degrees cut by the fhadow Vane, and thofe cut by
the upper Edge of the Index on the greater Arch,
which Sum will give what is required, viz. the Sun's
Diftance from the Zenith. On the End of the Index
is fix'd a fight Vane N, by which you may obferve by
the natural Horizon, the very fame way as with the
common Quadrant 3 fo that the one will be the Proof
of the other.

N.B. There are of late Invention, large glafs
Lens’s, very ufeful for collecting the
weak and fcatter'd Rays of the Sun into
a Speculum 5 but if the Rays are even too
weak to be collected by that, and that
you have any Sight of the Sun, let ano-
ther look through the little Hole on the
horizon Vane above- mention'd, and the

upper

C 417 ]

upper Edge of the {hade Vane, to the
Sun, and it will give what is required :
The fame Rule is to be obferved in
taking the Altitude of a Star.

II. T he ‘Description and Ufe of an Appa-
ratus added as an Improvement to Davis's
Quadrant , conjijling of a Mercurial Level,
for taking the Co-altitude of Sun or Star
at Sea , without the ufual AJJijlance of the
fenjihle Horizon , which frequently is ob-
fcured . "By Charles Leigh, Gent.

I Had the Honour fome time ago, [Nov. 3. 1737.]
to communicate to this learned Society, an Inven-
tion much upon the fame Nature and Principle with
this 5 hnce which I have made fuch Alterations and Im-
provements thereto, as have render'd it complete and
perfect for theUfe intended, and have been confirmed
by repeated Experiments, as well on board Ships, as on
Shore. An Inftrument of this Nature we greatly want
at Sea, and it would be a great Satisfaction to me, if any
Thoughts and Inventions of mine fhould contribute
to the removing of this grand Impediment, that fo
frequently happens.

To arrive to the utmoft Perfection in Navigation,
three things are abfolutely requifite, viz. The Varia-
tion, the Latitude, and the Longitude 5 which laft is,
as yet, conceal'd from us. The two former indeed.

C 418 3

we have a tolerable Certainty of, efpecially the firft,
which may be found by Obfervation, almoft at any
time the Sun {hall be vifible in or above the Horizon,
either by an Amplitude or Azimuth 5 but unhappily
as yet, it is not fo in regard to the Latitude, by any
certain Method, but what is looked on as too abftrufe
for common Practice 5 for it is but once in 24 Hours
that an Obfervation can be made from the Sun, and
even that Space of Time fo very fhort, that if the
Horizon fhould then be obfcured, or a Cloud intercept
the Rays of the Sun, the dead Reckoning is then the
only Guide, which, in Pad, is little better than grope-
ing in the Dark.

Since the Latitude then is our principal Guide at
prefent, and liable to thefe Obftrudions, it would be
unneceffary to inlarge on the Advantages that would
accrue to Navigation from Improvements tending to
obviate them. As this Invention removes a very ma-
terial Obftacle, viz. an obfcure Horizon, there remains
another, which, 1 hope and believe, is not altogether
impracticable to remove 5 and that is, being confined
but to one fhort Space of Time for Obfervation, as
already mention'd * and doubtlefs it would be of great
Advantage to Navigation, could an accurate Method
be found for difcovering the Latitude as frequently in
the Day, as you may that of the Variation.

But to return to the Inftrument under Conftdera-
tion, which is founded on this obvious Principle, viz.
“ That the Surfaces of all Liquids, that have a Com-
6C munication with each other, though feparated at
“ any Diftance in their Surfaces, will be in a true
fc horizontal Plane/'

The

C 4*9 3

The firft Inftrument that I made conformable to this
Principle, was with a Water-Level, but finding that
Water was fubjed tofome Inconveniencies, I altered
the Apparatus, and changed the Fluid from Water to
Mercury : This Alteration and Improvement will more
intelligibly appear by the Inftrument, and alfo the
Draughthereuntofubjoined,TAB.I. Fig. i. where
CD, reprefents the Segments of two different Circles
that are concentrick 5 F,the common Centre, in which
moves the Pin or Axis fitted to the Index or Label E F*
on which Label is alfo fix'd the horizontal Tube Ggy
which has a Communication with the two glafs ver-
tical Tubes Eh,dh , in which moves the Mercury. On
each Top of the vertical Tubes are fix'd a large hollow
brafs Cylinder hh, having in their Tops a Pin, by
clofing of 'which, the included Air is prevented from
any Communication with the External 5 by which
means this Advantage is obtained, that it prevents, in
a great meafure, that too quick and vibratory Motion
that is natural to the Fluidity join'd to the Gravity of
Mercury when moved, and at the fame time, by
having a fufficient Space and Quantity of Air in the
Cylinders 'at Top, does not in the leaft impede the true
Level ; but notwithstanding this Precaution, the Mer-
cury ftill would be fubjed to a tremulous Motion,
were it not that the Diameters of the vertical Tubes,
to that of the horizontal, are as 2 to 1, and confe-
quently the Area 4 to 1 5 by which means this Incon-
veniency is alfo removed, without any way affeding
the horizontal Level.

The firft trimming or preparing the Tubes with
Mercury is fufficient, and when the two little convex
Surfaces of the Mercury appear juft vifiblc above the

level

[ 41® ]

level Rings E *>,then is the Inftrument corre&ly trimm’d ;
if they appear much above or below the Rings, move
the Tubes a little up or down, till the Surfaces are
adjufted to the Rings* which is effected by means of
the regulating Screw /, fix'd at the End of the Bafe
Tube.

As I well know theFondnefs our Navigators have
to ‘Davis’s Quadrant, I adapted the Apparatus to this
Inftrument, which is fo far from being perplexing,
that it becomes obvious at firft View, and by which
an Obfervation can be made with great Facility 5 for
the Obferver may place himfelf in the moft conve-
nient Part of the Ship, where there is the leaft Mo-
tion and Wind todifturb him, and fitting on a Stool
or the Deck, holding the Inftrument with his left
Hand under the horizon Vane Ez , and his Right at
the End of the Label Fy with his Thumb thereon,
keeping the Label on the fame Height or Level with
his Eye, bring the left convex Surface of the Mercury
to appear juft vifible above the central Ring E , and
the Shade or Speculum of the Sun from the Solar
Vane k , to coincide therewith on the central Line
Ez 5 and the Sum of Degrees and Minutes cut on the
two Arches by the Vane k , and the End of the Label
F, will give, as ufual, the Angle of the Suns Co-
altitude. As the Sun rifes, the Shade will fall below
the central Line (the Surface in its proper Place) j and
when it pafles the Meridian, and falls, it will appear
above, fo that the End of the Label muft be moved
in the fame manner as the Sight Vane ufually is.

To obferve by a Star, another Perfon muft look
through the Slit on the Horizon Vane, and over the
upper Edge of the Shade Vane, and bring the Star to

coincide

[ 4*1 ]

coincide therewith, proceeding in the fame .manner
as before, with the Sun.

v There are two very oppofite Caufes of an obfcure
Horizon 5 the one proceeds from thick hazy Weather,
and the other from fine, clear and calm Weather, as I
have often experienced at Sea : I have been running
with a Frefh of Wind, fometimes five, fix and feven
Days together, the Diftance of 2 or 300 Leagues,
without an Obfervation j and on the fixth, feventh or
eighth Day, it has proved ftark calm and clear W ea-
ther, but the Sea fo fmooth, and fo like in Colour to
the Sky, that the Edge or Circle of the fenfible Hori-
zon could not be diftinguifhed therefrom, and confe-
quently no Obfervation to be made by the Inftruments
then in Pra&ice.

By this Improvement to ‘Davis’s Quadrant, the
above Obftacles are intirely removed 5 fo that an Ob-
fervation can be made off of Headlands, in Harbours,
on Shore, and, in fhort, anywhere that a Sight of the
Sun, &c. can be obtained, without any regard had to
the Horizon 5 and, what is peculiar to it, is, that the
true Level will be preferved, as well on the Top of
the higheft Mountain, as clofe to the Surface of the
Horizon. The Apparatus is fo contrived, that an Ob-
fervation can be made with the fenfible Horizon as
ufual, by means of the Sight Vane j\7, fixed near the
End of the Label for that Purpofe, fo that the one will
be a Proof to the other.

As the Succefs of Inventions in all things of this
kind muft be confirmed by Experiments only, among
many others, two were effe&ually made on board his
Majefty’s Ship the Oxford at Spithead} in a high Wind,

I i i when

C4»* 3

-jwhen the Motion was fhort and quick, and eonfe-
quently, a greater Difadvantage than if on the high
Sea, where the Motion is grave, flow and regular,
occasion'd by long Waves 3 but notwithstanding this
quick Motion, the Obfervation made, exactly agreed
with the Latitude of the Places as will more evi-
dently appear by the Report hereunto annex'd,
figned by all the Principal Officers that were then
on board.

H E new Improvement made by Mr. Charles

Leigh to Davis s Quadrant, confiding of a Mer-
curial Level, for taking the Sun or Stars Altitude at
Sea, when the fenfible Horizon is obfcur'd either
by thick and hazy Weather, or in fmooth Calms,
when the Sky and Horizon are not diftinguifhablc,
was tried on board this Ship, when the Latitude
by Obfervation made with the faid Inftrument
agrees, as appears by the following Calculations 5

Sun's ZenithDift. 50 30 nZenithDiftance 50 38
Sun's Declination ly S.f Declination 9N.

Lat. by Obferv. 50 45 jLat. by Obferv. yo 47

From which Experiment we judge this Inflru-
ment fufficiently accurate for difcovering the Lati-
tude, and removing that grand Impediment that

viz.

March the 9th, high Winds,
and a quick Motion.

a //

March 10th, ditto
Weather.

fre-

[ 42? ]

frequently happens by an cbfcure Horizon, and con-
fequently to be of great Ufe in Navigation.

From on board his Majefiy’s
Ship Oxford, at Spithead,

March io. 1738.

Signed,

Thomas Strachey, firji Lieutenant .
Thomas Griffin, Lieutenant.

James Irving, Majler.

Wi liam Slanning, Jecond Majler.

Note, The Latitude of Spithead the
neareft is about ....

}?o 46
North*

Directions concerning the Quadrant,

TH E Alteration made in this Inftrument is greatly
for the better, for the Level of Water'requir’d
to be t rim'd every Time of Obfervation, befides the
Hazard of fpilling the Water from a great Motion;
but in this Level of Mercury, the firft Trimming ferves
always, and without hazard of fpilling, being clofe
confin'd, as will be feen in the Inftrument.-— The
Cylinders are made large enough to receive the Air
that will becondens’d and rarefied alternately by the vi-
bratory Motion of the Quickftlver through the frnali
glafs Tubes, without affe&ing the true Level Line,
.as will be found upon Trial: Notwithftanding, the

Hi 2 included

[ 4M ]

included Air has no Communication with the Ex-
ternal, its being clofe confin'd gives this Advantage,
that it prevents the Mercury, in its vibratory Mo-
tion, from being quick and tremulous.

The Bottoms of the brafs Cylinder that the glafs
Tubes are fix'd in, muft in the Infide be made Tun-
nel-wife, that the Mercury may not lodge behind.
The Hole at the Top, and the Pin, is for taking out
or putting in Mercury, if Occafion 5 as alfo to clean
the T ubes with a W ire. The perpendicular Tubes muft
at leaft be twice the Diameter of the long BafeTube,
for this Reafon among others, that the dilating and
condenfing of the Mercury, from Heat or Cold, may
not be fenfible in the perpendicular Tubes 5 and alfo
that the BafeTube muft be as long as the Index or
Label will admit, and the Tube thereof to be as
fmall as can be, but fo as to admit a Paffage for
the Mercury. This Paffage flhould be through a
fmall glafs Tube inclofed in Wood, &c. The Cy-
linders muft not be folder'd with foft Solder nor
Silver: The Mercury will affeft it.

Note, If the Mercury fhould be feparated by an
Air-bubble in the Tube, incline the In-
ftrument till the Mercury difappears in
the Tube below the Bafe, and it will
take it out. The true Level is when the
little convex Surfaces of the Mercury juft
appear above the Level Rings 5 then it is
rightly trimm'd 5 and when you obferve,
you look only at one of them, viz. that
at the Centre, the Shade Vane co-inciding at
the fame time on the Horizon Vane.
March 11. 1738.

III. A

[ 4M 3

III. A Letter from Mr. John Fergufon, Sur-
geon , fo William Chifelden, Efq ; Surgeon
to Chelfea College, F. R. S. &c. contain-
ing an Account of the Extirpation of part
of the Spleen of a Man .

SIR , Strabane , 18. 1734-f.

THOUGH 1 have not the Honour to be known
to you, I make bold to trouble you with the
following Cafe, which lately happen'd in my Practice.
I imagine it uncommon 5 for though you have taken
the Spleen out of a Dog, without any remarkable In-
convenience 5 yet it has never been attempted, that I
know of, in a human Body. I affine you the Affair is
literally true, and, if required, could have it attefted
by feveral who were Eye-witndfes. As I believe you
to be a Gentleman that is curious, and fond of any
Difcovery that is new, I flatter myfelf you will not be
offended with the Freedom I now take ; and that if
you think this worth your Notice, you will be pleas'd
to favour me with your Opinion of it, and whether
you have known fuch a Cafe happen before. This
will add to the Obligations I acknowledge myfelf
under to you, for the Benefit I have already received
from your Writings, which I greatly efteem, and am
with the greateft Refpeft, Dear SIR,

Tour moft obedient ,
humble Servant ,

ON

C 4«<S ]

ON the 5th of January laft, I was called to Thomas
Conway , who had received a Wound with a
Skane or great Knife, which went through the muf-
cular part of his Fore-Arm, and into the Left Hypo-
chondrium^ it was 24 Hours after he had receiv'd the
Wound before I faw him (living 12 Miles diftant
from me). I found the Spleen out at the Wound,
and that what by prefling and thrufting of it with the
Fingers, endeavouring to return it into its Place, which
they that were about him could not accomplifh, and
by being fo long expofed to the Air, it was quite
cold, black and mortified. I confider'd that cutting
away the mortified Part, muft be attended with the
greateft Danger, and was, to me, an unprecedented
Cafe 5 yet that the Patient muft inevitably die, if it was
not done : I therefore made a Ligature with a ftrong
wax'd Thread, above the unfound Part, and cut off
three Ounces and a half of the Spleen: Notwith-
ftanding the Ligature, there was a pretty large Artery
that fprung with great Violence, which I immediately
tied up 5 and, after bathing all the Parts with warm
Wine, I return'd the remaining part of the Spleen
into its Place, leaving the Ends of the Threads out of
the Wound, to draw them away by when they fhould
digeftoff, which they did on the iothDay, and came
away with the Drefllngs: I drefs'd the Wound with
Digeftives, and the Abdomen was ftuped twice a Day
with an emollient Fomentation, and after ftuping it
was always malaxated with an emollient Liniment,
which he told me always gave him Eafe. What he
moft complain’d of, was that he could not make
Water, for which I every Day gave him a Carmi-
native Clyfter, which kept his Belly from fwclling ;

C 4*7 ]

and always when the Clyfter came away, he got fome
Water made along with it : This Symptom went off
on the feventh or eighth Day. He is now perfeftly
well recover'd, following his Bufinefs, and finds no
Inconvenience from the want of the Part of the Spleen
which he loft. The Wound through his Arm was
alfo quickly cured.

IV. A Letter from Benjamin Cook, F. R. S.
to Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a
Ball of Sulphur fuppofed to be generated in
the Air.

Newport ( Ifle-IVight ) July 9. 17 33.
T>ear SIR ,

TH E great Heats we have lately differ'd, were
ufher'd in by a very gloomy Night of almoft
continual Lightning, accompanied with very loud
Claps of Thunder, which, as ufual, were towards the
Morning follow'd by very heavy Showers of Rain.
Early next Day, in a Meadow near the Sea-fhore, far
from any Houfe, and where it has not been known
that any Improvement has been carried on, a Husband-
man found a beautiful yellow Ball lying on the Turf,
which he gladly took up, in hopes itwould well reward
him for (looping.

But it prov'd to be of Sulphur, of which it fmelt
uncommonly ftrong. It was frofted, as it were, all
over with an Eftorefcence of fine, fhining, yellowifh
Cryftals, which foon fell off with the lighted Touch.

It

[ 4*8 ]

It has on one Side, a deep Hole^, ( fee Tab. I.
Fig. 2.) admitting the End of a middle-fiz’d Knitting-
needle, and on the oppofite Side a deep Depreflion B\
which would induce one almoft to think its Form had
been at firft nearly Spheroidal, form'd by a Revolution
round a fuppos’d Axis drawn from A to B. It has
Jteveral other Holes fcattcr’d irregularly up and down
its whole Surface, fome fit to admit a Hog's Briftle,
others a Hair 5 as if it had been made of a fine Powder,
and fome thin Liquid, and after mixing had fuffer'd
fome Fermentation 5 but thofe Parts of it which are
folid, feem more compact than thofe of the common
roll Brimftone of the Shops, and the Powder of it
burns with a whiter Flame, and lefs acid Fumes. Its
longeft Diameter is betwixt eight and nine, and its
fhortefl betwixt fix and feven Tenths of an Inch; its
Weight is 108 Grains. To fave more Words, I have
roughly defcribed two Sides, one of which has the Hole
A , the other the Depreflion B .

We find frequent Mention in the Defcription of
Thunder Storms in hot Climates, that there falls often
a flaming bituminous Matter to the Ground, which
fometimes burns not to be foon extinguifh’d, but more
frequently fpatters into an infinite Number of fiery
Sparks, doing incredible Damage where they ftrike,
always attended with a fulphureous fuffocating Smell,
commonly compar’d to that of Gunpowder.

Whether this fulphureous Ball was intended for one
of thefe, but by fome Accident mifs’d firing, it is now
time to confider.

Had it been form’d in the Earth, how fhould it get
to the Surface, without lofing that moft elegant frofty
covering of fine fhining Cryftals, and appear not in the

leaf!

[ 41? ]

leaft fullied, or its Pores fill'd with Earth, or other
terreftial Matter ; on the contrary, not the leaft
Adhefion of any thing of that kind can be obferv'd :
Belides, Brimftone made the ordinary way, feems to
have a different Texture of its internal Parts from this
Ball. From thefe Obfervations I am ready to con-
clude it not form'd in the Earth 5 but however fubmit
it to the Determination of the Curious., and am

Tour moft obliged Servant ,

Benj. Cooke,

V. An Account of a Book intitle d, Obferva-
tiones de Aere & Morbis epidemicis, ab
Anno 1718, ad finem Anni 1737, Ply-
muthi facte. His accedit Opufculum de
Morbo Colico Damnonienfi. Audtore Jo-
anne Huxham, M. D. R. S. S. Londini,
apud S. Auften, 1739, 8Q. Tirawn up
by Thomas Stack, M. 2). F. R. S.

THIS Treatife of Epidemicks (in my humble
Opinion the belt by far of any of this kind
wrote by the Moderns) is ufher’d in by a large and
learned Difcourfe by way of Prolegomena ; wherein
the worthy Author confiders the various Properties
of the Air, with its Effefts on living Bodies both in
Health and Sicknefs 5 and then defcribes the Method

Kkk and

[ 450 1

and Inftruments he made life of in his Obferva-

cions;

His Method of obferving the Weather, is that pub-
lifh/d by Dr. Jurin> Bhil. Tranf. 379.

His Inftruments, a Barometer with a pretty large
Tube, and a very wide Bowl, fill'd with Quickfilver
well purged by Dift-iliation. And this Barometer, to
June 1733, flood about forty-fix Feet above the Level
of the Sea at Low Water 5 but after that Time at
thirty Feet only above the faid Level.

A Thermometer made by Mr. Hauksbee.

The chief of his Hygrofcopes was made after that
of Mr. Molyneux , in Bhil Tranf.N0 172.

A round Funnel for collecting the Rain, 25 Inches
in Diameter, and placed fo as to be equally expofed
to all Winds.

And he clofes the Trolegomena with an Account
of the Situation of Plymouth 5 and with earneftly
expreffing his Defire of a general accurate Hiftory of
the Atmofphere, towards which he contributes this
his Mite.

In the Body of this ufeful Treatife, the ingenious
Author gives for every feparate Month curious Abf-
tra&s of his Meteorological Diary, viz, The Quan-
tities of Rain for the refpe&ive Days j the Days on
which there fell Hail, Snow, &c. The Aurora Bo -
reales , and other like -Meteors: The Winds, with
their Degrees of Force: The confiderable Tides : The
higheft and loweft Stations of the Barometer and Ther-
mometer: The \y arm eft and coldeft Days, with the
middle Temper of the Air. To thefe he fubjoins the
reigning or moft epidemic Difeafes, and their Me-
thods of Cure 5 with excellent medicinal Obler-

vations

[ 4S« 3

various both Theoretical and Practical, thereon, as
often as any thing new or uncommon occur’d.

As a Specimen of the Work, I beg Leave to ex-
hibit fome few of his Obfervations, both Philofc-
phical and Medical, for each refpe&ive Year.

1728.

July 2. at 11 at Night, no Windftirring, our Au-
thor obferved a very confiderable Aurora Borealis ,
whofe Beams fhot upward, and terminated in a bright
Canopy about eight or ten Degrees to the South of
the Zenith; with its Centre about the fame Diftance
to the Eaft of the Meridian. It was attended with a
very plentiful Dew.

July 22. at 9. p. m. The Wind at North, with
one Degree of Force; there was a fmall but uncom-
mon Aurora Borealis , whofe pyramidal Rays darted
in an inverted Order ; for their Points tended to the
Centre, and ran below the Horizon at North.

The whole Quantity of Rain collected this Year,

Inches. Decimals.

was 3 <>• 3 64.

Inches. DecL

Of which fell in January, the wetted: Month, 6. 108.

in September , the dryeft, i. 52 6.

The higheft Station of the Barometer was

Inches.

30. 3. on Feb. 2. and "Dec . 15.
lowed 28. 5 . on Jan . 1 8 . and Sept . 24.

In his general Obfervations. on this Year, among
other things, he ohferves, that the higheft Tides
generally happen’d when the Barometer was loweft :
And he thinks, their Caufe, in part at lead, may be
attributed to the Air being lighter on our Seas than

K k k 2 on

[ 43 * 1

on the main Ocean. He alfo fufpefts, that Spouts and
Boars may derive their Origin from the fame Caufe,
but adting with extraordinary Violence : As a Clap
of Thunder, which caufes a fort of Vacuum for an
Inftant.

This having been a wet Year, our Author takes
occafion to account how a wet and cold Temper of
the Air creates Heavinefs, Colds, and other Difeafes,
from fuperabundant Serofity : How Fevers are pro-
duced by a moift and unelaftic Air -y and gives the
manner of treating intermitting Fevers, with the
Method and Ufe of Vomits; the different forts of
Afthma's, with the Cure 5 and Cautions for avoiding
the Contagion of the Air.

1729.

January 14. at 9. p. m . He obferved a bright
Cloud between Orion , the Bull and the Whales
Mouth, fhooting forth very bright Rays : Though
there was no Sign of an Aurora Borealis in any other
Part of the Heavens all that Night.

Inches. Deci.

The Total of Rain this Year was 33. 055.

Of which September , the wetteftT.

Month, afforded S 49 8.

January , the dryeft, o. 900.

On Occafion of his Thermometrical Obfervations
made in February , he fays, he has frequently obferved
Froft in Spring, when Mr. Hauksbee s Thermometer
was but at 55 3 whereas in Winter he has feen it at
6 5 , and lower, without the leaft Appearance of Froft :
Wherefore he thinks, the Degree of Cold which pro-
duces Froft, is not yet brought to a due Certainty ;

and

[ 433 J

and that Congelation does not depend barely on a
Privation of Motion or of Heat.

A flow putrid Fever was very epidemical part of
this Summer and Autumn 3 which he afcribes to the
moift and hot Temper of the Air, and gives its De«
fcription and Cure.

1730.

In the Beginning of October there was a violent
Eafterly Wind, which fo difturb'd the Sea, that at
three or four Miles from the Shore he found the
Leaves of the Trees very fait to the Tafte.

Inches. DecL

The Total of Rain this Year was . . 25. 698.

Whereof in November fell .... 4. 480.

in January but .... o. 666 .

Inches.

Barometer highed on Jan. io. 30. 6.

lowed March 7. 28. 5.

On account of a particular Colic which reign’d
part of this Year, the Author remarks the pernicious
Confequences of giving general Names toDidempers j
which often leads the Unskilful into irreparable Errors
in Pra&ice.

1731-

This was a dry Year, the Total of

Rain being but

Whereof in November , the wetted
Month, fell . . .......

in March , the dryed.

Inches.

17. 2 66.

2. 356.

o. 140.

Mercury highed on March 2; 30. 4.

lowed November 8. 28. 7.

A

[ 4?4 3

A very remarkable Fall of the Barometer happen'd
between Feb. the 2d and the 9th, when the Mercury

Inches. Inches.

defeended from 30. 3. to 28. 9.

Our Author has very often obferved a very fudden
fall of the Mercury, without any confiderable Change
ici the Face of the Atmofphere; but upon a more
ftridt Inquiry, he found there had been either great
Rain or Thunder fomewhere in the Neighbourhood ;
to which Place the ambient Air rufh'd fuddenly, in
order to reftore the c/ Equilibrium .

As inflammatory Difeafes of the Bread were fatal
this Year, the Author takes Occafion, in treating of
them, to give the diftindtive Characteriftics of the
true Pleurify and Peripneumony, and confcquently
of the frequent Combination of both, or Pleuro -
P eripneumony $ with their different Methods of Cure.

1732.

Inches.

Deci.

The Total of Rain was .....

33.

096.

Whereof in QEtober fell

6 .

343'*

in Auguji but ....

. O*

362.

Inches.

Mercury higheft November 25. 30.

4-

lowed October 14. 28.

7.

This Year contains excellent practical Obfervations

On the Whooping Cough of Children..

'

X733*

Inches.

Deci.

Total of Rain \ . . . 1 I-'.

29.

8 84.*

Of which in ’December alone . . .

4-

688.

in ‘July but

O.

772.

In

[45J5.

In December 9 though a very wet Month, the Baro-
meter was high 5 which he attributes chiefly to the
great Quantity of Vapours with which the Air was
loaded.

The higheft Station of the Mercury was

Inches.

30. 2. Jan. 24. Mar. 3. Off. is.

Nov. 5.

lowed 29. 8. June 18. and Off. 25.

And ’tis very remarkable, that whereas the Mer-

Inches.

cury was at its higheft Station of 30. 2. on Off. 185
it was fallen to its lowed of 28. 8. on Off. 25.
and rifen again to the higheft on Nov. 5.

Here the Reader will find an accurate Defcription
of the Epidemical Colds of this Year, with their
Cure.

1734-

Inches. Deci.

Was a very wet Year, the Total of ?

Rain being ... . i* II^“

Of which fell in "December . . 6. 192.

in 'January but . 1. 484,

Inches,

The Mercury's higheft Station 3 o. 4. on Jan. 29. Feb. x.

and Nov . 27.

lowed 28.2. "Dec. 14.

Themoft fudden Change was between the 23d and
27th of November , when the Mercury rofe from 28.8.
to 30. 4.

Quinjzeys were very rife this Year among young
Folks 5 for which Reafon they are here carefully
deferibed, with their various Changes and Cure.

I73J.

[ ]

1735-

Inches. Deci.

Total of Rain fallen this Year . . 30. 974.

Whereof in November . . . 4. 922.

in May . . . > 1. 646.

Inches.

Higheft Station of the Mercury) q

onjan. 4. zn&Feb. 2.3 3 * **

Loweft Jan. 11. • . 28. 1.

Where it is obfcrvable, that between the 4th and
nth of January , the Mercury fell from its higheft
Station of this Year, viz. 30. 5. to its loweft (and
indeed a very low one) 28. r.

Nov. 2 7. though the Moon was in one of the
Quarters, the Tides were higher than they generally
are at the New and Full.

This was a very moift Year as to the Frequency,
though not the Quantity of Rain.

This Year a malignant Fever, with Spots, was
brought to ‘Plymouth by the Fleet, and became very
epidemical and deftru&ive ; wherefore our learned
and humane Author takes great Pains to inveftigate
its Nature, and gives the Method of Cure which beft
fucceeded with him.

1736-

Feb. 6. There was a confiderable Aurora Borealis ,
wherein the Streamings darted from the very South ;
and the lucid Canopy was more to the Eaft than the
Author had ever obferved before.

May 9. A large Halo round the Moon at 10 at
Night, and at the fame Hour on the nth, another
very large one^ remarkable for its fiery Colour.

Aug>

C 437 ]

Aug . 25. WindW. 1 Deg. Between the Hours of
9 and 1 1, there appear’d in the Heavens a narrow, but
very bright Band, which extended intireiy from Weft
to Eaft, and was like a great Rainbow.

Inches. Deci.

The Total of Rain 36. 706.

Of which in October ..... 6. 534,

in November . . . . 1. 150.

And on July 10, the Rain was fo exceffive, that
from 3 p. m. to 5 the next Morning it amounted
to . . . . . I. 6$ 6,

The Mercury’s higheft Station was on

Inches.

‘Dec. 24. 30. >4.
lowed Opt. 9. 28. 4.

1737.

In Auguft there were Aurora Boreales for four
fucceffive Nights, viz. from the 9th to the 12th.
Thefirft and laft feem to have no particular Circum-
ftances attending them. That on the 10th, feen at
9 o’Clock, was very great. Its Rays were of various
Colours, though all very bright and vivid 5 and form’d
a beautiful Canopy from the Zenith to about 12 De-
grees Eaftward, and a little to the South.

That on the nth, about 10, was alfo confiderable.
The Canopy appear’d in the fame Place with that of
the foregoing Night, and of the Colour of red-hot
Iron.

Dec. 5. Our Author obferved the remarkable red
Lights, [of which the Royal Society have had
feveral Accounts] and fays, that in the Evening the
Sky feem’d overcaft with a thin Cloud or Vapour,
but look’d red as from the Reflexion of a great Fire 5

L 1 1 and

[ +)8 ]

and it caft as much Light as the Full Moon on a
cloudy Night. This furprifing Phenomenon lafted
till near Midnight, but its greateft Brightnefs was
between the Hours of Five and Seven. It caufed
great Terrors among the Vulgar, fome apprehending
a vaft Fire, others thinking the Sky overfpread with
Blood. For the greateft Part of the Day the Air was
cloudy and warm, with a gentle Rain falling often,
efpecially in the Afternoon, and fcarcc any Wind. In
the Evening the Vapour emitted a difagreeable Smell 5
and the Do&or happening to ride in the Rain, he
perceiv'd the Drops were of a maukifh fweet Taftc.
This fame Phenomenon was of great Extent in the
Northern Parts of Europe 5 and at Kilkenny in Ire-
land, was feen fomewhat like a Globe of Fire
fufpended in the Air for near the Space of an Hours
which then burfting, fpread Flames around on every
Side.

Inches. Deci.

The total Quantity of Rain this Year?

was. $

Whereof fell in March alone . .

in May but . . .

Inches.

The Mercury's higheft Station in
the Barometer was on Jan. 1 9.

loweft Sept. 22. 28. 5

27. 364

4-

o.

328.

3 32.

30. 6.

Towards

* N. B. The Reader is dejired to take Notice of an Error in the Total of
Rain for this Y ?ar, as it funds in the Book ; where the Total of the pre-
ceding Year has by fome Nlifake or other been repeated in this : and be it
therefore intreated to corn ft it by the Total fet down in this Abfraft.

[ 439 ]

Towards the latter End of this Year, a catarrhal
Fever broke out, and became very epidemic. It was
indeed fomewhat like the epidemic Colds of 1733.
but much more fevere. Here the Reader will find
the Differences in their Symptoms and Cure well
defcribed : As alfo two valuable Differtations, one
on the various Species of Jaundice, the other on
nervous Fevers, fo common of late Years: Which
I think very worthy of a careful Perufal by all Or-
ders of Men, who have any Pretence to the Pradtice
of Phyfic.

The Subjedt of theTreatife intituled Opufcidum de
Morbo colico <Damnoniorum-> eoque maxime epide -
tnico , Anno 1724. annex'd to thefe Epidemics of
'Plymouth^ is a very fevere Colic, attended with
bilious Vomitings excefiively fharp, Conftipation, ex-
cruciating Pains in the Abdomen and feveral other
Parts of the Body, a Palfy of the upper Extremities
chiefly, and other dreadful Symptoms.

It was extremely epidemic among the poorer fort
of People, from Autumn 1724. to the next enfuing
Spring, which Year there was a vaft Quantity of
Apples, and confequently of Cyder 5 and it returns
more or lefs every Year that Fruit abounds : Where-
fore Dr. Huxham aferibes its Caufe to the exceflivc
Ufe of Apples and new Cyder.

In this Treatife, befides an accurate Defcription of
the Diftemper in its feveral Stages, with the belt
Methods of Cure the learned Author could devife
from long and large Experience, the Reader will find
curious Difqiufitions on the Nature of Apples, new
Cyder and Wine, their good and bad EfFe&s, the

L 1 1 2 Benefit

[ 44° 1

Benefit of good ripe Cyder: Ufeful Obfcrvations on
the Bile, efpecially when it becomes porraceous or
black, acid or alcaline, and the prodigious Acrimony
it fometimes acquires : On the good Effe&s of the
continued Ufe of Eccoprotics in proper Cafes ; with
feveral others equally valuable, which are much
better fet down in the Treatife, than can poflibly be
done in any Abftraft.

VI. An AbflraH by C. Mortimer, M. D. Seer.
R. S. of an Inaugural Dljfertation publijhed
at Wittemberg 1 736. by Dr . Abraham
Vater, F. R. S. concerning the Cure of the
Bite of a Viper, cured by Sallad-oil.

r‘TT"1HIS Traci is intituled, "Differtatio Inaug .

1 Me die a, de Antidot 0 novo adverfus Vipe-

rarum morfum praflantijjlmo in Anglia hand ita
pridem deteffio-, quarn prajide *Dn- Abr. Vatero pro
gradu FloEloris ventilandam proponit Fridericus Gen -
Jlerus Gedane?i(is, Sept. n. 1736. Vitemberg# , in

4

Our Author was firft informed of the Ufe of OH
of Olives againft the Bite of Vipers by a Letter
written to him by Sir Conrad Sprengell, Anno 1734.
wherein he gives him an Account of the Experiments
thenlately fhewn by W Ilham Oliver before feveral
Members of the Royal Society, and others: He
had communicated the Contents of this Letter to a
Coufm, one Dr* Vater at F)rejden> who had an Op-
portunity

* Fhilof. Tranfatl.N0 443. p. 313,^.

[ 44 1 ]

portunity of trying the Efficacy of this Remedy, by
an Accident happening in that City 5 which Cafe
being remarkable, he hath related it at large in the
above-mentioned Differ tation, and is as follows :

The head Journeyman in the Royal Difpenfary at
‘Drefden , being the laft Year preparing fome Italian
Vipers for a Patient of Diftindion, was, through
Negligence, bitten by one of them in one of his
Eingers. The Man, finding himfelf wounded, was
mightily frighted, and immediately fell to turning
over Phyfic-books, in order to find out a Remedy,
whereby he might ward off the Danger which he was
fenfible hung over him. But he found little Com-
fort in thofe Books 3 on the contrary, he was grieved
in the higheft manner, upon reading in one of them,
that Wounds from Vipers are commonly deadly, and
that there remains very little Help to be given. Being
in thefe Streights, he tried various things ; among
others he applied Theriaca outwardly to the Wound,
but felt no Relief from it; and in the Space of a few
Hours, his whole Arm fwelling to an enormous
Degree, he felt great Pain in it, with remarkable
Tenfions under his Arm-pit towards his Heart, at-
tended with a Faintnefs. Therefore, alnioft defpair-
ing of Recovery, having tried all things in vain, he
went to my above-mentioned Coufin Vater , and
asked his Afiiftance. He having been informed of
the Virtue of Qlive-oil in this Cafe, as I have , before
mentioned, order'd the Man to anoint his whole Arm
therewith hot, and feveral times, upon which the
deured Effcd foon followed: For the Arm, after one
or two Anointings, began to grow lefs 3 the Pains,
with the ocher Symptoms, were affwaged, and gradu-
ally

[ 44 1 ]

ally ceafed, and the Patient recover'd perfeftly in a
Day or two. He took nothing inwardly befides a
limple Mixture * with an anodyne mineral Liquor,
by the Advice of my Coufin, whereupon a copious
Sweat enfued, which fenfibly relieved the Patient.
We do not difown but that this Medicine contributed
greatly to the Cure, although the chief Part in this
Affair is to be abferibed to the Oil of Olives , becaufe
upon anointing therewith, the Symptoms abated in-
ftantly. I had this whole Cafe from the Mouth of
the Man himfelf, who was bitten, and thus cured.

I fhall pafs over what our Author faith concerning
the Nature and different Species of Vipers ; concern-
ing the Effects of the Bite of Vipers on Men and
Brutes; his Examination of the Venom of Vipers ;
the ‘Phenomena obferved upon opening Brutes killed
by the Bite of Vipers ; the Cure of thefe Bites by the
Application of external Remedies, and by giving An-
tidotes internally; the two famous Antidotes, the
Mungos-root , and the Serpentine forte , called the
Magnet of Poifons ; as being only Collections from
Authors, and containing nothing new. But fpeaking
of the Serpentine or Viperftone, he relates a very
extraordinary Accident, if true, from Kampfers
Amanit. p. 579. The Cafe was this: In theHoufe of
a 'Dutch Governor on the Coaft of Choromandel , a
Servant Maid happen'd to be bit in the Foot by a
CobraCabelo. The Serpentine -ft one was immediately
laid on, which falling off, and no other being to
be had, nor any new Milk being at hand to wafh out
the Pores of the Stone in, a wet Nurfe being in the

Houfe,

# Sj>< Vitriol dulcir Sj>. Vitriol p. i. Sj>. V, p, iij>

[ 44? ]

Houfe, who was anxious for the fudden Effeds of the
Poifon, milked fome Milk upon the Stone out of her
own Breafts; whereupon her Nipple began imme-
diately to be painful, and foon after the whole Breaft
of that Side fwelled, and was inflamed, even to the
hazard of her Life for three Days together, and the
Hardnefs did not leave her Breaft in lefs than io
Days. It muft be remarked, that her Nipple was
before fomewhat excoriated by the Goom of her
Nurfling, whereby the fmall Veins being laid bare,
it was readier to receive the Infedion of the Ve-
nom render'd more adive by the Warmth of the
Milk.

When he comes to fpeak of Oil of Olives in par-
ticular, and its Effeds againft Poifon in general, he
cites a remarkable Paffage from Matthiolus in his
Comment, Lib. II. Hiofcorid. p. 232. where he fays,
I have found by Experience, that Oil prepared by
myfelf, into which a great Number of Scorpions had
been put, being anointed on the Heart, and where the
Pullations of the Arteries of the Hands and Feet are
felt, frees from all Poifons; nay, it likewife cures
thofe who have been bit by Viper s, or flung by any
other venomous Animals. Our Author, comparing
this with the Virtue of the Oil alone, for the Bite of
a Viper , concludes, that the Scorpions infufed in it
add nothing to its real Virtue.

He concludes this Diflertation, by endeavouring
to explain the Manner of its operating, which he
attributes to its fat invifeating Nature, whereby it
fheathes the Spicula of the Poifon. He remarks, that
Celfus , Lib. 5. c. 2 7. advifes, after dipping aPerfon in
an Hydrophobia in cold Water, to put him into

warm

r 444 ]

warm Oil. Laft of all he mentions the great Secret of
the Viper- catchers, that is, the Fat of Vipers*, which,
he thinks, acts in the fame manner as the Olive oil.

VII. Abjlrafis of two Letters from M. Dufay,
j P. R. S. <&c. to Dr. Mortimer, Seer. R. S.
concerning the Efficacy of Oil of Olives in
curing the Bite of Vipers.

Part of a Letter from Monf Dufay to Dr. Mor-
timer, dated at Paris, Aug. 8. 1737. [ Tranfated
from the French, by T. S. M. D.]

AFTER I had given the Academy an Account
of your Obfervations on the Remedy againft
the Bite of Vipers , a Committee was appointed to
make the fame Experiments here. But whether it
be, that our Vipers are more venomous than yours,
or that the Bites were more confiderable, of the
feveral Pigeons and Fowls that were bit, not one
recover’d, though they were immediately rubbed
'with Oil. They died in a Quarter of an Flour, or
in an Hour’s time at fartheft. The like Experiments
have been made on feveral other Animals 5 but as the
Gentlemen are refolved to repeat them, I do not
fend you an Account of them. All I can fay at
prefent is, that the Remedy feems to be not fo fure
here as in England where I find by the publick
News-papers, that a Rattlefnake has been lately
brought, and that its Bite has been cured by the fame
Remedy. Signed ,

Dufay.

Abjlratt

[ 445 3

AbftraEi of a Letter from M. Dufay to C. Mortimer,
dated at Paris, Dec. 1 1. 1737.

* * *

HP W O Members of the Academy have been em-
ployed to make the Experiments relating to the
Cure of the Bite of Vipers , and they have accord-
ingly made fome upon Dogs, Cats, Pigeons, Chickens,
Ducks and Turkeys j fome of which have been cured,
but fome others died notwithstanding this Remedy ;
and there were even fome that did not die, though
they were bit very deep, and yet no Application of
Oil was made. This is the Report they have made
ns of thefe Experiments ; and they are determined
to make new ones.* ** All that can be thought
concerning the Difference of the Succefs of this Re-
medy at London and at Faris, as it feems to me, is,
that all Vipers are not equally venomous ; that all
Bites are not perhaps equally eafy to be cured 5 and,
in a word, that the Vipers' in France are more dan-
gerous than thofe in England \ Finally, the Sequel of
thefe Experiments will probably teach us, in what
Cafes this Remedy may be applied in this Country,
France.

I fhall tell you a Piece of News: We have here
made with Succefs the Phofphorus of Kunckel, as
good and as fine as that of Mr. Godfrey : We made
nine Drachms at the firft Operation. If you care to
have the Particulars, I fhall readily fend you them. * * *

M m m

VIII. Extract

VI IL Extract of a L etter concerning the Foi-
fon of Henbane-Roots, from 2 )r. Patouillat,
Fhyftcian at Toucy in France, to M. Geof-
froy, F. R. S. and Member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences at Paris, communicated
to the Royal Society, London, by Sir
Hans Sloane, Med. Reg. and Fref. R. S.

H E 26th of lad Month, I was called to a Cot-

tage very near Taucy 5 where I was furprifed
to find nine Perfons together, all having the true
Symptoms of being poifon'd 5 with this Difference,
that fome were fpeechl efs, and fhew'd no other Signs
of Life than by Convulftons, Contortions of their
Limbs, and the Rifus Sardonicus ; all having their
Eyes darting out of their Heads, and their Mouths
drawn backwards on both Sides $ others had all the
Symptoms alike. However, five of them did now
and then open their Mouths, but it was to utter
Bowlings : And whenever they exprefs cl articulated
Words, it feem'd as if they would prophely. One,
for Example, faid, In a Month my Neighbour will
lofe a Cow: Another, In a little time you will fee
the Crown Pieces of fixty Pence at fiveLivres [100 d.[J
Among thefe nine Perfons there was a Woman five
Months gone with Child, a Child of two Years ; four
Boys of 9, 12, 15 and 18 ; and three Girls of 15,
17 and 19 Years of Age, who had all three the Mif-

Rebruary 9. 17 37-

fortune

C 447 ]

fortune of the Green-ficknefs upon them at that
Juncture of Time. The Madnefs of ail thefe Patients
was fo complete* and their Agitations fo violent,
that in order to give one of them the Antidote, I
was forced to employ fix ftrong Men to hold him,
while I was getting his Teeth afunder, to pour down
the Remedy : And as they could not all be watch'd
at once, one of the Boys got away, and ran to a
Pond ioo Paces from the Houfe, into which he
leaped ; but as he was feen, he was foon taken out.
You muft be fenfible, Sir, what Confufion I was in
at fo preffing a Jun&ure of Time.

'Twas vain to examine thofe Wretches concerning
the Nature of the Poifon they had taken, as they
were quite fenfelefs. Happily the Father of the Fa-
mily, by being abfent, was free from this Mif-
fortune. Of him I learn'd, that digging his Garden
the preceding Day, he had found feveral Roots refem-
bling common ‘Parfnips ; and having carried^ them
home for ‘Parfnips , they were boil'd in the Soap j
and the unlucky Miftake was not apprehended, till
the Children were in this dreadful State. He de-
fcribed to me the Plant, which he thought he had
taken for Tarfnips ; whereupon 1 went into the
Garden, in order to find and know what it was; but
as it had no Leaves, I was obliged to derive the
Knowledge of it from the Roots j and foon knew it
to be the Henbane , which is a very ftrong Poifon 5
and fo much the more dangerous, as the Patients
could give no Account of their Ailments, nor of
the Quality of the Poifon they had taken.

Mtnm 2

To

To the Boys I <>ave the Tartar. Stibiat. in fo large
a Dofe, that the old eft took 45 Grains, and the others
in Proportion.

For the Woman, I had recourfe to Iheriaca in a
triple Dofe 5 not thinking it fafe to give her the
Emetic, on account of her Pregnancy. I gave the
fame Remedy to the Child, by reafon of its Ten-
dernefs.

To the' Girls, befides the Theriaca , which they
took in very large Dofes, (having made ufe of four
Ounces of it) I gave warm Milk, wherein I dif-
folved Salt of Rue . The next Day I vifited the Pa-
tients, and found them in a quite different Con-
dition ; for they had all recover'd the Ufe of their
Reafon, but remember'd nothing of what happen'd.

Ail this Day, every Objeft appear'd double to
them, that is, upon looking at a Man, a Beaft, or a
Tree, they faw two.

I return'd to fee them the next Day, and found
that the Symptoms were removed 5 but were fucceeded
by another altogether as furprifing, to wit, all Ob-
jects appear'd to them as red as Scarlet. This laft
Symptom ceafed gradually on the third Day, and fince
that Time they have made no Complaint.

C 449 1

IX. A Letter from the Revd Mr. Tho. Steward,
V. 2). M» to 1 )r. Mortimer, Seer . R. S. con -
cerning the Virtues of the Star of the Earth,
Coroisopus, or Bucks-horn Plantain, in
the Cure of the Bite of the Mad-Dog. See
Tranf. NQ 443. p. 319. and 360,

Honoured SIR ,.

Bury St. Edmund's,
Nov . 1. 1738.

HAVIN G met with a Paragraph in theHiftory
of the Works of the Learned for July laft, in
which the Author takes Notice of a Paflage in the
laft published Thilofophical Tranfatdion, relating to
fome Vegetables faid to have great Virtue for the
Prevention of that terrible Malady called the Hydro-
phobia, viz. The Lichen cinereus t err eft r is, and an
'Herb called, Stellaria , or Star of the Earth as to
the latter of which, at lead, I apprehend there muffc
have been a Miftake, (though an involuntary and un-
avoidable one, through the Defed or Confufion of
the Memoirs made ufe of) and a putting of quid pro
quo (as 'tis commonly exprefs'd) : On this Occafion

1 drew up a Letter to the faid Author, in which I
attempted the Redification of it, happening to have
fome Materials by me, proper (as I thought) for fuch.
a Purpofe : But conftdering that what he writes is but
an Extrad from what was publifhed by you as Secre-
tary to the Royal Society, I conceived that it
would better become me to addrefs you more imme-
diately.

[ 45° ]

diately, as more expreffive of Refped both to your-
felf, and to that very Honourable and Learned
Society, to which you are fo nearly related. And
fmce the Draught of what I judged fit to fend the
afore-mentioned Author, (and which I have chofen
to fupprefs) I have endeavoured to get fome further
Light into the Affair, by a Converfation with my
worthy Friend Dr. S.Ttale of Braintree , (well known
to feveial of the Virtuofi, and one of whofe inge-
nious Letters I find publifhed in Bhil. Tranf. N°444-)
who fully concurs with me in his Sentiments, as to the
Subject of this Letter. In his well-furnifhcd Bota-
nic Library, I met with feveral things which are
Dejiderata in my own much meaner one, that greatly
contributed towards the Elucidation of what has been
ftrangely obfcured by an odd and unaccountable Com-
plication or Accumulation of Miftakes, grounded upon
Narratives in which there feem to me to be diverfe
Inconfiftencies, and Mifreprefentations of Matters of
Fad, through Inadvertency or Lapfe of Memory, or
Anachronifms, by which my once very dear Friend
and kind Conefpondent, Mr. Ray , (whofe Name
and Memory muft ever be precious to all Lovers of
folid Learning) was himfelf led into a Miftake (and
became the innocent Occafion of leading others into
the fame) about the laft-mentioned Vegetable, which
he took to be the Star of the Earth , mentioned by
Grey , as a fovereign Remedy againft the Bite of a
Mad-Dog 5 but was afterwards convinced, that it was
not fo, as will evidently appear from what follows.
In which I have done what in me lies to get to the
Bottom of the Matter, and to extricate it out of that

Maze

[ 45 1 I

Maze in which it has pretty long lain hid, by the
Help of the beft Clue that I could pofiibly find.

Having made the Study of Botany the agreeable
Amufement of my younger Years, I was very much
puzzled with what I met with in the Appendix to the
2d Volume of the General Hiftory of Plants, com-
piled by the Reverend and Learned Gentleman but
now mentioned (who was pleafed to honour and
favour me both with his- Friendfhip, and Epiftolary
Correfpondence) concerning the Spamjh Catch-fly ,
which he there affirms (p. 1895.) to be the Star of
the Earth , fo famous for the Prevention of the Hy-
drophobia'■> whereas I always (before I read this Af-
lertion in Mr. Ray) took the Coronopus , or Bucks-
horn Rlantain , to be the true Star of the Earth ,
and do ftili believe it fo to be, for the Reafons that
will occur to you in the Sequel.

Being defirous to know what Grounds Mr. Ray
had for afcribing fuch Virtue to the Catch-fly , I wrote
a Letter to him, dated fo long ago as Dec . 1. 1698.
in which (among feveral other Particulars that would
be impertinent to mention) I requefted of him to
tell me what his Sentiments were at that time upon
this Subjeft. My Words were thefe,

[Opinionem tuam de Herba ilia a Grayo in fua
Hippafrice Memorata, quam Stellam Terras vocat, &c
ad morfum canis rabidi effkacrffimam efle afierit,
fcire cxopto. Stirpes dux (ut videtur) hoc nomine
infigniuntur, viz. Plantago ilia foliis laciniatis Coro-
nopus difta, & Lychnis vifcofa fiore mufcofo, five
Sefamoides Salamanticum magnum. Prior in Comi-
tatu Norfolcienci magno in pretio habetur, ■& in cafti
piaedifto (nec fine certo fucceffu) temper fere in ufurn

venit.

[ 452 1

venit. Pofterior autem paucis innotefcit, nec ab ullis
mihi notis unquam ufurpata fuit. Tu vero autho-
ritate Domini Edwardi Hulfii (viri fane clariflimi)
nixus, in Appendice ad Hid. Generalem, hanc efle
Plantam a Grayo tantopere laudatam afferis 5 fed in
Synopfi StirpiumBritannicarum nihil de Herbx hujufce
viribus fcribis, laudes autem, .quibus hanc ornabas, in
Coronopum retuliffi. Qusero igitur abs te, num fen-
tentiam tuam mutafti ? Et D. Huliium de hac planta
deceptum fuifle nunc arbitraris? Ego fane dubius &
incertus hasreo. Grayus ipfe nullum aliud nomen
prxter Steliam Terras herbac, quam adeo magnificat,
impofuit, neque (in ilia faltem Editione, quam mihi
videre contigit) defcriptionem ullam, notamve cha^
radterifticam addidit, qua Planta hxc laudatiffima aliis
innotefceret. Nefcio autem quomodo D. Hulftus tam
certo fciret Grayum ad Lychnidem praedi&am refpe-
xiffe, eamque nomine illo defignafie. An Lychnis haec
tantis pollet viribus, ego quidem multum dubito ; quod
autem tu mihi hunc eximas fcrupulum, (ut phrafi
Pliniana utar) hoc impenfius cupio.]

To this Inquiry that good communicative Gentle-
man condefcended to return the following free and
ingenuous Anfwer, in English (though part of his
Letter was in the fame Language with mine).

[As to your pertinent Queftion concerning the
Plant called Star of the Earth , the Cafe hands thus
King fames fen t to the Royal Society a Sample of
a Plant dried, which was fent him for that which
cured his Dogs when bitten with a Mad-Dog, and
by the Name of the Star of the Earth . This Plant
not being well dried and preferved, none of the
Royal Society knew certainly what to make of 5

' fo

C 453 ]

lb they fent it to me, who, upon careful Examina-
tion of it, found it to be the Sefamoides Salaman-
ticum Magnum $ whereupon Dr. Hulfe fending me
that Obfervation out of Gray , concerning the Ufe
of the Plant called the Star of the Earth , I thought
I had Ground enough to attribute the Virtue of curing
the Hydrophobia to the Sefamoides Salamanticum , not
imagining that any would dare to abufe a Sovereign
Prince, by fending him a falfe Plant. But afterwards,
confidering that the Coronopus was, for its Refem-
blance to a Star, called the Star of the Earthy and
that it was noted for fuch a Virtue, but the Sefamoides
was neither like a Star, nor by any fo called, nor de-
fcribed to have fuch a Quality 5 I concluded, that the
Plant which Gray meant, was the Coronopus and not
the Sefamoides , and that we had been abufed by a falfe
Plant fent to King James , for the Star of the Earthy j

This Account from Mr. Ray himfelf fully fatisfied
me, that the Bucks-horn , and not the Catch- fly, was
the true Star xf the Earth. But as to the curing of
King James s Hounds, I fufpedt that Mr. Ray was
mifinformed as to that Matter, and am now almoft
perfuaded, that there was never fuch a thing ; for I
cannot but obferve, that there is a moft perplexing
Inconfiftency between the two Extrads which have
been given from the Journal-Books of the Royal
Society, relating to this Matter of Fad. The
Words are thefe, in the laft Page of the laft-publifhed
Tranfattion , N°443./. 360. viz.

[ Mov . 16.1671. Sir R. Moray exhibited a certain
Plant, (which by Mr. Ray is called Lichen cinereus
terrejiris ) faid by Sir R, M. to be very good to cure
Dogs bitten by a Mad-Dogs his Royal Highneis

Nnn having

[ 454 ]

having caufed it to be given to .a whole Kennel of
Dogs bitten by a Mad one, which were all cured,
except one of them, to whom rone of it was given.
The .Specimen was kept in the Repofitory.]

fllprere, Whether it be there ftill ?

[Afterwards, viz. March 1671-2. Sir R. M. men-
tioned, That a whole Kennel of Dogs belonging to
his Royal Highnefs, were bitten by a Mad-Dog, and
had been lately cured by an Herb called Stellaria, or
Star of the Earth . This Plant is the Lych. vifc .
fore muflcofo, C. B . in Englifh, Spanish Catch-fly : See
thefe Ttanfattions, N* 187. where is a Receipt to
cure Mad Dogs, wherein this Plant is a principal In-
gredient, which Receipt, communicated by Sir R.
Gourdon, was there publifhed by his Majefty's fpecial
Command, An. 1687.3

Now, Sir, here are two very different Accounts
from the fame Perfon, relating to the fame Thing.
In the firft, Sir i?. M. fpeaks of the Cure as per-
formed by the Lichen > in the fecond, in lefs than
half a Year after the other, he mentions it as done by
the Stellaria - Now it feems utterly improbable, that
the Kennel of Hounds fhould be twice bitten, and
cured by a different Plant in fo fhort a Space : And
indeed (as I hinted before) my prefent Opinion is,
that the Hounds were never bit by a Mad-Dog at all,
but that the whole Story has been founded upon an
older one, of which there is Mention made in that
Book written by T* de Grey, Efqj called The expert
Farrier, in the 2d Edition of which, in 4t0, publifhed in
1652. among other Cures for the Bite of a Mad-Dog,
he prefcribes this which follows,/-

[Take

[ 455 1

[Take the Herb which groweth In dry and barren
Hills, called the Star of the Earth ; you muft give it
three Days together. The firft time you muft gather
three of thefe Herbs, with all the whole Roots,* and
\vafh them clean, and pound them well 5 which done,
give them to your Horfe in Milk, Beer, Ale, or
White-wine, but be careful the Horfe takes all the
Herbs and Roots : If you will, you may make up thefe
Herbs and Roots in frefh or fweet Butter, which will
do as well. The fecond Day give your Horfe five
of thefe Herbs and Roots, as before 5 and the third
Day give him feven. Do this punftually, and you
may be well allured your Horfe will be perfeftly
cured 5 for albeit I myfelf have never tried this Me-
dicine, yet I do know, the Party of whom I had this
Cure, hath cured much Cattle of all Sorts therewith.
I myfelf can fay thus much of this Receipt, That I
knew it cure an whole Kennel of Hounds of a Gen-
tleman’s, one Beagle excepted, which they did not
fufpeft to be bitten, which indeed was bitten 5 fo he
fell mad and died, but all the reft efcaped. Another
time, a Gentleman’s Son of my Acquaintance was
unfortunately bitten, who was cured by the Party
who taught me this Receipt 5 and this young Gentle-
man (who was then a Boy of 10 Years old) was fo
far fpent with the Rancor of the Difeafe, before this
Man took him in hand, as that his Head began to
be addle, and he to talk very idly 5 yet he cured
him, fo as he lived and did well, and is at this Hour
living, and a very proper and handfome Man, &c.~\

Thus far de Grey . Now, Sir, I am apt to think,
that any one who confiders what he fays about the
XCennel of Hounds, will be ready to conclude, that

N n n z thefe

[ 45C 3

thefe were what Sir R. M. miftook for the Duke
of Tork’s Dogs, as feems plain from the remarkable
Ctrcumftance of the one Beagle that had none of
the Plant given him, mentioned in both the Stories.
So flrangely may Errors arife, and be multiplied, by
jumbling theldeasof different things together in the
Minds and Memories of Men, how wife and learned
foever. So far as I can find, all the Concern King
James had in this Affair, was his fending a Plant to
the Royal Society, which his Huntfman recom*
mended as an excellent Remedy for the Bite of a
Mad-Dog ; and it feems to me very likely, that the
Huntfman might have met with this Story in Grey ,
and told it to his Matter, and this he might tell to Sir
R. M~ and it may be, the Man, to fet out the Vir-
tues of the Medicine the more, might tell the Duke,
that feveral of his own Hounds were cured by it,
whether it were really fo or not. None of thefe
Suppofitions are impoffible, nor, in my poor Judg-
ment, very improbable.

To make this dark Affair appear in a ftill clearer
Light, let me defire you to compare and confider the
following Extra&s. In a Letter to Mr. Ray from
Mr. Aubry> publifhed by Mr. <Derham , and dated
Aug . 5- 1691. there is this Paragraph,^. 250. [King

James fentby Sir Garden (I fuppofe it fhould have

bzzxiGourdon) to the Royal Society, a Plant called*
Star of the Earth , with the Receipt made of it, to
cure the Bite of a Mad-Dog, which is in Tranfac-
tions Nq 187.] This refers to a Receipt communi-
cated by Sir R-Gourdon , by his Majetty’s Command,
and in which there is mention of the Star of the
Earth* and to which this N, £. is added* [The Plant

[ 4 $7 ]

In this Receipt, and which is the chief Ingredient,
is known among Botanifts by the Name of Sefamoides
Salamanticum of Parkinfon, or Lychnis njifcofa , ire,
of Bauhine , Anglice Spanish Catch-fly . It grows
plentifully about Thetford , &c. ifo/7 Gstf. PL
Angl. ir Hifl . ?/. Tom. 2do. Lychnidest. ] This

Teems grounded upon what Mr. Ray was afterwards
perfuaded to be a Miftake.

The next thing I fliall beg your Attention to, is
a Letter from Sir Hans Sloane , the now very Ho-
nourable Prefident of the Royal Society, to Mr.
Ray 5 prior indeed in Time to the former, being
dated "June i. 1687. in thefe Words: [Sir, I fend
you inclofed the Specimen of a Plant growing on
Newmarket-Heathy and in Surrey , known by the
Name of the Star of the Earth in thofe Parts. It
is particularly taken Notice of on the Account of its
extraordinary and admirable Virtue, in curing the
biting of Mad-Dogs, either in Beafts or Men. One
of his Majefty's Huntfmen having proved it a great
many times, gave the King his way of ufing it, which
was an Infufton in Wine with Treacle, and one or
two more Simples, His Majefly was pleafed to com-
municate it to Grefham- College , to the Royal So-
ciety 5 and nobody knowing the Plant by that
Name, fome there prefent confirming its Ufe in
forne Parts of England in that Difeafe, the Herb be-
ing as little known here as if it came from the In-
dies, I told the Society, I would let you have the
beft Specimen of it, which I queftion not is known
to you. If you pleafe to give your Sentiments, you
will extremely oblige, irc.l To this Mr .Ray re-
turned the following Anfwer: [Sir, I received your

Letter

[ 458 ]

Letter with the Specimen enclofed, which Teems to
me to be the Sefamoides Salamanticum Magnum of
ClufiuSj ot Lychnis vifc. &c. of Bauhine, which I
have obferved to grow plentifully upon New-
market Heath , &c. I wonder it fhould have fuch
a Virtue as you mention, but it Teems it is well at-
tefted. Dr. Hulfe writes to me, he finds it in Grey's
Farrier.] This Teems pretty evidently to refer to
the fame Plant mentioned by Aubry , and this Turely
was the Plant that not being well dried and preferved,
the Society could not tell what to make of, and
which Mr. Ray found to be the Sefamoides , which
he then thought was the Plant that Grey called the
Star of the Earth ; but upon further Confideration, he
was firmly perfuaded, that the Coronopus, and not the
Sefamoides , was the Plant intended by de Grey (for fohis
Name ought to be written): And indeed, to me there
Teems to be the greateft Probability, if not abfolute Cer-
tainty, of this latter Opinion $ for the Sefamoides was a
Plant To little known in Greys Time, that the Botanifts
who were cotemporary with him, took it for a Plant
that was wholly aStranger in England , as may be Teen
in Johnfon upon Gerard and in Barkinfon and the
Manner of giving it, as directed by Grey , viz . firft
three, then five, and then feven Plants, Roots and all,
fpeaks it to be a fmall Herb, fuch as is the Coronopusy
and not fuch a large one, with a big, fticky or woody
Root, as the Sefamoides . This I am very fure of, that in
Norfolk , my native County, (and which, if I miftake
not, was Grefs alfo) the Coronopus is called the Star
of the Earth (and among other Names given it by
\ T)odonteuSy this of Stellaria , and Stella Terr a , is one,
p- 95. of the English Tranflation 5 and he deferibes
it as lying fpread upon the Ground like a Star 5 and

Gerard

C 459 3

Gerard gives the fame Defcript ion of it, and Parkinfon,
in his Theatrum , yet more fully, ^.501. viz. That
the Leaves lie round about the Root in Order one by
another, thereby refembling the Form of a Star, and
therefore called Herb a Stella ; by which Name,
among others, it is called by Cafalpinus , Lobel,&c.
But who ever met with the Name Stellaria, or Stella
Terrce, among the Synonyma of the Sefamoides in
any Botanic Writer before Mr. Ray , who afterwards
retraced it, as has been fully proved ?). In that Part
of Norfolk where I was born, not far from Norwich ,
towards the Sea coaft, where the Bucks-horn Plant
grows abundantly, there was great Ufe made of it
when I was but a Lad, and always with good Succefs,
fo far as ever I could hear. One Story I can tell of
my own Knowledge, which may feem too trifling to
mention, were it not to fhew the Efficacy of the
Simple. About 40 Years ago, when I lived at a Place
called Hebenham in Suffolk , a Perfon unknown to
me, having heard that I knew an Herb that was good
againft the Bite of aMad-Dog, fent to defire a Sample
of it, with Directions how to ufe it; and fome time
after I had half a Dozen fine Chickens brought me.

I asked whence they came? It was anfwered from
fuch a one (the Name I have now forgot). I laid I
did not know him : To which the Reply was, That
it was the Man to whom I had fent the Plantain,
which had faved the Lives of half a dozen Hogs of
his, that had been bitten by a Mad Dog 5 and he
thought the leaft he could do was to fend me half a
Dozen Chickens as a Token of his Gratitude. After
all, I will not be pofitive, that the Lychnis , or Catch -
fly , is not good contra morfum Cants rabidi ; but I

am

[ 4<S° ]

am confident that it is not the true Star of the
Earth .

You fee, ’Sir, I have taken a good deal of Pains to
trace this Matter through all its -intricate Meanders.
I have been forced, indeed, to deal pretty much in
Guefles and Conje&ures, which I am not very fond
of 5 but as the Cafe ftands, it could not well be avoided :
And I fhall be glad, if by this Means we may be got (as
I hope we are) near the Truth, which is the thing
I aim at in this long Purfuit.; and I have rode more
than 50 Miles in this wet winter Seafon, (though fere
Septuagenarians) in order to difentangle it from the
Confufion and Contradiction in which it has been in-
volved. Whether you will judge my Labour tanti,
I know not 5 but if you fhall be fo favourable to me,
as to think any thing that cohies from fo mean and
obfeure a Perfon, worthy of the Notice of that very
learned Body, at whofe Board you have the Honour to
fit as Secretary, you may be pleafed to communicate
the fame at fome Meeting of the Society, as a well-
meant Attempt (how weakly foever managed) to
clear up, in fome meafure, what has been long
clouded by dark and difagreeing Accounts. If any
doubt fhould be made with refpefl: to my Integrity, or
Exa&nefs in the Extraft I have given you from Mr.
Ra/s Letter, the Original is ftill in Being, and fhall
be produced, if deftred.

As for the Liverwort , I can fay nothing from my
own Knowledge; but by the Account of its Virtues
given by Dumpier , (which he took for a kind of
Jews-ear , but which that very venerable Gentleman,
and iliuftrious Ornament of the Royal Society, Sir
Hans Sloane> with great Reafon affirmed to be the

Lichen

[ 3

Lichen cinereus terrejlris) and publifhed in the *Phi-
lofophical Lranf actions, N° 2 37. I cannot doubt but
it is a potent Remedy, of which I prefume there
may have been feveral fuccefsful Experiments made,
lince thofe made by Dampiers Uncle, which are very
confiderable. And it may be King James might have
fome of his Hounds cured by this Lichen , after he
came to the Crown, and might then fend a Specimen
thereof alfo to the Society.

I muft here reftrain my Pen from being further
tedious, and beg Pardon for giving you the Trouble
of fo long a Scrawl, and for faying fo much that may
look like a TregtctuToXoylct, though theOccafton is fuch
as will, I hope, plead my Excufe. In fo perplexed
an Affair, I could not tell how to reprefent my Senfe
in a fmaller Compafs 5 and I wifh I may have done it
to your Satisfa&ion, and that of the learned Gentle-
men, who, I doubt nor, frequently receive Accounts
from better Hands, far more worthy of their Atten-
tion in Matters Phyfical, Philofophical, &c. than any
thing that I am capable of producing ; but as 'tis com-
monly faid, In magnis ‘voluijj'e fat eft $ and I am free
to impart what little I do underhand, that may have
the lead Tendency to promote Natural Knowledge,
and be any way ferviceable to the Public, efpecially
in Cafes where Life and Health are concerned, thofe
precious ineftimable Jewels, and mod valuable Gifts
of Divine Bounty. The Pradlice of Phyfic is not
indeed my Profeffion, though I have looked a little
by way of Diverfion into the Theory, but in Com -
muni periculo omnis homo Miles ; and fhall think
myfelf very happy, if any thing 1 have here commu-
nicated may prove in the lowed Degree advantageous

Ooo and

[ 4<*i ]

and ufefuh I have not been very felicitous about
Words* all that I aimed being only to make my Mean-
Ing known: The Nature of the Subject would nor*
indeed* well admit of the Decorations of Art and
Style* had I been capable of giving them to it* Or-
nari res ipfa negat , content a docerL

Friend of mine lately informed me, that there

was a wonderful Cure performed upon a Wo-
man in this County* feveral Years ago, who had been
bitten by a Mad-Dog, and in whom the evident
Symptoms of the Hydrophobia appeared, who yet
was faved* by God’s Bleffing, upon the Ufe of a
Powder given by the Dire&ion of the Lady Brook
(a Perfon of Eminence formerly in Suffolk). It feems
the Powder went by the Name of The Lady BrookV
■ Bomder , and was generally fuppofed to be chieffy, if
not only, the Corompus dried and pulverized : And
I muft own, that I have at prefent fuch an Opinion
of the great Virtue of this Simple, that till I have
fome convincing Evidence of its having failed* I can
fcarce avoid looking upon it as a Specific contra
morfum canis rabidi 5 and I heartily wifh, for the
fake of fuch as fhali at any time happen to fall under
fo terrible a Misfortune* that it may be proved by

I am,

SIR *

With great RefpeSly
Tour very humble Servant ,

Tho. Steward.

T. S.

Experience fo to be.

' C 4<S} ]

X. T)e Redutt'tone Radicalium ad Jimplkiores
terminos , feu de extrahenda radice quacun -
que data ex Binomio a+V+b, wl a+V^b*
Epistola.

6ULIELMO JONES, Armigero, S. T. *D.
A. De MOIVRE.

f^U M nnper incidiffes , Amice doBiJJime , in locum
^ quendam Sanderfoni Algebra, ubi occurrunt non -
*£0 Edit or i impertiveram eo fpeffantia, ut
Methodum exponerem , liceret extrahere Ra-
dicem quamcunque datum cx Binomio a -{-V — b>
hoc autem in cafu Radicis cubic a, ClariJJimus AuElor
paulo antequam mortem obiret , me rogaverat , ut
Jacere tentarem, utpote qui minime acquiejcere po -
tovtf //j circa hanc rem tradiderat Wal-
lijius'y hac data occafione a me quafivifti> num
Methodus ali qua mi hi fuppeteret illud idem fa-
ciendi in Binomio pojfibili afs/ +b, quod quidem
judicabas ali quanto facilius fieri pojfe , refpondi te
non ignorajfe illud fuijfe a plurimis prafiitum, pra-
fertim a Newtono , at que adeo, fi ad rem denuo ag -
grederer , me njix arroganti <e crimen effugere pojfe %
cum tamen hac me a excufatione baud tibi fat is fieri
fentirem , infiarefque ut quicquid de hoc Argumenta
mihi in mentem veniret , in Chart am cmjicerem > hrec
fequeritia exaravi , eo potifjimum ammo, ut meierga te
obfequii pignus publicum tibi darem . Vale.

/ .

Ooo i

PROB-

[ 4*4 1

PROBLEMA I.

n

CIT Binomium Va-VVb ad Jimplic tores Terminos
reducendum.

S O L U T I O.

Finge Binomium illud generali fua Radicalitatc
involutum ad Binomium iftud alterum x-j-dy Radi-
calitate generali exutum reduci poffe ; ut autem in-
veniatur utraque quantitas x 8ty, experire an fumma

n n

Binomiorum V a-\-Vb d a—Vb, quam capere

licet ope Tabulae Logarithmorum, conficiat numerum
integrum quamproxime ; quod fi acciderit, pone 2 x

71

requalem huic integro ; vide pmerea, an Vaa — b
fit numerus integer; quod fi fiat, pone m aequalem
huic novo Integro, eritque y—xx — m, quamob-
rem Binomium datum reducetur ad formam datam.

Priufquam vero ad Dcmonftrationem accedamus,
non incommodum erit rem binis ternifve Exemplis
illuftrare.

Exemplum Xum.

2

Sit ergo Binomium * ad fimplicius
seducendum.

Pone

[ 4<*5 ]

Pone <z=54, 6=9 80; erit igitur ^6=^980
= 31,3049 prope, quo fiet ut a+Vb futurum fit
= 85, 3049, atque a — V6=22, 695 1.

Radix quadrata prioris numeri eft 9,236 proxime.

Radix quadrata pofterioris eft 4,763.

Summa Radicum eft 13 ,999, cui proxime adjacet
integer 14; pone igitur 2#— 14, feu #=7; jam cum
fit y=xx — m, fitque m=V aa — £ = v'29i6 — 980
— ^ 1936=44 j erit proptereaj'=49— 44— 5, atque
adeo Binomium redu&um erit 7 + ^/5 ; quod vide, fi
^ubet, an non ita fit.

Exemplum 2nm.

Sit v/45 -|-Vi682 ad fimplicius reducendum.'
Pone a=4-s, 6 = 1682, erit igitur ^6=41,01219
proxime; erit idcirco a-j-y/'6= 86,01219, atque
a — 1/^=3,89781.

Radix cubica prioris numeri eft 4,4142 ; Radix
cubica pofterioris eft 1,5857; fumma Radicum eft
5,9999, cui proxime adjacet integer 6 ; pone ergo
2x= 6, feu x=i ; fed eft y=-xx — ms eft autem m

? 3

= ^aa — 6 = Vi\1=7\ atqueadeo_/=9 — 7 = 2;
eft igitur Binomium redu&um 3 +y,2.

Exemplum 3«m.

Sit -1/170 + ^18252 ad fimplicius reducendum.'
Pone a=-ijo, 6=18252, erit igitur ^=135,1
proxime; quapropter erit <?+/$ = 305,1, Sea — V6
= 3 4,9-

Radix

• [ ]

Radix cubica prioris numeri eft 6,73 proxime.
Radix cubica pofterioris eft 3,26 proxime.

Summa Radicum eft 9,99, cui proxime adjacet in-
teger 10; pone igitur 2x — 10, feu x =5, porro

3

eft y~xx—m\ jam vero m=V a a —£ = 22 ; eft
itaquej'=25 — 22 = 3 ; eft igitur 5-^/3 Binomium
reductum.

Demonstrati o.

3

Sume Binomium quodvis, quale Va-^-Vb, quod
finge ad Binomium x-\-Vy reduci pofle ; eft igitur,
A’i-f-3xxv'/-f- -yi/y—A-^Vb •,
pone x$-j'ixy=a,

& 3 xx Vy -{-jVy = Vb .

Qualifcunque autem fuerit index Radical itatis, ex qua-
drato prioris partis fubtrahe quadratum pofterioris}
porro quadratum prioris partis erit
x6 -}- <5A4y -f- 9xxyy = aa ;
quadratum pofterioris gxAy-\-6xxyy-\-yl=b ;
refiduum erit x 6 — 3 x4 y + 3 xxyy —yz=aa — b,
extrahe utrinque Radicem cujus index eft n, hoc eft,
hoc in cafu, Radicem cubicam •, erit igitur xx—y

3 3

—y/aa — b, five facto y aa — b—m --, erit xx—y—m ;

adeoque y — xx — nr, jam in .Equatione fuperius
fcripta, nempe xl-{- ixy — a, pro/fcribe xx — tn,
obtinebis Equationem 4 x*— imx=a-, hie pau-
lulum confifte.

3

Refume nunc Equationem zx=Va-\-Vb

“h/<* — Vb, et finge te velle Radicalitatem / delere ;

,'i quo

[ 4^7 ]

quo id fiat, pone a + Vb—z1,

& a — Vb — v*--,

habebis igitur hasbinas /Equationes novas,
.s3 + i>3 = 2 a
z -f- V — z X

Sequitur ergo fore

z 3 -j- v':

a

x

z-\-v

C~A Z^ ~ f- *c^ r „ . .

i,ed ~m -~zz — zv-f-vv, eft igitur zz — zv

z-j- v 1 ’ s

a

+ vv — -i eft praterea zz~\~zzv-j-vv = 4-xx.

X

Sume diffcrentiam harum iEquationum, habebis

3 zv = 4xx — - 5 fed v* = aa — bs eft igitur zv
x

3 _

= y^ — bs quod ft pofueris — m, inde fiet 3 m

“ 4xX ~a , five 4XS — smx — a, qux eft ipfifllma
x

yEquatio, quae ante fe protulerat, & res eodem recidct
in cafu quocunque Radicaiitatis.

Si ergo tibi fit tentandum, an poftit Expreflio

71 _

V ~V b ad fimpliciorem reduci; pone ix

3 _ * _

— </aJr'/b -yV [a — Vbh pone etiam Vaa — fr-m,
atqu c f = xx — ms & erit expreflio redu&a x-j-yy,
fi modo hxc poflint fieri per quantitates integras aut
faltem rationales.

Vcrum ne quidem fint hx quantitates integral ant
rationales, Regula tamen; quam tradidimus^ exit utilis

foh

[ 4*8 ]

folvendis ^Equationibus cujufdam generis, ut poftea
videbitur.

Interim, hie dubium fortafle oriri poteft, an in po-
teftatibus quibufeunque Binomii, hxc Regula uni-
verfe obtineat, nempe, quod in Binomio quocunque
expanfo, cujus Index eft », ft ex quadrato fummx
eorum Terminorum, qui in imparibus locis confiftunr,
fubtrahatur quadratum fumma: eorum, qui confiftunt
in paribus locis, refiduum futurum fit Binomium aliud
cujus Index etiamnum futurum fit n.

Cui refpondeo, illud a pluribus feriptoribus ante
me fuifle obfervatum, adeoque rem tanquam experi-
mentis ftabilitam aflumi polfe ; attamen Demonftra-
tionem afferre, non pigebit, quam non memini me
ufquam vidifle.

Sume Binomium x-j-jl” quod expandejfume etiam
Binomium alterum x — quod fimiliter expande ;
fit x-f -y\n—s, & x — y”=/;jamcuilibet infpicienti
patebit, fi Binomia expanfa additione jungantur, eorum
fummam futuram fore xqualem duplx fummx ter-
minorum imparium prioris Binomii ; fin pofterius ex
priori fubtrahatur, futurum fore refiduum aequale
duplx fummx Terminorum parium prioris itidem

_L- p

Binomii } quod cum ita fit, fequitur ■ ■ die fum-

s p

mam terminorum imparium ; itemque — fum-

mam terminorum parium.

Ex quadrato prioris fummx, hoc eft, ex quadrato

SS 2^S fubtrahe quadratum pofterioris, vide-

4

licet

[ 4<V]

sA~1Ps-\-PP t 4/>J

*Icet 4 refiduum erit 4 P

—x-\-y\vxx — y\n= xx—yy\n> cujus Radix, (cui
index eft n) — xx—yy.

COROLLARIUM.

Si ponatur 2 x = V a-\-V b-\-V a—V b, fuma-

71

tarque prxterea V a a — b — m> atque interpreteris n
fucceffive per i, 2, 3, 4, 5, <5, 7, 8, &c. orientur
./Equationes hie fubje&a?.
i°. x — a.

2°. 2 xx~m = a.-

3°. 4^3 — 1 mx = a.

40. 8 tf4— s wjc x -\-mm — a.

5°. i6^c5 — 20 mx3 + 5 mmx—a.

6°. 32 ac6 — 48 ^ jc4+ 18 mm xx — ml — a.

70. 6\x1 — nzmxsJf$6mmx1>^7mix = a^

&c.

Has autem ^quationes ejufdem funt formas atque
^Equationes ad Cofinus, quamquam natura omnino
diflideant.

Sit r radius Circuli, / Cofinus arcus cujiuflibet
dati, x Cofinus alterius arcus, qui fit ad priorem ut
1 ad n.

10. erit x~L
2°. 2 xx — rr — rU

30. 4^3 — 3 rrx — rrU

4°. 8 x0* — 8 r rx x —

5°. 1 6 xs — 2or + 5 r^x — r^l.

6o. 3 2 x6'— 48 r 1 8 r* x x — r6 = r* l.

7°. 64X7™ xi2r^5 + 56r4#3“~7r x~r6 1.

&c« P p p Hamm

I

C 470 ]

Harnm vero generalis forma hxc eft, poncndo hrc-
vitatis caufa r— 1.

71 — I ZJ »— 3 2 71 »-“4

2 x# 2 x +2

1 * X I a

»— 7

n—i

— 2 X -f2 xt.*-=±.*-=?-”-=ZX

123 1 ^ i a 3 4

&C.—L

Differentia harum ^Equationum in hoc potifllmum
ponitur, ut priores ortum ducant ab JEquatione

«— s

2 x — a-\~V b-^Va — Vb-> pofterioresveroabiEqua-

tion e 2X=\/ a + V—b + Va—V — b, quae pofterior
uEquatio fi Radicalitate fua generali liberetur, obtine-
buntur iEquationes ad Cofinus. Hoc autem perficietur
modo fequenti, quem tanquam fpecimen propono.

Sit ergo ^Equatio ix = V a-\-V — b-\-V a — V— b ,
quam liberare oporteat figno fuo Radicali y/*

Pone V a-\-V—b =z, & Va — V— b—vsyom
tiam z-\-v—ix. Hinc fiet ut habeas,
xo. zi=a~ \-V — b.

20. 1 fi—a — V—b.

hinc erit z? -j- = 2

% <b — 3 &

Sed z 4* v — 2 x, erit igitur

x~tv

x

Sed

' [ 471 ]

Sed =zz — zv-^vv; quanto brem fict

Z~TV

4 v - M '

Ut ZZ — Z V + V V fit .

X

Sed zz-\-2Zv~{-vv — 4-xxi unde fit 3 zv

—\xx — — ;

x

jam vero eft zlrv'i—aa-\-b.

Sequitur ergo, ut fit zv—1/ aa-\-b> quam fi po-
fueris = m, erit propterea /±xx — — —itn, five
4.xi — imx=a.

Ha&enus habuimus duplex genus iEquationum;

3 „

prius, in quo pofita fuerat —Vaa— b-, pofterius, in

3

quo fuerat = v a a -f- b. Ptius appellare licet Hyper*
bolicum, pofterius Circulare,

Ppp a PRO-*

[ 471 ]

PRO? LEM A II.

Extrcihere Radicem ciibicam ex Binomio mpojjlbtlt

a -j- V — b .

S O L u I I O,

Finge Radicem illam efle x + cujusfifum-

pferis Cubum, invenies effe x3-\~3 x x^ — y — $xy
—yV~~y.

Pone jam x?> — % xy~=a,

& 3 x x^ —y —y V —y = V — b.

Tunc fumendo quadrata, orientur alterx bin# .Equa-
iiones, nempe

x6 — 6 x*y- Y 9 x xyy = a a.

— 9 x+y + 6 x xyy • — y3:=z — b .

Jam fume differentiam quadratorum, erit x6 -f- 3 a;4/
+ — aa~\-b j quapropter eft xx+y

3 3

— yaa-^-b: pone nunc * aa-\-b — m-> unde erit

xx -\-y = nij fivey = M — xx> jam nunc in ^Equa-
tione x3 — 3xy=a, in locum quantitatis y, fub-
ftitue valorem eius m~-xxy habebis ^3 — 3^^
+ 3X3 — a, five 4^3— 3 nix — a, qu* eft ipfiflima
JEquatio, qux prius dedufta fuerat ex JEquatione
3_ 3_

V a -J- v7 — ^4-Vtf — attamen non fe-

2 X:

b-j-v a — v __b 5

quitur ut poffit in .<Equatione 4.x3 — 3 mx^=a,
valor quantitatis x cognofci, per fuperiorem ^Equa-
tionem, quippe qux conftet ex.binis partibus, quarum
utraque includit quantitatem imaginariam V—b\ fed
res optime conficietur fubfidio Tabulae finuum.

Sit

C 473 ]

Sit igitur extrahenda Radix cubica ex Binomio
81+/ 2700 j pone a — 81, 2700 j jam vero

aa-\-b = 6$6 1 + 2700 = 9261, cujus Radix cubica
—2i, quam pon z — m, quo fiet ut imx — 6ix-,
erit igitur refolvenda ./Equatio ^x^ — 63 x= 81,
qu$ fi comparetur cum ^Equatione ad Cofinus, fci-
licet 4 x3 — 3 rrx — rr !, erit rr — z\-, ptoinde erit

r — Vzi-, erit prsterea /=— =|| = y.

rr

Sit igitur arcus Gircuii, cujus Radius fit —V~zi,
Cofinus = y.

Sit C Circumferentia tota, fume Arcus — , ,,

3 3

qui calculo Trigonometrico facile innotefcentj

3

praefertim fi adhibeantur Logarithm^ tunc Cofinus
ipforummet Arcuum ad Radium V 21, erunt tres
Radices quantitatis xj quapropter cum fit y — m
erunt idcirco totidem valores quantitatis y, erit
itaque Radix cubica triplex Binomii 81 +1/ — 27 oo,
fed lubet rem ad Numeros accommodare.

Pac ut V 21 ad V7> fic Radius Tabularum ad Co-
jfinum Arcus cujufdem cui arcui pone A asqualem?
arcus autem ilk reperietur 23^ 42' prope, hinc arcus
C—A, erit 327^, 18', & C\A 392d, 42', quorum
partes tertias erunt 10^54') 109^ 6'; i30d, 54' j jam
vero cum earum prima fit quadrante minor, Cofinus
cjus, hoc eft, firms 79d, 61, fpedari debet tanquam
pofiiivus 5 alteri ambo cum fint quadrante Majores, eo-

rum

[ 474 ]

rum Cofinus, hoc eft, finus Arcuum i9d, 6/ ; 40^ 54'.
fpedari debent tanquam negativi ; fed ex calculo
Trigonometrico conftabit hos finus ad Radium

V21 , fore 44999, — M999, — 3,oooo, five |> —

- — 3 5 quo fit ut totidem futuri ftnt valores quan-
titatis/, hi fcilicet quos m — 'XX reprxfentat omnes,
hoc eft, 21 — \l, 21 — 21 — 9 = {, V y I2>
quorum Radices quadratx funt \ Vi, \ Vi, 2 ;

quapropter tres valores quantitatis V — y erunt
3, 41/— 3, 2 ✓— 3 ; ex quo fit ut, tres valores

quantitatis 8 1 + /:=:l700 Tint i + 4 v'ZTJ,

— 4 + 4 Z11!,— 3 + 4V — 3, eodemque proce-
dendi modo, invenientur tres valores quantitatis

3 ====_ .

✓ 8 1 -V— 2700, hi fcilicet f — \V— 3, • — l

V 3 , — 3 — 4 3*

Fuere non pauci, inter quos eminet Wailifius, qui
putarunt eas Cubicas u®quationes, quae ad Circulum
referuntur, pofle folvi per extradionem Radicis Cu-
bic# ex quantitate imaginaria, qualis eft, v. g. 81
-^^—2700, nulla habita ratione Tabulae finuum 5
led quicquid de hac re commenti funt, vanum eft
Figmentum, <3c petitio Principii; ft enim rem ten-
tans, tibi neceftario recurrendum erit in earn iEqua-
tionem, quam tibi folvendam fumpferas. Illud autem
direde fieri non poteft, nifi fubfidio Tabulae Sinuum,
praefertim fi Radices fint irrationales ; id autem a
pluribus ante me fuit obfervatum. Sed non alienum
erit rem ulterius profequi.

P R o:

L 475 ]

PROBLEMA III.

Sit extrahenda Radix , cujus Index efi n} ex Ri -
notnio impojjibili a-\~V —

S O L U T I O.

Sit ea Radix x-j-y'—j', tunc fado a a-jb — mi

fado etiam defcribe circulum, vel finge
n 1

defcribi, cujus Radius fit V in eoque fume arcum

quendam A , cujus Cofinus fit — ; fit C Circum-

mp

ferentia tota. Sume ad eundem

♦

, A C—A C+A 2 C — A

Arcuum — , , — , 3

n n n n

Radium,

2 C '+A

l" ■ >

n

Cofinus
3 c—a

n

3 A a

, &c.

n

Donee eorum multitudo adxquet numerum ^5 quo
fa£to, ibi fifle j tunc Cofinus ille omnes erunt totidem
valoresquantitatis #5 quod attinet ad quantitatem/, ca
femper erit m — xx.

Non pmermittendum eft, quanquam mentio fu-
perius injeda fuerit, eos Cofinus affirmatives cenferi
oportere, quorum arcus minores funt Quadrante, iltos
autem Negativos quorum arcus funt Quadrante ma-
jores.

P R 0-

[ 4 76 ]

PR.OBLEMA IV.

Tiatd eyEquatione aliqua ex earum genere, quas
fupra deficripfimus, dignofcere an ejus folulio ad
fpeciem Hyperbolicam , an vero ad Circular em refe-
renda fit.

Sol u t x o.

Sit n altiflima dimenfio .iEquationis > divide Co-

«— 3

efficientcm fecundi termini per z *ny fitquc Quotus
— mi jam vide an Quadratum aa majus minufve fit

n

poteftate m i fi prior cafus acciderit, ^Equatio ad Hy-
perbolam referenda eft 5 fin pofterior, ad Circulum.
Detur ^Equatio^ 16^5 20^ = 7, ubi

. *—3

n=5, crit igitur 2X n=zo: Divide 40 per 20

n

quotus eft 2 = /®, porro #2=32, & quadratum
aa — \9 ; quod cum majus fit poteftate 32, con-
fequens eft, ^Equationem ad fpeciem Hyperbolicam
referendam effej fed cum in cafu Hyperbolico po-

fitum fuerit V aa—b—m , fequitur efie aa—b=ms
= 32, adeoque b=aa — 32=49 — 32 = 17: Jam

vero Radix jEquationis, in hoc cafu, eft ■/ 7.-]- V~fij

5 — -

-} \7i fed V 17=4,123 105 prope, eft
igitur 7-1-1/17 = 11,123105, &7_-/i7 = 2, 876895 ;
porro Radix quinta prioris numeri in venietur = 1,6221,

Radix

. [ 477 ]

Radix quinta pofterioris = 1,2353, fumma Radicum
= 2,8574, Dimidia fumma 1,4287, eft valor quanti-
tatis x in ^Equatione data.

Jam detur ^Equatio 1 6 xs — 40 x3 -j- 20 x =? 5 ; in
qua m etiamnum eft —2, at a=$, patet quadratum
aa minus efle quinta potentate numeri 2 ; quapropter
valor incognita x non poteft elici nifi per quinqui-
feftionem anguli j iiiudautem perficietur opeTheore-
matis noftri generaiis, ante allati, fumendo ad Ra-
dium 1/2, arcum cuius Cofinus fit — = — =

m* 4 4

Arcus autem ille reperietur 27d, 55' prope, cujus
quinta pars eft 5d, 35' 5 jam vero ft fumpferis Loga-
rithmum Cofinus iflius arcus ad Radium 1, ilium
reperies efle 9,99793475 fed cum Radius nofter debeat
effe Viy fuperiori Logarithmo adde Logarithmum
1/2, hoc eft 0,1515150, fumma erit 10,1484497
e qua ft dempferis 10, refiduum, nempe 0,1484497,
erit Logarithmus Numeri quaffiti, qui proinde erit
1,4075 proxime, eodemque modo reliqux quatuoc
Radices inveniri poflimt.

Pauca quasdam fuperfunt obfervanda, quae hie fub-
jiciam.

Si ^Equatio fit Hyperbolici generis, fitque pmerea
71 numerus impar, erit una tantummodo Radix poffi-
bilis, reliquas erunt impoffibiles ; fin fit ny numerus
par, erit unus tantum valor quadrati xxy reliqui funt
impoffibiles.

Si ^Equatio fit Circularis generis, omnes Radices
erunt poffibiles.

Qj\ cj Quo

Quo facile dignofcatur quot future fint Radices Affir-
mative, quot Negative, in iEquationibus ad Cofinus,
hxc obfervetur Regula.

Si fuerit n Numerus par, tot crunt Radices Affir-
mative quot Negative.

Si fuerit n numerus impar, talis tamen ut — - — , fit

71 1

numerus par, numerus Affirmativarum erit — - — , nu-

xt • n-\-i

merus Negativarum — - ■.

Sin ~~~ fuerit numerus impar, numerus Affirma-
tivarum erit Til, Negativarum

72 1

2

Aliqua hue fpedanria jampridem inveneram, quae
AdisPhilolophicis inferta fuerunt Anno 1707, deinde
fufius fuerant expofita in Libro, qui infcribitur Mtf-
cellanea Analytical fed cum ratio proceflus iuerit huic
paulo diffimiiis, nec fortafle adeo dilucida, nec di-
rede ad eundem fcopum collimans, hec, fpero, non
inutilia judicabuntur.

f 1 n i s:

ERRATA.

Page 40. Une penult, for Meafurations, read Menfurations.

P. 384. after l. 11. add and if finglej whether the refpedtive Poles
were oppofite ?

E R R A TU M.

In Vol. XXXIV. n. 393 .p. 66. the Latitude ofSouthwickfioufd be
5 2° 31/. nearly, inftead of 5i°58/. nearly, as it is by Miftake there

■printed.

To the Bookbinder .

The Creonean Leftures on Mufcular Motion for the Year
1738. are to follow this Page.

Three Lectures

A N

I N D E X

To the Fortieth Volume of
the Philofophical Tran factions

For the Years 173 7 and 1738.

n . flands for Number of the Tranfa&ion, p. for Page.
S. Hands for Supplement, Pr. the Preface to the Supple-
plement. L. the Lectures.

*; £•

S. Pr. p. iv. fignifies page iv. in the Preface to the Supple-
ment^ &c.

S. L . p . vL fignifies page vi. of the Letfures in the
Supplement , &c.

A.

ABerdour (Lord) Obfervation of the Eclipfe of the
^ Sun, Feb. 18. 1737* n< 447* & ll9*

Abo, Observations of the Weather there for 1730, 447,

p. 160.

Aere, de; Oblerv. fa£lae Plymuthi 1728—1737, n. 4
p. 429.

,/f/r in the Blood, & Z. p. ii. vii.

Alligator , Derivation of the Word, /?. 449, p. 344,
Alphabet , the Ancient Runic, n. 445, p. 8.

Amjlerdam , the Number of its Inhabitants, 450, p, 4050

Q^q q 2 Amy and

INDEX.

Amyattd (Claudius) of an Obftru&ion of the Biliary Du&s,
and an Impoftumation of the Gall-bladder, 449,

P- 317.

■ — of a Rupture in the Groin, and the

Operation made upon it, 0 . 450,/). 361.

Annuities for Lives, a Table of, 0. 450, p. 406.

Annulus , one feen round the Moon in the Ecliple of the
Sun, Febrl%. 1737, #.447* p . 182.

Aqua .serata Neo'oln , 0. 450, p. 351.

Arithmetical Power, n. 447 , p. 229*

an Account of a Man whole ^r/0 with the Shou].
der-blade was torn off by a Mill, 0. 449, p. 313.

( William ) an Account of the Peruvian or Jefuits
Bark, n. 44 6, :p. ^ 1 .

Arteries diftributed to the Antagonift Mufcle, S. L.p. ii.
v. xliii.

— - elaftic, S. Pr. p. iv. Z. p. ii, iii. xliii.

Attraction takes Effeft in Solids only by the Mediation of

Fluids, S. L. p. xxv.

Aurora Borealis leen at Peterborough , Dec . 11. 173 5, 0. 445,
P- 53v /r

— obferved at Plymouth , 1720 — 1737, P* 45 1>

P- 430—438.

Azimutk-Compafs , a new one, 0. 4J0, p. 395.

B.

Bahama Iflands, Natural Hiftory of them, 0. 449, p. 343.
Ball of Sulphur generated in the Air? n. 45 1, p . 427.

Bar of Iron, ft ruck when held upright, becomes mag-
netic, 0. 450, p. 38 6.

Bark , Peruvian or Jefuits, an Account of it, 0. 445, p. 81.
Barometer , feveral Remarks upon it, 0. 447, p. 171, 172,
— the Imperfeftions of the common amended,
0. 448, p. 248. 251. 256.

Bayne (Mr.) Obfervation of the Annulus round the Moon
1a a folar Eclipfe, 0. 447, p. 182.

Bcighton

INDEX.

Beigbton {Henry) Obfervations, Remarks and Rules for
tne tTfc of Barometers, 0.448, p. 248. 253. 255.
Belchier (John) of a Man, whole Arm was torn off by a
Mill, n. 449, > 3 13.

(Matthias) de Aquis Necjolienjium gratis, vulgo
Cement Wafzfer , 0. 45 o5 p. 3 51.

— — • * Notitia Hungarice nova Hiftorico-Geo«

graphica, 0. 450, p. 398.

Bellamy (The Rev. Mr.) a Diary of the Weather for

17295 i73°) 447? P- *59-

Bellow sy Water-, a Defcription of, n . 448, p. 231.

Bengaly a Diary of the Weather there for 1729, 1730,
#• 447? P- 1 59-.

Bennet (Mrs.) her Cafe., a Bubonocele^ n . 450, p. 3<5i.
Betna, a Diary of the Weather for 1729, 1730, 0. 447,
7). 158.

jBwj ( John ) Obfervation of the Moon’s Tranfit by Aide*
bar any April 3. 173 <5, 0. 446, p . 90.

Obferv. Eclipf. Lunae, 15. 1735-6,

0. 445, p. id.

• — Obferv. Eclipf. Lunae, Sept . 8. 1736, 0.446,

P- 93-

— Obferv. Eclipf. Solaris, Sept . 23. 173(5, 0.

44(5, p. 98.

- —Obferv. of the Sun’s Eclipfe, Feb . 18.

1736-7, n. 447, > 1 7 <5. .

• — — - — ‘Obferv. of the Occupation of .Mw by the

Moon, 05. 7. 1736, 0. 446, p . 100.

■ - •Mercurius a Venere occultatus, .Mz/7 17.

*737> #• 45°? P- 3P4-

Bezoarsy the Manner of their Formation, 0. 450, p. 375.
Biliary Du&s, of an Obftru&ion of them, 0. 449, p. 31^,
Black Hour, The, 0. 447, p. 194*

Bicod contains Air, S. L. p. ii. vii.

an elaflic Fluid, S. Pr . p. iv. Z. xliii.

Fodhriy a Silver; cover’d with calculous Matter in a
Woman s Bladder, 0. 450, p. 375.

Boncni £

INDEX.

Bottom* Defe&us Solis Obferv. 1737, n. 447. p.

1 99-

— — Obferv. CongrefTus Mercurii cum Sole, Nov. 11.
1 73 ^ A7! S. n. 446, p. 103.

Bothnia , Gulph of} Meafurement of a Degree there, u.
44f> A 39-

in New-Fngland, a Diary of the Weather there for
1729, 1730, 447> A I^°*

Bradley (James) Obfervation of a Comet in January ,
February and March 1736-7, n . 445, p. m.

Brands to mark Cattle, deicribed by Virgil^ 450, p .
393* ■ .

Breyne (John Phil) Defcription of a Mammoth's Bones
dug up in Siberia , 446, p. 124.

Broman (Olave) a Diary of the Weather for 172?, 1730,
447, p. 156.

Brook's (The Lady) Powder for the Bite of a Mad-Dog,
n. 451, p . 452.

Brcw'n (Littleton) of the Scolopendra aquat. Scutata, >/. 447,
A 1 >3*

Bubonocele , of a; //. 45:0, p. 36 1.

Bucks-horn Plantain, the true of the Earth, cures the
Bite of a Mad-Dog, n. 45 1, p. 453.

Bull-Frog , The; n. 449, p. 348.

iJ&f/tf, an Account of one remaining near a Year in the
Gullet, 449, p. 316.

of oqe cut out 29 Years after the Wound received,

/A p. 3 17.

— — a Mufquet-, incrufted with flony Matter in a Man’s
Bladder, //. 450, p. 375.

Burning-glafs , a, had no Effe£t during an Annular Eclipfe
of the Sub, n. 447, p. 184.

Bygdtea, a Diary of the Weather there Tor 1729, 1730,
*• 447> A 158.

C.

Ctfcilus (Caius Julius) n. 450, p. 390.

Calculus , the Figure and Defcription of a very extraor-
dinary one, n . 450, p. 369.

Catnphire

INDEX.

Camphire of Saffafras, fee Oil, G$e. n. 450, p. 378.
Cantwell (Andrew) of a large glandular Tumour in the
Pelvis , and of the pernicious EfFe&s of crude Mercury
inwardly given, n. 44 .<5, p. 139.

« — of a P alley' of the Eye-lids, n. 449,

P-311-

Cards y how painted, n. 450, p. 393.

Carolina , Natural Hiftory of it, ». 449, p. 343*

Carpenier (George Lord) an Account of his Wound
received at Brihuega. , n, 449, p. 315.

Cafe an Iky or Peruvian Bark, xour forts, /?. 44*5, p. 81.
Cafftni (Moniieur) of the Figure of the Earth, n. 445;,
P-33-

Catesby (Mark) Natural Hiftory of Carolina and the Ba-
hama Elands, n. 449, p. 343.

Caverna v aporifera luiphurea prope Pyrmoniium , 448,

p. 206.

Caumont (The Marquis de) of a very extraordinary Stone
or Calculus , 450, p. 369.

Cclftus (Andrew) an Explanation of Runic Chara&ers in
Helfmglandy n. 445, p. 7.

. (Tier vat ion of a Lunar Eclipfe, March

15. 1735-5, 445, p. 15,

a Diary oi the Weather for 1729, 1730,

447> P; I57*

Cemcnt-Wafzfer Neofolii, 450, p. 331.

Centripetal Power the natural Principle of all Motion,
S. Pr. p. iv.

— — not naturally in Matter, S. Pr. p. iv,

p. xxxii.

— ■ — natural to Water and all Fluids, S. L.

p. xxvi.

C1CAECILI S. HERMIAE, SN, n. 450, pa
388.

CWo (M f.) defaibes Types and Forms of Letters, n*
45°, p. 392.

Circky its Quadrature, n. 447, p, 212® 228*

Clairaut

INDEX.

Clairaut (Alexis) Inveftigationes de Terras figura, n. 44$,
p. 1 9.

- — of the Figure of fuch Planets as revolve

about an Axis, n . 449, p . 277.

Clerk (Sir John) Obfervation of the Solar Eclipfe, Feb.
18. 173 <5-7, n. 447, p. 1 96.

Cohejion, its Caufe in the Fluids, S. Pr . p. iv.

Colico, de morboj Damnonienft , 0.451, p. 425?, 439.

Obfervation of one in January, February and March
1736-7, n. 44 6, p. hi.

CWc SeBions, an Account of a Treatife by Muller , 0.

446, p. 87.

Conway ( Thomas ) his Cafe, part of his Spleen extirpated,
0. 451, p. 426.

(Benjamin) o-f an extraordinary Damp in a Well,
n* 45°> 'P'119*

— of a 0f Sulphur generated in the

Air, n. 451, p. 427. # '

Coronopus, or Bucks-horn Plantain, cures the Bite of a
Mad-Dog, n. 451, p . 449.

Crocodile , of the, 0. 449, p. 344.

Croone , M. D. (William) formed a Plan for Le&ures on
Mufcular Motion, d1. Pr. p. i. L . p. i.

Curtius ( Quintus) the Ficus Indica mentioned by him, n.
449, V • 345-

Cyr/7// (A/A^l Obfervations of the Weather for 1730, n .
447? A it0-

D.

Damnonienji, de morbo Colico, 0. 451, p . 429, 439.

Damp, extraordinary, in a Well, 0. 450, p. 379.

Dampier’s Powder for the Bite of a Mad-Dog, 0. 448,
p. 272. 0. 451, p. 460,- 461.

Davis’s Quadrant, a Level fixed to it, to make Obferva-
tions without the Horizon by a Water-Level, n . 451,
p. 413# by a Mercurial Level, p. 417.

Defaguiliers , ( J, 7!) fome new Statical Experiments^ 0,
445? P- ^2.

Experiments on Ice, 449, p. 3°7*

Depn

INDEX.

Defaguiliers (J. T.) Obfervations upon Magnets having
more Poles than two, n. 450, p. 38?.

■ — an Account of fome Magnetical Ex-

periments, n . 450, p. 385, 38 6.

Dog mad, its Bite cured by the Bucks-horn Plantane*
4 5b P • 44P* ^

the Cafe of a Lad bit by a, n. 445, p. $.

Dudley {Paul) a Diary of the Weather for 172^, 173 o,
n . 447, p. 1 60.

E.

Eames {John) an Account of a Mathematical Treatife of
Conic Se£tions, by John Muller , n . 446, p. 87.

Account of Mr. Kerjftrboom s EBay on the

Number of People in Holland , n. 450, p. 401.

— Obfervation that Magnets have more Poles

than two, n. 450, p. 383.

Earth , its Figure, n . 445, p. 33,

— — a Propofal for the Meaiurement of the 3 in RuJJa}
n. 445, p. 27.

Eccentri Anomalia, what, n. 447, p. 218.

Eclipjis Lunse, Sept . 8. 1736. 0. 446, p. pz.

— of the Moon, March 15, 1735-6, 0. 445, p, 14^

15, 18.

Solar, Feb . 18. 1736-7, 0. 447, p • 175.

— — Solis, &?p/. 23. 1736. ». 44<S p. 98.

of the Sun, June 17. ^733. 0. 447, p. 194.

—of the Sun, 18. 1736-7, 0. 446, p. up.

Edinburgh , Obfervations of the Sun's Eclipfe there,

18. 1737, n. 447, p. 177, 195. „ r

Eifenfchmid (Jo. Cafp.) of the Figure of the Earth, n •

445, P- 33- - . tf

Elajhcity ol, 61. Z. p. xi. greater or lefs in all compound

Bodies, *'£. p. xii.

Elajlicity of Solids, its Caufe in the Fluids, S . Pr- p. iv.

Z. p. ii.

* refides only in Fluids, or by their Intervention

in Solids, S. Z. p. xxvi. deftroyed in Solids by too
great a Proportion of Fluids, S. Z. p. xxxv.

R r r Elephant9®

INDEX.

Elephant's Bones found in Siberia, n. 44 6> p. 124.

Embryo of the Tree feen in the Kernel of the Gttajacanay
n. 449, p- 349*

Equilibration in Antagonift Mufcles, when not in A&ion,
S. L. p' xliv.

Eye-lidS) of a Palfey of the, n. 449, p . 3 1 1 .

F.

Fay ( Monjicur du) of Oil of Olives curing the Bite of
Vipers, not certainly, n. 45 1, p . 444, 445.

— Magnetical Experiments, n . 450, p .

386.

Feilding (Dr.) his Cafe, a Bullet cut out after 29 Years,
»• 449, p- 317- .

Fergufon ( John ) of the Extirpation of part of the Spleen
of a Man, n. 451, p. 425.

Ficusy Indica arbor, of Curt i us, what, «. 449, p. 34

Figure of fuch Planets as revolve about an Axis, n. 449,
p. 277.

Fluids j only four Kinds obvious to the Touch, S.L. p. xix*

* — proved to be elaftic, S. Pr. p, iv. L. ii. xiii.

Folkes (Martin) Obfervation of three Mock-Suns feen in
London, Sept. 17. 17365 n. 445, p. 59.

Fcoty the Paris and Englijhy n. 447, p. 159.

Fullarton (Mr.) Obfervations of the Annulus in the Solar
Eclipfe, Feb. 18. 1737, n. 447, p . 183.

Fuller y Jim. ( John) of the Ehe6ts of Djzmpie/s Powder for
the Bite of a Mad~Dog, n. 448, p. 272.

( Rcfe) of a Comet leen in Jamaica , in Jan .

1736-7,. 0. 446, p. 122.

G.

Gall-bladdery of an Impoflumation of it, n. 449, p . 317.

Genflerus (Frid.) Biff Inaug de Antidoto novo advfcrfus
Viperarum morfum. Viternb . 1736. 4r<>- 0. 451, p. 440.

Geoffrey ( Monfieur ) of the Poifon of Henbane-Roots, n.
453, p. 446.

Geometrical Power, n, 447, p. 229,

Geringius

.1 N D E X.

Geringius (Andrew) a Diary of the Weather for 17
1730, n. 447, p. 158.

Gouda , the Number of its Inhabitants, n. 450, p. 405'.
Graham (George) Obfervations of an Eclipfe of the Moon,
March 15. 1735-6, n. 445,^.14.

Obfervations of an Eclipfe of the Moon,

Sept . 8. 17 3 <5. n. 44 <5, p. 92.

• — — Obfervation of the Sun's Eclipfe, Feb.

18. 1737, 0. 447, p. 175.

— Obfervation of the Occupation of Mars

by the Moon, Off. 7. 1 73 <5, n. 44 6y p. 100.

• Obfervation of the Tranfit of Mercury

over the Sun, Off. 31. 173 <5, n. 44 6, p. 102.

Grange (Mr. Ztf) his Cafe, 0. 449, p. 317.

Gravity , its Diminution towards the Equator, 0. 449, p.

295.

— — , Cohefion, Elafticity and Hydroflaticks, the
Principle of them the fame, & Pr. p. xxix.

(J°hn) an Account of the Peruvian or Jefuits Bark,
n. 44 <5, p. 81.

Gregory ( William ) of a Pin taken out of the Bladder of a

Child, 0. 450, p. 3^7.

Grey ( De ) mentions the Star of the Earth as a Cure for
the Bite of a Mad-Dog, 0. 451, p. 450.

Guilliminet (a Nun) of the Palfey in her Eye-lids, 0. 449 ,

H.

Hadley (George) an Account and Abfrafi: of the Mete-
orological Diaries for 1729 and 1730, n. 447, p. 154.
Hague , the Number of its Inhabitants, 0.450, p. 405.
Halitusy a warm fulphureous one in a Well, 0. 450, pe
38°. .

Halley (Edmund) Obfervations of the Sun's Eclipfe, Feb.
18. 173 <6-7, n. 447 rp. 176.

Hampe ( John Henry) a Defcription of a Narhual , .0. 447,

p. 149.

Harlem , the Number of its Inhabitants, 0. 450, p. 405.

Hartley

Krr a

I N D E X.

Hartley (David) the Cafe of a Perfon bit by a MacUDog*
n. 448, p. 275.

Haftus (. Matth .) a Diary of the Weather for 1729, 1730,
0. 447, p. 158.

Hauksbee (Francis) a Diary of the Weather kept at Crane -
Court for 1729, 1730, 0. 447, p. 154.

Helfingland , Runic Characters there explained, 44 )r
A 7*

Henbane-Roots , their poifonous EfFeCts, 45 p. 44 5.
Her mi as (C. J. Cacihs) n . 450, p. 390.

Hick.es (The Rev. Dr.) Mention of a Calculus taken out
of him after his Death, 450, p. ij6.

Hodgfon (James) the apparent Times of the ImmerfTons
and Emerlions of Jupiter s Satellites for 1739, 0. 445,
p. 6*9. for 1740, n. 449, p. 332.

— &c. of luch as are vifible at London , 1735?,

»• 445? A 7^* for 1 74° ? »• 449> A 34°-
Holland and JVeft-Frifeland , of the Number of People
there, n» 450, p. 401, 405.

Hadickfvall , a Diary of the Weather there, for 1729, 1730,

^. 447, A1 5C

Hudfon s-Bay, Obfervation of anEclipfe of the Moon, tSVp/.
8. 1736, n. 446, p. 96.

Hangar 1 <e Notitia nova Hiftorico-Geographica, per Matth.
Belium , 450, p. 398.

Flux bam (Johannes) Gbferv.. de A ere & Moibis Epide-
micis, 1728 — 1737. Plymuthi fa£tae, cum cpufculo de
morbo colico Damnonienfi , 451, p. 429.

Hydrophobia prevented, n. 451, p. 449, 462.

I.

Jamaica , a Comet feen there, in 1736-7, 4463 p*

1 22.

Ice, new Experiments upon, n. 449, p. 307.

— formed during an Annular Eclipie of the Sun, n. 447,
p. 184.

Jefuits Bark, an Account of it, n. 44 6, p . 81.
i/ZAInteftini ruptura ex contuiione, ?u 445, p. <5i.

INDEX.

L'lfle, {Jof. Nic. de) a Propofal of the Meafurement of
the Earth in Raffia , n. 445, p, 27.

— Menfuration of a large Bails of a

Triangle on the Ice between Peterhof and Doubki , n*
445? T- 50-

'fnfe&um Aquaticum antea non delcriptum, n. 447, p. 150*

Jupiter's Satellites, the apparent Times of the Immeriions
and Emeriions, for 1739, by James Hodgfon , n . 445, p .
69. for 1740, n. 449, p: 332.

>- £>V. of fuch as are viilble at London ,

1739. ?/. 445, p. 76. for 1740, 449, p. 340.

J UST, for JuJlinus , the Emperor’s Name, 450, p. 393,

K.

Kearjly (Dr.) Obfervations upon a Comet feen in January
and February , and of an Eclipfe of the Sun, jE$. 18.
173 <5-7. at Philadelphia , 446, p. 1 19.

Kent, 16 Miles S. E. from London , a Diary of the Wea-
ther there for 1729, 1730, 0. 447, p . 15$.

Kepler , his Problem folved by y. Machin , 0. 447, />. 20J.

Kerffiboom ( William ) an Eflay on the Number of People
in Holland and Wejl-Frifeland , 450, p. 401.

Klein , ( Jacobus Theodoras) Defcriptio Infe&i Aquatici,
Scolopendrre Aquat . Scutate, dicendae, 0. 447, p, 150.

L.

I,atham \Ebenezer) Propofal to make the Poles of a Globe
of the Heavens move round the Poles of the Ecliptic,
n . 447, p, 201.

Laurelms (Sueno) a Diary of the Weather 1729, 1730, 0.
447? />• 1 5^-

Letinres on Mufcular Motion defigned by Dr. Croone , & X*
/>. i.

Leigh ( Charles ) a Level fixed to Davis's Quadrant, of
Water, n. 451, p. 413. of Quickfilver, ib, p . 417.

Light , a remarkable red one in the Air, 5. 1737,

45 1? F 437-

Lisbon , a Comet feen there in jR& *73^-7? 0. 446, p . 123 .

Load-Stones^

INDEX.

Load-Stones.) fee Magnets .

Logwood grows in the Bahama IJlands and Jamaica , 0.44?,
P- 347-

London , the Number of its Inhabitants, 0. 450, p. 40 j,
407, 411.^

Luna Eclipfis, Sept* 8. 173 <5. Lend, n, 446, p, 92. Vitem*
berg, p. 94. Rudfon s- Bay, p. 96.

Lunden , a Diary of the VVeather there, for 1729, 1730,
». 447 P- X 57-

Lynne (George) a Diary of the Weather for 1729, 1730,
*M47>JM5 5-

M.

71/. (G) i. e. Mortimer {Cromwell) of the Scolopendra Aqua t.
feutata, n. 447, p, 153.

Machin (John) the Solution of Keplers Problem, n, 447,
p, 205.

Laurin {Colin) Obfervation of the Eclipfe of the Sun,
Feb, 1 3.. 1 7 37, #. 447, P- I77-.

Af^-Dog, the Cafe of a Lad bit by a, #. 445, p, 5.

an Inftance of the Cure of his Bite, n, 448, pf

273, 274.

, its Bite cured by Bucks-horn Plantain, ^

4 5 * 5 P • 449*

Madras , a Comet feen there in 173 6-7, #. 446, p.
122.

Magnets have more Poles than two, #. 450, p. 383.

Magnetic Needle, a new Azimuth Compafs to find its Va-
riation, n, 450, p . 395.

* afle&ed by great Cold,#. 445), p, 3 10.

Magnetical Experiments, an Account of fome, n, 450, p .
384, 385, 386.

Maitland .{William) an Anfwer to Mr. Kerjpbooms Eflay,
regarding the Number of the Inhabitants of London , n,
450, p. 407.

Mammoth9 s Bones, a Defcription of them, n, 446, p, 124,

Manfr.edius {Eujlachius) Congrefius Mercurii cum Sole,
Nov. 11. 1736. NS. n. 44 6, p. 103.

Mangrove-t ree, the Ficus Indie a? n< 445, p. 345.

INDEX.

Mars, Obfervation of the Occultation of him by the Moon,
05. 7. 1736, n. 44 6, p. 100.

Mafcn ( Charles ) Obfervation of the Solar Eclipfe, Feb.
18. 1736-1, n. 447, p. 197.

Matthiolus mentions Oil of Scorpions curing the Bite of a
Viper, n. 451, p. 443.

Maud {John) Account of Oil of Saffafras cryllallized, n.
450, p. 378.

Measurement of the Earth, a Propofal for it in Raffia , n.
445? P- V *

Mercurial-Level added to Davis9 s Quadrant, n. 451, p.

4 l7-

Mer curias a Vetter e occult atus, Mali 17. 1737, ^.450 , p.
394*

— Obfervations of his Tranfit over the Sun, Of}.

31. 1736, n. 446, p. 102.

Mercury elaftic, S. L . p. ii.

— of the pernicious Effe&s of crude, given inwardly,

n. 44 6,p. 135).

Mejferfchmidt {Dan. Gottlieb) of Mammoth's Bones found
in Siberia , n. 44 6, p. 1 25.

Meteorologies Obferv. Patavii habit# 1731 — 173 d, n. 448,
P- 2-39'

Meteorological Diaries, an Account and Abftra£t of them
for 1729 and 1730, n . 447, p. 154.

— a Obfervations at Plymouth , by Dr. Hux-

ham , 1728 — 1737, ». 45 1 * p. 430 — 438.

Middleton {Chrifiopher) the Ufe of a new Azimuth Com-
pafs, n. 450, p. 35)5. . „ t

- — — Obfervations of the Magnetic

Needle being affe£fed by Cold, n. 449, p . 310.

~ Obiervations of an Eclipfe of the

Moon in Hudfori s-Bay, n . 446, p. 96.

Mill , a Man's Arm torn off by a, 449, p. 313.

Milner ( John) Obfervations of an Eclipfe of the Moon at
Yeovil in Somerfetjhire , March \ 3. \i^y6,n. 445, p. 18.
Mind, how it a£fe on the Mufcles, 5. L . p. xlvi, xlvii.
Minima of all Bodies perfefilly hard, 5. £. p. xi.

Mock -

INDEX.

Mock- Suns, Obfervations of two at Peterborough , Dec . 3 a.
1735, 445 > P* at Wittemberg, Dec . 31. 1735,

p. 54. three at London, Sept . 17. 173 5. iA p. yp.

Moivre (Abraham de) de redu&ione Radicalium ad fim-
pliciores Terminos, n . 451, p. 46 3.

4/00#, has an Atmofphere, 447, p . 159.

. Eclipfes of, fee 0. 445:, p. 14.

Moon's Tranfit by Aldebaran , April 3. 1736. at London ,
//. 446, p. 90.

Morbis, de epidemicis, obf. fa 3c& Plymathi 1728 — 1737,
45 L P- 429*

Morbo, de; Colico Damnonienfi , n . 451, p. 429, 43^.

Mortimer (Cromwell) Account of Catcsbys Natural Hi-
ftory of Carolina and the Bahama Iflands, 0. 449, p.
343-

Abftraft of DifT Inaug. de Antidoto

novo adverfus Viperarum Morfum, Prsef. Abr. Vateroy
Vitemberg# 1 736. 4to. n. 451, p. 440.

— ■ — of an ancient Roman Stamp, n . 450,

p. 388.

Motion, the Principles of all are either Impulfe or Cen-
tripetal Power, S. Z. p. xli.

Muller (John) an Account of his Treatife of Conic Sec-
tions, n. 44 6, p. 87.

Mufcle, the univerfal Inftrument of all Animal Motion,
S. Z. p. xlii.

Mufcular Motion, Le&ures defign’d by Dr. Croune , infti-
tuted by his Reli£t Lady Sadleir , S . Pr. p. i. Z. p. i.

— a general Scheme of, S. L. p. xl.

Mufque f -Bullet, a, incrufted with ftony Matter in a Mans

Bladder, n. 450, p. 375.

N.

Naples, Obfervations of the Weather for 1730, n. 447 ,
p. i6o.

Narhual, Account of one, n. 447, p. 149.

NeofolU Aquse aeratae, n. 450, p. 351.

Nerves not elaftic, S. Pr, p , iv. Z. p. ii, iii, xliii.

Nerves 9

INDEX.

Nerves-, a Fluid in them, S. L. p . ii, xxxvii.

— diftributed to the antagonift Mufcle, S. L. p. ii, v,

xliii.

Neve (Timothy) Obfervations of two Parhelia, Dec . 30,
1735. and of an Aurora Borealis, Dec . 11. 1735. n . 445,
P- 52.

Nolet (the Abbe) New Experiments upon Ice, n. 449, p.
3°7-

Nourfe -( Edward ) The Cafe of a Lad bit by a Mad-Dog,

#• 44)> p. 5-

O.

Obfervationes de Aere & Morbis Epidemicis 1728—1737.

Plymuthi fa&ae, 451, p. 425).

Oil elaftic, *5*. L. p. ii.

— - of Olives cures the Bite of Vipers, n . 445, p. 1 6. n+

45 1, p.440— 445.

— - of Saflafras cryftallized, n . 450, p. 378.

Orme (Charles) an Improvement of the common Baro-
meter, n . 448, p. 248, 250.

P.

Padua , a Diary of the Weather there for 17 2?, 1730?
447) P- *59-

Palfey of the Eye-lids, 449, p. 3 11.

Parhelia , Obfervation of two at Peterborough, Dec . 30.
I735- ^* 445) P- 52- at Witt emb erg, Dec . 31. 1735* /ft,
p. ?4*

Paris, the Number of its Inhabitants, 450, p. 41 x.
Patavii, Obferv. Meteorolog. habitse, 1731 — 1735. #.448,
P. 239.

Patoujdlat (Dr.) of the Poifon of Henbane-roots, 45 1,
p. 446.

Pearce (The Rev. Dr. Zachary ) Account of Matth. Belli
Notitia Hungari <z nova Hiftorico-Geographica, 450*
398.

Penman Bark, an Account of it, 446, p. 81.

Sff

, Peter*

I N ' D E X.

Peterborough , an Aurora Borealis , Dec. 1 1. and two Mock-
' Suos feen there, D<tc. 30. 173,5, 72.445, 52.'

Philadelphia , Obfervations of a Comet in January and
February , and of an Eclipfe of the Sun feen there Feb .
18. 1736-7, 72.446,/). up.

Phofphorus made at Paris, n. 451, p. 445.

Phyjick y why reputed a conjectural Science, S. Pr. p. viii.
Pin, a, taken out of the Bladder of a Child, #. 450, p .

- 3 67 •

I— a, in a Woman's Bladder, coated over with Cal-
culous Matter, 450, /). 375,

Planets revolving about an Axis, their Figure, n . 449, p.
277.

Plants, a Catalogue of Fifty for the Year 1735, by Ifaac
Rand, n. 445, />. 1. for the Year 1736, by the fame,
447? A 143* T r

Plymuthi facias Gbfervationes de Aere & Morbis Epi-
demicis 1728—1737, n. 451, p. 429.

Poleni ( Johannes Marchio) Summarium Obferv. Meteoro-
logicarum 1731 — 1736 n> 448, p . 239.

— — — : — a Diary of the Weather for 1729,

173°, n. 447, p. 159-

Poles , of a Celeftial Globe made to move round the Poles
of the Ecliptic, n. 447, p. 201, 203.

Power Arithmetical and Geometrical, n . 447, p . 229.
Printing, modern; its Invention, 72.450, p. 390.

— - known to the Romans , n. 450, />. 391, 392.

Procopius mentions a Mark to make a Man's Name, n.
45°5 P- 593*

Pjrmontium , Relatio Caverns Yaporiferae prope, n . 448*

p. 2 66.

JPuenfel (Conrad)

Diary of

the Weather for 1729,

1730, n. 44 7, p. 157.

Quito, Meafurement of a Degree there, #.445, p . 38.

R»

7.

INDEX.

R.

Radicaliim redudio ad fimplidores terminos, n. 45 r, p.
463.

Rand (Ifiac) a Catalogue of Fifty Plants for the Year
1735, n. 443, p. 1. tor the Year 1731?, n. 447, p. 143.
Red Light ieen in the Air, a remarkable, Dec. 5. 1757,
#• 45i, ?• 437-

Repuife only an Effe£t of central Attradipn, S. Pr. p. iv.
Revillas (Didacas de) Cometes Roma obfervatus, Feb.
J737) 44^7 ?• 11 8.

Defedus Solis obferv. mf~r. 1737, n. 447, p.

200.

Richmond (Charles Duke of) an ancient Roman Stamp, n.
450,^.388.

Rijinge, a Diary of the Weather there 17251, 1730, n. 447,
p. ij<5.

Roma Cometes Obfervatus, Feb. 1737, n. 44^ 71. ug,

Defedus Solis Obferv. i737> 7/. 447, p. 200.

of Jericho , an Experiment with it, *£ ii, xxi.
Runic Chara£ters explained, 445, p, 7.

Rupture in the Groin, of a, 450, jp. 3 6x,

S.

Sadleir (Lady) Inftitution ofLe&ures on Mufcular Mo«
tion, & Pr. p. i.

Sagene , a Ruffian Meafure, 445, p. 29.

Salien (Moniieur) Account of a very extraordinary Cal-
culus or Stone, n . 450, p. 370.

Sandy s (Francis) the Cafe of a Perfon bit by a Mad-Dog,
448, p. 274.

Startorius (Mr.) of a Comet feen at Madras in February
1 736-7, n. 44 6, p. 122.

SaJJafras , Oil of, cryftallized, 0. 450, p. 378.

Scolopendra aquatica, fcutata, 447, p. 150.

Scorpions , Oil of, cures all venomous Bites, 451, p,
443*

S f f a <»/>

I N D E X.

Seip (Johannes Phifippus) Relatio de Caverna Vapori-
fera Sulphurea, n. 448, p. 266.

Senex (John) a Contrivance to make the Poles of the
Diurnal Motion in a Celeftial Globe pafs round the
Poles of the Ecliptic, n. 447, p. 2 03.

Sefamoides Salamanticum Magnum miltaken for the Star of
the Earth, n. 451, p. 453.

Short (James) Obfervation of an Eclipfe of the Moon,
Sept . 8. 1736, n. 446, p. 92.

— — — •— Obfervation of the Eclipfe of the Sun, Feb.

18. 1737, n. 447, p. 178, 1 So.

Siberia , Mammoth’s Bones found there, n . 445, p. 124.
Sigillum unde ? //. 450, p. 389.

Signum quid ? 450, p. 389.

Sloane, Bart. (Sir Hans) concerning an extraordinary Ctf/-
culus or Stone, n. 450, p. 394.

<£#00; fell during an Annular Eclipfe of the Sun, n. 447,
p. 184.

Solaris Eclipfis obferv. Londiniy Sept.. 23. 1736, n. 44 5, p.
98.

obferv. 18. 1736-7, 447, p. 175.

Southwicky a Diary of the Weather there for 1729, 1730^
447? x5 5*

Spanijb Catch-fly, not the Star of the Earth, n . 451, p.
45i? 4.53*

Spleen of a Man, part extirpated, n. 451, p. 42 6.
Spheroidal Figure of the Earth, n. 449, p. 294.

Sporing (D.) Obfervation of the Weather for 1730, n .

447, p. j6o. . *

Squirrel , the flying, 449, p. 349.

Stack (Thomas) Account of Dr. Huxham’s Book de Aere
& Morbis Epidemicis 1728 — 1737. Plymuthi fa&ae,
cum opufculo de morbo Colico Hammnienjiy n . 45 1, p.
429.

Stampy an ancient, n. 450, p. 388.

of the Earth, Coronopusy cures the Bite of a Mad-
Dog, n. 451, p. 449, 451.

INDEX.

Stars feen during a Solar Eclipfe, n* 447, p. 184,

Statical Experiments, fome new, n. 445, p . 62.

Steigertabl (John George) Account of a Narhual, or Uni-
corn-fifh, takenin the RiverO/? in Bremen, n . 447, p. 147,

Stellaria, or Star of the Earth, what, n. 451, p . 449, 45-1,
453. cures the Bite of a Mad-Dog, tK p. 455.

Steward ,_ (the Rev. Mr. tbomas) of the Virtues of the
Star of the Earth, Coronopus , in the Cure of the Bite of
a Mad-Dog, n. 451, p. 443;.

Stone taken out of a Man's Bladder, a very extraordinary
one, n. 450, p. 369.

Stuart (tllex.) Obfervation on the Cafe of Mr. La Grange ,
an Obftru£lion of the Biliary Du£ts, and an Impoftu-
mation of the Gall-Bladder, n . 449, p. 325.

• firll Le&urer of the Croonean Lectures,

S. Pr . p. ii.

Svenaker , a Diary of the Weather there, for 1729, 1730,
*•447* ?• 1 57-

Sulphur * a Ball of, generated in the Air, 451, p. 427.

Sun , an Eclipfe of the, 17. 1433, 0. 447, p . 194.

- — - ■■■■ A 18. 1736-7, 0. 446, p. 1 19.

T.

Selinas (John) a Diary of the Weather for 1729, 1730,
a. 447, 158.

36rr^ figura, per Alexin Clair aut, n. 445, p. 19.

thermometer , Remarks upon it, 447, . p. 174.

triewald (Martin) Invention, of Water-bellows, n- 448,
p.231.

tumour y of a large Glandular one in the Pelvis , #. 446,

b 139-

tympani memhr.ana , of the Bull-frog, 0. 449, p . 348.

V.

Vanbrugh (G. R .) Gbfervation of a Comet feen at Lisbon*
in January 1736-7, #. 446, p. 124.

Variation of the Needle, a new Azimuth Compafs to find
it, n. 450, p.395.

INDEX.

Vajfe (Jtfeph) bis Cafe, an extraordinary Calculus , n. 45.
p- 37 x-

Vater ( Abraham ) Diff Inaug. de Antidoto novo adverfus
Viperarum morfum, Vitemb . 1756* 4to. n. 451, p • 440.
Oil of Olives, ibid.

Veins elaftic, S. Pr.p. iv. Z. p. ii, iii, xliii.

— — diliributed to the Antagonift Mufcle, 8. L. p . ii, v,
xliii.

•F^mr feen during a Solar Eclipfe, 447, p. 184.

Viper y its Bite cured by Sallad-oil, n . 451, p, 440. by
Oil of Scorpions, ib. p. 443.

— - in France more dangerous than thofe in England \
n. 45 1, p> 445-

— — their Bite cured, n . 445, p. 26. n . 45 1, p.440 — 445.
Virgil (Publ.) defcribes Brands for Cattle, n. 450, p. 393.
Vitembergtfy Obferv. Eclipf. Lunse, —• 173 6, 446*

?• P4.

Tranfitus Mercurii fuper Soleniy Nov. ii,

173 6VNPS. ^.445, p.110.

— Eclipf. Solis, 1737, n. 447, p. 201

Unicorn-fiJhj Account of one, n. 447, p. 147, r49«

Upfaly a Diary of the Weather there for 172?, 1730. n.

447> P* 157*

W.

WaJJenius (far jl anus) a Diary of the Weather for 1729,

1730, ^..447> Z- i57. ...

Water elaftic, 8. L.p. ii, xiii.

coriftitutes above half the Moles of fome Bodies, S.

L . p . xxi.

■ — - the Cement of Union in the folid Parts of various
things, 8. L . p. xxi, xxxvi.

- a universal DifFolvent, S. L . p. xxiii, xxxvi.

JE^r-bell ows, a Defcription of, ;z. 448, p> 231.
Water-Level fixed to Davis's Quadrant, n . 451, p . 413.
Weather.y Rules and Obfervations for foretelling the, 0.
448, p. 255, ijj.

Weidler

-T-T-

INDEX.

Weidkr (John Fred.) Observation of two Mock-Suns at
Wittemherg in Saxony, Dec. 31. 1735, ?/. 445,^. 54. Ob-

ferv. Eclipf. Lance, Sept. ~ 1736, n. 44$, p. 94.

— — Tranfitus. Mefc/mi ' (SpQx Sokm, Nov. 11. 1 73 <5.

N. S. n. 446, p. r 1 o.

*■ Eclipf. Solis p~f; 1737, n. 447, p. 201.

— — a Diary of the Weather for 1720,, 1730, n. 447,
p. 153.

Well, an extraordinary Damp in one, n. 450, p. 37^.
Werjis, a Ruffian Meafure, n . 445, p. 30.

Wight, Ifle of, an extraordinary Damp in a Well there,
45o? P- 379-

Williams (Stephen) of the Efficacy of Oil of Olives in
curing the Bite of Vipers, n . 445, p. 2 6.

Winds, a Remark, concerning, n . 447, 174.

Wittemherg, (fee Vitemherga) a Diary of the Weather for

172^1730, 0.447,^ 158.

Woljius (Chriftian.) de Ruptura Inteltini Ilei ex contufione,
445? p. 61.

Wplochowicz (Michael) of a Mammoth's Head and Teeth
found in Siberia, n. 4 46, p . 138.

(Sam,) an Account of his Arm being torn off by a
Mill, 72. 44P, p. 313.

in Somerfetjhire, Obfervations of an Eclipfe of the
Moon there, n . 445, />. 18.

FINIS.