t /./ ' / I #1 ■' »— ^11 I in |l■^^|rrT■l I. II .MT-trt »’i philosophical! TRANSACTIONS. GIVING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE Prefent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS, I N M A N Y Conliderable Parts of the WORLD. VOL. XLI. Part i. For the Years 1739, 1740. LONDON: Printed for T. W o o d \v a r d, and C. D a v i s, over- againft Graf s- Inn-Gate in Holbourn 5 Printers to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xliv. To the Honourable , Sir Hans Sloane, Baf- M.D. Late PRESIDENT of the Roy.al Society, a7id RoyalCollege <^PhyEcians,LoNDON; - Firfi PhyEcian to His MAJESTY; Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at^r, Petersburgh, Fhe Royal Academies ^Sciences Paris, Madrid, Berlin, And Fellow of the Royal College of Phy- Ecians at Edinburgh, fePc. SIR, I CANNOT fufficiently extol that eminent Zeal you have fhewn on all Occahons for the Promotion of Natural K7iowledge, the prefent Perfection of which is greatly in- debted to your Labours and Patronage. The, , ; . . A noble DEDICATION. noble and immenfe Colledion you have made of the moft rare and valuable Curiohties, and a Library the moft complete in the Uni- verfe, in all the Branches of Natural Hiftory and Phyftc, have not only been a Treafure to yourfelf, but a common Benefit to Man- kind ; your generous Dilpofttion having con- ftantly led you to communicate their Ufe to whoever at home or abroad was deftrous to improve himfelf, or to inform the reft of the World. As your great Knowledge and Skill in your own Profeftion, brought you into the higheft and moft extenfive Pracftice for a long and uninterrupted Courfe of Years, fo your Merit and Reputation could not fail of letting you at the Head of thole two learned Bodies, you had fo much loved and ferved, the Royal College of Phyficians^ and the Royal Society of LONDON^ over which you preftded with fo much Dignity and Honour. Your Favours to the Royal Society in par- ticular, have been too many to be here men- doned I D E D I CA TIO IV. tioned ; and your Regard for that Body hath ever been confpicuous, by your conftant and diligent Application to their Affairs, in the mid ft of the greateft and moft neceflary Avocations ; yet fuch has been your Mo- defty, that you have lately, to our general Regret, reftgned the Office of Preffdent, which you could not be induced to hold any longer, when you began to apprehend the Infirmities of a venerable Age might oblige you to be lefs conftant in your Attendance on the Duties of it. Give me Leave, Sir, in this Place, alfo to record my ownThankfulnefs to you, by whofe Recommendation I at fir ft obtained the Honour of being chofen one of the Secre- taries of the Rojal Society.^ which hath been lb many Years continued to me; an Employ, I hope, I have difcharged, at leaft, with Dili- gence and Fidelity, and fhall always en- deavour fo to do: I beg of you to take under your Protedtion thofe Volumes of Pa- pers fent to the Royal Society^ that have been publifhed under my Infpedtion, and particu- A 2 larly DEDICATION. larly to Patronize this Forty-jirjl Volume of the Philofophical TranfaSHons^ which ends with the laft Year of your Prefidentfhip. I remain, Honoured S I R, Dartmouth-fireet, WESTMINSTER^ Dec. 31. 1741. Tour 7nuch devoted and obliged Hwnble Servant.^ Cromwell Mortimer,'/!/. Z). Secretary to the Royal Society, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians LONDON Numb. 452: Beginning Vol. XU. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of 'Jamary y February ^ and March y 1739. The C O N T E N T S. I. A Catalogue i^Fifty Plants from Chelfea Garden, prejented to the 'Koy a l Society by the Company Apothecaries, for the Tear 1737. purfuant to the DF reBion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med, Reg. Soc. Reg. Prcef. by Ifaac Rand, Apothecary., F. R, S. Hort. Chel. PraefeEi. ac PrAeSi. Botan. II. De Menfura & Motu Aquarmn fluentium, Tent amen Primum. ^0 agiturjde aqua ejfuente ex vcfe femper pleno per foramen rotundum., de refiflentia ejtfdem ex de-- feEiu lubricitatu oriunda. AuEiore Jacob©. Jurin, Soc. Reg. & Coll. Medic. Londinenh Sodale, IIL Dim The CONTENTS. III. Dias Antrorum mirahilis Natures^ alis alterius^ alterius Halitus noxios eruBan-' tis^ ad Regiam Societatem Scientiarum Londinenfem, a Matthia Belio Pannonioy R. S. S. mijfa, IV. Afi Account of a very extraordmary Tu- mour in the K^tee of a Perfoi^ whofe Leg was taken off by Mr. Jer. Peirce, Surgeon at Bath \ cofmnunicated in a Letter to Dr. Mead, Phyfician to His Majesty, and Fellow of the College of Phyficians, and of the Royal Society, London. V. An Experiment concerning the Spirit of Coals, being part of a Letter to the Hon, Rob. Boyle, Efq\ from the late Rev. John Clayton, D. D. communicated by the Right Rev. Father in God Robert Lord Bifhop of Corke to the Right Hon. John Earl of Egmont, F. R. S. VI. An Experiment concerning the nitrous Par- ticles in the Air ; by the fame Hand. VII. ExtraB of a Letter from John Rutty, M.D. to Dr, Mortimer, Sec. R. S. concern- ing the Poifon of Laurel-Water. c 6%/ [ » 3 Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from Chelfea Garden, prefented to the Royal Society by the Company of Apothecaries, for the Tear 17^7. purfuant to the !Z)/- redion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart, Med, Reg, & Soc, Reg. Brief, hy Ifaac Rand, Jpothecary., F. R. S. Hort. CheL Brief ac Brahe, Botan» A 751. \ CETOSA ^gyptia ; rofeo feminis in-' volucroj folio lacero; Lippi. D. Sham L^hyt. Afr. Spec. N°. 5. 752. Adianthum nigrum j radice prselonga, arbores annofas perreptante. Grif. Virid. Lujitan. Filicula Lujitanica ; Folypodii radice. T. Inft. 541* 753. Admirabilis Peruviana j flore rubro. Cluf. rar. Flant. Hiji. Lib. V. p. 89. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 9 1 . 754. Androfemum maximum frutefcens. C. B, 280. . 755. Aralia Canadenfis. T. Inft, 300. Tanaces yid.p7rifjt.0v five racemofa, Canadenfsl CornuL 74. 756. Aftrantia major ; corona floris Candida. T. Inft. 314. 75 7- Aftrantia major 5 corona floris purpurafcentc. T. Inft. 3 14* 758. Betonica Orientalis j folio anguftiflimo, & longiflimo 5 fpica florum crafliori. T, Cor. 1 3. 759. BL A 759^ Bidens Americana triphylla; foliis anguflis, acutis. Chryfanthemum Virginianumj folio amt lore 1^‘Vi trifoliato j feu Anagyridis folio, H. Ox. III. p. 21. 760. Campanula pentagonia, perfoliata. Morif* H. Ox. 11.^57- 76 1 . Cafline vera perquam fimilis, Arbufcula Phil- lyreae foliis antagoniftis. Ex Provincia Carolinienli. Pluk. Mantiff. p. 40. Thytogr. Tab. 381. Fig. g. 762. Cepa fiflilis. Matthiol. 5f5’. 763. Cepa Afcalonia. Matthiol. $^6. 764. Chenopodium Ambrofioides Mexicanum fru- ticofum. 765. Chriftophoriana Americana procerior &lon- gius fpicata. TOillen. H. Elt. Tab. 67. 766. Commelina anguftifolia procumbens. 767. Dalea. TDni. Millar invent oris. 768. Dentaria bulbifera. Lob. Icon. 6^7. 769. Digitalis minima, Gratiola dida. H. Ox. *Part. II.^79> Gratiola Centaur oides. C. B. 279. 770. Elichryfumj anguftiffimo folio. T. Inft. 452. Stcechas citrina tenuifolia altera, five Italica. J.B.III. 155. 771. Epimedium. C.B.'Hi. TOod. 599. 772. Eruca fylveftris. Ger. Eruca fylveftris tenuifolia perennis ; fore luteo, J. B. II. 861. 773. Eruca i Bellidis folio. Mor. H. Ox. T. II. 231. 774. Eupatorium cannabinum. C. B. 320. Eupatorium Avicenna Oliicin. 777. Eu-’ [ 5 3 775* Eupatoriumj folio oblongo rogofo j caulc purpurafcentc. jj6. Fagopyrum eredum j feminibus ad angulos dentatis, fpicatim nafcentibus. ^ Ex Ruffia. 777. Ficus Orientalis j foliis in lacinias anguilas profunde incifis. The large white Turkey Fig. 778. Fumariaofficinamm & Diofcoridis. C.B. 145; 779. Fumaria bulbofa ; radice cava, major. C. B. 143. 780. Fumaria lutea. C. 5. 143. 781. Fumaria femper virens &florcns5 flore albo.' Boerh. Ind. I. 130. 782. Galeopfis patula fegetumj fiore purpiira-’ fcente. T. Inft. 185. Sideritis arvenjis rubra. Park. 783. Hernandia; ampio Hederse folio, umbilicato." Tlum. Nov. Gen. 6. Niix veficaria oleofaj foliis umhilicatisy ex In- fula Barbadenjt. Pluk. Phyt, 208. Fig. i. 7 84. Hypericum Androfsmum didum. J. B. III. 3 82. Androfamum alterum hirfutum. Colum. Ec. 75. 785. LycoperFcon Galeni. Ang.217. 786. Petiveria, Solani foliis j loculis fpinofis. Film. Nov. Gen. 50. Verbena aut Scorodonia affinis anomala, fore albidoi calyce afpero ’■> Allii odore. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 64. Guinea Hen-weed. Hift. I. 172, 787. Pyrethrum Officinarum. By rethrum fore Bellidis. C.B, 148. [4] Cham^melum fpeciofo flore ; radice longa fer^ Vida. D. Shaw. Phyt. Afric. Spec. No. 138. 788. Pyirethrum frutefcens Canarienfe. Leucanthemum Canarienfe ; foUis Chryfan- ihemi ; ^yrethri fapore. T. Inft. <566. 789. Rapuntium Americanum, flore dilute coe- ruko. Ac. Reg. Rar. 79Q. Rapuntium Virginianum ; foliis oblongis j floribus parvis coeruleis, fpica longilUma laxa. 791. Refeda alba. J. B. III. 4-67, 792. Refeda crifpa Gallica. Bocc. Rar. 76. 793. Solanum fruticofum bacciferum. C B. 166. 794. Thlafpidium fruticofum j Leucoii folio, feni- per florens. T. Inft. 214. Thlafpi fruticofum Rerjicum i foliis Keiri, fiore odorato. Zanon. 196. 795. Trichomanes live Poly tri chum Offic4narum» 6. 796. Turritis vulgaris ramofa. T. Inft. 224. Rilofella fliquata Thalii. Tab. vii. 797. Turritis Leucoii folio. T. Inft. 224. 798. Turritis Leucoii folio ; floribus amplioribus. 799. Ulmaria. Cluf. Hift. CXCVIIl. Barba Capra floribus compaBis. C. B. 1 64. 800. Ulmaria ; floribus in longas fpicas congeflis. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 295 . Barba Capra floribus oblongis. C. B. 163. II. R)e II. De Menfura & Motu Aquarum fluent §luo agitur de aqua ejjiuente ex *vafe femper plena per foramen rotundum^ & de rejtftentia ejufdem ex defe^u lubricitatts orhmda. Au6iore Jacobo Ju- rin, Soc. Reg. & Colleg. Medic. Londinenf. Sodale. Quarum fluentium Menfuram veteres nullam ha- buerunt, nifi incertam illam &fallaccm, qus. nulla vdocitatis habita ratione, fola rivi fedione perpen- diculari nitebatur. Ad veram aditum primus aperuit, centum circiter abhinc annis, BenedtSlus Cafiellus, ItaluSy Galileo faniiliaris. Is quum comperiffet co- piam aquK per datam rivi fedionem transfluentis, datam non elTe, quod veteres crediderant, fed pro- portionalem cdcritati qua fertur aqua per datam fedionem, nobili hoc invento novae & utilillimae fundanienta fcientiae jccit, Hydraulicae. Hoc itaque audorephilofophi certatim in earn difciplinam cxco- lendam incubuerunt, ut nemo pene fuerit a Caftelli temporibus mathematicus paulo inligniorj quin ali- quid operas ad ejus ihcrementum contulerit, five ex- perimentis inhituendis, five rationibus <5c argumentis a priori excogitandis. At plerifquc,. utut magnis viris, propter fummam operis difficultatem, parum feliciter res procedit.- Nam & theoriam excolentes ea tradiderunt theore- mata, quibus fado periculo refragare deprehenditur cxperientias 6c'qui experimcmis capiendis operam tium. Tentamen Primum. dede- C <5 3 dederunt, cum anlmum non adverterent ad clrcum- ftantias quafdam minutiores, quod iis quid momenti ineOet nondum erat compertum, inde fadum eft, ut turn finguli magnopere inter fe diflideant, turn ab ilia Menfuray qux repcriri debuerat, pene omnes in- ftgniter aberrarint. Cujus rei non aliud iuculentius dari poteft exem- plum, quam fimplex illud omniumque facillimum, quod reliquis fere univeiTis pro fundamento efte coii' fuevit, quodque nos idcirco diligentlus pertraftandum fufcepimus, ubi aqua ex vafe conftanter pleno, con- ftanti velocitate, per foramen circularc in fundo fadum decurrit. Hie enim ex omnibus unus To- lenus veram tradidit aqusc effluentis Menfuramj aut earn faltem, quas ad veram proxime accedit : unus Newt onus verum pofuit ejus Menfura indagandje fundamentum ; verum, at a plerifque repudiatum ; a quibufdam, diflimulato audoris nomine, pro fuo venditatum. His itaque duobus ducibus rem aggredimur, & primo quidem loco, ph;snomcn&)n nomine propone- mus ea, qujE aut ipfis experimentis comparent, aut ex iifdem, certillimis argumentis confirmantur : deinde ad eorum phaenomenwn folutionem accedemus. Thanomena effluxus aqua ex for amine in fundo vafs conjianter pleni- 1. Data altitudine aquae & tempore efHuendi, Menfura aquae effluentis eft fere in ratione fora- minis. 2. Data altitudine aquae & foramine, Menfura aqux effluentis eft in ratione temporis effluendi. 3. Dato [7] Dato tempore effluendj & foramlne, Menfura aquae effluentis eft fere in ratione fubduplicata altitu- dinis aquas. 4. Menfura aquae effluentis eft fere in ratione com- pofita ex ratione foraminis, ratione temporis, & ra- tione fubduplicata altitudinis aquas. 5. Menfura aqux dato tempore effluentis longe minor eft ca, quae ex Mathematicorum theorematis vulgo elicitur. Ea nempe vulgo habetur aqua: efflu- entis vclocitas, quam acquirat in vacuo corpus grave cadendo ex Integra altitudine aquae fupra foramen ^ & hoc pofito, fi area foraminis vocetur jF, A altitudo aquae fupra foramen, V velocitas quam comparat corpus grave cadendo in vacuo ex ifta altitudine, T tempus cadendi, & effluat aqua conftanti hac velo- citare per tempus T, erit 2 A longitudo columns aqueae, quae eo tempore effluit ; eritque c)ms Menfura z A F. At fi accuratiflima * Toleni experimenta ad calculum revoces, copiam aquae, qus eo tempore 571 effluit, non nifi circiter hujus Menfura lAF conficere perfpicies. Hujus autem viri illuftriffimi experimenta, cum propter fummam ejus diligentiam, & accurationis ftudium, turn alio etiam nomine, reliquorum omni- bus omnium praeferenda cenfeo. Is fiquidem depre- hendit copiam aquae effluentis ex vafe per tubum cylindricum, earn qus exiret per foramen circulate in tenui lamina faftum, pari exiftente diametro tubi & foraminis, & pari altitudine aquae ambobus incum- * Polenus de Cafiellis, Art, 35,33, 39, 42? 4?* bentis, [ 8 ] bc^itis, long^ fuperare. Idquc ita fe habere cog- novir, cum tubus non fundo quidem, quod alii prius animadverterant, fed lateri vafis infereretur. Eft autem foramen vel in tenui lamina faflum, pro brevi tubo cylindrico habendum. Unde patet majorem aquse copiam ex foramine in lamina tenui fado profluere, quam qu£e effluxura fuiflet, ft, quod aiunt, infinite parva fuiflet laminx craflities. Cujuf- modi lamina cum nequehaberi, nec etiam cogitatione concipi queat, relinquitur ut augeamus diametruni foraminis, quo laminae craflities, quam fieri commode poteft, minimam rationcm obtineat ad foraminis dia- metriim. Id vero magno cum judicio prsftitit Tolenus, cum uteretur diametro linearum 26, lamina autem non integram lineam crafla j cum ante cum vix quifquam adhibuerit diametrum 6 aut 7 lineas fuperantem ; aut omnino animum adverterit ad laminae vel fundi vafis craflitiem, nifi quod unus NewtomiSy pro fumma fua providentia, fefe lamina pertenui ufum fuifle feribat. Nec foraminum folum, fed vaforum etiam amplU tudini "Golems fupra omnes profpexit, quo aqua liberrime & quam minimo cum impedimenro verfus foramen defeenderet j ut nullus dubitandi locus fit, quin Menfura ab eo captae propius longe quam ullae a reliquis traditae ad verum accedant. 6> Cum, ut modo vidimus, Menfura aquae efllu- entis praedidlo tempore Ty fit 2 ^1} .y eft Ion* 1000 gitudo columnae aquex, qua: eo tempore efiluit, iA% Itaque, ii particul^ aqueae, qu» eodera tem- ports [ 9 ] poris punfto in foramine verfantur, iingula: pari velo- citate profiliant, liquet communem omnium vdoci- tatem earn clTe, qua percurratur tempore 7" fpatiuni five velocitatem -11^. Haec autem lOOO lOOO ea eft, quacum aqua in vacuo profilire poftit ad tertiam fere partem altitudinis aquae fupra foramen. 7. Atqui, cum furfurn vertitur aqute motus, ut in fontibus falientibus, profilire cernuntur fontes ad alti- tudinem aquae in cifterna pene integram. Profiftt ergo ex foramine aqua, aut aliqua faltem aqux portio, cum velociate ^pene integra, certe velocitate multo 571 majori quam • 8. Hinc certiflime liquet particulas aqueas, quae codem temporis pundo in foramine verfantur, non omnes erumpere cum eadem velocitate, five nullam effe velocitatem omnibus communem. Contrarium hadenus pro indubitato habuerunt Mathematici. 9. Ad parvam a foramine diftantiam, venx aqueae erumpentis diameter multo minor eft diametro fora- minis. Nempe, fi foraminis diameter fit i, erit venx ^ X aquex diameter — , five 0,84 menfurante Newtono, 25 qui mirabile hoc phenomenon primus animadvertit j ex menfuris Toleno captis erit — , vel j hoc eft, 26 26 ft diametrum intermediam ceperis, 0,78 fere. His expofitis, progrediendum eft deinceps ad folu- tionem horum phenomenon expediendam : id vero antequam fiat, ex ufu erit le0] X. Aquam nos non aliter confideramus, quain ut corpus fluidum, continuum, cujus pattes vi minims illatas cedunt, & cedendo moventur inter fe. 2. Per aquam effluentem intelligimus earn aqus copiam, qus adtu ex foraminc egreditur: Quod, etfi minus neceffarium videri poffit, monendum tamen idcirco duximus, quod in T^ijfertatione noflra de Motu aquanm fiuentium ante annos circiter 24 Adiis ThHofophicis inferta, aqus defluentis nomine deii- gnata fuerit tota iila aqus copia, qus intra vas in motu conftituta eft, & verfus foramen defcendit. 3. Vafts amplitudinem pro infinita habemus, aut tanta faltem, ut in eo decrementum altitudinis aqus toto temporis fpatio, quo aqua ex foramine effluit, fenfu percipi nequeat. 4. Aquam confideramus ut effluentem conftanti velocitate. Nimirum ipfo motus initio per minimum temporis fpatium effluit aqua minori velocitate, quam mox elapfura fit. Nos autem ipfum motus initium prsterimus, 5c turn demum inveftigamus aqus Men^ furam 5c Motum, cum integram velocitatem, quanta fieri poteft, comparaverit. Hsc autem conftans fit, necefte eft, dum conftet aqus fuperincumbentis altitudo. 5. Fundum vafis non aliter concipimus quam ut planum mathemacicum, vel laminam faltem eatenus tenuem, ut ejus craflities quafi nulla fit refpedu dia- mctri foraminis. 6. Per Menfuram aqu£ ejfliientis in fequentibus fern per intelligimus earn aquae copiam, qus ex fora- mine erumpit illo temporis fpatio, quo corpus grave in vacuo cadens ,percurfurum fit alcitudincm aquae fupra foramen. 7. Per ' [ '• ] 7. VttMotum aqu£ effluentis intelligimus fummam motuum omnium aquoc particularum, qu£ fupradido tcmporis fpatio ex foramine erumpunt. Motus vero cujufque particular e(i, ut fadum ex ipfa particula 6c velocitate quacum ex foramine erumpit. 8. Quo facilius animo concipiantur fequentia, cafus fimpliciores primo proponemus, deinde ad magis com- pofitos, fed propius ad verum rerum ftatum acce- dentes, progrediemur. Nempe in problemate primo, quo fimplicior evadat folutio, ponimus aquam ex foramine in vacuum ef- fluere, aqueafque particulas, dum verfus foramen defcendunr, omni carere refiftentia ex dcfedu lubri- citatis oriunda. In fecundo 6c tertio problemate ponitur adhuc cffluxus aquae in vacuo inilitui j fed concipimus par- ticulas aqueas, dum verfus foramen defcendunt, non- nullara ex defedu lubricitatis experiri refidentiam, tantulam tamen, ut decrementum Motus aquze ex foramine effluentis, exinde ortum, pro nihilo haberi pofflt. In quarto & quinto, vacui pofitionem adhuc reti- nemus j at fenfibile ponitur decrementum Motus aquae effluentis, ex defedtr lubricitatis. Tandem -in problemate fexto 6c fequentibus rem confideramus prout revera fe habet, cum in acre res tranfigitur, adeo ut particulfB aqueae refiftentiam fenli- bilem patiantur, non modo a fefe invicem per defedum lubricitatis, intra vas, fed etiam poll exitum e vafe, per attritum aeris ambientis. B z Pro- [ ] Problema I. ^efinire Motum, Menfuram, ^ velocitatem aqu£ in vacuum effluent is per foramen in fundo vafis^ ubi particul£ aqua nullam patiuntur refftentiam ex dejeBii lubrkitatis. Dum foramen obturaculo ocduditur, fuftinet obtu- raculum pondus columnse aquese ^ipfi ad perpendi- culum incumbentis. Remoto obturaculo, columna aquae foramini ad perpendiculum imminens, cum non amplius fuftineatur, preffione fua efficiet, ut aqua per foramen defiuat, & poftquam earn ad debitam veloci- tatem compulerit, dcinceps conftanti fua preffione conftantem aquae effluentis velocitatem confervabit. Concipicndum eft quidem, Motum aquae ex fora- mine effluentis non a pondere folius columnae per- pendicularis ortum ducere, fed partim ex hujus co- lumnae preffione, partim ex preffione aquas circum- politae derivari. Sed hoc pado neque major neque minor fit Motus aquae effluentis, quam ft ex preffione folius columns perpendicularis oriretur: Non minor, quia preffio columnae perpendicularis, ft non impe- diatur, Motum ftbi proportionalem generabit, impe- diri autem non poteft nift quatenus aqua cireumpoftta urget aquam effluentera: non major, quia preffio aquae circumpofitas non poteft aliquid conferre ad Motum aquae effluentis, nift tantundem demat ex pref- ftone columnae perpendicularis. Caufa igitur adaequata Motus aquae ex foramine effluentis, eft preffio live pondus columnae aqueae, quae foramini infiftit At vis data, quocunque modo ap- c 4 ] Erit ejus velocitas Vi & cum magnitudo ejufdem fit AFi eiit ejus Mot us A FV. Atqui Motus ifte, ex fuprapof tis, squalis eft Motui columnae aqueaj effluentis tempore Tj five A FV=: 2 A Fv'^ ^ V Hinc autem r a SI F V 2 ' V2 Porro Menfura fuprapofita aqux efBuentis tem- pore Ti five AFv__2AF^ V _2 a F V F V2 Vz = AFx Coroll. I. Cum ftt a \ A V^ i erit a = hoc eft, , five a = — . Ita- V^ z 2 que altitudo quam eifluens aqua motu furfum verfo attingere queat, dimidia eft altitudo aquae in vafe fupra foramen. Quas eft ipfa altitudo Newtono defi- nita Frop. 36. Lib. II. Frinctp. Editionis primze. Co ROLL. II. Si tribuatur aquae effluenti ea velo- citas, quae comparatur cadendo ex Integra altitudine aquae fupra foramen, hoc eft, ft ponatur velocitas y quae extra CataraUtam fita eft, Omni motu carere, 6c penitus quiefcere. Itaque in fedione quavis horizontali CataraBa HcK^ cujus centrum c, punda K repraefentabunt limites inter aquam defcendentem verfus foramen, 6c aquam cir- cumpofitam quiefcentem. Porro, .cum pundum K fit limes motus & quietis, 6c particulae aqueae, dum moventur inter fe, refiften- riam patiantur ex defedu lubricitatis, particula aqus a, Fig. 2. intra CataraBam fita, 6c adjacens pundo K, non poterit nifi quam minima velocitate deorfum ferri. Alioqui, neceftario fecum abriperet particulam proximam a extra Catctra^am pofitam, contra hypo- thefin. Particula autem /3, quse particula a intror- fum coatigua eft, nonnifi quam minima velocitate relativa defcendet refpedu particula a ; cum alioqui particulam « accelerando earn fecum abriperet, 6c hzec particula a, jam celerius mota, abriperet fecum par- ticulam a. Pariter particula y magis introrfum pofita, 6c particultpqS coatigua, defcendet quam minima velo- citate relativa refpedu particulae /3 ; & reliqute parti- culae 7 ] dent velocitate quam minima relativa refpedu paitl- cularum fmgulis extrorfum adjacentium. Hac autem ratione velociras abfoiuta particularum crefcat necelle eft gradatim a limite verfus centrum Cy ut velocitas aquzE fit maxima in ipfo centro, minima in limite utroque K H. Necefte vero eft, ut refiftentia, quam experitur par- ticula quteque celerior ex afFriiftu adjacentis partieulsc tardioris extrorfum pofitae, perpetuo fibi ajqualis fit per totam fedionem Catara^a. Alioqui, particula ilia, quas majorem patitur refiftentiam, accelerabit particulam tardiorem adjacentem, donee minuatur hoc pado refiftentia, & fiat xqualis illi refiftentia, quam patiuntur caeterae particulte. At fi refiftentia fit ubique fibi aequalis per totam CataraSfa fedionem, erit & velocitas relativa particularum ubique aequalis, cum altera alteram neceflario confequatur. Ergo velocitas abfoiuta cujuftibet particulte, quat eft fumma velocitatum omnium relativarum ab am- bitu fedionis ad cam ufque particulam fimul fumpta- rum, eft in ratione diftantix ejufdem particulaj ab ambitu Catara6i£^ His expofitis, fit modo r radius foraminis, m zd i in ratione peripheric ad diametrum, mr^ area fora- minis, V velocitas quacum aqua defeendit in centro foraminis, a altitudo unde cadendo in vacuo com- paretur velocitas v, A altitudo aquae fupra foramen, V velocitas quae comparetur cadendo in vacuo ex altitudine A, T tempus cadendi ex eadem^ z diftan- tia cujuftibet particulae a centro foraminis, & effluat aqua tempore T. Jam Menfura aquae, quae tempore T ex foraminc egreditur, ad hunc modum invenietur. C Erit t '8 ] Erit radius circuli cujuflibet intra foramen, 2 mz circumferentia ejufdem, imzz annulus nafeens ei circumferentis adjacens, annulo nalcente. vXr- vdocitas aqux in Cumque ft V: VX : : 2^: 2 A vxr — 2^’ y~r • 2 A. ‘VX^Y — Z ent fpatium, quod conficit aqua per annulum nafeentem fiuens tempore !T, & Meyi- 2 A vxr — ^ = fur a ejufdem aqu^E erit zmzzx Vr A vxr z . Vr At Menfura aquas per annulum nafeentem tranf- euntis eft fluxio Menfura aqux tranfeuntis per cir- culum, cui radius 2:. Eft itaque Menfura aquae, quae tempore T tranfit per hunc circulum, quantitas fluens ^mAv ftuxionis modo expofitae — — Xr zz — i. e. AtMAv 3 rz^ — 2z^ 2m A V ✓S X 3 rz^ — Vr 6 -3 Vr Et ponendo z=r, habebitur Menfura aquae per totum foramen tranfeuntis tempore T, nempe Motus vero aquae ejufdem fc habebitur. iV Menfura C ‘9 ] ' Menfura aqus tempore T effluentls per annul um nafcentem eft, ut modo perfpeximus, — -p- — X rzii — & cum velocitas ejufclemTit 'ux . . A,mAv erit ejus Motus ^mAv^ ■z Vr X rz 'z — 2z^zX"^xr — z r Vr^ Xr zz — zr z zx^ cujus quantitas fluens eft rz^.z^ — rr— = mAv^ iVr r X 6r'^z^ — 8r,s^-f-3^4, qui eft Motus aquse tranf- euntis per circulum ciii radius z. Et pofita z=.r, habetur Motus aqux efBuentis tempore 7~pcr totum ^ mAv~A foramen, — — 3 V Hie autem Motus y per folutionem Troblematis primi, & hypothefin hujus, zequalis eft Mottti, quern columna foramini iniiftens comparare poftlt eodem tempore T, fuo ipfius pondere per vacuum cadendo, hoc eft, Motui AFJ^y ftvc AVxmr^. Itaque 771’ A "V T ^ jr 2 — = mAFr\ iV Hinc autem tcv~ Vx \/ 3 . Porro Menfura fuprapofira aquae effluentis per - ^ zmAvr^ zmAr^ foramen tempore i, nempe xVxV 3 = 2 Am Vi 3^ Q^E, I. C 2 C OROLL, Goroll. I. Av- A /^2. //2 C 10 ] Cum fit lA. A i df erit a Itaque altitudo, ad qiiam aqua in vacuo profilire poffit ea velocitate, quacum effluit in centro foraminis, tripla eft altitu* dinis aqu^e fupra foramen. Coroll. II. Catara6i£ figura ad hunc modum dcfinietur : Sit HKj Fig. 3. quaslibet fedio CataraB£y cujus centrum c-, ftque ejus radius altitudo aquas fupra iftam fedionem, five Ic~Xy t tempus cadendi in vacuo ex altitudine at, fitque? ut prius, LF—r, 6c 1 A. Jam tranfit aqua per hanc fedionem HK eadem copia atque effluit ex foramine EF. Quod ft vas eo ufque deciirtetur, ut ejus altitudo redigatur ex iL ad Ic, adeoque fedio ifta HK jam fiat ipfum foramen in fundo vafts, tranfibit aqua dato tempore, per hanc fedionem, copia neque majori, ncque minori, atque prius tranfierat per eandem, vafe nondum decurtato: non majori, quia non urgetur ifta fedio nifi eodem columnx fuperincumbentis pondere, quo prius urgebatur ; non minori, quia aqua inferior HKFE non obftat motui aqux per fedi- oncm H K tranfituras. Vafe autem decurtato, Menfura aqu$ effluentis ex foramine H K tempore tj per folutionem prasceden- 3 X ITl tern, eft — ”tt~> ^ Menfura aquas effluentis tempore reft V3- zxmy" T zxmy'^ ^/ A X ^ A : ^ X. V 3 Nam r : t Sed, [ 3 Sed, ex fupradidis, Menfura aquise tempore dato T effluentis ex foramina H K vafc decurtato, sequalis eft Menfnra aqua: eodem tempore tranfeuntis per feftionem H K vafe integro, five Menfura aqua: eodem tempore effluentis ex foramina Itaque ftve — r^-\/ 1.x my“ A 2 Am y/ 1 '' y'jv V 3 vel y\x-=-r^ A, quae eft ipfa aequatio curva: hyperbo- licae, cujus rotatione figuram Catara6la gigni olim oftendimus in A6fis ThUofophids Numero 3 5 5* Scholium I. 2, A 771 Menfura aquae fupra inventa ^ — j ^ve i A mr'^ Xo,5773 50 tantillomajor t&.MenfurazAmr^xOjSyi^ quae ex Cl. Toleni experimentis elicitur. Hoc autera differentiae, aliqua falfem ex parte, inde provenit, quod in hoc problemate decrementum Motus aquae ex refiftentia ortum pro nihilo habuimus. Scholium II. Retfte fe habet Menfura aquae effluentis hac folu- tione definita, ft altitudinem vafis pro infinite magna habeamus refpedtu diametri foraminis. Cum vero haec altitudo finitam rationcm obtinet ad diametruni foraminis, paulo minor erit Menfura^ ita tamen, ut cum altitudo quinquies major fit diametro, non nil! parte & cum dupla fit diametri, non nifi parte 3 2000 5120 circiter, a vero aberret, qua: differentia mi- nores [ 3 notes funt quam ut ullo cxpcrimento deprehendi qiieant. Tantillum autem hoc difcrimen exinde profici- fcitur, quod vclocitas fupradida rclativa, & proinde ipfa velodtas abfolura particularum aquae, quas confi- deravimus ut in dire£lione ad horizontcm perpendi- culari, revera obtincnt diredionem paululum obli- quam, cum propius ad axem CataraB£ accedat quae- que particula inter defccndendum. Quod fi aliquis defiderio teneatur folutionem veram & accuratam conTequcndi, cum altitude aquae quameunque ratronem obtinet ad diametrum fora- minis, cam hunc in modum confequi poterit. Ex curvas CataraEfica proprietate corollario fecundo hujus problcmatis cxpofica, qua x = fubtangens hujus curvae ad ambitum foraminis invenietur 4^^, & ad ambitum cujuflibet fedionis fubtangens erit 4X‘, aequalis fcilicet altitudini aquae fupra illam fedionem quater fumptae. Curvam vero cjufmodi CataraEiicam deferibit non modo aqua exterior, quae foraminis ambitum praeter- fluit, fed etiam ilia pars aqux, quae per quemlibet fora- minis annulum effluit j i. c. unaqu^que particula aqiiea curvam ejufmodi deferibit. Sit modo diftantia cujufvis particulae in foramine pofitae, a centro foraminis, & defeendat haec parti- cula per fpatium quam minimum in tangente ad curvam CataraBkam. Hinc erit ejus velocitas in diredione hujus tangentis, five vclocitas — Zy r quae in hoc problematc expofita efl-, ad velocitatem cjufdem in diredione ad horizontcm perpcndiculari, ut V I 6 ^2 _J_ ^2 ; 4 Eft Eft itaquc vclocitas in diredione ad horizontem perpendicular!, v%r — ——========== • Hinc autem, infiftendo veftigiis folutionis fupe- rioris, habebis pro Menftira aqua; per annulum nafcen- , ^ r . i6mA^v tem tranleuntis, rV y_rzz — z^z ■v/ I 6^2-|-2;2 Hu jus vero fluxionis quantitas fluens, per Menfuras rationum Cotefianas, Form. V. & VI. invenietur 4^ i6mA^v 2r—z , T — . — ^ __y 1 6 ^2q_^2_|_8^2 & ponendo primum ^ = o, dcindc z = habebis \6mA^v r , ^ \6A^‘-\-X^—^Ar-^^A^\ pro Menfura aqua: per totuni foramen tranfeuntis tempore T. Porro, Emilem in modum procedendo, habebis pro Mofu aqu$ per annulum nafeentem tranfeuntis, 6/\.mA^‘V'^ r'^zz — irz-zAz'^z ^ . ■ -j-r — X — T — TT—^ — i ’ CUIUS fluxionis V i6A -\-z ' quantitas fluens, per Formam I & II. Cotefiananiyxcs^z- rietur 16 A'^ 64 m v' A i/ 16 A'' 4- 2;' •in ■ z ^r‘ I 6 A"^ -f~ ^ ^ 16 16 A- I / —'^6 A^ 4-2 — 16A 1~ Vi6A'^-\~ z 6c ponendo z=r, habebis j6A^‘+A ■ ^ ' - - ' A 6\ mA^v''^ ; ~~'AV~ \rAV~ 16 A'' 16A‘- 3r- . r 4 ] quf eft Motus aquas tranfeuntis per foramen tem- pore T, Sit jam 2 N=i 8y^= K= J6y^^-hr^^ vel 4^ 16 A^ "-j- 2 “-f- 2 r -/ 1 6 “j- r* 16 A^ r'^ ' — 16 A^ I6j^ + r^ ^ 2 16A^ ' JL = 2 r V — i6 r — i6 A' vel 1 6 -f- r L r=:2r'^4.A (Rad : Tang : Sec ::^A \ r\ + & Menfura aqux per foramen tranfe- 1 6 ^ *17 — — — untis tempore Z, erit — — x Af-|- iV — 4 yfr j Motus veto ejufdem aquae erit Lt~VK — ' 3 r’^ ^ 2 ^ 6a,mA'^v'‘ L-^K—%r’ . ... , Sed — 7='p' — -~=»ir A/^,ixadc 2 foramen effluentis tempore T, eft zmAr M-}-N-—>4.Ar- ^V.L^K—ir^ Z' . Sin 4 [ } Sin autem pro Mcnfuris rationum & angulorum ad- hibere malis feries infinicas, erit fuprapofita Menfura aquse per annulum nafcentem cffluentis, rzz' tV mv , % ad hanc formam reducenda, - !■ & leduccndo X ^ - •s'-s X ” — — ■ ad feriera infinitam, habcbis V I 3 z4 5 ^6 xrzz — z^zm^A — % 4x8^^^ 3 5^^ i^A^ + — &c. pro Menfura aqua: per annulum nafcen- tcm cffluentis j & per hujus fluxionis quantitatem flu- mv cntem, five per -pr in 2 A ; r4 5 4- y ylo zox^A ‘ 14X8^^^ cx'^onctur Menfura S6X^^A^ ‘ 22X^^ A'^ aqu^ cffluentis per foramen integrum. Porro Motiis fuprapofitus aquae per annulum nafccn- . . C^mA^ ^ r^zz — zrz^;z-hz^z tern tranleuntis, .-r^: — X 'F ^mAv\ r^V \mAv'^ ~~fn^ r4 'Xr'^ zz — 2 rz^z -j-z^ zX- I6A^ -f-^^ * i6A^ IdA^'j-Z^ i6^A^ I6^A^ Xr^zz — 2 rz^z-l-z^zin i 6 ^8 + 'io J 6 A^ 16^ A ^ 16^^10 D • Et £ 2(5] Et per fluxionis hujus quantitatem fluentem, five per r4 I 12 6ox I(>^^ ' i58 X ylO ■ ^ ==- exponetur Z60^i6^A^ ' 660X164^8 aquse per foramen integrum elfluentis. n A 2 ^mA . r" E^%oAmA V=^ — in — r J2 T'4 6q>^\6A^ +2&C. five in 1— — L! — &c. vd 3 15 X 16^2 ‘ ' -~h /y2; 6 A^ V YZ -f &c. 3 lfXi6y^2 Unde Menfura aquje effluentis per foramen, five mv . 7.Ar in ^ V 3 _J _ 20%% A 14x8^^^ 5 m. ^Jr"^ — .in 3 V 20x8 j — TfH" 36X8^ A^ V2. 3 -|- &c. 15x16^® zAA ■.mm zoxzA (&C. v^i ; + &C. 3 1$ %16 A' Unde tandem aquae effluentis p^er foramen habet ur in i — C V ] Hlnc ponendo A infinitam refpedu diamctrl fora- minis, evadit Menfura = ■ — 7——, ut in ‘Froble- mate hoc determinavimus. Cum A= I o r, Menfura = x i — — 1___ v3 32000 circiter. Cum A^^Ty Menfura lAmr^ X I 5120 cir- citer. Poteft itaque loco vcrae Menfura adhiberi Menfura 2 Amr_^ periculo fenfibilis crroris, etiam in V 3 tantula altitudine, multo magis in altitudine multis vicibus majori, qualis fere in experimentis adhiberi confuevit j & hoc padto computus ex operofo admo- dum & intricato faciliimus evadit. Problema III. lifdem poftiSy & negligendo accelerationem aqua extra forameuy determinare diametrum vena aquea ad parvam difantiam extra for amen y ubi vena maxtme contrahituTj & velocitatem aqua in vena fic con- trabia. In problematis fuperioris folutione oftenfum fuit, particulas aqueas ex foramine emmpentes non una omnibus communi velocitate profilire, fed eo velocius ferri, quo propius abfunt a centro foraminis j & velo- citatem relativam particularum interiorum, refpedu particularum fingulas extrotfum contingentium, con- D 2 ilanter [ ] ibntef fibi feqnakm fieri per totum foramen j & rela- livam hanc velocitatem proficifci ex refiftentia, quam ab aqua circumpofita patitur aqua verfus foramen defcendens. At poftquam aqua ex foraraine egreffa efi, cjufque fuperfidcs exterior nuliam jam patitur refiftcutiam ab aqua cireumpofita, nec etiam ab acre ambiente, qiiippc qu£s ex hypotheil per vacuum feratur, fieri ncquit ut amplius perilet ilia velocitas relativa, aut velocitatis abfoiius injsqiialitas. jam enim particuls celeriorcs accelerent neceffe efc particulas tardiores contiguas, & ipfse viciilim a tardioribus retardentur, donee uni- verfie unicam velocitatem fortitas fuerint parriculis omnibus communem 5 quod intra parvum fpatium tier, poOquam ex foramine fuerint egrefik. Dum vero communem hanc velocitatem confe- qimntur omnes particulte, contrahitur neceilario venx diameter. Similiter nempe hie res accidir, atque cum fiamen rapidius cum tardiori, Rhodanus puta cum .^rarCy conjungitur. In alveo communi par eft velo- citas aqux ex iitroque flumine advedlae, & pari copia tranfmittitur aqua per fedlionem hujus alvei, atque prius tranfmifia fuerat per fediones fluminum ambo- lum: Sed longe minor eft Rhodani fedio poft rim rcccprum, quam fumma fedionum Rhodani & Araris, priufquam confluanr. Sit igitur vents aqueae contradaa, ubi omnes parti- cults in eadetii venae fedione fitae squalcm veloci- tatem adeprts fuerint, radius & communis ifta velo- citas vocerur v. ]am Menfura aquae per vents contradts fedionem transfluemis tempore T lie habebitur. Eft C *9 ] Eft : u : : ^A\ eft longitude venjg aqueK per hanc fe6tionem tranfeuntis tempore T. Eftquc _ — ~ -xmf Menfura aquae per hanc fedionem tranfeuntis eodem tempore. Et Motus aquae per fedionem venae tranfeuntis ^ nzAu , p 2 jTimp' V tempore T, eft — — - '^v, live — —p> Atqui Menfum aqux per vens fe£tionem tranfe- untis aequalis eft Menfura aquae per foramen eodem ^ „ 2Amp^\j zAmr* tempore emuentis, hoc ell, — — , 2 Am, five 2 p* t- = 2r^V Vi Porro Motus aqux ex foramine erumpeniis, cum non mutetur ex aftione particulamm inter fe, aequalis crit Motiii aquae per venae fedionem transfiuentis, hoc Aymr""— jf — , live 2^% Eft autem 2 0 V' 2p V iV^ 2 r rW\ hoc eft ^ =: — — J ^ ^ — 2 4 4 ■ 2 p five 2 Y ' 2 V & Q^E.I. Vi Co ROLL. Cum fit altitudines autem fmt in ratione duplicata velocitatum inde cadendo “ gem- [ ] genitamm, patet earn effe velocitatem aquas In vena contrada, qua furfum profilire queat in vacuo ad tres quartas partes altitudinis aquas fupra foramen. Scholium I. Mirabilem hanc venae aqueaecontradionem primus omnium, ante annos fere 30, animadvertit NewtonuSy cum occafione difficultatum quarundam ab altero illo Britannt£ lumine, &: amico noftro nullis unquam lacrymis fatis deflendo, Rogero Cotefa, propofitarum, qui tunc temporis fecundam Rrmciptorum editionem adornabat, attentius in motum aquae effluentis intro- fpiceret r eandem poftea pluribus experimentis con- firmavit Rolenus. Exinde philofophorum ingenia fatis fuperque exercuit hoc phsenomenon : fed omnes hadenus latuit vera caufa hujus contradionis. Radius autem venae hoc problemate definitus, T \/ 2 nempe ^ ’ five rx 0,8 165, paulo minor eft radio yXo,84, quanta a Newtono traditur; paulo major radio rXo,78, qualis fere Rcleno menfuranti com tigit, eftque pene inter utramque interpiedia. At velocitas fupra dcterminata qua profilire 2 furfum poftit aqua ad tres quartas partes altitudinis vafis fupra foramen, longe abeft ab experimentis, quibus reperiuntur fontes faiientes ad integram fere, cifternae altitudinem adfurgere. Provenit autem iftud velocitatis difcrimen ex aeris ambientis refiftentia, quse tantum abeft ut minuat altitudinem falientium, quod vulgo creditur, eandem non parum auger, id quod ex Troblematis feptimi folutione patebit. S C HO- C p 3 Scholium II. Ex iis, quae fupra expofuimus in SchoUo 2. 7roble- matisll. patet valores hofceipfarum ^ pro. accu- ratis haberi non poffe, nifi altitudo aquae pro infinita habeatur refpe£tu diametri foraminis, proxime tamen ad veros valores accedere, fi altitudo aqucE fit diametri foraminis dupla, aut duplo major, (^od fi eofdem valores accurate veils determinate, adhibere poteris Menfuram eodem SchoUo definitam, five zmAr')<^ unde habebis VL-{-K—^r^ 2 &c p=V 2.x Poteris etiam adhibere feries infinitas eodem SchoUo expofitas. Problema ly. Ac[ua in vacuum effluente ex foramine circulari in medto fundo vajis cylindrici^ ubi particul^ aqu£ inter defluendum intra vas tantam patiuntur rejt- jientiam ex defeStu lubricitatiSj ut inde notabiliter imminuatur Motus aqu£^ ^ data Menfura aqua:' ejjluentis.f definire Motum eju/dem, ^ velocitatem qua per medium foramen egreditur. Sit data Menfura aqujE tempore T effluentis, zmr^ Aq. Huic ergo aequalis erit Menfura per analyfin defignata in folutione Troblematis fccuudi, nempe C J nempe hoc eft xvtr^ A q = . five -1;= 3 V q, Motiis vero cjufdem aqux per analyfin defi- gnatus in codem ^r4)blematey eft ^ ^ ^ *z;2 fubftituendo ejus valorem modo inventum, fit is Motus ^ q^ mr^ AV. Q^E.I. Coroll. Si ex MotUy qui tempore T ^c- nerari pofiit a columna aquea foramini infiftentc, five ex mr^AVy dettahatur Mottis aquae eodem tempore eiHuentis, z mr^- AVy relinquitur Motus tempore 2"exrefiftentiadeperditus«?r^yf i — iq^> Scholium. Si accuratam folutionem defideres, recurrendum eft ad Scholium fecundum Probl. II. hunc in mo- dum; %mr A q = — ~y — x —4 un- de VqX Et Motus % A'aM^ M^^Ar aquae efftuentis tempore Ty erit mr^ AVxq'^ X M-\- AT— 4 Arf ' ^otus ex refiftentia deperditus tempore % exit AV% i ' — o^AyY III. T^ias •[ 35 3 Ppoblema V. lifdem pofitis datifque, & negligendo accelerationem aquce extra foramen^ determinare diametrum ven£ aquea ad parvam diftantiam extra foramen, ubi 'vena maxime contrahitur, velocitatem aqu£ in •vena fic contraBa. Per tertium 'T^roblema, Menfura aquje per fe£lio- nem venai tranfeuntis tempore T eft autem aequalis eft Menfura data: zmr"^ A q‘-> unde fu^r^Vq, Porro, per idem ^robletna tertium, Motus aquae per fedionem venae tranfeuntis tempore T, eft — cui aequalis eft Motus fuperiore proble- mate definitus, 3 q"^ mr"^ A Vj\xt\At if = 3 q^r^ Eft autem u = ^ — r-rr = — — 2 f u 2.qr K . 1 Et^*=: r \/2 2 r = r^FqX — 3^^- 3 unde ^ = V3 Q^E.I. Co ROLL. I. Eadem perftat ratio inter radium foraminis 6c radium venae contradae, five minuatur utcunque per refiftentiam Motus aquae effluentis, ut in hoc Troblemate, five non minuatur, ut in Tro- hlemate III. cum fit utrobique p = " , ^/l Coroll: [ H] C o R o L L. 2. Cum minuitur per refiflentlam Motus aqux effluentis, minuitur fimul velocitas in vena contrada. Cum enim in Troblemate tertio fuerat u — fit modo t; — hoc eft, 2 2 nuitur v ex /^xo,8 66 ad 0,85 6 fumendo 0;57i ex Solent experimentis. mi- Scholium. Accurate erit v^ V'X ay. M+iV— 4^ri^ Af i\T — /\.Ar eritque ^ — }/ 2 y ^ L \ K y ^ atque in** ventum eft in Schol'to fecundo Troblematis tertii. Problema VI. Aqua in aerem ejfluente per foramen circulare in medio fundo vajis cyhndrici^ ubi particulie aqu£ inter defluendum intra vas tantam patiuntur refi- fentiam ex defedtu lubricitatiS:, ut inde notabiliter minuatur Motus aqua-, & data Menfura aqua efflu- entis, definire Motum ejufdem, velocitatem qua per medium f oramen egreditur. Sit data Menfflra aqua: tempore T efEuentis zmr'^Aq-, ut in Troblemate IV. 6c ope ejufdem Troblematis habebitur Motus ejufdem of mr"^ AV, & velocitas quacum egreditur per centrum foraminis, {\\QV~iqV. ,Q.E.I. Coroll. C ?5 ] Co ROLL. Cum detur q, eft v ut V, hoc eft, ut Scholium. Hasc eadem accurate definita repcries in Scholia Troblematis IV. Problem A VII. \ Aqua in aerem effluentCj negligendo accelerationem aqu£ extra foramen ex gravitate ortam, Ji dentur du£ qurelibet ex tribus fequentibiis^ nempe Mcn- fura aqu£ effuentis, velocitate in axe ven£ con- tradi£^ & diametro ejufdem ven£y reliqnam deter- minare. Cum aqua ex foramine erumpens per vacuum fertur, oftenfum eft in folutione Problematic III. aequalem fieri velocitatem particularum aquae per totam fe£tionem venae contradae ; Nunc autem, cum vena per aerem fertur, tollitur neceffario aequalitas ifta velocitatis. Partes enim venae exteriores aerem circumjacentem in motum concitant, atquc ab eodem ipfae retardantur, adeo ut parem cum rdiquis veloci- tatem adipifci nequeant. Partes autem extimae, cum ab acre retardentur, partes cojitiguas interiores retar- dant, haeque proximas; atquc eo pado fit, ut parti- cula quaeque interior cekrius feratur particula con- tigua cxteriore, adeo ut velocitas maxima fit in axe venae, in ambitu minima. Et cum paites exteriores tardius ferantur per aerem, quam., fublato acre, per vacuum ferrentur, inde fit ut partes mediae velocius E 2 ferantur, [ 36 1 ferantur, aei'e venam ambiente, quam ferrentur acre fublato. Qua de caufa medije partes aquas in fonr tibus falientibus multo altius adfurgunt in- acre aperto, quam in vacuo effent adfeenfuras., prout monuimus fub finem Schol. i. ’\Probl. III. Porro, eas partes aeris, quae venae aqueae funt con- tiguae, cum ab aqua in motum concitentur, ipfae alias fibi extrorfum adjacentes in motum concitanr, haeque proximas exteriores, & illae reliquas fuccellive ad certam aliquam diftantiam ab ambitu venae. Velocitas autem particularum aquae ab axe ven« ad ambitum ejufdem ita decrefcat, necefle eft, ut parti- culae cujufque ubicunque fitae una eademque fit velo- citas relativa refpe 3 HI. Tiias Antrorum mkahilh Natur^j glad- alis altenus^ alterius Halitus noxios emClan^ tis, ad Regiam Societatem Sckntiarum Londinenfem, a Matchia Belio ^amonio^ R, S, S. mllfa. Caput I. Antro Glaciali Szdicenfi. §. I. T7* S T, in Carpathi radicibus, qua fe in meri- diem, ]ugis dorfifque fcnfim mitcfcenti- bus, finuanr, Comitatus ThornenJiSy ab arce Thorna^ fic adpellatus. Angufto is ambitu, ac fere montibus impedito, definitur : quos tamen,. pro Carpathi in- genio, paffim naturae prodigia, infignes faciunt. In his montem fuo merito rccenfueris, qui inter Szelic- ze, 6c Borfua, vicos adtollitur: non quod mole reli- quosantecellat j fed quod fpeciemhabeatportentofam, cujus nunc hiftoria exhibenda eft. §. II. Antrum Szelicenfe dicimus, a vico Szelicze nuncupatum. Situs pago, inter fylvas ac nemora, collinus ideoque effoetus, coelum afpemm, aer obtigit frigidus, quern validi ac fere perpetui Aquilones, ex nivofo celfoque iWoCarpathoy a Septentrione dejedi, extra modum immifem reddunt, ut mufcis atque culi- cibus tunc quoque inhofpitalis fit, cum tota regione maxime cakt. ^In hujus vici agro, antrum, de quo fermo eft, in rnontem nunc memoratum grandi 6c obverfo in Aquilonem hiatu dehifcit : quippe qui, orgyias xvm. altus, ix. latus eft, atque ideo accipi- endis ac penitus hauriendis Aquilonibus fic fatis ido- F aeus E ] neiis kxufqiie. Profunda antri, & fubterranei petro- ilque fpeciis, inexpertis meatibus, in Meridiem abcLint. §. IIL Natura antri id habet prodigii, quod cum extus bruma intenfiffime riget, tepido fit intus acre ; frigido contra, immo glaciali, cum funt fervidiflimi foies. Nimirum, limul diffugientibus nivibus, ver inire coepir, interior antri concameratio, qua ea meri- diano foli dorfo objicir, aquam limpidam 6c paflim diftiilantem exfudat: quse interni frigoris vi, in pel- lucidam giaciem concrefcens, ftirias efficit, ad ingen- tium doliorum molem qraifas ac pendulas, inque ramos abeuntes, miris illufos fpeciebus. Quod aquae, e iiiriis, humi arenofas decidit, id quoque opinione cekrius congelat. Ergo, non fornices modo, natura in folidam petram cavati, fed fundum quoque antri, multa 6c nitida glade conveftitum eft. Crederes, totam cavernam, e cryftallo, fubftrudtam incrufla- tamque effe, ita drcumquaque glades refplendefcit. IV. Inufitatus hie obtutus eo eft ingredientibus fpeciofior, quo antri intercapedo 6c latius abit, 6c de- primitur profundius. Qua adiri poteft antrum, quin- quaginta orgyiarum profundum, fex 6c viginti laxum eft; j concamerationum altitudine, ob tuberofos ru- pium arcus, inaequali. Quod ultra demergitur, propter hiatus praecipitiiim, inexpertos habet recefliis. Neque enim erat adhuc, qui in adeundis antri pene- tralibus facere voIuiftTet periculum, ob lubricos greETus, 6c fallentem veftigia giaciem. Certe enim, incifis, multo labore, gradibus opus habent, qui vei explo- ratum profundum illud adire volunt, Erant, qui irnmilfa bolide, fpecus interiora ibant exploratum : venim, quod antrum, non ad putei modum redo tram it e. C 45 ] tramlte, feu perpendiculariter, deprimltm*, fed varic fe, & in anfraiftus fnuar, inutile fuit experimentum. Plus ii profecerunt, qui fclopos, folide largeque fartos, intra Ipecum difploferunt. Adverfum ell enim, ab- forptos intime boatus, per plura temporis minuta, ad modum validiffimi tonitru, illifo hue & illuc fonitu, horrendum quid reboaffe : quod argumento fuit, pro- funde antrum propagari, habereque difFufos qu'aqua- vorfum meatus. § . V. GJaciale iflud fpecus ingenlum, totum teflivum eft : quod ideo admirationis habet plurimum 5 augefeit enim cum increfeente folis ardore. Primo, nimi- rum, vere, hibernus ille tepor ceflare, mox, ubi id adolevit, intendi frigus occipit, tantis acceftionibus, uf quo magis aer incalefcir, eo antrum frigeat exqui- fitius. At ubi a:ftas iniit, jamque fervet Canicula, in glacialem brumam intus abeunt omnia. Tunc fei- licet, ubertim deftillantes ex fpecus fornicibus aquae, in glaciem folidantur, tantis incrementis, ut, qua hodie tenues adparebant ftiriae, eae perendie dolia refe- rant, & quafi in piaeceps ruentia petrarum fragmenta. Paflim, qua guttatim per antri latera, demanat latex, mirifica: vifuntur incruftationes, 6c ad tapetum formam, quafi ex artis prxfcripto, fabrefadx. Reliquum gla- ciei ita mutuo haerefeit, prouti xftus fub dio funt viciftitudines. Nam, fi continenter 6c vehementius caleat, plus glaciei 6c ftiriis adcrefeit, 6c parietibus fundoque antri ; fin calor, ‘quod fit, aut Aquilonibus aut delapfis imbribus temperctur, lentius concrelcunt aqux, quin 5c glacies ipfa largius tunc fudat, 6c exiles quafi rivulos quofdam fundere incipit : dum, incale- feente iterum coelo, ad ingenium redeat, gladale fpe- cus temperamentum, Fuere, qui obfervarunt, prx- F z fagire [ 44 'J fagire ejus naturam aeris vicillitudines, ficuti folent barometra. Nam, fi aetr extus immineat fervidior, pluribus ante horis, quam fervor ille adeft, tenaciorc gelu aqu^ adftringuntur in glaciem : quod contra fe haber, fi aer fub dio ingruat frigidior; tunc enim, calidiffimo adhuc coelo, dimanare fenfim glades incipit. §. VI. Fit, ex hac antri natura, ut tantum ei fuffi- dar, de pellucidiffima glacic, quantum ne fexcentse quidem quadrigse, in fingulas hebdomadas oneratae, poffint exinanire. Atque habent hoc omnino in more pofitum accolce, ut cum operis campeftribus diftinentur, & aut foeno parando, aut cogendis fru- gibus, in antri hac vicinia, fuo ritu, vacant, glaciem hinc promant, eaque aut refrigerent tepentes fontanas, aut ad folis aehum glaciem ipfam in potum lique- faciant : infigni falubritatis opinione j quando putant aquas ihud genus & ftomachum minus onerare, & pronius feu per fudores excerni, feu per veficam : quod proclive eft omnino ad credendum, in ea aqua- rum percolatione ; qua de re jam) am arguendi erit locus. §. VII. Sunt vero frigori, intenliori illi, & remif- fiori, fuae per antrum regiones. Ex aprico, jucundus ad fpecum eft aditus : quippe auram adflans, Ethefi- arum iimillimam. Mox, ad paflus aliquot progreftis, plus inhorrefcere, ac fi porro pedem proferant, fube- antque antri propylason, artus intremifcere occipiunt, ut neceflum habeant laxatas forte fub dio veftes cura- tius adftringere. Inde, in profundum abeuntes frigus excipit brumali fuppar, ut hi quidem calidiore haiitu manus confovere, illi valida artuum commotione, mo- kftum, ac fere intolerabile frigus, mitigate debeanr. Quod C 45'] Quod eo fubindc fit intenfius, quo fe profundius im- mittunt curiofi fcrutatores. Sed, gradum referenti- bus, contraria eveniunt omnia ; nam, quo ex imo, pedem efFerunt akius, co fiigus eft remiftius j dum remittat atquc intepefcat penitus. Poftea, ubi Cani- cula deferbuir, jamque in autumnum teftas defiit extcrni aeris habitum fpecus fiiapte natura fequitur. Primis nimirum menfibus, & dum nodles ineunt geli- diores, dimanare fenfim glacies, tunc frigefcente magis ac magis aere, & ubi jam glacie extus rivi adftringuntur, quafi admotis ignibus, liquefcere incipitj donee in- cumbentc bruma, nullo poft fe relidto veftigio, pror- fus inarefcat. Tunc vero placjdus, toti fpecui, calor inducitur, fitque glaciale illud conditorium perfugio infedis, & beftiolis aliis hiemem jegre ferentibus. Nam prater mufearum &. culicum agmina, vefperti- lionum item globos, atque noduarum contubernia, lepores quoque & vulpes hofpitatum hue concedunt; dum adolefcente vere iterum redeat fpecui glaciale illud ingenium, Antri fuperficies, profunda humo obruta, atque foli oppofita meridiano, ubere ac pingui gramine herbefeit, eftque ideo pabulantibus armentis, quin & feenifeoio, ft pecus arceatur, opportuna. §. VIII. Hac ita fe habent. Nunc, quemadmo- dum infolens antri natura explicanda fit, paucis vide- amus. Univerftm, ea funt caloris atque frigoris vicif- fttudines, in fubterraneis, ut certare quafi mutuo vide- antur. Nam, cum aftuat foris aer, frigent caverna- rum iftiufmodi recelTus; atque tepent ite-rum, cum extus aere frigus eft : id quod, cella vinaria, profun- dius paulo depreffa, quotidiano & vulgari fatis experi- ment©, condocent. Nempe, ea eft caloris effica- . citas, ut, quum telluri, elemento exfe eraftb, hiimido, ac C 4n ac frigido, incumbit, nativum e)us frigus intenus pro- pulfet, atque in fadas arte aut natura fpecus, co- adum, notabiliter condenfet. Quod aliter fe habet, quando frigus terrae fuperficiei incubat j prolicit enim, iinis vifceribus, conceptum, a quocunque principio, calorem, & qua fe per ccllas aut cavernas diffundere poteH:, aerem cfficit tepidum, paffim etiam eximie calentcm. Succurrit, hxc fcribenti, civium meorum, per Hungariam, campeftrem illam, & tcftivis folibus, extra modum torridam, vini frigefaciendi, vetus con- fuetudo. Nempe, cum per vaftas folitudines iter faciunt, aut illic, pro re nata, moras coguntur nedere, neque aut glacies, aut fontana aqua, refrigerando potui fufficit, fcrobem, ad duorum fere pedum altitu- dinem, humi defodiunt ; hue demum vinarias lagenas immittunt, atque refolTa humd, diligenter ac folide contegunt: tunc ignem fubitaneum & luculentum, fuper eadem ilia ferobe, in qua vinum eft conditum, ex ftramine, foeno aut arundine, componunt; qui ubi fuaptc reftindus, aut disjedus eft confulto, regefta calente extus humo, vinum eximunt, non fecus refri- geratum, quam ft aqua^ gladali immerfum habuiflent. ' Unde veto, vino illi indudum frigus illud? Nimi- rum, flammarum ille fervor, qui fuperficiem ferobis fubito concalefecit, nativum terrae frigus, undiquaque condenfatum, lagenae circumfudit, quod demum vi- num pervaftt, fecitque guftui idoneum. §. IX. Pronum hinc eft conjicere, quemadmodum antrum iftud SzeUzenfe, nunc gladali ftt natura, nunc iterum tepefeente. Caloris extus, in antri fuper- fidem incumbentis, vis &: efficacitas, . condenfato, terrae atque petrarum, quae fubtus in fornices abeunt, nativo frigore, aquas gelidas primum, mox & conge- lantes. [47] lantes^ efficit: dum refrigerato itenim aere^ prolici- atur, imis teriie vifceribus conceptus calor. Hiec, ad eum modum, vuigo in fenfus incurrunr. Quae cum adfero, non ideo accedo Morini fententias, qua apud dn Hamelium, terram, uti aerem, in tres difpertitur regiones; quarum prima, altemis friget & calet ; hieme calida, seftate frigidior, ufque ad cccc hexa- pedas feu orgyias patet. Hanc fecunda regio, ejuf- dem ilia opinione, cxcipir, quam Temper fervere, ipfe expertum fe in fodinis Hungaricis ait. Tertiam, jugi frigore tanquam centro terr^, proximam algere con- jeftat j quemadmodum media aeris regio perpetuo frigida eft, ac fuprema, & coelo finitima, Temper caler. Haec, inquam, Morino relinquimus, tanquam inexplo- rata incertaque. Sane, qux de fodinis Hungaricis, ad regionis Tecundis perpetuum. caloreni adferendum, memorat, non Tunt undiquaque vero confentanea. Nam fodinarum quidem, quas optime cognitas habeo, nulla ad quadringentarum orgyiarum profundum, vix ulla ad ducentas hexapedas, deprimitur, ob erumpen- tium Tubtus aquarurn impedimenta 5 qui ergo poterat ferventem perpetuo regionem terras Tecundam, demum infra quadringentas hexapedas, ineuntem, adire ? Sunt fodinis fux omnino regiones, tepidx hie, ferventes alibi, etiam iis locis, quorum profundum ne odo- ginta quidem orgyias conficit. Sed, ad antri glacia- lem naturam redeamus. §. X. Multum, ad earn confert, prxter vulgarem, quam adtulimus, cauftam illam, ab incumbentis caloris vi petitam, ipfa antri pofitio, & concamerationis ingenium. Obverfum eft nempe ore hiante, frigi- diftimis Aquilonibus, qui a Scepujiaco Carpathoy in has ejus radices immifli, & frequentes funr, 5c.vernis PO" C 48 ] potiffimum atque aeftivis menfibus, ultra modum i^viunt, immo furuncj quodque ex nivofis montibus illis demunt, vehunt fecum gelidiffimas particulas, quas demum in os antri illapfas, & in ejus concavo, quafi conglomeratae urgente extus palore, ex facili, deftillantem aquam pervadunt, inque glaciem adftrin- gunt. Accedit, habitus concamerationum, quas tote e petriS; folidiffin3e invicem compadis, & heic fub- motis altius, alibi in ruinam quafi impendentibus, fadaj funt. Petrarum autem Carpathi, plerumque, falfa, nitrofa, aluminofa atque vitriolica eft natura. Ergo quid efle pbteft proclivius, quam glaciem in antro hoc Szelicenfiy ex glacialium & diftarum parti- cularum commixtione, ubertim progenerari ? Adfen- tientur nobis, qui artificiofam liquorum congelati- onem, repetitis ftepius experimentis, condidicerunt. Nix enim, vel glacies, cum, fale communi, nitro, aut alumine, aut vitriolo, aequa portione, permixta, & vafi circumpofita, aquam vafe contentam, in glaciem congelat, etiam media seftate, vel prope ad ignem : ut documenta alia, quae funt in promptu, fileamus. Hue- ufque de antro Szelkenji. C A P U T II. Antro Ribarienfi, Halitus noxios eru^ante. §. I. T Etales fpecus, paflim, per orbem terrarum JLi obfervarunt veteres, juxta & nuperi feri- ptores. Non eft inftituti mei, eorum, vel nomina tantum confedari : fufe, id genus ferobes feu antra, & horum halitus, Georgms Agricola profequitur, Libro ly. de Natura eorum, qite efiluunt e terra. Do- [49] Domefticum Hungarian antrum, quod eft in Comitatu Zolienfiy ad vicum Ribar, defcribendum mihi pro- pofui : partim, ut rem omnem ex vero expromerem, partim ut fcriptorum detegerem aberrationcs. Me- miner, antri hujus, laudatus nunc Agricoluy eodem, quern citavi, loco : Rlec pars Ungari£y inquit, quon- dam Tyacia didlay libera eft a peftilentibus fpira- culis: qu£ a Neufohla, oppido, reris metallis clarOy abfunt circiter fex mi Hi a paftuumyhac inter dum aveSy qua advolarinty & reliquas animanteSy qua accef- ferinty folent necare. Male, Neofoliumy Dacia con- cludi, fuo loco a monuij de peftilentibus fpiraculis, quJB accufat Agricolay infra difpiciam. Ad eum fere modum, WernheruSy ejufdem Riharenfis antri me- minit b, quern jam non eft opus exferibere: quippe qui, propofitum habeam, meas ipftus oculoTrh obfer- vationes, paucis recenfere. §. II. Ribar vicus eft Comitatus Zolienftsy fefqui- milliari, fecundo amne Granoy Neofolio, in meri- diem repreflus : quern loco c nunc citato, memora- vimus. In hujus agro, collina in orientem pofitione, Therma fcatent, exquifitae quidem falubritatis ,* fed ingenii admirabilis : quas jam non vacat expromere, A thermarum iftis fcatebris, fexcentis circiter paftibus, ad folem meridianum, fpecus haec, obnoxios, quos crudat, halitus, jam pridem infamis, inlaetae valliculae, exiguo quodam, fed graminofo prato, fe adaperir, habetque vicinum fontem acidum, ad potandum, lie * Notitix Hung. Novx Tomo II, in Hiftoria Comitatus ZoIienfiS} ParceGen. Memb. I. §. XII. p. 396. ^ De Admirandis Hung. Aquis ^ 6c hunc fcquuti, innuraeri alii, '® Tomo il. p. 504. num. 23. G fat is G r 5° 3 fkis idoneum. Olira, dum incuriofior iftiufmodi pOrtent-orum xtas fuit, vix erat quifquam, qiii ani- mum advertiffct, ad Tcrobis inufitatze ingcnium. Ergo, iibi quail rdifta, & dumis circumdata, raro, aut nuii- qiiam adibatur, Fuit veto tunc, ad fontis modura, aquas ubertim erudlantis, comparata, qux, altius fali- entcs non fecus, circumquaque dimanabant, quain id in filanis fieri advertas, ubi aqua ex fufore, in caduni faliens, iterum defluit, dum meatus arte fades, fubcat. Aquae indoles, lapidefcens fuit : quippe longo adfluxu, tophum generans, in earn fenfim molem, circa os fontis excrefeentem, ut collis poftca fpeciem retulerit : quo quidem, tophacei lapidis incremento, ipfademum fcaturigo, adobruta eft j quando nequibat latex ad fumma fontis labra, iicuti fiebat antea, bulliendo profilire. Acceftlt, rufticorum, fontis praefocandi ftudium, ne eftet, quod jumentis fuis metuerent' poftea. §. III. Hie vetus fcfobis an fontis habitus fuit, cujus veftigium, adparet hodieque, in meridionale prati lams, ad filvoii collis pedem, redudum. Poftea, cum fubterraneae atque uberes aquarum venae, occultis meatibus, e nupero eo fonte, dimanarent, fadum eft, ut refolutam humura, proxime ad priftinam illam fcaturiginem, fubrucrent, atque dehifeente prato, novum hiarum aperirent. Hie demum, noxios illos haiitus erudare iterum, & cum avibus, turn alii ani- mantium generi, exitialis efle coepir. Advertere agreftes accolae, non cavernam tantum, fatifeente humo, loco antehac continenti, recenter fadum, fed perniciabiles etiam ejus exfpirationes 5 quando, nunc aves enedas, nunc proftratas feras, ultimo, pafcen- tia iftiiic jumenta, fubito exanimata, reperiebant. Dici c 5' ] ; Dici nequitj quantis cxfecrationibus invifam fpccum, ruftica plcbs, infedata fit : tamquam, qu£ ab irato numine, depreCfa, toti illi agro perniciem, fibi exitium, aut jamjam minaretur, aut portenderet in pofterum. Oftenti fama late didita, Avernum hi, Orcum illi, alii, hiatum xM. Curtii facinore, expiandum, conclama- bant, Dehifcebat veto cavcrna, ad iiifundibuli fpc- ciem, cujus fuprema circum Libra, ad calicis modum, laxe & in longum diduda, (crant enim viginti quatuor pafluum longa, lata duodecim) in ardum fcnrim coibant, dum in anguftum foramen, imo fundo, defmerent, per quod noxius ille halitus eruinpcrec. Aquarum certe iubterlabentium ftrcperum murmur exauditur adhuc, ut pronum fit conjcdlatu, undofum effe oportere rivum, qui per coecos iftos meatus fertur, hauriturque demum incertis gurgitibus. Neque cnim ufquam erumpit in apricum, tametf , prona, in valkm declivitas, modico a fcrobe intervallo, ineat. §. IV. Infolens hoc cavernac ingenium, uti penitus indagarem, non unam, inde ab Anno mdccviii. viam inii. Et primo quidem, cum amico, naturae curiofo, pullum gallinaceumj bene adultum, haftili alligatum, fupra os fpecus ita protendi, ut ferire eum debuerint erumpentes ex imo halitus. Vix vero, haftile, ad fpecum, cum pullo admoveram, cum mifer iile, alas complodcre coepit, momentoque exfpiravit. Secuimus enedtum ita pullum, ut obfervaremus quid virulentae rei fuerit, quod eum tarn fubito exanimarit? Sed nihil quidquam deprehendimus, quam reftagnan- tem in praecordiis fanguinem, ceteroquin ab omni labe alia intemeratum. Tunc, ipfus ego, exfedis prius in humo gradibus, in Icrobem me immifi, lit micantem intus aquam propius contemplarer ; fed Q z " ante [ ] ante pes erat referendus, quam penitius defcendiffem ; eo quod, ex halituum adflatu, & pedlus praefocart coepir, & caput tentari vertigine. Illud mirabile viium eft, quod vapores cavernse, & cum maxime noxii funt adverfi, nihil nebulofi aut craffi, quodque notabilirer in oculos incurriffet, referrent : pums ei Icmper & limpidus aec incubat : quod aliter fe habuit in Plutoneo, cujus Strabo atque Plinius meminere. Eruo cxperiundum rebamur, quid hoc lit exfpirati- onum, quod, cum oculis notari haud poffit, citam adco mortem animantibus acceleret. Succurrebat, vix re alia naturam earum explorari pofle, quam lon- giori & capaci fiftula, fclopum vocant, pyrio infarta pulvere, intra fpecus intima, difplofa. Id ut faftum eft, intonuit caverna, & quafi fremitu edito, com ceptum interne fumum, pluribus poftea horis, jucundo fpedaculo, erudlabat. Cepimus proinde, ex hoc phre-- nomeno, arguraentum, immiflas, difplofione ilia, in antrum, fiammas, fulphurofas intus exhalationes, in- cendiftc, qux hue & illuc rotatas, diutius poftea in auras exfpirabant. Atque fuerunt fane foetoris eximie fulphurofi, prorlus ad e.um modum, qualis tempeftate ingruente, in thermis obfervatus a me eft ; qua de re infra. V. Sulphurco ifto halitu obfervato, facile fuit ad exiftimandum, quidquid perniciabilis noxje ineft, exfpirationibus illis, fulphuri id adtribui oportere, volatili ei, & ultra omnem modum fubtili. Itaque, dedimus operam, uthaaftas ex caverna letifera aquas, firmando experiraento, poflemus follicitius adhibere. Incendit earn cupiditatem, avicularum enedtarum, dc paftim circa fpecum jacentium frequentia : vix enim ttnquam, feu mane, feu a prandiis, ad orcum hunc acce- C 5; 3 accedebamus, quin nova reperiremus funera.' Inpri- mis, Erinaceus, nos adtentos fecityqui eodetn cacoethc fuffocatus, unius noftis intervallo, adeo intumuit, ut diftenta cute, fpinjE iimul, firmiiFime alioquin hsere- fcentes, radicitus elifac confpicerentur : quod quidem fufpicandi locum prasbuit, annon forte beftiola^ non halitus tantum cavernac. imbiberit, fed & aquas ipfas, quae interne magno nifu ebulliunt, & eodem iterum hiatu, ecu gurgite quodam, abforbentur denuo. Pul- mones certe erinacei, livido colore tindli, quin 6s vifcera reliqua, ultra folitam molem diftenta, indicio fuerunt, 6s laticem guftaffe, & halitus noxios penitus bibifle beftiam, jam turn, grave quid ac moleftum, redolentem. Proinde, aquam, ex profundo eo ca- vernae gurgite haurimus; baud, fine famuli, quern pronum in caput, fed funibus religarum, immifera- mus, periculo. Puit ea limpiditate plufquam cryftal- lina, levis adhaec. Sc quafi aetherea, odoris modice fulphurofi, faporis acidiufculi quidem 6c modice acris, fed baud tamen, feu linguam, feu palatum adrodentis. Nempe, ad ingenium acidularum, quas vicinas habet caverna, proximc funt vifae accedere. Timidius pri- mum, laticem fufpeflum, 6c extremis tantum labris guftabamus, dum, alter alterius exemplo faflus auden- tior, modicos primum hauftus, mox largiores etiam, nibil dubitaremus facere. Neque cuiquam, tametfi plerique noftium, delicatioris, & ex thermarum ufu, etiam faftidiofi fuerint ventriculi, noxia fuit ea curio- fitas i quin erant, qui aqua ea, vinum Hungaricum, generofum illud, mifcere poife optarent. §. VI. Ifta fic, 6c ex vero, plurium annorunr curis adhibitis obfervavimus ; ut ferri bine poflit judicium, ledene, ab Jgrkola^ 6c WernherOi peftikmes Ipecus hujatist, [54] hujatis exfpirationes, adpcllentur. Nuperus fcriptor, virus omnc, vel a terras putredine, vcl a flagnantis nefcio cujus humoris, vitiofttate, provcnire, audacicer exiftimat: quas opinationes fingulas, jam excutiamus. Et primo quidcm, tametfi letales fint cavernas hujus halitus, peftilentes certe non funt ; quippe qui, non ob congenitum, & quod fecuni vehcrent, virus enecant animantia j feci ex caufis aliis, quas mox indi- cabimus. Enimvero, fi peftilentiales effent exfpira- tiones illte, aquae bibi, multo minus, enedla haliribus jftis animalcLila, uti funt galli gallinacei, turdi, palum- bes, ac iepufculi comedi, fine vitse, faltem nielioris valetudinis jadura, pofTcnt: quod faciunt tamen pro- cul omni noxa, qui rei inufitatce faciunt experimen- tum, dum in thermis hujatibus, aut animi aut falubri- tatis cauifa, lavant. Scd terrce forte putredo, aut flagnantis cujufcunque humoris vitium, exitiales illos rudus exfpirant. At horum profedo neutrum eft., Nam, fi hoc admittas } halitus cavernas craifos, atque nebulofos ; aquam contra turbidam & moleftum quiddam fapientem effe oportebit : quam tamen lim- pidam, faporis adhasc, non putridi, fed fubacidi j vapc-res prasterea, ita comparatos efle diximus, ut oculis cerni obfervarique haud poflint. Ergo a fubtiliflimi copia fulphuris, & mineralium admixtis halitibus, qui per fubterraneos eos meatus, una cum aquis, praeci- piti ac flrepero lapfu feruntur, exfpirationum earum Jetalis noxietas arcefli debet : non quod fuapte natura flnt exitiales 5 fed quod nimia ilia fubtilitas, completis fubito pulmonum bronchiis, praeclufoque neceflario acl refpirandum acre, adeoque praefoeato illic fanguine, idu oculi, & ante enecent animantia, quam id exifti- mari poteft, Qui aliter de rc tota fentiunt, & ipfi errant. lS5l errant, & in errorem inducunt alios j caverns aaitem irifamiam conflanr, nuiia alia ratione expungendam, quam li hac noftra obferv^atione, ad erroris confeffi- onem, indudi, palinodiam cecincrint. §. VII. Ceteroqum, de fuJphurofo ifthoc exfpkati- onum caverns noftrs ingenio, & inde capi poteft indicium, quod therms adfits, ejufdem fint natursj tametfi cralliorum halituum, & qui, nunc funt in- tenfiores, nunc remiffioies iterum : quemadmodum fcilicet, coeli aerifque habitus eft, quo in calidas illas, iingularis prorfus efle confuevit influxus. Nempe, ft fervente acre, in tempeftatem pronum lit coelum, therms nunquam non fulphur redolentes, ultra omnem modum fulphurofum quid foetere incipiunt, fiuntque lavantibus non molefts tantum, fed etiam intolerabiles, immoletales; tunc maxime, cum, aquis per emiftarium ex lavacro fubdudis, recentes iterum ebulliunt. Vidi equidem, virum robuftum ac mili- tarem state adhuc firma, cum ingruente, horis poft- meridianis, graviore tempeftate, in thermas lavaturus fe immififfet, fuftinuiftetque aliquantilper fulphurofos, qui tunc ex more invaluerunt, halitus, lymphato limi- lem, ex lavacro profiliifte, conceptaque inde febri acuta, quatriduo poft, mortem fuam obiifle. Nefcio autem, etiamne, tempeftatum his viciflitudinibus caverna, de qua agimus, lit obnoxia : neque enim, quod dolendum, ita fui curiofus, ut & hoc momen- tum, reliquis experimentis, curatius, ficuti meruir, adjunxiflem. Illud conftat, coelo etiam fudo, & cum nulla in acre eft tempeftatis fufpicio, variare halituum noxiam cilicaCitatem illam j & nunc celerius enecare admota animalcula, nunc iterum lentius : quandoque ceflare penitus, & quafi ingenium fuum defercre: in eu^us C ] cujus tamen rei cauflas, neque ipfus ego indagavi, neque memini, amicos unquam indagavifle. Jam, ita farmentis cavernam obruerunt accolae, ut vix adiri polllc amplius. Quin 6c avicularum funera rariora funt hodie, quam fuerunt olira : quod equidem pro- fundius, quam antea, manantibus aquis adtribuerim. Hxc de his, hadenus. IV. An Account of a ^ery extraordinary Tu- mour in the Knee of a ^erfon^ whofe Leg was taken off hy Mr. Jer* Peirce, Surgeon at Bath 5 communicated in a Letter to Dr. Mead, L^hyjician to His Majesty, and Fellow of the College of Phyficians, and of the Royal Society, London. .SIR, Bath, June ii. 1737* S no one has been more converfant with the furprifing Diforders to which Men are liable, or takes a greater Pleafure in their Relief, than your- felf, fo I flatter myfelf the following Cafe cannot fail of being acceptable to you. William Hedges of Stratton in Somerfetjhire, a Parmer’s Son, of 25 Years of Age, of a mufcular healthy Habit, having never known any kind of Difeafe j about eight Years fincefirft obferved a frnaU Swelling on his Right Leg near the fuperior Epiphyfls of the Tibia, which (to ufe his own Terms) he called a Splint, about the Bignefs of a fplit Horfe- bean. As he was not confeious of any Bruife on tlie Part, and as r 57 ] as it was wholly free from Pain, fo the only Reafon he had to regard it, was from its conftant Increafe, which during the two firft Years was very flow 5 but afterwards it increas’d fo faft (though without Pain) as to render him altogether incapable of Labour from the time of Hay-Harveft 1735. Upon taking off the Limb in May laft, I found it weighed, with the Leg and Foot, Sixty-nine Pounds, which (to the beft of my* Remembrance) is Twenty- feven more than the Leg fome Years fince taken off at St. Bartholomew ^ Hofpital by Mr. for the like Diforder. The Operation itfelf afforded nothing uncommon, except the Quantity of recurrent Blood, which, however greater than ufual, feemed propor- tional to the increafed Bulk of the Part. Upon examining this furprifing Tumour, the adja- cent Mufcles were found deftitute of their fibrous and flefhy Appearance (probably from the Preffure, and great Extenfion, which they had fuffer’d, and the little Motion which for fome Years they had imploy’d upon the Tarfus and Toes) > but the Fafcia and com- mon Membranes of the Mufcles, being greatly thick- ened and callous, adhered to the fubjacent Tumour; and upon removing this callous Integument, the Tumour appear’d cover’d with great Quantities of Blood-veffels, much diftended, and of a Colour more intenfely red than natural. The Tumour itfelf was Cartilaginous for the Space of half an Inch from its external Surface ; from whence it form’d numberlefs bony Subftances of various Forms, Colours, and Confiftences, which (growing more and more numerous, as they lay deeper) at laft form’d a continual Subftance com- H pletely C 58 3 pletely offify’d : In tlie Centre 6f this bony Sub- ftance we found about a Quart of mucilaginous Liquor, no ways fetid, (though it was then ten Days from the Operation) whofe Colour and Confiftence nearly refembled that of Linfeed Oil in which we obferv’d many little bony Subftances loofe and float- ing, limilar to many others adhering to the internal Surface of the Cavity, all which had nearly the Ap- pearance of thofe irregular Incruftations, which in hollow Rocks are fometimes made by the dropping of petrifying Waters. After the Operation, every Cir- cumftance of the Cure proceeded as 1 could wiih, and the Stump is now healed. It feems well worth obferving, that the Parts above the Tumour were very little alter’d from their natural State. The Cartilaginous Extremity of the Femur was perfedly fmooth; nor had the Rotula fuffer’d any other Injury except the Offification of the Ligament by which it is fixed to the Tibia j but the fuperior Extremity of the Fibula was wholly loft in the Tumour. May we not juftly admire the Goodnefs of a Con- ftitution, which could bear fuch enormous Exten- fions in the Integuments, the Tendinous Fafcia, and even the Bone itfelf, without Pain and Inflamma- tion ? Or can we fufficiently wonder, that the Fluids fhoLild be fo little difpofed to putrify, as to bear fo great a Diminution in their Motion, and for fo long Time, without vitiating the Conftitution, or tainting even the Parts affeded ? Herewith (Sir) I beg your Acceptance of two Portraits of this furprifing Cafe (See T,a b. II.) : The firft Figure rcprefents the Limb immediately after the Operation j the 2d Figure fhews the C 59 3 the Tumour as opened : In both the Artift has fo far iraployed his Care and Skill, as well in preferving the juft Dimenfions as in the Colours and ‘Appear- ances, that I am left only to wilh, that in the Defcri- ption, which I have made, my Pen had not fallen ihort of his Pencih 1 am, with the greateft Refped, SIR, Tour mofi obliged humble Servant, Jcr. PeircCa V. An Experiment concerning tloe Spirit of Coals, leingpart of a Letter to the Hotj, Rob. BoylCyEfq^yfrom the late Rev, John Clay ton^ 2). 2). communicated hy the Right Rev- Father in God Robert Lord Bijhop of Corke to the Right Hon- John Earl of Egmont, F- R. S. HAving feen a Ditch within two Miles from Wigan in Lancajlme, wherein the Water would feemingly burn like Brandy, the Flame of which was fo fierce, that feveral Strangers have boiled Eggs over it j the People thereabouts indeed affirm, that about 30 Years ago it would have boiled a Piece of Beef 5 and that whereas much Rain for- merly made it burn much fiercer, now after Rain it would fcarce burn , at all. It was after a long-con- H 2 tinned C ] tinued Seafon of Rain that I came to fee the Place, and make fome Experiments, and found accordingly, that a lighted Paper, though it were waved all over the Ditch, the Water would not take Fire. 1 then hired a Peifon to make a Dam in the Ditch, and fling out the Water, in order to try whether the Steam which arofe from the Ditch would then take Fire, but found it would not. I flill, however, pur- fued my Experiment, and made him dig deeper j and when he had dug about the Depth of half a Yard, we found a fhelly Coalj and the Candle being then put down into the Hole, the Air catched Fire, and con- tinued burning. I obferved that there had formerly been Coal-pits in the fame Clofe of Ground 5 and I then got fome Coal from one of the Pits neareft thereunto, which I diflilled in a Retort in an open Fire. At firfl: there came over only Thlegm^ afterwards a black O//, and then likewife a Spirit arofe, which I could noways condenfe, but it forced my Lute, or broke my Glaffes. Once, when it had forced the Lute, coming clofe thereto, in order to try to repair it, I obferved that the Spirit which iflued out caught Fire at the Flame of the Candle, and continued burning with Violence as it iflued out, in a Stream, which I blew out, and lighted again, alternately, for feveral times. I then had a Mind to try if I could fave any of this Spirit, in order to v/hich I took a turbinated Receiver, and putting a Candle to the Pipe of the Receiver whilfl: the Spirit arofe, I obferved that it catched Flame, and continued burning at the End of the Pipe, though you could not difeern what fed the Flame: I then blew it out, and lighted it again feveral times ; after which c <5, ] which I fixed a Bladder, fqueezed and void of Air, to the Pipe of the Receiver. The Oil and ’T^hlegm defcended into the Receiver, but the Spirit, ftill afcending, blew up the Bladder. 1 then filled a good many Bladders therewith, and might have filled an inconceiveable Number more ; for the Spirit con- tinued to rife for feveral Hours, and filled the Blad- ders almoft as faft as a Man could have blown them with his Mouth; and yet the Quantity of Coals I diftilled were inconfiderable. I kept this Spirit in the Bladders a confiderablc time, and endeavour’d feveral ways to condenfe it, but in vain. And when I had a Mind to divert Strangers or Friends, 1 have frequently taken one of thefe Bladders, and pricking a Hole therein with a Pin, and comprefling gently the Bladder near the Flame of a Candle till it once took Fire, it would then continue flaming till all the Spirit was com- preffed out of the Bladder j which was the more fur- prifing, becaufe no one could difcern any Difference in the Appearance between thefe Bladders and thofe which are filled with common Air. But then I found, that this Spirit muft be kept in good thick Bladders, as in thofe of an Ox, or the like ; for if I filled Calves Bladders therewith, it would lofe its Inflammability in 24 Hours, though the Bladder became not relax at all. yi. An C 3 yi. An Experiment concerning the nitrous Par- ticles in the Air 5 ly the fame Hand, I Took a fmall Gally-pot, fuch as the Apothe- caries in the North of England make ufe of, where I was when I made this Experiment, and ground the Top of it very fmooth and true, and adapted thereto a Cover of blue Slate, which 1 had likewife ground with much Care. Into this Gally- pot I put equal Quantities of Nitre and Flour of Sulphur, about a Drachm of each. I then fixed on the Cover, putting it into a new Digefter 5 but the Height which I raifed the Heat to, and how long I continued it, I do not exadlly remember, but believe it was three or four Seconds. When I opened it the Day following, I perceived fomething had tranfpired be- twixt the Top of the Gally-pot and the Cover j the top Edges of the Gally-pot, where the Glazing was ground off, being difcolour'd, though the Nitre and Sulphur were very little diminifhed as to their Weight ; only they were melted into one Lump, which I took out of the Gally-pot. And having fet the empty Gally-pot upon a Shelf, upon looking at it the next Day, I found long hoary Hairs, very bright and brittle, all around the ground Edges of the Pot, very fpecious to behold. After I had admired them a while, I gathered them, and, rafting them, found them to be pure Nitre. I then fet the Pot upon the Shelf again, and in three or four Days, ftill finding there were frefh Shoots made, as large and fpecious as at the firft, I gathered them a fecond and third time j fo that I fuppofe the Pot [ *5} 3 . Pot would have continued to have (hot frelh Nitre much longer, if I had not had urgent Ufe for it, to make other Experiments in. However, it is to be obferved, that I had already gathered more Nitre than I put into the Pot at firft j though, as I faid before, for what I could perceive, I had taken all or near all the Nitre that I firft put in together with the Sulphur, out of the Pot in a Lump. Hence we may have fome Conceptions of the Nature of mineral Earths, and how they grow and increafe, when once impregnated with the Seeds of a Mineral. This likewile is a Proof of the Quantity of nitrous Particles with which the Air abounds, fince the large Quantity of Nitre which I colledled out of the Pot, when left etnpty upon the Shelf, could be fupplied by the Air only. JV. B. Thefe three Experiments are all that I could fave intire out of a great Number which were fent to the Hon. Mr, Boyle^ in Anfwer to a Letter from him to Ml. John Clayton., containing 17 ^^ore’s. Robert Corke. yil. Extra£i of a Letter from John Rutty, M. 2). to 2)r. Mortinaer, Seer. R. S. cow- eerning the Poifon of Laurel-Water. ^ear lDo5ior, ‘Dublin, May 17. 1732. I Received thine of Feb. t f. with the TranfaCtions N^4i8 and 420. giving an Account of the Ex- periments upon Laurel-fVater. I wifh your Experi- ments [^4] ments with the Milk, had more fully determin’d and afcertain’d it to be an Antidote, than they have yet done. I am informed by Dr. that fome Apo- thecaries in England^ being ufed to fophifticate Black- Cherry-Water with Laurel- Leaves-, will not be per- fuaded, that this is a Poifon on human Bodies, not- withftanding our few Inftances. I can now confirm that it really is fo by this Story, which thou mayft be affured of the Truth of. At Lifminy in Weftmeath, a Girl of 1 8 Years old, very, well and healthy, took a Quantity, lefs than two Spoonfuls, of the firft Runnings of the Simple Water of Laurel-Leaves 5 whereupon within half a Minute fhe fell down, was convulfed, foamed at the Mouth, and died in a fhort time, nor was there any Swelling on her Body. Printed for T. Woodward, at tht Half- Moon, between the Two Temple-Gates in Eleetftreet j and C. Davis, the Corner of Eater nofter -row, next Warwick- lane j Printers to the RoyaI/ Society. M.dcc.xlii. N. B. The Fhilofophical Tranfatiions being three Years behind- liand in regard of Time, we fhall skip over 10 Numbers, and com- mence the Tranfatf ions for the current Year. 1742. and the XLiy Volume with N® 4^2. and fo continue to publifh the Papers for the future in the precife Order of the Times of their being read before the Royal Society^ in the mean time this XLIft Volume, or the Tranf- A&ms froraN® 452. to 462. lhall be filled up with all polfible Speed, Numb. 45 |v PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of ApriU May and June, 1739. The CONTENTS. I. Tentamlms de Menfura Motu aquarum fuen- tium, pracedente TranfaBionum Numero commu* nicatijpars reliqua', AuBore Jacobo Jurin, M. T>, Soc. Reg, & Colleg. Medic. Londineni. Sodale. II. AColleBion of the Obfervations ^ the Eclipfe of the Sun, Auguft 4th 1738. which were fent to the Royal Society. III. Some Eledrical Experiments, chiefly regarding the Repulfive Force of EleBrical Bodies 5 commu~ nicated in a Letter from Granvile Wheler, Efq'y F.R. S. to Cromwell Mortimer, Af. ^. R. S. Seer, III. An Account of fome of the Eledrical Experi*- ments made by Granvile Wheler, Efq"^ at the Royal Sozittfs Houfe, on May ii. 1737. drawn up by C. Mortimer, M. 2). R. S. Seer, IV. A Letter from Granvile Wheler, Efqy to ©/. Mortimer, Seer. R. S. containing fome Remarks on the late Stephen Gray, F. R. S. his Electrical Cir- cular Experiment. y. An Account of the Influence which two Pen- dulum Clocks were obferved to have upon each^ other, by A/r. John Ellicott^ F. R, S. VL Furthew The C O N T E N T S, VI* Fi^r//^rrObiiryations.^W Experiments concern' ing the Clocks ako‘be^mentioned, by the Same. VII. The Cafe of a Wound in the Cornea of the Eye being fuccefs fully cured by Mr. Thomas'Baker, Sur- geon to St.Thomiss Hofpitaly and by ‘him commu- nicated to thef^^ Q Y A L S o c I E T Y, in u Letter to TDr. Mortimer, R. S. Seer. VIII. ExtraB of a Letter dated at Montpelier^ Dec. 27. 1731. N.S. from Andrew Caritwell, D. Monfpel. toT. S. M.fD., and by him translated from the French, giving an Account of a mon- ftrous Boy. IX. Three extraordinary Cafes in Surgery, by Beza- Iccl Sherman, Surgeon) at Kelvedon /wEffex, com- municated in'^QX^ccSozi 1738. X. A Letter from Thomas Stack, M. T>. to tyirHans Sloane, Bart. Tr. R. S, . containing an Account of a Woman fixty-eight Years of Age, who gave Suck to two of her Grand- children^ Printed for T. Woodward, at t\\z Half- Moony between the Two Temple-Gates in Tleetfireet } and C. Davis, the Corner of Tater-nofter-row, next Warwick-lane ^ Printers to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlii. C duce experientia, & aliquatenus etiam audore C 67 ] audore Newtonoy qui cenfet majorl preflione fieri attritum partium fortiorem, & feparationem ab invi- cem difficiliorem. ^rincip. Lib. II. ‘Prop. LII. Schol Problema VIII. Exponere rejiftentiam partium Cataradae, C[U£ oritur ex defebiu lubricitatis. Sit r radius foraminis, A altitudo CataraB^yp radius cujuflibet feftionis horizontalis, x altitudo CataraBa fupra iftam fedionem, 2; radius circuli cujufvis in ifta fedione, v vdocitas aquae in centre foraminis. Erit mode —jT' vdocitas aqux in centro fedionis, cui radius y. Nam vdocitas in centro fedionis eadem eft ac fi fedio ifta eflet foramen in fundo vafis decur- tati, cui altitudo Xy adeoque eft ut per Corol- larium Probl. VI. Erit etiam ^ tas aquae in circumferentia circuli, cui radius Zi vdocitas rdativa? zmzx fuperficies cylin- dri nafeentis, cui radius 25, altitudo x ; eritque per tres noftras pofitiones, Refiftentia fuperficiei hujus cylindri, xxtimzx % zvx- X^i = zmv X xzz. yAi pAl Confiderentur j^m Xy x, 6c p ut quantitates con- ftantes, dum fluit ^ ufque donee evadit asqualis ipfi / ; la ^ & erit fluxlonis quantitas fluens , five, (ponendo 2m‘Vxxz^y p mvxxz^ — five ^-r ut refiftentia cylindri nafcentis, cui radius y, altitude x. Sed per proprietatem z\xxxxCatara6iicte,y‘^ ^ y x\~rA\'. unde Rejiftentia cylindri hujus na- ^ . . mvx xr Ai ^ ^ mvrxx^ , « fcentis erit ut — — r~^> five ut — > 5 & 2 4 ■“ 4 Rejijientia totius Catara6ia erit ut hujus fluxionis ^ Y ^ i quantitas fluens, five ut — xl> ponendo X =. A^ \iX ^ niv r A\^ Et cum per Rrohlema IV. fit r- r- ZVX~ ficid hujus taleolse ut zmzy/ y.x-^'K-yjr ^mv X z, z V Cumque, per Scholium 2. ^roblematis II. fubtan- gens curvce CataraBica fit 4 a?, & tangens ipfa V 1 6x'^"\-z^, erit 4 a* : V" 1 6x^-{-z'^ \ lx\y/ x'^’\-z^ X V 1 6 X'^ + Z^ 4AT Itaque Rejijientia fuperficiei taleolaj crit ut ^mv X zz X ,/-T — TT" — : mvx • , ; — ? -3-1 — X — V i6x^-i-z^ = -i±zzVi^x^-\-z^. ^ ^x zyA\ mvx zz . z"~ z^ 5g^ , r o I28X4A’ 256X4^ r . ZS^ zz'' ZZ"^ 2%^X 8X4^* I6X4A?^ 8.4A’ i6X4a:^ - mvx . 9 &c. =:t— 7^ in 4A-g^ 27-^1 5 zz^ • =7 128 X4A? , '7 zz'^'^ H: =9 ZIZZ'^'^ c ^=-11 &C.. 256X4^;' IO24X4A’ Habendo autem quantitates x^Xj^y pro conftanti- n a mvx . ^xz^ bus, hujus fluxionrs fluens ent, ^ m z I o 2;^ 8x4^ 48x5e^ ^ 256x4-^’ + - ^ 4A" 7 z^'^ + 12X25’6X4^ '9 It [ 70 1 'yHV X Et ponendo % =/, erit hxc flucns — ^ in 2 xy :+ r _ 8X4A; 48x4^ 77" 2. „9 8 X i6X4a;^ 256X4AT^ ■ — > — &c. qu3£ erit ut Rejijientia in 12X256X4^;^ taleola Cataraftica, cui radius y, altitudo x. HsEC autem eft ut ?i\xx\oReJtJi entire in tota Catara^aj in X A% V* ^ ^ 4 — X r2 A\xx‘^ & ponendo = fit LI- ^^^4 ^ A A\ , ^sx^xxi 48 X 43 x^-!^ ”^8 X 16x4^^^’/ A Ax xV , A Aj XX -f^_grc. Hujus autem fluxi- 48X4^ 8X16X4^ y , - 41?"^ -■^ 7 onis quantitas Aliens eft in 2 x y + ^ — X" A Ax^ ■ 48 X4^ X— zA\ AA\xH 8X16X4^ X 2 3 32 &c. Hacc au- 7* . in y‘ tern, ponendo x'=^Aj At y.4 y«6 12X13 X4^Ji”“ 32 x23 X4^^| /^myrAj. ^ ?A , 7 A ' 7 3 X4^^^”^6xuX4^^^ 23x4 ^ &c. quse eft ut Rejijlmtia per totam Catard^^W' %A\_ y 3 X' 8 A 7 4- &c. Ave, I 6 Quod [ 71 ] Quod fi altitudo pro infinita habeafur refpedu diametri foraminis, erit Rejiftentia ut 7- ^ ' '7 prorfus uti definitum eft in folutionc priori. Si A—ioYy Refijientia erit ut x i — 7 2743 circiter. Si A:=z^Yj Rejiftentia erit ut ^ ^ 7 439 circiter. A-TtlUT A^ Poteft itaque ufurpari ^ pro menfura Re- Jiftent't£^ abfque periculo fenfibilis erroris, etiam ubi altitudo aquas non fuperat duas diametros foraminis, & multo magis in altitudine longe majori. Problem A IX. T^ata Menfura aqu£ effluentis per dattim foramen circular e in medio fundo vajis cylindrici data alti- tudiniSi definire Menfuram aqu£ effluentis ex alio ^afe cujufcunque altitudmis dat£ per foramen cir' ctilare qttodcunque datum. Sit r radius foraminis dati, A altitudo data, T.qmr’^A Menfura aqucC effluentis illo tempore, quo cafurum in vacuo fit corpus grave per akitudi- nem A. Hinc erit, per RroblemaVd. ^ q’^mr.^MV Motus aquae eodem tempore effluentis : eritque, per Corolla- rium Rroblematis IV. Motus eodem tempore per Re- pftentiam deperditus, mr'^ A V% \ ~ 3 cf, Hunc itaque Motum [ 71 ]• Motum vis sequalis Rejiftentm generarc poteft eodem tempore. Sunt autem Motus eodem temporis fpatio generati viribus eofdem generantibus proportionales. Itaque Motus mr^ AV, quern hoc tempore gene- rate poteft, per Troblema I. pondus columnse aquejE A, cum abeft omnis Refiftentia, eft ad Motum fnr^AV'>< I z quern eodem tempore generate poteft Rejiftentia, ut pondus mr^ A, ad ipfam Rejiften- tiam^ X^sx^^ReJiflentia — mr A'x mr^ AV' = I — 3^2. _ Eodem modo, ponendo j & £. pro radio foraminis, & altitudine novi vafis, & zpms'^E pro Menfura aquse effluentis eodem tempore, quo cafurum fit in vacuo corpus grave per altitudinem ^,habebis Rojijlen- tiam in novo vafe =^ms^Exi—i p\ Sed per Corollarium Troblematis Vlli. lunt ad in- vicem has duae Rejiflonti^ ut q rA^ zdpsE . ItaquCi mr^ I • ms'^E'>^ . qrA : psE^i five I — 3 : jx i 3^^ : : qA'.pE, five prExJZ^^^qsA'^T- — lp^7 qua ^quatione rite redudta pervenitur ad fequentem. vel ponendo r E— ns Ay 6q nxi • — > 3 6q Unde [75 3 Unde habetur py-zms^ qus eft Menfura aqus effluentis ex fecundo vafe, quo tempore cadit in vacuo corpus grave per altitudinem E. Q^E. I. Co ROLL. I. Si diametri foraminum fuerint in ratione altitudinum aquae, eadem erit ratio Menfura- rum, ac fi aqua effluerct line ulla Refftentia. Nam, {{ r s : . A E, rE — sAy & »= i, unde & per redufli- onem p—q \ unde zqmr^A : zpms^E : : zmr'^A : ims^E, quae eft ratio Menfurarumy cum abeftomnis Refijientia, Coroll. 2. Si pro nihilo habeatur refpeflu altitudinis Ay habenda eft etiam n pro nihilo, unde fit ^=: Itaque, quo minor capitur altitude Et eopropius vergit/> ad^-. CoROLL. 3. Sij pro infinite magno habeatur refpedu radii r, fit/ = -— • Itaque quo major capitur * V 3 I radius s, eo magis vergit p PROBLEMA X. Aqua in aerem effluent e determinare rationem inter diametrum foraminis ^ diametrum 'venae ton- traSiae. Haec ratio fine experimentorum ope determinari nequit. Eft equidem, per ‘Problemae VII> K C 74 ] 1 qvV-\-9q^V^^ — 2 u% unde cognitis q ^ u definitur Sed nulla, quod fciam, nabemus experimenta, quibusutramque harum quantitatum ^ & v metiamur. ^oleni fiquidem experimenta Menfiiram aquas effluentis exhibent, unde cognofcitur q ; fed diftan- tiam maximam, ad quam fertur aqua ex tbramine hori- zontaliter profiliens, five diftantiam, ad quam per- tingit media pars venae, quae velocitate u exilit, non defignant. Mariotti vero experimenta altitudinem maximam perpendicularem, ad quam profilit aqua motu furfum verfo, five altitudinem, quam attingit aqua ex media vena profiliens, metiuntur, unde cognofcitur j fed non exhibent Menfuram aquae effluentis. Deficientibus itaque idoneis experimentis, vix lice- bit rationem earn, quam quaerimus, ni(i praeterpropter determinate. Id autem fiet in modum fequentem. In Scholio 2. ^roblematisNUi verifimile elTe docu- imus conftantem effe rationem inter hos radios, aut faltem non nifi quamminimum mutari. Conftat autem ex Mariotti experimentis difcrimen inter altitudinem, quam attingit aqua furfum exiliens, & altitudinem vafis, rationem obtinere duplicatam circiter ipfius altitudinis vafis. Itaque, fi a fit altitudo, ad quam motu furfum verfo falire pofflt aqua fluens per axem venae cum veloci- tate V ) erit ex Mariotti experimentis, A^a ut • j & erit — data quantitas. Sed C 75 3 Sed in uno experimento, quod pro fundamentali habet Mariottus, fuit A—(>o digit. Parifienf. & in- venta eft <2=59 digit. Parif. diametro foramiiiis me- tiente digitum dimidium. Fuit itaque in hoc cafti —r — = 3 600, cumque data fit hasc quantitas, erit femper 3600^= 3600/f — ^ 3600 ==y^- 3600. Ergo, fi fit A-=.\ dig. five dupla diametfi foraminis, erit a~==-\' Sed \ V'^ :: a\A i—- I. 3600 3600 Itaque, cum altitude vafis dupla eft diametri fora- minis, haberi poteft vel u = V. Porro, per Coroll- 4. TrobL IX. decrefeente vergit/^ ad ■— Itaque, cum fit altitude vafis yalde parva, velut fi non fuperet duas diametros foraminis, haberi poteft Sed, ^ti ^roblema VII, q Vr^ ^ z=z--^X.V'\~_6qV — 2\/ 3 qvV-\-9 q^ & pro 0 & ^ fubftituendo valores eorundem modo I ^ , inventos, five VVi K 2 C 7^ ] f ■ > = "7-Xi + 2/3“-2-/i-f >/3, five V3 ^2=ry2x2-f-— — 2 Vi+Za =r* xo, 66875 53p07 Hnde ^ = rx 0,8 1 777466. Hie itaque eft valor ipfius cum altitudo aquae dupla eft diametri foraminis 5 & cum per Scholium 2, '^roblematis VII. ^ conftantem obtineat rationem ad radium foraminis, obtinebit eundem valorem in qua- cunque altitudine aquae. Q^E. I. Coroll. i. Per Troblema VII, 3 V3 ? — 2^ > & ex modo invento va- lore ipfius habetur i?=:rx 3J98877150, qui eft valor ipfius R, cum altitudo aquae dupla eft diametri foraminis j cumque per Scholium 2. ejufdem Rroble- matis^ conftans habearur ratio inter r Be R, obtinebit R hunc ipfum valorem, quaecunque fuerit altitudo aqux. C o R o L L. II. Quoniam o eft fere xqualis ipfi ^ & ^ eft fere =-^,ubi altitudo aqux dupla eft diametri 2 y 3 foraminis 5 erit ad hanc altitudinem aqux, ~ = y 3 quamproxime. Et cum, per Scholium 2. Rroblematis VII, conftans fit ratio inter erit = v' 3? quxeunque fuerit aqux altitudo. Pro- I 77 2 Problema XL [/^qua ex dato vafe femper plena per datum foramen in aerem efluentei & data una quavis ex tribus quantitatibus fequentibusy nempe Menfura aqrne effluentist velocitate in axe njena contraSl^t aut altitudine, ad quam motu furfum verfo falire pojjit media pars vena, reliquas duas determinare. Sit A altitude vafis, r radius fbraminis, zqmr^A Menfura aquae efiluentis, u velocitas in axe venae con- traftae, a altitude, ad quam falire queat aqua elfluens per axem venae, & detur prime zqmr^A, unde datur q. Per Corollarium 2. Troblematis X. unde v'^qJ^Vl’ Hinc = 3 Sed Si fecundo detur v, erit & 2 ^ imr^Av zqmr A v'A - Vonoa=^-yT* Poftreme, ft detur cum fit ^ = iq'^A, erit q' 3-« a ^r=^T2' lt«nu’=^> undeusFV^' a Pro- 1 78 ] P R O B L E M A XII. T>ata dtitudine, ad qtiam motu furfum verfq falii aqua per a 'erem erumpens ex ^afe altitudinis data per datum foramen c 'lrcularey definire altitudinem-, ad quam aqua motu furfuin uerfo afcenfura ft, cum erumpit ex vafe cujufcunque altitudinis data per foramen circular e quodcunque datum • Significentur Uteris, r, s-, A-, E, q^ res easdem atque in Problemate IX ; fmtque a e altitudines, ad quas falire queat aqua eruiiipens ex vafis, quibus altitudines A h, R refpedtive. Erit jam, per Problema XI, a'^'^cf A, e~ip^Ef a * A — a / ^ o ^ Sc ;)2r= sE Cumque, per E^rohlema IX, fit tEx. \ — 6qsA p + rExi^ sj 6qsA poncndo rE—nsA, '^’~~iq hinc fubftituendo vel 6q J-WX~ I I— -^proi-sj^&v'j^pro^', ac pro A^a fcribendo a, evadet & V ^Aa-X-d ad ^nat, WlAa 6Aa d ad Sed [79] Scif-=J^. unde;g= . five e—E^ ncf^ Af A d -4- 71^ a* j -3- ^ , unde zAa nEoc. feribendo s pro £_e , fit s = x - »a. Data autem g, five £— e, datut e, five altitude ad quam aqua fertur, cum ex novo vafe erumpit. Q^E. I. Coroll. I. Si asqualia fuerint foramina in- utroque vafe, feu s—r, eritE: E, nAy vel n—A unde A — X V A a n'^ (A — ncx,. za ‘ Coroll. 2. Si aequales fuerint vaforum altitu= dines, feu Ez=.Ay erit r^nsy feu n——y unde ' $ . I . ... . s "y A^Aa-^iA A -^ncx,. 2r Cl Coroll. 3- Si diametri foraminum fuerint in ratione altitudinum, falient aquae ad altitudines ipfis vaforum altitudinibus proportionales, Nam, ftr:s;: A:Ey rE::=zsA, &;2==:t, undegr=~, feu e \ a, E Ay E— e : A~- a i : E i Ay five e a \ E : A- Coroll. 4. Cum fit pxiV iAa-y/A^Aa-\-7i'^A — n»y nEoc , — -;r pnEceV^ ' t . erit g=-— X2/>V3.^^= — 7= — > undepro/^' fubftituendo ejus valorem fiaprapofitum, q\PjAy Sc redu£iione debita, fit g pnE <}A i five : pr E^ cc qsA'^ C o R OL L. [ So ] Coroll. f. Hincautemponendo/=^,s=:‘ rE‘ CC sA^ five g : a ; ; : sA^. Hoc eft, defedus altitudi; num aquarum falietitium, five difcrimina inter alti- tudines falientium, & altitudines vaforum, funt in ratione compofita ex ratione duplicata altitudinum vaforum direde, & ratione diametrorum foraminum reciproce. Haec autem regula accurate vera eft, ubi sA^rEy per Coroll. i. Trobl. IX > & proxime ad verum accedit, ubi E & j in eadem circiter ratione augentur, vel minuuntur; nec nifi paulum aberrat a vera aquae falientis altitudine in quocunque cafu, modo £ non fit major pedibus 50, & eodem tempore s non fit minor lineis 3. £* a Co ROLL. 6, Ubi s=r, g=-j^ circiter, hoc eft, «bi pariafunt foramina, defedus altitudinum aqua- rum falientium funt fere in ratione duplicata altitu- dinum vaforum, qua: eft ipfa Mariotti regula. 9* /y C o R o L L. 7. Ubi E—A, 8= — circiter, hoc eft, s ubi pares funt altitudines vaforum, defedus aquarum falientium funt fere ut diametri foraminum reci- proce. Scholium Generale I. Theoriae fupratraditae fidem fi quis experimentis inftituendis explorare voluerit, ei audor fim, I. Vafe uti amplillimo, faltem in parte fuperiori, cum in finem ut toto tempore, quo capitur experi- mentum, altitUdo aqu» ad fenfum non mutetur. Quod [ 8. 3 Qaod fi vas ita amplum non fif, quin durante efHuxu €x foramine decrementum altitudinis aqus notatu dignum reperiatur, habenda eft pro conftanti altitu- dine altitude debita intermedia inter maximam 6c minimam aquae altitudinemj quod fieri praeftat, quam motum aquae naturalem perturbare affundendo defuper aquam novara. 2. Vafis altitude tanta fit, ut fi aquam per fora- men in latere fadum emittere veils, vclocitas aquae per centrum foraminis exiturae tuto haberi pollit pro velocitate quacum aqua per totum foramen exitura fit, cum abeft omnis refiftentia. 3 . Lamina, in quo fit foramen, tarn tenuis fit, aut faltem acie tarn tenui in ambitu foraminis, ut ejus aciei craftities pro nihilo haberi poflit refpedu dia- metri foraminis. Debet autem recidi craflities la- minae facie externa, relicla plana facie interiore pro- xime aquam : & angulum hujus aciei tarn acutum efle oportet, ut aqua per foramen effluens lateri exterior! laminae non adhaerefcat. His paratis fequentia inftitui poterunt experimenta, quibus quafi totidem criteriis de certitudine dodlrinae fuprapofitae dijudicari queat. Experimentum I. Cum aqua per foramen in latere vafis emittitur, menfuretur diligentiflime diameter venae contradae, notando utrum femper fibi conftet mutata utcunque altitudine aquae. Exper. 2. Obfervetur etiam utrum haec diameter eandem femper obtineat rationem ad diametrum foraminis, cum foramina diverfte magnitudinis ufur- pantur. Exper. 3. Aqua eiHuente vel redta deorfum per fundum vafis, vel horizontiliter per latus cjufdem, L obfl [ ] obfei’vetur accuratiflime quantum effluat dato tem- pore, adhibendo diverfas aititudines aquae, fed unum idemque foramen. Exper. 4. Idem obfervetur, cum foramina di- verfx magnitudinis ufurpantur, fed eadem adhibetur altitudo aqus. Exper. 5. Obfervandum quantum effluat dato tempore in cafibus duobus diverlis, quorum in utroque eadem ft ratio diametri foraminis ad altitudinem aqua:. Nam fi Menfur£ repcrientur in ratione com^ polita ex ratione duplicata diamerrorum, & ratione fimplici altitudinum, ut in CorolL 3. ^roblematis IX, magnam habebis Theoriae noftrte confirmati- onem. Exper. 6. In iifdem duobus cafibus, motu aquae furfum verfo ope tubi ampli lateri vafis adaptati, & fnperiori parte foramine pertufi, obfervetur ad quantas aititudines aqua faliat. Nam fi reperientur hx aititu- dines proportionales altitudinibus aqute in vafe, ut in Corollario i. ^Froblematis'^W, habebis alteram hujus Theoriae certiffimam confirmationem. Exper. 7. Eodem manente foramine, fed mutata utcunque altitudine aquae, obfervandum ad quantam altitudinem feratur aqua. Exper. 8. Idem obfervetur, cum eadem perftante altitudine aquae mutatur foraminis magnitudo. Caeterum, ex omnibus his experimentis praeferenda funt ea, quibus motu aquas furfum verfo notatur alti- tudo ad quam aqua falit. Haec enim altitudo & facilius longe capi poteft, quam Menfura aquae efflu- entis, & error, fi quis forte admitratur in capienda altitudine, longe minoris eft moment!, quam qui admittitur in Menfura aeftimanda. Cum enim, per [ 85 3 Troblemayili altitude aquae falientis fit patet, quod error minimus admiffus in Menfurat five in duplicabitur fere in adeoque duplicabitur in alti- tudine aquae falientis. At minimus error admiffus in altitqdine aquae fali- entis, five in i cf" A 1 redigicur fere ad dimidium in aeftimanda hoc eft, in Menfura aquae efHuentis. Scholium Generale IL Interim, dum ab iis, quibus otium non minus quam veri cognofeendi ftudium fqppetit, fiant ali- quando ifta experimenta, utendum, quantum fieri poteft, iis experimentis quae nobis fuppeditavit antc- cefforum diligentia. Haec autem funt triplicia. Nam metiuntur vel, 1. Diametrum venae contra^Iae^ yel, 2. Menfuram aquae eIHuentis 5 vel, 3. Altitudinem ad quam aqua falit. 1, Venae contradae radius menfurante Newtono eft rXo,84,. cum diameter foraminis eft digiti Lorh dinenfis. Idem Toleno dimetiente eft rXo^yS circiter, cum diameter foraminis eft digitorum Panfienjium 2 Per calculum noftrum eft rXo,8 18 fere, quaecunque fuerit diameter foraminis. Quae magnitudo eft inter- media circiter inter menfuram Newtonianam & To- lenianam. 2. Perincommode accidit, ut Menfura aqux efflu- entis ab omnibus captae, praeter unum Polemmj ad propofitum noftrum penitus fint inutiles. Nam do- cente viro illo eximio, haec Menfura, cum per tubum rcxit aqua, longc major eft quam cum exit ex nudo L 2^ fora- [ 84 ] foramine. Et cum foramina in laminis fada pro tubis brevibus habenda fint, faltem nifi laminse craf- fities quamminima fit refpcdu diametri foraminis, inde fadum eft, ut omnes Menfura aqu^ efftuentis ante ilium captac majores veris invenirentur. Utendum ergo folis Mmfyris a ^oleno captis. Hae a autem, quae quidem magno illo foramine 26 linearum capt^fuerunt, funt numero decern, nempe ponendo corpus grave cadere in vacuo per pedes Pari- fienfes 15, digitum i, lineas 2, tempore minuti fe- cundi, evadit Menfura ■=^2mr'"Ax,o,$77^ Quarum omnium inter- za . . . 0,5772 media eft zmr’^A'Ko^sji 3^ .... 0,5731 fere. Hanc itaque habe- . . . 0,57 to mus pro Menfura ^olenf- j a .... 0,5690 ana aquae effluentis, cum 6a . . . 0.5675 vafis altitude eft digitorum ya .... 0,5689 33 T arijienfiumy quae eft . . . 0,5703 altitude intermedia inter Qd . 0,5732 eas quae ^oleno fuemnt 10^ , . . 0,5613 5,7087 ufurpatae. Menfura autem, quae ad hanc altitudinem calculo noftro elicitur ex Mariotti experimento, quod mox proponemus, eft 2^r®^Xo,5768 ; quae parte circiter nonagelima Menfuram ^olenianam. Tantulum vero difcrimen oriri potuit vel ex errore centefimae partis digit! in aeftimanda dia- a Polenusde Caflellis, ait, 35, 38339, 42,43. & Epiftol ad Marl- Qonium. , . • metro c metro for aminis 5 vcl ex eo, quod vas exclpiens aquam effluentem, centefima drciter parte majus eflet quara pro compute Toleni ; vel partim ex urroque. Adde, quod dupio minus eft hoc diferimen, quam quantum reperitur inter ipfa experimenta Toleniana. 3. Supra docuimus inutilia reddidifle Tolenum omnia anteceflbrum experimenta de Menfura aquae effluentis, quod in iis inftituendis nulla habita fuiflet ratio craflitiei laminae, per cujus foramen aqua efflu- eret. Unde poflit aliquis non abfurde fufpicari, la- borare pari vitio etiam ilia experimenta, quibus ex- ploratum fuerat ad quantam altitudinem aquae fali- renr. Sed dubitationem iftam altera egregia obfer- vatione fuftulit Golems. Is fiquidem deprehendit Menfuram quidem aquae longe majorem ex tubo, quam ex nudo foramine effluere j at, quod mireris, quodque nos forfitan, fi modo Deus vitam & otium conceflerit, aliquando explicabimus, aquam effluen- tem per tubes 7 ^ vel 1 3 lineas Parifienfes longos, non nifi ad eandem, aut etiam tantillo minorem pro- filire diftantiam horizontalem, quam attingit aqua ex nudo foramine exiliens. Tantillo itaque minor eft velocitas maxima aquae poft exitum e tubo, quam poft exitum e foramine, cum tubus non admodum brevis eft : fed cum tubus eft breviflimus, qualis eft foramen etiam in lamina non admodum tenui, eadem haberi poteft velocitas maxima aquae poft exitum ex hoc tubo, atque poft exitum ex foramine in lamina tenuillima. Itaque, ad explorandam Theoriae noftrae certitudi- nem, licet oeque nobis uti experimentis Mariotti de alti- a Epiftol. ad Marinoniunx I ^6 ] ''altitudinc foiit'iutn falientium, atquc fi foramina, quibns is ufus eft, in laministenuiftimis fafta fuiflenr. Adfumamus ergo ex ejus experimentis unum ali- quod, quod pro fundamento habeatur, ad altitudi- ncm in reliquis experimentis per 'Froblema noftrum Xn indagandam. Is quidem pro experimento fundamentali proponit iftud, ubi altitude aqute in vafe eft praecife pedum 5 Farijienfiim. At cum, tantiilus error, puta duarum linearum, in hoc experimento, errorem fatis gran- = dem, nempe piufquam 8 digitorum, gignat in alti- tudine fepties majori, quali poftea utitur Mariottus 5 nos illud experimentum pro fundamentali habere ma- lumus, in quo maxima ilia adhibetur altitude fepties major priori. Sit itaque nobis pro fundamento examinis inftitu- endi experimentum id Matiotth ubi diameter fora- minis eft linearum Farifienjium 6, & altitude aquae in vafe eft pedum Farijienfium 34, digitorum ii-f, five digitorum 41 9 1- Hanc ilk cum altitudineni adhiberet, reperit aquam ex foramine exilientem adfurgere ad altitu- dinem pedum 3 1 digitorum 8 vd 9, hoc eft, ad alti- tudinem digitorum sSo-f-. dig. dig. Eft itaque ^^=41 9,f. 80, f. & a=3 9 dig. In altero experimento, ubi E, feu altitude aquae in vafe eft pedurn 26 digit! i, falit aqua per idem foramen tefte Mdriotto ad altitudinem pedum 24 digitorum 2^. Prodit vero e, feu altitudo aquae fali> entis, per Corollarmm i» Froblmatis XII, pedum -24, digitorum 3, Cae- C-»rJ Cxterum, quo melius conferantur altitudines, quas- attingere aquam falientem deprehendit Mariottus, cum altitudinibus iis, ad quas falire debuerit ex calculo noftro, utrafque conjecimus in Tabellam 1 j ubi vides ita convenire calculo cum obfervatis, ut vix quicquam poffit fupra. Cumque capta fmt hsec experimenta eodem foramine diametuo fcx linearum, altitudine fola mutata, vix poteft dubitari, quia tertia noftra pofitio, qua Rejijientia, cateris paribus j eft in ratione lubduplicata altitudinis, re6te fe habear. Tabella I. Diameter foraminis 6 linearum. Altitude aqu2e Altitude falientis aquae in vafe Ex Mariotto Ex calculo ped. dig. ped. dig. ped. dig. 34* 31. 8,5 31. 8,5 26. I 24. 2,5 24. 3 24. i 22. 10 22. 10 12. 4 12. 0 1 1. 1 1 5. 6 5. 4,75 5. 5 5. 4. II 4. II. 2 lin. 35. 5 32-0 32. I Tabella II. Diameter foraminis 4 linearum. ped. dig. ped. dig. ped. dig. 34- H75 30. 0 30. 0 24- 5 22. 8,5 21. 11 5. 6 5* 4,7 5 • 4,4 Ta- C 88 ] T A B E L L A III. Diameter foraminis 3 linearuK ped. dig. ped.dig. ped.dig. 34. 11,5 28. o 28. o 2(5. I 22. 22. I 34. 5 22. 2 20. I r 5- <5 5. 4)7 5* 3,7 Cum loco foraminis lincarum fex uteretur Mari- Dttus foramine linearum quatuor, reperit aquam profilientem ex vafe altitudinis fupra demonftratje, pedum 34 digit. ii|, attingere altitudinem pedum 30. Salire debuit per Corollarium 2. Troblematis XII ad pedes 3 0. digitos 2-f- fere. Poftea cum uteretur foramine linearum trium, aqua jprofiliens ex eodem vafe attigit altitudinem pedum 2 8. Profilire debuit per idem Corollarium ad pedes 2 8, digitos 9 circiter. Scd hxc difcrimina inter altitudines ex calculo prodeuntes & eas quas obfervavit Mariottus, ex parvo crrore in capiendis foraminum tantulorum diametris oriri potuerunt. Nam fi radius maximi foraminis, quern lineis tribus ajqualem ftatuit Mariottus^ tres lineas fuperaverit parte j4o digit! 5 vel fi radius fecund! foraminis, quern lineis duabus jequalem izzlt ^Mariottus j parte j-fg digit! 7arijienjis a duabus lineis defeceritj in alterutro cafu falietaqua per calculum ad altitudinem 30 pedum, prorfus uti obfervavit Mariottus. Item, ft radius minimi foraminis, parte 7— digit! ‘Parijienjis minor fuerit linea & limul radius maximi foraminis parte digiti liaperet tres lineas ; dabit C 8? 3 dabit calculus altitudinem aquse falientis pedum 28, quantam deprehendit Mariottus. Caiculo autem ad hunc modum corredo, exhibent Tabells & 3^ altitudines Marioiti cum caiculo noftro collatas. Hie autem notaiidum eft, in Tabella II. altitudi- nem falientis ex vafe alto pedes 24. digitos 5. Man- otto obfervatam, nempe altitudinem pedum 22. dig. 8 Y, item in Tab. III. altitudinem falientis ex eodem vafe, nempe altitudinem ped. 22. digit. 2. altitudines, quas exhibet calculus nofter, magno intervallo fu- perare. Sed corruptos efte Mariotti numeros fatis conftat. Nam, 1 . Regula Mariottiana fupratradita, cui fatis bene convenire cum obfervatis ipfe teftatur, numeros multo minores, & fatis ad calculum noftrum acce- dentes exhibet. 2. Fieri omnino nequir, ut aqua faliens ex fora- mine 4 linearum attingat altitudinem ped. 22. dig. 8-|-j neque ut aqua faliens ex foramine trium line- arum attingat altitudinem pedum 22. dig. 2; ft qui- dem aqua faliens ex foramine 6 linearum non attingat nifi altitudinem ped. 22. dig. 10. quod ex analogia obfervationum Mariotti facile patebit. 3. Si vera fit altitudo ped. 22. dig. 2. in Tab. III. falit aqua erumpens ex vafe alto ped. 24. dig. 5. ad majorem altitudinem, quam ubi erumpit ex vafe- alto ped. 26. dig. I. quod manifefte abfurdum eft. His caufis adducor ut credam Mariottumy ubi de priori ex his experi mentis verba faceret, in adverfariis fuis feriptum reliquifle, Le jet de quatre Itgnes n a ete plus has que d’ onze pouccs ou onze pouces & M demi, \ C 9° ] dcmi, que cehii dont I’ ajutage etolt de Jix ligness unde tranfcripferit la Htrius^ plus has que d’un pouce OLi im poucc & demi. Fafta autem hac cor- redtione eiit AnixxiliO Mariotto obfervata 21 pedum, & digitomm ii. vel 10 quaj cum calculo noftro adamuflim convenit. ’ In fecundo experimento, cum erumpit aqua ex foramiiie tres iincas amplo, patet ex analogia falire aquam debere ad altitudincm duobus cirdter pedibus minorem, quam ubi erumpit ex foramiue fex line- ariun. Force, loco verborum celui de trois lignes a ete plus has que celui de Jix lignes de pres de 8 polices, fcriptum fuerat Mariotto, plus bas que ceiui de fix lignes d’un pied 8 polices^ quod non longe diftat a calculo noftro. Id veto mirum non videbitur, ejufmodi errata contingere potuiffe, fi animadverteris ipfum Cl. *I)e la Hiriumy qui, poll obitum Mariotti-, ejus chartas dmprimendas curaverit, in prasfatione huic operi praefixa ha:c habere. La moitie de cet ouvrage etoit ajfez au net pour etre imprimee : mais le rejte m a donne beaucoup de peine a rajfembler fur les Memoir es qui men ont ete mis entre les mains apres fa mort> Cteterum, omnibus perpenfis, adeo bene convenit calculo noflro cum experimentis clarillimi hujus & diligentillimi obfervatoris, ut etiam cum Menfura Loleniana aqux efflucntis, cumque menfuris dia- metri venae contradae Newtono & Loleno captis, ut vix dubitandum lit quin aut vera, aut vero quam- proxima lit fupra expolita theoria. Haec autem facile extenditur ad aquam effliientem pet foramen qiiadratum, aiit redanguiare quodvis, vd [ 90 • vel etiam ad foramen annulare, quale ambit circelluni Newtonianum Corollariis ultimis ^rop. XXXVI. Ltbr. II. "Princip. adhibitum, unde in Refiflcntia fiuidorum' Gonrinuorura ex hujus circelli' contempla- tione deducta plura videntur mutanda ; quod in ante- ceffUm emditos monere vifum eft, quo eos ad accu- ratius praicedentium examen excitarcm. II. A Colk^ion of the Obfervations of the Eclipfe of the Sun, Auguft 4^^ 1738, which were fent to the Royal 'Society. I. An Eclipfe of the Sun, obferved Auguft the by Mr. George Graham and Mr. Short, FF. R. S. at Mr. GrahamV Houfein Fleetftreet, London, by a Refrabding Telefcope of iz Focus, armed with a Micrometer^ and by a refledhng Telefcope of nine Inches focal Length. h. ' Beginning of the Eclipfe at 9. 59- End at II. 59. Quantity of Obfcuration by ? dig. min. the Micrometer . . \ 00 h. ' Duration 2. o. 16 FI. B. The Per Ton who was obferving the Tranfit of the Sun over the Meridian, obferved the End to be at the fame Inftant with the above Obfcrvation. M 2 2. Eclipfs C ] 2. EcUpJt^ Solis, Tubo 7 ped. Micrometro *D. Gra- hami inftru^o^ d. 4 Eu^.paulo poft meridiem 1738. Upfaliae obfervata a T>'^o. Andrea Celfio, R, S. Lend. S. R* S. Suec. Seer. Temp, h. ' 12. 18. ver. It • ~. Initium eclipfeos. 12, 35- 57 . . Dig. eccl. 0. 5 -| 12. 3 7. 47 • • • • 0« 3 7 12. 42. 22 * . . Finis. 0, 23. 30 . . Duratio. Propter nubes per vices folem obtegentes ma- ximam obfeurationem & ceteras eclipfeos phafes ob- fervare non licuit j maximum tamen fobs defedum dig. o. 8' h. 12. 30' 37" accidifle ex hifee obfervatis deducitur. 3. Tres Phafes Eclipfeos Solis partialis Vitem- berg^ die xv. Augufti St. N. iv. St. Vet. anno cio.iDCC.xxxviii. d Jo. Frid.Weidlero, R. S. Lond. Sodal. obfervat£. ETf] propter nubes, quibus turn coelum involve- batur, nec initium, nec finis deliquii fpedari potuerit, apparuerunt tamen, diftradis fubinde venti impeiu nubibus, Phafes fequentes j Hor. [ 9i ] Hor. Min. 11. 30. Notata eft phafis prima ddiquii cre- fcentis, i digit. 12. 19. p.m. vifa eft phafis altera 2 digit. 30 Minutorum. 12. 37. Apparuit phafis decrefcentis eclipfis tertia. Spedatae L 94 1 Spe£^:atiE etlam funt eodem tempore maculx in difco Solis decem. Cererum Lunse difcus fub Sole, pcripheiiam ac- curate terminatam, ablque ulla insequalitate, necnon faciem nigerrimam oftcndit. NuUumquoque Atmo- fphaeraj orbi Lunas infidentis veftigium potuit d^^pre- hendi. Aberravit calculus, ex Tabulis Ludovicianis de- du£tus, quoad magiiitudiriem & tempus I'uminac Ecli- pfeos. . Magnimdo enim prsedicebatur 2 digitorum, 20 minutomm; Medium h. 12. in. 5. 4. Defedus Solis, obfervatus e fpecula Bononienfis Scientiarum Inftituti die 1 5 Augufti M.dcc.xxxviii. mane-, refer erite Euftachio Manfredlo ejufdem injii- tuti Aftronomo, & R.S. Lond, S, CU M Solis difcus per hofce dies maculis pluribus fcateret, ipfo mane inftantis Eciipfeos cirdter horam 21. 30 poft meridiem, Eufiachius Zanottus, ‘Thil.‘T)o£i. Math- Rrofejfor pubheus, Collega mens, ope micrometri aptati tubo pedum 8, piaecipuaruni pofitum inveftigavit, quae pitefertim Auftraiem Solis partem, (qua parte Luna fubitura erat) obfidebant j omnes enim deferibi neque ad rem attinebac, neque per fpedatorum turbas licuic. Eas maculas, quarum loca- definii'e potuir, fubjectum fchema exhibet. Ini- [ 95 ] Initium ddiquii non perfenfi ante horam 22. 52. 25 poft meridiem, licet & ego tubo pedum undvcim, & alii tubis aliis Solis margines din pciluftiailent. Opmor tamen ipfum Luminarium contadum minuto faltem maturius accidifle, quam animadverterim j quod ipfum a iucccdentibus phafibus contlimari vi- ' dttur. Digiti Ecliptici per circulos in tabella de more exaratos, digitorum vero panes teftimatione definicas fuiir. Telefcopium erat pedum 6. Imago unciarum 2, aut circitcr. Phales emerfionis phafibus immtrfi- onis certiores funt multis de caulis. Immerfionis phafes. Temp. ver. h ' " 23. o. 10 Defedusuiiius digiti 1 1. 20 dig. 2 23. 5^ dig. 3 3 5. 14 dig. 4 dab, 45. 14 dig. 4-1 47. 6 dig. 4 1 51. 14 dig. 4 -I 55. 14 dig. 4 1 58. 14 dig. 4 I o. I. 46 dig. 4 1 Finis Eclipfeos Tabo pedum undecim .... Tubo pedum odo Emerlionis phafes. Temp. ver. h / // ■ 0. 4. 14 adhuc dig. 4-| 18. 5 dig. 4 I 22. 43 dig. 4 -I 31. 50 dig. 4 39. 13 dig. 3 4. 4d. 50 dig. 3 . 52. 55 dig. 2 I- 57. 31 dig. 2 1. 3. 26 dig. I j. 7. 52 dig. I 1. 13. 4 femidigitas hor. I. 18. I hor. I. i8. 2 C ] Interea maculsc Solis a Luna obted^se ac rete£lae notabantur in hunc modum. Temp. ver. ly • » 33. 3. 50 Macula CLunam fubit, tubo pedum 8. 21. 3 Macula A delitefcere incipit, tubo pedum undecim. 21. 49 Maculae centrum occultatur. 22. 41 Tota fub Luna immergitur. 23. 54 Duarum Macularum ad 5 prior immergi incipit. 25. 10 Ejufdem Maculae centrum latet. 25. 45 Tota abfconditur. 2 6. 24 Duarum ad B pofterior centro fuo Lunae marginem fubit. Hadenus eodem tele- fcopio pedum undecim. 27. 2 Macula *2) abfcondi incipit tubo pedum 8. 23. 31. 2 Tota delitefcit eodem tubo. o. 3 1. 45 Macula apparere incipit in fpecie Solis per tabellam excepta. 32. 30 Eadem macula tota cum areola fua emer- ferat tubo pedum undecim. 33. 25. Emerlio centriprioris duarum ad i5 eodem tubo. 34. 59 Totalis emerfio ejufdem Maculae eodem tubo. 35. 51. Pofterior duarum ad B tota emerferat, tubo eodem. Obfervationes tarn maculamm, quam digitorum cclipticorum habuerunt (praeter Zanottum) Franci- fcus Vandellius Mutinenjis Inftit. Scknt. Frofejfor, Thomas r p7 ] Thomas Terelliis Florentinus, M. T). Jofeph. Rover- Jins, Retronius Matheucim, Jo Andreas Boldrinus R lac ent inns, Salvator Oliva Medlolanenfis, atque alii. Omnes ex eodem horologio tempora norarunr, quae poftmodum a meridianii obfcrvationibus correda conlignavimus. Vigente Edipfi obfervavi tranfitum Lunae ac Solis per planum femicirculi muralis juxta meridianum fufpcnfi. Ad definiendum Lunae tranfitum, tempus notavi, quo fegmenrum perexiguum e difco Lunae in Sole confpicuo filo horizontali telcfcopii fubtenfum, a ver- tical! fiio bifledum apparuit : tunc enim oportet ipfum Lunae centrum in vertical! extitiffc. Tranfiit autem centrum Lunae ante centrum Solis fecundis horariis 34. hoc eft hora 23. 59. 26 poft meridiem did 14. Altitudo Meridiana limbi borei Lunx grad. 59. 36. 1 5 5 limbi borei Solis 59. 53.0. Meridies N III. Sme C 5»8 ] in. Some Ele. 400. of the Revolutions of pendulous 'Bodies by Electricity. over C ] over the Surface of the Water, it made again twenty- more Revolutions from Weft to Eaft, only at a fmaller Diftance from the Ball, (for the Water muft make it heavier) but full as regular as before, and rather quicker: The Virtue of the Cake muft now have lafted about three quarters of an Hour. After refting about fix Minutes, I tried again with the String frdh wetted, the Bail and Cake continuing as before ; and had,. to my great Surprize, one hundred Revolutions in the Space of about twelve Minutes, the Revolu- tions being ftill quicker, and more regular, and nearer the Ball j and at the fixth Revolution of this laft Hundred, the Thread was attradted to the Surface of the Ball, and, being wet, did not difengage itfelf, till pulled away j yet after this, deferibed the remaining Ninety-four Revolutions of the Hundred, and feemed inclined to deferibe a great many more, but that I was forced to reft my Arm again, which I did for about eight Minutes, then tried again, the Thread being frefh wetted, and had feventy Revolutions at nearly the fame Diftance from the Ball in lefs than nine Minutes, all very regular, and without any At- traction of the Thread to the Ball. 1 refted agairi ftxteen Minutes, wer the Thread again, and held it as Lifual ; it was repelled at about half an Inch Diftance from the Ball, but feemed to have no Tendency to a circular Motion j yet after continuing ftationary about a Minute, I perceived a Motion about its Axis, about which it took feveral Turns; but ftill had little or no progreflive Motion, till about a Minute longer, when it began to move forward, and continued doing, fo from W eft to Eaft, for about thirty-three Revolu- tions, very regular, but flower than in the two laft Cafes,, the String having been held about ten Mi- nutesaj. f.io] nutes, and the Revolutions performed in about feven or eight of them. I obferved each of thefe three laft times, it was rather longer before the progreffive Motion began than ufual 5 and in all the Trials of this Experiment, I frequently perceived a Motion about the Axis, which was generally from Weft to Eaft, though now-and-then the contrary Way. The Virtue of the Cake muft now have lafled near two Hours } about three quarters of an Hour after, I tried again, and had fixty Revolutions from Weft to Eaft, in about ten Minutes, the Diftance from the Ball being ftill lefs than before, hardly one quarter of an Inch, fcarce any Revolution about the Axis appeared, and at the Beginning the Thread was twice attraded to the Ball. - About an Hour and half after, the Virtue of the Ball was not quite gone, the wet Thread being repelled, and making three or four Revolutions from Weft to Eaft, as well as moving a little about its Axis the fame Way. But as it was reafonable to fuppofe the Ball itfelf in the Centre of the Cake was now dry, with a Feather dipp’d in Water I wet its Surface; yet found no Increafe of Virtue, rather a Diminution of ir, the pendulous Body feeming fcarce at all repelled ; but it is to be obferved, that the Ball, as it was wetting, twice tumbled over, and rolled upon the Surface of the Cake ; by which means the Virtue of the Cake might be much diminifhed. It is not improper too to take Notice here, that during the Revolutions of the wet String, I have fre- quently obferved a kind of Ofcillatory Motion, as if there was an alternate Intention and Remiflion of the repulfive Force. As alfo that I have often tock Notice of little Plucks, and convulfive Motions, in [ JM ] in the pendulous Body> and fometimes thought I have felt fomething like it in my Arm that held it, though at no other time have I ever been fenfible of any fuch thing. I have feveral times fince repeated this Experiment with the Thread and Bali both wet, and found it fucceed much better than when they were both dry j and once I find by my Notes I had two hundred and twenty Revolutions before I refted my Arm. I have tried too with the Ball dry, and the String only made wet ; but the Virtue did not continue fo long, as when both were wet. I now flattered myfelf with Hopes of Succefs, if the Thread was fufpended from an undoubted fixed Point, which therefore I proceeded again to try with the greateft Care and Caution, but in vain j the Re- volutions were uncertain. This Difference naturally led me to refledt upon the Caufe of it. The Tremor of the Hand would not account for it ; for this being both ways back- ward as well as forward, muft as often hinder as pro- mote a continual Motion one way : And though in two oppofite Parts of a Circle, the Motion is really in contrary Diredions, and therefore the contrary Impulfes of a Ttemor tnay promote a Revolution applied at oppofite Places of the Orbit ; yet as thefe Tremors are irregular, . apd fucceed much quicker than the Revolutions are perform’d, they feem infuf- ficient to account for the Motions of the pendulous Body, performed with any Degree of Regularity. A Stream of Air in my Room might impel along* the Tangent tfie pendulous ?ody, kept at a Diffance from the Ball by its repulfive |^ort:e ^ and then Gravity, 0^ taking [ »»» ] taking place, might with the firft Motion compound a Curve j but ftill the Rcfiftance of the Air would fbon deftroy the original Impulfe, could a few Revo- lutions be performed? and befides, one Revolution could not be performed, becaufe the fame Stream of Air that began the Motion, mull be contrary to it in its Rcturm A Finger held on the right Hand near the pendu- lous Body, when fufpended from a fixed Point, will make it revolve from Weft to Eaft ; but then it mull be applied and removed alternately : The repulfive Force therefore which the Arm may acquire, by being held in the Sphere of the Effluvia^ is infufficientj for,, as it is in one Place, it muft impel only one way, and conftantly the fame way ? and therefore, like a Stream of Air in the Room, though it might create the Be- ginning, it muft hinder the Completion of a Revo- lution. Sometimes I have doubted, whether tlic Pulfe of the Arm might not be aflifting in giving a projedrile Motion. When one Leg is laid over the Knee of the other, a Motion and Heaving of the Leg that lies over, anfwering to> every Stroke of the Pulfe, is very apparent at a Diftance : The Arm therefore in fome Poftures, in which its great Artery meets with a pro*- portionable PrelTure or Refinance, may have a con*- ftant Motion, though le.fs perceivable. What feemed the moft probable Solution, was this *. When the Arm is extended, tiae Pofture being un- eafy, there muft be a Readlion of the Mufcles, or a continual palling of the Arm towards the Body. When therefore the right Arm isr made ufc of, the pulling wili.be from Right to Left<> and confequently [ 3 the Motion produced in the Body held by it in the fame Diredion, or from Weft to Eaft. When the left Arm is made ufe of, the Reaftion of the Mufcles will be from. Left to Right, and therefore the Mo- tion of the pendulous Body from Eaft to Weft. And, agreeably to this, I have obferved, (as I formerly took Notice, though this Reafon did not then occur to me) when I ufed my left Hand, all other Circum- ftances continuing the fame, the Motion of the pen- dulous Body was from Left to Right, or from Eaft to Weft, contrary to what was obferved when held by the :right Hand. Yet full neither of thefe Solutions would account for the Variety of Oddnefles 1 have met with under various Ckcumftances. I proceeded therefore to try with Refts for my Arm of different Heights, having an Arm of Wood, about two Feet long, fixed to a Reft for my Tde- fcopes, which I could raife to any Height I wanted j and I found the Experiment fucceed only well, when the Reft was lower than the eleftric Area^ and the Arm was fupported upon its Elbow, which was the Pofture conftantly made ufe of, when refted upon a Chair, the Chair being lower than the eleftric Area^ that it might lefs affed the Effluvia^ as was then thought. 1 began now to think with myfelf, whether it was not poftible, that an Inclination to a Motion one way in the Perfon that holds the Body, might not have fuch an Influence upon the Arm, and confe- quently the String and pendulous Body, as to deter- mine them the fame way by fome PrefTure or Byafs put upon it, though no Motion fenfible even to him- Ct2 felf, 4 [114 3 felf, was produced in the Hand* If fo, I liilght, by a contrary Inclination, produce a Motion the con- trary way. Having therefore a fine Day, and rtiy circular Cake being- well excitedj I tried if I could not produce a regular Mdtiori ffom Eaft to Weft, about the Ball in the Centre, having my Hand fup- ported, as ufual, upon the Back of a Chair. I found I could produce a very regular One frohiEaft to Weft for many Revolutions, and change from one Motion to another, without being fenfible I mOvcd my Hand at all. I then wet the Ball and String, as in the Experi- ment before-mentioned, and found I could tire my- felf with a Motion either from Eaft to Weft, or from Weft to Eaft, as I pleafed, without giving any Mo- tion, that I could perceive, to my Hand Or Fingers. Hence many odd Experiments that pleafe, may, when repeated, fucceed. Since therefore the Motion of the pendulous Body from a Point undoubtedly fixed, is irregular, as I have found by many different Experiments, repeated with the greareft Care and Caution 5 arid iince I am convinced from thefe laft-mentioried Trials, the Mo- tion from Weftr to Eaft, and from Eaft to Weft, muff generally have been determined by myfelfj I am i nclined to think, that a Delire of producing a Mo- tion from Weft to Eaft, was the fecret Caufe that determined the pendulous Body fo that Diredion, by fome Imprellion from Mr. Gtafs Hand, as well as my own, though 1 am perfuaded at the fame time, he was not fcnfible of giving any Motion to his Hand himfelf : And I the rather think this was the Cafe, from the Inftance Mr.Gr^^ gives, by way of Expla- nation, C ] nation, of a Man retting his Elbows upon his Knees, this implying that he retted his Arm upon his Elbow, as I did myfdtt But though upon the Whole it does at laft appear, that this Motion from Weft to Eaft in a pendulous Body, applied to another in the Centre of an eledric Areay is to be afcribed to the Hand that holds it, and not folely to the Nature of the eledlric Effluviay or the Figure of the central Body 5 yet ftill, perhaps, it may not be improper for Aftronomers to confider, whether or no a Medium with this Property, that all Bodies immerfed in it, are repulfive of one another, ' ought not to be joined with Gravity to explain the heavenly Thammena'y efpecially fince the Thano- mena of Fire, and our eleftric Effluvidy have a great Attinity to each other 3 and lince many of the hea- venly Thanomena are to be accounted for, upon this Suppofition, with great Simplicity ; and fome of them, that have not yet perhaps been fully accounted for, feem neceflarily to follow. 1 am. Sir, with a very great Regard, Otterden-Pkcey “^OUr MUch obUgedy Ftb. ao. 1737-^. humble Servant, Granv. Wheler. !P S. This was intended to have been fent eleven Days ago. Mar. 3. 1737-8. V. An [ ] V. An Account of the Influence which two Pendulum Clocks were obferved to have upon each otheVy by Mr. John Ellicott, F. R. S. The two Clocks upon which the following Obfer vat ions were made, being defigned for Regulators, particular Care was taken to have every Part made with all poffible Exaftnefs : The two Pen- dulums were hung in a manner different from what is ufual ; and fo difpofed, that the Wheels might a£t upon them with more Advantage. Upon Trial they were found not only to move with greater Freedom than common, but an heavier Pendulum was kept in Motion by a fmaller Weight. They were in every refped made as near alike as poffible. The Ball of each of the Pendulums weighed above 2 3 fc j and required to be moved about 1° 5' from the Perpen- dicular, before the Teeth of the fwing Wheel would fcape free of the Pallets? that is, before the Clocks would be fet a going. The Weight to each was 3 lb, which would caufe either of the Pendulums in their Vibrations to defcribe an Arch of 3°. The two Clocks were each in Cafes, which fhut very clofe, and placed Sideways to one another, fo near that when the Pendulums were at Reft, they were little more than about two Feet afunder. The odd ^h^enomena obferved in them were thefe : In lefs than two Hours after they were fet a going, one of them (which I call N° i.) was found to flop i and when fet a going again, (as it was feveral times) would I 3 would never continue going two Hours together. As it had always kept going with great Freedom,, before the other Clock (which I call No 2.) was placed near it, this led me to conceive its flopping muft be owing to fome Influence the Motion of one. of the Pendulums had upon the other ; and upon watching them more narrowly, I found the Motion of N® 2. to increafe as N® i. diminifhed ; and at the time N® i. flopped, N® 2. deferibed an Arch of that is nearly two Degrees more than it would have done,, if the other had not been near it, and more than it did move in a fhort time after the other Pendulum came to be at Reft : This made me ima- gine that they had a mutual Influence upon each other. Upon this I flopped the Pendulum of N° 2. leaving it quite at Reft, and fet N° i . a going, the Pendulum deferibing as large an Arch as the Cafe would permit, vJz. about 50^ In about 20 Minutes after, I went to obferve whether there was any Mo^- tion communicated to the Pendulum N° 2. when, to my Surprize, I found the Clock going, and the Pen- dulum to deferibe an Arch of 3°, whereas at the lame timeN® i. did not move 40. In about half an Hour after, N° i. flopped, and the Motion of N® 2. was increafed to very near 5®. I then flopped N® 2. a fecond time, and fet N° i. a going, as before ,• and handing to obferve them, I prefently found the Pen- dulum of No 2. to begin to move, and the Motion to increafe gradually, till in 17' 40" it deferibed an Arch of 20 10', at which time the Wheel difeharg- ing itfelf of the Pallets, the Clock went. The Arches ofthe Vibrations continued to increafe, till (as in the former Experiment) the Pendulum moved y° 3 the Motion C ] Motion of the Pendulum No I. gradually decreafing all the while, as the ocher increafed^ and in three Quarters of an Hour after, it flopped. I then left the Pendulum of No i. at Reft, and fet No 2. a going, making it deferibe an Arch of 50; it continued to vibrate lefs andlefs, till it deferibed but about 30 5 ia which Arch it continued to move all the time I ob- ferved it, which was feveral Hours. The Pendulum of No I. feemed but little affe(fled by the Motion of No 2. I tried thefe Experiments feveral times over, without finding any remarkable Difference. The freer the Room was from any Motion (as Peoples walking about in it, at^c.) I found the Experiments to fucceed the better; and once I found N®2. fet a going in 16' 20", and N° i. at that time flopped in 3 6' 40". I fhall not offer my Opinion to this Honourable Society, concerning the Caufe of thefe "Phanom^ay or at leaft not till I have farther examined it by the Help of fomemore Obfervations and Experiments. VI. Further Obfervations and Experiments concerning the tnsjo Clocks above-mentioned^ by the Sanne. IN the preceding Paper I had the Pleafure to com- municate to this Honourable Society, an Ac- count of the extraordinary Influence I obferved two Clocks to have upon each other, and which was attended with fuch Circumftances, as I believe had . never before been taken Notice of. I fhall now beg Leave C '*p 3 Leave to lay before you fome farther Obfervations I have fince made, which will, I hope, in great mea- fure, account for the Fads then related. In my former Account I took Notice, that the two Clocks were in feparate Cafes, and that the Backs of them refted againft the fame Rail ,• that the Pen- dulums, when at Reft, were about two Feet afunder, and weighed about 23 ife each, and were made to move with fuch Freedom, that a Weight of 3 lb. would caufe either of the Pendulums to defcrlbe an Arch of three Degrees. The moft remarkable Par- ticulars then obferved in them were thefe : If the Pen- dulum of one of the Clocks, which (for Diftindtion fake) I called N« 2. was left at Reft, and that of the other, which I called N« 1. was fet a going, this would, in about 16 Minutes, communicate fo great a Quantity of Motion to N° 2. as would make its Pendulum defcribe an Arch of above two Degrees, and would fet the Work a going : That the Motion of the Pendulum of N° i. conftantly decreafed as that of N°2. increafed, and after about 30 Minutes it did not defcribe an Arch fufficient to free the Teeth of the Wheel from the Pallets, fo that the Clock flopped. At the fame time the Pendulum of N° 2. defcribed an Arch of five Degrees, which was two Degrees more than it would have done, had it not been affefted by the Motion of N° i. Upon leaving the Pendulum of N° i. at Reft, and fetting N« 2. a going, the Pendulum of N° i. was found to be but little affeded, and never moved fufticiently to fet the Work a going. Thefe feemingly different Effeds, which the two Clocks had upon each other, I fhall now endeavour to account for. K. The C >3° 3 The Manner in which the Motion is communi- cated to the Pendulum at Reft, I conceive to be thus : As the Pendulums are very heavy, when either of them is fet a going, it occalions by its Vibrations a very fmall Motion, not only in the Cafe the Clock is fixed in, but, in a greater or leflcr Degree, in every thing it touches; and .this Motion is communicated to the other Clock, by means of the Rail, againft which both the Cafes bear. The Motion thus com- municated, which is too fmall to be difcovered but by means of fome fuch-like Experiments as thefe, will, I doubt nor, be judged by many, infufficient to make fo heavy a Pendulum defcribe an Arch of two Degrees, or large enough to fet the Work a go- ing; and indeed it would be fo, but for the very great Freedom with which the Pendulum is made to move, atifing from the Manner in which it is hung. This appears from the very fmall Weight required to keep it going, which, when the Clock was firft put together, was little more than one ib. And if the Weight was taken off, and the Pendulum made to fwingtwo Degrees, it would make 1200 Vibrations before it decreafed half a Degree, fo that it would not lofe the -y5ob an Inch in each Vibration. Indeed if the Weight was hung on, the Fridion would be increafed, and the Pendulum would not move quite fo freely ; but evem in that Cafe it was found to lofe but little more than the part of an Inch, or about three Seconds of a Degree, in one Vibration; and therefore if the Motion communi- cated to it from the other, will make it defcribe an Arch exceeding three Seconds, the Vibrations muft continually increafe till the Work is fet a going. And 4 [ ] And that the Motion is communicated in the man- ner above fuppofed, is confirmed by the following Experiments : A Prop was fet againft the Back of the Cafe of No 2. to prevent its bearing againft the Rail^ and No I. was fet agoing; then obferving them for feveral Hours, I could not perceive the leaft Motion communicated to N° 2. I then fet both the Clocks a going, and they continued going feveral Days ; but I could not find they had any Influence upon each other. Inftead of the Prop againft the Back of the Cafe, I put Wedges under the Bottoms of both the Cafes, to prevent their bearing againft the Rail ; and ftuck a Piece of Wood between them, juft tight enough to fupport its own Weight. Then fetting No I. a going, I found the Influence fo much in- creafed, that N° 2. was fet a going in lefs than fix Mi- nutes, and No i. flopped in about fix Minutes after. In order to try what Difference would arife, if the Clocks were fixed on a more folid Floor, I placed them (exadlly in the fame manner as in the laft Ex- periment) upon the Stone Pavement under the Piazza's of the Royal Exchange, and ftuck the Piece of Wood between them, as before ; and fetting No i. a going, the only Difference I could perceive, was, that it was 1 5 Minutes before N° 2. was fet a going, and N° I. continued going near half an Hour before it flopped. From thefe Experiments I think it plainly appears, that the Pfcndulum which is put in Motion, as it moves towards either fide of the Cafe, makes the Preflure upon the Feet of the Cafe to be unequal, and, by its Weight, occafions a fmall Bearing or Motion in the Cafe on that Side towards which the R 2 Pen- C >5* ] Pertdulum is moving ; and which, by the Interpo- litioii of any folid Body, will be communicated to the other Clock, whofe Pendulum was left at Reft. The only Objedion to this, I conceive, is the differ- ent Effeds which the two Pendulums feemed to have upon each other. But this I hope to explain to Satif- fadion. For, notwithftanding thefe different Effeds, I foon found, by fevetal Experiments, that the two Clocks mutually affeded each other, and in the fame Man- ner, though not with equal Force ; and that the Varieties obfcrved in their Adions upon each other, arofe from the unequal Lengths of their Pendulums only. For, upon moving one of the Clocks to another Part of the Room, and fetting them both a going, I found that N° 2. gained of N« i. about one Minute 36 Seconds in 24 Hours. Then fixing both againft the Rail, as at firft, 1 fet them a going, and made the Pendulums to vibrate about four Degrees; but I Toon obferved that of N° i, to increafe, and that of N° 2. to decreafe j and in a ftiort time it did not defcribe an Arch large enough to keep the Wheels in Mo- tion. In a little time after it began to increafe again, and in a few Minutes it defcribed an Arch of two Degrees, and the Clock went. Its. Vibrations con- tinued to increafe for a confiderable time, but it never vibrated four Degrees, as when firft fet a going. Whilft the Vibrations of No 2. increafed, thofe of No I. decreafed, till the Clock flopped, and the Pen- dulum did not defcribe an Arch of more than one Degree 30 Minutes. It then began to increafe again, and N° 2. decreafed, and flopped a fecond time, but was [ ] was fet a going again, as before. After this N° i. flopped a fecond time, and the Vibrations continued to decreafe till the Pendulum was almoft at Reft. It afterwards increafed a fmall matter, but not fuffid- ently to fet the Work agoing. But N® 2. continued going, its Pendulum defcribing an Arch of about three Degrees. Finding them to ad thus mutually and alternately upon each other, 1 fet them both a going a fecond time, and made the Pendulums deferibe as large Arches as the Cafes would permit. During this Ex- periment, as in the former, I fometimes found the one, and at other times the contrary Pendulum to make the largeft Vibrations. But as they had fo large a Quantity of Motion given them at firft, neither of them loft fo much during the Period it was aded upon by the other, as to have its Work ftopped, but both contiuned going for feveral Days witlmut vary- ing one Second from each other , though when at a Diftance, as was before obferyed, they varied one Minute 36 Seconds in 24 Hours. Whilft they con- tinued thus going together, I compared them with a third Clock, and found that N® i. went one Minute 17 Seconds fafter, and N°2. 19 Seconds flower, than they did when placed at a Diftance, fo as to have no Influence upon each other. Upon altering the Lengths of the Pendulums, I found the Period in which their Motions increafed and decreafed, by their mutual Adion upon each other, was changed j and would be prolonged as the Pendulums came nearer to an Equality, which from the Nature of the Adion it was reafonable to exped it would. This difeovers the Reafon why the Pen- dulum [ '54 ] dulum of N® 2. when left at Reft, would be fet a go- ing by the Motion of N® i. whereas if N® i. was left at Reft, it would npt be fet a going again by the Mo- tion of N® 2. For I found by feveral Experiments, that the fame Pendulum, when kept in Motion by a Weight, would go fafter, than when it only moved by its own Gra- vity. On this Principle, which may eafily be ac- counted for, it follows, that during the Time in which the fhorteft Pendulum, N® 2. was only afted upon by N° I. it would move flower, and the Times of its Vibrations approach nearer to an Equality with thofe of N® I. than after it came to be kept in Motion by the Weighty and by this means the Time which i. would continue to a£t upon it, would be prolonged, and be more than was required to make the Pen- dulum deferibe ah Arch fufficient to fet the Work a going. But on the contrary, while the Pendulum of N° I. which was the longeft, was only aded upon by N° 2, as it would move flower, the DiflFercnce of the Times of the Vibrations would be increafed> and confequently the Time which N° 2. would con- tinue to aft upon it, would for this Caufe be fliort- cned, fo that before the Pendulum of N® i. would deferibe an Arch fufficient to fet the Work a going, the Period of its being afted upon would be ended, and it would begin to aft upon N° 2. at which time its Vibrations would immediately decreafe, and con- tinue to do fo till it came to bealmoft at Reft. And thus it would continue fometimes to move more, and at other times lefs, but never fufficiently to fet the Clock a going. This C 'jy ] This Account might be confitmed by many more Experiments I have made relating to this Subjed; but as I hope thefe already mentioned will be thought fufficient to confirm the Truth of what I have ad- vanced, I lhall forbear to trefipafs any longer on your Time, and fubfcribe rnyfelf V1I» ^he Cafe oj a Wound in the Cornea of the Eye being fuccefsfuUy cured by Afr.Tho. Baker, Surgeon to St, Thomas' j Hofpitaly and by him communicated to the Royal Society, in a Letter to Dr, Mortimer, R. S. Seer, Young Woman, about the Age of ly Years, on the Kov ember \7ii-, received a Wound juft in the Pupil of her right Eye, by the Spear of a common Fork. An Inflammation fol- lowed, with great Pain. The whole Eye appeared dark and turbid 5 and the Humours feemed confufed, and blended together. I opened a Vein in the Arm, and drew away 10 Ounces of Blood : I then wafhed the Eye with a Collyrium of Trochifei Albi Rhajts, and common Water, made Blood- warm j and drefled it with a Cataplafm of white Bread and Milk, with a little Saflfon in it. The next Day there appeared Your moji obedient humble Servant ^ John Ellicotc. on [15(5] on the wounded Part of the Comedy a large thick Slough : I dreffed her in the fame Manner, and fo continued till the i8th Day of the fame Month, when the Slough caft off. I purged her during this Time with T>eco^. Senriie Mann. Solut. 5fs, Aq. "T*£on. comp. 5ij j m.f. Vot. at the Diftance of about three Days, juft as I found her Strength would per- mit. The Inflammation and Pain abated daily. During the whole Time, the Eye was quite blind, till the Slough caft off, when fhe complained fhe faw double. In a very little time her Sight returned, but not fo perfed as before ; her Eye having fome- what of a Cloud before it. I made her fix Vifits at the Diftance of two or three Days after the i8th : When I left her, fhe faw perfedly well, that Cloud which fhe before ’ com- plained of, being removed 5 her Eye appeared fair and clear j and, as fhe told me, was equally ftrong and ufeful to her as her other. A little Speck (which was the Cicatrix of the Wound) remaining on the Comedy I made her a Fontariel in the Arm, and or- dered her to keep it open, and not to touch the Speck on her Eye. It is now more than two Years fince, the Speck has gradually decreafed, and is now fo fmall, that it is fcarce vifible; and her Sight is as perfed and ftrong as before this Accident. Thomas Baker, Surgeon., VIII. Ex- [ M7 ] VIII. Extra0 of a Letter dated at Montpelier^ Dec. 27. 1731. N. S, from Andrew Cant- well, M.i>, Monfpel. S. M.D, and hj him tranjlated from the French, giving an Account of a monftrous Boy. There is adually in this Town, a Lad of thirteen Years of Age, born at Cremona^ who bears the lower Parts of another Boy, which feem to iflue from his Epigaftric Region, between the Cartilago enjiformis and the Navel. The Fore-part of the one faces that of the other. The Head and Trunk feem buried in the Lad’s Abdomen^ down to the Hips, where the Connexion is plainly to be feen. This Portion of the prominent Body has a well-form’d Anus and Tents, The Scrotum has a fine Down on it, but is void of Tefticles, and feems to be filled with the Inteftines. Nothing pafles through thefe two Outlets. I have perfectly well diftinguifhed the two Ojfa Ilium in their natural State, but could not feel the Os Sacrum, The Articulation of the Femur is fomewhat difcernible on each Side : and I have perceived the Pulfation of the anterior crural Arteries. The Lad is very fenfible when thefe additional Feet, Legs, or Buttocks, are pinched, or over-much prefTed. He has lately had the Small-pox, and thefe have fuffered by it equally with him. At his Navel I found a confiderable Rupture, which is covered by this Portion of a Body. This Rupture grows mon- flroufly big in wet Weather, and diminifhes again in S dr)% r *58 3 dry. It has a circular Hole in it, which runs through the ^eritomeum. The Lad is of a thin Habit of Body, but otherwife enjoys good Health. His Father, Michael Martinetth a Tinker, told me, that this is the feventh Child his Wife Kunciada bore him. She was thirty Years of Age at his Birth, and bore him two more lince. All the reft were of the natural Shape. IX. ^bree extraordinary Cafes in Surgery, hy Bezaleel Sherman, Surgeon^ at Kelvedon in Effex, communicated in November 1738. VAMURL Bufh, of the Parifli of Wickham-Bi^ ^ fhopSj in September 1704. being on the Top of a very high Timber Tree, in order to lhake down the Acorns, he let go his Hold ; and by falling from one Bough of the Tree upon another, he broke his Thigh- bone 5 and one End of it, by the Force of the Fall, ftuck faft in the Ground, which fraftured the Bone in another Place, about two Inches and an half above the former. This intire Piece of the Os Femoris was taken out ; notwithftanding which, fo large a Callus united the two Ends of the Bone, that his Thigh (when cured) was very little more than a quarter of an Inch fhorter than the other Thigh. The Surgeon who had the Care of him, ufed his greateft Endeavours, during the Cure, to preferve the Extenfion 5 but he imputed the Largenefs of the Callus to a very great Quantity of Lap. OJieocolla, which he made him take for fx Weeks or two Months, in Powder with Milk, in .[ 1 in an EleAuary, in his Bread, and in Ms Pudding j in fliort, in almoft all the Fo^ he took— Fitch^ of the Parifh of Keldon, had a foat Ulcer in his Mouth, with a Caries in the lower Jaw- bone, one Part of which, from the Suture at the Chin to the End of it under the Ear, in Procefs of Time intirely came out, with three Teeth in it. This was alfo owing to a great Quantity of OJieocoUa internally given, which was thought not only to ex- pedite this large Exfoliation, but at the fame time to generate fo large and firm a Callus y that he can chew an hard Cruft, or any other Food, on that Side as well as on the other.— John Spilman, Bricklayer, of Maldon, came to me the 3d oiOllober 1734* Wing a finuous Ulcer in his Re^unti about two Inches from the jinus. This had remained a Twelvemonth, and was taken for the Piles, and treated as fuch, both internally and exter- nally. 1 foon perceived a Tumour in his Buttock two or three Inches from the Anusy which coming to Suppuration, I opened it by Incifion ; and after dref- fing it feveral Weeks with little Profped: of Succefs, 1 difeovered at the Bottom of the Ulcer fomething that looked like a Bone, which when extracted, proved to be the lower Jaw of a Fifti, as a Whitingy or young Cody &c. And unqueftionably this was IwaU lowed at leaft a Year before it came away, becaufc the pricking Pain he felt when the fharp End of the Bone ftuck in the ReSimn^ was the Symptom miftaken for the Piles; and when this had made its Way thro" the Re6lumy and got into the flefhy Part, the Apoft- hume followed in courfe ; and the Bone being ex- S 2 tradtedj, t 140 3 trailed, the Ulcer was foon cicatrized by the com- mon Methods of Cure in fuch Cafes. N.B, All thefe Perfons are yet living, and will atteft the Truth of the Cafe. X. A Letter from Tho. Stack, M. 2). to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart, fPr. R. S. &c, contain- ing an Account of a Woman fixty-eighc Years of Age, nsoho ga^e Suc\ to tnxio of her Grand- children. Honoured SIR, A Gentleman of Credit having lately infornfd me of a Woman near feventy Years old, who adu- ally fuckles one of her Grand-children, and courte- oufly offering to accompany me to her, excited my Curiofity to fee fo uncommon a Sight 5 and the rhore, in order to try if I could not difeover fome Fallacy in the Affair. Wherefore I went Yefterday, inCom- pany with the aforefaid Gentleman, to a Houfe in Tottenham-Court-Road, where the Woman we in- quired for appear’d in an Inftant. Her Breafts were full, fair, and void of Wrinkles; though her Face is very much wither’d, her Cheeks and Mouth vaftly funk in, her Eyes, red, and running with a clammy Humour ; and though fhe has, in fhoit, all the other external Marks that one may reafonably exped to find in a Woman, who has fpent the laft Half of her paft Life in Labour, Troubles, and other Concomitants of Poverty, and through them has reach’d near to her C '4> ] 70th Year. Upon preffing her right Breaft, fhc fairly fqneez’d out Milk, which gather’d in fmall Drops at three of the LadealDufts terminating in the Nipple. This Experiment I made her repeat a fecond time, having myfelf carefully dry’d the End of the Nipple with my Handkerchief, as 1 had done before her firft Trial. Convinced of the Truth of the Fad, I ask’d her feveral Queftions, in order to procure Materials for a Hiftory thereof. The Subftance of her Anfwers was as follows : Her Name by Marriage is Elizabeth Brian. She is in the fixty-eighth Year of her Age fince laft;' OBober, and has not borne a Child thefe twenty Years and upwards. About four Years fince, her Daughter being obliged to leave an Infant fhe then gave Suck to, in the Care of this her own Mother, and likely to be a confiderable time abfent 5 the,, old Woman, finding the Child froward for want of the Breaft, apply’d it to her own, barely in order to quiet the Infant, without the lead Thoughts of Milk. And this having reiterated feveral times, a Son of hers, by that time grown a Man, perceiv’d that the Child feem’d to fwallow fomewhat from the Nipple 5 where- upon he begg’d Leave of his Mother to try if fhe had> not Milk. The Experiment fucceeded : The Youth drew Milk from that fame Breaft from which he had- been wean’d above twenty Years, and which had been, unaccuftom’d to any for feventeen or eighteen Years before : The good Woman then continued to fuckle her Grand- child in earneft; And in fome time her Daughter, 'viz. the Infant’s Mother, feeing fhe was provided with fuch an extraordinary and tender Nurfe, was embolden’d to bid fair for an Increafe of Iflue, which I I4il which till tlien (he knew not how to nourifh or pro- vide for. Accordingly, at the End of two Years, fiie brought forth another Child j whereupon the Grand- mother wean d the firft, and fuckled the latter j which ihe has done thefe laft two Years, and ftill continues to do. And this Infant, in my Prefence, took the Nip- ple with as much Eagernefs, and feeming Delight, as I ever perceived in a Child of two Years old j and at it plainly perform'd the Adions of Sudion and Degluti- tion. The two Children, both Girls, are, as to Con- ftitution, fuch as I could wilh to the deareft Friend j plump and firm in Flelh 5 in Complexion cleanly, fair and healthy, and in Temper brisk and fprightly 5 con- Edering the Lownefs of their Condition and Education, and the mean Diet of the Nurfe. When this good Woman came to Town, which was near two Years fince, her Milk abounded to that Degree in both Breafts, that, to convince the Unbe- lieving, fhe would frequently fpout it above a Yard from her : A Particular which, among others, the good Man and Woman of the Houfe, and others of the Neighbouthood, likewife affured me of.^ Now her left Breaft is run dry, and (he has no great Quantity in the Right ; But what there is, is as good Milk as one may defire in a Nurfe. The poor Woman feems perfectly honeft and art- lefs, and even inclines ftrongly to Dotage. She very religioufly throws the Whole upon a Miracle. I beg Leave to fubferibe with Gratitude and Refped, both in a fupreme Degree, Honoured SIR, W.«, 7^., 8. Tour moft obliged 1735. st.Jul. and obedient Servant, Thomas Stack. . Numb. 454. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. Por the Months oiJuljj Augufi^ Sept embers and October-, i73 9- The C O N T E N T S. I. A Letter from the Re^j. Mr. John Clayton (afterwards Dean of Kildare in Ireland) to Dr. Grew, in Anfwer to federal Queries relating to V irginia, fent to him by that learned Gentleman.^ A. D. 1687. communicated by the Right Reverend .Father in God Robert Lord Bifcop ^'Corke, to John (^'Egmont, F. R. S. , IT. An Experiment to prove., that nttt., when agitated by Fire, is infnitely more elaftic than Air in the fame Circim- Jiances'., by the late Rev. John Clayton, Dean 0/’ Kildare in Ireland. Communicated by the fame Hand as the pre- ceding. ,III. Part of a Letter from ']o\'in 'GrtQr\, M. D. Secretary of the Gentlemens Society at Spalding in Lincolnlhire, to C Mortimer, M> D. Sec, R. S- ftrving to inclofe a Rela- tion of a Girl three Tears old, who remained a ^larter of an Hour under Water without Drowning. IV. The Cafe of Mr. T. Coy., Surgeon at Peterborough, who fell into d PeffilentiaT Fever, upon Tapping a Corphe lately dead of an Hydropfy, drawn tip by himfelf, and read before th^ Peterborough Society, Sept. i. 1^16. comnui- tii coated to the Royal Society by the Rev. Mr. Tim. Neve, 'Secretary to the Peterborough Society. V. The Variation of the Magnetic Needle, 'as obferved in Three 'Voyages from London ro , Maryland, by Walter H6xton,Gri^r. VI. Some Thoughts and Conje£lures concerning the Caufe of Elafticity, by J. T. Defaguliers, LL. D. F. R. S. The CONTENTS. VII. Some Thoughts and Experiments concerning EleSlri- city, by J. T. Deliiguliers, LL. D. F. K. S. VIII. Experiments made before the Royal Society, Feb. 2, 1737-8. by the Same. IX. An Account ofjome Electrical Experiments made before the Royal Society on Thurfday the i6th ^'February 1737-8. By the Same. X. An Account of fame EleCtrical Experiments made at his Royal Highness the Prince oy^ WALEsT Houfe Cliefden, Tuefday lyth of April 1738. where the EleClricity was conv^ed 420 teet in a Jirait Line. By the Same, XI. Obfervationes Botanicae, Plantarum quarundam Dc- fcriptiones accuratiores enhibentes ; per Dn. Paulum Hen- ricum Gerhardum Moehring, M. D. faSt a \ ad Illujirif- Jimum Dn. Hans Sloane, Bart. R. S. Praef. mijfa. XII. Anthelii Vitembergaeyp^<^?^?/ 3 per'^.'Fni. Weidlerum Mathef. Prof, ibidem Primar. £^R.S. Lond. Soc. communicata m Kpijiola ad C. Mortimerum, R. S, Seer* XIII. Occultatio Palilicii yf* 1738. d. 23. Decembris, St. N. obfervata a D. Chriftfried Kirchio, AJironomo Regio Be- rolini^ ex Uteris ad J. F. Weidlerum, datis excerpta. XIV. Eclip/is Solis obfervata Vitembergse Saxonum D. iv. Aug. St. N. d. XXIV. Julii St. Vet. A. ciDiaccxxxix, poji. merid. a Jo. Friderico Weidlero, R, S. Lond. S. XV. Part d' a Letter from Mr. J. Derby to Mr. Henry Sheppard, concerning a terrible Whirl-wind, which hap- pen'd at Come- Abbas in Dorfetlhire, OCt. 30. 173 1. com- municated to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley, LL. D. V. Pr, R. iS". and Afronom. Reg, XVI. An Account of Letters found in the Middle of a Beech, by J. Theod. Klein, Secretary ^'Dantzick, F. R. S. OCt. ip. 1729. communicated to Royal Society by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Pr. of the R. S. and Phyftcian to His MA J EST Y, ^c. Tranjlated from the Latin byT.S.M. D, XVII. Part of a Letter from Sir John Clark, one of the Barons of His MAJESTYT Exchequer in Scotland, and F. R. S. to Rog. Gale, ^3 Tr. R. S. 1. A 4 §4- TAB.1 ‘ a %.c J. 3€yntU/u>lf! [ '45 3 I. A Letter from the Rev'^ Mr. John Clayton, (^afternjoards Dean of Kildare in Ireland) to Dr. Grew, in Anpwer to fever al ^eries f elating to Virginia, to him hy that learn-- ed Gentleman^ A. D. 1687. ^ communicated hy the Right Reverend Father in God Ro- bert Lord Bifhop of Corke, to John Earl of Egmonji^, F. R. S. I Have obferved many grofs Miftakes in Peo- ples Notions of Virginia^ when difcourfing of the Natives, which have rifen from the want of making a Diftinftion in their Exprcllions, when they fpeak of thz EngUpj ot Whites^ born there, and fo called Natives ; and the Aborigines oi the Coun- try. Pleafe therefore to take Notice, that when 1 fpeak of the Natives in general, I mean only the Indians. As therefore to your firft Query : Their Wiochijf, that is, their Prieftj'is generally their Phyfician 5 and jsa Perfon of thegreateft Honour and Efteem among them, next to the King, or to their great War- Captain. 2. Nature is their great Apothecary, each Phyri- cian furnifhing himfelf, according to his Skill, with Herbs, or the, Leaves, Fruit, Roots, or Barks of Trees , of "Which he fometimes makes ufe of the Juice, and fometimes reduces them into Powder, or perhaps makes a Decoftibn thereof. 3. Though every one, according to his Skill, is a fort pf Podor, (as many Women are in England) ' * * This may fetve as a Sequel to tlie Accounts of Virginia formerly • giVehby Mp Clayton. See thefe Tranfatfions^K* 20X. 2oy, 206. 210. T yet [•44] yet their Prieft is peculady ftyled their Phyfician, to beconfulted upon greater EtnergencieSi The Rules of the Defeenr hereof, as to Families, I do not know $ for they are a fulien elofe People, and will anfvver very few Queftiohs. 4. They reward their Phyfician with ho cettain Fees, but according as they bargain for tVampam- peake Skins, or the like. If it be to an Englijhman they are fent for, they will agree for a Match- coat, a Gallon or two of Ruth, Or fo-forth, according to the Nature of the Cure. Sometimes the Prieft tvill fell his Remedy j for fome of them have told me, that they have bought the Root which cures the Bite of the Rattle-fnake from their JViochift. 5. Their King allows no Salary, that ever I heard of ; but every one that in any l^ature can ferve his Prince, is ready to do it, and to do it gratis. 6. They have no Confultations, their Praiftice be- ing merely empirical. They know little of the Na- ture or Reafon of Things. Ask them any Queftion about the Operation of a Remedy, and, if in good Humour, perhaps they will reply, It cures \ other- wife, they will fhrug their Shoulders, -and you may ask forty Queftions, and not know whethe-r they underhand either the Thing, or what it 4s that you fay to them. 7. They pay a certain Deference of Honbpr to fh^ir Prieft or Wiochift, whofe Perfon they hold ,facred; but Laws they have none (as far as I could ever learn) that binds them thereto : In general, the Will of their Prince hands for Reafon and Law. . 8. The Means whereby they convey their Art tp Pofterity, 1 take to be this; They lodge in their IFkchifan C M5 1 Tf^iochifan Houfes, i. e. their Temples, certain kinds of Reliques, fuch as Mens Skulls, feme certain Grains or Pulfe, and feveral Herbs, which are dedi- cated to their Godsj viz. The Skulls in Memory of their Fights and Conquefts ; the Pulfe by way of Thank-offering for their Provifions; and the Herbs upon the fame Account, for fome fpecial Cure performed thereby. For when any one is cured by any Herb, he brings Part thereof, and offers it to his God j whereby the Remembrance of this Herb and its Virtue is not only preferyed, but the Prieft alfo becomes beft inftrufted thereby, and knowing in the Art of Medicine: F0(T other\yife, they are mighty referved of their Knowledge, even among them- felves. Whether the Prieft takes certain Perfons to inftrud, or reaches onjly hrs oy/h^Children, I know not, Oiften whpn they are abroad hunting in the Woods, and fall ficki Of; OQioe ;by .%ny Hurt, they then are forced to inake ufeof any Herbs which are neareft at Hand, which they are not timorous in ven- turing upon, though they know not the Virtue or Qualities thereof. Andrhus, by making inany Trials and JExperimen.ts, ,tlt£y find out the Virtues of Herbs j and by iufiog tfimiplc JB^eniedies, they jC,ertainly know what it is that effedts the Cure. They are generally moft farned for curing of Wounds, : and haye; indeed .various yery good Wound- kerbs, j3s .an ;Herb ]Corninonly called which perhaps tnay be referred to the/^/w'^;^^, , be }foliis. They ufe alfo. the G»/«- rfalium .commonly called there White ^Plantam, . As tp our Tlant^iriy or the Heptapleuroih :they .call and ha.ye a Tra- T 2 ' dition, [ *4<5 0 dition, that it will only grow where they have trod-, den, and was never known before the EngUjh came into this Country. The moft farnous old Phyfician among the Apomatick Indians-, as I was informed by a Perfon of a very good Underhand ing, ufed moftly an Herb which he fhewed me, whofe Leaf is much like Self-heal in Winter^ I obferved it was red underneath, and would at length appear tinged on the upper Side alfo : It makes a good Salve, only it fills a Wound too fail with Flelh. I took a Draught of this Herb, along with forne others, which- I have left in the North of England. The great Suc- cefs they have in curing Wounds and Sores, I appre- hend moftly to proceed from their Manner of dref- iing them: For they firft cleanfe them, by Sucking, which, though a very nafty, is, no doubt, the moft efFcdfual and beft way imaginable 5 then they take iho. biting ^erjicary, che\vTt in their Mouths, and thence fquirt the Juieb'therebL into the Wound, which they will do as if it' were out of a Syringe; Then they apply their Salve- herbs, either bruifed or beaten ih to a Salve with Greafe, binding it on with Lark and Silk-grafs. -’Golohej Spencer y S ecretary of -State of Virginia, - 'told me of a very ftrange and extraordinary Cure performed by an In- dian, on one of his Negroes. The Negro was a very good Servant, wherefore his Mafter had valued him much 5 but by Degrees he grew dim-lighted, and was troubled \yith terrible Pains in his Eyes, fo that with one he could fec but a little, and none at all with the other > and as the Pain ftill increafed,. the Colonel was greatly apprehenlive, left his Negro would be quite blind. Several Surgeons were Tent for. C Mr ] for, who had tried to cure him, but in vain ; when an Indian, coming to the Houfe, faid he would cure him } they told Mr. Secretary thereof, who fent for the Indian, and agreed with him for two Quarts of Rum. The Indian told him, that he could fave one Eye, but that the Negro would bc.blind of the other. The next Morning the Indian went a hunting into the Woods for his Herbs, and returned with them about Noon, which he bruifed, putting thereto a little Water i and having preffed forth fome of the Juice, he dropped fome thereof into the Eye which he faid would be blind, and laid the Herbs thereon, which he would have bound faft with Bark; but the Colonel called for fome Linen Rags, and had it bound up therewith. He then intimated to the Co- lonel, that fhortly after Sun-fet the Negro would be mad, if his Medicine took Effect:, but would come to himfelf again before Morning ; wherefore ftri£t Orders were given, that he fhould be well attended, and that nothing fhould be altered, let what would happen. All things therefore being accordingly done as , the Indian had dkefted, every thing fuc- ceeded. likewife as the Indian had foretold. Then, aboutn o’clock the next Day, the Binding being removed, and the Herbs taken off from the Eye, the Indian bid the Negro hold down his Head, which when he had done, out-dropped the Cryftaline and aqueous Humours. The Indian afterwards bound it up again, and by Degrees the Negro was freed from his Pain, and had perfect Sight with the other Eye. What the Herbs were, the Colonel could never learn from him, though he proffered him whatever he would deiuand, 10. The [ US ] 10. The Diffempcrs amongft the Hatives (for 1 cannot give fo particular an Account of the Diftempers moft predominant among the Indian^) are, Scorbutical ^ropfieSy CachexieSy LethargieSt SeafoningSy which are an intermitting Fever, or rather a continued Fever with quotidian Paroxyfms. Thefc are now rarely fharp, but fhew thcmfdves in a lin- gering Sicknefs. The Griping of the Guts moftly dry, and when the Tormina Ventris ceafe, they gene- rally fhoot into the Limbs, and fix there, in a ter- rible fort of Gout, taking away the Ufe of the Limbs. Thus they will pine away to Skin and >Bone,- fo that their Joints .will feem dislocated, and their Hands utterly crippled. Sore ThroatSy which the laft Year were very frequent, and deemed infectious, run- ning generally through whole Families, and, unlefs early p'revented, became a cancerous Humour, and had Effects like the French^pox. Likewife Tains in the Limbsy which I apprehend to have proceeded partly from the fame Humour floating up and down the Body. Thefe Pains are very exquifite, moftly nocturnal ^ for while they walk, if they have the Ufe of their -Limbs, they feel the leaft Pain. The Oil of a Fifli called a wasTound very effectual to cure thefe Pains, arid rdfore the Limbs. I was Eye-witnefs when a very worthy Gentlewoman, who had loft the Ufe of her Limbs, was intirely recovered by the Ufe of this Medicine : For her Teet '^being anointed with this Oil, -the Pains flew into her Head ; her Head thereupon being anointed, 'the Pain de» feended again ; then anointing both Head ^and Feet, flie was recover’d. There are three forts of Oils in that Country, whofe Virtues, if fully proved> might not C >49 ] tiot perhaps be found defpicabie : The Oil o^T)rumsy the Oil of Rattle-fnakeSy and the Oil of Turkey Buftards. The Oil of Sajfafras- leaves may be de- fervedly confider’d too, for they will almoh: intirely diflblve into an Oil. But to return : There is an- other fort of Diftemper, which I judge to be the Lepra Grrecerum. And it may perhaps be no bad Conjedure, that this chiefly proceeds from their feed- ing fo much as they do, on a delicate lufcious fort of Pork. Among the Indians they have a Diftemper which they call the Taws, which is nearly related to the French-pox which they are faid to cure with an Herb that fluxes them : But this I have only by Hear-fay. 1 1. The Indians mind neither the Pulfe nor Urine, only judge by the common moft remarkable Sym- ptoms; and fome pretend to form a Judgment from the Countenance, and are fond of being thought Phyfio^nomifts. 1 2. J never could find, that they pradifed the lettir^ of Blood. They purge much with feveral forts of Roots of their own Country Growth, and vomit fre- queritly with various Herbs. They fweat boldly and exceflively, and after a very ftrange manner : For they have their Sweating-ftoves always upon the Bank of fome River ; whence they rulh forth in the -Height of their Sweat, and run into the River, whern they waCh and Bathe thcmfelves very plentifully. They ufe no Blijlering-plaifters, but are exquifite at Cupping. As the Eaftolndians ufe 'Moxa, fo .thefo burn with Furlk, which is the inward Part of tlie Excrefcence orBxuberance of an'O^^A When they defign to give ^iPutge, they make ufe of the follow- C »J0 ] ing Herbs : ^oake-rooty i. e. Solanum hacciferum, a ftrong Purge, and by moft deemed Poifon. The Roots of Tythimaly of which I have obferved two forts ; the one Flore minimo herbaceoy the other Flore albo. The Flower of this laft is fmall, but large in Comparifon with the other : They are re- penteSy and grow in old manured Grounds. They chiefly make ufe of the latter of thefe, and it is a moft excellent Purge, though it fometimes vomits : It is a quick, but moderate Worker enough and has this Peculiarity, that it opens the Body in the Gripes, when other much violenter Purgatives will not move it. There is another Heib, which they call the In- dian Furge : This Plant has feveral woody Stalks growing near three Feet tall, and, as I remember, perfoliat : It bears yellow Berries round about the Joints : They only make ufe of the Root of this Plant. They ufe alfo the fmall Fleur de Lis, whofe Virtues, I believe, are not yet half known, for it has fome extraordinary Qualities : It does not grow above a Hand high, flowers in March, and is very fragrant. They ufe alfo fome fort of the Apocynums ; particularly that which I think Gerard calls Vince- toxicum Americanum', for there are feveral forts of Apocynutns, I think 13 or 14, but they are not all purgative : For having got fome of the Root from an Indian, which he aflured me was the Rattle^ fnake-root, I thought the Root of an Apocynum (which may well be diftinguifhed by that of Rope Maria foliis) was very like it, both in Shape and Tafte, confidering the one dried, and the other frefli : Wherefore I got fome Quantity thereof, and carry- ing it in my Pocket, 1 ventured to eat thereof, little by [ «5> ] by little, till I believe I have taken a Drachm at a time, toobferve if it had any peculiar Operation on the Body j but could never find, that it had. They have likewife feveral forts of Herbs, where- with they 'vomit i one of which is a little fort of Squills. They likewife take the Leaves of a certain curious odoriferous Shrub, that grows in the Swamps, which I take to be the leffer Sajfafras j they bruife them in Water, and then exprefs the Juice, which they drink warm. The Indian Interpreter, who taught me this, prized it much, as excellent Phyfic, and laid they found it a very fovereign Remedy. It is as odoriferous as any Shrub I ever fmelt at in my Life : Whoever Jias once taken Notice of the Smell, can- not forget it, or be deceived therein afterwards, having fomething peculiar in it. The Name which the Indian gave me hereof was WifochiSy which fincc I underftand is the general Word for Phyfic. 13. The reft of their Materia Medica confifts of Herbs, of which they have great Plenty, and feldom preferibe any thing elfe. I have colleded above 300 feveral forts, that were no European Plants 5 but I (hall only mention thofe at prefenr, whofe Virtues I take to be moft remarkable. And firft, the Sajfa- fras-treey whofe Root is well enough known. It Ihoots forth its Bloflbms in March y which arc yellow, and grow in little Bunches like Grape-flowers, and which, when gathered and picked from the husky Bud, make a curious Preferve. Moft Saffafras-trees bloflbm, few bear Berries, but thole that do are ge- nerally very thick : They are ftiaped much like thofe of ^ulcamaruy but are black of Colour, and very aromatic i 1 take them to have confiderable Virtues. U The C 1 The Gum-tree^ which I refer to the Species of Plane- trees, and diftinguilh it by its Fig-likc Leaf, only more fharpiy dented. Its Leaf fmells much like a Lemon. Their Pradice is to beat the Tree, and then pill off the Bark, and fo fcrape the Gum, which has Virtues like Turpentine, or rather more aftringent and drying. This they ufually mix with their com- mon Turpentine, which is whiter and more Butter- like, than t\\t Venice or Chios Turpentine. ^£re, whether better or no? The further Method of pre- paring this Medicine, as I am told, is this: They expofc it to the Sun on Paper, where at firft it rather feems to melt, but it will afterwards grow hard j they then beat it to a Powder, and adminifter it. They life much the young Buds of the Vopulus, five lippa arbor, a vaft large Tree, extraordinary fpacious, bearing Flowers about April, much like Tulips j its Leaves are large, fmooth, and well-fhaped, which, together with the Flowers, render the Tree exceed- ing beautiful to behold. It bears its Seed coniferous, and is an excellent Opener of Obftrudions. The . Sorrel-tree bears a Leaf fomething like a Laurel, in Tafte much refembling Lujula. They ufe it in Fe- vers, and, as I am informed, with good Succefs. This Tree grows plentifully on the South-fide of James River in Virginia > 1 cannot fay I ever found it to the Northward. 1l\\q. Swamp-plum-tree, whofe Wood they calcine, and make into Charcoal, which they beat to a Powder, then mix it with Greafe, and make an Ointment thereof, with which they anoint the Body, and foment it very much, whereby they cure the T>ropfy i for it opens the Pores to that De- gree, that the Water runs down their Legs, Among their C '5? 3 their Herbs, I have had 40 feveral Sorts, or near that Namber, fhewed me as great Secrets, for the Rattle- fnake-rootj or that kind of Snake-root which is good for curing the Bite of the Rattle-fnake : But I have no Reafon to believe, that any of them are able to effedl the Cure. One Gentleman fhewed me a cer- tain Root, which was a SmilaXy and aflured me, that that was certainly the Rattle-fnake-root. And after- wards, when I fliewed Mr. Secretary Spencer the fame Roof, he faid that certain Indians had given him of the fame Root for the Rattle- fnake-root, and that he had fome Quantity to fend for England j but this Root is by no means the fame with that which I have mentioned before, in Anfwer to G^uare 12. which I faid was like the Root of an Apocynum, which I myfelf obtained from an Indian^ who feemed to prize it highly, having fewed it carefully up in Leather, on the Infide of his Belt. Others have fhewed me Chryfanthemum ferulaceis foliis for it ; others Chryfanthemum tragopyri foliis. Again ; general Report goes in favour or the Afarum Cycla- fninis foliis y which many therefore particularly call Rattle- fnake-root. There are ftrange Stories told in favour of an Herb called Hittany, which however is not of the IDittany kind, but is only a Mountain Calaminth. This, they fay, will not only cure the Bite of a Rattle-fnakey but that the Smell thereof v/ili kill the Snake. But however, * I have fome Reafon to believe, that this Herb will not cure the Bite, nor that the Smell thereof wilt kill the * See Mfcel.Ctmofa, Vol. III. p. 3^1. U Z Snake : C '54 3 Snakes for Co\ont\ Spencer aflured me, that he had an Opportunity of making an Experiment thereof upon a Dog which was bitten by a Rattle-fnake, to which he gave plentifully of the Juice of his tanjj as they called it 5 but the Dog died neverthe- lefs a Day or two after. And Mr. Wormleyy one of the Council of State in Virginia, told me, that be- ing in Company with another Gentleman, he had an Opportunity of making the following Experi- ment j for feeing a Rattle-fnake in her Coil, they went and got a Bunch of this dittany j and tied it to a Pole 5 then putting the "Dittany that was thereon to the Nofe of the Snake, it feemed to offend her, whereupon fhe turned away her Head, which they Bill followed with the Dittany ; then the Snake fled, and they ftill purfuing her, fhe at laft ftretched her- felf out at Length, and lay feemingly dead. Then they laid the Dittany upon her Head, and went into a neighbouring Houfe to refrefh themfelves i for they were tired with skipping about after the Snake. When they had ftaid near half an Hour, they returned to fee their fuppofed dead Snake j but, behold ! the Snake was fled j fo that they then judged, that the Snake had only ftretched herfelf out, becaufe fhe had been tired with their Purfuit. I look upon it probable there- fore, that fome Accident of the like kind may have firft given Oiigin to this Story j the Perfon who had tired the Snake not having regularly waited for the Event, but perhaps, to fccure the Conqueft, may have given the Snake a Stroke with a Switch upon the Back (which would have killed the Snake without the Dittany). But yet neverthelefs, this Plant is of more than ordinary Virtues, and might not unprofit- ably C'Jt] ablf^e ufcd by our Phyficians. It may be referred to the Clafs of the Calamintha montanay pulegii odorcy which has been transferred from thence into Englandy and I think is now pretty common, but is hotter, and more fudorific. 1 will now mention to you an Herb, though un- known, yet worthy to be fetched from Virginia^ yielded the Country nothing clfe: It is the Herb called there Angelicdy but which I take to be Liba- ■ not is vera latifolia T^odonai. It grows generally on a rich fandy Ground, on a declining Brow, that faces the riling Sun j the Root fhoots deep into the Earth, fometimes near three Feet, very tender, and eafily broken, of a white or rather Cream-like Colour; and being ladefeent, yields a little Milk, thick and yel- low as Cream ; a very early Plant. It fcldom flowers or feeds under five Years Growth / for I have fully and diftindly obferved that Number of Years in the feveral Sorts of this Plant, by the Growth of thofc not come to Maturity to bear Seed ; and it is ob- fervable, that thofe which do not feed, have rarely more than one Branch, which divides when it fpreads,. and fubdividesitfelfftill into Three. The Leaf is much like our wild AngelicUy only thinner, and more the Colour of a Willow-green. Thofe that feed, have a fiftulous Stalk about the Thickncls of ®/7/, a white umbelliferous Plant ; the Seeds are much like Ange^ Ika feedy but from the Fragraney of the Root, and its being peculiarly bearded, 1 undoubtedly ftyle it a Libanotis. It flops the Fluxy and cures it to a- Won- der. Again ; it often loofens and purges the Bodies- of thofe that are bound, and have the Gripes, efpe- cially if it proceeds from Cold 5 and prevents many unhappy Cm^] unhappy Diftcmpers. I have Rcafon to fpeak welt of it ; for it is to it, under God, that I attribute the faying of my own Life. I have known it give 14. or 15 Stools, whereas ft will not move a Child in Health . I take it to be the mofl: fovereign Remedy the World ever knew in the Griping of the Guts, and admirable againft Vapours. It is fudorific, and very aromatic, and will not be concealed i for where^ ever it is mixed, it will have the predominant Scent. It is moftly called by thofe who know it in Virginia, by the Name of Angelica : But (hewing a Piece of rhe Root to a great Woodfman, to fee whether he knew it, and could tell me where it grew, he feemed furprifed to fee me have thereof 5 and told me, that he kept an Indian once for fome Weeks with him, becaufe he was an excellent Woodfman, and going a hunting, (j. e.) (hooting, they came where fome of this Root grew ; Tke Indian, rejoicing, gather’d fome of it, but was very careful to cut off the Top of the Root, and replant it : He then asked him. Why he was fo careful ? Whereunto the Indian replied. It was a very choice Plant, and very fcarce j for they fome* times travelled 100 or 200 Miles without finding any of it. He then asked him. What Ufe it was of? To which the Indian anfwcred. You (hall fee by-and-by. After fome time, they fpied four Deer at a Diflance ; then the Indian, contrary to his ufual Cuftom, went to Windward of them, and fitting down upon an old Trunk of a Tree, began to rub the Root betwixt his Hands} at which the Deer tolTed up their Heads, and fnuffing with their Nofes, they fed towards the Place where the Indian fat, till they came within ea(y Shot of him i whereupon he fired at them^ and killed a large r It’’ ] large Buck. The Trurti of this Story I no further affcrt, than that I was told it by a Perfon of feeming Serioufnefs, who had no Inducement to tell a Lye, or impofe upon me : 'But I have often taken Notice, that the Indians fmell generally ftrong of this Herb. And I have fince learned from others, that the In- dians call it the Hunting-root^ which makes me more inclinable to give Credence to this Story. An- other Gentleman, a white Native of that Country, when I once pulled a Piece of the Root out of my Pocket to bite thereof, (for I frequently carried fome of it about me) asked me, If I loved Fifhing ? I re- quired, Wherefore he asked me that Queftion ? Bc- caufe, faid he, you have gotten fome of the Fijhing- root. Tht Fifhing-root ! replied Ij pray why do you give it that Name ? Becaufe, faid he, when we were Boys, we ufed to get fome of it to lay with our Baits to invite the Fifii to bite. This I can fay of my own Knowledge, that having one Day got fome Quantity of the Root, and likewife of the Branches, to diftil, the hrong Scent, as I went home, palpably put me into a breathing Sweat. In the Night I was waked by a Rat, which ran over my Face, whereas I never at any other time had the like happen to me; but will not be pofttive to conclude, that this Root was the Caufe thereof, only the precedent Relations made me refled thereon. There is another Root of the Species of Hyacinths, the Leaves whereof are grafs- like, but fmooth and ftiff, of a willow-green Co- lour, and fpread like a Star upon the Ground ; from the Middle fhoots a tall long rufh-like Stem, without Leaves, near two Feet high; on one Side grow little white Bell-flowers one above another : The Root is* black. C *58 ] black outwardly, but brown within. It is bitter, and I take it to have much the fame Virtues as Little Centaury » Some call it Ague-gra/Sf Ague- root^ others Stargrafs. I have likewife been told by feveral, of a Root which the Indians cure Bruifes wonderfully withj but I apprehend it is the fame Root with which the Indian cured the Negro’s, Eye afore-mentioned} for it operates much after the fame manner, according to their Relation, making the Patients mad for fome Hours, if they be recoverable. It is not to be applied where the Skin is broken. They ufe it thus: They chaw fome of the Root in their Mouths, and then fquirt it forth on the bruifed Part, fomenting it well with their Hands ; then they give a little to the Perfon bruifed to chaw, who muft fwallow the Juice, but fpit forth the Root again, which they bind on the Part aggrieved. If the Rela- tions I have had of Cures performed thereby, be abfo- lutely true, the World has not yet difeovered a more wonderful Remedy. I had it deferibed to me by Colonel Smith, of the Ijle of Wight County, to be like Langue de Boeuf with a yellow Flower, and rough hoary Leaf, the Root yellowifh, and tailed fomething fweetilh like Liquorice. There are feveral others I might name, whofe Virtues arc by no means defpicable } fuch as the Chryfanthamum platani fo- liiSy whofe Root is very ufeful in old L*ains, the Sciatica and Gout. It is a large Herb, grows betwixt five and fix Feet tall. There are likewife many others, which bear fome Analogy to the European Plants, fuch as Solomon s feal, Wood fage, much better, I think, than the Engltjh', which the Indians ufe much for Infufions, and which they take as we do Diet- drink. [‘5?] drink. Little-Centaury y red, white, and yellow, ^c. However, I never could find above 12 or 14. Plants,, which were Natives of that Country, that agreed perfedly with any of our European Plants, but what had fome notable Differences, if they were not rather to be reckoned a diftind Genus. 13. There go Traditions of their having an Art to poifon their Darts but I could never find any folid Grounds for that Report. I have obferved, that in thofe Countries, upon an ill Habit of Body, the leaft Scratch is dangerous ; and that, for all the Care that can be taken to prevent it, it often- turns into a very defperate ulcerous Sore. Some Herbs there are of an analogous Nature with Hemlocky whereof, I think, they know nothing further, than that they are to avoid them 5 but any Herbs, wherewith they poifon their Darts, 1 never could hear fpecified. And as Perfons engaged in long. Marches are liable to many Accidents, which may contribute to an ill State of Health, when a flight Wound in Battle has then proved mortal; this I apprehend to have been the Caufe, why the Phyfician has rather chofcn to attribute the Death of his Patient to the Poifon of the Dart, than the want of Skill in himfelf, 14. As to their Morals, they are fimple and cre- dulous, rather honeft than otherwife, and unpradifed in the European Art of Lying and Diffimulation ; but as to the brutal Paflions, they are fottilh and fen- fual as the Beafts of the Field. I j . They are almoft always either eating or fleep- ing, unlefs when they go a hunting : At all Hours of the Night, whenever they awake, they go to the Homing-pot y that is. Maze dreffed in, a manner like X our [ l <5 o ] our pilled Wheat ; or elfe a Piece of 'V”enifon bar- becutedy that is, wrapped up in Leaves, and roafted in the Embers. 1 6. They drink, I think, little befides Succahan- nahy that is, fair Water, unlefs when they can get Spirits, fuch as Rum, from the Engl/fby which they will always drink to Excefs, if they can pollibly get them ; but do not much care for them, unlefs they can have enough to make them drunk; and I have heard it faid, that they wonder much at the Eng/ijh for purchafing Wine at fo dear a Rate, when Rum is much cheaper, and will make them fooner drunk. 17. They ufe Tobacco muchy which they fmoak in fhort Pipes of their own making, having excellent Clay, which I tried a little before 1 came for Englandy making Crucibles thereof, which I could not difeern were inferior to the German, They make alfo neat Pots of the fame Clay, which will endure the Fire for any common Ufes. 18. They have no Opiumy though in Ibrae old Fields upon Tork River y I found Poppies perhaps of no defpicable Virtue. I have been told, that in Fevers, and when their Sick cannot fleep, they apply the Flowers of Stramonium to the Temples, which has an Effedl like Laudanum. I have had afferted by many, that when the Soldiers were fent over to quell the Infurredlion of Bacony &c. they being at James-towny feveral of them went to gather a Sallad in the Fields, and lighting in great Quantities on an Herb called 'James-town-weedy they gathered it j and by eating thereof in plenty, were rendered apifh and foolilh, as if they had been drunk, or were become Idiots. Dr. Lee likewife alTured me, that the fame Ac- [ '<5* ] Accident happened once in his own Family ; but that after a Night or twos Sleep, they recovered. 19. Their Sports are Dancing, their Games are play- ing with Straws, which as I am not perfedlly acquainted with, I find it hard to deferibe j I can therefore only tell you how it appears to a Looker-on : They take a certain Number of Straws, and fpread them in their Hands, holding them as if they were Cards ; then they clofe them, and fpread them again, and turn them very fuddenly, and feem very dextrous thereat. Their Exercife is Hunting, that is, Shoot- ing with a Gun, or with Bow and Arrow, wherein they excel. Their Women work, plant the Corn, and weave Baskets or Mats. 20. Several have been very old j I cannot fay, that herein there is any remarkable Difference between them and the EngUph Natives. If the Englijh live paft 3 3, they generally live to a good Age ; but many die between 3 o and 3 3 . 21. I have been told, that one of their famous Wiochifis prophefied, that bearded Men (for the American Indians have no Beards) fhould come and take away their Country, and that there fhould none of the original Indians be left within a certain Num- ber of Years, 1 think it was an Hundred and Fifty. This is very certain, that the Indian Inhabitants of Virginia are now very inconfiderable as to their Number 5 and feem infenfibly to decay, though they live under the Englifk Protedion, and have no Vio- lence offered them. They are undoubtedly no gre^ Breeders. 22. Though they are fluggifh by Nature, and flow qC Speech, yet their Method of ExpreiEon feepas X 2 ve- [ i6a ] vchcmcrit and emphatical, and always attended with ftrong Gefticulations. They are generally well pro- portioned, and for the moft part are rather taller than the Engli^, They have all either a very dark- brown Hair, that may well be called black, or a Jet- black, all lank. II. An Experiment to prove, that Water, vohen agitated hy Fire, is infinitely more elaftic than Air in the fame Circumfiances ly the late Rev'^^ohn Clayton, ^ean of Kildare in Ireland. Communicated hy the fame Hand as the preceding, SI R Thomas Trohy having heard of a new Digefter, which 1 contrived, had a Defire to fee It, and fome Experiments made therein. I had a fmall one, which 1 defigned only for an inward Cylinder } this I could eafily put in my Pocket : Where- fore, going to pay him a Vifit at Elton in Hunting-^ donjhirey I took it along with me j and having foftened 'a Bone therein in a very fhort Space, he was defirous to know the fhorteft Time it was pollible to foften a Bone in : I told him, 1 thought I could foften the Marrow-bone of an Ox in a very few Minutes, but that that Veffel was very weak, and I feared would not endure the PrelTure of fo violent a Heat^ yet feeming defirous to have the Experiment tried, I faid 1 was ready to venture my Veffel : Then having fixed all things right, and included about a Pint of Water, and^ [ '<5} ] an celllve evaporating of an ^olipile, but like the firing off of Gunpowder. Nor could I perceive any- where in the Room the leaft Sign of Water, though I looked carefully for it, and, as I faid before, I had put a Pint into the Digefter, fave only that the Fire was quite extinguilhed, and every Coal belonging to it was black in an Inftant. But to confirm the Elafticity of Water, or to fhew, at leaft, that there is a much ftronger elaftic Force in Water and Air, when jointly included in a Veffel, than when Air alone is inclofed therein, 1 made the following Experiment : I took two 5vj Phials, into the one I put about of Water, or better, and fo corked it as well as I poflibly could j the other I corked in the fame Manner, without putting any thing into it. I inclofed them both in my new Di- gefter, Four-fifths being filled with Water? when the Heat was raifed to about Five-feconds, I heard a confiderable Explofion, and a jingling of Glafs within the Veffel, and fiiortly after another Explofion, but not fo loud as the former ; whence I concluded, that both the Phials were broken. I then let the Digefter cool leifurely, and the next Day I opened it; both the Corks were fwimming on the Top of the Water, but only one of the Phials was broken, that one into which I had not put any Water. At firft, indeed, 1 concluded, that the Preffure or Dilatation of the Air in the empty Phial being ftronger than the am- bient [ ] bient Preffure, forced forth the Cork, whereapon the Water, rulhing in with Violence, might break the Phial ; and therefore that this was the Caufe alfo of the Loudnefs of the Explofion j whereas the other being moftly filled with Water, there being but a fmall Quantity of Air therein, juft enough to- force out the Cork, the Phial was not broken, but was preferved by the Force of the Water inclofed therein. But I have had Reafon fince to change my Opinion ; for having had very ftrong Phials made, on Purpofc to make fome peculiar Experiments therewith, I took one of them, and having filled it about a quarter full with Water, and corked it very well, I let it in a fquare iron Frame, with a Screw to fcrew down the Cork, and keep it from flying forth. I then put it into aDigcfter, Four- fifths filled with Water} which being heated to a due Height, when 1 opened it, I found the Cork forced into the Phial, though the Cork was fo very large, that it amazed feveral who faw it, to conceive how it was poftiblc for fo large a Cork to be forced into the Bottle. Hence it mani- feftly appears, that the Preffure in the Digefter, where- in was proportionately more Water, and lefs Air, was ftronger than the Preffure within the Phial, wherein was proportionately more Air, and lefs Water. Then I reafon’d thus alfo of the two former Phials : That the Air in the Phial, wherein was no Water included, making not a proportionate Refiftance to the ambient Preffure in the Digefter, wherein was a confiderable Quantity of Water, the Cork was forced inward with fuch Violence, that it, together with the Water, dafhed the Phial in pieces } but that in the other Phial, wherein there were Five-fixths of Water, the inward C ] inward Preflurc in the Pliial being greater than the ambient Preflure in the Digefter, wherein were but Four-fifths of Water, the Cork was thereby forced outward j and that the fmall Difference between the proportionate Quantity of Water and Air in the Phial and in the Digefler, being only as Four-fifths to Five- fixths, was the Reafon not only why the Bottle was not broken, but alfo of the Faintnefs of the Ex- III. ^art of a Letter from John Green, M, Z). Secretary of the Gentlemens Society at Spalding in Lincolnflhire, to C. Mortimer, M, 2). Sec. R. S. ferving to ineJofe a Rela- tion of <1 Girl three Tears oldy who remained a garter of an Hour under Water without H E inclos’d is what I receiv’d this Day from a Gentleman who lives on the Spot, and what you in yours fo much defir’d. The Reafon of the Child’s being able to abide fo long under Water is pretty evident : The Child, moft likely, was infirm, weak, and fickly, from the Time of her Birth, fo that the Foramen Ovale was not grown up. I re- member about three Years ago to have feen aSubjedf, an old Woman 8o Years old, who had the Foramen Ovale fo large, that you might eafily thruft your mid- dle Finger through it j but fhe was attended with the SIR, Spalding, Feb. i8. 1737-8. above- [ I ] above-mention'd Gircumftance, that is, fhe never cn- JoyM a Moment’s Health in her Life. May 16. 1757- Rebecca Tates, of B'tllfon near Market'Bofworth in Letcefier^ire, had a Daughter about three Years of Age, that fell into the Mill- dam at the Head, near to the Mill-wheel 5 and, by the Force of the Stream, was drawn under the Wa- ter to the faid Wheel, with her Legs forwards; one of her Legs went under the Mill-wheel, and by rea- fon of the Nearnefs of the Wheel to the Floor of its Water-way, the Bulk of the Child’s Leg flopped tlie faid Wheel from moving at all. The hidden flopping of the Mill fo much furprifed the Miller, that he went immediately, and let down the Shuttle; but finding it would not go quite down, he came up again into the Mill, and looked both above and below, to fee if he could not find out the Caufc; then went and drew up the Shuttle, and let it down again ; but as the Gate would not Ihut quite down, he could not as yet find out the Caufe of his Mill ftanding flill j for which Reafon he went backwards and forwards be- twixt the faid Shuttle and Mill-room, as nigh as he can guefs. Eight or Ten times, before he found out the Caufe ; but at laft he drew the Shuttle quite up, hy which means the Force of the Water drove the Child from under the Shuttle; then he put the Shuttle quite down, and thereby difeover’d the Child with her Leg under the Wheel, and lying upon her Face. The firfl Word fhe fpoke was, Help me, which* fhe repeated three times ; the Miller left her Arm for fome other Perfon to hold her, whilfl he endeavour’d to remove the Wheel, fo as to get out her Leg; and then fhe faid again, For God^fake help, me out, if Y you [ »d8 ] jou can : She Ipoke very briskly, after (lie was put to Bed. But the Mill-wheel bad tore away alh the Shin, Mufcle^, Sinews, and TendonSj of her Leg, quite to the Bone, and ftript them down to her Heel 5 be- Cdes, the Shuttle was drawn up and let down upon the Small of her Back feveral times. The Child lived from Monday till Friday^ and then died of her Wounds and Bruifes; otherwife, in all Appearance, fhe might have lived to have made a fine Woman, The whole Time of her being under Water (and that at the Depth of four Feet and an half) was near i§ Minutes. Attefted by John Bailey, Miller, Rebecca Yates, the Mother, The Mark + of Grace Cooper, the Miller s Maid, IV. The Cafe of Mr, .... Cox, Surgeon at Peterborough, who fell into a Peftilential Fever, upon Tapping a Corpfe lately dead of an Hydropfy, drawn up hy himfelf and read before the Peterborough Society, Sept. 1. 1736. communicated Royal So* ciETY by the Rev"^ Mr, Tim. Neve, Sec, Soc, Petroburg. An elderly Gentlewoman, labouring of aDropfy about 12 Months, underwent the Operation of Tapping four feveral times, by which 35 Quarts of C ] of Liquor were difcharged j and dying at laft of the fame Diftemper, I was defircd by her Friends to let out the Water that was then contain’d in the Abdo- fneUy as well to preferve the Corpfe the longer from Putrefaftion, as to prevent an Annoyance to the Company at the time of her Funeral. Yet not- withftanding this was done within a few Hours after Death, the included Humours were arriv’d to fuch a Pitch of Putrefadion, as to difcolour the external Parts with a green and livid Hue. The Liquor itfelf was green, and fomewhat thicker than new Milk, in Smell more fetid and offenfive than what I ever met with, and fo lharp and acrimonious in its Nature, as deeply to corrode a filver Canula, through which it paffed. And what Ihew’d it to be highly malignant, may be judged of from the following Circumftances. The Night after the Operation, I was fomewhat reftlefs and uneafy, and the next Day afflided with fmall Tremors, and an unufual Laffitudej in about three Days after, feveral angry Puftles arofe upon my Hands and Fingers, and I believe on every Place where the ieaft Drop of Water fell ; fome of which coming to Matter, went off foon ; thofe which did not, continued painful, and remained much longer. -—The Thumb of .my Right Hand, and middle Finger of my other, were affeded more feverely than any other Part, the Pain more exquifite, the Swelling more hard and large, and of a red dusky Complexion. This was about the 6th Day of my Illnefs, and altho’ theftrongeft Suppuratives were made ufe of, yet they fail’d of the deflr’d Succefs, the Pains being con- tinual.-^Being perfuaded from the great Pulfatioii y 2 and ' C '70 ] and heav7 Pains I underwent, that Matter muft lodge cither under or upon the eriofleum^ an Incifion. was made to the Bone, by which only two or three Drops of Matter were difcharged. ’Twas expefted this fmall Difcharge might in fome meafure mitigate my Pain, but it did not 5 the fame Evening, that Pain I at firft complain’d of was changed into uni- verfal Convulfions, and the Oppreflion upon my Vitals fo great, as to threaten immediate Death. The Intentions of Cure (which were ftridly at- tended to, by my ingenious Friend Dr. Charles .Bdlguf) were to fortify the Heart with Cordials, to enable it to re lift and throw out the Malignity, and to bring the Sores to a plentiful Digeftion. The firft was treated with the higheft Alexiphar- macs, the latter, as at firft, with ftrong Suppuratives : This being about the eighth Day of my Illnefs, and the Convulfions continuing, with an unequal and low Pulfe, and as there was little Appearance of Matter, Blifters were plentifully applied, as near to the Parts affefted as poftible, in order to make a Revulfion from the Heart, and throw off the morbid Matter by the Wounds. In. about three Days this Point was gain'd, the Convulfions began to abate, and the Wounds digeft j in four more, I found a CefTation of Symptoms, except a Faintnefs and Lownefs of Spirits, which hung upon me for a great while after, which peftiicntial Fevers (as this was judged one in an high Degree) are known always to leave behind them. I fuppofe I might receive this Infection as much by Infpiration as Contaft ; for fome of my Afliftants, who were in the Room only, and never touched one Drop of the Liquor, found themfelves much difor- der’d. . C ‘7» ] dcr’d, and afterwards broke out with red and livid Eruptions ; which fufReiently fhew’d, that not only the Liquor itfelf, but the Effluvia too, were in the higheft Degree fubtle and malignant. V* The Variation 0/ the Magnetic Needle, as ohferved in Three Voyages from London to Maryland, hy Walter Hoxton, N. B, The Longitude is reckon'd from the Lizard, The Firjl Voyage 17 3 Latitude. Longitude. Variation. North. Weft. Weft. 0 1 0 7 0 i - 39 53 27 16 ■ 1 12 37 49 27 1 45 14 35 19 39 20 13 32 40 50 27 8 ' 34 40 56 6 30 35 4 6$ 4 26 3(S 50 4 42 - 0 I 4 i 58 ^4 ; 47 Cin Sight of the Ifland Corvo. ^ Difference of Longitude from it / 35 Minutes Wefc {Diftance from Cape fc- ven Leagues. C In the Bay of Chefepeaeh^ three « Miles below the Mouth of / Botomack River, {Off the Mouth of Potuxon Ri- - - Return, [ 3 ) Heturn* Latitude. North. 0 ^ Longitude.' Weft. 0 } Variation. Weft. 0 f 36 II 2Q, 9 .22 34 52 53 6 17 34 33 52 6 15 34 45 51 6 5 34 36 50 6 23 3<5 49 30 7 3'7 37 20 48 9 23 38 4 48 20 JO 39 27 47 40 10 23 40 8 45 40 10 38 40 30 45 13 4 42 32 42 26 1 1 43 42 40 42 12 39 43 27 40 20 13 24 43 32 39 50 13 42 49 48 9 16 30 The Second Voyage 1733. Latitude. Longitude. Sun’s North, Weft, Alti- 0 ' ' 0 / tude, 48 12. 3 U 31 46 7 4 3C ) 25 44 4 7 22 42 17 9 33 40 12 37 38 5 14 2C 41 Variation. Weft, o f 18 16 35 16 2Z 16 36 15 38 14 51 37 36 h.‘ i 36 32 16 2 4 6 12 23 34 19 17 24 50 1 1 19 25 5 45 I 41 51 f9 32 I 5 53 Longitude. Weft. O / 14 45 15 52 16 12 21 51 23 18 30 33 31 38 22 32 25 31 26 31 n 37 5:5 38 35 40 23 41 9 43 47 20 49 24 f4 10 54 4 54 55 60 59 30 6l 10 66 22 66 40 C ‘7? ] Sun’s Variation. Alti- Weft. tude. 0 / 25 13 24 47 ,'3 17 19 13 * 35, n 34 27 9 51 21* ro 28 ‘ 20 9 48 32 10 23 20 8 18 23 7 12- 24 6 45 2S- 6. 59 25 10 36 30 1 1 25: 6 42 , 26 5 8 49 31 10 4f t 30 . 41 8 33 5 54 22- 5 12 23 6 35 36 7 2 ' i3 7 49 < 33 6 45 . 44 5 25 . 30 4 45 : 3 O' ‘ 5 In the Soundings^ 20 Leagues off Cape Henry. Return C >74 3 Return, Latitude^ Longitude. Sun’s Variation, North. Weft. - Alti- Weft. 0 t 0 f tude. 0 r 38 9 57 40 24 II r- 38 48 55 50 25 10 42 13 43 48 29 14 44 21 33 17 19 14 26 45 46 28 17 23 15 45 49 51 Off Plymouth. 13 27 50 20 Off Portland, 13 Hhe l%lrd Voyage 1754. Latitude. Longitude. I Sun’s Variation.' North. Weft. 1 Weft. 0 / 0 t j tude. 0 39 53 <5 37 28 14 30 37 50 6 40 21 14 36 58 to 30 26 15 34 56 13 30 13 40 33 33 16 10 27 12 10 33 9 17 38 27 9 13 32 44 18 6 24 9 51 3 1 39 20 34 9 49 30 55 22 53 25 9 6 30 17 25 26 3(5 8 39 30 1 27 14 28 7 5(5 30 I 27 54 27 6 48 29 55 30 20 24 7 41 29 57 33 1 2 32 8 29 51 37 37 32 5 41 5S [ '75 ] Latitude. Longitude Sun’s Variation. North. Weft. Alti- Weft. 0 / 0 / tude. 0 ! 2S 55 39 28 27 5" 23 29 8 40 26 7 12 31 10 44 46 30 8 6 3 I 7 46 45 22 4 46 30 42 49 38 4 40 30 29 49 48 22 4 ■30 31 52 10 25. 4 49 30 18 25 4 45 30 23 55 25 4 22 30 58 57 30 22 4 52 37 9 68 38 4 50 VI* Some Thoughts and Copje<5tures concern" mg the Caiife of Elafticity, hy J. T. Defa- guliers, LL. !Z). F. R. S. ATtradion and Repulfion feem to be fettled by the Great Creator as firft Principles in Nature 5 that is, as the firft of fecond Caufes ; fo that we are not felicitous about their Caufes, and think it enough to deduce other Things from them. If Elaftidty was admitted as a firft Caufe, (as it is by fome) it is thought we fhould admit of too many principal Caufes in Nature, which is contrary to the Rules of good Philofophy. Philofophers therefore have endeavour’d to deduce Elaftidty from Attradion, or from Repulfion, or from both. It is obferv’d’, that the fame Particles that repel each other ftrbngly, Z will [ '7<5 ] will attrad other Particles very ftrongly j as appears by many Chemical DifTolutions, efpecially by the alternate Diffolution and Precipitation of Metals in acid Menjlrmms. The Reverend and Learned Dr. Hales has proved this many Ways, in his Vegetable Statics and Hamafiatics. The Elafticity of Air feems to confift vv^holly in the repullive Power of its Par- ticles, which do not touch one another while the Air is in its elaftic State j and if thofe Particles be brought nearer and nearer together, the EfFed of their repul- Eve Force will increafe, the Airs Elafticity being always proportionable to its Denfity by Compreflion, which Property will be prefcrv’d, though comprefs'd Air be kept a Year or two; notwithftanding Mr. Hauksbee in \m^hy(ico-mechantcal Experiments fays, that Air will lofe part of its Spring by being very much comprefs’d. But the Air with which he try’d it, muft have been fill'd with moift Vapours; and it is well known, that the Steam of Liquors will lofe its Elafticity, efpecially where its Heat decays. I have kept feveral Wind-Guns, ftrongly charg’d, for half a Year together, in which the Air had loft none of its Elafticity : Others have found the Air as ftrong after a Year j and I have been told by a Perfon of Credit, that a Wind- Gun having been laid by and forgotten for feven Years, when it was found, discharg'd its Air as many times, and with as much Force, as it ufcd to do. Now, though Air, comprefs'd by any external Force, does always increafe in Elafticity, as it diminifhcs in Bulk; yet it may, by Fermentation, diminifh its Bulk very much, without gaining any more Elafticity: For if another Fluid, whofe Parts repel one another, but attrad the Parts of Air,, be mix’d [ 177 ] mix’d with Air, the Repulfion of any two Particles of Air will be diminifh’d, in proportion as a Particle of the other Fluid, inlinuating itfelf between them, attracts them towards itfelf on either Side. The fame thing will happen to the other Fluid, in refpeft of the Par- ticles of Air, which mixing with its Particles, do in the fame riianner deftroy their Repulfion. Thus, if we allow an Attraflion flrong enough between the Parts of two elaftic Fluids, it is poffible, that by Fer- meritation a Solid may be made out of two elaftic Fluids, which would have ftill continued fluid with- out fuch a Mixture. We are taught by Chemiftry, to mix Fluids together, which immediately coalefce in- to a Solid. When Brimftone Matches are burning, the Efflmia of the Sulphur repel each other to great Diftances, as may be known by the fulphureous Smell upon fuch an Occafion. Now, though thefe Par- ticles repel each other, they attrad the Air very ftrongly, as appears by the following Experiment : Take a tall Glafs Receiver clos'd at Top, holding about four Quarts of Air, and having put its open End over a Bundle of Brimftone Matches on Fire, ftanding up in the Middle of a large Difh with Wa- ter in it, (to keep the Air from coming in at the Bottom of the faid Receiver) you will obferve, that not only as foon as the Matches arc burnt out, but a' good while before, the Air, inftcad of being ex- panded by the Flame of the Brimftone, will retire into lefs Gompafsj the Water beginning to rife from the Difti^ up' into the Receiver, and continuing fo to db till fome time aftef the Matches arc burnt out 5 fo that there will be in the Receiver only three Qu^rtsof Air, inftead of four (more or lefs, in pro- Z 2 portion [ 178 ] portion to the Quantity of Brimftone burnt') ; And this plainly happens by fome of the Effluvia-, or little Parts of the Sulphur, attracting fome of the Particles of the il^ir, fo as to make an unelaftic Com- pound, that precipitates into the Water. If the Elafticity of the Air is quite loft when the Repulfion of its Particles is taken off, or fufficiently counter- acted, it muft follow, that its Elafticity depends upon Repulfton : And that this is often the Cafe, appears by a great Number of Dr. Hales h Experiments, of which I will mention but a few. The DoCtor took a Cubic Inch of Mutton-Bone, and having put it into his Gun-B^irrel Retort, he diftill’d out of it two or three hundred Cubic Inches of Air into a large glafs Bottle, the Weight of which Air, together with the Afhes of the Bone left, weighed as much as the whole Quantity of Bone did at firft. Now the Air had been confin'd in that Bone,, together with many fulphureous Particles, in fuch manner,, that the mutual Attraction of the Sulphur and the Air had alternately deftroy'd each other’s repulfive Force, and brought thofe Sub- ftances into a little Compafs; but the Fire in the Diftillation feparated them from each other, fo as to reftore them, in a great mealure, to their ufual Elafticity. This appear’d by bringing a Candle near, the Mouth of the Bottle that held this reviv’d Air 5 for every time the Candle was brought near, the Air took Fire, and flafh’d out of the Bottle with a ful- phureous Smell. The Air may be confolidated in many hard Bodies, fo as to be there quite void of Elafticity, and there do the Office of a Cement, till by the ACUon of Fire, or fome particular Fermen- ictions, it is again reftor’d to its perfectly elaftic State. This C '7? ] This is the Meaning of the Doftor's Words, when he fays, that fome Bodies abforbj and others generate Air 5 and the fame Bodies do fometimes abioib, and at ether times generate Air. He found more or lefs Air in almoft every folid Subftance that he try'd j but, what was moft remarkable, he found that the Cal- cuius humanus (or Stone taken out of a Man's Blad- der) was made up of above half its Weight of Air. Some have endeavour'd to folve Elafticity by At- trafiion only; as for Example; If the String AB (Tab. I. Fig. i.) be confider'd as made up of Particles lying over one another in the manner reprefented at A DB i it is plain, that if the Point T> be forcibly brought to C, the Parts will be pull’d from each ‘Other ; and when the Force, that ftretch’d the String, ceales to ad, the Attradion of Cohelion (which was hinder’d before) will take place, and bring back the String to its former Length and Situation after feveral Vibrations. Now, though this feems to agree pretty well with the ^htenomena of a String in Mo- tion, it will by no means folve the Elafticity of a Spring fatten’d at one End, and bent either way at the other, like a Knife or Sword-blade, as in Fig. 2. For if fuch a Spring be bent from to a, the Par- ticles on the Side C, which now becomes convex, will be farther afunder at F, while the Particles at jD, carried to the concave Part will come defer together; So that the Attradion, inftead of making the Spring reftqre itfelf,r will keep it in the Situation in which it is, as it happens in Bodies that have no Elafticity, where perhaps only Attradion obtains. Thus a Plate of Lead, a Plate of Copper, and a Plate of foft Iron, ftands bent, But [ ' But the mod probable way of folving the llafticity of Springs, is to corjrider both a repulfive and an at^adive Property in the Particles, after the manner of the black Sand, which is attraded by the Load- done, and has been Ihewn by the learned and inge- nious^ Profeflbr Petrus van Mufchenbrook^ to be no- thing elfe but a great Number of little Loadftones. Fig, 3. Let us fuppofe a Row of round Particles touching one another only in the Points c in a Line from A to B. It is plain, from what Philofophers have fhewn, concerning the Attradion of Cohefion, that upon the lead Shake, or Alteration of the Pofi- tion of a ftrait Line, thefe Particles will run to- gether, and form a Sphere, in which the Globules will have more Points of Contad. But if thefe Par- ticles have Poles like Magnets in the oppofite Places mark’d w, j, fo that all the Poles &c. repel one another 5 and all the Poles j, j, x, &c. do like- wife repel one another, the Line AB will continue ftrait 5 for if by any Force the faid Line B A ht put into another Pofition, as into the Curve then the Poles &c. being brought nearer together, (while the Poles &c. are farther afunder) will repel one another more ftrongly, and thereby hinder the Globules from running together towards the con- cave Part 5 and the Spring, left toitfelf, (all this while fuppofing one End, as bj By or /9, fix’d) will reftore itfelf, throwing its End a back to Aj and fo on to a, by the firft Law: Then being in thePofition a/3, the Poles j, r, &c. are brought nearer together, whole Rcpullion, thus increas’d, throws back a to Ay and fo on forward^ the Line of Particles performing feveral VibratioiiS round B* May [ i8. ] May not a Spring of Steel, or other Springs, coh- fift of feveral Series of fuch Particles, whofe Polarity and *\ttra6tion afting at the fame time, will (hew why fuch Bodies, when they have been bent, vibrate, and reftore themfdvesi If we take a Plate of Steel, and make it fo hot till it looks white, and then immediately quench it, we thereby fix the Metal in a State very near Fluidity, fo that the Particles which the Fire had almoft brought to Roundnefs, have but a very fmall Contadt; as ap- pears by the Fragility of the Steel thus harden’d, which breaks like Glafs, and has a (hort Grain. Steel, thus harden’d, is highly elaftic ; for what Workmen call hard^ is the moft elaftic : as appears by the Congrefs of high-harden'd Steel Balls, which return, in their Rebound, the neareft to the Place we let them fall from ; and, next to Glafs, have the quickeft Elafticity of any thing we know. That we may not be thought to have given an im- perfedt Account of the Elafticity of a Steel Spring, becaufe fuch an one as we have deferib'd wants Toughnels, and will immediately fly when bent to any Degree ; we mull beg Leave to confider farther the Properties of the round Particles, or little Spheres, of Steel, in which we have fuppos’d a Polarity. Let us fuppofe (Fig. 4;) to be two little Spheres or component Particles of Steel, in which, atfirft, wc will fuppofe no- Poiarity, but only an Attradtion of Cohcfioii. Then, \vhether< the Particles have their Contadl at or at <0, f,x, their Cohelion will be the fame}, and the lead Force imaginable will change theif Contadt from one of thofe Points to another i becaufc in the roiling of thefc little Spheres, they c i8z ] they do not come into more or lefs Contad in one Situation than another. But if we fuppofe the Point n in each Spherule to be a Pole with a Force to repel all the other Points n in any other Spherule, and likewife s another Pole, repelling the other Points S-, the Spherules will cohere beft, and be at Reft in that Pofition where the Points CjCj are in Contad, and n and s at equal Diftances on either Side. For if the Spherules be turn'd a little, fo as to bring the Points into Contad, as in Fig. 5. the Poles being brought nearer, ad againft each other with more Force than the Points s, r, which are now far- ther off, and confequently drive back the Spherules to the Contad at c, c, beyond which continuing their Motion, they will go to S' S', Fig. 6. and fo back- wards and forwards, till at laft they reft at f, r, which we may call the Voint of c_yEquilihrmin for Reft in a Spring. Now there are, belides this, two other Joints of zyEqiiilibrmm^ beyond which the Spring may break, which are the Points e^e towards w, and £,g towards jj fee Fig. 7. that is, when the Spherules have their Poles », n brought very near together, the mutual Repullion increafes fo, that the Attradion at the Contad is not able to hold them, and then they muft fly afunder, the Spring breaking. We fuppofe the Points e^e-^ fo be the Points of Contad, beyond which this muft happen 5 but that if the Contad be ever fo little Ihort of it, as between e and the Spherules will return to their Contad at r, after fomc Vibrations beyond it, as has been already faid. This is the Reafon why I call (in one of the Sphe- rules) and its correfpondent Point ^ on the other Side c, the Toints of eyEqutUbr turn \ for if the Spring be bent C 3 fecht towards a (Fig. 3.) fo that th:e S|)lierulcs, iike A and B-, (Fig. 7.) touch beyond the Spring will break : Likewife if the Spring be bent the other way, till the Spherules touch beyond g, then it will break the other way. Now when the Spherules touch at or at g, g, the Spring is as likely to return to its firft Pofition as to break 5 for which Reafon I have call’d the Points e a'nd 'g, Boints of Equilibrium ^ as alfo having known by Experience, that a Spring left bent to a certain Degree, has, after fome time, broke of itfelf. From all this it appears, that Spherical t’artides will never make a tough Spring j therefore the Fi- gure of the Particles miift be alter’d, in order to render it ufcful; and this is what is done in bringing down the Temper of the hard Steel, and letting d Springy as it is call’d. What Change ought to be made iil the Particles, lhall firft fhew j and then confider how far that is dohe by thofe who make Springs. If the Parts fuppos’d Globules, as in Fig. 3. are now flatten’d at c, where the Contafl is, fo as to put on the Shape ne dc S^€Sy {zs in Fig. 8.) the Contact will be much increas’d, and reach from d to cT, fO that in bending the Spring there will ftill remain a great COntafl in the Particles, and the Points of briiim for breaking {viz. Oy e above, and g, g below) Will be remov’d nearer to the Poles H, or j, thari when the F^articles are round 5 the Confcquence of which will be, that the Spring muft be bent much farther, to be in Danger of breaking, than in the fbrrner Suppofition j as may be fecn in Fig. 0. where two Particles being open’d about the Point ^ as a ' A a Centre, [184 3 Centfc, the atttafting Points and iTcT, have ftill fome Force to help to bring back the Particles to their whole Contad 5 becaufe in this Shape of the Particle the attradling Points f, cT, S' are remov’d but in Pro- portion to their Diftance from the angular Point d ; whereas if the Particles had been fpherical, and the Line dS zn Arc of a Circle, the attrading Points c,c, and Si S, would have remov’d from one another far- ther than in Proportion to twice the Square of the Diftance from d^ (as in Fig. 5.) and fb have afforded very little Help for bringing back the Particles to their Contad. A Row of Particles in the Spring thus condition’d, is to be feen in the natural State at B Ay Fig. 10. and bent at in the fame Figure. Here it is to be obferv’d, that if in this Figure of the Par- ticles you would bend the Spring to bring the Par- ticles to touch at their Point of breaking <:_/Eqmli~ brium, you muft open them fo much on the contrary Side, that the Spring will be bent far beyond any Ufes intended to be made of it, as appears by Fig. II. where two Particles are brought to touch at the equilibrating Point eh and by Fig. 12. where many Particles being put into that Condition, the Spring is brought round quite into a Circle. Now the common Pradice in making Springs is the mod likely to produce this Effed requir’d in the Particles 5 for the hard Spring, whofe Particles were round, or nearly fo, is heated anew, and whilft it is cooling gently, the mutual Attradion increafes the Contad, fo that the Particles grow flatter in thofe Places where before they had but a fmall Contad 5 and left this Contad fhould become too great, the Spring’s Softening is flopp’d by quenching it in Water, or ['8j3 or Oil, orGreafc. Another way of making Springs, is to begin and fhape them in cold unclaftic Steel, and then having heated them to a fmall Degree, for Example, to a Blood red Heat, immediately to cool them in fome proper Liquors. This alfo fettles the Particles in their oblong Figure, through which they muft pafs before they become round, or nearly fo, in a white Heat. That Particles of Steel are fix’d in the Figures which they have at the Inftant of dipping, will not appear ftrange, when we confider, that dip- ping red-hot Steel in cold Liquors, in a particular Pofition, makes it magnetical. If it be ask’d. How we account for making Springs only with hammering, it is eafily anfwer’d. That we can make Iron and Steel magnetical only with hammering ; and if we can give and deftroy Poles in the whole Piece, there is no Improbability to think we can give Poles to little Parts} or rather bring into a particular Situation the Poles which they have } for if the Poles that we have confider’d be plac’d quite irregularly, there will be no Elafticity at all. Agreeable to this. Springs may be made of other Metals than Iron or Steel, though not fo perfeft, by Hammering } for it will be fufficient for the little Particles to have Poles that attract and repel one another, driven by the Hammering into a regular Order. N. B. Th 'tSi apply d to the Vibration of a String, will better folve its fever al Cafes than AttraBion alone', and the Elafticity of Glafs is juft the fame as that of a very brittle Steel-Spring, A a a VII. Some C ‘86 3 yiL Thoughts and Experiments concern^ ing Eledtrlcity, hy J. T. Defaguliers, ZL. 2). HE Thanomena ofEIeftricity are fo odd, that though we have a great many Experiments upon that Subjedi we have not yet been able from their Comparifon to fettle fuch a Theory as to lead us to the Caufe of that Property of Bodies, or even to judge of all its Effeds, or find out what ufeful Influence Eledricity has in Nature*: Though cer- tainly, from what we have feen of it, we may con- jedure, that it mufl; be of great Ufe, becaufe it is fo cxtenfive. Though fome Perfons have been too hafty in their Conjedures, and too apt to run into Hypothefes not fufficiently fupportcd by Experiments j yet it would be of great Ufe to fettle fome general Propofitions concerning Eledricity from the Light we have already, and what we may further difcover by future Experi- ments ,• provided we have a fufficient Number of them to fettle a general Rule. For Example j I now- propofc fome general AfTertions to be conflcjefd,: and to be rejeded or allowed of as a Number of Ex- periments fhall determine i but to ftand only as ,^eries till they are fettled. I have hitherto avoided entertaining the Society upon this Subjed, or purfuing it fo far as I might have done, (confidering that I can excite as ftrong an Eledricity in Glafs, by rubbing it with my Hand, as any body can) becaufe 1 was unwilling to interfere F. R. S. with [ >8r 1 with the late Mr. Stephen Gray-, who had wholly turn'd his Thoughts that way 5 but was of a Temper to give it intirely over, if he imagin'd, that any thing was done in Oppolitioii to hin). But now I intend not only to go on myfelf in making eledrical Ex- periments, but (hall always be ready to make fuch as (hall be propofed by any Member of; the Society^. The ^^ries which I have already examin'd, are the following: G^ery I. Whether all Bodies . in general are not capable of receiving the Eleftricity which has been given to a Tube by Fri6tion, though there be a great many Bodies, fuch as, Metals and Vegetables, in which we have not hitherto been able to excite any- Ele£tr;city by Heat, or Friction, or any other Opera- tion opi, the Bodies themfelves ? ^^ry Ih Whether when a String is ftretch’d out at Length, with a Body hanging at one End of it, to whiehjlody we would communicate the Eledricity of theThbe/hblp’d; at the other End, the Supporters of the , String ought hot to be of fuch Bodies as are capable of having Eledricity excited in them by Fridion, Heating, Beating, or Patting, or fome imme- diate Qperation on the Bodies themfelves f .^ei^y. Ilf: .Whether thefe Supporters of the String' (rnentiph’d in fihe lad ; which Bops the eledrical Virtue^fro^L pafllng any rfarther, .are, not of fuch a kjnd as, are incapable off hiving; the dddricali Virtue' excited, them immediately . by any. Operation yet known ; though they are all capable of receiving it frorp a rubb'd Tube, even, at a great Diftance, by the Gompvphiciliippi.of a>Stiiing made rof vegetable Sub- dances ? * 'i ^{ery [.8»3J §luery IVi Whether the Reafon that Tome Sup- porters tranfmit the Ele. i 'iT-r . B^^es-^ax; 12.; Aefin, r‘ t Sali 'Armoniac..z: 14*^ liYOty, j 5^ Human Bone. I, d- Fifh-Skin. j fy./Loadftpne. 18, Flefh. Ip. Cotton. 20. WaxtC^pdle.,,. 3 j,. Tal- low-Candle.-22'. A Leak. 23. Ceieri. . 24. To-* bacco- C '5>o ] bacGSD-FFpe.' 'a j.-A Glafs-BalL A Rtifli tolled up. ; Experiments relating to ^juery II. Retaining the firft fupporting String of Cat-gut, in- ftead of the laft Cat-:gut Supporter, I made th« Pack- thread pafs over the following Subftances fuccef- jRvely, all which tranfMitted ^he Eledricity to *the Body fufpended at the End of the Packthread 5 viz. I. A SUk String. 2. Hair Rope. 3. ParclRiient. 4. A Thong of Sheep'-skin, but it'ftopp'd fheTledlri- eity till k was dry and warm. 5v A Lift Of Wool 1 eh Cloth. 6. A Lift of Flanel. 7. G^is, Of a k4nd of WofftedTape. 8. Quills; 9. Whalebone. 10. A Man's Thigh-Bone. i l. A Bladder. 12. A Catj held between two. 13. A Tallow- Candle. 14. A Wax-Candle (the String was alfo laid over the uh- burn'd Cotton Wick at the End of the Candle). 1 5: A Tallow-Candle and its Wick. id. Tobacco^ Pipe, with a Cat-gut or a Packthread through/ it, Ot without, that is, a Packthread String being fatten'd at each End of it. 17. A Sword-Belt. 18. A Piece of a white Hat. 19. A Piece of a black Hati 2O. A Glafs Tube. 21. The fame with Water m it. 22. With Spirit of Wine. 23. The fame with Mer* curyinit. 24. Sealing-Wax. 25. Crape. JSl. B. All thcfe Subftances, except the Sheep-skin, the Tobacco-Pipe, the Quills, the Candles, and the Bone, not only tranfmitted the E4e61ricity, but be- came fo far ele^rical, as to attraft the Thread a litfle way on each Side of the fupported Packthread. There are more Experiments requir'd to be made, before this ^ery can be turn'd into an AlTcrtion. E X- uC - ] Experiments relating to :^ery III. Inft^ad of the iaft Supporter of Cat-gut near the fulpended Body, I made ufe of the following Sub- ftances -ftxetch'd from Chair to Chair; and then the Thread hanging <3jn the , Stich w^as not at all attiafled by the hjfpended :lye»y Ball, which I made ufe of in all the Ejcperlrnents jto try the Supporters. I. A Hempen Rope. 2. A fmall Packthread. A drawn Sword. 4. A Sword in the Scabbard. 5. The Scabbard without the Sword., <5., A twihed Cotton Thread. 7. Tape made of Thread. 8. Bars, Tubes and Wites of Copper, Brafs, Iron and Lead. p. White Paper and brown. 10, A moift Thong of Sheep-Skin. 1 1. Celeri. 12. Leeks. 13. Fir-wood. 14. A Cane. 15. A Piece of black Thorn. 16.' The fame Rufhes that had before re- ceiv’d the Electricity when fufpended. 17. A Spunge dry. 18. White 'Thread, ip. Hay. 20. A Mar- ble Slab. AT. B. Such Bodies as were too fhort to reach from Chair to Chair, were lengthen’d out by Pieces of Packthread at each End. j ^ * Experiments relating to ^tery IV. The Cat-gut Supporters, and all the others men- tion’d in the Experiments to ^ery III. which tranf- itikted. the EleJlricIty,- attra^ed the Thread of the Stick hear the conducing Packthread^ but not fo far as tlte Chairs to which the faid Supporters were faftehd. . E C >9* 3 Experiments relating to ^ery V. All the Supporters which did not tranfmit the Eledricity, when they reach’d from Chair to Chair, were made to tranfmit, when they were lengthen’d out with Cat-gut at each End, and then they became eledrical themfelves from one End to the other, as becoming part of the fufpended Body ; and becoming fo faturated, as not to be able to carry the Eledricity on either Side any farther than the Cat-gut to which they were fatten’d. Experiments relating to §yuery VI. The late Mr. Stephen Gray has, by rubbing, excited Eledricity in feveral of thofe Bodies which I have made Supporters of to tranfmit the Eledricity (See ''Philofoph. Tranf. N° 3 66.) I have done the fame with feveral others, but not with all of them, though I fhall try them all: But as it is more difficult to excite that Virtue in fome than others j and all the Experiments in general fucceed better in dry and cold Weather than in moitt and warm, 1 mutt wait for proper Opportunities to make the Experiments, and then I fhall communicate them. Experiments concerning mix'd Subftances'. 1. Cadis (or Woollen Tape) laid on Thread-Tape, when made a Supporter, tranfmitted the Eledricity. 2. When the Thread-Tape was uppermott, the Eledricity was ttopp’d. 3. When they were twitted together, the Eledri- ciry was tranfmitted, but mott weakly when the Pack- thread C'i9v3 thread going to the Ball was laid over that Part of the Twift which had the Thread-Tape. N. B. The two Paper Supporters which did not tranfmit the Eledlricity, ought to have done it ac- cording to 'j^ery IT. becaufe, by Mr. Grays Experi- ments^ Electricity is to be excited in the Paper by rubbing : Therefore, perhaps, the Papers wanted to be drier or warmer, fo that I fhall try them again. Thefe are the only two Experiments that do not agree with the feepnd i but I, would not omit men- tioning them, becaufe it is the Part of an impartial Philofopher to mention as well thofe things which favour, as thofe that difagree with his Hypothefes and ConjeClures. VIII. Exper I M E N T s made before the Roial Society, Feb. 2. 1737-8. hy J. T. Defaguliers, LL. Z). F. R, S. i\Z. iS.T’N the following Account, which is thS Se- i quel of former Experiments, I call Con- ductors thofe Strings, to one End of which the rubb’d Tube is applied j znA Supporters fuch horizontal Bo- dies as the Conductor refts upon. Experiment I. Old Packthread Supporters tranfmitted EleClricity but weakly, though more ftrongly when twilled with Cat- gut; but new Packthread did better. N.B. Where It is not mention d otherwife-, an luory Ball hangs at the End of the Conductor ; B b 2 and Cwl and its EleBricsty is trkd fy d Thredi appBeS near it^ \ \ ';:h E'X' P E R r M^E iT r 'll. ' . A Condui^fcing String of Cat-gut receiv’d the EIe<^-r^. city a little way j but did not carry k qjuite to tlve. Tube. Experiment III. Two conducing Strings, one of Gat-gut, and one of Packthread, compar’d, the fiift attra^ied lefs .and Ic fs, as' the Diftance f tomf tl*i!e Tube increas’d j and the other more and more, till it was ffrongeft' at the fufpendcd Body : But both ceas’d immediately after the Removal of the Tube. Experiment IV'. A Sealing-Wax Supporter tranfmittecf the Eledri^ city, but did receive little or none when fufpended. If it was but juft rubb’d with the Hand, it attracted the Thread when firft ftifpended j and ftrongly, if much lubbd 5 but that Virtue was foon.Joft, if th-e Tube was applyd to the conduding String, and then it would receive no more Electricity from the' Tube. If the Stick of Wax was wet, then it would ftrongly receive the EleCtricity. A Wax Supporter wet, and Silk String wet, did not tranfmit the Elcdriciry. Experiment V. Dried Ox-Gurs did not tranfmit Elcdricity when held in Hand j but when tied to Cat-gut, tranfmitted j»t; and, whenTufpended, received it plentihjlly* E X- yi i ] Experiment The fame with a fmall Gord. Experiment VII. The fame with a Rod of Iron, and Tube of^BrafsJ Experiment VIIL A Gkfs Tube, made Conduftor, receiv’d the Eiec-^ tricity but a little way. Experiment IX. Dry Sheep-Skin tranfmitted the Eledlricity, but not when wet, though it receiv’d it then when fuf- pended. Experiment X. A middle Supporter of Packthread was again fup- ported on one Side by a Glafs Tube, and on the other by Sealing-W ax, and had at each End an Ivory Ball hanging. Thofe Balls became eledrical in the fame manner, and at the fame time, as the Ball at the End of the conducting Spring. Experiment XI. When a Bar of Oak was made ufe of inftead of the Tube, or a fmall Iron Bar inftead of the Wax, the Electricity was flopp'd : But if the Bar Was thrufl a little, way into a Glafs Tube, the EleCtriciry was- communicated as before. Ex^ a C » 9 1 E X p E R I M E N T s ma3e at the Kh Society, Feb/p. 1737-8. I fixed fix Iron Radii of tv/ifted Iron Wire to a Brafs Ring of two Foot and an half Diameter, and half an Inch wide, which had a Spcket in the Centre, whereby to fet it either on an upright Glafs Tube, or on a wooden Pillar : Then I hung upon the End of the fix Radii, next to the Circumference, the fol- lowing Subftances. i. A, Piece, of Refin. 2. A Stick of Wax. 3. An Apple. 4. An Ivory Ball. 5. A Steel Ball. 6. A Glafs Ball. Experiments I. and II. • : I rubb'd the Tube, and applied it to the Centre of this Machine, as it flood on a Glafs Tube? and the Electricity. was communicated to all the fufpended Bodies, and the Ring alfo j but none of them receiv’d it, when the Machine flood upon a wooden Pillar, whofe Foot was on the Floor. Experiment III. I tied to the Ends of the fix Radii as many Cat* gut Strings, but fo long as to unite together about a Foot higher than the Centre of the Ring, where I fufpended them by another Cat-gut String three Foot long, the Top of which was faflen’d to an hempen Rope. Then applying the rubb’d Tube very near the Place where all the Cat-gut Strings join’d over the Ring, (at which Ring the fame Bodies were fufpended as I '97 ] as before) neither the Bodies nor Ring receiv’d any Eledtridty. N.B. This was done in foul Weather, when the Eledricity does not extend itfelf far from the Tube : But in fair Weather, the Eledtrical Virtue, at the fame Diftance, reach’d the Iron Radii of the Ringj and confequently the Ring and Bodies fufpended, though the Virtue was not propagated along the Cat-gut: For if the Tube was applied a little higher to the fingle Cat-gut, fo as the Effluvia^ or Virtue darted diredlly from the Tube, did not reach the Ring, or its Iron Radiiy then no Virtue was commu- nicated to the Ring, or the fufpended Bodies, Experiment IV. I fufpended the Ring by fix Packthreads,, juft in the fame manner a-s the Cat-gut Strings before; but ftill all thofe Strings were fufpended by the perpendicular Cat-gut of three Foot in Length. Then all the Bodies receiv’d the Eledricity from the rubb’d Tube ap- plied to the Top of the Pyramid of Packthreads. Experiment . V.. Inftead of the perpendicular Cat-gut between the Pyramid of Packthread and the upper hempen String, 1 fubftituted a Packthread ; and then no Virtue was communicated to the Ring, but all went up the hempen String, and was loft; except the Tube was held very near the Ring, and then it gave a fmall Degree of eledrical Attradion to the Ring, and the. Bodies fufpended at it. . ;3 Experiment VI. Having again fufpend^d the Ring with the Bodies and Pyramid of Packthreads to the perpendicular Cat-gut, I tied a Packthread to the Ring, and carried it horizontally about 2^0 Feet from the Ring 5 and having faften’d a Cat-gut String three Foot long to it, I gave it an Alliftant to hold : Then applying the rubb'd Tube to the End joining that Cat-gut, the Eledlricity was communicated to the Ring, and all the fulpended Bodies, as appear’d by applying the white Thread near them, which was attradled by every Part of the Ring, and all the Bodies. Experiments made before the Royal Society^ Feb. 16. 1737-8. Experiment I. I applied the rubb’d Tube to a burning Candle, and it had no manner of Effedl on the Flame j but as foon as the Candle was blown out, it attradied the Smoke at four or five Inches Diftance. Experiment II. An horizontal Packthread, of about 18 Feet in Length, being terminated by the Cat-gut Strings, of three Foot long each, I hung (towards one of the Ends of the Packthread) upon it a Candleftick with a lighted Candle in it; then applying the rubb’d Tube to the other End of the Packthread, the Candleftick attradfed the Thread, and it was aUb attradted by the Candle, [ ] Candle, but not within two or three Inches of the Flame ; but as foon as the Candle was blown out, the Thread was attracted by every Part of itj nay, even the Wick, when it was quite extinguifh’d. Experiment III. I fufpended a Wax Candle in the fame manner, and the Experiment fucceeded In the fame manner; only the Eled:ricity came not fo near the Flame in the Wax as in the Tallow Candle. Experiment IV. ' I hung an Iron Wire 1 6 Foot long horizontally by two Cat-gut Strings at its Ends about three Foot long each, and bent down the Wire fronu the Place join’d to the Cat-gur, fo as to hang down' a Foot at one End ; then applying the rubb’d Tube at the othpr End, this Condudor carried the Ekdricity along to the Ball ; but not fo well as the Packthread Con- ductor; but it did fomething better when it was wet. The fame happen’d when the Condudor was Brafs Wire of the fame Length. i\f. B. The Packthread Condudor alfo carried the^ Effluvia ftronger when it was wet.^ .L C c IX. An [ JOO ] IX. An Account of fame Eledrical Experiments made before the Royal Society on Thurfday the \6th of February 17} 7- 8. By the Same. I Experiment I. Tab. I. Fig. I. I Took the Glafs Tube AB oi two Inches Dia- meter, which had at one End Ay a Brafs Ferril with a Brim cemented to it, and at the other End B, a Brafs Cap clofe at Top, the Brafs-work being join’d to it, in order to exhauft it of its Air upon Oc- cafion. When this Tube was very dry, it would become eleftrical by rubbing, fo as to fnap by paf- iing the Ends of the Fingers near it j but that Virtue could not be excited in the Tube nearer the Brafs at the Ends than from a lob, and not unlefs the Tube was very dry within. The Tube being thus prepar'd, and having an Ivory Ball C, of about two Inches Diameter, tied to it at the End B by a fhort String, I paffcd the Tube through the horizontally fulpended Plate till it was (lopp'd by the Brim at A j and as it hung perpendi- cularly, the Ball C was within a Foot and an half of the Floor. The Plate was about 10 Inches in Diameter, and fufpendedby three fmall Cat-gut Strings as Ey €y of about two Feet in Length, all which were tied together at E, ro an hempen String hanging from the deling at F. By [ 101 3 By reafon of the Diftance of the Ends of the Cat-gut Strings dofe to the Plate at eee^ I was able to thruft in between them one End of an open Tube G G, after I had rubb’d it fo as to make it eledrical, to fee whether I could make the aforefaid fufpended Tube AB the Conductor of Eledricity to the Ball Ci but the firft Trial was in vain. E X P E R r M E N X II. Then laying horizontally over the Plate ® 2) an Iron Bar a quarter of an Inch thick, and a Yard long, I hung at the Ends of it two Ivory Balls cc, of the fame Size as C, by Packthreads of the fame Length as the Tube AB. Having again made the Tube GG eledlrical, I ap- plied it over Ay as before, and immediately the two Balls cc received the Eledricity, fo as to attrad the Thread of Trial T hanging at the End of the Stick STy when applied near themi though it re- ceived no Motion when applied to C. But if the StringsJYf, inftead of Packthread, were Cat-gut, then the Balls c c received no Eledricity from the Tube G G r-ubb’d and applied over A. N.B. To be fure that the rubb’d Tube is made eledrical, I pafs my Fingers near it after rubbing, to hear whether it fnaps j but always rub again before I apply it } becaufe by fnapping it lofcs its Eledricity at the Place w'here it fnaps. Experiment IIL When I rubb’d the Tube A By it would then attrad the Thread of Trial T between a and ^5 but not at C c z all [102] all above a or below unlcfs when I applied the Tube GG above Az Then the Thread of Trial would be attracted by the Plate 2), and the Top of the great Tube from A to a, but no lower. It would alfo be attrafled by all the Bar HH^ and only three or four ; Inches below H. Experiment IV. Having fill’d the Tube AB with Water, the Elec- tricky of the rubb'd Tube GG, applied at ran flrOngly down the Tube A By and impregnated the Ball C, fo as to make it ftrongly attradl the Thread. of Trial, whilfl: the Balls cc received no Virtue at all. But upon wetting the Cat-gut Sttings He with a Spunge, alTthe three Balls r'C and r- ftrongly receiv’d the electrical Virtue. ExPERIMEN.T V. ; I took away the Bar 2/2/, and its Balls and Strings j and having well dried the Tube, ! rubb’d it, and hung it up as before, fo that, it would fnap, or attract the Thread from a to b, but no-where elfe. ' Then putting the fmall Bar 2/2/ into thq Middle of the Tube in its Axis reprefented by the* prick’d Line, upon Application of the rubb’d Tube GG at Ay the Virtue was immediately communicated to the Ball C. The fame thing happen’d, when, inftead of the Bar, a Brafs Wire, a Walking-Cane, a fmall green Stick, or fmall Packthread, was placed in the ^Axis of the Tube. Ex- C 3t”'p I M E.^ I took a Barometer Tube empty, and very dry, and placed it in the Axis of the great Tube AB 5 but it would tondud no Electricity to the Ball C5 though it carried it; down very readily wlien full of Water, though quite dry on the Outfide* Another fmall Tube open at both Ends, which conduced no Virtue to C when dry, being only 'hioiften’d a little by the Breath in blowing through it, carried down the Viime from A to C very Brongly. 1 ; N. B. All this while the Cat-gut .Strings E£ re- ceived no electrical Virtue. As I defign to purfue thefe J^nquiries nauch-, f^ftiher, I^ve to be allow’d to make^ ufe, bf fon^ ■Terms, (which 1 thall here define) in order to £aye uEng mar^ Words in giving an Account of feme elo^ical Experiments^ which I have made^ and fhail hereafter make. ■ I J 1 f; . . -• .. - p' •£ J Q JJ' - ' i i'i ^ ^ • . jL 'Bo^iy.e^e&r.kalperfi is -fuch a(Body in which -dne may exsite; EkCtrjcityt by Rubbing, Patting, Ham- iHiering, 'Melting, Warming, or any other Adion on :the BodyjHfqlfjias Amber^.Sealing-^W^Xi Qlafs, Re£n, iSulphur,;d?^c. bJefidfis;lm^ .all/ Animal Sub- -ftariCfiS. A ' i V’-' ' ^ Definition IL . A SNon-ele0rJjcal is fuch a Body as cannot , be 5madetek<^ijakby,.any^^ thejj^ody hf^jf [ 104 3 immediately j though it Js capable of fcccivittg that Virtue from an Ele6irical per fe» Observations. 1. When the Air is full of moift Vapours, Electri- cals per fe are excited to Eled.ricity with very great Difficulty, requiring to be often warm’d, and much rubb’d ; as appears in exciting that Virtue in Glafs, Amber, Wax, 2. In dry Weather, efpecially in frofty Weather, the Electricals per fe will have their Virtue excited with very little Action upon them; as appears by warming a Glafs Receiver, which, without any rub- bing, will caufe the Threads of a Down Feather, tied to an upright Skewer, to extend themfelves as foon as it is put over the Feather. Sometimes Refin and Wax exert their Eledricity by only being expos’d to the open Air. j. EleCtr teals per fe retain the Virtue longeft when kept near to, or inclos’d by, other EleCtricals per fe. Thus the rubb’d Tube will retain its Virtue pretty long in dry Air, as^ appears by chafing a fea- ther about the Room very long without new rub- bing; as alfo by Lumps of Refin and Sulphur, which have been melted and poured into dry Drinfc- ing-glaffes, keeping their Virtue long, if kept in thofe Glaflfes, and wrapp’d in dry :Silk, or fuch fort of Paper as will become eledrical by rubbing ; fo-r as often as they are expos’d to the Air, they will at^ trad. 4. EleCtricals per fe communicate their Virtue to any of thz Non~eleCirical, brought near them ; in which Cafe Non-ehct'rkals repel like [ 3 like the EleBricals per fe. Thus an Iron, Bar ;fur- pended by a fiiken Thread, an Hair Rope, or a dry Cat-gut, when an excited Ele^ric per fe is brought near it, will both attack and fend out its Effluvia to a ELon-eleStric held near it ,* as appears in the Dark by the Light coming out at the End of the Bar. 5. An Ele£irical per fe lofes its excited Virtue in communicating to the Non~eIe£iricali and the fooner, the more of thofe Bodies are near it. Thus in moift Weather the rubb’d Tube holds its Virtue but a little while, becaufe it adts upon the moift Va- pours that float in the Air,* and if the rubb’d Tube be applied to Leaf- Gold or Brafs, laid upon a Stand, it will a£t upon it much longer, and more ftrongly, than if the fame Quantity of Leaf-Gold is laid upon a Table, which has moxz NoTP-eleBrical Smizz^ than the Stand. 6. When a Elon-elePirical is fufpended by, or only touches an EleBrical per fcy it receives the Properties of an EkBrical per fe from a rubb’d Tube or Wax, &c. This appears by the Fire that fiafhes from the Fingers of a Man fufpended by Hair- Ropes, or who ftands upon a Cake of Refln, when he has receiv'd Virtue from the rubb’d Tube. 7. The Virtue which a Elon-eleBrical receives from a rubb'd Tube, runs on to the moft diftantPart of the* fufpended Body from the Place where the Tube is applied, and feems to becolleded there, from whence it flalhes in the Park, fnaps, and exerts its AttraAion upon the Thread of Trial; though as the Virtue runs along, it fometimes fhews itfelf in other .parts of the fufpended Non~eleBricat C lOd ] 8. If a Non-eleBricaly whilft it k receiving the Virtue from the rubb'd Tube, be made to communi- cate with the Floor of the Room, or any other great JSlon-eleEirical Body by a Non- electrical String, how fmall foever, (though but a Thread) the Virtue will not fliew itfclf, as it did before, at the Extremities, where the Flafli of Light was feen. 9. If a Non-eleChical be ever fo big, when fuf- pendcd, it will receive Electricity from the rubb’d Tube. And if five or fix hundred Foot long, when the rubb’d Tube is applied at one End, the Bodies hanging at the other End will become eteCtrical. This has been tried by feveral People as well as my- felf. 10. If a long Non-eleClrital String be faften’d to an Ele^rical per fcy and extended to a great Diftanee, being fupported by EleCtricals per fe to keep it from touehing the Ground, all Bodies faftCiVd at the End of it will beeome eleClrical when the nibb’d Tube is applied at the other End, though the Tube does not touch h, but Is only brought within two orthrcc Inches of it. ■ ’ . AT. B. This String we have before called the Gofi- dtiCior of EleClricity-, and the Cat-gut or fiiken Strings, Glafs Tubes, or whatever kept the long String front touching the Ground, If any of Ctvz Supporter in, the laft'Ob; fervation, be chang’d for di.Non-deBricdi Supported, the Virtue will there be hopp’d and taken* away by that Supporter : But if that Supporter be 'again fup- ported by EleCtricals per fe, it will only receive fo much Elcflricity ais Will' imprcg'iial^e it, arid then the Virtue [ 107 ] Virtue will go on to the End of the String, and im- pregnate the Bodies fatten'd to it. 12. The receive the greateft Virtue at the End of the String, and moft of all, if they are wet. But the EleBricals per fe, if long Bodies, as long Sticks of Wax, and Glafs Tubes, only become electrical at the End next to the String. 13* EleBrieals per fe will become Non ele6iricalsy if they be wet, or only moiften'd. Thus Supporters that tranfmit the Electricity immediately, flop it when wet with a Sponge, or when blown through, if open Tubes. And if the long EleBricals per fe, hanging at the Endof the Conductor, be made wet, they will become Non-eleBrtcalSy and ftrongly receptive of the Virtue given by the rubb’d Tube at the other End of the String. N.B. All the fix Experiments mention’d in the Beginning of this Paper, confirm this Obfervation. 14. A Non-ele6irical having been impregnated with Electricity by the rubb’d Tube, is repel I’d by it, till it has loft its EleCtricity by communicating it to another Non-ele£irical. Then being in its firft State, it is again attracted by the Tube, which holds it till it has fully impregnated it i then it repels it again. This is evident, by attracting a Down Feather by the Tube in the Air, and then repelling it ; fo as to make it dance backwards and forwards to and from a Finger held up at a Foot or two from the Tube. But the Thing appears more plainly from the fol- lowing E X: Dd [ 3 Experiment VII. Having rubb’d the Tube T /f,{fecTAB.I. Eig.U.) and with it attrafted a Feather, the Feather at t was repell’d from the Tube, whenever it was brought near it but fuddenly dipping the End T of the Tube in Water, the Feather floating in the Air came to it again, and ftuck to the End of the Tube at T or near jP. H.B. In fair Weather this Experiment will not fucceed, unlefs the Tube be thruft pretty deep into Water (a Foot at leafl) 5 but in moift Weather an Inch or two will do. S. Though animal Subftances be generally thought to be KkBrkal per fcy yet it is only when th^y are very dry ; This is the Reafon why a living Man fufpended by a Hair Rope, or ftanding upon a Cake of Rcfin, to receive Eledricity from the Tube, muft be confider’d as ^Nm-eleBricaly by reafon of the Fluids of his Body. N.B. The above Obfervations, together with the ^eries in my former Papers, will be further illu- fl rated by fome Experirflents which I do not now mention, becaufe 1 have only try'd them at homej but when 1 have tryU them before the ^LoyaI/ Society, I lhall give an Account of th^, in Order. . - X. An [ 10? ] Xv An Account of feme Ele<5lfical Experiments made at his Royal Highness the Fringe (/Walrs^s Houfe at Cliefden, Fuefday^ 1 5 April 1738'. fisihere the Eledtricky ^as conveyed 426 Feet m a dire fi Line, By the Saine. H AV I N G heard that Eledricity had been carried along, ah hempen. String five or: fix hundredi . Foot rong, but having only fce‘n it when the String was carried backwards and forwards in a Room by Silk Supporters j I was willing; to try it with a Rack- thread String ftretch’d out at full Length? for which PUrpofe having join’d a dat-gut String' of fix Foot long,-! faftedd it to the Ihfide of a Door in the Suite of Rooms' at Criifden \ and having alfo tied another Car- gut, like the;firft, to the other^End of the String, I tied it up to the Infide' of the Dbor at the other End of the Houfe 5 but af the Place where the Packthread was joiti’d to the Cat-gut, ! left a Foot and an half of Packthread hanging down, and faften’d to it a Lignum Vit£ Handle of a Burning- Glafs'. Then applying a rubb’d' Tube at the other End of the String, I made the Eledricity run to the Lignum Vita^ but with fome Difficulty, which I attributed to the Size, being an animal Subftance that ftill ftuck to the Packthread as it was new ; therefore I caus’d the Packthread to be wet with a Sponge from one End to the other, to waffi off the Size: Then was the Eledricity from the Tube com- municated very foon and very ftrongly j for the D d a Thread [no 3 Thread of Trial (mention’d in my former Papers) was drawn by the Lignum Vita at the Diftance o£ a Foot. Afterwardshaving join’d more Packthread together, I made a String of four hundred and twenty Foot long, one End of which I faften’d (by the Interpofition of Cat-gut as before) to the Iron Gates in the Garden, before the Houfe, and the End which had the Lig- num Vita Handle, to the upper Part of the Door next to the Back-fide of the Houfe in a large Drawing- Room, taking care that the String came through the middle of the open’d Doors through which it paired j and to prevent this String dragging upon the Ground, three Pieces of Cat-gut held acrofs by two Men, at equal Diftances from the Ends, and from each ether, fupported it. The String was altogether dipp’d in a Pail of Water, before the Experiment} but great Care taken, that the Cat-gut fhould not be wet. Then I applied the rubb’d Tube at the End in the Garden, whilft my Afliftant held the Thread of Trial near the Handle above- mention’d, which Thread was ftrongly attracted, though the Wind was very high, and blow’d in the contrary Direflion to that in which the Eledlricity ran along. I firft tried the Experiment with the Packthread dry, but then it would not do at that Diftance. AT. B. The W eaiher was moift when I made the Ex- periment. XI. OVz C »»* ]■ XL Obfervationes Botanicae, *Plantamm qua^ f undam ^efcriptiones accuratiores exhihentes 5 per Paulum Henricum Gerhardum Mocb- ring, ikT. 2). fa[la 3 ad lllujlrijfimum 2)** Hans Sloane, Bart, R. S. ^raf* mijfa* I. Salicornia ramis clavatis, fquamis articular rum adprejjis. T}Ly^N TA annua, quoad omnes partes fucculenta, * 8. 9. digit. Rhenan. raro pedem Rhenan. aita. Radix e multis fibris filiformibus conftat. Caul IS ramofus, tereti-compreffus parum, ad rad i- ccm lignofus & rugofus, fupra fucculentus, glaber, aphyllus, clavatus : Clavis oppofitis, alterno ordine e produftionibus auriculatis, fquamatis, vaginSntibus, arde adpreffis, caulis primarii erumpentibus, i. ad I -i dig. Rhen. longis, fuprema terminatrice reliquis lonsibre. Fructificatio ternis, figuram trianguli' biredanguli fpbaerici, cujus bafis furfum convexa eft, repraefentantibus, alterno ordine fibi oppofitis, con- ftat. His frudificationibus triangularibus omnes clavae fecundum longitudinem obfitae funt. Infidet cuilibet commiflurae ramulorum fquamato- denticulatas, fubacutae, denticulo inftar receptaculi to- - tius frudificationis ferviente, ac infima ftamina beclii-' dente. Calyx eft produdio fcapi fquamata, marcefcens-. quocutn unum planum efficit ; Flof C Flofculi fuperiorist & quali intermedii, rhomboi- deus, angulo iaferiori rc(9:iUaj?0’ acuto ; Angmlo fup^ riori curviiiheo obtufd ; Flofculmim duorum infer iorunt, auf^ fi mavis, late- raiium, Ttigonus, bail parum latiore. Corolla nulla; • / . SxA^XNA-Di^jj fupra&infra germ^n oppofip litu, cjufdetii bafi adfixa, 6c e rimula calycis prominula: Superius primum exfurgit j quo ddapfo, inferius pro- dit (Unde fadlum eft, ut omnes Botanici unum mddo ftamen eidem adfcribant);. Filamenta filiformia, intra caiycem abfcondita. Anthers oblongze, ere^ftae, extra Galyceni hiantes,, didymae, (inde fit, ut primo fubtiliori adfpedlu parvum** corpus tetragonum prs fe ferant) extrorfiim concavai, lateribus introrfum longitudinaliter. convoluds cum filamento jequalis longitudinis> eidem in fummo, utrimque adhaerentes, ardeque iilud obtegentes, bafti fua plerumque intra foveolam calycis include. la concavitatem iftam multum farinje genitalis delabitur. PisTiLLUM, Germen fubrotundo-acuminatum, in medio filamentorum fitum, intra caiycem abfconditam, ejufdem cum filainentis longitudinis. Stylus nullus. Stigma acutum. Pericarpium Capfula veficaria, inflata, ovato-acu- minata, exade referens calyptram polytrichi Dillenii, fed deorfum magis ampullatam, intra caiycem latcns. Semen unicum, ovato-compreflum, hori2;ontaliter in capfula fiium, a baft ad medium fulcatum, tenuif- fimi ope pedicelli coftw canUs adftxum. G B- ! ] Observationes. a. Crcfcit heic locorum ubique ad oceani Septem- trionalis Utus, dummodo terra pinguis, argillacea (noftratibus Schlick vocata) adfit, & magnis fluxibus maris aqua falina interdum confpergi poflit. Simul ac vero terra aggere circumvallatur, & maris undis fubtrahitur, licque falis marini nutrimento privatur, fequenti ftatim anno difparet. b. Adhibetur inter acetaria, refrigeranti fapore fe commendans. c. Floret Augufto, femina perficit Septembri Sc O&obri. Plantulje prodeunt fine Aprilis^ & initio Mail: His cotyledones tereti-oblongx, fucculentae. d. Ergo pertinet in Syftemate Sexuali Linn^i ad' ^iandriam Monogyniam. (e.) Alia haut ita pridem fpecies Saltzdahlenfis^, ^ucatus iz\X\z^\.Brunfvicenfis^ nobis, ficcis fpecimi- nibus, mifla eft a D.D. Franc. Ern. Bruckmanno,, quae longe diverfa a noftra, adpellari poflet Salicornia., rams imbricatim pyxidatiSyfquamis articulorum ex^ ftantibuSy propofitaque a variis auCtoribus videtur. (/.) Tandem, genus Salicornia a nullo hadlcnus Botanico curate fatis enodatum fuiffe patet, tefte ftagmento amiciflimi Linn^i CharaB. Gener. Blan- Tar. & Hort. CUjfort. fua enarrantis ex incompletisr TotFRNEFDjEtxii ac Magnolii adumbtationibus. n. Verbascum foliis cordatis trenatis acutls glabr is : .. . floralibus-temis, x . Planta bieiinis, fecuiidi> anno^drens, caule7, 8, pedes alto. Cj^ULIS. C _»>4 ] Caulis plerumquc fimplex, nonnumquam in- ferne ramofus, iongiffimus, eredlus, teres, breviflimis pilis villofus, Ixtc viiidis, inferius valde foHofiis, fupc- rius ab initio flomiii emergentium parvis foliolis fti:- patus. Folia prlmi anni & Caulis inferior a feffilia, femi- amplexicaulia, cordata, in acumen lanceolato-linearc acutum terminata, mollia, glabra, margine crenato, dentato: denticulis ina;qualibus. Floralia terna, lanceolato-linearia, acuta, parva, medio infimo duplo triplove longiori. Flores plerumque quaterni ex eodem finu: in fummo caulis unicus, reliquis fuffocatis. Pedunculus brevillimus, calyce triplo fero brer viOr, crafTus, limplex. ‘ Calyx. Ferianthium, ut in Linn. gen. pi. bafin fere quinquepartitum : laciniis lanceoiato-linearibus, hirfutis. Corolla. Tetalumy ut Linn. gen. 153. St AMI N A. Filamenta 5 . fubulata, corolla breviorc : iribus fiperioribus reliquis brevioribus, circumcirca lanuginohs: duobus infimis reliquis tertiam partem longioribus, declinatis, furfum incurvatis, in medio interni lateris lanuginofis. Antherie trium breviorum filamentorum triangu- latiter incumbentes, adprelTa:, planas, fexangulares : duorum longiorum filamentorum redanguli figura in- cumbentes, adpreffae, plans, fexangulares. PisTiLLUM fubrotundum. Stylus niis, inclinatus, ftaminibus parum longior, marcefcens. Stigma^ ut Linn. gen. Pericarpium Capfula fubglobofa, tr anfverfim a fum- *no ad bafin bifulcata, bilocularis, nt Linn. gen. jfi. C 2M 3 Involucrum hujus exterius eft calyx erciftus, frudum ampledtens. Semina Numerofa,oblongo*quadranguIaria, trun- cata, minutiftime rugofa, paiva. Receptacula^ ut Linn, gen, Obf. a. Ergo quoad plurimas fru^lificationis partes fimillimurn exfiftit Verbafeo quinto Lin n . Hort, Cliff', p, 5S. in reliquis diflert. b. Corollarum color flavus, unguibus maculatis, purpureis : filamenta interne purpurea ; horum lanugo partim purpurea, partim alba. c. Semina vere 1738. ab optumo Linn^o titulo Verbafei e Virginia miffa, cum plurimis aliis noviter ex Amer 'tca2Aszdi\%, atque ad Illuftr. Dom. Ge. Clif- ford tranfmiffis, plantas modo deferiptas tergita funt, quae hyqme folo fub tedo confervandae apud nos videntur. {d.) Flos tota aeftatc matutinis horis apertus. e. Ergo Verbafeum annuum, foliis oblongis finu- atis obtufts glabris. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 55. melius cir- cumferibetur hoc nomine; Verbascum foliis ob- longis finuato-crenatis obtnfis glabris^ florali unico. Cujus differentia fpecifica potiflimum in his confiftit : Folium florale ovato-acuminatum, unicum. Flos unicus. F^edunculus longiflimus, filiformis, calyce triplo longior. Calyx fub frudu plano-expanfus. III. Senecio foliis finnatifidis lacinulatis : laciniis omni- bus laxis patentijjimis linearibus acutis. Jacobsa altiflima, foliis erucae attemifiaeve limili- feus & aemulis. Rupp. Jen. 142. E e Caulis [^^6 2 Caulis humanse altitudinis, teres, levillime angu- lofus, ftrigofus, glaber. Folia alterna piiinatifida, glabra, ladniis sequali' bus, lineartbus, patentiflimis, laxe lacinulatis, apicibus acutis, rachi lineari : color faturate virife inferiori parte parum pallidior. CorolU radii flavi, magni, mox revoluti. Calycis in bafi foliola reliquis adprefla. Obf. a. Dixi hanc plantam, Jena miflam, Seneci- onem, fecundum charaderem, a Linn, gen* plant* 64.7* datum. i/. Ergo Ipecic diverfa a Linn^i Senedonc foliis pinnato iyratis, lacinulatis. Hort. Cliff. 406. IV. Illecebrum Linn. Corollar. gen. 94-7- Rupp, y.en, 79- Corrigiola Dillen. Giff. Supplem. adpend. 167. Calyx ^PmV2W?^/««?pentaphyllum, carnorum,yo//- olis craflis, eiedis, compreffis, introrfum ad fummum fere excavatis, perfiftentibus, feta infirma rerminatis. Corolla. Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta quinque triangulari-fubqlat^, frudu breviora, intra calycem. Anthera rotundulzb, ereftK, limplices. PisTiLLUM. Germen ovato-acutUm, calyce dimidio ferebrevius. Stylus imWxni. tS’//^«^^fimplex,turgidum, obfufum. Pericarpium. membranacea, tendiffirtia, ovata, utrimque acuminata, Jfimplex, univalvis, fuperne dehifeens, calyce teda. Semen. Unicum, ovettum, utrimque acutum,iiiaxu- mum, nitidum. ' . r . . Obf. f 3 Obf. a. Ergo pertiriet in Syjlem. SemaU Linn^j ad ‘ ^entan'driam Monogyniam, comnxodeque poft genus 9^. Achy rant his collocabitur. b. Obfervatio tribus annis repetita hxc docuit, quurii plahtula humifufa copiofe apud nos in arenofis humidis proveniat. V. Ru pp I A foliis Unearibus obtujis. Planta aquis marinis innatans, flexuofa, perennis. Radix ramofa, fafciculos foliorum einittens j cor- pus teres, geniculatum, repens, brunnum, folidum, craffitie pennac circiter coliimbinaj, aut parum tenu- iusj jibrillre capillares fimplices, e geniculis tantum prodeuntes, unciam unam alteramve longx, albi- cantes. FafctcuU caulinty culmi graminei fpecie, itnguli e Engulte radicalibus ramulis prodeunt, compreffi, laxc geniculati, glabri, valde infirmi, flexiles, natantes, aquave marina refluente, argillse incumbentes, e quo* libet geniculo vaginato, alterno ordine, ramos com- pofitos emittentes. Folia vaginantiuj alterna, linearia, verticaliter obtufa, oblonge parallelogramma, glabra, mucofa, faturate viridia, bafi geniculis caulinis infixa, ramulos cum horum foliis, narcifforum inftar, includunr. Verfus extremitatcm cujuflibet ramuli 2, 3> 4 folia, fitu parallelo, unicae vaginx includuntur. Foliis vaginatis omnibus fere, ipfo caule longi- oribus, fru6lijicationes ea quidem lege infunt, ut hx in dimidia iliferiori ejus parte intra rimulam com- preffam abfcondantur. Supra & infra fruftificationis E e 2 lineam [ i«8 ] Imeam genlculum tranfverfe fulcatum eft, hahc a pc- tiolo infra, & a reliquo folio fupra diftinguens. Calyx, Involucmm univerfaleyVagina fpatha\\cts fupplcns, in dimidia infeiiori folii parte, introrfum rima media longitudinali, cujus latus unum ab altcro aliquantum obtegitur, hians. Spadix intra involucrum, membranaceus, albidus, compreflus, obtufus, lateribus longitudinaliter parum convolutis, medio leviter carinato, dorfum involucri fpedans, longitudine involucri, aut pamm longior, numquam hujus finem adtingens, fruftificationes 9. ad 1 3. diftice in longitudine obliqua fovens. Corolla Nulla. Filament a nulla. Anther a folitariae, ante flore- fcentiam intra involucrum latentes, ovato-oblongae, utrimque fubacutac, oblique adfcendentes & diftice fecundum longitudinem fpadici ita adhaerentes, ut nunc unam, nunc duas antheras unicum piftillum eodem in piano excipcre videatur, fingulis tamen antheris lingula piftilla vere adfint, modo abfcondita, modoque vifui obvia. At explicatje, (i. e. durante florefcentia) ab alis fuis lateralibus, elafticis, membranaceis, pel- lucidis, expanfis in figuram naviculx concavam incur- vantur, carina deorfum prominente, & piftillis ita fuperimponuntur, ut diftradla utrimque, patulaque fadla involucri rima, ima fui parte furfum horizon- taliter adfcendaht, atque navicularum concavarum Ipecie fecundum longitudinem extrorfum pateant. Corpus antherarum flavum dc mucofum eft:, quod facile abftergi poteft. PisTiLLUM Germen intra involucrum, oblongum, ad bafin, qua fpadici adftgitur, parum amplius. Stylus intra involucrum, limplex, filiformis, furfum recurvus, per- [zrjK] perfiftens, poft fiorefcentiam cum fpadke parallelus, & parum curvus. Stigmata duo, tenuiflima, capil- laria, ab invicem diduda, extra involucrum horizon- taliter exporreda, cito marcefcentia & evanida (ut relida hinc macula e ferrugineo-nigricans facile alicui imponere poflit, ftigma modo unicum eflb). Pericarpium; Cortex tenuis, membranaceus, cylindraceus, bafi obtufus, apice ftylo munitus, ftylo parum longior, cum fpadice parallelus, bafi liber i ad finem ftyli fpadiciadfixus, pedicelli opebreviflimi. Semen Inquollbet cortice folitarium, cylindraceum; utrimque obtufum, longitudinaliter fubtilillime ftria- tum, album. Ergo pertinet in Linn^i Syftem. Sexual, ad Gynandriam Monandriamy minime vero ad Gynan- driam Polyandriam ejufd. ibid. In fragment, meth* nat. Linn. />. 506. ClaJJium plantar, ad ordinem XLViii. quo & NaiaSy & Zannichellia referenda? videntur: In Royeni Syjlem. ad TalmaSy Spatha bifida. Vid. Ejufd. Flor. Leyd. Erodr.p. 9. Crefcit in aqua marina ad infulam Wangeroagen^ ferny &: rcliquas ad finum ilium Oceani Septemtrio- nalis, Wadt didum, fitas infulas. Durante aquarunqi adfluxu, eidem innatat j refluxo autem maif, ; argilla? tenaci, cui radix infigitur, incumbit. Mirum, plantam adeo yulgarem loeis maritimis,' cujusfplia (quae ficca,, papyri inftar, alba, nigra, etiam evadunt) menfibus Augulto 6c Septembri a . maris fludibus ad littora aburtdahn copia rejiciuntur, a nullo, quantum memini, nifi ^rte Anglo botanico> defcriptam aut depidam elTe. Ruppix generi infe- renda videtur, fi hujus charader, amicillimoLiNN^o non nifi ad ficcum exemplar, ut fignum 'f , in generic (4 ]j bus\ph^tar\ adje^iS^um. dop«t, examinatus, -pamm am-. piiat^i^ - An malint aiu novum, genus? ‘ ' VI.. \ ■ * , ) l:j; .■■'■. ■ i' ' : ■ -A’’ ^ ' i j ■ ' 'j ■ . ' - ■ ; ;Nullus. ,. . --s . . • CoroUay Nialja. V. , ■' Stamen, Filamenttm}xrCiQnm, ^\xh\x\^t\\m lum, deciduunv, longitudnie fere antheramm, germini infidens.^ di^ynia, ‘ qupiibet fegmentp a fergo bifulcata, germuie 6c filamento paturn lohgior, cralTa, carnofa. ' - ^ Fiftillum, oblongum, infra ftanieh. unicus, filiformis, tenuis, ereflus, aciimine extrorfum rcflexus, introrfum ad latus'flaminis ex apice germinis oriundus, ftafnine longior, marcefcens. Stigma acu- tiinnaum. ^ericarpmm Nullum. Semen Unicum, oblongum, nudum, duriufculo te- gmine abfcondens nucleum parvum. Obf. I. Floret Jun. & Jul. frudum perficit Auguft. Septembr. crefcit abunde in folTis Jeveranis, pfope Embdam Frijt£ Orientalis, See. 2. Variat Jiaminibus rubellis, qu^e coprofiorj & aliis locis jiaminibus albidis, herbaceis, qua rarior. 3. Ergo margines illi, a Linn^o gen. i. fub calyce deferipti, funt veras antherse, nec aliud quid- quam bona Icnte detegendum. Vide til Vide Tab. I. Fig. C. FiguRarum, fub lente Muflchenbroeekiana a me delineatarum, explicdtio. Fig. A- F^os antice ut jUa^en^tupi^ . a. Filaqaentum. j FL Anthcfje, antice vifs. Fig. B. Flos a tergo pBusyUt plJHliuin cpnfpkiaturl c. c. Antheras, poftic-e vifaj, ut fuki in confpeftiim prodeanti i j ' , u (d.d. Germen. ’ , . e. Stylus cum ftigmatc. Fig. C., ^ yi Semqn fere,matur.u,m. - g. St}dus t^rc^feens/XupraXqmenVjrefle^ Xn. Ohfevmtio Anthelii yitembergae Friedi WeidferuMt FBmf. 'Loi?di.' ISbc.^' ' m Eptflola ''ad C. jMortivHtrijin, R. S. Seer, Die ^ Jamiarii A. 1738. quidam ex auditori- bus meis, cum ante meridiem in campo prope Vitembergam agros dimetiretur, forte fortuna Anthe- lium, live Solis imagincm e regione Solis veri verfus feptentrionem pofitam confpexit. Nimirum mane .horai ^ coelum undique Terenum, mox circa horam e feptcntrionali plaga, nubes exoriuntur, ibique fen/im C ] fenfim & paullatim condenfantur, tcmporis progrcf- fu has in meridiem ulterius (efe explicabant. Hora min.r3p. cumrnvibes obfcti^rx fere verticem atti- giffent, apparuit in illis Sol Soli oppofitus, pari ma- gnitudim;, rotundus,. admbdum fplendidus, ut oculi ejas' luceiti ferfe'^ noh poifent/ corona five halbnc ovali cindtus. Diameter coronas major, Solis circiter diametros quinque, minor tres capiebat : Ipfa corona rub.ro fiavoque colOribus exprnata, parte rubra in Anthelium verfa: Xraftus nubium;, reliquus intra coronam flavefcebat, hinc inde eriam rubebat. In Anthelio deculfatim fefe fecabant duzp iridis por- tiones, fub angulo 6o fere gradqum, utrimque in ortum & occafuni flexs, & ad coronas oval is peri- phcriam continuatas : Quales A. i66i. D. 6. Sept. Hevelius <{\xoc\}ic cum Anthelio vid it, quetnadmodum in tradlatiina de Mercuric fub Sole p. 176. narrat. Durabat fpedlaculum per horas quadrantem j cum cnim nubes in meridiem Ipngius extenderentur, & Solem verum occultarent, Anthelius cvanuit. Ningit poftea parum hora undecima : Mane lenis ventus ex media , inter meridiem & occafum plaga fpirabat. En figuram* ab ipfq fpcdtatorc fnihi exhibitam, in Tap. II, Eig, i. XIII. Or: [ ] Xlir. Occult aUo Palilicii, A. 1758, d» 25. Decembris St, N, oh/ervata a 2). Chrift- fried Kirchio, JJlronomo Regio^ Berolini. Trteris ad J. F. Weidlerum dath excerpt a. Tempus "^artes Valor Tempus Tempus horolog. nicrom. pardum correc- correc- ifcillaj. L'ubo microm. rum. tius. r3.M.S. 1 L. ped. / n H.M. S. H. M. S. I ’ 56 37 ^ a Centro Af. 38 15 21 6 24 37 2 5 58 30 a Centro AT. 5/»«i 34 13 42 2(5 30 3 7 3 54 Immerfio ftellte S 31 54 (5 32 00 3 5 29 Emerfio ftelte tub. 9 ped 7 33 29 7 33 33. 5 5 35 Emerfio cerco fada 7 33 35 6 6 43 ^ a Centro M. Sinai 3^ 14 32 34 43 7 15 32 a prox. marg. Lunae 8 3 14 43 32 S 20 a M. Sinai 18 47 48 9 28 Diameter Lunae vel 74 { 73i 3 29 73 29 41 5(5 10 29 12 M. Sinai a prox. marg. ■J 8 3 14 7 57 12 II 38 Diameter j) fub. 9 ped. 99i 29 38 8 (5 12 42 Diameter 1) fub. 7 ped. 75 30 10 13 75 2i M. Sinai 72 73^ 29 5 14 55 4 8 J8 Diameter Lunae 29 41 8 1(5 Vide Schema hujus Occultationis in Tab. II. Fig. 2c, Situs Jtella refpeBu macular urn lunar ium fequenti modo ohfervatus. 1. Ante obfervationem (r.) h.6. 20'. noravi ftel- 1am in linea reda a meridional! margine Infiiia: Macrae (Polidonii) per feptentrionalem partem .Ponti Euxini, (medium maris Serenitatis) & M. ^tnam (Copernicum) produda : & linea a M. Sinai ad Pel- lam fere ftringebat littus finus Sirbonidis. (M. Hu- morum). F f II. Jemv C 114 3 II. Tempore obfemtionis, (i.) ftella erat in linea re£ta a lacu nigro majore (Platone) per partes ori- entales infulae Cerdnn^e (a Keplero verfus ortum) produda. III. Tempore obfervationis (2.) ftella in linea per medium Paludis Maeotidis & medium M. Adriatici (per M. Crifium & S. medium) continuata. IV. Tempore immerfionis ftellae, fequentes lineae reclae ad illam coincidebant, & locum peripherias lunaris, ubi ftella occultabatur, defignabanr. 1. A littore Pontus Euxini (M. Serenitatis) verfus Caeciam fpe^lante, per M. ^tnam (Co- pernicum). 2. A littore finus Apollinis, per loca paludofa (fc. a littore S. Iridum, per Keplerum). 3 . A M. Sinai (Tychone) per littus meridionale S. Sirbonis (M. Humorum). V. Emerfio ftellae contigit e regione M. Paropa- mifi, (Furnerii) & in linea redta a lacu nigro majore (Platone) per Byzantium (Menelaum) produfta, quae ftringebat finum extremum Ponti (M. Nedaris). VI. Tempore obfervationis (7.) M. Porphy rites, (Ariftarchus) margo feptentrionalis L. Thefpitis (Fra- caftorii) & ftella in linea reda. VII. Tempore obfervationis (8.) Lacus Hyperboreus fuperior (Hermes) medium Paludis Majotidis (M. Crifii) & ftella in linea red;a. [ ] Occult at 10 TaUlicii obfervata Vitembergs Saxonum, d. XXIII. Dec. St. N. A. ciddccxxxviii. a Jo. Friderico Weidleio, R. S. Lond. S. (h^c. Immerfio . . ... . . . 6. 27. 35. Emerfio ....... 7. 29. 20. Duratio i. i. 45. Annotationes. 1. Obfervatio a duobus fpeftatoribus fimul per- adta; ego tubo aftronomico ix pedum utebar, ami- cus & focius obfervationis per telefcopium iv pedum lunam contuebatur. 2. Immerfio & emerfio fada ininftanti: unotamen prope minuto horario citius per iongiorem, quam per breviorem tubum animadverfa. 3. Appulit ftelia ad marginem lunae orientalem, circa gradum 163. fchematis lunae plenas mobilis He- veliani, Selenographias, p. 364. emergebat circa gra- dum 272. ejufdem fchematis. Icaque linea reda, punda immerfionis & emerfionis copulans, ftringic extrema maris Humorum 6c Nubium & inter Pita- turn & Mare Nubium tranfit. Coelum tempore immerfionis ferenum non erat, fed tenues nubeculas femper fere ante lunam & ftel- 1am oberrabant: ideoque figura ftellae oblonga, diu ante occultarionem, per atmofphserae vapores fpeda- batur. XIV. Bcli-^ Ff 2 [ ] XIV. EcTipJls SoUs olfermt a , xoniim, die iv. Aug. St, N. die xxiv. Julii St, Vet, A, cioDCCxxxix. poji merid, a Jo. Friderico Weidlefo. Phafes crefcentes. Hor. Min. Sec. m. Initium . « « 4- 15. 30. Digitus I. . • » « 22. 00. Digiti II. • • • • 29. 30. III. • • ♦ 55. 30, IV. • • • 40. 00. V. • « 47. 30. VI. • 55. 40. VII. » 5‘ 2. 00. VIII. » • 9- 00. IX. . . . 2^, Phafes decrefcentes. 40. VIII. « . . 5* 55. 30. VII. • • 43. 40. VI. • 9 50. 30. V. • « « 00. IV. > • . 6, 2. 45. III. » • m 8. 40. 11. « t 14. 00. I. * 1 ■.■5 1 « 20. 45. Finis • 9 27. 20. Vide Typiim hujus Eclipfeos ad Fig. 3. Tab. II. Ad [ 1^7 3 Ad Figuram 4. Tab. II. Obfervatio Immerfionis Emerfionis macularum. qu£ tempore eclipfeos in difco folis confpicua fu- erunt. Immersiones. H. M. s. Appulfus Lunae ad maculam {a) 4. 34- 35. Tegitur tota macula {a) 4. 34"« 45. Appulfus Lunae ad maculam {d) 5. I. 30. ad maculam W 5- 5. 20. ad maculam « 5. 7- 15. Immerfio totalis (4 5. 10. 00. Ap^lfus Lunae ad maculam (f) 5. 16. 30. Tegitur tota macula W i- 18. 00, Emersiones. Incipit cmergere macula Q) 5. 30. 50. Medium emerfionis {b) 32. 30. Emerfio totalis w 34- 00. Emerfio incipiens maculae. 35>. 00. Medium emerfionis (^) 39. 50. Emerfio totalis w 40. 40. Emerfio incipiens (4 41. 00. Emerfio totalis (a) 41. 40.. Emerfio {d) 6, 4- 30. Emerfio {4 6, 15- A N N 0 T A T I ONES. I. Figura 3* Tab. II. Siftit folis difcum redo Ftu, qualem heliofcopium foris adfpicientibus oftendit. 2. Figura C ] 2. Figura 4. Tab. II. Reprsefeiitat niaculas foils eo fitu, quern fub principium deliquii habuere, quarum immerfio & emerfio durante edipfi obfervata fuir. 3. Luna fubiit folem circa gradum 102. a Zenith computatum: difceffit a foie circa 53 . gradum, ab eodem Zenith numeratum. 4. Tempore maximae obfcurationis lunae orbis non plane niger, fed puniceo colore tindtus per telefco- pium apparuit. Maculas tamen lunae diftingui non poterant. 5. Margo lunae, parte finiftra, quse in meridiem vergebat, circa rempus maxima^ obfcurationis, mon- tium jugis diftinguebatur, qui etiam in imagine, per tclefcopium pidla, cernebantur. Reliquus margo fub foie confpicuus aequalis. 6. Durante tota eclipfi Lunae peripheria nuda ap- paruit, abfque nebula, vel nube, quae in aliis quan- doque eclipiibus eidem imminet. Circa finem tamen, cum unus circiter folaris difcum digitus adhuc occul- taretur, motus lucis folaris vehemens in margine Lunae afpero notabatur. 7. Denique pra^tcrmittendum non duco, quod amicus, harum rerum probe gnarus, qui per Telefco- pium Aftronomicum ix pedum folem intuebatur, circa hor. iv. 31 min. in obfcuro Lunae difco lucem aliquam, inftar fulguris, celeriter hue illuc in tenebris difFufam, aniraadverterit : & quod idem obfervator circa horam v. min. 50 toti adftantium coronae affirma- verit, a fe turn ter talia fulgura fubito enitentia iterum confpeda fuiffe. XV. Tart C “9 ] XV. of a Letter from Mr. J. Derby to Mr. Henry Sheppard, concerning a terrible Whirlwind, nsohich happen’d at Come Abbas in Dorfetfliire, Odl. 50. 1731. com^ municated to the Royal Society hy Edmund Halley, LL. 2). V. L^r. R. S. and Jjlronom. Reg. ON Saturday the 30th of October laft pad, about a Quarter before One in the Nighr, there happen’d at Corne-Abhas^ ’Dorfetpoirey a very fudden and terrible Wind Whirl-puff, as I call it: Some fay it was a Water-fpout, and others a Va- pour or Exhalation from the Earth ; but be it of what Name it will, it began on the South-weft Side of the Town, carrying a direct Line to the North-eaft, croff- ing the Middle of the Town in Breadth two hundred Yards. It ft ripped and uncovered tiled and thatched Houfes, rooted Trees out of the Ground, broke others in the midft of at leaft a Foot fquare, and carried the Tops a confiderable way. The Sign of the new Inn, a Sign of five Foot by four, was broke off fix Foot in the Pole, and carried crofs a Street of forty Foot Breadth, and over an oppofiteHoufe, and dropp’d in the Backfide thereof. It took off and threw down the Pinacles and Battlements of one Side of the Tower j by the Fall of which, the Leads and Timber of great Part of the North Alley of the Church was broke in. The Houfes of all the Town were fo fhock’d, as to raife the Inhabitants 5 no hurt was done but only acroS [ 3 acrofs the Middle of the Town in a Line. No Life loft, but Three had a very providential Efcape. ’Tis computed by judicious Workmen, that the Damage fuftain'd by this Accident amounts to Two hundred Fifty-eight Pounds, and upwards. It is very remark- able, it only affeded, as I have related : no other Parts of the Neighbourhood or Country fo much as felt or heard it. It is fuppofed by the moft Judicious, that it began and ended within the Space of two Minutes. Twas fo remarkably calm a Quarter after Twelve, that the Excifeman walked through two Streets, and turned a Corner, with a naked lighted Candle in his Hand, unmolefted and undifturbed by the Air ; and as foon as over, a mighty Calm, but foon followed by a prodigious violent Rain. If this Pad be worth relating, I fhould be glad to know amongft the Learned, what it might be called, or, if to be known, from what Caufe it might arife. Mintern M^gna, Friend, Nov. 13. 1731. and moft humble Servant t J. Derby, xyi. [ 2}' ] XVI» An Account of Letters found in the Middle of a Beech, by J. Theod. Klein, Secretary of Dantzick, F. R. S. communis cated to the Royal Society by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart, ^r, of the R. S. and Bhyjician to His M A J E S T Y^&c. Tranjlated from the Latin by T. S. M. 2). IN the Year 1727. a Beech-tree was fell'd near Elbing, for the domeftic Ufe of John Maurice Moeller i then Poft-mafter of Elbing^ now Secretary of his native City. The Trunk being faw’d into Pieces, one of thefe, three dantzick Feet fix Inches long, cleft in the Houfe on the 30th of Jmcj dif- covered feveral Letters in the Wood about one Inch and a half from the Bark, and near the fame Diftance from the Centre of the 'Trunk. The Hewer, having at one Stroke unfolded fuch a Prodigy, and believing there was Witchcraft at the Bottom of it, ran in ajU pofilible Hafte for his Matter : But this Gentleman, well inftruded in found Philofophy, gave Orders to preferve the Pieces of Wood, and had them brought to my Study, at the fame time communicating to me the Hittory, and his Sentiments thereon. Figure 5. 'Tab. II. exhibits the Letters confpicuous in the folid Wood, two of which, D B, fliew their old Bark fmooth and found. The Wood lying be- tween the Letters and the Bark of the Trunk, as well as that between the Letters and the Heart of the Tree, is iikewife folid and found, bearing not the leaft ' . G g Trace [ 3 Trace of Letters. The Charadlers gQ, being fomc- what hollow, receive the Bark of the Letters D B The fame Letters are feen in the Bark of the Tree, only that they are partly ill-fhaped, partly almoft; effaced, whereas thofe within bear a due Proportion, as if done with a Pencil. Now fhould it be ask’d after what manner thefe Let- ters reach’d the Middle of the Beech ? and how it came to pafs, that two of them, and no more, had their old dry Bark flicking to them 1 Both thefe Queries are anfwer’d by the Vegetation of Plants. But as this is not a proper Place to ex- pound it, I will fuppofe it known, and thus briefly complete the Affair. ’Tis an ancient Cuflom to cut Names, and various Charaders, on the Rinds of Trees, efpecially on fuch as are fmooth. That this has happen’d to our Beech j the mere Infpedion of the Bark commands our Affirm- ation f. An Incifion made, the Tubuli conveying the nu- tritious Juice, and the Utriculi in which it is pre- pared, are divided and lacerated, and more of them, as the Incifion was made deeper and wider : and confequently the Sap is not carried on in the Circu- lation, but extravafated and flopped at the Wounds. Hence the Origin of the Charaders in the Bark and Wood. , *■ Daniel Bar.ckholtz, formerly Ctefarea7t Poet Laureat. t The Charaders, befides D B, mark the Names of a noble Fa- rbily, to which the Land, whereon the Tree was fell’d, formerly be- long’d • Regina^ Dorothea, Michael, Gertrude, Joannes ,Helv)ingii. Now Now as a new Ciicle of Fibres grows yearly on the Tree between the Wood and Bark, "tis not im- pofTible but a Number of thefe fhould in a Procefs of Years more and more furround the ingraved Cha- rafters, and at length cover them. And this Num- ber was the greater in our Beech, on account of better than half a Century elaps'd fince the Incifion, which was made in the Year 1672. as appears on the Outfide of the Bark, as may be feen in the figure. But while new Circles of Fibres are fuccelTivdy added, the Ttmtcle or Skin of the Bark is broken each Time, and the Utriculi extended and dilated. Wherefore ’tis eafy, from what has been faid, to draw the Reafon, why the Bits of Bark cut off on all Sides, in the Letters DB, had the fame Fate with the Letters ; why the Wood between the Bark and Letters was folid and found j and why the Shapes of the Letters bore a juft Proportion in the Middle of the Wood, and not in j^he Bark. So much for our Beech. Now let us fee, in few Words, what Authors fay of fuch figured Woods. Solomon Reifelius, of Letters found within the . *very cleft Trunk of ^ Beech, Eph. Nat. Cur. Dec, I. An. 6. Obf. 4. has at length, though with fomc Difficulty, guefs'd the genuine Caufe from frequent Examples of Incifions. But Joannes Meyerus, ^on a Thief hanging from a Gibbet, drawn by Nature’s Fencil in a Beach, Eph. N. C. Dec. 3. An. 5. Obf. 29. and Joannes Betrus Albrechtus, on a certain rare Figure feen in a Beech, Eph. ibid, aferibe it to a Sport of Nature, and give this Reafon ; becaufe they could not difeover the G g 2 leaft [ 1 leafl: Sign of Impofture, the deep Situation of the Figures hindering them from having any SuCpicion on that head. On the contrary, Luke Schrceckius, on figured Beech- wood, Eph. N. C Dec. 3- An. 7, 8. Obf. 1 1 8. follows Reifelius's Opinion} and being vers'd in ' Malpighis Anatomy of Plants, writes : “ No wonder, if Figures cut in a young Tree, by the Length of “ Time, and the Accretion of many Barks, appear at “ Jaft about its Middle, when grown old. " fohn Chrijlopher Gottwald, on a crucified Man drawn by Nature in the Middle of a Beech-trunk Eph. N. C. Dec. 3. An. 9. Obf. 158. accufing Na- ture’s hmple Violence, or a Difeafe of the Tree, is correded by the moft celebrated John James Scheuch- zer^ in his Itinera Alpina, Tom. 3* pag. 4^4. and in his Herbarium Diluvianum-, ^.46. of a little Man f«Beech-wood, lab.iL, where he makes mention of other Inftances. John Melch. Verdries is of the iame Sentiment, treating of a Figure found in the Middle of a Beech, Eph. N.C. Cent. 3^4. Obf. 89. There remains, to my Knowledge, the Figure of a Chalice with a Sword perpendicularly ereB, and on its Foint fuft dining a Crown, found in the Heart of a Piece of Wood at the Hague i which the Authors of the Colledliohs of Breflaw exhibit to us “ as a “ fingular Fhtenomemn, worthy of being compared “ to Aldrovanduss Guaiacum-tree, and figured “ Stones, if no Optic Fallacy, Error of Judgment, * This Wood is kept in the Library of the Council of Dantzick. “ arti- [ M5 3 ** artificial FifTurc of the Wood, or other fuch Deceit, intervene.” In fine, the Cafe is thus; Such as were wont to be frighted with Hobgoblins from their Infancy, hear the Ruftling of Phantoms a great way off, and fee them walk at Noon-day j while others, who have learned to inquire into the Caufes of Things, arc by thofe accounted dull of Sight and Hearing. XVII. ^art of a Letter from Sir John Clark, one of the Barons of His M A J E S T Y*s Exchequer in Scotland, and F. R. S. to Rog, Gale, Efqj Tr. R. S. Nov. 6. 1751. I Was lately in Cumberland^ where I obferved three Curiofities in Whinfield-^ arh be- longing to the Earl of Ehanet. The firft was a huge Oak, at leaft fixty Foot high, and four in Diameter, upon which the laft great Thunder had made a very odd impreflion i for a Piece was cut out of the Tree about three Inches broad, and two Inches thick, in a flrait Line from Top to Bottom. The fecond was, that in another Tree of the fame Heighth, the Thun- der had cut out a Piece of the fame Breadth and Thicknefs, from Top to Bottom, in a fpiral Line, making three Turns about the Tree, and entering into the Ground above fix Foot deep. The third was the Horn of a large Deer found in the Heart of an Oak, which was difeovered upon cutting down the [ »5<5 ] the Tree^ It was found fixed in the Timber with large iron Cramps; it feems therefore, that it had at firft been fallcned on the Outfide of the Tree, which in growing afterwards had inclofed the Horn. In the fame Park I faw a Tree thirteen Feet of Dia- meter. Remarks by the Tubli^er, This Horn of a Deer found in the Heart of an Oak, and that faftened with Iron Cramps, is one of the moil remarkable Inilances of this kind, it being the largeft extraneous Body we have any-where recorded to have been thus buried, as it were, in the Wood of a Tree. If "Joannes Meyerus^ and Joannes Petrus Alhrechtus-, (p. 253.) had feen this, they could not have imagined the Figures feen by them in Beech-trees to have been the Sport of Nature, but muft have contefled them to have been the Sport of an idle Hand. To the fame Caufe are to be aferibed thofe Figures of Crucifix’’ Virgin Mary’s^ &c. found in the Heart of Trees; as, for Example, the Figure of a Crucifix^ which I myfelf faw at Mafirkhtj in the Church of the White Ihiuns of the Order of St. Augufim^ faid to be found in the Heart of a Walnut- tree upon its being fplic with Lightning. And it being ufual in fome Countries to nail fmall Images of our Saviour on the Crofs, of Virgin Marfi^ See. to Trees by the Road-fide, in Forefts and on Commons ; it would be no greater a Miracle to find any of thefe buried in the Wood of the Tree, than it was, to find the Deer’s Horn fo lodged. Sir Hans Sloane, in his noble Mufeum^ hath a Log of Wood brought by y[x. Cunningham from an Ifland in the Eaji-Indies^ which, upon being fplit, exhibited thefe Words in Portuguefe^ DA BOA ORA. i. e. Det \_Deus~] bonam Horam. Printed for T. Woodward, at t\\z Half- Moon, between the Two Temple-Gates in Tleetflreet i and C. Davis, over-againft Grays-lnn Gate in Holbourn ,* Printers to the Royal So- ciety. M.dcc.xlii. -Numb. 455. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. Por the Months of Non)ember and December, 1739. The C O N T E N T S. I. A Letter from hts Excellency N icolas-Michael d’Aragona, Prince of Caflano, and F. R. S. to the Prefidenc of the Rotal Society, containing an Account of the Eruption of Veruvius in May 1757. Tranjlated from the Italian hy T. S* M. D. F, R. S. II. An Abjlraii of a Letter from an Englifh Gentleman at Naples to his Friend in Lon- don, containing an Account of the Eruption of Mount V May 18. and the foU lowing LlaySy 1737. N,S, III. De Atmofphara Lunari, F)iJfertatio Afiro^ nomica, Au6lore fD""" Johanne Paulo Grand- jean de Pouchy, in fuprema Galliae Rationum Curia Senatore^ & Reg. Scient, Acad. Parif. Socio, IV. A The CONTENTS. 1V» A Narrative of an extraordinary Sinking down and Sliding away of feme Ground at Pardines near Auvergne, fentfrom M, T — » to a Relation in England, tranjlated from the French, and communicated to the 'Koy kl. Society hy Phil. Henry Zollman, F.R.S. V. A Diflertation on the Worms njohich dejlroy the Piles on the Coafes of Holland and Zea- land, hy Job Barter, Af. !Z). F. R. S. com- municated hy the Prefident of the Royal Society. Tranjlated from the Latin ly T. S. M. 2). F. R. S. VI. T^o Ohjervations of Explofions in the Air 5 one heard at Halrted in Effex, hy the Rev. Mr. A* Vievar, Minijter of that T lace ; the other hy Sam. Shepheard, Efq^ of Spring* field in the fame County. Printed for T. Woodward, at Half- Moony between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetjlreet j and C. Davis, over-againft Grafs- Inn Gate in Holbourn, Printers to the Royal So- ciety. M.dcc.xlii, r ] I. A Letter from hhExceUency'^icold.s-Mid^xzzl d’Aragona, Prince of Caffano, and F. R. S. to the Prefident of the Royal Society, containing an Account of the Eruption of Veruvius in May 1757. Eranflated from the kalian by T. S, M. D. F, R. S. SIR, AS your extraordinary Talents, and excellent Taftc, in a true Examination of Natural Ef- teds, and in Difcoveries relating to Experimental Philofophy, are fo well known, that you have, with Juftice, been elcded into the moft celebrated Aca- demies of Europe, and to the PreEdentfhip of the Royal Society of London in particular; 1 re- lolved, with good Reafon, to offer you a fhort Ac- count of the Taft great, dreadful and pernicious Erup- tion of our Vefuvius\ to the End that, if you are pleafed to inveftigate the Caufes thereof, the Re- public of Letters might reap fome general Advantage, as it does daily, by means of its Members of the hrft Rank in Merit. Mount Vefuvlus is generally efteenVd about feveri Miles diftant from Maples. It rifes in the Middle of a large Plain, which furrounds it on every Side, It is better than four Miles from the Sea; and the Foot of the Mountain is feen to begin from the Sea- Coaft, which growing gradually higher, reaches the firft Plain, to which one can eafily ride on Horfe- back. The Figure of the Plain is almoft circular, being about five Miles in Diameter, and half a Mile H h per- C *3^ 3 perpendicular Helghth above the Level of the Sea, This is the Bafis of the Mountain, out of which arifes another, called by the People of the Country Monte 'uecchiOi whofe perpendicular Heighth is about four hundred Paces, and its Top little lefs than two Miles in Circumference, of an irregular figure. The faid Top, before the Year 1631. was of the Form of a Bafon, but all furrounded with aged Oaks, and vaftly large Cheftnut-trees, whofe Fruit afforded Food fufficient for a Number of Cattle that fed thereon. In the Bottom a Cavern was obferved, into which People defcended above two' hundred Paces, by difficult and interrupted Paths i and this Opening was looked upon as the antient Mouth, which for a long Space of Time had conftantly caft up great Quantities of bituminous Matter, and had at the fame time burnt a confiderable Part of the neighbouring Country, cultivated by the Inhabitants round the Hill. Concerning the Eruptions that have happened here- tofore, they are very numerous, as well antient as modern. Of the firft, feveral are taken Notice of by Be- roj'us ChaldieuS:, BolybiuSy Strabo in the time of jiiu- gujlus, T>iodoruSy and Vitruvius '■> and in Trajan s Reign the Name of the Mountain became more famous by the Death of Tliny. From that time forward, 'tis not doubted, that the Eruptions were lefs frequent down to the Year 11395 when, after a confiderable Eruption, it began to take Reft, and continued quiet lomewhat lefs than five Centuries j fo that the horrid Remembrance of the paft Ruins was pretty well obliterated out of the Minds of the neigh- [ »59 J neighbouring Inhabitants f who, vainly flattering themfelves with Hopes, that the inflammable Matter was fpent, planted the whole Diftrid: round the Mountain, which, by its Fertility, became the De- light of thefe Parts. But, in Procefs of Time, they found themfelves deceived and fruftrated in their Expectations: For in the Year 1631. during fix Months Space, continual Rumblings were heard, and Shocks of Earthquakes felt : And afterwards, in the Month of T)ecembert a dreadful fiery Eruption hap* pen’d, which firft blew up Part of the Mountain into the Air, in a terrible Manner, and then vomited out Water, Afhes, Stones and Firej inundating al- moft the whole Country around, to the Sea, and for above feven Miles in Breadth, with the irreparable Lofs of more than four thoufand People. After which the Mountain became filent, and remain’d confiderably diminilh’d in its Heighth, from what it had been before. It continued quiet for twenty-nine Years ; but having rekindled in 1660. its Fire fill’d the whole Capacity of the immenfe Hollow, which remain’d fince the Year 1631 j whence, after feveral lefler Eruptions, a new Mountain appear’d in 1685. In 1707. not only the Inhabitants of the Neigh- bourhood, but alfo the whole City of Naples^ were put into great Terror, and not without Reafon, by the Apprehenfions of a Renewal of the difmal Tra- gedy of 1631. upon account of the frequent Noife and Shocks, the Fire feen on the Top of the Moun- tain, with a vaft Quantity of Alhes, which iffuing out with Impetuofity, were difpcrfed all over our He- mifphere, and darken’d the Light of the Sun for one H h 2 whole [ 14® j Whole Day’s Space. Thefe were all manifeft Signs of the impending Defolation : and yet (whether by a Miracle of our particular Protedor St. ‘JanuariuSy as fome were of Opinion, or by natural Caufes) this dreadful Day, which had portended fo much Mif- chief, was beyond Expectation, and to our great Afloniflimenr, follow’d by another as pleafant as could be defired : for the Air was quite fcrene, and clear of the Afhcs j and on the Mountain there was no other Appearance but that of a little Smoke. In the Year 1724. the Qiiantity of Afhes and Stones, thrown from the Top of the Mountain, were fo heaped from the Bottom up to the Edge of the old Mountain, that the whole Space from the old Hill to the new, appeared but one continued Moun- tain. In 1730. there was another Eruption of Vefuvius, which, though very inconliderable in refpeCt of the lall, yet was the Occaflon of much Fear. This prefent Year I737j to the Month of May^ the Mountain was never quiet : Sometimes emitting great Quantities of Smoak, at other times red-hot Stones; which, for want of a fufficient impelling Force, fell on the fame Mountain. But in order to a clear Idea of all the Circumftances prefaging the impending Eruption, ’tis requifite to know, that in the Beginning of May, a Smoak only was feen to ilTue from the open Mouth at the Top 5 and from the 1 6th to the 19th, fubterraneous rumbling Noifes were heard. On the 19th, Fire was feen to burft out in thick black Clouds j and the fame Day there were feveral loud Reports, returning quicker towards the Even- [ *4> 3 ing : And ftill more on Sunday Night, when there conftantly appear'd a very great Smoak mix’d with Afhes and Stones 5 and the Neighbourhood felt fome Shocks, like thofe of a weak Earthquake. On Monday the 20th, at the 13 th Hour, the Mountain made fo loud an Explofion,- that the Shock was ftrongly felt not only in the Neighbourhood, but alfo in the Cities twelve Miles round. Black Smoak, intermixt with Aihes, was feen fuddenly to rife in vaft curling Globes 5 which fpread wider, as it moved farther from the Bafon. The Explofions continued very loud and frequent all this Day, fhoot- ing up very large Stones through the thick Smoak and Alhes, about a Mile high, to the Horror of the Beholders, and Danger of all the neighbouring Buildings. At the 24th Hour of the fame Monday 20th of May^ amidft the Noife, and dreadful Shocks, the Mountain burft on the firft Plain, a Mile diftant obliquely from the Summit, and there iflued from the new Opening a vaft large Torrent of Fire j whence, by the (^antity of Fire inceflantly thrown up into the Air, at a Diftance all the South Side of the Mountain Teem’d in a Flame. The liquid Tor- rent flow’d out of the new Vent, rolling along the Plain underneath, which is above a Mile long, and near four Miles broad ; and in its Way it fpread very fpeedily near a Mile wide ; and by the fourth Hour of the Night, it reached the End of the Plain, and to the Foot of the low Hills fituate to the South. But as thefe Hills are rugged with Rocks, the greateft Part of the Torrent ran down the Declivities be- tween thefe Rocks, and into two Valleys i falling fuc- c 141 ] fucceflively into the other Plain, which forms the Bafis of the Mountain j and after uniting there, it divided into four leffer Torrents, one of which flopp'd in the Middle of the Road, a Mile and half diftant from the Torre del Greco. The fecond flow'd into a large Valley. The third ended under the Torre del GrecOy near the Sea ; and the fourth at a fmall Diftance from the new Mouth. The Torrent which flowed into the Valley, ran as far as between the Church of the Carmelites and that of the Souls ofTurgatory, by the 8 th Hour on Tuefday. The Matter of the Torrent ran like melted Lead : In eight Hours it made four Miles ; and con- fequently, it flowed half a Mile in an Hour : A new and remarkable Circumftance of this Eruption, fee- ing Bulifone thought it very ftrange, that in the Eruption of 1698. the Torrent had advanced fixty Paces in an Hour ; whence he infers, that fuch great Swiftnefs proceeded from a greater Degree of Liqua- tion of the Matter. The Trees, which the Tor- rent light on in its way, upon the fiift Touch took Fire, and fell under the Weight of the Matter. The Torrent which ran behind the Convent of the Carmelites, after fetting the little Door of the Church on Fire, entered not only therein, but alfo through the Windows of the Veftry, and into two other Chambers. In the Refedlory, it burnt the Windows ; and, what is furprifing, the Glafs Veflels, that flood on the Tables, were melted into a Pafte by the violent Heat of the Fire. Sixteen Days after- wards, the Matter continued hot, and was very hard, but it was broke by repeated Blows. A C >4? 3 A Piece of Glafs fatten’d on the Top of a Pole (and thruft into this ‘Matter) was in four Minutes reduced to a Pafte. Under the Mafs of the Torrent were heard frequent Reports, which made the Church fhake, as if by an Earthquake. Along the whole Surface of the Torrent, there appear’d fmall Fiflures, out of which iffued Smoak, that flunk of Brimftone mix’d with Sea- water; yet thefe Exhala- tions are not poifonous, but rather a Remedy for fome Difeafes. The Stones round about thefe Fif- fures were obferved to be covered with fublimed Salts, the Nature of which I fhall explain hereafter. Iron, thruft into thefe FiflTures, was taken out moift ; but upon thrufting in Paper, it was not moiften’d, but rather fomewhat harden’d. At the fame time when the new Mouth open’d, that on the Summit of the Mountain vomited a vaft Quantity of burning Matter, which, dividing into Torrents, and fmall Streams, ran partly towards the Salvadorey and partly towards j and at the fame time that this Matter iffued out, red-hot Stones were feen to be caft out of the Mouth, in the midft of black Smoak, frequent Flafhes of Lightning and Thunder, all produced by the fame Matter. Thefe impetuous Expulfions of Fire continued till Tuefday, when the, Eruption of the melted Matter, the Flafhes, and thundering Noife, ceafed ; but a ftrong South-weft Wind arifing, the Afhes were carried in great Quantities to the utmoft Boundaries of the Kingdom; in fome Places very fine, in others as coarfe as Ifihian S2kn* though uneq^ually ;- Tor in the in- ward Parts, where the Air had not free Acceft, and the Matter was more compaft, the Heat was much flronger than towards’tht ^thfaCe. E X P E R T'm’ e n t ‘ V. .vi.Twency Days after the Eruption, m divers Parts of the Mountain, from’/ thici Bottom ito ' the Top, there wci'C^Teeh tofarJfe maiiyl pernicious Damps, - . I i IMO- C 1 iMofetel efpecially from the Cavities, and the Fiffares of former Torrents ; , as alfo on the Plain : But jnone were obferved in the Matter of this laft Eruption. They iffued out of the Fiffures under the A^ppearance of a cold Wind, and rofe about three Palms high} then they moved along the Surface of the Ground, and, after a Progrefs of fome Paces, difappeared. Ani- mals, which happened to graze where thefe palled, were all killed thereby 5 • and likewife a Terejian Frier, whof inadvertently breathed the Vapour of one of thefe Damps. E X P E R I M ENT VI. Having placed the ( Barometer in the Vapour, it underwent no Change, but the Thermometer fell fomewhat mote or leS, A lighted Torch, thruft into them at two Palms from the Ground, was foon ex- tinguilhed by the AdiOn of the Damp. Experiment VIL Thefe Damps grew gradually weaker in their per- nicious Effefts for above three Months, even to the fubfequent Autumn ; as has been generally found in other former Eruptions, or when they happened to iflUe out of their Vents. Experiment VIII. Concerning the Salts which arc generated in Abun- dance in V^uviuSy I have, by Order of the Aca- demy, examined them by accurate Experiments. My Intention was to know, if befides Salt Ammo- niac, there were alfo Sea-Salt, Vitriol, Nitre, or any other [ *47. ] Other Salt. I thought there was no bfecter 'of proceeding in this Inquiry, than by Cryftallization j becaufe it is univerfally allowed, that Salts in Cryftal- Ijzing conftantly retain one certain and determinate Figure ; Sea-Salt concreting into Cubes, Vitriolic Salt into Rhomboidal Parallelepipeds, Alom into O^tsedrons, and Nitre into Redangular Priftns on Hexagonal Safes. I imagined, that if the Salt of Vefuvtus happened to contain any Particles of the Salts above-mentioned, it would difcOver them after Cryftallization. This way of Reafoning was con- firm’d by Experiment : For the Vefuvmn Salt,, in Cryftallizing, left on the Sides of the VefTcls fmall Parcels of cryftallized Salts, which, oblerved through a Microfcope, rcfembled a Tree with its Branches, on the Ends of which there appeared feveral Pyramids of an irregular Figure, but very (harp-pointed ; and between the Branches there were interfperfed in fome Places a Group ofPrifms, in others fomc fmall Cubes : Whence I inferred, that the aforefaid Salt was Ammoniacal, and indeed a genuine and effica- cious Salt Ammoniac, with infcnfible Portions of Nitre and Sea-Salt. Which coincides with the Sen- timents of the Royal Academy of in 1705 ; with thofc of Thomas Cornelius in his Trogymnafma de Senjibus'y oi T>ominicus Gulielmini in hisTreatife de Salibus 5 of Dr. Boerhaave in his Chemiftry, and many other Writers. Experiment IX. In order to be convinced whether this Salt was really Ammoniacal, and of the Nature of neutral Salts, I mixed it with Spirit of Vitriol, and Spirit I i 2 of C 48 3 of Saif, without producing the leaft Fermentation. I afterwards put feme of it into Oil of Tartar per ^Deliqu'mm, and could not perceive any Ebullition; wherefore it is to be ranked among the neutral Salts. Experiment X. Thrown upon red Coals, it did not crepitate like Sea-Salt, but it boiled and fwelled, and after evapo- rating it dried up. Experiment XI. It is of a very pungent Tafte, ftrongly pricking the- Tongue, and of a bituminous Smell of Brim- ftone, which occafions a violent Head-ach by its vo- latile Texture. Experiment XII. The Salts taken from different Stones are not all of the fame Weight or Colour: For fome are yellow and unctuous, as if rubbed all round with Tetro- laum: Others are very white, others blackifh, and others of other Colours, according to the Stones they adhered to. Experiment XIII. 1 have likewife found by Experience, that the Salt Ammoniac of Vefu'uius is much more efficacious than any other Salt known at this Day, in cooling Liquors. Upon diffolving fome of it in Water, it makes the Water fo cold, that the Sides of the Vef- fel which contains it, can hardly be touched v/ithout Uneafmefs, through the exceffive Cold. Ex- [ »49 3 Experiment XIV. Monf. Geojfroy^ a celebrated Member of the Aca- demy of Sciences, looks on it as a lingular Power of common Salt Ammoniac, that being mixed with a certain Quantity of Water, it rendered the Water fo cold, that it made the Spirit of his Thermometer, eighteen Inches high, fall thirty-three Lines. But I have fhewn to feveral Perfons, that the Vefuvian Salt makes the Liquor of a Thermometer, like his, fall four Inches and an half; which is equal to fifty-four Lines. Wherefore the Efficacy of this Salt, in caufing the Fall of the Liquor, exceeds the Efficacy of com- mon Salt Ammoniac by twenty-one Lines. Experiment XV. If round a VefTel full of Water cooled with Snow, there be put fome 6f the Salt of Vefuvius^ the Water, freezes and grows hard in a very little time. Experiment XVI. If you put a good Quantity of the Salt of Vefuvim into Snow fet round a [Glafs] VefTel full of Water, and then ftir the VefTel, the Water contained therein becomes unfit to drink ; having acquired a very dif- agreeable acrid fulphureous Taflc ; a manifefl Sign, that the Salt is divided into fmall Particles, which paffing through the infenfible Pores of the Glafs,, enter into and mix with the Water. Experiment XVII. Of all kinds of Salts, this diflolves in the greateft Quantity in Water; and perhaps the greater or Idler DiT- C »J0 ] Difiblubllity of a Salt in Water, will be [found] pro- portional to its greater or lefler EfFed in cooling Water. Experiment XVIII. Being put into Brandy, or Oil, befides that very little of it is dilTolved, it occafions no Defcent of the Liquor in the Thermometer. Experiment XIX. Being mixed with Blood lately drawn from the Vein of a Man, but coagulated after fettling, the Blood was thereby dilTolved, and continued in that State for the Space of twenty-four Hours. Experiment XX. A Solution fof this Salt] being injeded into the Vein of a Dog, firft occafioned Tremors, then uni- verfal Convullions, and laftly Death : And four Hours afterwards, having opened the Dog, the Blood, which fllould have been coagulated, was found fluid, both in the Trunks of the Veins, and at the Ends of the Arteries. Experiment XXI. It has all the Properties of Salt Ammoniac to that Degree, that upon fubftituting this J^e/uvian Salt, inftead of common Salt Ammoniac, the ftrongeft fort of Aqua Regia may be had for diflblving Gold ; Which Experiment was made with Succefs by Monf. Lemery^ in the Academy of France, C 3 Experiment XXII. If a Lump of the, Mineral Matter be reduced to a fine Powder, and attentively viewed through a Mi- Crofcdpcj it app^rs very like th« Sand of Ifchta^ and is very proper for Writing-Sand; Whence I con- je£hire, that that Sand is nothing elfe, but the [fame] Matter for a long time comminuted by the Aftion of the ;Sea. Experiment XXIII. In fome of the Stones there appear fome few Veins of '©DW,"tn others of Silver, but infenfible ; and in others, which arc very heavy, there is fome Anti- mony. . . E.xperiment XXIV. A great Difpute arofe in the Academy on the Rife of the Damps j for what Reafon thefe fhould be fcen only in the old Stratu of the minieral Subftanccs, . and not in the new, where by the Adion of the Fire they ought to ilTue : Which Thanomenon, if I am not miftaken, may be accounted for in this manner : As the cooling of the burning Matter began at the Surface, we may think, that the more fubtle hetero- geneous Particles, upon the doling of the Pores at the Surface, remained in Quantities buried in the lower Parts of the Matter 5 which, in Procefs of Time, be- coming acutangular and of deleterious Figures, yet cannot offend while imprifoned: But in new Erup- tions, wherein the Shocks given to the Matter pro- duce many FilTures, the Damps, meeting with lefs Refiftance there, ilTue forth ; As when the Aii* is a long [ _3 long time pent up in fome Hollow, upon giving it Vent, it generally comes out in a pernicious Vapour. Experiment XXV. It was obfcrved, that the greateft Shocks happened to fuch things as flood expofed to Volcano but that thofe things which Wete not thus expofed to it, received but faint Shocks: A manifeft Sign, that the Vibration of the Air had a great Share in the Sho^:ks of the Earth : Which Circumftance is taken Notice of by with refped'to Mount II. An AlfiraB of a Letter from' an Gentleman at Naples to hh Friend in Lon- don, containing an Account 'of the Eruption of Mount Vefuvius, May 1 8. and the fol^ lowing DaySy 1737. S I Ri D^tcd Naples, Aug^rSq. ^17 S7. N. S- YOU have laid a very hard Task upon me, to fend you an Account of the late Eruption.* * * 1 was lodged for fome time at Chaja, and after- wards at Fontina Medina, in the Face of this fur- prifing Neighbour [Mount Vefuvms^, which from thence doth not appear to be above two or three Miles diftant. It gave us Strangers conftant Entertainment, by fhewing us what it could do, as well as great Satif- faftion to the People of Naples, who, whilft it con- i’nuts burning more or lefs without ceafing, are under no [ 251 3 no Apprehcnfion (and I believe with good Reafon) of an Earthquake : But we little thought of being invited to a Sight, quod nunquam vidimus^ & nunquam vt~ debimus for by all the Accounts of the Living, there has not been any Eruption in their Remembrance near fo violent, nor fo furious 5 and Authors mention none to this Degree' later than above One hundred Years ago. On Friday y May 17. 1737. N. St. I ob- ferved, as far as I could fee round, that the Mountain was covered with white Afhes a great Way down, as it hath been with Snow in the Winter, which I could not find any body here or at Barra near Bor- tiche, take any Notice of j though 1 fhould be apt to think for theTuture, that it might be a Fore-runner j for I had never feen any thing like it. Bliny ob- ferves in thefe Words, Brrecefferat per mult os dies terramotus minus formidolofusy qui Campania non folum caftellay verum etiam oppida vexare folitus. {VV\r\.Lib 6. Ep. zo.). Other Authors fay the con- trary : though it may very likely be fo, round and near the Foot of the Mountain, but this time I have not found any body fenfible of it here; but it is certainly true, that our Windows and Doors fhook all the time of the Violence of the Eruption, which I take to be from the very great Concuflion of the Air upon the violent Explofions : A Door which had a Latch, to my great Surprize, opened often of itfelf. I cannot conceive a tremulous Motion of the Earth from the Mountain hither, unlefs it were thoroughly cavernous from thence, which the People here deny, and particularly the Author Baragallo. . On Saturday Night, {May i8.) this great Bhano- menon began, and incrcafed fo much on Sundayy K k that [ ^54 3 that it brought half the People out to gaze at it, with great Variety (no doubt) of Paffions and Ratiocina- tions. There were certainly, amongft fome, great Apprehenfions, by their being imployed in Procef- fions, vifiting their Churches, and expohng their Images of the Virgin Mary } but I looked upon them as very ungrateful to their great Patron [St. JanU' arius\ in having any Dread, when they even boaft, that he has never failed delivering them from their greateft Diftrefles j but by the terrible Havock I have obferved in their Country, as well as what has been made by this laft Eruption, I find he hath always left them in the Lurch : However, as I had not loft a Grain of the Faith I ever had in that Saint, I very boldly fet out on Monday about two Hour? before Sun- fet. It was a melancholy -^ight, to fee the Road full of Numbers of poor Wretches, flying as from Sodom-. I flopped on the Way, to obferve the vaft Clouds of Smoak, which was thrown up in a prodigious Column, to an Height not to be guefled at, which, by its gentle Waving and Undula- tion, was a moft beautiful Sight 5 and when it had mounted fo high, that it had loft the Force of the Protrufion, it was carried by the Wind a vaft Way j but not too far for one to obferve how its Rolls began to break, and, being difperfed and expanded, covered the Country underneath with Afhes and Darknefs. 1 here were many great Flafties of Lightning darted through this Pillar of Smoak, and frequent Difeharges as of Cannon or Bombs, which were followed by fall- ing Stars, fuch as we fee from well-made Rockets* We turned off out of Tortiche, to gain the North- lidc [ ] /ide of the Mountain, as far as we could, in Chaife^, till we were forced to get upon AlTes or Mules. It was now growing dark, and the Fire began to be vifible, which it was not in the Day-time, the Sun bearing no Rival. The prodigious Bouillon of Fire, and the extreme Force it was expelled with, as well as the vaft Height it was carried up to, are not to be defcribed or guefied at. If I fhould imagine an hundred Stentors or Bolyphemuss, with as many of Bhalariss Bulls roaring all together, they could not bellow more terribly. But to have a truer Idea of this Scene, you muft look into Burnet's, moft beauti- ful Painting of the general Conflagration. As we looked round this Northern Side, the whole Country appeared as if over-run \y^ SamfonsYoikzs, In a little time, by the Light of the Mountainj (though that was much obfcured by the Clouds and Pillar of Smoak) and the Help of our Torches, we fcrambled over very rough Roads, till we got within about a quarter of a Mile of the great Lava or Cur- rent : But then I ordered an Halt j for indeed the Scene on all Sides became fo ftupendous and terrible, that I thought I fhould make a very foolifh Figure, if any Misfortune fhould happen to us. We returned to Bortiche, where we flipped, and got home, much fatigued, by Two in the Morning. The Fury- of this Eruption was at its Height this Night, as to burning j but the next Day ^uefdaf) the Columns and Bouillons of Smoak were as great, and thrown out with as much Violence, which, as the Wind fatj carried its Deftrudion, not of the large mafly metallic Bodies, but of infinite Quantities of Afhes and Cinders, all that Day, and Part of the Night. K k 2 Tiirough [ x5<5 ] Through the Colmims of Smoak was a continued Lightning, the moll beautiful Sight imaginable. The following Day iJVednefiay) we let out again to viewThe Wcft-fide of the Mountain at Torre del Grejo, Eight Miles from hence j where we heard, that the great Lava had Hopped at the Church of the Carmelites, but not without carrying Part of it away : Yet the People were fuperftitious enough to think this Stop miraculous j though it made a great Breach on one Side, broke down and quite demoliihed their Sacrifty, befides cracking the Roof. This Lava had from the Declivity taken the Water-courfe, which was the Prefervation of the Country from being drowned (and the People had bell look to them- felvcs, unlefs they make another). 1 his Hollow, which was for fomc Miles between Thirty and Forty Feet deep, and as many wide, was not only filled up, but the Matter rofe as many Feet above the Surface of the Land about it: We walked to view it on one Side, but the Heat was fo intenfe, and the fulphureous Stench fo fuffocating, that we were obliged to keep at a good Difiance ; and I was well informed by fcveral, that it continued very hot a Month or five Weeks after i fo long in cooling is that great Quan- tity of bituminous and metallic Matter, with which this Vomes is loaded. As the Fury of the Expulfion and Explolion was much abated on Tuefday Morning, the Stop here was about Four o'Clock that Day in the Afternoon; which might be the more eafily conceived, when no i more of this vaft metallic Matter was difeharged, and the Motion of all the reft was relented, for want of more Protrufion, and the Bitumen growing a little cooler. [ ^57 J cooler. As this Stop was made at the Church, Part of the Lava took a Turn into the great large Road lo SalernOt to a great Height 5 which Part is choaked up for ever, the Expence being immenfe to remove it. N. B. Giulio Cefare Repitio-, one of the Au- thors who defcribes the Eruption in 1631. fays, one of themaffy metallic Bodies was in his Time weighed, and the Weight amounted to Five hundred CantaraSy a Cantara being nearly T wo hundred W eight. They have fince made the Road paffable, by laying Earth upon the Lava, and fo have added to the Hills of their Country. There are fome who pretend to fay, that the Matter difcharged this time in the different Cur- rents or Lava’s round about, would make a Moun- tain as big as their Sire. The Carmelites here foon fled, and were not come back ten Days afterwards, when we returned that Way, to vifit the South-eaft Side, to view the great Devaftation which was made about OttajanOi eighteen Miles from hence j for though the great Difcharge of the metallic Body ceafed on Tuefday, (iV. B. they did not let their Patron budge till the next Morning) a vaft Deftrudion of the Country followed for a long time after 5 for as the Force of the Explofion was very great, it con- tinued to throw out vaft Showers of Cinders and Afhes. The Lands indeed, where the Lava’s fall, are annihilated to the Owners ; but the other Mate- rials deftroy all the Fruit and Produce of the Earth where they fall, which doth not recover for a long time j and in this unhappy Diftrid, his Majcfty hath, with great Goodnefs, taken off all Taxes for Tea Year^ E 158 ] As we turned on the Left from Tone del Grejo towards Ouajanot we palled all the Way through their Mafferias [Farms] j and the Mountain, having the Weather-gage of us for three or four Miles, rained Afhes plentifully upon us, and we loft our Smell of every thing but Brimftone. All the Trees, Vines 5 and Hedges, bent under the Weight of thefe Alhes, feveral Arms, and even Bodies of Trees, were broken with the Weight} fo that in fome narrow Roads we had Difficulty to pals. Within a Mile or two of the Prince of Ottajanp’s Palace (a very honeft worthy Gentleman, who has fulFered a Lofs of above 100,000 Ducats, or 50,000/. fome fay more) one can fcarce frame to one’s felf a Sight of greater Defo- lation } Ten fucceffive Northern Winters could not have left it in.- a worfe Condition : Not a Leaf on a Tree, Vine, or Hedge, to be feen all the Way we went, and fome Miles farther, as we were informed : Here, and at the Town, they had a new Earth, about two Feet deep, fome faid more, by the Account of the miferablc Inhabitants, who were a difmal Spe- ctacle, though they had recovered their Fright^ and feemed to be got into a new Heayen. The Storm fell fo thick and heavy for that time, that they almoft all fled, and many Houfes were beaten down. In one Convent, two or three Nuns were buried in the Ruins. At Sommat on the North- eaft Side, it has made great Havock 5 a Monaftery of Nuns was de- ftroyed. After a long Day’s Work, we returned at Six o'clock. Thus, Sir, I have given you our Journal, and an Account of what I obferved of this Monjirum hor.ren- dum ingens ! I fear you exped fome Reflections upon the C *59 ] the Thanomena ; A few Thoughts, though very com mon ones, 1 offer for your Corredion. The Earth of this Country is, no doubt, greatly compounded of Sulphur and Nitre, from whence Dr. Burnet hath fixed it for the Beginning of the general Conflagration ; though he has, out of a par- ticular Spite to the People of Rome-, laid the Com- mencement of it there. The great Quantities of Sulphur and Nitre are, to be fure, the Operators of thefe great Explofions, Lightnings, Bombs, Bellow- ings, and Expulfions of all this Matter j and Nature can certainly make much flronger and more elaftic Gunpowder, than Mankind j elfe thofe great maffy Bodies of Metals could not be thrown up with that vaft Force, to that great Height. The Bodies are compounded of various Metals, and, as it were, ineor- poraced with the Bitumen : They pretend to find fome Silver, but I queftion whether the Gains will pay the Cofts. They have fpoken of the ha'vd^-, as if their Motion was quick j but I obferved otherwife, that it is flow, and the Progrellion rather like a vermicular one : And befides trufting to my Sight, F am rather apt to think it mufl be fo, becaufe, though in a great Declivity, thefe great MaHes mufl be much retarded in their Motion, by their large unequal Points or Angles 5 befides^ the Glewynefs of the Bitumen as it cooled, would very much impede a quick Motion ; which Bitumen is that Matter that flames, fmokes, and is fo very fuffocating. By fome of the Antients, thefe burning Mountains have been looked upon as Divinities, and that they lived there: To confirm which, there was a Marble found at Capita (as Raragallo affirms) with this In- icriptio»., [ i6o J fcription, JoviVefuvio facrum ^.T>» The Greeks made ufe of them in their Mythology, by clapping the Rebel Giants under them. I muft not conclude without faying fomething of the Mofetey upon which much hath been written, particularly by Leonardo de Capua j but all might be reduced into a narrow Compafs. I mention it now, becaufe it hath given great Terror to the Neighbour- hood of this Mountain 5 Four or Five Perfons near Torre del Grejoy Tortkhey and fome other Place, having been killed by going into their Caves or Cellars : And it is particularly remarked to have been thus deftrudtive all round the Hill, after the great Eruptions j upon which the great Agitation and Rarefaction of this inflammable Earth, compofed of fuch aClive Particles, even Sal AmmoniaCy muft fend out vaft and ftrong Effluviay (or what in fuch clofe Places may properly be termed Exfudations) perni- cious, no doubt, when confined under Ground, and hindered from expanding and mixing with frefh Air : And, no doubt, all round the Mountain they abound j but the open Air is a Specific againft their ill Effeds ; as we fee it is an immediate Cure to the poor Dog at the Grotto del CanOy and not any particular Quality of the neighbouring Lake, which Throwing him into, I fhould rather think, would kill him, till he had recovered his Refpiration and Spirits. Virgily VIE 84. mentions thefe Damps : ’Nemorum qUiS maxima facro Fonte fonaty f perambulabat ; unde, ft auferatur mqtus diurnus habitationis ?eqi;alis 2p', quippe qui dijrati' onem eclipfeos prolongare potefl:, diameter umbras habebitur asquaiis 47' ^o", feu 45173 hexapedis, feu tandem 72 kucis Parifienfibus. Unde inftituto cal- culo eruitur axis coni umbra? lunaris uno faltem terr$ diametro major diftantia lunqs a terra, quae tunc mi- nima erat, luna circa perigaeum verfante. Porro ex datis luminarium diametris in eodem anomaliae gradu obfervatis axis coni umbras lunaris elicitur 55 femidi- ametros, ad minimum, aequale : unde iequitur macu- iam umbrae lunaris in difeo terras, & axem coni, eofdem prascife reperiri, quos diftantia? lunas & lumi- narium diametri obfervata? poftulare videntur. Nulla igitur circa lunam exiftit atmolphaera, aut nullam, ft exiftat, refraftionem fenlibikm producers valet. Sed ut nullus dubitationi locus relinquatur, eorum red- denda eft ratio phasnomenwu, quae in eclipftbus fola- ribus obfervata atmofphaerae lunari excogitandx lo- cum dedere. Primo quidem, exigua ilia, qua: in defe ftbris vicinis communicetur, & ita corporis lucid! imago ultra' debitam quantitatem augetur, quod expe- rientla pervulgata notum fiet : enim palus feu fuftis lunam inter & oculum fubjiciatur, diameter pali e regione lunae imminuta videbimt 5 quod ft tunc temporis nubes aliqua planetam fubeat, minor videtur pali deminutio ; nulla eft, ft planetam nubes ab oculis furripiat ; ac tandem pro varia lucis lunaris intenfttate varla obfervatur. C^od ad montium inaequalltates attinet,^ eadem ratione in luna potius fttiente, quam in luna plena,, obfervari debent : montes enim lunares per fe ob- feuri, in foUs fulgentiftimo orbe confpe£li, longe minu&- { 1(58 3 minus oculomm aciem fugiunt, quam ubi luna plena clarefcentes vicino lun® fplendore extinguuntur ; cum pracfertim eafit lucis Junaris intenfitas, ut in ejus vicinia asgre admodum ftella terti® magnitudinis dif- ccrni poflit. Sed ut nodus hac in re penitus pr®- fcindatur, lun® foli oppofit® limbus ejus atmo- fph®r® non ipfillimi corporis planet® terminus eflet, telefcopiis longioribus, arftioribufque aperturis ob- jedtivis, montes in lunari peripheria numquam obfer- varentur : porro tubo optico 3 6 ped. Parif. & apertura objediva unius pollicis, multoties plurimas montium in®qualitates in Jun® plen® difco obfervavi ; unde fe- quitur lun® plen® difcum ejus corporis, non atmo- fph®r® peripheria terminari. Quarto, nunc demum de mira ilia Anni 171 f ob- fervatione fulgurum lunarium Londini fafta * a ^elouville^ pr®fentibus multis Regi^ Societatis ^ftronomis, paucis eft diflerendum; paucis quidem; quid cnim de re ante & poft hanc eclipfin inobfervata dicendum ? Si tamen aliquid in medium de tarn in- folito ph®nomeno proferr,® liceat, fupponemus lim- bum lun® vifibilem ex infitis montium cacuminibus componi 5 qu® quidem in eclipli totali folem obfer- vatori eodem modo occultant, quo fylvarum majo- rum arbores vifui officiunt. Unde fi in lun® fuper- ftcie qu®dam montium feries liberum in redam lihe- am tranfitum rad i is folaribus pr®buerint, fulgurum quorumdam fpeciem mentiri debuerunt, eodem modo ac fi in camera obfeurata radius foils ope fpeculi fubito * Obfervario haecce fa£l:a fuit revera a Cl.D. EdmunJo Halleio^'^xx- fente quidem D. Delouville^ uti videre eft in TranfaB. N® 343, p. 249. C. M. in- [ 2<55> ] intromittatur, & fubtrahatur objcftorum extemomm piftura in foco lentis exarata, tradibus luminis ful- guri fimillimis illuftrabitur : quod quidem eo Ubentios admittendum cenfeo, quod ifta fubitanea fulgura in limbi lunae vicinia Temper obfervata fuerint 5 ut ex ipfo hujus eclipfeos fchemate * ab illuftrillima D. Sara Sloane exarato patet. Quod ad pallidam illam fafciam limbum lunx in hac eclipli comitantem, cum in eclipfibus folaribus hucufque obfervatis nil fimile nec mihi neccuiquam aftronomo apparuerit; quod tamen in hypothefi at- mofphaerae lunaris Temper & ubique obTervari debet j nullam ejus mentionem hie faciemus. Ex his omnibus manifeftum eft nihil in eclipftbus Tolls obTervari atmoTphxrx lunari conTonum. Nunc de ftxarum &planetarum eclipfibus a luna difTerendum. Pig. 4. Si luna atmoTphxra cingitur, planetx & ftellx fixxTerius pone lunam occultari, & citius ab ejus diTco egredi, obTervatori in terrx Tuperficie conftituto videbuntur, quarii luna abTque atmoTphxra Tuppofita j quin & in quibufdam locis, in quibus videri debuiftet planetx vel fixae a luna eclipTis, nulla obfervabitur : quod ut manifeftum fiat, Tit corpus lunx ABCj & ftella in iS* diftantia quafi infinita poTita ; radii paral- lel! LVi MXy lunare corpus undique contingentes, fuperficiem cylindricam conftituunr, cujus quidem cylindri bafis VZX in difeo telluris cunftas habita- tipnes, in quibus ftella feu planeta a luna tegitur, fuo ambitu comprehendit. ObTervator itaque in Vim- tium eclipfeos, & finem in Xj conTpicier, durationem- * In Mufeo edeberrimi patris ejus Cl. D^. Hajts Sloane'^ Bare. R. S. Pr. M m que [ ^70 3 que nietictur temporis, per quod luna diametmm fuam, feu potius fpatium huic aequale percurrere poterir. Si autem lunae atmofpha^ra fupponatur radius IfV-, axi cylindri parallelus non remanebit, & cylindrus ipfe conus evader, cujus fedio TTU habitationes, quibns debebitur eclipfis, defignabir. Porro anguftata bafi TTUj pundum T ferius habitarionem fupergredi- etur, quam pundum limefque U citius ipfam de- feret quam X: ferius ergo incipier ftellae vel planetae a luna edipfis, & citius abfolvetur, atmofphaera circa lunam fuppofira, quam luna nuda : quin & nulla ob' fervabitur edipfis eo loci, ubi abfque atmofphasra obfervari debuifiet; locus enim C, circumferentia VZX prioris cylindri involutus, a fedione coni TT U immunis erit. Porro fuppofira refradione hori- zonrali in lunjE atmofphaera aequali 8", VT^ 1384 hcxapedas, id eft, leucae Parifienfis dodrantem aequa- bit : unde fequitur nullam in locis calculo indicatis eclipfin obfervari debuifle, quotiefcumquc in cylin- dricam aream non magis leucae dodrante immer- guntur. Aliud etiam phaenomenon ex atmofphaerae lunaris fuppofitione oritur; in cylindri parte TR ftella qui- dem femper videbitur, fed interpofita atmofphaera lunari : ideoque motum & colorem a genuino diver- fum induet idque in omnibus omnino cclipfibus, five ftella fit maxima five minima. Porro, eclipfium fixarum & planetarum a luna du- ratio nullo modo imminuta videtur, fed femper dia- mctro lunae, & motui ejus, praecife confona obfer- vatur. Quod ad illas attinet obfervationes, in quibus ftella poll contadum, in difco lunte paululum pro- gredi ante occultationem videtur, ipfarum caufam in audam C ^7« I audam \anx & ftellae diametrum penitus refundemus; fi enim hujus apparentise caufa effet atmorphasra lu- naris, femper in omnibus ftdlis, & cum quibuflibet objedivorum aperturis, eadem obfcrvaretur. Porro nullam hadenus ftellam in difco lunx progrcdientem obfervavi, nifi prima;, aut ad minimum fecundae magni- tudinis, idque dimidia ad maximum fui parte j & diameter vera fixarum, ut cuilibet obfervanti Tatis conftat, infenfibilis evadit, nec nifi a radiis fpuriis augetur : unde radii adventitii tarn ftellze quam lunxin, fundo oculi mifcentur ante veram corporum ftellx & lunx copuiam : aliunde, fi iimbus lunx vifibiiis atmo- fphxrx non ipfius corporis terminus effet, majoribus tubis, & anguftiofibus aperturis objedivis, nulli in peripheria montes obfervarentur ; qui tamen, ut Tupra didum eft, Tatis dare conTpiciuntur. Ex his igitur omnibus manifeftum erit lunam nulla atmoTphxra refringcnte veftiri, cujus refradio obTer- vationi pateat : fieri enim pofTet, ut circa lunam exi- fterct atmoTphxra, in qua refradio horizontal is ad i" vd 2" aflurgeret: huic enim opinioni Tuffragari videntur-majores in luna maculx, qux nullo modo fylvx dici pofliint, ut Clar. Hartfoeker & aliquibus aliis viTum fuerat. Umbrx enim marginum femper limbo lunx claro viciniores obfervanturj unde rede concluditur eas cavitates dTe non fylvas, qux ex altero latere umbram projicerent. Porro Tupponi poteft in ipfis fluidum quoddam, quo quidem cafu halitus ex ipfis a foie extolli valde phyficx confonum effet 5 quorum congeries fpeciem quamdam atmofphxrx circa lunam mentireturj qux quidem atmofphxra nec denfa admodum, quippe qux ex Cl. Neutonl demonftratis vix, cxteris paribus, tertiam halituum Mm2 ter- C 171 3 terreftrium denfitatis partem adaequarer, nec fibi ipfi diverts tcmporibus fimilis obfervaretur, vaporibus idis omni alio adminiculo deftitutis. Malta funt & alia ratiocinia phyfica, quibus noftra de atmofphaera iunari opinio fulciri poflTet : fed aftro- nomice tantum^ non phyf ce, rem difcutiendam fufcepi- mus. Ledlorem fatis in hujus operis decurfu diftinu- ifle mihi vifus fum : huic itaque finem impono, illu- ftrilTimae Societatis in re tarn ancipiti judicium pro ipfiffima rei veritate libentiffime amplexurus. IV* A Narrative of an extraordhiarj Sinking down and Sliding away of feme Ground at Pardines near Auvergne, fent from JM. T — - to a Relation in England, tranjlated from the French, and communicated to the kt, Society hy Phil. Henry Zollman, Efq^ R R. S. The Parifti of Sardines, in the Diftridl of JJfoire (ya Auvergne') fituate about a League from the Town of Ijjoire on the Road to Clermont-, almoft on the Top of a pretty fteep Hill. This Parifh confifts of two Villages or Hamlets diftant from each other about 200 Paces j the one, which is called Le Fort, in which is the Parifh Church, and Part of the Houfes of the Inhabitants, hands upon a Rock 5 there appear the Remains of an antient Fortification, with which fome Houfes were furrounded in the time of the Wars. The [ 1 The other Village, which is properly called dines^ was compofed of the greater Part of the Houfes of the Inhabitants ro the Number of 46 Buildings j the Ground whereon this Village was built, as well as that of the whole Hill, is a good and light Earth, mixed with a little white Clay : There are alfo found in it fome Stones and Rocks of a middling Size. This Land was very well cultivated, and very fruitful, con- fiding of Fields fowed with Corn, of Orchards, and for the greater Part of Vineyards ,• the whole Ground was overfpread with Fruit-trees, particularly Walnut- trees. This Earth ufed to dry foon and chap from the Heat 5 they even obferved in it long fince Clefts of a confiderable Depth, which fometimes growing wider and wider, formed feveral Gullies. On the 23d of ’June 1733. about Nine in the Evening, the Inhabitants of the Village of 'Sardines faw the Walls of their Houfes (hake fenlibly 5 where- upon they all retired out of them, and faw that the Hill vifibly melted away, as it were, the greater Part of the Land Biding along towards the Valej others fubfided fenfibly 5 in fome Places the Earth, opening itfelf, formed new Gulls, and thofe that were ob- ferved there before, grew much wider; fometimes the Ground which Bided along in great Pieces, Bopt and tumbled one Piece over the other ; and the Rocks, which broke loofe from that rolling Earth, preci- pitated themfelves into the Valley, which at prefent is quite filled up with them, as well as with the Earth which rolled down, whereby the Road from IJfoire to Clermont is become impaflable. All [ i/4 ] All this was done, not with any iftipetuous Mo- tion, but very gently, and even fometimes alraoft imperceptibly 5 a fenfibl6 Motion was obferved during the Space of three or four Days at different times 5 there was even a Houfe which did not fall till the loth of the prefent Month of Julp During all that Time no Noife was heard, any otherwife than what proceeded from the Rocks falling into the Valley, and from fome large Clods of Earth, which loofening themfelves from the fteeper Parts, fell down with Precipitation. By this Rolling were carried away 26 BuildingSi large or fmall, fome of which fublided with the Ground, and, being fhaken at their foundations, tumbled on a Heap; the Remains of fome others appear, as yet, on thofe Pieces of Ground that rolled down into the Valley, It is computed, that the Lands which Aided away, or were loA by being buried under the Rubbifh of the others, amount to the Number of 466 Oeuvres of Vineyards, 40 Septerees of arable Land, and 56 Oeuvres of Grafs-fields, which all together may make up 150 Acres oi ^aris Meafute. It is obfervable, that in this Number were comprifed feveral Orchards, befides that the whole Ground was covered with Trees, either Walnut-trees on the Hill, or Willows and Poplars in the Valley^ of which they reckon 4000 in all. If one may conjcdlure what was the Caufe of fo difmal an Accident, it feems it proceeded from the Situation of the Ground, and the Nature of the Soil. The ArA Surface of the Hill about four or five foot deep, was a pretty light Earth, eafiiy dried by the the Heat of the Sun ; under this firft Layer there was a Stratum of fat Clay, which at prefent lies open in feveral Places, and which is very moift, fo that one even fees the Water bubbling out of it in fome Places. The great Rains that fell in the Beginning of the Spring, foaked through and diluted this Stratum of Clay, which retained and gathered all the Waters of the Hill running between the two Layers j th.e Heat of the Summer enfued, which dried up the upper Surface, and formed it into a fort of folid Cruft, which Cruft refting itfelf upon a fat and moift Clay^ and by its fteep Situation being inclined to Aide to- wards the Valley, the whole Surface of it loofened itfelf by great Pieces, and breaking in feveral Places, Aided along towards the Place whither its D-^clivity would naturally carry it. There are fome Parts which moved almoft infenfibly, and only funk or fubAded, either becaufe the Rolling of the neigh- bouring Soils rnade rpoha, that what was under this Surface might Aide off, or perhaps becaufe the Parts under this Surface had been hollowed a long while fmce, by the Waters which palfed between this Sur- face and the Stratum of fat Clay. Ocher Parts, which were much more in Number, rolled all to- gether towards the Valley, and one fees yet whole Pieces of Vineyards, with the Props remaining up- right ; which may eafily be conceived : There are again other Parts, which in tumbling were over- turned in different manners. I am to add here, that this Accident is not with- out Example in the Province of Auvergne j we have not indeed feen fo eonfidcrable a one till now, yet [ ] it has often happened, that Pieces of Earth of a Charter or Half an Acre, have feparated them- felves all in one Piece, from the Top of a Hill, and Aided down vifibly on the Lands lying below. How confiderable foever this Accident may be in regard to the poor People who fuffered by it, yet it was to be wifhed it was the only one that has be- fallen this Province. The Overflowings of the River AlUeTi and of the Rivers and Brooks that run into it, and the Hail that fell almofl: continually fince, have intirely mined above One hundred Parifhes, in which they will have no Harveft this Year as for Corn and Hemp, nor any Vintage at all. V. A Differ tation on the Worms ^hich dejiroy the Piles on the Coajls 0/" Holland and Zea- land, hy Job Bafter, iVf. 2). F. R. S com' munlcated by the Prefident oj the Royal Society. T ranjlated ^ from the Latin by T. S. M 2). F. R. S. Section I. IN the Year 1730. the Perfons appointed to take care of the Dikes on our Coafts, obferved that the Piles made of the hardeft Oak, defending the * This is here inferred in EngUJh^ becaufe a very ample Treatife hath been publifhed in Liatin on the fame Subjeft, intituled, Godofredi Sellii^ J. U. D. jR. S. L.ond. S. Hift. Nat. Teredinis feu Xylo^hagi ma- rini. Tubulo-conchdidis^ Traj. ad Rhen. 1733. 4to. Coafls r *77 ] Coafts of the Netherlands againft the Sea, were eat through in a few Months, fo as to be broken by the leaft external Force. Surprifed at this uncommon and dangerous Thanomenonj they inquired into its Caufe, and faw that a fort of Worms, before that time very fcarce, but now increafed to an incredible Number, had in fo fhort a time eat into thofe Piles between the higheft and loweft Water-marks, and threatened very great Damage to the Inhabitants of thefe Countries. The fuperftitious Populace immediately perfuaded themfelves, that this new Genus of Animals was created by the divine Wrath for punilhing the Sins of Mankind : But prying Experience has taught, that thofe Worms, like other Infects, were created in the Beginning; but now multiplied to an incredible degree from fome unknown Caufe. Sect. II. If a Pile of the hardeft Oak has flood fix Months on the Shore, and be taken out in Summer or Au- tumn, there appears Mud and Filth flicking to its outward Surface ; which being feraped off with a Knife, difeovers a vaft Number of Holes, fcarcely as large as Pins Heads. Sect. III. If you view this Mud (Sect. II.) through a Mi- crofeope, you will fee, 1 . A Number of whitifli Points, not bigger than Grains of Sand. 2. Some very fmall Worms. N n The C 178 3 The whitifh Points feem to be the Eggs of this Infed, and the Worms to be fuch as are already hatched from them ; and thefe Worms gradually per- forating the outward Surface of the Wood, ren- dered foft by lying in the Water, made the aforefaid Holes, (Sect. II.) and through them worked their way into the Subftance of the Wood. Sect. IV. A fmall Style of Whalebone or Lead, thruft into thefe fmall Holes, runs ftrait into them for three or four Lines, fo that its outer End always makes a right Angle with the Pile: But afterwards, if the Style be gently pufhed forward, it does not continue in the ftrait Line, but runs either way, generally up- ward. Sect. V. But if one of thefe Piles (Sect. II.) be fplit lengthwife with a Hatchet or Wedge, it is found full of Paflages, or hollow cylindrical Dudls, each of which contains a Worm, furrounded with a thin teftaceous Subftance, exaflly filling the Dud, and forming its Involucrum or Sheath, in which Sheath it can rhove with Freedom. See Sect. XIX. Thefe Duds, (Sect. IV.) beginning at the outward Surface by a narrow Hole, grow gradually wider, and run either ftrait, oblique, upward or downward. But what is moft furprifing is, tliat thefe Duds never run into one another, nor communicate ; but each of them continues feparate for every ftngle Worm. Over the Worm’s Head there are found two or three Drops of a fait Liquor, thicker than Water, but not C *79 ] not the leafl: Appearance of the Duft of the corroded Wood. Sect. VI. Whence it appears, that all the Wood, which had before filled up the Place of the Dud, in which the Worm with its Covering is now found, was eaten and confumed by the Worm : And as it feems quite incredible, that an Animal, which appears foft, and almoft as fluid as the White of an Egg, Ihould be able to eat through fuch hard Wood j I offer the Defcription of this Xylophagous Worm to the Royal Society, in order to give them fome Knowledge of this Water-Infed, which has done fo many Millions Damage to thefe Countries. Sect. VII. They are found of various Sizes and Thicknefs. There arc fome of the younger ones not above an Inch or two in Length j fome of a middle Size, fuch as we have reprefented in our firft and fecond Figures ,* fee TAB. II. and fome thirteen or fourteen Inches long. Sect. VIII. But in order to a more accurate Defcription, we will divide the Animal into He?d, Body and Tail. The Head is of a moft' wonderful Strudure, being covered with two hard ... (I know not which to call them. Shells or Hemicrania)joi a Subflance nei- ther teftaceous nor ofleous, feeuring their fofter Contents : And being viewed through a Microfcope, they appear as .in Figure 3. as well as I could have them drawn^ N n 2 Sec T^ [ ] Sect. IX. Thefe Hemkrania are two white Bodies, much harder than the Subftance which forms the tefta- ceous Covering; the inner Surface hollow and fmooth ; the outer, convex and rough, with three Fibres running different ways; and both together perfeftly reprefcnt a double Bit, of that kind of Borer, we call an Augar. Sect. X. The upper Part of the external convex Surface (Fig. 3. has a very fharp Edge, in which the firft Series of Fibres begins from one Point ; which Fibres gradually dilating, and running lengthwife, end about the middle Part of it ; and this middle Part makes a right Angle with the upper Part. In this Part the Fibres being elevated, run crofs-wife (Fig. 3. B.). The lower Part is thicker than the upper, but fofter and lefs compacl:. In this Part the Fibres are raifed up and rough, firft curve, then ftrait, and, like the others, run length-wife to the lower Edge of this Part, which is ftrongly faftened to the Head by various Ligaments (Fig. 3. C, D.). Sect. XI. The concave or inner Part of thefe Hemkrania^ (Sect. IX ) which contains the fofter Parts of the Head, is very fmooth ; but almoft in the Middle has a very fmall and tender Eminence or Procefs, (in Shape much like Dr. Rau^ Procefs in the Organ of Hearing) fixed at one End, and loofe at the other, running almoft the C i8t ] ' the whole Width, and doubtlefs deftin’d for fupport- ing fome of the inward Parts of the Head (See Pig. 4. ^0- Sect. XII. Thefe two Hemicraniaj connected together by Prong Ligaments, and as it were by a fmall Hinge, (by means whereof they can dilate without feparate- ing) befides their defending the foft Head from ex- ternal Injuries, are the Inftruments wherewith the Animal gets its Food. For whatever way it turns its Head, the raifed and rough Fibres, running either length-wife or crofs-wife, always rub off fome of the Wood. Sect. XIII. Thefe Hemicrania carefully removed, the con- tained Parts (Fig. 6 ) are laid open to View; but they are fo foft, and of fo wonderful a Structure, that the Eye, though armed with a Microfeope, can neither difeern their true Make or Ufe. Firft, indeed, there appears a Membrane enveloping the whole Head j in the middle and anterior Part, which is not co- vered by the faid Hemkraniaj it appears as if raifed by a Tubercle, (Fig. 6. c.) and in that Place it is of a red Colour ; but the lower ligamentous Edge firmly adheres both to the fmall Procefs (Sect. XI ) and to the lower Edge of the Hemicranium. ‘ Sect. XIV. This Membrane carefully feparated and removed, (Fig. 7. A.Al) in the middle of the fubjacent Pulp you will find a fmall Pear- like Body, perfedly pel- lucid, fomewhat protuberant above the other Parts, which C ] which made the Tubercle in the Membrane (Sect. XII.)* It is much harder than the other contained Parts of the Head and Body 5 fo that it will bear cutting with the Scalpel. It is of a red Colour, as perfectly pellucid as a Drop of Water j of th'e Shape of a Pear, from a larger Bafis terminating in a Point. I cannot better refemble it to any thing than to the Cryllaliine Lens of the Eye : Yet in Spirit of Wine it preferved its Tranfparency, but its Bulk was dimi- nifhed (Fig. 7.5.). I cannot guefs its Ufe : It does not feem to me, as it does to fome, to be the Organ of Sight 5 for the Worm feems to have no Occafion for an Eye, as fpending its Life in perfctl Darknefs j befides that the invefting Membrane is not tranfparent, and there^ fore would obftrudt the Sight. Sect. XV. At the Sides, where the lower Edges of the He- nticrania do not touch one another, there is a fort of Cavity j and in thefe Sides the harder Fibres may be diftinguilhed, difpofed in fuch a manner, as perfedly to refemble the Gills of Fifh j and through them the Worm feems to breathe. Sect. XVI. The extreme $oftnefs of the other Parts of the Head prevents our coming at the Knowledge of the Ufe of the Membranes furniflied with Fibres of different Tendencies, or inquiring by vi^hat Organs the Worm takes the Wood fhaved off by the He- tnicraniay or rough Shells j whether it does this by Sudion, or not ; by what Mufcles, or how a<5ling, this C>83] this wonderful Head is moved. Tis probable, in- deed, that its Motion confifts in the opening and doling thefe Shells (Sect. Viil.) that (have off the Wood ; and that the inner Parts have a Power to move on all Sides, as the Ball does in the Socket of the Eye ; and perhaps to come forth of the(e Shells, and re-enter after taking their Food. But of thefe things there can be no Certainty, becaufe the Parts diffoive between the Fingers. Sect. XVII. The Body, viewed forward, (Fig. z.) is of a reddifh Colour. In the middle appears a Line, often dark- brown, often blackifh, fometimes not vifible, fome- timcs running near half the Length. The reft of the Animal is of a whitifh or grey Colour. 1. If you intend to difted it, and examine the Infide, you muft firft remove a thin Membrane fur- rounding the whole Body, which for that Reafon may be called the Cutis or Cuticula. When this is removed, there appears an oblong Veffel placed in the Middle, (Fig. 2.) of a reddifh Colour, from the fhaved Wood, of which it is full : Hence it feeras to be the Stomach, or at.leaft the firft Orgaai of Di- geftion. 2. In the lower Part you will find another VefTel, appearing like a dark-brown Line, which contains the Excrements, of which it is often found full, and difcharges them at the End of the Tail. 3. At the Sides of the reddifh Veflel or Stomach ^Sect. XVII. I.) is placed a white, clammy, fat Sub- ftance, (licking to the Fingers, and perhaps confti- tuting the Flefh of the Animal. Sect. [ ] Sect. XVIII. Where the Body ends, the Tail begins, thicker than the Body, and rendered ftronger by circular Fibres. At its End it has two fmall hard Bodies, containing and defending the tender Extremities of the Tail. This Tail thicker than the Body terminates in two Ends, the thickeft of which certainly ferves for the Difcharge of the Excrements, the flendereft doubtlefs for Generation : And this it can ftretch out to an incredible Length, fo that in Worms that feemed to be in Copulation, it appeared above an Inch out of the Pile. The two fmall Bodies, that contain thefe Ends of the Tail, are of a harder Subftance than even the Hemicrania. The outer Part is gibbous, the inner hollowed. The lower End is bifid j whence I con- iefture, that they ferve the Animal for Feet, when it is mounting upright, or corroding the Wood j by leaning on them as on a Prop (Fig. 8.). Sect. XIX. The above- deferibed Worm dwells now very fe» curely in a tefcaceous Tube of a white Colour, which it exadly fills, yet fo as to be able to move with Freedom. ThkTube, like the Coverings of Snails, daily grows with the Animal, from the Matter which perfpires from its Body j whence it is fomc- times found ftrait, fometimes bent, according to the Courfe which the Worm fleered in corroding. Sect. [ 2Sj ] Sect. XX. As to their Generation, it is probable enough, that, analogous to that of other Infeds, it is performed by Copulation of Male and Female: For they can fo lengthen one End of their Tail, and thruft it out of the Pile, that they may copulate by that means. Then they lay their Eggs in the Water clofe to the Piles, to which they flick by their clammy vifcid Matter, (fuch, for Example, as Frog’s Spawn) and afterwards, by the Heat of the Sun, hatch the Worm, which immediately endeavours to get into the Pile (See Sect. II. and III.). I could not obferve the Difference of Sex, either with my Eye, or a Microfcope. Some think them Hermaphrodites, as Snails, and that they copulate in the fame Manner : But thefe Conjeftures are not very probable. Sect. XXI. Many Remedies and Secrets for deftroying thefe dangerous Enemies were immediately boafted of, which for the moft part were Preparations of fimc or Mercury i and arc not worth enumerating : I will only give the Receipt of one, which is the beft and fureft of all. Take an Iron Plate of an oblong Figure, and of the Width of the Pile, with a flrong Handle at each End. One End of this Plate muft be armed with thick Nails half an Inch long, and about an Inch afundcr. The Nails of this Plate muft be driven into a Pile of any flight Wood, with a Hammer, and then the Plate pulled off by means of its Handles. , O o And C ] And this is to be fo often repeated until the Pile is perforated every-where with fmall Holes: Then it muft be dawbed over with Varnifi in the hotted Sun (the Varnifh is imbibed by the foft Wood with fo many Holes in it) j and while the Varnijh is yet hot, let it be ftrewed over with Brkk-duft : And this is to be repested three or four times, after the pre- ceding Varnijh is thorough dry, till the Pile is intirely furrounded with a ftony Cruft, which will be im- penetrable to all Infeds, and laft many Years. But the Divine Clemency has already fo far de- ftroyed thefe pernicious Infeds, which multiplied fo prodigioufly for eight or nine Years paft, that there is great room for Hope, that our Country will in a (hort time be intirely freed from them. An Explanation of TAB. II. Fig. I . The Pile- worm of its natural Size, lying on its Belly. Fig. 2. The fame lying on its Back. See Section XVII. A. The Stomach. jB, The Dud full of Excrements. C. The Tail, with its Defences dd, and its Point ey which it can ftretch out. *Ehe Six following Figures are reprefented much larger than Life, Sect. X. Fig. i, A A, The firft Series of Fibres running ftrait down. BB, C *87 3 B B. The fecond Series running tranf^ verfely.- C C. The third taking a different CouiTe. ©2). The lower Edge, which is infixed to the Head. Sect. XI. Fig. 4. The Sh<:Il or Hemlcranium feen on the In- fide with the Procefs running crofs it, one End of which A is fix’d, the other a is moveable. Sect. XII. Fig. 5. A.B. C.^D* The fame as in Fig. f, ' E, The Hinge, whereby thefe arc conneded, and may eafily dilate or open. Sect. XIII. Fig. 6. AA, The Membrane covering the Head freed from the Hemkrania, which were attach’d to this Membrane. B. The Place, where the Hemkrania were conneded. c. The middle anterior Part, in which the Tubercle was prominent. Sect. XIV. Fig. 7. A A* The Membrane of Fig. 6. feparated and' turned back. The pellucid pyriform Body lying in the middle of the Head, and which formed r. The Tubercle* i ' O o. 2 Sect. C 188 ] Sect. XVIII. Fig. 8. The two Defences of the Tail, of which the exterior Part A. is gibbous, the other or interior B. is, as it were, hollowed : Thefe Extremities are bifid. C. By this Part they are joined to the Tail. yi. Ohfermtions of Explofions in the Air 5 one heard at Halfted m Effex, hy the Rev. Mr. A. Vievar, Minifler of that ^laee^ the other hy Sam. Shepheard, Efq^ Spring- field in the fame County, ON Sunday the i2th oi March 173 1-2. between One and Two o’clock in the Afternoon, walking in my Garden by the Side of a Canal, I heard as it had been a large Clap of Thunder from jhe North-Eaft, being a very clear Day, and no Clouds appearing. While J was looking into the Air, the Noife was repeated very loud, but feemed - more like tlie violent Fall of a Houfe, infomuch that I expefted every Moment an Out-cry from the Town : But I was foon undeceived, when it began again, and I found it made towards me, with a different Noife from what I had heard, that is, like the Grind- ing of Flint-ftones, but’ very loud : The Dimenfions of it feem’d to be about three Foot wide. I found it fink in the Air, and as it feem’d to point diredly at my Head, I laid myfelf down upon a Grafs-flope, to let it pafs over me. However, at the upper End of [ i89 ] of the Walk I found it fell to the Ground, and came rolling down the Grafs-walk j and I can compare it to nothing better than to that of a violent Grinding of Flint-ftoncb, or a Coach and Six upon the full Speed upon a Caufway of loofe Stones. I lay at- tentive, expeding to fee fomething, and faw a Piece of Wood came running before it. When the nomenon came to the Water- fide, it twilled up a large Stake that Hood in its way, and tolTed it to- wards me with much Violence, and immediately fell into the Water with the Violence and the Noife of a red-hot Mill-ltone. I have feen the Seas break again!! a Rock in a Storm, but never faw a greater Ferment caufed by the boiling of the Waters. It ftaid about a Quarter of a Minute in the Water, and then mounted again into the Air, and went rattling away, but with much lefs Violence; I heard it for about a Quarter of a Mile, and loft it.- N. B. It came againft the Wind, and not falter than a Man may walk. The Froth and Foam upon the Water remained thirty Hours after, when I Ihewed it to fome Friends. Halfted Eflex, 1 7-3 1-2. Tart of a Letter to W"’ Woodford, M, 2). Fellow of the College of Phyficians, London, UPON Tuefday the 15th Inftant, between Eleven and Twelve, the Sun Ihining very bright and hot, without the leaft Cloud, the Wind fo calm, that the Water was as fmooth as Glafs, 1 wasr C *S>0 ] was dredlng in my little Room next the Garden, about forty Yards from the Canal, when I heard a very furprifing Noife of Fire, refembling, as I told you at London^ as if a very large Quantity of Oil had been thrown into a great Bonfire, burning in its greateft Rage. I ftepp’d immediately to the Window which was open, where I faw the Middle of the Canal, which this dry Seafon has funk about fix Inches, in extreme Agitation, as rough as the Thames in a Storm, foaming and fmoaking, and forced up, to my Appearance, full two Foot above the Surface, but it might be much more, my Window being greatly higher than the Canal i and the Fellow who was at Work, whom I examined again this Morning, protefts he faw the Water, like the Spray of the Sea, above the Dwarf-Trees, which muft neceffarily be five or fix Foot. I wifh I had feen the Beginning of this uncommon Thammenon, the Duration of which, I think, might be half a Minute, and made the Houfe ftink, as if a Gun had been fired in it. My Canal bears Eafl: and Weft, and the Fellow fays he heard it coming from the Weft, bringing the Leaves of fome tall Trees from an adjacent Field in its Paffage ; but could not difeover any material or fubftantial Body to fall in the Water, where the Hifling, as 1 obferved above, was very loud and vio- lent j neither was there any Lightning or Thunder before or after, but the Day remain’d bright, ftill, and hot. I forgot to fay, the Space of the Canal that was afFeCled by it, might be twelve or fifteen Yards. Springfield in Eilex, ShsphsHtd'* Aug. 22. 1732. Numb. 456. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. for the Months of ‘January t February-, Marchy Airily May, and Juncy 1740. The CONTENTS. L A Catalogue of the FiftyPlant sfroj» Chelfea Garden^ pre- fented to the Royal Society by the Co?npany of Apothecaries^ for the Tear 1738. purfuant to the Direiiion of Sir Hans Sloancj Bart. Med. Reg. ^ Soc. Reg. Praf. By Ifaac Rand, Apothecaryy F. R. S. Hort. Chel. Praf. ac Pruelec. Botan. II. Some RefleSiions on Generation, and on Monfters, mith a Defcriptio?i of fome particular Monfters ; By Daniel de Superville, Privy-Coun~ fellor and chief Phyf dan to his mofi Serene Highnefs the Margrave of Brandenburg-Bareith, Prefdent of the College of Phyf dans, Di- rePtor of the Mines and of all Medicinal Affairs in the Margravite, filemher of the Imperial Acade?ny Naturae Curioforum, and of the Royal Society of Berlin. III. Offs Bregmatis Giganteas Magnitudinis Icon, Tab. I. Fig. 2. Tab. II. Fig. i, cum Prohlemate de Gigantis Statura determinanda fecundum Regulas Artis Delmeatoria : qua adlllufir. Regal is Societatis Pnefdem !)«>« Hans Sloanc, Bart, tranfmiftjic. Theodor. Klein Reipubl. Gedan. a Secretis, cfy Reg. Soc. Lond. Soc. iV. An Account by the Rev. Zachary Pearce, D. D. F. R. S. of a Book intituled. Reflexions Critiques fur les Hiftoires des Anciens Peuples, (fyc. Paris, 1735 in % Vol. V. A Query propofed to fuch curious Perfons as ufe the Greenland Trade, occafoned by the annexed Better from Mr. David Nicolfon, Surgeon, to Dr. Mortimer, Sec. R. S. rovcerwwg Scurvy-grafs. N\. A Better from Edmund Stone, F. R. S. to " • concerning two Species of Lines of the Third Order, not mentioned by Sir Ifaac Newton, nor Mr. Sterling. VII. An Account of an Improvement on the Terreflrial Globe, by Jofeph Harris, Gent. * VIII. A 7iew Method of improving and perfeSiing Catadioptrical Tele- fcopes, by forming the Speculums of Glafs inflead o/Metal. By Ca- leb Smith. Df. BxtraSi of a Better from the Hon^i^ Henry Temple, Efq-, to his Father the Right Hon^i^ the Bord Vifcount Palraerfton, concerning an Earthquake at Naples 1732. communicated to the Royal Society by Claudius Amyand, Efq-y F. R. S. Serg*- Surgeon to his Majesty. The C O N T E N T S. X. A Letter from Mr. Timothy Sheldrake to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Pr. R. S. 3 ] An Laferpitium anguftme foliO) umbellA concava ^ contra6fa, ‘PluL Phyt* Tab. 199. 830. Lavandula anguftifolia. C. B. 2i