NTER

Natural History Museum

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9

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PHILOSOPHICAL1 1

transactions.

GIVING SOME

ACCOUNT

OF THE

Prefers Undertakings, Studies, and Labours,

O F T H E

INGENIOUS,!

IN MANY

Conliderable Parts of the WORLD.

i

VOL. XLII. For the Years 1742. and 1743.

L O N T) O N:

Printed for T. Wood w a R d, and C. D a v i s, over-
againd Grays Inn • Gate in Holbourn ; Printers
to the Royal Society. M.dcc.xliv.

£

T O

MARTIN FOLKES, Efq;

PRESIDENT

Of the Royal Society of London,
For improving Natural Knowlege ,

And Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences

at T A R I S, &c.

ffi I X,

Though the Ro yal Society heard
with the greateft Concern the Refolution
taken by their late worthy President, to decline
being any longer chofen into that Office : As they
were truly fenlible of the many Services he had
done them, and ftill gratefully acknowlege the
Continuance of his Favours : Their Lofs was im-
mediately made up, and all their Apprehenfions
removed upon your Acceptance of that Port, in
which you have fhewn the Society, that you
make their Wellfare and Profperity the Objed of
your conftant Care and Application. The great
Pains you have taken to inlarge their Correfpon-
dence both at Home and Abroad, the generous
Encouragement you have given to Perfons en-
gaged in all the feveral Branches of ufeful Know-

kge

lege to bring in their Difcoveries, the Part you
have borne yourfelf by imparting curious and ufe-
ful Papers, and the conftant Care you are pleafed
to take of all their Affairs ; are the moft con-
vincing Proofs of your Zeal and Affe&ion for the
Royal Society, and of their Happinefs, in having
made Choice of a Perfon in all Refpetfts fo qua-
lified to fill their Chair; whereby they have the
Satisfa&ion of feeing themfelves flourifh more
and more, and Arts and Sciences continually
encouraged, under the Protedlion of a Gentle-
man univerfally acquainted with all the Branches
of Learning, which are the Obje&s of their Pur-
fuits and Inquiries. Give me Leave, Sir, to make
this public Acknowlegement, and at the fame
time to record my own Gratitude for the many
Favours and Inftances of Friendfhip you .have
conferred upon,

Honoured SIR ,

Dartmouth fty-eet) Tour mo[i obedient and

Wejtniinfier^ J

Nov. 26. 1744. Moft humble Servant ,

Cromwell Morti me r, M. D.

Secretary to the Royal Society, and
Fellow of the Royal College
of Physicians,

Numb. 463.
Beginning V o l. XLII.

PHILOSOPHICAL

transactions.

For the Months of January and February , 1741 -2.

The C O N T E N T S.

I. Extract of a Letter from Mr. Chriftopher Mafon,
concerning a Fire-ball feen in the Air , and a great
Explof on heard, Dec. n. 1741* communicated by
Nic. Mann ,Efq-,

II. A Letter from Edward Milward, M. ©. to Mar-
tin Folkes, Efqj Tr. R. S. concerning an Antidote
to the Indian Poifon in the Weft-Indies.

III. A Letter from Edward Nourfe, F. R. S. one of the
Surgeons to St. Bartholomews Hofpital , to the Pre-
sident 4724^ Fellows of the Roy^l Society, giving
an Account of fever al Stones found in Bags, in the
Bladder of one Mr. Gardiner.

IV. Some further Obfervations concerning Electricity,
by J. T. Defaguliers, LL. ©. F. R. S.

V. Extract of a Leter from the HonbIe Edward Legge,
Efq-, F. R. S. Captain of his Majes ty’s Ship the
Severn, containing an Obfervation of the Eclipfe of
the Moon, Dec. 21. 1740. at the f (land of St. Ca-
tharine on theCoaft ofB rafil ; communicated to the
Royal Society by the Rev* Jof. Atwell,©.©'. F.R.S.

VI. An Obfervation of extraordinary Warmth of the
Air in January 1741-2. communicated in a Letter
from the Rev. Mr. H. Miles to Mr. J. Earnes, F.R.S.

VII. The Defcription and Ufes of the Steel-yard Ba-

lance Swing , invented and made by Mr. Timothy
Sheldrake. VIII. A

The CONTENTS.

VIII. A Letter from Sir Tho. Moftyn, Bart . to Ro-
•Der Jones, M. D. F. R. S. concerning a golden
Torques found in England.

IX. A Letter from Benj. Cooke, F.R.S. to Peter
Collinfon, F. R. S. giving an Account of the Fire-
ball feen Dec. 1 1. 1741.

X. An Account , by Mr. John Eames, F. R. S. of a
Book intituled, Jacobi Theodori Klein HiQorise
Pifcium Naturalis promovendse Mifliis primus Ge-
dani, 1740. 4ro- Or, The firft Number of An Effay
towards promoting the Natural Hiftory of Fifhes,
by Mr. Klein, Secretary ofD antzick, and F. R. S.

XI- A Journal of the Shocks 0/ Earthquakes/^// near
Newbury in New-England,/r0/# the Tear 1727. to
the Tear 1741. communicated in a Letter from the
RevdMr. Matthias Plant, to the RevdHr. Bearcroft.

XII. An Account of Mr. Sutton ’s Invention and Me-
thod of Changing the Air in the Hold, and other
clofe Barts of a Ship j communicated to the Royal
Society by Richard Mead, M. <ZX Phyfician to His
Majesty, F. R. S. and Coll. Med. Lond. Soc.

XIII. A Reprefentation of the Parhelia feen in Kent,
Dec. 19. 1741. communicated in a Letter from the
Revd Mr. H. Miles, to John Eames, F. R. S. and an
Account of the fame , as feen by Mrs. Tenifon at
Canterbury.

XIV. Experiments, by way 0/Analyfis, upon the Wa-
ter of the Dead Sea j upon the Hot Spring near Ti-
beriades ,* and upon the Hammam Pharoan Water ;
by Charles Perry, M. CD.

XV. An Account of the Cafe 0/ William Payne, with
what appeared upon examining his Kidneys and
Bladder when his Body was opened 5 by Mr. George
Bel!, Surgeon.

I. Ex-

C » ]

I. Extraff of a Letter from Mr. Chriftopher
Mafon, concerning a Fire-ball feen in the
-dir, and a great Explojion heard \ Dec. 1 1,

Aife'l % of the N the r I th Inftant, at Buckfteep in

Royal society, 1 W JVarbleton PariQi, in the County
on January 7. of SujJex> about a Quarter before

One o’Clock in the Afternoon, I ob-
ferved a very dark uncommon Appearance in the
North, and at the fame time the Sun fhone bright at
my Back 5 when, on a fudden, there was an Explo-
fion, as violent as the Report of a Mortar-piece,
attended with a rumbling Echo, which run Eaft ward ,*
and as near as I could conje&ure, it came from about
40 Degrees of Elevation. Several People faw a Ball
of Fire, which ran nearly Eaftward, leaving a Train
of Light, which continued fome time. The Ball of
Fire was feen, and the Report heard very loud, at
Sompting-, beyond Shoreham. Although I had been
gazing upon the black Cloud for fome Minutes, yet
I faw no Fire nor Lightning. 1 am, &c.

Dec. 28. 1741.

Chr. Mafon,

V

)

» J.

(0

II. A

II. A Letter from Edward Milward, M. fl.
to Martin Folkcs, Efq$ ! Pvejident of the
Royal Society, concerning an Antidote
to the Indian Poifon in the Weft* Indies.

SIR ,

Read Jan. 7. AS the Royal Society, over which
1741-2. XjL you fo worthily prefide, was in-
YUtuted for the Advancement and Propagation of
Natural Knowledge, and as I am convinced, that every
the leaf! Step towards fuch a Defign cannot but be
agreeable 3 I fhall do myfelf the Pleafure of com-
municating to you, an extraordinary fpecific Anti-
dote againlt the Indian or Negro Poifon 5 which, I
doubt not, will be the more acceptable, as this Poifon
hath hitherto been efteem'd the moft deftrudive of
any.

The Knowledge of this Remedy was firft purchas'd
from a famous Negro Poifoner, at a great Expence,
by one who ftyles himfelf, Ifaiah Bargefs , i)oIior
of Rhyfic 1 and the Secret devolv'd to myfelf, by
means of a Manufcript of the Dodor’s, which,
amongft others, I have procur’d, for my Hiftory of
the Rhyfical and Chirnrgical Writers of this King-
dom. The Author intended this little Trad, which
contains Obfervations on the moft confiderable ^Dif-
tempers in America, fhould be made public 5 he
wrote it, at the Requeft of his Friends, about . .

. . . v . . when an Expedition was defign'd

into America 5 and particularly declares, that he pur-
pos'd

pos’d the Divulgation of this fpecific Antidote, that
fitch as fhoui'd go to the Weft Indies, amongft the
Spaniards, might meet with a Remedy in cafe of
Neceffity. What prevented the Dodtor from exe-
cuting this his laudable Defign, I know not; but as'
it was plainly his Intention it fhould be made pub-
lic, and as the Knowledge of fuch a Remedy may
be of the greateft Benefit to Mankind, I fhall lay it
before you, without any farther Preamble j that it
may, by means of your Tranf actions , be communi-
cated to the World, provided you fhall judge it
worthy of fo diftinguifhing an Honour.

“ The Negroes , fays he, ufe a Poifon of a ftrange
<c and extraordinary Nature. The Dofe is very
<c fmall, and it hath no illTafte; fo that, mixt with
<c Meat or Drink, it is not perceivable. It caufeth

divers Symptoms, and the EfFedt is various, accord-
“ ing as the Dofe is large or fmall. It kills fome-
“ times in very few Hours, fometimes in fomc
“ Months, and at others in fome Years. The Sym-
<c ptoms are according to the Quantity given : If
- “ great, it caufeth Evacuations upwards and down-
“ wards} of Excrements firft, then of Humours, and
(C laftly of Blood, with Fainting-Fits, and Sweatings.
<c Death follows in fix or feven Hours. The Ne -
<c groes turn white.

<£ If the Dofe is but fmall, the Sick loofeth his Ap-
11 petite, feds Pains in his Head, Arms and Limbs,
<£ aWearinefs all over, Sorenefsin hisBreaft,and Diffi-
£c culty of Breathing, (fo that one appears as being
<c in a Confumption) and at laft dies languifhing.

u All Remedies yet publicly known, are of no
“ Force nor Virtue againft this Poifon j and the Pa-

A 2 tient

<e tlent certainly dies. Nay, I quedian whether the
bed Cordial Remedies can put the lead Stop to
“ the Efficacy of its Venom, or retard Death, and
u put it off, longer than the Intention of the
tc cunning Poifoncr had fixed it, in proportioning
“ the Dofe.

<£ I know that the Spaniards have Knowledge of
%c this very Poifon, and am fatisfied, that I have feen
“ feveral Bocaneers die of it, given them by Spanifb
“ Women. I am a!fo Derfuaded, that it is the fame
u Poifon ufed in Spain and Italy.

iC This Poifon hath but one fpecific Antidote
“ yet known 5 the Knowledge of which cod me very
“ dear : And it was with much Difficulty I could
41 perfuade a famous Negro Poifoner to part with
41 his Secret.

“ The Antidote is, the Root of the Senjible Weed,
4t as it is commonly called, or Herba Senfitiva. It
lc grows like a Shrub, has no Prickles, blofibms
“ yellow, and bears little Cods, full of fmall black
44 pretty Seeds, of which the Women make Neck'
u laces and Bracelets. Take none of the Root but
<c what is in the Ground ; waffi it well, and fplit it
c< in two. Take a good Handful of thefe Roots
u fo fplit, and fteep them in three Quarts of good
u clear Water in an earthen glazed Pot, having a
0 Cover. Ufe but a moderate Fire, that it may boil
but very gently. The Deco&ion has no ill Tafte,
“ and you may either give it fo, or add Sugar, as
“ you ffiall think bed. Give to the Patient a good
“ Glafs of this Deco&ion, as warm as he can drink
“ it 5 an Hour after give another, and fo for fome
time, as you ffiall think it neceffiary to make a

perfeft

u perfed Cure. There is no Danger of giving too
u much ; it can do no Harm at all. Several People
u have taken this Decodion, though they have not
“ been poifoned, thinking it would do them good
f< in other Diftempers ; fo that one who any ways
<£ fufpeds he has had fome of that Poifon given
u him, may drink it very fafely, and in what Quan-
“ tity he pleafes. The reft of the Plant is to be
u rejeded as bad and noxious."

The Dodor enforces his Obfcrvations by remark-
ing, that he had been a Praditioner in thofe Parts
for above Five-and-twenty Years. Many Negroes ,
he fays, were wonderfully preferved and cured by
taking of this Antidote, though, for Brevity’s fake,
he gives but one Inftance ; which is, “ of a ftrong
“ Negro Man, about thirty Years of Age, and in
tc perfed Health, who being one Night at a Planta-
“ tion four Miles diftant from that where he lived,
“ was invited to drink a Dram of Rum, by another
“ Negro , who mixt Poifon with it. The Fellow
<c drank it up, perceiving nothing to be in it; but
“ as he was taking Leave, on the other’s bidding
M him Farewel, and telling him he (hould never fee
“ him again, he fufpeded he was poifon’d j and put-
*l ting his Finger in his Mouth, vomited up great
<( part of the Poifon, though there remain’d enough
** of it to caufe continual Evacuations in him up-
€C wards and downwards ; of Excrements firft, then
“ of Humours, and Faftly of Blood. As he was
“ coming home, he fainted away feveral times, and
4t calling at length to fome Neighbour’s Negro
“ Houfes, was brought home extremely alter’d j turn’d
** white, and was, as it was thought, expiring. The

“ Roo t

[ ‘ ]

“ Root was immediately Tent for, and the Decoftion
“ made, and given him in great Quantity. He con-
<c tinued taking it for three or four Days, and oil
“ the Fifth went to work along with the reft of the
ft Negroes.”

That the Senfible Riant is endow’d with the Pro-
perty of refilling Poifon, hath been, before this,
taken Notice of. For the Honourable Sir Hans
Sloane , the late worthy Prefident of this Society,
whofe Writings will always remain an Honour to his
Country, hath obferv’d from Rifo, that the Root of
this Shrub is an Antidote againft the Shrub itfelf,
which is very poifonous, and kills by Degrees, making
the unhappy Sufferers Cache&ical, Short-winded, and
Melancholy, till they die *. This greatly corro-
borates what our Author has advanced 5 and it is
obferveable, that he likewife dire&s all Parts of the
Plant, except that Part of the Root which is in the
Ground, to be rejected, as bad and noxious : Though
whether this be exa&ly the fame Plant with what
our Author mentions, I dare not determine j as Sir
Hans Sloane inquires whether it be not the ^ y£f-
chynomene , feu Mimofa arbor efeens Americana , &c.
fore alb o\ whereas Dr. Burge fs exprefly fays, that it
fowers yellow : though this may, poffibly, be a Mif-
takc in him.

I am fenfblc it may be obje&ed, that the Negro
Poifon is of various Kinds ; and that therefore, though
this Remedy may be fo extraordinary a Specific in
fome Cafes, it may be unavailable in others. That

— - - - - - ■ - - -

. ‘ ‘ • . . . i , *

£'Nat. Hid. of Jamaica , Vol. II. p. 57.

the

C 7 J

the Negroes may have the Knowledge of different
Sorts ot Poifon, I deny not,- but it would appear,
from the Univerfality of theEffeds of this Medicine,
as the Do&or affirms many have been wonderfully
cured and preferved by it, and does not mention a
dingle Instance of its Mifcarriage, as though the Ne-
groes in the Weft-Indies ufed but 00* Kind of Poifon,
or, if different, yet fuch as comes within the Power
of this Remedy. Befides, as we cannot be allured,
but by the Confequence, whether the Poifon be of
that Sort, as to be within the Reach of this Remedy,
or not, I think there is all the Reafon in the World
it fhould be adminiftefd under any Sufpicion of the
Indian Poifon : Efpecially, as the Dodor allures us
of its great Innocence; and I believe every one will
readily agree with me, that it is no fmall Recom-
mendation of a Medicine, That let what will be-
come of its good Effects , it can do no Harm.

Hiofcorides hath rightly obferv'd in his Alexi-
pharmics, that very different Foifons produce the
fame Effehls upon Human Bodies ; and that there-
fore they are , for the mo ft part , curable by the fame
Remedies. For though the Kinds of Foifons are
various , yet the Eft ells which arife from them
are common , and but few t* And that Ornament
of his Profeflion, the learned and beneficent Dr.
Mead , who hath given us a more rational Account

t Fere enim plurimorum Venenorum faculrates in confimiles
effe&us Corpus tandem deducunt : quam ob caufam plerifque com-
munia conducunt Auxilia. Varia equidem funt Venenorum genera:
communes tamen, nec ita multi, qui ex iis oriuntur, affedus.

of

r s i

of the Nature and Properties of Toifons, and taught
us to reafon with greater Certainty about fuch abf-
trufe Points, than any that ever came before him,
is of Opinion, that though there be a great Variety
of internal Poifons, as well Mineral as Vegetable ,
yet they do all of them feem to agree in their pri-
mary Effects > and manner of Operation . Eff. III.
And in another Place, That virulent Plants , al-
though they may be d'tftinguijf d even from one another
by particular Virtues, do however kill by a like
Operation and Force . From whence it feems rea-
fonable to infer, that although Poifons may be vari-
ous in themfelves, yet it is not impofllble they may
be cured by the fame Remedy $ as they produce like
Effeds, and feem to kill by a like manner of Ope-
ration. And a very remarkable Inftance of this we
have in all corrofive Poifons, whether of the Mineral
or Vegetable Kingdom, which, however different in
themfelves, produce their Effeds univerfally by erode-
ing the Coats of the Stomach , and the Prima Via ;
and which are all curable in like manner, by fheath-
ing and blunting their acrimonious Particles, by
means of fmooth, lubricating and oleaginous Me-
dicines.

But be this as it will, I think the Remedy deferves,
at lead, a fair and impartial Trial, as the Author has
not indulged in any rhetorical Flourifhes, or Theory,
but fcemingly confin’d himfelf to Truth, and plain
matter of Fad. And, indeed, fhould it be found
to fucceed but One time in Twenty , in fuch deplo-
rable Circumftances, it cannot but be a Difcovery
of the greateft Confequence j efpecially as we are
fufhciently afTur’d beforehand, that all Cordial and

Alexi-

Alexipharmic Medicines befides, can be of no Ser-
vice at all. And this may ferve as another Argu-
ment, why, under any Probability of aPcrfon’s being
injur’d by the Indian or Negro Poifon, this Remedy
Ihould be adminiffer’d j even though we cannot pofi-
tively be affur’d, whether it be by this very Poifon
or not : For in Cafes where all other Remedies are
likely, if not fure, to prove unavailable, we may as
well advife this as any.

I cannot affirm, I ever knew any Effedls from this
Remedy on my own Knowledge or Obfervation ;
having never refided in thofe Places where this
Poifon is frequent : But furely a Medicine which
promifes fuch great things for the Good of Man-
kind, deferves to have a fair and candid Examina-
tion ; and fhould it prove to be as ferviceable as the
Author affures us it is, you cannot but receive the
higheft Satisfadtion, in being inftrumental in divulg-
ing the Knowledge of a Remedy, from whence the
Public may receive fuch unfpeakable Benefit. And
it would be doing the higheft Service to their Fellow-
Creatures, if fuch as have a proper Opportunity in
the fVeft-Indies , would adminifter it, according to
the Diredlions here given, and report an exadt Ac-
count of its Succefs.

One thing more I muft beg leave to add, with
regard to the Trial of this Medicine ; that it would
be neceffary to obferve, whether the fame Root,
dried, would be of equal, or any Efficacy : that if
fo, the Benefits of it may be extended to other Cli-
mates wherein this Herb does not naturally grow :
Particularly as the Author is convinced, that the
fame fort of Poifon is ufed both in Spain and Italy .

B

I

r j

I (hall do myfelf the Honour, fome other Oppor-
tunity, of laying before you the Conjectures of Au-
thors concerning this Indian or Negro Poifon, with
the Remarks I have made thereon ; and if the pre-
fent Paper proves acceptable, (hall communicate to
you the Doctor's other Obfervations concerning the
Bites of poifonous Snakes , poifonous Fijh , IVounds ,
and the moft remarkable Hiftempers in the Weft-
Indies; which cannot but be of great Service to fuch
as refide in thofe Parts ; efpecially as he mentions
chiefly fuch Medicines as are Natives of the Coun-
try he treats of, and which are therefore the more
eafy to be procur'd.

» 4.

I am. Sir, (with the greateft Efteem)

Tour , and the S o c i e t y's,

moft Obedient ,
and very humble Servant ,

Edward Mil ward.

♦

III. A

[ t» ]

III. A Letter from Edward Nourfe, F. R . S.
Surgeon to St. Bartholomew’^ Hofpital , to
the Prefident and Fellows of the Royal
Society, giving an Account of fever al
Stones found in Bags formed by a protrufion
of the Coats of the Bladder, as appeared upon
opening the Body of one Mr . Gardiner.

-Read jan. 7. T^Ermit me to lay before you the
1741-2. Bidder of Mr. Gardiner, who was,

the 5th of March 1739. before the Truftees ap-
pointed by the Parliament to inquire into the Effi-
cacy of Mrs. Stephens’s Medicines, produced as an
Inftance, where they had been dfedtual in diffolving
the Stone in the Bladder.

- Mr. Gardiner was fearched by me on Saturday
the 30th of 'December 1738. I felj: a Stone the Mo-
ment my Inflrument was introduced ; which was
likewife felt by Mr. Wall, his Apothecary, then
prefent.

The Tuefday following, he began to take Mrs.
Stephens’s Medicines, and continued them eight
Months.

On the 30th of November 1739- I faw him at
Child's CofFee-houfe, when he rold me, he was quite
free from his ufual Diforders:: I there fearched him
again, in the Prefence of feveral Phyficians and Sur-
geons, who likewife felt for the Stone, but none
could be found.

B 2

Mr.

«

. [ It ]

Mr. Gardiner dying on Saturday the 2d of Ja-
nuary 1741-2. the next Morning, in the Prefence of
Mr. St. Hill , and Mr. Wall , I opened his Bladder,
and therein obferved fix preternatural Apertures of
different Sizes, the biggeft capable of admitting the
Top of my Finger. Each of thefe Openings led to a
leparate Bag, formed by an Inlargement of the in-
ternal Membrane of the Bladder, protruded between
the Fibres of its mufcular Coat.

Thefe Bags are to be feen on the back Part of the
Bladder, a little above the VeficuU Seminales > and
when viewed on the Outfide, feem to be but Two;
though they arc in Number equal to the Openings
within, already mentioned ; and divided from
one another by the Duplicature of the internal Mem-
brane, which forms a Septum between each of
them.

In thefe Sacculi , or Bags, are contained nine
Stones ; the largcft about the Size of a fmall Nut-
meg ; and with what Facility fome of them moved
out of, and returned into, the Sacculi , the following
Circumftance will clearly evince.

When I had open’d the Abdomen , Mr. St. Hill \
handling the Bladder, brought two of thefe Stones
up to its Fundus , where they were felt by Mr. Wall

and mylelf. We then examined the Kidneys:

The Right contained a little Matter, otherwife it
was as it fhould be : But of the Left, Two- thirds
were wafted ; its Telvis was contracted in Propor-
tion, and the Ureter almoft impervious. Upon

rehandling the Bladder, neither of us could feel any
Stone ; I therefore laid it open, and we found them
all in the Sacculi . The Stones that are in one of

thefe

[ 1) .]

thefe Sacculi, have been fo much inlarged ftnce their
Lodgment, that without Force and Laceration they
cannot be got out.

I am,

Gentlemen,

Tour moft obedient,

Jan. 7. 1 741-2. and moft humble Servant,

1

Edward Nourfc.

Figure the Firft, {See T A B.)

Shews the Bladder cut open .

I. 2. 3.4. 5. 6, The preternatural Apertures opening

into fo many Sacculi , in which the
Stones were contained.

7. 8. The two Ureters

9. 10. Their Openings into the Bladder.

II. The Opening from the Bladder into the Urethra

12. The proftrate Gland, which was fcirrhous and

inlarged.

1 3 . The Urethra cut off. *

Figure the Second,

Shews the Back-part of the Bladder, upon which
the external Membrane being taken away , the
Fibres of its mufcular Coat are very apparent .

A. The Fibres of the 'Detrufor Urin<e ,

[ H 3

5.-5. The Sacculi formed by the internal Membrane,
protruded between the Fibres of the De*
trufor Ur true.

CCCCCCCCC. The Stones, as they appear in the

Sacculi , Eight in one, and One
(the largeft N° 6.) in the other.

{ D eD. The Ureters.

E E. The Vejicula Seminales turned back, to fhew
the whole Extent of the Sacculi.

FF. The Vafa *D eferentia .

G . The Back-part of the proftrate Gland.

1.2. 3.4. 5.6. The Stones which came eafily out of

the Sacculi .

7, One of the Stones fawed, the Nucleus of which
appears white, and the Surface of them all ap-
pears reddifh.

IV* Some further Obfervations concerning
Elettricity, by J. T. Defaguliers, LL. 2),

F. R. S.

Rtad Jan. 14^
1741-2.

• ‘Dec. 14. 1741.

I .^LeCtrics per fe (which I have here-
in tofore defin’d, Bodies in which an
Electrical Virtue may be raifed by fome Action on
them , fuch as Rubbing, Patting, Warming, &c.) are
reduc’d to a Non-eleCtric State by being in ContaCt
with Non-eleCtric Bodies, efpecially Water, which is
the greateft Non-eleCtric, even when it becomes
Vapour.

A Non-eleCtric (which though it cannot be made
Electrical by any Action upon it) receives Electricity

from

from an excited Eledrical Body ; but does not retain
it whilft it touches any other Non-cledrical Body.
An Eledric per fe , when it is become Non-eledrical,
differs from the Non-eledric per fe in this ; that it
may be fo reftor'd to Eledricity, by applying a rubb’d
Tube to it, as to repel all other Eledrics of the fame
kind of Eledricity as the Tube ; till it meets with
fome Non-eledric Body, which brings it back to
Non-eledricity, or at lead to fuch a languid State, that
its Eledricity is fcarce perceptible.

The Eledricity may be alfo reftor'd in the fame
manner by Wax, &c. But in both Cafes, an Eledric
Body, in a languid State, cannot be reftor’d to Elec-
tricity whilft it adheres to a Non-eledric per fe .

Experiments to ill ujt rate tftefe Ajferttom .

Prom an horizontal Cat- gut (which is an Eledric
per fe , as mod Animal Subftances are) I fufpended
two Feathers, the one by a Thread, and the other by
a Silk, about two Foot long each : Then applying the
rubb’d Tube to the Feather hanging by the Silk,
(which Silk is an Eledric per fe) the Feather came
to the Tube, and ftuck to it, as all Non-eledric Bodies
do, till it was fo impregnated with the Virtue from
the Tube, as to come out of its languid State, and
become ftrongly Eledrical ; which appear’d by its
flying from the Tube, and being repell’d as often as
the Tube was brought near it; till it had touch’d
fome Non-eledric Body, or was left fo long as to
imbibe the moifl Particles floating in the Air; by
which it became Non-eledric^ and was again attraded
by the Tube.

When

C'<5]

When I apply ’d the Tube to the other Feather that
hung by the Thread, (which, like mod vegetable Sub-
ftances, is generally Non eleCtric per fe\ the Feather
was conftantly attracted, and never repell’d , becaufe
the Virtue communicated from the Tube to the Fea-
ther, loft itfelf along the Thread 5 which would have
been retain’d by the Feather, if it had floated in dry
Air, or been fufpended by an EleCtrical Body.

Thefe Properties of EleCtric Bodies fhew the Rea-
fon of that ‘Phenomenon , whereby a rubb’d Tube,
after having attracted a Feather, repels and chafes it
about a Room in the Air, and does not attract it a
fccond time, till the Feather has touch’d fome other
Bodyj and alfo (hews the Reafon why the Experi-
ment does not fucceed in moift Weather.

Pure Air, that is dry, may be rank’d among the
EleCtrics per fe, becaufe it repels all Bodies in a State
of Electricity, whether they have been excited to it
by Wax or Glafs; that is, by either of the two forts
of Electricity.

Watery Vapours, that float in the Air, are Non-
electric 5 from which Mixture the Air becomes more
languid in its ElcCtricity, when moft impregnated
with Vapours ; fo that dry Air is more ElcCtric than
moift ; but cold Air in frofty Weather, when Va-
pours rife lead of all, is more eleCtric than Air in
Summer, when the Heat raifes Vapours 5 which renders
that State of the Air more fit for making EleCtrical
Experiments.

The rubb’d Tube retains its ElcCtricity a long time,
becaufe it repels, and is repell’d by, the dry Air; and
the Feather, which has been attracted by the Tube, after
adhering to it a while, is rais’d out of its languid

State

C ’7 ]

State to a ftrong Electricity ; whereby It flies from
the Tube, repels and is repell’d by the Air, where
meeting with very few Vapours, it retains its Elec-
tricity a long time ; till touching a Non-eleCtric, that
is brought to it, it lofes its own Electricity by com-
municating it, becomes a Non-eleCtric, and is re-
attraCted by the Tube, to which adhering fome time,
it receives fo much Virtue from the Tube, as to be
reftor’d to its Electricity, and again repcll’d.

In a moift State of the Air, the Feather, after
it has been made electrical, and repell'd by tire
Tube, it attrads to it the moift Vapours floating
in the Air; whereby lofing its Electricity, it is at-
rraCted by the Tube, without touching any other
Body firft.

Sometimes, when the Feather flics off from one
Part of the Tube, it immediately returns to another
Part, generally the Top of the Tube, becaufe the
Top of the Tube has attracted the moift Vapours,
and is become a Non- eleCtric, and therefore attracts
the Feather j which being become eleCtric, flew off
from the eleCtric Part of the Tube.

That this is true, appears from an Experiment to
be made in dry Weather.

At that Time, when every Part of the Tube
repels the Feather ftrongly, after having attracted
it, if you wet two or three Inches of the upper
End of the Tube, the Feather will come to that
End.

Wetting the Silk by which the Feather hangs from
the Cat-gut, the Feather will be always attracted, and
not repell’d.

C

When

[ ‘8 3

When the Silk is dry, the Feather once made
electrical, fo as to be repell’d by the Tube, retain'd
that Virtue above two Hours in frofty Weathers but
in moift Weather loft it in half a Minute.

i

V. Extrafi of a Letter from the Honble Ed-
ward Legge, Efq^ F. R. S. Captain of his
Majesty^ Ship the Severn, containing
an Obfervation of the Eclipfe of the Moon,
Dec. 2i. 1740. at the Ifland of St. Ca-
tharine on the Coajl of Brafil 3 communicated
to the Royal Society by the Revd Jof. At-
well, Z). Z). F. R. S.

*Dec. 2i. 1740.

KeAj jan. a 1. “ "W Obfervcd an Eclipfe of the Moon,
,741'2- « which began very nearly at five

“ Minutes after Seven j but the Horizon being hazy,
<c I could not obferve exa&ly the Beginning : How-
(t ever, it ended exaftly to a Moment at 50 Mi-
“ nutes after Nine. I fet my Watch by two Ob-
“ fervations before, that I might be exa& in Time,
t( and confirm’d it by one after s fo that I believe I
“ may venture to fay it was right : And I obferved
“ with one Telefcope on board, and fent another on
“ Shore, which agreed exactly together.”

This Eclipfe was obferved at the Ifland of St-
Catharine , on the Coafts of Brafil > and the Captain
places the faid Ifland in Latitude 270 30'. Mr. Gael

Mor -

[ i9 1 #

Morris has calculated the faid Eclipfe ; and the Mid-
dle of it, apparent Time, at Greenwich , was,

u t "

By the Captain’s Obfervation,
poftng the Beginning exatt, .

Difference of Meridian

at Greenwich

by Capt. Legge’s Obfervation

Difference of Meridian . s i .

II.

44-

50.

\ 8-

27.

3°*

r. 3.

17-

20.

II

VD

O

2 o'

7 k*

1

rr

h-

06.

57.

9*

50.

©0.

3. 16. 57.

49° 14'

Capt. Legge obferves, that in attempting to pafs
Cape Horn , they thought themfelves to have been
more to the Weft ward than they really were: By
which Miftake, turning too foon to the North, they
fell in with high Lands, and met with thofe Mif-
fortunes, which, if they had kept out more at Sea,
might probably have been avoided. By comparing
the Longitude at St. Catharine’s, as above fettled, with
Senex’s Maps, the Coafts appear to be placed about
6 Degrees too much Eaftward ; and if the other Parts of
America about the Cape are laid down as faultily in
the Charts, this Error will probably account for their
Misfortunes.

Jan. 16. 1741. Atwell.

C 2

VI. An

i *°3

VI. An Observation of extraordinary Warmth
cf the Air in January 1741-2. communi-
cated in a Letter from the Rev d Mr . H.
Miles to Mr. John Eames, F. R. S.

Tooting > Surry , Jan. 20. 1 741-2.
Read jan. 21. TV /TY Mercurial Thermometer abroad,

1 74 i-x. iVJL was jaft- Night, at 10 o'Clock, 20
Degrees above the freezing Point 5 which is higher than
it was fixteen Mornings of the one-and-thirty in
May lafl, and higher than in any Morning in April,
one excepted.

VII. The T)efcription and Ufes of the Steel-
yard Balance Swing, invented and made by
Mr. Timothy Sheldrake.

Read jan. 21. A S a beautiful and regular Form of
J7+1'2- ,/V Body renders a Perfon agreeable;

fo, on the contrary, Deformity of Body not only
produces Weaknefs, but fometimes is the Caufe of
Ridicule amongft fuch unthinking People as will not
remember, That it is He that made ns , and not we
ourfelves.

For the foregoing Reafons, and to prevent fuch
bad Confequences as the above-mentioned, it would
be much to the Advantage of crooked Perfons, if any
Method could be found for giving them any Help,
by endeavouring to regain the original Symmetry of
Parts, which, by its Commonnefs, is not fufficiently

cheem’d.

[ ]

efteem'd, though juftly valued by fuch as Crooked-
nefs has unhappily deprived thereof.

Where Crookednefs is caufed by bad Accidents, as
Falls, breaking of Bones, or any fuch Caufes, attended
with NegleCt; there it is to be feared no Help can
be given. But where a Deformity of Body is owing
to fome Defeat of Health, ill Habit of Body, or fome
internal Caufe, I hope it is in the Power of Art and
Care to prevent growing worfe; or with good Care
and Endeavours, to recover intirely : For doing which,
I hope, this Steel-yard Swing , now laid before this
Honourable Society, will be thought an ufeful
Invention for doing fuch Service to crooked Perfons,
whofe Bones are tender, and capable of having their
Form a little alter'd.

The Body, as it is compofed of Bones with Joints,,
cover’d with Mufeles, &c. for moving the Body, as
Neceffity requires, fo if any of thefe Mufeles that
are of Ufe for bending the Body forward, backward,
downward, or raifing it upward, or for turning Part
of the Body to the Right or Left Side, have by 111-
nefs, want of proper Nourifhment flowing fo freely
to one Side as the other, a carelefs way of Sitting or
Lying, been contra&ed on one Side of the Body,
by which the Bones are braced clofer together than
Nature intended in this Cafe, the Hip generally
rifes, the Shoulder on the fame Side falls lower ; the
great Support of the Body, the Vertebra of the Back,
are alter’d from their natural Uprightnefs to a Curve,
and the other Side extended to too great a Length :
Thus the Vifcera are prefled too clofe on the con-
tracted Side, and probably hindered from perform-
ing their due Office 5 whilfl: on the contrary Side,.

which.

[ * 3

which is extended beyond its true Bounds, there is
too much Room for them, that may give too large
a Growth to them, or render them too lax and
weak. From this united ill State of the Vifcera it
is pollible that crooked Perfons are generally un-
healthy.

For removing this diftorted Form, and recovering a
better, this Steel-yard Swing is propofed, as a me-
chanical Method, for ftretching the contracted Side,
and giving Liberty to the too-much extended Side to
contract \ that the Sides may thereby be brought to
their original and regular Form, by fufpending the
crooked Perfon with Cords properly cover’d for Eafe,
and put under each Arm, and then placed at equal
Diftances from the Centre of the Beam. The Gravity
of the Body will, in great Probability, immediately
affeCt the contracted Side of the Body, fo as to put the
Mufcles a little upon the Stretch ; and if the Cord under
the Arm on the longeft Side of the Body be remov’d
further from the Centre, the longeft Side will become
a Weight continually increafing, as the Point of
Sufpenfton is remov’d further from the Point of Mo-
tion ; by which means the fhorteft Side muft be
lengthen’d. Thus the Vertebra of the Back will be
gradually brought from their irregular Form, to a per-
pendicular ; and the Head, that probably lean’d too
much to one Side, will rife upright.

The Child, or crooked Perfon, may hang fufpend-
ed much longer upon this Swing, than by the Head
in one of the Semicircular Swings, which cannot
extend the contracted Side in fuch manner as this
can, as will appear by the juft Obfervation of this
Inftrument. It may be necelfary to keep the Arms

down.

C *? ]

down, by a fmall Bandage round the Body and Arms
a little above the Elbow.

By this Method of Twinging a Child, its own
Weight muft confequently ftretch the contracted
Mufcles, &c. that draw the Shoulder and Hip too
clofe together, and give Liberty to the Ribs to extend
themfelves to a greater Diftance from each others
and at that very Moment of Time, the too- much
extended Side, by the Weight of the Body, will be
prefied clofer together ; and by daily increafing the
Time that the Perfon is upon the Swing, the delired
Effedt may be produced, an agreeable Form of Body
recovered, and a healthy Conftitution reftored, to the
Satisfaction of the Parents, and great Benefit of the
once crooked Perfon.

London , over-againfl
Cecil-Jireet in the Stra?id}
Jan. ip. 1 741-2.

Tim. Sheldrake.

ABC, Is the Steel-yard Balance- Swing. .

*D} One of the fquare iron Loops to which the
Cords are to be fix’d, and which Loops, one

on

_ %

r *4 ]

on each Arm of the Balance , are moveable
from one Notch to another.

E, A Weight, to be hung upon the Arm C at F,
to add to the Weight of the too-much ex-
tended Side, as Occafion requires.

VIII. A Letter from Sir Tho. Moftyn, Bart .
to Roger Jones, M. Z). F. R. S. concerning
a golden Torques found in England.

SIR , Gloddeth , Bee. 27. 1741.

Read Jan. i2. TT Have received the Favour of your
1741-2. Letter? wherein you defire to be in-

formed of the Particulars of my Torques. I wifh I
were able to give you a better Account, but have
never feen nor heard of any Remarks made upon it,
or any Account where it was found, but I think it
was in this County. It is a Wreath of Gold, weigh-
ing, as near as I can judge, nine Ounces. I believe
it is without Alloy, being very pliable 5 it anfwers
exa&ly Virgil's Description, o<£s».V. 558 ^and 559.

Tars leves burner 0 pharetras : it pe Flore fummo
Flexilis obtorti per collum cir cuius auri.

It being joined here with the Tharetra , and being
very proper for carrying a Quiver, inclines me to
think, that the Gauls , from whom the Ramans took
it, ufed it for that Purpofe 5 but among the latter it
feems to have been worn as an Ornament, rather than
a thing of Ufe. There are feveral Paflagcs in the

Hifto-

[ *5 ]

Hifloflans, which mention its being given as a Re-
ward for military Service. It is fometimes defcribed
as a Chain confiding of feveral Links ; but mine is all
one Piece, without any Link or Joints, and takes its
Flexibility from the Purenefs of the Metal.

I doubt not there are many Gentlemen of the
Society, who can give a better Account of the
Torques than I can. If, for your own Satisfaction,
you have a mind to be further informed of the Ufe
of it among the Antients, you may, I believe, find
it in a Treatife written by one John Schefferus , de
Antiquorum Torquibus> which is printed in Gravius s
Collections, but I have not the Book here.

I have not forgot the Oil or Scum which floats on
the Sea about Midfummer% and will endeavour to
have fome faved the next Seafon.

I am, Sir,

Tour moft humble Servant ,

Tho. Moftyn.

IX. A Letter from Benj. Cooke, F. R. S. to
Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. giving an Account
of the Fire-ball feen Dec. 1 1 . 1741.

Newport , in the IJle of
‘DearSIR, Whight, Jan. 25. 1 741-2.
Read Jan. 28. T Did not fee the Thanomenon (the
I74I'Z* X Fire-ball feen "Dec. it. 1741*) you
mention * ; but a Gentleman of my Acquaintance was

* See in this Tranfafiwi p. 1.

D

on

C ^ 3

bn an Hill about three Miles Weft of this Town,

and had a very advantageous View of it. He fays,

that at that Time the Brightnefs of the Sun was a
little obfcured by the Interpolation of fome thin
Clouds, when he faw it pafs by to the Eaftward, at
about the Diftance of fomething more than a Quar-
ter of a Mile, and apparent Height of 30 Feet above
the Level of the Place were he flood. Its Colour
was that of a burning Coal; its Figure a Cone,
whofe Length might be eight Feet, and Diameter at
the Bafe 1 8 Inches. From about its Apex, which was
its hinder Part, iflued feveral bright Streams fpark-
ling with fiery Drops, to the Length of about four or

• Its Motion was nearly parallel to the Plane of

the Horizon, and its Direftion (as near as we can
find by comparing the Places it pafied over) from
South-weft by South to North-eaft by North, without
any Noife, Wind, or Motion of the Earth attending

it. The Time of its Appearance did not happen to

be taken Notice of with the defired Exa&nefs ; but
by the beft Obfervation we can make, muft be about
a Quarter before One o'Clock at Noon.- — There
were a few others who faw it, to whom it appear'd
different in Shape, according to the Point it was feen
from j and perhaps its Shape might change as it be-
came nearer confuming, and only its Head, in the Form

of a Bell, remain at laft. As this was the firft Land

it happen'd to make on this fide the Chanel, I fhould
be glad to know if any Accounts can be got of it
Abroad, and what the Learned think of it; and fhall

five Feet, fomething after this manner

think

[*7]

think it a great Happinefs, if this Relation may be of
any Ufe or Satisfaction. I am,

SIR,

Tours moft obliged and
m°ft affectionate,

B. Cooke.

X. An Account, by Mr. John Eames^ F. R. S„
of a Book intituled, Jacobi Theodori Klein
Hiftoriae Pifcium Naturalis promovendae
Miffus primus Gedani, 1740. 4t0* Or, The
fir ft Number of An Eflay towards promoting
the Natural Hiftory of Fifties, by Mr . Klein,
Secretary of Dantzick, and F. R, S.

Read Feb. 4. A Lthough the Natural Hiftory of
1741-z. Tx, Animals has been vaftly improved,
lince feveral of the worthy Members of the Royal
Society, both at Home and Abroad, have taken
it under their Consideration ; yet there ftil-1 remain
fome things to be known, in order to render it full
and complete. As particularly, concerning the Hear-
ing of Fifties, it is remarked, that in no Fifties befide
the Cetaceous Kind, have hitherto been found any
Auditory Paflages, or Ear-holes 5 and whether all Fifh
hear or no, is a Queftion not yet fully determined,
notwithftanding the Experiments alledgcd to prove the
Affirmative.

C

Tis with this View, and in order to fet this Mat-
ter in a clearer Light, the ingenious Author has
obliged the World with the Book before us.

It confifts of a Dedication addrefs’d to this Ho-
nourable Society, a Preface, an EBay, and a double
Appendix.

The Preface begins with acquainting us, what he
means by Fifhes, and defines them fo, as to exclude
feveral Tribes, that have been commonly taken for
iuch by the Ant rents. Tifces dicimus Animalia (fays
he) apoda pinnis natantia j and adds in his Annota-
tion upon it, Ab hac definitime feclufa fiunt Ser-
pent turn Genus , pinnis carens , Cancri , Afiaci , T ‘eft a-
cea ; Cochlea, Conch ave ; imo Amphibia , five Bi-
peda , {ut Manat i Clufii ) five Quadrupedia , ut Tho-
ca y&c.

Mr. Klein then (waving the Confideration of the
Cetaceous Kind, which are allow’d by mod Authors
to have both Auditory Paflages, and the Senfe of Hear-
ing) proceeds to the main Queftion, viz,. Whether
the Cartilaginous and Spinofe kinds of Fifhes are en-
dued with the Senfe of Hearing 5 or have any Organs
or Auditory Paflages for that Purpofe.

He gives us the Sentiments of the Antients and
Moderns, by producing a Variety of Quotations, both
pro and con. out of their Works 5 from whence (fays
he) it appears, that though fome of them were du-
bious, yet many of them agree, that Fifhes do hear ;
neverthele fs, none of them were fully fatisfied, by
what Part, or Ways, they had this Senfation pro-
duced. And though ‘Julius Cajfierius Placentinus
tound out fome little Bones in the Head of the Bike
or Jack , which he look’d upon to be the Organs of

Hearing,

[ *9 1

Hearing, yet he could not difcover any manifeft ex-
ternal Auditory Paffages.

In fine, from a diligent Inquiry into, and Confider-
ation of all, that hath been faid from Reafon and
Experience on both Tides the Queftion, our curious
Author determines us in favour of the Affirmative 5
and fays, That Fiffies not only have Organs of Hear-
ing, but alfo PaiTages, (though they are difficult in
many Species of them to be demonftrated) by means
of which a tremulous Motion is communicated to
thefe Organs. Nor does he think the Water in
which they live, any Impediment, but rather the Me-
dium, (or, as he calls it, the Intermedium ) by which
Sound is communicated to them : As a Man ffiut up
in one Room, will hear and underhand what is faid
in another, notwithftanding the Interpofition of a
Party* wall.

Our ingenious Author then proceeds to his Effay,
wherein he confiders what Parts in the Head of Fiffi
ferve for the Organ of Hearing, and by what Paf-
fages a tremulous Motion producing this Senfation
may arrive at them. This Part of his Treatife he
fiyles, ^De Lapillis> eorumque Numero in Craniis Pi-
feium. Thefe little Bones , fometimes called OJJiculay
or little Bones, Mr. Klein looks upon, and accord-
ingly confiders, as conftituent or effential Parts in the
Heads of Fifh, and generated with the Brain itfelf.
They differ (he fays) in Magnitude, according to the
different Size or Bulk of the Fifh to which they
refpe&ively belong, and are eafteft to be difeover’d
in Heads of the Spinofe Kind.

There are in all kinds of Fiffi three Pair of them 5
the firft are the two largeft Bones, and are eafily

enough

[ 3°]

enough found •, but the greateft Difficulty lies in dif-
covering the other two Pair, which are fmall, and-
lie envelop’d in diftind little Bags, or a fine fort of
Membrane. Thefe he takes to be the Auditory Or-
gans, and anfwer to the Incus , Malleus , and St apes ,
in other Animals: And he thinks by a diligent and
careful Infpedion, we might determine the Age of
Fifhcs, by the Number and Thicknefs of the La-
mina and Fibres of thefe Bones, as we can the .Age
or Growth of a Tree, by the Number of Circles in
the woody Part of its Trunk.

The Paflages by which a tremulous Motion pro-
ducing the Senfe of Hearing, may arrive at thefe
Auditory Organs, are what our Author next inquires
after 5 and he produces firfi: a Specimen in the Spi-
nofe Kind, viz . in a Jack or F ike ; and upon In-
fpedion into the Head of this Fiffi, he obferves fe-
veral Holes, which, by means of Hogs Briftles, he
finds lead diredly to thefe Auditory Bones before
deferib’d.

In differing the Head of a Sturgeon , (as a Speci-
men of the Cartilaginous Kind) he traced the Audi-
tory Dud as far as the Membranous Body in which
the three Pair of little Bones are placed.

But as our curious Author has obliged us with an
exad Delineation of thefe Auditory Duds or Paf-
fages, as well as the Figures of a Variety of thofe
Lapilli or OJJicula , from different forts of Fifii, on
feveral Copper Plates, to thefe I muft refer, for a
more fatisfadory Idea than can poilibly be given in
Words.

We therefore proceed to the firfi Appendix, which
entertains us with the Anatomy of a Forpefs. This

Fifh

[ ]

Fifh our Author in the Title Page ftyles Ter/to , the
ufual Name for it in Pliny j but he calls it Phocama
in the Appendix, the Name ufed for it by Ariftotle.

'Tis ranked amongft the Cetaceous Kind, and is
the fmalleft Fifh in that Tribe, feldom exceeding five
Feet in Length; in which it differs from ED olphins,
(amongft which Species it has by fome been impro-
perly reckon'd) for they often exceed ten Feet in
Length. The Snout alfo of the 'Dolphin is much
larger than in the Porpefs , which is another thing
fufficient to diftinguifh them. It would be needlefs
here to give a Detail of the Anatomy of this Animal,
which is fo largely done by Dr. Tyfon in his Pho -
ctena. I fhall therefore only take Notice of fome
Remarks made by our Author upon the Diftedtion
of a Porpefs , by the accurate Hand of Dr. P)e la
Motte , at Mr. Kleins Requeft.

In the firft Place, the Meatus Audit orius was found
by both to be two Inches diftant from the exterior
Canthus of the Eye, forming a very fmall Hole (left
the Water getting in might prove an Inconvenience
to it). He then gives us an Account of the Os Pe-
tr of m , and other Auditory Organs, with curious
Figures of them ; in order to corredt Mr. Ray , who
in Philofophical Tranf actions , n. 76. p. 2278-. fays.
We dbfenjed not in this Fifh any Ear-holes or Meatus
Auditorii at all , wherein alfo Ariftotle agreeth with
us.

A fecond Remark is, that though the Porpefs has
no Vefcula fellea os Gall- bag, (and from thence moft
Authors have been induced to believe no Gall) yet
Dr. P)e la Motte , upon a more exaft Scrutiny, finds
a Du& that arifts with a great Number of Branches

in

[?*]

in the Liver, and tending downwards, joins itfelf to
the Pancreatic Dad ; and thefe two, fo united together,
form a Canal or common Dud, about four or five
Lmes long, before they difeharge their Contents into
the ‘Duodenum . From whence it appears, (fays Dr.
De la Motte ) that thef Porpefs has always a Dif-
eharge of Bile into the Duodenum , though ’tis but
thin and diluted, and fuch as in other Animals is ufu-
ally called Hepatic Bile.

In diflfeding the Os Petrofum, feveral Worms were
found : Some of thefe Mr. AV^hasprefentcd us with
a Figure of, as aifo of the Parts of Generation proper
to the Male Porpefs , and laflly the Thoracic Dud in
its natural Dimenfions.

Our ingenious Author concludes with fome Obfer-
vations made on the Heads of two Rata of an un-
common Species, and which he fays are no-where
deferibed. He gives us the Figures of the Auditory
Organs, with the Jaw of one of thefe Fifh very ac-
curately depided in his vith Table.

And having conftder’d the Auditory Organs, with
the Seat of them both, in the Cetaceous, Car-
tilaginous, and Spinofe Kinds of Fifhes, it appears,
fays our ingenious Author, that thefe Lapilli or Ojji-
cula differ from one another both in Strudure and
Subftance ; for in Cetaceous Fifhes, whofe Skeletons
are truly bony, and which, in certain refpeds, may
be compared to truly Lignous Trees, both the Os
Petrofum , and Auditory Organs, are in thefe, as in
other Animals, perfedly ojfeous or bony : Whereas
the Cartilaginous Fifh, whofe Skeletons are Elaftic
and Cartilaginous, they may be compared to the
Keratophyta Sped* of Sea-Plants j and thefe Fifh,

inflead

C » ]

inftead of an Os Tetrofum, have fomething ana-
logous, but cartilaginous ; and the Auditory Bones
are of a tartareous kind of friable and eafily macc-
rable Subftance.

XL A Journal of the Shocks of Earthquakes
felt near Newbury in New-England, from
the Tear 1717 . to the Tear 1741. commu-
nicated in a Letter from the Revd Mr . Mat-
thias Plant to the Revd 2 )r. Bearcroft.

Read Feb. H.
1 741-2.

I

SIR,

T may be acceptable, if I give an Ac-
count of the Earthquake, as I took
it down precifely at every time I heard it.

Off. 29. 1727. being the Lord’s-Day, about 40
Minutes paft Ten the lame Evening, there came a
great rumbling Noife 5 but before the Noile was
heard, or Shock perceived, our Bricks upon the
Hearth rofe up about three quarters of a Foot, and
feem’d to fall down and loll the other way, which
was in half a Minute attended with the Noife or
Burft. The Tops of our Chimneys, Stone-fences,
were thrown down; and in fome Places (in the
lower Grounds, about three Miles from my Houfe,
where I dwell) the Earth opened, and threw out fome
Hundred loads of Earth, of a different Colour from
that near the Surface, fomething darker than your
white Marl in England ; and in many Places, opened
dry Land into good Springs, which remain to this
Day ; and dried up Springs, which never came again.

E It

[ 54 3

It continued roaring, burfting, and {hocking our
Houfes all that Night. Though the firft was much the
loudcft and mod terrible, yet eight more, that came
that Night, were loud, and roared like a Cannon at
a Diftance. It continued roaring and burfting 12
times in a Day and Night, until Thurfday in the faid
Week, and then was not fo frequent 5 but upon Fri-
day in the Evening, and about Midnight, and about
Break of Day upon Saturday , three very loud Roar-
ings: We had the roaring Noife upon Saturday ,
Sunday , Monday , about 10 in the Morning, though
much abated in the Noife.

Nov. 7. being Tuefday , about ir, it roared very
loud, and gave our Houfes a great Shock ; and con-
tinued fhocking from three times to fix every Day
and Night until the 12th of November , when it was
heard twice in one Hour in the Afternoon, from half
an Hour after Three to half an Hour after Four.
Sometimes the Roaring of the Earthquake was loud,
other times it feenVd at a Diftance, and much abated.
Upon the 13 th of November , being Monday , two
Hours before Day-break, the Roaring was loud, and
fhook the Houfes. Upon Wednefday following, half
an Hour paft Two in the Afternoon, there was a
Roaring, but not fo loud. It continued fometimes
roaring loud, and fhocking our Houfes, for five, fix, to
ten times a Week, until the 17th of December fol-
lowing } and then about half an Hour paft 10 in the
Evening, being Sunday , it roared very loud, and
(hook our Houfes very much ; another Shock the
next Morning about Four, much abated.

January 3. 1727-8. about Nine at Night, an eafy
Shock.

Jan.

[ ?5 1

Jan. 6. Saturday , there were five Shocks, attended
with the Roaring, from about Nine at Night to Four
on Sunday Morning, which 1 heard ; and lome Peo-
ple told me, who lived in the low Grounds, that for
the Space of about half an Hour, it continually kept
roaring every half Minute or Minute.

Upon JVednefday Jan. 24. about half an Hour
after Nine at Night, it roared exceeding loud, and
was followed in half a Minute with Roaring much
abated in the Noife.

Jan. 28. Sunday , about half an Hour after Six in
the Morning, another eafy Shock, and another about
Ten the fame Morning, eafy: On the fame Night
about one, a loud Roaring and Shock.

Jan . 29. I heard it twice, though eafy, that Day.

Tuefday Jan. 30. About Two in the Afternoon,
there was a very great Roaring, equal to any but the
firft, for Terror : It fhook our Houfcs fo, as that many
People were afraid of their falling down ; Pewter,
&c. was fhook off our Dreffers ; the People that
were in the Church for Evening Service, ran out j
the lead Windows rattled to fuch a Degree, as that
I thought they would all be broke. And there was
another Shock the fame Day, about an Hour and half
after, though much abated.

Feb . 21. About half an Hour paft 12 at Midnight,
a conftderable loud Roaring with a Shock.

Feb. 29. Such another. •

March 17. About Three in the Morning, Sunday ,
an eafy Shock.

March 19* Forty Minutes paft One at Noon, a
fmall Noife ; at Nine the fame Night, a fmall Noife
with a Shock.

E 2

April

C 3

April 28. 1728. Sunday , about Five in the After-
noon, a fmall Noife, but perceiveable.

May 12. Sunday Morning, about 40 Minutes paft
Nine, a long and loud Roaring, and Ihook the
Houfes.

May 1 7. Friday , about Eight in the Evening, a
long and loud Roaring fhook our Houfes.

May 22. JVednefday , feveral fmall Roarings in the
Mornings but about Ten the fame Morning, long
and loud, and fhook our Houfes.

May 24. Friday , about Eleven at Night, loud and
long Roaring, Ihook our Houfes.

Thurfday June 6. Saturday 8. about Three in each
Morning, a long and loud Roaring.

Tuejday June 1 1. Nine in the Morning, a fmall
Noife.

July 3. about Two in the Morning, and July
23. Monday Morning, about Break of Day, very

loud and long, ihook our Houfes. — Befides

tnefe Times 1 have mentioned, it has been often
heard by me , but the Noife was fmall, fo forbore
to let them down : 1 had Thoughts to have added no
more Account of the Noife and Repetition of the
Earthquake in my Church-books but acquainting
my People with what 1 had done, they prevailed up-
on me to proceed again, which I did upon March
39. 1728-9. JVednefday , betwixt Two and Three in
the Afternoon, it was loud and long, fhook our
Houfes, being repeated twice in an Inftant } and this
was the longed and loudeft Roaring, and the greateft
Shock, that I ever heard, the firll excepted, and that
upon the 30th of January , mentioned before. We

had feveral fmall Shocks in this Interim. But upon

Sept ,

C 17 ]

Sept . 8. 1729. Monday , about half an Hour paft
Three, it was loud and long.

Sept. 29. Monday , about half an Hour paft Four in
the Afternoon, loud and long.

Oft. 29. 1 heard it twice this Night; one of the
times was about the fame time of Night the firft Shock
was.

Nov. 14. about Eight in the Morning, loud and
long, attended with two Burfts like unto two fudden
Claps of Thunder; fhook our Houfes.

Nov. 27. about Eight in the Evening, a very great
Roaring, and a great Shock : It was heard at Ipfwich *
about 14 Miles diftant.

February 8. 1729-30. about Eight in the Evening,
a fmall Shock, about Midnight loud and long, and
gave our Houfes a great Shock.

Feb. 2 6. Thurfday , about a quarter before Two in
the Morning, the Noife was repeated twice in about,
one Minute : The firft was loud and long, and (hook
cur Houfes equal to any but the firft Shock } the.
fecond Noife was low, and feemingly at a Diftance.

April 12. 1730. About Eight in the Evening, Sun-
day, a very loud and long Noife, and a great Shock,
equal, I thought, to any for Length and Noife, the
firft excepted.

July 2 £. About Nine in the Morning, a fudden
and loud Roaring and Shock.

Aug. 15- About Eight in the Morning, a Shock
of the Earthquake, twice repeated in a Moment of
Time.

Nov. 6. About 1 1 at Noon, it was loud and long,
and gave my Houfe ajar.

Nov.

Nov. 14* Saturday , about Nine in the Morning,
a (mail Noife and Rumbling, no Shock.

Nov. 25. About 20 Minutes pall Eight at Night,
a loud and long Roaring, and gave my Houfe a con-
iiderablc Shock.

'Dec. 6. About a quarter of an Hour before 1 1 at
Night, Sunday , it was loud, and roared long, and
made our Houfes jar.

Dec. 1 1. Friday , about a quarter before Seven at
Night, there was a fmali Burft, but lhaked my Houfe.

Saturday Dec. 19- about half an Hour paft 10 at
Night, the Earthquake did very much (hake our
Houfes, without any Noife or Roaring, more than
ever before, the firfi time excepted. It was felt at
Bofton 40 Miles, at Fife at aqua 22 Miles, almoft equal
to what it was with us.

January 7. 1 730-1. About Seven at Night it was
loud and long, fhook our Houfes.

Jan. n. About Midnight, loud and long, fhook
our Houfes.

March 7. Sunday , about Five in the Evening, we
heard the Noife, but no Shock.

May 28. 1731. About Nine in the Morning, I heard
the Noife of the Earthquake very diftindly, but could
not perceive, that it fhook.

July 5. Monday Morning about Sun-rife, it was
loud and long, fhook our Houfes.

Aug. '21. Saturday , Nine in the Evening, the Noife
was ftriall and fhort.

OH. 1. Monday , about n at Night, loud and long,
fhook our Houfes.

February 7. 1731-2. About Seven at Night, a great
Shock, fhook our Houfes.

Septem-

l\9 3

September 5. 1732. Tuefday , about Noon, we had
a fevere Shock, which was perceived at Boflon and
Fifcataqua, but attended with little or no Noifc.
The fame Earthquake was heard at Mountreal in Ca •
nada> at the fame Time, and about the fame Hour
of the Day, and did Damage to 185 Houfes, killed
feven Perfons, and hurt five others 5 and it was heard
there feveral times afterwards, only in the Night, as
the News- Papers gave us this Account.

‘Dec. 30. In the Morning we had a Shock, and it
had been heard by fome People feveral times within
three Weeks before.

Thurfday March 1. A loud and long Noife of it.

October 19* 173 3- A loud and long Noife about
Midnight.

January 1 6. Wednefday , 1733*4. About 20 Mi-
nutes paft 10 at Night, a loud and long Roaring.

June 29. 1734- About a Quarter paft Three in the
Afternoon, there was fomewhat of a Noife of it.

Ott. 9. About 20 Minutes paft 10 in the Morning,
a fmall Shock.

Nov. 11. or 12. for it was about Midnight, we
had the loudeft Noife, and the greateft Shock, except
the firft : It was long, very awful and terrible.

Nov. 1 6. About Six in the Morning, there was a
fmall Shock.

February 2. 1735-6. About a quarter of an Hour
before Six in the Evening, there was a pretty loud
Noife and Shock.

March 21. About half an Hour paft 10 in the
Morning, it was fomewhat loud.

July 13. 1736. About Three quarters after Nine
in the Morning, the Noife of it was loud.

r 40 ]

05f. 1 . Friday , about half an Hour paft One at
Midnight, it was loud and long, and a great Shock,
twice repeated in an Inftant.

Nov. 1 2. About Two in the Morning, there was a
Shock with the Noifc, and about Six the fame Morn-
ing it was fomething louder.

February 6. 1736 7. About a quarter part Four
in the Afternoon, we had a confiderable Shock.

September 9. 1737- Friday , about 20 Minutes paft
10 in the Morning, it was very loud and long, and
Ihook our Houfes very much.

F> ec . 7. A little before n in the Night, the Ground
fhook very much, but heard no Noife. Upon the
fame 7th of FFecember^ at New-Tork , they had three
fevere Shocks of an Earthquake in the Night: It
threw down there fome Chimneys, and made the
Bells to toll fo as to be heard. At the fame time
the faid Shock and Noife was felt and heard in many
other Places.

Auguft 2. 1739. We had a great Shock 5 it made
my Houfe fhake much, and the Windows jar. It was
about half an Hour paft Two in the Morning: I think
I never heard but two either louder, or longer, or
greater.

Sunday , F)ec. 14. 1740. About 3 5 Minutes after
Six in the Morning, there was heard a pretty loud
Noife of the Earthquake.

Sunday , Jan. 18. 1740 1. About Four in the Morn-
ing, there was heard the Noife of the Earthquake.

Sunday , Jan . 2 5 . 1740- 1 . About 1 o Minutes before
Four in the Afternoon, there was a Shock of the
Earthquake, with a loud rumbling Noife. This is
the laft that has been heard, (and I pray God I may

never

[ 4l ]

never hear any more fuch and fo long). I have
omitted to fet fomedown that werefmall, or fuch as
I did not hear myfelf : I was very exaft to the Time,
fo that what Account I have Tent you is mod cer-
tainly true.

I thought an exatt Account of fo remarkable a
Judgment, continued fo long, might be acceptable :
And although the firft Night was the mod terrible, as
the Surprize was fudden j yet there never happen'd
one Shock amongd us, but what occafion’d fome Al-
teration at that time in every Perfon's Countenance
and Conditution ; and which way foever any Perfon's
Face happen'd to be, that way the Noife of the Earth-
quake appear'd to him : And 1 have frequently, in
my Converfation with fundry Perfons, been told by
them, that for a few Minutes before a Shock of it
came, they could foretel it by an Alteration in their
Stomachs ; occafion'd (as I fuppofe) by an Alteration
in the Air : I atted to the Truth of the Thing by my
own Experience. You’ll pleafe, Reverend Do&or,
to excufe the Length of it, if not acceptable, from

Tour moft obedient and
Humble Servant,

Matt. Plant.

"POSTSCRIPT.

I forgot to tell you, Sir, that (except the firft
Shock) thefe frequent Repetitions of the Roaring and
Shocks of the Earthquake were upon Merrimack
River , and feldom extended above feven or eight
Miles Diftance from, or 20 or 30 up the faid River;

F thofc

[ 4} 3

thofe Inftances only cxccptcd, which I have men-
tion'd in the Relation ; and the firft Shock of it was
greater with us than any-where elfe \r. New- England*
and the Tops of Chimneys,. and Stone fences, were
thrown down only in thefe Parts.

TJ L i

—

j i:r.

—

'*rj

XII. An Account of Mr . Sutton?5 Invention and
Method of Changing the Air in the Hold,
and other clofe ‘Parts of a Ship 5 communicated
to the Royal Society by Richard Mead, M.Z).
Phyfician to His Majesty, Fellow of the
Royal Society, and of the Royal College of
Phyfician s, London; . -

■ j

Read
1 741

/Feb. 11. T T is found by daily Experience, that
A Air fhut up and confined in a clofe
Place, without a Succeflion and frefh Supply of it,
becomes unwholfome, and unfit for the Ufe of Life.

This is more fenfibly fq, if any ftagnating Water
be pent up with it.

But it grows fiill wor'fc, if fuch an Air as this is
made ufe of in Rcfpiration, that is, becomes moifter
and hotter, by palling and repairing through the
LungS. .V v- T ■ j\ t a

Thefe bad Effects, in different Degrees, according
to the different Manner in which Air is inclofed,
are obferved in many Cafes ; particularly in deep
.Wells and Caverns of the Earth, in Prifons or clofe
Houfes,. where People are 111 at up with Heat and
Naflfnefs: But m oft- of all in large Ships, in which,

with

[4J:3

with the Stench of Water in the Hold, many Men
being crouded up in Clofe- quarters, all the men-
tioned Circumftances concur in producing greater
Mifchief than would follow from any of them
(ingle.

The Reafon of thefe bad Effcds is this: It is that
Property of the Air which is called its Elafticity or
Springinefs, which makes it fo ufeful to our Life.
When any Part of it is inclofed and kept from the
Communication of the outward Air, it expands itfelf,
and, in Proportion to the Clofenefs of the Place,
lofes its Spring 5 and if any Heat or Moifture comes
to it, the claftic Force may be quite loft and deftroy’d :
And not only fo, but if it happens to be impreg-
nated with noxious Effluvia, either from unwhol-
fome Subftances of any kind, or from the infedious
Breath of difeafed Bodies j it will become quite poi-
fonous and deadly, in a manner fuitable to the ori-
ginal Caufe.

It is propofed at prefent to find out a Remedy for
this Evil in Ships only : But by making Alterations
according as particular Places require, the fame may
be applied to any Houfes or Parts of them, as Prifons,
the (ick Wards in Hofpitals, &c.

Now it is a natural Confcquent of the Elafticity
of the Air, that when it is rarefied in any Part, (which
is moft effedually done by Heat) the neighbouring
Ait will rufh that way, till this Part is brought to be
of an equal Denfity and Elafticity with itfelf 5 and
this again will be followed by the Air next to it: So
that, if a Conveyance for Air be laid from the Hold
or Well of the Ship, and a Rarefadion of the Air
therein be made j the foul Air from this Place will
id F 2 run

[ 44 ]

run or be drawn out that way, and frefli Air from
the adjacent Parts will fucceed in its room.

It ii upon thefe Principles that the following
Scheme is mod humbly offered to the Right Honour-
able the Lords of the Admiralty, and Commiflioners
of the Navy, which it is hoped will be found effedual
for clearing the bad and corrupted Air from the Holds
and other clofe Parts of his M aj est y's Ships 5 and
thereby prove beneficial to the Public, bypreferving
the Healths of many of his Majesty’s good Sub-
jects ferving on board the fame; the whole thing be-
ing indeed eafy to be executed, and what will no- ways
incumber, or be troublefome, in any of the Veflels
where it fhall happen to be applied ; the fame being,
in fhort, no more than this : That whereas in every
Ship of any Bulk there is already provided a Copper
or Boiling-place proportionable to the Size of the
Veffel, it is propofed to clear the bad Air by means
of the Fire already ufed under the faid Coppers or
Boiling-places, for the neceffary Ufes of the Ship.

It is well known, that under every fuch Copper
or Boiler, there are placed two Holes feparated by a
Grate; the firft of which is for the Fire, and the
other for the Afhes falling from the fame ; and that
there is alfo a Flue from the Fire-place upward, by
which the Smoke of the Fire is difeharged at fome
convenient Place of the Ship.

It is alfo well known, that the Fire once lighted in
thefe Fire-places, is only preferved by the conftant
Draught of Air through the forementioned two
Holes and Flue ; and that if the faid two Holes are
clofely flopp’d up, the Fire, though burning ever fo
briskly before, is immediately put out.

But

U5 r

But if after the {hutting up the above-mention’d
Holes, another Hole be opened, communicating with
any other Room or airy Place, and with the Fire 5 it
is clear, the faid Fire muft again be raifed and bum
as before; there being a like Draught of Air through
the fame, as there was before the flopping up of the
firft Holes : This Cafe differing only from the former
in this, that the Air feeding the Fire will now be
fupplied from another Place.

It is therefore propofed, that in order to clear the
Holds of Ships of the bad Air therein contained, the
two Holes above-mentioned, that is, the Fire-place
and Afh-place, be both clofed up with fubflantial and
tight iron Doors; and that a copper or leaden Pipe, of
fufficient Size, be laid from the Hold into the Afh-
place, for the Draught of Air to come in that way
to feed the Fire. And thus it feems plain from what
has been already faid, that there will be from the
Hold a conftant Difcharge of the Air therein con-
tained ; and confequently, that that Air fo difeharged
muft be as conftantly fupplied by frefh Air down the
Hatches, or fuch other Communications as are open
into the Hold ; whereby the fame muft be continu-
ally frefhen’d, and its Air render’d more wholfome,
and fit for Refpiration.

And if into this principal Pipe fo laid into the
Hold, other Pipes are let in, communicating refped-
ively either with the Well or lower Decks, it muft
follow, that Part of the Air confumed in feeding the
Fire, muft be refpedively drawn out of all fuch Places,
to which the Communication (hall be fo made.

XIII. A

[ 4<5 3

Kent, Dec. 19. 1741. communicated in a
Letter from the Revd Mr. H. Miles, to
John Eames, F. R. S. and an Account of the
fame , as feen by Mrs. Tennifon at Canter-

you my very hearty Thanks ; particularly for the Ho-
nour you put on my brief Acount of the Height of
the Liquors in my Thermometers, * in communicating
it to the Royal Society.

As no one willies the Profperity of that illuftrious
Body more truly than I do, I fhoald think myfelf
happy, were I able to do any thing to promote the
Defign of it, or to gratify any of its worthy Members.

I have inclos'd a Draught of the ‘Parhelia feen in
Kent the 1 9th of ‘December laft, as I took it from a
private Letter fent from thence to a Gentleman in
this Town : The Writer of the Letter is not fo par-
ticular in his Account of it as could be wifh’d : His
Words were to this Purpofe : “ As to the Appearance
“ of the Mock-Suns on the 19th of December , I have
“ inclos’d a Scheme, fuch as I could draw, in which
tC you may obferve S is the Sun, Z the Zenith' — a a
“ an inverted Rainbow of the rnoft lively Colours;
<c the Mock- Suns dd were fometimes almoft too
tc bright to lock upon, and then they feem’d round,

* See above, p. 20.

SIR ,

Read Feb. if.
1741-2.

I Had Ycflerday
the 23d Inftai

erday the Favour of yours of
Inllant, for which I return

“ but

“ but often were fring'd (as drawn) with the prifi
u matic Colours} the Arch bb was but faint, and a
u whirifti Light in the inner Part deferibed at c.
(i The Appearance ended about Noon, or rather a
te little before Twelve,* how early the Whole was
ct to be feen, I do not know.”

The two largeft Semicircles, I find no Notice taken

T

On Tuefday the 19th Inftant, at 10 at Night, be-
ing the Time I generally regifter the Account of the
Barometer and Thermometer, I found the Mercurial
Thermometer abroad, ar 20- Degrees! above o, or
freezing Point : This I thought Extraordinary, and
for that Reafon I confulted my Regifter of laft Year,
and found 16 Mornings and 13 Evenings in May
colder Air. And in April there were two Mornings
and three Evenings only* ^warmer Air. I am

> ,i . ; Tour moft obliged and _

mofi humble Servant,

Vi f

Wind was Weft all Day 19^1, and
began to rife when. I made the JQbfer-
•vaaon, at going to Bed.

. -j • * i J

, . 7 T
i.ij 'j r

H. Miles.

‘ Dr,

C 48 3

‘ Dr. Stukeley likewife gave in a Scheme of the fame
€ Appearance, as it was feen at Canterbury 10 h. 12 m.

* T)ec. 19- 1741* in which the Light at c. was not

* taken Notice of. He copied it from a Drawing
4 made by Mrs. Tennifon , who fent it in a Letter to his

* Grace the Archbifhop of Canterbury . ' C. M.

XIV. Experiments, by way of Analyfis,
upon the Water of the Dead Sea 5 upon the
Hot Spring near Tiberiades 5 and upon the
Hammam Pharoan Water 3 by Charles Perry,
M. 2 ). made on his Journey through the
Holy La}idy dec.

Experiments {by way of Analyfis) upon the
Water of Afphalcis, commonly called the
Dead Sea.

Experiment I.

UPON fteeping or infufing fome
Scrapings of Gall in it, (after (land-
ing a long time) it turn'd of a bright purple Colour.

Rtad Feb. if.
1741-1.

Experiment II.

Upon the Inftillation of 01. Tartari per cDeltq •
it immediately became troubled or muddy, and
feem’d as if Goblets of Fat were flu&uating in it.
This un&uous Matter, upon long handing in Repofe,

came

C 4? 3

came gradually into clofer Contadt, and at Iaft fub-
Tided.

Experiment III.

Upon the Inftillation of Spirit of Vitriol , it de-
pofited a Milk-white greafy Sediment; which, after
12 Hours Repofe, occupied one- fifth Part of the Ve-
hicle or Liquor.

Experiment IV.

Being mix’d with a Solution of Saccharum Saturn /,
it let fall a Email Quantity of a greyifh Powder.

Experiment V.

Being feverally and feparatdy mix’d with Solution
of Sublimate, with Sp. Sal. Armoniac. and with Sugar
of Violets ; it neither fermented, depofited any Sedi-
ment, grew turbid, nor changed Colour ; except only
from the Sugar of Violets, which turn’d it of a dark
Green.

Observations.

This Water is highly faturated with Salt, infomuch
that any Meafure of it preponderates frefh Water
under equal Surfaces, in the Ratio of Five to Four.

It has alfo a wonderful Acrity, infomuch that
being held in the Mouth for a fhort time, it con-
ftringes it in like manner as Alum does.

1 cannot (from the above Experiments , and the
Appearances which refulted from them) conclude,
that this Water is impregnated with any thing more
than mere Salt, which is of a very acrid, alkaline Na-
ture ; and fomething elfe, which may be of a com-
pound Nature, partly fulphureous, and partly bitumi-

G nous.

[JO]

nous. Bur, to fpeak negatively, it may be prefum’d,
I think, that it neither partakes of Steel, Alum, nor
Vitriol, nor yet of a pure, genuine Sulphur: And,
confequently, as I take it, can afford no other, nor
better Effects, to fuch as may bathe in it, than other
Sea-water; except only, that its greater Degree of
Salt, and fuperior Weight, may fomewhat heighten
the fame Effects.

Experiments (by way of Analyfis) upon the
hot Spring Water near Tiberiades.

Experiment I.

Oil of Tartar . per *Deliq. 3fs- being mix'd with
gifs of the Water, it became troubled and muddy;
and after [landing 1 2 Hours in Repofe, Three-quar-
ters of the Whole, from the Bottom upwards, ap-
pear'd like white Wooll : But this woolly Water, be-
ing feparated by Filtration, and left to dry, feem’d
no other than a yellowifh Oker.

Experiment II.

I mix’d 3fs Sp. Vitriol with gifs of the Water,
and, after 12 Hours handing hill, I found a large

Sediment of a white un&uous Matter.

•, , <* . ,

Experiment III.

Solution of Sublimate 3fs being mix’d with gifs of
the Water, it became turbid and yellowifh, and
yielded an earthy Sediment in fmall Quantity;
whence I conclude it contains a Sal wurale .

Ex-

[50

Experiment IV.

One Ounce and half of the Water, mix’d with 3fs
of a Solution of Sacch. Saturni , depofited a greyifh
Sediment of a lateritious Matter, in fmall Quantity.

Experiment V.

One Ounce and half of the Water, mix'd with 3fs
Sp. Sal. Armoniac , turn'd turbid, of a Colour betwixt
Green andBlue ; and after 12 Hours Repofe, yielded
a woolly Sediment of four Digits deep.

Experiment VI.

One Ounce and half of the Water, mix’d with 3fs
Sacch. Violar. became troubled, and of a dark-yel-
low ifh Colour.

Experiment VII.

One Ounce and half mix’d with 3fs of Scrapings
of Gall, became of a fine violet Colour 5 but when
fnook, was as deep as Ink.

Observations.

This Water (as appears to my Judgment) con-
tains a good deal of a grofs fix’d Vitriol, fome Alum,
and a mural Salt of a limy Quality.

'Tis too fait and naufeous for internal Ufe j but
by batheing in it, muft be good for all cutaneous
Diftempers, and efpecially for the Scurvy and Le-
profy : For it will powerfully deterge, fcour, and
clean the excretory Pores 5 and it may, by its Weight
and Stimulus , reflore them to their natural State,
Strength, and Elafticity. It may, by the fame

G 2 Means,

C 5* ]

Means, rcftore the loft or impair'd Tone of the
Solids in general : In Confequence of which, it may
thin the Blood, help its Circulation, and promote
the natural Digeftions and Secretions j and thus,
finally, it may be ufeful in Rheumatifms, Dropfies,
Jaundices, and nephritic Difeafes.

Analyfis of the Hammam Pharoan Water , near
Corromondel, on the way to Mount Sinai,

Experiment I.

r • '

This W atcr being mix’d with the Scrapings of Gall,
manifefted no fenfible Change at firft 5 but after long
handing it grew lomewhat greenilh.

Experiment II.

Upon the Inft illation of Sp . Sal. Armoniac. it
became turbid ; and on ftanding fome time in Re-
pofe, depofited a dark-greyifti Powder, in fmall
Quantity.

Experiment III.

Pour Ounces of the Water, being mix’d with 5ifs
Sacc. Violar. manifefted no Change, except what would
necefiarily refult from the Tindlure of Violets.

Experiment IV.

Being mix’d with a Solution of Sacch. Saturniy it
became immediately very turbid ; but on ftanding
fome time in Repofe, it depofited a large dark-
brown Sediment, leaving the Vehicle troubled and
Vwhitifh.

Ex:

[ n ]

Experiment V.

I mix’d a Solution of Sublimate with it, upon
which it became immediately yellow; but, after
handing at Reft, it depofited a woolly undtuous
Matter, in fmall Quantity.

Experiment VI.

Being mix'd with 01. Tartari per ‘Delia, it be-
came of a chyly Colour and Subftance, or of a turbid
pearly Colour.

Experiment VII.

Being mix’d with Spirit of Vitriol , it pianifefted
no Change, either of Colour or Tranfparency.

Observation.

I conclude from the ‘Phenomena which appear'd
upon Analy fation, that this Water is impregnated with
a good deal of a grofs earthy Sulphur, a neutral Salt, a
fmall Quantity of Alum, but no Proportionof Vitriol.

This cannot be ufed inwardly, it being naufeous
beyond Expreflion : It fmells fomewhat like rotten
Eggs, but much worfe. But, ufed by way of Bath,
it may cleanfe the Skin of all Foulnefles, purge and
deterge the cutaneous Glands from all foul noxious
Humours: It may reinforce the natural Heat and
Vigour, (where they are decayed) and may reftore
the impair’d Digeftions : And hence, finally, it may
promote Virility in Men, and Fecundity in Wo-
men. It may likewife be ufeful in the Gout ; as
alfo in Epilepfies, and other Difeafes of the ner-
vous Clafs.

XV. An

[ 54]

XV. An Account of thedjafe of William Payne,
'tilth what appeared upon examining his
Kidneys and Bladder, when his Body was
opened 5 by Mr, George Bell^ Surgeon .

Read Feb. 4. ITT Jill am T ay ne, aged about 71, had
jhoViA'havA been afHi&ed with the Stone in his
been infer tedat Bladder, and other calculous Complaints,
p. 17. Art. x. for fcvera[ Years: He had taken Mrs.
Stephens s Medicines for 15 Months. See Hartley^
View, &c. p. 8. Cafe III.

He was iubjeft alfo to a fcrotal Rupture on the
Left Side, from which however he fuffered no great
Inconveniency,unlefsupon NegledtofhisTrufs, which
he had been directed to wear 5 and even then, if the In-
teflines came down, he ufed to return them with Eafc.

About the Beginning of pfannary laft, he was at-
tacked with a fevere Fit of the Stone, attended, upon
every Attempt to make Water, with a ftrong Tenefmus ,
that forced into the Scrotum a confiderable Quantity
of the Inteftines, which exceeding his Skill to reduce,
he fent for me. I found theTumour large and unequal,
but without muchTenfion or Inflammation ; his Pulfe
low, with clammy Sweats; he complained of violent
Pains in his Back, propagated thro’ the whole Length
of the Ureters , accompanied with Naufea and Vomit-
ings ; he felt exquifitePain about the Neck of his Blad-
der and Gians, with an unufual Weight in cPerlnao>
he had frequent Inclinations to make Water, but fel-
dom made above a Spoonful at once, and that Drop

C 55 ]

by Drop, with much Pain, and hidden Stoppings : The
Urine was extremely fetid, fometimes mixed with pu-
rulent Matter, at others tinged of a Coffee Colour.

He had received, juft before I faw him, a Clyfter,
which produced two Stools, and encouraged me to
hope might facilitate the Reduction of his Rupture. I
attempted it by all neceflary means poflible, but with-
out Succcfs: For altho’ the largeft Part receded and
gave way, yet a confiderable Portion remained, which
I could not poflibly return. I therefore concluded, as
the Inteftines performed their Office, and were free
from Tenfion, Inflammation, &c. that the Parts ad-
hered 5 foleft him, with Directions for aBag-Trufs to
fupport them.

January the22d, being informed of his Death, I
applied for Leave to open him, which was granted.
In examining the Contents of the Abdomen , I found
the Left Kidney quite wafted, fcarce any thing remain-
ing except the Coats, and thole filled with Blood and
purulent Matter } the Ureter very much inlarged above
its natural Capacity, and full of the fame.

The Right Kidney was ulcerated in feveral Places,
and full of purulent Matter, mixed with Grit ,* feveral
Hydatids appeared upon its external Surface j the
Ureter was fomewhat inlarged.

I next examined the Bladder, which was exceeding
large, and contained above three Pints of clear Urine 5
upon opening it and introducing my Hand, I found
two fmooth flattifh Stones, fomewhat larger than
common Windfor Beans : 1 difeovered a third in the
Neck of the Bladder, which probably had been forced
there during the Paroxylm, and appeared to me to be

1

C j« ]

the immediate Caufe of his Death : It was about the
Size of a b liberty and had quite corked up the Paflage.

Upon difle&ing the Hernial Bag, the firft Part that
prefented was a large Piece of Fat, about half a Pound ;
and immediately underneath it lay a large Portion of
the Colony in Length about io Inches,- the internal
Surface of the ‘Peritoneum was ftrongly attached to
the Colon by feveral Filaments, and to the Scrotum by
its cellular Subftance.

All the other Vifcera were in a natural State.

*

■— ■ ■ ■ —

Printed for T. Woodward, at th z Half- Moon y
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetftreet
and C. Davis, the Corner of Pater-nofter-row,
next Warwick- lane s Printers to the Royal
Society. M.dcc.xlii.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A New Map of the Virgin Ijlands , taken from an a&ual Survey
made at the Expence of the Honourable Gilbert Flemming , Efq^
Governor of St. Kits. Sold by W. Mount and T. Page , Stationers,
on Tower-hill^ London.

The Gardener’s beft Companion in a Green-houfe ; or, A Table ,
fhewing the greateft Heat and Cold of moft Countries } with a Catalogue •
of Exotic Plants , under the Name of each Country which produces
them. Likewife, Thermometersy Hygrometers and Barometer r, either
for common Ufe, or adapted to theUfe of Green-houfes, made and
fold by Tim. Sheldrake} at the Black-Boy over-againft Cecil-fireet in the
Strand , London .

Numb. 4 63.

PHILOSOPHICAL

transactions.

For the Months of March and April, 1 742.

The C O N T E N T S.

I. A Method of preparing Specimens of Fifb5
by drying their Skins, as praflifed by John
Frid. Gronovius, M. 2). at Leyden.

II. A Letter from Capt . William Gordon to
Capt. Samuel Mead> F. R. S. inclojing an
Account of the Fire-ball feen Dec. 1 1 . 1741.

III. Extract of a Letter from the Rev, Mr .
William Goftling to Peter Collinfon, F. R. Sw
concerning the Fire-ball feen Dec. 1 1. lajt ,
and the Mock-Suns feen the 1 yth of the
fame Month.

IV. Some Obfervations upon Mr. Sutton’s /«-
vent ion to ext rati the foul and ftinking Air
from the Well and other Parts of Ships,
with Critical Remarks upon the Ufe of
Windfalls, by William Watfon, F. R.S.

V. Part

The CONTENTS,

V* Fart of a Letter from Monjtem Claud.
Jofcph Geoffroy, F. R. S. to David Hartley,
M . A . F. R. S. containing his Method of
making Soap-lees and Hard Soap, for Me-
dicinal Ufes.

VI* A Letter mitten to the moji Reverend
Father 2). Cla. Fremond Calmad. publick
Frofejfor in the Univerjity of Pifa, giving an
Account of the Earthquakes felt in Leghorn,
from the \6th to the lyth of January 1742.
With fome Observations made by the moji
Reverend Sig. Pafcpal R. Pedini, Prin-
cipal of the Clergy of the moji eminent Col-
lege of the faid City . Communicated to the
Royal Society by James Jurin,M2).
F. R. S. &c\

[ 57 ]

I. A Method of preparing Specimens of Fifth,
by drying their Skins, as prafiifed by John
Frid. Gronovius, M. 2). at Leyden.

There are requijite for this Purpofe ,

A very fine Needle.

Slips of Parchment as large as the Fifhes.

Minnikin Pins, or fmall Pins.

Take hold of the Fifh with your Left Hand, fo as
that the Belly may be towards the Hollow of your
Hand, and its Head pointed to your Breaft. Then
with the Needle make a Wound behind its Head,
into which introduce one of the Points of your Scif-
fars, cutting gently from thence along to the Tail.
If you would preferve the Right Side, the Sciffars are
to be conducted on the Lefc Side of the Fin. This
being done from the Head to the Tail, the Sciffars
are to be pointed deeper, and the Flefh divided quite
to the Back- bone. Then turn the Fifh with its Back
downward, and its Belly upward, and proceed in the
fame manner, cutting with the Sciffars through both
Head and Jaws. Take away the Brain and Gills.
The Fifh then eafily parts, the Inteftines appear,
which may be eafily taken away. The Back-bones
are then to be cut a funder, the Fifh is to be wafhed,
rubbed till it is dry with a Linen Cloth, and placed
upon a Board, in fuch a manner as that the Skin,

Read
Meeting t
Royal So
on March 4.

Pair of Sciffars, with very fine
Blades, and fharp Points.

1 741-2.

Small wooden Plates (of the
Lime-tree, or wooden Trenchers).

H

covered

[ 5* ]

covered with its Scales, may lie uppermoft, and all
the Fins and Tail arc to be expanded with Pins. Let
it then be expofed to the Sun, if in Summer, or, if
in Winter, to the Fire, till the Skin grows quite dry
and hard, when it mull be turned, and the Flefh
expofed to the Sun or Fire5 till it is alfo dry ; and
then the Skin may be feparated from the Flefh with
very little Trouble, and, being put betwixt Papers,
mull be preffed flat. But as a fort of glutinous Mat-
ter, in prefling, is always forced out from betwixt
the Scales and the Skin, a Piece of Parchment is to
be laid under the Fifh, which is eafily feparated from
the Scales, but Paper always flicks : For this Reaion
it is neceflary, that after an Flour or two, a frefh
Piece of Parchment fhould be applied : And thus, in
the Space of 24. Hours, the Fifh is prepared.

II. A Letter from Capt. William Gordon to
Capt. Samuel Mead, F. R. S. inclojing an
Account of the Fire-ball feen Dec. 11.1741.

can remember, of the Meteor which 1 faw on Friday
the nth of ‘December, coming by Water from the
City to JVhitehall.

I really at firft took it for fome artificial Fire- work,
but was foon undeceived by the different Forms it
appeared in, and the Routs it took through the Re-
gions of the Air. I find it was feen by feveral People

SIR ,

Read March 4.
1 741-1.

T your Defirc I have fent you a
Defcription, as exad as pofiibly I

here.

[ 5 9 3

here, as well as in the Country, but little othcnvife
obferved concerning it, but that it was like a Ball of
fire, and appeared over fuch and fuch a Place.

If my Eyes were not deceived, it put on feveral
Forms j but as its Motions were fometimcs pretty
quick, I have ventured only to allure you, that the
Account I have inclofed is as near the Truth as the
Obfervations of fuch fudden Phenomenons will gene-
rally admit of.—. I am with the greateft Refpea:,

London, T°ur moft obedient ,

Feb. 12. 1742. humble Servant ,

William Gordon.

On Friday the nth of 'December 1741. about One
P. M. coming by Water from the City to White-
hallY, and near to Hungerford-jlairs> there appeared
to me between Vauxhall and* Lambeth, a Body of
Fire : It fprung upwards in its Afcent almoft perpen-
dicular to the Horizon, to the Height, as near as I
could guefs by my Eye, of 3 5 Degrees, in the Space
of a few Seconds, and nearly in Form of a large
Boy’s Kite, proje&ing a long Tail towards the North-
weft, not unlike thofe of Slips of Paper fet on Fire :
In this State it continued fo long, that I made the
Waterman lay his Oars in, that I might the more
eafdy obferve whether it was the W ork of Art or
Nature, for I was in fome Doubt. It had from its
firft Appearance expanded itfelf confidcrably, fo that
the extreme Breadth was feemingly equal to the Dia-
meter of a Full Moon arifing from a dusky Horizon.
In this Form it continued afeending for the Space of

H 2 Two

[ <*° ]

Two Minutes, gently (hooting withal to the North-
taft, till it arofe to about 45 Degrees; then fuddenly
quitting its Tail, which vanifhed, colouring the
neighbouring Clouds with a Yellow on their Sepa-
ration, it formed itfelf firft into a Ball of Fire $ then
(hooting quickly to the South-eaft in a Stream of
Light, difappeared, making a Noife like a Clap of
Thunder at fome Diftance, and leaving behind it a
fmoaky Subftance in its Trad.

The Weather moderate and cloudy, Wind, as nigh
as I can remember, Weft South- weft. It continued
in Sight upwards of Five Minutes.

III. Ext raff of a Letter from the Rev . Mr.
William Goftling to Peter Collinfon, F. R. S.
concerning the Fire-ball feen Dec. 1 1 . lajty
and the Mock-Suns feen the \<yth of the
fame Month.

My good Friend,

Canterbury , Mar. 9* 1 741-2.

AS the Fire-ball appeared at Noon-
day, and the Sun (hining, few
People faw it, and they could only guefs at the

Courfe.

Read March
18. 1741-2.

f[ 3

Courfe. The beft Account I have had is at Second-
hand, from two Farmers who faw it together, and
make its Courfe from North-weft by North to South-
eaft by South, and right over Littleborn (which is
the firft Village in the Road from hence to "Deal).
Their way of telling its Courfe was by faying, it went
from Weftbere toward Ratling , near which Place
Lord Cowper was then hunting, and heard but one
Explofion, which feemed to be within a few Rods of
him : The other, I fuppofe, happened at fuch a
Diftance, as to be in one with that fo near him.

I have inclofed a Sketch of an Appearance we had
eight Days after the Ball, viz. "Dec. 19* of which, I
believe, the Duration was uncommon, from Sun-rife
to Noon

I remember 'Dampier mentions Haloes as prefaging
Storms, and this Combination of them has been fuc-
ceeded by a long Seafon of ftormy Weather. I am

Tour obliged Friend and Servant ,

William Goftling.

* The Reprefentation of it was exactly the fame as that at p. 47. of
N° 462. except that the Light at c} expreffed in that, was omitted in
this.

IV. Some

iy. Some Obfemtions upon Mr. Sutton’s In-
vention to extratf the foul and flunking Air
from the Well and other ‘Parts of Ships,
with Critical Remarks upon the Ufe of
Windfalls, hy William Watfon, F. R. S.

London , Dec. 4. 1741.'

Read Aj>ni i. AS nothing is more conducive to the
il Health of the human Body, than
taking a fufficient Quantity of wholfonie Air into
the Lungs, fo the contrary is attended with perni-
cious and often with deftru&ive Confequences.

One of the great Ufes of Air in Inspiration is, to
cool the Blood palling through the Lungs, where
Nature has provided, according to the excellent Mai -
pighiusy that the Blood Ihould be diflributed through
a vaft Number of exceedingly fine Arteries, which are
applied all round the thin Veficles of the Lungs 5 and
by this means the Blood is expofed to the Air under
a prodigious large Surface, whereby the Putrefa&ion
is prevented, which, from the alealefeent Quality of
that Fluid, would othervvife be fpeedily deftru&ive.

Obfervations inform us, that contagious Diftempers
are morofrequent in hot Climates than cold ; and
in clofely built Cities fully inhabited, than in Towns :
The former may, in fome meafure, proceed from the
too great Heat of the Air, not fully anfwering the
above-mentioned Purpofesj and the latter from too
many People breathing in the fame Atmofphere,
thereby rendering it unfit for Refpiration.

It

[<?]

It has been frequently triecb that if a Gallon of
Air be .contained in a Bladder, and by means of a
Blow-pipe infpired and expired into the Lungs of a
Man, without having any Communication with the
external Air ; in the Space of a Minute, or little more,
it becomes heated, and unfit for Refpirationj and
without the Addition of frefh Air, the Perfon would
fpeedily be fuffocated. The Diving-bell is another
Inflance of the fame kind, where a conftant Supply
of frefh Air muft be had, to keep out the Water, and
refrefh the People included.

4 Although Air is abfolutely neceffary to our Exig-
ence, and Neceflity conflrains us inevitably to breathe
therein, it may be made a Vehicle of moft malignant
Poifons, as the famous Grotto del Cani in Italy-,
poifoning Air by Charcoal, Air impregnated with
the Fumes of fermenting vegetable Liquors, flagnant
Air, either alone or mixed with Water, foon be-
comes pernicious, and very offenfive } as in Wells
dug for Supply of Water, and difufed for fome time.;
alfo in the Wells, and in the Holds of Ships, where
what is ufually called the Bulge-water, if the Ship is
tight, and the Water not pumped out often, it foon
becomes fo extremely poifonous, as frequently to
fuffocate thofe Seamen, who, as the Pumps are fub-
jed to be clogged with Filth, venture down to
cleanfe them ; and alfo to affed Perfons at a Diflance
with violent Head-achs, cold Sweats, and frequent
Vomitings, which continue more or lefs, in Pro-
portion to the Diflance from the Well of the Ship
when the Injury was received, and the Degree of
Putrefadion in the Water and Air.

The

[HI

The Air, in Ships particularly, is very liable to be
vitiated; not only from the Bulge- water, but from
too many People breathing in the fame Atmofphere ;
efpecially in Ships of War, Hofpital-fhips, and thofe
ufed in the Guinea Trade for Negroes , where a Num-
ber of uncleanly People, being flowed too clofe to-
gether, heat the Air, make it replete with noxious
Effluvia , deftroy the Particles therein adapted to cool
the Lungs, particularly the acid nitrous Gas , which
is fo abundant in cool Air, and manifefts itfelf not
only from the Quantity of nitrous Cryflallizations,
which may be colleded from Caverns of the Earth,
efpecially thofe open to a Northerly Afped, but from
expofing Pieces of the Flefh of Animals frelh cut, or
their Blood, whereby the Colours of their Surfaces
are foon changed from a dark deep Red to a more
lively and florid one. Air robbed of this valuable
Property, and replete with hurtful ones, not only
from the People, but from the (linking Water in the
Well and lower Parts of the Ship, muft produce the
rnoft putrid, if not peftilential Fevers.

Although the ^^/Equilibrium within Places confined
is maintained by the external Air, yet unlefs, by
Openings properly adapted, the Air is fuffered to pafs
freely through, the external Air proves as a Stopple
to the internal, and only mixes with the next in
Contad; as is evident from the common Occurrence
in Privies, which are fcarcely offenfive in clear Wea-
ther, but are much fo in foul or windy, from a Di-
minution of the incumbent Prefliire, when the Va-
pours that have been pent up, expand themfelves to a
confiderable Diftance.

To

[ *5 ]

To prevent the above-mentioned Inconveniencies,
and preferve the Healths and Lives of that valuable
Part of the Nation, the Seafaring People, many
Schemes have been thought of; particularly the
Machines of thofe two very worthy ingenious and
induftrious Members of this Society, the Rev, Dr.
Hales , and the Rev. Dr. Defaguliers ; the firft by an
Inftrument which he calls the Ship's Lungs *, and the
latter by a Machine f, which is an Improvement of
the HeJJian Bellows : But as thefe have been laid
before the Society by the Gentlemen themfelves,
1 (hall pafs them over, and proceed to mention the
Contrivance commonly made ufe of, I mean the
Wind-fails. They are made of the common Sail-
cloth, and are ufually between 25 and 30 Foot long,
according to the Size of the Ship, and are of the
Form of a Cone ending obtufely : When they arc
made ufe of, they are hoifted by Ropes to about
Two thirds or more of their Height, with their
Bafis diftended circularly by Hoops, and their Apex
hanging downwards in the Hatch- ways of the Ship;
above each of thefe, one of the common Sails is fo
difpofed, that the greateft Part of the Air, rufhing
againft it, is dire&ed into the Wind-fail, and con-
veyed, as through a Funnel, into the upper Parts of
the Body of the Ship. Thefe muft be hung up and
taken down every time they are ufed, and the Sup-
ply by this Method is not conftant. Though Cuftom
has given a Sanction to this Device, it is fubjed to
many Inconveniencies: ijl , Each Ship having com-

* See Dr. Hales's Treatife of Ventilators,
j See \\ekTranfaffions} N° 437.

I monly

[ ^ ]

monly three of .thefe, (one to each M aft) the Seamen
are a confiderable time in getting their Apparatus
ready, and hoifting them up, to make ufe of. idly ,
They can only be ufed in mild Weather, idly, Near
the Equator, where frefh Air is mod wanted, there
fometimes happen (uch ftark Calms, that they are
ufelefs by not having Air enough to diftend them.
4 thly> The Air hereby admitted pafles only into the
upper and more open Parts of the Ship, fo that the
Well, <£?c. receive no Change therefrom ; and it is
obferved, that fometimes, upon uftng them after fome
Difcontinuance, they drive offenfive Air into the
Cabin, and more airy Parts of the Ship ; like as the
pouring fome frefti into (linking Water makes
more Water (link, though in a lefs Degree. 5 thly.
They are improper to be ufed in the Night-time,
when the People are (leeping between Decks.
And, Lajlly , admitting they had none of the for-
mer Inconveniencies, their Ufe mud be deftru&ive
in Hofpital fhips ; where, though frefh Air imper-
ceptibly received is absolutely necelfary to pre-
lerve the Crew as free as poflible from the infectious
Breath and Exhalations of the difeafed and wounded
Seamen, yet Blafts of Wind, pouring impetuoufly into
the very Places where the Sick lie, mull be attended
with fuch Confequences as are too obvious to mention.

To remedy thefe Inconveniencies, to prevent Air
proving foul even in the Wells and Holds of Ships,
and to caufe imperceptibly a large Circulation of frefh
Air into every Part of the Ship at all times, Mr.
Sutton has invented the following Scheme *, which is

* See thefe Tranfaffiovi, N° 462. />. 42.

ufeful

C«7 ]

ufeful not only in th-efe Cafes, but, by altering fomc
Parts, as particular Places require, may be applied to
Houfes, clofe Parts of Prifons, Wells at Land, Privies,
Hofpitals, &c.

Nothing rarefies Air fo confiderably as Heat, and
whenever it caufes a Diminution of the Denftry of
the Air, that Part next in Contad will rufh in, and
be fucceeded by a conftant Supply, till the Air be-
comes of an equal Degree of Elaflicity. Therefore,
if a Tube be laid in the Well, Hold, or any other
Part of the Ship, and the upper Part of this Tube
be fufficiently heated to rarefy the impending Column
of Air, the ^/Equilibrium will be maintained by the
putrid Air from the Bottom, which being drawn out
this way, a Supply of frefih Air from the other Parts
of the Ship will fucceed in its Place 5 which Opera-
tion, being continued, will intirely change the Air in
all the Parts of the Ship. This Principle, exadly
conformable to the Dodrine of Pneumatics, is the
Bafis of Mr. Sutton’s Machine, which being put in
Execution on board the Hulk at ‘Deptford , before
the Lords of the Admiralty, Commifltoners of the
Navy, our very learned and ingenious Prefident
M.Folkes,ECq-, Dr. Mead, See. performed to their Sat if-
fadion, in bringing Air from the Bread-room, Hor-
lop and Well of the Ship at the fame time, in fuch
^Quantity, that large lighted Candles being put to the
End of Tubes, the Flame was immediately fucked
out as faft as applied, though the End of one of the
Tubes was above Twenty Yards diftant from the Fire.
The Method is as follows :

To boil the Provifions of the Ship’s Company, they
muft have -a Copper which is bigger or lels, in pro-

I 2 portion

C *8 3

portion to the Size of the Ship, and Number of the
Crew : This Copper is fixed in Ships in the Manner
as on Land, having under it Two Holes divided by an
iron Grate. The firfi: Hole, having an iron Door, is for
the Fire 5 the Afhcs from the Grate drop through into
the Bottom of the other; the Smoke paffes through
a Chimney, and is difeharged as ufual. After the Fire
is lighted, it is fupported by the Air from the Parts
next the Afh-pit; but having, contrary to the ufual
Cuftom, adapted an iron Door, like the former,
made very tight, to prevent the Ingrefs of Air, the
Fire would foon be extinguifhed, if not fupplied by
fome other Aperture ; in order to which, one or
more Holes are made through the Brick-work in the
Side of the Afh-pit,* and Tubes of Lead or Copper,
fitted clofely in the Holes, and made faft, are laid
from thence into the Well, and other Parts of the
Ship ; by which means the Air next the Bottom of
the Tubes rufhes through them, and the foul and
ft inking Air fucceeding is tranfmitted through the
Fire, and pafics off, without offending, by means of
the Chimney; and a Supply of frefh Air from the
other Parts of the Ship continually fills the Place of
the former, the Fire requiring a conftant Supporr,
which Support will be wanting, not only during the
Continuance of the Fire, but while any W armth
remains in the Fire-place, Copper, or Brick-work, as
was obferved on board the Hulk at ‘Deptford , where
the Draught of Air through the Tube lafted above
Twelve Hours after the Fire was taken away. This
being confidered, as the drefling the Provifions for a
Number of People will take up fome Hours every
Day, the Warmth of the Brick- work and . Flues will

con-

[ *9 ]

continue a Draught of Air from one Day to the next!
Mr. Sutton propofcs thus to circulate the Air by the
lame and no greater Expence of Fire than is cuftom-
arily ufed for the Neceffities of the Ship. The Ope-
ration of the Machine will be equally ufeful in large
as fmall Ships; for the greater the Number of People
they have on board, the larger Quantity, and longer
Continuance, of the Fite will be necelfary to drefs
the Provifion ; and therefore there will be required a
greater Quantity of Air to fupport that Fire. The
Size and Number of the Tubes need not be fpecified,
becaufe as the Confumption of Air is in proportion
to the Quantity of Fire, the wider the Tube, and
greater the Number, the lefs the Velocity of the Air,
and vice verfa.

I feveral times obferved in this Machine, when for
the fake of Obfervation, after the Fire was well
lighted, and the lowed iron Door left open, that the
Flame did not afeend fo high, or burn fo fierce } but
immediately upon {hutting thereof, when the Draught
of Air was only through the Tubes, the Flame foon
recovered its former Vigour. - L

There is likewife, efpecially in large Ships, not
only a Copper, but alfo a Fire-grate like thole ufed
in Kitchens : That the Heat and Smoke of this alfo
may not be ufelefs, an iron Tube may be fixed behind
the Grate, and inferred quite through the Brick- work,
and through the Deck, fo that one End thereof will
ftand about a Foot, or little more, in the Chimney
above the Brick- work, and the other will enter into
the Hold, or any other Part of the Ship ; fo that the
upper End being heated, the Draught of Air will be
fupplied from below, as in the other Cafe. This
like-

[70]

likewise was tried on board the Hulk , with an iron
Tube about Two Inches and an half in Diameter, and
the lighted Candles held at the Bottom of this Tube
were extinguished as faft as by any of the other.

It may be objected, that a Number of Tubes take
up too much Room, efpecially in Merchants Ships,
and are fubjeft to be broken or injured by loading or
unloading : To remedy which, it is advifcable, that
only one Tube of a convenient Size be made faft
unto the Side of the Afh-pit, and, as foon as it comes
through the main Deck, to comprefs it (a circular or
any other Form being equally ufeful) not too clofe ;
and it may be divided into as many Ramifications as
may be thought neceflary, (efpecially as the Bread-
room, Store-room, &c. cannot be kept too fweet,
a Branch for each of thefc) and thefe Branches be
carried between the Beams which fupport the Deck,
till they come to the Side of the Ship, and there
let down likewife between the Beams into the Places
intended $ by which Contrivance their Operation
will not in the leaft be obftru&ed, and the Tubes be
fecured from any Accident.

The Simplicity of this Machine, it being fo little
cumberfome, its Operation without any Labour to
the Seamen, the fmall Expence to put it in Execu-
tion, and maintain it, befides the before-mentioned
Confiderations, are other Arguments for its general
Ufe.

V. Tart

X

[7t ]

»

- V. &art of a Letter from Monjieur Claud.
Jofeph GeofFroy, F. R. S. to David Hartley,
M . A. F. R. S. containing his Method of
making Soap-lees and Hard Soap, for Me-
dicinal Ufes.

SIR , RartSy July 23.1741. N. S.

Read April x. "*0 make the Lye, I take, for

I7+2‘ Inftance, of the beft calcined

Lime, that has been the lead expofed to the Air, y ib r
of good Salt of Kali or Glafs-wort of Alicanty pul-
verized, and pafTcd through a fine Sieve, 10 lb* I di-
vide the Lime and the Salt of Glafs-wort (called in
England Barillia) into two equal Parts ; then I put
the Lime, broken into Pieces not bigger than an
Egg, into new ftone Pans, and cover it with as much
Salt of Glafs-wort as is defigned for each Pan. I pour
afterwards on thefe feveral Mixtures hot Water by
little and little, to give Time to the Lime to open
itfelf, till it turns into a fort of Meal, which will
happen after I have poured Three half Pints * into
each Pan. I then add to it the reft of the Water that
is required, ftirringthis Mixture with a Stick of white
Wood ; when there are Eighteen or Nineteen Quarts
of Water in each Pan, there is enough for diffolving
the Salts. In this State the Pans are left for Twelve
or Fifteen Hours 5 after which this Lye is filtrated

*

The Paris Pirn is near a Quart En&lijb.

through

[ rx; ]

through brown Paper, fupported by a coarfe Cloth,
fixed to the Four Corners of the filtring Frame.
When the whole Mafs of the Lye and of the Lime
is well drained, I put it into an iron Pot that is very
clean, with Ten Quarts of Water, to the Quantity
taken. out of each Pan, and let it boil an Hour 5 then
I filtrate it a fccond time. Afterwards it is put into
another iron Pot that is very clean, and as it evapo-
rates by Degrees, it is filled up again with the firft Lye
prepared, without boiling. I let it continue to
evaporate till the Twenty-eight Quarts of Water,
that have been ufed for making the Lye of the Mix-
ture that was at firft put into each of the Pans, be
reduced to Two Quarts and half a Pint, or fo long till
a fmall falmous Film forms itfelf on the Top of
the Lye. This Liquor turns almoft black, becaufe
it corrodes the Iron 5 but this is no Inconvenience, as
will appear hereafter. In this State of Concentration,
if one lets a Drop of it, whilft it is hot, fall on a Piece
of Glafs, it will be very quickly covered with a fine
and greafy Film, which makes it look as if it was
congealed. At the Bottom of this Lye is found a
Salt in Flakes, which, being melted in a Crucible,
produces a Lapis inf emails of a ftrong cauftic Power.
One may know alfo, that the Lye has acquired the
necefiary Degree of Concentration, when, becoming
more a&ive, one fees, that the Edge of the Pot that
has been wetted by it, turns red, whilft the lower
Part of the Side all around, down to the Surface of
the Liquor, takes a greenilh Colour. Then the Pot
muft be taken from the Fire, and the Liquor left to
cool fo far as to be put into Glafs Bottles without
cracking them : The Bottles ought to be carefully

corked.

[ 75 ]

dorked, not only to prevent the Salts contracting a
Dampnefs from the Air, which would lefleri the
Degree of forced Concentration, which has been ac-
quired by the Evaporation, but alfo to preferve what
is fulphureous, which would exhale, if the Liquor
remained longexpofed to the Air : For I fufpeCt, that
that fort of He par, formed by the Union of the
cauftic Salt with the Sulphur of the Afhes of the
Giafs wort, ought not to be negledcd. Now, the
better to dired thofe who have a mind to work after
thefe Procefies, and to furnifh them with the Degrees
of Concentration this Lye is to have, in order to make
with Oil a folid-Soap out of it as fpeedily as poflible,
I take a giafs Phial with a narrow Neck, and fill it
with clear Water up to a Mark made on the Neck,
That which I now make ufe of, being filled up with
Water to that Mark, contains juft Three Ounces : I
afterwards empty it carefully, and, inftead of clear
Water, I fill it with that concentrated Lye as far as
the forefaid Mark, and then I weigh it. If the
Weight beincreafed Eight and an half orNmeDrams,
that is, near Three Drams in each Ounce, this fhews
that the Lye is neither too much nor too little con-
centrated. An hydroftatical Balance, a Water-poife,
and other Inftruments, might alfo give this Degree ;
but in the Country they are not at hand, and I judged
it beft to point out only what is molt eafy. Soap-
boilers ufe for this End afrefh Egg 5 if one half of it
finks into the Lye, they judge the latter to be of the
firft Strength, that is to fay, that this is the Lye which
they ought to employ laft of all in their Manufacture j
if the Egg finks in to Two-thirds, the Lye is called
the Second 5 and, laftiy, if the Lye covets the whole

Is. Surface

[ 74 3

Surface of the Egg, it will be called the Fird, and
will be that with which they begin their Operation
or Boiling. But this way of trying has not all the
Exadnefs which can be defired, becaufe all Hens Eggs
have not the fame fpecifk Gravity. Befides, as I make
my Soap without Fire, I muft take the Lye that is
moft concentrated.

Left the Iron, which is corroded by the Lye, fhould
enter into the Compofition of the Soap, one need
only to evaporate the Lyes in earthen Pans put over
a Balneum Maria? $ but as this Evaporation is (lower,
it will confume much more Coals. One may even
fee in thofe Pans by different Marks, that the Liquor
approaches the deftred Degree of Concentration,
partly by a Piece of Wood marked with Notches,
partly becaufe if there is the lead ferruginous Speck
in the Earth of thofe Pans, the Liquor will penetrate
that ferruginous Place, and make a Spot there. By
tiling earthen Pans you will get a very limpid Liquor,
and which will only have a very pale Straw-colour,
even after its perfed Concentration.

The Lye prepared in Iron, being kept for fome
time, clears up, and leaves a black Sediment, which
is that Part of the Iron which it has feparated by cor-
roding the Sides of the Pot. And yet this ferrugi-
nous Lye, together with the Oil, will form a white
Soap, if one has let that black Sediment precipitate.
This Sediment is true Iron: I have made myfelf fure
of it, by calcining it in a Crucible, after having moid-
ened it with Oil.

One Ounce of concentrated Lye to the Degree
above-mentioned contains Three Drachms Eighteen
Grains of Salt; when I difi'olve this Salt again in

diddled

r 75 ]

didilled Rain-water, and filtrate it, I find in it Three
Grains of coarfe Earth, which cannot penetrate the
Pores of the Filtre.

If I ufe it to make Soap of it, 1 take one Part to
two Parts of the beft Oil : I mix them gently in a
China Bowl, ftirring them with a. Spathula oi white
Wood, till both Liquors are come to a Confidence
of Butter that is churning : This Thickening is much
fooner done in Winter than in Summer. I keep
the Veftel in a dry Place, that the Moifiure of the
Air may not diminifh the Strength of the Lye. The
Mixture from Day to Day grows to a Body, and when
it is in the Sun in Summer, and upon the Mantle
of the Chimney in Winter, the Phlegm evaporating
fooner, it becomes perfect Soap in Four or Five Days,
provided the Lye be fufficiently concentrated. It
will be well however, that during the time the two
Liquors are binding together, the Mixture be fiirred
with the Spat hula, that the Water may not be kept in,
but evaporate the fooner. When the Soap is made,
it eafily comes out of the Veftel, but it has not yet loft
all that Moifture it fhould lofe ; fo that though one
may ufe it in that State, yet it is better to keep it
Twelve or Fifteen Days longer ; at the End of which
Time if I decompound it, I always find the whole
Oil I have employed 5 that is to fay, out of Eighteen
Drachms of this perfedt Soap, I get one Ounce and an
half of Oil, and Two Drachms Twenty-three or
Twenty-four Grains of Salt of Glafs-wort. So after
this Method a Patient may eafily make his own Soap,
and be fure of the Ingredients ; perhaps even in the
great Manufafturics, one Day or other, they may pre-
fer this to that which is now in Ufe.

K a

As

C 7<S ]

As to what relates to the Oil of Lime *, of which
I have fpoken in my Experiments, it is the Caput
Mortuum of the Sal Ammoniac , after Diftillation of
the volatile Spirit by the means of Quick-lime ; it is
expofed in a flat Veflel to the Moiflure of the Cellar,
whence a ' TDeliquiiim is formed, which we call Oil
of Lime. It is Lime dilfolved by the means of the
Acid of the Sea-fa!t, which is contained in the Sal Am-
moniac ; other Chymifts call it the fixed Liquor of
Sal Ammoniac. Your Soap-boilers are obliged to
add Sca-falt to their Soap, which I believe, for my
part, comes from their making ufe ofPot-afh in their
Lyes, which they would have no occafion to have
recourfe to, if they employed true Salt of Glafs-wort,
feeing my ftrong Lye of Salt of Glafs-wort makes
Soap immediately ; befides, the Salt of Glafs-wort
contains Sea falt, which I have demonflrated by
making Salt of Glauber with pure Salt of Glafs-wort
and Oil of Vitriol : If inftcad of Salt of Glafs-wort
one makes ufe of Pot-afh with Oil of Vitriol, it will
not make Salt of Glauber , but inftead of it produce
Tartar vitriolate.

In deferibing this fort of Soap, I had no other
View, than not to deviate from the way of
making Alicant Soapy and to know well the Propor-
tions, in order to apply them to the making of the
Soap I propofe, and to fix them with regard to the
Lime and the Salt of Glafs-wort, which for many and
various Pveafons is preferable to other fixed Salts, as
being that which forms the bell, the moft deterfive.

* Huile de Chaux.

and

[ 77 ]

and the mildeft Soap, as it has been found by Expe-
rience in all our Manufa&uries.

The Obfervations which I have lately laid before
the Academy, prove that the Oil, which has pafled
through the Lyes of Lime and of Salts, is, perhaps,
eafierto digeft than any other. I there demonftrate,
that the Oil feparated from the Soap by the means
of Acids, as I have pointed out, is found to have
acquired a Property which it had not before j for it
diflolves in Spirit of Wine, and perfe&ly unites with
it ; which it could not do whilft it was crude, that is
to fay, before it had formed Soap, or had been boiled
with metallic Limes.

VI. A Letter written to the mojt Reverend
Father 2). Cla. Fremond Calmad , public k
Fvofejjor in the Univerjity of Pifa, giving an
Account of the Earthquakes felt in Leghorn,
from the 1 6th to the zyth of January 1741.
With fome Obfervations made by the mofi
Reverend Sig. Pafcjual R . Pedini, ‘Prin-
cipal of the Clergy of the mojt eminent Col-
lege of the faid City. Communicated to the
Roial Soc 1 eti by James Jurin, M 2).
F. R. S. &c.

• f.',% - - ~ l V ■ ' • • . 4* » o > r* ■: r\*-‘ . >v» •- •

Read April 8. “T N Obedience to your Commands, I
1 74*' JF tranfmit you an Account of the Earth-

quakes felt in Leghorn^ from the 16th to the 27th of

January .

[ 78 ]

'January. I fuppofe you have obferved at *Pifa, the
unfettled Weather, as we have here j continual Rains,
iometimesmore, andfometimeslefs ; continual Winds,
chiefly from the South and W eft, fo that fcarce any in
this City remember to have feen the like. We cannot
be faid to want Wind here, fince fcarcely a Day pafles
without it, from fome Point or other. But to obferve
in the Country one Wind in the Morning, another at
Noon, and then a third at Night, is what furprifes
us. In fome Days, efpecially after the Winter Sol-
ftice, there have been felt extraordinary warm South-
ern Breezes, from whence People drew an ill Omen
of the Health, or other Misfortunes, which every
one figured according to his own particular Fancy :
However, no one thought of th'e prefent Calamities,
the Reafons of which are unfeen by mortal Eyes ;
for where fhall we find thofe Telefcopes through
which our Sight may reach the fubterraneous Re-
ceptacles of that Matter, which, whether burned or
fomented, makes the whole Earth fiart, and terrify
Man ? 1 look upon the Foreftght of thefe Accidents,

as an Undertaking impofiible to accomplifh, and the
prophetic Fixing them to a certain Time, much more
■fo : But obferve to what a pitch Ignorance or Fear
carries fome People j after the firft Shock of the
Earthquake, every body was in great Confternation
within this City, not fo much for what they imme-
diately felt, as through Fear of another infinitely
more violent, which a certain Milanefe Aftrologer
predi&ed to happen (as they faid) the 28th of Ja-
nuary. By Misfortune he was within a Day of it, the
great Earthquake being the 27th 5 by this means the
Faith and Credit given to the Aftrologer incrcafed

fo

I 79 3

fo much, that I do not know whether he has not
„ more Reverence and Honour fhewn him than the
Prophets, and holy Gofpel. There is no need to
prove, that this Science does not belong to Aftro-
logers 5 for Effect fhews it, fince the Earthquake came
a Day before his Prognoftication. He has moreover
predi&ed another Earthquake to happen the 6th of
March next, upon which Numbers who are in the
Country, and fome at Tifa, will not return to Le-
ghorn till that Day is paft.

The 1 6th of January was a very temperate Day,
with a gentle Breeze between South and Weft: A
little after Twenty-four Hours (about Six at Night,
according to our Englifh way of reckoning) I ob-
ferved a certain dark Cloud, which pafted with a
bad Smell 5 of this i took but little Notice, having
often fmelt the like 5 and what might occafion a
a greater Inobfervance, was, a great Cold, which pre-
vented my diftinguifhing between Smells, whether
good or bad : However, 1 faw this Cloud, blacker
and thicker than the reft, fettle within a Foot and an
half on the Tops of the Houfes, like the Smoke that
the Peafants make in an Evening, when they burn
their Garden Rubbifh, or fuch-like. On account of
the Cold I had, and this black Cloud, I went into a
Friend's Houfe : Finding him with Company, after a
little common Difcourfe, he returned, it being Tuef-
day, and I remained with a few more, At Two
Hours, in the Night, (Eight o’clock Englifh) we
thought the Pavement gave way, and the Chamber
fhook : Some of us thought it proceeded from walk-
ing in another Chamber, others thought it was a
Shock of an Earthquake ; upon which I liftened

at-

C 8° 1

attentively’, to hear if there might be any confequcnt
Motion or Noife in the Houfe, that I could attribute

it too ; but on the contrary every thing was quite ftill :
Upon this I went to the Window, and found a fmall
Air from the South 5 the dark Cloud was no longer
to be fecn, but a thin (light Obfcurity in the Air.
Scarce a Quarter of an Hour pafled, but the Cham-
ber received a more violent Motion than the former,
though not to frighten us very much. I obferved
a Motion in the Candles on the Table from Weft to
Eaft. We then heard all the Bells in the City; on
this my Friends and I went out of the Houfe, and
ftaid abroad till Four Hours. I fmelt the Stink no
longer, but obferved the Clouds increafing and thick-
* ening on every Hand, but always with a white Hue,
like the Circle which is often feen round the Moon,
but of a prodigious Extent. Every body’s Eyes were
bufied at this, looking on it as the Forerunner of
fomething extraordinary, though nobody knew what
would be the Event. Many asked my Opinion of this
Novelty: I told them, I had obferved the fame thing
very often, and that the Confequence was fome-
times Rain, or Wind, and very often nothing at all:
In Ihort, I perfuaded them it was nothing out of the
common way, and did not portend any future Evil,
as they thought. But returning home a few Minutes
after Four in the Night, I was got about half way up
the Steps, when another violent Shock began, far
fuperior to the two former, which lafted about the
time one might fay an Ave, Maria ; the Motion was
hidden, and the fhaking of the Houfe was from Eaft
to Weft: The Houfe wherein I live being South,
and I (landing fronting it, daggered twice to the Right

Hand,

[ «t ]

Hand, and in great Danger of falling down all the
Stairs.

At Ten Hours and a half, were heard by many two
Other Shocks, (with a fmall Intermillion of Time)
much like the two firfl; ; however, I was not fenfible
of thefe. One waked me at Eleven and Three
quarters, and another about an Hour after : Thefe
were perceived by every body, but were of no Con-
fequencej and I being between Sleep and Wake,
could not tell which way the Houfe moved. In the
Morning the 17th of January, after the laft Shock,
there fell a little fmall Rain, like Hail, which turned
to Snow about 14 or 15 Hours, which fell in fuch
Abundance for an Hour, that the Streets and Tops of
the Houfes were quite covered } and a little more
after Mid-day, which continued all the Remainder of
the Day. On the 1 8th there were no fenfible Shocks
of the Earthquake, but there were now-and-then
vifible Undulations of the Ground, though of no
Confequence. The 19th in the Morning} at Sun-
rife, there were between the Eaft and South certain
Clouds very thick, which difperfed as they came
nearer to the Solar Disk ; but there always remained
a particular uncommon whitifh Thicknefs in the Air,
till Sixteen Hours, when it was intirely dilfipatedj
a fmall Gale rofe from the South, which foon fell
again, and changed to the Weft; the Sun was lb
fcorching, that it racked the Head to hay in it. At
Eighteen Hours and a half, I heard a rumbling Noife,
which feized me with Horror, and expected an Earth-
quake was at hand, neither was I deceived, the Houfe
began to lhake, and continued the Motion Eight to
Ten Seconds : It came like a Blow, and the Houfe

L waved

C ** 3

waved from Weft to Eaft. At Nineteen Hours ex-
actly, followed another Shock, which lafted about
Three Seconds j but I did not obferve any Motion
of the Building, being fo furrounded by Numbers of
People, that I could not ftir, nor raife myfelf from
kneeling, being then at Church. All the Remainder
of the Day, quite till Twenty-three Hours, the Earth
was in continual Motion; and exa&ly at Twenty-
three Hours followed another Shock, like that at
Eighteen Hours and a half. I felt nothing at all of
this, by the Increafe of the People, who poured in
upon us. However, at Two Hours, Three and a half,
and Three Hours Fifty Minutes, I perceived Three
ffnall Shocks j and from that Time to the 20th of
'January at Twenty-three Hours and a half, I felt no-
thing : At this Hour there was a fmall fhuddering,
which was not univerfally obferved. At Five Hours
Twenty-five Minutes in the Night, followed a Shock
like that of Eighteen Hours and a half of the 19th
Day, with this Difference only, that the Houfe waved
from South-eaft, and continued between Ten and
Twelve Seconds; there followed a ftrong Undula-
tion of the Ground (fomething interrupted) until
Twenty Hours of the 21ft of January ; at Twenty-
three Hours of the faid Day, being in the great Piazza
of the City, 1 found a fmall Motion of the Ground,
which was obferved by a few more, that I happened
to be in Company with.

Some Fifhermen told me, that at the fame Hour
on the 19th Day of January , that we had the terrible
Shock at Leghorn , they being at Sea between Me-
loria and Gergona , faw a fmall Part of the Sea rage
violently, and raife itfelf to a great Height in a white

Foam,

C 85 ]

Foam, with a dreadful Roaring, and frighted them To
far as to imagine themfelves loft, though it did not
dire&ly beat upon them, but felt it on one Side only j
which made them imagine fome violent Mifchance at
Shore ; and keeping their Eyes always on that trou-
bled Part of the Sea, perceived it made towards
Leghorn , and broke on the old Fortrefs, which for
a little while was hid from them. The Captain of
a Ship, who came to this Port, fays, that he faw, to
his great Surprize, a few Miles diftant from Capo
CorJbj feveral Streams running with great Imperu-
oftty different ways, and fo very rough, that although
he had a very fair Wind, he expected every Moment
to be loft. This muft have happened juft before the
Earthquake of the 19th of 'January above-men-
tioned.

From the 20th to Twenty-three Hours of the 25th
of January , the Ground was in a continual Agita-
tion : I fufpedted it might be my foolifh Apprehen-
fions: I asked every onel faw, but every body agreed
there was fome little Matter. To allure myfelf of
the Truth, I put Water in a Bafon, and put it on a
Plain, obferving it every time I thought I felt any
thing, and faw it move: I continued this Obferva-
tion till the 26th of January , and at Twenty-three
Hours on the 25th Day, there was a much greater
Motion than that of the 20th Day ; and from that
Hour until Eighteen Hours Three-quarters on the
27th Day, there was not the lead Motion perceptible :
Upon this I hoped the Evil was paft, and comforted
myfelf with thinking that Matter fpent to which the
Philofophers attribute this horrid Lhrenomenon ; but
found myfelf miftaken, for when I leaft expected it,

L 2 and

t HI

and my Mind quite otherwife engaged, I was fur-
prifed the fa id Hour with a moft dreadful Noife,
which was followed by a treble Shock of the Earth-
quake in the moft frightful Manner, and beyond mea-
fure violent ; it began by a fuccuflive Motion, and
followed by a fort of Blow with the horrible Vio-
lence 5 and at laft came another fuccuiTive Motion,
more horrible than the former: There was heard
from under-ground a hollow terrible Rumbling, as if
the whole Earth had broken to Pieces : It had a Mo-
tion like turning, and continued moving ; theHoufes
waved Thirty or Thirty-two Seconds, from Eaft to
Weft. I looked upon myfelf quite loft, and expe&ed
nothing lefs than the immediate Ruin of the Houfe,
efpecially when 1 beheld part of the Door- cafe falling,
and the Partition-walls cracked ^ the Mortar fell all
about like Rain, the Furniture and Cloaths hung to
the Walls fell all down; in this I was confined,
without being able to feek Safety out of the Houfe,
but ftood fixed, and nailed up, (as it were) by the
furrounding Crowd of frightened Wretches that
flocked in upon me : At laft, however, I got out,
and could hardly believe my Eyes, when I found the
Houfcs all handing, having figured things much worfe
than I found them ; yet every thing has fuffered
very much, there not being a ftngle Edifice but what
is damaged ; although a great part of the Hurt within
the Houfes proceeds chiefly from the Roguery of the
Builders, who either when firft built, or in repairing,
ufed bad Materials; thofe which are well built have
fuffered fcarce any thing : Some muft inevitably be
rebuilt, chiefly thofe which remain leaning to one Side ;
which proceeds chiefly from the Load occafioned by

their

C 85 3

their being raifed fo high. What has moft furprifed
me is, the Number of Cracks in the Walls of this
Collegiate Church, which were built without fparing
any Coft, to make them a complete Piece of Work-
manfhip, and are of an extraordinary Thicknefs, as
one may obferve in fome of the Openings in the
Building and Vaulting, which was efteemed fuperior
to any in this Town: From hence you may con-
ceive a juft Idea of the extreme Violence of the roar-
ing Earthquake. As for myfelf, I look upon it as a
particular Providence, that the whole City did not go
to W reck ; and had not the Houfes been in general very
good, they muft have come to the Ground. The
Ruins confift in, viz. the Roof of the Church of St.
John Baptifty the Convent of Auguftine Friers, the
Roof of a Palace called Rofciano , belonging to the
Family of Borgheji of Sietlna. Befides thefe there are
few others of Confequence, and but Three People
killed. There is an immenfe Quantity of Iron Chains
ufed, to keep the Walls of the Houfes together.

Upon account of the Inconveniences attending
this Earthquake, an infinite Number of People went
out of the Town 5 the Houfes and Shops were aban-
doned inftantly, to feek Refuge in the great Piazza :
So great was the Confirmation, that no one knew
what he was about. It was an Object of the greateft
Compaffion, to fee the Aftonifhment and general
Confufion that prevailed ; every body looked pale as
Death, without knowing what he did or faid. There
was another fmall Shock at Nineteen a Second, at
Nineteen One-quarter, and a Third at Twenty Hours:
After this laft, I ftaid till Twenty-one Hours of the
30th of January y and then went away to breathe a

little

/

[ 86 3

little of pure and more quiet Air that you enjoy,
and obfervcd no further confiderable Motion of the
Earth ; there remained, however, a continual Undu-
lation, fometimes more, fometimes lefs 5 but mult
own, that from Twenty- two Hours of the 27th of
''January to Thirteen Hours One- half of the next
Day, I could not perceive any thing, becaufe I retired,
and went to lie on board a Ship.

We may obferve here, that dome Earthquakes hap-
pen in cloudy, fome in ferene, fome in ftill, and
others in quite dor my Weather. The 16 th of Ja-
nuary at Night, was Snow and Clouds, as above-
noted, with a very fmall South Wind from Midnight
to Break of Day 5 the Fogginefs turned into Clouds,
which afterwards became Sleet and Snow. On the
19th in the Morning, was a bright Sun, but a gentle
Breeze j about Twenty-three Hours it was cloudy,
which at lad covered all the Sky, continuing cloudy
all that Day and the next Night, when at Five Hours
Twenty-five Minutes followed the above-mentioned
Earthquake 5 and in the Morning about Thirteen
Hours, there fell a fmall Sleet and a Wederly Wind.
Before the Earthquake on the 19th, the Waters
dwelled, and then fell again 5 foon after they dwelled
half a Yard higher than they ever were ufed to do.

I was told by many, that the fame Night and the
following, there was a drong Smell of Sulphur in
the Streets 5 but my Cold prevented its being perceived
by me. This Smell was likewife found in the Water
of fome Wells. The Sea was feen in fundry Situa-
tions, now high, and then prefently very low again ;
fometimes drongly agitated, and at others on a hidden
calm. On Sunday the 20th of January -> a fmall

Sleet

[ 8r ]

Sleet fell all Day, and the Air was changeable till the-
27th in the Morning, being by turns, ferene, cloudy,
fbggy, windy, and damp, with South and Wtfterly
Winds. The 27th in the Morning, was a pleafant
fine Sky, and a bright Sun, but excefiive hot : About
Sixteen or Seveenten Hours, a brisk Wefterly Wind
arofe, and with this full W ind we fufiained, at Eighteen
Hours and a half, the violent Shock of the Earth-
quake; the Waters were obferved to rife as high or
fomething higher than the 1 9th. At Night, between
Twenty- four Hours and One Hour in the Night,
it became cloudy in the Weft, with a ftrong Wind;
from Midnight to Day-break, fell a fmall Sleet, which
continued (with fome Interruption now-and-then)
till the 28th Day; between whiles the Sun fhone.
The 28th at Night, and the 29th Day, it rained vio-
lently, accompanied by ftrong bluftering Winds from
the Weft. The 29th it was all Day cloudy, with the
fame violent Wind and Rain. The 30th the Sun
began to appear, but the Clouds were not all di-
fperfed. At Twenty-one Hours this Day I left Le -
ghorn , and have not been able to make any further
Obfervations.

It is faid here, that the Sea roared with fuch Vio-
lence and Smartnefs, that its Noife was like the firing
of large Cannon. 1 have not feen any body who was
then at Sea, but a Friend of mine informed me, that
a Fifherman (a Frenchman by Nation) being then in
his Boat, found it of a fudden raifed up a prodigious
Height, and then it fell down fo low, that he thought
it had touched the Bottom of the Sea, and concluded
himfelf loft : During this uncommon Motion he
affirms to have heard one of thefe Noifes refembling

the

[ 88 ]

the firing a Cannon, and afterwards felt no Storm.
I give it neither for true or falfe, but as a Relation
of others. It is allured me by many, that on the
Ninth Hour of the ioth Day, there was a fmall Shock
of an Earthquake, Thefe are all the Obfervations I
have been able to make myfelf, and gather from other
creditable Perfons, having avoided the additional
Stories that are commonly raifed on fuch Occafions.

What has much attributed to the Prefervation of
this City, is the fatherly Care and Solicitude of our
Royal Sovereign, who, by the Means of his Royal
Council of Regency, neither has or will ever fail
giving us Inflances of his Royal Munificence to this
afflicted City ; having ordered, that fuch Wood, Iron,
fhould be furnilhed as may be neceflary for Re-
pairs, with certain fixed Prices ; having further ordered
one half of the Duty to be taken off of Flefh. He has
alfo, at his own Expence, fent a moft able Engineer,
and two Mafter-builders, to eflimate and fupervife
the faid Repairs: Neither has his Bounty failed to the
more Indigent, who not having wherewithal to repair
the Damages they have fuffered by this Earthquake, he
has ordered Money to be diftributed for repairing
them, that he may again fee this his dear City veiled
in its former Beauty. The Affiflance and Watch-
fulnefs of the Civil and Military Power was likewife
very great, even during the time of the Earthquake ;
for by their means there were no Diforders pra&ifed,
not even in the midfl of the Hurry and Confufion, as
it very commonly happens upon fuch Occafions.

You may always command me, and I am intirely
at your Service, but hope never to obey you in fuch

a

[ 8P ]

a difagrceable Relation as the prefcnt. Wifti me well,
as I do you. Adieu .

Leghorn , Feb. 13. i742*

‘POSTSCRIPT.

I cannot omit to acquaint you with fome Obferva-

* cions communicated to me after the writing of this
Letter, by Sig. Ferdinando Tidi> a Gentleman of in-
conteftable Credit, who being at his Seat in the
Country, called Popogna , pretty high up a Hill, be-
tween the Mountain Montenero and the Valley Be-
nedetto, on the 20th of January , about Two Hours
and an half in the Night, he obferved a large Circuit

* of Air in the Weft, (quite from the Ifland of Cor pea
to Capo Mele) thickened with Clouds, but open, and
all the Remainder of the Sky covered with heavy dark
Clouds j he faw the Air light, and extremely fhining5
fo that one might eafily read a Book 5 and, accord-
ing to his Defcription, muft have been a very bright
Aurora Borealis. Beftdes this, he obferved that when
we had the Wind from South or Eaft, the Sea was
in great Agitation, and ran towards Leghorn , but
fuddenly retired. I will likewife tell you, that Sig.
Guifeppe Vincenti , Captain of the firft Lazaretto ,
and prefent Canfaloniere of the City, a Perfon not
eafily to be impofed upon, having one Night, at about
Three Hours, opened his Window, faw a Cloud in

' the Weft, which was exceeding dark, except in the
Middle, where a ftrong Light (like the Influence of
1 the Sun juft before its Rife) difeovered itfelf, and di-
fperfed Beams of reddifh IFire all over the Circum]
ference of the Cloud, which was very extenfive. He
made a Friend of his obferve the fame thing, but

M neither

[ 90 ]

neither one or the other remember what Night it
happened 5 and being uncertain of the particular
Night, is the Reafon I omitted it in the Account :
But fince it happens, that I am treating of thefe Tha-
nomenons , which may have fome Relation to the
Earthquake, and proceed from the fame firft Caufe, I
imagine it muft have been the fame Night, though per-
haps not. However it may have been, I have related to
you a true Expofition of all things as they really were y
and there is now a way opened for Philofophical
Obfervations and Inquiries. As for me, I fhould be
of Opinion, that it is a Colle&ion of thofe Vapours
and Exhalations proceeding from the Fermentation
or Lighting of thofe Particles of Matter, which occa-
lioned the Earthquake ; but fhould be obliged to you
for your Sentiments on it, having a great Regard to
your Opinion. I remain as above.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half-Moon*,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Tleetftreet ;
and C. Davis, over-againft Graf s- Inn Gate in
Holboiirn ; Printers to the Royal So-
ciety. M.dcc.xlii.

N.B. N° 456. of thefe Tranfafiions is ready to be publifhed in a
few Days, and the Gap between that and N° 462. will be filled up-
with all poffible Speed, the Papers being ready for the Prefs.

Numb. 464.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of May , June , and July, 1742.

The C O N T E N T S.

I. J. Caftillioneus E)no- Montagny, V. C. Ehilo-
fophire Erofeffori in Academia Lauzanncnfi, Re-
gime Socie tatis Londinenfts Membro dignifftmo ,
Sci E-varigelii Mini ft ro , &c. &c. S. P. D. Eag. 9 1 .

II. Hiftories of Internal Cancers, and of what
appeared upon LDiffeEljon , by William Burton,

M. D. 99.

III. Enarratio Cbfervationum circa Rorem deci-

duum, faElarum Mcdioburgi in Zeelandis, a Leo-
nardo Stocke, M. Ehfuper aperta Elanitie plumbea
Tunis Afironomica Joh. Munkii, Arc bite Eli pu-
bliciy tempore noEdurno , inter 25 26 )ulii 1741.

N. S. cum figuris Floccorum Nivalium Jan. 1742.

ibidem obfervatorum. 112.

IV. A Letter from Martin Triewald, F. R. S. Cap-

tain of Mechanics, and Military Architect to the
King ^Sweden, to C. Mortimer, M. D. Sec. R. S.
concerning the Vegetation of Mel on- feeds Forty -
two Tears old. 1 1 5 .

V. Samuel is Chriftiani Hollmanni, Leg. Met. &
Thcol. Natural, in Regia Georgia Augufta, E. E. Q.

ad

The CONTENTS.

ad Cromwellum Mortimerum, M.D. Regalis So-
ciet. Seer . Epiftola de cDiffere?itns Altitudinum Ba-
rometrorum. XK5.

VI. A Letter from John Huxham, M. D. to Dr.

Mortimer, Sec. R. S. concerning Polypi taken out
of the Hearts of fever al Sailors juft arrived at Ply-
mouth from the W eft-indies. 123.

VII. An Extra A of a Topographical Account of

Bridgnorth in the County 0/ Salop, communicated to
the Royal Society by the Rev. Mr. Stackhoufe,
Minifter of St . Mary Magdalen in that Town ; con-
taining an Account of the Situation, Soil, Air,
Births and Burials of that Place , and of fome Tu-
muli Sepulchrales near it. 127,

VIII. Tart of a Letter from the Right Hon^e Robert

James Lord Petre, F. R. S. to Martin Folkes, Efq 5
Pref R. S. concerning fome extraordinary Effects of
Lightning. 136.

IX. An Account of a Meteor feen at Peckham, Dec.
11. 174T. by T. Milner, M. D. See N° 462- 3. 138.

X. Some Conjectures concerning Electricity, and the

Rife of Vapours, by T. T. Defaguliers, LL. D.
F.R.S. 140.

XI. An Account of Margaret Cutting, a young JVo -

man , now living at Wickham Market in Suffolk,
who [peaks readily and intelligibly , though fhe has
loft her Tongue , by Henry Baker, F. R. S. 143 .

XII. A remarkable Conformation, or Lufus Naturae,

in a Child ; by C. Warwick, Surgeon , in Truro,

Cornwall. 152.

[ J>i ]

» » * * > • V y • .

I. J. Caftillion.eus ZH De Montagny V. C.

i Vhilofophise Prof effort in Academia Lau-
zannenfi, Regime Societatis Londinenfis
Membro dignijjimo } S/j Evangehi Mimjlro ,

&c. &c* S. P. D.

Read at a
Meeting of the
Royal Society,
on May 6.

I7+2, ad quamvis poteftatem extol-

litur; fed nemo, quod fciam, earn demonftravit.
Hoc ego facere conatus meditatiunculas meas tibi
eequiftimo Sc optimo Judici mitto. Tu, corrige ,
fades , hoc die , hoeque , parum claris lucem dare coge3
arguito ambigue dittum , mutanda notato .

Continet hoc Problema tria prorfus diverfa, qua
cum diverfimode gignantur, & cum optima demon-
ftratio e rei natura, vel genefi ducatur, diverfa quoque
probatione funt confirmanda : Siquidem index eft
aut integer , aut fraffus3 uterque demum vel pofi -
tivus, vel negations.

1. Index lit integer , Sc pofitivus , tunc binomium
ad poteftatem cujus index eft m elevare, nihil aliud
eft, quam toties binomium datum feribere, quoties
unit as eft in m3 Sc omnia hxc binomia invicem du-
cerc.

2. Si index eft fratfus, Sc pofitivus , binomium

elevare ad poteftatem — eft, datum binomium elevare

ad poteftatem r, Sc, hac poteftate data, queer ere quan-
titatem, quas data ad poteftatem n eequat ipfam dati
binomii poteftatem r.

N

EMC ignorat Newtonianam for-
mulam, qua T oiynomium quod-
cumquc, ope binomii aftlimpti.

N

3. Cum

C 9* 1

3. Cam vero Index eft negations , five is integer »
five frattuSy ut binomium elevetur, facienda mnt>
qua; fupra N°. i. vel 2, 6c deinde per inventam po-
teftatem unitas eft dividenda.

Sumo Binomium p-\-qy ut indicct mihi quodvis
Polynomium.

Inter pm, & qm tot funt medii Geometrici, in ratione
p.q quot imitates in m — i.

Hos terminos inventurus noto, quod pm eft ad qm
in ratione compoftta ipfius pm. i, & i .qm, ut Scpad q
haber rationem compofitam exp. i, 6c ex i.q, fed n
liant dux feries poteftatum, in quarum altera indices
ipfius p decrefcant eadem proportione arithmetica,
cujus differentia eft r, qua crefcunt in fecunda ferie
indices ipfius q> habebitur feries continue proportio-

nalium in ratione^. i, 6c i.q.

Sic p.i ; :pw'.pm-\pm-*.pm-\pm- 4 pm-K=p°=z i

i.q:: i.q. qz. q 3. qm.

Ergo terminis refpondentibus invicem dudis

p.q : : pm.pm~lq . pm-*qz.pm~iq*.pm~*q*. . . qn

Nunc dico p -fq\ componi ex terminis fupra in-
vents, Ut facile ex genefi probatur.

Ergo omnes termini, qui funt in p-\-q^ ordine dif-
pofiti funt in proportione continua.

Et quidem duo quivis fefe immediate fequentes
funt, ut primus binomialis radicis terminals ad fe-
cundum.

Quod patet ex genefi, nam p aliquoties dudum eft
ad q toties dudum in p} ut p.q.

lgitur omnium numerus eft m^\-i ; fed & in ferie

arithmetica decrefcente m.m — i.m> — 2 o-—

termini funt numero m- f-i, aut crefcente 0.1.2. 3.

mi

• •

[ 93 3

. . . m\ ergo termini componentc$/>-|-^j debent
habere indices hos, aut efle pm.pm~* lq qm.

Atqui ex legibus multiplicationis numerus termi-
norum debet efte zw>m-\-i7 ergo in hoc fado
aliqui termini repetiti debent inveniri.

Vulgaria fada (ea, nempe, quorum multiplicans
& muitiplicandum conftat quantitatibus diverfis)
omnes continent diverfos terminos, quia omnes for-
mantur diverfis fadoribus. In potefiatibus ergo difpi-
ciendum quinam termini diverfi efient, nifi fadores
temper efient iidem, & quot ex diverfis reftitutione
literarum xquales fiant ; fic enim reperiemus quoties
quifque in poteftate repeti debeat.

Jam patet, quod fi fadores temper efient diverfi,
diverfi quoque efient omnes termini in produdo.

Quod cum primus in produdo non fiat nifi ex pri-
mis multiplicantium, 6c ultimus illius ex horum
ultimis, temper hxc fada erunt diverfa, quamvis bi-
nomia facientia fint eadem, quia primus binomii ter-
minus difFert a fecundo.

Quod ex exteris aliqui poflunt fieri xquales, quia
conflantur ex primis facientium dudis in fecundos, 6c
diverfimode jundis.

Igitur quxrendum efi, quot diverfis modis jungi
pofiint quantitates, quarum numerus datus eft.

In cater noftro index rerum eft m , res diverfx dux,
quarum una repetitur vicibus s, altera t, ita ut j-f-r
= mi ergo numerus permutationum erit

m.m — i .m — z.m — 3 1

s.s — i.s — 2. . . . l.t.t — i.t — z.t — 3 ... 1

Sic fir t=i,s=.m — 1, terminus erit pm~zq7 & ejus

rr ■ m.m — i.m — z.m — 3 . . . . 1

coemciens — m •

m — 1

z.m — 3
N 2

1

Sit

C 94 3

Sit t=3i s~m— • 3 ; habebitur coefficiens ipfius
, m.m — i.m — 2 .m — 3 •/»* — 4 1

? 0j> — 1 1 — — —

1.2.3.^ "3 5* ••*•••• x

m.m — t .m — 2

1.2.3.

j & flc de cxteris.

Si quis forte dubitet, an fuperior demonftratio
evincat omnes terminos neceflario formari tot modis,
quibus poflunt, & contendat earn tantum oftendere id
accidere pofle, hoc refponfi ferat.

Ccncp -\-q\ * =p -\~qXp -\-q\ j fed inter hujus
terminos funt pm"r‘~xq,,i & pm—n q”~\ quse neceflario
ducentur in p & q, & pm~‘n~~lqtlxp~pm~nqn=-
pm-nqi- ergo prn-n^i omnibus modis poflibilibus

fadtum erit in pX°X > pm~n—xqn & pm-Mq”“lfmt ge-

nita quot modis poflunt in p^~q\~l ; quod neceflario
erit, fi pm—n~z(qn, & pm~'nqn~z fint in inferiori poteftate

p-\-q\ \ & flc femper ufquc ad quadratum in quo

pp,pq-> & q q habentur, effi&a tot quot poflunt mo-
dis (4. II. Euclid .) ergo & in fuperioribus.

Hoc ratiocinium monet, ut idem etiam fic often-
dam, ratione paulo diverfa.

Jam primi coefficientem efle unitatem demonftra-
vimus.

Secundus terminus pm~xq conficitur ex pm~zqxp9
& pm~xXq, id eft, ex primp radicis in fecundum ipfius

— i ,m— 1 I

p\q I , & ex fecundo radicis in primum^-J-^1 ,

- ■ ■ ii ■ jyi

ergo in p-\-q\ adeft pm~xq feme), plus toties, quoties

fecundus eft in />+$ | , qui ibi eft femel, plus toties,

quoties fecundus in p-\~°X ’ qui rurfus ibi eft femel

plus

[ 95 ]

i 'ffj— %

plus toties, quoties fecundus eft in p- \-q\ , & fic

temper donee devematur ad , ubi femel eft

fecundus 5 ergo quterenda eft fumma tot unitatum, quot
l'unt in m, qux eft ni.

Item tertius pm-zqq confkitur ex pm-*qqXp, tertio

p- \-y\m 1 in primum radicis, & ex pm-*qxq fecundo

ipfius^ -j-^| in fecundum radicis; ergo con-
tinebit pm~zqq quoties fecundus continetur in

p-\~q \ \ id eft, 1 vices, plus toties quoties

ibidem aftat tertius, id eft, quoties fecundus eft in

7tf— 2

p-\-q I \m~- 2) plus quoties ibi eft tertius, qui rurtus

eft quoties fecundus eft in [m— 3) plus

quoties ibi eft tertius, atque ita porro donee peiVeni-
. — • -2,

amus ad p~\~q 1 ubi femel eft tertius, aut ad p-\-q-> ubi

tertius nullus eft; nam femper quterenda eft fumma

progreflionis arithmetics — 3. .....

aut m — •!./»■ — 2. ...... o, in ilia numerus ter-

minorum eft m — 1, in hac m> ut patet; quare htec

m — 1 m — 1 - m

fumma =.m— i-f-iX— mx —m — i-J-oXt*

Eodem pacto coefticientes reliquorum terminorum
probabuntur efficere feriem in qua fecundae differentia
funt in progreftione arithmetical &c.

Unde femper, ubi m eft integer, & pofitivus, for-

mula erit p'n~}-mpm~'q-\ — : pm-zqq -f-

2.3 ~ J' 1 TF+ -P

i.m— i.m— i>m— -4 m-s < ^

'2. 3.4-5. / 1

Si

L p<s 1

Si fiat p-^tf^p'Xi-j — -> hinc orietur ipfifilma New-

^ — — m

toni formula ; nam p+qf ~pmXi -f • — 1=

/ x i+~x — xs ,^.=

I • 2 I.2.3. of

(ft A>ByC>T)y&c. ponantur square primum,fecundum,
tertium, quartum, &c. cum fuis quemque coefiicien-

tibus) TBp^~Cp

+^'Z) 2+^=i E 2+^=£ F q-, &c.

+ P f P 6 p
Quzeramus nunc formulam elevandi cjufdem hi-

nomii ad poteftatem — uty r & n funt numeri in-

71

tegri, & ambo vel pofitivi, vel negativi.

r

y ~

Tam p.ar.p’.x =J-3.=f ' quatejermini erunt

P

r r r

pn f ' q-f Zqq-pn 2q*,&c.

Coefficientes inveniendi fint AyByCfDyEy ita ut

r r r »

tota T+f)” radix =Ap"+Bf~'q+cp" qq+

_T ^ _r

*^P” ql“\~Epn ergo ~p~t~cjr ( pT-\-rpr-xq-^

r.r — 1

-p-qq+T'r &*-) =Ap^+

Bp: ’q+Cp~*qq,&c\ =Ay-\-nA-lBp—'q+
nA"-'Cf-zqq+nA'I-'cDp'='Sqi-\-nA—'Epr-‘iqit&c.

-\rnm —

C 97 ]

~^-p——A~,B'~pr~zqq-\-u.?i‘ — i A*~*B C/r-3j3- J*

n.n— i

i.n—2.n \pr 4^, 4 . Atque ideo collatis

2.3.4

terminis i—An—An~l—An~z&c.nB—r, & Z?=— >

n

„r . n.n—z rr r.r— 1 r.r—n ^ ,

»C-j- x — — > ocC= »

2.72#

r r . r—njji.n— 1 -n—2j_ __r.r~i.r— 2. &

n‘n IX#X 2## 2.3 nl 2.3

r.r—n-r — 272 ,

CD= — ^ C^v

2-3.«J

Si er^o faciamus -:=7#, & primum terminum

* r *

frc. revivet prior formula, 5c p+gv zzzp'f'J ~pnx

l+mjl+^BP+^lCl&c,

P 2 q 3 p

Extollendum fit binomium p-\-q ad negativam po-
teftatem, feu perfe&am, feu imperfettam — s.

Jam p-\-q\ p-\-i\ ps-\-sp*~'q-\-s.s — 1 ps~zqq &C'

— (per divifionem)-— LE. — 2 — — — lyP 22

P p2s 2 p*

—s.s —

p ' — sp !~Jq-

p-'-'n-

Ex hac formula facile, fuperiorum veftigiis in-
fiftendo, eruitur folemnis & gcneraliflima p”!x i +

—&c.

p 2 p

Non injucundum puto, quod in hac formula, fi

— 2, coefficients crunt numerinaturales,fi^= — 3,
trigonales,pyramidales, fi m—- 4 &c .

Caetcrum conftat hanc formulam femper dare fc-
riem infinitamj fiquidem (fi m exponit numerum
pofttivum) ultimus terminus effe dcberet q~m 5 fed
p.q : :p~~m.p-m-z ; : p~m~lq.p~m~zqq, ire. ergo ratio ipfius
p~m.q~m componi deberet ex aiiquibus rationibus

p.q , quod fieri nequit, quia p~m.q~m: I • qm.pm

P Q ’

in ratione compofita ex reciprocis ipfius p.q.

Quod & aliter demonftratur, indices ipfius p faciunt
progrefiionem arithmeticam, cujus termini — m ,
—m — 1 , — m— 2, ire. negativi quidem funt, fed ere-
feunt, aut ab 3 receduntj atqui ultimus terminus
debet effe q~m~p°q-m, ergo nunquam ad illud deve-
nietur.

Viviaci ,

poftridie Id. Septemb.

CIO IOCCXXXXI.

II. Two

[ 99 ]

II. Two Hijlorics of Internal Cancers, and of
what appeared upon Dijfefiion , by William
Burton, M. 2).

I.

Read Miy »3« Wind for > May 22. 1734.

7+2 I ) Artholomew Collins , a Labourer in
the King’s Works at Windfor , of
low Stature, pale Complexion, {lender and a&ive,
aged about 36 Years, temperate in his manner of
Living, had, for fome Years, been afflided at dif-
ferent times with wandering arthritic, colic, and
nephritic Pains, none of which were periodical or
condanr. During this Term, when in bed Health,
he was ufually codive, and his Urine, as foon as made,
depofited a calculous Sediment.

In March 1733. he received a violent Blow by a
ponderous and obtufe Indrument on his Loins, toge-
ther with the Spine of the Os Innominatum , towards
the Left Side, which difabled him for that Day j on
the next, the Pain abating, he continued fo well for
Six Months after, as not even to recoiled this Acci-
dent, till about a Month before his Death, although
he was often asked by the Phyfician, Whether that
Part had ever Buffered a Contufion.

In January following, he complained of an excru-
ciating Pain, extending from the aforefaid Spine to
the fpurious Ribs on the Left Side, which fome-
times attacked alfo the Intedincs ; whence he became
continually redlefs, cfpecially in the Night, and,
toding the Bcdcloaths oflr, frequently lav naked.

O ' He

[ 100 1

He could not now lie upon his Back or Left, *vi&.
the affe&ed Side, but lay always on his Right Side,
leaning on his Right Elbow. In April 1734. his
Left Knee, from a Contrattion of the Mufcles ele-
vating it, was always drawn up towards the Abdo-
men, infomuch that he could not (land upright. His
Left Tejlicle , formerly lefs than the Right, was now
become feirrhous, and increafed to double the Mag-
nitude of this, and the Left Spermatic Veffels felt
like a knotty Chord. A fort of He&ic Fever attended
him, the Exacerbation of which, as well as of his
Pains, was generally about Noon, and Six in the
Evening. He had no Sleep of Nights without a Pare-
goric. Though his Appetite failed him, he had no

Propenfity to vomit, nor complained of Thirft. His

Refpiration and Urine were not amifs. His Pains

were always exafperated by the Ufe of heating Medi-
cines 5 and whenever the Pain feized the Inteftines*
terebinthinate Clyfters increafed them, whereas
emollient and refrigerating ones mitigated them ;
by the Ufe of which he had daily one or two Stools.

The Foeces were of a middling Confidence,

lightly tinged with Bile. The Blood frequently

taken away by V. S. in frnall Quantities, had always
a thick, tough, fizy Buff-like pleuritic Coat ; and at
firft, from each feveral Bleeding, he found Relief.

January 4. 1733-4. The Apothecary firft admi-
niftered to him, for the Colic, EleSf. Lenitiv. dr
cPnlv. Diafen. 01. Junip. and emollient Clyfters.
Three Days after, Pains feizing his Left Side, and the
Sphincter Vejica , they were removed by repeated
Bleedings, and Decott. Hord . & Lap . Prunel. and
Syr . Althaa. On the 12th, he complained of a

Heat

C to* D •

Heat about the Regia Pubis, with Coftivenefs ; but
by the Ufc of Sal. Mirab. Glaub . Lap. ‘Prune!.
Manna , emollient Decodions with Sp. Nitr. d. &
Elebl. Lenitiv. pro re nata , continued tolerably
eafy till the 24th, when the erratic Pains returning,
and not yielding to the aforefaid Apozems, on the
26th the Phyfician firft confultcd gave him Sperm .
Get. Sal. C. C. & pulv. e Chel. and Sp. C. C. but
thefe not availing, the Lap. Prunel. was fometimes
interpofed, and a Calomel Bolus, taken at Night, was
worked off by a Sena Potion next Day : This Me-
thod, and afterwards Powders of Lap. Prunel. and
Cinnab. Antim. taken in Honey, mitigated thofe
Pains. But from February 3. to April 4. fometimes
nephritic Pains, intermitting Fever, pleuritic Pains, and
Strangury, inordinately affiided him, notwithftand-
ing the Ufe, according to the faid Indications, of
carminative, terebinthinate and faponaceous Cly-
fters, Purges, Sal. Abfinth. Draughts, repeated Bleed-
ings, Veficatories, the Powders and Eleduary above-
mentioned, Opiates, Cort. Peruv. in an Eleduary,
and infufed in Wine, Lac Sulph. with Affes Milk,
Cinnab. Antim. Millep. Gum Guaiac. and Pulv. e
Chel. with Vinum Milleped. and Sp. Nitr. d. On
March 20th, Calomel. Gr. v. were given for Four
Nights fucceffively, and afterwards purged off with
a Sena Potion, and then continued again till the

28th, when he took another Potion. Paregorics

were ufed now-and-then at Night, and Ung. Opo-
deldoc was applied to the Tejlicle.

April 4th, I firft attended him in Confutation,
when he complained of an intolerable Pain, upon
any Preffure about the Region of the Left Kidney ;

O 2 where-

[ toi ]

whereupon a maturating Cataplafm was applied in
the Day-time, and a Plaifter at Night. Emulfions,
Whey, and fuch-like, were the chief Internals he
ufed till April 8th, when crude Mercury was recom-
mended to him, of which he took an Ounce Night
and Morning, which gave fo much Relief as to en-
courage the Continuance of that Medicine only to
the 17th, when the Pains returning, he was bled
once in Two or Three Days, to Four or Five Ounces,
and treated with the fubacid, cooling Regimen, and
Paregorics, till April 29th, when he firft mentioned
a feirrhous Tumour, as big as a Hens Egg, fituate on
the Left Maftoid Mufcle of the Neck. Upon com-
paring this with the Tejlicle , (neither of which Tu-
mours were in the lead diminifhed after Applications
for that Purpofe) it was conjectured, that either the
Pancreas or Mefenteric Glands were cancerated. An
Emetic of Oxym. Scillit . farinaceous DecoCtions
with Nitre, crude Sal Armoniac, Oxym. Simp, and

* Diacod . were of little or no EffeCt. Afterwards

continuing the Ufe of Electuaries of Conf. Rof. r.
Elefi. Lenitiv. Balf. Locatel. zyEthiop. Min. Sperm.
Cet. 01. Amygd. d. and the fame with Mercnr. Al-
calizat. he became more and more emaciated, till
May 2 1 ft, the Day of his Death.

Jt was remarkable, that every new Medicine, ex-
cept it was very heating, afforded fome Relief for
Two or Three Days.

May 2 2d, On removing the Integuments of the

Abdomen , the Mufculi Rebti appeared livid. The

Omentum was deftitute of Fat. The Intejline con-

tiguous to the Left Os Innominatum was tinged with

Green. Nothing befides appeared morbid in the

Vifcera

[ ,03 ]

Vifcera in Situ at firft View. The Situation of the

‘Pylorus feemed lower than ufual. The Colour or
Texture of the Liver were not remarkably preter-
natural. The Spleen was of the largeft Size, and
adhered in its hinder Part fo ftrongly to the Peri -
tonaum, that it could not be feparated without La-
ceration. Whereupon there remained in the Place

of Adhefion a thick, callous, and almoft horny Mem-
brane, as big as an Half-crown. The Pancreas

was very fmall, and feemed compofed of fmall

Scirrhi. The Left Kidney was twice as big as the

Right, or as its own natural Magnitude : Its Sub-
ftance about the Pelvis was corroded by a fcmipu-
rulent cancerous Sanies , that was in part colle&ed
between the Surface of the Kidney and its containing
Bag. The internal Strufture of it was not much
amifs: But the Fo?nes Morbid the mod lingular and
furprifing Phanomenon in this Subjetd, was a Num-
ber of large conglobate, fteatomatous, cancerated
Glands, reaching from the Receptaculum Chyli to the
loweft Vertebra of the Loins, fo connected together
as to reprefent a Pancreas affixed to the Vertebra
of the Loins, and upper anterior Part of the Left
Pfoas Mufcle : It was Four times as large as his
Pancreas , and as big as the Right or found Kidney.

The Aorta defcendens pervaded the Middle of

this preternatural Subllance Lengthways. From

this Mafs, as a Fountain, flowed that cancerous Sa-
nies, which had made its Way to the Left Kidney, and
alfo corroded the fuperior carneous Tart of the Left
Pfoas major , and lliacus inter mis, fo that one might
ealily rend their gangrened Flcfh like rotten Linen.

Some of this green Ichor colieded near the Os

' ■ In-

[ *°4 ]

Innminatum had laid the Spine of it quite bare^
The Left fpermatic Veffels were knotty, tumefied,

and livid >The mefenteric Glands were fcirrhous.

The defcending Trunk of the Aorta was fmaller than
ufuai 5 and, dividing it, we extracted a fmall Polypus.
— -The Examination of the other Cavities was not
permitted. —

II.

'January n. 1735-6*

•! Thomas Trinder , a Taylor, living at Windfor ,
in his 29th Year, was of a pale Complexion, with
red Hair, of a middle Stature, and thin Habit, ad-
didted to fmoaking from Morning to Night, and now-
and-then to hard drinking. Eight Years before his
Death, he was thrown in Wreftling, fo as to pitch
the Small of his Back upon the Corner of a Chair,
by which at firft he was much hurt in that Part 5 but
upon the Abatement of his Pain, he became from
that time fubjedt to Fits of the Colic, in which he
faid his Bowels feemed to be drawn to his Back-bone,
and ufually received Eafe by binding his Waift as

tight as he could. He had alfo frequent recourfe

to Geneva and fuch Liquors for Relief, but feldom
found any, till a Swelling, as big as a Hen's Egg, ap-
peared like a Rupture in his Right Groin. Thefe
Fits were not of above 24 Hours Duration, but the
inguinal Tumor lafted Two or Three Days. He was
often afflidted with Stitches under his Left Bread:,
which were removed by Bleeding.

But in the Middle of November 1735. his Colic
became fo violent, that he could not lie in his Bed,

nor fleep without Opiates. November 21. I found

* him

[ lo5 ]

him in the Ufe of fome carminative Pills fent by an
Apothecary. He had frequent Reachings to vomit,
and was very cohive. His Pains fecmed confined to
the inteftinal Region, and were mod acute in the
Evening, continuing to harafs him till Five or Six
in the Morning. His Pulfe beat feldom under an
Hundred in a Minute, at Night generally above. He
was not very hot, nor thirfly. His Urine at this-
Time was rather defective in Quantity, than amifs

in refped of Colour or Separation. His Tongue was

foul towards the Root, but not very white. Upon

his taking Ipecacuan. 3fs* and after its Operation a
Sal. Abfinth. Draught, with Syr. and TinEt. Rhabarb .
a 3ij, and the plentiful Ufe of Infuf. Sem. Lint ,
Barley-water, Broths, and Clyfters of Whey, Oil, and
Honey, his Reachings ceafed, and the Pains de-
fended from the Epigaflrium to the Hypogajlrium.
On November 24th, a Potion oiTinEl. Rhabarb. cunt
Vino 5iij. Elix. pp. Helm - 3)- Sal. Abfinth. 3fs. and
Two purgative Clyfters, one of which had Terebinth
5fs cum Vitel. Ov. not procuring a Stool, he took a
Bolus of Calomel 3fs & Camphor, gr. xij. h.f. and
the next Day his Pains continued, though he had
feveral Dejedtions from the Cathartic. Bleeding was
omitted hitherto, becaufe he had %x. of Blood taken
away a Week before this Paroxyfm; but now, upon
lofing fo much Blood more, he found immediate
Relief. His Blood was very ftzy.

After this, his Diforder refembled a Nephritic
one, his chief Complaint being of Pain about the
Region of the Kidneys, and along the Defcent of
the Ureters. From November 26th, upon the Ufe
of an oily Lin El us and Manna, Sal. Abfinth. Draughts

and

[ ,06 ]

nnd Nitre, Clyfters as well as Drinks of Whey and
Honey, with Paregorics, and repeated Bleeding, the
Pain, removing from the Loins, fixed itfelf at the Os
Pubis , and in the Thighs, November 29. but by the
Ufe of Emulfions with Gum Arabic and Nitre, the
Pain about the Pubis abated, and moftly afflidted the
Left Thigh and Hip. From this Time he generally
fat up in his Bed, leaning forward to the Left, and
for the moft part crofs-legged, finding himfelf eafieft
in this Pofture. He could not lie any time on his

Right Side. The Quantity, Colour, and Sediment

of his Urine, were much the fame now as when he

was in Health. It was made without the Pain,

which, _foon after the nephritic Symptoms com-
menced, he complained of at the Root of the Penis .
And now his Diforder refembled the Lumbago and
Sciatica , affedting the Left Side moftly : Where-
upon, December 2d, he was put in the Ufe of a
diuretic and aperient Ele&uary, with Terebinthinate

Clyfters. To this Time he had very few Stools

without Clyfters, and thofe generally very fmall and
fetid. December 5th, the Fever and Pain in-
creafing, a cooling aperient Apozem, with a pare-
goric Draught pro re natay were continued till De-
cember 9th, when examining the Thigh where the
Pain now afflicted him moft, 1 found fome fmall
Scirrhi in the Groin, which were fcnlible enough to
the Touch, though not to the Sight 5 and from that
Time, apprehending him of a fcrophulous Habit,
prefer ibed as follows : 1^ Myrrh. Milleped. Sue.
Glycyrrhiz. Terebinth . Venet.Pil. Matth. a 3). Balfi
Gilead. 9 Is Diacod. q. f f Pilulre N° xx. Capiat ij
tertiis horis cum Sero LaStis , which giving Relict, were

re*

r i°7 ]

repeated, only exchanging ‘P/7. Matth. gr. viij. for
. 01. Anif. gft\. and continued to December 12th,
when his Pains returned violently, and he coughed
up clotted Matter, not unlike the Parenchyma of the
Lungs abraded, with a little Blood. His Breath be-
came fetid, his Refpiration troubled, and he com-
plained of Third. He ufed oily paregoric Draughts
to the 15th, about which Time he was feized with
fo violent a pleuritic Pain, in the Middle of the
Night, that it was thought he muft have expired,
had not about of Blood been taken away imme-
diately, upon which the Pain foon removed from
the Side, and attacked him there but for a few Mi-
nutes afterwards. The Blood continued as jfizy as
ever. In the Evenings, when his Pains were mod
vehement, he had been fometimes delirious.

'December 18th, he firft told me of a Tumor he
had difeovered near the Navel, fince I faw him on
the 15th. It appeared not as he fat, but when laid
on his Back, there was a Protuberance bigger than a
Turkeys Egg, Four Fingers Breadth on the Left Side
of the Navel, extending Two above it, and Four
below it. By its Situation, Refinance to Preflure,
and the Unevennefs that from under the Skin was
communicated to the Touch, its difappearing when
he was in an eredt Pollute, and its not being dimi-
nifhed by difeutient Fomentations, it was judged to
be a feirrhous Tumor, which had long exifted there
unobferved by the Patient, till it increafed too much

to be longer undifeovered. The Emplajl. de Ran.

& cum Mercur. was applied outwardly 5 and conclu-
ding there was an internal Cancer, I was encouraged,
from the preceding Cafe, to order him Hydrargyr.

[ 108 ]

every Morning. 'Whereupon there was fuch a

Rcmiftion of his Pains, that during almoft a Fort-
night, he got more Reft without Opiates than before
with them ; infomuch that being greatly revived, and
regaining home Appetite, he got down Stairs Two or
Three times. Thinking the Plaifter increafed his
Pain, Indigo blue Linen was applied in its room.
The Mercury came away by Stool, and he had now
one almoft every Day, and fometimes twice a Day,

without a Clyftcr. His chief Drink was Milk arid

warm Water.— — His grand Complaint now Was
a moft troublelome Cardialgia, [ cfpcCially when he
lay down, which was fomewhat mitigated by Pow-
ders of Cret. Britan, cum pauxillo Sal. Abjinth. From
the firft Ufe of the Mercury he feemed on the mend-
ing hand, till after about 12 Days, when omitting
it for a few Days, he relapfed into his former or a
worfe Condition; and though he was fomewhat
ealier on the Repetition of it, the good EfFefts lafted
not long. He drooped daily from the 4th of Ja-

nuary, and on the 13 th died, emaciated and almoft
exangnis.

Upon Difie&ion, nothing preternatural appeared
in the Integuments, abdominal Mufcles, or Perito-
neum immediately under them. — -But under all
thefe, where the Protuberance had been obferved,
and immediately under the Omentum , (which was
deftitute of Fat, and its lower Part was mortified)
there came in View an anomalous Subftance/# Situ ,
feemingly as big as a very large Potatoe ; which,
when the circumambient Fifcera were removed, was
found to be a feirrhous, fungous, cancerated Excre-
lcence, rooted, as it were, to the Left Side of the

Fer-

C y°9 ]

Vertebra , quite from the ‘ Diaphragm down to the
‘Pelvis, of a monftrous Bulk, occupying near one
half of the Abdomen, lying like a Tortoife with its
Head towards the Pelvis , and its Back to the Umbi -

f

liens. It was in the upper Part covered by and firmly
cohered with the Colon, which in the whole Conti'
guity was black and mortified. It was firongly at-
tached to the Peritoneum on the Left Side of the
Lumbal Vertebra , having difplaced the Left Kidney,
and brought it forwards to the Left Side of the
Navel, fo that it came in View as foon as the
Omentum was removed. It likewife removed the
Aorta defeendens , the Left Emulgenr, and Meferaic
Veflels, quite out of their natural Situation ; all of
which were found pervading the Centre, nearly, of

this Excrefcence, and fmaller than natural.- — It

adhered to the Kidney firongly where the emulgent
Veflels enter it, and it had detruded moft of the
Email Guts into the Pelvis. Nothing was preter-

natural in the Stomach or Spleen, excepting that the
latter, as well as the Left Kidney, feemed paler than
ufual, and this Kidney alfo more flaccid : The Gall-
bladder was fhrunk to the Size of a Nutmeg, and

empty. The Liver had a preternatural Lobule, as

big as a Hazel-nut, adhering to *it by a fmajl Pe-
dicle. But otherwife all thefe Vifcera , as well as the
Right Kidney, Bladder, &c. , difeovered nothing
morbid.

This cancerated Excrefcence could not be eradi-
cated without Laceration, and upon the Removal
of it, Two or Three large Trunks of Nerves appeared
naked, palling over the Iliacus internus to the Thigh,
which had been comprefl'ed by this Tumor. The

P 2 Weight

Z?

C ]

Weight of this Excrefcencc was ifeiv+fxlvj and
allowing for what remained upon Laceration, and
the Etfufion upon cutting into it, 'it doubtlefs ex-
ceeded ifev. Upon Bife&ion, it appeared to the
Depth of half an Inch from its Surface black and
gangrened, and, below that, it was all fpongy, with
Cavities as large as thofe of an Honeycomb j and
from it had iflued a cancerous Sanies, draining to the
Pelvis.

Upon opening the Thorax , the Right Lobe of the
Lungs was full of feirrhous cancerated Tubercles,
from whence a Sanies had flowed betwixt it and the
Pleura : The Left Lobe was much fmaller than the
Right, firmly attached to the Pleura and Mediafti -

num , and infeparable without Dilaceration. It had

fome Tubercles alfo. The Heart appeared found,
but a large Polypus was taken out of its Right Ven-
tricle, at the Orifice of the Arleria Pulmonalis.

Another Cafe occurred to me cotemporary with
the firft of thefe, and fo like to both of them in the
antecedent Caufe and Symptoms, that, could I have
obtained Leave to infpett the Corpfe, I am perfuaded
fome fuch immediate Caufe would have difeovered

itfelf. Crude Mercury was the only Medicine in

this Cafe alfo, that palliated for about Ten Days
lucceflively.

But to what Purpofe fo particular a Relation of
Cafes confefledly incurable ? It is replied. That in
unfuccefsful Cafes an accurate Diagnoftic tends not
a little to the Reputation of the Phyfician, and his
Science, although thereupon he pronounces the Cafe
incurable by all the known Methods of regular

Pra&itioners Efpecially as this Cafe is very likely

to

C **» 3

to be miftaken at firft for an Arthritic Diforder, or a
- Nephritic one, either from Ulcer, Calculus , or both,
or for an Iliac PaJJion .

The Diagnoftics therefore of a Cancer within the
Abdomen , deduced from the preceding Hiftories,
fecm to be as follows:

A naturally {lender Habit of Body, accompanied
with fome fcrophulous or fcirrhous Tumor, together
with a pale Complexion, and coftive Difpofition : If
fuch an one, at an Age above Twenty, has received a
violent Contufion on the Loins, and, negleding all
Remedies, is fome time afterwards attacked with
exceffive Pains, afflicting now the Colon , then the
urinary Paffages, Spine of the Os Innominatum , and
Tubes, at various times, always increafed by all In-
ternals or Externals, by which the Heat of the Body is
increafed, efpecially Terebinthinate Clyfters ; but
mitigated by fome Singularity of Pofture, in which
the Patient conftantly abides j if thefe be attended
with an Hedic Fever, without the ufual Degree of
Heat in the Skin, of Whitenefs or Drynefs of Tongue,
or Complaint of Third, and alfo without Cough,
high-coloured Urine, or vitiated Refpiration; if ac-
companied likewife with an Affedion of the fper-
matic Vcffcls, of the Thighs, and frequent pleuritic
Pains; the Blood always abounding with tough Size;
if Opiates foon lofe their Effed, and only (as all other
new Remedies not heating) feem to give Relief for
Two or Three Days ; if Cathartics take Place, and by
frequent Repetition do not produce a colliquative
£. Diarrhoea , and the moll palliative Remedies are nitrous
Salts and Mercurial; may it not be concluded with
much Probability, that fuch a Cafe is owing to fome
fuch Caufe? May it not be pronounced an internal
Cancer? III. Ener-

[ m ]

• i f : . * - *

t . » r • '

.. , • ' • ' v w

III. Enar ratio Obfervationum circa Rorem de~
ciduum, fatfarum Medioburgi in Zeelandis,
a Leonardo Stocke, M. T)* fuper aperta
Elanitie plumbea Turns Ajlronomicte Joh,
Munkii3 Architetti publici 5 tempore notfurno,
inter 1$ & 16 Julii 1741. N. S. cum jiguris
Floccorum Nivalium Jan. 1741. ibidem
obfervatorum.

Read May 20. If A I E I 25 Julii meridic, altitude Ba-
I7+2* I J rometri fuit 29 poll. 2 -f lin. Rhe-

noland. Thermometri autem Fahrenheitiani 70 gra-
dum : Coelo fereno, Ventoque leniter flante ex occi-
dente xftivo : At ipfo obfervationum tempore, ab
hora decirna ad primam no&urnam, Barometri alti-
tudo erat 29 poll. 2 lin. Thermometri circiter 60
gradum, flante vix ullo Vento, Coeloque itidem fe-
reno.

In Vitrum varii generis, multum roris decidit, ita
ut totum maderet.

In Aurichalcum politum pauxillum, nec nifi te-
nuis Vapor.

Aurichalcum rude & afperum, paulo plus.

• Ferrum Stanno obdu&um, (Belgice Blik ) pa-

rum.

— coerulci coloris, multum.

afperum, admodum mujtum.

liEve, paene nihil.

* .rubiginofum, nihil.

Argentum vivum purum, nihil.

In

[ 11? ]

In Stannum Iteve, nihil.

Plumbum afperum, multum*

* laevigatum, parum.

Argentum candidum, nihil.

politum, nihil.

- — inauratum, item nihil.

Vas Myrrhinum coerulei coloris, (Belg. Blaau

Torfelein) rhultum.

Scandulam lapideam, multum.

Corbulam ex canna Indica fubtiliter plexam,

modicum.

i • Lignum Querceum heve : albi coloris,v per-

quam multum.

o — . — — —• — — nigri coloris, multo minus.1

— Abiegnum (Belg. Greenen boat) laevi-

gatum, erat tantummodo uvidum.

»— — ■— * albi coloris, paululum roris

i -7 habebat.

• f t i • , • . .

Omnis generis papyrum & humefcebat.

Hits corporibus, qua; multum roris admittebant,.
paula editiiiSj \diftantia : duarum triumVc pollicum,
fupra locum jam aoratufn j;ColiatiSj locus ifte' in
plumbea turns planitie ficcabatur, ipfaque corpora
tarn inferne quam fuperne , madefcebant ; attamen
ftannum & argentum in eodem lttu locata, ficca per-
manebant, licet ipfe locus antea roratus exficcaretur.

J . . * . . i •*■**- * * ' V *

Regi.c

'

fV '

Rii?,

[ m]

. Li !

I *

Regime Societati Lond. Figure fupra -
pojittfy exhibent formas Ni valium Floe-
corum, Medioburgi in Zeelandis ob -
fervavit Leonardus Stocke, M. 2).

Poftridie Calend. Jan. 1742. TV. Summo mane
dcpluerunt Flocci, (partim) conformati
inftar Fig. 1. quorum Diametri ad ex-
trema pun&a pertingentes erant | lin.

10 Jan- die, ante meridiem, Fig. 2. Diametri 4 lin.
in quibus media fexangularis rofa, ficut in
Fig. 1. ovales figure vacu$ erant.

20 Jan- Circa meridiem, Fig. 3. Diametri 1 lin.
& Fig. 4. Diametri 1 -J- lin. hi pofteriores
refplendebant lapidis fpecularis inftar.

1Y. A

Si ' !

t;

C n5 ]

IV* A Letter from Martin Triewald, F. R. S.
Captain of Mechanics , and Military Archi-
tect to the King of Sweden, to C. Mortimer,
M. 2). Sec . R. S. concerning the Vegetation
of Melon-Seeds Forty-two Tears old .

with an Experiment I made this Year, relating to
Vegetation, which was as follows : Secretary H<ereusy
of this Place, having a large Colle&ion of Natural
Curiofities, amongft which he has likewife colle&ed
a great Number of foreign Seeds, and finding he had
Melon-feeds that were laid up in a Paper in the
Year 1700. I was curious to try if they had retained
their vegetative Quality, and accordingly the 21ft of
February laft, I planted myfelf Twenty-four of them
in a feparate Hot-bed, of which I had Twenty-one
good Plants, which, after they were planted in a new-
made Hot-bed, fhewed Flowers before they began to
branch themfelves, and their Branches were very nar-
row, yet produced early and plenty of good Melons.
This Experiment fhews not only how long Melon-feeds
retain their vegetative Quality, but likewife that good
Melon-feeds cannot well be too old. I know it is no
new thing to make ufeof old Melon-feeds rather than
new,but 1 never heard of any body trying fo old as thefc.
So if you think this Experiment worth taking No-

SIR,

Rtad May 20.
1742.

H

AVING at prefent an Opportu-
nity of writing, I mull acquaint you

Q.

tice

tice of in the Tranfaffions, fhall be obliged to you,
remaining, .with infinite Refped,

V. Samuelis Chriftiani Hollmanni, Leg. Met.
& Theol. Natural, in Regia Georgia Au-
guftar CP. *P. 0. ad Cromwellum Morti-
merum, M. Z). Regalis Societ. Seer. Epiftola

de Dijferentiis Altitudinum Barometrorum.
g It ' . , ‘ . :

■Read May 20. | ^ACILE te veniam datnrum fpero,

,741‘ vir dodiffime, quod ad humanif-

fimas tuas. Id. Aug. A. 1735. Lond. datas, redeque
mihi fuo tempore redditas, nihil adhuc refponderim.
Defuit occafio, jufta etiam defuit feribendi ratio, quam
nunc cafus mihi obtulit.

Eram nuper menfe Julio hujus anni in eo, ut cum
Clar. Hallero noftro in finitimx Hercynis noftrae
montes iter aliquod fufeiperem ; illequidem rei botani-
es, egophyficarum potillimum obfervationum, caufa.
Baromctrum ergo aliquod inter alia parabam, quo in
via uti commode poflem ad inftituenda experimenta.
Scalam afeenfus defcenfufque mercurii, ipfi applican-
dam, in pedis Rhenani digitos, & lineas duodecimales,
more folito, a 20mo ad 3 2<*um digitum folicite divi-

Stockholm,
Nov. 16. 1 jcii.

Honoured Sir,

Tour mop: obedient ,
and moft humble Servant ,

\ ,

M. Triewald,

F. R. S.

feram.

[ ]

feram. Cumapplicare ergo illam barometro vellem,
eumque in finem ejufdem, recens modo fadi, aititu-
dinem cum aliorum jamdudum paratorum, quorum
fex numero aderant, altitudinibufque contenderemj
ecce contigit mihi, quod non expedaram. Nullius
enim horum omnium altitudinem altitudini alterius
exade refpondere, quin difcrimen potius a 2. ad 12
ulque tineas Rhenani pedis inter eafdem intercedere
deprehendi : etfi nullum illorum vitio ulio laborare,
latis noveram ; recens vero fadum, illud quod opti-
mum, maximeque fenfibile, hadenus eflc repereram,
'duabus modo tineis fuperabat. Ex icinere ergo reverfus
die 27,Julii anni currentis in difcrimina base obfervata
inquirere curatius ccepi 5 & quoniam eodem modo
eadem iterum reperiebam, cito nova conftruxi ba-
rometra, tubis red is, fed diverfas aperturas habentibus,
conftantia, arque inter hxc iterum difcrimina- ab 1.
ad 4. lineasRhenolandicas deprehendi 5 qua: maximam
vero altitudinem habebant, illud quod antea optimum
meum barometrum efte dixi, fex integris tineis fu-
perabant. Die 12. Aug. eadem experimenta cum his
quindecim barometris repetii, atque eadem propemo-
dum difcrimina iterum obfervavi. Alia ergo decern
barometra nova paravi, redis & fimplicibus tubis omnia
quidem iterum conftantia, ex parte tamen capfulis
vitreis rccurvatis, pro rec-ipiendo ex tubis defcendente
mercurio fadis, inftruda, ex parte vero iifdem ca-
rentia. Hie vero obfervabam decern' horum barome-
trorum altitudines modo a-f ad 1 ± linens a fe diferc-
pare, &, quod fummum erat, optimi mei barometri aiti-
tudinem quatuor modo tineis fuperare. •

Non opus eft, ut ftgiihtim indicem, qua circum-
fpedione & cura barometra haze omnia parata a rhe

fuerinr.

[ 118 ]

fueririt. Sufficit omnia eodem modo fuifle fadta,
datamquc Tolicite die operam, ne quicquam aeris vel
in tubis extremitate refiderer, vel inter mercurii par-
ticulas delitcTceret, aut vitri tandem lateribus adhse-
reret. O&odecim veto poftrema, recens fa&a, baro-
metra ex eodem qnoque, maximeque repurgato,
mercurio fa&a hint. Inter tubulos autem vitrcos
difcrimcn aliquod interceflit, quod, cum aliis non-
nullis circumftantiis, filcntio mihi non eft pmercun-
dum. Illud enim barometrum, quod optimum meuni
die jam aliquoties dixi, atque in quo mercurius mi-
nimam Temper altitudinem obtinet, tubo conftat, ex
vitro viridi conflato, caplulceque Teparata? vitrete, ex
eodem vitro facte, 6c mercurio aliquantum replete,
infiftit. I'ndicabo illud poftea Clalft I. Tub N°. i. 5
illud vero, quo in Hercynte montibus ufus Turn, Tub
N°. ii. Ille vero tubus, in quo maxima, 6c integro
faepe digito Rhenano major, quam in N°. i. deprehcn-
ditur mercurii altitudo, albiftimo vitro conftat, quod
vero ubinam paratum ftr, ignoro. Infcrtus eft cap-
fuls ligneae, 6c phofphorum habet infignem, hoc ba-
rometrum > ceterum vero omnium fere tardiftlmc 6c
pigerrime altitudines fuas mutat. Nam non eodem
modo, eademque Temper promptitudine, mercurium in
omnibus barometris aTcendere 6c deTcendere notum
jam efte exiltimo. Mihi Taltem id ante hos Teptem
annos jam compertum eft. Indicabo hoc barome-
trum poftea Tub N°. vii. Quod Tub N°. iii. \uo
poftea adducann, diagonale eft cum limplici curvatura,
6c capftila vitrea inferne adhxrente, Ted recurvata ; Tub
N°. iv. Bernoullianum, cujus tubus ad cyl indium,
Tuperne agglutinatum, circiter Te habet ut i.ad 8. 6c
fubN°. v. Hugenianum poftea indicabo: de quo 6c

dia-

C >'? 3

diagonalibus non adeo mirandum efle exiftimo, cur
cum reliquis ilia non confpirent. Caufze enim, cur con-
fpirare nequeant, in aprico fere funt pofuae. N°. vi.
iterum diagonale eft, fed cum duplici curvatura,
quarum alteram ilia pars tubi excipit, cui fcala appli-
cata eft cum parte tubi perpendiculari 25. circiter
graduum angulum intercipiens ; in cujus duplici adeo
angulo ob majorem ibi tubi anguftiam mercurius ne-
ceftario mire in afcenfu defcenfuque debet retardari.

Qua: ad alteram clafiem barometra retuli, ilia
omnia vitreis diverfi generis tubulis conftant, fed
quorum mafta vitrea vitio illo ex parte aliqua laborar,
ut ad lampadis flammam fufa fuperfidem, fquamulis
quaft minimis coopertam, accipiat, pelluciditatifquc
fuze partem aliquant eo loco perdat. Atque hi ipfi
tubi funt, in quibus omnium maximam altitudinem
mercurius in redis 6c fimplicibus baromctris accepit,
ft folum phofphorafcens excipiam.

Ad tertiam tandem claftem ilia barometra retuli,
quae etiam ex tubis albiftlmis, fed qua: nullam ab ignc
mutationem patiuntur, conftant, quique & in eadem
officina vitriaria eodem tempore parati fuerunt. Ba-
rometra, ex his conftruda, omnia redilinea, 6c fim-
plicia, fuerunt. Atque in his non majorem altitu-
dinisdifFerentiam, quam a -ad 1 -l-lineas, deprehendi,
6c quae maxima in his altitudo minimam in reliquis
altitudinem non amplius 4. lineis fuperavit, uti antea
jam indicayi,

Num in tubulorum ergo vitrcorum diverfitate
forfan diverfitatis hujus caufa quaerenda erit? Num
unius forfan fuperficies fuperficie alterius magis aut
minus fcabra 6c inzequalis eft, mercuriique adeo afcen-
fui fridione fua magis aut minus reiiftit ? Aut num

alia

[ no ]

alia for fan adhuc rei hujus caufa fuerit > Sed hoc
tuo, vir do&iflime, atque illuftris imprimis Soci e-
tatis Regime, judicio totum permitto. Patiaris
modo quasfo, ut brevem obfervationum mearum in-
dicem adhuc fubne&am.

Classis I.

Barometrorum quorum altitudines diverge die 27.
Jul. & iz. Aug. obfervata funt.

No. I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. •

VI. -

VII. *

tubi apertura.

— \ lin. —

2

T

IT

mercurii altit.

.27
. 28

27
• 28
. 28

28
28

//

m

1 1

I.

1 1.

4«

5-

7t

9*

pcd. rhen.

Classis II.

Barometrorum otto, die 27. Jul. recens fattorum.

No. I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

tubi apert.

— 2 lin.

— 2

— *1
— 1 \

2

3.

mercar. altit .
.28"

4*

4.

2i

2.

2.

2.

4,

- 28

- 28
- 28
. 28

28
■ 28
28

T I I/I

1 4 -

Cl as.

[ ]

C L ASSIS III.’

f Decern barometrorum , die 12. Aug.recens conftrutto -
quorum quinque prior a fine capfulis annexis
flier unt , quinque poftrema <vero capfulas recurvas
* vitreas , mer curio ex tubo defcendenti recipiendo
infervientesj annexas inf erne habuerunt .

I. —

f lin.

II. —

_ I

*5*

III. —

-H

IV. —

V. —

-Ii

VI. —

“If

VII. —

1

2

VIII. —

* I

JX. —

” 1 T *

X. —

I

■ T

mercur. ditit .
-2 7" w\nr,
-27 nf.
-27 nf.

- 28 o.

.27 11 i-

28 o.

28 o.

28 I.

27 Ilf.

27 Ilf.

Qiium eodem ergo tempore, eodemque in loco,
aliorum barometrorum alias Tint altitudines.; annon
eadem folicitudine, ac circa thermometra adiiuc
fadtum eft, de barometris harmonicis cogitandum
prius erit, quam ex annuis barometrorum obfervati-
onibus media? illorum in divcrfis locis altitudines,
atque ex his, pr&ter alia, eorundem fupra marium
fuperficiem elevationes, colligi inde Tatis tuto polllnt ?
Secundum Barometrurn, quod in Clafte I. N°. 1.
pofui, quo per Teptcm annos jam hie ufus Turn, media
altitudo mercurii hie loci eric = 27/'’ io/;/. ped.
Rhenan. fecund um illud vero, quo in Hercynias mon-

tibus

[ t« ]

tibus ufus Turn, 28" o'", ad qux reliqua facile pof-
funt reduci.

Ut tandem vero finiam, illud unicum mihi hie
adjicere adhuc liceat, quod in Hercynix noftrx mon-
tibus metalliferis, fummoque eorundem vertice, fa-
in oil ft! mo fc. illo BruEierorum monte, Germanice ‘Z)^r
Brocken , five, 'Der Blockesberg (Blocksberg), baro-
metro mihi obfervatum eft. Die nempe 9. Jul.
hujus anni eo profc&us fum, quum barometrum
inodo indicatum, hie Gottingx lubfifteret ad 28"
3 /;/. die fequenti 10. veto, in fummo vertice
Bruderorum montis confedit ad — 25" 2"1. quum
interea temporis altitudinem fuam ad duas lineas hie
l'olum mutafiet. Differentia ergo altitudinum inter
hunc locum, 6c Bruderi verticem, qui altiftimus ex
longe lateque circumjacentibus montibus eft, eft =
2" 1 iJ". quibus fecundum Cl. Scheuchzeri calculum,
in Tranfatt. Bhilof. N°. 405. propofitum, 2550 pedes
Parifini, aut numero rotundo, 2500 circiter refpon-
derent : qux altitudo, etfi hujus montis accolis fatis
ingens videtur, cum Helvetix tamen, Gallix, alia-
rumque regionum montibus contendi nullo modo
poteft.

Sed ut ne te diutius morer, vir dodiflime, ut res tuas
porro ex voto agas, mihi favere pergas, oro, con-
tendoque. Ita vale. Dab. Gotcingx A. 1 741 . die 1 . Sept.

VI. A

[ '*}.]

Vf. A Letter from John Huxham, M. 2)* to
2 )r. Mortimer, a5Vc. R. S. concerning Polypi
taken out of the Hearts of fever a l Sailors
juft arrived at Plymouth from the Weft-
indies.

SIR,

Read May 10. y Have taken the Liberty to fend you
'7+1‘ JL the following Account, which, I

think, contains fomething very remarkable. If you

think it worthy the Notice of the Royal Society,
I beg you will lay it before them.

During the exceeding dry, cold Weather in Fe-
bruary and March laft, feveral of the Men brought
Home in the ‘Deptford and Dunkirk Men of War
from the Weft- Indies, were feized with flrort, im-
portunate, afthmatic Coughs, without any Expecto-
ration violent and almoft continual Palpitation of

the Heart, with a perpetual intermitting, trembling,
fluttering Pulfe, and a conftant Anxiety, Pain and
Sinking of the Heart, as they expreffed it. — -They
breathed with exceffive Difficulty, and could fcarce

lie down in Bed without Suffocation. Their Heads,

as it were, funk between their Shoulders, and they

had very dead, heavy Countenances. Some had

Pains of the Side, though very little apparent Fever.

Upwards of Twenty Perfohs were in a very fhort
Time carried off towards the End of March in this
Manner, notwithftanding the mod proper and dili-
gent Care, by Bleeding, Vomiting, Blifteriug, Atte-
nuates, Diluents, &c,

R Upon

i

- [ 12 A ]

Upon this, Mr. Wyatt , firft Surgeon of the Ho-
fpitah who is not billy ‘a very ingenious, but carefiil
Praaitioner, ordered Two of the Dead to be opened
forthwith; they were about Forty Years old.— rHe
found monftrous 'Polypi in both their Hearts, and
diredly had the Hearts carried to his own Houfe, and
loon acquainted me with the whole Matter : We
very carefully examined them. The Toly pi were
very nearly of the Colour of the Buff formed on the
Surface of highly. pleuritic„or rheumatic Blood, when
quite cold, or rather whiter. They were v.aftly tough,
and feemed to be formed of various Lamina very
clofely conncded, though here-and-there . a bloody

Vein, as it were, was interfperfed. They were not

only firmly attached to the flefhly Column# of tire
Heart, but were alfo funk and inferted ftrongly into
the Intercolumnia , or Sulci-, and that even to the very
Bottom of the Ventricules.— Thefe Roots, if we
may fo call them, were of a whiter Colour than the
Body of the Toly pus.

One of thefe Tolypi (taken out of the Heart of
Jeremy Mannings) weighed a full Ounce, not in-
cluding its Ramifications in the Arteria Tulmonaris
and the Cava, but as it was taken out of the Right
Auricle and Ventricle ; for it was one continued
"Mafs, and ftrongly adhered to both.

The Toly pus taken out of the Left Ventricle of the
fame Heart, was alfo very confiderablc, and rather
more firm and compad than that of the Right, but
of the very fame Colour, and firmly implanted into
the Sides of the Ventricle quite down to the Macro

Cordis. Its Branches were fhot a great Way into

the Subclavian and Carotid Arteries but very little

down

[ 'M.h

down the Aorta . 1 observed one of tlie fejniJunar

- Valves of the Aorta beginning to grow bony.

There were Jikewife found very great Tolypi in
tljie Right and Left Cavities of the other Heart, of
the fame Colour, Eirmncfs and Tenacity, but not
altogether fo large j and they refpeCtively branched
their Appendices a great Way into the Pulmonary
Artery, Aorta , &e. ■

More of the .Sailors dying in, ^hc very fame way
foon after, the Thorax of another was opened, that

of a young Man about Twenty. In the Right Au-

ricule and Vcntricule of his Heart was found a large
tough fubrubicund Toly pus y, not quite fo white as

thqfe mentioned before but. there was .no fuch.Co.n-.

ere t ion in the Left. •

Now though Kerlyrmgms, .and, others baye endea-
voured to explpdb the Notion of the Formation' of
true Tolypi in the Heart and Blood-vcfiels 5 yet Mal-
pighius Bartholme , Tulpius , Techlin , and others,
have given us inconteftable Inftances of the Exigence
of tru z Tolypi in the Heart, in the ftricteft Senfej
anni; you’ ha^c here Three unqueftionable Evidences
of the like Nature: Such, indeed, efpccially the Two
former, as I never have before met with amidft the
very numerous DifleCtions 1 have been firft and lad
prefent at.

Before I conclude this, it may not be amifs to men-
tion, that I had the firft Lieutenant and Purfer of the
"Dunkirk under my Care in very fevere Tleuro -
peripneumonies , whole Blood was as vifeid as I ever
law 5 and they were with very great Difficulty faved,
nqr.copld they be brought to expectorate till the
Seventh Day of the Fever.

R 2

It

[ »*< 3

It may be obferved alfo, that the above Ships came
Home from a very hot Climate into a very cold one,
in the midft of Winter, and that a long-continued
Courfe of North-eafterly Winds kept on, and even

increafed, the Cold to a great Degree that Pleu-

rifies, Teripneumonies, & c. are commonly the Effetts

of fuch a Conftitution of Air that the Blood of

fuch as labour under thefe Diforders is always ex-
tremely fizy } and that the Heat of the Weather in
the Weft' Indies, and large and long- continued Ufe
of fpirituous Liquors, had greatly condenfed the
Blood of thefe poor Fellows; and that, in the Blood-
veifels of the Thorax of fuch as die of thefe Dif-
tempers, polypofe Concretions are not uncommonly
found.

I am, Sir, with the greateft Refped,

. Tour

Plymouth, ,

April 23. 1742. and mojt obedient,

humble Servant ,

J. Huxham.'

(

VII. An

[ w ]

VII* An Extrafl of a Topographical * Account
of Bridgnorth in the County of Salop, com-
municated to the Royal Society by the
Rev . Mr, Stackhoufe, Minijler of St. Mary
Magdalen in that Town 5 containing an
Account of the Situation, Soil, Air, Births
and Burials of that ‘Place , and of fome Tu-
muli Sepulchrales near it.

Read jane 3. If} Ridgnorth a is pleafantly fituated
>7+i- jfj upon the River Severn , on the

Weft of the antient Foreft of Morfe , and was built,
according to Camden , by Edelfleda\ Lady of the

Mer-

* Taken from the original Papers of the Rev. Mr. Richard Comes ,
late Minifter of the Parifh of St. Mary Magdalen in Bridgnorth.

*■ A fofter Pronunciation only of its old Name Brugg or Brugg-
north. In a Charter of King John , it is called Bruges ; in another of
Edward III. Brugg and Brugg-north , and in a Third of King Charles I.
Bridgnorth, alias Brugg-north , alias Bruges. Both Brugg and Bruges
iignify a Bridge or Bridges, and the Termination Norths whether it be,
as fome would have it, a Corruption of the Word Morfe or not, was
doubtlefs added with regard to the Situation of the Place. N. B. Bruges
in Flanders is fo called from its many Bridges, and Brugg-bote is an old
Word for Pontage or Bridge-toll.

b Edelfleda alias Elfleda , eldeft Daughter of Alfred the Great , faid
by fome to be the firft abfolute Monarch over the Engli(b. She
married Ethelred , to whom Alfred gave the Government of the City
of Lojzdon, which he had then taken from the Danes , and the Title of
Earl of Mercia , an empry Title, till by his Valour he became Matter
of a great Part of that Province. After his Death, Elfleda , being a
Princefsof great martial Prowefs, took upon her the Government of
her Husband, and fortified many Towns, to keep the Danes out of

Mercia

[1*8]

Mercians \ but cn com pa fled with a Wall, and forti-
fled, by Robert de Belefme c, Earl of Shrewsbury >
and afterwards favoured by King John , and other
Kings, with many and great Privileges granted in
their refpeftive Charters. It is governed by Two
Bailiffs with the Bunrcflcs in Common Hall aflem-
bied : The Bailiffs are annually chofen out of Twenty-
four Aldermen upon St. Matthew' § Day, after the
following remarkable Manner : The Court being
met, the Names of Twelve Aldermen (Seniors of
thofe that are there prefent, and who have not heen
Callers for three Years before) being (Separately written
upon frnall Scrolls of Paper, all of the fame Size, and
rolled up.clofe by the Town-Clerk, are thrown into
a large Purfe, which being (hut, well fhaken and
tolled by the two Chamberlains,- Handing upon the
Chequer is afterwards held open betwixt them,
before the Bailiffs ; whence each Bailiff, according to
Seniority, putting in his Hand, takes a Scroll, by
which the Callers are fixed, who immediately mount-
ing the Chequer, alternately call the Jury out of fuch

Mercia : Afterwards fhe carried her Arms, in Conjun&ion with her
Brother King Edward, againft the Welfj , and obliged them to become
tributary. About this time (913) fhe is faid to have built and re-
paired feveral Places, as Stafford , Bridgnorth , &c. See Rapin from
Sax. Ann. Hunting. Hovend. Vol.I. pag. 38.

c Robert de Belefme-, a Man outrageoufly cruel to his own Sons and
Hoftages, whom he caftrated with his own Hands, and plucked our
their Eyes ; but being deferted by the Weljh , was icixed, and, being
convi&ed of High-Treafon, was afterwards imprifoned, others lay,
ban ifhed for Life ; and thus fuffered condign Punifhment for his noto-
rious Wickednefs. See Cainden , Baker s Chronicle , <Sec.

d A large fquare Table in the Middle of the Court, encompaffed
with Seats.

Pcrfons

[ ll9 1

Perfons as are Burgelfcs, and then prefent in Court,
to the Number of Fourteen. Thefe being all fworn
neither to eat nor drink, till they, or Twelve of
them, have made Choice of Two fit Perfons (who
have not been Bailiffs for Three Years before) toferve
the Office of Bailiffs for the Year enfuing, are locked
up together, until agreed 5 which hath often occa-
fioned very long and tedious Fallings, even to the
Prejudice of their Healths : However, when they
are agreed, they make Report of the Perfons they
have elected, and they are fworn into Office upon
Michaelmas- day e.

This Borough, as others, has a Recorder, Town-
Clerk, and Two Rcprcfentatives in Parliament.

The Town is divided by a ftately Stone Bridge f
over the Severn into Two unequal Parts ; the leffer
Part, that lies upon the E aft of the River, is called
the low Town, and confifts of Two Streets, one ex-
tending from the Bridge to the very Foot of Morfe>
and goes by the Name of St. Johns-Jlreet , from a
Religious Houfe there in.Times of Popery, dedicated
to St. John the Baptift.

The River abounds with divers forts of the moft
excellent Fiffi, as Salmon , Pike , Shad, Trout , Grey-
ling , Flounders , Eels, Chub , Gudgeon , and what goes
here by the Name of Samlet , a fmall Fifh fpotted
with Red, not much unlike the Trout ; only the Spots
, ' — ' ■■ ■ ■■ ■ 1 ’< - — — 1

cThe Bailiffs for the Time being are Juftices of the Peace, and
Lords of the Manor for the faid Town and Liberties, which are
extenfive, being one way Six or Seven Miles.

f This Bridge has Seven Arches, and formerly had a Draw, Port-
cullis, and other Engines of Defence: The old Gatc-houfe upon it is
.Hill Handing, and feveral other Houles have been built upon its Piers.

lie

i

[ *j° 3

lie in a more dircdl Line on" its Sides. It fcldotn
exceeds Four or Five Inches in Length, and is of a
mod delicious Taftc, but to be taken only at certain
Seafons of the Year : In Summer, when the Water
is low, the Fifher goes bare-legged into the Shallows,
and, having on a Pair of old Shoes, ftirs up the Gravel
and Sand, fo as to difcolour the Water; and thus, by
angling there, ufually takes many of them, together
with Gudgeons and Blags ; but they are moftly taken
with an artificial Fly.

The Head of this River is on the Mountain Blymlly-
mon in the County of Montgomery , whence it flows
through this County, that of JVorcefter , and Glou-
cejler , diffufing its vital Moifturc as it pafies, till it
empties itfelf into the Severn Sea below the City of
BriftoL It is navigable for about 140 Miles, and
has a great Number of Veftelss continually plying
^ upon it.

The Soil in thefe Parts is of a very different Na-
ture : E aft ward of the River Severn lies a fine dry
fandy Soil, fit for bearing Rye , Barley , &c. and is
therefore commonly diftinguifhed by the Name of
the Rye-land from the other Parts of the Country,
that lie on the Weft of the River j where the Soil is
much upon a moift Clay, fit for Wheat, Beafe, &c.
yet not fo peculiarly adapted to thefe forts of Grain,
but that feveral lighter Parts of this Quarter often-
times bear very plentiful Crops of Barley , Oats, &c.

The Common Fields adjoining to the Town bear
Grain of all Kinds, one of them being yearly ap-

* Mod of the Veflels made ufe of upon this River are built here
in feveral Dock-yards.

pro-

- . c m* a , ...

propriatcd for Corn; nay, the very Sides of the Rock
upon which the Town ftands, though the Soil there
'be but fhallow, yet, when well manured, produces
great and very early Crops of *Peafe , Beans , Cucum-
ber s, Afparagus , and all forts of Garden-herbs in Per-
fection.

The high Town lies upon the Weftern Bank of
the River: That rifes gradually to a confiderable
Height. The Afeent begins from the End of the
Bridge, where what is firft worth Notice, is, a Paf-
fage h for People on Foot, cut deep in the Rock,
afeending with convenient Flights of Steps at proper
Diltances, much refembling, as Travellers have ob-
ferved, the Afeent of Mount Calvary in Jerufalem.
On the South of this Paflage, opens a large Cave * in
the Rock, remarkable here for being the Repofitory
of excellent Beer : At the Entrance of this ftands a
Lion rampant, carved in Stone, and within is a large
Tun containing above Five Hogfheads.

The Air of this Place is exceeding healthy, and,
for ought I know, may vie even with that of Mont-
pelier itfelf. It is certain, we have very few con-
fumptive People amongft us, fo that as it is preser-
vative to the Natives, in all Probability it might be
reftorative to Strangers. However, we have this
Convenience from the Variety of Situation k, that if

h About 160 Yards in Length.

1 In Length 33, in Breadth 27 Feet.

k Dr. Hollins , an eminent Phyfician i \\ Shrewsbury, Father to the
late Dr. Hollins , Phyfician to his prefent Majesty, made it his
Obfervation, That when any Epidemical Diftempers were abroad,
Bridgnorth was fooner freed from them than any other Place that he
knew. The fame hath been fince confirmed by the Obfervarions cf
Dr. Antony Weaver , now an ingenious Phyfician in this Place.

s

the

t »*• ]

the Air in the upper Part of the Town be too fine
and (harp for our Conftitutions, we may foon remove
into the Lower, where it is much fofter, and by that
means polTibly find Relief, and continue till Old Age
In its natural Courfe carries us to the Grave. In fhort,
cnany of the Inhabitants here live to very advanced
Vears, there being many Inftances of thofe that have
exceeded an Hundred K

1 N.B. There are three old Hatters now living (1739) in the Pa-
tifh of St. Mary Magdalen , and bidding fair for an Hundred each,
whofe prefent Ages, being computed together, make fomewhat more
than 257 Years.

[ »» ]

- A Table of Births and Burials for is TearSi in the
Tarijh of St, Mary Magdalen, which contains
about 5 20 Families ; and of St. Leonard, contain *
t dining about 550 Families 5 which , allowing Five
to each Family , amounts to 2600 Inhabitants in
the Tar/fh of St. Mary, to 2750 /'» the Tarijh
of St. Leonard j all 5350.

In the Parifh of In the Parifh of

St. Mary Magdalen.

St. Leonard.

Births.

Burials.

Births.

Burials.

54.

1 19. Sm. Pox.

1727.

68.

100. Sm. Pox;

72.

77

1728.

72.

6l.

52.

74

1729.

54-

78.

<$5.

78

1730.

84.

65.

75.

3 6

1731,

70.

53.

64.

41

1732.

47-

49.

70.

6 9 • » • *

1733.

79.

65.

69.

77

1734.

64.

90.

46.

56. . . .

1735.

72.

57.

60.

32

1736.

79-

3 9.

67.

22. ....

1737-

71.

5<L

6r.

53. • • • • •

1738.

62.

6f.

75 L

7ir.

822,

778.

Total In creafc 8 8.

S 4

St

tr»J4;3

Sepulchral Tumuli upon Morfe near Bridgnorth,- in
the County of Salop, fuppofed to be Danifh.

Eaft and Weft Sides North and South Sides

3 6 Yards long. 33 Yards long.

In July 1 740. I obfervcd upon Morfe the Tumuli
as reprefentcd above, where the Soil is a ftrong Gra-
vel. Mont f ancon in his Antiquities tells us, that the
old Cimbri m were wont to throw up Heaps of Gra-

B1 Old Inhabitants of Denmark.

vel

I

' l }

vel upon their Graves 5 and that the more- remarkable
- the Perfons were, the larger were the Tumuli over
them. I therefore imagined, that this might poflibly
^e a Burying-place of the "Danes , who, I think, ’tis
generally owned, were Defendants of thofe People.
For Satisfa&ion, I caufed the middle and largeft Tu-
mulus to be dug through from North to South (Sec
a a in the Figure), fuppofmg by that Method I muft
crofs the Site of any Body that might have been laid
there. We dug about Seven Feet deep, even to the
folid Rock, without meeting-with. anything remark-
able, but an iron Shell, in Shape of a frnall Egg, with
a round Hole at one End, but fo cankered and
decayed, that it eafily broke into Email Pieces ; this
we judged to have been the Bofs of a Sword. How-
ever, upon viewing the Trench that we had dug, wc
perceived upon the Weft Side a Hollow in the Gra-
ve], which, upon Trial, extended horizontally Four
or Five Feet f and under this Hollow (See bb in the
Figure) we found one of the large Vertebrae of the
Loins, with its Proeefles pretty perfect, but throughly
petrified 5 and, upon further Search, fe'veral Portions
of Bones, all alike petrified, but lb difguifed, that
we could not difeover to what Part of the Body they
belonged. We afterwards opened one of the Idler
Tumuli (See cc in the Figure), and found what is
thought to be the Qs Sacrum, and many other Email
Pieces of Bones, in a petrified State. It was great
Odds that wc had found nothing at all 5 but Nature
favoured us, by prefer ving fome few Tokens of An-
tiquity. During this Search, the Peejple were much
alarmed, and flocked to the Place- in- great Num-
bers, expecting, I prefume, to have feen Wonders j

but

. ... C

bat being difappointed, they foon fpread a Report
over the Country, that by a Difcovery made by Tome
antient Writings, we dug there for Treafure, by
which we were greatly enriched : To prevent the
farther Concourfe of the People, &c. we were glad
to fill up the Trenches, and leave the other Tumuli
unexamined.

N. B. The Middle Tumulus is about Nine Yards in Diameter, and
the lefler about Eight Yards each at the Plain.

VIII. ‘Part of a Letter from the Right HonhIe
Robert James Lord Petre, F. R. S. to Martin
Folkes, Efq-j L*. R. S. concerning fome extra-
ordinary Effects of Lightning.

SIR , Brook-Jlreet , June 24. 1 742.'

-Read June *4. Tuefday Morning, between Three

17+1‘ and four o'Clock, we had at

Thorndon fome of the mod terrible Thunder I ever
heard ; and, indeed, by theEffe&s of it, I have Rea-
fon to conclude, that it was very near us, as well as
by the Noife, to which I really think no other Thun-
der I ever yet had any Notion of, could be compared.
It has beat down a Chimney at a Farm-houfe juft by,
and the Lightning has alfo ftruck Two large Oaks in
my Park, which hand about Forty or Fifty Feet
apart. In one of them I do not obferve any thing
much different from other Trees which I have before
feen ftruck with Lightning; the only thing that
feems remarkable, is, that the greateft Damage ap-
pears

[ >37 1

pears to be done to the Eaft Side of the Tree, al-
though it is certain, that the Storm all came from the
' South-Weft. This Tree is extremely fhattercd, and
fplit from the Top to the Bottom ; and on the South-
Weft Side, juft by the Root, there is a large Hole
made in the Ground, about Six or Seven Inches Dia-
meter, and about a Foot or Fifteen Inches deep.
But in the other Tree, I think, there is fomething
more particular ; for there, without fhattering or fplit-
ting the Tree in the leaft, or fo much as difturbing
a Tingle Branch, although there are a great many
upon it, the Lightning has taken off the Bark about
Five Inches wide, in a complete fpiral Line, from,
about Forty Feet high, down to within about a Foot
of the Ground, where the Width diminifhes to about
Two Inches, and fo goes quite off : -In the Centre
of thefe Five Inches, it has entered the Wood about
Three-fourths of an Inch deep, and about an Inch
and half wide: This Hollow it has in great part
cleared out intirely, and the reft is left hanging like
Pieces of broken or untwifted Ropes ; this Hollow
alfo diminifhes near the Ground, and dies quite out
exa&ly at the Ground : The fpiral Line is exa&ly.
regular, and goes juft once round the Tree, or but
very little more, and, as near as I can obferve, is ex-
actly of an equal Width all the Way. The Surface-
of the Bark of both tqe Trees is remarkably touched
for about Ten Feet from the Ground, as if it were
(hot all over with Small- fhot, each of which feems
to have taken off little Scales or outfide Pieces of the
Bark, from an Inch and half or Two Inches broad
and long, to a quarter of an Inch. I will add no
more, than only to wifh, that this Account may prove

any

C I)« ]

any thing new. or agreeable to you, to dc/Tre you to
cxcufc the great Hurry in which it is wrote, and to
allure you, that I am very finccrcly,

\ SIR,

. 7'our faithful
Humble Servant „

Petre.

N. B. Eflfe&s of Lightning, like this, were obferved by Six John
Clark. See Philofophical Tranjathons ^ N° p. 235.

: ' ■ ; ■ hr! ■ : . fi

*y u fit

>' 'i! .*

Vii .

♦ v Kj

"!

no-

IX. ^ Account oj a Meteor feen at Peckham,
Dec. 1 1. 1741. by Tho. Milner, l\f. CD .

Read June 24.. lf\Ecember xi. 1741. at Seven Mi-
I74*' nutes part One in the Afternoon by

the common Clocks, a Globe of Light, fomewhat
larger than the horizontal Full Moon, and as bright
as the Moon appears at any time while the Sun is
above the Horizon,' . inftantaneoufly appeared, in a
blue clear Sky, about the S.S.E. moving towards
theEaft with a continual equable Motion, and leaving
behind it a narrow Streak of Light, whiter than the
Globe itfelf, throughout its whole Courfe. Towards
the End it appeared lefs than at the Beginning of its
Motion 5 and within Three, or at mod Four Seconds,
it fuddenly vanifhed. Its apparent Velocity was nearly
equal to half the Velocity of thofe ufual Meteors
commonly called falling or fhooting Stars : This may
be thought an indeterminate way of expreiling its
Velocity, as thofe falling Stars vary in the Swifrnefs
of their Motions 5 but if fuch be underftood as- have

/

f »J9 1

a mean Velocity, between the fwiftcft and the flowed-,
-it expreflcs, in the bed manner I can think of, the
apparent Velocity of its Motion.

The narrow luminous Streak remained very diftind
after the Globe was gone j and gave a fair Oppor-
tunity for taking the Elevation of this Phenomenon
above the Horizon, at the Beginning and End of its
Motion, &c. .had there been proper Inflrumcnts
ready at hand : This not being the Cafe, I guefled the
Elevation of the Globe, when it firft appeared, was
near 30°' But forne Days after, being exadly in the
fame Situation. as when I faw this Meteor, I took the
Elevation of a fmall Cloud, which appeared to be in
the fame Place, with a Quadrant of Two Feet Radius,
and found it to be but 20°* This luminous Trad, or
Path, feemed a Right Line, not quite parallel, but a
little inclined to the Plane of the Horizon, viz.
higheft towards the Eaft. It was at firft very narrow,
and pointed at each Extremity ; but foon grew broader,
and within 20 Minutes after the Appearance, which
was the laft time I faw any thing of this Affair, it
appeared exadly like a long bright rare Cloud, dif-
continued in two Places, above three times its firft
Breadth, and a little more inclined to, and elevated
above the Horizon, than it was immediately after
the Motion of the Globe.

Peckbam ,
June 20. 1742.

Thomas Milner.

T

X. Some

C *4° 3

X. Some Conjectures concerning Eledricity, and
the Rife of Vapours, by J. T. Defaguliers,

LL. 2). F. R. S.

Read [une 24. T is proper firft to mention by way of
,/42‘ Preliminary, That Monf. ‘Du Fayes

Aflfertion of Two Sorts of Electricity is found to be
true by Obfervations and Experiments, viz. That
Bodies endowed with the Vitreous Eledricity repel
one another, and attrad thofc that have the Refinous
Electricity ; on the contrary, thofe that are endowed
with the Refinous Eledricity repel one another, but
attrad thofe that have the Vitreous Eledricity.

I luppofe Particles of pure Air to be Eledric Bodies
always in a State of Electricity, and that Vitreous
Electricity.

ift , Becaufe Particles of Air repel one another
without touching, as has been deduced from Experi-
ments and Obfervations.

2 dly, Becaufe, when the Air is dry, the GlafsTube
rubbed (or only warmed) throws out its Effluvia>
which the Air drives back to the Tube, from whence
they dart out anew, and fo move backwards and
forwards with a vibratory Motion, which continues
their EleCtricity.

3 dly, Becaufe the Feather made eledric by the
Tube, and darted from it, keeps its EleCtricity a long
time in dry Air ; whereas, when the Air is moift, the
moift Particles, which are non-eledric, being attraded
by the Feather, foon make it lofe this Eledricity,
which alfo happens even to the Tube in a little time.

From

1

C l4l ]

From this Confideration it will be eafy to account
for a famous Experiment of the late Mr. Hawksbee ,
which is this

Having pumped out all the Air from a Glafs Globe,
he caufed it to turn on its Axis very fwiftly, by
means of a Rope with a Wheel and Pully then rub-
bing the Glafs with his Hand during its Motion, there
appeared a great deal of 'Light of a purple Colour
within the Globe, without any Light or Attraction
obferved on the Outfide of the Glafs, which is ob-
ferved when the Air has not been pumped our.
Then turning the Cock fo as to readmit the Air
gently into the Globe during its Motion, the Light
was broken and interrupted, diminifhing gradually,
till at lafi it appeared only on the Outfide of the Glafs,
where it was accompanied with Attraction. Does it
not appear to be, that at firft the external Air by its
Refinance drives back the Electric Effluvia , which go
then to the Infide of the Globe, where there is the
leaf! Refiftance ? For we obferve, that as the Air
comes in, it repels the Electric Effluvia , that go
inwards no longer, when all the Air is come in. If
the Fad be lb, as the Experiment fhews, is not my
Conjecture proved, viz. that the Air is Electrical?

In the Reverend and Learned Dr. Haless Vegetable
Statics , feveral of his Experiments fhew, that Air is
abfotbed, and lofes its Elafticity by the Mixture of
fulphureous Vapours, fo that Four Quarts of Air in a
Glafs Vefiel will be reduced to Three. Will not this
Ehtcnomenon be explained by the different Electri-
city of Sulphur and Air ? The Effluvia ol Sulphur,
being electric, repel one another; and the Particles
of Air, being alfo electric, do likewife repel each

T 2 other.

[ >4* 3

other. But the Air being electrical of a Vitreous
Electricity, and Sulphur of a Refinous Eledricity, the
Particles of Air attrad thole of Sulphur, and the
Molecule compounded of them, becoming non-
eledric, lofe their repulfive Force.

It has for a great while been thought, that watery
Vapours, that rife in Air to form Clouds, ufed to rife,
becaufe the Water which is of itfelf fpecifically
heavier than Air, (being formed into little hollow
Spherules or Bubbles filled with an Aura , or thinner
Air than the ambient Air) in this new State made a
Fluid of little Shells, fpecifically lighter than the am-
bient Air in which it mufl rife. But Philofophers are
come off of that Opinion ; and fuch as have impli-
citly come into it, may find it refuted in the P htlo -
fophical Tranfaffions , N° 407.

Now may not this ‘Phenomenon of the Rife of
Vapours depend upon Eledricity in the following
manner ?

The Air which flows at Top of the Surface of the
Waters is eledrical, and fo much the more as the
Weather is hotter. Now in the fame manner as
fmall Particles of Water jump towards the eledric
Tube, may not thofe Particles jump towards the Par-
ticles of Air, which have much more fpecific Gra-
vity than very fmall Particles of Water, and adhere
to them ? Then the Air in Motion having carried
off the Particles of Water, and driving them away as
foon as it has made them eledrical, they repel one
another, and aifo the Particles of Air. This is the
Reafon that a cubiclnch of Vapour is lighter than a
cubic Inch of Air j which would not happen, if the
Particles of Vapour were only carried off in the In-

tcrftices

C M3 3

terdices of Air, becaufe then a cubic Inch of Air,,
loaded with Vapour, would be made fpecificalJy
heavier than an Inch of dry Air 5 which is contrary
to Experiments, which fhew us by the Barometer,
that Air which is moift, or full of Vapours, is always,
lighter than dry Air.

XI. An Account of Margaret Cutting, a young
Woman, now Jiving at Wickham Market
in Suffolk, who fpeaks readily and Intel ~
Jigibly , though floe has loft her Tongue .

Read July i. A Brief Account of this young Wo-
17+1 JljL mans Cafe, in a Letter from Mr.

Benjamin Boddinpton , of Ipfwich, Turkey- Merchant,
to Mr. Henry Baker , F.R. S. was communicated to
the Royal Society in the Month of February
lad, and appeared fo extraordinary, that Mr. Baker
was defied to make all pofliblc Inquiries into the
Reality of the Fa<d, and lay before the Society what
Information he fhould receive in relation thereto.

In purfuance of this, he wrote to Mr. Boddington ,.
and begged the Favour of him to make the .drifted
and mod critical Inquiry he was able into this Affair,
not only by viewing the young Woman’s Mouth, and
examining her himfelf, but alio by calling to his
Affidance fome skilful Gentleman in the Phyiicai
Way, and any other learned and judicious Perlon
whom he might judge mod likely to contribute to-
wards difeovering the real Truth, and detecting any
Error, Fallacy, or impofition. He lik.ewife defired

they

[ *44 1

they would heedfully obferve her Manner of fpeak-
ing and articulating the Sounds of thofe Letters and
Syllables, in the Formation whereof the Apex of the
Tongue fecms more particularly needful : And, in
order to render their Examination more eafy, as well
as more fatisfa&ory, he fent a Lift of Letters and
Sounds, together with feveral fuch Sentences as he
imagined would be mod difficult to be pronounced
without the Help of the Tongue.

Mr. Boddington , as foon after this as their Affairs
would give them Leave, prevailed upon Mr. Notcutt,
a Minifter, a learned and curious Gentleman, and
Mr. Hammond , who perfe&ly underftands Anatomy,
to accompany him to Wickham Market , about Twelve
Miles from Ipfwich , where the young Woman lives ;
wiiofe Cafe (after they had infpe&ed her Mouth, and
examined her in the drifted Manner) is fet forth in
the following Certificate ftgned by them all.

Ipfwich , April 9. 1742.

’VI7E have this Day been at Wickham Market , to
fatisfy our Curiofity concerning Margaret
Cutting , a young Woman, who, we were informed,
could talk and difcourfe without a Tongue.

She informed us, that fhe was now more than
Twenty Years of Age, born at lurnftal , a Village
^within Four Miles of Wickham Market in Suffolk ,
where fhe loft her Tongue by a Cancer [being then
about Four Years old]. It firft appeared like a fmall
black Speck on the upper Superficies of the Tongue,
and foon eat its Way quite to the Root of it. She was
under the Care of Mr. Scotchmore , a Surgeon of Sax-
mundham , who foon pronounced the Cafe incurable :

How-

[ '45 3

However, he continued ufing the beft Means he could
for her Relief. One Day when he was Syringing of
it, the Tongue dropped out, and they received it into
a Plate, the Girl, to their Amazement, faying to her
Mother, “ Done be frighted, Mamma j ’twill grow
« again." It was near a Quarter of a Year after, before
it was quite cured.

We proceeded to examine her Mouth with the
greateft Exadnefs we could, but found not the lead
Appearance of any remaining Part of a Tongue, nor
was there any Uvula. We obferved a flefhy Excre-
fccnce on the under Left Jaw, extending itfelf almoft
to the Place where the Uvula ffiould be, about a
Finger broad : This Excrefcence, {he faid, did not
begin to grow till fome Years after the Cure : It is by
no means moveable, but, quite fixed to the Parts
adjacent. The Paflage down the Throat, at the Place
where the Uvula fhould be, or a little to the Right
of it, is a circular open Hole, large enough to admit
a fma-ll Nutmeg.

Not wit hftanding the-want of fo neceflary an Organ
as the Tongue was generally fuppofed to be, to form
a great Part of our Speech, and likewife to be aflift-
ing in Deglutition, to our great Admiration, fhc per-
formed the Office of Deglutition, both in fwallowing
Solids and Fluids, as well as we could, and in the
fame manner : And as to Speech, ffie difeourfed as
fluently and well as other Perfons do } though we
obferved a fmall Sound, like what is ufually called
fpeaking through the Nofe ; but, ffie faid, ffie had
then a great Cold, and ffie believed that occafioncd
it. She pronounced Letters and Syllables very arti-
culately j the Vowels fhe pronounced perfedly, as alfo

thofe

t >4n

thofe Confonants, Syllables, and Words, that Teemed
neceflary to require the Help of the Tongue,
as * d, lit , n, r, at , al, ath , afh, cha , la, ta , /* . 'The

little ‘Dog did not eat Bread . Touch the Tooth .

• Try /<? //^/T the Candle. — * — Thrice Thirty -

: three . — Let the large Cat fcratch the little

Dog . The Church . doth. Lilly. All

thele fhe pronounced perfectly. She read to us in a
Book very didinftly and plain ; only we obferved,
that fometimes fhe pronounced words ending in ath
as et~- end as emb — ad as eib— 5 but it required a
nice and drift Attention to obferve even this Differ-
ence of Sound. She lings very prettily, and pro-
nounced her Words in Singing as is common. What
is dill very wonderful, notwithdanding the Lofs of
this ufeful Organ the Tongue, which is generally
allowed byAnatomids, and Natural Philofophers, to
be the chief, if not the foie Organ of Tade, fhe didin-
guifhes all Tades very nicely, and can tell the lead
perceivable Difference in either Smell or Tade.

We the Underwritten do atted the above to be a
true Account.

Benjamin Boddington .

William Notcutt, Minider.

William Hammond , Apothecary.

Mr. Baker received along with the foregoing Cer-
tificate, by Letter from Mr. Boddington , dome farther

Particulars, which he fuppoled lels material. He

fays, in her Perfon fhe is a little thin Body, genteel

* Thefe were the Letters, Sounds and Sentences mentioned by
Mr. Baker.

enough.

r >47 ]

enough, a pretty good Face, fair Complexion, with
light-brown Hair, of a weakly Conftitution, lame on
one Side, through Weaknefs after a Fever and the
Small-pox, which fhe had laft Summer. She feems
a well-behaved Girl, and has nothing of a Country
Mien. She difeourfes agreeably, very fluently and
pertinently, has every thing clean and neat about her,
gets her Livelihood by making Mantuas, and has an
Aunt in London , named Mary Cutting , who isHoufe-
keeper to the Dowager Lady Rockford in Bond-
ftreet.

He fays, if fhe were among Twenty People in a
Room, he thinks it would be impoflible for a Stranger
by any means to guefs her being the Perfon without
a Tongue, for fhe has no odd Motion of her Mouth
or Lips in Speaking : She flngs with an cafy Air, and

modulates her Voice prettily. He asked her, if

fhe did not mifs her Tongue, or find any Inconve-
nience from the W ant of it ? She anfwcred, No : Not
in the leaft ; nor could fhe imagine what Advantage
he had in the Ufe of his. He inquired, how fhe did
to guide her Food in her Mouth to eat: She replied,
very eafily,fhe could eat before, on one Side or the other
as file pleafed, but could not explain the Manner
how. He was very obferving to fee her eat, but
could difeern no Difference from others in the moving
of her Jaws, or other Motions of her Face, nor in her
fwallowing Food, or in drinking ; file did both very
neatly, and had exadlly the fame Motion in her
Throat as we have in itspafllng down.

He was apprehenfive the Excrcfcence mentioned in
the Certificate, might, in fome mcafure, fupply the
Ui'e of a Tongue ; but fhe affured him, it never

U moved

[ *48 ]

moved in the lead, and that (lie fpoke as well before
it began to grow (which was feverai Years after the
Cure); and Mr. Hammond convinced him, by trying
with their Fingers and a Spoon, that it was quite fixt

and immoveable. He obferves further, that fhe is

no ways aflifted by a good Set of Teeth ; for fhe has
but few, thofe bad, and fcarce fo high as her Gums. — •
He asked her, in what Part of her Mouth her molt
fenf ble Tafte lay? She laid, it was all over alike ; and,
fmiling, added. She was afraid fhe was too nice in
that j for, if her Butter was not curious, fhe eat dry
Bread.

Mr. Boddington , in another Letter to Mr. J ames
Theobald , F. R. S. dated the 14th of April 1742. after
giving an- Account of this young Woman in the Man-
ner as before, adds, He can recoiled nothing more,
except her telling him, that though fhe was able to
i'peak from the very firft lofing of her Tongue, fhe
was not fo happy as to her Deglutition ; for fhe was
unable to fwailow any thing folid for many Months
after, without its being minced very fine, and then
thruft into her Throat by a Finger : But by degrees,
fhe knows not how, fhe became able to manage with-
out that Help, and could eat any thing in the fame

manner as other Perfons can. He adds, That, in his

own Mind, he thinks the flefhy Excrefcence is of
great Service to her, though fhe cannot make out in
what manner : That for his own part, he had for-
merly fuppofed it as impoflible to fpeak without a
Tongue, as to fee without Eyes ; and therefore expe&s
many, who fhall hear this Account, will continue
Unbelievers, and think he and his Friends are all
miftaken, that they do not know what they fee, and

that

[ *4? 1 '

that their Ignorance is the only Ground of their Ad-
miration.

While Mr .Baker was making his Inquiries, he was
informed, that Mr. John Dennis, Tobacconift, in
Alder fgate-ftreet , could give him a full and fatif-
faftory Account of this Affair: He therefore applied
to Mr. Dennis , who allured him in a very civil,
candid and intelligent Manner, that he was well ac-
quainted with Margaret CaUing , having many Years
ago been carried by a Gentleman to fea her as a Pro .
digy for being able to fpeak without a Tongue : That
he had feen her feveral times lince, commonly calling
on her when he travels that Way, and carrying fome
Friend or other with him ; and at all thefe times he
had infpe&ed her Mouth, and was fure fhe had no
Tongue : And that laft Summer, in particular, he
and another went to fee her: That he would declare
this under his Hand, and fhould always be ready to
atteft the Truth of it to any Body, or in any Manner.
He likewife gave an Account how fhe loll her Tongue,
as he had it from her Mother, who died fome Years
ago, and it was exactly as above related 5 and faid he
had been told the fame by an Apothecary alfo, who
had her in Hand along with Dr. Scotchmore.

TheTelfimony of Mr. Dennis, and the Perfon who
faw her with him laft Summer, is as follows :

March 20. 1741*

Y\T E the under- written faw Margaret Cutting , at
* * Wickham Market in Suffolk , in or about June
laft ; and, examining her Mouth, found fhe had no
Tongue, and yet fhe fpeaks very intelligibly.

John Dennis.

Gabriel Daniel Is.

U z My-

[ «J0]

Ayf Yfelf faw her in about Two or Three Years after
-***- her Tongue was loft, had a full Account of it
from her Mother, heard her then fpeak, and have
feen and heard her divers times ftnee, and heard her
talk better and better.

She was under the Care of Dr. Scotchmore at Sax-
wundham , Suffolk.

Mr. Dennis (upon Mr. Bakers Inquiry) wrote to
the young Woman herfelf, acquainting her, that
many People would not believe it pofllble for her to
fpeak without a Tongue, and defiring (he would not
be afhamed to give an Account of herfelf under her
own Hand y in Anfwer to which he received the fol-
lowing Letter :

To Mr. John Dennis, in Alderfgate-ftreet.

HIS being the firft Opportunity that I had to

anfwer your Letter, I afliare you, that I have no
more Tongue in my Mouth than I had when you faw
me laft, which is none j but, Thanks be to my God,
I have had the Happinefs to fpeak ever fince it came
out, which was when I was about Four Years old. As
for my Age now, I cannot rightly tell, but I think I
am about Twenty-four Years old. I would have
none fufped the Truth of it 5 for I have no Tongue,
and can fpeak very well, and this is from my own
Hand. I was not afhamed to write about myfelf, but
of my bad Writing. So no more, but I am

John 'Dennis .

Sir

Tour humble Servant ,
Margaret Cutting

The

[ 3

The Cafe of this young W oman is indeed extraor-
dinary * i but there are feveral Examples of like Na-
ture to be met with in medical Writers, and thofe of
the greated Authority 5 one of which, as it has the
Attedation of a whole Univerfity, cannot be im-
proper to mention here. Monfieur Hrelincourt, a
very noted Phyfician, tells us, in his Treatife on the
Small-pox, .of a Child Eight Years of Age, who had
loft his Tongue by that Diftcmper, and was yet able
to fpeak, to the Aftonifhment of the Univerfity of
Sanmur in France 3 and that the Univerfity (who
doubtlefs had firft carefully examined into the Truth)
had atteded it, by drawing up a particular Account
of the Fad, that Podcrity might have no room ,to
doubt concerning the Validity of it. The Account
is to be met with at large,, in the Third Volume of
the Ephemerides Germanics , under the Title of
Aglotfc iftomographia.

Tulpius too makes mention of a Man who had the
Misfortune to have his Tongue cut out by the Turks ,
and yet, after Three Years, could fpeak very diftindly.
He fays, he went himfelf to JVefop , a Town in Hol-
land, to be fatisfied of the Truth of it, and found it
to be as it was reported. Nay, he does not fo much
as mention any Defied! in his Speech, but allures us,
that he could pronounce thofe Letters which depend
upon the Apex of the Tongue, even the Confonants,
very articulately. And this Cafe is hill the more
worthy Attention, becaufe the Patient could not
fwallow even the lead Quantity of Food, unlefs he
thrud it into the Oefophagus by means of his Finger.

* N. B. All the original Papers are in the Repofitory of the Royal
Society.

If

j \

[ '5*1

If we go back to earlier Times, the Emperor
Juftin , in Cod. Tit. de Off. Praf. Prret. Af. lays, he
had feen venerable Men, qui ah faffs radicitus Lingais ,
pcenas miferabiliter loquebantur, whofe Tongues having
been cut out by the Roots, they mfferably spoke, or
complained, of the Punijhments\\\zy had fuffered. And
again, Nonnullos alios , qttibus Honorichius Vanda -
lorum Rex Linguas radicitus praciderat , loquelam
tamen habuifie integram, that fome others, whofe
Tongues Honorichius , King of the Vandals , had cut
out by the Roots, yet perfectly retained their Speech.

XII. A remarkable Conformation , or Lufus
Naturae, in a Child $ by C. Warwick, Sur-
geon, in Truro, Cornwall.

"Read July i» A BOUT April 1 74 1. one Sarah
I?4i* Allen, , of the Parifh of Aa Blazy,

near Truro , having been married near Pour Years, and
Mother of Two Children, well-formed and living,
was brought to-bed of my prefent Subjeft, but of fo
remarkable and preternatural a Conftitution, as muft
render its whole Life inevitably miferablc, the Par-
ticulars whereof, from my repeated Obfervations, are
as follows :

The Umbilicus is nearly in its natural Site, but
fomevvhat large and prominent, having more the
Appearance of a Tumour, than the ordinary irregular
Shape of that Organ.

Immediately below this Umbilicus , is a large fun-
gous Excrefcence, nearly the Size of a fmall Egg, but

fome what

[ »55 1

fomewhat dcpreffed, of a fiery Afpeft, and exquifitely
fcnfible. The Surface is irregular, being compofed
of divers Granulations or fmall Lobes of Flefh 5 and th«
Bafis of it 1 could not well difeover, my Endeavours
being attended with much Pain and Difficulty j how-
ever, from the branchy Top of it, I am inclined to
think it fomewhat pendulous.

Beneath, adjoining to this Fungus, is another pretty
large Excrefcence, neither fenfible nor fpongy, as the
former, but of a folid uniform Contexture. Its Pro-
jection from the Abdomen is about One-third of an
Inch, and, was there a Se&ion made parallel to its
Bafis, it would be of an Elliptical Figure. In Shape
and Dimenfions it fomewhat refembles the Gians
‘Penis, its Surface being covered with the fame fine
Membrane , and has a fmall Indenture in the Top of
it, but it is not fo large, and has no Aperture in it.

Sufpended to this Gians , like the Omentum to the
Ventricule , is a large Membrane of a femilunar Fi-
gure, loofe, flexible, and, when turned up, capable of
covering fome Part of it. Its T exture nearly refembles
that of the Praputium , or is fomewhat thicker. There
is likewife a fmall Cord or Frrenum , which arifing
from the Circumference of this Membrane , and bi-
fedting the above Gians , terminates under the Fun-
gus. About half an Inch below this Membrane , is a
wrinkled Extuberance refembling a Scrotum , but of
an uncertain Magnitude, great or fmall, as the Dcfcent
of the Infant’s Inteftines , which having broken their
natural Confines, form an unfcemly Roll from one
Inguen to the other. Its Situation is about the upper
Edge of the Os Pubis, which, in examining this Parr,
I found greatly deficient, and I am apt to believe,

from

[ 1 54-3

from the great Chafm which I perceived there, it
nuift be intirely wanting.

The next thing to be obferved is the Anus. I
found the Situation of this Part more forward than
tifual, at leaft by Two Inches ; and, if my Conjectures
be- right, the Return, from this Pofition, muft take
its Courfe nearly through the Chafm of the Os
cPuhis.

Befides all thefe Inconvenicncies, to complete the
Child’s Mifcry, there is a perpetual Diftillation of
Urine from Come unfeen Paflages under the Fungus ,
exciting by its Acrimony, every Moment, Pains and
Excoriations.

To conclude : Its Sex is fo imperfeCt, and obfeurely
represented, that it received no Baptifna till Four
Months after it was born j when its Parents, flatter-
ing themfelvcs that Nature might take a Turn fome
time or other for the Child’s Advantage, gave it an
Appellation applicable to either Sex, as Time and
Circumftances fhould require.

Truro, April 21. 1742.

Explanation of the Figure prefixed.

A . Umbilicus. T). Gians. G. Anus.

B. Fungus. E. Membrana. H. Froenum.

CC. Trolapfus. F. Scrotum.

.. . ^

—

July 1. 1742. The Society adjourned to October 28.

_

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetfireet ;
^ and C. Davis, over-againft Grafs Inn Gate in
Holbourn j Printers to the Royal So-
ciety. M.dcc.xlii.

r *

; v) Numb. 4 65.'

PHILOSOPHICAL

For the Month of GEiober and part of November ,

1742.

* I. ^ Copy of a Taper found, in the Hand
Writing of Sir Ifaac Newton, among the
Tapers of th e\ late Z& Halley, containing, a
Tdefcription of an Inftrument for obferving
. the MftQliilM LixrStars at.

Sea. Page 1 5*5.

II. The Effects of Cold 5 together with Ob-,

fervations of the Longitude, Latitude, and
Declination of the Magnetic Needle, at
Prince of Wales’s Fort, upon Churchill*
River in Hudfon’j Bay, North America 5
by Capt. Chriftopher Middleton, F. R. S.
Commander of His Majesty’s Ship
Furnace, 1741-2. 157.

III. The Report of the Committee of the
RoyalSociety appointed to examine

fome ghtejlions in Gunnery.

172.

IV. An

. . The CONTENTS.

IV. An Account of a Meteor feen near Holkam
in Norfolk, in Auguft 1741. tratifmitted to
the Royal Society by the Right Honble
Thomas Lord Lovell, F. R. S. 18$.

V. An Account of the ‘Proportions of the

Englifli and French Meafures and Weights ,
from the Standards of the famey kept at the
Royal Society. 185.

VI. A Method of making a Gold-colour^
Glazing for Earthen-Ware $ communicated
in a Letter , in Latin, from M, Godofridus
Heinfius, A fir on, Erof at Sc. Petersburg!^
to Mr, Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. 188.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Mo on,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetftreet ;
and C. Davis, over*againft Gray s-hm, Gate in
Holbonrn j Printers to the Royal So-
ciety. M.dcc.xlii.

. I. A

t

&

ffatuitsc.

[ >55 ]

I. j4 true Copy of a ‘Paper found, in the Hand
Writing of Sir Ifaac Newton, among the
1 Papers oj the late *Dr. Halley, containing a
‘Defcription of an Inftrument for obfer^ing
the Moon's Diftance from the Fixt Stars at
Sea.

Read at a. -y the annexed Scheme, BQRS de-

Royal society, 1 notes a Plate of Brals, accurately di-

Ociober 18. vided in the Limb ‘DQ, into- De-

17+2* grees, ~ Minutes, and Minutes,

by a Diagonal Scale,* and the \ Degrees, and \ Mi-

nutes, and ~ Minutes, counted for Degrees, Minutes,

four Feet long,

and £ Minutes.

AB , is a Telefcope, three or
fixt on the Edge of that Brafs Plate.

G , is a Speculum , fixt on the faid Brafs Plate per-
pendicularly, as near as may be to the Objeft-glafs of
the Telefcope, fo as to be inclined 45 Degrees to the
Axis of the Telefcope, and intercept half the Light
which would otherwife come through the Telefcope
to the Eye.

C T), is a moveable Index, turning about the Centre
C, and, with its fiducial Edge, fhewing the Degrees,
Minutes, and £ Minutes, on the Limb of the Brafs
Plate ‘P'Qj the Centre C, mull be over-againft the
Middle of the Speculum G.

H , is another Speculum , parallel to the former,
when the fiducial Edge of the Index falls on ood oo/
oo,v $ fo that the fame Star may then appear through

X the

C »5* ]

the Telefcope, in one and the fame Place, both by
the dired Rays and by the reflex’d ones j but if the
Index be turned, the Star (hall appear in two Places,
whofc Diftance is {hewed, on the Brafs Limb, by the
Index.

By this Inftrument, the Diftance of the Moon from
any Fixt Star is thus obferved : View the Star through
the Perfpicil by the dired Light, and the Moon by
the Reflcxt (or on the contrary) ; and turn the Index
till the Star touch the Limb of the Moon, and the
Index (hall fhew upon the Brafs Limb of the Inftru-
ment, the Diftance of the Star from the Limb of the
Moon } and though the Inftrument fhake, by the Mo-
tion of your Ship at Sea, yet the Moon and Star will
move together, as if they did really touch one another
in the Heavens j fo that an Obfervation may be made
as exadly at Sea as at Land.

And by the fame Inftrument, may be obferved,
exadly, the Altitudes of the Moon and Stars, by
bringing them to the Horizon ; and thereby the Lati-
tude, and Times of Obfervations, may be determined
more exadly than by the Ways now in Ufe.

In the Time of the Obfervation, if the Inftrument
move angularly about the Axis of the Telefcope, the
Star will move in a Tangent of the Moon’s Limb, or
of the Horizon ; but the Obfervation may notwith-
ftanding be made exadly, by noting when the Line,
deferibed by the Star, is a Tangent to the Moon’s
Limb, or to the Horizon.

To make the Inftrument ufeful, the Telefcope ought
to take in a large Angle : And to make the Obferva-
tion true, let the Star touch the Moon’s Limb, not on
the Outfide of the Limb, but on the Infide.

II. The

[ <57 ]

II. The Effects of Cold 5 together with Ob-
fervations of the Longitude, Latitude, and
Declination of the Magnetic Needle., at
Prince of Wales's Fort, upon Churchill-
River in Hudfon'5 Bay, North America 5
by Capt. Chriftopher Middleton, F. R. S.
Commander of His Majesty's Ship
Furnace, 1741-2.

Read oft. iS. V Obferved, that the Hares , Rabbets ,
*7+1' Foxes and Partridges, in September,

and the Beginning of October, changed their native
Colour to a fnowy White 5 and that for Six Months,
in the fevered Part of the Winter, I never faw any
but what were all white, except fome Foxes of a
different Sort, which were grizzled, and fome half
red, half white.

That Lakes and Banding Waters, which are not
above 10 or 12 Feet deep, are frozen to the Ground
in Winter, and the Fifhes therein all perifh.

Yet in Rivers near the Sea, and Lakes of a greater
Depth than 10 or 12 Feet, Fillies are caught all the
Winter, by cutting Holes through the Ice down to
the Water, and therein putting Lines and Hooks.
But if they are to be taken with Nets, they cut feveral
Holes in a ftrait Line the Length of the Net, and
pafs the Net, with a Stick fattened to the Head-line,
from Hole to Hole, till it reaches the utmoft Extent;
and what Fillies come to thefe Holes for Air, are
thereby entangled in the Net ; and thefe Fifh, as loon

X 2 as

[ >58 3

as brought into the open Air, are inftantaneoufly
frozen as Cliff as Stock-fifh. The Seamen likewife
frefhen their fait Provifions, by cutting a large Hole
through the Ice in the Stream or Tide of the River,
which they do at the Beginning of the Winter, and
keep it open all that Seafon. In this Hole they put
their fait Meat, and the Minute it is immerfed under
Water, it becomes pliable and foft, though before its
Immerflon it was hard frozen.

Beef Pork, Mutton , and Venifon , that are killed at
the Beginning of the Winter, are prcferved by the
Froft, for Six or Seven Months, intirely free from
Putrefaffion, and prove tolerable good eating. Like-
wife Geefe , ‘Partridges , and other Fowl, that are killed
at the fame time, and kept with their Feathers on,
and Guts in, require no other Prefervative but the
Froft to make them good wholfome eating, as long
as the Winter continues. All kinds of Fifh are pre-
ferved in the like manner.

In large Lakes and Rivers, the Ice is fometimes
broken by imprifoned Vapours ; and the Rocks,
Trees, Joifts and Rafters of our Buildings, are burft:
with a Noife not lefs terrible than the firing off a
great many Guns together. The Rocks which arc
fplit by the Froft, are heaved up in great Heaps, leaving
large Cavities behind ; which I take to be caufed by
imprifoned watery Vapours, that require more Room,
when frozen, than they occupy in their fluid State.
Neither do I think it unaccountable, that the Froft
fhould be able to tear up Rocks and Trees, and fplit
the Beams of our Houfes, when I confider the great
Force and Elafticity thereof. If Beer or Water is left
in Mugs, Cans, Bottles, nay in Copper Pots, though

they

[ *59 ]

they were put by our Bed-fides, in a fevere Night they
are furely fplit to pieces before Morning, not being
able to withftand the expanfive Force of the inclofed
Ice.

The Air is filled with innumerable Particles of Ice,
very fharp and angular, and plainly perceptible to the
naked Eye. I have feveral times this Winter tried
to make Obfervations of fome celeftial Bodies, par-
ticularly the Emerfions of the Satellites of Jupiter ,
with reflecting and refradting Telefcopes; but the
Metals and Glaflcs, by that Time I could fix them to
the Objedt, were covered a quarter of an Inch thick
with Ice, and thereby the ObjeCt rendered indiftinCt,
fo that it is not without great Difficulties that any Ob-
fervations can be taken.

Bottles of ftrong Beer, Brandy ■, ftrong Brine, Spirits
ofJBine , fet out in the open Air for Three or Four
Hours, freeze to folid Ice. I have tried to get the
Sun’s Refraftion here to every Degree above the
Horizon, with Elton’s Quadrant, but to no Purpofe,
for the Spirits froze almoft as foon as brought into
open Air.

The Froft is never out of the Ground, how deep
we cannot be certain. We have dug down io or
12 Feet, and found the Earth hard frozen in the Two
Summer Months 5 and what Moiftare we find Five or
Six Feet down, is white like Ice.

The Waters or Rivers near the Sea, where the
Current of the Tide flows ftrong, do not freeze
above Nine or Ten Feet deep.

All the Water we ufe for Cooking, Brewing, fyc.
is melted Snow and Ice; no Spring is yet found free
from freezing, though dug never fo deep down. All

Waters

C !*> ]

Waters in-land are frozen faft by the Beginning of
October, and continue fo till the Middle ol May.

The Walls of the Houle we live in are of Stone,
Two Feet thick, the Windows very fmall, with
thick wooden Shutters, which are clofe fhut 1 8 Hours
every Day in the Winter. There are Cellars under
the Houfe, wherein we put our Wmes , Brandy , ftrong
Beer , Butter ,Cheefe,&c. Four large Fires are made
in great Stoves, built on purpofe, every Day : As
foon as the Wood is burnt down to a Coal, the Tops
of the Chimneys are clofe hopped with an Iron Co-
ver: This keeps the Heat within the Houfe (though
at the fame time the Smoke makes our Heads ake,
and is very offenfive and unwholfome) ; notwith-
ftanding which, in Four or Five Flours after the Fire
is out, the lnfide of the Walls of our Houfe and Bed-
places will be Two or Three Inches thick with Ice,
which is every Morning cut away with a Hatcher.
Three or Four times a Day we make Iron Shot of 24
Pounds Weight red-hot, and hang them up in the
Windows of our Apartments. I have a good Fire
in my Room the major Part of the 24 Hours, yet all
this will not prelerve my Beer , Wine , Ink> &c. from
freezing.

For our Winter Drefs we make ufe of Three Pair
of Socks of coarfe Blanketting or Duffield for the
Feet, with a Pair of ^Deer-skin Shoes over them ; Two
Pair of thick Englijh Stockings, and a Pair of Cloth
Stockings upon them ; Breeches lined with Flannel ;
Two or Three Englijh Jackets, and a Fur or Leather
Gown over them ; a large Beaver Cap, double, to
come over the Face and Shoulders, and a Cloth of
Blanketting under the Chin 5 with Yarn Gloves, and

a

[ t6« ]

a large Pair of Beaver Mittings hanging down from
the Shoulders before, to put our Hands in, which
reach up as high as our Elbows ; yet notwithftanding
this warm Cloathing, almoft every Day, fomc of the
Men that ftir abroad, if any Wind blows from the
Northward, are dreadfully frozen ; fome have their
Arms, Hands and Face bliftered and frozen in a terrible
manner, the Skin coming off foon after they enter
a warm Houfe, and fome have loft their Toes. Now
their lying-in for the Cure of thefe frozen Parts, brings
on the Scurvy in a lamentable manner. Many have
died of it, and few are free from that Diftemper. I
have procured them all the Helps I could, from the
Diet this Country affords in Winter, fuch as frefh
Fifh, Partridges, Broths, &c. and the Dodors have
ufed their utmoft Skill in vain; for I find nothing
will prevent that Diftemper from being mortal, but
Exercife and ftirring abroad.

Corona and Parhelia, commonly called Halo s ,
and Mock- Suns, appear frequently about the Sun and
Moon here. They are feen once or twice a Week
about the Sun, and once or twice a Month about the
Moon, for Four or Five Months in the Winter, feverai
Corona of different Diameters appearing at the fame
time.

I have feen Five or Six parallel Corona concentric
with the Sun feverai times in the Winter, being for
the moft part very bright, and always attended with
Parhelia or Mock-Suns. The Parhelia are always
accompanied with Corona , if the Weather is clear ; and
continue for feverai Days together, from the Sun's
Rifing to his Setting. Thefe Rings are of various Co-
lours, and about 40 or $ o Degrees in Diameter.

The

[ ]

The frequent Appearance of thefe 'Phenomena, in
this frozen Clime Teems to confirm Defcartess
Hypothefis, who fuppofes them to proceed from Icc
fufpended in the Air.

The Aurora Borealis is much oftener feen here than
in. England, feldom a Night pafies in the Winter
free from their Appearance. They fhine with a fur-
prifing Brightnefs, darkening all the Stars and Planets,
and covering the whole Hemifphere : Their tremulous
Motion from all Parrs, the Beauty and Luftre, are
much the fame as in the Northern Parts of Scotland
and 'Denmark, &c.

The dreadful long Winters here may almoft be
compared to the Polar Parts, where the Abfence of
the Sun continues for Six Months 5 the Air being
perpetually chilled and frozen by the Northerly
Winds in Winter, and the cold Fogs and Mills ob-
ftrudting the Sun’s Beams in the fhort Summer we
have here 5 for notwithstanding the Snow and Ice is
then difiolved in the Low-lands and Plains, yet the
Mountains are perpetually covered with Snow, and
incredible large Bodies of Ice continue in the adjacent
Seas. If the Air blows from the Southern Parts, the
Air is tolerably warm, but very cold when it comes
from the Northward, and it feldom blows otherwife
than between the North-ealt and North-well, except
in the Two Summer Months, when we have, for the
major Part, light Gales between the Eall and the
North, and Calms.

The Northerly Winds being fo extremely cold, is
owing to the Neighbourhood of high Mountains,
whofe Tops are perpetually covered with Snow,
which exceedingly chills the Air palling over them.

The

f «<h 3

The Fogs and Mills that are brought here from the
Polar Parts, in Winter, appear vifible to the naked
Eye in Icicles innumerable, as fmall as fine Hairs or
Threads, and pointed as fharp as Needles. Thefe
Icicles lodge in our Cloaths, and if our Faces or Hands
be uncovered, they prefently raife Blifters as white as
a Linen Cloth, and as hard as Horn. Yet if we imme-
diately turn our Backs to the Weather, and can bear
our Hand out of our Mittin, and with it rub the
biiftered Part for a fmall time, we fometimes bring
the Skin to its former State : If not, we make the belt
of our Way to a Fire, and get warm Water, where-
with we bathe it, and thereby difiipate the Humours
raifed by the frozen Air ; otherwife the Skin would
be off in a fhort time, with much hot, ferous, watry
Matter coming from under along with the Skin ; and
this happens to fome almoft every time they go
abroad for Five or Six Months in the Winter, fo
extreme cold is the Air when the Wind blows any
thing ftrong.

Now I have obferved, that when it has been ex-
treme hard Froft by the Thermometer, and little or
no Wind that Day, the Cold has not near fo fenfibly
affected us, as when the Thermometer has flhewed
much lefs freezing, having a brisk Gale of Northerly
Wind at the fame time. This Difference may per-
haps be occafioncd by thofe fharp-pointed Icicles be-
fore-mentioned ftriking more forcibly in a windy
Day, than in calm Weather, thereby penetrating the
naked Skin, or Parts but thinly covered, and caufing
an acute Senfation of Pain or Cold : And the fame
Reafon, I think, will hold good in other Places} for
fhould the Wind blow Northerly any thing hard for

Y many

[ l64 ]

many Days together in England , the Icicles that
would be brought from the Polar Parts by the
Continuance of .fuch a Wind, though impercep-
tible to the naked Eye, would more l'enftbly affedt
the naked Skin, or Parts but (lightly covered, than
when the Thermometer has (hewn a greater Degree
of freezing, and there has been little or no Wind at
the fame time.

It is not a little furprifing to many, that fuch ex-
treme Cold fhould be felt in thefe Parts of America ,
more than in Places of the fame Latitude on the
Coaft of Norway ; but the Difference I take to be
occafioncd by Wind blowing conftantly here, for
Seven Months in the Twelve, between the North-
eaft and North- weft, and palling over a large Tradt
of Land, and exceeding high Mountains, &c. as be-
fore-mentioned. Whereas at Drunton in Norway ,
as I obferved fome Years ago in wintering there, the
Wind all the Winter comes from the North and
North North-weft, and erodes a great Part of the
Ocean clear of thofe large Bodies of Ice we find here
perpetually. At this Place we have conftantly every
Year Nine Months Froft and Snow, and unfufferable
Cold from October till the Beginning of May. In
the long Winter, as the Air becomes lefs ponderous
towards the Polar Parts, and nearer to an (^Equili-
brium, as it happens about One Day in a Week, we
then have Calms and light Airs all round the Com-
pafs, continuing fometimes 24 Hours, and then back
to its old Place again, in the fame manner as it
happens every Night in the Weft-Indies, near fome
of the Klands.

The'

[ 1

The Snow that falls here is as fine as Dull, but
never any Hail, except at the Beginning and End of
W inter. Almoft every Full and Change of the Moon,
-very hard Gales from the North.

The conftant Trade Winds in thefe Northern
Parts I think undoubtedly to proceed from the fame
Principle, which our learned Dr. Halley conceives to
be the Caufe of the Trade Winds near the Equator,
and their Variations.

“ Wind, fays he, is moll properly defined to be
<c the Stream or Current of the Air ; and where fuch
<c Current is perpetual and fixed in its Courfe, it is
tf necefiary, that it proceed from a permanent and
<c unintermitting Caufe, capable of producing a like
“ conftant Effedt, and agreeable to the known Pro-
“ perties of Air and Water, and the Laws of Motion
“ of fluid Bodies. Such an one is, I conceive, the
cl Adlion of the Sun’s Beams upon the Air and W a-
“ ter, as he pafies every Day over the Oceans, confi-
“ dered together with the Nature of the Soil and
“ Situation of the adjoining Continents. I fay,
“ therefore, firft, That according to the Laws of
u Statics , the Air which is lefs rarefied or expanded
“ by Hear, and confequently more ponderous, rnuft
<c have a Motion towards thofe Parts thereof which
<£ are more rarefied, and lefs ponderous, to bring it to
tc an (^^Equilibrium, See. ”

Now, that the cold denfe Air, by rcafon of its
great Gravity, continually prefies from the Polar Parts
towards the Equator, where the Air is more rarefied,
to preferve an c/ Equilibrium or Balance of the At-
mofphere, I think, is very evident from the Wind
in thofe frozen Regions blowing from the North and

Y 2 North-

[,66]

North weft, from the Beginning of October until
May ; for we find, that when the Sun, at the Begin-
ning of June , has warmed thofe Countries to the
Northward, then the South eaft, Eaft and variable
Winds continue till O5fober again ; and I do not
doubt but the Trade Winds and hard Gales may be
found in the Southern Polar Parts to blow towards
the Equator, when the Sun is in the Northern Signs*
from the fame Principle.

The Limit of thefe Winds from the Polar Parts,
towards the Equator, is feldom known to reach be-
yond the 30th Degree of Latitude ; and the nearer
they approach to that Limit, the fhorter is the Con-
tinuance of thofe Winds. In New- England it blows
from the North near Four Months in the Winter 3
at Canada , about Five Months j at the Danes Settle-
ment i wStr eights ‘Davis, in the 63d Degree of Lati-
tude, near Seven Months j on the Coaft of Norway ,
in 64, not above Five Months and a half, by reafon
of blowing over a great Part of the Ocean, as was
before-mentioned; for thofe Northerly Winds con-
tinue a longer or fhorter Space of Time, according
to the Air’s being more or lefs rarefied, which may
very probably be altered feveral Degrees, by the
Nature of the Soil, and the Situation of the adjoin-
ing Continents.

The vaft Bodies of Ice we meet with in our PaL
fage from England to Hudfori s-Bay, are very fur-
prifing, not only as to Quantity, but Magnitude, and
as unaccountable how they are formed of fo great a
Bulk, fome of them being immerfed 100 Fathom or
more under the Surface of the Ocean ; and a Fifth or
Sixth Part above, and Three or Four Miles in Cir-
cumference.

t 3

cumference. Some Hundreds of thefe we fometimes
fee in our Voyage here, all in Sight at once, if the
Weather is clear. Some of them are frequently feen
on the Coafts and Banks of Newfoundland and New -
England , though much diminifhed.

Whenl have been becalmed in Hudfori s- Streights
for Three or Four Tides together, I have taken my
Boat, and laid clofe to the Side of one of them,
founded, and found ioo Fathom Water all round it. .
The Tide floweth here above Four Fathom ; and I
have obferved, by Marks upon a Body of Ice, the
Tide to rife and fall that Difference, which was a
Certainty of its being aground. Likewife, in a Har-
bour in the Ifland of Refolution , where I continued
Four Days, Three of thefe Ifles of Ice (as we call them)
came aground. I founded along by the Side of one of
them, quite round it, and found 3 2 Fathom Water,
and the Height above the Surface but 10 Yards j an-
other was 28 Fathom under, and the perpendicular
Height but Nine Yards above the Water.

I can in no other manner account for the Aggre-
gation of fuch large Bodies of Ice but this : All along
the Coafts of Streights <rDavis , both Sides of Baffin's-
Bay , Hudf on’s- Streights, Anticofh , or Labr adore, the
Land is very high and bold, and 100 Fathoms, or*
more, dole to the Shore. Thefe Shores have many
Inlets or Fuirs, the Cavities of which are filled up
with Ice and Snow, by the almoft perpetual Winters
there, and frozen to the Ground, increafing for Four,
Five, or Seven Years, till a kind of Deluge or Land-
flood, which commonly happens in that Space of
Time throughout thole Parts, breaks them loofe, and
launches them into the Streights or Ocean, where they

are -

[ t<>8 ]

are driven about by the variable Winds and Currents
in the Months of June , July-, and Auguft , rather in-
creafmg than diminifhing in Bulk, being furrounded
(except in Four or Five Points of the Compafs) with
l'maller Ice for many Hundred Leagues, and Land
covered all the Year with Snow, the Weather being
extreme cold, for the moft part, in thofe Summer
Months. The fmaller Ice that almoft fills the Streights
and Bays, and covers many Leagues out into the Ocean
along the Coaft, is from Four to Ten Fathom thick,
and chills the Air to that Degree, that there is a com
ftant Increafe to the large Ifles by the Sea’s walking
againft them, and the perpetual wet Fogs, like fmali
Rain, freezing as they fettle upon the Ice ,* and their
being fo deeply immerfed under Water, and fuch a
fmali Part above, prevents the Wind’s having much
Power to move them : For though it blows from the
North- weft Quarter near Nine Months in Twelve,
and confequently thofe Ifles are driven towards a
warmer Climate, yet the progreflive Motion is fo
flow, that it muft take up many Years before they
can get Five or Six hundred Leagues to the South-
ward ; I am of Opinion fome Hundreds of Years are
required ; for they cannot, I think, diflolve before
they come between the 50th and 40th Degree of La-
titude, where the Heat of the Sun confuming the
upper Parts, they lighten and wafte in Time: Yet
there is a perpetual Supply from the Northern Parts,
which will fo continue as long as it pleafes the Au-
thor of all Beings to keep things in their prefent
State.

Ob -

[ ]

Ohfervations of the Longitude, Latitude, and
the Declination of the Magnetic Needle, at
Prince of Wales's Fort, Churchill- River.

Having obferved the apparent Time> ^
of an Emerfion of Jupiter’s firft Sa- (
tellite at Fort -Chur chill, on Saturday f
the 20th of March laft 1 741-2. at J
I find the fame Emerfion happened )
at London , by Mr. Founds Tables, ( g
compared with fome Emerfions actually f
obferved in England near the fame, at )

Whence the hoary Difference of }

Meridians, between Fort-Chur chill and ^ 6 19-20

London , comes out

Which converted into Degrees of
the Equator, gives for the Diflance of
the fame Meridians

Wherefore, fince the Time at London was later in
Denomination than that at Churchill \ it follows that,
according to this Obfervation, Churchill is 94 De-
grees yo M inutes, in Longitude Weft of London.

I took fcveral other Obfervations, which agreed
one with another to lefs than a Minute, but this I
look upon as the moft diftindt and beft.

The Obfervation was made with a good iy Foot
refra&ing Telefcope, and a Two Foot Refkdtor of
Gregory’s Kind, having a good Watch of Mr. Gra-
ham’s that I could depend upon ; for I have frequent
Opportunities of dilcovering how much its Vari-
ation amounted to, and conftantly found its daily

Dc-

}

94 50

/ //

55 50

15 IO

I « 7° ]

Deviation or Error to be 15 Seconds too flow; by
Which means it was as ufeful to me for all Purpofcs,
as if it had gone moft conftantly true without any
Change. This Watch I kept in my Fob in the Day,
and in Bed in the Night, to preferve it from the Se-
verity of the Weather; for I obferved, that all other
Watches were fpoiled by the extreme Cold.

I have found, from repeated Obfervations, a' Me-
thod of obtaining the true Time of the Day at Sea,
by taking Eight or Ten different Altitudes of the
Sun or Stars, when near the Prime Vertical, by Mr.
Smith’s or Mr. Hadleys Quadrant, which I have
pradifed thefe Three or Four Years paft, and never
found from the Calculations, that they differed one
from another more than 10 or 15 Seconds of Time.
This Certainty of the true Time at Sea is of greater
Ufe in the Pradicc of Navigation, than may appear
at firft Sight; for you thereby not only get the Va-
riation of the Compafs without the Help of Altitudes,
but likewife the Variation of the Needle from the
true Meridian, every time the Sun or Star is feen to
tranfit the fame. Alfo having the true Time of Day or
Night, you may be fure of the Meridian Altitude of
the Sun or Star, if you get a Sight 15 or 20 Minutes
’• before or after it paffes the Meridian ; and the Latitude
may be obtained to lefs than Five Minutes, with fe-
veral other Ufes in Aftronomical Obfervations ; as the
Refradion of the Atmofphere, and to allow for it,
by getting the Sun’s apparent Rifing and Setting,
which any body is capable of doing, and from thence
you will have the Refradion.

If we had fuch a Telefcope contrived as Mr. Smith
recommends to be ufed on Shipboard at Sea, now
we can have an exad Knowledge of the true Time of

the

[ 171 3

„ the Day or Night from the above Inftruments and a
good Watch, I hope we fhould be able to obferve the
Eclipfes of the firft Satellite of Jupiter, or any other
‘Phenomenon of the like Kind, and thereby find the
Diftance of Meridians, or Longitude at Sea.

" The Variation of the Magnetical Needle, or Sea-
Compafs, obferved by me at Churchill in 1725. (as
in N° 393* of the Philofophical TranfaUions for the
Months of March and April 1726.) was at that Time
North 21 Degrees Wefterly, and this Winter I have
carefully obferved it at the fame Place, and find it no
more than 17 Degrees, fo that it has differed about
One Degree in Four Years } for in 173 8. I obferved it
here, and found its Declination 18 Degrees Wefterly.
I have carefully obferved, and made proper Allow-
ance for the Suns Declination and Refra&ion, and
find the Latitude here to be 5 8 Degrees 5 6 Minutes
North : But in moft Parts of the World, where the
Latitudes are fixed by Seamen, they are for the moft
part falfly laid down, for want of having regard to
the Variation of the Suns Declination, which, com-
puted at a diftant Meridian, when the Sun is near the
Equator, may make a great Error in the Suns riling
and fetting Azimuths , &c.

Thefe things I thought proper to take Notice of,
as they may be of Service to Navigators, and the Cu-
rious in Natural Inquiries.

The foregoing Relation having been given by Capt. Middleton to
the late worthy Prefident of the Royal Society, Sir Hans Sloane t
Bart, he was pleafed to communicate the fame to the Society, and
at the fame time, as the furviving Truftee of the late Sir Godfrey Copley ,
to nominate Capt. Middleton to receive this Year the Prize Medal,
given annually by the Royal Society, in Confequence of Sir God-
freys Benefaction ; and the fame was accordingly prefented to the
Captain on St. Andrews Day lad, 1742.

Z III. -The

[ ‘7* ]

III. The Report of the Committee of the
RoialSocieti appointed to examine
fome Quejlions in Gunnery.

r<w Nov. 4. T^\R. Jurin having propofed * Two

Queftions in Gunnery to be ex-
amined, the Society was pleafed to appoint a Com-
mittee for that Purpofc.

The Queftions were,

1. Whether all the Powder of the Charge he fired,
bef ire the Ballet is fenftbly moved from its Place ?

2. Whether the P) fiance to which the Bullet is
thrown , may not become greater or lefs , by changing
the Form of the Chamber , though the Charge of Powder
and all other Circumftances continue unchanged ?

At the Meeting of the Committee it was propofed
to divide the FirftQueftion into Two Parts.

1 . Whether all the Powder of the Charge be fired ?

2. Whether all the Powder that is fired , be fired
before the Bullet is fenfibly moved from its Place ?

As to the Firft Part of the Firft Queftion, the Com -
mittee are of Opinion, that all the Powder of the
Charge is not fired.

They found their Opinion upon the following Ex-
periments :

Pieces of Paper ufcd for Hangings were laid clofe
together upon the Ground, to the Breadth of Ten
Feet, in the Line of a Fowling-piece, between it and
a Frame of Ten Feet fquare, covered over with Paper.
Upon pointing the Piece towards the Middle of the

f June 24. 1742.

Frame,

[ >7} ]

Frame, and difeharging it feveral times with and With-
out Ball , fome Powder was always collected, but
mixed with a great deal of Dirt.

It is however to be obferved, that in Two Experi-
ments made the 22d of July , near the Artillery-
Ground, before the Prcfident and fome of the Fellows
of the Society, with a finer fort of Powder, in a
Barrel of Three Feet Nine Inches in Length, and
Three- fourths of an Inch Bore, with Twelve Penny-
weight of Powder the Firft time, and Twenty- four
Penny-weight the Second time, without Ball or
Wadding, no Powder could be found fcattered on
the Paper laid before the Piece, nor (licking to a
Board at the Diftance of. about Ten Feet, againft
which the Piece was pointed. But when the fame
Powder was fired in a fhort Barrel of Five Inches Two-
tenths of an Inch in the Chace, either with or without
Ball, fome Quantity of Powder was always colle&ed.

Other Experiments were afterwards made before
the Committee, by firing a Fowling-piece charged
with Five Penny-weight of Powder, againft a Sheet
of whited-brown Paper, at the Diftance of Two or
Three Yards ; the Paper was found pierced with fe-
veral Hundred Holes, and the Jags of the Paper ap-
peared on the Backfide. In a fecond Trial with Ten
Penny-weight, the Paper had more Holes in it. A
third Trial was made with Five Penny-weight of
Powder and Ball, and then few Holes appeared in the
Paper. In a fourth Experiment made with a fhort
Screw-barrel Piftol, with a Charge of One Penny-
, weight two Grains of Powder and a Ball, feveral
Holes were found in the Paper *.

* That the Paper in thefe Experiments was pierced by the unfired
Powder, appears, becaufe feveral Grains were found lying behind the
Frame, to which the Paper was fixed, and fome few Iluck in the Paper.

7a 2 But

[ '74 3

Blit- the Irregularities in this manner of colle&ing
the Powder unfired, giving reafon to fufped, that fome
Powder cfcaped Sideways, beyond the Paper laid to
receive it, it was propofed to have a Machine made,
which being clofe every-where but at the End where
the Muzzle of the Piece was to be placed, might there-
by hinder the Powder from being diflipated. Such a
Machine was contrived by Mr. Ellicot , and by him
prefented to the Committee, being a Frame of Wood
in Shape like a truncated quadrangular Pyramid ; at
the fmaller End was a Board to receive the Shot, and
the Four Sides of the Machine were covered with
thick Paper ftrongly pafted together, and fo prepared
as to prevent its taking Fire. This Machine, fupported
by Props, was placed upon one of its Angles, the Car-
riage for fixing the Barrels was placed clofe to the
greater Bafe, which was left open. The Refult of
the feveral Experiments were as fohows :

The Three firft Experiments were made with a Barrel
Eight-tenths of an Inch Diameter of the Bore, and the
Length of the Chace Five Inches T wo-tenths of an Inch.
The Charge each time was Six Penny- weight of Pow-
der without Ball ; the Quantities of Powder colletted
were refpe&ively. One Penny-weight Nineteen
Grains ; One Penny-weight Twenty-one Grains 5 and
One Penny-weight Twenty Grains.

Three other Experiments were made with the fame
Piece, and with Twelve Penny-weight Charge, with-
out Ball. The Quantities of Powder colle&ed were
Four Penny-weight Eighteen Grains 5 Four Pcnny-
weightTwo Grains and an half 5 and Four Penny- weight
Twenty-two Grains.

The

[ >75 3

The next Three Trials were with the fame Piece,1
the Charge Six Penny- weight, with a Ball weighing
One Ounce Pour Penny-weight, being a Mixture of
Lead and Tin, and fitting the Piece exa<5tly.

The Quantities of Powder colle&ed each time were
refpe&ively, One Penny-weight Five Grains ; One
Penny- weight Five Grains ; and One Penny-weight
Eleven Grains.

The lad Three Experiments with the fame Piece,
were made with a Charge of Twelve Penny-weight,
the Weight of the Ball as before; and the Quantities of
Powder collected, were found to be One Penny-weight
Twelve Grains ; One Penny-weight Nine Grains ; and
One Penny-weight Eight Grains and an half.

The Waddings ufed in all thefe and the following
Experiments, were of thick Leather cut round, to fit
the Bore of the Piece.

The Committee then proceeded to examine what
Alteration might arife from a greater Length ofChace .
The Experiments in this Cafe were made with a Barrel
Three Foot Nine Inches in Length, and Three-fourths
of an Inch in the Bore ; the Charges of Powder, and
Weight of leaden Balls, were as before.

In the FirfF Three Experiments with Six Penny-
weight Charge, without Ball, the Quantities of Powder
collected were Three Grains ; Nine Grains ; and Nine
Grains, refpettively. In the Three next Experiments,
with Twelve Penny-weight Charge, without Ball, the
Quantities of Powder colle&ed were Thirteen Grains ;
Nine Grains; and Sixteen Grains and an half. The
Three following Experiments were with Six Penny-
weight Charge and a Ball. The Powder collected
was Two Grains; Three Grains; and Two Grains.

The

The laft Experiments were made with T weive Penny-
weight Charge and Ball, as before ; the Quantities of
Powder collected fromTwo Difcharges were refpedive-
ly, Two Grains ; and Four Grains and an half. The
Frame being broke, a third Experiment could not be
made.

The Powder colleded after the feveral Difcharges,
was put into feparate Boxes ; it feemed much bruifed,
and mixed with Dirt. Yet feveral of the Parcels be-
ing tried, fired with brisk Explofions; and fome of the
Powder collected from the Experiments with the fhort
Barrel, amounting to Six Penny-weight Sixteen
Grains, being put into the long Barrel, and fired with
Ball, went off with a ftrong Report; and the Ball
pierced the Deal- board, at the End of the Frame, and
penetrated Two Inches deep into an Elm-plank placed
to receive the Balls.

Some Gentlemen, prefent at thefe Experiments,
fufpeding that Part of the Powder might efcape at the
©pen End of the Frame ; the fhort Barrel was fired
with Twelve Penny- weight of Powder and Ball, as
before ; through a very large Funnel, the Quantities
found, after Three Difcharges, were feverally, One
Penny-weightTwo Grains; Sixteen Grains;and Fifteen
Grains.

Whereas upon removing the Funnel, and difeharg-
ing the Piece, as before, One Penny-weight Eleven
Grains was colleded, agreeably to former Experi-
ments ; it feems that the Funnel had a like Effed as
lengthening the Piece.

Some Experiments were alfo made with the fhort Bar-
rel, filled up with Lead, fo as to leave but Three Inches
and Three-fourths of an Inch fortheChace, the Piece

being

C >77 ]

being then charged with Twelve Penny- weight of Pow-
der and Ball, as before ; the Surface of the Ball was but
Eight-tenths of an Inch within the Mouth of the Piece,
and the Powder colle&ed, after Three Difcharges, was
refpe&ively, Two Penny-weight Two Grains } One
Penny-weight Seventeen Grains ; and One Penny-
weight Eleven Grains.

The Barrel being further filled up, fo as to leave
but Two Inches Eight-tenths for the Chace, and
charged as before, the Ball rifing about One- fifth of an
Inch beyond the Mouth of the Piece, the Powder
collected, after theDifcharge, was Two Penny- weight
Six Grains. Upon a Second Trial, the Ball being as
much within the Mouth, One Penny- weight Sixteen
Grains was collected. And at the Third Trial, the Ball
being level with the Mouth, TwoPenny-weight Six:
Grains were again found.

The Committee alfo caufed fome Experiments ta
be made of the Effect of a Touch-hole near the Fore-
part of the Charge. They found upon difeharging the
fhort Piece of Five Two-tenths of an Inch Chace, the
Charge Twelve Penny-weight and Ball, as before, the
Touch-hole being near the Fore-part of the Powder ;
the Quantities of Powder, feverally colle&ed, were
One Penny- weight Seven Grains and an half; One
Penny-weight Six Grains ; and One Penny-weight
Four Grains. And upon a Difcharge made with a
little more Powder, which filled the Barrel exa&ly to
the Edge of another Touch-hole, the former being
ferewed up, the Quantity collected was One Penny-
weight Nine Grains..

The Effeft of firing with heavy Slugs was alfo
examined: The Weight of the Slugs and Quantities

of

[ '78 ]

of Powder colle&ed, were as follows j the Charge in
the fhort Barrel being Twelve Penny- weight :

Difcharge. Weight of Slugs. Powder colle&ed.

I.

Ounces . dwt.

gr-

dwt .

gr'

2-.

13.

o.

I.

3*

II.

2.

1 1.

14.

O.

17.

III.

2.

12.

0.

O.

8.

IV.

5-

5-

6.

O.

13.

V.

5.

3*

O.

O.

The Powder ufed in all thefe Experiments, made
before the Committee, was prefented to them by
Mr. Walt on y and is fuch as he makes for the Kings
Service. To afeertain as nearly as poflible, that the
Powder had not undergone any confiderable Altera-
tion by Damps or otherwife, a Standard Experiment
was previoufly made at every Meeting, with the fhort
Barrel charged with Twelve Penny-weight of Powder,
and with a Ball of Twenty-four Penny- weight; and the
Quantity of Powder colle&ed was from One Penny-
weight Eight Grains, to One Penny- weight Twelve
Grains ; which is as great a Regularity as can well be
expe&ed. This Powder of Mr. Walton being fifted,
and divided into a fine and a large Sort , the follow-
ing Difcharges were made with Twelve Penny- weight
of each, and Ball as ufual :

Difcharges with

Powder

colle&ed

fine Powder.

dwt .

gr-

4.

II.

21.

Ill

12.

In this Third Experiment the Bullet, not being fo
exadtly turned as the others, was rammed down with
great force. Dif-

[ l79 ]

Difcharge with Povvdct colle&ed.

large Powder. dwt* gr.

i. i. n.

IT. • . * * O 3 I. It5*

III. «“..••*« I. 2 1.

And the Powder being bruifed in a Mortar, and
lifted through a Lawn Sieve, the Charge and Ball be-
ing as before, what was collected after Three Dif-
charges, was One Penny- weight Ten Grains, One
Penny-weight Eight Grains, and Seventeen Grains.

Mr. TVatfon having had two Parcels of Powder de-
livered to him, the one frefh, and the other collected
after Difcharges with Ball, gave an Account of the
Quantity of Nitre he had feparated from them, viz.

Separated from Nine Penny-weight of ?
frefh Powder 5

dwt.

Nitre . .

6.

2.

Refiduum

2.

7-

Lofs i I

O.

15.

From Niqe Penny-weight of Powderp

colle&ed after having been difehargedb
with Ball \

dwt.

&r-

Nitre . .

4-

18.

Refiduum

2.

15.

Sand, &c.

O.

II.

Lofs . .

I.

14.

Twelve Grains of the Powder gathered and put into
feparate Boxes, after firing with Ball out of the fhort
Piece, as before-mentioned, being fired in the ex-
haufted Receiver, funk the Mercurial Gage from
Twenty-nine Inches One-tenth to Twenty- three Six-

A a tenths.

[»8o]

t I ,

tenths. And the fame Weight of frefh Powder being
fired in the fame manner, funk the Gage to Twenty-
two Inches Three- fourths 5 the Difference being fio
or ~ of an Inch. * * * •

From thefe Experiments the Committee are of
Opinion, that the Firft Part of the Firft Queftion, Whe-
ther all the ‘Powder of the Charge be fired? is fuffici-
cntly determined in the Negative.

As to the Second Part of the Firft Queftion, Whe-
ther all the. Powder that is fired, be fired before the
Bullet is fenfibly moved from its Place ? the Com-
mittee are of Opinion, That the Bullet is fenfibly
moved from its Place , before all the Powder that is
fired, has taken Fire.

This, indeed, has not been determined by any dired
Experiment, but feems a Confequence of the Deter-
mination of the Firft Part of the Queftion, that the
Whole of the Charge is not fired.

For let it be conftdered, that from the Moment
any Part of the Powder within the Barrel takes Fire,
the Flame of the Powder already fired is always con-
tiguous to fome Part of the Powder as yet unfired
and confequently fome Part- of this laft muft be con-
tinually taking Fire, fo long as any unfired Powder
remains within the Barrel ; that is, the firing of the
Powder cannot be over, till all the unfired Powder is
driven out of the Gun : But before any Part, how
fmall foever, of the unfired Powder is driven out of
the Gun, the Bullet which lies between the Charge
and theMuzzle, muft necefiarily have been driven out
of the Gun. Therefore the firing of the Powder is
not over, or all the Powder that is fired, is not fired,
till after the Bullet is driven out of the Gun. And

con-

[ 181 }

consequently the Bullet mull be fcnfibly moved from its
Place, before all the Powder that is fired, has taken Fire*
As to the Second Queftion, Whether the Diflance
to which the Bullet is thrown , may not become
greater or lefs , by changing the Form of the Chamber ,
though the Charge of ‘ Powder and all other Circum-
ftances continue unchanged

The Committee are of Opinion, That the Change
of the Form in the Chamber , will produce a Change
of the Diftance to which the Bullet is thrown. Their
Opinion is grounded upon the following Experiments,
in which the longejl Chamber of equal Capacity drove
the Ball fartheft.

Three brafs Chambers were made, whofe Depths
were refpe&ively Three Inches ; one Inch and half ; and
Three-fourths of an Inch ; fo turned as to fit the Cham-
ber of Mr. Hauksbee s Mortar $ each of thefe Chambers
contained, when full, One Ounce Troy of Powder.
The Ball was of Brafs, weighing Twenty-four Pound
Six Ounces and an half Avoirdupois, that is, nearly
Three hundred Fiftv-fix Ounces Troy *.

The Ball touched the Powder of the Charge in all
thefe Experiments. With the Firft* Chamber of
Three Inches deep, the Elevation of the Mortar being
Forty-five Degrees, the Ranges at Four different Trials
were found to be.

Shot.

Chains.

Links.

I. .

. . 11.

39. or

nearly 7^2 Feet.

II. .

. . 10.

38.

685.

III. .

. . 11.

1 7.

737-

IV. .

. . 11.

10.

73 3.

■ 1 ' - — r — --I,. ■ ■■ ■ ■

* Supposing 14 Ounces 11 Penny-weight and 15 Grains and an half.
Troy , equal to 1 Pound Avoirdupois.

A a 2 la

\

[ '82 ]

• I * I • p

In the Second of thefe Experiments, the brafs
Chamber, not being fufficiently thruft home before
the Difcharge, was by the Violence of the Powder
driven in fo, that it could not be got out again without
the Help of an iron Screw, and a vaft Force applied
to iron Wedges. This was doubtlefs the Caufe
of the great Irregularity obferved in this Cafe. The
mean Diftance, colle&ed from the other Three Experi-
ments, is nearly 741 Feet.

Then Three Difcharges were made with the Cham-
ber Three-fourths of an Inch deep, with Ball, Powder
and Elevation, as before. The Ranges were.

Shot.

Chains .

Links.

•

I.

7*

6. or

466 Feet nearly.

II.

7. 2.

463.

III.

**>

S • — -

463.

The mean

Diftance to which

the Bail was thrown

in thefe Three Experiments is 464 Feet.

The Chamber One Inch and. an half deep, was alfo
tried > but this not fitting the Mortar fo well as the
other Two, the Ranges were found to be very irre-
gular, being

Shot . Chains . Links .

I. 10. 40. or nearly 68 6 Feet.

II. 9. 6. 598.

III. 7. 8. t 467.

The laft Shot, failing fo much fhort, may be afcri-
bed to the Damp, it being late in the Evening when
it was fired.

That Moifture greatly weakens the Effect of Pow-
der, is commonly known ; and the Committee found
by an Experiment, That Powder dried by means of a
Phial in Balneo , and put warm into the Chamber,

threw

C'H]

threw the Ball twice as far as the fame Quantity c£
Powder taken out of the fame Barrel, before it was
dried.

IV. An Account of a Meteor feen near Holkam*
in Norfolk, Aug. 1741* tranfmitted to
the Royal Society by the Right Honhld
Thomas Lord Lovell, F. R. S.

Read Nov. 4. r 1 Hcmas Savory, John Walker , and

174*. others of Lord Lovell’s Plough-

men, being at Plough about the Middle of Auguft 1741.
on a fair Day, at Ten o’clock in the Morning, faw on
a Heath about a Quarter of a Mile from them, a Wind
like a Whirlwind, come gradually towards them, iii
a ftrait Line from Eaft to Weft. It palled through the
Field where they were at Plough, tore up the Stubble
in the ploughed Ground, and' alfo the Grafs befides
the fame, for Two Miles in Length, and Thirty Yards
in Breadth. When it came to fomc Clofes at the Top
of a rifing Ground called Ferry bnjh-Clofes, Fhilip
Henning , and others, who were houghing Turneps ,
faw it appear like a great Flafh or Ball of Fire. After
having feen the Wind come into the Clofes, Robert
May was in a Cottage where he lives by a Road-iide,
at the Bottom of the Park, about a Furlong down-hill
from the Clofe, when one of his Children about Six
Years old, who was playing at the Door, cried out.
That Ferrybufh- Clofes were on Fire 5 on which he went
out to look, but faw no Fire, only a terrible Smoakj
and heard fuch a Noife as Fire makes when a Barn is

burning.

[ i*4 ]

» . • •

burning. He then fa\v the Wind come from the

Clofes in the fame manner as before-mentioned,
making a terrible Noife, like that of a violent Fire,
alfo like Carts over ftony Ground, which palled by
hisHoufe, tearing up the Stones in the Road, and tore
up a Rank of Pales, and fprung feveral of the Polls out
of their Places, and carried a pewter Plate that Hood
oil the Outlideof the Window, about Forty Yards from
the Houfe; and a large Box-cover about an Inch and
half thick and Four Feet fquare, and crofs-barred,
which he covers his Birds with, was carried away much
further, and torn all to pieces ; and the Gravel flew
about, and alfo the Flint-ftones like Feathers. It alfo
broke down fome of Mr. Knotts s Fences, and fright-
ened the Cattle in a terrible manner. And, what is
moll remarkable, that every- where elfe but in this
Place, the Weather was clear and fine, and no Sign
of any Storm or Difturbancc whatfoever. About a
Quarter of an Hour after, Philip Henning. , and Two of
his Partners, Turnep-houghers , who were at Work
about Two Furlongs off, came to the faid Robert May ,
and told him, they were glad to fee him alive ; for they
expeded, that he and his Family, Houfe and all, had
been deftroyed, having feen the Fire go that Way, and
heard a Noife, as if the Houfe had been demolilhed.
Robert May fmelled a moll terrible Smell of Sulphur,
both before and after the Wind palled him, and heard
the Noife a great while after feeing the Smoak, before
he faw the Wind, an Hedge intercepting his Sight.
He fays it moved fo {lowly forward, as to be near
Ten Minutes in coming from the Clofes to the
Houfe.

V. An

[ »8? ]

V. An Account of the ‘Proportions of the
Englifh and French Meafures and Weights >
from the Standards of the fame y kept at the
Royal Society.

-Read Nov. ii. rjOME curious Gentlemen both of
1742 the Royal Society of London ,

and of the Royal Academy of Sciences at cParisf
thinking it might be of good Ufe, for the better com-
paring together the Succefs of Experiments made in
England and in France , propofed fome time fince,
that accurate Standards of the Meafures and Weights
of both Nations, carefully examined, and made to
agree with each other, might belaid up and preferved
in the Archives both of the Royal Society here,
and of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Laris :
Which Propofal having been received with the general
Approbation of both thofe Bodies, they were there-
upon pleafcd to give the neceflary Dire&ions for the
bringing the fame into Effect. In confequence of
which, Mr. George Graham , Fellow of the Royal
Society, did, at their Defire, procure from Mr. Jo-
nathan Sifon , Inftrument-maker in Beaufort- Build-
ings, Two fubftantial brafs Rods, well planed and
fquared, and of the Length of about 42 Inches each,
together with Two excellent brafs Scales of Six Inches
each, on both of which one Inch is curioufly divided
by diagonal Lines, and fine Points, into 500 equal
Parts : And upon each of the Rods Mr. Graham did,
with the greateft Care, lay off the Length of Three
Englifi Feet, from the Standard of a Yard kept in the

Tower

[ it'M ]

Tower of London. He alfo at the fame time dlre&ed
Mr. Samuel Ready Scale and Weight-maker near
Alderfgate , to prepare, in the bed manner he could.
Two iingle Troy Pound Weights, with Two Piles of
the fame Weights, decreaftng from Eight Ounces to
One Quarter of an Ounce refpe&ively, Two Parcels of
the Idler correfponding Weights, that is to fay, from
Five Penny-weight to half a Penny- weight, and Grain
Weights from Six Grains to One-fourth of a Grain ;
together with Two finglc Avoirdupois Pound W eights :
All which, when made, were carefully examined, and
found to agree fufficiently with each other. Things
being thus provided, the Two brafs Rods, one of the
Six-inch Scales, and one Set of all the Weights, were
fent over to Tar is, one of the Rods to be returned,
and all the other Particulars, to be prefented for their
Ufe, to the Royal Academy of Sciences there :
Who, upon Receipt thereof, defired the late Mon-
Jieur Du Fay> and Abbe Nollet , both Members of the
Academy, and alfo Fellows of the Royal Society,
to fee the Meafure of the Raris Half-toife, contain-
ing Three Raris Feet, accurately fet off upon both
the brafs Rods, in the like manner as the Length of
the Englijh Yard, containing three Englifb Feet, had
already been fet off on the fame: After which, thofe
Gentlemen returned over one of the Rods to the
Royal Society, together with a Standard Weight
of Two Marcs, or Sixteen Raris Ounces, accompanied
with a Rrocefs Verbal , or Authentic Certificate from
the proper Office, of the due Examination thereof.

The Rod being returned, Mr. Graham caufed Mr.
SiJJ'on to divide both the Meafure of the Englijh Yard,
and the Paris Half-toife, each into Three equal Parts,

for

[ »87 ]

for the more ready taking off both the English and
\ Paris Foot from the fame : After which, both this
Rod and the T wo Marc Weight fent over from France ,
were, together with the other Particulars before- men-
tioned, carefully laid up in the Archives of the Royal
Society, where they now remain, as their Duplicates
do in thofe of the Royal Academy of Sciences at
‘Paris : But as, before they were fo laid up, an accurate
Examination and Comparifon of them was made by
Dire&ion of the Council of the Royal Society,
the Refult of the fame is here fubjoined as follows :
That is to fay,

1. The Paris half Toife, as fet off on the Standard
in the Royal Society, contains Englijh Inches by
the fame Standard 38.355. Whence it appears, that
the English Yard and Foot is to the Paris half Toife
and Foot, nearly as 107 to 1 14. For as 107 to 1 14,
fo is 36 to 3 8.3 5 5 14,

2. The Paris Two Marc, or 16 Ounce Weight,
weighs English Troy Grains 7560. Whence it ap-
pears, that the Englifh Troy Pound of Twelve Ounces
or 5760 Grains, is to the Paris Two Marc or 1 6 Ounce
Weight, as 16 to 21: That the Paris Ounce weighs
Englijh Troy Grains 472.5, and that confequently
the Englijh Troy Ounce is to the Paris Ounce, as 64
is to 6 3 .

3. The Eng/iff) Avoirdupois Pound weighs Troy
Grains 7004, whence the Avoirdupois Ounce, whereof
16 make a Pound, is found equal to 43 7-7 5 Troy
Grains : And it follows of confequence, that the
Troy Pound is to the Avoirdupois Pound, as 8S to
107 nearly j for as 8 8 to io7,fois 5760 to 7003 .636 $
that the Troy Ounce is to the Avoirdupois Ounce, as

B b 80

[ '88 ]

So to 73 nearly ; for as So to 73, fo is 480 to 43 8 $
and laftly, that the Avoirdupois Pound and Ounce is
to the ‘Paris Two Marc Weight and Ounce, as 63 to
68 nearly 5 for as 63 to 68, fois 7004 to 75 59-873-
4. The Paris Foot, exprefl'ed in Decimals, is equal
to 1.0654 of the Englifh Foot, or contains 12.785
English Inches.

VI. A Method of making a Gold-colour’d
Glazing for Earthen-Ware 5 communicated ,
in Latin, in a Letter from .M Godofridus
Heinfius, AJiron. ! Prof at St. Petersburg!!,
to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S.

i , • Y • '.'Ft

Read Nov. n. r B 1 A K E of Litharge parts iij. of Sand

or calcined Flint p. i. pound and
mix thefe very well together, then tun them into a
yellow Glafs with a ftrong Fire. Pound this Glafs,
and grind it into a fubtile Powder, which moiften
with a well faturated Solution of Silver, make it into
a Pafte, which put into a Crucible, and cover it with
a Cover. Give at firft a gentle Degree of Fire, then
increafe it, and continue it till you have a Glafs,
which will be green. Pound this Glafs again, and
grind it to a fine Powder ; moiften this Powder with
fome Beer, fo that by means of an Hair Pencil you
may apply it upon the Veftels, [or any Piece of Earth-
en-ware]. The Veftels that are painted or cover’d
over with this Glazing, muft be firft well heated, then
put under a Muffle, and as foon as the Glafs runs, you
muft * fmoak them, and take out the Veftels.

* Ajflare ] debes fumum.

Numb. 466.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For Part of November , and the Month of eDecember,

1742.

- - 1 -1 ■ mil

TheCONTENT S.

I. Excerpta ex Ephemeridibus Meteorologicis
Romanis Anni 1741. ohfervante Didaco de
Revillas, Ablate Hieronymiano, in Romana
Academia Math efcosPr of effore, Regime So
cietatis Londinenfis, necnnn Academia
Injlit, Scient . Bonon. &odali. Pag. 193.

II. Extract of a Letter from J. F. Gronovius,
m. n at Leyden, November 1742. to
Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a Water
Infe<ft, which , being cut into feveral Pieces,
becomes fo many perfed: Animals. 2 1 8.

III. Some Conjectures concerning the Pofition

of the Colure in the ancient Sphere 5 com-
municated in a Letter from the Rjevd Ebe~
nezer Latham, M. 2). and V 2). M. to 2 )r.
Mortimer, Seer. R. S. 22 i.„

IV. The Cafe of an ExtraordinarjDroipfy , com-
municated in a Letter fromTho.ShGU, M.D.
to C. Mortimer, M. 2). Sec. R. S. 223.

V. Part

The CONTENTS.

V. ^Part of a Letter from of Cam*~

bridge, to a Friend of the Royal Societ y,
occajioned by what has lately been reported
concerning the Inledt mentioned in Page 218.
of this Tranfadtion. 227,.

VI. A Synopfis of the Calculation of the Tranfit
o/Mercury over the Disk of the Sun, the ijth
of October 1743. Mr. J. Catlyn. 235.

VII. A Letter from Mr. R. Campbell o/Kernan,
to Dr. Mortimer, Sec. R.S. concerning a Man
who lived Eighteen Tears on Water. 240,

VIII. An Account and Abjlraffi by Geo. Had-

ley, Efqh F. R. S. of ' the Meteorological
Obfci vaiium covyiwmn'imtpA co the Royal
Society, for the Tears 1731, 17 32, 1733,;
1734 and 1 735. 243.

IX. . A jhort Account by James Parfons, M. D.

F. R. S. of a Book intitule dy Traite des Sens,
&c . by M. le Cat, M. D. F. R. S. 264.

X. Obfervationes varite Medico-Chirurgic a a

Johanne Daniele Schlichting, Med. & Chir.
Doflore, Acad. Caefareo-Leopoldin. Nat.
Curiof. Membro , & Commercii Liter arii
Norimberg. Socio. 270.

XI. Obfervationes dutf Anatomico-pradlicae, una

de Infante nato cum Sacco Aquapleno , abOffe
Sacro ufque ad T alos pfopendente 5 altera de
Hydrocephalo Jingulari . Aitilore Job. Ba-
Hero, M. D. R. S. S. 277.

1. Ex-

C >9$ 3

I. Excerpta ex Ephemeridibus Meteorologicis
Romanis Anni 1741. obfervante Didaco
de Revillas, Ablate Hieronymiano, in Ro-
mana Academia Mathefeos * TvofeJJore ,
Regije Societatis Londinenfis, necnon
Academia Inflit. Sclent. Bonon. Sodali.

zw at % a NTE QU A M obfervationcs cx
Ro/aTfoaety! noftris Meteorologicis Ephemeri-

November 18. dibus depromtas, 6c per menfes

*742’ fingulos diftributas proferimus,

pauca de inftrumentis quibus illas perficiebamus prx-
jmitrere necefiarium ducimus.

Barometro inprimis perfe&ifllmo utebamur, quod
Parifina fimul ac Londinenfi, quain heic adhibe-
bimus, fcala in pollices, pollicifque duodecimales
lineas divifa, mobilique per earn difcurrente indice
munitur. Cubiculura in quo perfiftit, parum fupra
clivi Capitolini medium fitum eft. Mediam proinde
humiliora inter, 6c eminentibra urbis loca, regionem
fervat.

Fahrenheytiano fimile eft mercuriale quod adhibe-
bamus thermometrum. Inferiorem tamen phialam
neque fphxricam, neque cylindricam, neque alterius
in thermofcopiis ufitatx figurx 5 fed ad fcutellx mo-
dum, hemifphxricam concavam habet 5 ut promtius
tota mercurii inter duos hemifphxricos vitri parietes
contenti mafia, atmofphxrx variationibus obediat ;
atque interim ab vitri variationibus, quse calore aut
frigore intenfiore gignuntur, mercurii adfcenfus, 6c

C c de:

[ l94 ]

dcfcenfus in tubo, nullatenus vitientur. Tota inftru-
menti capacitas in partes 5.000 divifa : quarum priores
a lummitate tnbi numeratas feala in tot gradus di-
ftin&a dimetitur, qpo.t tubus ipfe capere poteft. Aqua:
cbullientis calore, mercurius ad feala? initium, tubique
fummitatem confcendit. Frigore vero aquae in gla-
ciem abeu-ntis, ad gradus 178 iubftdit : ac demum
ipfius glactei frigore, ad gr. 180. Quod ft frigus in-
tenfius fuerit, defeendente infra hofee gradus mer-
curio, frigoris incrementum majore graduum nutnero
indicabitur. Hocce ergo thermometrum extra fene-
ftram Ctecia: vento, 6c Capitolii gradibus obverfam,
locatum, nunquam dire&o, 6c non nifi eminus reflexo
folis radio percutitur. Atmofphasra: proinde calorem
frigufve accurate indicare aptum eft.
r Pluviam Halleiano more Cylmdrico vafe collige-
bamus, cujus altitudo pedis Londinenfis dodrantem,
diameter pedes duos cum triente emetitur. Ex eo in
aiiud cylindricum vas operculo claufum, pedem unum
cum altitudine, turn diametro menfurans, aqua per
epiftomium excipitiir, ne in vaporcs emitratur. Inde,
ceffante pluvia extrahitur, 6c cylindrico fimiiiter vafe,
pedem unum exadiflime alto menfuratur, cujus dia-
meter decimam partem ad amuflim xquat diametri
majoris vaiis, e ccelo delabentem pluviam immediate
excipientis. Quoniam ergo horunce vaforum diametri
funt ut 10 6c 1 5 eorum bales erunt ut 100, & 1.

Ob reciprocam itaque aequalium cylindrorum cum
bafibus altitudinem, aqua in ampliore vafe unum
pollicem alta, centum altitudinis pollices in minore
jcquaret. Hoc eft, quot aqua: pollices minor hicce
cylindrus metitur, tot partes pollicis centefima: alti-
tudinem pluvia: oftendunt. In minore autem vafe.

E l9J 3

virgula ad id exprefte divifa iiedum pollices dime-
timur, vemm & pollicis decimales partes, quarum
proinde ftngulai milleftmam digitalis altitudinis plu-
\ix partem demonftrant.

Quater in die obfervationibus plerumque vacaba-
mus : pluries quandoque: Summo nimirum mane,
meridie, vefpere poft lobs occafum ; & duabus cir-
citer ante mediam no&em horis. ^ftivo tempore
fecunda etiam vel tertia hora poft meridiem.

Quas heic afteremus thermometri obfervationcs
hyberno tempore frigus indicators, ad matutinas
boras referenda: erunt, nifi al.iter moneamus. Tunc
cnim temporis, ceteris paribus, frigidior aer depre-
henditur. ^Eftivo vero tempore ad meridianas, vel
pomeridianas horas erunt referenda, quibus calor in-
tenfior.

MDCCXLI.

Menfe Jan da mo.

Quamquam poftremis duobus fuperioris anni men-
fibus tanta aquarum copra e coelo cecidit, quanta fere
prioribus decern; admodum nihilom-inus pluviofus
Januarius quoque erat. Iidem ftquidem venti, qui
proximis precedent! folftitio diebus imperium in
atmofphsra geflerant, quive Romanum coelum plu-
vium plerumque efficiunt, etiam prioribus menfis
hujufee diebus dominabantur : Orientales nimirum,
auftrales, & inter hos medii. Frequens proinde plu-
via, coelumque nubibus plerumque obdu&um. Con-
tigerat pleniiunium poft mediam no&em primi menlis
diei. Barometrum hocce tempore intra o&o vel decern
lineas fupra pollices 29 vagabatur. Thermofcopium
majus tunc frigus indicaverat. Gradibus 158, eo
longe minus quod prioribus Novembris diebus ante-

C c 2 ceflcrat,

cefterat, quibus per vicos 6c plateas gelaverat ; ther-*
mofcopio gr. 178 commonftrante.

Die 8 boreales venti, & praefertim exN. N.E. prx-
pollere caeperant : Cceloque nubibus deterfo ferenitas
emoena redibat 5 quae ufque ad diem 17 fere Temper
perfeverans, vix aliquando vel matutina nebula, vel
difperfis nubeculis paullulum turbabatur. Barome-
trum tamen, quod die 10 ad lineas io~ fupra poll.
29 confcenderat, deinceps continenter defcendebat :
eodemque die 17 ad poll. 29. 4. fubfidebat flante
E.N.E. No&u nihilominus dierum 16 & 17 flante
borea gelabat : Thermometro gr. 180 indicante. Et
hoc quidem maximum fuerat hujufce anni frigus. Se*
cunda porro lunas quadratura contigerat poft mediam
noftemdiei 9 ; 6c novilunium poft meridiem diei 17.

Die itaque 18 auftralibus ventis, orientalibus, &
euro-notis iterum praevalentibus barometrum ad poll.
29. 1. flante ,Volturno defcenderat. Et haec minima
fuerat toto hocce anno mercurii altitudo, quamquam
die quoque 25 ad poll. 29. 1 fubfidiftet. Frequen-
tiflimi proinde imbres ufque ad diem 285 fed diebus
praefertim 25 & 2 6 infignes hafce barometri depref-
fiones affluentiflime fubfequebantur. Die enim 25
duos aquae pollices ; die 26 pollicem cum trientecol-
ligebamus. Hifce diebus thermofcopium a gradibus
156 & 160 fummo mane plerumque haud recedebat.
Prima lunae quadratura poft mediam no&em diei 23
contigerat.

Praeter imbres quos diebus 25, 6c 2 6 delapfos dice-
bamus, folutae etiam auftralibus ventis montium nives,
magnamTiberi aquarum copiam intulerant; qui pro-
inde die 27 alveum excedens, nedum campos urbi
adjacentes, verum 6c humiliora urbis loca alte inun-
dabat. Columnarum bafcs in Panthei porticu aquis

°Fe:

[ ’97 ]

operiebanturl Has porro pedis dodrante altius con-
fcenderant, quam in altera fluminis alluvie diei 7 fu-
perioris menfis.

Poftremis Januarii diebus boreales iterum venti, &
prasfertim ex N.N.E. ferenitatem advexerant: Baro-
metro ad poll. 30. o-f confcendente. Frigidiorem
aerem gradus 169 in thermofcopio mane oftende-
bant. Poll fobs occafum diei 3 1 plenilunium cele-
brabatur.

Frigus maximum hacce menfe thermometrum in-
dicaverat ad gr. 180.

Maxima barometri altitudo fuerat poll. 30. 1.

Minima — — poll. 2p. x.

Pluvias altitudo— poll. 6. 847.

Menfe Februario.

Vix ad primum & alterum menfis hujufee diem
ferenitas perfeverabat : tertio jam, tenui delabente
pluvia, nubes coelum obduxerant 3 quas per vices ufque
ad diem 8 faepe comparebant : Barometro ne vix
quidem ab altitudine poll. 29. 10. recedentej ven-
tifque vel auftralibus, vel orientalibus, leniter fpiran-
tibus.

Die 8, in quern ante medium nodem ultima luna: in-
ciderat quadratura, flante primum E. FJ. E. dein Borca,
poll. 29. ii“ jam attigerat barometrum 3 & conftanter
fudo refplendente, die 14 ad maximum, quam hoccc
anno confpeximus altitudinem confcenderat poll. 30.
5. At neque ferenae nodes, neque Boreales venti
ad diem ufque 24 perdurantes, gelu cogere valebant,
fi diei 20 praecedentem nodem excipias, qua humor
in pruinam concretus domeftici viridarii herbas con-

texerat :

[ «?8 ]

texerat: Thermometro ad gr. 1 77 i fubfidente. Die
1 5 flante Borea novilunium celebratum fucrat ; <3c
prima lun# quadratura flante N. N.E. die 22 poft me-
ridiem. '

Barometrum ufque ad diem 19 fupra poll. 30 line-
arum 3 vel 4 altitudinem fervaverat. Mox pede-
tentim defeendendo, die 25 ad poll. 29. 97 deve-
nerat. Tunc nubilum apparebat coelum ,• proximif-
que diebus 26 & 27 tenuis pluvia, alternatim flan-
tibus Auftro & Euro, decidebat. Varia proinde ufque
ad menfis finem coeli facies, varii ventorum flatus ;
Barometro vix recedente ab altitudine poll. 29. 10.
Frigus mane hifee diebus moderatum : Thermometro
inter gr. 16 f 6c 169 conflftente.

Maximum ergo frigus hocce menfe gr. 1777.

Maxima barometri altitudo poll. 30. 5.

Minima poll. 29. 7 -J.

Pluvias quantitas — poll. o. 200.

Menfe M A R T i o.

* . - .. . *

Fcbruarium varia tempeftate deflnentem tutbido
Auftralium ventorum, nubiumque, apparatu Martius ex-
cipiebat. Plenilunium die 2 poll meridiem, flante fimi-
liter Auftro, nubilo coelo pera&um. Auftralibus deinde
ventis orientales & euro-noti permixti, ufque ad
diem 9 crebros imbres nubefque frequentes addu-
xerant. Barometrum ab menfis initio quotidie de-
crefcens, die 3 ad poll. 29. 3 i defeenderat: & quam-
quam eo die iterum poll. 29. 6 3 attigiflet, adfcen-
fumque continuaret, brevis tamen pluvia fero deci-
debat. At uberior & pollicem fuperans poft novum

baro-

[ *99 3

barometri defcenfum die 6, flante S. S.E. delabe-
batur : atqueiterum, fed minor, flante E. die 9.

Die io, quo ultima lunx quadratura poll; meridiem
habebatur; barometro iterum afcendente, ventoque
N. N. E. flante, amoena redibat ferenitas, qux Bore-
alibus prxvalentibus ventis, & die prxfertim 13 ve-
hementifllme flantibus, (quibus quandoque, foie occi-
dente, occidentales fuccedebant) ad diem ufque 2 6
perfeverabat. Venti porro iidem boreales oeciden-
talibus permixti nedum novilunium diei 17, & pri-
■ mam lunx quadraturam diei 23 comitabantur 5 verum
proximos quoque xquino&io dies. Et tametfi ante
ipfum debiles, validiores tamen pofl: effe&i, prxgeli-
dum aerem intempeftivo frigore efliciebant ab die 24
ad 27; prxcipue .vero die 2 6, quo nodtu gelabar.
Hinc in jam florefcentibus arboribus prsecocum
frucluum germina in univerfum arefcere confpicie-
bantur. Thermometrum eadem nodte gr. 179. pro-
ximis vero grad. 175. oftendebat. Barometrum au-
tein, quod mane diei 22 poll. 30. i| attigerar, ipfo
die ac fequutis defcendebat paulatim 5 & die 26 poll.
29. 8^ indicabat.

Poftridie ergo, flante S. S. E. nubcs, &c pluvia ;
qux adpoftremum ufque menfisdiem, Volturno fxpius
fpirante vento, plerumque perfeverabant. Barome-
trum inter lineas 6 & 9 . fupra' poll. 29 vagabatur.
Thermometrum vero fummo mane inter gr. 1 6f &
168 iifdem diebus degebit. 1

Maximum frigus hoc menfe fuerat gr. 179.

Maxima barometri altitudo- -poll. 30. 2.

Minima poll., 29. 2~.

Pluvix quantitas— — poll. 2. 034.

Menfe

O00 3

Merife A P R i L i.

Prior mentis hujufcc medietas nullum prater pri-
mum, quo plenilunium contigerat, & alterum diem
undequaque ferenum habebat. Boreales venti, per-
raro, & non niti oriente foie fpirabant: Auftrales,
orientales, hifque affines frequentiffime. Crebri pro-
inde, etti exigui imbres. Coelum nubibus perfaepe ob-
du&um. Diem 9 mane nebulofum, & obfcurum,
mox pluvium ultima lunte quadratura node prace-
dente antecedent. Barometrum plerumque circa
poll. 29. 6. vagabatur. Aliquando ad poll. 29. 2.
die 10 defcendebat 5 nec niti die 13 & fequutis con-
ftanti adfcenfu erigebatur. Aeris plerumque mode-
rata temperies. Dicbus tamen 7, & 8, Caecia flante,
frigidiufcula ; thermometro ad gr. 165 fubfldentc.

Die 1 5, quo poll meridiem noviluniumcelebrabatur,
ad poll, fere 30. 1. barometrum confcenderat. Venti
boreales hifque affines praepollere jam coeperantj
atque a die 16 ad 20 aerem nonnihil rigidum advc-
hebant; thermofcopio inter gr. 161 & 163 mane
commorante. Serenitas caeli, barometri elevationi
conjunda, ad diem 22 perfeverabat ; quo poll: fobs
occafum prima lunas habebatur quadratura : & baro-
metrum ad poll. 30. 1 adfcendens, eodem, & fe-
quuto die, flante O. S. O. iterum defcendebat : Nu-
bibus coelum obtegebatur.

Die 24 hora Italis 1 5 4 thermometro gr. 158,
barometro poll. 30. o| attingente, coelo fere ubique
fereno, leniterque flante E.N.E. brevis terrse con-
cuflio a pluribus percepta, in Etruria finitimifque
provinciis validior, Moream prxfertim ingentibus
afficiebat damnis.

Re-

r *°> ]

Rellqui menfls dies admodum varii ; ventis nunc
auftralibus, nunc orientalibus, coelo nunc fcreno,
nuncnubilo, fed impluvio, fpirantibus. Barometrum.
interca fenfim deprimebatur $ ac die 30, quo pleniiu-
nium ante mediam no&em celebrandum erat, ad poll.
29. jam defeenderat vehementer flante S. S.E.
coeloque fubnubilo.

Frigus maximum hoccemenfefucratgr. 1 65.

Maxima barometri altitudo poll. 30. 1 -f .

Minima poll. 29. 3.

Pluvix quantitas -poll. 2.035.

Menfe Maio.

Validus aufter primum menfis diem tenebricofum
efficiebat utut barometro nonnihil adfeendente. De-
clinato jam die, occidentali primum, mox boreali
fubeunte vento nimbus cum grandine decidcbar.
Barometrum poll. 29. 6~. • T'hermofcojpiurn gr. 104
obtinebat. Aer proinde admodum frigidus; prefer*
tim diebus 4, & 6. Sed die 5, flante borea, coeloque
fereno, multo rigidior, in vineis fuburbanis anniver-
iaria congelatione vites cogebat. Ceterum prioribus
menfis diebus coelum raro ferenum 5 frequentes, fed
exigui imbres, frequentiffimx nubes. Eodem die 5,
poll. 30 barometrum tenebat; iterumque ufque ad
diem 11 fenfim demittebatur ad poll. 29. 5 -f: dum
interim die 10, hoc eft, biduo poft ultimam lunxqua-
draturam, copiofiflimus imber deciderat.

Ab undecimo ad quartumdecimum diem, quo
novilunium poft fequentem mediam nodtem ccle-
brandum erat, vehementiflime flantibus nunc cxcia,
nunc zephyro, iterum barometrum ad poll. 29. ix.

D d fe-

[ 101 ]

fcreno fere Temper coelo adfeendebat. Ventorum
deinccps continua viciflitudo, occidentalibus tamen
prxpollentibus, denuo demittebatur barometrum :
dieque 1 6 brevis dccidebat pluvia, poftquam refti-
tuta Terenitasi barometro iterum adfeendente. Die
tamen 20 poft novam ejus depreiTionem tenuis iterum
pluvia auftro fiante.

Reliquis menfis diebus occidentales venti, auftra-
libus plerumque interflantibus, variam cum coeli fa-
ciem, turn aeris tempeftatem efficiebant; iidemque
venti primam luna; quadraturam die 22, & plenilu-
nium die 30 comitabantur. Barometrum utut per-
petuis paritcr variationibus obnoxium, non admodum
tamen a lineis 9 fupra poll. 29 recedebat: die ex-
cepto 17, quo fere poll. 30 attingebat. In haceleva-
tione ufquc ad poftremum menfis diem permanebat.
Duobus ultimis diebus coelum ferenum, fed nebu-
lofum.

Exceptis prioribus quinque menfis diebus, reliquis
thermofeopium inter gr. 153, & 15 6 oriente foie
verfabatur. Circa meridiem tamen etfi plerumque
gr. ifo attingebat 5 nihilominus diebus 16, 19, ir,
i3,& i9,increfcente calore, auftroque fiante, gr. 142
mdicabat.

Maxima barometri altitudo

Coelo fere femper ferena facie refplendente occi-
dentales venti prioribus quatuor menfis diebus domi-

nabantur.

hocce menfe fuerat-

Minima

Pluvia; quantitas -

poll. 29. 4t.

poll. 2. 299.

Menfe J u n 1 o.

[ WJ ]

nabantur. Barometrum, quod prlmo die poll. 29.
104 attigerat, nonnullis intercurrcntibus variationibus
pedetentim defcendebat; ac die 4 poll matutinum
lenem eurum flante O.N.O. brevis tempeftas, bre-
vifque pluvia coelum turbabat. Euri deinde fequutis
diebus plerumque flabant ; 6c barometro vix itidcm
defcendenre, nova & copiofior cum tonitru pluvia,
zephyro fpirante, decidebat die 6 port meridiem, quo
tempore ultima lunaequadraturacelebrabatur. Pluvium
quoque fequuto triduo coelum erat ; orientalibus
ventis iterum praevalentibus : 6c barometro intra lineas
8, & 9 fupra poll. 29, fpatiante. Eoque iterum die
11 nonnihil demiflo, brevis denuo pluvia, flante
S. 5. O. fubfequebatur.

Serenitas dein raro nubibus adfperfa orientalibus,
6c occidentalibus ventis per vicem alternantibus ; fed
his plerumque prasva.lentibus, ad menfis finem im-
pluvie coelo durabat. Circa meridiem tamen fxpe ex
auflro lenis flabat aura, quae, foie occidente, zephyro
cedebat.

Barometrum, quod die 12 ad poll. 29. 11. con-
fcenderat, ibidem toto permanebat menfe ; quan-
doque tamen fupra poll. 30. elevabatur.

Novilunium ante meridiem diei 1 3, 6c prima Iunx
quadratura poll fequentem mediam nodem diei 21
fereno, placidoque coelo contigerant. At plenilu-
nium die 28, barometri demiflio, 6c nubes zephyro
flante comitabantur.

Dies itaque adlivo folflitio proximi admodum piacidi
fuerant.

Thermometrum hocce menfe plerumque mane
inter gr. 146, & ijo: meridie inter gr. 138, 6c 144
verfabatur.

D d 2

Ma-

[ ]

Maximabarometri altitudofuerat poll. 30. 1 •£

Minima — * — * poll. 29. 8.

Pluvisc quantitas poll. o. 762.

Menfe Q.u intili.

Sereno fimiliter adfpedu deccm priores menfis
hujufce dies fplendefcebant ; tametfi Africi venti
hifque affines plerunque dominarentur. Tunc porro
temporis barometrum fupra poll. 30 conftanter per-
manferat. Sed jam co fenfim defeendente, nubes
fequutis diebus borealem plagam occuparc, folc prte-
fertim oriente, incoeperant.

Ultima lunae quadratura poll vefperam dici 5 con-
tigerat i fequentique biduo occiduus horizon pluri-
mum declinato jam foie rubuerat, eodem flante
Atrico. Novilunium verodie 12 poft vefperam fimi-
liter celebratum erat; quo tempore corufcationes ad
curo-borealem plagam frequentes confpiciebantun
Poftridie Africus idem ventus circa meridiem vche-
mentiflime furebat : coelo nubibus undequaque ob-
dudo. Poft occafium fobs tranquilla reftituta fere-
11 itas.

Die 14 ad poll. 29. 8. jam defeenderat barome-
trum 5 nubefque hue illuc difrada; apparebant. Sed
iterum ad lineas 9 confcendendo, iterumque defeen-
dendo, varium coeli comitabatur adfpedum, im-
brefque pneveniebat, qui demum vefpera dici 18,
tonante, atrifque nubibus obdudo coelo, decidebant,
Libonoto flante. Crebriores tamen lubfequutis tribus
diebus dclabebantur ; & praefertim die 20, dum prae-
cedente node barometrum ad lineas defeenderat,
flante primum euro, mox fubiolano.

Poft

[ 105 1

Poft occafum dici 20 prior luna: quadratura conti-
gcrat nubilo, pluvioque, ut praediximus, cceloj quo
tempore validiflimus cascias-aquilo ; aliique boreales
venti imperium caeperant, & fequuro etiam die bac-
chabantur. Mitiores poftmodum effe&i ad diem
ufque 25 atmofphaeram tenebant. Barometrum jam
denuo eodem die 21 furfum vefpere ferebatur;
ejufque adfcenfu continuante, amoena ferenitas ad
poftremos fere menils dies, nubeculis dumtaxat alb
quando depida perfeverabat.

Diebus interim 27, & 28, euro primum, dein
Auftro, & Africo leniter fpirantibus, barometrum
nonnihil deprimebatur. Sole vero, diebus 28, 29, Sc
30, occidente, nebulofa ac denfa Zona, lrorizontem
occiduum, coelo ceteroquin fereno, obtenebrabat.
Dieautem 3 1, nebula in nubes condenfata, iterumque
defeendente barometro, copiofifTimus imber, euro
flante, demittebatur.

Thermometrum die 7 duabus circiterpoft meridiem
horis gr. 128 attingebat ; Sc die 17, hora eadem, gr.
122: qui quidem caloris gradus nedum menfis hu-
jufee, verum Sc currentis- anni maximus fuir, quam-
quam fextiii etiam menfe ad eundem gradum, ut mox
videbimus, calor pervenerit. Reliquis diebus mane
inter gr. 140, Sc 143. poft meridiem inter gr. 132,
Sc 1 3 5 plerumque verfabatur.

Maxima barometri altitudo fu
erat hoc menfe ■

Minima

Pluvke quantitas —

Menfe

} poll.

poll.

poll.-

30.

o|.

29.

3.

6|.

629.

Sextili,

Primo etiam menfts hujufee die, erfi barometrum
conftanter adfeenderet; Sc mane cxcias-aquilo fpb

rarer.

[ 2 0)6 ]

raret, fuccedente tamen zephyro, tenuiflima dcci-
debat pluvia 5 poftquam vento eodem pcrfevcrante,
& coro per vicem flante dill ferenitas perfeverabat 5
qux diebus dumtaxat 5, 6, Sc 7 denfa nebula matu-
tinis horis ofFundebatur : Barometro tunc tempons
prope poll. 29. 11. commorante; Sc affinibus borex
vends per vices flantibus. Die 9 poll. 30. Barome-
trum fuperabat j aft eo iterum ad mox didam altitu-
dinem demiffo, iterum, fed denfior nebula diebus 12,
13, & 14 coelum mane obtenebrabat Libonoto con-
ftanter flante.

Ultima lunx quadratura poft mediam, qux diem
4 anteceflerat, nodem : & novilunium mane diei
11, Africo eodem fpirante vento, celebratum fuerat.

Libonotus, qui, ut prxdiximus, die 14 flabat, ufque
ad diem 1 8 cum zephyro altcrnans plerunque domi-
nabatur. Die autem 15 in thermofeopio gradus
122-7 j die 16 gr. 122 fecunda poft meridiem hora
majorem hujufee menfis indicabant calorem, qui
etiam totius anni maximus fuerat, ut fuperiore menfe
notabamus. Mitius dein flantibus auftro, & zephyro,
calor quoque remittebatur s ac barometro nonnihii
decidente coelum nubibus obtegebatur. At ingrave-
feente node, ventis iterum permutatis, barometrum
denuo elevabatur 5 redibatque ferenitas. “Sequenti
die luna primum quadrantem poft meridiem attin-
gebat.

Serenitas, ventis boreas aflinibus fpirantibus, ad
diem 23 durabat. Sed Libonoto illis iterum fucce-
dente, nubes, & tonitrua fubfequebantur. Dein nodu
pluvia, barometro poll. 29. 8*J monftrante decidebat.
Mane flame euro reftituta ferenitas triduo perfeverans,
barometro parum vatiante. Borealibus interim prx-

valentibus

[ i©7 ]

valentibus ventis ; & prasfertim die 27 poft brevem
no&urnam pluviam tonitribus comitatam, validiflime
flantibus, rigebat a'er: Thermometro ad gr. 149 mane
fubfidente : reliquis vero fequutis diebus ad menfis
ufque finem, inter gr. 148 & 147, percurrente.

Intempeftivo huic aeris rigori tribuebant vinitores,
quod in iiiburbanis vinetis, uvarum jam maturefcen-
tium obdurata cutis, acinique exficcati, gracilem ad-
modum vindemiam tulerint, quam de cetero race*
morum copia affluentem fpondebat.

Barometrum interea, cxcia plerumque flante, poll.
29. io~ attigerat: Sed poftremo menfis die, eo nom

nihil depreflo,nubes circa meridiem coelum obducebant.

Prioribus quinque menfis hujufce diebus varia
coeli facies, varia tempeftasj fudo nubiloque alter-
nantibus. Mane pluries ccelo fereno in boreali plaga
nubeculx apparebant, Cascias oriente foie plerumque
fpirabat : Aufter circa meridiem. Barometrum inter
lineas 8, & 10 fupra poll. 29 vagabatur. Et quam-
quam vefpera diei 5, lineas n attigifletj iterum
tamen noftu nonnihil defcendebat; & fequenti die,
Africo flante, pluvia demittebatur. Hoc ipfum obfer-
vabamus die 8 5 quo poft pomeridianam pluviam, ae
tonitrua, borealibus euro mixtis ventis pravalentibus,
ferenitas redibat ad diem 12 perfeverans.

Maxima ejus altitudo fuerat

hoc menfe — —

Minima — — —

Pluviae quantitas —

poll. 29. 8-f.

poll. O. 486.

Menfe Septembri.

Mane

J ]]

> Mane die! -amhimum quadra n tern Libonoto flante,
Juna compleverat. Die vero 9 pod: folis occaium
conjundtionem celebraverar, fpirante cdro.

Dies 12 fere torus ferenus, ccecia primnm, deindc
zephyro flantibus. Barometrum fenfim deprime-
batur. Node mgravelcente, caelum fubnubilum.
FJabat eurus. Poftridie, eodera fpirante vento, &
barometro ad poll. 29. 9 lente demiflo, ingens imber
duos fere alticudine pollices xquans decidebar. Nubes
tamen fequuta node cxcias elimmabat ; 6c barome-
trum per linex femiilem elevabatur. Serenitas dein-
ceps ufque ad finem menfis nubibus quandoque tur-
bata perftabat. Prequenti ctiam nebula ccelum ob-
fufcabatur, diebus prxfettim 23, 24, 25, & 30, foie
oriente. Primum quadrantem fpirante auftro, coe-
Joque fereno ante folis ortiiin diei 17 lunx pertran-
ilerat ; & oppofitionem ante ^ertum diei 25 eodern
fiante vento abfolverat.

Poft diem 20 barometrum motu vario parum ab
altitudine poll. 30 recedebat. Mane plerunque venti
boreales orientalibus permixti, fero occidentales per-
mixti auftralibus fpirabant. Hicce autem atmofphxrx
flatus proximos autumnali xquino&io dies comita-
batur: poll. 30 barometro itidem fervante. Sub
menfis finem flabat N. N. E.

Thermofcopium menfis hujufce periodo admodum
varios frigoris calorifque gradus cum mane, turn poft
meridiem oftendebat. Nam prioribus tribus diebus
foie oriente inter gr. 140, & 142 : Meridie inter gr.
j 30, 6c 133 verfabatur. Deinceps plurimum vari-
abat. Pluries enim oriente foie oftendebat gr. 152,
quamdoque 1 5 3 t* Poft meridiem, plerunque inter
gr. 1 34, 6c 1 3 8 divagando, circa menfis finem gr. 126-

at-

[ lop ]

attlngebat, qui maximus totius menfis calor fuerat
Zephyro tunc fpirante.

Maxima barometri altitudo fu- 7 ,, .

crat hoc menfe }PolL 3°' 1 *

Minima poll. 29. 7-}.

Pluvixquantitas — poll. 2. 6oy.

Menfe Octobri.

Rerum novitate notabilis admodum menfis hicce
erat. Ultimum quadrantem poll: folis occafum diei
1, fpirante Csecia, coeloque fereno, luna pertranfierat.
Qui fub menfis fuperioris linem prsepollebat ventus
N.N.E. prioribus quoque menfis iftius dicbus per-
feverabat. Mox occidentals ad diem ufque 12 per*
fiantes fuccedebant. Barometrum paullo vel infra,
vel fupra poll. 30 confidebat. Node vero qure diem
8 fequebatur poll. 30. 4-^ ^attingebat.

Node eadem fereno coelo hora poll occafum folis
iv, Aurora Borealis adparebat, totam, boream inter,
6c occafum, occupans coeli plagam infigni rubedine
fplendefcentem. Urbis cedificia partem coeli hori-
zonti proximam infpicere prohibebant. Pod horse
intervallum color rubicundus in candicantem fenfim
permutabatur : paullo pod lumen extingucbatur ; ite-
rumque occafum verl'us, debilius tamen, rcdibat.
Brevi penitus deficiebat. Zephyrns tunc lenidime
flabat ; 6c thermofcopium gr. 148 metiebatur.

Lumen hocce boreale in Placentino etiam agro,
fed adfpedu diverfo obfervatum, nobiliflimi 6c Cl. V.
Ubertini Marchionis Landi nos epidola docuit. Ibi
pod primam ab occafu folis ,horam adparebat. A
Borea nonnihil occafum verfus primum declinans ter-

£ e tiam

C 210 ]

tiam coeli partem albicante illuftrabat colore. Tcnu-
illimx nubes ftantium columnarum inftar, fixorum
lumen baud intercipientes ex horizonte adfurgebant j
vixque fenfibili mutatione variabant. Node integra
perkverabat albicans fplendor. At aurora imminente
rubrum induebat eolorem, orientem verfus aliquan-
tulum deebnando. Ad ortum itaque, naturali na-
feentis aurorx luce ccelum albefcebat: ad feptem-
triones infueto jam veluti adolefcentis auroras rube-
feebat lumine : atque hoc pado aurora duplici eo-
dem tempore illuftrabatur. Sequuta etiam diei 9
node iterum, fed dilutiore luce ufque ad quartam
ab occafu fobs horam in eodem Placentino agro
confpiciebatur. Evanefcente dein lumine obfeurior
prxtcr confuetudinem, & tenebricofior nox fuccedere
videbatur. Romse, coelo quamvis fereno, & novilu-
nium eadem node luna celebrante, nullum infuetx
lucis veftigium obfervabamus.

Ab die 9 fenfim defeendebat barometrum, per-
manente fudo, Sc zephyro continuante. Die tamen
12 ventus hicce circa meridiem denfifllmis nubibus
coelum antea ferenum obtenebrabat. Mox barometro
ad poll. 29. 1 1 -J delapfo ingens adeo imber demit-
tebatur, ut pollices, fere duos, Sc femifi altitudine
sequaret.

Paullo poft fobs occafum redibat ferenitas; & fc-
quenti mane, Euro flante nubes ad borealem dum-
taxat horizontem confpiciebantur. Barometrum ve-
fpera fudo adfeendebat ad poll. 30.0-. etfi Africus
primum, dein Auftcr fpiraret.

Mane diei 14 iterum Africus, mox Aufter circa
meridiem flabant; Sc poft meridiem pluebat. Se-
quuto etiam biduo, nunc Auftro, nunc Cxcia flantibus

pluvia

C*» 1

pluvia dccidcbat. Die autem 1 6, qui primum lun® qua-
draturam anteibat, tonitrua, & horrific# corufcationes
pluyiam denfiUImam comitabantur. Scd declinantc
die jam ferenitas reftituta. Barometrum hifee diebus
immotum fere poll. 29. 10 - tenebat ufque ad diem
19, quo, occidente foie, paullulum defeenderat. Se-
quuta autem node imbres delabi incipiebant, qui,
barometro fupra poll. 29. 9 plerunquc commorante,
fere ad mentis ufque finem perfeverabant. Copioftf-
timi tamen diebus 21, 23 6c 24. Et, quod notatu
digniiTimum, die 23, validiflimo flante Auflro, to-
nitru, grandine & fulminibus comitantibus, quinque
fere aqua: pollices, fex circiter horarum intervallo
decidebanti Barometrum eo die ad poll. 29. 6~
paullo ante defeenderat; 6c thermometrum gr. 149
indicabat. Die etiam 24 ad pollicis altitudincm
pluebat ; tametfi barometrum nonnihil iterum ad-
fcendilTet. Sequenti node plenilunium. Reliqui
dies, exiguo continuante barometri adfcenfu variam
coeli faciem, fed plerunquc nubilam oflendcbant ;
borealibus ut plurimum fpirantibus ventis Euro per-
mixtis.

Thermometrum toto ferme menfe inter gr. 1 5 1 &
I54mane verfabatur. Meridie inter gr. 139 6c 144.
Sed poftremis mentis diebus mane inter gr. if 6 6c
160. Meridie inter 15 1 6c 152.

Maxima barometri altitudo fueratj ^

hoc menfe
Minima—

Pluvix quantitas—

30. 4i-

poll. 29. 6j.

polj. 10. 89ft

E e 2

Menfe

[ ]

Menfe Novembri,

Ccccias, cique ad latus flantes vcnti, toto ferme hoc
menfe, vario coelo fpirabant, Barometrum poll. 29.
10 conflanter fuperabat, diebus 7 & 8 exccptis, qui-
bus flante Volturno ad poll. 29. 8 defeenderat : lar-
gufque imber die prasfertim 8 decidebar, quo poll
meridiem novilunium perafrum erat. At iterum
priftinam elevationem recuperante, 6c continuo fupe-
rante barometro, die 16, quo primum quadrantem
1 unas pertranfierat, poll. 30. 4-J- attingebat flante
Borea. Hxc porro barometri altitudo ab maxima
hujufee anni altitudine parum deficiebat.

Orientc foie diebus 176c is thermometrum gr. 170
6c 17 1 fereno coelo, & Borea flante metiebatur.
Deinceps diebus 20 6c 21 cito defcenfu, concidcnte ad
poll. 29. 8-j barometro, pluvia iterum, tonante, 6c
corufcante coelo, Auftro autem flante dccidebat.
Thermometrum inter gr. 155 6c 161 tunc temporis
mane verfabatur. Sequuto biduo, dum fcilicet port
occafum diei 22 pleno orbe fplendcbat luna, baro-
metro ad poll. 30. 2. elevato, ferenitas redierat; &
thermometrum ad gr. 166 mane fubfidebat. Sed
barometro nonnihil iterum delapfo iterum pluvia.
Novo dein interje&o ferenitatis biduo (quo thermo-
metrum ad gr. 174-5- rigidior aer, & fpirans aquilo
mane deprefferat) flantibus denuo Csecia, 6c aflinibus
ventis, ufque ad menlisfinem vel nubilum, vel pluvia.
Die porro 28 barometri defeenfus infignior poll. 29.
1 1 attingebat. Brevi tamen eodem regnante vento,
iterum pallim elevabatur: dum interim continuata,
led tenuis decidebat pluvia: ultimumque quadrantem
node diem 29 fequuta, egerat luna.

Hocce

[*•?]

Hocce itaque menfe ab infigni altitudine, fere ad
.minimam, dierum duodecim intervallo barometrum
defccnderat.

Maxima ejus ahitudo fuerat -.poll. 30. 4-3-.

Minima- — * poll. 29. 1 f.

Pluviac quantitas ■—poll, 3. 488.

Menfe Decembri.

Quos fuperiore menfe dominatum in atmofphsera
habuilfe dicebamus affines CxoXx venti, hocce etiam
menfe ufque ad diem 20 prtepollcre obfervabantur.
Coelum plerunque fereniim erat, fex prioribus ex-
ceptis diebus, quibus adfcenfu, defcenfuque vario baro-
metrum intra poll. 30 & 29.9. divagabatur : defcen-
fum pluvia etfi tenui fubfequente. Reliquis decern
& quatuor, aut fupra, aut parum infra poll. 30 con-
fidebat. Mane autem diei 8 (quo tempore plcnilu-
nium abfolvebatur) & fequutis diebus 10 & 11, ad
poll. 30. 2. confcenderat. Poll diem 15, quo prima
lunte qiiadratura perada pod meridiem fuerat, nonnihil
jam ex altitudine poll. 30. i| demittebatur, nubilum*
que adparebat coelum.

Thermometrum, quod paullO ante folis ortumdici
2, gr. 174 attigerat, fequutis ufque ad diem 1 1 diebus,
eadem hora intra gr. 165 & 170 verfabatur. At
frigore crudefcente, ad gr. 174 i die 1 3. confidebat.
Deinceps frigus mirigabatur. ,

Circa meridiem diei 20 Audrales venti fpirare, ob-
tenebrari coelum, ac barornetrum deprimi obferva-
bantur. Defccnfus hicce node fequcnti prsecipitan-
tior, tres 6c amplius lineas metiebatur j poll. 29. 5-3-
mane indicando. Mox ergo ante meridiem diei 21
tonante coelo, ingenti Audri flatu, largus imbcr effun-
debatur. Die

C * H ]

Die 22 ante meridiem iteruni, Africo fpirante,
plu et at j oppofitionem obtinente luna. Et quoniam
folflitium hybernum die 21 occidcnte folc contigerat,
yenti proximis cidcm folftitio diebus imperantes,
Auftrales p’erunque fuerant, Africo, Volturno, Euro-
'qiie permixti ; coelum deinceps ad menfis ufque finem,
eifdem Volturno 6e Euro flantibus, pluvium conftanter
erat : folaque diei 2 6 periodo plufquam tres 6c femift
pluviae pollices decidebant: Barometro poll. 29. io{
commonftrante. Dum vero die 28 ad poll, fere 30
pervenerat, alter pluvice pollex fequuta node demit-
•tebatur ; iterumque node altera pluebat, dum ultimum
quadrantem luna fuperabat. Quo tempore banc im-
forium copiam coelum elfundebat, thermometrum gr.
1 61 plerumque acre admodum miti, mane common-
'ftrabat.

Observationes Generales

in Ephemerides Meteorologicas Anni 1741.

Quandoquidem Februario menfe maximam baro-
metri altitudinem poll. 30. 5 5 Januario autem mini-
mam poll. 29. 1 metiebantur ; feala variationum mer-
curii in barometro fuerat hocce anno linearum 16,
feu pollicis cum triente; altitudo vero media poll.
29. 9.

Eodem Januario menfe frigus totius anni maxi-
mum in thermometro oftendebant gr. 180; men-
fibus vero Quintili 6c Sextili maximum calorem gr.

Maxima barometri altitudo

erat hoc menfe

Minima

Pluviae quantitas—

poll. 29. 3

poll. ' 8. fOl.

122.

[ »>5 3

122. Scala ergo variationum mercurii in thermo-
metro fuerat graduum 58, feu totidem earum par-
tium, qualium tota thermometri capacitas 5000 com-
ple&itur. Quapropter demtis ex pofteriore hocce nu-
mero partibus 122, quas maximo regnante calore
mercurius haud occupabat; iftius volumen, eo tem-
poris, partes dumtaxat 4878 obtinebat. Harunce
autem partium, maximo adveniente frigore, amit-
tebat 58. Seu ft mercurii volumen calore maximo
ampliatum in partes 1000 divifum ponamus maximo
accedente frigore, partes ab eo millefimze 1 1 •§ amit-
tebantur. Eadem enim prater propter, inter 48 7 S
& 58 ratio intereft, quce inter 1000 & 1 1 -§,

Quantitas pluvia; hoc anno delapfa; erat poll. 45.
780. Ex fuperiorum autem o£to annorum obfervati-
onibus, media pluvia; quantitas poll. 34 adajquabar.
Anno autem 1737, qui reliquos imbrium copia fu-
perabat, pollices dumtaxat 36. 788 decidebanr. Anni
itaque 1741 pluvia, mediam excedebat poll. 9. 7805
& maximam anni 1737 poll. 6. 992. Quod porro
minime prxtereundum eft ; tribus tantummodo po-
ftremis anni menfibus pluyias pollices 22. 884 deci-
derant, qui nedum dimidiam totius hujufce anni-
pluvia; quantitatem, verum duas tcrtias media; annure
pluviae partes fuperabant. Major ergo imbrium copia
hocce anno tribus poftremis menfibus demittebatur.

Quintilis etiam menfis imbres, quos poll. 3. 629..
menfurabant, infueti admodum fuerant ; quum, al>
co faltem, quo hifce obfervationibus vacamus, tem-
pore nunquam eodem menfe integrum aquce pollicem
decidifte deprehenderimus. Atque id fortafie in
caufta fuerit, cur aftivi fruftus vermibus plurimum
hocce anno fcatuerint : quemadmodum nimiis etiam

au-

[ *«<*:]

autumnalibus imbribus, vermium, quibus okx cor-
rupts fuerant, graflantem copiam agricols tribuebant.

Aliud quoquc infodens phenomenon autumnales
pluvias comitabatur. Pluries quandoquidem baro-
metro fupra mediam altitudinem baud parum elevato,
copioftflimi diuturnique irnbres decidebant. Quam-
quam inficiari non poflumus, fere Temper ante im-
brium delapfum ex majore altitudinc mercurium ali-
quantulum defeendifle.

Quemadmodum aliis annis, ita 6c prefenti, ran ft
Time Cori -venti, frequentiflime Euri fub Romano
coelo flare obfervabantur. Euri porro, 6c Auftrales
aut nubiluni, aut pluvium plerunque coelum efticie-
bant : fudum Boreales, 6c Zephyri. Aliquando ta>
men, etfi raro,- hi pluviam, illi ferenitatem adve-
hebant.

- j

Qui vero proximis utrique folftitio diebus crebrius
perflabant, fcquura tempeftate diei frequenterque
dominabantur. Quod in ventis etiam prope equi-
nottia fpirantibus, utut non adeo fenfibiliter, nora-
bamus. Hanc porro obfervationem longa annorum
ferie Roms abs fe comprobatam V. Cl. Francifcus
Blanchinius affirmabat 5 nofque plerunque conftantem
deprehendebamus.

Tranquillo prsterea coelo, sftivo prsfertim tem-
pore, venti orientales matutinis horis, auftrales circa
meridiem, 6c foie occidente occidentales leniflime
/pirare plerunque obfervabantur.

Acus magnetica declinabat hocce anno a Borea in
occafum gr. 15. 40. Incrementum propterea decli-
nationis ab anno 1730, eratgr. 4. 40. Eo ftquidem
anno declinatio fuerat gr. 1 1.

Pauca

[ »7;]

Pauca nunc de morbis popularibns hujufce anni
fubjicimus, qux ab illuftriflimo Leprotto> Archiatro
Pontificio, Sc Regix Societatis fodali.

Ad hyemem, paucis pe&oris inflammationcs conti-
gcrunt; Cararrhi vero, tonfillarum inflammationcs,
& rheumatici affe&us, pluribus. Cxperant quoque
circa Januarii finem malignx febres pctechiales in
pluribus graffari, iis prxfertim qui prope Tiberim liabi-
tabant: quibus plures fimul in eadcm domo corripie-
bantur. Et continux quidcm omnino febres illx
crant, nihilque intermittebant ; fed omnes earum
more invadebant, qux ad tertianarum naturam prorfus
accederent ; uno quidem die leviores, altero vehe-
menriores. Has inter cetera fymptomata dolor capitis
vehemens comitabatur cui fequutis diebus coma
vigil, Sc diarrhoea fuperveniebant. Curabantur autem
feliciter fanguinis mifUone,' diluentium, & chinx-
chinx ufu, omiflis omnino cum emeticis, turn pur-
gantibus, quibus uti apud aliquos in more pofltum eft.

Circa veris finem prxfatas febres alix prorfus inter-
mittentes excipiebant, qux quidem, ut plurimum,
boni moris erant ; cephalalgix tamen gravi fere femper
conjun&x : Sc hx pariter Pcruviani corticis ufu, Sc
phlebotomia profligabantur, Atque hoc febrium
genus non modo per xftatem, Sc autumnum, veruui
ctiam prxfentem in hyemem graflantur.

Ad xftatem pariter diarrhoeas 5c choleras pafli funt
nonnulli. Vulnera putredincm, feu corruptionem
contrahebant j unde febres ad depurgationcm ulque.
Tandem quibufdam ad hanc prxfentem hyemem
fpurix pe&oris contigerunt inflammationcs, 5c ca-
tarrhi. Pleriquc tamen xgroti prxdidis febribus in-
termittentibus laboranr.

F f

Duobus

[ *»* ]

Duobus poflremls anni menfibus complures repente
occubuerunt, cx apoplexia alii, alii vcro cx internis
praecordiorum affettionibus. lllud dcnique animad-
verfionc dignum cenfemus, frequentes per acftatem, &
autumnum fuiiTe morbos ex vermibus ortos, quos in
acutis etiam vomitu, & dejettionibus expulfos vidi-
mus : idque in rufticis potiflimum obfervare proclivc
erat.

II. Extract of a Letter from J. F. Gronovius,
M. ! D. at Leyden, November 1742. to
Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a Water
Infe<fl, which, being cut into feverai Pieces,
becomes fo many perfect Animals.

the Family of Mynheer Bentmck at the Hague , dif-
covered a Water Infed, not known yet or defcribed
by any Author. It has a pellucid Body, having here
and there branched out fomething like Claws, with
which it catches a particular fort of fmall Worms,
which are every-whcre found in (landing Waters:
Thefe are its Food.

But of what Sort this Infe£t is, is not known ; nor
have its Mouth, Stomach or Inteftines been yet dis-
covered.

But what is mod furprifing is, that, cut this Ani-
mal in Five or Six Pieces, in a few Hours ^rere will
be as many like their Parent.

SIR

Read Nov. 18.
•1741.

I

T is now about Nine Months fmce
that a young Gentleman, living in

This

C l,9 3

This Difcovery was and is very furprifing to all out
Virtuofo’s, and really not believed, until the Pro-
fefiors Albinas and Mujfenbrock were provided with
the Animals, and, after having well examined this
Creature, found the Prodigy of increaling itfelf in
that wonderful Manner, very true.

One of the Gentlemen that made this Difcovery
was Mr. Allemand , a Man of great Learning and
Ingenuity, Tutor to the Sons of Mr. sGravenfande.

There

The firft Account given to the Royal Society, of this furprifing
Property of the fore-mentioned Infedt, was in a Letter from Monjjeur
Huffing of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris , and F. R. S. to
Martin Folkes, Efq; now our Prefidentj his Letter bears Date the
1 8th of July 1741. N. S. and was communicated to the Society at
their next Meeting on the 29th of October following ; and therein Mon-
feur Bujfon acquaints Mr. Folkes of Two very fingular Obfervations
lately made in Natural Hiftory the Firft of a fmall fort of Bug, which
produces its Like fomewhat after the Manner of Plants, and without
Copulation i the other of a fmall Infedt called a Polypus, which is found
fticking to the common Duck-weed , and which, being cut in two, puts
out from the upper Part a Tail, and from the lower a Head, fo as to
become Two Animals inftead of One^ befides which, when cut in
Three, the middlemoft Part puts out from one End a Head, and from
the other a Tail, fo as to become Three Animals, all living like the
firft, and performing the Offices of their Specie. Both which Obfer-
vations Mr. Buffon fays were well averred.

Mr. Folkes alfo at the fame time communicated another Letter he
had received from theHonblc Charles Bentinck, Efq,at the Hague, dated
the 15th of the foregoing September, wherein it isfaid, That a young
Gentleman of Geneva, then in Holla?id , whofe Name we fince learn
to be Monfieur du Tremblay , had found in Water, wherein he was look-
ing for Infedts, fome fmall things he at firft took for Plants, till, on a
further Examination, he perceived them to move, and to contradt them-
felves on their being touched nor could he at firft think them to be
Animals, by rcafon of feveral young Shoots he found to come out from
them, and to hang upon one another as far as the fourth Generation :
He was, however, at laft fatisfied they were Infedts, and that they preyed
upon others, and would even eat raw Flefh. They fixed themfelves,

F f 2 be

E a* 3

There have been feveral of thefe wonderful Crea-
tures fent to Paris , to Mr. Reaumur , from whom
We hope for a particular Difertation.

But after all, I do not think it a perfed Animal,
but a kind of the Uva marina, Holothuria or Zoo -
j tihyta, which really are living when they are firft
catched 5 of this Kind are the cPenna marina , figured
by Barrelierus in Table 1273 and 1774. and alfo
the Fungi Marini, Tab. 1293, 1294. Thefe laft 1
remember l have found feveral times on our Sea-
Coafts, and obferved that there was a living Nature
in them.

he faid, by one End to fome Plant, or the Side of the Veflel in which
they were contained, and at the other End had Six or Eight Arms, with
which they feized their Prey. He alfo found, that one of them being
cut afunder, a few Days after, new Arms were grown out of that Part
that had none before j fince which he had cut them every Way poftible,
in Length, Breadth, and obliquely, and always with the fame Succefs j
after which he has gone on ftill further, fubdividing them, but never
found them to propagate any other ways than by Shoots, feveral at a
time, and without any Copulation. Mr .Bentinck added, That this
Gentleman would foon print an Account of the Obfervations he had
'made , and that the Irifeds he had himfelf feen of this Sort, were from
about a Line to half an Inch in Length.

The late Mr. Lewenhoeck feems to have met with this fame Sort of
uSnimalcula in the Year 1703, and has deferibed and given a Draught
of them in a Letter published in N° 383. of thefe Tranfaffions. Soon
after which a more perfect Draught and Defcription of the fame Infeds
were inferted from an anonymous Hand in N°a88. of the fame Tranf-
attions ; all which Figures anfwer very well to the Defcription and a
rough Sketch in Mr. Bentinck’ s Letter. In Fig. III. and IV. of this laft
cited Tranfatfion , one of the Infeds is reprefented as quite purfed up
or contraded j but neither Mr. Lewenhoeck , nor the laft-mentioned
anonymous Author, ever thought of dividing the In fed, though the
latter had obferved the young Shoot dropping off from the Parent.

III. Some

I

174*’

wM
(0 i B
Unde k
Roval S(
not be eft'
mining tt
Ifucllfi
That tb
“ Mo1
“ takes ii

tt?.k

■ die of

* i

I

[ 111 ]

III. Some Conjectures concerning the Pofition
of the Colure in the ancient Sphere 5 com-
municated in a Letter from the Re<vd Ebe-
nezer Latham, M. 2). and V. 2). M. to Dr.
Mortimer, Seer. R. S.

SIR ,

Read Nov. 18. "T" Have an Opportunity of tranfmiting

l74*' JL to y°u a Draught of the Conftella-

tion Aries , as it was exa&ly copied by Dr. JVhite7
from a Book in the fine Library of your learned
Uncle Samuel Sanders , Efq; a worthy Member of the
Royal Society. I do not know whether it may
not be efteemed of fome Moment towards the deter-
mining the famous Controverfy with refped to Sir
Ifaac Newtons Chronology. Dr. Halley obferves*,
<£ That the Difpute is chiefly. Over what Part of the
<e Back of Aries the Colure pafied. Sit Ifaac Newton
“ takes it to be over the Middle of the Conftellation 5
“ CP. Souciet will have it, that it pafled over the Mid-
“ die of the Uodecatemorion of Aries , which by
“ Confequence would make it pafs about Mid-way
“ between the Rump and Firft of the Tail 5" which
Situation could never be faid to be over the. Back :
Whereas, if the Ring in this Cut \_fee in the Tab.
Fig. 1.] was defigned, as I apprehend, to image the

* Fhilofophical Tranfaftions , N° 397.

Colure

C *« 3

'‘Colure in the ancient Sphere , it exa&ly anfwers ////)-
/wrfe’sDefcription — ?? J'g tw It igw-xoXiotp <pv<ri
Ty to. von cl kcctcc ttXolt©*- and juftifies the Con-
ftruction Sir Ifaac put on thofe Words beyond
Exception. The Sculptures from whence this was
taken, have the Title of Arattea , five SignaCoelefiia ,
in quihus Aftronomica Speculationes Veterim ad Ar-
ch ety pa vetuftijfimi Arat£orum C 'afar is Germanici
Codicis ( 44 ) ob oculos ponuntar a Jacobo de Geyn ex
Biblioth. Acad. Lugd. Bat. Amftel. 1652. *

As I have no Opportunity to confult the Original,
it might give more Weight to the Account, if the
Connoijfeurs of your learned Society could fupport
the Engravers Teftimony as to the great Antiquity of
that. I will only beg Leave to obferve farther, that
as this Catalogue begins with the 'Draco , which the
Ancients feem to place at the Head of their Con-
ftellations ; perhaps it may give fome Light into the
Time of the Book of Job, as well as into the Senfe
of that Place. For when he fays. Chap. xxvi. 13.
By his Spirit he has garnijhed the Heavens', his
Hand has formed the crooked Serpent ; I fubmit it to
■the Judgment of the Critics, whether it is not highly
•probable the Writer muft have lived within that
Period of Time wherein a Star of that Conftellation
might pafs for the Polar Star: And then, if the
Afterifmsare fuppofed to be placed in fome fuch Or-
der as here, the exprefs Mention that he only makes

* Hug. Grotii Batavi Syntagma Arateorum: ex ojfic. Tlantin.
4 ta. See Germanicut’s Interpretation, p. 35. the Figure of the Con-
ftellation Arier.

of

[ 3

of this, was fufficient to refer us to the whole Syftem
or Furniture of the Heavens. But I am afraid I be-
come tedious. I am

Tour Illuftrious Society's,
and your m'oji obedient ,

Findern, July 8. 1742. humble Servant,

E. Latham.

IV. The Cafe of an Extraordinary Dropfy,,
communicated in a Letter from Tho. Short,
M. T). to C. Mortimer, M. 2). Sec . R. S.

Sheffield , Aug . 2, 174a.

SIR ,

Read Nov. 18. f | E following Cafe being fome-
I74i JL what uncommon, perhaps it may

not be wholly unworthy of your Notice. Laft Ja-
nuary I was called tovifit a young Woman of Thirty
Years of Age, who about Seven Years ago, had like
a fever e Fit of the Stone in her Left Kidney, with
all the common Symptoms of a Stone, but by fome
Means recovered again. Three Years ago (he had
another Fit, but got better in a few Days though (he
moftly complained of a dull Pain in that Place ever
after. When I faw her, I found her Menfes had
been very irregular and fmall fince her laft Taroxyfm ,
and totally obftru&ed fince September ; her Pulfe
very fmall and quick, her Countenance pale and
languid } a Pain at the Pit of her Stomach, towards

the

[ i*4 ]

the Spleen, befidcs that in the Kidney; her whole
Stomach and Belly full, and fomewhat fwclled, but
harder on the Left Side than the Right; a Fluctuation
of Water or Matter among the Abdominal Mufcles,
and the ‘Peritoneum very hard under it : The Right
Side was full, and fofrer. She had no Appetite, little
Sleep, a fmall Cough, a little Third, flight Fever,
and much Pain. I ordered her fome laxative, ape-
rient, attenuating, diuretic Pills, with an antihydropic
ftomachic Mixture, the Country Air, and daily mo-
derate Riding. She purfued this Method a few
Weeks with lome Advantage, but not fo much as
fhe expeded and defired. Then the took the Ad-
vice of another Phyfician, to no better Purpofc.
In April I was confulted again by her. Her FJefh was
now much fhrunk, the Belly fuller, Pulfe quicker,
Pain the fame. Urine fcanty, but pale. Appetite lan-
guid. I preferibed other things to the fame Purpofe
as above, but with no better Succefs. In June I put
her on drinking Nevil-Holt Water (which lad Year
had cured Three of Dropfies, which was all had ufed
it for that Purpofe) and riding: Upon this flic made
Water freely, flept tolerably well, had a better Ap-
petite, lefs Pain, and much chearfuller ,• but the Swel-
ling of the Belly was hill the fame. Always on turn-
ing her in Bed, fhe heard and felt a Jolting and
Fluctuating of Water in the Belly: This put her on
being tapped, not doubting but fhe would recover
then. Next Day I was fent for to fee the Water
drawn off, July 23. but to my Surprize, on the Pre-
foration, between Three and Four Pints of very thick,
roupy, mixt Matter came away ; fome was Matter,
fome a thick white Slime, but the greateft Part was a

thick

C »*J ]

thick reddifh-brown Liquor, like Liver maflhed with
a little Water: It could not get through the Canula,
without often clearing it with a Goofe-quill. After
this came near Six Pints of clear Water or Scrum, as
in a Dropfy. She Teemed much eafier then, all the
Afternoon and Night j next Forenoon not To eafy,
though Ihe came down Stairs to Dinner. Quickly
after it, fhe was mod Teverely and violently Teized with
Tuch excruciating Pain all down the Left Side to the
Foot, as threw her into the mod profufe Sweat, often
Paintings, Vomitings, &c. At Four o’clock, fhe
wholly loft both Senfe and Motion of that Thigh
and Leg ; at Five fhe was infenfible, and at Six fhe
died, July 24th.

Next Day the Body was opened before me,
when a monftrous Tumour on the Left Side
of the Belly (hewed itfelf, and a large Bag of Water
on the Right Side appeared, which Two filled the
whole Cavity. The Abdominal MuTcles on the Left
Side were very large, flabby, bloated, and a livid pale.
The Peritoneum uncommonly hard, thick and fcir-
rous ; the Liver and Spleen both much emaciated ;
the firft not above Two Pound, the laft about Two
or Three Ounces 5 the Stomach and Inteftines,
from the Cardia to the Anus, full of fniall, hard,
white, fcirrhous Knots, like Tmall Pe^s, or Hail-
ftones 5 the Inteftines of a dusky yellow Colour : The
Remains of the Omentum were mortified : The Kid*
neys were found : The ‘Pancreas very Tmall, and yel-
low. The Tumour on the Left Side (which was the
Ovarium) being cut up, Tome Pints of the Tame
Matter as was firft drawn off in Tapping, run out : It
was divided into innumerable Cells, full of different
Matter, Tome as above 5 Tome white, thick Slime,

G g Tome

[ ]

feme fatty, fome purulent, <&c. The Partitions be-
tween the Cells very ftrong, cartilaginous in the Mid-
dle, fo as to refill the Knife 5 like mufcular Flelh
below and above this Cartilage, fo was each Cell.
The whole Ovarium , before it was firft broke, might
weigh about Twenty Pound Weight. The Bag of
Water on the Right Side, was the other Ovarium,
wherein was nothing but like a large Ox Bladder,
containing Nine or Ten Pints of Water 5 like a
Bladder at the lower End, and riling up like a crooked
Horn at the other End ; the Skin was very thin and
fmooth. The Vejica urinaria and Uterus were both
found.

From the above-mentioned Account you will fee,

1 ft, That here was a triple Dropfy, viz. One inter-
mufcular on the Left Side of the Abdomen ; One in
the Cavity of the Belly 5 One, and the largell of all,
in the Right Ovarium, idly. As I have before ob-
ferve-d the like in fome others, in much the fame
Condition; in barren Women, and Bale Maids, Tap-
ping fhould be very cautioufly undertaken: Efpeci-
ally when the whole Belly is not equally difiended,
and not a free Fluctuation of the Water heard and
obferved from Side to Side, as the Sick turn in Bed;
but efpecially if there was, or is, a fenfible Difference
fo be felt in the Hardnefs or Softnefs of the Parts of
the Belly, before it is difiended monftroufly.

I am,

SIR,

Tour moft humble Servant ,

Tho. Short.

V. Tart

[ 217 ]

V. Fart of a Letter from - of Cam-

bridge, to a Friend of the Royal Society,
occajioned by what has lately been reported
concerning the Infedt mentioned in Fage 1 1 8
of this Tranfa&ion.

Nov. 20. 1742.

'Rend Nov. 2^. r | E laft News from Paris gives
*7+2’ fomething very farprifing in the

Account of Monfieur Reaumur s late Memoir, read in
the Royal Academy of Sciences there, concerning an
Animal called a Polypus , in which Life is Laid to be
preferved, after it has been cut into feveral Pieces, fo
that One Animal feems by Sedtion to be immediately
divided into Two or Three more complete Animals,
each feparately enjoying Life, and continuing to per-
form the proper Offices of its Species.

Such an Account would have been Iefs regarded,
had we not been informed before, that Two * Letters
had been communicated to the Royal Society, fornc
Months fince, from good Hands, both which men-
tioned the fame thing, and related it as a FaT averred,
and carefully examined, by one of the greateft Judges,
and moft indefatigable Promoters, of Natural Hiftory,
and efpccially of that Part of it, which leads to the
Knowledge of what is moft particular and remarkable
in the Infect and Reptile Part of the Creation.

Some of our Friends, who are firmly attached
to the general Metaphyfical Notions we have for-
merly learned, reafon ftrongly againft the very
Poffibility of i'uch a Fadt : but as I have myielf for-

* Sec above p. 219 and 220.

G g 2

mcrly

[ ]

marly owned to you, on other Occafions, myDiflruft
of the Truth, or Certainty at lead:, of fome of thofe
Principles, which I never yet had a fufficient Undcr-
flanding of, to give a full and clear Affent to ; I fhall
now make no Scruple of acknowledging, that I have
already feen fo many ftrange things in Nature, that
1 am become very diffident of all general Aflertions,
and very cautious in affirming, what may, or may not
poffibly be.

The moft common Operations both of the Animal
and Vegetable World are all in thcmfelves aftonifh-
ing j and nothing but daily Experience, and conflant
Obfervation, makes us fee, without Amazement, an
Animal bring forth another of the fame Kind ; or a
Tree blofi'om, and bear Leaves and Fruit.

The fame Obfervation, and daily Experience, make
it alfo familiar to us, that befides the ffift Way of
propagating Vegetables from their refpedive Fruit and
Seed, they are alfo propagated from Cuttings; and
every one knows, that a Twig of a Willow particu-
larly, cut off and only fluck into the Ground, does
presently take Root and grow, and becomes as much
a real and perfect Tree, as the original one from which
it was firft taken.

Here is then, in the Vegetable Kingdom, the very
thing quite common, that Monfieur Reaumur's Me-
moir is faid to give a rare Example of in the Animal.
The belt Philofophers have long obferved very ftrong
Analogies between thefe two ClafTes of Beings : and
the Moderns, as they have penetrated further into
Nature, have every Day found Reafon to extend
that Analogy: fome have even with great Proba-

I 1

bility talked of a Scale of Nature, in which (he, by
an infenfible Tranfttion, palled from the moll per-
fect of Animals, not only to the moft impeded, and
thence to the moft impeded of Vegetables, but
even through Coralline Bodies, and Minerals, to the
very Earths and Stones, which feem the moft ina-
nimate Parts of our Globe.

Now in fuch a Scale, who is the Man that will be
bold to fay, Juft here Animal Life intirely ends, and
here Vegetable Life begins ? Or, Juft thus far, and no
further, one fort of Operations goes, and juft here
another fort quite different takes its Place ? Or,
again, Who will venture to fay, Life in every Ani-
mal is a Thing abfolutely different from that which
we dignify by the fame Name in every Vegetable?
And might not a Man even be excufed, if he fhould
modeftly doubt, whether Plants and Vegetables may
not themfelves be conlidered as a very low and im-
peded Tribe of Animals ; as Animals might, in like
manner, be confidered as a more perfed and exalted
kind of Vegetables ?

We fee the Two Sexes of Male and Female run
through all the higher Parts of the Animal Creation 5
yet would he have gone a great deal too far, who
fhould have thence alfcrted, there were no Exceptions
to this general Oeconomy ; or that this was one of
the general and diftinguifhing Affedions of all the
Animal Kind : For modern Difcoveries have informed
us, that there is fomewhat very analogous to this in
the Vegetable Creation alfo: And even in the Ani-
mal it has been found, that Snails, Earth-worms, and
fome others, are really Hermaphrodites, having in
themfelves the Organs of both Sexes j whilft the work-

[ ]

ing Bee is truly of no Sex at all, nor any- ways im-
pl.oyed in the Production of that Species, it labours fo
hard daily to provide with Food.

But, whereas, in Animals, the Divifion of the Sexes
'is almoft general ; and the Union of them in one
Subject appears but in a few Inftances ; contrary wife,
in Vegetables, almoft: all have the whole Apparatus
of Generation in each Individual, whilft only a few
Sorts feem to emulate Animals in what is analogous
to the Divhion of them.

I feem, perhaps, to wander too much from the
Point firft-mentioned ; but as I am only offering
loofe Hints, and fuch wild Conjectures as come in
my Way, .hope to be excufed, though I yet hazard
• another Obfervation, which is, That what appears
chiefly to be new, in the Subject of this Memoir, is,
that the Animal or Animals live and do well after
their Separation, and that they are capable of re-pro-
ducing fuch Parts as the Head and the Tail, which
feemed effentially wanting.

I fay, that the Animal's living and doing well again,
-is what is chiefly new 5 for that an Animal, after Se-
paration of fome of the principal Parts, feems for
fome time to retain Life in each Part, muft have been
obferved by every body * * 5 and though People gene-
rally

^ I ■■ I II I 111 ■ ■ ■■■ I ■ ’

* The Antients have taken Notice of this, and fome even feem to
have had no doubt, that Life continued fome time in the Parts of a
divided Infedh Ariftotlc obferves in the Fourth Book of his Hiftory
of Animals, that almoft all Infe&s live fome time when pulled afunder,
Wafps particularly j and that thofe live longeft, when fo feparated, which
have a .long Body, and many Feet ; fo that the Scolopendra being cut
afunder, one Part moves on forwards, and the other backwards. But a

[ *3l 3

rally fay, from their Prejudice in favour of fome of
the Principles above hinted at, that to be Pure only
one of the Parts, though they know not always
which, feels and has the Senfation of Pain ; yet have
all I have ever talked with on the Subject, as freely
acknowledged, that th z ‘Phenomena appeared on the
other Side.

A Chicken , or a Tigeon , whofe Head is fuddenly
ftruck off, fhews in both Parts, if no preconceived
Opinion led us to think otherwife, Prong Signs of
Pain and Suffering, and the very fame Signs, that the
refpedive Parts of the Animal fhew of that Senfation,
whilft it is Purely living and intire : And I have been
told by fome, who have feen the Heads of Malefactors
fuddenly fevered from their Bodies, that the fame
Obfervation holds alfo in our own Species. But we
have all feen it hold much ftronger in the more im-

* * • * J

Pafiage of Sc. Augin is fo remarkable on this Head, that I cannot help

tranfcribing it : Me revocat quod his hang oculis Cum

enim nuper in agro egfemus Liguria, nojlri illi Adolefcentes , qui tunc
mecum erant gudiorum guorum gratia , animadverterunt humi jacentes
in opaco loco reptanthn begiolam multipedem , longum dico quemdam
' verrniculum : vulgo notus efl ; hoc tajven quod dicam nunquam in eo
expert us eram j verfo namque fey to, quern forte habebat , units illorum anir
vial medium percufjit : turn ambte partes corporis ab illo vulnere in con -
traria difeefferunt , tanta pedum celeritate , ac nihilo imbecilliore nifiiy
quam g duo hujufeemodi animantia forent. Quo miraculo cxterritiy
caujfaque curioji , ad nos , ubi Jimul ego <& Alypius congdebamus , ala-
criter viventia ilia fruga detulerunt. Neque nos parum commoti , ea
currere in tabula quaqu aver gum poterant , cernebamus j atque unum
ip forum , ftylo tatlum , contorquebat fe ad doloris locum , nihil fentiente
aliOy ac Juos alibi motus per agent e. Quid plural Tentavimus quatenus
id valeret j atque verrniculum , imo jam vermiculoSy in mult as partes con-
cidimus : it a omnes movebantur-, ut nig a nobis illud faclum egety &
comparerent vulnera recentia , totidem illos feparatim natoSy ac gbi queu-
quarn vixijge crederemus. Aug . Lib. dc Quantitate Animas.

per fed

[ *5* ]

perfect Animals, as they are commonly called, fuch
as Worms, where, on the Separation of the Body into
two Parts, Life has continued feemingly in both, and
with ftrong Signs of ir, longer than we have had the
Patience to attend and examine. We have been, in-
deed, quite uncertain, in which of the Parts this feem-
ing Life has been mod confpicuous : and as both Parts
have feemed to endeavour to get away, and have
frequently foon after been found milling. Boys and
ordinary People are generally polfelTed of an Opinion,
that they unite and grow together again after their •
Separation.

Now, if it could once be allowed, that Animal
Life and Senfationmight fubfiftbut anlnftant, in both
Parts of the Creature, after its Sedion ; the whole
remaining Difficulty would be only as to the Cure of
the Wounds, and the Reprodudion of the necelfary
Organs that are wanting. And, for the firft of thefe,
we know very well, that the more imperfed Ani-
mals are killed with much greater Difficulty than the
more perfed, their Vitals being more diffufed, and
their general Organization being, I fuppofe, far more
Bmple than that of the higher Tribes: And as to the
other, I think no one will fee any Impoffibility in
the Reprodudion of certain Parts, after what we have
feen and read of, in the Lobfter and Cray-fi[h Kinds,
who when they chance by any Misfortune to lofe a
Claw, reproduce it in a ffiort time, with all its Joints,
and the proper Mufcles for moving them * all which
appears as difficult as the regaining of a Mouth and a
Tail to fome of the Worm-kind > whofe general Or-
ganization being fimple, and confiding chiefly of only
one ftrait Gut, or Pallage, from the Mouth to the

Venr,

C *» 3

Vent, they feerri to want little more to reproduce
either, than a Contradion of the W ound, with the
Aftiftanceof the Mufcles that move the feveral Rings of
which the Body is compofed; and every one of which,
in its firft and natural State, performs almoft the fame
Motions as are neceflary for Sudion or Ejedion : the
latter of which we have even fometimes feen very
wonderfully fupplied in our own Species, in thole
Cafes, where grievous Wounds of the Inteftmes have
put Nature upon trying to perform her Operations in
a new Way.

Upon the Whole, we are all very defirous to
fee Monjieur Reaumur's Memoir on this curious
Subjedj we hope it will loon be publifhed, when,
as his curious and exad Experiments will afford
infinite Entertainment, fo his judicious Remarks
upon them will doubtlefs be no lefs inftrudive;
but will, in all Probability, give a Light into thefe
Matters we do not yet think of. In the mean time
I could not help juft mentioning to you, what came
into my own Head on the Occafion, hoping that
however you may look on my Thoughts as the Dreams,
perhaps, of a Man bewildered in his Inquiries into
Nature, you will ft ill believe me to be a firm and
conftant Lover of Truth, and ready at all times to
receive and embrace whatever is really fuch, however
odd and furprifing it may at the firft chance to appear.

I (hall therefore only add one or two Fads 1 fhould
indeed have mentioned before, when I was fpeaking
of the Difficulty of killing fome of the Tribes of
Infeds and Reptiles} which are, that I have myfelf
feen the Heart of a Viper continue its regular Beats
more than Six Hours after it had been taken out of

H h the

[ *54 ]

the Body : That I have feen that Body move and
feem alive to allPurpofes for a great Part of the fame
time, after having loft the Heart ; and that I have feen
JVafps , whofe Heads had been taken off, creeping in
the Window the next Day; and Butterflies that have
lived, and attempted even to fly, feveral Days after
undergoing the fame fevere Operation.

Infers feem at firft to fuffer but little from the Lofs
of their hinder Parts, although thefe contain mod of
their Vifcera ; nor does the Lofs of Limbs feem to
affed them in any Proportion to the more perfect
Animals. But even in our own Kind, in Infancy,
before the Parts have loft all their Softnefs, much
greater Wounds may be received without Lofs of
Life, than afterwards. If we go yet further back to
our Embryo State, it is very probable, that yet vaftly
greater Hurts are recoverable : And it is upon that
Principle chiefly, that the beft and mod likely Ac-
count has been given by modern Writers in Anatomy,
of fome very remarkable Monftcrs that have appeared
in the World, where even fome of the mod eflential
Parts of Two Foetus s have been feen wonderfully
united in One and the fame Body. I fhall now detain
you no longer, than to aflure you, that I am, with
Truth and Refped,

SIR: >

Tour moft obedient ,
Humble Servant , &c.

yi. a

C *35 3

yi. A Synopfis of the Calculation of the Tranfit
of Mercury over the Disk of the Sun, the
ijth of October 1743. h Mr. John
Catlyn.

Read Nov. tf. rT^H E Equal] D H ' "

I742‘ X Time of the >Oft. 24. 22 15 5S

true 6 Greenwich . . J

The Equation of Natural Days add 16 1 1

Apparent Time of the true 4 0£i. 24. 22 32 9

South.

At which time the true Place of the 1

Sun and of Mercury feen from!> m, 12

the Earth j

The Geocentric Latitude of Mer~<

cury J

The Elongation in 5 Hours (i. e.) )
the 2 J immediately preceding r
and following the 6 . . . j

The Difference of Latitude in the ?

fame time £

Therefore the Angle of the appa--*
rent Way of $ with the Ecliptic J
And theDiftance of their Centres}
at the time of their neared Ap- k

proach j

And the Motion of Interval be- 1
tween that and the 6 . . £

And the hourly Motion of Mer-
cury in his Path over the Disk |
of the Sun

8

36 44

9 37
29 16

4 24

3 3 OO
9 31

.. y

I 26

5 55tf

H h 2

And

o

/ ;/

[ *j< ]

And the Motion of the - Dura-
tion from the firft to the laft ex-
terior Contads of the Limbs
And the Motion of the fame for l
the interior Contads . • \

Hence, the Time of the Interval l
from the 6 to the Middle
of - the exterior Tranfit
of — the interior Tr unfit
Hence,

The firft exterior Contad of ^
the Limbs . . . ► J

The firft interior Contad .

The neareft Approach of the
Centres, or Middle .

The laft interior Contad ,

2

2

13 If

13 4

14 3*

14 22
12 30

h

/

n

8

32

19

8

34

1 1

IO

46 41

0

59

r 1

I

01

3

Ott. 25.
Morning

Afternoon.

The laft exterior Contad, orl
End of the Tranjit . . 3

. This Computation is made from Tables * which
give the afeending Node of Mercury at the Time of
this Tranjit 6' 17" too forward, according to the
Refult of very accurate Obfervations made of that in
the Year 1723, by Dr. Halley , Dr. Bradley , and Mr.
Graham . Therefore making the Calculation with
this Corredion of the Place of the Node, the Times
of the feveral Circumftances of the Tranjit will be as
follows :

* Philojopbical TranfattionS) N° 386.

The

[ M7 ]

h ' "

The firft exterior Contad I
The firft interior Contad .
The neared Approach of the

io 4 6 c

Centres

The laft interior Contad . i oi 7?\r
The laft exterior Contad . i 02 51s clnoon-

This Tranfit may be very aptly compared with that
which happened on the 24th Day of October 1 697 *5
as happening at the End of a remarkable Period in
Mercury s Motion, by which he is nearly in the fame
Situation, with refped to the Sun, at every Com-
pletion of it. Dr. Halley in his Series of Moments,
in which Mercury is joined to the Sun, &c. (publifhed
in the Philofophical TranfaBions, N° 193 ) makes
the Middle of this Tranfit at 1 1 / paft Six in the Morn-
ing the 24th Day, or the 23d Day at 1 8h 11 1 p.m.
and the Diftance of the Centres of the Sun and
Mercury io/ 04".

It may not be amifs.to examine and compare thefe
Kumbers by fuch Obfervations as were made of this
Tranfit, and may be depended on, and thereby to
colled the Difference between Computation and Ob-
fervation 5 and whatever Error arifes in Excels or
Defed by a proper Application to the Tranfit of
1743. it is imagined, will foretel it with a greater
Degree of Exadnefs, than a Calculus from any Theory
whatfoever.

There was only the Egrefs of Mercury in the Tranfit
of 1697. capable of being obferved in Europe

* Mean Period 46 Years i* 5 43 ^ 42 'f
■f Flarnftead's Hiji. CoeleJI. Lib. II. Fol. 32.

which

[ *j« ]

which was done at Nuremberg in Germany , by Mr.
Wurtzelbaur , and at Tans by Monjieur CaJJini: At
Greenwich Clouds prevented it. At Nuremberg Mr.
Wurtzelbaur obfervcd Mercury to go off of the Disk
ol the Sun * at sh 45 - mane about 73 \ Degrees from
the Vertex of th£ Sun to the Right Hand 5 and Mon-
jieur CaJJini obferved the fame accurately at 8h 10'
24y/ mane > therefore from the known Difference of
Meridians of thefe Places, the Egrefs mud have hap-
pened at Greenwich at 8h 1 f mane.

The Obfervation of Mr. Wurtzelbaur will greatly
avail at coming at the Duration of the Tranfit . It is
mentioned, that Mercury left the Limb of the Sun
73° 30' from his Vertex to the Right. Now at that
time at Nuremberg , the Angle of the Ecliptic with
the Vertical palling through the Suns Centre, was
420 3 ' 5//; therefore the lad Point of Contact on the
Suns Limb was obferved 310 26' 55" from the
Ecliptic to the South, and confequently his Latitude
was 8/ 28" South at that time.

To find the Point on the Suns Limb of the Ingrefs,
in order to come at the Duration of the Tranjit , we
mud be beholden to Computation, and the Theory of
Mercury's Motion: I have therefore, from the Tables
from which the above Times of the Tranjit of 1743
are drawn, carefully computed his Motion along his
Path eroding the Disk of the Sun> and find that he
moved along it after the Rate of 5 7 si" i in an Hour,
and the Difference of Latitude in 5 Hours 4' 2 1 ", and
his Elongation 29' 7" : Therefore the Angle of his

* Vertex to the Right, it fays, a Nadir Solis ad dextras • but it
is a manifeft Miftake, as any one upon Trial may find.

vifiblc

[ 239 ]

viftble Way was 8° 29' 50", which, doubled, and added
to 310 26' 55", gives 480 2 6' 3 5", his Diftance, on
the Limb of the Sun from the Ecliptic alfo to the South-
ward at his Ingrefs on it ; therefore the nearcft Ap-
proach of his Centre to that of the Sun was io' 19", and
the Length of the Path run during the Tranjit 25'
14", and confequently the time of running it 4h 17',
the half of which 2^ 8'|, fubtraded from 2011 1 ', the
End of the Tranjit at Greenwich , gives the Middle
there at 1711 52' 30", earlier by i8'y than the Series of
Moments, &c. give it.

Now as the faid Series makes the Middle of the
Tranjit of 1743? at 1 ih 2! mane , and as it correfponds
with that of 1697; and the Computation of that is
i8'j- too late by the Series of Moments, &c. it may
he reafonably expedted, that the fame Computation for
this of 1743 will be fo much too late too ; and if fo,
the Middle may be put down at 43'- paft io, or 44'
at fartheft, Q&ober 25th in the Forenoon.

By Computation from the Tables above-men-
tioned, with the Corredion of the Node, I make the
Diftance of the Centres at the neareft Approach in
1697, to be 1 o' 3 3", but by the Obfervations of Mr.
Wurtzelbaur it turns out only io' 19", lefs by 14".
Should therefore their Diftance in 1743 computed in
the fame manner at 9' 10" be as much diminifhed,
the Duration of the Tranjit will be protraded no lefs
than 5' 24", and thefirft Contad will be 2' 42" earlier,
and the laft fo much later, than the Times above-
mentioned for them.

N.B. In the Computation of the Tranfit of 1743,
the Semidiameter of the Sun is fiippofed 16' 14" 4,
and that of Mercury j but in that of 1697, have

taken

[ 240 ]

1 r f ) ft*. 7 7 * * v . -r , »

taken Mercury's only s/'-f, imagining the precife Mo-
ments of the firft and laft exterior Contafts are not
obfervable; but that the Ingrefs is feen fome little
time later, and the Egrefs fooner, than the true times
thereof. I have all along fpoke of the Motion of
Mercury , without mentioning that of the Sun, where-
as, in Reality, it is that of them both jointly ; but as
we may fuppofe the Sun to ft arid ftill during the Tranfity
it will then be confidered as the apparent Motion
of Mercury alone for that Time.

- ■ — ... ■ .

' • ' ' • - J - -4 A > • > / i 1 , t i ■ ,

VII- A Letter from Mr . Robert Campbell of
Kernan, to T)r. Mortimer, Seer. R. S. con-
cerning a Man who lived Eighteen Tears
on Water.

\ 1 -* c ’i* • ' ; 1 - • C*'f ' - • ■ '

. SIR, Dec . x. 1742.

Dec> 9- HPHO UGH unknown, at the Requeft
I742‘ JL of Mr .Malcom, I trouble you with

an Account of the extraordinary Abftinence of John
Ferguifon , a Native of the Paroch of Ktllmellfoord in
the Shire of Argyle.

About 18 Years ago he happened to overheat him-
fclf on the Mountains, in Purfuit of Cattle, and in
that Condition drank excellively of cold W ater from
a Rivulet, near by which he fell afleep he awaked
about 24 Hours after in a high Fever : During the
‘Paroxyfm of the Fever, and ever fince that time, his
Stomach loaths, and can retain, no kind of Aliment,
except Water, or clarified Whey, which laft he ufes
but feldom, there being no fuch thing to be had by

Perfons

[ Hi 3 1

Pcrfons of his Condition in that Country for many
Months in the Year.

Archibald Campbell of Inever liver, to whom this
Man’s Father is Tenant, carried him to his own
Houfe, and locked him up in a Chamber for 20 Days,
and fupplied him himfelf with frefh Water, to no
greater Quantity in a Day, than an ordinary Man
would ufe for common Drink ; and at the fame time
took particular Care, that it Ihould not be poflible for
his Gueft to fupply himfelf with any other kind of
Food without his Knowledge ; yet after that Space of
Time, he found no Alteration in his Vigour or
Vifage. ']

He is now about 3 6 Years of Age, middle Stature,
a fair and frefh Complexion, with a, healthy (though
not feemingly robuft) frefh Complexion ; his Habit
of Body is meagre, but in no remarkable Degree j his
ordinary Employ is looking after Cattle, by which
means he needs muft travel Four or Five Miles a Day
in that mountainous Country.

He ufes no Tobacco 5 yet feems to difeharge as much
Saliva as others, who do not ufe Stimulus's to provoke
that Evacuation. ■ K •

If we may judge of his infenfible Perfpiration by
the Softnefs and Frefhnefs of Skin, he is in that refpe£fc
like other Men, and like them fweats with violent
Exetcife 5 as to the grolfer Excrements, it did not
occur to me to inquire about them, but I conclude
he difeharges none 5 becaufe the Country People,
who ftrongly fanfy him fupported by fupernatural
Means, would not forget to objeft this to him, if he
evacuated any Quantity of grofs Foeces , with which
^Water is not charged.

This

C ] i r

This Hiftory of this abdemious Petfon: I had from
Mr. Campbell of Ineverliver, my Neighbour in that
Country, who is a Gentleman of great Candour and
Ingenuity, neither credulous 'himfelf, nor any ways
inclined to impofe upon the Credulity of others. I
had the fame Account from feverai others, arid con-
firmed by the Belief of the whole Country. The
Man himfelf I never faw, but the Bearer, Mr. Charles
Campbell, Preacher, has converfed with him, on whofe
Veracity you may depend.

The Cafe appears extraordinary fingular, and worth
the Notice of Men' >of -Letters; is one Inftarice to
convince us, that a great Part of the grofs Meats which
we greedily deftroy, is not neceffary for the Support
of Animal Life; and that there muft be fome other
Qualities in the pure Element of Water, than what
have fallen under common Obfervation, fince they
have fupported this Man in Health and Vigour for fo
many Years, and fupplied the Evacuations neceifary in
the Animal Oeconomy.

SIR

i . 1 ".".-.C

Tour mojl humble and [ m

* obedient Servant,

j} i *

"t i \ Tf * 1 '-f •• r \

* t J t k l J J. J . .. I

■ .. A’y,\ M Yj,> si

S / i ■

' J -..a

Jlobert Campbell,

r < >of Ketnan*.

• c» 0: 1 1 vl-.

• T
f I

VIII. A

C M3 I

VIIT. An Account and Ahjlratl of the Mete-
orological Obfervations communicated to the
Rqyal Society, for the Tears 1731,
1732, 1 753, 1734 W 1735- -67 Geo.

Read Dec. 9. rri h E Diaries that continue through-
l74,1‘ -L out the faid Five Years, are only

thofe kept at Crane- Court, 'Southwick, and Coventry.
The Kent ifb Diary for the Year 1731 is wanting,
and. ends with the Year 1734. I have, in my former
Account of the Years 1729 and 1730, given an Ac-
count of the Method and Contents of the Two Firft.
Mr. Henry height on s, horn Griff nzdiCoventry, con-
tains the Height of the Barometer at feveral times
of the Day, in Inches and Decimals, and the Weather.
That from Upfal by Mr. : Celfius , from Hudickfval
by Mr. Broman , and from Abo by Mr. Sporjng , go no
farther than the Year 1731 ; for which Year there is
alfo one from Lunden’ by an Author whofe Name 1
do not find ; for it appears not to be Mr. Conrad
Querifel’s, whofe end in the Year 1730, from the
fame Place : It contains Obfervations on the . Baro-
meter twice a Day, in Swedifh Meafure, which I have
reduced to Englifl) 5 the Wind and Thermometer,
which is a particular one of his own.

Mr .JVeidlers Diary from Witemberg continues to
the End of the Year 1734. In the Year 1732, he
alters his Method of the Barometrical Heights, from
* Baris to London Meafure, and the Days of the Month
from the New Style to the Old one, to make them

the

i *44 3

the better correfpond with our Obfervations. He

gives a very accurate Account of the Phenomena of

ieverai Northern Lights in the Ends of the Years 1731

and 1733, and Beginning of the Year 173 4.. His

Diaries alfo contain fome few Agronomical Obferva-
. \

tions, and extraordinary Occurrences.

Captain Chriftopher Middletons Journal of his
Voyage to HudJ'on s-Bay is publilhed already in
\ Philojophical Tran factions , N° 41 8. The Naples Di-
ary by Dr. Cyrillus ends in the Year 1732, and alfo
that from New- Engl and by Mr. 'Dudley.

For the Year 1734, that from Dr. Packy at Canter -
buryy exhibits in one View, by a Table for every
Month of the Year, in the Firft Column, the Quantity
of Rain, and the Evaporation: In the Second, Third
and Fourth, the greateft and lead and middle Heights
of the Barometer, Thermometer, and Hygrometer : In
the Fifth, the Meteors, by Variety of Marks, which
he gives an Explanation of : In the Sixth, the Dire&ion
and Strength of the Winds. He gives alfo a Defcription
of the Inftruments he invented, and made ufe of, for
Obfervation of the Quantity of Rain and Evaporation,
and the Hygrometer, with a Draught of each. For
the Month of 'January , there is a particular Table,
containing great Variety of Obfervations for every
Day of that Month. The Thermometer is peculiar
to himfelf, as far as I know ; and he gives no Rule to
reduce it to the Standard. There is a Letter of his,
relating to a Chart of the Levels of Kent , which, he
thinks, are fo contrived as to caufe a Circulation of Air
from the Sea, which is of great Ufe. Mr. Forth' s
Diary, at large, from ‘Darlington , begins in the Year
17375 hut he has given an Abftraft for the Three
' . . pre-

[ *45 1

preceding Years: In which the greateB, leaft and
middle Height of the Barometer is given for every
Month ; which Mean, upon Examination, I take to
be found in the way ufed in thefe Tables, and there-
fore I have put them in as fuch. By a Letter of his it
appears, his Thermometer Bands at Forty-five Degrees,
when Mr. Hawksb/s Bands at Thirty-three, which is
Twelve Difference 5 and, I fuppofe, he means they
differ fo much throughout the Scale; fo by that Rule
I have reduced his Obfervations to the Table. Qu£rey
At what Time of the Day the Obfervations were
made, and where the Thermometer was placed; for
the mean Heights differ but little from thofe at
London , as he obferves in his Letter. There is an
Extraft of a Letter from Signor Eiidacus de Revillas
to Dr. Mortimer , containing an Account of the
Rain that fell at Rome , beginning with Auguft i734->
and ending with July 1735? in Tar is Meafure, which
I have reduced to English.

Marquis Tolenis Diaries, at large, from Tadua ,
end in the Year 1730; but he fent an Abfiraft of
his Obfervations for the Six following Years, which
was publifhed in the Thilofophical Tranfaffiions ,
N° 448. in which the Account of the Depth of
Rain being intire, I have inferted it in the Table,
for the readier comparing it with other Places.

Thefe are all the Manufcript Obfervations com-
municated to the Royal Society, relating to Mete-
orological Obfervations. I have added the Obferva-
tions of the Barometer, Thermometer, and Rain, at
Edinburgh , from the Four Volumes of Medical Ef-
fays i and Mr. Doppelmaier s Barometrical Obferva-
tions,

C f*< 3

tions, from the printed ones at Korimberg, to make
the Tables as general as I could. The Tables are
drawn up in the fame manner as thofe for the Years
1729 and 1730; and from them various Obferva-
tions and Comparifons may be made, in the fame
manner [as has been done by feveral Hands heretofore,
particularly. Dr. Plot, Dr. i Derham , Mr. Locke , Mar-
quis Poleni, and others, as appears in the Tranfatfions
of this Society:, and many more fuch Obfervations
may be added, by thofe that are curious in thefe things,
at their Pleafure. < - -

j V) : . t.i

A

A Tabic of the monthly mean Heights, and alfo of the greatef Jfcents andDefcents of
the Barometer, obfer-ved in feveral Places , and communicated to the Royal So-
ciety,/^ the Tear 173 1, in Inches and Decimals .

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[ 3

A Table of the monthly mean Heights , and alfo of the greatcji Afccnts and Defccnts of the Thermometer;
obferved in fever al Places in the Tear 1731, and communicated to the Royal Society.

C *48 ]

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[ *«4l

IX. A port Account by James Parfons, M. 2).
F. R. S. of a Book intituled, Traite des Sens,
&c. by M. le Cat, M. 2). F. R. S. printed
ct Rouen, 1740. 8TO-

Read Dec. 16. r~|™^HIS Treatife appears, by the Ad-
17+2 JL vertifement prefixed to it, to be a

Part of a Phyfiological Work, which the Author fays
is not likely to be foon publifhed ; and that he has
therefore exhibited this Part for the Ufe of the Cu-
rious, and Lovers of Philofophy, who might not be
fo agreeably entertained by the reft of the Work, as
treating' chiefly of the Human Body, and therefore
calculated rather for thofe of the Faculty of Me-
dicine.

He begins the Book with Page 201. and fays he
has, before, eftablifhed certain general Principles of
Senfation, and that now he proceeds to recount the
particular Parts with which Nature has furnifhed the
animal Oeconomy, ferving to our different Scnfes;
and then expatiates a little upon the general Utility
of them.

His Firft Chapter treats of the Sente of Feeling?
wherein he has compiled all the different Fhano-
mena that regard this Senfe, as thofe of Heat, Cold,
and other Objects of Feeling, with the Structure of
the Skin, to which he thinks fit to fubjoin Two
known Hiftories, one of a blind Organift in Hol-
land, who diftinguifhed all kinds of Coins, and played
at Cards, by Feeling ; and the other of the famous
Statuary Ganibajlus , who, though ftone-blind, could

by

C *«5 1

by Feeling make a Statue in Clay, perfectly like what
he felt. Our Author adds fomething of Ticklings
and endeavours to prove, that Imagination has a
great Share in the Caufe of this Senfation, as well as
the others ; and thence he falls upon an Account of
another Senfe, which he brings under this Head;
which he calls, la Chatouilment de l' Amour, of
which he gives a florid Definition.

Tafting is his next Subject, wherein, as in the
foregoing Chapter, he has drawn together the fcveral
Sedlions relating to it, as, an Account of the Or-
gans of Tafte, the Mechanifm of Savours, and the
manner of their being varied into compound Taftes.
His Companion here is new ; he fays, Since the Prin-
ciples of Savours are Salts, both fixed and volatile,,
that Water, Earth, and Sulphur, ferve to make the
great Variety, and different Kinds, that are in Tafte*
juft as Shadows varioufly mingled with Light form
different Appearances ; not that the Shadow is capable
of making an Impreftion upon our Organs of Sight,
but the Light alone; as the Salts alone are, upon our
Organs of Tafte. He has alio fome Reafoning upon
the Difference that is in Mens Appetites to fome Eat-
ables, which were before difagreeable. His Reafon
is, not that the Organs differ at any time from what
they always were, but bccaufe the Soul fometimes
changes her Ideas, even from the fame Impreftions,
and that therefore there can be no Ideas eflential to
any Impreftions ; or at leaft, that there are none
which the Soul cannot change He alfo fays, that
Imagination is much concerned in the Variation of
Taftes.

The

L

[ 2 66 ]

The Senfe of Smelling is difcuflcd in his Third
Chapter, wherein he obferves the fame Method as
in the Two former, in defcribing the Mechanifm of
the Organs ferving to that Senfe, and accounting for
the Conveyance of Odours to thofe Organs ; and for
the Stimulus of fome odoriferous Particles caufing
Tears to flow, as well as Sneezing caufed by a glaring
Light ,• and, after making fome Refledions on the
many Effeds of Smells upon the Human Body, and
the exquifite Senfe of Smelling in fome Animals, he
recites the Story told by Sir K. ‘Digby, of the Boy
brought up in a Foreft, whofe Smell was fo exquifite
as to perceive the Approach of Enemies, and warn his
Parents of them. Our Author found this Story ele-
gantly told, and reafoned upon, in Monfieur Verducs
Book called, Ufage des ‘Parties. He alfo mentions
the Perfedion of Smelling in the Inhabitants of the
Antibes, who can run a Man upon the Nofe like
an Hound 5 and concludes this Sedion with a Relation
of a Frier of Prague , from the Journals des Scavans ,
who could not only diftinguifh different Perfons from
each other by Smelling, but alfo an incontinent Wo-
man from a chafte one 5 and adds, in a joking Strain,
that this Man had begun a Treatife of Odours before
he died, which the Journaliffs much regretted the
Lofs of: But, fays Monfieur le Cat , for my part, I do
not know but a Perfon fo exquifite in this kind of
Knowledge would be dangerous in Society.

He proceeds next to treat of Hearing , and brings
under that Head the whole Mechanifm and Dodrine
of Sounds $ the Vibrations of all founding Bodies :
And from the Experiment of holding a Candle near
any vibrating or founding Body, without the Flame’s

C ad 7 1

being moved or othcrways affected, he argues, that
the common Air does not produce the Sound, but
a more fubtil Fluid better proportioned to the Or-
gans of Hearing : Here he runs into a Detail of the
Principles of the Chords and Tones of Mufic, and
makes a new and curious Comparifon between the
principal Colours in the Rays of Light, and the fore-
faid Fluid, which is more or lefs fubtil in the Air,
fome Particles of which are only capable of being
moved to exprefs low Tones, others higher, and fo
on fucceftlvely, as far as the Compafc of Mufic
reaches j juft as the Light is compofed of certain
kinds of Rays, fome of which produce Red, fome
Green , &c. This being fuppofed, fays he, it may
be conceived, that every Tone will move the Fluid
that is proper to itfelf ; and by that means the Ear
may receive at once the Imprellions of every Fluid,
as the Eye receives the Impulsions of feveral coloured
Rays at the fame Inftant. He adds to this, by way oF
Reafoning, that when a Engle String of an Inftru-
ment is touched, though the generality of Mankind
can diftinguilh but One Tone, which he calls the
fundamental Sound , yet People accuftomed to Har-
mony can diftinguilh, befides, an Ohlave, a Fifth, and
a Third , covered by this fundamental Tone ; for the
Offave is half that Sound, or the Produce of half the
String 5 the Fifth is the Produce of Two-thirds, and
the Third is the Produce of Four-fifths of the fame
String.

He proceeds to rcafon upon this in an agreeable'
Manner, and concludes hits above-mentioned Com-
parifon to this Purpofe : Thus there are in the vi-
brated String all the Harmonies or Chords at once,

which .

[ *« 3

which compofc the fundamental Sound, by vibrating
each its particular proper Fluid at the Fame time; juft
as the Afiemblage ot all the different primitive co-
loured Rays meeting together, makes the white Co-
lour or Light : And fo the Ear of a good Mufician is
a kind of cPrifm> which can feparate and diftinguifh
the Sounds or Tones from each other in xhs funda-
mental Sound . He gives an anatomical Defcription
of the Organs of Hearing j and has added fome good
Figures of the external and internal Parts of the Ear,
with the Euflachian Tube, much after the manner
of Du Verney .

He has aifo the Figure of an Inftrument, Page 292.
to help thofe that are hard of Hearing, which he
claims the Invention of. The particular Form of this
Inftrument may be new to the Author ; yet we have
had of this Kind in Ufe many Years in England for
the fame Purpofe. He finifhes this SeXion with fome
Reflexions upon a young Man of a Town called
Chartres , who was born deaf and dumb, and whofe
Hearing fuddenly came to him, and who fpoke fome
Months after. In this Place he has a very good
Figure of the Bafts Cerebri , by a tranlverfe Section
through th q Frontal Sinufes a little above the Eyes,
and continued through the temporal Bones ; demon-
ftrating the Originations and Exit of the Nerves,
with the Conjunction of the vertebral and carotid
Arteries , according to the DifleXion of the famous
Willis ; and then proceeds to his laft SeXion, which
treats of Seeing .

This SeXion, in a word, is on the Structure of the
Eye, and all the Phenomena of Vifion. He begins
it with the DoXrine of Lights and Colours , making

ufe

[ 3

ufe of many Experiment’s and Explanations of the
great Sir 1/aac Newtons having alfo added feveral of
his own, befides fome littie Cavils, a mere Jen des
Mots , againft that great Man’s Dottrine of Attraction,
to which he prefers the Impulfion of Cartejius. He
quotes againft Sir Ifaac , M. de Fontaine , M. Bannier ,
and M. Voltaire ; and as our young Author had
a mind to oppofc the Opinions of one of the greateft:
Abilities in the Sciences, common Prudence fhould
have informed him, that the Name Newton befpeaks
the greateft Modefty and Diffidence in the Attempt.
Our Author amufes himfelf thus againft that Prince
of Philofophers, which is the more ftrange; fince if
he had wrote nothing on the Subject, Monfieur le Cat
would have wanted a great Part of his Furniture for
this Sedtion.

The principal Authors befides, regarding Anatomy
and Phyfiology, which our Author leems to have had
in his View, are "Du Verney , Willis , Synac upon
Heifter , and Verducs excellent Book L’Ufage des
Parties. However, this Preatife of the Senfes is
judicioufly compiled ; nor does it want feveral in-
genious Embellifhments from the Author, befides the
Opinions of feveral others ; we may therefore con-
clude it to be a very ufeful Book.

O o

X. OF

[ 27° ]

X. Obfer vat tones varice Medico- Chnurgica ci
Johan ne Daniele Schlichting, Med. & Chir.
T)o6torey Acad . Caefareo-Leopoldin. Nat.
Curiof. Membro , & Commercii Literarii
Norimberg. Socio .

Circa Spinam Ventofam Animadverfa miper detect a-

Read Dec, 23.
1 742»

I.

COmpcrii illam efle aegritudinem,
quae iucm Veneream multum
aemulata & hu mores & vafa corporis infkit.

2. Earn non Temper ofia, neque medullam primum
afficere, fed interdum quoque adipem, membranas, &
pofthac ipfa demum offa.

3 . Perioftea aliaeque ambientes partes fubinde folum
apparent tumefadae, quibus difeiffis nulla nondum
offis infedio.

4. Aliis os primum tumefeit, idque in epiphyli.
Digitorum autem ofla per totam fuam molem ali-
quando tument, unum aut plura.

5. Quando os carie infedum vidi, expertus Turn
infuper interdum ulcera, fiftulas, tubera ad dunes, Tub
axillis, oculos aliafque partes vel inflammatas vel ex-
ulceratas dfe j quae vero cunda fymptomata ccdebant
penitus unico remedio, Mercurio, huic morbo atque
lui Veneris proprio.

6. Abfceffus & ulcera ad articulos, ad periofteum
& ligamentum ufque penetraffe, neque ulla tamen
caries confpici poterat. Aft fubinde nuditas offis
comparer abfquc carie, aliquando cum carie ac fine

ex-

C >7. ]

exoftofi, & iterum exoftofts abfque nuditate Sc abfque
carie.

7. Fada fuppuratione, exoftofis poftmodum adhuc
niultum refolvitur proprii. remedii ufu.

8. Immo, feparatis oftium particulis rcliquus ofleus
tumor pedetentim rdolutione fatifcit.

9. Privantur sgri 6c mutilantur digito, manu, pede,
vcl uno aut multis articulis, neque malo tamcn
penitus orbantur : reftat fubtilis materia venenata hu-
moribus mifta, qua; prioribus fimilia mala poftmodum
licet aliis in locis refufcitat. Hinc pars aliquando
fruftra amputatur, quum vel ad candem partem, aut
proximam aut diftitam quoque, virus efticax appullum
eundem morbum excitare confpicitur.

10. Immerito hie loci, in civitate adeo populofa,
foli natura; miferi relinquuntar, per annos decern 6c
ultra fie fruftra afftidi, fperato quotidie vano naturae
fpontaneo adminiculo. Expedando autem fat diu ac
liimium, pereunt tandem tabidi quam miferrime ita
malo vexati.

11. Sine frudu igitur multis futilibus atque vanis
adhibitis remediis, medicatus diu vexans a;grotos lig-
liorum decodis, alvum fudorcmque cientibus diure-
ticis, terreis, mincrali ^thiope, Cinnabari, Martc,
omnibus ne hilum quidem proficientibus, confului
Mercurium, 6c efticacem inveni, ilium quidem
praecipue extus affedas parti illitum ; quamvis 6c
Panacea; forma intus ore aftiimtus ille mihi nonnun-
quam fatis proficuus 6c efticax obvius fadus lit.

12. Partem tumentem, in quocunque fit ftatu, cute
tedam aut ulccratam, cum vel fine oftis nuditate
aut carie, unguento Neapolitano inungendam jubeo.

O o 2

£

[ v* ]

P* Ung. Rof. fj. Mercarn viv. $fs. Terebinth, clar.
3j. M. F. £/;/£. ter, odo, decern aut quatuordecim
dies pro re nata, & astatis ratione, plus minus, citius
tardiufve id oblinatur, impofito fupra communi cm-
plaftro diapalm. defenfivo, aliovc : illinatur autem fin-
gulatim parumper bis de die: exhibito interdum, ad
avertendum ptyalifirmm, leni pharmaco alvum cicnte :
idque ad duos rrcfve menfes aut ultra agendum eft,
donee ulccra funditus coaluerint, atque oflei tu mores
maximam partem difparuerint, defiftendo interea non-
nunquam ab ufu Herculis, Mercurii, qui longo tem-
poris fpatio hie medetur tarde, non quidem per ptya-
iifmum, contra ac in lue Venerea accidit. Tam
enim parvo tempore omnia fpina; phenomena haud
difparent- falivas fiuxu, uti contra Syphilid! con-
tingir.

13. Saspe & fere Temper vidi, hac fola methodo
non modo tumores fuifle refolutos, verum & ulcera
profunda, & ifta cum carie putrida, fungofa, quas
fiftulas mentiuntur, <5cc. penitus folidata, nulla om-
nino facta fciftione, tcrebratione, abrafione, uftione ;
adhibita interim extus folummodo fimplici ulceribus
propria deligatione.

14. Aft ubi hac medendi ratione per aliquot heb-
domadas porreda compcrii, haud ita fauftum fore
fucceftum, quurn pus, ichor, lympha intus reclufa,
aut ollls corrupti fragmentum vel feparari vel excerni
nefeit, partem rite incidendam, atque fpongia aut
linteo'o carpto dilatandam fatis curavi; adhibitis
pofthac vulneri Myrrh a feu Enphorbii tindura,
Aq. dir. Fcrnel. Ung. fufe. Fel. W. Alum. crud. &
ufl. Merc, pracip. dr dulc . Spirit. Terebinth, aliifque
omnibus pro re nata in ufum vocatis, quibus ulcera

for-

C *7? ] . .

ford id a una cum carie mundentur, caro excrefcens
fungofa cocrceatur atque fauciatum confolidetur.
Non ncgledo tandem vinculo ardis fafeiis ftrido,
una cum rara fub finem neceflaria deligatione.

15. Tumorcm vero partis folidata: pofthac fa:pe-
numcro diu refidutim naturae difeutiendum relinquo,
aut gummofum ei emplaftrum affigendum euro.

cPleuritis fuppurata per vulvam puelU excreta.

Puella, vicini lanionis filia, tres annos nata, affi-
citur pleuritide, qua: in abfceftimi vertebatur clau-
funi, jundo per menfes afthmate. Sed fubito puris
fluxus oboritur per puella: vulvam, extra tempus lotii
reddendi, idemque fere continuus, die noduque per
quatuor fermc menfes haud interruptus, protradus, ut
femina ac femora degluberentur. Quo elapfo tem-
pore a:grota perfede convaluit, nullis pene adhibitis
medicaminibus, & adhuc annis quinque poft validam
degit vitam.

Abfceffits Lienis per vulvam facia puris excretione

fanatur.

Uxor J. Z. S. juvencula ante fex annos afficitur
lienis tumore, quo difparente, per menfes pus e
vulva copiofum abfque urina ftillatim profluxit, &
perfede liberata eft etiamnum vegeta ac valens.

Loco feminis fanguis exp el lit ur in coitu,

]uvenis 26 annorum quatuor ante annos virulenta
gonorrhoea afflidus, per annum ufus prxter pharmaca
purgantia fortiflimis diureticis, cruorem tandem loco

fe-

C *74 ]

feminis ejaculari coepit abfque dolore, cumque cx
rufo nigricantem, nullum extra coitus aut pollutionis
tempus pafliis ex urethra fluxum. Et licet per fepti-
manam, immo per mcnfem unum aut plurcs, hanc
Omnino vitaverit excretionem, eundem poft equidem
ejaculatus eft cruorem: ncque vel femel quidem ad
hoc ufque tempus purum fcmen emifit, immo vix
unquam aliquid albi femen jemulantis rubro mixtum
apparer. Fortiftimis adftringentibus & temperanti-
bus intus «Sc extus utendum curavi, quando rubrum
& nigricans parum albefceret. Pofthac ptyaliftnum
inftitui protradum fatis, aliifque in ufum vocatis,
nihil tamen cundis proftcientibus. Quare immedica-
bilis ille nobis declaratus eft foli naturae relinquendus.
Numne in proftatis aut velicularum feminis altera
ulceratis vas fanguiferum ruptum neque folidatum,
ut caufa, quaerendum >

Coxa articuli fuppuratio , cum [ecejfione capitis fc -
morisy Jolidata} vide Tab. Fig. II.

Anno 1730. Puella ruftica 14 annorum coxae
articulus tumefcit, dolet, fuppuratur, perrumpitur.
Chirurgus dilatat foramen natura fadum : extrahit
totum oflis femoris caput: fubjicit pofthac in ulceris
cavitate m Myrrh a tinffuram, porro fufcum ung .
fel. W. ftringit earn denique ardo vinculo, raro
deligat, atque fex feptimanarum curriculo confolidat,
ut puella poftmodum libere liceat manca infcfierit.
Ecce figuram ab ifto Chirurgo ruditer delineatam
N0, 1. denotat acetabulum innominati ollis.

2. caput oftis, quod ex ulcere extradum eft.

3. cruris collum, &c.

Aneu -

C 275 J

Aneurifma falfum non pulfans cruorem continent

liquidum.

Anno 1741. conveni cum Chirurgis fceminam
A. C. Carfteus, cui erat brachium dextrum, circa
cubiti ac radii articulum cum ipfo, praetumidum, pol-
licibus 32 crafl'um, a phlebotomia ante annum ibi
fatta, cxortum, nunc inflammatum, rubicundum,
valde dolens. Tumor erat extenfus ab infima hu-
meri parte ad carpum fere ufque, uti Tab. Fig. III.
demonftrat. Ad latus internum apparuit ulcufculum
lividum gangramze junftum, rupturam praefagiens.
Tadtu erat inftar veftcae humoribus plena? ac con-
ftridce abfque omni vel minima pulfatione, adeo durus
ac denfus, ut nullam, & re minimam quidem repref-
fionem admitteret. Ad carpum quoque nulla pene
pulfatio micabat. Nonnulli putabant fungum adi-
pofum claufum forte lubefte, qui claufus aeque durus
comparet : aft ego cum aliis aneurifma non pulfans
latere fufpicati fumus. Hinc convenimus, omni
brachio fafciis commode circumvindto, rupturam
efte expe&andam, quae die etiam fequente tertio con-
tigit : Quando, foluta ligatura, momento temporis,
maxima vi cruor liquidus ultra libram proftliit. Chi-
rurgus beneficio fungi bovift. & fafciis fcdavit' ex-
tcmplo haemorrhagiam. Duas poft horas confenft-
mus omnes, aut brachium arnputandum, aut arteriam
efte circumligandam. Elegimus autcm artcrire liga-
turam, appofitaprimum machina torculario five turne-
quet difta ad arteriam fupra comprimendam, difcrihs
lupra aneurifma, in parte fana, brachii ferme media,
cute adipe ac ventre bicipitis mufeuli, atque acu cum

filo

[ ] " i

hlo infra nut fubtus arteriam tranimifla, ac filocircum-
ligato. Turn, furfum acdcorfum omni diffiftb aneu-
rifmate, fanguis, ifque clams, rubicundus, liquid iT-
finaus, copiofus, vcl ad libras quatuor fubito proflnxir,
qucm ccpcrat ipfius una cavitas. Mirum ipcdatu,
hie nullum repertuna fuifle arterix faccuna, uti invero
aneurifmate videre eft, ncque polypum aut fanguinis
grumum, ut in falfo, fed cavitatem longe aliam inter
cutim & mufculos atque inter mufculos iplos forma-
tana, atque mufculos ad brachium inferius fitos
Dtaanes a fc invicem fej undos, ac ft arte efient fepara-
ti, fed pallefcentes, vapidos, luridos, ad quos ad-
hxrebat parca quxdam gelatina muci mollis iiaftar,
quana digitis ipfe deterft, 6c qux elota albefcebat
penitus: .in memorata cavitate porro mirabundi
omnes confpeximus ex fex feptemve locis fupra infra,

6c e lateribus, tanquam ex tot canaliculis, cruorem vi
atque copia profiliifte. Ad eos tuna canaliculos obfti-
pandos admovimus fortiftinaa ftyptica, cuna bovift.
boleto , vitriolo , fpiritu terebinthina , alcahol Vini>

6cc. quibus 6c omnenn cavitatem ope lintei carpti
implevimus, ardis enaplaftris atque fafeiis circum-
vindo fupra vinculo ifta : quidem cito fanguinis
flumen coercitum eft, aft mala ex naalo exorta fym-
ptomatas, qua rupturx prxeeflerant, uti erant febris,
rutdus, naufea, vomitus, ftngultus cum calore, lipo-
thymia, tendinum fubfultu, &c. vefperi exafperaban-
tur. Die fequenti iifdem crefcentibus, jundo de-
Jirio, tertio die mane, non obftante temperantiuna,
anodynorum, cardiacorum ufu fat largo, vitana cum
morte commutavit. Et quum raro admodum ejuf-
naodi exemplum occurrit, idco memoratu dignum

id

[ 277 ]

id judicans hue tranferipfi, figuramquc hanc tertiam
appofui. Notantur autem in Tab. Fig. III.

N°* i. Brachii dextri aneurifmate obfiti interius
iatus.

2. Locus unde fanguis fponte prorupuit.

3. Brachii dextri ejufdem externum latus.

Scripferam AmfteLedamt ,
d. 1 6 Septembr. 1742.

■ - ■ .

XI. Olfervationes du*e Anatomico-pradicse, una
^infante nato cum Sacco Aqua pleno, abO/Je
Sacro ufque ad T dos propendente 3 altera de
Hydrocephalo Jingulari . Auttore Job. Ba-

ftero, M 2). R. S. S.

Read Dec. 23. MNE illud, quod lymphatica vafa

1 742* ita obftruit, ut tranfitus contents;

lymphas ad cor impediatur, hydropem caufari poteft :
lie quando in partu difficili caput nimium premitur,
vel capite jam nato, os uteri collum, vafaque jugu-
laria ita conftringit, ut reditus fanguinis per arterias
vertebrales allati inde impediatur, oriri poteft Hydro*
cephalus.

Sic LoweruSy iibro de corde, Cap. I. in cane vin-
culo ligabat venas jugulares, arteriis aperte relidlis,
viditque canis caput pedetentim intumefeere, ipfum-
que hydropicum fieri : & ipfe in fufpenfis hominum
cadaveribus plus femel expertus fum, laqueo reditu
fanguinis ex capite impedito, cavitates cerebri humore
aquofo elle repletas, plexumque choroideum hydati-
dibus fcatere.

pP

Aut

C *78 ]

Aut oritur hydrocephalus, quando infantes ccr-
vicc incurvo prodeunt, aut ab obftetricibus nimU rude
tradantur, aut ante juftum tempus prono capite in
utero prolabuntur. Multum hue facit Phiegmatb
cum matris temperamentum, 6c vidus ex crudis 6c
concodu difficilioribus.

Quoniam ergo in omni corporis pundo inveni-
ancur venae, vehentes lympham languine tenuiorem,
hinc ubique in corpore hydrops oriri poteftj qui, fi
univerfalis, anafarca, fi particularis, a partibus affedis,
ut hydrocephalus, hydrops pedoris, uteri, ovarii, feroti,
6cc. nomen habent.

Cum vero hoc anno rariillmum hydrocephali 6c
hydropis faccularis, ut loqui liceat, in praxi mca
cafum obfervare licuit, illos ad vivum coloribus de-
pidos Regiaa Societati offerre veniam rogo.

Primus cafus fuit infantis mafeulini iexus, cui in-
tergo, ubi os facrum eft, oriebatur faccus ufque ad
calcaneos propendens, vera cutis produdio, intus, ut
tangenti videbatur, humore aquofo plenus : hie in-
fans, quamvis rofeo fuo colore videbatur faniflimus,
paucos dies fupervixit : mortuum diflecare non licuit,
fed ad vivum depinxit, omnibus partibus menfuratis,
accuratus pidor.

Alter infans duos annos cum femifte natus erat, eo
ipfo quo moriebatur die, in omni quo tempore nil
nifi maternum lac haufit. A patre faniflimo pro-
ereato, fed a matre cachedica in lucem edito, caput
quidem ipfi erat jufto majus, fed pedetentim hoc ad
delineatam cxcrcvit magnitudinem, (licet parentes
piures medicos 6c chirurgos confuluiflent, plurimaque,
fed incaffum, tentaflent remedia) ita ut teneras vires

mon-

[ *79 ] •

monftrofum hoc caput fuftinere effent impares, in-
fanfque Temper jacere cogeretur.

Qui caput hoc poft mortem filo metiebatur, ab
auditorio meatu dextro fnpra ofia bregmatis ad mca-
tum finiftrum filum viginti 6c femipolliccm Rheno-
landicos longum reperiebat : qui a radice nafi inci-
piens, filum ducebat ad primam dorfi vertebram,
huic viginti tales pollices filum erat : qui veto a radice
nafi incipiens uno circuitu occipitis, frontis 6c tem-
porum offa cingebat, ejus filum viginti 6c quinque
pollices Rhcnolandicos longitudine fuperabat. Ita
hujus capitis ofia a fe invicem erant diftenta, intra
cujus integumenta communia nil feri aut aqua; tamcn
fuit repertum.

Aperto autem fecundum artem cranio, 6c prudenter
elevata dura mat re, apparebat pia, fed tenerrima, fed
peliucidifiima plena humorc aquofo, nullo odore,
nullo fapore praedito, fed 6c ita pellucido, ut per
eum, tamquam cryftallum, ad fundum cranii poffet
perfpici.

Ad fundum cranii, inquam ; ipfa enim cerebri fub-
ftantia, quam inter alia anatomica confervo, ita erat
compreffa, ut nil minus quam cerebrum videbatur;
fed tantum firma membrana, quae in his locis craffior,
in aliis erat tenuior.

Tres cerebri cavitates unam modo cavitatem for-
mabant, ubi medulla oblongata 6c cerebellum, fed in-
credibiliter parvum, videri erat. Nates, teftes, anum,
aut cerebri vulvam, aut ullas cjus protuberantias, aut
medullam fpinakm fruftra qurdtvcris, nee veftigia
ipfa apparebant.

Con-

[ *8o ]

Contentus vcro humor prudcnter cflfufus & rc-
ccptus rcplcbat quinque pintas, ad flateram exami-
natus (ex libras & tindecim ponderabit uncias.

Dum infans ille vivcbar, non nifi vitalcs ac na-
turalcs aetiones in co videbantur, animales vcro
null®: quietus Temper erat, non lacrymans. Temper
quafi dormiens, furdafter, & fine ulla convulfione, aut
motu Tcnfibili, obiit.

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half- Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleet (Ireet }
and C. Davis* over-againft Gray's- Inn- Gate in
Holbourn't Printers to the Royal So-
ciety. M.dcc.xlii.

«« 1 ■■■■■■ ■. ■ ■■■■!— — — i ■■ ■ ■ m —

ERRATA.

Tag. 227. /. 13. for two or three more, read two, three or more.

N. B. N° 467 . being paged from i— — xviii. which anfwers to pag.

281.— 298. we fhall begin N° 468 with p. 299.

(an

SOME

PAPERS

Lately Read before the

ROYAL SOCIETY

Concerning the

Frefh-water POLYPUS;

A N

INSECT, which hath this furprifing
Property, That being cut into feveral Pieces, each
Piece becomes a perfed Animal, as complete as
that of which it was originally only a Part.

Collected and Publifhed by ^ * >.

CROMWELL M O R T I M E R, M. T>. &G

Secretary of the Royal Society.

LONDON :

Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half Moon,
between the Two Temple-Gates in Fleetftreet ;
and C. Day is, over-againft Graf s- Inn Gate in
Holbourn j Printers to the Royai, So-
ciety. M.dcc.xliii,

* $

'

; Z.1 . . •

; . 0 ' >- • ' jflN

Numb. 4 6y.

PHILOSOPHICAL

t

TRANSACTIONS.

For Thursday , January 1 3 . and Thurfday ? January

21. 1742-3.

The CONTENTS.

Several Papers relating to the Frefh- water
Pol ypus, an Infect, which has this furpri-
fing Property, that being cut into feveral
Pieces , each Piece lives , and in a fort time
becomes as perfecl ait InfeB , as that of which
it was originally only a Part .

L a J Ahfrr'acl

AbflraB of 3d 'art of a Letter from the Honour-
able William Bentinck, Efqm> F. R. S. to
Martin Folkes, Efq\ Pr. R.S. communicat-
ing the following fPaper from Monf Trem-
bley, of the Plague.

SIR, Hague , Jan. iy. N. S. 1743.

c V THAT I here fend you inclos’d will, I hope,
1 \/\/ anFver the Queries of your laft Letter.

* * * Mr. Frembley, the Gentleman who has

1 made the Obfervations on the Infers, has drawn this
4 Extract from his Journal : And I can anfwer for the

* Truth of the Fa&s therein contained, as there is not
c one of them but what I have fcen repeated above

* Twenty times. I fend you the Paper in French , not

* having had Time to tranflate it. I wifh others may
4 be encouraged to try the Experiments over-again,
4 and fatisfy themfelves of the Truth, by their own
4 Eyes. The Infects may certainly be found in Eng-

* land , if carefully lookt for, efpecially by fuch as
4 are accuftomed to fuch Enquiries. However, if that
4 fhould be found difficult, it may be eafy to fend
4 fome over to you : And Mr. Frembley will give Di-
4 regions how to keep and feed them ; for he makes

* himfelf a Point d’honneur of being communicative,
4 and concealing nothing of what he knows about
4 them. If therefore you have any Doubt, or want
4 any further Information, pleafe only to write to me,

* or to him, and you fhall be fure of an Anfwer, by the

4 firft Opportunity. I pray to be kindly remem-
4 bred &c.

v I me

[iii]

The Figure of the Frejlo-water Polypus, flicking to a

Twig .

Obfervations and Experiments upon the Fresh-
water Polypus, by Monfieur Trembley, at
the Hague. Tranjlated from the French by

P. H. Z. F. R. S.

Hp H E Animal in queftion is an aquatick Infeft, of
which mention is made in the Bhilofophical
TranfaFtions for the Year 1703. NQ. 283. Art. IV.
fag. 1307. and N°. 288. Art. I. fag. 1+94.

It is reprefented in the Figure annexed. Its Body
A B. which is pretty Bender, has on its anterior Ex-
tremity A. feveral Horns A C. which ferve it inftead
of Legs and Arms, and which are yet (lenderer than
the Body. The Mouth of the Bolypus is in that
anterior Extremity 5 it opens into the Stomach, which
takes up the whole Length of the Body A B. This
whole Body forms but one Pipe ; a fort of a Gut,
which can be open’d at both Ends.

The Length of the Body of a Toly put varies accord-
ing to its different Species, and according to many
other Circumftances, to be mentioned hereafter.

[ a 2 ] I know

s

C

C iv ]

I know two Species, of which I have fecn fomc
Individuals extend their Bodies to the Length of an
Inch and a half ; but this is uncommon. Few are ge-
nerally found above 9 or 10 Lines long 5 and even
theie arc of the larger Kind.

The Body of the Polypus can contract itfelf, fo as
not to be above a Line, or thereabouts, in Length.

Both in contracting and extending itfelf, it can (top
at any Degree imaginable, between that of the greatelt
Extenfion, and of the greatdt Contra&ion.

The Length of the Arms of the Polypus differs alfo
according to the feveral Species : Thofc of one of the
Species that I know, can be extended to the Length
of feven Inches at lead.

The Number of Legs or Arms is not always the
fame in tins fame Species. One feldom fees in a Po-
lypus , come to its full Growth, fewer than fix.

The fame may be faid of the Extenfion, and of the
Contra&ion of the Arms, which I have faid con-
cerning the Body.

The Body and the Arms admit of Inflexion in all
their Parts, and that in all manner of Ways.

From the different Degrees of Extenfion, Con-
traction, and Inflexion, which the Body and the
Arms of the Polypus admit of, refults a great Va-
riety of Figures, which they can form themlclves into.

Thefe Infects do not fwim, they crawl upon all
the Bodies they meet with in the Water, upon the
Ground, upon Plants, upon Pieces of Wood, ire.

Their mod common Pofition is, to fix themfelves
by their pofterior End B. to fomething, and fo fetch
their Body and Arms forwards into the Water.

V <

They

[ v ]

They make life of their progrcMve Motion, to
place themfelves conveniently, fo as to catch their Prey .
They are voracious Animals : Their Arms extended
into the Water, are fo many Snares which they fet
for Numbers of fmall Infe&s that are fwimming there.
As foon as any of them touches one of the Arms, it is
caught.

The Polypus being feized of a Prey, conveys it to
his Mouth, by contra&ing or bending his Arm. If
the Prey be drong enough to make Refidance, he
makes ufe of feveral Arms.

A Polypus can matter a Worm twice or thrice as
long as hitnfelf. He feizes it, he draws it to his
Mouth, and what is more, fwallows it whole.

If the Worm comes endways to the Mouth, he
fwallows it by that End ; if not, he makes it
enter double into his Stomach, and the Skin of the
Polypus gives way. The Size of the Stomach ex-
tends itfelf fo as to take in a much larger Bulk than
that of the Polypus itfelf, before it fwallowcd that
Worm, The Worm is forced to make feveral
Windings and Folds in the Stomach, but does not
keep there long alive 5 the Polypus fucks it, and after
having drawn from it what ferves for his Nourifhment,
he voids the Remainder by his Mouth, and thefe are
his Excrements. According as the Weather is more
or lefs hot, the Polypus eats more or lefs, oftener or
lefs often.

They grow in Proportion to what they eat j they
can bear to be whole Months without eating, but
then they wade in Proportion to their Fading.

The Obfervations related in the Philofophical
Tranfaffions, principally concern the Manner in

which

[Vi]

which thcfe Infeds multiply. What is there faid of
them, is true and exact. The more one fearches into
the Manner how a ‘Polypus comes from the Body of
its Parent, the more evidently is one perfuaded, that
it is done by a true Vegetation.

There is not on the Body of a Polypus any diftin-
guifhed Place, by which they bring forth their Young.
I have fome of them, that have greatly multiplied
tinder my Eyes, and of which I might almoft fay,
that they have produced young ones, from all the ex-
terior Parts of their Body.

A Polypus does not always put forth a fingle
young one at a time $ it is a common thing to find
thofe which produce five or fix : I have kept fome
which have put forth nine or ten at the fame Time,
and when one dropt off, another came in its Place.

Thefe In feds feem fo many Stems from which ifiue
many Branches. I have learned by a continual At-
tention to two Species of them, that all the Indivi-
duals of thefe Species produce young ones.

I have for two Years had under my Eye thoufands
of them ; and though I have obferved them conftantly,
and with Attention, I never obferved any thing like
Copulation.

Upon Suppofition, that this Copulation is perform’d
in fome fecrct Manner: I uied at firft to be fure it
had not Place between two of them, after they were
fevered from the Body of their Parent. To this end,
1 took young ones, the Moment they came from the
Parent, which was alone in a Glafs; or I even parted
them with Scifiars : Each of thefe young ones I
put into perfed Solitude, I fed them every one
feparately in a Glafs ; they all multiplied, not only

them-

2 ST

[ ™ ]

themfelves, bat alfo their Offsprings, which from
Generation to Generation, as far as the Seventh,
were all confined to Solitude with the fame Precau-
tion.

Another Fad, which I have obferved, has proved
to me, that they have the Faculty of multiplying, be-
fore they are fevered from their Parent. I have feen
a Polypus , dill adhering, bring forth young ones;
and thofe young ones themfelves have alfo brought
forth others. Upon Suppofition, that perhaps there
was fome Copulation between the Parent and young
ones, whilft they were yet united; or between the
young ones coming from the Body of the fame Parent ;
I made divers Experiments, to be fure of the Fad;
but not one of thofe Experiments ever led me to any
thing that could give the Idea of a Copulation.

The 'Polypus multiplies more or lefs, as he is
more or lefs fed, and as the Weather is more or lefs
warm. If plenty of Food, and a fufficient Degree
of Warmth concur, they multiply prodigioufiy.

I now proceed to the Singularities refulting from
the Operations I have tried upon them.

If rhe Body of a Polypus is cut into two Parts
tranfverfly, each of thofe Parts becomes a complete
Polypus. On the very Day of the Operation, the firft
Part, or anterior End of the Polypus , that is, the Head,
the Mouth, and the Arms ; this Part, I fay, lengthens
itfclf, it creeps, and eats.

The fecond Part, which has no Head, gets one ; a
Mouth forms itfelf, at the anterior End ; and floors
forth Arms. This Reprodudion comes about more
or lefs quickly, according as the Weather is more or
lefs warm. In Summer, I have feen Arms begin to

fprout

f s

[ viii ]

fprout out 24 Hours after the Operation, and the new
Head perfected in every refped in a few Days.

Each of thofe Parts, thus become a perfect Poly-
pus, performs absolutely all its Fundions. It creeps,
it eats, it grows, and it multiplies 5 and all that, as
much as a 'Polypus which never had been cut.

In whatever Place the Body of a Polypus is cut,
whether in the Middle, or more 'or lefs near the
Head, or the pofterior Part, the Experiment has al-
ways the fame Succefs.

If a Polypus is cut tranfverfly, at the fame Mo-
ment, into three or four Parts, they all equally become
fo many complete ones.

The Animal is too fmall to be cut at the fame time
into a great Number of Parts 5 I therefore did it fuc-
ceflively. I firft cut a Polypus into four Parts, and let
them grow; next, I cut thofe Quarters again ; and at
this rate I proceeded, till I had made yo out of one
fmgle one : And here I flopp'd1, for there would have
been no End of the Experiment.

I have now ad u ally by me feveral Parts of the fame
Polypus , cut into Pieces above a Year ago; fince
which time, they have produced a great Number of
young ones.

A Polypus may alfo be cut in two, lengthways.
Beginning by the Head, one firft fplits the faidHead,
and afterwards the Stomach : The Polypus being in
the Form of a Pipe, each Half of what is thus cut
lengthways forms a Half-pipe ; the anterior Extremity
of which is terminated by the half of the Head, the
half of the Mouth, and Part of the Arms. It is not
long before the two Edges of thofe Half-pipes clofe,
after the Operation : They generally begin at the

pofterior

pofterior Part, and clofe up by degrees to the ante-'
, rior Part. Then, each Half-pipe becomes a Whole-
one, complete : A Stomach is formed, in which no-
thing is wanting ; and out of each Half-mouth a
Whole-one is formed alfo.

I have feen all this done in lefs than an Hour; and
that the Polypus , produced from each of thofe Halves,
at the End of that time did not differ from the Whole-
ones, except that it had fewer Arms; but in a few
Days more grew out.

I have cut a Polypus , lengthways, between Seven
and Eight in the Morning; and between Two and
Three in the Afternoon, each of the Parts has been
able to eat a Worm as long as itfelf.

If a Polypus is cut lengthways, beginning at the
Head, and the Section is not carried quite through; the
Refult is, a Polypus with two Bodies, two Heads, and
one Tail. Some of thofe Bodies and Heads may again
be cut, lengthways, foon after. In this manner I have
produced a Polypus that had feven Bodies, as many
Heads, and one Tail. I afterwards, at once, cut off
the feven Heads of this new Hydra: Seven others
grew again ; and the Heads, that were cut off, became
each a complete Polypus.

I cut a Polypus , tranfverfly, into two Parts : I put
thefe two Parts clofe to each other again, and they re-
united where they had been cut. The Polypus , thus
reunited, eat the Day after it had undergone this O-
peration: It is fince grown, and has multiplied.

I took the pofterior Part of one Polypus , and the an-
terior of another, and I have brought them to reunite
in the fame manner as the foregoing: Next Day, the
Polypus that refulted, eat : It has continued well thefe

[ b'] two

[x]

two Months, fince the Operation : It is grown, and
has put forth young ones, from each of the Parts of
which it was formed. The two foregoing Experi-
ments do not always fucceed ; it often happens, that
the two Parts will not join again.

In order to comprehend the Experiment I am now
going to fpeak of, one Hi Quid recoiled, that the whole
Body of a ‘ Polypus forms only one Pipe, a fort of Gut,
or Pouch.

I have been able to turn that Pouch, that Body of
the ‘Polypus, infide-outwards ; as one may turn a Stoc-
king.

I have feveral by me, that have remained turned in
this manner; their Infide is become their Outfide,
and their Outfide their Infide : They eat, they grow,
and they multiply, as if they had never been turned.

Fads like thefe I have related, to be admitted, re-
quire the moft convincing Proofs. I venture to fay,
I am able to produce fuch Proofs.

They arife from the Detail of my Experiments, from
the Precautions I have taken to avoid all Uncertainties,
from the Care I have ufed to repeat the fame Experi-
ment feveral times, from the Afliduity and Attention
with which I have obferved them.

All this would require a Difcuflion too long to be
here related.

I might alfo appeal to the Quality and the Number
of the Perfons who have beenWitndfes to thefe Fads;
as well of thofe who have feen me obferve, as of
thofe who have obferved themfelves.

For Brevity-fake, I have omitted feveral curious and
material Fads,

If

2? /

[xi]

If any Perfons in England (hall be defirous to
make Obfervations on the Eolypus , and to repeat my
Experiments; I hope I fhali be able to fend fome over,
in cafe they fhali not be found there.

They are to be look’d for in fueh Ditches whofc
Water is flock’d with fmall Infeds. Pieces of Wood,
Leaves, aquatic Plants, in fhort, every thing is to be ta-
ken out of the Water, that is met with at the Bottom,
or on the Surface of the Water, on the Edges, and in
the Middle of the Ditches. What is thus taken out,
muft be put into a Glafs of clear W ater, and thefe
Infeds, if there are any, will foon difeover them-
felves; efpecially if the Glafs is let ftand a little, with-
out moving it ; for thus the Infeds, which contract
themfelves when they are firft taken out, will again
extend themfelves when they are at Reft, and become
thereby fo much the more remarkable.

In order to feed them, one muft know how to
provide one’s felf with Infeds fit for their Food.

If that is thought neceflary, I will point out the
Means I make ufe of for that Purpofe.

I am ready to impart to every one who fhali defire
to make Obfervations on thefe Animals, all the Means
and Contrivances I have ufed j to enable them to
pradife the fame, and to judge of them.

I fhali fet forth all thefe Means and Contrivances in
the Hiftory of the Eolypus , which I am now at work
upon. But if, before its Publication, any Informa-
tions fhould be defined, I again repeat, that I fhali be
ready and willing to furnifh them.

[ bi ]

An

t

An AlftraEt of what is con t anted in the Pre-
face to the Sixth V olume of Mon f Reaumur V
Hiftory of Infedls, relating to the above-
mentioned Obfervations , and delivered in to
the Royal Society, immediately after the
foregoing ‘Paper.

AS the Sixth Volume of Monf. Reaumur's Hiftory
of Infetfs , juft publiftfd at Raris, is not yet
come over, foasto be met with among theBookfellers
here : I thought a fhort Extract of what he there fays,
in his Preface, relating to the Subjed of Monfteur
Tremble/ s Paper, might not be unacceptable, to the
Gentlemen of the Society prefent.

He there obferves, that tho’, in the Hiftories he
has already given of minute Animals in this Work,
he has had occafion to produce many new and unex-
peded Phenomena : One he has now to mention
would exceed all Belief, if it was not confirmed by the
ftrongeft repeated Obfervations 5 which is, that there
are Species of Infeds, who are multiplied by being cut
to Pieces, and among which, one ftngle Animal, di-
vided into 8, 10, 20, 30, or 40 Parts, becomes fo ma-
ny entire Animals, each fimilar to that of which it
was at firft only a Piece. This Animal, being one of
thofc that undergo no Change in their common Form,
does not belong to the Defign of this prefent Volume,
which treats only of fome of thofc, which, having been
firft a Worm or Maggot, are then changed into aChry-
falis, and from thence, either into a Fly or Scarabee.

Yet

3

[ xiii ]

Yet Monf. Reaumur obferves, the Number of Quefti-
ons that had been put to him concerning this Infed, as
well by Pcrfons at home, as by his Correlpondents
abroad, had made him think he ought not to defer
giving now fome Satisfadion to the Curiofity of the
Publick. Befides that he found himfelf obliged, to
give in this manner his Atteftation to the Truth of this
Fad, firft obferved by Mr. Trembley , a Gentleman of
Geneva , now refiding in Holland , and confirmed by
Numbers of the mod curious and accurate Experi-
ments: Which Atteftation he alfo obferves, in fo
ftrange a' Fad, could hardly be expeded to have fuffi-
cient Weight, fhould he not fay enough to put his
Readers in a Condition to obferve themfelves, and fee
with their own Eyes, the Truth of the Particulars he
relates.

Mr. Trembley , about two Years and a half fince, ob-
ferving the numerous Infeds, with which the Water
of a Ditch, covered with Duck- weed, was plentifully
ftock’d, difeovered fome odd-fhaped Bodies, of a green-
ivh Colour, concerning which he was doubtful whe-
ther to look on them as'Plants or Infeds ; he thought,
by cutting them, to aflitre himfelf to which of thefe
Ciafles they properly belonged ; as fuppofmg, if to
the former, they would probably not be deftroyed by
cutting, but vegetate again: They feemed to dofoj
and upon this, he was inclined to look on them as a
Sort of Water Senfitives ; till frelh Experiments every
Day {hewed him new Operations. They difeovered a
fort of voluntary locomotive Faculty ; they feemed to
feek the Light j they caught other Infeds, and they
devoured them with great Eagernefs. This threw him
into frefh Amazement 3 yet a prudent Diffidence ftili

hindered

[ xiv ]

hindered him from pronouncing poftively concern-
ing them; he communicated his Obfervations, and
difpatched fome of the Infeds themfelves to Monfieur
Reaumur, mHec ember 17 40. He, he fays, repeated
ali Mr. Trembley s Experiments, and not only by him-
felf, but with Monf. Bernard de JuJJieu , of the Royal
Academy of Sciences, and of this Society, and with
feveral more of the Academy. The Experiments fuc-
ceeded as they had done in Holland, and they were
all convinced they could not refufe acknowledging
the Infects in queftion, to be really fuch : however
new and furprifing their Properties appeared.

Monfieur Reaumur then gives a general and very
fuccind Account of the Experiments tried by Mr.
Trembley and himfelf ; which agreeing perfedly with
what is contained in the Paper juft read to the Society,
I avoid again tranferibing. I fhall only add, that he fays,
when he, the firft time, faw two complete Animals
forming themfelves from the Parts of one Roly pus cut
afunder, he did not know how to believe his Eyes ; and
that he can hardly yet fee it without frefh Amazement,
after Experiments a hundred and a hundred times re-
peated. He avoids, he tells us, entering into further De-
tails of Particulars, as thefe will be feen in the Work
Mr. Trembley is adually finifhing upon this Head; the
Publication of which, he fays, would be expeded
with the utmoft Impatience, if the Public could know,
as he does, how many curious Fads they will there
find ; and with what Pleafure they will read the Ac-
count of the ingenious Means, by which that Gentle-
man has enabled himfelf, to come at the Knowledge of
fo many ftrange and fingular Truths.

Thefe

1 xv ]

Thefe Experiments were no fooncr known among
the Curious in France, but it was prefently imagined,
thefe Infects were not the only Species to which Na-
ture had given fo extraordinary a Faculty : And
numberlefs Obfervations were made to that Purpofc.
Monfieur Bonnet was not long before he found a very
flender Water- worm, of about an Inch and a half
long, that had the fame Property ; and Monfieur Lyo-
nett difeovered another above three Inches long, and
of the Thicknefs of the Treble String of a Violin, that
being cut into 30 and 40 Parts, afforded the fame
Phenomena. Monfieur Reaumur was defirous, if
poffible, to fee the Succefs of thefe Experiments in
fome Animals of a larger Size ; and inclin’d to be-
lieve fome Sea Produ&ions. not very unlike in Shape
to thefe Frefh- water ones, together with other Bodies
among thofe diftinguifhed by the Name of Urticte
MarBue , and Star-fiih, might not improbably be en-
dowed with the like Faculties ; he engaged Monfieur
Guettard, and Monfieur JuJJieu , to be affiftant in
making Variety of Experiments by the Sea- fide, on
thefe feveral Sorts of Bodies ; the firft was on the
Coafts of FoiEtou, the other on thofe of Normandy ;
and they were foon diffidently fatisfled, the fame
Laws of Nature had Place in thefe Sorts of Animals
alfo. Many of the Star-fifh Kind particularly, and
which ufually confift of five equal Radii or Arms,
were found wanting, fome one, others two, three, or
four, of thofe Radii 5 and Nature was reproducing
in them the Radii wanting. Monfieur 'JuJJieu broke
and cut Star-fifh into feveral Parts 5 he had the Plea-
fure to fee thofe feveral Parts continue alive, and to
obferve their Wounds to cicatrize and heal, though

he

[ xvi ]

he could not (lay long enough in the Country to fee
the new Parts break out, in the room of thofe he had
cut away j which has been however, fupplied by
Monfieur Girard de Villars , who, on the Coafts
near Rochelle , has feen the Urtica reproduce all that
had been cut off, and the Parts of the Stars alfo put-
ting out each new Radii in the room of thofe he
had deprived them of. Monfieur JuJJieu alfo report-
ed, that this Fad in the Star-filh, fo new to him,
was not fo to the common Fifhcrmcn of the Coun-
try, who feeing him tearing and cutting to Pieces one
of thofe Animals, told him, Quil auroit beau faire ,
cjiiil ne parviendroit pas a leur oter la •vie : Thofe
poor People having been accuftomed to fee daily a
Fad, the more philofophical Part of Men had never fo
much as heard of.

Monfieur Reaumur , though very fenfible that Wa-
ter Infeds had a confiderable Ad\antage over others
for the Recovery of their Wounds, was yet willing
to try if fome Land Infeds might not poflibly afford
alfo fome like Obfervations ; and after feveral Trials,
both he and Monfieur Bonnet, have met with fome
Sorts of EarthWorms capable of bearing the Ope-
ration. Monfieur Reaumur has cut in two fome of
thefe Worms ; the anterior Part, that to which the
Head belong'd, feem’d to have little fuffer'd : In lefs
than two Days, the Anus was form'd again, as it had
been before, and the Worms were complete to all
Purpofes, but that they were fh after, and wanted of
their Length : They lengthened, however, by degrees,
the Number of the Rings of which they are compofed
increafed, and they came again to their firft Length
at the End of fome Months. But the pofkrior Part of

.

[ xvii ]

the Worms, that to which the Tail belonged, wanted
Matters of another Confequcnce ; that Part had loft
not a Head only, but the Parts of Generation alfo
of both Sexes 5 which in thofe Creatures are placed
not very diftant from the Head : And to reproduce all
thefe was the Work of fome Months 5 it has, however,
in many Inftances, been done after that Time ; and
feveral of thefe hinder Parts of W orms have again
become complete Worms, having each both a Head,
and Male and Female Parts of Generation, and in as
complete a Manner, as the whole W orms had before
their Sedion. Tho’ many, indeed, have died during
the Operation, before the Rep rod ud ion was made
complete: Yet, as in various Inftances, where proper
Care has been taken, the Experiment has fucceeded 5
It is equally to be regarded, as if the making it re-
quired neither fo long Time, nor fo much Care.

This general Account of what is relating to this
Subjed, in the Preface to Monfieur Reaumur’ s new
Volume, I hoped might not be difagreeable to the
Company, as it might in fome meafure gratify their
prefent Curiofity, till this Preface itfelf, and Monfieur
Tremble/ s own Book, fhall be in every Body's
Hands.

F I N I S.

.

*'

'

.

Ftfumb. 4 6$.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

tr' : ‘ \

From 'January 20. to February 3. 1742-3.

TheCONTENTS.

I. Johannis Marchionis Polcni, R.S.S. Lde novis

quibufdam Cogitationibus ad explorandum , ?mm
Pendula %*vi aliqua centrifuga perturbentur , Com-
nientariolmn lllufirijfme Societati Regal i
Londinenfi oblatum. Pag. 299.

II. Obfervationes Aftronomic# habit re in Collegio

Pekinenfi a Ratribus Societal is J es u, a Mcnfe
Novembri 1740. a ^Z>Jacobo Hodglon, R. S. S.
cum Regia Societate communicate. 30 6.

III. Extract by John van Rixtel, F.R.S. of Mr. W.

KerfleboomV Second and Third Treatife Con-

firming the Manner how to know the probable Quan-
tity 0/’ People in the Provinces of Holland and
Weft-Friefland, befides a Foundation on which to
prove the probable Lives 0/* Widows, and likewife
a Rule whereby to know the Duration of Mar-
riages. 315-

IV. A Letter from Mr. Jofeph Hobfon to Mr. Peter
Coliinfon, F, R. S. concerning the wonderful In-

~ create of the Seeds of Plants, e. g. of the Upright
Mallow. . . 320.

* *

V. Ex-

The CONTENTS.

V. Excerpta ex Epijlola Cl. Viri Joh. Ambrofii

Beureri ad Petr. Collinfon, R. S. S. de Natura Suc-
cini. 322.

VI. An Account of a Book intituled , A Treatife of

Fluxions, in Two Books, by Colin Mc Laurin,
A. M. Brofejfor of Mathematics in the Univerfity
^/’Edinburgh, and Fellow of the Royal Society,
4 *°- in Two Volume s, Bages 76 3 . 325,*

VII. B)e Calculo pragrandi a Muliere cum XJrina

excreto Obfervatio \ Dni Antonii Leprotti, R. S.S*
Pont. Max. Archiat. per Abbatem Didacum de Re-
villas, R. S. S. ad B>. Smart Lethieullier R. S. S.
tranfmijfa. 3 63.

VIII. The Hefcription of a Machine for dr effing and

curing Batients , who are 'very unwieldy , and are
tinder the Surgeons Hands for fome Ailment on the
Back , the Os Sacrum, fyc. or are apprehenfive of
it. By M. le Cat, F. R. S. Surgeon to the Hotel
Dieu at Rouan, and Royal Hemonftrator in Ana-
tomy and Surgery : Ab dratted from the French by
P.H.Z.F.R.S. 364.

IX. An Account of a Treatife , (intituled, D. Alberti
Halleri, Archiatri Regii <& Elett. Medicin. Ana -
tomia Botan . Breelett. &c. Enumeratio Metho-
dica Stirpium Helvetia indigenarum. Qua om-
nium brevis Hefcriptio <& Synonymia, Compendium
Virium Me die arum, dubiarum Heclaratio , novarum
& rariorum uberior Hiftona & leones continentur.
Gottingiae, 1742. in Folio) extratted and tranflated
from the Latin by William Watfon, F. R. S. 3 69.

I. Jo:

ERRATUM.

N»4^7. p. 1. for Jan. 21. read Jan. 20.

[ *99 ]

I. Johannis Marchionis Poleni, R. S. S.
no^h quibufdam Cogitationibus ad exploran-
dumy mm Pendula vi aliqua centrifuga
perturbentur , Commentariolum Illujlrif-
Jifflte Societati Regali Londinenfi
oblatum .

Trefented at a *T| "lTI pro re parva cxordio, quod

Royafiociety! I I odhibucrit olim vir fummus pro
on January ao. maximis rebus, quid vetat ? cum

,74Z'3* fadlurufne fim, opera: pretium, fi propo-
fitionem quandam meam ad Pendulorum motus perti-
nentem, perfcripferim, nec fatis fciam 5 nec, ft modo
aliquo fciam, dicere auftm. Utcunque erit, tcn-
tarejuvabit.

II. Res autem, de qua adturus fum, eft vis ilia
Centrifuga, ex cujus incremento, arguunt bene multi
viri dodtiflimi, vim gravitatis imminui, &, hujuf-
modi imminutionem ex retardatione motus Pendu-
lorum prope vEquatorem cognofci facile polle, con-
ftituunt.

III. Non tamen earundem retardationum obferva-
tiones E). Richeri , in Infula Cayena habitas, praeclaras
eafdemque late pervulgatas hie recenfebo ; non illas,
quas viri celeberrimi Edm. Halleius , E). Farm , E).
cDefljajesy E). du Glos , Jo Matthaus de Chazelles ,
*P. Ludovicus Feuillee , Claud. Ant. de Couplet in-
ftituere, atque literis mandaverunt : has habebo
tanquam notas, ut quas do&i quique paffim probe
norint.

Qji

IV. Cum

[ 3 00 1

IV. Cum autem ad inveftigandam rctardationum
illarum cauftam nonnulli vias alias (diverfas ab Cen-
trifuga vi) fint ingrefli, <Sc earn, gratia exempli, in
didudione virgx ferrex Penduli fe invcniffe, quidam
opinati fint; non ego de hujufmodi explicationibus
hoc loco verba faciam ; fed habebo ceu ratum hoc
tempore, eas retardationes proficifci prefer tim ab
imminuta vi gravitatis.

V. Imminutio autem ilia vis gravitatis quanta initis
calculis fit computanda, nec quxrere, nec commc-
morare, ad prxfens meum pertinet inftitutum.

VI. Neque fufe ver labor in exponendo quodam
veluti elemento, cujus ufum in illiufmodi calculis
fubducendis praetermittendum non efle, mihi videtur.
Si enim Horologia, vi appenforum Ponderum inci-
tata, ad explorandas variis in Rcgionibus differentias
velocitatum Pendulorum ex varia vi gravitatis ori-
undas, adhibeantur : nonne rationi confonum eld, eo
cafu, in fupputationibus locum fuum obtinere eriam
confidcrationem mutationum gravitatis ipforum Pon -
denim ; nempe mechanici illius principii, a quo Horo-
logiorum motus progignitur, confcrvaturque \ Non
me later, quam varie, variatis Ponderibus , motus in
Horologiis aut accelercntur, aut retardentur : & quam
cxigux differentia: motuum refpondcant prxgrandibus
Pondemm differentiis (dode hxc & egregie in Com-
ment ar its Regime Scientiarum Academic An. 1720.
pag. 208. funt demonftrata). Animadvertendum
tamen ell, magnum NewtonUm in hujufmodi calculo
(in PkiloJ'ophia Naturalis Pnncipiis, Edit. 1726.
pag. 421.) non neglexiffe minimam rem, minimumve
diferimen, hoc eft, fextam partem linex unius. Iraquc
vcl hujufmodi rationcm mutationis gravitatis in Pon-
deribus

s

[ JO* ]

deribus non prorfus prxtereundam duxi : quahdo non
una experientia indicavit, quofdam efFcdus ex tcnu-
illlmis caulTis melius, quam ex validioribus percipi
pofte. Scd de hac re vel fatis ; vel, quia extra pro-
pofitum raeum, plus fatis didum eft.

VII. Nunc ad rem, quam proponere mens eft,
propius accedam. Quoties inftituitur quxftio de ex-
ploranda cognofcendaque Centrifuga vi, toties folcnr,
cum in finem, Obfervationes habitx in regionibus,
immani intervallo diftitis, inter fe comparari. At
cogitare ego coepi, num ad eundem finem poflet
aliquid obtineri, quamvis inter Obfervationes inftitu-
endas, nulla regionis, nulla loci mutatio intercedat.
Ut vero cogitata meaproferre facilius pofiim, juvabit
ordiri ab iis, qux dodifiimus Chriftianus Hugenius
in fua de Caujfta Gravitatis ‘DiJJ'ertatione propofuit,
cum in eo efiet, ut detegeret , quota parte minui debeat
Pendulum, quod e Gallia fub line am tequinottialem
fertur. Verba ejus mox defcribam : fed, quod attinet ad
Fig. I. inTAB. prxfixa; cum HugentiY\%\xiz. earn referat
fpeciem, ut omnes lineae in uno eodemque piano efie
videantur ; tentavi, ft poffem novum fchema formare,
quod Armillaris Sphrerre partem fcenographica ra-
tione (itaque tenues Iineas adhibere non licuit) quo-
dammodo reprxfentarct 5 6c quo plus juvaretur con-
templantium phantafia, & eidem aptius addi poflent
partes illx, qux ad propofitum noftrum explicandum
rede conducerent.

VIII. Cir cuius (Hugenii verba funt) PAQE re -
prafentat terram feEiam a piano tranfeunte per
utrumque Polum P, Q_ (itaque Circulus file erit
Meridianus). Centrum eft C : CirculuszyE quinottialis
E F A G ; parallelus Panfienfts D N O : Parifti in

Qjl 2 D;

[ }°1 ]

D : I(H reprafentat funem Juftinentem majfam
plumbiH, quod recedit a perpendicular i KDC, quia
rejicitur , per motum circularem, fecundum lineam
DM, quam pono tranfire per pondus H. Eft autem
ea D M linea tangens Circulum DNO, parallelum
Parifienfem, in pun&o D.

IX. Nunc fi lube at fcire qui debeat ejfe fitus jili
KH, & quanto minus plumbum H fie gravitet ,
quam fi penderet perpendicular iter fecundum KD,
confiderare oportet punEtum Hac fi trahatur a tribus
jilis HC, HM, HKj e quibus HC centrum Terra
verfus trahit toto ponder e, quod haberet plumbum , fi
Terra immota fiaret : H M trahit juxta propriam
direttionem , cum ea vi (Centrifuga) quam dat mot us
Terra in circulo DNO: & H K trahitur aut
trahit cum ea vi, qua quaritur. TroduEla igitur
C H, & duEla K L paraliela D M, notum eft, tria
later a trianguli HLK proport ionalia ejfe potentiis ,
qua trahunt puntium H ; & latus L H refpondere
ei, qua trahit per H C ; latus K L ei, qua per H M
ac latus H K ei, qua trahit aut fuflinet plumbum per
filum KH. Sed triangulum KDH cenfetur habere
later a fua aqualia lateribus trianguli HLK; quia
CHI. eft qua(i paraliela C D K. Ergo later a tri-
angidi KDH refpondent iijdem potentiis : fcilicet
latus KD grav it at i abfoluta ponder is H , quam ha-
beret, fi Terra ftaret immobilis ; DH potentia quam
illi tribuit motus (producens vim Centrifugam per
tangentem DM) dmrnus & KH gravitati qua
quaritur. At ego vis Centrifuge potentiam lpedto ;
cam nimirum, que tangenti linee l)H refpondet.

X. Ha&enus itaque Hugenii methodo adnibita,
egregia ilia quideixq tantoque viro plane digna, pofLii

C 3°$ ]

ea, qux magnopcre ad propofitum meum referuntur *,
eatenus tamen, quatenus confiderare oportet plumbum
H ac fi trahatur a tribus filis HC,‘HM,HK; eo
fcilicet in cafu, quo a tribus his filis, five a tribus his
potentiis plumbum H immobile detinetur. Quod fi
moveri illud debeat 5 hoc eft, fi Pendulum ofcillet;
ego quidem fufpicor in eum ofcillationis motum
novas confiderationes efte intendendas : igitur ad.
hafce gradum faciam, agamque modo de partibus,
quas addere Figure oportuit.

XI. De quibus tamen antequam dico; notabo, me
ad hrec principio ufum efte Figura ex folidis fiii
ferrei craflloris partibus affabre formata : in hujuf-
modi enim Figura res tota concipitur, cerniturque
clarius. Turn animadvertam (confiderata hypothefi
Terrse mots) in una Penduli ofcillatione non defcribi
ab ejus centro perfede. unum eundemque arcum in
piano eodem : nihilo tamen fecius, cum nafcentes
indc differentia; rem meant non turbent, negligi a me
tuto pofiunt j fufficitque ha:c femel indicavifte.

XII. Adurus itaque de Figura, quam exhibeo, in
ea diligenter mente concipi velim, per pundtum H
dudum die planum parallelum Meridiano PAQE,
& in hoc piano fignatum efte arcum BT V, qui, ita.
ofcillante Pendulo KH ut plumbi centrum H ab eo
piano numquam exiret, delcriberetur ab eodem cen-
tro in eo piano. Hie arcus BTV dicatur primus;
arcus.

XIII. Turn imaginatione percipiatur, per tangen-
tem D M & per radium D C extendi aliud planum,
& in piano hoc arcum RIS efte delineatum 5 qui,
ira ofcillante Pendulo KH, ut plumbi centrum H ab
hoc piano numquam exiret, deferiberetur ab eodem,

centro .

[ J°4 ]

centre in hoc piano. ManiTeftum autem eft, duos
illos arcus BTV, RIS, fefe in H ad redtos angulos
interfecare.

XIV. His modo ita declaratis, duo peculiari atten-
tione digni occurrunt cafus 5 five du# Pendulorum
oTcillantium directiones funt praeTertim confiderandac :
una per primum arcum BTV 5 altera per fecundum
arcum RI S.

XV. Quod attinet ad primam 5 cum Pendulum,
per primum arcum BTV oTcillans, moveatur in
piano, quod ab piano Meridiani PAQ^E Temper
a:quidiftat intervallo longitudinis lineae DH, five tan-
tum Temper diftat, quantum valet integra vis Centri-
fuga per tangentem DH; perTpicuum die videtur,
hoc in caTu potentiam vis CentriTugse per D H, poten-
tiam gravitatis per H C, potentiamqne fili Tecundum
H K, Temper inter Te, etiamTi Pendulum oTcillet,
attemperari eadem ilia ratione, quam explicavit Hn-
genius-, & quam etiam immobili detinendo Penduio
inTervire Tupra monuimus.

XVI. Quod ad alteram attinet : qua Pendulum
movetur per Tecundum arcum RlSin eodem piano,
-in quo eft CentriTugas vis linea diredtionis DM. In
hoc quidem caTu non videtur ea vis ita agere, ut
conetur diftrahere plumbi centrum H ab hoc Tuo
•piano; Ted dum Pendulum tendit ab R ad S, videtur
etiam ipTa (quandoquidem agit in piano eodem dire-
dtione Tua, ab D ad M) conTpirare ad augendum Pen-
duli motum. Contra vero, dum Pendulum regre-
ditur ab S ad R, videtur eadem Vis, diredtione ilia Tua,
ab D ad M, motum Penduli retardare.

XVII. Motus ergo Penduli proprius, hoc eft, qui
uni gravitati centrali, agenti Tecundum DC, eflet
reTerendus, in primo caTu excurTtonis per arcum

BTV,

[ j°j 3

BTV, ab vi Centrifuga variatur, quoniam afficitur a
motu per D H ex vi ilia Centrifuga oriundo, cum qu6
componatur necefie eft. In fecundo autem cafu ex-
curfionis per arcum RIS variatur ille idem motus
Penduli Proprius, quia in uno integro excurfu verfus
plagam S, acceleratur ab eadem ilia vi, dircda ab D
ad H ; at ab eadem vi retardatur in contrario verfus
oppofitam plagam R recutfu.

XVIII. Itaque cum rationi & calculis confonum
videatur, ab variatione, qua: fit in arcu R I S, non
xquari variationem, qua: fit in arcu BTV 5 credibile
etiam fit differentiam aliquam interefte oportcre inter
duos illos cafus j nimirum inter motus Penduli ofcil-
lantis per fecundum ilium arcum R I S, & motus ejuf-
dem Penduli ofcillantis per primum arcum BTV.

XIX. Paucis vero his propofitis, indicatum Tatis
jam eft id, quod ego, animadverfione notationequc
illius differentiae, vifus mihi fum invcnifte. Vifus
nempe mihi fum invcnifte mod urn ad aliquid de Cen-
trifuga vi, quae Telluris circa axem fuum rotationi
adtribuitur, explorandum ope Obfervationum 5 quam-
vis inter Obfervationes inftituendas nulla regionis,
nulla loci mutatio intercedat.

XX. Cafui autem primi arcus refpondebit Pendu-
lum fuper aliqua Meridiana linca ita collocatum, ut
fecundum earn lineam ofcillationes quamproxime
fiant : & cafui arcus fecundi accommodabitur Pen-
dulum, ft ita ponetur, ut linca ofcillationum ad redos
angulos cum Meridiana linea conftituatur. Quid fi
Horologiis (ad hujufmodi experimenta) aptarentur
longiora Pendula j puta, longitudinis Horariorum
pedum novcm ?

XXI. Plura non addam. Cur cnim animadver-
tcrcm agi de tcmporum pertenui herclc perque exili

dif-

[ ]

differentia, aut ad calculos rationefquerevocanda, aut
experimentis (ubi fieri iteratis tentaminibus poflit)
perquirenda ? Si id per fe fatis dilucide atque mani-
fefte jam apparet. Quod fi in fubtili cogitatione hac
aliquid humani mihi contigerir, veritatem Jubens
agnofeam. Gaudeboque vehementer, fi cuipiam oo
cafionem dedero przeftandi utilia, ut veritas, quas in
occulto latere amat, perfpicue detegatur.

II. Obfervationes Aftronomicae habit e in Col-
legia Pekinenfi a Vatribus Societatis Jesu,
a Menfe Novembri 1740. a %)° Jacobo
Hodgfon, R. S. S. cum Regia Societate
communicate.

Trtfented Jan.
10. 1741-3.

1740.. h '

Nov . die 4. 5 55

8. 12 16
18 34

9. II 2

n

1 5 a. m. plena immerlio Satellitis
primi in umbra V, vifa
telefcop. 1 3 « ped.

5 p. m. plena immer. 2^ Satel-
litis V, vifa eodern.
p. m. $ prsecedens Stellam
in HE occidentalior erat
in afc. red. 2' 54" tem-
poris, & borealior in dc-
clinatione 6‘ 30".

15 p.m. <? emerfiteLunainreda
per Menelaum & Kep-
plerum : immerlio videri
non potuit ob nubes in
horizonte ortivo.

Nov.

r 3 °7 ]

174.0". h. ' {{

Nov. die 9. 18 34 S Scquens hefternam

ftellam, orientalior crat
\ in afcenfione re&a i'.

temporis, &auftraliorin
decl. is' 4.0". diftans
21 ' 5 3//.

12.' 14 16 52 p. m. plena immerfio Satel-

litis imi. Telef. 13 ped.

15. 14 49 24 p.m. plena immerfio 2di Sa-

tellitis. Eodem Telefc.

id, 9 55 p. m. Satelles 3tiusimmerfurus

in umbra m dirparuit in
nebula, ob quam ncc
hujusemerfio,nec4ti im-
merfio fpedari potuit.

19. id 9 1 op. m. plena immerfio'

Satell. 1 mi.

21. 10 37 3 3 p- w. plena immerfio Telefc.

...... Ejufdem. lisped*

22. 17 21 4$ p.m. plena immerfiol

\ , 2diSatelIitis. J

? Stellam Sr in rte Sc-
quebatur in afc. red. 4'
27 " temp. & erat au-
l flralior in declin. 13'

18 43

20

//

2d. 7 45 tyefp* Stella r in & ftabat in

Linea Dichotomic <r,
‘Q( a cufpide auftrali in de-

- , clinatione auftralior

A

C ]

1740. h ' "

Nov. die 26. 18 1 25 p.m. plena immerfiol

1 mi Satellitis. [Tel. 13
30. 17 47 40 p.m. plena immerfiofiW.

Satellitis 3^. }

Dec. die 2. 1 7 20 Stella gin y fupraerat ^

in eadem afc. red. cum
centro Platonis, borea-
lior in declin. 12' 20".
Plato diftabat' a limbo
bor. cc 4' o'

3. 9 10 5 7 p.m. plena immerfio SatelL

2di. Tubo 1 3 pedum.

4. 12 26 p.m. <1 obtexit Stellam » in

H, quas immerfit contra
Byrgium ; emerlio ob
nebulam non fuit ob-
fervata.

10. ii' 42 32 p.m. plena immerfioN

zdi Satellitis.

14. 10 38 20 p. m. plena immerfio

imi Satellitis.

*7- 14 15 zop. m. plena immerfio

2di Satellitis.

19. IS 3

p. m. immerfio Satel-
litis imi.

J

Tel. 10
ped •

1741-

Jan. die 1. 7

S diftans a Stella v in
ui? 34/.Sequebatuream
in afc. red. i' fo"
temp, borealior in de-
din. 19' o".

Jan:

[ ?°9 ]

//

1741. h '

Jan .die 1, 5 30 6 p. m. Emerfio Satellitis I*™.

Telefcop. \o pedum.

5 59 30 Limbus Occiduus <1 ad

filum horarium in tc-
lefcopio.

<5 o 24 — y ad diem filum, diftans
a limbo bor. <r 13' oy/.

1 15 Limbus orientalis <£ ad

idem filum.

6 536 Limbus occiduus c rur-

fus ad idem filum ho-
rarium.

6 18 — V ad idem filum, difians

a limbo boreo, 12' 30".

7 55 - Limbus orient. <c ad

idem filum.

ix 34 % culminavit altus 7 3®

26'.

43 £ culminavit alt. centr.

73° if'.

^Diez. horis mat ut inis partialis c Eclipjis ,
h 7 "

6 418 umbram iam tcnuirer

ftrinxifie <r marginem,
itubo 3 1 ped. notatum
eft.

6 5 40 Initium certum inter Vie-

tam & Schikardum
tubo 6 ped. fignatum
fuit.

10 o Umbra ad Schikardum.

14 o admarehumorum.

Rr 2 Jan.

T

I74T*

Jan .die 2.

[ po 3

/ u

16 o Umbra ad Grimaldum.

1 6 10 ad Capuanum.

17 20 ineipit Gaflcndus immergi.

Centrum Grimaldi in umbra.

18 30 totus G'rimaldus mcrfus.

19 o Umbra ad Campanum.

19 30 ad Herigonium.

22 30 ad Tychonem.

2310 ad Bullialdum.

24. o Tycho merfus.

24 20 Umbra adPitatum.

32 o ad Galileum.

420 ad Kepplerum.

43 o ad Reinholdum.

55 o Fracaftor. mergitur, umbra ad
Copernicum.

2 o Copernicus totus videtur effe
in umbra.

6 o Umbra ad Wendelinum.

10 20 Centrum f in umbra.

14 o (T occultatur poll montes ad
occafum ante medium eclip-
fis.

Creterum Penumbra erat exigua, & umbra bene
nigra ac diliinda : potuitque coelo admodum ferene&
clare eclipfis fat commode fpedari ufque ad occafum
C . Diameter Luna: ante eclipfim erat in micrometro
30' 20" circ. in ipfo vero occafu tantum 30' o".
Centrum apparentis difei erat ab finu teftuum occid.
modice verfus Hipparchum,

Jan,

C ?11 1

174-1. h ' "

jan. die 6. iz f z 25 .p.m. Emerfio Satellitis

Tele] cop. 1 8 ped.

8. 7 20 3 o />. Emerfio qufazm.Eodem

dubie.

11. 13 51 zzp.m. Emerfio Satellites 2 dfi

Telefcop . 10 ped.

14. 2 42 4.0a.m. Emerfio Satellites imi.

Telefcop. 18 jfW.

15. 9 12 3 6p.m. Emerfio ejuldem. Te-

lefcop. 1 3 ped.

18. 16 26 is p.m. Emerfio Satellitls 2di.

Telefc. 10. ped.

21. 5 3 0 p. m. $ praecedebathefternam

Stellam c in n i' .
temp, in afic. redt. au-
ftralior erat in declin.

$' o" .

22. 5 15

p.m. praecedens hefternam
Stellam 2/45//. temp,
in afc. reft. auftralior
in declin. 2' o".

5 41 57 p.m. EmerfitSatel--\

les 2dus. (Telefc.

11 3 19 p. m. EmerfitSatel-f 1 % ped.

les ius. i

24. 5 3 3 z+p'tn. Emerfio Satcllitis imi.

Telefcop. loped.

28. • 7 18 1 lefperi ¥ a margine <r difiabat

19' 30".

29. 8 18 16 p.m. Emerfio Satellitis z&\.

Telef 1 3 fed.

■l3n*

u

1741.

h

/

Jan. die

29,

12

57

i eb. die

3.

8

IS

5.

10

53

6.

2

53

7-

9

20

8.

10

43

14 6

10 p. m. Emerfio Sa-^
tellitis imi.
p.m. Emerfio Sa-
tellite 3tiJ.

20 p. m. Emerfio Sa-
tellite 2<li.
a.m. Emerfio Sa-
tellitis im*.
if p. m . Emerfio e-
jufdem.

p. m . plena immer.
Satellite 4ci.
30 Csepit emer-
gere idem Sa-

)Telefc .
8 ped.

Telefc,
1 3 fed.

telles 4tus.

10. 9 16 zo p. m, plena immerfio Satel-

lis 3*“. Eodem .

12. 13 32 p. ^.EmerfitSatelles2dus vifus

Telefcop. 8 ped .

14. 11 14 15 p.m. Emerfio Satellitis inii,

Telefcop. 1 8 ped.

16. f 43 45 p. m. Emerfio ejufdem. Eo-
dem.

22. 11 44 2 6p.m. Luna obtexit ftellam

in (lantern in re&a
cum Manilio & Cenfo-
rino. Emerfio fpe&ari
non potuit.

23. 7 3 9 29/\ Emerfit Satelles ius.

7/^ 1 8

[ 3>i 3

1741- h ' "

Jecb.dze 24. 9 27 p.m. Stella « in IE infra dam

ftabat in redla cumTy-
chone & Platone, ab
illo in auftrum diftans
1 1' 20".

13- 3 8 45 Stella fjt in H obtedla
fuit a c in retta per
Tychonem & Pofido
nium 5 qux non emer-
iit ante hor. 13. 55',

cum c occidit poft

tedium.

25. 8 2 6 30/. m. Emerfio Satellitis 4^.

Te lefc op. 1 3 .

Mart, die 2. 9 36 1 1 p. m. Emerfio Satellitis i^f.

Telefcop . 18.

11. 6 2 \$p.m. Emerfio ejufdem. £W.

April. 3. <5 26 3 5/. Emerfio ejufdem.

8 14 Emerfio Satellitis 2^i.

Tubo 8 ped.

10. 8 20 37/. m. EmerfitSatellesius.vifus

Telefcop. 1 3 .

20. 10 50 42 p m. <1 obtexic Satellitem

-3 tium^ qUi erat ad occi-
dentem fs.

to 56 45 <c attigit limbum V
h. 10 57' 3 5" fuit plena
hujus immerfio plane in
medio inter utramque
cufpidem <r ^rcdlaverfus
centrum. Alii Satel-
lites ob- atmofplmam

noo.

1741'

Mail die 3.

Sept, die $ .

24.

Och die 1.

1 5-

C 3

non erant bene dilcer-
nibiles. EtLunapauIo
port fe abfeondit poft
h 1 '* te&a.

8 40 6 p. m . Emerfio Satellitis imfi

Telefcop . 13 fed.

9 36 Emerfio Satellitis 4^.

Eodem.

4 41 48 a. m. Immerfio Satellitis i^i.

Eodem .

8 7 1 $p.m. <r obtexit Stcllam qua-

dranguli ante caudam
Ceti Auftralem prsece-
dentem, quae immerfit
modice ad ortum Cleo-
ftrati.

9 013 Eadem emerfit proxime

Berofum.

5 o 8 a.m. Immerfio Satellitis iniJ.

Tubo 13 ped.

17 84 vp.m. Immerfio 2<li. Satellitis

coelo nonnihil nubilo,
Telefcop . 1 3 ped .

III.

[ 3*5 ]

r ' * . « * r „ v s . /• ' ’

j . c A 1 i * ... >

, III. j Extract by John van Rixtel, F. R. S. of
Mir. W. Kerfleboom’s * Second and Third
! Treatife ~ Confirming the Manner how to
know the probable Quantity of People in
the ‘Provinces of Holland and Wefl-Frief-
land, befides a Foundation on which to
prove the probable Lives of Widows, and
likewife a Rule whereby to know the ‘Du-
ration of Marriages.

Second Part.

Read Jan
i74*-3-

*7*

M

R. Kerjfeboom having advanced
in his Firjl Treatife , printed Anno
1738, that the Provinces of Holland and ITeJl-Frief-
land contained 980,000 Souls, of all Ages, on a well-
grounded Suppofition, that annually are born in
the faid Two Provinces 28000 Children alive; but
it having been the Opinion, that this fhould be more
clearly demonftrated, has thought it neceflary to
comply therewith. In order to which, the Author
has divided the Provinces into Three general Divi-

Fons, diftinguifhed with the Letters A , B,C 5 and
given the Names of the feveral Cities, Towns, and
Villages, belonging to the feveral Letters juft now
mentioned 5 and fuppofes, on good Grounds, (though
not on a Mathematical Enumeration, which the Au-

* See an Account of the Firft Part, ThiJofophical Travfaftiow, N®
450. p. 401.

SC ... th or

1

C 3,<5 ]

thor could not do, for Reafons afligned in his Firft
Trcatife, Page 38.) that in the Firft Divifion marked

A. are born alive annually 3890 Children.

B. . annually 19070 and

C. — annually 5040.

. . _ \

which is together annually 28000 Children.

And, as it has been proved in his Firft Treatife, by
what has been there obferved, in relation to Annu-
ities for Life 5 that for every Child that is born, the
whole Number of People is 3 5 times as many ; fo it
will prove, that thefe Numbers being multiplied to-
gether, it renders 980,000 Souls.

But as it was impoflible for the Author (as has
been hinted before) to get an exadl Account, from
all Places, of the Births, Weddings, and Burials,
(from which Two laft the Firft is to be cited and
proved) he proceeds to give you the chief Obferva-
tions he was able to obtain ; and believes that thefe,
joined with thofe contained in his Firft Treatife, will-
be a fufficient Proof to his general Calculations.

Mr. Kerjfeboom then goes on, with giving an Ac-
count how many People were buried in the City of
LDort every Year, from 1700 to 1739 inclusive,
amounting, in 40 Years, to 2S977 Perfons ; which is

annually, on an Average, 724. The Marriages are

202 Couple annually, during the fame time, which
fhould produce (according to the Author’s Calcula-
tions in his Firft Treatife, Page 24.) 325 Children per
100 Marriages, and confequently 6y6 Children per
Annum ; but has found ir, on an Average, to be

651. This City being a Sea-Port, and driving a

large Trade to Scotland , and on the Rhine , and con-

fequenrly

[ ]

fcquently many of the People, whofe TrafRek brings
them to ‘Dortj may die there, it is fuppofed, that
about 680 Children are born annually there, and that
confcquently this City may contain 24000 Souls.

Next to this, the Author gives an Account of
Haerlem , how many People died there in 84 Years,
from 1656 to 1739 inelufive, namely, 132132 Per-

fons, which is annually, on an Average, 1573.

The next is, how many Marriages from Anno 1690
to 1739 inelufive, namely, 2 1910, is annually 438,

on an Average. About the Births, Mr. Kerffe -

boom refers to his Firft Treatife, Page 54. where he
fuppofes, that 1450 Children may be born alive an-
nually ; and endeavours to demonftrate it further, by
giving an Account of the Births for 60 Years, name-
ly, from 1680 to 1739, and finds it to be 1453 j
from which it is calculated, that this City contains
50500 Souls, as mentioned in his Firft Treatife.

The next Account is that of the Burials of ^D'etft
and cDelftJhaven , from the Year 1724 to 1739, being
1 5 Years, and is found to be annually, on an Ave-
rage, 723 Perfons; but there is fubjoined, for the
greater Certainty, an Account from the Year 1696
to 1739, which proves it to be 748 Perfons an-
nually.

The Marriages are in the fame Time of 44 Years,
on an Average, 224 per Annum , which fhould pro-
duce 728 Children, according to the Rule laid down
before, namely, 100 Marriages producing 325 Chil-
dren; but is found to produce from 1690 to 1739
inelufive, to be 648 per Annum , on an Average 5
from whence it is fuppofed thgfe Two Places con-
tain 25000 Souls,—

Sf 2

The

C Vi ]

The City of Leyden comes next in Consideration^
It appears by a Lift for 50 Years, namely, from the
Year 1690 to 1739 incluftve, that there have been
buried in that City annually, on an Average, 1919
Perfonsj and married during the fame Time, annu-
ally, on an Average, 558 Couple, which, agreeable
to the former Rule, would produce 1813 Children per
Annum , but is found to have been 1834 per Annumy
on a Medium, as aforefaid; the Author concludes
confequently, that this City contains 63000 Souls.

The next City in View is Amfterdayn : It appears
by a Lift, that ftnee the Year 1696 to 1738 incluftve,
there have been buried in this City 7323 Perfons
annually (Jews excepted) ; and there having been
married, during the fame Time of 43 Years, 2311
Couple annually, produced, according to the Author's
Computation, 7134 Children annually, at a Me-
dium j and takes it thence for certain, that Arnfler-
dam contains (including 20000 Jews, as obferved in

his Firft Treatife, Page 21.) 241000 Souls. The

Author proceeds, in the like curious Manner, about
other Places ; but left, dwelling too long on this
Particular, it might prove tedious in this Place, I
will proceed with obferving, that the Author gives

next a Table how long 432 Widows lived during

a Century, and fhews it to have been near 14 Years
each on a Medium ; and then fubjoins a Lift how
many Years married People of different Ages con-
tinue to live probably together, before the Bonds of
Matrimony, by the Death of cither Party, arc dif-
folvedj namely, ,

c

Tliofe

t 3'9 3

live between

Thofe whofe Ages together are 40 24 and 2 5 Years.

- - - - 50 22 and 2 3 .

60 23 and 21.

70 19 and 20.

80 17 and 1 8.

- _ - - - - - - 90 1 4 and 15.

100 12 and 1 3.

And finifhes with reje&ing the Method of calculating
the Quantity of People after the manner of Voffius,
Auzont , Petty x and others. — - -

... ; ■ \ \ . •; -

Third Tart,

The Third Treatifc contains, 1/?, A Copy of a
Letter wrote by the Author in the Beginning of the
Year 1741, to the worthy Mr. yohn Eames , one of
the Fellows of this Honourable Society, and laid
before the fame foon after, by the faid Gentleman.

zdly, A Demonftration, in 29 Tables, that Mr.'
Simpforis Calculation of Lives, as 1 to 26, is a Mis-
take, and his own Hypothefis, as 1 to 35, right 5 and
proves from Mr. Maitland’s Obfervations, Page 541.
that Children in London, of Two Years old, continue
to live, on a Medium, above 37 Years ; and obferves,
that the Learned Dr. Halleys Table has it full 38
Years and a half.

The Author fuppofes, 3 dly, That out of every,
100 Children born. Five come dead into the World
and that out of every 100 Children born alive, near
2 c 'die under a Year old ; and fhews, 4 thly, how
much Mr. Simpfon differs in his Calculation; —
namely. That full 3 2, out of 100 Children, die, under i
a Year old.-—

The

[ 3io ]

The reft of this Treatife confifts in divers Calcula-
tions and Tables of Intereft, and the Value of Annu-
ities for Life on different Ages and Intereft 5 and
concludes with an Explanation of the fame, and the
Ufefulncfs thereof.

London , Jan. 27. 1742.

IV. A Letter from Mr . Jofeph Hobfon to
Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning
the wonderful Increafe of the Seeds of Plants,
e. g. of the Upright Mallow.

Refpetted Friend ,

-Rend Jan. zj. TTTHEN thou waft fo kind as to
1742 3* VV oblige me with (hewing thy

curious Collection of Rarities, amongft other things
there was, I think, an Ear of Guinea Corn, remark-
able, as thou well obfervedft, for its large Number
of Grains: Remembering this, and obferving here a
large Plant of the common Upright Mallow , which
I thought muft have a large Number of Seeds ; I had
the Curiofity to count them, and have prefumed, on
the Slendernefs of our Acquaintance, to fend thee
an Account thereof j and fhall be glad, if the Trifle
be in any degree acceptable ; as follows, viz. The
Seeds being difpofed in Rings, I counted thofe which
were upon the principal Stems, and there were
*upon

The

[ 311 ]

Firfl.

The— « - , - t

Rings.

— 1100J

2—

— 1058.

3-

— 888.

4-

— 874-

5-

— 753-

6-

— 744-

7 -

— 732.

*-

— 587.

— 46(5.

• T 10-

— 465.

!

— 378.

12-

Soft 35 5.

. . \ : . . 1 Jill -1 3 .

~ 344-

14-

— 34I«

15-

— 210.

T<5-

J— 1 80.

Upon many odd fmall Stems — —

— 724.

•

Rings in all ■ — ■— — i o 1 99.
Multiply by Seeds in one Ring— — - 12 Seeds*

Number of Seeds- — 122388.

Allow for Two large Stems deftroyed 7612.

. .1 mm

Seeds in all ■ — » < ■■■■ ■ < < '-i 30000J

• • r > * .» . • . f , ► »• * r .

A . » i ‘ • ■

I then counted the Seeds in feveral particular Rings,
and found them commonly 14 in each, but have
confined myfelf to multiply the Rings by 12, which
is moderate, yet makes the Number of Seeds amount
to 150000, allowing 7612 Seeds for Two large
Stems cut down and deftroyed, a moderate Allow-
ance, .

t i*\2 G

ance, conHcUrin^Two of the Stems alone contain
each above ioco Rings.; Some of thefe Stems were
above Two Yards and an half high. . I have to add,
that this Plant was a Seedling laft Year, tranfplantcd
out of the Fields 6n the End of a (loping Strawberry -
bed; and1! counted the Rings in the Middle of laft
July, when itTiad Thoufands of Flowers upon it,
which, with Thoufands that muft ftill fucceed, might
very probably produce more than 50000 Seeds * more,
confident^ 1000 Rings contain 12000 Seeds and
more;- -and if~w8 multiply the Number of Rings
a&ually ebtinted, by 14, the Number of Seeds con-
tained in one"Rmg, inftead of 12, we (hall have an
Addition of 20000 Seeds, all which, added together,
amount to 260000, the poilible Increafe of one
Seed. v1

1 1

Macclesfield

field, Sept.-i. 174a. ‘Jofeph Hohfon,

. r. \' 1' ;'. . . "i:.: i-..Q yn T! f: * *

V. Excerpta eft Epi/loJa Cl. Vin Joh. Am-
brofii Beureri ad Petr. Collinfon, R. S. Si de
nat nr a Succini. -

* *

Readjm. 27. | \E Succino non folum negative ,

I741 3- _ J VJ fed ttizttrrtffirmative, hxc eft Sen-

tentia mea : Succinum vel Ambram citrinam fuccum
ejfe arborum refinofum nego & pernego, ob fequentes
ratiunculas. Primum mihi non verifimile videtur
iftum fuccinum per terrain tranfire in mare : nam

Even fuppofing many of the Flowers to produce no Seed.

unde

[J*?]

unde iftetranfitus? cum tamen arborcs mari non tam
profnnqiuc Tint.

Deinde neutiquam hcec refina, ficut aqua, terrain
permeate, & in ilia tam copiofe fe diffundere qucat j
fed potius, fi hoc pofilbile diet, in fuperficie terrx
ha;reret, rigcret, & confifteret.

Prxterea calor folis, quanquam magnus & conti-
nuus, neutiquam ejufmodi flumen refinarum efficerc
vel producere poteft j quo multi fubterranei tra&us
expleantur. Exfudatio cnim refinarum per guttulas
fieri folet, quarum minima pars terrain attingit, fed
potius cuti arboris adherent. Porro cur in ejufmodi
locis fuccinum haud raro reperitur, ex.gr. in month
bus, fofiis ac foveis, & quibus tamen nunquam arborcs
fatas fuerunt? Poftremo argumenta quce honoratif-
fimus amicus ex diftillatione acidi vitriolici cum terc-

a

binthina eduxit, probanda non probant, quia quidem
aliquid bituminoli exinde producitur, quod veto
nondum fuccinum vcrum ell : caret cnim produ&um
interna xquali mixtione, fed etiam diaphanitate ,
elafticitate , duritieque! Hoc cnim faciliori modo, &
fere extempore, produci queat per mixtionem olei
alicujus deftillati retherei, cum acido vitriolico con-
centrator ex qua mixtione ftatim quoddam bitumi-
nofum, fed non fuccinum oritur.

Sed etiam nunc addo, ea qua par efl animi obfer-
vantia ac modellia, quid ego, fecundum tenues in-
genii mei vires, de origine fuccini fentio. Succi-
num originem fuam non ex vegetabili, fed minerali,
id eft, ex tenero bituminofo (ex. gr. oleo Naphta;) Sc
acido fulphureo vitriolico, quod in forma halitus fc
immifcet, & eo ipfo illud ftatim indurefcit, trahere
mihi credibile videtur. Id quoque probat fuccinum

T t foflile,

w. w

[ ]

foil He, ubi Temper; uti Tu ipfe, Vir Clarissime,
in literis tuis illius rei memoriam fecifti; in ejuf-
modi dudibus, ex quibus fuccinum effoditur: in
tradu nempe luti coerulei etiam lignum bitumino-
fum, lithanthraces, minera vitriolica (haud raro alu-
minis) verumque fuccinum permixtis inveniri folet,
quod propria expericntia me docuit. Succinum
vero, quod in mart reperitur, non alio modo oritur,
quani illud, quod ex dudibus montium promitur;
nifi quod mare xftuans illud fludibus fuis, & dudibus
vi expellat, & partim ad ripas, partim vero in abyf-
fum maris evomat.

Filum nunc abrumpo, propter ardos limites epb
ftolx mex prxfixos, hoc unicutn adhuc adjiciens ;
quod quemadmodum acidum vitriolicum una cum
bituminoTo formam & fpeciem fuccini producat;
illud acidum etiam in forma fubtilifata 6c concert-
trata (fine aliqua deftrudione partis alicujus confii -
tutivi) hoc penitus diflolvat, & in eodem ftatu
rurfus relinquat, priftinamque illius duritiem, diapha-
nitatem , & elafticitatem reducat.

Vale, fis fauftus felixque, & nunquam immemor
'Tui addidiflimi.

Dab. Noribergaty
die 20 Otiob. 1742.

VI. An

[ P5 ]

yi. An Account of a Book intituled , A Trea-
tife of Fluxions, in Two Books, by Colin
Mc Laurin, A- M. Frofejfor of Mathe-
matics in the Univevjity of Edinburgh,’
and Fellow of the Royal Society, 4/"*
in Two Volume Fages 763.

Trefented Jan. ^ a ''HE Author’s firft Defign, in com-
27.1742-3. pofjug this Treatifc, was to cfta-

blifli the Method of Fluxions on Principles equally
evident and unexceptionable with thofe of the antient
Geometricians, by Demonftrations deduced after their
Manner, in the mod rigid Form, and by illuftrating
the more abftrufe Parts of the DoCtrine, to vindicate
it from the Imputation of Uncertainty or Obfcurity.
But he has like wife comprehended in this Work the
Application of Fluxions to the mod important geo-
metrical and philofophical Inquiries. It confifts of
an Introduction, and T wo Books. In the Introduction
he gives an AbftraCt of the Difcoveries of the Aa-
tients in the higher Parts of Geometry, with Obfer-
vations on their Method, and thofe that firft fuc-
ceeded to it. The Firft Book treats of Fluxions in a
geometrical Method, and the Second treats of the
Computations.

In the Introduction we have an AbftraCt not only
of the Difcoveries of the Antients in the higher Parts
of Geometry, but likewife of their Demonftrations.
After an Account of the Propofttions of this kind,
that are to be found in the Twelfth Book of Euclid ,

T t 2 there

L ?26 ]

there follows a Summary of what is moft material ill
the Treat ifes of Archimedes, concerning the Sphere
and Cylinder, Conoids and Spheroids, the Quadra-
ture of the Parabola and the fpiral Lines. The De-
monftrations are not precifely in the fame Form as
thole of Archimedes , but are often illudrated from
the elementary Propofitions concerning the Cone,
or Corollaries from them, after the Example of
Pappus, (Coll. Math. Prop. 21ft, Lib. 4.) from whom
a Proportion is demonftrated, and rendered more
general, concerning the Area of the Spiral that is
generated on a fpherical Surface by the Compofition
of Two uniform Motions analogous to thofe by
which the Spiral of Archimedes is deferibed on a
Plane. This Area, though a Portion of a curve Sur-
face, is found to admit of a perfect Quadrature, and
this Propolition concludes the Abftrad. He takes
occaron from thefe Theorems to demonftrate fome -
Properties of the Conic Sections, that are not men-
tioned by the Writers on that Subject; and there are
more of this kind deferibed in the Xlth and XIVth
Chapters of the Firfl; Book.

It is known, that if a Parallelogram, circiimfcribed
about a given Eilipfe, have its Sides parallel to the
conjugate Diameters, then fhall its Area be of an
invariable or given Magnitude, and equal to the
Redangle contained by the Axes of the Figure; but
this is only a Cafe of a more general Proportion*
For if, upon any Diameter produced without the
Eilipfe, you take Two Points, one on each Side of
the Centre at equal Dillances from it, and the Four
Tangents be drawn from thefe Points to the Eilipfe,
thofe Tangents fhall form a Parallelogram, which is

always

[ 3*7 ]

always of a given or invariable Magnitude, when
the Eilipfe is given, if the Ratio of thofe Diftances
to the Diameter be given ; and when the Ratio of
thofe Diftances to the Semidiameter is that of the
Diagonal of a Square to the Side, (or of y/2 to 1)
the Parallelogram has its Sides parallel to conjugate
Diameters. It is like wife fhown here, how the Tri-
angles, Trapezia , or Polygons of any kind are deter-
mined, which, circumfcribed about a given Eilipfe,
are always of a given Magnitude.

There is alfo a general Theorem concerning the
Fruftum of a Sphere, Cone, Spheroid, or Conoid,
terminated by parallel Planes, when compared with
a Cylinder of the fame Altitude on a Bale equal to
the middle Se&ion of the Fruftum made by a parallel
Plane. The Difference betwixt the Fruftum and the
Cylinder is always the fame in different Parts of the
fame, or of fimilar Solids, when the Inclination of
the Planes to the Axis, and the Altitude of the
Fruftum , are given. This Difference vanifhes in the
parabolic Conoid. It is the fame in all Spheres 5
being equal to half the Content of a Sphere of a
Diameter equal to the Altitude of the Fruftum . In
the Cone it is One-fourth of the Content of a fimilar
Cone of the fame Height with the Fntftum ; and in
other Figures it is reduced to the Difference in the
Cone.

In the Remarks on the Method of the Antients,
the Author obferves, that they eftablifhed the higher
Parts of their Geometry on the fame Principlesas the
Elements of the Science, by Demonftrations of the
fame kind 5 that they feem to have been careful net
to fuppofe any thing to be done, till by a previous Pro-
blem

[ 3*8 ]

blcm they had fhown how* it was to be performed :
Far lefs did they fuppofc any thing to be done, that
cannot be conceived to be poflible, as a Line or Series
to be actually continued to Infinity, or a Magnitude
to be diminifhed rill it. become infinitely lefs than it
was. The Elements into which they refolved Mag-
nitudes were always finite, and fuch as might be con-
ceived to be real. Unbounded Liberties have been
introduced of late, by which Geometry (wherein
every thing ought to be clear) is filled with Myfteries,
and Philofophy is like wife perplexed. Several In-
ftanccs of this kind are mentioned. The Series i, 2,
3,4, 5, 6, 7, &c. is fuppofed by fome to be adually
continued to Infinity j and, after fuch a Suppofuion,
we are puzzled with the Queflion, Whether the
Number of finite Terms in fuch a Series is finite or
infinite. In order to avoid fuch Suppofitions, and
their Confequences, the Author chofe to follow the
Antients in their Method of Demonftration as much
as poflible. Geometry has been always confidercd
as our fureft Bulwark againfl: the Subtleties of the
Sceptics, who are ready to make ufe of any Advan-
tages that may be given them againfl: it * and it is
important, not only that the Conclufions in Geo-
metry be true, but likewife that their Evidence be
unexceptionable. However, he is far from affirm-
ing, that the Method of Infinitefimals is without
Foundation, and afterwards endeavours to juftify a
proper Application of it.

The Grounds of the Method of Fluxions are de-
ferred in Chap. 1. Book I. and again in Chap. 1.

* See Buykos Dictionary, Article Zeno.

Book

[ 3*9 3

Book II. In the former, Magnitudes are conceived
to be generated by Motion, and the Velocity of the
generating Motion is the Fluxion of the Magnitude.
Lines are fuppofed to be generated by the Motion of
Points. The Velocity of the Point that defcribes the
Line is its Fluxion, and meafures the Rate of its
Increafe or Decreafe. Other Magnitudes may be
reprefented by Lines that increafe or decreafe in the
fame Proportion with them ; and their Fluxions will
be in the fame Proportion as the Fluxions of thofe
Lines, or the Velocities of the Points that defcribe
them. When the Motion of a Point is uniform, its
Velocity is conftant, and is meafured by the Space
which is defcribed by it in a given Time. When
the Motion varies, the Velocity at any Term of the
Time is meafured by the Space which would be
defcribed in a given Time, if the Motion was to be
continued uniformly from that Term without any
Variation. In order to determine that Space, and
confequently the Velocity which is meafured' by ir.
Four Axioms are propofed concerning variable Mo-
tions, Two concerning Motions that are accelerated;
and Two concerning fuclv as are retarded. The
Firft is, That the Space defcribed by an accelerated'
Motion is greater than the Space which would haVe
been defcribed in the fame Time, if it had not been
accelerated, but had continued uniform- from the
Beginning of the Time. The Second is, That the
Space which is defcribed by an accelerated Motion, is-
lefs than the Space which is defcribed in an equal
Time by the Motion which is acquired by that Ac-
celeration continued afterwards uniformly.- By thefe^
and Two fimilar Axioms concerning retarded Mo-
tions^,

C 11° ]

tions, the Theory of Motion is rendered applicable
to this D.o&rine with the greateft Evidence, without
fuppofmg Quantities infinitely little, or having rc-
courfc to prime or ultimate Ratios. The Author
iirfi demonstrates from them all the general Theorems
concerning Motion, that are of Ufe in this Doctrine ;
as that when the Spaces deferibed by Two variable
Motions are always equal, or in a given Ratio , the
Velocities are always equal, or in the fame given
Ratio } and convcrfcly, when the Velocities of Two
Motions are always equal to each other, or in a given
Ratio , the Spaces deferibed by thofe Motions in the
fame Time are always equal, or in that given Ration
that when a Space is always equal to the Sum or
Difference, of the Spaces deferibed by Two other
Motions, the Velocity of the Firft Motion is always
equal to the Sum or Difference of the Velocities of
the other Motions; and converfely, that when a Ve-
locity is always equal to the Sum or Difference of
Two other Velocities, the Space deferibed by the
Firft Motion is always equal to the Sum or Difference
of the Spaces deferibed by thefe Two other Motions.
In comparing Motions in this Do&rine, it is conve-
nient and ufual to fuppofe one of them uniform ;
and it is here demonftrated, that if the Relation of the
Quantities be always determined by the fame Rule or
Equation, the Ratio of the Motions is determined
in the fame manner, when both are fuppofed vari-
able. Thefe Propofitions are demonftrated ftri&ly
by the fame Method which is carried on in the
enfuing Chapters for determining the Fluxions of
the Figures.

In

[ 33* 3

In Chap. II. a Triangle that has Two of its Sides
given in Pofition, is fuppofed to be generated by ail
Ordinate moving parallel to itfelf along the Bafe.
When the Bafe increafes uniformly, the Triangle
increafes with an accelerated Motion, becaufe its
fucceflive Increments are Trapezia , that continually
increafe. Therefore, if the Motion with which the
Triangle flows, was continued uniformly from any
Term for a given Time, a lefs Space would be de-
feribed by it than the Increment of the Triangle
which is adually generated in that Time by Axiom I.
but a greater Space than the Increment which was
actually generated in an equal Time preceding that
Term, by Axiom II. and hence it is demonftrated,
that the Fluxion of the Triangle is accurately mea-
fured by the Redangle contained by the correfpond-
ing Ordinate of the Triangle, and the right Line
which meafures the Fluxion of the Bafe. The Incre-
ment which the Triangle acquires in any Time, is
refolved into Two Parts; that which is generated in
confequence of the Motion with which the Triangle
flows at the Beginning of the Time, and that which
is generated in confequence of the Acceleration of
this Motion for the fame Time. The latter is juftly
negleded in meafuring that Motion (or the Fluxion
of the Triangle at that Term), but may ferve for
meafuring its Acceleration, or the Second Fluxion of
the Triangle. The Motion with which the Triangle
flows, is fimilar to that of a Body defeending in free
Spaces by an uniform Gravity, the Velocity of
which, at any Term of the Time, is not to be mea-
fured by the Space deferibed by the Body in a given
Time, cither before or after that Term, bccaufc the

. U u Mo-

[ W 1

Motion continually incrcafes, but by a Mean between
thefe Spaces.

When the Sides of a Redangle increafe or decreafe
with uniform Motions, it may be always confldered
as the Sum or Difference of a Triangle and Trape-
zium \ and its Fluxion is derived from the laft Pro-
portion. If the Sides increafe with uniform Mo-
tions, the Redangle increafes with an accelerated
Motion ; and in meafuring this Motion at any Term
of the Time, a Part of the Increment of the Rectangle,
that is here determined, is reje&ed, as generated in
confequence of the Acceleration of that Motion.

The Fluxions of a curvilineal Area (whether it be
generated by an Ordinate moving parallel to itfelf,
or by a Ray revolving about a given Centre) and of
the Solid, generated by the Area revolving about the
Bale, are determined by Demonftrations of the fame
kind and when the Ordinates of the Figure increafe,
the Increment of the Area is refolved in like man-
ner into Two Parts, one of which is only to be re-
tained in meafuring the Fluxion of the Area, the
other being rejected as generated in confequence of
the Acceleration of the Motion with which the
Figure flows. An Uluflration of Second and Third
Fluxions is given by refolving the Increment of a
Pyramid or Cone into the feveral refpeddve Parts
that are conceived to be generated in confequence of
the Fii TF, Second, and Third Fluxions of the Solid,
when the Axis is fuppofed to flow uniformly.

In Chap. V. a Series of Lines in Geometrical Pro-
greflion are reprefented by an cafy Conftru&ion.
The Firft Term being fuppofed invariable, and the
Second to increafe uniformly, all the fubfequent

Terms

C 35; 1

Terms increafe with accelerated Motions. The Ve-
locities of the Points that deferibe thofe Lines being
compared, it is demonftrated from the Axioms by
common Geometry, that the Fluxions of any Two
Terms are in a Ratio compounded of the Ratio of
the Terms, and of the Ratio of the Numbers that
exprefs how many Terms precede them in the Pro-
grellion.

In the Vlth Chapter, the Nature and Properties of
Logarithms are deferibed after the celebrated In-
ventor j and it is ebferved, that he made ufe of the
very Terms Fluxus and Fluat on this Occafion. A
Line is faid to increafe or decreafe proportionally,
when the Velocity of the Point, that describes it, is
always as its Diftance from a certain Term of the
Line ; and if in the mean time another Point deferibes
a Line with a certain uniform Motion, the Space
deferibed by the latter Point is always the Logarithm
of the Diftance of the former from the given Term.
Hence the Fluxion of this Diftance is to the Fluxion
of its Logarithm as that Diftance is to an invariable
Line ; and the Fluxions of the Quantities that have
their Logarithms in an invariable Ratio , are to each
other in a Ratio compounded of this invariable
Ratio , and of the Ratio of the Quantities them-
felves. Some Proportions are demonftrated, that
relate to the Computation of Logarithms, but this
Subjed is profecuted farther in the Second Book.
The Logarithmic Curve is here deferibed, with the
Analogy betwixt Logarithms and Hyperbolic Ratios.

In the Vllth Chapter, after a general Definition of
Tangents, it is demonftrated, that the Fluxions of the
Bafe, Ordinate, and Curve, are in the fame Propor-

U u 2 tion

Cm]

tion to each other, as the Sides of a Triangle refpeft-
ivcly parallel to the Bale, Ordinate, and Tangent.
When the Bale is fuppoled to flow uniformly, if the
Curve be convex towards the Bafe, the Ordinate and
Curve increafe with accelerated Motions; but their
Fluxions at any Term are the fame as if the Point
which deferibes the Curve had proceeded uniformly
from that Term in the Tangent there. Any further
Increment which the Ordinate or Curve acquires, is
to be imputed to the Acceleration of the Motions
with which they flow. A Ray that revolves about
a given Centre, being fuppoled to meet any Curve
and an Arc of a Circle deferibed from the fame
Centre, the Fluxions of the Ray, Curve, and circular
Arc, are compared together -y and feveral other Pro-
portions concerning Tangents are demonflrated
from the Axioms. The next Chapter treats of the
Fluxions of curve Surfaces in a fimilar manner.

The IXth Chapter treats chiefly of the greateft and
Icaft Ordinates of Figures, and of the Points of con-
trary Flexure and Cufpids. The Fluxion of the Bafe
being given, when the Fluxion of the Ordinate va-
nifhes, the Tangent becomes parallel to the Bafe, and
the Ordinate mod commonly is a Maximum or Mi-
nimum* according to the Rule given by Authors upon
this Subject. But if the Second Fluxion of the Or-
dinate vanifli at the fame time, and the Third Fluxion
be real, this Rule does not hold, for the Ordinate
is in that Cafe neither a Maximum nor Minimum .
If the Firft, Second, and Third Fluxions vanifh, and
the Fourth Fluxion be real, the Ordinate is a Maxi-
mum or Minimum. The general Rule demonflrated
in this Chapter, and again in the laft Chapter of the

Second

C w ]

Second Book, is, that when the Firft Fluxion of the
Ordinate, with its Fluxions of any fubfequent fuc-
cefllve Orders, vanifh, and the Number of all thefe
Fluxions that vanifh is odd, then the Ordinate is a
Maximum or Minimum , according as the Fluxion
of the next Order to thefe is negative or pofitive.
The Ordinate pahes through a Point of contrary
Flexure, when its Fluxion becomes a Maximum or
Minimum , fuppofing the Curve to be continued on
both Sides of the Ordinate. Hence the common
Rule for finding the Points of contrary Flexure is
corrected in a iimilar manner. Such a Point is not
always formed when the Second Fluxion of the Or-
dinate vanifhes j for if its Third Fluxion likewife
vanifhes, and its Fourth Fluxion be real, the Curve
may have its Cavity turned all oneWay. The fame is
to be faid, when its Fluxions of the fubfequent fuc-
ceflive Orders vanifh, if the Number of all thofe that
vanifh be even. Other Theorems are fubjoined re-
lating to this Subjed.

The Xth Chapter treats of the Afymptotes of Lines,
the Areas bounded by them and the Curves, the
Solids generated by thefe Areas, of fpiral Lines, and
the Limits of the Sums of Progreilions. The Ana-
logy there is betwixt thefe Subjeds, induced the Au-
thor to treat of them in one Chapter, and illuftrate
them by one another. He begins with Three of the
molt fimple Inflances of Figures that have Afymptotes*
In the common Hyperbola, the Ordinate is recipro-
cally as the Bafe, and therefore decreafes while the
Bafe increafes, but never vanifhes, becaufe the Red»
angle contained by it and the Bafe is always a given
Area, and it is allignable at any allignable Diftance,

how

[ J)< ]

how great focvcr. The Points of the Conchoid are
determined by drawing; right Lines from a civen
Centre, and upon thclc produced from the Afym-
ptote, taking always a given right Line ; fo that the
Curve never meets the Afymptote, but continually
approaches to it, becaufe of the greater and greater
Obliquity of this right Line. The Third is the Lo-
garithmic Curve, wherein the Ordinates, at equal
Diftances, dccreafe in Geometrical Proportion, but
never vanifh, becaufe each Ordinate is in a given
Ratio to the preceding Ordinate. Geometrical
Magnitude is always underftood to confift of Parts;
and to have no Parts, or to have no Magnitude, are
confidercd as equivalent in this Science *. There is,
however, no Neceftlty for confidering Magnitude as
made up of an infinite Number of fmall Parts ; it is
fufficient, that no Quantity can be fuppofed to be fo
fmall, but it may be conceived to be diminifhed fur-
ther ; and it is obvious, that we are not to eftimate
the Number of Parts that may be conceived in a
given Magnitude, by thofe which in particular deter-
minate Circumftances may be actually perceived in it
hy Senfe; fmee a greater Number of Parts become
vifible in it by varying the Circumftances in which
it is perceived.

It is hardly poftible to give a tolerable Extraft of
this or the following Chapters, without Diagrams
and Computations : Wefhall therefore obferve only,
that after giving fome plain and obvious Inftanccs,
wherein a Quantity is always increafing, and yet never

* See Euclid's Elements, Def. I. Lib. I-»

amounts

[ 337 3

amounts to a certain finite Magnitude (as, while the
Tangent increafes, the Arc incrcafes, but never
amounts to a Quadrant) ; this is applied fucceffively
to the feveral Subje&s mentioned in the Title of the
Chapter. Let the Figure be concave towards the
Bale, and fuppofe it to have an Afymptote parallel
to the Bafe; in this Cafe the Ordinate always in-
creafes while the Bafe is produced, but never amounts
to the Diftance between the Afymptote and the Bafe.
In like manner a curvilineal Area, in a Second Figure,
may increafe, while the Bafe is produced, and ap-
proach continually to a certain finite Space, but never
amount to it: This is always the Cafe, when the
Ordinate of this latter Figure is to a given right Line,
as the Fluxion of the Ordinate of the former is to
the Fluxion of the Bafe ; and of this various Ex-
amples are given. A Solid may increafe in the fame
manner, and yet never amount to a given Cube or
Cylinder, when the Square of the Ordinate of the
latter Figure is to a given Square, as the Fluxion of
the Ordinate of the firft Figure is to the Fluxion of
the Bafe. A Spiral may in like manner approach to
a Point continually, and yet in any Number of Re-
volutions never arrive at it; and there are Progrefi
lions of Fra&ions that may be continued at Pleafure,
and yet the Sum of the Terms may be always lefs
than a given Number. Various Rules are demon*
ftrated, and illuftrated by Examples, for determining
when a Figure has an Afymptote parallel or oblique
to the Bafe; when the Area terminated by the Curve
and the Afymptote has a Limit which it never ex-
ceeds, or may be produced till it furpafs any aflign-
able Space ; when the Solid generated by that Area,

the

[ 338 ]

v

the Surface generated by the Perimeter of the Curve,
the fpirai Area generated by the revolving Ray, the
fpiral Line itfelf, or the Sum of the Terms of a Pro-
grefiion, have fuch Limits or not 5 and for mca-
liiring thofe Limits. The Author infills on thefe
Subjeds, the rather that they are commonly deferibed
in very myfterious Terms, and have been the moil
fertile of Paradoxes of any parts of the higher Geo-
metry. Thefe Paradoxes, however, amount to no
more than this : That a Line or Number may be con-
tinually acquiring Increments, and thofe Increments
may decrcale in fuch a manner, that the whole Line
or Number fhall never amount to a given Line or
Number. The Neceflity of admitting this is obvious
enough, and is here fhewn from the Nature of the
moft common geometrical Figures in Art. 292, 293,
&c. and from any Series of Fractions that decreafe
continually, in Art. 3 54> 3 5 5> &c .

The Xlth Chapter treats of the Curvature of Lines,
its Variation, the Degrees of Contad of the Curve
and Circle of Curvature, and of various Problems
that depend on the Curvature of Lines. This Subject
is treated fully, becaufe of its extenfive Ufefulnefs, and
becaufe in this confifts one of the greateft Advantages
of the modern Geometry above that of the Antients.
The Author on this, as former Occafions, begins by
premifing the neceflary Definitions. Curve Lines
touch each other in a Point, when the fame right
Line is their common Tangent at that Points and
that which has the elofeft Contad with the Tangent,
or paffes betwixt it and the other Curve through the
Angle of Contad formed by them, being lefs infleded
from the Tangent, is therefore lefs curve. Thus a

greater

C 119 1

greater Circle has a lefs Curvature than a letter Circle >
and ttnce the Curvature of Circles may be varied inde-
finitely, by in-larging or diminifhing their Diameters,
they afford a Scale by which the Curvature of other
Lines may be meafured. As the Tangent is the right
Line which touches the Arc fo clofely, that no other
right Line can be drawn between them ; fo the
Circle of Curvature is that which touches the Curve
fo clofely, that no other Circle can be drawn through
the Point of Contad between them. As the Curve
is feparated from its Tangent in confequence of its
Flexure or Curvature, fo it is feparated from the
Circle of Curvature in confequence of the Variation
of its Curvature, which is greater or lefs, according
as its Flexure from that Circle is greater or lefs.

The Tangent of the Figure being confidered as the
Bafe, a new Figure is imagined, whofe Ordinate is
a Third Proportional to the Ordinate and Bafe of the
Firtt. This new Figure determines the Chord of the
Circle of Curvature by its Interfedion with the Or-
dinate at the Point of Contad, and by the Tangent
of the Angle in which it cuts that Circle, meafures
the Variation of Curvature. The lefs this Angle is,
the clofer is the Contad of the Curve and Circle of
Curvature, of which there may be indefinite Degrees.
When the Figure propofed is a conic Sedion, the
new Figure is likewife a conic Sedion 5 and it is a
right Line when the Firtt Figure is a ‘Parabola , and
the Ordinates are parallel to the Axis j or when the
Firtt Figure is an Hyperbola , and the Ordinates are
parallel to either Afymptote. Hence the Curvature
and its Variation in a conic Sedion are determined
by fcveral Conftrudions ,• and, amongft other Thc-

X x orems,

C 34° ]

orems, it is fhc\Vn, that the Variation of Curvature
at any Point of a conic Sedion is as the Tangent of
the Angle contained by the Diameter which paflfes
through that Point, and by the Perpendicular to the
Curve.

When the Ordinate at the Point of Contad is an
Afymptote to the new Figure, the Curvature is lefs
than in any Circle ; and this is the Cafe in which it
is faid to be infinitely little, or the Ray of Curvature
is faid to be infinitely great. Of this kind is the Cur-
vature at the Points of contrary Flexure in the Lines
of the Third Order. When the new Figure pafles
through the Point of Contad, the Curvature is greater
than in any Circle, or the Ray of Curvature vanifhes j
and in this Cafe the Curvature is faid to be infinitely
great. Of this kind is the Curvature at the Cufpids
of the Lines of the Third Order.

As Lines which pafs through the fame Point have
the fame Tangent when the Firft Fluxions of the Or-
dinate are equal, fo they have the fame Curvature
when the Second Fluxions of the Ordinate are like-
wife equal > and half the Chord of the Circle of
Curvature that is intercepted between the Points
wherein it interfeds the Ordinate, is a Third Propor-
tional to the right Lines that meafure the Second
Fluxion of the Ordinate and Firft Fluxion of the
Curve, the Bafe being fuppofed to flow uniformly.
When a Ray revolving about a given Point, and ter-
minated by the Curve, becomes perpendicular to It*
the Firft Fluxion of the Ray vanifhes; and if its Se-
cond Fluxion vanifhes at the fame time, that Point
muft be the Centre of Curvature. The fame is to be
faid when the angular Motion of the Ray about that

Point

C IV ]

Point is equal to the angular Motion of the Tangent
of the Curve j as the angular Motion of the Radius
of a Circle about its Centre is always equal to the
angular Motion of the Tangent of the Circle. Thus
the various Properties of the Circle fuggeft various
Theorems for determining the Centre of the Cur-
vature.

Becaufe Figures are often fuppofed to be defcribed
by the Interfe&ions of right Lines revolving about
given Poles, Three Theorems are given in Prop. 18.
26. and 35. for determining the Tangents, Afym-
ptotes, and Curvature of fuch Lines, from the Dcfcrip-
tion, which are illuftrated by Examples. A new Pro-
perty of Lines of the Third Order is fubjoined to
Prop. 3 5* The Evolution of Lines is confidered in
Prop. 3 6. . The Tangents of the E'voluta are the
Rays of Curvature of the Line which is defcribed by
its Evolutions and the Variation of Curvature in the
latter is meafured by the Ratio of the Ray of Cur-
vature of the former to the Ray of Curvature of the
latter.

Sir Ifaac Newton , in a Treatife lately publilhedf
meafures the Variation of the Curvature by the Ratio
of the Fluxion of the Ray of Curvature to the Fluxion
of the Curvej and is followed by the Author, to
avoid the Perplexity which a Difference in Defini-
tions occafions to Readers, though he hints (in Art.
3 86.) that this Ratio gives rather the Variation of the
Ray of Curvature, and that it might have been pro-
per to have meafured the Variation of Curvature
rather by the Ratio of the Fluxion of the Curvature
itfelf to the Fluxion of the Curve } fo that the Cur-
vature being inverfely as the Ray of Curvature, and

X x 2 Con-

[ H* 3

confequently its Fluxion as the Fluxion of the Ray
itfelf dire&ly, and the Square of the Ray inverfely, its
Variation would have been dire&ly as the Meafure of
it, according to Sir Ifaac Newtons Definition, and
inverfely as the Square of the Ray of Curvature: Ac-
cording to this Explication, it would have been mea-
fured by the Angle of Contadt contained by the
Curve and Circle of Curvature, in the fame manner
as the Curvature itfelf is meafured by the Angle of
Contact contained by the Curve and Tangent. The
Ground of this Remark will better appear from an
Example : According to Sir Ifaac Newtons Expli-
cation, the Variation of Curvature is uniform in the
Logarithmic Spiral, the Fluxion of the Ray of Cur-
vature in this Figure being always in the fame Ratio
to the Fluxion of the Curve; and yet while the
Spiral is produced, though its Curvature decreafes, it
never vanishes ; which mud appear ftrange to fuch as

do not attend to the Import of his Definition. It

is eafy, however, to derive one of thefe Meafures of
this Variation from the other, and becaufe Sir Ifaac
Newtons is (generally fpeaking) aligned by more
Emple Expreffions, the Author has the rather con-
formed to it in this Treatife, but thought it neceffary
to give the Caution we have mentioned.

The greateft Part of this Chapter is imployed in
treating of ufeful Problems, that have a Dependence
on the Curvature of Lines. Firfi, the Properties of
the Cycloid are briefly demonftrated, with the Appli-
cation of this Dottrine to the Motion of Pendulums,
by fhewing that when the Motion of the generating
Circle along the Bafe is uniform, and therefore may
meafure the Time, the Motion of the Point that

dc-

[ 345 3

defcribes the Cycloid, is fuch as would be acquired by
a heavy Body defcending along the cycloidal Arc,
the Axis of the Figure being fuppofed perpendicular
to the Horizon. In the next place, the Cauftics, by
Reflexion and Refra&ion, are determined. If Per-
pendiculars be always drawn from the radiating Point
to the Tangents of the Curve, and a new Curve be
fuppofed to be the Locus of the Interfedions of the
Perpendiculars and Tangents, then the Line, by the
Evolution of which that new Curve can be defcribed,
is fimilar and fimilarly fituated to the Cauftic by Re-
flexion. The Doctrine of centripetal Forces is treated
at length from Art. 416.10493.

Firft, a Body is fuppofed to defeend freely by its
Gravity in a vertical Line j and becaufe the Gravity
is the Power which accelerates the Motion of the
Body, it mult be meafured by the Fluxion of its
Velocity, or the Second Fluxion of the Space de-
fcribed by it. When the vertical Line is fuppofed .
to move parallel to itfelf with an uniform Motion,
the Body will defeend in it in the fame manner as
before s and the Gravity 'will beftill meafured by the
Second Fluxion of theDefcent, or the Second Fluxion
of the Ordinate of the Curve that is traced ' in this
Cafe by the Body on an immoveable Plain, and there-
fore is as the Square of the Velocity (which is mea-
fured by the Fluxion of the Curve) diredly, and the
Chord of the Circle of Curvature that is in the Di-
rection of the Gravity inverfely, by a Propofition -
mentioned above. When the Gravity ads uniformly,
and in parallel Lines; the Projedile, in deferibing any
Arc, falls below the Tangent drawn at the Beginning
of the Arc, as much as if it had fallen perpend icu-

lari

r 344 3

larly in the Vertical} and the Time being given, the
Gravity may be meafured by the Space which is the
Subtenfc of the Angle of Contad. In other Cafes,
when the Gravity varies, or its Diredion changes, it
may be meafured at any Point by the Subtenfe of the
Angle of Contad, that would have been generated
in a given Time, if the Gravity had continued to ad
uniformly in parallel Lines from that Term, that is,
by the Subtenfe of the Angle of Contad in the Para-
bola that has its Diameter in the Diredion of the
Force, and has the ciofeft Contad with the Curve}
which leads us to the fame Theorem as before.

In general, let the Gravity (that refults from the
Compofition of any Number of centripetal Forces,
which are fuppofed to ad on the Body in one Plane)
be refolved into a Force parallel to the Bafe ; then the
former fhali be meafured by the Second Fluxion of
the Ordinate, and the latter by the Second Fluxion
of the Bafe, the Time being fuppofed to flow uni-
formly, fo that the Velocity of the Body may be
meafured by the Fluxion of the Curve. When the
Trajedory is not in one Plane, the Force is refolved
in a fimilar manner into Three Forces, which are
meafured by Three Second Fluxions analogous to
them.

Whether the Body move in a Void, or in a Me-
dium that refills its Motion j the Gravity that refults
from the Compofition of the centripetal Forces which
ad upon the Body, is always as the Square of its
Velocity diredly, and the Chord of the Circle of
Curvature that is in the Diredion of the Gravity iar
vetfely.

When

C tit )

When a Body deferibes any Traje&ory in a Void ot
in a Medium, by a Force directed to One given Centre*
the Velocity at any Point of the Traje&ory is to the
Velocity by which a Circle could be deferibed in a
Void about the fame Centre* at the fame Pittance, by
the fame Gravity, in the fubduplicate Ratio of the
angular Motion of the Ray drawn always from the
Body to the Centre, to the angular Motion of the
Tangent of the Traje&ory: And, if there be no Re-
fiftance, the Velocity in the Traje&ory at any Point,
is the fame that would be acquired by the Body, if it
was to fall from that Point through One-fourth of
the Chord of the Circle of Curvature that is in the
Dire&ion of the Gravity, and the Gravity at that
Point was to be continued uniformly during its
Defcent,

If the centripetal Force be inverfely as any Power
of the Pittance whofe Exponent is any Number m
greater than Unit, there is a certain Velocity (viz- .
that which is to the Velocity in a Circle at the fame
Pittance as V2 to V 1) which would be juft fuf-
ficient to carry off the Body upwards in a vertical
Line, fo as that it fhould continue to afeend for ever,
and never return towards the Centre. If the Body
be projected in any other Pire&ion with the fame
Velocity, it will deferibe a Traje&ory which is here
conftrudted : It is a Rarahola when m—i> a Logar-
ithmic Spiral when m==. 3, an Epicyloidwhen 4,
a Circle that paffes through the Centre of the Forces
when m=z$j and the Lemnifcata when In

general, it is conftru&ed by drawing a Perpendicular
from the Centre of the Forces to a right Line given
inPofuion, and any other Ray to the fame right Line,

[ u<n

then increafing or diminifhing the Angle contained
by this Ray and the Perpendicular in the given
Ratio ot 2 to the Difference between 3 and m, and
increafing or diminifhing the Logarithm of the Ray
in the fame given Ratio . The Trajedories defcribed
in analogous Cafes by centrifugal Forces, are con-
flruded in a fimilar manner. Thefe are the Figures
in which the Perpendicular, from a given Centre on
the Tangent, is always as fome Power of the Ray
drawn from the fame Centre to the Point of Con*
tad, which are afterwards found to arife in the Re-
folution of the moft fimple Cafes of Problems of
various kinds.

When the Area defcribed about the Centre of an
Ellipfe is given, the Subtenfe of the Angle of Con-
tad, drawn through one Extremity of the Arc parallel
to the Semidiameter drawn to the other Extremity,
is in a given Ratio to this Semidiameter and there-
fore, when an Ellipfe is defcribed by a Force direded
towards the Centre, that Force is always as the
Diflance from the Centre. When the Force is di-
reded toward the Focus , it is inverfely as the Square
of the Diflance. And thefe Two Cafes are confi-
dered particularly, becaufe of their Ufefulnefs in the
true Theory of Gravity. To illuflrate which, the
Laws of centripetal Forces that would caufe a Body
to defcend continually toward the Centre, or afcend
from it, are diftinguifhed from thofe which caufe
the Body to approach towards the Centre, and recede
from it by turns. A Body approaches from the
higher Apfid toward the Centre, when its Velocity
is lefs than what is requifite to carry it in a Circle 5
and if its Velocity increafe, while it defcends, in a

higher

C w ]

higher Proportion than the Velocities requifite to
carry Bodies in Circles about the fame Centre, the
Velocity in the lower Part of the Curve may exceed
the Velocity in a Circle at the fame Diftance, and
thereby become fufficient to carry off the Body again.
But while the Diftance decreales, if the Velocities in
Circles increafe in the fame or in a higher Propor-
tion, than the Velocity in a Traje&ory can increafe,
the Body muft either continually approach toward the
Centre, if it once begin to approach to it, or recede
continually from the Centre, if it once begin to
afeend from it 5 and this is the Cafe, when the cen-
tripetal Force increafes as the Cube of the Diftance
decreafes, or in a higher Proportion. But though, in
fuch Cafes, the Body approach continually towards the
Centre, we are not to conclude, that it will always
approach to it till it fall into it, or come within any
given Diftance 5 for it is demonftrated afterwards in
Art. 879 and 880. that it may approach to the Centre
for ever, in a Spiral that never defeends to a given
Circle deferibed in the fame Plane, and that it may
recede from it for ever in a Spiral that never arifes to
a given Altitude. An Example of each Cafe is given
when the centripetal Force is inverfely as the Fifth
Power of the Diftance.

When theTraje&ory is deferibed in a Medium , let
z be to a given Magnitude as the centripetal Force is
to the Force by which the fame Traje&ory could be
deferibed in a Void ; and if the Area be fuppofed to
flow uniformly, the Refiftance will be in the com-
pound Ratio of the Fluxion of z> and of the Fluxion
of the Curve 5 and the Denfity of the Medium (flip-
poling the Refiftance to be in the compound Ratio

Y y ©f

C J4* 1

of the Denfity and of the Square of the Velocity)
fhall be as the Fluxion of the Logarithm of ^dircdly,
and the Fluxion of the Curve inverfely. Hence,
when any Figure that can be deferibed in a Void by
a Force that varies according to any Power of
the Dlftance from the Centre, is deferibed in a
Medium, the Denfity of the Medium muft be in-
verfely as the Tangent of the Figure bounded by a
Perpendicular at the Centre to the Ray drawn from
it to the Point of Contact.

After giving fome Properties of the Trajectories
that are deferibed by a Body when it gravitates in
right Lines perpendicular to a given Surface, and their
Application to optical Ufcs, the Author proceeds to
confider the Motion of a Body that gravitates towards
feveral Centres. In fuch Cafes, that Surface is faid
to be horizontal, which is always perpendicular to the
Dire&ion of the Gravity that refults from the Com-
pofition of the feveral Forces j. and it is fhewn, that
the Velocity which is acquired by defeending from
one horizontal Surface to another, is always the
fame (whether the Body move in right Lines, or in
any Curves) ; the Square of which is meafured by the
Aggregate of feveral Areas which have the Diftances
from the refpe&ive Centres for their Bafes, and right
Lines proportional to the Forces at thefe Diftances for
their Ordinates.

The Force which aCls upon the Moon is refolved
into a Force perpendicular to the Plane of the
Ecliptic, and a Force parallel to it. This laft is again
refolved into that which is parallel to the Line of
the Syzi'gies , and that which is parallel to the Line
•joining the Quadratures. The Firft meafures the Se-
cond

[ 549 3

cOnd Fluxion of the Diftance of the Moon from that
Plane, the Second and Third meafure the Second
Fluxions of her Diftances from the Line of the Qua-
dratures, and from the Line of the Syzigies , refpec-
tively. Hence a Conftruttion is derived of the Tra-
jedfory which would be deferibed by the Moon about
the Earth, in confequence of their unequal Gravita-
tion towards the Sun, if the Gravity of the Moon
towards the Earth was as her Diftance from it. From
this a Computation is deduced of the Motion of the
Nodes of the Moon, and of the Variation of the in-
clination of the Plane of her Orbit, which we cannot
deferibe here. It is fufficient to obferve, that thefe
Motions are found to agree nearly with thofe which
have been deduced from other Theories, and from
Agronomical Obfervations.

A Fluid being fuppofed to gravitate towards two
given Centres with equal and invariable Forces, it is
fhewn, that the Figure of the Fluid mud be that of an
oblong Spheroid, and that thofe two Centres muft
be the Foci of the generating Ellipfe. The Nature
of the Figure is alfo fhewn, when the Fluid gravitates
towards feveral Centres, or when it revolves on its
Axis; but thefe are mentioned briefly, becaufe fucii
Theories are of little or no U.fe for difeovering the
Figures of the Planets.

In the 1 2th Chapter, the Author proceeds to con-
fider the more concife Methods, by which the Fluxions
of Quantities are ufually determined, and to deduce
general Theorems more immediately applicable to
the Refolution of Geometrical and Philofophicai
Problems. In the Method of Inhnitefimals, the Ele-
ment, by which any Quantity increafcs or decreafes,

Y y 2 is

C 55° ]

is fuppofed to become infinitely fmali, and is gene-
rally exprefi'ed by Two or more Terms, fome of
which become infinitely lefs than the reft, and there-
fore being negle&ed as of no Importance, the re-
maining Terms form, what is called the ‘Difference
of the Quantity propofed. The Terms that are neg-
lected in this manner are the very fame which arife
in confequence of the Acceleration or Retardation
of the generating Motion, during the infinitely fmali
Time in which the Element is generated ; and there-
fore thefe Differences are in the fame Ratio to each
other as the generating Motions or Fluxions. Hence
the Concluftons in this Method are accurately true,
without even an infinitely fmali Error, and agree
with thofe that are deduced by the Method of
Fluxions.

It is ufual in this Method to confider a Curve as a
Polygon of an infinite Number of S’des, which, being
produced, give the Tangents of the Curve, and, by
their Inclination to each other, meafure its Cur-
vature. But it is neceftary in fome Cafes, if we
would avoid Error, to refolve the Element of the
Curve into feveral infinitely fmali Parts, or even
fometimes into Infinitelimals of the Second Order 5
and Errors that might otherwife arife in its Applica-
tion, may, with due Care, be corrected by a proper
Ufe of this Method itfelf, of which fome Inftances
are given. If we were to fuppofe, for Example, the
leaft Arc that can be deferibed by a Pendulum to
coincide with its Chord, the Time of the Vibration
derived from this Suppofition will be found er-
roneous; but by refolving that Arc into more and
more infinitely fmali Parts, we approach to the true

Time

1

[ Ul 3

Time in which it is defcribed. By fuppofing the
Tangent of the Curve to be the Production of the
rectilineal Element of the Curve, the Subtenfe of
the Angle of Contact is found equal to the Second
Difference or Fluxion of the Ordinate; but in this
Inquiry, the Tangent ought to be fuppofed to be
equally inclined to the two Elements of the Curve
that terminate at the Point of Gonta& 5. and then the
Subtenfe of the Angle of Contact will be found
equal to half the Second Difference of the Ordinate,
which is its true Value.

Sir Ifaac Newton , however, inveftigates the Flu-
xions of Quantities in a more unexceptionable man-
ner. He firfl: determines the finite fimultaneous In-
crements of the Fluents, and, by comparing them,
inveftigates the Ratio that is the Limit of the various
Proportions which they bear to each other, while
he fuppofes them to decreafe together till they vanifh.
When the generating Motions are variable, the Ratio
of the fimultaneous Increments that are generated
from any Term, is exprefled by feveral Quantities,
fome of which arife from the Ratio of the generating
Motions at that Term, and others from the fubfe-
quent Acceleration or Retardation of thefe Motions.
While the Increments are fuppofed to be diminifhed,
the former remain invariable, but the latter decreafe
continually, and vanifh with the Increments; and
hence the Limit of the variable Ratio, of the Incre-
ments (or their ultimate Ratio) gives the prccife
Ratio of the generating Motions or Fluxions. Moft
of the Propofitions in the preceding Chapters may be
more briefly demonftrated by this Method, (of which

feverai

[ m ]

feveral Examples arc given) and the Author makes
always ufe of it in the Sequel of this Book.

It is one of the great Advantages of this Method,
that it fuggefts general Theorems for the Refolution
of Problems, which may be readily applied as there
is occafion for them. Our Author proceeds to treat
of thefc, and firSl of fuch as relate to the Centre of
Gravity and its Motion. In any SyStem of Bodies,
the Sum tof their Motions, estimated in a given Di-
rection, is the fame as if all the Bodies were united
in their common Centre of Gravity. If the Motion
of all the Bodies is uniform and redilineal, the
Centre of Gravity is either quiefeent, or its Motion
is uniform and redilineal. When Adion is equal to
Readion, the State of the Centre of Gravity is never
affeded by the Collifions of the Bodies, or by their
attrading or repelling each other mutually. It is not,
however, the Sum of the abfolute Motions of the
Bodies that is preferved invariable in confequence of
the Equality of the Adion and Readion, as they feem
to imagine, who -tell us, that this Sum is unalterable
by the Collifions of Bodies, and that this follows fo
evidently from the Equality of Adion and Readion,
that to endeavour to demonstrate it would ferve only
to render it more obfeure. On this Occafion the
Author illustrates an Argument which he had pro-
pofed in a Piece that obtained the Prize propofed by
the Royal Academy of Sciences at ‘Paris In 1724.
againft the Mcnfuration of the Forces of Bodies by
the Square of the Velocities, Shewing that if this
Dodrine was admitted, the fame Power or Agent,
exerting the fame Effort, would produce more Force
in the fame Body when in a Space carried uniformly

forwards,

[ 3 53 ]

. S* SXrS; IT; '’IT

dier-u: kr°b‘ems concerning the Collilion of Bo^
aies are refolved in a more crenel

Number of Bodies impelled by it on one l£j T

pellcdSb\DlfCCt'OI|S’ pl.ovidinS equal Bodies be inn
pel ed by it on the other Side, in Direaionseauallvi

inclined to its own Direction. But the Problem L-
wfohred^rc without thefe Limitations , fome others
. klnd are fubjoined, and this Doftrine is aD
Phed for determining the Motions of Bodies that

&5»-* °,h“ **. ***.

Body is multiplied, by^he !

; “*■ *** * made to afeend, the Produf of h mu ’ '

£1fbi^ JU” °frits Velocity is to be fll^d :
And it the Bodies be fuppofed to afeend from their -

then' thT!'h thC rclf>caiv:c Velocities acquired by them "
then their common Centre of Gravity will rife to thel

fame .•

[ 354 ]

fame Level from which it defeended. In other
Cafes, however, the Afcent of the Centre of Gravity
will be lefs than its Defcent, but is never greater.

After demonftrating the ufual Rule for finding the
Centre of Ofcillation, the Author treats of the Mo-
tion of Water ifiuing from a cylindric Vefiel. The
EiFed of the Gravitation of the whole Mafs of Wa-
ter is confidered as Threefold. It accelerates, for
lome time at leaft, the Motion with which the Wa-
ter in the Vefiel defeendsj it generates the Excefs of
the Motion with which the Water iflues at the Ori-
fice above the Motion which it had in common with
the reft of the Water ; and it atts on the Bottom of
the Vefiel at the fame time. Then fuppofing the
laftTwo Parts of the Force to be in any invariable
Ratio to each other, when the Diameters of the
Bafe and Orifice are given, he determines by Loga-
rithms the Velocity with which the Water iflues at
the Orifice ; and ftiews that this Velocity will ap-
proach very near to its utmoft Limit in an exceeding
fmall Time. When the Water is fuppofed to be
fupplied in a Cylinder, lo as to ftand always at the
fame Altitude above the Orifice, there is an Analogy
between the Acceleration of the Motion of the Wa-
ter that iflues at the Orifice, and the Acceleration of
a Body that defeends by its Gravity in a Medium
which refifts in the duplicate Ratio of the Velocity.
For when the utmoft Velocities, or Limits, are equal
in thofe two Cafes, the Time in which the ifiuing
Water acquires any lefier Velocity, is to the Time in
which the defeending Body acquires the fame Velo-
city as the Area of the Orifice to the Area of the
Bafe, and if a cylindric Column be fuppofed to

f 355 3

be creded on the Orifice equal to the Quantity of
Water that iffues at the Orifice in the former of thofe
Times, the Height of this Column will be to the
Space defcribed by the defcending Body in the latter
Time, in the fame Ratio as the Orifice to the Area
of the Bafe. The Ratio of the'Force that ads on the
Bottom of the VefTel to the Force that generates the
Motion of the Water iftuing at the Orifice, is de-
duced from Sir Ifaac Newtons Catarad, and is the
lame that follows from the Principle concerning the
Equality of the Afcent and Defcent of the Centre of
Gravity, which was firft applied to this Inquiry by
Mr .'Daniel Bernouilli Comment. Acad. Retrop. T om.
2. But there are feveral Precautions to be taken in
applying this Dodrine.

After fome other Theorems concerning the Centre
of Gravity, and feveral Obfervations concerning the
Curvature of Lines, and the Angles of Contad ; the
Author reprefents four general Propofitions in one
View, that the Analogy between them may appear.
The Firft gives the Property of the Trajedories that
are defcribed by any centripetal Forces, how variable
foever thefe Forces, or their Diredions, may be. The
Second gives a like general Property of the Lines of
fwifteft Defcent. The Third gives the Property of
the Line that is defcribed in lefs time than any other
of an equal Perimeter. And the Fourth gives the
Property of the Figure that is alfumed by a flexible
Line or Chain, in confequence of any fuch Forces
ading upon it. If we fuppofe a Body to fet out from
any Point in the Trajedory, or in the Line of fwifteft
Defcent, with the Velocity which it has acquired
there, and to move in the right Line which is the

Z z Di-

C 55* ]

Direction of the Gravity, that refults from the Com-
petition of the centripetal Forces, then (hall its Ve-
locity, and its Diftance from the Point where the Per-
pendicular from the Centre of Curvature meets that
right Line, flow proportionally , /. e. the Fluxion of
the Velocity (or of the right Line that meafures it)
{hall be to the Velocity as the Fluxion of that Diflancc
is to the Diftance. When the Velocity and Direction
of the Motion is the fame in the Line of fwifteft De-
feent as in the Trajectory, their Curvature is the fame.
Thus in the common Hypothefis of Gravity, the Cur-
vature in the Cycloid, the Line of fwifteft Defcent,
is the fame as the ^Parabola deferibed by a Projectile,
if the Velocities in thofe Lines be equal, and their
Tangents be equally inclined to the Horizon. In
order to find the Nature of the Catenaria in any
Hypothefis of Gravity, fuppofe the Gravity to be in-
creafed or diminifhed in the fame Proportion as the
Thicknefs of the Chain varies, and to have its Di-
rection changed into the oppofite Direction; then
imagine a Body to fet out with a juft Velocity from
a given Point in the Chain, and to deferibe the Curve.
The Tenfion of the Chain at any Point will be always
as the Square of the Velocity acquired at that Point,
and if a Body be projected with this Velocity in the
Direction of the Tangent, the Curvature of the Tra-
jectory deferibed by it will be one Half of the Curva-
ture of the Chain at that Point. We muft refer to
the Book for a fuller Account of thefe and of other
Theorems.

In the XHIth Chapter, the Problems concerning
the Lines of fwifteft Defcent, the Figures which
amongft all thofe that have equal Perimeters produce

Ma-

C ?5 7 ]

Maxima or Minima, and the Solid of lead Refiftance,
are refolved without Computations, from the firft
Fluxions only. There are alfo eafy fynthetic Demon*
^rations fubjoined, becaufe this Theory is commonly
efteemed of an abftrufe Nature, and Miftakes have
been more frequently committed in the Profecution
of it, than of any other relating to Fluxions. To
give fome Idea of the Author's Method, fuppofe the
Gravity to a& in parallel Lines, a to denote the Ve-
locity acquired at the lowermoft Point of the Curve,
and u the Velocity acquired at any other Point of the
Curve. Suppofe the Element of the Curve to be dc-
feribed by this Velocity u , but the Element of the
Bafe to be always deferibed by the conftant Velocity
a. Then it is eafily demonftrated without any Com-
putation, that the Element of the Ordinate being
given, the Difference of the Times in which the
Elements of the Curve and Bafe are thus deferibed is
a Minimum, when the Ratio of thofe Elements is that
of a to u ; i. e . when the Sine of the Angle, in which
the Ordinate interfe&s the Curve, is to the Radius in
this Ratio . Suppofmg therefore this Property to take
place over all the Curve, the Excefs of the Time in
which it is deferibed by the Body defending alongft
it, above the Time in which the Bafe is deferibed
uniformly with the Velocity a, mud be a Minimum*,
and this latter Time being given, it follows that the
Time of Defcent in this Curve is a Minimum. When
the Gravity tends to a given Centre, fubftitutc an
Arc of a Circle deferibed from that Centre through
the lowermoft Point of the Curve in the Place of the
Bafe in the former Cafe; and the Property of the
Line of fwifteft Defcent will be difeovered in the

2 z 3 fame

C 358 ]

fame manner. The Nature of the Line that among
nil thofc of the fame Perimeter is deferibed in the
lead Time, is difeovered with great Facility, by de-
termining from the former Cafe the Property of the
Figure when the Sum or Difference of the Time in
which it is deferibed by the defeending Body, and of
the Time in which it would be deferibed by any
given uniform Motion, is a Minimum ; for the latter
Time being the fame in all Curves of the fame
Length, it follows that the Figure, which has this Pro-
perty, muft be deferibed in lefs Time than any other
of an equal Perimeter. The general Ifoperime-
trical Problems are refolved, and the Solutions are
rendered more general, with like Facility by the
lame Method j which is alfo applied for determining
the Property of the Solid of leaft Refiftance, and
ferves for refolving the Problem, when Limitations
are added concerning the Capacity of the Solid, or
the Surface that bounds it.

The laft Chapter of the Firft Book treats chiefly of
Gravitation towards Spheroids, of the Figure of the
Planets, and of the Tides. The Author, having Oc-
cafion in thofe Inquiries for feveral new Properties
of the Ellipfe, begins this Chapter by deriving its
Properties from thofe of the Circle, by confidering it
as the oblique Section of a Cylinder, or as the Pro-
jection of the Circle by parallel Rays upon a Plane
oblique to the Circle. In this manner the Properties
are briefly transferred from the one to the other, be-
caufe by this Projection the Centre of the Circle gives
the Centre of the Ellipfe 5 Diameters perpendicular to
each other in the Circle with their Ordinates, and the
circumfcribedcSquare, give conjugate Diameters of

; . C m ]

the Ellipfe with their Ordinates, and the circumfcribed
Parallelogram ; parallel Lines in the Plane of this Circle
are projected by Parallels in the Plane of the Ellipfe
that are in the fame Ratio ; any Area in the former is
projected by an Area in the latter, which is in an
invariable Ratio to it; and concentric Circles give
fimilar concentric Ellipfes.. It is likewife fhewn how
Properties of a certain kind are briefly transferred from .
the Circle to any conic Se&ion with the fame Facility.

After demonftrating the Properties of the Ellipfe,
it is^fhewn, that if the Gravity of any Particle of a
Spheroid being refolved into two Forces, one perpem
dicular to the Axis of the Solid, the other perpen-
dicular to the Plain of its Equator, then all Particles,
equally diflant from the Axis, muft tend towards it
with equal Forces ; and all Particles at equal Diftances
from the Plain of the Equator, gravitate equally to- :
wards this Plain ; but that the Forces with which Par-
ticles at different Diftances from the Axis tend towards -
it, are as the Diftances ; and that the fame is to be
faid of the Forces with which they tend towards the .
Plain of the Equator.

From this it is demonftrated, that when the Par-
ticles of a fluid Spheroid of an uniform Denfity gra-
vitate towards each other with Forces that are in-
verfely as the Squares of their Diftances, and at the
fame time any other Powers a ft on the Particles, either
in right Lines perpendicular to the Axis, that vary in
the fame Proportion as the Diftances from the Axis, ;
or in right Lines perpendicular to the Plain of the.
Equator, that vary as their Diftances from it,, or when ^
any Powers ad on the Particles of the Spheroid, that ,
may be refolved into Forces of this kind ; then the.

' ' Fluid.;

[ **> ]

Fluid will be every-where in t^Equilibrio, if the
whole Force that a&s at the Pole be to the whole
Force that a&s at the Circumference of the Equator,
as the Semidiameter of the Equator to the Semiaxis
of the Spheroid ; and that the Forces with which
equal Particles at the Surface tend towards the Sphe-
roid, will be in the fame Proportion as Perpendi-
culars to its Surface, terminated either by the Plane
of the Equator, or by the Axis. Becaufe the centri-
fugal Force with which any Particle of the Spheroid
endeavours to recede from its Axis, in confequence
of the diurnal Rotation, is as the Diftance from the
Axis, it appears that if the Earth, or any other Planet,
was fluid, and of an uniform Denfity, the Figure
which it would aflume would be accurately that of
an oblate Spheroid generated by an Ellipfis revolving
about its Second Axis.

Afterwards the Gravity towards an oblate Spheroid
is accurately meafured by circular Arcs, not only at
the Pole, but alfo at the Equator, and in any inter-
mediate Places; and the Gravity towards an oblong
Spheroid is meafured by Logarithms. The Gravity
at any Diftance in the Axis of the Spheroid, or in the
Plane of the Equator produced, is likewife accurately
determined by like Meafures, without any new
Computation or Quadrature, by (hewing that when
Two Spheroids have the fame Centre and Focus ? and
are of an uniform Denfity, the Gravities towards
them at the fame Point in the Axis or Plane of the
Equator produced, are as the Quantities of Matter in
the Solids.

This Theory is applied for determining the Figure
of the Earth, by comparing the Force of Gravity in

any

[ j<* 3

given Latitude, derived from the Length of a
Tendulum that vibrates there in a Second of Time,
with the centrifugal Force at the Equator, deduced
from the periodic Time of the diurnal Rotation, and
the Amplitude of a Degree of the Meridian ; or by
comparing the Lengths of Tendulums that vibrate in
equal Times in given unequal Latitudes? or by com-
paring different Degrees meafured upon the Meridian.
By the beft Obfervations it would feem, that there is
a greater Increafe of Gravitation, and of the Degrees
of the Meridian from the Equator towards the Poles,
than ought to arife from the Suppofition of an uni-
form Denfity. Therefore the Author fuppofes the
Denfity to vary from the Surface towards the Centre ;
and, in feveral Cafes he has confidered, he finds that a
greater Denfity towards the Centre would account
for a greater Increafe of Gravitation towards the
Poles, but not for a greater Increafe of the Degrees
of the Meridian ; and that the Hypothefis of a lefs
Denfity towards the Centre would account for the
latter, but not for the former, fuppofing (after Sir
Ifaac Newton) the Columns of the Fluid to extend
from the Surface to the Centre, and there to fuftain
each other. On this Account he determines the Gra-
vitation towards the Earth, when it is fuppofed to be
hollow with a Nucleus included, according to the
Hypothefis advanced by Dr .Halley, with the Dif-
ference of the Semidiameters that might arife from
fuch a Difpofition of the internal Parrs. But in this
Cafe, and when the Denfity is fuppofed variable, the
fpheroidical Figure is only affumed as an Hypothefis.
He adds, that by imagining the Denfity to be "reater
in the Axis than in the Plain of the Equator a? equal

Di-

r ]

Didances from the Centre, an Hypothefis perhaps
might be found, that would account for mod of the
Fhcenomena, j but that a Series of many exa& Obfer-
vations is requifite, before we can examine with any
Certainty the various Suppofitions that may be ima-
gined concerning the internal Conftitution of the
Earth. This Do&rine is likewife applied for deter-
mining the Figure of Jupiter .

It follows from the fame Theorem, that if we fup-
pofe the Earth to be fluid, and abftrad from its Mo-
tion upon its Axis, and the Inclination of the right
Lines in which its Particles gravitate towards the
Sun or Moon, the Figure which it would aflfume in
confequence of the unequal Gravitation of its Par-
ticles towards either of thofe Bodies would be accu-
rately that of an oblong Spheroid having its Axis
direded towards that Body. The Afcent of the
Water, deduced from this Theorem, agrees nearly
with that which Sir Ifaac Newton found, by com-
puting it briefly from what he had demonftrated con-
cerning the Figure of the Earth. Several Obferva-
tions are fubjoined concerning the Tides, and the
Caufes which may contribute to increafe or diminish
them, particularly the Inequality of the Velocities
with which Bodies revolve about the Axis of the Earth
in different Latitudes.

This Chapter concludes by demonftrating briefly,
that if the Attraction of the Particles decreafed as the
Cube of their Diftance increafes, or in any higher
^Proportion, then any Particle would tend towards
the lead Portion of Matter in Contact with it, with
a greater Force than towards the greateft Body at
any Diftance, how fmall foever from it. The true

Law

[ ]

Law of Gravity is better adapted for holding the Parts
of each Body in a proper Union, while it perpetuates
the Motions in the greac Syftcm about the Sun, and
preferves the Revolutions in the leiTer Syftems nearly
regular ; and the Author concludes with obferving,
that a remarkable geometrical Simplicity is often
found in the Conclufions that are derived from it.

An Account of Book II. will be given in the next
Tranfadion.

VII. 2)? Calculo pveegrandi a Maliere cim
Urina excreto Obfervatio Dni Anton ii Le-
protti, R . S, S' Pont. Max. Archiat . per Ab-
batem Didacum de Revillas, R. S . S . ad CD>
Smart Lethieullier R . S. S, tranfmijfa .

Head ]an. 27.
1742-3.

Roma , pridie Cal. yanuarii An. 1743.

QU^R quindecim abhinc annis Vidua
eftMulier pauper quinquagefimum
agens annum lurama urina: difficultate per quadra-
ginta Menfes laborabat ; quum node ei fupervenit
midus, imo finceri cruoris profluvium ad tres circiter
libras; fimulque Lapis, ejus, qua: in adjeda Figura
deferibitur, forma: & molis, extrufus eft, cujuspondus
jam exficcati uncias duas & grana novem ac viginti
exaequat *. Mulier autem ingenti per eos menfes gravi-
tatis fenfu, afliduoque dolore, ad Vefica: cervicem
afficiebatur five Cubans five ereda ; nunc autem fo-
lido exado menfe, ea invita, prodere pergunt cum fanic
urina:.

Vide Fig. II. in Tab. i

■unc. den.- gr.

* i. e. i : 17 : 4. TR.

A a a

VIII. De-

A

[ J<4]

VIII. 2 hjcr'tption of a Machine for dr effing
and curing ‘Patients , who are very un-
wieldy, and are under the Surgeons Hands
for fome Ailment on the Back, the Os Sa-
crum, &c. or are appreloenjive of it. By
M. le Car, F.R.S. Surgeon to the Hotel
Dieu at Rouan, and Royal ‘Demonflrator in
Anatomy and Surgery : Abjlraffed from the
French by P. H. Z. F. R. S.

'Rend Feb. j. % Lufly Body labours, as it were*
JL \ under the Richnefs of its Confu-
tation, which at the long run turns to Mifery : The
Veflels of a plethoric Body are, even in the moll
vigorous State of it, hardly able to convey all the
Juices,- but when that Vigour is loJl, they ftagnate
and corrupt, and produce numberlefs Diftempers :
If any critical and falutary Evacuations free it of Part
of its Burden, there remain flabby Bags and Cells
ouzing Humours, which become Materials for Impoft-
humes, for want of a proper Supply of Animal Spirits,
and laudable Humours, which are comprefled and
flopped by the Weight of the refpe&ive Parts. The
increafing Weaknefs of the Patient hinders him from
ftirring, and putting himfelf into the Situation neceT
fary for his Cure : His enormous Bulk makes it even
impoflible for his Attendants to afflft him ; the Num-
ber of Hands that are then imploycd, rather give him
Torment than Eafe, and the Apprehenfion of chang-
ing his Poflure at fo painful a Rate, will make him

rather

rather prefer ari eafy Sinuation, that will at laft lead
him to the Grave.

Since my prattifing Surgery, I have had feveral
of thofe unhappy Perfons under my Hands, and even
fome who were dearer to me than the reft of my
Patients $ and I have had the Grief to fee them carried
off in defpite of all the Refources my Attachment
furniftied me with, and thofe my Profeftlon fug-
gefted to me then, as generally ufed. Finding thefe
latter inefficient by repeated Experience, my Imagi-
nation at laft made me conceive a fort of hanging
Cradle or Hammock , as reprefented in the Figure
hereto annexed. In January 1 74 1 . 1 gave the Draught
of this Machine to fome Workmen, having then
under my Hands the Abbe de la Bucaille of this City
of Roiiany a Perfon of a vaft Bulk, paralytic, and
labouring under a Mortification about the Os Sacrum „
The following Explanation of the Figures will fhew
the feveral Ufes of the Machine.

Tab. 2. reprefents the Patient’s Bed-chamber with
a Bed in it without the Bedding, in order the better
to fhew the Machine.

Upon it lies a fort of Boat of 'Turkey Leather, full
as long as the Bed, with very ftrong Hems all round,
and Eilet-holes for receiving Hooks, that ferve to lift
up this Hammock.

The Hooks are fattened to feveral Ropes, all which
depend on as many Crofs-beams of very folid
Wood.

The Crofs-beams confift of one Beam of the
Length of the whole Bed, running Lengthways over
the Middle of it, and Four tranfverfe Beams, the Two
middlemoft of which are fomewhat longer than the

A a a 2 others*

[ ]

others. The Ropes oil which the Hammock hangs,
are fattened to the Extremities of thefe Beams, which
keep the Hammock difplayedj and on the fame Ex-
tremities are alfo fattened all the P^opes, which unite
in one that paffes through the Tettern of the Bed,
and above it hangs on a Pulley, that is fixed to the -
Cieling of the Bed-chamber.

Another Rope that is run into the Pulley, pafles
into another Pulley corrcfponding to it, hanging at
Pome Dittance from the Bed, where a Man is placed
to pull it, and raife the Hammock.

What we chiefly intend in Drefilng a Patient in
Queftion, are,

i ft, To drefs and refrcfli him, that is to fay, gently
to place him in a proper Pofture, eafy both for him-
felf, and thole who attend him.

idly. To put him into an eafy Situation, that may
alfo promote his Recovery : The making of his Bed
often, is already of great Eafe to him ; but at the
fame time it is neccflary, that his Wounds or Ail-
ments may not bear upon any the leaft thing pofiible 5
and therefore his Bed ought to be compofed of feveral
fmall Matrefles, or of Matrefles of feveral Pieces,
each with its Tick over it 5 thefe Matrefles ought
befides to be fupplied with Numbers of Pillows, each
with its Pillow-bier, fo that he who waits on the
Patient, may place them where it is proper, for
the Eafe of the Perfon, and of the Part affeded.
Nothing is more proper for this Purpofe than our
Hammock ; the Patient may be lifted up from his Bed,
and fufpended juft above thofe Pillows, and higher yet,
if needfary.

Our

[ 5<7 ]

Our Hammock-, being of Turkey Leather, fits itfelf
to thofe Pillows, and gathers them in as the lower
Sheets would do ; but the Inconveniency of Sheets
we have fupplied with thofe Ticks and Pillow-biers
covering the Matreffes and Pillows.

The Turkey Leather of the Hammocks is full wide,
not only to cover the whole Bed, but even fo as
that the Hems or Borders of it may hang down round
about it, and tuck in under the Matreffes : The Bot-
tom of it is pierced in thofe Places which anfwer to
the Anus , or any Part affedted, fo that the Evacua-
tions may find their Paflage into Receptacles between
the Pillows ranged accordingly.

When the Patient is to be dreffed or refrefhed,
the Borders of the Hammock are taken up, and the
feveral Hooks paffed through, by which he is to be
fufpended, as appears in the Figure ; and then a Man,
being placed at the Rope that runs over the Pulleys,
lifts the Patient up to the Height neceffary for the
Surgeon to fearch and drefs the W ound, and for the
Afliftants to make his Bed, which, even for the
greater Conveniency, may be pulled out from under
the Hammock.

When all is done, the Bed is pufhed back again to
its former Place, the Patient is gently let down upon
it, the Crofs- beams are lowered and detached both
from the Hammock and the Block, and put out of
the Way into a Corner of the Room; inflead of if,
a Rope is fixed to the Hook of the Block, tied into
an Eilet at the End, coming down towards the Bed
within the Patient’s Reach, in order to help himfelf
when he wants to ftir a little.

The

C tit ]

The Hammock being difplayed, and the Crofs-
beams taken away, the Patient is wrapped up in Nap-
kins as much as poflible, to fupply the Sheet he wants
between his Body and the Leather of the Hammock ;
he is afterwards covered with an upper Sheet, and
other neceflary Bed-cloaths.

Tab. 3. This Machine may be farther improved
by Ufe. For Pittance: Since I contrived this, I
thought that inftead of the Border or Hem of the
Hammock , one might make ftrong cylindrical iron
Rods, like Curtain-rods, formed into a Square, fome-
what larger than the Bedhead, to the Four Corners
of which are fattened as many Ropes, which meet at
the Pulley $ in which Cafe the Crofs- beams, and the
Ropes depending on them, become ufelefs 5 and in-
ftead of a Hammock all of one Piece, one might fix
Four broad Straps of Turkey Leather to Two Sides of
the fquare Rod, which may be placed under fuch
Parts of the Patient’s Body as will be proper, and
which leave a Space between each other where it is
convenient. Thefe Straps may be fattened to the
iron Rods by feveral Buckles with Rings to Aide along
the Rods, by the Help of which the Straps may be
pufhed on to fuch Places where there is Occailon 5
they may alfo thereby be ftretched or flackened, or
even be taken off, or changed as is thought fit. After
the Patient has been drefted, and the Bed made, the
Four Ropes may be taken off both from the Rod
and from the Block, and the Rod be let drop with
the Extremities of the Straps down upon the Floor
round the Bedftead, which being narrower than the
Square of the Rod, the latter will eafily flip over it.

I

II

c

C 3*9 3

I have given thefe two Methods together, as there
may be Occafions when one becomes preferable to
- the other.

IX. An Account of a Treatife , ( intituled , D.
Alberti Halleri Archiatri Regii & EleCt.
Me die in. Anatomise, Botan . By select. &c.
Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetian
indigenarum. §ua omnium brevis CDefcriptio
& Synonymia , Compendium Virium Medi -
carum , dubianm <JDechratio, novarum &
variorum uberior Hiftoria leones conti- .
wentur . Gottingiae, 1742. in Folio ) ex-
tracted and tranjlated from tide Latin by
William Watfon, F. R. S.

2^«i Feb. 3. rnpHis learned and ingenious Per-
1 formance, in Two Volumes in
Polio, contains a Dedication to the Prince of
Wales, a Preface, and 794 Pages.

In the Preface, the Author firft lays down a Geo-
graphical Account of Switzerland > being lituate
from 4 6 to 48 Degrees in Latitude, and Four Degrees
in Longitude; then mentions its various and almoft
furprifing Degrees of Heat and Cold within the Space
of a few Miles, ariiing from the different Arrange-
ment of the Mountains : That it is in fome Parts
deftitute both of Corn and Wood from the Intenfe-
nefs of the Cold 5 in others, where there are high

Moun-

1

[ ]

Mountains to the North, and Openings to the South,
the refle&ed Heat becomes fo troublcfome, that the
Inhabitants are forced to defert the Towns, and take
Shelter in the Woods 5 that in other Parts the Coun-
try is fo extremely pleafant, that Tavernier himfelf,
though he had travelled over great Part of the Globe,
declared he never had obferved any more beautiful.
The Author then mentions, that the Plants produced
in fuch Difference of Soils and Situations, muft be
very numerous ; he accordingly met with not only
many of the Plants of the warmer Parts of France ,
almoft all the German ones, but even thofe of Lap-
land and Spitzberg . Thefe Varieties have been col-
leded in a fhort time. You gather in the fame Day,
the Biflorts and Saxifrages which Martens colleded
in Spitzberg 5 the yellow Milfoil, Xeranthemum ,
Ephedra, and other Ornaments of the Southern Part
of France. The Progreftion between both Extremes
is fo regular, that in going from Bern to Grimful >
you pafs firft by Chefnut-trees, and other Inhabitants
of the warm Countries, then Vines, then Walnut-
trees, then Beeches and Oaks, then Firs, then
Larch-trees, then Bines, then barren Heaths pro-
ducing Whortle-berries and fuch- like, then Rocks, and
Plants a Span high, and laft of all, beyond which
Vegetation ceafes, you meet with a Species of round-
leaved Willow, not exceeding an Inch in Height, and
the hairy Crow foot of Flat eras ; beyond this Di-
ftrift, the Tops of the Mountains are covered with
Snow. This great Variety is not (as it muft be in
any other Part of the World) the Collc&ion of many
Provinces, but furnifhed within the Space of 17
Leagues 5 and would be ftill lefs, if in going from

C 171 ]

Sedunum , you afcend Mount Sanetch , whofe Top is
but feven Leagues from Sedunum [or Syori\.

The Author adds, that the Sides of the Mountains
produce great Variety of Modes and Fungus's, that
the Paftures furnifh an inexpreilible Colle&ion of
Grades, of which in this Book he mentions 220 Spe-
cies. The following Kinds of Plants feem to be
wanting in Switzerland, viz. the hotter Kind, fuch
as Thyme , Lavender , and Rofemary } thofe very fre-
quent in champain Countries 5 thofe which are pro-
duced in Bogs and putrid Soil ; fome of thofe peculiar
to the North, and maritime Plants.

The Alps contain about 500 Species peculiar to
themfelves, all diverfe, perennial mod of them, biting,
fcented, and frequently with a white Flower ; befides
many Plants common to other Places.

The Author then proceeds to enumerate all the
Botanids, who by their Journals and Publications
have laboured to oblige the World with Hidorics and
Defcriptions of the almod inexhaudible Number of
Plants, which the various Soil and Situation of this
Country produces ,* and after having mentioned the
Performances of thefe great Men, he gives fome Ac-
count of his own Travels, and the Progrefs of his
botanical Studies ; that he had gone through Ger-
many, Holland, France, and England, and made very
few Obfervations of the botanic kind, at lead had
preferved no Specimens of what he had feen ; but
upon his Arrival at Bafil to attend the Le&ures of
Bernoulli , and dudy Mathematics there, he was
feized, as it were, by the Genius of the Place, where
thofe great Writers the Bauhins had lived, and were
public Profedorsj and whofe Chair at that Time

B b j? was

C ]

was very worthily filled by Starhelinus: That he
began to dolled, deferibe, and compile, with fo great
Hopes of Succefs, however remote, that he even at-
tempted the Work before us, at a time when he was
fcarcely acquainted with the more common Plants.
A Work of this kind had been begun by John
Gefner of Zurich , a Defcendant of the famous Con-
rad GefnerSy and a Friend of our Author’s, for which
Task he was very well qualified by his many laborious
Relearchcsj but at length his bad State of Health
would not permit him to proceed in a Science,
where he mud not be confined only to his Clofet,
but climb up almofl inacceflible Mountains, fome-
times nearly perifhing with Cold, and, poflibly, in
the fame. Day, almoft difled with Heat. This Gen-
tleman not only fent our Author a great many Plants,
but granted him whatever he had occafion for of his
Colle&ion, which confided of a great Number of
valuable Specimens, of which he alone was poflefled.

Our Author fpecifies likewife, what Parts of the
Alps have been looked over, and what remain hitherto
unattempted 5 and then fhews how large a Field is
yet behind, for future Botanifts to exercife their
Genius upon j and that thefe Mountains have rather
been curlorily palled over by Perfons travelling over
them to remote Places, often at an improper Seafon,
than carefully examined ; from whence it happens,
that many not only of Modes, but of the mofl perfect
Plants, have either been omitted, or fo negligently
deferibed, that it is impolfible to reduce them to the
Genus to which they belong. Add to this, that the
Fungus’s , and the very fmall Plants, fuch as the
Centunculus , Sc dim tetrapetalon , &c, were over-
looked

[ in 1

looked by the antient Botanifts, and Teem to have
been referved for the Induftry and Perfpicuity of the
/ mil ant s , ‘Dillenhis s, and Alicheli s , of the prefent
Age. Our Author then candidly confeffes, that al-
though he had herborized upon many different Parts
of this Country for Nine Years, he could by no
means promife a full and perfed Enumeration of its
Plants j for the Defcriptions of the more antient Wri-
ters, efpecially the Graffes mentioned by Cafpar
Bauhin , are fo obfeure, that it is fcarcely pofTible to
know many of them by thofe means j that fome
Plants are inferted by Authors, which have occurred
to no body lince their Time ; that others, if not quite
loft, he never could meet with, notwithftanding he
travelled for that Purpofe to the Places where they
have been faid to be found ; which may in fome
meafure be owing to our Author’s being fhort- lighted,
from which Defed (he believes) he may, no doubt,
have palled over fome Plants, which he had been
particularly in queft of: That he had received fome
Specimens fo ill preferved, as not to be able to dis-
cover their generical Marks ; and, laftly, that it is
almoft impoffible to five any Seeds of the Plants of
the Alps, or fee them in that State, on account of
the Snows falling fo early as the latter End of Au-
guft i and Beginning of September, whereby the Mourn
tains are covered, and rendered unpaffablc.

Surrounded with Difficulties, he defpairs of per-
feding his Catalogue j but hopes he fhall have the
Reader’s Pardon, after he is apprifed of the Means
our Author took againft them. Firft, he carefully
marked out the Charaders of all his Plants, the Day
he colleded them 5 for not being prejudiced in favour

Bbb 2 of

C 374 ]

of any artificial Metkod, he looked over the Compo-
sition of the Flower with regard to its Petals, Calyx,
and Seed-veflel, after the manner of ProfefTor Boer -
haave , at a Time when nobody had confidered the
Stamina and Tubes as generical Notes: That he
compared with his Plants the botanical Writers of
more than Two Centuries, whofe Names are men-
tioned at the End of the Preface, beginning in order
of Time with Brunfelfius , and concluding with the
late Work of Monjieur Geoffroy : That he had exa-
mined their Descriptions of Plants, and compared
them with their Figures, and made himfelf a Pinax
of the Plants of Switzerland, even to the prefent
Time.

Our Author, in the Work before us, has never in-
ferted a doubtful Plant, without mentioning his
Scruple, nor any but what he himfelf has feen, with-
out an Afterisk. He has added to the End of the
Work, thofe which he could with but little Cer-
tainty refer to any Clafs ; and, contrary to the Prac-
tice of Some late Writers, he never enumerates Vari-
ety, nor ever regards Proportion as a Mark of Specific
Difference, if even a lels Plant produces Flowers
twice as big as a larger Plant of the fame Species, and
holds that Size when planted in Gardens, and con-
tinues the Difference to its Pofierity.

As to the Method and Order of this Work, our
Author has been as fhorr, and at the fame time as
deferiptive, as pofiiblc. He has given the Syno-
nymies of molt good Authors : He generally firft affixes
the Name the Difcoverer gave it, unlefs a very im-
proper one j and then proceeding ufually as the Au-
thors lived, lets down the Appellations of Conrad

Gefner ,

C m 3

Gefner , Cordus> cDodonens, Lobel , Taberneinontanns>
Hortus Aichftadienfis of Bajil Befler , Clufms , C a/par
John Bauhin, Morrijf on. Tour ne fort, and others,
who have lived fince them, either as they have dis-
covered a new Plant, or illuftrated an old one with a
new Dcfcription, Figure, or Chara&er. With regard
to Method, he fays he might have difpofed them
alphabetically, followed Boerhaaves Method, or
Linneus’s, but was fearful of making unnatural Diftor-
tionsj efpecially as he was not writing an univerfal
Hiftory of Plants. He thinks it not at all proper to
difpofe Plants in the fame Clafs, unle fs their Affinity
isperfedt; and Jays it down as a Foundation, upon
which alone a natural Method can be formed, that
however different Plants may feem in one Charadter-
iftic, thofe fhould be placed together which agree
in moft others ; and however alike they may be in *
one Point, that thofe be feparated which differ in
many others. The Negledt of this Axiom has made
all Methods unnatural.

The Author then apologizes for giving new
Names to fome Plants, but he could not omit in-
ferring fome that were more expreffive, and give
them the Preference to old ones, that imported little
or nothing, although they had the Sanction of Anti-
quity ; but he fcarce ever has changed the generical
Names, becaufe amongft things that are in them Pelves'
indifferent, Cuftom fhould be always complied with ;
and as all generical Names are arbitrary, fcarce any
can be thought of to contain enough to diffinguifh the
Plant by; but the fpecific Name ought to be a Ihort
Definition and Compendium of its niccfl Differences :
And although this may fometimes be thought too

[ 3 76 ]

long, the Marks of Difference in many kinds will
not permit them to be contracted.

After he has acquainted the Reader with his Ob-
jections, and told his Reafons, he proceeds to that
Part of his Work, which is intituled, Nomina Scrip-
torum & Editionum 5 and has given a Specimen of
his great Erudition in a very laborious and learned
Hiftory of almoft all Botanical Authors, for more
than Two Centuries: He therein points out their
Excellencies and DefeCts, fhews which of them were
Originals, and which Plagiaries ; gives an Account of
all their Publications and Editions, and deduces the
Rife and Progrefs of Botany through all its Stages,
from the general Darknefs of the 15th Century, to
the nice DiflinCtions of the prefent Time. This may
be efieemed a very valuable Performance. It. may
not be improper to exhibit from it, the different
Characters of Two Books in the Author's own Words,
whereby fome Judgment may be formed of the reft.
Fir 11, mentioning Clufii variorum Stirpium per Hi-
fpaniam obfervatarum , he fays, “Cor dus was relfored
“ to the World in Clujius. He, with incredible
u Labour, collected the Plants of Spain, Languedoc ,
“ England , the Alps > Auftria , fome Parts of Hun-
“ gargi and thofe about Frankfort : He afterwards
“ drew them, and publilhed their Figures very ex-
€f preflively, and with great Neatnefs. He alone
46 doubled the Number of Plants before known,
<l although indeed many have been attributed to him,
,c which are concealed in the Works of Cor dus ,
u AretiuSj and Gefner.” Our Author afterwards,
fpeaking of Fabregou’s Defcription des Tlantes qui
naijfent autour de Paris, fays, “ Nothing can be

more

[ J77 ]

* “ore audacious than this Writer j he often qiiar-
2 rcls wit^ good Authors, and obtrudes upon them
/ long fince dead, arbitrary Definitions propofcd by
(\ himlelf. The Synonymes of his Plants, and the
Definitions of his Species, are very much confufed :
2 takes, with the utmoft Impudence, the Names
2 Vrilfant and Tournefort, but with ridiculous
Alterations. Befides, to my great Abhorrence he
2 lnlerts a very great Number of Plants molt ccr-
tain ly Exotic, as growing about Tarts j and, left
any thm§ Should be wanting to fpoil this Work,
- the typographical Errors are infinite/'

Before I give an Account of our Author's Syftem of
Botany, it will be neceffary to mention the different
Parts of Plants, from which other Authors have
formed theirs. Conrad Gefner was the firft who dif-
covered, that Plants might be diftinguilhed into Ge-
nera from their different manner of bearing Fruit, as
appears by his pofthumous Letters publifhed by Ca-
merarius ; but Cefalpinus firft reduced it into Prac-
tice. Cefalpinus , I fay, Ray , Herman , whofe Plan
is much improved by Boerhaave , and Knaut’s Sv-
ftems are formed from the Fruit , Tournefortf from
the Figure of the Flower $ Rivinuss , which is fol-
lowed by Ruppius, from the Number and Equality
of the Petals 5 Magnolf from the Calyx ; Linneusl
irom the Stamina , Tiftillum. , and Sex of the Flower •
an<J rvr Author, his Principally from the Number
and Difpofinon of the Stamina , and likewife from
the manner of Fruiting, f have, at the End of this
abridged it according to the Order of the
GiaJJes> Genera, , and Species*

Through-

[ 3 78 ]

Throughout the Body of this Work, our Author
has ranged his Plants after this Method ; and when
he mentions a particular Plant, he firft gives the
generical Name, and its Inventor; then lays down the
Form of the Flower, and the Manner of diftinguifh-
ing this Plant from others of the fame Species ; then
quotes the Synonymes, then the Place of its natural
Growth, afterwards the Defcription of its Root and
Leaves; and laftly, colle&s all the Evidence on both
Sides, with regard to its Ufes as a Medicine, or the
contrary. 1 think it not improper to give here Part
of the Hiftory of one Plant, as a Specimen of the
reft. The Author, fpeaking, p. 298. of Veratrumy
or white Hellebore of the Shops, after mentioning
the generical Name, Form of the Flower, 29 Sy-
nonymes of different Writers, the Place of Growth,
and the Form of its Root, fays, i€ This Plant is

univerfally agreed to be hurtful, though Brajfa-
ic vola^ p. 531. found fome People hardy enough
“ to give a Drachm at a Dofe, without any Cor-
“ redor; which Dofe even Welfch and Herman
te have allowed in Infufion to Dsemoniacs, alfo
€t Matthiolus , p. 1222. with good Succefs, to Lu-
“ natics. Hermann in like Cafes gives the Root
i( in Subftance, from 15 to 30 Grains. Notwith-
“ ftanding which, we find in the Ephemerides na -
€c t ur a curio f. Anno imo Obf. 65. that One Scruple
i( has certainly produced Convulfions; and IVepfer
tc mentions a Dog killed with the fame Dofe, and
“ Fallopius de Turgant . likewife many ftrangled
u therewith. Lentilius , p. 8 6 8. takes Notice of
€* violent Vomitings occafioned by the Root’s being
“ given by Miftake, inftead of Solomon s-feal. The

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AEta Hafn. Anno v. Obfcrv. 5 s'- fa y, that thofc
molt hardy Mortals, who live in the Northern
farts of the World, and purge themfelves with
this Plant, receive great Mifchief in their Eyes
therefrom, even fometimes to be followed by
Bhndnefs. See alfo its terrible EfFefts in the Breflati
Iran] actions. Anno 1725. Even amongft the An-
tients, notwithftanding that both forts of Hellebore
were produced in Anticyra , the black was only
made ufe of in Purges, on account of the emetic
Quality of the white. See Paufanias , Lib. X. pag.
62 3 • Alley ne will fcarcely admit it to be fafe
given in Powder as a Sternutatory. But if the
Juice of this Plant, with its full Powers, lhall by
any Method get into the Blood, it is fo quick a
loiion, that the Animal immediately dies if
wounded even in a flight manner, and the Juice
applied thereto. See Crato , Epift. II. pag. 226.
Matthiolus found this Experiment true upon Hens.
£ee pag 1226. Epifiolar. pag. 219. And that the
I utrefaftion excited thereby was fo great, that the
f lelh immediately was grown foft. See Arceus de
Lurand, Vuln . Lib. I. pag. 70. Nor does the Caufe
leem to be obfcure, feeing that the Roots, being
chewed, fire the Mouth and Throat, and pour
tortha very (harp Liquor, not unlike that of Lime.
^eoffroy de Mat. Medic. Vol. II. p. 226. But Con-
fad Gefner , in the Work publilhed by himfelf
afiures us, that his Oxymel Elleboratum may be
given to Two Drachms without any Mifchief, and
that it is very ufeful to promote the Menfes , Ex-

peroration, and Sweat.” J

This

L

[ 3?o ]

This may ferve as a Specimen of our Author's
great Induftry and Exadnefs ; which he adheres to
throughout the whole Work, where a Plant has by
any, whether antient or modern, medical Writer
cr Hiflorian, been celebrated for medicinal Putpofes,
or its Ufes in the Art of Dying. His Defcriptions
are fo exact, that it is almort impoffible, that any
Perfon, ever fo little converfant with Botany, fhould
miftake one Plant for another. His Figures, of which
there are 24 Tables, are finely engraved, and with
great Accuracy, as appears from comparing them with
their Defcriptions. His Method is very natural, and
not difficult to comprehend when confidered $ though
at firft View it feems more fo than Rays, Tournefort’sy
or Boerhaaves : And indeed thdre have been already
fo many Botanical Syftems, luch warm Gomroverfies
among Authors, fo many bad Nahies, fuch great Con-
fufion, that as often as there appears a new Syftem, it
fends forth a Panic throughout the Botanical World ;
as it adds to the Number of Names already too great,
and tends to the Difcouragcment of thofe who are
deftrous of being acquainted with Plants. But our
Author’s Syftem being, ^as I faid: before, very natural,
and as he gives but few new generical Names, and at
the fame time when he ffives his own, mentions thofe
of mod good Authors ; thefe Confideratiorls take off
many Objedions, to which fome late Botanic W riters
are liable. In the Work before us, the Author takes
in only the Plants of Switzerland j but I believe his

W *

Plan may be extended to a general Hiftory, which, it
executed with the fame Accuracy as the prefent Work,
cannot but be a mod valuable Performance.

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PHILOSOPHICAL

469-

TRANSACTIONS.

From February 3. 1742-3. to April 21. 1743.

The CONTENTS.

L Some Account of the Phoca, Vitulus marinus, or
Sea-Calf, jhewed at Charing- Crofs, in February
1742-3. by Ja. Parfons, M. D. F. R. S. Page 383.

II. The Ambc Hippocrates for reducing Luxations

of the Arm with the Shoulder, rectified? by M. le
Cat, M. D. F. R. S. Surgeon to the Hotel Dieu at
Rouen, and Royal Demonftrator in Anatomy and
Surgery : Extracted from the French by P. H. Z.
F. R. S. 387.

III. The Continuation of An Account of a Treatife of

Fluxions, &c. Book II. by Colin Me Laurin, Prof.
Mathem. Edinburgh. F. R. S. 403.

IV. Obfervations on the Mouth of the Eels in Vinegar,

and alfo a ftrange aquatic Animal , fent in a Letter
from the RevdMr. Henry Miles to Mr. Henry Baker,
F. R. S. and by him communicated to the Royal
Society: With a Drawing and Defcription of
the faid Animal , as viewed in the Rlicrofcope , by
Mr. Baker. 416.

V. Tart of a Letter from Mr. Macky, Profeffor of
Hiftory, to Mr. Mac Laurin, Prof e for of Mathe-
matics

The CONTENTS.

mat ics in the Univerfity of Edinburgh, and by him
communicated to the Preiident of the Royal So-
ciety } being an Extract from the Books of the
Town-Council of Edinburgh, relating to a T) ifeafe
there, fuppofed to be Venereal, in the Tear 14.97.

420.

VI. Some Account of the Infedl called the Frefh-water

Polypus, before mentioned in thefe Tranfa&ions,
as the fame was delivered at a Meeting of the
Royal Society, by the Preiident, on Thurfday,
March 24. 1742-3. 422.

VII. An Account of a Book intituled , New Principles

of Gunnery, containing the Determination of the
Force of Gunpowder } and an Inveftigation of the
refilling Power of the Air to fwift and flow Mo-
tions ; by Benjamin Robins , F. R. S. as far as the
fame relates to the Force of Gunpowder. 43 7.

Printed for T.Woodward, and C. D a v 1 s, over-
againft Grafs - Inn - Gate in Holbourn 5 Printers
to the Royal Society. 1743.

ERRATA.

Philosophical Tranfaflions, N° 468. p. 344. 1. 16. for refolved into a Force parallel to the
Bafe, read , refolved into a Force parallel to the Ordinates, and a Force parallel to the Bafe.

N° 469. p. 404. 1. 5. from the Bottom, for fuch r. every, p. 407. 1. 3. for Ruels r.
Rules, p. 409. 1. 4. for Divifors r. Denominators 5 1, 6. for or r. the 5 1. 7. for are r,
being j 1. 9 .for Arcs r. Areas.

[ 383 3

■I. Some Account of the Phoca ; Vitulus marinus;
or Sea-Calf, /hewed at Charing-Crofs, in
Feb. 1 741 - $ . by Ja. Parfons, M. D. F. R. S.

IfZ A S Authors have defcribed this Ani-
Royal society, mal fo largely already, I fhall en-

February tertain this Honourable Society

with .only a few Remarks which
occurred to me, upon taking as accurate a View as I
could of it, which may conduce to furnifh a truer
Idea of the Creature than we now have from Au-
thors.

The Figures given by Aldrovandus , Johnfton , and
others (being Profils) lead us into two Errors: \Jl>
They make a Cubit in the Fore- limb, which is not
vifible in any Shape, from the Surface of the Body;
and, 2 dly, make the pofterior Parts terminate in
Two Fins, which on the contrary are a&ually webbed
Feet (like thofe ofWater-fowl) confiding ofFiveToes,
each having Three Articulations, and ending with
Nails of a darkifh Colour.

The Nails of the Fore-paws are very confiderable,
being like the Paws of a Mole, contrived for crawling
upon Land, and partly for fwimming, by a narrower
Web between each Toe; but the hinder Feet are
extenfive Webs, ferving alone to drive or row the
Creature in the Waters.

Rond e let ius, as cited by Gefner , blames Ariflotle
for faying this Animal has Nails ; which is ftrange, as
that Hiftorian is one of great Reputation ; for it has
very confiderable ones.

Ddd

The

C 3*4 3

The Animal, which was a Female, died Yefterday
Morning, and the Vifcera were as follows :

The Stomachs, Inteftincs, Bladder, Kidneys, Ure-
ters, ‘Diaphragm, Lungs, great Blood- veflels, and Tu-
denda , were like thofe of a Cow.

The Hairs of the Whiskers are very horny and
clear.

The Spleen was Two Feet long, Four Inches
broad, and very thin.

The Liver confifted of She Lobes, each hanging as
long and lank as the Spleen, with a very fmali •Gall-
bladder.

The Heart was long and flabby in its Contexture
in general 5 having a large Foramen Ovale, and very
great Column £ carnofie.

In the lower Stomach were about Four Pounds
Weight of flinty Pebbles, of which thofe I have the
Honour to lay before you are Part 5 all which are (harp
and angular, as if the Animal chofe them of that
Form for cutting the Food. I believe this may be
common to all the larger Sea-Animals, as they fwal-
low many confiderable Fifhes whole, that after fome
Maceration in the firfl: Stomach, they may be more
eafily ground fmali by thefe Pebbles in the other, for
the Nourifhment of the Creature.

Tht Uterus is of the horned Kind, each Cornu being
confiderably thicker than the Body'or Dud leading
to them : It is very fibrous, -and the Fibresfeem all lon-
gitudinal with the Uterus and Cornua , making a mus-
cular Appearance. The Ovaria are very large, being
granulated on the Surface with the Ova , under a very
thin Membrane 3 and the Opening into the Tubes

]£ad.

b b a

I 3

leading to the Cornua is a great Hole. I have .annexed
a Drawing of this Part, as it is very Particular.

I refer the Society to the under-mentioned Au-
thors for the other Properties of this Animal ; fuch as
their Love to their Young, their manner of Copula-
tion, Inconftancies to their Females, Virtues in the
Skin of preferving Perfons from Thunder, who carry
Part of it, as Suetonius relates of Auguftus Cafary
who dreaded it very much; and alfo of fuch Confent
between the Skin of this Animal and the Sea, that
although it be dried and kept in the moft fecret
Place, whenfoever the Sea is much difturbed, the
Hairs rife up upon the Skin, and lie fmooth when it
is calm ; with many other Particulars, which (if not
fabulous) are very curious.

The Authors necefiary to be read upon this Ani-
mal, are Ariftotle , 'Pliny , Aldrovandus , Rondeletius>
Gefner , Wolfgangius , Johnfton.

As to the particular Figures of the Animal, that of
Aldrovandus tezms to have been taken from a (luffed
Skin, having the hinder Feet like a Fifh-Tail, and
not at all like the Creature, Rondeletiuss Figure has
as little Truth' as the former y and that given by
Gefner in his Corollary on Rondeletius , is worfe than
any ; having the Fore-parts upright like a Sphinx
This laft Author has another Figure of the Phoca ,
which is rather like a Lump-fjh , and alrnoft tri-
angular : Thefe could never convey a juft Idea of the
Creature to fuch as delight in Natural Hiftory, which,
I hope, I have made fome amends for in my Figure
annexed to this Account (fee Tab. I.) ; having taken
it from the living Animal with the utmoft Care, and

D d d 2 ^vhich

[ W ]

which is thought peffe&Iy like the Creature by all
who have feen both.

The Animal is viviparous, and fuckles its young
by the Mamilla , like Quadrupeds, and its Flefh is
carnous and mufcular. This was very young, though
Seven Feet and half in Length, having fcarce any
Teeth, and having Four Holes regularly placed about
the Navel, as appears by the Figure, which in time
become ‘Papilla.

« t

See TAB. I;

• . : :

Fig. I.

Reprefenis the Phoca lying upon the Right Side , that
the Belly and Parts of Generation may be the
better obferved.

A. The Forefeet and Breaft .

B. The Umbilicus and Holes of the Mammae.

C. The external Orifice of the Vagina, and the Anus.

D. The hinder Feet , which are webbed.

£. The Tail.

Fig* 2. :

Shews the Uterus taken out and extended.

A. The Body of the Uterus or Vagina.

B. The Cornua Uteri.

C. The Holes leading into the fender Tubes that

end in the Extremities of the Cornua.

D. The Ovaria.

E. The Continuations of Peritonxum.

■ ’ i : • i Vfiri I t3no:i 1

J ’■ •- »*• « « .1 .uA I ,1 If!. .. - . . c ill - :

*■ I f f • I • I

i . .

{

Wh J*

\ f.

II. The

I

/-

[ 3 g7 ]

II. The Ambe of Hippocrates for reducing
Luxations of the Arm with the Shoulder,
rectified ; by M. le Car, M. 2). F. R. S.
Surgeon to the Hotel Dieu at Rouen, and
Royal Demonfirator in Anatomy and Sur-
gery : Extracted from the French by P. H. Z.
F. R. S.

Read Feb. 17.
174.2-3.

THIS is one of thofe Chirurgical
Operations which has many times
puzzled the mod: skilful Surgeon. Among the Ma-
chines which Art has invented for the performing of
it, the Ambe of Hippocrates is one of the moll antient
and mod famous.

It is known to confift of an horizontal Lever A,
and of a fixed Point B. (Tab. II. Fig. 2.) made of a
Piece of Wood (landing vertically, to the Extremity
of which the Lever is joined by a Hinge. The Pa-
tient fitting, and his Arm, that is hurt, being raifed,
the Machine is pufhed forward under the Arm-pit,
fo that the vertical Piece of Wood is applied along
the Ribs, where the Lever enters into the Arm-pit
up to the End of the luxated Bone, or even farther.
This Circumflance is effential, and even recommended
by Hippocrates : Imprimis vero, fays he, id e labor an-
dum eft , ut ligni fumma pars , brachii capite fuperato
quam penitijjime alam fubeat. Sett. VI. p. 783. Foefti.
The Arm is tied to this horizontal Piece, and then
an Afliftant bears upon the Scapula and the Clavi -
cula, as is feen in the Figures of Scultetus, Plate 21.

whilft

C 3*S ]

whilft another prefifes down the Lever, and thus
makes the Bone come into its Place again.

Hippocrates , giving the Defcription of this Inven-
tion, and of its Ufe, acknowledges that this Method
of reducing the Luxations of the Arm is incom-
parably better than all the others ; for, fays he, the
working of it is fufficiently powerful s and provided
Care be taken to pufh the Lever farther on under the
Arm-pit than where the Bone of the Arm lies, the
Extenfions and Counter- extenfions are equal, and the
Bone of the Arm is fafe: He adds, That by this
Method frefh Luxations are reduced fooner than one
thinks, and even before the Extenfion appears to have
been made ; and that, as for old Luxations, they can
only be reduced by this Methods unlefs, by their
being too old, the Cavity of the Articulation be
be filled up, and that the Head of the Bone has
formed to itfelf an Articulation in the Place where
it fell : He even believes, that fuch a Luxation may
be reduced j for, fays he, What is there that cannot
be moved by fufficient Forces ? But at the fame time
he thinks that the reduced Bone will not remain in
its Place, but luxate itfelf again, and fall back into
the new-formed Articulation, which it has formed to
itfelf.

T , I % r f

(Here follow HippocratesV Words in Latin.)

€e Hjec reponendi humeri ratio longe optima cen-
u fetur. Juftiflimam enim molitionem facit, fi vei
u folum intro magis quam brachii caput lignum
u immittatur, juftilhmaeque hunt in utramque partem
“ librationes, & oil! brachii fecuritatem prasftanr.
“ Recentia igitur opinione citius reconduntur, ac

“ Pri:

C 38? ]

<c prkvfquam extenfio fafta vidcatur. Quinetiam ubi
“ invctcraverint, hsec Tola repofitio reftituere potefl,
“ nifi jam temporis lapfu caro quidem articuli cavi-
“ tatem occupaverit, & brachii caput locum in quern
tc declinavit, confuetudine tritum jam fibi fecerit;
<£ enimvcro tamch ita inveteratum brachii luxurn
" reponere mihi pofle videtur. Quid non enim jufla
“ molitio movcat? Non tamen loco manere pofle
“ exiflimo, fed, ut confuevir, prolapfurum. ” Loco
citato .

One of the greateft Surgeons of our Age fM.
Petit) in his Treatife of the Difeafes of the Bones,
was fenfible of all the Perfections of the Ambe of
Hippocrates : He acknowledges with that Father of
Surgery, that this Machine has a Sufficient Force , and

is more than fufficient that it makes an Exten -

Jion and a Count er-extenfion equally Jlrong He

even adds that the Arm is placed there as it ought

to be , in order to relax the Mufcles , or at leaft ft retch
them equally , which is the Fourth Rule the Author
propofes to be obferved,^. 42. in making the Exten-
sion and Counter-extenlion. But at the fame time
M. Petit does not diflfemble fome eflential Defects he
finds in this Invention, and which, without doubt,
were unknown to Hippocrates .

The capital DefeCt in this Ambe is, that it pufhes
the Head of .the Bone into its Cavity , before the
Extenfion and Count er-extenfton are made. The
dangerous Confequences of this DefeCt, are, accord-
ing to M. ‘Petit , ift? That the Reduction is very
difficult, becaufe the Bone is not conducted by the
fame Way it took in luxating itfelf, and that one
meets with Obstacles from the Parts' that furround it,

even

[*9° ]

even the Scapula itfelf, on which it articulates;
2 dly> In making thofe Efforts for furmounting thofe
Obftacles, one runs the Rifquc of turning inwards the
cartilaginous Edge of the Cavity of the Scapula , or
the Capfula ligament o fa. The Second Defeat of the
Ambe of Hippocrates is, that it cannot move the
luxated Bone but from below upwards ; confequently,
this Machine is only proper in Luxations direCtly
downwards; and yet it is certain, that the Arm
luxates itfelf both outwards and inwards ; and even
it is known to all Practitioners, that Luxations for-
ward are very frequent. Here you have a great Num-
ber of Luxations of the Arm, where the Ambe be-
comes ufelefs : Now, if the Ambe of Hippocrates is
ufelefs in all Luxations outwards, and in Luxations
inwards, which are very frequent, if it is dangerous
in Luxations downwards, the on'y ones it is fit for,
one muft own, that this Machine, fo much cried up
by Hippocrates , is yet very imperfeCL

Thefe Imperfections are real ones, but the Ad-
vantages, which one cannot but own it has, are fo
conftant, and fo fuperior to thofe of any other Prac-
tice, that one naturally inclines not to part with it,
but becomes defirous to remove thofe DefeCts it has,
without which it would certainly be, as Hippocrates
affures, the mod perfect of all Machines made ufe of
in reducing a luxated Arm : For fuppofing an Ambe ,
which makes a fufficient Extenfion and Counter-ex -
tenfion , before it leads the Bone into the Cavity, or
at the fame time it does fo, and which alfo might
lead it from the Right to the Left, and from the Left
to the Right, as well as from below upwards, it is
certain there can be no Method to be compared to

%•

fc

/

J

■ ...»

[?9»]

this; becaufe there is none in which concur at once
, fo much Force and Expedition, joined to fuch Sim-
plicity, Regularity, and Safety, that are quite lingular.
For that Method in which a Surgeon only employs
his own Strength, and that of his AffiBants, is com-
monly inefficient ; and the other, in which he helps
himfelf with the Pulley, is perplexed with a great
Apparatus , is long, and ffill very much wants the
Hands of the Surgeon, and of his AffiBants : All which
are CircumBances which render the Method more
complicated, and lefs fure.

Thefe are the Motives that have engaged me to
contrive the new Ambe I herewith have the Honour
to lay before the Society, in which I have endea-
voured to re&ify all the Defe&s before-mentioned.

A T)efcripUon of the new Ambc.

Tab. II. The Bafts of the whole Machine is an
Elbow-chair all of folid Wood, higher than others'
ufually are, in order to give Room to the Lever to
play the more freely, which cannot be lowered any
farther than to the Floor on which the Elbow-chair
Bands: To prevent any Uneaftnefs to the Patient
from that Height of the Chair, it has a Foot-Bool
that makes Part of the Chair, and brings the Seat to
its ufual Height.

Each Arm of the Chair is pierced with a round
Hole, to receive the Stem or Foot of the Ambe. If
the Luxation is on the Right Side, the Foot is run
through on the fame Side, and vice verfa. The Pa-
tient is tied partly to the Back of the Chair, partly
to a Piece joined to the Chair on that Side where

E e e the

[ ]

the Ambe is placed. This folid Union of all the
Pieces of the Machine between themfelves, and with
regard to the Patient, furnifh its Action with all the
force and Certainty poflible. The Ambe of Hippo-
crates can play but to a fmall Extent: It is feparate
from the Chair in which the Patient fits, and he is
left to the Care of the Afliftants; all difadvantageous
Circumftances, which arc remedied by my Machine.

In that of Hippocrates , the Body of the Patient has
no other Support againft the Extenfion of the Lever
than the very vertical Piece (fee TAB. II. Fig. 2. B )
on which the Lever refts; this Piece is narrow, has
no Proportion, or, if one may fay fo, no Union with
the Figure of the Body to which it is applied, and
confequently muft change his Polition on that Piece
upon the lead Effort the Patient makes.

The Foot of my Lever has no Connexion with
the Patient’s Body : There is between the Foot and
his Body a particular Piece which I call the Bodice ,
reprefented in Fig. 1 . TAB. III. One willfee there, that
it is made to fit itfelf to the Body ; and, in order to
render that Application eafy, that Part which touches
the Body, is quilted. This BodicedS fixed to the Arm
of the Chair between T wo large Iron Cheeks, a} b , Fig.
1. TAB. II. by Two ftrong Iron Pins, which run
through them, and are flopped at their Extremities with
Nuts skrewed on. The concave Part of this Piece, where
the Body enters, is placed perpendicularly under the
End of the Lever, however lb that the Lever be a
little farther advanced towards the Patient, than the
Bottom of the Bodice, to the end that the Lever may
thruft itfelf the better in under the Arm-pit. As
there are Cafes where the Head of the Lever ought

to

[ 3?} 3

to be very fhort, or very near the Point it reds upon,
and others again on the contrary, where that Extre-
mity of the Lever ought to be longer, and farther off
the Point of its Reft, the Bodice of courfe ought to be
fet backwarder or forwarder, as the End of the Lever is,
the Dire&ion of which it follows every-where. For
this Reafon we have contrived Two Rows of Holes
along the Sides of the Bodice, and between thefe
Two Sides we got a Notch cut out, to make room
not only for the Foot, or for the Point it refts upon,
which may meet there, but alfo for a Part of the
Lever, which I call its Spur, which always moves
towards that Notch when the Lever is lowered. The
Figures and the Ufe of the Machine will fhew the
Neceflity of this Conftruttion much better than any
Defcriprion. From the faid Bodice come out Two
broad Straps of the ftrongeft Leather with their
Buckles. One of thofe Straps is to go about the Back
of the Chair, and round the Body of the Patient ; the
other goes over the Shoulder, very near the Ar-
ticulation, and keeps the Scapula and the Clavicula
in their Situation againft the Efforts of the Lever 5 fee
TAB. II. and IV.

That Part of my Machine, that may be called the
Ambe properly faid, is compofed, like that of Hip-
pocrates, of Two Pieces,- one vertical, which I calf
the Foot of the Ambe 5 and the other horizontal,
which forms the Lever. It is chiefly in thefe Two
Pieces that my Ambe differs from that of Hippo-
crates.

The Foot is aPiece made cither of Wood, TAB. III.
Fig. 2. or of Iron, Fig. 3- Its upper Extremity is
fplit into a fort of Mortife, which receives the Spur

E e e 2 or

[ 19 4 ]

or Tenant T of the Lever At B. It is pierced by
fcvcral Holes, which anfwer to as many others on the
Spur. Below this Mortife the Foot becomes more
(lender and cylindrical; by this Part it enters into a
round Hole in the Arm of the Chair; this (lender Part
of the Foot is pierced by feveral Holes, in order to
run an Iron Pin through, which lies flat on the Arm
of the Chair, and keeps the Foot raifed to a Height
proper for the Perfon that undergoes the Operation:
For the greater Security one may run Two Pins
through ; one which reds upon the Arm of the Chair,
and the other on the Seat itfelf, through which the
Foot pafles alfo. The Iron Foot, Fig. 3* may be pro-
vided with a fort of large Ring C, under the Pin,
which will render its Rotation the eafler. If one
(hould prefer an Iron Foot, one may eaftly judge, that
the Hole for it in the Arm of the Chair muft be made
narrower, either by filling up the old one with an Iron
Box or Clout, which may be taken away, if one will
ufe a wooden Foot; or one may even at firft fit thofe
Holes for the Iron Foot, fetting the wooden one quite
afide.

The Lever A> B , H, B , TAB. II. Fig. i . is the mod
compound Piece of all, and withal the mod: important.
It is made of a real Lever A, B , and of a Piece fitted
to it B), G , TAB. II. and III. The Lever properly fo
called Af By TAB. II. is made round on its inferior
Surface; the upper Surface is flat, and all along on
the Middle of it there runs a Rod, forked at the End,
which fits to a Groove of the fame Figure in the inferior
Surface of the Sliding-piece F,G, TAB. III. ThisLever
grows lefs and lefs towards the Extremity A, where the
moving Power is to be applied ; the other Extremity,

t»

*

m

C w- 3

B , is fomewhat rounded off at its End, in order to
insinuate itfclf the better under the Arm pit. On this
bigger Extremity is a fort of Spur ot Tenant, T, TAB.
111. the upper Part of which is joined to the Lever by
Two Iron Pins, fo that, upon taking out the Pins, the
Spur comes out, and feparates itfclf from the Lever,
as appears by Fig. 4. TAB. III. It was necettary to
make this Spur moveable, and give it the Figure of a
Jfquare Rule in which it appears, in order to bring it
quite clofe to the End of the Lever, or fet it back,
according as it may be necettary. For this Reafon the
tipper Part of this Spur a, b7 Aides along in a Mortifc
or Groove of the Length of one Foot contrived under
the Lever, beginning from its Extremity B , to which
anfwers the Shoulder of the Spur.

The reft of the Tenant, or its principal Parte, is
fitted to enter into the Mortifc A, which is the upper-
moft Part of theFoot,Fig. 2, 3. TAB. IIL They arc both
of them pierced with a Row of Holes, through one of
which one muft run an Iron Pin, to unite them, and
to form the Point of Reft, or the Hinge of the Lever.
Towards the other Extremity A of the Lever, there
is a Piece of Iron C, made Arch-wife, under which
paftes the elaftic Tail B>7fy of the Rod fattened to
the Sliding-piece F, G, and into which catch Teeth
made on the faid Tail, as is feen in TAB. III. and IV.
This Iron Archought to be very folid, becaufe itkeeps
down the Arm, and fupports all the Effort of the
Lever. I will give to the Sliding-piece F, G , which
is fitted to the Lever, the Name of the Bracer j it is
a Groove made of one Piece of Wood, reprefented
in its Situation in TAB. II. and IV. This Piece is
hollow in the upper Surface, as is juft now faid, to

place

[ ]

-.*.***'• , • •

place the luxated Arm into ; this Cavity is quilted,

and has Three Girts H , with Buckles, to tie the Arm
fall and conveniently j they are made of ftrong
Leather, It has on its inferior Surface a Groove
with a Dove tail K,K , TAB. III. to lay hold of the
Rod of the Lever, and to Bide in it without being
leparated from it/unlefs it be in Biding beyond the
Extremity B , of the Lever, where it pulls out like a
Drawer, which is eafily done, if the Bracer has nothing
to B:op it upon the Lever. The Extremity of the
Bracer , which anfvvers to the thick End of the Lever,
is rounded, in order to enter jointly with it under the
Arm-pit ; the other gives hold to the Piece of Iron V), E,
which I called above by the Name of the elaftic Tail of
the Bracer. This latter confifts of Four Parts; the Fork
F, which attaches itfelf to the inferior lateral Sur-
faces of the Bracer ; the Spring f which is the Piece
that follows next, the iongeft and Bendereft of all 5 the
Teeth E} and the Handle E).

The Ufe of the new Ambe.

The Patient, being undreffed down to the Waift, is
placed in the Arm-Chair, as in TAB. IV. Fig. 1. Next,
the Lever, furnifhed with its Bracer, is raifed and kept in
an horizontal Pofition, taking great Care, ^^Hippocrates
recommends, to pufh this Bracer as far as may be
under the Arm-pit to the End of the Bone of the
Arm, and even beyond, if poflible, to the end that
the Humerus , fupported by the Bracer in ail its
Length, may be fecure againft all the Power of this
Machine, and that its Violence may only aft upon
thofe Mufcles which keep this Bone out of its Place.

B elides

im ]

Befidcs the Quilting, which the Bracer is lined with,
a (mail Cufhion is put upon its Extremity, in order
to lodge flill more conveniently the Head and the
Neck of the Humerus , and to preferve the foft Parts
from any Contufion, which the Impulfe of the Ma-
chine might produce/by its greateft Forces a&ing upon
that Part.

The Arm being thus placed and well ftretched out
upon the Bracer, you tie about it Two Sliding-knots,
one above the Eibow, and the other over the Wrift,
after having guarded thofe Parts with a very thick and
foft Comprefs 5 the Two Sliding-knots are fattened to
the Fork of the elaftic Tail of the Bracer,* after which
you complete the fixing of the Arm with the Three
Girts of the Bracer, under which are alfo put Cotn-
prefles like thofe juft mentioned.

The Arm being thus well adjufted, you endeavour
to give to the Body and to the Hollow of the Articu-
lation of the luxated Bone the proper Situation and
Steadinefs neceftary for the Succefs of the Operation,
which is eafily executed with this Machine, by the
Girts of the Bodice, of which the horizontal one
keeps the Patient’s Breaft clofely applied againft this
Piece, and the vertical Girt retains the Scapula , the
Clavicula , in fhort, all the Parts where the Bone is
to be puttied back, in a Situation proper for receiving
it, and for not deviating by yielding to the Efforts
of the Machine.

Every thing being thus difpofed, the Surgeon places
himfelf behind the Patient, mounted upon fomethin°-
that raifes him high enough to infped the Effeds oT
theProcefs; to examine by the Touch where it ope-
rates j in fhort, to conduct the Whole by Feeling and

by

[ ?S>8 ]

by the Eye. The Surgeon being placed, the Af-
Bftant who is to conduCt the Extremity of the Lever,
works it according to his Directions, but perfectly
flowly, that the Extenfions may be made with lefs
Pain, and more effectually.

If the Luxation is below, it is fufficient for its
Reduction to lower the Extremity of the Lever, as is
done with the Arnbe of Hippocrates. But here ap-
pears a great Difference between the working or
playing of thefe Two Sorts of Levers. The Ambe of
Hippocrates is a plain Lever B , Fig. 2. TAB. IV. the

Motion of which is from A to a, and confequently
has for its Extenfton only the Space C, a, when it is
brought to its laft Term of becoming perpendicular,
a, b , whilft it has all A, C, or 1, rf, for its Elevation.
The Ambe of Hippocrates therefore almoft only raifes
the Bone of the Arm, without fcarcely ftretching it;
and this is the DefeCt, which M. 4 Petit with Reafon
blames it for ; and which is hill more fenlible, if one
takes the ACtion of the Lever in the Point where-
abouts it muft meet the Edge of the Cavity, and
may caufe thofe Mifchiefs that are apprehended from
it; but inftead of placing the fixed Point of that
Lever in r, lower it to 2, by the means of the Tenant
1,2; then the Direction of the End of the Lever
becomes A-> E j its Elevation is but i,hy and theEx-
tention it produces is A, E, or Z>, E: If you lower
Bill the Lever’s Point of Reft, as in 3, by a longer
Spur, the Elevation of its Extremity is reduced to
ijky and the Extenfion it produces, reaches from A
to F, if one carries thofe Levers as far as they will
go, which is never necefiary. In fhort, it will be in
your Power to give to this Lever an Extenfton as great

as

. '■*

[ml

as you pleafe, joined to a very final! Elevation : To this
End you need only fet backwarder the Lever’s Point
of Reft, along the Perpendicular marked in Fig. 2.
TAB. IV. Now this is precifely what the Spur does,
which we have added to our Ambe 5 the Holes it is
pierced with, as well as the Mortife of the Foot, are
placed in different Degrees, as the Points 1, 2, 3 /and
thefe Holes, as has been faid, are the Places of the
Pin which forms the Lever’s Hinge or Point of Reft.

The Gradation of thofe Holes therefore enables
you to augment at Will the Extenfion , whilft the
Elevation diminishes in the fame Proportion 5 but if
you have a mind the Elevation fhould diminifti more
or lefs than in the forefaid Proportion, for Inftance,
you want to make a great Extenfion, and a very fmali
Elevation, there is nothing eafier for it than our Ma-
chine. \ou need only pufh the Spur 1, 3, which is
moveable, as you know, towards the End of the Lever
to L, and flop it there : Then the End of the Lever
A, E, being very fhort, it has but little room to play ;
on the contrary, if you will have a great Elevation,
you need only bring back the faid Spur to M, or r!
or ftill farther ; the farther you remove from the End
of the Lever, the more it will have room to play, and
the more conliderable will be its Elevation. ?It is
true, the Pcfwer of the Lever will decreafe in the
fame Proportion j but this Power is fo great, that
Loffes like this ought to be reckoned for nothing.

You have it therefore in your Power with this fort
of Ambe to make, as Occafion requires, fuch Exten-
iions and Counter-cxtenftons as you pleafe $ and you
may likewife vary all the Degrees of the Elevation,
which (hall be neceffary to give to the Bone that is

fff to

[ 40© ]

to be reduced ; and thefe are the Perfections which
have been hitherto required in this Machine.

Commonly, when the Bone of the Arm is fuffici-
ently ftretched and raifed, fo as to be on a Level with
the Cavity of the Articulation, thofe Bones replace
themfelves as it were -of themfelves, becaufe this
Level is not always exa&; on the contrary, the Ex-
tenfion and Counter-extenfion being never regular
enough to hinder the Scapula , which is a moveable
Part, from following a little the Head of the Bone, or
its Extenfion, it happens almoft always, that this Head
bears pretty ftrongly againft the Edge of the Cavity*
and confequently does not fail to fall into the faid
Cavity, as foon as it has only patted its Edge, and
even before it has met the Level, or the Axis of the
Hollow of the Articulation 5 but it is otherwise after
an Extenfion, a Counter-extenfion, and an Elevation
fo regular as thofe which may be performed by our
Machine ; it may happen, that after the Three pre-
ceding Operations, the Head of the Bone, without
having touched the Edge of the Cavity, will be
placed over-againft this Cavity, and upon a Level
with its Axis, without being able to enter into it, by
reafon of the Firmnefs and Exa&nefs of the Powers for
retaining the oppofite Parts in this State of regular
. Extenfion 5 and, in this Cafe, there will remain for
you, in order to finilh the Operation, to condu&
the Head of the Bone into its Cavity, or to let it go
into it : But what will you do then > If you flacken
the Extremity of the Lever, or if you lift the fame
up, you will bring the Head back to the fame Place
where you took it upj that is to fay, you will bring
the Luxation to its former State. If you refolve to

relax

I 401 ]

relax the running Knots, the Operation will be long,
and your Patient will have time enough to cry out.

In order to avoid thefe Inconvenients, I mounted
the Bracer on the Lever in a Groove, and I flopped
it in this State by the Teeth of its elaftic Tail ; by the
means of this ConftruCtion, when the Surgeon per-
ceives, that the Bone is over-againft its Cavity, he
directs the Afiiftant who attends the Extremity of
the Lever, to prefs upon the Handle (TAB. IV. Fig. i.)
CD of the elaftic Tail of the Bracer, to the end that
the Teeth placed under the Arch C, near the faid
Handle, may quit their Hold, and that the whole
Bracer, which is now no longer flopped, may flidc
on the Lever towards the Patient, and by this means
let the Head of the Bone enter into its Cavity.

The Neceflity of this Management with our Ambe
is a Demonftration, that it is far from having that
capital Fault with which M. ‘Petit reproaches the
Ambe of Hippocrates : viz. “ That it pufties the
“ Head of the Bone into its Cavity, before the Ex-
tenfionand Counter-extenfion are made/' I hope
the Machines, whereby I have prevented this Fault,
and have procured to my Ambe the oppofite Per-
fections, will appear fufficiently Ample.

If any body Ihould be apprehenfive, that the re-
entering of the Head of the Bone might be too fudden,
and occafion a Shock that might hurt the faid Bones,
it will be eafy to remedy againft it, by fubftituting to
the Stop, into which catch the Teeth of the Bracer, a
toothed Wheel A , (Fig. 5. TAB. III.) having in its
Centre a Handle Bt D $ which Handle during the
Operation will be flopped by the Piece of Iron C,
fixed upon this Piece by the Skrew F-, the faid Handle

F f f a will

[ 4*>i D

will alfo flop the Teethe, which catch into the tooth'd
Wheel ; and when the Bracer is to be loofened, the Af-
ftftant, who holds the Lever with one Hand, will take
the Handle with the other, and having got the Skrew
F taken off, he will remove from the Piece C, that
flops it, the Part T), of the Handle, by the means
of its moveable Arbor *D, fo that the Handle will
come at a Right Angle, as it is reprefented by Dots:
Then the Afliftant’s Hand, fuftaining all the Effort of
the Handle and of the Bracer, will moderate by the
Handle the Aiding of the Bracer, and the entering of
the Head of the Bone into its Cavity, with all the
Slownefs he fliall think proper for this Operation.

Thus much concerning the Reduction of a Luxa-
tion of the Arm below ; it is known, that this is the
only fort of Luxation in which the Ambe of Hippo -
crates can be made ufe of (the fecond DefeCt ob-
ferved by M. Betit in this Machine). 1 have fuc-
ceeded in remedying againft thisDefed by the flmpleft
thing in the World, 'viz. by giving to the Foot that
enters into the Arm of the Chair a cylindrical Shape,
by which means it is able to turn all manner of ways;
fo that if the Luxation is forwards, one only needs
turn the Extremity of the Lever accordingly, lower-
ing it at the fame time enough to make the neceflary
Extenfion and Elevation ; by this Turn of the Extre-
mity of the Lever forwards, the Head of the Bone is
of neceflity carried backwards, and replaced into its
Cavity. One eafily conceives, that one mull go to
work in the oppoftte way, when the Luxation is
backwards, and fo on as for the reft; all according
to the Directions of the Surgeon placed at the Arti-
culation, who is to be attentive to examine the State

of

C 4°* 3

of the Parts, -and to order in what Direction and how
much is neceffary to be done.

Ilf. The Continuation of An Account of a Trea-
tife of Fluxions, &c. Book II. by Colin Mc
Laurin, Trof Mathem . Edinburgh. F. R. S. *

xT4lM3!rch T N the firft Book> thc Author defcribed

1 the Method of Fluxions, and its Ap-
plication to Problems of different Kinds, without
making ufe of any particular Signs or Chara&ers, by
geometrical Demonftrations, that its Evidence might
appear in the moft iimple and plain Form. In the
fecond Book, he treats of the Method of Computa-
tion, or the Algebraic Part ; to the Facility, Concife-
nefs, and great Extent of which, the Improvements
that have been made by this Method are in great
meafure to be afcribed. In order to obtain thofe
Advantages, it was neceffary to admit various Sym-
bols into the Algebra : But the Number and Compli-
cation of thofe Signs mud occafion fome Obfcurity
in this Art, uniefs Care be taken to define their
Ufe and Import clearly, with the Nature of the
feveral Operations. An Example of this is given by
an Iiluftration of one of the firft Rules in Algebra.
As it is the Nature of Quantity to be capable of Aug-
mentation and Diminution, fo Addition and Sub-
ftradlion are the primary Operations in thc Sciences
that treat of it. The pofitive Sign implies an Incre-

* See the Beginning of this Account, N°468. p. 325.

menr.

[ 4°4 ]

ment, or a Quantity to be added. The negative Sign
implies a Decrement, or Quantity to be fubftraded :
And thefe ferve to keep in our View what Elements
enter into the Compofition of Quantities, and in
which manner, whether as Increments or Decre-
ments. It is the fame thing to fubftrad a Decrement
as to add an equal Increment. As the Multiplication
of a Quantity by a pofitive Number implies a repeated
Addition of the Quantity, fo the Multiplication by a
negative Number implies a repeated Subftradion :
And hence to multiply a negative Quantity, or De-
crement, by a negative Number, is to fubftrad the
Decrement as often as there are Units in this Num-
ber, and therefore is equivalent to adding the equal
Increment the fame Number of Times 5 or, when a
negative Quantity is multipled by a negative Number,
the Produd is pofitive. When we inquire into the
Proportion of Lines in Geometry, we have no regard
to their Pofition or Form ; and there is no ground
for imagining any other Proportion betwixt a pofitive
and negative Quantity in Algebra, or betwixt an
Increment and a Decrement, than that of the abfolute
Quantities or Numbers themfelves. The Algebraic
Expreflions, however, are chiefly ufeful, as they ferve
to reprefent the Effeds of the Operations ; and fuch
Expreflions are not to be fuppofed equal that involve
equal Quantities, unlefs the Operations denoted by
the Signs are the fame, or have the fame Effed. Nor
is fuch Expreflion to be fuppofed to reprefent a cer-
tain Quantity ; for if the -\/\ .1 fhould be faid to

reprefent a certain Quantity, it muft be allowed to be
imaginary, and yet to have a real Square i a way of
fpeaking which it is better to avoid. It denotes only.

C 4° 5 ]

that an Operation is fuppofed to be performed on the
Quantity that is under the radical Sign. The Ope-
ration is indeed in this Cafe imaginary, or cannot
fucceed 5 but the Quantity that is under the radical
Sign, is not lefs real on that Account. The Author
mentions thofe things briefly, becaufe they belong
rather to a Treatife of Algebra than of fluxions,
wherein the common Algebra is admitted.

In order to avoid the frequent Repetition of figu-
rative Expreflions in the Algebraic Part, the Fluxions
of Quantities are here defined to be any Meafures of
their refpettive Rates of Increafe or Decreafe, while
they are fuppofed to vary (or flow) together. Thefe
may be determined by comparing the Velocities of
Points that always deferibe Lines proportional to the
Quantities, as in the Firft Book; but they may be
likewife determined, without having recourfe to
iuch Suppofitions, by a juft Reafoning from the
fimultaneous Increments or Decrements themfelves.
While the Quantity A increafes by Differences equal
to a , 2 A increafes by Differences equal to 24, and

(fuppofing m and n to be invariable) ~ increafes by

Differences equal to — , and therefore at a greater or

lefs Rate than a, in proportion as m is greater or lefs
than n. Thus a Quantity may be always affigned
that fhall increafe at a greater or lefs Rate than A ,
(/. e. fhall have its Fluxion greater or lefs than the
Fluxion of A ) in any Proportion } and a Scale of
Fluxions may be eafily conceived, by which the Flu-
xions of any other Quantities of the fame kind may
be meafured.

Let

[ 4°6 ]

Let B be any other Quantity whofe relation to A
can be exprefTed by any Algebraic Form } and while
A increases by equal fuccefllve Differences, fuppofe
B to increafe by Differences that are always varying.
In this Cafe, B cannot be fuppofed to increafe at any
one conftant Rate ; but it is evident, that if B increafe
by Differences that are always greater than the equal

fuccefllve Differences by which — increafes at the
fame time, then B cannot be faid to increafe at a lefs

Rate than — $ or if the Fluxion of A be reprefented

by a , the Fluxion of B cannot be lefs than And
if the fuccefllve Differences of B be always lefs than
thofe of > then furely B cannot be faid to in-

n

creafe at a greater Rate than — ;> or the Fluxion of

B cannot be faid to be greater in this Cafe than — •

From thofe Principles the primary Propofitions in
the Method of Fluxions, and the Rules of the dired
Method, with the fundamental Rules of the inverfe
Method, are demonftrated. We muft be brief in our
Account of the Remainder of this Book. The Rule
for finding the Fluxion of a Power is not deduced,
as ufually, from the Binomial Theorem, but from
one that admits of a much cafier Demonflration from
the firft Algebraic Elements, m. That when n is
any integer pofitive Number, if the Terms En~'l>
En~zFy En—T>Fzy En~*F3y .... Fn~ly (wherein the In-
dex of E conftantly decreafes, and that of F increafes
by the fame Difference Unit) be multiplied by
E — Fy the Sum of the Produds is En — - Fn 5 from
which it is obvious, that when E is greater than Fy

then

[ 4© 7 3

then Ef,~~Fn Is lefs than nEnmmlxE—~F but greater
than n-Fn~JxE—«F.

The Ruels are fometimes propofed in a Form
fomewhat different from the ufual manner of deferibe-
mg them, with a View to facilitate the Computa-
tions both in the diredt and inverfe Method. Thus,
when a Fradtion is propofed, and the Numerator and
Denominator are refolved into any Fadlors, it is
demonftrated, that the Fluxion of the Fradlion divided
by the Fraction is equal to the Sum of the Quotients,
when the Fluxion of each Fador of the Numerator
is divided by the Fadfor itfelf, diminifhed by the Quo-
tients that arife by dividing in like manner the Flu-
xion of each Fadlor of the Denominator by the
Fadlor.

The Notation of Fluxions is deferibed in Chap. 2.
with the Rules of the diredt Method, and the funda-
mental Rules of the inverfe Method. The latter are
comprehended in Seven Propofitions, Six of which
relate to Fluents that are afTignable in finite Algebraic
Terms, and the Seventh to fuch as are afligned by
infinite Series. It is in this Place the Author treats
of the Binomial and Multinomial Theorems (becaufe
of their Ufe on this Occafton), and they are in-
vefligated by the direct Method of Fluxions. The
fame Method is applied for demonft rating other
Theorems, by which an Ordinate of a Figure being
given, and its Fluxions determined, any other Or-
dinate and Area of the Figure may be computed.
The moft ufeful Examples are deferibed in this Chap-
ter, by computing the Series's that ferve for deter-
mining the Arc from its Sine or Tangent, and the

Ggg Lo-

C 408 3

Logarithm from its Number, and converfely the Sine,'
Tangent, or Secant, from the Arc, and the Number
from its Logarithm.

The inverfe Method is profecuted farther in the
Third Chapter, by reducing Fluents to others of a
more fimple Form, when they are not aflignable by
a finite Number of Algebraic Terms. When a
Fluent can be afligned by the Quadrature of the
Conic Sedions, (and confequently by circular Arcs or
Logarithms) this is confidered as the fecond Degree-
of Refolution ; and this Subjed is treated at Length.
An Illuftration is premifed of the Analogy betwixt
Elliptic and Hyperbolic Sedors formed by Rays
drawn from the Centres of the Figures: The Pro-
perties of the latter are fometimes more eafily dis-
covered becaufe of their Relation to Logarithms, and
lead us in a brief manner to the analogous Properties
of Elliptic Sedors, and particularly to fome general
Theorems concerning the Multiplication and Divi-
fion of circular Sedors or Arcs. When Two Points
are afiiimed in an Hyperbola, and alfo in an Ellipfis,
fo that the Sedors terminated by the Semi-axis ; and
the Two Semi-diameters, belonging to thofe Points,
are in the fame given Ratio in both Figures, then the
Relation betwixt the Semi-axis and the Two Ordinates
drawn from thofe Points to the other Axis, is always
defined by the fame, or by a fimilar Equation in both
Figures. This Propofition ferves for demonftrating
Mr. Cotess celebrated Theorem, as it is extended by
M. ‘De Moivre , by which a Binomial or Trinomial
is refolved into its quadratic Divifors, and various
Fluents are reduced to circular Arcs and Logarithms.
The Demonfirations are alfo rendred more eafy of

the

[ 4«9 3

the Theorems concerning the Refolution of a Fraction,
that has a multinomial Denominator, into Fractions
that have the Ample or quadratic Divifors of the Mul-
tinomial for their feveral Divifors. Thcfe Dernon-
ftrations are derived from the Method of Fluxions
itfelf, without any foreign Aid ; or invariable Coeffi-]
cients are determined by fuppoflng the variable Quan-’
tity or its Fluxions to vanifh.

When a Fluent cannot be afligned by the Arcs of
Conic Sections, it may however be meafured by their
Arcs in fome Cafes ; and this may be confldered as
the Third Degree of Refolution, or the Fluents may
be called of the Third Order. On this Occafion fome
Fluents are found to depend on the Rectification of
the Hyperbola and Ellipfis, which have been formerly
efteemed of an higher kind. The ConftruCtion of
the elaftic Curve, with its Rectification, and the Mea-
fure of the Time of Defcent in an Arch of a Circle,
are derived from Hyperbolic and Elliptic Arcs; and
the Fluents of this kind are compared with thofe of
the Firft or Second Order by infinite Series. Becaufe
there are Fluents of higher kinds than thefe, the Tra-
jectories above-mentioned, which are defcribed by a
centripetal Force, that is, as fome Power of the Di-
ftance from a given Centre, when the Velocity of
the Projection is that which would be acquired by
an infinite Defcent, or by fuch a centrifugal Force, and
the Velocity is fuch as would be acquired by flying
from the Centre, are employed for reprefenting them.
A Ample ConftruCtion of thefe Trajectories had been
given above, by drawing Rays from the Centre to a
Right Line given in Pofition, increafing or diminifh-
ing the Logarithms of thofe Rays always in a given

G g g 2 Ratio a

t 4*° ]

Ratio , and increafing or diminilbing the Angles con-
tained by them and the Perpendicular in the fame
Ratio . From any Figure of this kind a Series of
Figures is derived by determining the Interfedions of
the Tangents of the Figure with the Perpendiculars
from the Centre. Every Series of this kind gives
Two diflind fort of Fluents; and any one Fluent
being given, all the other Fluents taken alternately
from it in the Series depend upon it, or are mea-
fured by it; but it does not appear, that the Fluents
of one fort can be compared with thofe of the other
fort, or with thofe of any different Series of this
kind.

The inverfe Method is profecuted farther in the
4th Chapter, by various Theorems concerning the
Area when the Ordinate is expreffed by a Fluent, or
when the Ordinate and Bafe are both exprefled by
Fluents. The Firft is the Xlth Propofition of Sir
Ifaac Newtons Treatife of Quadratures. In Art.
819, 820 , &c. the Author fuppofes the Ordinate
and Bafe to be both exprefled by Fluents, and fhews,
in many Cafes, that the Area may be afligned by the
Produd of Two Ample Fluents, as of Two circular
Arcs, or of a circular Arc and a Logarithm. This
Subjed deferves to be profecuted, becaufe the Refo*
lution of Problems is rendered more accurate and
Ample, by reducing Fluents to the Produds of Flu-
ents already known, than by having immediately
recourfe to infinite Series. One of the Examples in
Art. 822. may be eafily applied for demonflrating,
that the Sum of the Fradions which have Unit for
their common Numerator, and the Squares of the
Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. in their natural Order,

[ 4l 1 ]

for their fucceffive Denominators, is One-fixth Part of
the Number, which expreffes the Ratio of the Square
or the Periphery of a Circle to the Square of its Dia-
meter ; which is deduced by Mr. Euler, Comment,
l etrophol. Tom. 7. in a different manner ; and other
Theorems of this kind may be demonftrated from
the fame or like Principles.

The Series that is deduced by the ufual Methods
for computing the Area or fluent, converge in fome
Caies at lo flow a Rate, as to be of little or no Ufc
without fome farther Artifice. For Example : The
Sum of the firft Thoufand Terms of Lord Brounkers
Series for the Logarithm of 2, is deficient in the
nfth Decimal. In order therefore to render the Ac-
count of the inverfe Method more complete, the
Author fhews how this may be remedied, in many
Cafes, by Theorems derived from the Method of
Fluxions itfelf, which likewife ferve for approxi-
mating readily to the Values of Progreffions, and for
refolving Problems that are commonly referred to
other Methods. Thofc Theorems had been defcribed
in the Firft Book, Art. 352, but the Demonftra-
tion and Examples were referred to this Place, as
requiring a good deal of Computation. The Bale
being fuppofed equal to Unit, and its Fluxion alfo
equal to Unit, let half the Sum of the extreme Or-
dinates be reprefented by a , the Difference of the
hrft Fluxions of thefe Ordinates by b , the Difference
ot their Third, Fifth, Seventh and higher alternate
Fluxions by c, d> e, &c. then the Area fhall be equal

3024.0^" 1209600 which is the firft

Them cm for finding the Area. The reft remaining,

let

[ 4»* ]

let a now reprefent the middle Ordinate, and the Area

fliall be equal a+ ~ -f x~- — h &c.

And this is the Theorem which the Author makes
mod Ufe of. When the feveral intermediate Or-
dinates reprefent the Terms of a Progrellion, the
Area is computed from their Sum, or converfely their
Sum is derived from the Area, by Theorems that eafily
flow from thefe.

Thefe general Theorems are afterwards applied for
finding the Sums of the Powers of any Terms in
Arithmetical Progreffion, whether the Exponents of
the Powers be Pofitive or Negative, and for finding
the Sums of their Logarithm, and thereby determin-
ing the Ratio of the Unci a of the middle Term of a
Binomial of a very high Power to the Sum of all the
Uncice. This laft Problem was celebrated amongft
Mathematicians fome Years ago, and by endeavouring
to refolve it by the Method of Fluxions the Author
found thole Theorems, which give the fame Con-
clufions that are derived from other Methods. They
are likewife applied for computing Areas nearly from
a few equidiftant Ordinates, and for interpolating
the intermediate Terms of a Series, when the Na-
ture of the Figure can be determined, whofe Ordi-
nates are as the Differences of the Terms.

In the laft Chapter, the general Rules, derived
from the Method of Fluxions for the Refolution of
Problems, are deferibed and illuftrated by Examples.
After the common Theorems concerning Tangents,
the Rules for determining the greateft and leaft Or-
dinates, with the Points of contrary Flexure, and the
Precautions that are necefiary to render them accurate

and

C 4H ]

and general, (which were defcribed above) are again
demonftrated. Next follow the Algebraic Rules for
finding the Centre of Curvature, and determining
the Cauftics by Reflexion and Refradion, and the
centripetal Forces. The Conftrudion of the Tra-
jedory is given, which is defcribed by a Force that is
inverfely as the Fifth Power of the Diftancc from the
Centre, becaufe this Conftrudion requires Hyper-
bolic and Elliptic Arcs, and becaufe a remarkable
Ciicumftance takes place in this Cafe, (and indeed in
an Infinity of other Cafes) which could not obtain
in thofe that have been already conftruded by others,
viz. That a Body may continually defeend in a fpiral
Line towards the Centre, and yet never approach fo
near to it as to defeend to a Circle of a certain Radius ;
and a Body may recede for ever from the Centre,
and yet never arife to a certain finite Altitude. The
Conftrudion of the Cafes wherein this obtains is per-
formed by Logarithms or Hyperbolic Areas, the
Angles defcribed about the Centre being always pro-
portional to the Hyperbolic Sedors, while the Di-
ftances from the Centre are diredly or inverfely as
the Tangents of the Hyperbola at its Vertex. The
Circle is an Afymptote to the Spiral ; and this can
never be, unlefs the Velocities requifite to carry
Bodies in Circles increafe while theDiftances decreafe,
(or decreafe while the Diftances increafe) in a higher
Proportion than the Velocity in the Trajedory ; that
is, unlefs the Force be inverfely as a higher Power
of the Diftance than the Cube. Next follow The-
orems for computing the Time of Defcent in any Arc
of a Curve, for finding the Refiftance and Denfity of
the Medium when the Trajedory and centripetal
. Force

[ 4 1 4 ]

Force are given, and for defining the Catenaria
and Line of fwifteft Defcent in any Hypothecs of
Gravity.

Then the ufual Rules are derived from the inverfe
Method for computing the Area, the Solid generated
by it, the Arc of the Curve, and the Surface de-
ferred by it revolving about a given Axis. The
meridional Parts in a Sphere, and any Spheroid, are
determined with the fame Accuracy, and almoft equal
Facility. The Attradion of a Spheroid at the Equator,
as well’ as at the Poles, is determined in a more
general manner than in the Firft Book, or in a Piece
of the Author’s publiflied at "Paris in 1740. which
obtained a Part of the Prize propofed by the Royal
Academy of Sciences for that Year. Several Mecha-
nical Problems are refolved, concerning the Propor-
tion the Power ought to bear to the Weight, that the
Engine may produce the greateft Effed in a given
Time; and concerning the mod advantageous Por-
tion of a Plane which moves parallel to itfelf, that a
Stream of Air or Water may impel it with the greateft
Force, having regard to the Velocity which the Plane
may have already acquired. On this Occafion, it is
fhewn, that the Wind ought to ftrike the Sails of a
Wind-mill in a greater Angle than that of 540 44',
againft what has been deduced from the fame Prin-
ciples by a learned Author. The fame Theory is applied
to the Motion of Ships, abftrading from the Lee-way,
but having regard to the Velocity of the Ship 5 and
amongft other Conclufions it appears, that the Velocity
of a Veffel of one Sail may be greater with a Side-wind,
than when fhe fails diredly before the Wind ; which,
perhaps, may be the Cafe of thofe feen by Captain

\ Dumpier

[ 415 ]

Sampler in the Ladrone Iflands , that failed at the
Rate of i 2 Miles in half an Hour with a Side-wind.

The Remainder of this Chapter is employed in
reducing Equations from fecond to firft F.uxions >
conftru&ing the elaftic Curve by the Rc&ification of
the equilateral Hyperbola 5 determining the Vibra-
tions of Mufical Chords j refolving Problems con-
cerning the Maxima and M'mima , that are propofed
with Limitations, relating to the Perimeter of the
Figure, its Area, the Solid generated by this Area, &c.
with Examples of this kind concerning the Solid of
leaft Refiftance 5 and concludes with an Inftance of
the Theorems by which the Value of the Ordinate
may be determined from the Value of the Area, by
common Algebra, and by obferving, that it is not
abfolute, but relative Space and Motion, that is fup-
pofed in the Method of Fluxions.

J

IV. Oh -

> i ✓ 1 . i

H h k

[ 4»* 3

IV. Obfervations on the Mouth of the Eels m
Vinegar, and alfo a Jtrange aquatic Ani-
mal, fent in a Letter from the Re vd Mr*
Henry Miles to Mr. Baker, F. R. S. and by
him communicated to the Royal Society :
With a Drawing and Defer ipt ion of the
f aid Animal , as viewed in the Microfcopey
by Mr. Baker.

ReW March io.
And 17. 1742-3.

SIR , * * * *

I Have now to tell you an Obferva-
tion I made on one of the Anguilla
in Vinegar (of which, by the way, I have a pro-
digious lncreafe, though I loft all by Accident about
a Month fmee, to about a fingle Drop or two). The
Obfervation was made with the Camera Obfcura
Microfcope: Firft, in a very fmall Tube, not a Ca-
pillary one, though approaching near it, I put a
fmall Quantity of Vinegar with feveral Anguilla : At
my firft Sight of the Image on the Screen, I obferved
one to have a Motion as if it had been wounded,
about the Middle of the Back, if I may fo exprefs it ;
it neither rofe nor funk in the Liquor, but lay in this
Form wriggling itfelf : I thought it gave Signs

of Pain, and would foon expire, which it accordingly
did in a Minute’s time; but it coiled itfelf up, and
ftuck to the Side of the Tube very clofe, before I
was aware : I put out the Liquor, after waiting to
fee whether it would revive, in vain, and viewed it

C 4'7 ]

fevcral times in the common Light, which way I had
the moft: diflind Appearance ; and muft acknowledge
the Exadnefs with which it had coiled itfelf, gave
me no finall Pleafure to behold : It would be impof-
iibie for me to give you a Defcription of it, having
no Skill in Drawing j but what 1 chiefly intended to
tell you I will endeavour to deferibe as well as I can :
The biggeft End, which I call the Head, was ftretched
out from the reft of the Body, a little Way, as in the
Figure, which gave me an Opportunity I had wifhed
for, of examining what Mouth it had. On my firft
View of it in common Light, I faw what I incline
to think may be called the Mouth : Repeated Trials
in different Lights and Pofitions, and with different
Magnifiers, confirmed my Sufpicion 5 for I faw no
other Appearance of it, than what I ought to exped
on fuch Alterations of the Glaffes, &c. I would only
add, that after the ftrideft and moft exad Obfervation
I could make, I could difeern it to be nothing more
than a tranfparent Tube. Where the Inftruments of
Nutrition, and the Springs of Life, are, I doubt we
thall not foon difeover. I once indeed thought, view-
ing it in the Camera , &c. I faw a Blood-veffel, but I
believe it was no more than refraded Light, or prif-
matic Colour.

a. "The Mouth , which feemed to be as wide open
as it pojjibly cotild be .

I am fenfible my Figure is too fmall to give you a
juft Idea of the Shape of the Mouth, but it had the

H h h 2 Ap~

[»»*]

Appearance which a Tube, or rather a Cone, would
make cut (lopewife.

I have further troubled you with an odd aquatic
Animal, fome Specimens of which you will find in-
clofed, found in (landing Water: I kept fome of
them in their own Element in the Houfe, but they
all died in a Day and half's time. They feem to be
nothing but Skin, and feem no thicker when alive :
They have the Power (as mod aquatic Infers have)
of finking themfelves to the Bottom on the Approach
of a Stick, &c. and fall like a Piece of rotten Wood,
or Leaf — When taken out of the Water, if laid on
a Paper, &c. they will fpring away like a Grafiopper.
I do not at prefent remember ever to have feen them
before, and know not what to make of them, unlefs
they are the Tipulat or Water-Spider , not yet arrived
at its mature State. I am.

Tooting, March
9- 1742-3-

Tour moft obliged
and very humble Servant ,

H. Miles.

P. S. The Animals I fend you were catched Yefter-
day, and kept in Water in a Glafsj and when
I had finished my Letter, I went to pack them
up in Paper, but found none of them left, as
I thought, at firftj but on a nearer View I
found they were all colle&ed together in a
Knot, which I took for fome Filth in the
Water, till 1 more carefully viewed them, and
found them hanging together by the Tails.

[4’9]

Explanation of the Figure by Mr. Bakery fee

Tab. IV. Fig. 3,

A. Reprefents an undefer ibed Kind of aquatic Ani-

maly (lately obferved by the Revd Mr. Miles of
Tooting) in the fame Size and Form as it ap-
pears to the naked Eye. Several of them were
found in the IVater of a 'Ditch ; whence being
taken, and laid on a '"Paper, they had a leaping
Motion.

B. The fame Animal , as examined by the Microfcope ,

which fhews it to be a triangular , oblong , opake
Body, fomewhat like the Shape of a Prifm, but
tapering from End to End. The Three Elorns
(whereof thofe on the Sides are a Third Part
longer than the Middle one) appear armed with
extremely (harp Thorns or Prickles : The fame
Sort of Prickles are placed like wife along the
Sides of the whole Body, pointing downwards,
from Head to Tail.

C. Shews the Form of a Body inclofed in the former ^

and taken out upon Dtffettion. This feems to
be an Animal in its Aurelia State 5 and if fo ,
what has been before deferibed is only its Husk
or Cafe, which will be quitted when it comes
to change.

Quere, What Animal is this in its perfed State*

y. Part

T

[ 410 3

V. Fart of a Letter from Mr. Macky, Fvo~
fejfor of Hiftory, to Mr. Mac Laurin, Fro-
fefor oj Mathematics in the Unmerjity of
Edinburgh, and by him communicated to the
Prefident of the Royal Society 5 being
an Extract from the Books of the Town-
Council ^Edinburgh, relating to a Difeafe
there , fuppofed to be Venereal, in the Tear

1497.

Read March . ^ p the Venereal Difeafe was never
‘7‘ I742'3‘ known in Europe till the Siege of
Naples 1495, it mud have made a very quick Pro-
gress through Europe in a fhort timej for in 1497,

I find it raging in Edinburgh , and our King and his
Council terribly alarmed at this contagious Diftempcr,
as appears from a Proclamation of King James the
IVth, in the Records of the Town-Council of
Edinburgh. The Minute of Council is dated the 2 2d
of September. I have taken a Copy of it for your
Amufemenr, and, if you pleafe, you may communicate
it to the Society. I have pretty nearly obferved the
old Spelling, except in Numbers.

“ 22. Septr • 1497.

cc TT is our Soverane Lords Will and the Command
“ ^ of the Lordis of his Counfale fend to the Proveft
<c and Baillies within this bur1 that this Proclamation
“ followand be put till execution for the efchewing
“ of the greit appearand danger of the Infettion of
“ his Leiges fra this contagious ficknefs callit the

“ Grandgor

C 4*1 ]

‘ GrandgoT and the greit uther Skaytli that may
occur to his Leiges and Inhabitans within this hurt ;
‘‘ that is to fay, we charge ftraitly and commands
“ be the Auhority above writtin, that all manner of
<£ perfonis being within the freedom of this burt
<c quilks are infedit or hes been infedit uncurit with
<c this faid contagious plage callit the Grandgor , de-
voyd, red and pafs furt of this Town and compeir
“ apon the fandis of Leith at ten hours before none
and thair fall thai have and fynd Botis reddie in the
“ havin ordanit to them be the Officeris of this burt
££ reddely furneift with viduals to have thame to the
<£ Inche *, and thair to remane quhill God proviyd for
“ thair Health : And that all uther perfonis the quilks
<c taks upon thame to hale the faid contagious inhr-
“ mitie and taks the cure thairof that they devoyd
“ and pafs with thame fuathat nane of thair perfonis
<£ quhilks taks fic cure upon thame ufe the lamyn
C£ cure within this burt in pns nor peirt any manner
££ of way„ And wha fa beisfoundin infedit and not
ct paffand to the Inche as faid is be Mononday at the
<£ Sone ganging to, and in lykways the faid perfonis
cc that takis the fd Cure of fanitie upon thame gif
<£ they will ufe the famyn thai and ilk ane of thame
<£ falle be brynt on the cheik with the marking Irnc
<£ that thai may be kennit in tym to cum and thair-
'£ after gif any of tham remanis that thai fall be
f* banift but favors.”

~ Hand in the Frith of Edinburgh over-againft Eeith.

VI, Some

•-

[ 4** ]

VI* Some Account of the In fed called the Frefli-
water Polypus, before -mentioned in thefe
Tranfadtions *, as the fame was delivered
at a Meeting of the Royal Society,
by the Prefi'denc, on Thurfday, March 24.

l742*5*

Gentlemen,

r~~| ^Hough I can no- ways expe<St to add any thing
of Confequencc, to the very curious Account
already 4 given you by Monfieur Trembley> of his Ob-
fervations on the little Infers, I had the Pleafure of
producing before you at your laft Meeting,- and
though I am very fenfible the Truth and Exadnefs of
thole Obfervations no ways want the Addition of
any new Alteration, after tkofe very full ones al-
ready given, by thofe worthy Members of this So-
ciety, both at the Hague and at ‘Paris 5 the Ho-
nourable Mr. Bentinck , in his Letter to me, which I
communicated to you, and Monfieur Reaumur , in the
Preface to the Sixth Volume of his admirable Hillory
of In feds; and though both thofe Gentlemen have
had the Advantage of feeing and making many more
Experiments, than I can poffibly have done in fo
fhort a time : yet, as I apprehend it is expeded from
me, that I fhould give fome Account, how impeded
foever, of what I have already feen and taken notice
of ; and as I in fome fort alfo owe my own Tcfti-

* N9 466. p. 218.

f Philofophical Travf actions , N° 467.

mony

C 41? 3

mony as a Debt to the Truth, I fhall without further
Difficulty proceed to give it : And this I the more
readily do, as Monfteur Trembley has favoured me
with the Prefent of thefe frnall Bodies, and has taken
care to have them conveyed over to me with the
greateft Care, on purpofe that I fhould examine them
with Stridnefs, that I might truly report what I did
really fee ; and that I might have it in my Power to
Ihew them to others alfo, who fhould be willing to
give any Attention to them, and convince thern-
ielves with their own Eyes of the very remarkable
Thanomena they afford.

I received the In feds in Queftion, on Thurfday the
ioth of this infant March , in the Afternoon; the
Water in which they were contained was grown foul
at Sea, fo that I immediately poured fome of it off,
and fupplied it with frefh : After which going out
prefently to attend the Meeting of this Society, I
could give them no further Attention till the next
Morning ; f nee which time I have miffed as few
Opportunities as poflible, either of obferving them
myfelf, or of fhewing them to fuch other of my
Friends, as have done me the Honour of callins; at my
Houfe. ° *

I have found, thatmoft of thofe I have particularly
viewed, and that feem pretty well grown, have Ten
Horns or Arms; but I have feen a few with Eleven,
fome others with no more than Nine, and one I have
taken notice of, that had Fourteen : The leffer ones
have frequently but Six of thefe Arms, and thofe have
the feweft I have yet obferved.

The Strudure of the Arms, when looked at with
the Microfcope, is very curious : Each feems to con-

I i i fft

[ 4*4 ]

lift of feveral Rows of Knots or fmall cPapill*e>
joined together by a tranfparent Membranous Sub-
ftance, and which is endued with a moft exquifite
Power of Extenfion and Contradion 5 fo as thereby
to bring any of thole Knots nearer together, or fet
them further afunder, and that in every poffible Di-
rection $ whereby the Animal is able to bend any of
thefe Arms in any Part, and all forts of ways : Befides
which, thefe Arms are alfo capable in the Whole of
fo great an Extenfion and Contraction, that I have
frequently feen forne of thofe of the fame Creature
extended, at one Moment, to more than Ten times
the Length they were of at another.

The Body of the InfeCt is not much lefs capable
of lengthening and fhortening itfelf than the Arms.
When moft contracted, it looks like a little Ball,
from one Part of which rifes a fmall Knob, not
unlike what is commonly feen at the Head of a Le-
mon : This is the Tail, and upon this the Infed in
this Cafe generally refts: Oppofite to this is the
Mouth, round which the Arms appear regularly ex-
tended, and refemble a little Star, as ufually repre-
fented, all whofe Points feem to proceed from the
fame Centre. But, when extended, the fame ‘Po-
lypus, which, in the Pofition juft defcribed, fcarce
appeared One-tenth of an Inch in Diameter, has
drawn itfelf out to full Three-quarters of an Inch in
Length 5 in which State the Mouth does, for the moft:
Part, project like a fmall and fharp Snout in the midft
of the Arms.

Together with thelnfeds, Monfteur Trembley fent
me over fome very fmall Water- worms, which he
informed me they readily preyed upon j and thefe

Worms

C 4*5 ]

Worms I have feveral times had the Pleafure of fee-
ing them feize with great Dexterity and Eagernefsj
foon after which they have fucked them in, and
fwallowed them completely down, though apparently
feveral times larger than themfelves.

Mr. Trombley has, in the Fifth Page of his Relation
juft publifhed in the laft Philofophical Tranfattions ,
given a very exad and curious Defcription of what
concerns this laft Particular, of their taking and de-
vouring their Prey : To which I fhall only add, that
it appears to me, that the little ‘Papilla above de-
fcribed on the Surface of the Arms aflift them like
fo many Hooks or Tenters to hold their Worms
barely by touching them ; for I have more than once
feen a Polypus draw a Worm to him, and nimbly
turn it about with a fingle Arm, only laid over it,
without folding or clafping it } which laft Method,
however, he makes ufe of alfo, when the Worm
comes to ftruggle and ftrive hard to be difengaged.

Generally before the Polypus fixes on the Worm
with his Mouth, the Mouth and his whole Fore-part
begins to extend itfelf ; and after fattening upon it;
which is frequently near the Middle, the whole Body
fwells, the Worm commonly appears bloody, and
the Polypus fucks down a great deal of the Blood
and Juice, before he begins to fwallow the Worm
itfelf: During all this Time he continues to ex-
tend and ftretch his Mouth, and that to fuch a
Degree, that I have feen its Breadth, when in the A£t
of firft bending in a Worm feized by the Middle, not
lefs than the whole Length of the Animal when in a
mean State of Extenfion.

I* •

1 1 2

In

[ 4*6 ]

In the Scituation juft mentioned, the Mouth re-
fembles an open Cup ; and there is a confpicuous Neck
between that and the Belly, which then fwells out
like that of a Florence Flask } beyond which again
appears the Tail, not ftretched in proportion to the
reft, but whole Cavity, when the Infed is made
tranfparent, appears to the Microfcope as a Gut
running from the Stomach, but which has Teemed
to be a C tecum *, and not open at the lower Extre-
mity; nor have l ever yet feen any thing like ail
Evacuation that Way.

As the 'Polypus gets the Worm to double, and
draws it further in, the Neck, juft mentioned, fwells,
and the Mouth fomewhat contrads again, fo that the
whole Body puts on the Appearance of a fort of Purfc
or Pouch; but the Tail never intirely difappears,
though it fnortens remarkably, on the Swelling of
the Gut with the Juice drawn from the Worm : But
into this Gut I have never feen any of the folid Part
of the Worm to penetrate, though I have often feen
its whole Body lie coiled up in what I have looked
upon as the Stomach of the Infed.

He lies for the moft part pretty ftill during the latter
Part of his Meal, like a Creature gorged with too
much Food, drawing in the Worm (lowly at laft:
But after it is all got in, he again contrads his Mouth,
and ftretches his Neck-part in Length, as it were, to
compofe the Pofture of the Worm in his Stomach,

* This has fincc appeared to be a Miftake ; the Gut is alfo open
the lower End, and though the larger Fates are all thrown up
agiin by the Mouth, I have hnce feen a thinner Slime evacuated that
W ay,

where

[ 4^7 ]

v^ivn-'1 C0l1t'llucs ,t0 *'c Cl11 digcftcd; it Toon lolcs
its Uiilindlncfs, and its Shape becomes in a little time
undiicernible ; the Faces, however, are not thrown
oft till levcral Hours after, when they come away by
the Mouth in the Form of final! Pellets of Cob-
web, which I have not yet actually feen thrown
out, though I have fcvcral times feen them before
they were thoroughly difengaged from that Part.

A ‘Polypus, when in a middling State of Con-
traction, thews to the Microfcope, much like a Siu^
or long Snail: His Sides are wrinkled, and he then
appears as if made up of Rings, like a Grub or Earth-
worm 3 but thefe Rings all difappear when the InfeCt
is more extended, his whole Skin then looking as
befet with little Papilla , like thofe of his Horn? or
Arms, except that they are fmaller.

When he hangs fixed to any thing by the Tail, his
moil ufual Pofture, he will turn his Body in all Ways
coiling and writhing it about, fo as fometimes to
Broke, as it were, his Tail with his Arms, and rub it
With Ins Mouth, as if to remove feme Uncafinefs
polhbly given him by lefier Water-infefts, which I
have often obferved like Lice crawling upon his Body.
A progrefhve Motion I have alfo fometimes feen
when he helps himfelf alternately with his Arms and*

Tail, but this fort of Motion is kfs frequent than his
others.

I fear I have dwelt too long on thefe little Particulars
which I was however willing to take notice of, as they
may ferve to fhew the Polypus is really and truly a
living Creature, and, like other fmall Infers, pro-
vided with proper Parts and Organs for the catching
eating, and digelling, of his Food : For though the

Pro-

[ 4*8 ]

Production of the young ones from the Sides of the
Parent has a near Refemblance to the fhooting of
the Branches from the Trunks of Vegetables, and
though fome other of his Properties are fo very
fingular and furprifing; yet all thofe above-men-
tioned and defcribed, are without all Doubt Animal
Operations.

This Sprouting of the Young Ones from the Sides of
the others, is already fo fully defcribed by Monfieur
Trembley himfelf, that I have very little to add to
that Defcription, farther than to obferve, that the
young ones I have feen (hoot out, had no Arms
till they had acquired fome Length: Thofe I have
had the Beginning of before me, have not fhewed
them till about the Fifth Day from the firft Ap-
pearance, but this might probably vary in a warmer
Seafon.

As foon as the little ones have Arms, they will
themfelves take and eat Worms while fixed ; and it
appears, that during that Time, the Gut of the little
one opens into and joins the Gut of the Parent :
This 1 hope indeed to confirm by fome further Ex-
periments; but it has conftantly appeared to me, that
upon the little ones eating, the Stomach and Gut of
the Parent has become extended alfo, and vice verfa.

I have had one ‘Polypus , that had Three young ones
dependent from him at the fame time, and one of
thefe young ones has begun to put out a young one
itfelf, fo that they formed a Clufter of Five of thefe
Infe&s hanging together : But one of the young ones
feparated itfelf, and dropt off Ycfterday Morning;
and this Morning I perceive another little one juft
breaking out.

C 4*9 ]

I (hall now proceed to what I have tried with
regard to the dividing of thefe Animals, and the Re-
production of their Parts.

On Sunday the 1 3 th of this Inftant March> I chofe
a long (lender ‘Polypus , that appeared lively, but that
had not been fed fince I received it ; and putting it
with a Drop of Water in the Palm of my Left Hand,
I watched the Time of its extending itfelf, and then
with my Sciffars cut it afunder into Two Parts, near
the Middle; both which Parts I put feparately into
Two Phials of New- River -water. This was done
about Two o’Clock in the Afternoon.

On Monday the 14th, I obferved the Arms on the
Head-part to play; the Tail-part lay along on the
Bottom of the Phial, but looked plump, and from
time to time alternately extended and contracted
itfelf : The Wounds of both Parts appeared contracted
and drawn together.

On Tuefday the 15th, the Head-part feeming
aCtive and bufy with its Arms, I gave it, about Nine
in the Morning, a fmall Piece of a Worm ; it very
readily feized it, and prefently after eat it: I viewed
this Part carefully with a Magnifying-glafs, and found
the Wound no-ways affeCted by the Extenfion of the
Stomach. The Wound of the Tail-piece appeared
well rounded off.

On Wednefday the 16th, the Head-piece feemed
very well. The Tail-piece ftirred very remarkably,
and its wounded End fhewed in Shape like that of a
little turned Nine-Pin.

On Thurfday the 17th, I faw the Head-piece raifed
up and retting on its porterior End, as before it
was hurt. The Tail-piece difeovered a very remark-
able

[ 4?° ]

able Rounding off at the wounded End, which looked
alfo fomewhat extended, and more pellucid than the
reft. It both extended and contracted itfelf very fen-
fibly, moved more frequently than it had yet done,
and I obferved a fmall Protrufion towards the Middle
of its Length, which I fanfied like the Beginning of
a young one juft putting out from that Part.

On Friday the 18th, about Seven in the Morning,
I perceived little Horns or Arms putting out from the
wounded End of the Tail-part: They were yet very
fhort, but fhewed themfelves diftinCtly all round, and
I could fee them play very clearly. The Protrufion
on the Side was inlarged, fo as now to be known
evidently for a new ^Polypus. The Head-part feemed
very well 5 and in the Afternoon the Arms of the
other Part were fenfibly lengthened.

On Saturday the 19th, I found the new Arms yet
longer: I now gave a Piece of a Worm to this Part.
It readily hooked it, and eat it. The little one was
very confpicuous, but that it yet wanted Arms.

On Sunday the 20th, every thing was improved,
and fmall Arms began to difeover rhemfelves, on the
little one fprung from the Side of the Tail-piece.

On Monday the 21ft, both Pieces appeared per-
fectly well, they had all the Appearance of perfect
intire InfeCts, the fame as before they were cut, and
continue as fair and as good as any 1 have. The little
one is not yet dropt off.

I have been very particular in this Account, from
the Minutes I took down every Day ; and I fhall
further obferve, that I cut Three more tranfverfely
in the fame Manner, on the fame Day, Sunday the
13 th Inftant, and that I lnd fo cut one on the Day-

before :

[ w 3

before : They all went on nearly in the fame Man-
ner, and all fliewed the new Arms on their Tail-parrs
on the fame Friday the 1 8th 5 but I muft alfo take
Notice, that Thurfday laft the 17th was a fine warm
Day, to which I impute it, that the Infcfts cut on Sun-
day were juft as forward as that cut on the Day
before. One other of the Tail-pieces of thefe alfo
put forth a young one, during the time that it lay
without a Head. All thefe Four laft-mentioned had
eat about 3 6 Hours before they underwent the
Operation.

On Tuefday the 15 th Inftant, I took a Toly pus
that had eat a Worm on the Saturday , and, placing
it as before in the Hollow of my Left Hand, I at>
tempted, when it was moft contra&ed, to divide it
longitudinally $ but my Scifiars not being very good,

I mifsd my Stroke, was forced to give a Second, and
even then divided it very unequally ; the Head was
however fplit, and of Ten Horns that it had. Six
came off with the lefler Piece that was only a Slip of
the Body, and the Four others remained with the
reft, which was at leaft Seven-eighths of that Body.

I had very fmall Expectation from this Experiment, I
neverthelefs put both the Pieces with fome Water
into a Phial 5 and both this Day in the Afternoon
and the next, I faw both Parts playing their Arms.

On Thurfday the 17th, in the Forenoon, perceiving
both thefe Parts to move their Horns pretty briskly^

I gave to each a Piece of a Worm: Each readily
feized it, eat it, and kept it as ufual j and the fame
Day in the Afternoon, I took Notice, that a little

one was putting out from the Side of the- larger
Piece. 0

Kkk

On

[ 45 1 1

On Saturday the 19th, I faw both the Pieces red-
ing on their pofterior Ends, and ftretching out their
Bodies in the ufual way.

On Monday the 21ft, both Parts feemed well, each
was like an intire : Polypus , except that one of them
was, and is fi.il 1, very imall. I difeovered fome little
Arms putting out in the room of thofe each Part had
loft : There appeared alfo little Arms coming out
all round the Head of the little one fixed to the Tail
of the larger Piece.

On Tuefday laft the 2 2d, I viewed both thefe
Pieces with the Microfcope, and each feemed per-
fectly formed like a whole Toly pus. The larger
Piece had Four new Arms, and the leffer Two, like
their others, but fhorter, as yet ; and they are now
in all other refpeCts, as complete as any others I
have.

This fame Experiment I again attempted on another
Polypus , on Saturday laft but I again made the
Parts unequal 5 they are however both alive, and
promife very fairly.

I the fame Day cut a fine long Polypus into Three
Pieces, tranfverfely, at Five in the Afternoon. I left
the Middle-piece the longeft of the Three.

On Monday the 21ft, the Head-piece feemed well
formed again, excepting that it was yet very fhort ;
the other Pieces looked plump and well. On Tuef-
day the Head-piece eat and kept Part of a Worm : It
feized it very vigoroufly with its Arms, mattered ir,
and fwallowed it eagerly. The Middle-piece moved
pretty much, and the laft looked frefh and well. This
Thurfdny Morning, the Arms begin to fhew them-
lelves on the anterior Extremity of the Middle-piece.

What

[45 5 1

What I have related is a faithful Account of ail
the Experiments I have yet had Time to make on
the ‘Polypus, Thofe above-mentioned are all that I
have cut j by which it appears, that I have yet had no
unfuccclslul Operation 5 and lam not confcious, that
I have yet loft one Polypus by any Accident, though
the Weather has been very fevere, excepting one
Day, ever fince they came over ; and this has pro-
bably made things go on flower, and the Repro-
ductions require longer Time than it is reafonable to
think they would have done, in a more favourable and
milder Seafon.

All I can fay for my Experiments, is, that I have
made them with as much Care and Circumvention
as I was Mafter of; and that, in this Relation of
them, I have in the ftri&eft manner adhered to the
exad Truth, in the moil minute Particulars : I mud
alfo add, that the Infedts which have been cut, or upon
which I have made any fort of Experiment, have
never been out of my own private keeping, and have
never been fo much as feen by any Perfon whatfo-
ever but in my own Prefence.

I fhould now, Gentlemen, make an End, and
ask your Excufes for troubling you with fo long an
Account, were I not in fome fort obliged, before I
conclude, to return my Thanks to a very worthy
Member of our Society, Dr. Parfons , whofe
extreme Curiofity, and earneft Defire to promote the
Knowledge of Nature, has prompted him to favour
me with his Company and Afliftance in feveral of
my Experiments ; befides which he has alfo furnifhed
me with fome very exad and curious Drawings of
thefe minute Bodies, as they have appeared to the

K k k 2 Mi-

C *34 3

Microfcope in various Altitudes, and under different
Circumftances ; an Affiflance I could hardly have
received from any other Hand, as this Gentleman
joins the greateft Accuracy in obferving the true
Strudure of the Works of Nature, with a peculiar
Happinefs in reprefenting them. And thefe Draw-
ings I have brought with me, for the Entertainment
of the Gentlemen prefent; and to whom I am
perfuaded they will not be lefs p leafing and fatisfadory,
than they have been to myfelf.

After which Mr. Cuff \ who has at my Requeft
brought hither an excellent Microfcope, will be fo
kind as to endeavour at fhewing the Infed itfelf to
fuch Gentlemen, as not having yet feen it, may
now be willing to take a View of it in that Manner.
But as it may be found difficult for the whole Com-
pany to fatisfy their Curiofity here fufficiently at the
fame time : I muft again repeat what I had the Honour
of faying to you the lad Thurfday , that fo long as I
ffiall have any of thefe little Animals in my Pofleffion,
I ffiall always be ready and defirous to {hew them, at
my own Houfe, and give the bed Satisfadion I am
able, to any Gentlemen difpofed to take further
Notice of them.

References to the Figures above-mentioned.

Tab. V.

Fig. i. Reprefents a Polypus as feen in the Micro-
fcope, when in a State of Extenfon , the Arms
fpread as when feeling for their Rrey, and the
Mouth fharp and prominent.

Fig. 2. and 3. Reprefents the fame InfeCt in its moff
.contrasted State.

5 Fig.

IPar foils M).

ctf-'yltt/ftde j’c-

'\f. Tra/M aot. 4 £> (J- TAB AT

~ J> 434 43<?

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^vvV^'

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[ 435 1

Fig. 4. and 5. Shews the Inf c Si when in a middle
State of Contraction > the Body is then wrinkled ,
fo as to appear fcmewhat like a Grub or Earth-
worm.

Fig. 6. Is a Polypus with a young one growing from
its Side , and another from that again: This is not
fo much extended as that in Fig. 1. and is to be
fuppofed to have taken lately fome hood , whereby
the Cavity of the Inflde is made more confpicuousy
arid the Communication of the Guts of the young
ones with thofe of the Barents becomes fenfible .

Fig. 7. Shews the Appearance of a Polypus, that has
already fwallowed the beft Bart of a JVorm end-
ways. He is graf ping the remaining Part to draw
that in alfo.

Fig. 8. Reprefents a Polypus, whofe Mouth is greatly
extended : He has juft taken in the middle Bart
of a Worm 5 the Opening of the Mouth is there
remarkable , the Arms feem fomewhat cont railed
from the Effort in fir etching the Mouth fo wide ;
the Neck alfo may be there obferved between the
Mouth and the Stomach-, but which will foon dif-
appear as the JVorm is fucked further in.

Fig. 9. Is another Polypus, nearly in the fame State
as the laft ; but the Worm is omitted in the Fi-
gure, to fhew the Form of the Mouth more di-
ftinlily.

Fig. 10. Shews the fame Polypus when the Worm is
drawn quite double into his Stomach ; here the
Neck intirely difappears , and the Whole is like an
open Bag or Burfe.

Fig. 11. I he fame Polypus, after he has intirely fw al-
lowed his Worm i the Mouth is now again clo fed

and

[ 45-5 ]

and contracted, and the Worm may be discovered
through the Skin , as it lies coiled in his Stomach.
In thefe Five laft Figures it may be noted, that ,
however extended and f welled the Stomach of the
Infelt appears, the poflerior Fart is not ftretched
in ‘Proportion, but difcovers it f elf every -where as
a final l Tail, in which is contained a Gut, with
which the Stomach communicates.

Fig. 12. Shews one of the Homs or Arms of a Po-
lypus very much magnified, for the giving fome
imperfeSl Idea of the Knots or Papilla: in the
tranjparent membranous Subfiance, of which it is
compofed.

.Tab. VI.

Reprefents a Polypus that had fever al Toung grow-
ing from him at once, fome of which had alfo
others fpringing out from them again. This was
the fame Polypus mentioned in the foregoingPaper
to have had Three young ones dependent from him
at the fame time , but which , becoming ftill more
fruitful, was drawn a few Flays after as he ap-
pears in this Figure, and when, befides thofe here
reprefented. Eight other young ones had at fever al
times feparated themfelves from him , fince I
received the Infetls.

VII. An

r

I

■ "

JPhilcKJ. Transact. TAB.V

/>■ 43*

IParfons AD.^V.

1

[ ]

VII. An Account of a Book intituled, New
Principles of Gunnery, containing the De-
termination of the Force of Gunpowder 5
and an Inveftigation of the refilling Power
of the Air to (wife and flow Motions 5 by
B. K . F. R. S. as far as the fame relates to
the Force of Gunpowder.

Read April 14,.
and 2 1 . 1 74.3.

r | 'HI S Treatife contains Two Chap-
j[ ters. The Fil'd treats of the Force
of Gunpowder, and the Velocities communicated to
Bullets by its Explolion : The Second confiders the
Refiftance of the Air to Bullets and Shells moving
with great Velocities 5 and endeavours to evince, that
this Refiftance is much beyond what it is generally
efteemed to be; and confcquently that the Trad
deferibed by the Flight of thefe Projediles, is very
different from what is ufually fuppofed by the modern
Writers on this Subjed.

The principal Points endeavoured to be eftablifhed
in the Firft Chapter are thefe, “ That the Force of
fired Gunpowder is no more than the Adion of a
permanent elaftic Fluid, which is produced by the
Explofion ; that this Fluid obferves the fame Laws
with common Air in their Exertion of its Prelfure
or Elafticity ; " and confequently, “ That the Ve-
locities communicated to Bullets by the Explofion
may be eafily computed from the common Rules,
which are eftablifhed for the Determination of the
Ait’s Elafticity. ”

tc

u

iC

cc

cc

c C

cc

((

<{

The

[ 4? 8 ]

The Two firft Propofitions contain the Proofs that
a permanent elaftic Fluid is conftantly generated in
the Explofion of Gunpowder ; this is evinced by well-
known Experiments daily repeated, and acquiefced
in by all who have frequented the ufual Courfes of
Experimental Philofophy, of which thefe Experi-
ments generally make a Part ; fo that the Author pre-
lumes he may confider this Point as inconteftably
eftablifhed, at lead he has never yet met with any
who have queftioned it.

The Third Proportion is, That the Elafticity of
this Fluid produced by the Firing of Gunpowder, is,
ceteris paribus , direftly as its Denfity ; and the Ex-
periment by which this was confirmed, was letting
fall feparately Two Quantities of Powder, the one
double the other, on a red-hot Iron included' in an
exhaufled Receiver j and it appeared by the Defcent
of the Mercury, that the Elafticity of the Fluid pro-
duced from the double Quantity of Powder, was
nearly double the Elafticity of that produced from the
Engle Quantity ; that is, the Elafticity was nearly as
the Denfity of the Fluid.

But it may perhaps be thought, that a ftngle Ex-
periment is too {lender a Foundation on which to
build fo material a Principle, fince all fubfequent
Reafonino;s on the Force of Powder in fome meature
depend on it. In Reply to this it may be faid, that
the Author recited this {ingle Experiment on ac-
count of the great Quantity of Powder made ufe of
in it, which was Threc-fixteenths of an Ounce; but
that he had really made many more equally con-
clulive, which he thought it unneceflary to mention.
However, thofe who doubt of this Propofition, may

fa-

[ 459 3

fatisfy themfelvcs herein by fome Experiments made
by the late Mr. Hauksbee before this Society,
though with a different View ; where, by the firing
of Twenty- fix Quantities of Powder fucceflively, the
x mercurial Gage was funk from Twenty-nine Inches
and an half, to Twelve Three-fourths; for by com-
paring thefe Experiments together, and making the
neceffary Allowances, it will be found, that the Elafti-
city was nearly proportional to the Denfity in all that
Variety of Denfities.

In this Propofition, the Analogy between the Fluid
produced by the Explofion of Powder and common
Air, is eftablifhed thus far, that they exert equal Ela-
flici ties in like Circumftances ; for this Variation of
the Elafticity, in proportion to the Denfity, is a well-
known Property of common Air. But other Au-
thors, who, fmee the Time of Mr. Boyle , have exa-
mined the factitious elaftic Fluids produced by Burn-
ing, Diftillation, &c. have carried this Analogy much
farther, and have fuppofed thefe Fluids to be real
Air, endued with all the Properties of that we
breathe ; particularly the Reverend Dr. Hales , who
has purfued this Examination with the greateft Ex-
aCtnefs, in a Series of the belt contrived Proceffes,
conftantly affixes the Denomination of Air to thefe
factitious Fluids, he having found, that their Weight
is the fame with that of common Air, and that they
dilate with Heat, and contract with Cold,- and that
they vary their Denfities under different Degrees of
Impreifion in the fame Proportion with common
Air; and from hence, and other Circumftances of
Agreement between them, he fuppofes them to be of

L 1 1 the

C 440 ]

the fame Nature with Air, and conceives them to be
fitly defigned by the fame Name. '

But fo perfecl a Congruity between thefe fadlitious
Fluids and Air is not neceffary for the Purpofes of
this Treatife. The fundamental Politions of this
Firft Chapter fuppofing no more, than that the Eladi-
city of the Fluid produced in the Explofion of Gun-
powder is always, ceteris paribus , as its Denfity ;
and that the Force of fired Gunpowder is only the
Adlion of that Fluid modified according to this Law.
It has been already mentioned, on what Grounds the
Firft of thefe Principles hath been affcrted, as con-
tained in the Third Propofition ; and it remains to
explain the Reafons urged for the Support of the laft
in the Eight fucceeding Proportions.

The Law of the Adlion of this Fluid being deter-
mined, Two Methods offer themfelves for invefti-
gating the abfolutc Force of Powder on the Bodies
it impels before it. The firfi by examining the Quan-
tity of this Fluid produced by a given Quantity of
Powder, and thence finding its Eladicity at the In-
flant of the Explofton 5 the other by determining
the adlual Velocities communicated to Bullets by
known Charges, adling through Barrels of different
Dimenfions. The Firfi is the mod eafy and obvious,
but the Second the mod accurate Method ; and there-
fore the Author has feparately purfued each, and he
has found, that their Concurrence has greatly exceeded
his Expe&ation, and thereby both of them receive
an additional Confirmation.

The Quantity of the eladic Fluid, produced by the
Firing of a given Quantity of Powder, is determined

by

C 44 » ]

by firing it in an exhaufted Receiver, and obferving
how much the mercurial Gage fubfides thereby,
making a proper Allowance for the Increafe of its
Elafticity from the Heat of the included hot Iron.
But then, as the Subfiding of the Mercury is not
mcafured till the Flame of the Powder is extinguifhed,
and the Fluid is reduced fomewhat near the Tem-
perature of the external Air, it is evident, that the
Elafticity thus eftimated is much fhort of what it
really was in the Inftant of Explofion ; and therefore,
to obtain that Elafticity, which is the Force fought,
it is neceftary to make fome Eftimate of the Increafe
of the Elafticity of the Fluid by the Fire and Flame
of the Explofion. For this Purpofe it is examined in
the Fifth Propofition, how much the Elafticity of
common Air is increafed by a Degree of Heat equal
to that of Iron beginning to grow white hot ; and it
is found, at a Medium, to be thereby augmented
fomething more than Four times ; whence, as the
Fluid produced by any Quantity of Gunpowder takes
up, when comprefted by the Weight of the incum-
bent Atmofphere, a Space fomething lefs than 250
times the Bulk of the Powder 5 it follows, that if its
Elafticity in the Inftant of Explofion be fuppofed to
be increafed in the fame Proportion with that of the
Air laft-mentioned, it becomes by this means about
1000 times greater than the Preflure of the Atmo-
fphere j that is, conceiving it to be contained in that
Space only which the Powder occupied before it was
fired.

Thofe who have not been converfant in thefe Ex-
periments, may poftibly fuppofe, that the Elafticity of
the Powder at the Inftant of Explofion may be im-

L 1 1 2 mediately

[ 441 ]

mediately known by the Firft fudden Defcent of the
Mercury : But many Circumftances concur to render
this Method impracticable ; amongft the reft it muft
be remembered, that fome Air is conftantly left in
the Receiver, which is heated by theBlaft, and unites
its EfFe&s in the Firft Inftant with the Aftion of the
Powder: Befides, the Firft Defcent may be varied, by
varying the Tube, although all things elfe remain
unchanged.

By the Method hitherto deferibed, it is collected,
that the Elafticity of the Fluid produced from fired
Gunpowder, when contained in the Space which
was taken up by the Powder before the Explofion,
is about 1000 times greater than the Elafticity of
common Air, or, which is the fame thing, 1000
times greater than the Preflure of the Atmofphere.

But, befides the Determination of the Quantity of
Fluid produced from a given Quantity of Powder,
(the Method on which this Deduction is founded)
there is another Method of difeovering the fame
thing, which, though lefs obvious, is yet (as hath
been already obferved) more accurate: That is, by
examining the adtual Velocities communicated to
Bullets by the Explofion of given Charges in given
Cylinders 5 and this is the Subject of the 7th, 8th, and
9th Propofttions.

And Firft, it is evident, that this Examination can-
not take place, unlels a Method of difeovering the
Velocities of Bullets be previoufly eftablilhed. Now
the only known Means of effe&ing this was, either
by obferving the Time of the Flight of Bullets through
a given Space j or by finding their Ranges when they
were projected at a given Angle, and thence com-
puting

[ 443 ]

puting their Velocity on the Hypothefis of their para-
bolic Motion. The Firft of thele Methods was often
impracticable, and in all great Velocities extremely
inaccurate, both on account of the Shortnefs of the
Time of their Flight, and the Refiftance of the Air.
The Second is ftill more exceptionable, fince, by
reafon of the Airs Refiftance, the Velocities thus
found may be lefs in any Ratio given, than the real
Velocity fought. Now, to avoid thefe Difficulties,
the Author has invented a Method of determining
the Velocities of Bullets, which may be carried to
any required Degree of Exa&nefs, and is no-ways
liable to the forementioned Exceptions; for. by this
Invention, the Velocity of the Bullet is found in any
Point of its Track, independent of the Velocity it
had before it arrived at that Point, or of the Velo-
city it would have after it had pafied it : So that not
only the original Velocity, with which it ifiiies from
the Piece, is hence known, but alfo its Velocity, after
it has pafied to any given Diftance ; and therefore
the Variations of its Velocity from the Refiftance of
the Air may be alfo afeertained with great Facility.

• The Machine for this Purpofe is deferibed in the 8th
Propofition, and the Principle it is founded on is this
fimple Axiom of Mechanics ; That if a Body in
Motion ftrikes on another at Reft , and they are not
feparated after the Stroke , but move on with one
common Motiony then that common Motion is equal
to the Motion with which the Firft Body moved
before the Stroke : Whence, if that common Motion
and the Mafles of the Two Bodies are known, the
Motion of the Firft Body before the Stroke is thence
determined. On this Principle then it follows, that

the

C 444 1

the Velocity of a Bullet may be diminiflied in any
given Ratio , by its being made to impinge on a Body
of a Weight properly proportioned to it 5 and hereby
the mod violent Motions, which would otherwife
efcape our Examination, are eafily determined by
thefe retarded Motions, which have a given Relation
to them. Hence then, if a heavy Body greatly ex-
ceeding the Weight of the Bullet, whofe Velocity is
wanted, be fufpended fo that it may vibrate freely
on an Axis in the manner of a Pendulum, and the
Bullet impinges on it when it is at Reft, the Velocity
of the Pendulum after the Stroke will be eafily
known by the Extent of its Vibration, and from
thence, and the known Relation of the Weight of
the Bullet and the Pendulum, and the Pofition of
the Axis of Ofcillation, the Velocity with which
the Bullet is impinged will be determined, as is
largely explained in the 8th Propofition. Where
note, that there is a Paragraph by Miftake omitted
in that Propofition, which fhould increafe the Velo-
city there found in the duplicate Proportion of the
Diftances of the Points of Ofcillation and Percuflion
from the Axis of Sufpenfion 5 but this only affeds
that particular Number, for it was remembered in
the Computations of the fucceeding Experiments,

the Numbers of which are truly ftated.

¥

It being explained how the Velocities of Bullets
may be difeovered by Experiment : The next Con-
deration is, from thofe Velocities to determine the
Force which produced them.

And the Author thought, the beft Method of effed-
ing this was by computing what Velocities would
arife from the Adion of fired Powder, fuppofing its

Force

1

[ 445 3

Porce to be rightly a {Turned by the Procefs in the
preceding Part 5 that is, fuppofing the Elafticity of
the Fluid thence arifing to be at firft: 1000 times
greater than that of common Air ; for then, by com-
paring the Refult of thefe Computations with a great
Number of different Experiments, it would appear
whether that Force was rightly afligned $ and if nor,
in what Degree it was to be corre&ed.

Preparatory to this Computation, the Author
affumes in his 7th Propofition thefe Two Principles :

3 ft, That the A&ion of the Powder on the Bullet
ceafes as Toon as the Bullet is got out of the Piece.

2 dlyt That all the Powder of the Charge is fired,
and converted into an elafiic Fluid, before the Bullet
is fenfibly moved from its Place.

And in the annexed Scholium he has given the
Arguments and Experiments which induced him to
rely on thefe Poftulates, all which is neceffary at pre-
fent to difeufs more at large.

If the Force of Gunpowder was fuppofed capable
of being determined with the fame Accuracy and
Rigour, which takes place in Subjects purely Geome-
trical, the Firft of thefe Poftulates would be doubt-
Jefs erroneous, fince it cannot be queftioned but the
Flame acts in fome Degree on the Bullet after it is
out of the Piece.

But it is well known, that in Experimental Sub-
je&s no fuch Precifenefs is attainable 5 for thofe
verfed in Experiments perpetually find, that either the
unavoidable Irregularities of their Materials, or the
Variation of fome unobferved. Circumftance, occa-
fion very difcernible Differences in the Event of
fimilar Trials. Thus the Experiments made ufe of

for

[ 44* ]

for confirming the Laws of the Collifion of Bodies,
have never been found abfolutely to coincide either
with the Theory, or with each other. The fame is
true of the Experiments on the Running and Spout-
ing of Water and other Fluids, and of the Experi-
ments made by Sir Ifaac Newton , for the Confirma-
tion of his Theory of Refiftances ; in which, though
they often differ from each other, and from that
Theory by One-twentieth, One-tenth, and even
fometimes One-fifth Part, yet thofe fmall Inequalities
have never been urged as invalidating his Conclufions,
fince, in Experiments of that Nature, it was rather to
be wondered at, that the Difference between the
different Trials was fo fmall.

And if fome minute Irregularities are the neceffary
Concomitants of all complicated Experiments, it may
be well fuppofed, that the Aftion of fo furious a
Power as that of fired Gunpowder, which viftbly
agitates and diforders all Parts of the Apparatus made
ufe of, cannot but be attended with fenfible Varia-
tions ; and it in Fa£t appears, that in the Table of
Experiments inferted in the 9th Propofition, the Ve-
locities of Bullets fired from the fame Piece, charged
with the fame Powder, and all Circumftances as near
as poflible the fame, do yet differ from each other
by One-fiftieth, One-fortieth, and fometimes more
than One-thirtieth, of the Whole ; and yet the Author
does not conceive, that thefe fmall Differences are
any Exception to the Conclufivenefs of his Principles;
but he prefumes, that had he pretended, without dif-
clofing his Method, to have computed the Force of
Powder, and the Velocities of Bullets, in different
Circumftances, to a much lefs Degree of Accuracy

than

C 447 ]

than this, he fliould have been cenfured, as boafting
of what would have been thought impra&icable.

If then the A&ion of the Flame on the Bullet after
it is out of the Piece, is fo fmall as to produce no
greater an Effect than what may be deftroyed by the
inevitable Variations of the Experiments, the neglect-
ing it intirely, and fuppofmg no fuch Force to take
place, is both a convenient and a reafonable Pro-
cedure : For indeed, without the Afliimption of
Populates of this kind, it were impollible to have
proceeded one Step in Natural Philofophy, fince no
Mechanic Problem hath been ever folved, in which
every real Inequality of the moving Force hath been
confidered.

Now what induced the Author to fuppofe, that this
Poftulate (though not rigoroufly true) might be
fafely affumed, was the Confideration of the fpread-
ing of the Flame by its own Elafticity, as foon as it
efcapes from the Mouth of the Piece : For by this
means he conceived that the Part of it which im-
pinged on the Bullet might be fafely neglected,
although the Impulfe of the intire Flame was a very
remarkable Force.

With regard to the Second Poftulate, That all
“ the Powder is fired before the Bullet is fenftbly
<l moved from its Place ; " it is incumbent on the
Author to be ftill more explicit, as this Society
did fome time fince appoint a Committee for exa-
mining this very Pofition, who, after making a great
Number of Experiments, have determined, * That all
the Powder is not fired before the Bullet is fienfibly

* See th efe Tranfatfionf) N0465. p.172, &c.
M m m

moved

[ 448 ]

moved from its Place 5 and they have at the fame
time afligned the Quantities remaining unfircd under
different Circumftances.

Thefe Determinations of the Committee are mod
true; but the Author muft obferve, that from the
Experiments recited by them, and the Quantity of
unfired Powder, which they colleded, it may be con-
cluded, that in a Barrel of a cuftomary Length,
charged with the ufual Quantity of Powder, the De-
ficiency of Velocity occafioned by the Powder remain-
ing unfired will be fcarcely fenfible; and in the
fhorteft Barrel ever ufed by the Author, where the
Space the Bullet was impelled through was not Five
Inches, and where of courfe this Deficiency of Velo-
city ought to be the greateft, it cannot amount to
One-thirtieth Part of the Whole ; and confequently
this Populate, though not rigoroufly true, may yet
be fafely afiiimed, in the inveftigating the Effeds of
Powder. But before this is more particularly exa-
mined, it is neceffary to explain the Opinions, which
have formerly taken place on this Subjed.

Thofe who have hitherto wrote on the Manner in
which Powder takes Fire, have fuppofed it to be done
by regular Degrees; the Firft Grains firing thofe
contiguous, and they the next fuccefilvely ; and it
has been generally thought, that a confiderable Time
was employed in thefe various Communications:
For Mr. 'Daniel Bernoulli , in his excellent Hydro -
dynamica , has concluded from fome Experiments
made at Betersburgh , that the greateft Part of the
Charge efcapes out of the Piece unfired, and that the
fmallPart, which is fired, does not take Fire till it
is near the Mouth. Many Theories too have been

com-

[ 44? ]

compofed on the Time of the Progrefs of the Fire
amongft the Grains, and the different Modifications
which the Force of Powder did thence receive; and
it has been generally conceived, that the proper
Lengths of Pieces were determinable from this Prin-
ciple ; “ That they fhould be long enough to give
“ Time for all the Powder to fire/'

But the Author being fatisfied, that no fuch regular
and progreflive Steps could be obferved in the Ex-
plofton ; and having found, that by loading with a
greater Weight of Bullet, and thereby aimoft doubling
the Time of the Continuance of the Powder in the
Barrel, its Force received but an inconftderable Aug-
mentation; and finding too, that doubling or trebling
the ufual Charge, the Powder thus added always
produced a correfpondent Effed in the Velocity of
the Bullet ; and difcovering likewife in a Piece near
Four Feet in Length, charged with an ufual Charge
of Powder, that the Velocity communicated to the
Bullet, during the Firft Three Inches of its Motion,
was full half the Velocity which it acquired in its
whole PafTage through the Barrel, and that the Elafti-
city or Force of the Powder, in the Firft Three Inches
of its Expanfton, was, at a Medium, near Eight
times greater than in the laft Two Feet of the Bar-
rel ; he concluded from all thefe Circumftanccs, that
the Time employed by the Powder in taking Fire
was not neceffary to be attended to in thefe Com-
putations; but that the whole Mafs might be fup^
pofed to be kindled, before the Bullet was fenfibly
moved from its Place.

And the Experiments reported by the Committee
are the ftrongeft Proofs, (as far as they extend) that

M m m 2 Powder

[ 45° 3

Powder is not fired in the progreifive Manner ufually
fuppofed j for when the fhort Barrel was charged
with 12 dwt. and with 6 dwt. relpe&ively, the
Quantity of Powder which was collected unfired from
1 2 dwt. did not exceed by 3 Grains, at a Medium,
what was colle&ed from 6 dwt. although the Bullet
was a lefs Time in palling through the Barrel with
12 dwt. than with 6 dwt. it having a lefs Way to
move ; confequently the Quantity remaining unfired
of the 6 dwt. did not continue unfired for want of
Time, fince, when the Piece was charged with 12
dwt. the additional 6 dwt. was confumcd in a fhortcr
Time.

And again, when the Barrel was fo fhortened, that
the Bullet, being placed clofe to the W ad, lay with
its outer Surface nearly level with the Mouth of the
Piece, fo that it had not more than half an Inch to
move before the Flame would have Liberty to expand
itfelf j yet, even in this fhort Tranfit of the Bullet,
only 2 dwt. 1 - gr. was collected unfired, at a Me-
dium $ which is about £ of the whole Charge, or, if
properly reduced, not more than ~ of the Charge :
An obvious Confutation of the gradual Firing of
the Powder in its Palfage through the Barrel, and
an eafy Proof, how fmall an Error will be occa-
fioned by fuppoling the whole Charge to fire in-
ftantaneoufly, fince the Error in the Velocity of the
Bullet, arifing from a Deficiency of of the Charge,
is 4 of that Velocity only.

I fay, that the ■§• of the Charge, which remained
unfired, amounts to no more than ~ when it is re-
duced at it ought. This Reduction is founded on

the

[ 45 1 1

the other Experiments reported by the Committee,
and on the Circumftances of thofe Trials on which
the Author founded the prefent Poftulate. The Au-
thor has fuppofed the Powder, on which he reafons
in this Treatife, to be of the fame fort with that
made for the Service of the Government, a Parcel
of which he was favoured with by Mr. Walton. But
this he chiefly kept for a Standard, and generally ufed
other Powders, which, on Examination, he found to
be of equal Force. Thefe Powders were of a very
fmall and even Grain, and the Committee have
found, that by lifting the Government Powder, and
making ufe of the fmaller Grains, the Quantity re-
maining unfired was lefs, at a Medium, in the
Ratio of 5 to 3 ? than when it was ufed without
lifting.

And again, it was found by extrading the Salt-
petre from the Powder colleded unfired, that there
was lefs Saltpetre contained in it than in real Powder,
and this nearly in the Ratio of 9 to 7 : Thefe Two
Proportions compounded make the Proportion of 1 5
to 7, and in this Proportion muft the Quantities of
Powder colleded unfired be reduced, in order to
determine the Quantities of real Powder remaining
unfired, in limilar Experiments made by the Author.

And from hence it follows, that in the Experi-
ments made with a Barrel 5 -f Inches in Length, where
the Ball had not 3 Inches to move, and where the
Irregularity arifin'g from the Powder unfired ought to
have been the mod fenfible, the Quantity of real Powder
colleded unfired from a Charge of 1 2 dwt. would have
been no more than 16 Grains at a Medium, or ~

of

[ 451 3

of the whole Charge ; and it being found by Experi-
ment, that the Velocities of Bullets placed in the
fame Situation vary in the fubduplicate Proportion
of the Charges, the Deficiency of Velocity ariling
from the Lofs of the 77 of the Charge would be
about — of the whole Velocity only, which, in the
prefent Cafe, is not 75 of an Inch in the Chord of
the Arch deferibed by the Pendulum meafuring the
Velocity, and is a lefs Difference than what fre-
quently occurs in the exadeft Repetition of the fame
Experiments.

Other Circumftances occur, which reduce the In-
equality arifing from the unfired Powder Bill lower 5
but it is thought, that this is fully fufficient tojuftify
the Populate in Queftion, efpecially as, in all Cafes
of real Ufe, the Length of the Barrel in proportion
to the Quantity of the Charge will be much greater
than in the prefent Inftance : Whence the Author
prefumes, that, in computing the Velocities commu-
nicated to Bullets by the Action of Powder, it may
be fafely fuppofed, that the whole Charge is fired
before the Bullet is fenfibly moved from its Place ; at
leaft there is no Foundation, from the Experiments
made on this Subjed by the Committee, to fufped
that when fmall-grained Powder is made ufe of, any
greater Irregularity will arife from the Application of
this Suppofition, than what would otherwife take
place from the Intervention of unavoidable Ac-
cidents.

It has been thought neceffary to difeufs more at
large thefe Two Poftulates, becaufe the laft of them
being almoft in the very Words of one of the Que-
flions propofed to be examined by the Committee of

this

2

[ 453 ]

this Society, and having by them been determined
in the Negative, thofe who have not attended to this
Subject might fuppofe, that thereby the Authors Prin-
ciples were intirely overturned : Now this would be
a great Injuftice to him, fince he has not relied on
this Populate as rigoroufly true j for he knew, and
has himfelf taken notice in the prefent Propofition,
that fome of the Powder efcapes unfired ; and he has
there made fome Conjedures on the Caufe of it ; but,
without infilling on the Reality of thofe Conjedures,
he adds, that, Be that as it may, the Truth of our
“ Pofition cannot in general be quellioned. *’

And though it appears from what has been already
faid, that the Experiments recited by the Committee
rather confirm than invalidate the general Senfe.of
that Poftulate; yet it is but Juft ice to own, that they
are a full Confutation of the Conjedures of the Au-
thor in relation to the Caufe why fome Part of the
Powder comes out unfired 5 for the Author has fup-
pofed, after ’Diego Ufano , that the Part which thus
efcaped, was fcattcred in the Barrel, and not rammed
up with the reft, or elfe that it was of a lefs inflammable
Compofition : But the Experiments made on this Oc-
cafion intirely deftroy this Suppofition.

As this, or any other Conjedure on the Caufe of
this Accident, (for it plainly appears not to be for
want of Time only) has nothing to do with the
general Realoning of the prefent Treatife, it is not
neceffary to enter into it in this Place ; but it may
not be improper to mention, that, on computing the
Quantities of Powder colleded from different
Charges, one of the Committee was led to con-
jedure, that what was thus colleded was only Parts •

of

C 454 ]

of Grains that had been fired, but were extinguished
by the Blaft before they were intirely confumed.
This Conje&ure is ftrengthened by the extreme Mi-
nutenefs of the Particles of all the Powder which was
collected, and from the Deficiency of the Saltpetre
found in it on Examination : It may be added too,
that the Author, by gradually heating a Parcel of
Powder, hath fet it on Fire, and blown it out again,
for at leaft a Dozen times fucceflively j and he will
undertake to repeat the Experiment at any time, if it
Should be doubted of.

The Poftulates hitherto difeuffed are preparatory
to the 7th Propofition. That Propofition is em-
ployed in computing the Velocity which would be
communicated to a Bullet in a given Piece by a given
Charge of Powder, on the Principles hitherto laid
down, that is, fuppofmg the Elafticity of fired Pow-
der to be at firft 1000 times greater than that of
common Air.

In the 9th Propofition thefe Computations are
compared with a great Number of Experiments,
made in Barrels of various Lengths, from Seven
Inches to Forty-five Inches, and with different
Quantities of Powder, from 6 dwt. to 3 6; and
the Coincidence between the Theory and thefe Ex-
periments is very Singular, and fuch as occurs in but
few philofophical Subjects of fo complicated a
Nature.

By this Agreement between the Theory and the
Experiments, each Part of the Theory is feparately
confirmed; for by firing different Quantities of
Powder in the fame Piece, and in the fame Cavity,
it appears that the Velocities of the Bullet, thence

[ 455 3

arifing, are extremely near the fubduplicate Proportion
of thofe Quantities of Powder, and this independent
of the Length of the Piece : Whence it is confirmed,
that the Elafticity of fired Powder in various Circum-
ftances, is nearly as itsDcnfity ; and this docs not only
fuccced in frnall Quantities of Powder, and in (mail
Pieces, but in the larged likewife, under proper Re-
ftri&ions; at lead there are Experiments which could
not be inducnced by this Theory, where the Quantities
of Powder were above ioo times greater than what
are ufed by this Author, and in thefe Trials this Cir-
cumdance takes place to fufficient Exact nefs.

It is prefumed then, that by this Theory a near Edi-
mate may be always made ot the Velocities commu-
nicated to Shells or Bullets by given Charges of Pow-
der 5 at lead thefe Experiments evince how truly the
Velocities of frnall Bullets are hereby adigned ; and
the Author can fhew by the Experiments of others,
that in a Shell of Thirteen Inches Diameter, impelled
by a full Charge of Powder, the fame Principle nearly
holds: It is true indeed, that when the Charge is
much frnall er than the ufual Allotment of Powder,
there are fome Irregularities, which are particularly
mentioned at the End of the 9th Propofition, to which
Head too, perhaps, mud be referred the Experiments
made by the Committee on theEffeft of different frnall
Chambers j but in the cudomary Charges, the Velo-
cities of Bullets refulting from all the Experiments
hitherto made, are really fuch as the Theory laid down
in the preceding Part of this Treatifc requires. And
it appears, that thefe Velocities are much greater than
what they have been hitherto accounted : And there
are Reafons from the Theory to believe, that in Can-

Nnn non-fhot

[ 45^ ]

non-fhot the Velocities may dill exceed the prefent
Computation.

The afcertaining the Force of Powder, and thence
the Velocities of Bullets impelled by itsExplofion, and
the aligning a Method of truly determining their adual
Velocities from Experiments, are Points from whence
every neceflary Principle in the Formation or Manage-
ment of Artillery may be eafily deduced : Conftdering
therefore the infinite Import of a well-ordered Artil-
lery to every State, the Author flatters himfelf, that
whatever Judgment may be formed of his Succefs in
thefelnquiries, he will not be denied the Merit of having
employed his Thoughts and Induftry on a Subject,
which, though of a moll fcientific Nature, and of the
greateft Confequence to the Public, hath been hitherto
almoft totally negleded ; or, at leaft, fo fuperficially
confidered, as to be left in a much more imperfect
State than many other philofophical Refcarches.

With regard to the Second Chapter of this Treatife,
relating to the Refiflance of the Air, the Author has in
his Preface mentioned his Intention of annexing to it
a Series of Experiments, on the real Track of Bul-
lets, as modulated by that Refiftance: And therefore,
as he propofes to complete thofe Experiments this Sum-
mer, unlefs unforefeen Accidents prevent him, he
choofes to pofipone any Account of the Subjed of the
Second Chapter till that time, when he intends to lay
the Refult of thofe Experiments before this Society,
in order that any Exceptions or Difficulties relating to
them, may be examined and difeufied before they are
published to the World.

The Reader is defired to corred an Error in the Firfl: Paragraph of
the 29th Page of the Treatife here referred to, where for Fercujfion
read OfcilJation .

Numb. 470.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

From April 21. to "June 23. 1743.

The contents.

I. Obfervationes Cometae, a R.T. Frantz. Soc. Jef.

faflee, menfe Februario anni Mdccxliii. Vienna
Auftria;. Ex Epiflola Rev. Petri Ifaaci Carnabe,
ad Ifaacum Lawfon, M. D. Pag. 457.

II. An Abftrabl offome new Obfervations upon Infedts :

By Mr. Charles Bonnet ^Geneva. Communicated
in a Letter to Sir Hans Sloane, Barf late Prefident
of the Royal Society, &c. Tranflated from the
French by P. H. Z. F. R. S. 458.

III. An Account of an extraordinary Cafe of the Bones

of a Woman growing fo ft and flexible ; communi-
cated to the Royal Society by Mr. Sylvanus
Bevan, F. R. S. 488.

IV. Extract of Two Letters from Dr. John Lining,
Phyflcian at Charles-Town in South Carolina, to
James Jurin, M. D. F. R. S. giving an Account of
Statical Experiments made feveral times in a Day
upon himfelf for one whole Tear, accompanied with
Meteorological Obfervations 5 to which are Jub-

joined Six General Tables, deduced from the whole

' Tears Courfe. 49 1 .

V. Tart

The CONTENT S.

V. Tart of a Letter from his Grace the Duke of

Richmond, Lennox and Aubigne, F.R.S. to M.
Folkes, Efq} Tr . R. S. 510.

VI. Of the Structure and Difeafes of Articulating

Cartilages, William Hunter, Surgeon. 514.

VII. Tart of a Letter from the Revd Mr. Thomas

Lord, to William Follces, Efq ; F.R.S. concerning
forne Worms whofe Tarts live after they have
been cut af under. 522.

VIII. A Letter from^.VMonSyM.D. F.R.S. ^Mar-
tin Folkes, Efq\ Prefident of the Royal Society,
containing the Natural Hiftory of the Rhinoceros.

523.

IX. Ail Account of a Compart fon lately made by fome

Gentlemen of the Royal Society, of the Standard
ofaYatd, and the feveralNJ eights lately made for
their Ufe > with the Original Standards of Meafurcs
and Weights in the Exchequer, and fome others
kept for public Ufe, at Guild-hall, Founders hall,
the To\Ver, &c. 541.

X. The Defcription of an Inftrument for reducing a
diflocated Shoulder ; invented by Mr. ]ohn Freke,
Surgeon of St. Bartholomew’^ Hofpitai, and F. R. S.

5 5 6.

XI. A Letter from Peirce Dod, M. T). Fellow of the

Royal College of Phyficians, London, and Thy -
fician to St. Bartholomew V Hofpitai, to the Prefi-
dent of the Royal Society, concerning a Terfon
who made bloody Urine in the Small- Pox, and re-
covered. 5 59-

I. Ob-

r

/

,*

/

IParib n 5 M). de£.

Mj/ruie^yc.

II.

BRIT.

J •

See J?4-& £4-*-

3 •

I

J-Mj/ndefc.

[ 457 ]

I. Olfer vat tones Cometae, a R.E*. Frantz &oc.
Jef. faff#, menfe Februario anni Mdccxliii.
Vienna Auftrix. Ex Epiftola Rev. Petri
IfaaciCarnabe, ad Ifaacum Lawfon, Af.2).

Read April
xi. 1743.

F

XII0. Febr. in linea
reda cum

XIII0. Febr. Cometa

Ebr. XI°. (St.Nov.)vd peri Cometa
in linea f g 6c £ Urfa; Majoris.
reda cum\a & Urfae Majoris.
; ^Urfas Majoris & A Draconis.
? S' & ^ Urfe Majoris.

~ in linea reda vefperi cum
^ Urf* Majoris & A Draconis.
ii triangulo redangulo cum
^ 6c co Urfe Majoris.

XIV°. Febr. in linea reda J <* Leonis & v Urfx Majoris.
vefperi fere cum 2/3 Leonis & [Z Virginis,

' in linea fere rcda cum (Z Le-
onis 6c (Z Virginis.
in

v & | Urfx Majoris.

XVIII0- Febr. Vefperi in linea reda fere cum (Z Leonis

6c [Z Virginis j quo tempore Cometa
6c (Z Virginis fere sequaliter diftabanc

XV0. Feb. Vefperi

triangulo redangulo cum

a (Z Leonis.

XXI0 Febr. Vefperi in Cauda Leonis prope ftellulam

fextae magnitudinis,quae prope lineant
redam con- \ £ 6c £ Leonis.
ftituit cum “2 (Z Leonis & 7r Virg.
Cometa obfervatus eft ; neque reliquis
diebus quocumque telefcopio detegi
potuit.

O o o

<Jtaque

[ 458 }

Itnquc Cometa Vienna: poftremum vifus eft prope
praed dani fteilam, cujus longir. 130. 16'. 28". »$e. &
latir. Bor. 17°. 30'. Ab hac ftella 21 Febr. vefperi
hora 8. S'. 2 2//. Cometa declinabat verfas Sep-
tentr. 28'. 16". occidentalior i°. 15'. 12".

II. An Abjtrafi; of Jome new Obfervations upon
Infedts : By M, Charles Bonnet of Geneva.,
Communicated in a Letter to Sir Hans
Sloane, Baf late Prefident of the Royal
Society, &c. Eranjlated from the French
by P. H. Z. Efqh F. R. S.

Upon Caterpillars.

ReaJ af dif- j# 'W' x is well known, that among Cater -
fromZlh JL pillars there are feveral Species,
10. to April which like to live in Society, and which
z8. 1743. know how to buildNefts wherein to fhelter
themfelves againft the Injuries of the Air. Of this Sort
are thofe* to which Gardeners have given the Name
of Liverymen , by reafon of the Diftribution of their
Colours. They may be ranked among the Procef-
iioners, or thofe that follow one another. They all
go about, fpinning, with great Older : But what is
moft furprifing, is to fee them ftraggle very far from

* Memoir es pour fervir a I'HiJloire des In fc ties. Tom, I. and II.
of the Paris Edition.

their

[ 459 3

their Neft, and this often by feveral Windings and
Turnings, without lofing their Way. Their Ait in
doing it deferves notice: It is the fame that Ari-
adne made ufe of to bring The feus out of the Laby-
rinth in Crete : They fpin over all the Places where
they go. The lft leads the Way ; the 2d follows,
{pinning} the 3d fpins after the 2d and ift, and fo
on with the reft. All thefe Threads form by degrees
a fmall ihining Track, a little Path, a Line or Two
Lines broad 5 and ail thefe Paths meet at the Neft,
the Centre, as it were, oi all thofe feveral Rays.

But to be plainly convinced of the Ufe of thefe
Threads, let one but break off the Continuation of
them in fome Place or other, one will fee with Afto-
nifhment the little Caterpillars turn back as at a Lofs,
without daring to proceed, till one or other, of more
Courage than the reft, has reftored the Communi-
cation, by fpinning new Threads.

II. Caterpillars , like Men, have particular Taftes
(I take the word Tajle here in its proper Senfe) . I
have obferved fome, to whom even the Shell of the
Ego- they were come out of, was agreeable Food.
This Fa£t is not abfolutely new. M. de Reaumur
informs us *, that M. drlaupertui^ has made the like

Oblervation.

But what I have feen more, and which will appear
fm^ular, is, that certain Caterpillars are not content
with gnawing the Shell of the Eggs they came out
of themfelves, but will gnaw alfo thofe of other
Caterpillars oi their own Species, that are near upon
hatching.

* Memoires fur les Infcdtes, Tom. IF p. 165.

O O O 2

An-

[ 4<S° ]

Another yet more remarkable Singularity in the
Tafte of certain Kinds of Caterpillars , of the Species
of fmooth ones, fome of the Firft Clafs, and others
of the Second, is, that they are fond of eating their
own Exuviae ; they have fcarcely caft them off but
they fall to devouring them. And this will appear
ff ill more furprifing, if one confiders the Condition
in which the Caterpillars then are. Every one has
learnt from Silkworms, that, after the moulting, thefe
fort of Infe&s are extremely weak j and that for a
confiderable time they remain without any Nourifh-
ment, to give time to their new Organs, particularly
their Teeth, to ftrengthen themfelves : Yet here you
fee Caterpillars , which, immediately after this cri-
tical Operation, greedily devour not only the fofc or
rather tough Part of their Skin, but even all that is

fcaly in it, as the Skull, the Legs, &c. 1 have even

obferved fome, which feemed to feize upon thofe,
preferably to the reft, and to devour thofe almoft
bony Parts, before they fell upon the others, that are
much lefs hard.

III. Nothing furprifes more in Infe&s, than their
Induftry 5 and Caterpillars yield to none in this
refpeft : Not to lpeak of thofe which build for them-
felves Sheaths or Cafes, in which Silk, their own
Down, Bits of Bark, Pieces of Paper, &c, are fo art-
fully wrought together ; there is one * which builds
in Wood, and is able to give to its Cafe a Hardnefs
greater than that of Wood it felf. I fhall mention in

* The extraordinary horned Caterpillar of the Willow, Memoires
fur les Infe&es, Tom. II. p. 2(54. feq. Goedart. Albin. Mrs. Me -
nan. This Caterpillar is of the Kind which eat their own Skin.

few

[ 4<5> ]

few Words, how this Infedt goes to work : It cuts the
Wood with its Teeth, which are very fharp, and
fevers fmall Fragments from it, which it binds toge-
ther with a Silk of a particular Nature, and which
feems to differ in fcveral refpeds from that of other
Caterpillars , it is properly nothing but a vifcous
Subftance drawn into Threads, which, like Glue,
grows hard by degrees.

But, probably, this would not fuffice for giving to’
the whole Work the Solidity that is required, if the
induftrious Caterpillar did not, in fome meature,
prepare the Fragments of the Wood, before it employs
them i and this it does by keeping them in its Mouth
for fome time, to foak and better fit them for join-
ing themfelves into one Body.

This Solidity of the Cafe of our Caterpillar is not
what we need further trouble ourfelves about $ it
fuffices that the bed Care is taken of that Particular :
But this Caterpillar is alfo to become a Butterflies
and we know, that Butterflies have neither Teeth nor
Feet to dig withal : How then will this contrive to
cut its Way through a Cafe that is fo hard, and fo
exa&ly clofed up on all Sides ? One guefies, perhaps,
that it oufes a Liquor which foftens that fort of
Glue which binds the Bits of the Sawduft together.
But what is the Nature of this Liquor > M. de Reau-
mur ”j* has judged, that it muft be of a fingulai
Kind. In deeding fome of thefe Caterpillars , I
have found near the Mouth, under the Oejophagus ,
a fort of Bladder, of the Bignefs of a fmall Pea, full
of a limpid Liquor, and of a penetrating Smell,

■\ In the Place quoted above.

which

[ 4*> ]

which I found by divers Trials to be a very a&ive
Acid, and which, among other Proprieties it has in com-
mon with true Acids, fenlibly foftens the Glue of the
Cafe. It remains now to fhew, that this Liquor
is not only of Ufe to the Caterpillar , but is alfo
that very Diftolvent which enables the Butterflie to
cut its Way through : And this I am not without
Hopes of being able to compafs.

A Notion adopted by Dr. Boerhaave *, that there
are no true Acids in Animals, except in the Stomach
or Inteftines, renders this little Difcovery of the more
Concern.

IV. We have feen from the foregoing Obfer-
vation, that Caterpillars , though one of thofe In*
feds the Structure of which has been moft fearched
into, have yet fomething ftill new to prefent in this
refped. And I fhall further add, that I have dif-
covered in thefe Infeds a Part of fome feemingCon-
fideration, which is a fort of Nipple, or flefhy Protu-
berance, placed near the Head, under the Firffc Ring;
which is commonly concealed in the Infide of the
Body, but is forced to fhew itfelf by fqueezing the
Infed. This Nipple, or Protuberance, which at firft
I only found lingle in feveral Caterpillars , I have
iincc met with in others double, and even quadruple ;
as in that lingular horned Caterpillar of the Willow ,
which I have already mentioned, and this with fome
remarkable Varieties. However, they are not all
provided with them : I have not found them as yet,
for Inftance, in thofe of the Firft Size, that is to fay,
the very large ones, nor in thofe that are very hairy.

* Praxis Medica. Element* Chem.

But

[ 4<fi ]

But I have obferved it in all thofe Caterpillars
which, from the Figure and the StifFnefs of their
Hairs, have been called the Thorny-one s. The Ufe
of this Part remains yet unknown to me : All that I
know, and that I have learnt by my Experiments, is,
that it is not efiential to the Caterpillar.

V. Caterpillars are of thofe Infects for which one
has naturally fuch an Averfion, that it will eafily be
believed there are fome that have an offenlive Smell ;
and I have a&ually obferved a fmall Kind of them
that fmell fo like a Bug, that I have thought fit to
give them that Name. But what perhaps will appear
more Orange, is, that there is alfo a fort of a middling
Size, which are fmooth, and on the Approach of their
Metamorphofis, have a very fweet Rofe like Scent j
and whole Cafes, being made of Earth and of Silk,
preferve that Smell for Years together. The But-
ter jlie of another Caterpillar *, of the middle Size
aifo, but hairy, gave, upon its coming out of its Cafe,
a very fenfible Scent of Musk.

Of the Formica-Leo.

I. There are few Infe&s that have been fo much
and fo defervedly admired as the Formica-Leo.
That excellent Work the Spectacle de la Nature
has been fo univerfally read by the Curious, as hardly
to let any one be ignorant of its Hiftory. However,
a little Particular, curious enough, has yet efcaped
the mod diligent Inquiries j and that is the Manner
in which he goes to work, when he finds Stones in

* Memories fur les Infe&es, Tom. I. PL 1 6. Fig. 8.

his

[ 4^4 j

his Pit, too big to be thrown out with his Horns.
Docs he then forfake the Place where he fettled at
firft ? and does he go fomewhcrc clfe to fet a new
Ambufcadc? Or, does he remain in his Pit, leaving
the Stone there, which he has not been able to
remove ? Or, after all, docs he at lafl: contrive to get
rid of it } and what Means does he ufe to bring this
End about? By unwearied obferving, I have at laft
had the Fortune to difeover the Secret of his Manage-
ment. I have feen, that in fuch Cafes the Formica-
Leo knows how to vary his ways of working : He
comes out of the Ground, gets his hinder Parts under
the Stone, fo that it reds upon his Back, and then
by degrees pufhes it towards the Top of the Open-
ing, keeping all the while his Poife with great Care.
Having thus forced it to the Edge of his Pit, he does
not leave it there, for it might roll back again 5 he
therefore pufhes it farther off, and then retires to his
Pit again.

But fometimes it will happen, that the poor For-
mica-Leo has not the good Fortune to keep the Stone
in Poife all the Way 5 and it rolls back again to the
Bottom of the Pit, the Moment it was got to the
Brink. This unlucky Accident does not, however,
difeourage him, but he goes patiently to his Work
again, till he gets the Stone out. Solomon fends the
Sluggard to the Ant ; and we might in like manner
fend to the Formica-Leo thofe impatient People who
give over their Labours upon the firft Difficulties
they find in them. I have feen fome of thefe Infers,
that, after Five or Six Misfortunes like thofe I have
mentioned, did not yet lofe Courage. I have
thought I faw the wretched Sijyphus as condemned

to

[ 4-55 3

to Hell, in the Poets, rolling a great Stone to the
Top of a high Hill, which no fooncr w7as at the
Summit, but it dipt down again.

The Naturalifts will have us admire the Strength
of the Ants, in tranfporting their Materials : That
of the Formica-Leo is doubtlefs no lefs worthy of
the Attention of all who fhall fee, as 1 have done,
thefe little Animals carry to the Brink of their Pit,
notwithftanding the Steepnefs of the Slope, and the
Crumbling away of the Earth, Stones Three or Four
times as big as themfelves.

II. All the Formica-Leos that have been hitherto
obferved, move only backwards; but I have alfo
difeovered a Species that move forwards with A6tB
vity. Thefe do not, like the others, lie in Ambufh
for their Prey, but feize on it by mere Force and
Dexterity.

Of the Pucerons, oy Vine-Grubs.

I. The Fucerons are pretty well known, fo that
it will be fufficient to take notice they are that fort
of Gnats , or frnall Flies , which flick in great Num-
bers to the Leaves and Stalks of Plants, and caufe
great Deftruftion among them. What they prefent
moft curious, and which hitherto has been a fort of
^Enigma, is their way of multiplying. “ In every
“ Family of the Fucerons , fays M. Reaumur *,
“ there are fome with Wings, and others without.
“ According to the ufual Analogy, the winged ones

* Memoires fur leslnfe ties, Tom. Ill, in the Preface, pag. 15.

P p p “ fhould

C 1

“ fiiould be the Males, and thofe without Wings
“ the Females: But what is a great Singularity in
“ the Hiftory of Infects, is, that here both Sorts are
“ Females. I have not been able to find out the
st Males who impregnate both the one and the other
“ fort. They all bring forth alive, ” Is there
therefore no Copulation among Rucerons? Or are
*they Hermaphrodites like Mufcles? In order to
know this, I tried an Experiment propofed by M.‘
Reaumur •f. I brought up, in perfect Solitude, a
Ruceron from the very Inftant of its Birth. The
Expedient 1 had recourfe to for this, was different
from that which M. Reaumur had pointed out. It
was fuch as gave me a Facility of obferving the little
Ruceron at any time, without Fear of letting in
another. I conftantly watched it from Day to Day,
and from Hour to Hour, for above a Month, ufually
beginning my Obfervations about Four or Five in the
Morning, and fcarcely difeontinuing them till to-
wards Nine or Ten at Night. I took care to keep
an exa£t Journal of its Life, wherein 1 noted even its
lead Motions, and the mod trifling Circumftances.
At the End of about 12 Days it began to breed, and
has fince brought forth 95 young ones, all alive, and
moft of them under my own Eyes. I have drawn
up a Table, in which I have marked, with the greateft
Exadtnefs poflible, the Day and the Hour when every
one of them was brought forth.

I have already repeated this Experiment, Three
fevcral times, and with equal Succefs. I have even

brought

t Pag. 329.

C 4*7 ]

brought them up fucccflively in Solitude, as far as the
Fourth Generation ; and all of them have brought
forth.

II. Perhaps one is already from hence inclined to
think, that there is in general no Copulation among
the Pucerons. But there will yet be fome room
for Surprize, when I fay, that I have alfo obferved a
Species of them where Copulation does obtain, as it
does among fo many other Species of Infeds or
Animals. The Male, like that of the Gall-infeds,
has Wings, and is a good deal lefs than the Female.
It is, perhaps, one of the mod eager Creatures in
that refped that is in Nature : I have feen it copulate
a great many times in one Day, both with the fame

Female, and with others.

The ordinary Diftindion of the Sex is not the
only Singularity I have met with in this Species of
‘Pucerons : It has fhewn me another no lefs remark-
able. The Females, inftead of bringing conftantlv
forth live Pucerons , fometimes produce only Foe-
tufeSy which they lay one alongfide of the other, as

Butterflies do their Eggs.

Befides what relates to Generation, the Pucerons
have offered me many other curious Particulars. I
have feen, for Inftance, fome, which to caft off their
Coats, have given themfelves Motions analogous to
thofe of the Chryflalis of the thorny Caterpillar of
the Nettle: But"' to enter into all the Particulars I
have met with in thefc fmall Infects, would require
a Volume.

P p p 1

Of

[ 4<S8 ]

0/Infe£ts which are multiplied > as it were ,

hy Cuttings or Slips.

M. Trembley , a Relation of mine, and an ex-
cellent Obferver, wrote to me fome time ago from
the Hague , that he had difeovered a fort of aquatic
Produdion * of a Nature between a Plant and an
Animal; that is to fay, which moved, and which had
the outward Appearance of a Plant, together with
the Property of reproducing what was wanting,
after being cut or divided into Two or Three feveral
Parts. So extraordinary a Produdion could not fail
exciting my Curiofty, fo much the more, as my
Friend did not enter into any Particulars. I fpared no
Pains to get fome of thefe little Bodies, but all in vain.
I only difeovered a fort of a long Worm, extremely
nimble, upon which I refolved to try the Experiment.
As nothing could leave the leaf! Doubt, but that this
Infcd was truly an Animal, I was affured, that, if my
Experiments fucceeded, I fhould fully make out, that
there are really Infeds to which Nature has given
that ftrange Prerogative of being multiplied, as it
were, by Cuttings, and thereby ftrongly confirm M.
Trembley s noble Difcovery. The Succefs perfedly
anfwered my Expedation, and I foon had the Plea-
fure of feeing Two Worms made out of One. But
before I enter into farther Particulars, it will perhaps
not be amifs to give a flight Idea of the Strudure of
thofe Worms. Simple as they feem at their firft
Appearance, we no fooner examine them with Eyes
prepared and armed with Magnifying-glaffes, but we
difeover Parts no lefs proper to excite and fix our

* See thefe Tranfattiws, N° 407. and 4 69. p. 422.

At-

[ 4*9 3

'Attention, than in thofe Animals we call the moft
perfect.

I. Their Colour is generally a reddifh-brown, or,
more exactly, that of the firft Peel of an Onion.
Their Length is about Two or Three Inches? their
Thicknefs that of a common Wire : They are {lender,
compofed of a Series of membranous Rings, con-
tinually growing lefs and lefs as they approach the
Extremities ? each of thefe Rings is furnifhed in its
inferior Part with Four, Five or Six different forts of
whitifh Thorns, fupplying the want of Legs. Be-
fides thefe, the Outfide of the Worms Bill prefents
fome other remarkable Particulars, and which afford
an agreeable View to the Microfcope? thefe are the
Mufcles that ferve for the Motion of the Rings, and
which form an infinite Number of circular Lines or
Folds, parallel to each other, which, from the Clear-
nefs of the Skin, appear to great Advantage : The
Head has not a conftant Figure, like that of other
Animals ? the Infeft (ketches it, (hortens it, inlarges it,
and contracts it at Pleafure : Sometimes it fhews Two
frnall Elevations one on each Side, which one would
think fhould be the Places of the Two Eyes,- what is
beyond, terminates in a Point, to make it more eafy
for the Worm to pierce the Mud. At the Place
where the Head is biggeft, between the Two Eleva-
tions juft now mentioned, the Mouth is placed, ter-
minated by Two brown Strokes, which may be com-
pared to the Figure of a Half-moon, or rather that of
a reverfed Circumflex. When the Infedt opens this
Mouth, the Opening, which then appears diftindtly,
is of a circular Shape, and garnifhed all round with
a pretty thick Mufcle? it is in great meafure this

. Mufcle,

C 470 ]

Mufclc, that, by applying itfelf exadly with its Cir-
cumference to a fmooth and perpendicular Surface,
enables the Infed to make its Way in fuch Cafes. At
the other Extremity of the Body, is an oblong Open-
ing, the greater Diameter of which runs parallel to
the Length of the Animal, and this gives Paffage to
the Excrements,

But there is nothing more remarkable than the
great Artery in thefe Worms. This Veffcl, which
the famous Malpighi looked upon as a Chain of
Hearts, and which in Caterpillars , as well as in many
other Infeds, extends itfelf in a ftrait Line all along
the Back, is here more or lefs folded in different
Parts of its Extent 5 from one End to the other, it
is often nothing but Folds and Doublings : Through
thefe crooked Paffages, creeps along a Liquor ana-
logous to Blood ; from Moment to Moment you
may fee a Drop of that Liquor, which, fetting out
from the Extremity of the Tail, runs fuccefliveJy
through all thofe Windings, and at laft lofes itfelf in
the Brain. It is eafy to trace it moft Part of its Way,
by the alternate Motions of Contradion and Dila-
tation, which are fucceflively excited from Ring to
Ring. It feems as if every Part of this Artery, com-
prehended in the Breadth of one of thofe Rings, is
really a complete Heart, which pufhes on, to that
which follows next, the Drop of Liquor it has juft
received from that which precedes it. One can
hardly be tired with Admiration of the Appearance
which thofe continual Motions of Syftole and 'Dia-
ftole afford : But the better to perceive it, one fhould
fix one’s Eyes upon the Middie of the Body, where
the Artery is largeft in Diameter ; for towards the Two

Ex-

[ 471 ]

Extremities things are not to be feen fo diftin&ly.
Towards the Head, about the Fifth or the Sixth Ring
from it, the Artery appears but like a Thread, fcarcely
difcernible, and which, ftill diminifhing continually
till near the Mouth, there abfolutely ceafes to be
vifible : But what ought mod to be taken notice of, is
the prodigious Swiftnefs with which the Courfe of the
Blood is accelerated in this Place 5 it feems as if it
were darted forcibly into the Brain. Towards the
Tail, for the Length of feveral Lines, it looks as if
there was no longer any of the fame Play 5 thofe
alternate Contractions and Dilatations, fo remarkable
in the Middle of the Body, here confound them-
felves with each other, fo as to be no longer diftin-
guifhed : In the Bead of them one only fees certain
Undulations or Layers, as it were, of Clouds, fuc-
eeeding one another with great Regularity.

Under every junction of the Rings, are to be
obferved fmall Veftels with feveral Branches, all
which feem to be Productions of the principal Ar-
tery.

All along and immediately under this Artery, is
extended the Chanel of the Inteftines, lefs vifible of
itfelf than by the terreftriai Matters with which it is
commonly filled : It is furnifhed, like the Inteftines
of larger Animals, with different Orders'of mufcular
Fibres, which ferve to pufh on, and thruft out, the
Remainder of the Food. If one does not difeover thefe
Fibres by the Eye, one may, at leaft, know and judge
of them by the EffeCls: One may fee with Amufe-
ment, how the Excrements are driven on by degrees
towards the Anus , the Tranfparency of the Skin
difeovering eafily what is under it. However, by

re a fon

C 47i ]

reafon of the various Motions the Infett gives its
Body, thefe others juft defcribed appear for fome
Space retrograde.

The Earth from which thefe Worms receive their
Nourifhment, and which they digeft, is not however
the only Matter which is admitted into their Bodies ;
the Air often enters alfo in Bubbles that are very per-
ceptible. But whereas Fifties have the Air in their
Bodies at their own Command, and can make ufe of
it for railing or finking themfelves; our Worms, on
the contrary, are, in fome meafure, maftered by it :
As foon as they happen to fwallow a certain Quantity
of it, it is hardly poftible for them, notwithstanding
their continual Efforts, to get to the Bottom of the
Water; and they are forced to remain on the Sur-
face, till they have got it all out again. I have feen
fome of thefe Bubbles alternately driven towards the
Anus , and repelled towards the Head, for feveraL
Minutes together.

Thefe are the principal Particulars, which the Mi-
crofcope enables us to difeover in the Stru&ure of
thefe Worms; which being once known to a certain
Degree, we fhall, without doubt, the more admire
the Wonders of their Reproductions.

II. I mentioned above, that I had divided one of
thefe Worms in two. I put thefe Two Halves into
a fort of Glafs Cup, filled only with Water, and
attentively watched them during the following Days.

I obferved that the Firft Moiety, that which had kept
its Head, moved as ufual; but what feemed to me
far more remarkable, was, that the other Moiety, that
had no Head, moved almoft as if it had one ; it went
forwards, refting itfelf upon the anteriour Extremity

r m ]

of its Body; and even made its Way with tolerable
Swiftnefs. One could fee, that this was not a Mo*
tion without Dirc&ion, a Motion produced by a
Caufe like that which makes the Tail of a Lizard
move, after it has been fevered from the Trunk, but
a Motion quite voluntary, the Principle of which
feemed not to have been deftroyed : One faw it turn
afide at the meeting of an Obftacie, fop, and then
creep forwards again. When thefe T wo Moieties hap-
pened to meet, it was as if they had never compofed
one and the fame In fed j they neither feemed to
feck nor to fly each other; each went on its own
Way, or, if they went in Company towards the fame
Place, the Firft generally outran the Second. But
this latter never feemed to fhew a fort of W ill of its
own more plainly, than when I expofed it to the
Sun ; for then it confiderably quickened its Pace.

I had many times Opportunities of admiring the
extreme Nicety of the Feeling in thefe Two Moieties,
and efpecially in the Second. When I appoached to
it the End of a Splinter, at a time when it was
quiet, it feemed to wake, as it were, in a Start,
even almoft before I had touched it.

Two Days being paft, I thought fit to put into
the Cup a little Duck- weed and Earth : The
Firft Moiety foon thruft itfelf among it, but the
Second was fatisfied with hiding itfelf among the
fmall Roots of the Weed. I then obferved, that,
at the Place where it had been cut, there was
come out a fort of little Swelling, or Knob, ana-
logous to that which commonly comes out on the
Branch of a Tree ftript of its Bark. 1 did not diftin-
guifh this fo well in the other Moiety ; this Knob

Q^q q feemed

[ 474 ]

teemed to give the Second Moiety more Eafe in
advancing, and it no longer feemed to be fo much
affc&ed by all that touched it.

Next Day I took notice, on the Wound of each
Moiety, of a fmall Accretion, diftinguifhable by the
Difference of Colour, which was there much clearer
than in the reft of the Body ; the following Days it
became yet more perceptible. In fhort, at about a
Week's End, each Moiety was again become a com-
plete Worm. The Head that had fprouted out on
the Second Parr, was, as to its Form, cxa&ly the
fame with that of the Firft, and equally fit for all
the fame Fun&ions. Again, the new Tail of the
Firft was in every refpe<ft like the old one. The
Heart, the Stomach, <&c. had prolonged themfelves
in one and the other, and the Parts newly produced
a&ed with no lefs Vigour than the reft 5 and new
Rings had beftdes been produced fucceftlvely beyond
the old ones.

I took care, from time to time, to meafurc, with
as much Exa&nefs as I could, the Growth of my
Two Worms; and I intended to watch them on,
with the fame Attention; when, at the End of about
Eight Days, to my great Surprize, they had found
means to efcape.

III. This Experiment, which I thus could not pur-
fue as far as I had wifhed, feeming to require Repe-
tition, I undertook it again, with the fame Care :
The Succefs did not fail anfwering : I foon had the
Pieafure to fee my Two Moieties recover what they
wanted, and become fuch as they had been before.

IV. I afterwards tried to carry the Divifion farther,
and to divide fome of thefe Worms into Three, Four,

Eight,

C 475 3

Eight, Ten, and Fourteen Pieces ; and all, or almoft
all, recovered both Heads and Tails.

In fhort, to Ay ftill more, I cut fomc of them,
even in the midft of Winter, into Twenty-four and
Twenty-fix Parts : Of the Firft Divifion into Twenty-
four, there are about Sixteen or Seventeen, full of
Life, and moft of which begin to complete themfelves.
Of the Second Divifion into Twenty-fix, there ftill
remain Seven or Eight.

Since my writing what is before, fome of thefe
Pieces of Worms have perifhed, though they had
begun to complete themfelves. I have Reafon to
believe, that, when I fhall repeat my Experiments in
a warmer Seafon, more of the Pieces will thrive, and
become complete Animals: It was proper, however,
to try them in Winter, to fee the Difference of their
Succefs and Progrefs. It is worth Notice, that lome
very fmall Parts bf thofe Two Worms, one ot which
was divided into Twenty-four, and the other into
Twenty-fix Pieces, lived about Three Months, and
that in the Winter. For though they were in my
Clofet, yet the Liquor in M. Reaumur s Thermo-
meter did moftly Hand between Four and Eight De-
grees above Froft, which Degree of Warmth is very
inconfiderable; and often, particularly in the Night-
time, it was Two or Three Degrees lower.

It is commonly One or Two Days after the Ope-
ration in Summer, but about Ten or Twelve in
Winter, that the Head and the Tail begin to {hoot
on thofe Parrs where they were wanting. The Head
fhews itfelf firft, and lengthens itfclf continually, for
a Week, or more, till it has attained the Length of about
a Line and half, and then it ccales to grow. I do

Q q q 2 not

[ 476 ]

not here mean, that the proper Head has a&ualfy
that Length ; very far from it : But I here give that
Name alfo to Five or Six Rings, which are contigu-
ous to the Head properly fo called. It is not fo with
regard to the Tail, which, having foon furpaffed the
Head in Length, does not leave off ftill extend-
ing itfelf; but increafes, from Day to Day, fo
that I do not yet know how far it may go. I
fhall content myfelf with faying, that Pieces of thofe
Worms, which, in the Month oijuly, immediately
after the Operation, were not quite Two Lines in
Length, are at prefent near Two Inches long : But
what may be thought more remarkable, is, that fome
fuch Pieces have made in the fame time as much
Progrefs, as others Four or Five times as long. I have
compared the different Growths of the Fir ft Moiety
of a Worm about Two Inches long, cut on the i 8th
of July, with thofe of fome of the Pieces of a like
Worm cut the fame Day into Eight Pieces; and was
furprifed to find the Quantity of Growth near the
fame in both Cafes. However, it appeared that
when the Divifion was yet carried further, the Pieces
thence arifing reproduced what they wanted more
flowly than the others.

But, if, inftead of making this Comparifon between
the Pieces of different Worms, we make it between
thofe of the fame Worm, we fhall obferve Varia-
tions which we perhaps would not have expected.
Some of thcfe Pieces will be Twelve or Fifteen Lines
long, whilft others will hardly be Four or Five. I
have done my utmoft to find among thofe Variations',
fome fixed Point, fome Rule, not contradi&ed by
Experience; and it has appeared to me in general, that

[ 477 ]

the Pieces neareft to the Tail are thofe which make
the leaft Progrefs. Among this Number is chiefly to
be reckoned the laft. As to the Firft, that which
keeps the Head, though that is often the Piece which
in an equal Time recovers the longeft Tail, yet does
not this happen fo conftantly as to build a Rule upon
it. My Obfervations have furnifhed me with more
than one Proof of this. Neither is it a Rule, that
all the intermediate Pieces, which have recovered
Heads, will alfo recover Tails : I have Examples to
the contrary. But what feems certain, is, that the
State of the Worm, the Number of its Divifions,
and other Circumflances, feem very much to influence
all thofe Irregularities.

The want of Nourifhment, or of fuch as is proper,
may alfo be a Caufe, and that a very natural one, of
like Variations. I faid above, that thofe Worms
love to be in the Mud, and that they digeft it.
Thofe Pieces which I left purpofely in clear Water,
have ufually very well recovered what they wanted to
become true Worms ; though afterwards they made
but little Progrefs, and almoft all fucceflively perifhed.

V. The learned Dr. Hales , in his excellent Vege-
table Staticks, relates a curious Experiment ; by
which he proves, that the Bones of Animals, when
they are oflified to a certain Degree, do not grow
any longer but at their Extremities. Many Obfer-
vations have convinced me, that it is the fame with
our Worms. The old Piece, I mean that which was
originally cut from the Worm, does not itfelf
lengthen, but its Increafe is only owing to the
Growth of thofe additional Parts, that put out at each
Extremity.

VI. It

C 47 8 3

VI. It is certainly very lingular, that the Circula-
tion of the Blood, the Regularity of which appears
1 o effential, yet in certain Infe&s Buffers confiderable
Changes. Such are thofe which Malpighi has ob-
ferved in the Silk-worm. And I do not know if
it is not as remarkable, that thofe I am fpcaking of,
have never fhewed me any of thofe Variations, at
whatever Time, or in whatever State I have yet
obferved them, either whilft intire, or when cut into
feveral Pieces. I have conflantly, in all thefe Cafes,
feen the Liquor that ferves them inftead of Blood,
circulate from the Tail towards the Head, and that in
Pieces which were fcarccly half a Line in Length, or
which, to fpeak more properly, were only Granule of
Flcfli.

I was, by this, able to diflinguifh the anteriour End
from the pofteriours and to be as fare as poflible,
that it is always the anteriour, on which the Head
appears again.

VII. Among thofe Plants that may be raifed from
Slips and Cuttings, there arc fome that feem to have
this Property to fuch a Degree of Perfe&ion, that the
leaf: Twig will become a complete Plant again.
Hath the great Author of Nature, when He or-
dained, that certain Infe&s, like our Worms, Ihould
refemble thofe Plants in this Particular, allowed them
the Power of being reproduced to the fame Degree?

- Or, which is the fame thing, will this Reproduction
rake place in whatever Part the Worms are cut? I
have thought this worth inquiring into. In order
to it, I cut off from one of thefe Worms both the
Head and the Tail j that is to fay, I parted from
each of its Extremities a Piece of the Length of

about

2

[ 479 1

about a Line. Both Pieces periffied in about Twenty-
four Hours, the Tail firft, and the Head after. As
to the Body, it continued to move almoft as if I had
not made the Operation. I have even feen, what
appeared to me extremely remarkable, that, a few
Moments after, it thruft itfelf into the Mud, making
life of its anteriour Extremity, as of a Head, to bore
its Way through. I have repeated this Experiment
with the fame Succefs : So that I am confident I may
aflert, that there are in the Body of thefe Worms at
leaft Two Points, where, if they are cut, the Repro-
duction will not take Place. The one is about the
Fifth or Sixth Ring from the Head 5 the other, at an
equal Diftancc from the Extremity of the Tail. Is
not, perhaps, the Condition of the great Artery in
thefe Two Parts the Caufe of it? This indeed feems
to me probable; remembering, however, that what
I have juft faid only relates to the Two Pieces de-
tached from thofe Extremities ; for, as to the inter-
mediate Body, it not only continues to live, but it
is even not long before it regains all that was taken
from it. Where then does the Principle of Life
rcfide in fuch Worms, as, after having their Heads
cut off, ftill (hew not only the fame Motions, but
even the fame Inclinations? Yet what is this Diffi-
culty, compared with many others, that at the fame
time prefent themfeives to our Mind ? This wonder-
ful Reproduction of Parts, is it only a natural Con-
fequence of the Laws of Motion? Or does it rather
depend on a Chain of minute Buds or Shoots, a fort
of little Embryos, already formed, and lodged where
the Reproductions are to begin ? Are thefe Worms
only mere Machines, or are they like more perfect

Ani-

[ 4&° ]

Animals, a fort of Compound, the Springs of whole
Motions are aduated by a kind of Soul? And, if
they have within themfelves fuch a Principle, how
can this Principle afterwards appear in every diftind
Piece ? Shall we grant, that there are in thefe Worms
as many fuch Souls as there are Pieces of the fame
capable of becoming complete Worms ? Shall we
believe, with Malpighi , that thefe forts of Worms are
all Heart and Brain, from one End to the other? This
may be ; and yet we know but little the more for it.
After all, we muft content ourlelves with admiring
the aftonifhing Works of the Great Creator,
and fit down in Silence.

VIII. The Nicety of the Senfe of Feeling in Spiders
has been much talked of; yet do not I know whe-
ther our Worms may nor, in this Particular alfo,
fhew fomething (till more furprifmg. I have already
obferved, that upon bringing near them the End of
a Splinter, they begin to frisk about, almoft before it
reaches them : And I have fince made other Experi-
ments, which leave me in doubt, whether it is not
rather to their Sight than to their quick Senfe of
Feeling, that I ought to abferibe what I obferved in
this refped. I have found, that, when the firft Rays
of the Sun came to fall upon the Velfels of Water
in which I kept thofe Infeds, their Motions feemed
prefently to become more lively. I have fancied, at
lead, that I faw the fame thing, when, after having
put them into the Shade, I threw the Light of the
Sun upon them from a Looking-glafs, or when I
obferved them by Candle-light : But what feems lefs
liable to Miftake, is, that I have feen fome of them
creeping about in the Moon-Ihine, that in the Day-light

[ 48. ]

kept themfelvcs conflantly folded together. I would
not, however, venture to determine any thing upon
this, tiil I am better fatisfied by new Experiments.

IX. A Twig of Willow , Toplar, &c. planted in the
Earth, takes Root there, and foon becomes a Tree,
the leaft Twig of which will, in its Turn, become
another. There is no End of this; and it is the fame
with our Worms. If we cut thofe that have been
produced by Se&ion, and do not carry the Divifion
at once beyond Twelve or Fifteen Pieces, we fhail
not fail of having lo many Animals. I have had
Worms from the Fifteenths, and even the Twenty-
fourths, of former Halves and Quarters ; and l reckon,
that in Two Years time I mighr, if I would, breed
after this manner Forty or Fifty thoufand Worms
from one lingle one.

X. But how do thefe Worms propagate ) Are they
viviparous or oviparous ? I fhail juft mention an
Obfcrvation that to me leemed lingular : As I divided
one of thefe Worms into Eight Pieces, I faw fome
earthy Matter oufrng out of one of the Pieces near
the Head, in the midft of which I perceived fome-
thing moving like a whitifh Thread. I, at firft, made
no doubt but it was fome Vellel, or like Piece
of the Body of the Infedf, which, not being quite
feparated from it, might hill draw from thence the
Principle of its Motion : But, taking to my Affiftance
a good Magnifying- glafs, I was much furprifed
when I faw, that this fuppofed Vellel was a fmali
Worm, and exaftly of the Figure of that, in the
Body of which it had before been inclofed. I
immediately refolved to bring it up; and, to this
End fet it apart in a fmali Vellel filled with Water,

R r r * into

[ 4^1 ]

into which I put alfo a little Earth. It was not
long before I was fenfible, from the Quicknefs with
which it thruft itfelf into it, that I had fatisfied its
Wants: However, from time to time, it came out
agatn, and fwam about. I could not but admire the
Livelinefs of all its Motions; and it was much like
one of thofe little Eels , which, by the Micro-
lcope, are difcovcred in Vinegar. I watched it thus
above Six Weeks, when, by an unforefeen Acci-
dent, I loft it : I was, however, already, in part, in-
formed of what I hoped to learn; I mean, whe-
ther this Worm, which 1 had brought into the
World by a fort of C afar e an Operation, would
not only continue to live, but would alfo acquire a
greater Length ; and this I had feen happen ; for
the Worm, which at firft was hardly a Line in
Length, was above as long again, when I had the
Accident of lofing it. It feems therefore natural to
think, that if it had lived longer, it would have been
a Worm exa&ly like that it came from. And I have
looked upon this as the more probable, becaufe
Thirds of thofe Worms have alfo produced others
and exaftly like themfelves.

I have examined fome of thefe little Worms with
the Microfcope, and obferved Two Particularities
in them, which I have thought worth Notice: \ft.
Long Hairs placed on the Sides of the Body, Two at
each Joining of the Rings, idly. That the Chanel
of the Inteftines , the great Artery, ire. appeared
interrupted for about 'Two-thirds of the Length of
the Body, fo that for a Space, which to the Mi-
crofcope appeared of about Two Lines, the Whole
was fo tranfpaxent, that nothing could be diftin-

guiflied 5

euifhcd ; whereas every-where elfe, except about tnc
Five or Six Firft Rings, the Parts in Queftion were
plainly vifible : And efpecially the Stomach, by realbn of
the earthy Subftance it was filled with. I have Rcalon.
to think, that thele fmall Worms, oblerved again
with frefh Attention, will Ihew me hill fomething
new, in their internal Parts. I divided one on the
28th of March, in the Place where I have fa id
that the Vifcera appeared interrupted. Next Day
the Two Pieces buried themfclves in the Mud ; and
on the Firft of April, being both applied to the Mi-
crofcope, the Latter was found to have already got
a Head as well-formed as that of the other Piece,
and which had already begun to perform its natural
Office of giving Admittance to the Food. It is
remarkable, that Worms fo tender, and fo Imaii, go
through the Operation fo well, and complete them-
felves fo fpeedily even in cold W eather. This confirms
what I (hall obferve below, that the more (lender
thefe Infeds are, the fooner they complete them-
felves.

This unexpeaed Obfervation fet me upon examin-
ing more carefully the internal Parts of thefe Worms.
With the Help of a good Magnifying-glafs, I thought
1 diftinsuifhed, in the Inftde of one of the biggeft on
both Sides of the great Artery, fmall Worms like thofe
I have fpoken of above : I faw them move different
Ways, extend themfelves, and wriggle about. But,
having had recourfe to the Microfcope, I began to
doubt whether that 1 had before feen was realiy
what it feemed to be. It then appeared, that what
I had taken for Worms, were rather the Branches
.©-t thofe Veffels, accompanying the great Artery,

R r r 2 and

t: 4s4 1

and participating of the Motions of the Syjlote
and Diajlole of that Veflel. Neverthelefs, having
again refumed feveral times thefe Trials, I have again
been pcrfuaded, I faw the fame Appearances of fmall
living Worms; which makes me (till uncertain of the
Truth of this Particular, and unable to determine what
. I ought to think.

XI. We cannot enough admire nor acknowledge
the wife Conduct of Nature, in the Multiplication
of the Species of Animals and Vegetables; foraf-
much as we fee, that thofe which are mod ufeful to
us, commonly multiply, either in a greater Propor-
tion, or may be raifed with greater Eafe. But what
End could that VVifdom, which does nothing in vain,
have propofed to itfelf, in granting to fuch Infers as
thefe a Property and Prerogative, which Animals,
far more excellent in our Judgment, feem no ways
intitled to? It is even certain, that thefe Infefts
naturally make ufe of this Power; and it is really
true, that the fame Wonders I have feen operated
in my Glafies, are alfo performed every Day in the
Brooks where they live. I have there met with
Worms, fome of which had yet no Heads, and others
that only began to recover them. But, whichis more,
I have found fome in the fame State as thofe which
had loft both their Heads and their Tails, or which
had been, divided into more than Two Pieces ; and
all thefe have afterwards fully completed them-
felves under my Eyes. Can this therefore be a
natural way of multiplying with thefe Infers ? Is it
nccefiary, that, in order to bring forth new Worms,
their Body fhould be divided and broke to Pieces \

Or

b'ja

[ 4^5 ]

Gr thofe which I have found divided, were they fo only
by any Accident > I could hardly have hoped, that my
Obfervations would have furnifhed me with Anfwers
to thefe or the like Queftions : But Worms of this
fort, which I kept intire, having divided themfclves of
their own Accord, have made me think, , that this
Accident fometimes proceeds from their having thruft
themfelves too far into the Earth, or from that Earth's
being of too hard and refilling a Nature. . It may there-
fore.feemthe more fit, that thefe Infeds, whole Bodies
are very tender, and. liable to be feparated, fhould repro-
duce what they loft in the manner I have been fpeak-
ing of. I have farther obferved, that they are fub-
jed alfo to a fort of Diftemper, analogous to the
Gangrene, that fometimes rots off.confiderable Parts
of their Body; which, . however, they recover after-
wards, like thofe others which have had the fame-
Parts cut away.

XII. Another fort of Worm, upon- which I have
begun to make Trials, is alfo found in the Water. It
differs particularly from that <1 have been fpeaking
of, in that it is confiderably thicker. I . have di-
vided fome of thefe in the Summer Seafon into Two,
Three, and Four Pieces. Some have recovered the
Head and the Tail; but that only after the Space of
Twenty Days, during which they always lay 'like,
dead. They lived above a Month after, in a State very
little different, as to outward Appearance ; and after-;
wards, perifhed, without making any farther Progrefs.
The confiderable Difference between the Times in
which the Pieces of thefe laft Worms complete them-,
fclves, and thofe employed by the former, with the
greater Difficulty in their Succefs, do they not chiefly

ptQrv

[ 486 ]

proceed from their Thicknefs ? And is it not pofilbly
a Rule, that the flenderer Worms of this Clafs arc,
the fooner the Pieces feparated from them will
refume what is wanting? I Ihould incline to think
it is fo.

XIII. But if the Water has its InfeCts, thus pro*
duced from Cuttings, the Earth is not abfolutely
without them. It alio contains fome perhaps yet
more deferving our Admiration, than all that have
hitherto been obferved in this Kind. Thofe I mean,
are Worms not to be fought for from Japan or China >
but Infers to be met with every-where, and which,
in the Eye of the Vulgar, appear the molt contempti-
ble. In fhort, they are-only the common Earth-worms.
When I began thefe Inquiries, I judged thefe Worms
more proper than any others to be put to the Trial.
Two things perfuaded me to it: i Their enormous
Size, in comparifon of thofe I had begun to work
upon : And, zdly> The Manner in which they pro-
pagate. Every body now knows that thefe Worms
are Hermaphrodites , but not fuch as I have fhewn
the Pitcerons to be : That is to fay, that an Earth-
worm, though it is of both Sexes, cannot ingender
without the Concurrence of its like. I have there-
fore divided fomc of thefe into Two, and others into
Four Pieces; and fome of them, at the End of about
Three Months, which they have palled in a fort of
Lethargy, did then proceed to refume both Heads and
Tails. The Reproduction of the Anus is no long
Work, a few Days are fufficient for it; but it is
otherwife with the Head ; that does not feem to
perform its Functions in the Pieces of divided
*W orms, till about Seven Months after the Operation.

Now

1 487 ]

Now what farther excites my Curiofity, is, to
know, whether they will copulate 5 if they do, the
Wonder will be at its higheft Pitch. As for what
remains, I have made a Remark, not to be here paired
over, both upon Earth-worms and Water-inleCts j
which is, that the pofteriour Parts always appear to
fuffer more in the Operation than the anteriour.
We fee the former immediately giving itfelf, as it
were, convulfive Motions, whilft the latter, almolt
conftantly, moves about as ufual.

XIV. I have alfo made Experiments, but without
Succcfs, on fame forts of terreftrial Millepedes,* like-
wife on fevcral of thofe kinds of WArms which me-
tamorphofe themfclves into Tipul'a , or Water-fpiders 5
but no one of them has fucceeded.

Thefe are the Obfervations I have begun to make
upon fo interfiling a Subject. If they are compared
with what ftill remain to be made, they mud appear
extremely imperfect; and I myfelf look upon them
as no other than a rough Sketch of what others may
poflibly do hereafter.

Charles Bonnet ,

Geneva , March Correspondent of the Royal

14. 1742 . N.s. Academy of Sciences at Taris.

CP. S. I fhould be unpardonable, if I did not en-
deavour to do all the Juftice to Mr. Tremble/ s
Obfervations that is due to them. He has excel-
lently proved, that the aquatic Production, which he
wrote to me about, is a true Animal, and of the
Species of the Toly pus , which, belides the furprifmg
Property of reproducing its Parts, has alfo another

4

[ 4^8 ]

of multiplying itfelf by Sprigs or Suckers. Nothing
can exceed the Sagacity with which he has conduced
thofe Experiments that have led him into the Know-
ledge of things fo very wonderful and furprifing, that
they may truly be faid to exceed all that Natural
Hiftory had yet afforded of this Sort.

Ill- An Account of an extraordinary Cafe of
the Bones of a Woman growing foft and
flexible $ communicated to the Royal So-
ciety by Mr . Sylvanus Bevan, F. R. S.

*ead Ma? f' HP1 HE Wife of one B . S. in the Year

J =J 4 5 t H

\ 1738. was taken with a Diabetes,

with the ufual Symptoms, viz. A frequent and copious
Difcharge by Urine, a gradual Wafting of the Body, a
hc&ic Fever, with a quick low Pulfe, Thirft, great
Pains in her Shoulders, Back, and Limbs, and Lofs of
Appetite. She continued in this manner Two Years,
(notwithftanding the Ufe of Medicines generally pre-
icribed in fuch Cafes) much emaciated; at which
time fhe was attacked with an Intermittent, which
foon left her; after which the Diabetes gradually
decreased, fo that in fome few Months flic was intirely
free from that Diforder, but the Pains in her Limbs
'ftill continued. She recovered her Appetite very
well, breathed free and eafy, and her He&ic very
much leffened, though fhe had fome Appearance of
it at times.

About Eighteen Months ago, fhe had fuch a Weak-
and Pains in her Limbs, that it confined her to

her

[ 4g9 ]

her Bed altogether 5 and in a few Months her Bones
in her Legs and Arms felt fomewhat loft to the
Touch, and were fo pliable, that they were bent into
a Curve ; but, for feveral Months before her Death,
they were as limber as a Rag, and would bend any
way, with lefs Difficulty than the mufcular Parts of a
healthy Perfon s Leg, without the Interpofition of the
Bones.

The 1 2th of April 1742. after a long and tedious
Illnefs, fhe died, near the Age of Forty : And, having
the Confent of her Friends, I had the Curiofity to
examine more particularly into the feveral Matters
before-mentioned. Upon raffing the Cutis , I found
the Membrana Adipofa much thicker than I expe&ed
in a Perfon fo much emaciated : The Sternum and
Ribs, with their Cartilages, were very foft 5 and all
the cartilaginous Parts of the Ribs, at their Articu-
lations, from the Clavicle downwards, were doubled
over one another on the Left Side, about an Inch,

in this Form , only flatter. Upon railing

the Sternum , I found the Lungs adhered very clofe
to the Ribs, for Four or Five Inches on each Side ;
but were more loofe and flaccid than ufual, and much
lefs in Size: Her Heart was of the common Bignefs.
Upon viewing her Liver, I found it at leaf! a Third
Part bigger than common ; and her Spleen was about
an Inch and a half in the longeft Part, and a Quarter
thick: The Inteftines were very much inflated.

She had Appearances of feveral Anchyloses’ s
formed in the lfnall Joints, viz. carpal and meta-
carpal Bones; but, upon laying them open, I found
them only like a thin Shell : The cartilaginous Epi-
phyfes of the Bones were intirely diflolvcd, and

S f f no

C 49° 1

no Parts of the Heads of the Bones remaining, but an
Out fide, not thicker than an Egg-fhell.

Upon making Incifions in her Legs and Arms,
Five or Six Inches long, I found the outer Laminae
of the Bones foft, and become perfectly membranous ,
about the Thicknefs of the \ ^Peritoneum , containing
(inftead of a bony Subftance) a Fluid of the Confidence
of Honey, when it is thick, of a reddilh Colour, not
at all difagreeable to the Smell: There was no Ap-
pearance of any Bones in her Leg and Arms, except
near the Joints, which were in part diflolved, and
what remained were very foft, and full of Holes, like
a Honey-comb: Alfo the Bones of the Head would
eafily give' way to the Prefiure of the Finger.

It is remarkable, that thofe Parts of the Bones that
are the moll compact and hard, were firft difl'olved,
while their Heads, which are more fpongy and foft,
had not fo intirely loft their Subftance.

When fhe was in Health, fhe was Five Feet high,
as I am informed by her Husband : I mcafured her
after her Death, and fhe was but Three Feet Seven
Inches in Length, though all her Limbs were ftretched
out ftrait, which is Seventeen Inches fhorter than fhe
was in her Health : The Bones, which ferve as Levers
for the Mufcles to aft upon, being diftolved, thefe had
nothing to keep them extended in their ufual Pofition.

The Perfon was under the Care of Dr. Cadwal-
lader of P enfilvania*

IV. Ex-

V,

[ 49* ]

IV. Extratfs of Two Letten from cDr. John
Lining, Thyfician atC harles-Town tn South
Carolina, to James Jurin, NL, JJ- •
givim an Account of Statical Experiments
made fever al times in a Day upon himfelf
for one whole Tear , accompanied. With Me-
teorological Obfervations 5 to which are fub-
joined Six General Tables, deduced from the
whole Tears Courfe .

South- Carolina, Chaicles-
$ I R7 Town , Jan- 22. 1 7 4-r*

WMay .9. 'T’HAT candid and generous Prin-
1743. I ciple which fo univerfally poftciks

the Breads of all true Friends to phyfical Literature,
difpofin^ them to give Affidance and Advice even
to fuch of the Illiterati who (hew a D.fpofit.on of
Inquiry after Truth ; and that eminent Chatader you
fo iuftly bear in the Learned World; were fafficient
Arguments with me, to lay before you, as a Spe-
cimen one of my tfeteoro-Statical Tables : The
Favour of your Opinion of the Method I have ooferved,

will be mod acceptable. , . , M ,

I began thefe Experiments the Fird of ad Match,
and have continued them ever fincc, with the Lofs
only of a few Days; and propofe to continue them
till the Year is finifhed, afterwards (hall make them
a few Days in every Month, and as condantly as

poflible in epidemic Seafons.

S f f a What

[ 49 1 ]

What firft induced me to enter upon this Courfe,,
was, that I might experimentally difcover the In-
fluences of our different Seafons upon the Human
Body i by which I might arrive at fome more certain
Knowledge of the Caufcs of our epidemic Difeafes,
which as regularly return at their Bated Seafons, as a
good Clock ftnkes Twelve when the Sun is in the
Meridian ; and therefore mud proceed from fome
general Caufe operating uniformly in the returning
different Seafons.

Keily indeed, has obliged the W orld with his Sta-
tical Experiments , but thefe his extenfive Practice
made lefs perfect than he could have wifhed, having
many deficient Days, and he feldom gives the diurnal
Perfpiration. Had thefe been carried on with all the
Conftancy poflible, they could not have fo clearly
demonftrated the Changes made in the Animal Oeco-
nomy, in the feveral Seafons, as would a Courfe of
fuch Experiments made in our Clime, where thofc
Influences are in a much more eminent Degree ; and
where the Excurfions from Heat to Cold are very
confiderable, and often fudden, I having feen 30
Degrees Difference in 24 Hours by Fahrenheit’s
Thermometer.

SanFtoriuSj it is true, lived in a warm Climate, and
has deduced many ufeful Aphorifms from his Expe-
riments ; but then he has not left us the Experiments
themfelves: Hence we are not only deprived of the
Authorities from whence he deduced his Aphorifms,
but likewife of a long-continued Series of Experi-
ments; from whence the Changes induced upon the
human Frame, in the different Seafons, might have
experimentally appeared.

From

C 491 ]

From the Hiftories of the Air and epidemic Dif-
eafes, we learn what Conftitutions of the Air are
produ&ive of certain Difeafes : Were we, however,
once furnifhed with a Courfe of Statical Experiments
of one whole Year, together with the Hiftory of the
Weather, we, probably, might have more diftinCt
Views of the Nature of the Difeafes themfelves, by
knowing experimentally the Changes produced in our
Conftitutions, difpofing us to fuch and fuch Difeafes,
in certain Periods of the Year.

To thefe Tables I likewife would have added an
Analyfis of a little of my own Blood and Urine, in
every Month, with the Blood’s Cohefion, could I
have got the Inftruments : But that I propofe after-
wards to do, if I can get the fame Kind which Dr.
Langrift analyfed the Blood, &c. with, and an In-
ftrument exactly the fame with his, for meafuring the
Blood’s Cohefion.

The Method I have cbferved in the Tables is this :

I weigh myfelf twice every Day, once in the Morn-
ing immediately after I rife, and again before I go to
Bed at Night. As in July i. my Weight at 6~ a.
was/^'A 165. 13. o. at 10 in the Night was 167. 5.4. &c.
Twelve Ounces was the Quantity of Urine excreted
from 67 in the Morning, to 107 that Night: And
97 Ounces was the Urine from 10 p.m. of the Firft:
Day, to 7 7 in the Morning of the Second Day. The
Figures placed in the next Column, direClly oppofite
to thefe Quantities of Urine, exprefs the Quantity
perfpired in the fame Space of Time 5 e.g. 68 Ounces
and 3 Drachms was perfpired betwixt 6 - a. m. and
10 \p,m. in the Firft Day, and 23 7 Ounces the Quan-
tity

[ 494 3

tity perfpircd from io~ p. m. of the Firft Day, to 107
a . m. in the Second Day.

The Number of Pulfes I take in the Morning, and
immediately before I go to Bed at Night.

In the Column titled Excret. Alv. the Quantity
is in Ounces and Drachms. When the Figures are
placed in the upper Part of the Column, that Excre-
tion was in the Morning; when in the middle or
lower Part of the Column, then it was in the Middle
of the Day, or in the Night before Bed time. Where
i, 2, or 3, occur in a Column, they exprefsthe Num-
ber of Stools that Day, as in July 6. there were 3
Stools.

The Figures placed in all the reft of the Columns,
are in Ounces and Decimals : The Calculations I
made with a Two Foot Biding Gunters Scale.

In the Column Urina 24 horarum , you have the
Urine of 24 Hours calculated each Day; becaufe, as I
do not always weigh at one Hour in the Morning,
the Space of Time betwixt Two Morning Weighings
muft be unequal ; whence the Difference betwixt the
Quantities of each Day does not appear ; as from July
\.6\a.m. to July 2d is 25 Hours, and

the Quantity of Urine in that Time amounts to 21 ~
Ounces, which, calculated to 24 Hours, is 20.62
Ounces. In the fame Manner have I calculated the
Perfpiration of 24 Hours.

In the Column Urina Hiurna 6 Horarum-, is the
mean Quantity of Six Hours diurnal Urine calculated ;
as July 1. from 6~ a. m . to io-^- p.m. being 16
Hours, the Quantity of Urine in that Time is 12
Ounces ; which, calculated to Six Hours, (upon Suppo-

fition

[ 495 ]

fttion that the Urine was equally fecreted in all thefe
Hours, which we know never can be) amounts to

4 \n die fame Manner have I calculated the Nodfurnal
Urine of Six Hours, and the Diurnal and Nocturna
Perfpiration of Six Hours , which ferns very well in
the following Columns, to (hew their Differences
where they are compared together. For the Space
of Time in which the Diurnal Urine and Perfora-
tion are excreted, is much greater than that in which
the Nodturnal Urine and Perfpiration are excreted ;
whence, without comparing them together, by taring
their Means in equal Spaces of Time, then : Di cr
would not appear, as it now does in thefe Tables

firintheeColutiin Viginti qmtuor Hor arum Excreta,
is the whole Quantity excreted in M Homrs wh.ch
is found out by adding together the Stoo s and the

Urine and Perfpiration of 24 Hours by Calculation ,
whence the exaff Quantity retained, or e contra, in
every 24 Hours, appear in the tuccccding Two

Bvftrefe tedious Calculations, I have endeavoured,
as much as poffible, to prepare the Tables tor Ufe,
that juft Dcduaions may more eafily be dtawn ftoi

*hCIn the Columns Ciborum Quant it- & Totulen-
torum Quant it. the Quantities are m Ounces and
DrachmsT The Weights I have ufed arewg _
i Drachm, 8 Drachms = i Ounce, 16 Our

°nThe Cloaths in which I drefs before I weigh

myfelf are taken care of, fo that their Weight fhall
* vai y

2

[4 96 1

vary as little as poflible ia the different Changes of
the Air’s Humidity.

In the Summer, as Opportunity ferved, I weighed
myfelf every Hour, Second or Third Hour, through
the Day, to inveftigate the Difference of the Urine
and Perfpiration, in different Hours of the Day,
under different Circumftances ; One Table of which
I now fend you, in which the Urine and Perfpiration
are likewife in Ounces and Drachms, and is to be
read together with the Account of the Quantity of
Meat, Drink, and Exercife ufed; e.g.

July 3d, betwixt ii4-andi2Y, I drank 20 Ounces
of Punch, ufed no Exercife, was not expofed to the
Wind, and was cloathed in a Holland Jacket un-
buttoned: Made in that i| Hour, One Ounce of
flammeous Urine, and fweated fo exceflively, the
Heat of the Air I fat in being 87, that both my Shirt
and Jacket being wet with Sweat, was obliged to
fhift : Whence, though the Perfpiration was, no
doubt, greatly diminished by the Coldnefs of the
wet Cloaths, towards the End of the 1 \ Hour, yet

I perfpired betwixt 1 1 -J and 12-i, 14I Ounces.

Having fhifted, and being cloathed in a Holland
Jacket and Chinee Gown, was expofed, betwixt 12^
and 2-f, to the Third Degree of the Wind’s Force;
eat iof Ounces of roafted Lamb, Bread and Shallots,
drank 40 Ounces of Punch, and ufed no Exercife;
in tliefe Two Hours made 3 -J Ounces of Urine, and,
being expofed to the Wind, perfpired only 1 2 Ounces,
though I fweated a little all the Time, and though
the natural Heat of the Air was the fame as in the

former Experiment. The fame Day again, betwixt

2i and m, my Cloathing being the fame, and

ufing

[ 4 97 ]

ufing noExercife, I drank betwixt 23 and 25 Ounces
more of Punch ; and the Air being cooled by the
Clouds overfpreading the Heavens, the Quantity of
Urine was greatly increafed, amounting in thcfc 2~
Hours to 28 1 Ounces 5 but the Pcrfpiration was lo
much dimi'nifhed, that the Quantity of humid Par-
ticles attracted by my Skin exceeded the Quantity
perfpired in thele 2 - Hours by 8-} Ounces. Two
more Pittances of this Attradlion you have in the
fame Table 5 and, no doubt, it often occurs in the
Summer, and might be difeovered by any who can
conveniently weigh thcmfclves every Second or
Third Hour of the Day. Here there was no Watte
of the Fluids, the predifponent Caufe, according to
Keil, of fuch Attradion, but Reafon to fufpect the
contrary, by drinking fo plentifully of Punch.

The Punch, or Ttiapente , as 1 have improperly
called it, is made thus: Take Water 2 Pounds, Sugar
1 y Ounce, recent Juice of Limes 2-j Ounces, Rum
3 — Ounces. M. This is the Punch we commonly
drink in the Summer $ but that which we drink in
the Fall and Winter is richer, having more Suggar
and Rum, and lefs of the Acid. It is a pleafant,
fubacid, cooling and exhilarating Drink 5 and proves
an excellent Diaphoretic in warm Weather, and a
good Diuretic in cold Weather.

The Barometer is a common portable one; the
Diameter of its Bore is about f of an Inch.

The Thermometer is Fahrenheit's ; the other
Thermometer is made by Thomas Heath , in London 5
and is divided into 90 equal Parts ; 65 is the freezing
Point, and 49 temperate : I fufpedt it to be the fame
with Hanks bf s, and have called itfo in the Tables.

T 1 1 The

[ 49* ]

The Hygrofeope is a Whip-cord, prepared after
the fame Manner as that of the Society’s in Edin-
burgh j the Difference betwixt its greatefl and lead
Length, by their Manner of Preparation, I found, to
be Five Inches ; for which I made an Index Five
Inches long, and divided it into ioo equal Parts, the
Fil'd of which is the Hygrofcope’s greated Length.

Thefe Indruments are conveniently placed on the
Outfide of a N. E. Window, in a large fquare Box,
about 3 Feet broad, 6 Feet high, and Feet deep;
which is & conflru&ed, that neither the Sun nor
Rain can have Accefs to the Indruments, and is at
the fame time fufficiently perflated to fhew the Tem-
perature of the Air, having a great Number of large
Holes, regularly placed, and pafllng obliquely up-
wards, in both Sides, and in the Front, with Weather-
boards placed over each Range of Holes, fo as to
hang over them obliquely downwards ; and has like-
wife a large Window in the Front, which is open
from Morning to Bed-time : The Shutters of the
Window are in many Places perforated obliquely
upwards, that the Air may have a free Circulation
through the Box, when the Window is fhut at Night.

In the Column Cali Facies , I have only taken
Notice of the Sky’s Appearance from the Zenith to
within about 30 Degrees of the Horizon.

N. Nubes. ' Small Rain. £. Thunder.

Op. Opaces. “ Greater Rain. And

Ob.Obduttum . in Very great Rain.

T. Tenues.

The Charaders for Rain exprefs the Time in which
it rained, according as they are placed in the Column.
When in the upper Part, it rained in the Forenoon :

In

[ 499 ]

In the middle, Rain about the Middle of the Day
In the under Part, Rain in the Evening, or Night
before Bed-time; and when placed upon the Lines
which divides the Days, then it rained in the Night.

I have obferved the fame Rule with the Character
of Thunder, in placing the upper Part of it a (£*)
in the fame manner as of the Character of Rain ; and
likewife have placed it in that Diredion, by which
the Point of the Compafs where the Thunder began,
may be known, the Part (^) pointing to the Place
where the Thunder began, fuppofing the Points of
the Compafs to lie in the fame manner in the Tables
as in Maps. The numerical Figures placed upon its
Left-hand, exprefs the Degree, Violence, or Conti-
nuance of the Thunder, 4 being the greatefl.

Of the Wind’s Force, i am obliged to judge by my
Senfes. Four Degrees of it being inefficient in fuch
Experiments, I have made Eight. For a (mail In-
crease of the Wind’s Force has a confiderable Influ-
ence in Sweeping away the Heat of our Cloaths ; and,
thereby cooling the Skin, diminifhes Perfpiration.

The Depth of the Rain is in Inches and Decimals.

I make Three Obfervations, by thefe Inftruments,
of the Weather every Day, viz. in the Morning, and
at Bed-time, at the fame Hours in which I weigh
myfelf, and the other at Three p. m.

Cubiculi Calor is the Heat of the Room where I
Beep or fit, by Fahrenheit’s Thermometer ; have
mentioned in the Obfervationes MiJcelL when I was
expofed, in it, to the Wind.

Thus have I now fpent near One Year, with no
fmall Labour, Confinement, and Expence in the
Lofs of Pradiee, in making thefe Experiments and

T 1 1 a ' Cal:

[ 5°° ]

Calculations; and if they will be of any Service to
Mankind, of which you are the mod proper judge,
fhall then obtain all I had in View, in entering upon
the Courfe. I am,

SIR ,

Tour much obliged ,

4

and very humble Servant ,

John Lining.

South- Carolina, Charles-
S I R, Town, April 1 1 . 1 74 1 •

Read May ip. \T EAR Three Months ago, I fent you
‘743- JL%I One Table of my Statical Experi-

ments, as a Specimen, praying your Opinion of the
Method, and if they promifed any Helps towards the
Advancement of the Medical Art. I will not take
up your Time, in giving you the Reafons which firft
induced me to undertake a Courfe of fuch trouble-
fome Experiments for One whole Year, which I have
now finifhed: However, I prefume, that a Courfe of
fuch Experiments, made in a Clime where theExcur-
lions from Heat and Cold, in the different Seafons,
are very great, and the Tranfitions often furprifingly
fudden, thefe Experiments, I fay, made almofl:
every Day through the Year, wherein the Days
Urine and Perfpiration are diflinguifhed from the
Night's, may be of lome Ufein illuftrating the Na-
ture and predifponent Caufes of Epidemic Difeafes,
which fo regularly return at dated Seafons; and
cfpccially as nothing, I know of, is extant of that

Na-

[ 5°» 1

Nature, fo complete as I have endeavoured: But of
this, Sir, you are the belt Judge.

Left the Tables I fent you before, fhould be loft, I
have again prefumed to trouble you with this; and
have fent One Table more of the Experiments, being
the remaining Part of July , and likewife Six General
Tables deduced from the whole Year’s Courfe; thefe
General Tables containing fo many Corollaries de-
duced from the Whole, and exhibiting, at one View,
the Changes made in the fenfible and infenfible Ex-
cretions through the whole Year, you may commu-
nicate to the Royal Society. All the Means in
thefe Tables are calculated after your Method. I am,

SIR,

Tour 'very humble Servant ,

John Lining*

N. B. The Table for July would have taken up
too much Room here : I therefore thought it better
to infert only the general Tables, in order to give a
general Idea of the whole Year’s Obfervations, which
would make a fmall Volume by themfelves. C.

Tab. L

[ 5°* ]

Tabula Prima

Exhibet Ciborum & Potulentorum quantitatem

uncialem & dcnariam, itemque Excretorum quorumvis
fummam in diebus omni tucnfe memoratis, in quibus
Statica fcci Experimenta > unde Incrementum 6c Dimi-
nutio ponderis humani per totum annum abunde
patet.

Experiment.

Excret.

In^efla quam

Confciend.

abut.

Pot us.

Urina.

Perfp .

Alvin.

Excreta

Dies.

1

Major

Minora.

E *3

297.

87

1282.

37

971.

5C

548.

5C

43-

oc

17

25

^ 12

33*-

12

1026.

37

! * I

Si

37

532.

37

4 6.

oc

J3-

25

310.

12

1096.

12

798.

62

59i.

62

50.

25

34-

24

^io

244.

75

854.

12

562.

37

506.

00

2 7-

87

2t

63

S 16

424.

25

T293.

37

88O.

12

816.

37

61.

00

39-

87

^ 14

367.

37

1431.

77

804.

> /

927.

00

42.

00

25.

00

i h

318.

12

H47-

5°

73 9.

87

1000.

J7

52.

75

27.

87

A15

33B.

37

r535-

87

780.

87

1069.

5°

57-

12

33.

25

= 16

378.

37,

1787.

75

787.

00

1301.

-l7

66.

50

n

25

isl5

378

1;

1614

50! 569-

T7

1387-

37

55-

75

| 20.

37

398.

1591-

ool 823.

87

r 129.

37

50-

37

13-

61

3^7-

37

6 2! 838.

37

998.

12

76.

87

9-

62

s*1*

350.

oc

(599.

25

669.

62

Ir99-

00

81.

75

1.

12

^ 15

352.

75

1244.

50

532.

12

1 1 1 3-

75

52.

25

100,

87

16

x*

368.

62

11 34-

5°l

749-

00

642.

75

80.

37

31-

00

O 15

373-

75

[123.

87

729.

00

621.

50

no.

12

37-

00

£»’ *5

413.

6;

1284.

00

981.

62

609.

37

64.

00

42.

63

£ n

284.

75

882.

00

660.

62

442.

75

33-

25

30.

13

vT 17,

343-

25

ri86.

25

87*.

12

555-

12

47.

2S

>2.

01

Q 14

383.

2<

1285.

75

1036.

75

593-

75

53-

75

15

25

a1* .

357-

62

1320.

75

958.

50

629.

75

50-

87

3 9-

25

?Si3

304.

75

1328.

37

1069.

50

489-

37

62.

5c

1 1 .

75

v 15

382.

oc

1381.

87

1138.

75

563.

87

48.

62

12.

63

& 13

306.

6:

1244.

75

1041.

37

484.

75

41-

5C

16.

25

Tab. II .

[ 5°? 3

Tab. II.

-

Urina

Perfpiratio

24

Horarum.

24

Horarum.

1

H

»

1

a.

1

H

%

§

Mart.

102.

20

33- 40

70. 59

74.

75

28.

00

43-

23

April.

87.

50

36. 00

59- i7

69

40

34-

00

47-

72

Maius

88.

12

25. 2^

56. 17

94.

00

3°-

62

58.

11

Junius

85.

00

28. 70

52. 09

I06.

90

36.

75

7i-

39

Julius

92.

90

20. 62

43- 77

105.

00

5i-

90

86.

41

Augujl.

76.

50

31. OO

55- 41

107.

00

38.

90

70.

91

Septemb.

78.

75

II. I5

40. 06

130.

00

42.

37

77-

°9

OSiob.

73-

40

22. 45

47. 67

63.

10

30.

20

40.

78

Novemb.

99.

00

39. 70

63. 1 6

49-

30

29.

00

40.

47

Decemb.

143.

50

41. OO

70. 81

56.

60

27-

<>5

42.

55

Jan.

121.

00

39- 75

72. 43

49-

25

33-

10

39-

97

Febr.

ii5-

00

45. 60

77. 86

46.

10

24.

40

37-

ill

Tab. in;

[ 5°4 ]

Tab. III.

Quantitates media & Urina & PeiTpirationis turn
xburnaetum nodurnar, quae quovis anni men-fc hi paii-
bus temporibus feccrnebantur, earumque ad fe in-
vicem monftrantur rationes.

6 horar. Media.

5

*N» .

fe

fe

to

.

55

*>4

fe

fe

1

6 horar. Med. >j

to
**
*s .

fe

-4

6 horar. Media.

*0

to

fe

—4

fe

fe

CS

r vi
2 %

& g

. rv

5?

•

• * S'
5 ^fe

*.§ ^
3 *

to fe

S‘ CN

S S'

fe

cn r*

cn-^ •"d

0 fe

« to)-'"

^ <4> t-y

HCS. ?

fe 54)

fe, 7s •

to 9s

fe vS—
-4 §
fe -4

Urina Diurna 6 horar.
efl ad Perfpir. Diurn.
6 hor. ut 1 ad

•'* § «■
fe fe- fe

3 Jg

-4 -4

• fe

£ &

Os

35 fe-

• ^

cn 7*

Mart.

1 8.

35

15-

IO

IO.

94

9. 90

I. 21

I. 11

0. 59

O.

65

Aprihs

1 6.

39

12.

33

13-

03

10. 24

1. 33

I. 27

0. 79

O.

91

Maius

v-

*3

15-

58

16.

44

IO. 64

0. 84

I. 54

1. 25

O.

69

Junius

12.

J3

15-

37

20.

69

12. 68

0. 79

I. 62

r. 70

O.

82

Julius

09.

02

H-

I4

26.

73

12. +3

0. 63

2. 15

i. 96

O.

88

Auguft.

12.

4i

1 7-

02

21.

32

IO. 08

0. 73

2. 11

r. 71

O.

59

Sept.

IO.

54

12.

22

22.

58

II. 07

0. 86

2. 04

i. 14

O.

90

Odlob.

IO.

33

r 4-

70

IO.

37

9. 88

0. 72

I. O'-

[. 00

O.

69

Nov.

1 6.

87

13-

88

IO.

64

9. 92

1. 21

I. 07

d. 63

O.

71

Dec.

19.

02

T4-

5i

12.

°3

8. 19

1. 3i

I. 47

0. 60

O.

56

Jan.

21.

16

12.

46

II.

26

8. 22

1. 70

i- 37

D. 53

O.

66

Febr.

23.

l9

*3-

3i

IO.

43

7. 56

i- 74

[1. 38

0. 45

O.

571

Tab. IV

[ 5°5 ]

4

[ 3

’ Tabu:

A prima dedu&a, Ingcftorum ac Excretorum fingulis mcnfibus 1
libet menfe 30 diebus, eademque Ingcftorum & Excretorum did
tionem quam fingula Excreta habent ad Ingefta, Urinaque ad T
Annum inter fe invicem habent, caufa pateat apenius, ftationes ]
Min. & Media:, cum Aqua: pluviae altitudine unciali & dena

Cibut.

Potus.

Ingefla.

Ur in a.

Perfpir.

Excret.

Alvin.

Ingejh
Ex ere

Maj.

i quart
?a.

Min

Mart.

758. 82

2762. 6i

2521. 4;

2112. 66

1298. 32

107. 15

07. 29

Aprihs

724. 92

2<?45- 91

3270. 8;

1765. or(

1442. 12

99- 74

36.

Ala/us

79i- 35

2746. 15

3537- 50

1686. 9.

1 759- 56

102. 19

lit

Junius

679. 21

3086. 76

3767- 97

1573- 5‘

2141. 86

113. 63

63.

Julius

732. 85

2290. <>2

4023. 37

1707. 6c

2607. 41

118. 10

°9-

Atl(r.

7 56. 12

3856. 62

3912- 14

1662. 24

2I27- 49

127. 24

04.

Sept.

702. 75

2843. 75

7546. 5c

1201. 7-

2312. 75

134. 00

IOI. ]

Off

719- 34

2187. 47

2906. 81

1431. ic

1224. °8

185. 47

66. 07

Nov .

801. 93

2486. 72

3288. 6<;

1882. 41

1213. 12

109. 33

83. 72

Dec.

806. 68

2746. 34

3553- o'

2120. 6c

1276. 68

112. 10

43. 64

Jan.

709. 25

2853. 48

7562. 77

2192. 5.

1194. 4c

122. 99

52. 80

Febr.

735* 80

2818. 12

3553- 92

2240. 3

II23. 2C

96. 50

06. ]

Surnrna

Total.

8919. 02

33624. 45

f2443- 47

21277. 00

19721. oo|

1428. 44

t

[ j°7 3

U ART A^

lem & denariam Quantitatem compleditui* ; pofitls in quo-
ilcis ratione, ac ubi fada fuerint Experimenta : Turn propor-
rationem : Deinde ut rationem diverfarurn, quas haze per totum
netri Max. & Min. ut & Thermomctri & Hygrofcopii Max.
iciuntur.

TjC

^ Cl

M ^4.

3 3.
41 a

Barometri

Then?/. Fahren.

Hyp.ro [cop.

Pluvia

&

s

Altitudo.

Altitudo.

Altitudo.

Quandt.

s'

1

54 S>

a.

^ s.

M

Max.

Min.

Max

Mrn.

Med.

Max

Min. Med

56

2. 71

32. 86

o. 61

70. 40

29. 60

80

34

57

25

4

12

1. 141

2. 27

32. 89

3. 82

30. 48

29. 58

«3

5i

67

14

2

7

1. 092

IS

2. OI

34. 61

1. 04

30. 30

29. 90

87

56

74

30

2

9

5 612

1 ^

1 ro

t- 75

38- 14

1. 36

30. 28

29. 90

90

66

79

28

5

10

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U u u 2

Tab. Vi

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C 5°8 ]

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Urina Minima ^ftiva per 3 o Dies fe habet ad Urinam
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y. Part

[ 5 10 ]

V* Part of a Letter from his Grace the Dtike
of Richmond, Lennox and Aubigne, F.R.S»
to M. Folkes, Efq$ Pr. R. S.

Utrecht , Tuefday > ff/f I742<’

a K^June ® ^ will net be ferry to

Y receive from me fomc further
Account of the. ‘Polypus* and I muft tell you
what I have feen in Mr, Tremble/ s Study at Sorg-
'uliet. He has there at lead a Dozen large Glafl.es
of about a Foot high, each holding a Gallon or
Six Quarts of Water, all which are weil flocked
with thofe Infers, and he muft there have many
Hundreds of them. They are, in general, confl-
dcrably larger than any 1 had before feen ; and as
1 was firft with him on a Tuefday , and made him
a fecond Vi fit on the Sunday following, I had the
Opportunity of feeing the prodigious lncreafe they
had made in thofe Five Days. Several Angle ones
that I had left, had in that time put out Five or Six
young Ones apiece ; and thofe I had feen him per-
form Operations upon, were not only recovered,
but had moft of them produced young ones alfo. I
faw him fplit the Head of one about Two o’Clock in
the Afternoon on Tuefday , and, at about Seven the
fame Evening, each Head eat a fmall Worm. I faw
him fplit another from the Head to the Tail, and
each of thofe Parts alfo eat Part of a Worm before
Night. Another Operation I faw him make, which
I had not before heard of, which was that by putting

one

i

[ 5>» 3

one of the Points of a very fmall Pair of ftiarp
ScilTars into the Mouth of a ‘Polypus , and forcing it
out at the very End of the Tail, he then laid it quite
open like a Pigeon , or a Barbacute Pig to be
broiled 5 yet, in about Five Hours, I faw the fame
Polypus with the Parts fo reunited again, that I
could not perceive any thing had been done to it;
and it then eat a large Worm bigger than itfelf. He
then fhewed me another odd Particular, which was
one Polypus that had fairly Two Heads without any
Tail ; that is, with a Head at each End, as you will fee in
the Firft Figure annexed (fee p. 513*)* This was atl
accidental Production, and the Manner it came about
was as follows : Two young ones grew, as from one
Root, out of an old Polypus , as in the Second
Figure: They both dropt off together, and their Tails
not being feparated, they appeared as in the Firft
Figure; but, when I faw them, more like the Third,
with feveral young ones putting out from their Sides.
Mr. Trembley told me, he had feen the like fome-
times before, but not often ; and that they have then
remained Ten or Twelve Days in that Condition,
after which they have feparated. You may lately
have had this from Mr. Trembley himfelf; but, as
it was moftly new to me, I would not omit com-
municating it to you. He had in one of his large
Glalfes upwards of a Hundred of thefe InfeCls all full-
grown, and he regaled them all at once before me,
with fome Thoufands of what he calls des Pucerons
d’Eaity which are fmall aquatic Animalcule st not
unlike Fleas, of about the Size of large ones, and
which move about with great Swiftncfs in the Water.

Thde

[ ]

Thefe were no fooner put in, but it was really both
a curious and entertaining Sight, to obferve in how
voracious a Manner not only every ‘Polypus , but
every young one alfo that had Arms, though fixed to
the Side of its Parent, feized and devoured thefe
Pucerons : And as the Body of the Polypus is tranf-
parent, every one made a very extraordinary Ap-
pearance from the Number of Pucerons in them } for
in feveral I could very plainly, with my bare Eye,
diftinguifh and count Five or Six of them 5 and,
what was very particular, I could plainly difeern
fome very fmall black Spots, which I was allured
were the Eyes of thefe Pucerons. I had almofl forgot
to mention to you one extraordinary Obfervation
more of Mr. Trembleys , which is, thar, in the double-
headed Polypus of the Firlt and Third Figure, there
was at firft but one common Gut between them, fo
that the feeding of one Head had the fame Effed as
the feeding them both. The Figures are but bare
Sketches, but you know I am no Draughtfman, and
I think they may be fufficient to inform you of my
Meaning. I need not, I believe, tell you with what
Satisfaction I paffed my Time, and that Mr. Trem-
bley is one of the mod agreeable Men I have known.
He is particularly handy and dextrous in his Opera-
tions, and explains himfelf about them with great
Exadnefs and Perfpicuity. He places fome Pieces of
Packthread crofs his Glafifes towards the Top : To thefe
fome of the Infeds fix themfdvesj and I have leen
fome that in that Pofture have extended their Arms
almoft to the Bottom, which muft have been above
Ten Inches. I (hall fet out from hence in TwOjor

Three

C 5*3 ]

Three Days, eJr. ”... That you may enjoy

the moft perfect Health and Satisfa&ion, is the fincerc
Wifh of,

T>ear SIR ,

Tour tnoft faithful
and affectionate Friend, &c,

Richmond, Lennox5
and Aubigne.

Fig. i;

x x x

[ 5 '4 j

VI. Of the Structure and Difeafes of Articu-
lating Cartilages, by William Hunter, Sur-
geon •

Read June 2. HpHE Fabric of the Joints in the
743 JL Human Body is a Subjcd fo much

the more entertaining, as it muft ftrike every one that
conlldcrs it attentively with an Idea of fine mecha-
nical Compofition. YVhere-ever the Motion of one
Bone upon another is requifite, there we find an ex-
cellent Apparatus for rendering that Motion fafe and
free: We fee, for Infiance, the Extremity of one
Bone moulded into an orbicular Cavity, to receive
the Head of another, in order to afford it an extenfive
Play. Both are covered with a fmooth elafiic Cruft,
to prevent mutual Abrafionj connected with ftrong
Ligaments, to prevent Diflocation ; and inclofed in a
Bag that contains a proper Fluid depofited there, for
lubricating the Two contiguous Surfaces. So much
in general.

But if Curiofity lead us a Step further, to examine
the Peculiarities of each Articulation, we meet with
a Variety of Compofition calculated to all the Varie-
ties of Motion requifite in the Human Body. Is the
Motion to be free and extenfive in one Place? There
we find the whole Apparatus contrived accordingly.
Ought it to be more confined in another? Here we
find it happily limited. In fhort, as Nature’s Inten-
tions arc various, her Workmanfifip is varied accord-
ingly.

Thefc

C 5*5 ]

Thefe are obvious Refledions, and, perhaps, as old
as the Infpedion of dead Bodies. But modern Ana-
tomies have gone further: They have brought the
Articulations, as well as the other Parts of the Body,
under a narrow Inquiry, and entered into the minuted
Parts of their Compofttion. The Bones have been
traced Fibre after Fibre; but the Cartilages, as far as
I can learn, have not hitherto been fufficiently ex-
plained. After fome fruitlefs Attempts by macerat-
ing and boiling the Cartilages in different Men fir ua ,

I fell upon the Method not only of bringing their
fibrous Texture to View, but of tracing the Diredion
and Arrangement of thofe Fibres. I fhall therefore
endeavour to give a fhort Account of the Strudure
of articulating Cartilages, and make a few Obferva-
tions on their Difeafes, with a View to advance a
rational Explication of their morbid ‘Phenomena.

An articulating Cartilage is an elaftic Subfiance
uniformly compad, of a white Colour, and fomewhar
diaphanous, having a fmooth polifhed Surface covered
with a Membrane; harder and more brittle than a
Ligament, fofter and more pliable than a Bone.

When an articulating Cartilage is well prepared, it
feels foft, yields to the Touch, but reflores itfelf to
its former Equality of Surface when the Preflure is
taken off. This Surface, when viewed through a
Glals, appears like a Piece of Velvet. If we en-
deavour to peel the Cartilage off in Lamella , we
find it impradicable ; but, if we ufe a certain degree
of Force, it feparates from the Bone in frnall Parcels ;
and we never find the Edge of the remaining Part
oblique, but always perpendicular to the fubjacent
Surface of the Bone. If we view this Edge through

X x x 2 a

[ 'l6 ]

a Glafs, it appears like the Edge of Velvet ; a Mafs
of fhort and nearly parallel Fibres riling from the
Bone, and terminating at the external Surface of the
Cartilage : And the Bone itfelf is planned out into
fmall circular Dimples, where the little Bundles of
the cartilaginous Fibres were fixed. Thus we may
compare the Texture of a Cartilage to the Pile of
Velvet, its Fibres rifing up from the Bone, as the
fiiky Threads of that rife from the woven Cloth or
Rafis. In both Subfiances the fhort Threads fink
and bend in Waves upon being comprefied j but, by
the Power of Elafticity, recover their perpendicular
Bearing, as foon as they are no longer fubjeded to
a compcelling Force. If another Companion was
necefiary, we might infiance the Flower of any
corymbiferous Plant, where the Flofcali and Sta-
mina reprefent the little Bundles of cartilaginous
Fibres 5 and the Calyx, upon which they are planted,
bears Analogy to the Bone.

Now thefe perpendicular Fibres make the greatefi:
Part of the cartilaginous Subftance 5 but without
Doubt there are likewife tranfverfe Fibrils which con-
ned them, and make the Whole a folid Body , though
thefe laft are not eafily feen, becaufe being very
tender, they are defiroyed in preparing the Car-
tilage.

We are told by Anatomifis, that Cartilages are
covered with a Membrane named Perichondrium.
If they mean the Cartilages of the Ribs, Larynx ,
Ear, &c. there, indeed, fuch a Membrane is very
confpicuous ; but the ‘Perichondrium of the fmooth
articulating Cartilages is fo fine, and firmly braced
upon the Surface, that there is room to doubt whe-
ther

C J'7 ]

ther it has been often demonftrated, or rightly under-
ftood. This Membrane, however, I have raifcd in
pretty large Pieces after macerating; and find it to
be a Continuation of that fine, fmooth Membrane
that lines the capfular Ligament, folded over the End
of the Bone from where that Ligament is inferted.
On the Neck of the Bone, or between the Infcrtion
of the Ligament, and Border of the Cartilage, it is very
eonfpicuous, and may be pulled up with a Pair of
Pincers ; but where it covers the Cartilage, it coheres
to it fo clofely, that it is not to be traced in the
recent Subject without great Care and Delicacy. In
this Particular it refcmbles that Membrane which is
common to the Eye-lids and the Fore-part of the
Eye-ball, and which is loofely conncded with the
Albuginea, , but ftrongly attached to the Cornea.

From this Defcription it is plain, that every Joint
is invefted with a Membrane, which forms a com-
plete Bag, and gives a Covering to every thW
within the Articulation, in the fame Manner as the
‘Peritoneum invefts not only the Parietes , but the
Contents of the Abdomen.

The Blood-vefiels are fo fmall, that they do not
admit the red Globules of the Blood ; fo that they
remained in a great meafure unknown, till the Art
of filling the vafcular Syflem with a liquid Wax
brought them to Light. Nor even by this Method
are we able, in adult Subjeds, to demonftrate the
. Veflels of the true cartilaginous Subftance; the Far,
Glands, and Ligaments, (hall be red with injected*
Veflels, while not one coloured Speck appears upon
the Cartilage i tic If. In very young Subjeds, after a
fubtle Injedion, they arc very obvious 5 and 1 have

found

[ 5»* 3

found their Courfe to be as follows: All round the
Neck of the Bone there are a great Number of
Arteries and Veins, which ramify into fmaller
Branches, and communicate with one another by
frequent Anaftomofes , like thofc of the Mefcntcry.
This might be called the Cir cuius Articuh Vafcu-
lofuSy the vafcular Border of the joint. The final!
Branches divide into Bill fmaller ones upon the
adjoining Surface, in their Progrcfs towards the
Centre of the Cartilage. We are very feldom able
to trace them into its Subftance, becaufe they ter-
minate abruptly at the Edge of the Cartilage, like
the Veflels on the Albuginea Oculi when they come
to the Cornea. The larger Veflels, which compofe
the vafcular Circle, plunge in by a great Number of
fmall Holes, and difperfe themfelves into Branches
between the Cartilage and Bone. From thefe again
there arifes a Crop of fmall fhort Twigs, that fhoot
towards the outer Surface 5 and whether they ferye
for nourilhing only, or if they pour out a dewy
Fluid, I fhall not pretend to determine. However
that be, I cannot help obferving, that the Diflribu-
tion of the Blood-veflels to the articulating Cartilages
is very peculiar, and feems calculated for obviating
great Inconveniences. Had they run on the outer
Surface, the Preffure and Motion of the Two Carti-
lages muft infallibly have occalioned frequent Ob-
ftru&ions. Inflammations, ire. which would foon
have rendered our Motions painful, and at laft intirely
deprived us of them. But by creeping round the
cartilaginous Brim, where there is little Fri&ion, or
under the Cartilage, where there is none, they are
perfeftly well defended from fuch Accidents.

It

[ 5'9 ]

It were to be wifhed we could trace the Nerves
of Cartilages : But, in relation to thefe Organs, here,
as in many other Parts of the Body, we are under a
Neceffity, from the Imperfe&ion of our Senfcs, of
being fatisfied with mere Conjecture. And though,
from the great Infenfibility of a Cartilage, fome have
doubted of its being furnifhed with Nerves ; yet, as it
is generally allowed, that thefe are a fine qua non in
the Growth and Nourifhment of Animals, we have
no fufficient Reafon to deny their Exiftence in this
particular Part. With regard to the manner of their
Diftribution, we may prefume, from Analogy, that
they follow the fame Courfe with the Blood-veflels.

The articulating Cartilages are rnoft happily con-
trived to all Purpofes of Motion in thofe Parts. By
their uniform Surface, they move upon one another
with Eafe : By their fofr, fmooth, and flippery Sur-
face, mutual Abraflon is prevented : By their Flexi-
bility, the contiguous Surfaces are conftantly adapted
to each other, and the Fri&ion diffufed equally over
the Whole: By their Elafticity, the Violence of any
Shock, which may happen in running, jumping,
is broken and gradually fpent \ which mull have been
extremely pernicious, if the hard Surfaces of Bones
had been immediately contiguous. As the Courfe
of the cartilaginous Fibres appears calculated chiefly
for this laft Advantage, to illuftrate it, we need only
reflett upon the foft undulatory Motion of Coaches,
which Mechanics want to procure by Springs; or
upon the Difference betwixt riding a Chamber Horfe
and a real one. To conclude, the Infenfibility of
articulating Cartilages is wifely contrived, as by this

means

[ 5*° 3

means the neceflary Motions of the Body are per-
formed without Pain.

If vvc confult the ftandard Chirurgicai Writers
from Hippocrates down to the prefent Age, we fhall
find, that an ulcerated Cartilage is univerfally allowed
to be a very troublefomc Difeafe ; that it admits of a
Cure with more Difficulty than a carious Bone ; and
that, when deftroyed, it is never recovered. Hildanus>
in confidering thefe Difeafes, has obferved, that when
the Cartilages of a Joint were deftroyed, the Bones
commonly threw out a cementing Callus ; and thus
a bony Anchylojis , or immoveable Continuity, was
formed where the moveable Joint had been. So far
as I have had Opportunities of examining difeafed
Joints, either after Death or Amputation, I have
found, according to the Nature and Stage of the
Difeafe, the Cartilages in fome Parts redifh and lax ;
or foft and fpongy ; or raifed up in Blifters from the
Bone ; or quite eroded, and, perhaps, the Extremities
of the Bones carious ; or, laftly, a bony Anchylofis
formed. But I could never fee, nor indeed hear of,
the lcaft Appearance of an Exfoliation from the
Surface of the Cartilage. Now, if we compare the
Texture and morbid Phenomena of thofe Cartilages
together, all the difeafed Appearances will admit of
as rational a Solution, as perhaps any other Part of
the vitiated Oeconomy.

It appears from Maceration, that the tranfverfe
Pibrils are extremely tender and difl'oluble ; and that
the Cohefion of the Parts of the ftrait Fibres is ftronger
than their Cohefion with the Bone. When a Car-
tilage therefore is inflamed, and foaked in purulent

Matter,

be

re

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ie

fe

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ie

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>

kjZBZt*

C j*» 3

Matter, the tranfverfe or conneding Fibres will the
fooneft give way, and the Cartilage becomes more
or lefs red and lofr, &c. If the Diforder goes on a
little longer, the Cartilage does not throw off a
Slough, but feparates from the Bone, where the
Force of Cohefion is leaft, and where the Difeafe
foon arrives, by reafon of the Thinnefs of the Car-
tilage. When the Bone is thus expofed, the Matter
of the Ulcer, or Motion of the Joint, corrodes or
abrades the bony Fibres. If the Conftitution is good,
thefe will {hoot forth a Callus \ which either cements
the oppofite Bones of the Articulation, or fills up the
Cavity of the Joint, and for the future prevents Mo-
tion. But if, unfortunately, the Patient labours under
a bad Habit of Body, the Malignancy, having got
Root in the Bone, will daily gain ground, the Ca-
ries will fpread, and at laft the unhappy Perfon mud
fubmit to Extirpation, a doubtful Remedy, or wear
out a painful, though probably a fhort Life.

Explication of the Figure.

Figure i. Tab. IV. Reprefents a View of /^Patella
on the Backfide , where it is covered with a
fmooth Cartilage. In this we may obfervey
AAA A. The Surface of the Cartilage , appearing ,
when the Perichondrium is removed , like Velvet.
Near the Middle , j Fart of the Cartilage is taken
outy in order to fbew

B. The fubjacent Surface of the Bone: And

C. The Thicknefs of the Cartilage , where the per -
pendicular Fibres are feen very diftinlily.

D. The fcabrous lower Toint of this Bone , into which
the Ligament is inferted that binds it to the Tibia.

V y y VIL Tart

[ 5>* 3

ir

VII. Fart of a Letter from the Rev'1 Mr.
Thomas Lord, to William Folkes, Efq$
F. R. S. concerning fome Worms vohofe
5 Parts live after they have been cut afunder ♦

-Read June 9. jk FTER I had, without Suc-

5/+3' /l cefs, niade feveral repeared

Searches for the ‘Polypus, in feveral Fifhponds, and
a fmali Stream in my Parifh, I applied myfelf to
colled the different In feds of various Sorts I had there
met with, and which were of more than 30 Kinds,
all which I put together 5 but fome of them vora-
cioufly feized upon others, and devoured them, fo
that in a Day's time I had hardly any lefr, but a few
of one Sort, which rolled themfelves up like Mille-
pedes, or Hog-lice , but were, upon the Whole, more
of the Leech Kind, and could extend themfelves
about an Inch in Length. Thefe I cut afunder, but
the Pieces died in about 30 Hours after the Opera-
tion. I then recolleded, that, in the Account *pub-
iifhed by Dr. Mortimer, mention is made of a French
Gentleman, that had difeovered JVater-worms , that
would live after cutting : I fearched for all I could
find fattened cither upon rotten Wood, Leaves,
Straws, or Stones, that I took out from the Bottom
of the Water, and cut of every Sort afunder; but
none lived above 48 Hours, except thefe I here fend
you. In one Glafs arc Four Pieces that now feem to
be complete Worms, and the fame as the Two in
the other Phial : Thefe Four Pieces, 12 Days fince,
were Two Worms: I cut them afunder with my

* See thefe Travfaftwts, N ° 467.

Penknife,

1

„ t5M 4

Penknife, and found that each Part, from the Firft,
continued vigorous and ftrongj and I could, by my
naked Eye only, lee that in Three Days the Ends
where the Wounds were given, were grown (harper,
.and that they moved along like the intire Worms.
I am,

melt ham in Stiff. ‘ThomClS Lord*

June i. 1743.

The 1 wo intire Worms here mentioned to have
been contained in one of the Phials fent up by Mr.
Lord, were each cut prefently after into Two Pieces y
which foon after completed themfelves , grew longer ,
and were fever al Weeks after in a vigorous and
thriving Condition -

VIII. A Letter from Dr. Parfons to Martin
Folkes, Efq$ Prefident of the Royal So-
ciety, containing the Natural Hijlory of
the Rhinoceros.

w t * 4 J % k A '> / -» r 7 . i U . i J 1 .. V ) l .j e 1 - I *

SIR,

-Read junep; A Lthough many Authors have given
I?43’ / \ Accounts and Figures of the Rhi-

noceros from time to time, and although there was
one in England in 1685. yet how far were we from
having the lead Notion of his Form, when we came
to fee him in 1739. It was not difficult, even be-
fore the Arrival of the latter here, to difeern an
Uncertainty in the Figures that were exhibited of that
Animal, becaufe they differed fo widely from each

Y y y 2 other.

[ 5*4 ]

othcrj and, as there was fuch a Variety in them as
might induce one to take them for different Ani-
mals, there was no knowing where to fix. This
will fully appear in viewing thcColle&ion I have the
Honour to lay before you.

Albert \ Durers Figure of this Creature has led
feveral of thofe Natural Hiftorians, that haVe wrote
Ence his Time, into Errors} for fuch have always
copied him; and indeed many have exceeded him
in adorning their Figures with Scales, Scallops, and
other fictitious Forms. Now, from the Badnefs of
his Figure, I am induced to believe that great Man
never faw the Animal ; for he certainly could not
have been fo miftaken in the Performance. How-
ever, from the ftriCtefl Inquiry I was capable of
making, it feems moft probable, that a Sketch was
fent to him from ‘Portugal, by a Perfon who took
it from a Rhinoceros , which was fent from the Eajl -
Indies to Emanuel King of Portugal , as a Prefent ;
and that Albert improved and embellifhed it into the
original Drawing, which is in Sir Hans Sloans Mu -
feum. The Infcription, in German , written under
this Drawing, proves it very clearly, of which the
following is a clofe Tranflation.

“ In the Year 1513. upon the i.Day of May, there
44 was brought to our King at Lisbon fuch a living

Bead from the Eajl-Indies that is called Rhino-
“ cerate : Therefore on account of its Wonderfulnefs
4t I thought myfeif obliged to fend you the Repre-
“ fentation of it. It hath the Colour of a Toad,
44 and is clofe covered over with thick Scales. It is
u in Size like an Elephant, but lower, and is the Ele~.
“ phant’s deadly Enemy ; it hath on the forePart of

a its

C 5*5 ]

u its Nofe a ftrong (harp Horn j and, when this Beaft
44 comes near the Elephant to fight with him, he
u always firft whets his Horn upon the Stones ; and
u runs at the Elephant with his Head between his fore
4< Legs j then rips up the Elephant where he hath
“ the thinneft Skin, and fo gores him : The Elephant
ic is terribly afraid of the Rhinocerate j for he gores
tc him always, where-ever he meets an Elephant ; for
“ he is well armed, and is very alert and nimble.
“ This Beaft is called Rhinocero, in Greek and Latin >
u bur, in Indian , Gomda. "

The firft Print publilhed by Albert Durer himfelf
has a German Infcription over it, fomewhat differing
from the manufcript one, of which the following
is likewife an exad Tranflation, with this Date and
Mark, thus :

Ml5

RHiNOCERUS

<l In the Year 1513 from the Birth of Chrift, upon
“ the ift Day of May, there was brought to the mod
“ potent Emanuel King of Tortugal at Lisbon, from
“ India , fuch a living Beaft. They call it a Rhino -
“ cerus: It is here reprefented in all its Shape. It
<l has a Colour like a fpeckled Tortoife , and is very
“ clofely covered over with thick Scales ; and is in
“ Size as an Elephant , only of fhorter Legs, and very
(t well armed. It has a fharp ftrong Horn forwards
upon his Nofe, which it begins to whet when it is
“ near a Rock 5 therefore it is a conquering Beaft, and

“ the

[ 5*« ]

* the Elephant's deadly Enemy : The Elephant Is
<c greatly afraid of him > for, when he meets with him,
<c the Beaft runs at him with its Head between his
11 fore Legs, and rips up the Elephant's Belly, and
“ kills him ; for he cannot get rid of him : Befidcs, the
u Bead is fo armed, that the Elephant can do nothing
<c to him : They fay like wife, that the Rhinocerus is
<c fwift, alert, and cunning/*

Many Years after this, one Hendrik Hondius
publifhed in Holland an exad Copy of Durers Print,
counterfeiting the Date and Mark ; but gives an In-
feription in Low Dutch , nearly the fame as that
under the original Print.

Bontius * fays, he has often feen thefe Animals in
the Woods and Stables abroad, and values himfelf
for having exhibited a Figure without the Decora-
tions that Albert Durer put upon his ; and yet, in-
ftead of the Hoofs which are proper to the Animal,
he has drawn a Taw not unlike that of a Dog, only
fomething bulky.

The Figure given by Chardin in his Voyages has
fomc Truth, as to the Folds or T lie re in the Skin of
the Rhinoceros*? and likewife as to the Feet: But in
other refpetts it is not like the Animal. There is
alfo a little Truth in the Figures of Camerarius $ fee
his Emblems taken from Animals ; but far from a
thorough Reprefentation of the Creature: And, in
fhort, the other Originals, as that taken from the
Rhinoceros in 1685. that publifhed by Carwitham

* Bontius calls this Animal Abadt? which probably may be the
Javan Nam?.

in

[ 5*7 ]

in 173 9* and, to look back to the Roman Times,
thole in the Pavement of Tranefle , and Domitiaris
Medals , are very inaccurate, but have none of Albert
‘Durers Decorations.

When that Rhinoceros arrived here in 1739. Dr.
Douglas, who let flip no Opportunity of improving
Natural Knowledge, intended reforming the Hiftory
of him, and therefore went frequently to fee him ;
and, on June 24. of this Year, exhibited before the
Royal Society a Drawing of the fame Rhinoceros ,
with a Colle&ion of Figures of that Creature, taken
from feveral Authors, who had wrote of him before.
He mentioned alfo his Dimenfions ; and, on the 28th
of the fame Month, he produced a Colle&ion of
Horns, with fome Account of them, but proceeded
no farther. Since therefore another Occafion may
not offer in many Years, and that there is no Place
more proper for recording Truth in Natural Hiflory,
than in the Tranfaffiions of this Learned Society,
I have the Honour to entertain them, in Obedience to
your Commands, with the following Account of the
Male Rhinoceros that was (hewed in Ragle-ftreet
near Red- Lyon- Square , in 1739. and the Drawings
annexed to it, which I had drawn up at that Time,
and put among fome curious Phyfico- medical Mif-
cellanics I have collected, and illuftrated with Draw-
ings, in order one Day to be pitblifhed.

In this Account I have had no Regard to thofe of
other Authors, but have barely deferibed him, as I
have often feed him on purpofe, both in the above-
mentioned Place, and a long time after, when he
was (hewed at a Booth near the London-Spaw.

The

[ 5*8 3

The Drawings annexed to the TranfaUions (Plate I.
and II.) are a fide, fore and back View of the Animal
fore-fhortened * 5 all which Attitudes I the rather chofe,
as they will convey to Pofterity a clear Idea of him,
and as the drawings , and Two Pictures, (one of
which is in Dr. Mead’s Mafeum) were all Profils , that I
had done before. The other Drawings, (Plate III.)
joined to thefe, are the Figures of Two fingle Horns ;
and a double one or Two flicking to the fame Piece of
Skin 5 the Penis-, the Tail of an old Rhinoceros ;
and an upper and under View of one of the Feet,
pretty large ; which (hall be all more fully mentioned
in the Table of References , having omitted nothing
that I thought could ferve to the better Hluflration
of this wonderful Creature.

Humphry Cole , Efq; being Chief of the Factory at
Patna in Bengal , procured this Rhinoceros , when
young, and fent it to England by Captain Alton in
the Ship Lyel , which arrived on the Firft of June
1739- The Rhinoceros was brought to Eagle-fir eet ,
Red- Lion- Square, on the 15 th of the fame Month;
and it was faid by thofe who took care of him, that
from his being firft taken, to the time of his landing
in England, his Expences amounted to One Thou-
fand Pounds Sterling.

He was fed here with Rice, Sugar, and Hay : Of
the firft he eat Seven Pounds to about Three Pounds
of the Sugar; they were mixed together, and he eat

* At firft I defigned only Two Views, the fore and back, of the Ani-
mal, for this Tranfattion j but as you juftly think the Account will
be the more perfect for having a Profil alfo added, I have obeyed your
Commands, Sir, in making that View.

this

C 5*9 ]

this Quantity every Day, divided into Three Meals,'
and about a Trufs of Hay in a Week, bcfides Greens
of different Kinds, which were often brought to
him, and of which he feemed fonder than of his dry
Vi&uals; and drank large Quantities of Water at a
Time, being then, as I was informed by his Keeper,
Two Years old.

He appeared very peaceable in his Temper ; for
he bore to be handled in any Part of his Body ; but is
outrageous when (truck or hungry, and is pacified in
either Cafe only by giving him Vi&uals. In his
Outrage he jumps about, and fprings to an incredible
Height, driving his Head againft the Walls of the
Place with great Fury and Quickncfs, notwithftand-
ing his lumpifh Afpcd : This I have feen fcveral
times, cfpccially in a Morning, before his Rice and
Sugar was given him $ which induces me to believe
he is quite indomitable and untradable, and mud
certainly run too faft for a Man on foot to efcape
him.

As to his Size, he did not exceed a young Heifer
in Height ; but was very broad and thick. His Head,
in Proportion, is very large, having the hinder Part,
next his Ears, extremely high, in proportion to the
reft of his Face, which is flat, and finks down fud-
denly forward towards the Middle, rifing again to
the Horn, but in a lefler Degree. The Horn (lands
on the Nofe of the Animal, as upon a Hill. I have
feen the Bones of a Head of one of thefe, in Sir
Hans Sloanes Mufeum ; and the Part on which the
Horn is fixed, rifes into a blunt Cone, to anfvver to a
Cavity in the Bafis of the Horn, which is very hard and
folid, having no manner of Hollow nor Core, like

Z z z thofe

C 55° 1

thcfe of other Quadrupeds. That of this Animal,
being young, docs not rife from its rough Bafis above
an Inch high, is black and fmooth at the Top, like
thole of the Ox-kind, but rugged downwards; the
Determination of its Growth is backwards, inftead
of ftrait up ; which is apparent, as well in the dif-
ferent Horns of old Rhinoceros s, which I have fecn,
as in this of our prefent Subjed; for the Diftancc
from the Bafis to the Apex of this, backward, is not
within a third Part fo long as that before, and it has
a curved Diredion ; and, confidering the Proportion
of this Animal's Size to its Horn, we may juftly
imagine, that the Creature which bore any one of
thole great ones that I have feen, muft have been a
flupendous Animal in Size and Strength; and, in-
deed, it were no Wonder, if fuch were untradable at
any rate.

The Sides of his under Jaw are wide afunder,
Banting outward to the lower Edge; and backward
to the Neck, the Edges turn outward : Prom this
Strudure his Head naturally looks large.

That Part that reaches from the fore Part of the
Horn towards the upper Lip, may be called the Nofe,
being very bulky, and having a kind of circular
Sweep downwards towards the Noftrils : On all this
Part he has a great Number of Ruga running crofs
the Front of it, and advancing on each Side towards
his Eyes.

The Noftrils are fituated very low, in the fame
Dircdion with the Riffius Orff, and not above an
Inch from it. If we look at him in a fore View,
the whole Nofe, from the Top of the Horn to the

Bottom

[ 5} 1 ]

Bottom of his lower Lip, feems fhaped like a Bell,
viz. fmall and narrow at Top, with a broad Bails.

His under Lip is like that of an Ox, but the upper
more like that of a Horfe ; ufing it, as that Creature
does, to gather the Hay from the Rack, or Grafs from
the Ground 5 with this Difference, that the Rhino- -
ceros has a Power of ftretching it out above Six
Inches, to a Point, and doubling it round a Stick, or
one’s Finger, holding it fall ; fo that, as to that
Action, it is not unlike the Rrobojcis of an Ele-
phant.

As to the Tongue of the Rhinoceros , although
it is confidently reported by Authors, that it is fo
rough as to be capable of rubbing a Man’s Flefh
from his Bones ; yet that of our prcfcnt Animal is
foft, and as fmooth as that of a Calf 5 which I have
often felt, having had my Hand fucked feveral times
by him. Whether it may grow more rough, as the
Bcaft grows older, we cannot fay.

His Eyes are dull and flecpy, much like thofe of a
Hog in Shape, and fituated hearer the Nofe than that
of any Quadruped I have ever feen ; which he very
feldom opens intirely.

His Ears are broad and thin towards the Tops,
much like thofe of a Hog; but have each a narrow
round Root with fome Ruga about it,- and riles,
as it were, out of a Sinus furrounded with a Rlica.

His Neck is very fhort, being that Part which lies
between the back Edge of the jaw and the Rlica of
the Shoulder; on this Part there are Two diftind
Folds, which go quite round it, only the fore one
is broken underneath, and has a hollow Flap hanging
from it, fo deep that it would contain a Mans Fift

Z z z 2 (hut.

[ 53* ]

fhutj the concave Side being forward. From the
Middle of the hinder one of thefe Folds or ‘Plica*,
arifes another, which, palling backwards along the
Neck, is loft before it reaches that which furronnds
the fore Part of the Body.

His Shoulders are very thick and heavy, and have
each another Fold downward, that erodes the fore
Leg 5 and, almoft meeting that of the fore Part of the
Body, juft mentioned, they both double under the
Belly clofe behind the fore Leg.

His Body, in general, is very thick, and juts out
at the Sides, like that of a Cow with Calf. He has
a Hollow in his Back, which is moftly forward, but,
backwards, .the Line or Ridge rifes much higher
than that of the Withers,- and, forming the Plica
upon the Loins, falls down fuddenly to the Tail,
making an uneven Line. His Belly hangs low, be-
ing not far from the Ground, as it links much in the
Middle.

From the forefaid higheft Point in his Back, the
Plica of the Loins runs down on each Side between
the laft Ribs and the Hip, and is loft before it comes
to the Belly ; but, above the Place of its being loft,
another arifes, and runs backward round the hind
Legs, a little above the joint: This I call the crural
Fold, which turns up behind till it meets another
tranfverfe one, which runs from the Side of the
Tail forward, and is loft before it reaches within Two
Inches of that of the Loins.

The Legs of the Rhinoceros are thick and ftrong ;
thole before, when he hands firm, bend back at the
Knee, a great Way from a ftrait Line, being very
round, and fomewhat taper downwards. The hinder

Legs

C m ]

Legs are alfo very ftrong, bending backwards at the
Joint to a biant Angle, under which the Limb grows
fmaller, and then becomes gradually thicker, as it
approaches the Foot 5 fo alio does that Part of the
fore Leg. About the Joint of each of his Legs, there
is a remarkable ‘Plica when he bends them in lying
down, which difappears when he hands.

In fome Quadrupeds, the Fetlock bends or yields
to the Weight of the Animal; but in this there is
no Appearance of any fuch Bending, and he feems
to hand on Stumps, efpecially if he is viewed behind.
He has Three Hoofs on each Foot forwards ; but the
back Part is a great Mafs of Flefh, rough like the
reft of his Skin, and bears upon the Sole or Bottom
of his Foot.

This Part is plump and callous in the Surface,
yielding to Preflure from the Softnefs of the fubjacent
Flelh. Its Shape is like that of a Heart, having a
blunt Apex before, and running backward in a broad
Bafis. The Out-line of the Bottoms of the Hoofs are
fomewhat femicircular.

The Tail of this Animal is very inconfiderable, in
proportion to his Bulk, not exceeding 17 or 18
Inches in Length, and not very thick : It has a great
Roughnefs round it, and a kind of Twift or Stricture
towards the Extremity, ending in a Fatnefs, which
gave occcfion to Authors to compare it to a Spatula .
On the Sides of this flat Part, a few Hairs appeared,
which were black and flrong, but fhort : The Growth
of thefe is feen in the Tail of the old Rhinocerosy
deferibed very weil by Dr. Grew , in his Mufeum
Regalis Societatis-, which is reprefented Fig. 2.
Plate III. “ In this the Dock is about half an Inch

“ thick,

[ 534 ]

<c thick, and Two Inches broad; of what Length
u the Whole, is uncertain, this being only Part of it,
“ though it looks as if cut off near the Buttock : It
<c is about Nine Inches, black, and very rough. On
<c the Two Edges, and there only, grow alfo very
“ black and fhining Hairs, a Foot long, ftubborn,

“ and of the Thicknefs of a fmaller Shoe-maker's
“ Thread : Yet not round, as other Hair, but rather
“ flattilh, like fo many little Pieces of Whalebone. ”
It is further to be obferved, that the Hairs on the
Left Side grow out a great way up towards the Root
of the Tail, (being fhorter, as they are higher) like
the Fibres of a Quill ; whereas, on the Right Side, -
they grow no higher than the flat Part. There is no
other Hair on any Part of this young Rhinoceros ,
except a very fmall Quantity, on the pofterior Edge of
the upper Parts of the Ears. I have obferved a very
particular Quality in this Creature, of liftening to any
Noife or Rumour in the Street ; for though he were
eating, fleeping, or under the greateft Engagements
Nature impofes on him, he flops every thing fud-
denly, and lifts up his Head, with great Attention,
till the Noife is over.

The Tenis of the Rhinoceros is of an extraordinary
Shape: It is reprefented by Fig. 3. Plate III. There is
firft a Theca , or Rneputhim-, arifing from the Inguinal
Part of the Belly, nearly like that of a Horfe, which
conceals (as that docs) the Body and Gians, when
retraded. As foon as the Animal begins to extend it,
the firft thing that is extruded, the Theca , is a fecond
Sheath of a light Flefh-colour, and pretty much in
Porm like the Flower of the ‘Digitalis floribus pur-
pure is ) and then out of this another hollow Tube,

which

C 5J5 3

which is analogous to the Gians Penis of other
Creatures, very like the Flower of the Ariftolochia
foribus purpureisj but of a lighter or fainter Flefh-
colour than the former. His Keeper, who was a
Native of Bengal, would make him thus emit his
Penis when he pleafed, while he lay on the Ground,
by rubbing his Back and Sides with Straw ; and, in its
utmoft State of Ere&ion, it never was extended to
more than about Eight or Nine Inches. Its Termi-
nation is backward in a curved Dire&ion, fo that he
is a retromingent Animal, and confequently retro-
generative. I have feveral times feen him pilling 5
he turns his Tail to the Wall, and, extending his hind
Legs alunder, crumps himfelf up, and piffes out in
a full Stream as far as a Cow.

We need fay no more of the Female Rhinoceros,
that came over ttnce, but that fhe is exa&ly like this
in all refpcds, except the Sex 5 and, by the Horn, and

Size, of the fame Age; and the Pudenda like thofc
of a Cow.

The Skin of the Rhinoceros is thick and impene-
trable : In running one’s Fingers under one of the
Folds, and holding it with the Thumb at the Top,
it feels like a Piece of Board half an Inch thick.
Dr. Grew dcfcribes a Piece of one of thefe Skins
tanned, which, he fays, “ is wonderful hard, and of
that Thicknefs, exceeding that of any other Land
Animal he has feen. It is covered all over, more
or lefs, with hard Incruttations like fo many Scabs;
which are but fmall on the Ridge of the Neck and
Back, but grow larger by degrees downwards toward
the Belly, and are largeft on the Shoulders and But-
tocks, and continue pretty large upon the Legs all

along

[ 5?* ]

along down ; but, between the Folds, the Skin is as
fmooth and foft as Silk, and eafily penetrated ; of a
pale Flclh- colour, which does not appear to View in
the Folds, except when the Rhinoceros extends them,
but is always in View under the fore and hinder Parts
of the Belly; but the Middle is incrufted over like
the reft of the Skin. To call thefe fcabbed Rough-
neftes Scales, as fome have done, is to raife an Idea
in us of fomething regular 5 which in many Authors
is a great Inaccuracy, and leads the Reader into Er-
rors ; for there is nothing formal in any of them.

As to the Performance of this Animal’s feveral
Motions, let us confider the great Wifdom of the
Creator, in the Contrivance that ferves him for
that Purpofe. The Skin is intirely impenetrable and
inflexible; if therefore it was continued all over the
Creature, as the Skins of other Animals, without any
Folds; he could not bend anyway, and confequently
not perform any neceflary A&ion ; but that Supple-
nefs in the Skins of all other Quadrupeds, which
renders them flexible in all Parts, is very well corn-
pen fated in this Animal by thofe Folds ; for, fince it
was neceflary his Skin fhould be hard for his Defence,
it was a noble Contrivance, that the Skin fhould be
fo foft and fmooth underneath, that, when he bends
himfelf any way, one Part of this Board-like Skin
fhould flip or fhove over the other ; and that thefe
feveral Folds fhould be placed in fuch Places of his
Body, as might facilitate the Performance of every
voluntary Motion he might be difpofed to.

I only beg leave to add one Paragraph more,
wherein I fhall attempt to fettle a Point that concerns
the double Horn mentioned by Martial ,

Namque

[537]

Namque gravem gemino cornu Jic extulit urfum *•

And which has given many Critics a great deal of
Trouble to alter, as believing either Martial , or his
Tranfcribers, were wrong in that Sentence.

There is no where a greater Inftance of the Uncer-
tainties that Mankind may be led into from con-
jectural Reafoning, than in this very Subjed of the
Rhinoceros s Horn. And although the feveral Critics
who have handled this Matter, fhew abundance of
Ingenuity in changing Martial' s Reading j yet if wc
can make it appear, that there was a Rhinoceros with
Two Horns on his Nofe in Rome , then that Roet
was right; if not, Bochart has the better, who has
altered it thus :

Namque gravi geminum cornu Jic extulit urum -f*.

The firft Knowledge we had in this Part of the
World of that Animal, was of the one that was
brought from AJia to the King of Portugal, men-
tioned before; and as thofe brought into England
fince that Time, viz. that in 1685. our prefent Sub-
jed in 1739. and the Female Rhinoceros in 1741.
were frngle horned ; and as likewife the great Num-
ber of Horns that are to be found in the Mufeums of the
Curious, brought from time to time from the Eafi-
Indies , are alfo frngle 5 we may venture to aflert, that
all thofe of AJia have really but one Horn upon the
Nofe : And this is confirmed by many Gentlemen,
who had feen thofe Creatures in Rerjia , and other
Parts of the Eaft. From thence it is eafy to conclude,
that this was the Reafon the frngle Horn was imagined

* Martial , Epigr. Lib. IV. Epigr. 82.
f Bochart , Tom. I. Lib. 3. pag. 931.

A a a a the

[ 5*8 ]

the Standard of Nature for that Animal, and that
therefore Martial ought rather to fay, that Two Bears ,
or (according to Bochart) Two wild Bulls , were
toiled by the ftrong Horn of the Rhinoceros ; than that
a finglc Bear was thrown up by his double Horn.

On the other hand, we are lure, that the Romans
had always a very great Commerce with the Afri-
cans , and had many Cargoes of wild Bealls from that
Quarter of the World. Is it not therefore likely,
that they might more conveniently have obtained the
feveral Rhinoceros' s that were fhewed in that City,
from Africa than A (a ; face the PalTage to Italy
from the former is but a fhort one, crofs the Me-
diterranean Sea $ and that the Countries that pro-
duce thofe Animals in the latter , are fo very remote
from Italy ? For we find the Greeks had no Know-
ledge of this Beall in the Time of Ariftotle , nor
iince, that we know of 5 whereas the Romans , ac-
cording to the Accounts given, have had Six ; One
fhewed by Bompey the Great , One by Auguflus ,
Two by Homitian, One by Antoninus Bins , and the
laft by Heliogabalus.

Now we do not want fufficient Proofs to fhew,
that there is a Species of thofe Animals in Africa ,
having Two Horns on the Nofc. Beter Kolbe> a
‘ Dutchman , in his Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope ,
lays, there is one on the Summit of the Nofe, like
the others, but having a fmaller clofe behind it.
There arc alfo Two Horns in Sir Hans Sloane's
Mufeum , flicking to the fame individual Integu-
ments, not much more than an Inch from each
other ; which is an undeniable Proof of the Exiflence
of this Species ; fee the Plate III. Fig. 8. And, in

[ 539 3

fine, the Brafs Medal of Domitian , which you, Sir,
were fo kind to fhew me, has, on one Side, the
Figure of a Rhinoceros with Two Horns * upon the
Nofe, very plain. From all which 1 cannot but be
inclined to believe, that this Medal was ftruck from
one of thofe of Africa ; and that Martial had no
more Notion of a Rhinoceros with One Horn, than
Bochart had of one with Two.

There is one thing remarkable of Albert Durer :
It is certain, from his Print of this Animal, that he,
or fomebody elfe, concerned in his Figure, thought
that Martial was right; for it is plain, they were
willing to add a Second Horn to the Figure, and,
being puzzled where to place the other, at laft put it
upon the Neck; by which it further feems probable
that Albert never faw the Bead +, but was led by the
Poet’s Epigram to make that Addition to the Draw-
ing fent to him from Rortugal.

Auguftini alfo, in his ‘Dialogue of Medals , has a
Figure of the Rhinoceros , with Two Horns on the
Nofe. So hath likewife the Figure in the Rraneftan

* Paufanias’s Teftimony is of great Force here, having feen them
himfelf in Rowe, brought thither from Ethiopia , with a double
Horn on the Nofe. His Words are : ^ .

F.I</W q TatJptjf tvs Ti AiQionrmii, cttj tu <TV[^CiC»KriTi x

pjvox.'u’af, on atpiaiv iWAupcLTn ptvi ivzKairu x) V'drif outo i

y-iyct, 07/7 q f KitpaAiif aefe dyyjw Ki&ftcL Scr.

Vidi etiam Tauros JEthiopicos , quos ex reipfa Rhinocerotas nominant ,
quod illi e nare extrema cornu promine t,; <cr paulo fuperius alterum ,
non fane magnum, in capite jiullum prorfus habent . Paufan. Lib. IX.
C. 21.

-j- Petrus Maffejus makes this certain : He fays, that the Rhinoceros
that arrived in Portugal in 1513. was fent by the King to the Pope , and.
that the Ship which had him on board was caft away, and the Animal
drowned on the Coaft of Genoa.

A a a a 2

Pave-

[ 540 ]

Pavement, made by Order of Sylla the Didator, on
which he certainly defigned to reprefent feveral Ani-
mals, and other remarkable Things, proper to Africa.

Explanation of the Plates of the Rhinoceros.

Plate I.

A fide View of the Rhinoceros.

Plate II.

Fig. i. A fore View of the Rhinoceros, fore -
fhortened.

Fig. 2. A back View of the fame, fore fort ened.

Plate III.

Fig. i. Two Views of one of the Feet, a, the
upper Fart of the Foot, b, the Sole of
the Foot.

2. The Tail of an #4/ Rhinoceros, in the Mufeum

of the Royal Society.

3. The Penis in an eretted State, a, The firfl

Theca or Premium, of a dark Colour.

b, The fecond Theca, being Flefh- coloured.

c, The Tubular Gians Penis.

4. A Horn of a Rhinoceros, faid to be Six

Tears old, being about 1 o Inches long.

5 . The Bottom or concave Bafis of the fame, to

few the Cavity is very fuperfcial.

.6 A beautiful Horn in Hr. MeadT Mufeum,
being about 3 7 Inches long .

7. The Horn of a Rhinoceros, in the Mufeum
of Sir Hans Sloane, which (as thofe of Oxen
are fometimes liable to H if or t ions in their
Growth ) differs from the common Form ; it
is 3 2 Inches long.

VIII. The

[ 54' 3

8. The double Horn mentioned above, belong-

ing to Sir Hans Sloane : Whether they

crojfed each other on the Animal , is uncer-
tain : It is moft likely they did not , but that
by drying they were crojfed by the Corruga-
tion of the Skin that joins them together :
However , I have drawn them as they ap-
peared to me • The ftrait Horn is 25 Inches
long , the curved one fomewhat fhorter ,
arid the Two ‘Diameters of the BaJ'es 1 3
Inches.

9. The concave Bottoms of the above double

Horns, as they adhere to the fame Biece of
Skin.

IX. An Account of a Comparifin lately made
by feme Gentlemen of the Royal Society,
of the Standard of a Yard, and the fever al
Weights lately made for their Ufe • with
the Original Standards of Meafures and
Weights in the Exchequer, and feme others
kept for public Ufe , at Guild-hall, Found-
ers-hall, the Tower, &c.

Read jane T XT H E N there were fome time fince
i<5- 1743- YV prepared by Order of the Royal
Society, to be kept in their Archives here, and alfo
in thofe of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Baris ,
Standards of the Tar d Me afire, as alfo of the Troy
and Averdupois Weights ; an Account of which was

fome

C 541 ]

Tome Months fince publifhed by Order of the Council
of the Society in thefe Tranfaffions * : It was nor at
all the Intention of the Society, to determine what
was the abfolute legal Length of the Tard , or the
real and legal Weight of the faid feveral ‘Pounds ; but
Only to lodge and preferve, in thofc refpe&ive Places,
Two Meafurcs, and Two Sets of thofe Weights,
fufficiently near to what were in common Ufe, and
well agreeing with each other, for the Purpofe of
comparing together, by fome certain Standard, to
which recourfe might be had in either Kingdom, the
Succefs of fuch Experiments made either in England
or in France , in which Mcafure or Weight might
particularly be concerned.

And for the fame Reafon, the Gentlemen of the
Royal Academy of Sciences , were plcafed to take
care to have the Length of their Half-Toife fet off
on both the Brafs Rods, upon which the Englifh
Tard had been already laid off, and to provide Two
Brafs Weights of Two French Marcs each j one of
which was fent over hither, when one of the Brafs
Rods, juft mentioned, was again returned over to
the Society. And it was the Proportion only
between Thefe feveral Standards, that was propofed
to be laid down in the faid Paper publifhed in thefe
Tranfaffiions ; without intending thereby to afeertain
the juft and legal Proportions between the Weights
and Meafures of both Nations. Though it is not to
be doubted, but that this Meafure of the French Half-
Toife , and the French Two Marc Weight, are, like
the Englifh , fufficiently agreable to what are there
conftantiy ufed.

* N° 465. p. 185.

But

[ 54? 3

But as feme Gentlemen have fince been defirous to
know, how far thofc Standards really agreed with the
Original ones, as they are looked upon to be, in the
Chamberlains Office of His M a j e s t y 's Exchequer ,
as well as with thofe kept for public Ufe, at Guild-
hall, at Founder s-hall, with the Watchmakers
Company, and in the Tower of London . Mr.
George Graham , F. R. S. was thereupon requefted*
with iuch other Affiftance as he fhould find neccfiary,
to take upon him the Comparifon of the faid feveral
Standards; which he has accordingly done, and
carefully viewed and examined the fame, at the Ex-
chequer, on Friday the 22d of April laft, in the Pre-
fence of the Trefident of the Society, the Right
Honourable the Earl of Macclesfield , the Right Ho-
nourable the Lord Charles Cavend/fh, John Hadley,
Efq* William Jones , Efq; Feter TO aval, Efq, and
Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. one of the Secretaries;
and at Guild-hall , Founder s-hall, and the Tower ,
on the Wednefday following, the 27th of the fame
Month, in the Prefence of all the fame Perfons, Mr.
Da-val only excepted, who happened to be other-
wife engaged that Day. All which Gentlemen were
received with the greateft Civility and Regard, by the
feveral Officers who have the Care and Keeping of
the refpedive Standards in Queftion ; who moll
readily favoured them with the free Ufe and In-
fpedion of the fame; and feveral of which were
themfelves alfo pleafed to attend the Examination.

And, as the Council of the Society have now
thought fit to dired an Account to be here publifhed
of thefe Trials and Experiments: We {hall firfi, for
Order-fake, begin with the Meafure of the Tard', and

then

[ 544 ]

then proceed to what concerns the feveral Weights
of the Troy and Averdupois Tounds.

The Standards of Length now ufed in the Ex-
chequer■, are Two fquared Rods of Brafs, of the
Breadth and Thickncfs of about half an Inch; the
one called the Tard , and the other the Ell . The
Ends of neither are exa&ly flat and parallel, or, if
they were fo once, they have fince fuffered fome
Bruife or Damage, and that poflibly by the imprefling
near each End the Seal of a crowned E. jby which it
appears, they were placed here during the Reign of
Queen Elizabeth , and, probably, at the fame time
when the feveral Standard-weights, hereafter men-
tioned, were lodged here alfo.

To thefe Rods there belongs a fubflantial Brafs Bar,
of about the Length of 49 Inches, the Breadth of an
Inch and a half, and the Thicknefs of an Inch : On
one Edge of this Bar is a hollow Bed or Matrix, fitted
to receive the fquare Rod of a Tard > and on another,
a like Bed fitted to receive that of an Ell: And into
thefe Beds they ufually fit the Tard and Ell Mea-
fures brought to be examined and fealed at this
Office. The fquare Tard and Ell Rods fit fufhciently
well into thefe refpedive Beds, fo as neither to rub
or fhake very fenfibly ; yet, as neither the Ends of the
Rods, or of the hollow Beds, are accurately flat and
parallel, the greateft Lengths of thofe Beds mud, of
neceflity, be fomewhat greater than the greateft
Lengths of the Rods intended to be placed in them :
By which greateft Lengths of thofe Rods, and which
were looked upon by all the Gentlemen prefent, as
the real and proper Lengths of thofe Rods, are meant
the Diftances of Two parallel Planes or Cheeks, fo

placed

[ 545 ]

placed as to touch the Rods refpcttively at both

Ends. ~

Beftdes all which, there alfo remains in thisOtticc
an old Eight- fided Rod of Brafs, of theThicknefs o
about half an Inch , very coarfely made, and as rudely
divided, into Three Feet, and One of thofc reet , into
12 Inches . This is marked near each End with an
old Emlijh crowned ; and is luppofed to nave been
the old Standard of a Tardy lodged there in the Time
of King Henry the Seventh, and ufed as fuch, till the
other above-mentioned, and now accounted the
Standard, was made to fupply its Place.

Now, as the Tard is from very old time mentioned
in our Adts of Parliament, as containing Three reet ,
or 36 Inches ; and the Ell is not therein particularly
deferibed, though univerfally reputed equal to one
Tardandaghiarter, or to +5 Inches ; we (hall in the
following Companion fuppoie, that the Length ot
the fquare Brafs Tard Rod, here kept, and marked
with a crowned E. by that Length meaning, as above,
its greateft Length between Two parallel Planes, to
be the true and genuine Length ot the E?ig/ijb lardy
or of Three English Feet : And with that Length we
{hall compare the others here mentioned, exprening
how much they refpedtively exceed, or tali fhort of,,
this fuppofed Standard Meafure.

To examine all which, Mr. Graham was provided
with very exadt and curious Beam- Compares of dii>
ferent Sorts, and adapted to the feveral Purpofes the)
were to be ufed for. One of thefe was by parallel
Cheeks intended for the taking the Lengths of the
Standard Rods above-mentioned to be kept in thc^
Exchequer : Another was by rounded Ends, one of

B b b b which

[ 54*5 ]

which was moveable, defigned to take the Lengths
of fhch Standards as confift of hollow Beds or Ma-
trices, like thofe already fpoken of at the Exchequer,
and the others, to be prefently mentioned, at Guild -
hall : And a Third Beam-Compafs was fitted in the
common way, with fine Points* for the taking off, or
laying down, fuch Meafures as are marked out by the
Diftance of Points or Lines, on any plane flat Super-
ficies. All which Compafles were feverally fo con-
trived, as to be lengthened by the turning of a fine
Screw, one of whofe Revolutions anfwered accu-
rately to the 40th Part of an Inch , and to which there
was applied an Index, fhewing, on a fmall circular
Plate with 20 Divifions, the broken Part of a Revo-
lution ; and whereon the Place of the Index might, by
the Eye, be eftimated to about the 10th Part of a
Divifion ; whereby the Motion of the moveable
Cheek, End, or Point, might confequently be judged
of, to about the 8000th Part of an Inch.

But Mr. Graham , when he determined by thefe
Inftruments the following Particulars, defired it
might be obferved, that although the Alterations of
the Compafles were fenfible to fo fmall a Quantity ;
it was not to be fuppofed the Meafures here taken
with them, could be eftimated to the fame Exa&nefs.
The Hand cannot judge with fo much Nicety, of the
Shake of a Rod, when applied between the Cheeks,
or when let into one of the hollow Beds or Matrices
above-mentioned : Neither can the Eye, though
aflifted with a Magnifying-glafs, pretend to fee, with
that Accuracy, the Place of the Compafs-points,
when applied to the taking off a Meafure, fet out by
Points or Lines, on the plane Surface of a Rod or

Rule.

[ 547 ]

Rule. All he therefore thinks pofiible, and that he
has found he could feveral times together, under the
fame or like Circumftances, be confident in, is to
take fuch Meafures to about the 1 6ooth Part of an
Inch.

We fhall, however, in what follows, give thofe Mea-
fures as they actually did come out, in Revolutions,
Divifions, and Tenths: All which are alfo, for the
Convenience of the Reader, in a fecond Column,
reduced to the common Decimals oi an Inch 5 and, in
a Third, to the Vulgar Fractions of the fame.

It may further be noted, that the abfolute Quan-
tity of all Meafures, any ways infcribed on Standards
of Metal, mull:, from the Nature of Things, vary with
the Alterations in the Heat or Coldnefs of the Wea-
ther ; and, for that Reafon, the exad Proportion be-
tween any Two Standards, taken at different times,
cannot be expe&ed to be found the fame to the mod
perfect Degree of Exad nefs, unlefs the T emperature of
the Air fhall at thofe different times have been the fame,
or that a proper Allowance has been made for the
Alteration of it. Yet, in the prefent Cafe, as all the
feveral Meafures referred to, are infcribed on the
fame Metal, Brafs, as none of the Differences we are
concerned about are very great, and as the Change of
the Weather was not very confidetable between the
Days of Trial ; it has been thought this laft Confi-
deration might fafely be negle&ed, in fetting down
the following Particulars. Which are, that
The greateft Length of the -j

Matrix of the TardMea- I Rev. Div.

Jure , at the Exchequer, >0 : 8,2 = .0102 =
exceeded the fquare I
Standard Tard by - .

B b b b 2

The

[ 54« 3

The Tard inferibed on
the Royal Society s
Rod, exceeded the
fame by . . .

The old Brafs Standard
at the Exchequer ,
marked with the
crowned fell fhort
of the fame by . .

The Standard Ell Rod ,
at the Exchequer , ex-
ceeded 45' Inches, of
fuch as the Standard
Tard contains 36, by
At Guildhall , the Standards of long Meafure there
ufed, are only Two Beds, or Matrices, the one of a
Tard , and the other of an Ell , cut out of Two of
the Edges of a fubftantial Brafs Bar, much like that at
the Exchequer , but not altogether fo thick 5 which
Bar is fealed with the Exchequer Seal, and marked
at both Ends with C. R. crowned ; and alfo, as it
feems, with JV. M. crowned in like manner. But
there are here no Rods fitted to thefe Beds 5 fo that
all that feemed requifite and proper to be done, was
to take both the greateft Lengths of thefe Beds, and
alfo the leaft Lengths of the fame; the lafl being
nearly the Lengths of fuch fquare Rods as might be fo
fitted into the Beds, as to go in every way clofe, and
without fenfibly {baking: And, upon taking the faid
Meafures, it appeared, that

Rev. Div.-

ro : 6,0= .0075 =

133.3.

The

[ 549 ]

14,7 = -0434

2 3.04

11,7 = .039$ =

25-2

15,5 = .0444 =

22.5

0,7 = .0258 =-

549

The greateft Length of")

the Tard Bed-fit Guild- I Rev^Div
hall, exceeded the / 1
Standard Tard , at the I
Exchequer, by . . J
The leaft Length of the
fame Bed, exceeded
the faid Standard of a
Tard by

The greateft Length of'
the Ell Bed, at Guild-
hall, exceeded 45 Ex-
chequer Standard

Inches by '

The leaft Length of the
fame Bed exceeded
the fame Number of
like Inches by . .

The Standard of a Tard, in the Tower of London,
belongs to his Majesty’s Office of Ordnance, and
is kept in the Drawing Room there: It is a folid
Brafs Rod, about Seven-tenths of an Inch Square, and
about 41 Inches Ions,', on one Side of which is laid
off the Meafure of a Tard, divided into Three Feet ,
and each Foot into 12 Inches : The Firft Foot has the
Inches divided into Tenths, the Second into T welfths,
and the Third into Eighths of an Inch , and the Firft
Inch of all is divided into a Hundred Parts, by dia-
gonal Lines. This Rod is faid to have been pro-
vided by the late Mr. Rowley 5 it is fealed with the
Exchequer Seal, and Two other Seals of G. R.
crowned, near one of the Ends, together with his Ma-
jESTY’sMark commonly called the Broad Arrow. And

the

38.6

[ 55° 3

the Length of the Yard , or of the Three Feet infcribed
upon it, exceed the foremen-lRev. Div.
tioned Exchequer Standard?0 : 8,9 = .01 1 1 = —
of a Yard by .... j 90

The Standard Yard, belonging to the Clockmaker s
Company , was delivered to them from the Ex-
chequer, by Indenture, the 4th of September , 23
Car. II. A.Y). 1671. It is a Brafs Rod of Eight
Sides, near half an Inch in Thicknefs, fealed with the
Exchequer Seal, and C. R. crowned, near each End ;
and whereon the Length of the Yard is exprefled, by the
Diftance between Two upright Pins, or fmall Cheeks,
filed away to their due Quantity : This was procured
by Mr. Graham, to be brought to the Fr.efident’s
Houfe of the Royal Society, on Saturday the 7th
of May laft, where all the above-named Company
then met, to collate their refpe£tive Notes of thefe
feveral Trials, all which were found to agree with
each other: At which laft Meeting, Mr. Y°^n
Machin , of Grefham College, the other Secretary of
the Society, was prcfent alfo: And the Length of
this laft Yard Meafure was then tried, and found to
fall fhort of the Exchequer Standard Yard Meafure ,
now very carefully added 1

on the Middle Line 0f(Rev; 1

the Royal Society’s^ 0,1 ; °~ 47.62

Brafs Rod, . . . . )

Now, as to the Weights, thofe in the Chamber-
lains Office in his Majesty's Exchequer , and which
are efteemed the Standards, are a Pile, or Box, of
hollow Brafs Troy Weights, from CCLVI Ounces
downwards, to the 1 6th Part of one Ounce , all feve-
rally marked with a crowned E. : But they have no

Fenny-

[ 55> ]

‘Penny- weights, or Grain Weights, that are any
ways efleemed or looked upon as Standards.

The Weight mentioned in all our old Afts of Par-
liament, from the Time of King Edward the Firft
is univerfally allowed to be the Troy Weight, whofe
i ound con lifted of Twelve Ounces, each of which
contained Twenty Penny-weights : And as the Pound
ls r le of the larged Engle Denomination

commonly mentioned in thofe Afls, Twelve Ounces
taken from the Pile of Troy Weights above-mem
tioned, as there is no fingie Troy Pound Weight,
mult now be reputed the true Standard of the Troy
Found , Li fed at this Day in England .

. Ecfides which Troy Standards, there are alfo kept
m the Exchequer the following Standards for Aver
Weights : That is to fay, a Fourteen Pound
Bell Weight of Brais, marked with a crowned E. and
infcnbed

XIIII. POVNDE AVERDEPOIZ
ELIZABETH. REGINA.

1 582.

as alfo a Seven F ound, a Four Found , a Two Found
and a Engle Found, like Averdupots Bell- Weights and’

WhrW Mkked f J0ll07S’ excePtinS the Variations
for the Number of Founds in each refpeftive Weight

VII. A.

AN°^§^Do

E. L.

1588.

Ao REG. XXX.

With which are alfo kept a Pile of flat Averdupois

Weights, fiom u Pounds down to the 64th Part of
a round *

[ 55* 3

When the Averdupois Weight came firft to be
looked upon as a lawful Weight, does not appear;
but by thefe Standards it is plain, it has been ufed as
fuch, ever fince the Reign of Queen Elizabeth . And
as the Weight of 15 Pounds Averdupois, has before
been made ufe of, in determining the Proportion
between the Weight of this Pound and that of the
Pound Troy, we fhall begin by giving the Counter-
poife of the faid 1 5 Pound Averdupois , as it was
found in Troy Weight: From whence we fhall deduce
the Proportions of thofe Pounds , and afterwards com-
pare the fame with the like Proportions, deduced from
t\\z SevenPounds, andfingle P^/^Bell-Weights, and
the fingle Pound flat Weight above-mentioned : All
which Weights were taken in the Prefence of the
above-named Noblemen and Gentlemen, by Mr.
Samuel Ready Scale and Weight-maker near Alderf-
gate, who brought to the Exchequer a large Balance
of his own for that Purpofe, and which, when loaded
with impounds at each End, was very readily turned
with Six Grains ; as a lefler one he brought alfo for
examining the fingle Pound Weights, was with half
a Grain. He alfo brought with him what he called
his own Standard Penny and Grain Weights, to fup-
ply what was necefiary to make the Counterpoife of
the Exchequer Weights : With all which the Refult
was, that

The Standard 14 Pound , and Angle Pound Aver -
dupois Weights, taken together, were, upon a Me-
dium of Four Trials, after counterchanging the
Weights in each Bafon, changing the Bafons, and
then again counterchanging the Weights, found to
be counterpoifed by 218 Troy Ounces , 13 Penny-
weight,

[ 5H 3

weighty 23 Grains and One-fourth. Prom whence
the Averdupois ‘Pounds deduced equal to 6998.35
of fuch Grains as the Troy Ounce is reputed to con-
tain 480 of; and the Averdupois Ounce , of which
1 6 are fuppofed to make a Pound, is found equal to
437-4 like Grains.

Again : The Seven Pound Bell Averdupois Weight,
with the fame Scales, and upon a Medium of Four
like Experiments, counterchanging, as before, both
Weights and Bafons, was found to be countcrpoifcd
by 102 Troy Ounces One Penny-weighty and 21
Grains. According to which, the Averdupois Pound
comes out equal 107000.7, and the Ounce to 437.54
Troy Grains.

Again : The Engle Bell Averdupois Pound, with
the lefier Scales, on the Medium of Two Experi-
ments, counterchanging the Weights, the Bafons not
being moveable, was found to weigh 14 Troy Ounces
1 1 P enny-weight and 1 8 Grains ; or was equal in
Weight to 7002, and the Ounce to 437.62 Troy
Grains.

The Engle Averdupois Bell Pound, again ft the flat
Averdupois Pound Weight, was found, on a Medium
of Two like Experiments, to be heavier by Two Troy
Grains and a half: Whence the flat Averdupois Angle
Pound Weight weighs only 6999.5, and the Ounce
437.46 Troy Grains.

The Royal Society's Averdupois Pound was, i*.
like manner, found to be lighter than the Exchequer
Engle Bell Pound Weight, by One Grain.

And their Troy Pound Weight to be lighter than
the Eight and Four Ounce Troy Weights at the Ex -
chequer , taken together, by half a Grain .

Cccc

The

[ 554 ]

The Founders Company of London are, by their
Charter from King James the Firft, authorized and
direEted to have thejizing and marking of all manner
of Brafs Weights? to be made or wrought , or to be
uttered , or kept for Sale , within the City of London,
or Three Miles from the fame. And the Weights
delivered to them from his Majesty’s Exchequer ,
and now kept in their Hall, as their Standards for
the Ufes above-mentioned; are a Pile of flat Brafs
Troy Weights, from CCLVI Ounces , down to the
16th Part of an Ounce , all fealed with th z Exchequer
Seal, and marked with C. R. crowned 1684. and a
Stamp of the initial Letters of the Maker’s Name : As
alfo a Set of Bell Brafs Averdupois Weights, fealed
and marked in like manner. And here the follow-
ing Trials were made, before the above-named Gen-
tlemen, by Mr. Read , but with a large Balance,
commonly tiled for Trials at the Hail, in their Office
for that Purpofe ; and found to turn with about the
fame Weight as the former; and alfo with a lefier
one, turning in like manner under thefe Circum-
flances, with about half a Grain , which Balance be-
longed like wife to the Hall, as did alfo the Fenny
and Grain Weights made ufe of, but which were not
kept by them as Standard Weights.

And here it was found, that, on a Medium of
Four Trials, made in like manner as before, at the
Exchequer, that 1 5 Founds Averdupois , being their
14 Founds, and Angle Found Standard Weights, were
counterpoifed by 2 1 8 Troy Ounces, 1 5 Fenny-weight
and 23 Grams: Whence the Aver dupois Found is de-
duced equal to 7001.53? and the Ounce to 437-59
Troy Grains .

Again :

[ 55 5 3

Again : The {ingle Averdupois Standard Tound
weighed, on a Medium of Two Experiments, coun-
terchanging the Weights, as before, 14 Troy Ounces ,
11 Tenny-weight, 16 j- Grains : Or was equal to
7000.5, and the Ounce to 437-5 3 Troy Grains.

Again : This Standard Averdupois Tound , at a
Medium as before, outweighed the Royal Society’s
Averdupois Tound , by Two Grains and One-eighth ;
And the Troy Standards of Eight and Four Ounces ,
taken together, outweighed the Royal Society's
Engle Troy Tound Weight, by Two Grains and One-
eighth, at a like Medium.

At his Majesty’s Mint in the Tower of London ,
their Standard Weights are only a Pile of Troy hollow
Weights, from CCLVI Ounces , down to the 16th
•Part of One Ounce , without any Tenny or Gram
Weights. The larger of thefe Weights, as low as
the VIII Ounce weight, are marked with A. R.
crowned, and infcribed PRIMO MAII, A0 DNI.
1707. A0 REGNI Vi°. The IIII and the II Ounce
Weights are only marked with^. R. crowned, without
the Date; and the leffer have only the Exchequer
Seal, and the Rofe and Crown, being the Mark of
his Majesty’s Mint-, as all the larger ones have alfo.
And here it was found by Mr. Jofeph Harris, one
of the Ajfay-Ma/iers of the Mint , with a very curious
Balance of his own, fixed in a Glafs Lantern, and
which he was well allured might in luch Circum-
ftances be depended upon to lefs than half a Gram ;
and with the Addition of fo many Tenny and Grain
Weights belonging to his Office as were needfary :
that

C c c c 2

The

[ 556 3

The Royal Society's whole T roy Tound Weight
weighed, at a Medium, lefs than the Eight Ounces
and Four Ounces of thefe Standards, taken together,
by Two Grains and Three-eighths.

That the Royal Society’s Averdupois Tound
weighed in 'Troy Weight by thefe Standards, 14
Ounces 11 Tenny Weight 16 Grains and Seven-
eighths j or 7000.87 Grains.

That the Royal Society’s Pile of 16 Ounces Troy ,
was lighter than 1 6 Ounces %f thefe Standard Weights,
by Four Grains and Three-fourths.

And laftly, That the Royal Society’s Eight
Ounces and Four Ounces together, taken from their
Pile, weighed lighter than their Engle Troy Tound
Weight, by Five- eighths of a Grain .

X. The Defcription of an Inflrument for re-
ducing a diflocated Shoulder; invented hy
Mr, John Freke, Surgeon oj St. Bartholo-
mew’s Hofpital, and F. R. S.

Gen tl emen,

zw June IT Should not have prefented this to you,

*3 17+3 X but to fhew in how fmall a Compafs

the whole Power which can be made ufe of in re-
ducing a diflocated Shoulder can be contracted. If
therefore a Machine for this Purpofe be not portable,
it matters but little to an afflicted Patient Ten Miles
off, how good an Inflrument is out of his Reach.

This

[ 557 ]

This Machine (fee Tab. IV. Fig. 2 ) which confifts
of Two Boxes A, joined at the Ends by Two Hinges,
contains, when folded together, every thing that can
poffibly be wanted in the Operation before- men-
tioned ; and it may fo eafily be made ufe of, without
the Affiftance of any other Operator than the Surgeon
employed, that I may venture to affirm, a Patient
may be fet down, the Inftrument applied, and the
Shoulder reduced, in One Minute, ordinarily lpeak-
ing.

The Length of this Inftrument, when {hut up, is
One Foot Eight Inches, its Breadth Nine Inches, and
Thicknefs Three Inches and a Quarter. When it is
opened, it is kept fo by Two Hooks fixed on the
Backfide of it ; and when one End of it (lands
on the Ground, the other (lands high enough to be-
come a Fulcrum , or Support of a Lever B B , which is
fixed on a Roller b, by a large Wood Screw, which
turning fideways as well as with the Rowler, it
obtains a circumrotatory Motion, fo that it will ferve
to reduce a Luxation either backward, forward, or
downward.

The Roller on which the Lever is fixed, is juft the
Diameter of the Depth of one of the Boxes, into
which are driven Two Iron Pins, the Ends of which
are received by the Two Sides of the Box, which are
an Inch thick.

The Lever is Two Foot Four Inches, and is cut off
and joined again by Two Hinges C, to fold up fo as
to be contained in the Boxes. On the Backfide of it
is a Hook, to keep it ftrait ; the other End of it is to
hang over the Roller about an Inch and half, which
is to be excavated and covered with Buff Leather, for

the

[ 55® ] *

the more cafy Reception of the Head of the Os
hufnert.

Two Iron Cheeks© T> are fcrewed on each Side of
the Lever, to receive through them an Iron Roller
E , which has Two Holes through it, to receive Two
Cords coming from a Brace F , fixed on the lower
Head of the Os humeri j for on no other Part of the
Arm above the Cubit can a Bandage for this Purpofe
be ufeful 5 for, if the Surgeon applies it on the mufcular
Part of the Arm, it never fails flipping down to the
Joint, before you can extend the Limb.

The Iron Roller has a fquare End, on which is
fixed a Wheel G, within the Cheek, notched round,
which works as a Rotchet on a Spring Ketch under-
neath the Lever, by which it is flopped, as you wind
it with a Winch; and may at Pleafure be let loofe,
as there fhali be Occafion for it, by difeharging the
Ketch.

I come now to deferibe the Brace F, which, com-
pared with common Bandages, is of more Confe-
quence than can eafily be imagined by unexperienced
Perfons. It confifts of a large Piece of Buff Leather,
big enough to embrace the Arm, fewed on Two
Pieces of flrong Iron curved Plates, riveted together,
one of them having an Eye at each End, to fallen
Two Cords in; the other is bent at the Ends into
Two Hooks, which are to receive the Cords, after
they have crofied over the Arm above.

In order to keep the Patient fleady in his Chair
from coming forward, or letting the Scapula rife
up, on deprefling the Lever, after the Limb is drawn
forward by the Winch, there muft be fixed over the
Shoulder a Girth with Two Hooks at the Ends of it,

long

[ 559 ]

long enough to reach to the Ground on the other
Side, where it mud be hooked into a Ring /, to be
ferewed into the Floor, for that Purpofc.

XI. A Letter from Pierce Dodd, M. 2). Fellow
of the Royal College of Phyficians, London,
and Fhyjician to St. Bartholomew’s Ho-
fpical, to the Prefident of the Royal So-
ciety, concerning a Ferfon who made
bloody Urine in the Small-pox, and re -
covered.

SIR ,

Read June 13. T Aking bloody Water is univer-

1 V 1 Tally efteemed as terrible a Sym-
ptom as any that can happen in the Smallpox $ and
ail who have wrote concerning that Diftemper, do
unanimoufly agree, that it is a certain Forerunner of
approaching Death. Dr. Cade , indeed, fays, in his
Letters to Dr. Freind , concerning Purging in that
Diflemper, that he has fometimes cured this Sym-
ptom, by the Help of Camphire* and a copious Quan-
tity of Acids 5 but then he adds, that this Relief was
only temporary; and that, to confefs the Truth, he
never knew any body, that made that fort of Urine,
who ever furvived the 16th Day from the Eruption :
And there is nobody whom I know, that has been
converfant with this Diflemper, but has conftantly
experienced, fconer or later, the like Fatality in con-
fequencc of it. I mean, when this fort of Urine has

pro-

C 5<*° ]

proceeded from a broken Crafis and Contexture, or,
as it were, a thorough Dififolution of the whole Mafs
of Blood : For I know very well, that you (hall now-
and-then have feveral Streaks, and fometimes larger
Quantities of Blood in the Urine, from the Acrimony
ol the Spanish Flies , upon the Application of Blifters,
which are frequently ufed, and fo frequently like-
wife abfolutcly neceftary, in one or other of the
Stages of this Diftemper, and yet the Patient fhall do
well. And Dr. Browne, who was a worthy Prede-
ceflor of mine in St. Bartholomew s Hofpital , and a
Gentleman of Learning and Eminence in his Profcf-
fion, gives an Account of a Gentlewoman, who lived
in Hearis-yard, IVeftminfter , who made bloody
Urine in the Small-pox , Four or Five Days together ;
which made Dr. Needham , who attended her, to
forfake her ; and yet fhe recovered : But they found
afterwards, that this bloody Water was not occalioned
by the Malignancy of the Diftemper, but by a fharp
Stone, which was at that time defending from one
of the Kidneys through the Ureters into the Bladder,

and which fhe afterwards voided. This I have

from fome Adverfaria of his, a good Number of
which I have had the Fortune to be in PofTeftion of
feveral Years, and amongft which there are feveral
remarkable Cafes, that occurred to him during the
Courfe of a long and extenlive Practice ,• and which
I do not know, but may, fome time or other, be
communicated to the Public, together with fome
others that have happened to fall within the Compafs
of my own Obfervation, fince I have had the Ho-
nour to have fomething to do in the Faculty, in that
Hofpital, and elfewhere.

But

[ 5*« 3

But to return to our Subjed:

It cannot but be a Satisfaction to a Perfon of your
Humanity and Goodnefs therefore, to hear of an In-
ftance in which this frightful Symptom has not been
attended with its ufual Fatality : It was in the Cafe of
a young Spark, about 1 5 Years of Age, Son to a Gen-
tleman of a very confiderable Fortune in J amaica.

He was taken with a Fever, and great Pain in his
Head, April 2o:h laft, and had the Small-pox come
out upon him the Day following, notwithftanding
which the fame Symptoms hill continued, and no-
thing almoft would flay upon his Stomach, and his
Head likewife was very delirious: He was obliged
therefore to be blooded, and to take a Vomit, and to
have Blifters applied to his Neck and to his Arms ,
which, together with a proper Quantity of Pulvis e
Chelis Cancrorum comp, and Nitre , were the firft
things, that I had an Opportunity of ordering for him.

The next Day every thing was more quiet, and fo
again the Third Day from the Eruption; but the
Small-pox were very numerous all over him, and of
a little, rank, angry Sort ; as they generally^ are, I
think, upon the JVeft- India Conftitutions: But this
young Gentleman had befides over- heated himfelf a
little before, by performing a Part at the Montain ,
near Eton> where he was a Scholar.

Things continued in much the fame State the 4th
Day, but towards the Evening there were a few
Streaks of Blood mixed with, and fubfiding in his
Water j which did not much alarm me, becaufe I
did not know but it might be caufed by the Blifters.
I had but one Reafon to doubt the contrary, and that
was, he had had little or no Strangury : But as cer-

D d d d tarn

[ 56t 3

tain Perfons do aver, there is fometimes fuch, or
even a more bloody fort of Waters, occafioned by
the Flies, even where there fhall be no Strangury at
all, I was willing to hope the bed, and fo made no
other Alteration in my Procefs, than to direct a very
free Ulc of Spirit of Vitriol. — -

What was ordered, happened to fucceed : We had
no more of that Sort of Water, either that Night, or
the next Day, or the Morning following : But I was
lent for in a great Hurry that Day, viz. the 6th, in
the Afternoon, and found his Friends in the mod
terrible Conftcrnation ; not only becaufe it returned,
but began to increafc upon them, and was pouring
off in a free Manner.

It was neceffary therefore to proceed in another
Method, and I accordingly ordered fome Gum Arabic,
Olibanum, and Tulvis Amy It, and Alum , together
with a Mixture of Black Cherry -water and fmall Cin-
namon, and Treacle -water , with fome TinBura Anti-
phthifica and Terra 'Japonica in it, and the TinBure
of Rofes, ftrongly acidulated and fweetened with
TDiacodium ; upon the Ufe of which it began to abate,
arnd the next Day the Urine returned to its ufual State
and Colour.

There was nothing farther obfervable in the Courfe
of this Cafe, except that the Diftemper was of the Co-
herent kind, and accordingly attended with many other
dubious Symptoms likewife : For though it is generally
thought, that the Coherent fort is not fo formidable
as the Confluent 5 yet, as Dr. Freind has judicioufly
obferved, an <\Moreton before him, there is not fo much
Difference between them, but they are almoft always
attended with much the fame Appearances, and the

fame

[ 5*3 ]

fame Fevers plainly at the time of Maturation : For
that the Danger does not arife fo much from the
Sort, as from the Number of thePuftules; which if
it be great, there is the like Reafon to be fearful of
the Event, whether they flux, or whether they only
cohere : All which notwithftanding, this young Gen-
tleman had the good Fortune to efcape.

I have nothing farther to detain you with at pre-
fent, but onefhortRequeft; and that is, that you will
be fo good as to believe me to be, with all the Re-
fpefl and Efteem imaginable,

SIR ,

June 23. 1743. Tour moji Obedient,

Faithful Servant,

Peirce Dod.

June 23. 1743. the Society adjourned to Obi. 27.

LONDON:

Printed for T. Woodward, and C. D a v 1 s, over-
againft Gray s- Inn-Gate in Holbourn 3 Printers
to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xliv,

BOOKS lately Bub lifted by C. Davis.

I. r' I} “'HE Elements of the Art of Allaying Metals. In Two
A Parts. The firft containing the Theory, the fecond the
Pradice, of the faid Art. The Whole deduced from the true Pro-
perties and Nature of Foflils; confirm’d by the mod accurate and
unqueftionable Experiments, explain’d in the natural Order, and with the
utmoft Clearnefs. By John Andrew Cramer, M. D. Tranflated from
the Latin , illuftrated with Copper Plates. To which are added, Several
Notes and Obfervations, not in the Original, particularly ufeful to the
E7iglijb Reader. With an Appendix, containing a Lift of the chief
Authors that have been published in Englijh , upon Minerals and
Metals.

III. A Treat ife on the Small-Pox. In Two Parts. Parti. Con-
taining a Defcription both of the Diftind and Confluent Kind, with
Diredions for the Management of various Patients, as to Diet and
Medicines, in each Period of the Diftemper. Alfo an Account of the
incidental Symptoms, as to their Caules, curative Indications, and
proper Remedies, in reference to each of them. Likewife Inftru-
ctions for managing Infants and Children : Together with a Method of
external Remedies, for thofe who will not take internal Medicines.
And feme Confiderations, fhewing the Probability of curing the Small-
Pox in the febrile State, fo as to prevent the Eruption of Puftles, and
the fubfequent Period ; with a Method likely to eflfed it. II. Con-
taining Fifty Hiftories, in which this Diftemper, and its various Sym-
ptoms, are exemplified. To which are added, Pradical Aphorifms
deduced from them. The Second Edition, corroded, with large Ad-
ditions, and accommodated for Ufefulnefs in Families. By Theophilus
Lobb , M. D. Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and Member of
the Royal College of P by ficians in London.

IV. The Theory of the Working of Ships, applied to Pradice.
Containing the Principles and Rules for Sailing with the greateft Ad-
vantage poflible. By Monf. Pitot , of the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Paris. Tranflated from the French by Edmund Stone, F. R. S.

V. The Figure of the Earth, determined from Obfervations made
by Order of the French King, at the Polar Circle : By Mejfrs De Mau~
pertuis , Camus, Clair aut, Le Monnier, Members of the Royal Academy
of Sciences-, the Abbe Outhier, Correfpondent of the Academy; and
Mr. Cel 'pus, Profeflor of Aftronomy at Upfal. Tranflated from the
French of M. de Maupertuis.

VI. De Graecis illuftribus Linguae Grsecte Literarumque humani-
orum Inftauratoribus, eorum Vitis, Scriptis, Sc Elogiis,Libri duo. E Codd.
potiflimum MSS. aliifque authenticis ejufdem jEv i Monimentis de-
prompfit Humphredus Hodius, S. T. P. haud ita pridem Regius Pro-
feflor 6c Archidiaconus Oxon. Praemittitur de Vita & Scriptis ipfius
Humphredi DiiTertatio, Audore S. Jebb, M. D.

Numb. 471.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of November and ^December , 1743.

The CONTENTS.

I. Of the Bafes of the Cells wherein the Bees depofite their
Honey. Part of a Letter from Mr. Mac Lauvin, Pro -

feffor of Mathematics at Edinburgh, and F. R.S. to
Martin Folkes, Efq , Pr. R. S. Page 565.

II. A Letter from Mr. John Winthrop, Hollifian Profefor

of Mathematics and Aftronomy at Cambridge in New-
England, to C. Mortimer, M. D. Sec. R. S. concerning
the Tranlit o/‘Mercury over the Sun, ApEl 21. 1740. and
of an Eclipfe of the Moon, Dec. 21. 1740. 572.

III. An Account of the Tranlit of Mercury orccr the Sun,

0£t. 25. 1743. in the Morning , cbfirvcd at Mr. , Geo.
Graham’.? Houfe in Fleetlfreet. 578.

IV. An Eclipfe of the Moon, Oct. 22. 1743* in the Morning,
obfirved at Mr. Graham’ j Houfe in Fleetilreet. 580.

V . Part of a Letter from the Right Reverend Father in

God Robert Lord Bifkop of Corke, and F. R. S. to the
Right Honourable John Earl of Egmont, F. R. S. con-
cerning the Remains of an antient Temple in Ireland, of
the fame fort as the famous Stonehenge, and of a Stone
Hatchet of the antient Iriffi. 581.

VI. A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Griffith Hughes, Mi-

nijler of St. Lucy’j Parifh in Barbadoes, to Martin
Folkes, Efq 3 Pr. R. S. concerning a Zcophyton, jomc-
what refembling the Flower of the Marigold. 590.

VII. A Letter to the Rev. Mr. Roger Pickering, V. D. M.

to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. concerning
the Seeds of M ufhrooms. ^ p 5 •

VIII.

[ 16& ]

Hexagon, Three are equal as well to each other, as
to the folid Angle at th z Apex of the Figure, each
of which folid Angles is refpe&ively formed from
Three equal plane obtufe Angles: And the other
Three folid Angles arc alfo equal to each other, but
feverally formed each from Four equal plane acute
Angles, Supplements to the former obtufe ones.

By this Form the utmoft Improvement is made of
their Wax, of which they are on all Occafions very
faving, the greatcft Regularity is obtained in the
Conftru&ion, and with a particular Facility in the
Execution ; as there is one fort of Angle only with
its Supplement, that is required in the Structure of
the whole Figure.

Monfieur Maraldi * had found by Menfuration,
that the obtufe Angles of the Rhombus’s were of
no Degrees nearly; upon which he obferved, that
if the Three obtufe Angles which formed the folid
Angles above-mentioned, were fuppofed equal to each
other, they muff each be of 109°. 28'; from whence
it has been inferred, that this laft was really the true
and juft Meafure of them: And lately Monfieur de
Reaumur *f* has informed us, that Mr. Koenig having,
at his Defire, fought what fhould be the Quantity to
be given to this Angle, in order to employ the lead
Wax poffible in a Cell of the fame Capacity, that
Gentleman had found, by a higher Geometry than
was known to the Antients, by the Method of Infi-
nitefimals , that the Angle in queftion ought in this
Cafe to be of 109°. 2 6*. And we fhall now make

* Memoir es de l’ Acad. Roy ale des Sciences , 1712.
f Memoires fur les Infeffes, Tom. V.

it

C 5 *7 3

it appear from the Principles of common Geometry ,
that the moft advantageous Angle for thefe Rhombus's
is indeed, on that Account alfo, the fame which
refults from the fuppofed Equality of the Three plane
Angles that form the above-mentioned folid ones'.

Let G N and N M reprefent any Two
adjoining Sides of the Hexagon, that is, Jgi'/nda
the Section of the Cell perpendicular to
its Length. The Sides of the Cell are not complete
Parallelograms as CGN K , BMNK , but Trapezia
CG NE, B M NE, to which a Rhombus CEBe,
i? fitted at E, and that has the oppofite Point e in the
Apex of the Figure, fo that Three Rhombus’s of this
kind, with Six Trapezia , may complete the Figure of
the Cell. Let O be the Centre of the Hexagon, of
which CK and KB are adjoining Sides j join CB
and KO, interfering it in Ah and, becaufe CO B is
equal to CKB, and KE equal to 0 e, the Solid
EBC K is equal to the Solid e BCO-, from which it is
obvious, that the Solid Content of the Cell will be
the fame, where-ever the Point E is taken in the
Right Line K N, the Points C, K, B, G , N, and M,
being given. We are therefore to inquire where
the Point E is to be taken in KN, fo that th z Area
of the Rhombus CEBe , together with that of the
Two Trapezia CG NE, EN MB, may form the
Lead: Superficies. Becaufe Ee is perpendicular to
BC in A, the Area of the Rhombus is A ExBC,
that of the Trapezia CG N E, E N MB, is
CG-\-ENxKC‘, thefe, added to the Rhombus ,
amount to AEy BC+iKNx KC — KExKC ;
and becaufe 2 K NxKC is invariable, we are to

E e e e 2 in-

C 568 )

inquire, when AExBC — KExKC is a Mini-
mum ?

Suppofe the Point L to be fo taken upon K N,
that KL may be to A L as KC is to BC. From
the Centre A deferibe in the Plane A KE with the
Radius AE} an Arc of a Circle E R meeting A L,
produced, if necedary, in R 5 let E V be perpendi-
cular to AR in V \ and KH be perpendicular to the
fame in i/; then the T riangles LEV, L K H, LA K,
being fimilar, we have LV: LE : : L H : L K : :
LK: LA : : (by the Suppofition lad made) KC: BC .
Hence, when E is between L and iY, we have
LH+ LV ( = VH) : LK+LE (= KE) ::
KC.BC-, and when E is between K and L> we
have L H— LV(= VH) : L K — LE (= KE) ; :
KC:BCi that is, in both Cafes we have KEx
KC — VHx BC 5 and confequently AExBC —
KExKC==AExBC—VHxBC==AE~EEpr~H

X B C = A R' — VHx BC = AH+ V R x BC;
which, becaufe AH and B C do not vary, is evident-
ly Lead when VR vanifhes, that is, when E is upon
j L. Therefore CLBl is the Rhombus of the mod
advantageous Form in refpeft of Frugality, when K L is
toAL as K C is to BC. This is the fame Method by
which we have elfewhere determined the Maxima
and Minima , in the Refolution of feveral Problems
that have ufually been treated in a more abdrufe Man-
ner. See Treatife of Fluxions, Art. 5 72, &c.

Now becaufe O K is bife&ed in A, KC2 = 0 K2
=z 4. A K2i and AC2 — 1 A K2 , osBC=ziAC=z
2 \/ ixAKj confequently KC.BC : : zAK: 2 -\/ 3
x AK w 1 : V 3; and K L : A L ; ; {KC : BC) : :

1

C 5^9 ]

i:Vj. or AL-.AK-.-.Vl-V* > and (becaufe
A K :AC : : i --Vi) AL: AC :: I'V*; that is>

the Angle CL A is that, whole Tangent is to the
Radius as \/ 2 is to 1, or as 14142 1 3 5 to 10000000 ;
and therefore is of 54°- 44-'- 08", and confequently
the Angle of the Rhombus of the Belt Form is that of
109°. 28'. i6//.

By this Solution it is further eafy to cflimate what
their Savings may amount to upon this Article, in
confequence of this Conflru&ion. Had they made
the Bale flat, and not of the pyramidal Form deferibed
above, then, befides completing the Parallelograms
CGNK and BMNIC , the Surface of the Bale had
been 3 CBxAK ; what they really do form amounts
in Surface to the fame Parallelograms, and 3 C Bx A H:
the Savings therefore amount to 3 CBxA K- — A H
— 3 C Bx A Hx — — ^7— — > which is almoft a Fourth-

part of the Pains and Expence of Wax, they beflow
above what was neceflary for completing the paral-
lelogram Sides of the Cells : And at the fame time
they feem alfo to have other Advantages from
this Form, befides the laving of their Wax; fuch as
a greater Strength of the Work, and more Conve-

Co •

niencc for moving in thefe larger folid Angles.

It remains that we fhould fhew, that the plane
Angles C L B> CL A7, and B LN, are equal to each
other. We before found, that KL'.ALw
KC:BC::KA : ( — \KC ) ACi confequently
K L : KA : ; A L : AC, and the Triangles L K Ay
L A C, are fimilar : Therefore L K : A L : :

A L : LC : : KC : B C : : 1 : V 3 , and L C = 3 L K.
With the Centre L and Radius LCy de-
feribe in the Plane CGNK the Semicircle ^AaB‘ L
CD CTj meeting the Line K N, in CD and T 5 v

join

[ ?7o ]

join CP and CA), and let A J^be perpendicular to
CP in 6), then will the Angle CD AT be equal to
i^A P, and we (hall have P Cj A Q : : P C : A) C : ;
V5P* : V£DA : V LC+LK-- VLC—LK ; :

\/ 4 : V 2 : : 2 : 1 : : AC : A L. Consequently the

Angle QL P = A LCy and C L'P = C L By or the
obtufe Angle of the Rhombus CLBl is equal to
CAP, the obtufe Angle of the Trapezium j and
consequently, the Three plane Angles that form the
Solid Angle at A, or the Apex at /, are equal to each
other: From which it is obvious, that the Four acute
plane Angles, which form the Solid Angle at C or P,
are likewiSe equal among themfelvcs.

Though Monfieur Maraldi had found, by his Men-
suration, thete obtuSe Angles to be of about no
Degrees 5 the Small Difference between this and the
109°. 2 S'. i6//, juft found by Calculation, Seems
to have been either accidental, or owing to the Diffi-
culty of meafuring Such Angles with Exadlnefs :
Befides that he Seems to admit the real Equality of
the Several plane Angles, that form as well the Apex ,
as the other Solid ones we have been treating of.
And, as to the Small Difference between our Angle
and that determined by Mr. Koenig , who firft confi-
dered this Problem, but has not yet publifhed his
Demonftration of it, that can only be owing to his
not carrying on his Computation So far, and would
Scarcely have been worth the mentioning, were it
not yet in Favour of the Practice of thefe induftrious
little Infedts ; and did it not therefore give us ground
to conclude, that in general, and when the parti-
cular Form and Circumftance of the Honey-comb
does not require a Variation from their Rule,

the

[ 57* 1

the Bees do truly , conftrudt their Cells of the beft
Figure, and that not only nearly, but with Exadnefs;
and that their Proceeding could not have been more
perfect from the greateft Knowledge in Geometry.
How they arrive at this, and how the wonderful
Inftind in Animals is to be accounted for, is a
Queftion of an higher Nature; but this is furely a
remarkable Example of this Inftind, as it has fug-
gefted a Problem that had been overlooked by Ma-
thematicians, though they have treated largely on
the Maxima and Minima and fuch an one, as has
been thought to exceed the Compafs of the common
Geometry.

It may be worth while to add here, that if the
Cells had been of any other Form than hexagonal,
and the Bafes had (till been pyramidal, thefe mull
have been terminated by Trapezia , and not by Rhom-
bus' s, and therefore had been lefs regular, becaufe
O A and AK would have been unequal : Nor could
there have been room for fuch an advantageous or
frugal a Conftrudion as that we have defcribed, becaufe
the folid Content of the Cell would have increafed
with the Right Line KE. The Cells, by being
hexagonal, are the mold capacious, in proportion to
their Surface, of any regular Figures that leave no
Infterftices between them, and at the fame time
admit of the moll perfed Bafes, Thus, by following
what is beft in one refped, unforefeen Advantages
are often obtained; and what is moft beautiful and
regular, is alfo found to be moft lifeful and ex-
cellent.

II. A

[ 57* ]

If. A Letter from Mr. John Winthrop, Hoi-
lifian Lrofejfor of Mathematics and Aftro-
nomy at Cambridge in New-England, to
G, Mortimer, M. \D. Sec . R. S. concerning
the Tranlit of Mercury over the Sun, April
i\. 1740. and of an Eclipfe of the Moon,
Dec. 21.1 740.

SIR,

r<w Nov. 3. '~“T~1H o U G H I have not the Honour

1 to be known to you, I flatter my-
felf you will excufe the Freedom of this Letter, fince
t lie Defign of it is to lay before you an Obfervarion
which, I hope, may be of feme Ufc in Aflronomy.
I11 Confidence of this, I take the Liberty to inform
you, that, on the 21ft o i April 1740. I had an Oppor-
tunity to obferve Mercury, then near his defeending
Node, tranfiting the Sun’s Disk. Being advertifed
by the Calculations of that excellent Aflronomer
Dr. Halley, that the former Part of this Tranfit would
be vifible in our Horizon, I was refolved to obferve
it in the befl: manner I could, with thofe few Inftru-
naents I was furnifhed with; which were only thole
I had received from my P;edecelfor Mr Hfaac Green-
wood, and are the fame that are mentioned by the
late Mr. Thomas Robie in cPhilofophical Tranf aUions
N° 382. being a 24 Foot Telelcope, another of Eight
Foot, and a brafs Quadrant of Two Foot Radius ,
fitted with telefcopic Sights, and having crofs Hairs
fixed in the Focus of the Glafles. All thefe I got in

Readi-

5

C 57} ]

Readinefs, being the more defirous to make this Ob-
servation, becaufe Mercury had never as yet been
Seen entering upon or going off the Sun’s Limb at
his defcending Node, and this Tranfit ought to be
invifible to Europe. The better to obServe Mer-
cury's Ingrefs on the Sun, I determined to make ufe
of my 24 Foot Tube, while an Affiftant I had with
me ufed that of Eight Foot : After which I propofcd,
in order to find out his Path in the Sun, to obferve
the Paflages of Mercury and the Sun’s Limbs by an
horizontal and vertical Hair in the Telefcope of the
Quadrant ; and I chofe rather to deduce Mercury’s
Right Afcenfions and Declinations by Calculation
from hence, than to obferve them immediately in
the common way of placing one of the crofs Hairs
parallel to the Equator, &c. becaufe, as the Sun was
likely to be low before Mercury made his Entrance,
Refraction would have caufed confiderable Errors in
the Places of Mercury determined in this Manner.
Having no Clock, I was obliged to make ufe of my
Pocket-Watch, which I know to be a good one; and
by this it was eafy to diflinguifli Time to a Quarter
of a Minute, which would have ferved pretty well
for the Ingrefs of the Planet. But as it was by no
means Sufficient for thofe other Obfervations I
defigned to make, I procured another Watch, which
fhewed Seconds; and both thefe Watches I adjufted
to the apparent Time, by feveral Altitudes of the Sun
taken with the Quadrant before the Tranjit began ;
and by Altitudes taken the next Day, I found that the
Watches had kept time exactly enough. I expected
that the Centre of the Planet would enter upon the
Sun at 2/ j but, being apprehenftve that he might

F f f f be

[ 574 ]

be earlier than the Calculation, I, for fome time
before that, with my 24 Foot Tube dire&ed to the
Sun, kept my Eye fixed on that Part of his Limb
where the Planet was to enter, as fteadily as I could
for the Wind, which then blew frefii. This Precau-
tion was not needlefs; for, at 4h, 54', 59", I per-
ceived that Mercury had made an Impreflion on the
Sun’s Limb j by the Quantity of which I concluded,
that almoft One . quarter of his Diameter might be
entered. After I had beheld this very plainly about
a Minute, a fmall Cloud covered the Sun near 3 '5
which then clearing off, and the Sun fhining very
bright, as before, I had again a diftinft View of the
Planet, and faw much more than half his Body on
the Surr. I continued to fee him till 5^ o' 4o//, at
which time he feemed to be gotten almoft wholly
within the Sun; for he appeared now very near
round, though I could not yet difeern the Sun’s Light
behind him. By the fhaking of the Tube, I unfor-
tunately miffed the Moment of his interior Contact
with the Sun’s Limb, but am certain it could be but
very little later than this; for I prefently after faw
him fairly within the Sun. Upon which, I repaired
to my Quadrant; but this being at my Lodgings, at
fome Diftance from the long Telefcope with which I
obferved thelngrefs, and which I had no Convenience
for raifing nearer Home, almoft half an Hour flipped
away before it was poflible for me to begin my Ob-
fervations. I began them as foon as I could, and
continued them till Sun-fet, excepting when I was
interrupted by the Clouds; and 1 obferved fometimes
one and fometimes the other Limb of the Sun, as I
found it moft convenient. It will be needlefs, I

fup-

C 575 3

fuppofe, to give a Detail of all the Obfervations I made >
I fhall therefore felcft Two or Three, which I look
upon as moft exadfc, and mod fuitable to my prefcnt
Purpofe. One was as follows :

h « •

The Sun at the Horizontal . 5* 37* 5 9-

The Sun at the Vertical . . . 3 9* I;

Mercury at the Vertical . . . 3 9- l6‘

Mercury at the Horizontal . 40. 1 •

This Obfervation gave me the Azimuth and Alti-
tude of Mercury at his Paffage by the vertical Hair ;
from whence I computed his Right Afcenfion and
Declination, and from thence his Longitude and
Latitude. The Method of obtaining which be-
ing fufficiently known, I fhall fay nothing upon it,
but only mention the Refult of the Numbers, which
was, that at 5h, 3 9', ns", when Mercury palled the
Vertical, his Longitude was 12°, 43b $"} anc*
the Sun being then in 120, 42', 2 y" of that Sign,
Mercury was, in confequence of the Suns Centie,
38", his Latitude at the fame time being 15', 2"

North. Another Obfervation was thus :

h f "

• • •

The Sun at the Horizontal . 6. 47. 37-

The Sun at the Vertical . . 48* l7 •

Mercury at the Vertical . . 48* 25»

Mercury at the Horizontal . 49- 24-

Prom hence I concluded, that at 6a, 48 ,25 , Mer-
cury was in Antecedence of the Sun 3', 57" > with 14',
20" North Latitude. 1 made another Obfervation
after this; but the Sun being then very near the Ho-
rizon, his Limbs were not well defined, fo that I look
upon this Obfervation as much preferable to that. I

Ffffa fhall

[ 576 3

fhall fet down only Two more, which were made
about the Middle between thefe Two 5 and were
made by the Sun’s upper Limb.

h.

/

•

n

•

The Sun at the Vertical . . 6.

' 6.

5 6.

Mercury at the Vertical . .

7-

8.

Mercury at the Horizontal

8.

42.

The Sun at the Horizontal .

9-

45.

K

/

•

//

•

The Sun at the Vertical . i 6,

17.

I 8.

Mercury at the Vertical .

17-

29.

Mercury at the Horizontal .

18.

2 6.

The Sun at the Horizontal .

19.

32.

At the former of thefe Obfervations.

, viz.

6\ 7',

8", I computed the Longitude of Mercury to be in
1 2°, 42^ 1 7" tf, which being taken from the Sun’s
Place in 120, 43'’, 35" leaves i', 18" for the Dif-
ference of Longitude between the Sun and Mercury ;
and his Latitude was then 14', 4 7". At the latter
Obfervation, the Difference of Longitude was i', $$",
and the Latitude of Mercury 14', 42".

From thefe Places of Mercury it appears, that his
horary Motion in Longitude from the Sun was now
3', 5 8 /x 5 according to which, if we fuppofe the cen-
tral Ingrefs to have been at 4^, 57', we fhall find the
Difference of Longitude at that time 3', 20" 5 and
the Semidiameter of the Sun being 15', 57", the Lati-
tude of Mercury muft be 15', 36". Now the Angle
of Mercury's vifible Way with the Ecliptic being, by
the Theory of his Motion, io°, 23', we muft con-
clude the former of the obferved Latitudes about 4"

too fmall, and the latter as much too large 5 an

Error very inconfiderable in this kind of Obferva-

tions.

C 577 ]

tions. From thefe things we may gather by an ob-
vious Computation, that Mercury was in Conjunction
with the Sun, in refpeCt of Longitude, at 5h, 47', with
14', 59", North Latitude 5 and that his neareft Diftance
to the Centre of the Sun was 14', 44"; and when
he was at his neareft Diftance, the Difference of his
Longitude from the Suns was 2', 3 9", which he paffed
over in 40' of Time, and confequently arrived at the
Middle of his Courfe in the Sun at 6h, 27' : Whence
the Semiduration of the central Tranfit was ih, 30',
and the End at 57', an Hour after Sun-fet.

As to the Place of Mercury s Nodes, the Inclina-
tion of his Orbit to the Ecliptic, and the other Ele-
ments of his Theory, I pretend not to determine any
thing from fo fhort a Series of Obfervations as this.
I content myfelf with the foregoing Determinations,
which, I hope, are not far from the Truth, having
taken all the Care I could, both in the Obfervations
and Calculations.

I was in Hopes to have made a good Obfervation
of the Lunar Eclipfe, which happened laft Week : But
the Sky, which at the Beginning of the Eclipfe was
very clear, foon became overcaft, which hindered
me from making above One or Two Obfervations
that I could depend upon; and they were as follows :

21 "December 174°-

At 5. 24. A plain Penumbra.

3 5 . The true Shadow feems to enter.

47. Touches Talus Mar# otzs.

5 3 • Reaches Mount Sinai .

After

[ 578 ]

After this the Clouds thickened, and covered the
Moon till the End of the Eclipfe, which was about
8h, 3 o', as near as I could guefs through the Clouds.

The Night before the Eclipfe, viz. 20 December ,
at 12*1, 14', I faw the Moon eclipfe a Fixed Star,
which, I think, is in the Heel of Caftor.

Thefe Two laft Obfervations were made with an
Eight Foot Telefcope, my Watch being re&ified to
the apparent Time by correfpondent Altitudes of the
Sun, taken with the before-mentioned Quadrant for
feveral Days together, before and after the Eclipfe.

I muft ask your Pardon for this long Trouble,
and am,

SIR,

Cambridge in New- Tour moll humble Servant,

England, Dec. 30.

I7+°‘ John Winthrop.

III. An Account of the Tranfit of Mercury
over the Sun, 061. 25. 17 43. in the Morn -
ing , obferved at Mr . Geo. Graham^ Houfe
in Fleetftreet.

-Read Nov. 3. HPHE Beginning could not be feen
1743* .A reaftm of Clouds, but about

8h, 45', Mercury was feen (through a refle&ing Tele-
fcope Three Foot Focus , magnifying about 50 times)
about Four or Five of his Diameters within the Suns
Limb.

At Mr. Short' s Houfe in Surrey-ftreet, Mercury
was feen juft paft the interior Contact 8h, 30', 59 ">

through

[ 579 ]

through a refk&ing Telefcope Two Foot Focus , mag-
nifying about 70 times ; the Perfon who obferved it
fays, that the Thread of Light between Mercury and
the Sun's Limb was fo fmal), as fcarcely to amount to
the 20th or 30th Part of Mercury s Diameter.

The following ‘Differences of Right Afcenfion be-
tween the Suns preceding Limb and Mercury,
were taken at Mr. Short V Houfe .

Sun’s preceding Limb touched the
Wire at

Suns preceding Limb touched the

Wire at

Mercury touched the fame W ire at .
Sun's fubfequent Limb touched the
fame Wire at .......

Sun’s preceding Limb touched the'

Wire at *

Mercury touched the fame Wire at.

Sun’s preceding Limb touched the'

Wire at |

Mercury touched the fame Wire at.

Sun’s preceding Limb touched the'
• Wire at .....

Mercury touched the fame Wire at

h

•

/

•

10.

58.

55-

10.

59.

40.

1 1.

48.

4.

II.

48.

32.

1 1.

50.

20.

1 1.

49.

20.

II.

49.

46.

r 1.

51.

9.

11.

51.

36.

12.

1.

33.

12.

1.

57.

Mr. Graham got an Obfervation made by a Perfon
in his Neighbourhood, by which it appears, that

at

[ 5^o ]

at nh, 59', 5 o'7, Mercury preceded the Suns Centre
42" in Right Afcenfion.

The Sky clearing up towards One o’Clock, the
following Times were obferved at Mr. Grahams
Houfe with great Accuracy.

h ' "

9 • •

Laft interior Contact at

1. o. 42,

2. 1 6.

End, or Mercury juft leaving the?

Sun’s Limb at £

This laft Oblervation agrees to a Second with the
fame Oblervation made by Dr. Bevis at Mr. Sijforis
Houfe in the Strand.

During the time of thefe Obfervations it blew a
violent GaJe of Wind, fo that both Obfervers and
Inftruments were fomewhat difturbed.

IV. Eclipfe of the Moon, 0£t. 22. 1743- m
the Morning , obferved at Mr. Graham’s
Houfe in Fleetftreet.

Read Noy. 3. r‘TT* H E Sky was moftly overcaft with
I7+3‘ JL Clouds, fo that the following Ob-

fervations are the only ones that could be made with
any Degree of Certainty.

K r.

Beginning of the Eclipfe about 1 ^ i. 21. o.

The Shade touched Copernicus about . 1. 39. o.

touched Plato about . , 1. 45. o.

touched Tycho about . . 1. 51. o.

Total Immerfion about . . . • » 2. 17. o.

V. Part

[ Tii I

V. Tart of a Letter from the Right Reverend
Father in God Robert Lord Bi/hop of
Gorke, and F.R.S. to the Right Honourable
John Earl of Egmont, F.R.S. concerning
the Remains of an antient Temple ^Ireland.,
of the fame fort as the famous Stonehenge,
and of a Stone-Hatchet oj the antient Irifti.

ReadNov. 10. jk $ I never met with any fatif
1 743* factory Account of thefe antient

Temples, \ imagined that a fhort Account of this one,
which I met with in the County of Corke > in the
Parifh of Kilgarrijfe , when I was upon a parochial
Vifitation, would not be unentertaining to Tour
Lordjhip ; it hands about io Miles from Bandon to
the South-weft.

As to the Drawing Tab. II. Fig* i. the Ground-plan
is exaft, but the Upright was not taken upon the Place,
but drawn from my Defcription of it, given to Mils
Buflje, a young Lady who is related to my Wife, and
was then in the Houfe with me. It contains the
Reprefentation of a very antient Heathen Temple,
and the Burial-place of fome Perfon of great Re-
nown, before the eretting of covered Temples was
made ufe of, in this Part of the World, or perhaps in
any other Part of the World, except Judaea. Whicn
fort of Places of Devotion feem to be the mod antient
of any that we have Accounts of in Hiftory. For
Temples were originally all open, and thence received
their Name, according to Varro[Lib. 6. deling. Lat ,)

Gg gg a

[ 58* ]

aTemplando , which was an antient Word that fTgm-
fied to fee or look out . Thefe Places therefore were
called Temples by the Heathens, becaufe they were
holy Places, that were marked out by the Augurs for
taking their Auguries in ; and were therefore left
open, that the Prieft or Augur, who flood with his
Face to the South, according to Rofinus , ( Rof Ant .
Lib. III. c. 9.) or with his Face to theEaft, according
to Calepine , {Cal. Diff. Templum ) might be able to
fee all around him ; his Art of Predi&ion depending
on the Flight of Birds, or fome Appearances in the
Face of the Sky, which varied their Signification
according as they fhewed themfelves, either on the
Right Hand or Left Hand of the Augur. Whether
the Difpofition of thefe Stones, in the Plan I have
fent you, was defigned or accidental, with regard to
the Points of the Compafs, I cannot fay 5 but it is
remarkable, that there are Two Stones, which are
fixed diredly in the North and Weft Points of this
Circle; and Two Openings anfwering to the Eajl
and South : So that it is poflible both our Authors may
be in the right, and that the Prieft fometimes flood
with his Face to theEaft, and fometimes to the South.
The middle Stone, which was the Place where the
Prieft flood, is lower than the reft, not being above
Three Feet high, and was always dedicated to fome
Deity or other; and was confecrated to that Ufe by
the pouring on of Olive-oil : Which Cuftom was of
very antient Date, and feems to have been borrowed
from the Practice of the antient Patriarchs, who
called thefe Stones Bethels . For when Jacob was
going from Beerjheba towards Radan-Auim or Ha-
ran, to feek fora Wife, by Command from his Father

IJ'aac

C 58? 3

Ifaac , having laid down to fleep, God appeared to
him in a Dream 5 and, when he rofe up in the Morn-
ing, it is faid, that he took the Stone which he had
put for his Billow* and fet it up for a Pillar , and
poured Oil upon the Top of it , and he called the
Name of thatPlace BETHEL (Gen. xxviii. 18. 22.) ;
which Word literally lignifics in Englifh, GOT)'s
Houfe. Again, when facob and Laban made a
Covenant together, facob took a St one, and fet it up
for a Pillar , and probably poured Oil thereon, by
way of dedicating it to God, as he had done before ;
for that Mofes made ufe of Oil in the Dedication of
the Tabernacle, and Altar, and Vefiels, Lee. is plain
from Lev. viii. 10, Lee. And in this Place, when
facob and Laban had finifhed their Covenant, it is
obferved, that Jacob offered up a Sacrifice (Gen.
xxxi. 45. 54.). Again when Jacob afterwards fled
from the Shechemites , God appeared unto him 5 and
in the Place where God talked with him, it is faid,
that he fet up a Pillar , even a Pillar of Stone, and
poured a Drink-offering thereon , and he poured Oil
thereon . And Jacob called the Name of the Place
where GOD fpake with him , BET HE L ( Gen . xxxv.
9. 1 5.). And hence thefe Stones, which were ereded
as Marks of thefe Places having been dedicated to
God, came to be called Bethels ; and, by a corrupt
Pronunciation of the Word, they were in Greek
called BadvAia (vide Sanchoniatho). Which is the
Reafon why that Stone, which Rhea is fuppofed to
have given Saturn to fwallow inflead of a Child, is
called BaduAos 5 2nd not becaufe it was coveted with
a woollen Garment, which is called Barnj in Greek ,
as Hefy chins pretends. Hefych. Etym.

And

[ 5*4 ]

And that this Cuftom of dedicating Tingle Stones
to G o d was not confined to Judrea, is plain from
Clemens Alexandrians, who obferves, that before the
Art of Carving was invented, the Antients eredted
unwrought Pillars, and paid their Worfhip to them
as to the Statues of the Gods (< Clem . Alex. Strom.
Lib. I.). Herodian alfo mentions a Pillar, or large
Stone, of a black Colour, and a conical Form, at An-
tioch in ‘Phoenicia , which was eredted in Honour of
the Sun {Herod. Lib. V.). Paufanias alfo mentions
feveral of thefe uncarved Pillars in Boeotia in Greece ,
and fays they were the antient Statues erected to their
Gods (c Paufan . in Boeot. & in Acha.). And that this
Cuftom continued till after the Time of the Prophet
Ifaiah , is plain from his making ufe of the Expref-
fton of eredting a Pillar to God, to denote the
Worfhip of God. For, fays he, hi that P>ay pall
there be an Altar to the Lord in the midft of the
Land of Egypt, and a Pillar at the Border thereof
to the Lord. And it pall be for a Sign , and for a
fVitnefs , unto the Lord of Hofts in the Land of
Egypt (Ifa. xix. 1 9, 20.). And Arnobius , who flou-
rifhed about 330 Years after Chrijt , fays, that this
Cuftom continued to his Time ; and that, when he
was a Heathen, he never met a Stone, which had the
Marks of Olive-oil being poured upon it, that he
did not look upon as fomething divine, and offered
up his Prayers to it as fuch ( Arnob . cont . Gent.
Lib. I.)*

As to the Cuftom of eredting this Bethel with a
certain Number of Stones around it, this alfo is to
be found in the Old Teftament. For it is faid of
Mopes , after he had been in the Mount with God,

and

[ J85 1

and had returned to the People of Ifrael, that he rofe
up early in the Morning, and builded an Altar under
the Hill, andTwelve Pillars according to the Twelve
Tribes of Ifrael (Ex. xxiv. 4.) : Which Altar was
probably furrounded with thele Twelve Pillars, or
Twelve large Stones, pitched on an End, and ftuck
in the Ground > for fo the Word hivd, Matfebah ,
literally dignifies * as a proper Defignation of the
Quantity of Ground, which ought to be looked upon
as fan&ified by the Altar, and dedicated to God.
Of the fame kind alfo we may fuppofe thofe Twelve
Stones to be, which JoJhua pitched in Gilgal , alter
the Children of Ifrael had palled the River Jordan
(Jofh. iv. 20.). The Number of Stones which fur-
rounded thefe Bethels , I fuppole therefore were
intirely voluntary, at the Difcretion of the Perfons
who dedicated the Bethel j and might be fewer or
more, cither according to the Number of Perfons
principally concerned in the Dedication, or the Size
of the Place, or the Number of Stones which could
conveniently be found large enough tor that Purpofe.
The Number of thofe, of which I have fent you the
Draught, are Nine, which furround the Bethel at 15
Feet and half Diftance from the Centre ; the Height
of each Stone is about Six Feet above-ground, and
their Breadth is from Three Feet and half to near
Four Feet, fome a little more, and fome a little let's.

The Stone marked (b), which Hands detached from
the reft, I take to be a Matfebah , or Pillar ere&cd as a
Memorial of the Burial-place of fome eminent Per-
fon ; either the Prince or Prieft of the Country, or
probably both: For antiently the principal Perfon of
each Family, Tribe, or Nation, officiated both as

Prince:

[586]

Prince and Pried: And in Hebrew the fame Word
Cohen fignifics both Prince and Pried. And what
confirms this Opinion of its being a fepulchral Mo-
nument is, that fomc of the antient Popifia families
hereabouts make ufc of it as a Burial-place to this
Day. The firft Account we have of this Cudom of
erecting Stone Pillars on or near the Burying-placc
of eminent Perfons, is that of Rachel's-, who dying
in Child-birth of her Son Benjamin , in the Road
between Bethel and Ephrah, it is laid, that Jacob
Jet a Rillar upon her Grave (Gen. xxxv. 20.). Of
the fame kind alfo may we luppofc that Matfebah
or Pillar to be, which Abfalom eredted for himfelf
during his Life-time, though better wrought, and
more ornamental, in the King’s Dale 5 where it is
more than probable he defigned to have been buried ;
for it is obferved, that he laid, I have no Son to keep
my Name in Remembrance , and he called the Rillar
after his own Name (2 Sam. xviii. 18.). Which
Cudom, of eroding Pillars over the Burial-places of
eminent Perfons, was not confined to the Land of
Judaea'-, but was univerfally pra&iled, as appears from
a Paflage in Homer , where Minerva exciting Tele-
machus to go in Queft of Ulyffes , and fuppofing the
word that could happen, that is, that he fhonld come
to a certain Knowledge of the Death of his Father,
fhc directs him then to raiic a Pillar, or Signal, to
his Memory ; or, as Mr. Rop£ has tranflated it,

To the pale Shade Funereal Rites ordain :

Riant the fair Column on the vacant Grave :

A Hero’s Honours let the Hero have.

Horn. Odyf. Lib. I.

And

{ 5^r ]

And hence, in my Opinion, came the Origin of
Obelisks in Egypt , which abounding with the fineft
Quarries in the World, gave them an Opportunity of
pitching Stones of the largeft Size over the Burial-
places of their eminent Men. And you may obferve,
that this Stone, of which you have the Plan marked
(b), is fomewhat in the Form of an Obelisk ; being
Ten Feet high, and Two Feet fquare at the Bottom,
diminilhing gradually to a Point at the Top.

It is remarkable, that fome of thefe Stones mani-
fcftly appear to have been reduced to the Form they
are in by Art; particularly that one laft-mentioned,
as well as the one marked N. 7. which is reduced
into an hexagonal Form, the inward and the outward
Front being fimilar, with an Angle in the Middle, as
reprefented in the Ground-plan. There is no Ap-
pearance of any Mark of a Tool, fothat it is probable,,
that this was done with great Labour, by the Affiftance
only of lharp Stones ; which, before the Invention of
Iron, or of that Metals being common, feems to have
been the ufual Inftrument of Operation in other Cir-
cumftanccs as well as this. For it is oblervedof Zip -
porah , the Wile of Mofes, when fhewas ordered to cir-
cumcile her Son, that fhe took a (harp Stone , and cut off
the Foreskin of her Son (Ex. iv. 25.) And, when G o' d
orders Jofoua to circumcife the Ifraelites , he fays,
make thee (harp Knives , as wc tranllate it ; but, in the
Original it is, Knives of (harp Stones (JoJh.v. 2, 3.).

Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus both take notice,
that it was the Cuilom among the antient Egyptians,
at the time of embalming the Dead, to cut open the
Body with an Ethiopic Stone {Herod. Euterp .
Hiod. Lib. I. c~ 5-): End Ovid} in deferibing the

Origin;

[ 588 ]

Origin of the Cuftoms of the Corybantes , &c. fays,
that a ‘Phrygian Youth with whom the Goddefs
Cybele was in Love, and to whom he proved faithlefs,
for a Punishment * to himfelf, cut himfelf ail over
with a Sharp Stone ; I lie etiam faxo corpus laniavit
acuto, &c. [Ovid. Fajl. 4.).

It is manifeft, indeed, that the Ufe of Iron was
found out in Egypt before the Time of Jojhua and
Mofes , both of whom mention it as made ufe of not
only tor cutting of foft things f, but alfo for chizel-
ing of Stones, ( T>eut . xxvii. 5. Jofh. viii. 31.) But I
apprehend it muft have been very rare, and that the
Art of reducing of Iron to the Hardnefs and Confift-
ency of Steel, was not yet difeovered ; becaufe, when
God orders JoJhua to write the Words of the Law
upon Stones, as toon as he had palled over ‘'Jordan,
the way he is ordered to do it is this 5 to plafter the
Stones over with Plafter firft, and then to grave in this
Plafter the Words of the Law ( cDeut . xxvii. 2, 3.).
And yet this is called both by Mofes and Jofhua ,
writing upon the Stones {’Dent, xxvii. 8.).

It is certain, that the Art of polifhing of Jewels, and
of cutting one hard Sione with another that was
harder, was invented and pra&ifed in Egypt before
the Time of Mofes ; for he fpeaks of graving the
Names of the Children of Ifrael in Two Onyx hones,
which, being harder than Iron, even than Steel, are
not to be wrought upon therewith ; but muft be cut
by fome Stone which is harder than themfelves.

* Of the Antiquity of this Practice, fee Lev. xix. 28.
t J°feph.i when he was fent for by Pharoah,Jhaved himfelf, Gen.

vdi. i+-

Whcrc-

$

-•%

, .

/

S'att/Zi

[ 58? 3

Wherefore Mofes fays, with the Work of an En-
graver in Stone , like the Engravings of a Signet ,
{halt thou grave the two Stones (Ex. xxviii. 9. 11.).
And therefore the Prophet feremiah mentions a Pen
of Iron , as made ufe of for Engraving ( Jer . xvii. 1 .).

But the Ufe of Iron does by no means feem to have
been found out in thefe Weftern Parts of the World
till much later ; and therefore it is probable, that the
Inhabitants of thefe Countries made ufe of Stones,
which were the original Inftruments ufed in cutting
both for domeftic and military Service, in all Coun-
tries of the known World; as appears of late Years
from the Practice of the Americans. And it is alfo
manifeft, from the many Inftruments of War, that
are made of Stone, which have been dug up in thefe
Weftern Parts of Europe , that the Ufe of Iron was
not very common in thefe Parts, till of late Years.
Montfaucon , in the IVth and Vth Tome of his Anti-
quities, gives us an Account of feveral Tombs being
opened near Paris , and in other Places ; wherein the
hard and deftru&ive Part of the Weapons found
therein confifted of Stone. He particularly gives us
the Cut of a Stone Hatchet in his own Pofleffion,
which was made of Touchftone, in the 4th Tome of
his Supplement,/. 30. But as I have at prefent in
my Poftelhon a much more complete one, made of
the fame kind of Stone, I have fent you the Draught of
it done with Exa&nefs, by a Scale of a quarter of an Inch
to an Inch, Tab. II. Fig. 2. and you will fee, that it is
plainly made for doing Execution both ways; and
therefore anfwers the Defcription given by Mont-
faucon of the Amazonian Hatchet, or the Sagaris of
'Xenophon{yide Montf Tom.lV. p. 69.). TheHandle

H h h h is

[ 59° ]

is made of Yew, and the Stone is not inferted into
the Handle at Right Angles, but makes an acute Angle
below towards the Hand ; the Ufe of which appears
at firft Sight. I am,

My LORT),

Tour moft obedient ,
Humble Servant ,

Robert CORKE.

VI. A Letter from the Revd Mr. Griffith Hughes,
Minijler of St. Lucy 5 Farifh in Barbadoes,
to Martin Folkes, Efq ; 3V. R. S. concerning
a Zoophyton, fomewhat refembling the
Flower of the Marigold.

SIR ,

■Rend Nov. T" 1 Owever furpriftng the Defcription
10. 17+3. XJL a Flower, which I believe is in
Reality an Animal, may appear 5 yet we cannot,
without the higheft Arrogance, prefume to pre-
fcribe Limits to the Power of the Almighty,
who, for wife Ends, fometimes hides his Works in
fuch Darknefs, as to be concealed from the moft
exalted human Knowledge. There are no Ages paft,
in which frefh and almoft numberlefs Inftances of his
wonderful Works have not difcovered themfelves.
And what, in ours, feems moft inexplicable, will,
poffibly, appear to Futurity, no more than the na-
tural

[ 59 1 3

tural Confequence of other Difcoveries then become
familiar.

The following Defcription of an Animal, which,
after Three Years repeated Obfervation, I always
found unvaried in its Appearance, had perhaps been
hill the Subject of my own filent Admiration, if I
had not been lately perfuaded by a worthy Member
of your Honourable Society to lay it before you,
as I now beg Leave to do.

At the North End of the Illand of Barbadoes , in
St. Lucy's Parifh, is a Cave about 14 Feet long,
and 11 wide: Its Bottom is a Bafon always full of
tranfparent Salt-water, its greateft Depth about Three
Feet : In this Bafon there is a Stone of about Four
Feet long, and Three in Breadth, always covered
with Water. From fmall Holes in the Sides of this
Stone, at different Depths .under Water, appear in full
Bloom, at all times of the Year, feveral feemingly
fine radiated yellow Flowers, with thick-fet diftindl
Bet ala * : Thefe Flowers, upon the Approach of my
Fingers, or when difturbed by any thing elfe that
came within Two or Three Inches of them, would
in an Infant clofe all their Leaves together, and the
Flower, Stalk and all, would fhrink back into the
Cavity of the Stone : Yet, if undifturbed for the Space
of a few Minutes, they would again come in Sight,

* At firft Sight this Species of Animals greatly refembles the Flower
of the Marigold , but is of a paler yellow. I take it to be a fort of
Urtica marina , of which Gefner has given Defcriptions and Figures
in his Book de Aquatilibus ; but a Figure very nearly refembling this
above deferibed, is to be feen in Johnfton, Hift. Nat. de Exanguibus
-a^uaticifi Tab. XVIII. C. M.

H h h h 2

and

[ 59i ]

and by degrees expand their Leaves, and appear in
their former Beauty. From fuch an Appearance at firft
I could give it no other Name but that of a fenfitive
Flower 5 efpecially when I once faw feveral Stamina ,
but without Apices , rife up from the Socket of* the
Flower. Yet no fooner had thefe appeared to give me
the Idea of a perfect Flower, but that replete with
Animal Life, if Motion, and a Capacity of Self-pre-
fervation may be called fuch j thefe Claws, or Arms,
which I mud no longer call Stamina , darted from
one Side of the Flower to another, and about its Verge,,
with a quick Motion, as if in Search of Prey. What
further confirmed me in this Opinion, was, that I ob-
ferved thefe- Claws, when in Motion, to be jointed,
and that they would often clofe together, as fo many
Forcipes ; though their Appearance was but for a fhorc
time, foon retreating and difappearing again in the
Socket of the Flower. As this feems to me, if it
is allowed to be an Animal, to be its manner of
taking its Prey, I leave it to the Judgment of others
to conftder whether, as thefe radiated Leaves can in-
an Inftant clofe, with a ftrong elaftic Force, to avoid
Danger, they may not alfo when the Prey is brought
within their Circle, be of Ufe to confine and fecure
it in their Embrace, till it is conveyed to the Mouth;
which I fuppofe to be in the Socket, of what I have
at firft called a Flower. The Top of the Stone, out
of which thefe feeming Flowers do grow, is covered
over with Cluflers of Water-bottles, that refemble
unripe Grapes. Among thefe I found alfo feveral
fmall blue Flowers, refembling the yellow ones in
their Form and other Qualities.

l

Having

[ml c

—Having thus given you, Sir, the Defcription of
this furprifing Appearance, and that with the utmo
regard to Truth, 1 beg Leave to fubfcribe my fell,

SIR ,

Mile-End, London,
Nov. 3. 1743.

Tour moft obedient ,
Humble Servant,

Griffith Hughes,

See Tab. III. Fig. 1*

VI I. A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Roger
Pickering, V. 2). M. to Cromwell Mortimer,
M. Z). Seer . R. S. concerning the Seeds of-
Mufhrooms. .

S I R, Deptford, Otf- 3 1 . 1 743
Read Nor. rTT^HE laft time but one I had the
i°. 1743. pieafure of your Company, I took

the Liberty of mentioning fome Conjectures of mine
upon the Propagation of Mufhrooms, together with
fome Obfervations, which I had already made. I was
always of Opinion, that thefe Plants had their Seeds*
as well as others ; and attributed the not difeovering
it hitherto, to the Shortnefs of this Plants Duration*
and to its fucculent and loofe Contexture, whereby it
is liable to immediate Putrefadion from the lead Al-
teration of Weather. 1 could no otherwife account
for the Method made ufe of by the Italians, who
make Mulhroom-beds in their Cellars, with a Mix-
ture

[ 594 ]

ture of fine Mould, and the Parings of Mufhrooms laid
upon Dung j and that of our Gardeners, who water
their Beds withW ater, wherein fuch Parings are foaked ;
but by fuppofing, that their Succefs was owing to
minute Seeds lodged and retained in fuch Parings, and
wafhed off by fuch Infufions. So alfo, as to the
Mouldinefs of old Dung and Thatch, which the
Gardeners are very fond of in making their Mufh-
room-beds, I apprehended, that this Mouldinefs was
not the nutritive Juice or Salt proper for the Pro-
duction of this. Plant, but the Mufhroom itfelf in its
early and inceptive State, The late warm Rains have
enabled me to reduce my Conjectures to a Certainty.
In fhort. Sir, I have not only difcovered, that this
Mouldinefs is a Collection of little Mufhrooms ad-
hering to each other by minute Fibres, or, as the
Gardeners in other Cafes call them. Runners 5 but I
have had the Happinefs to difcover and preferve the
Seed of Mufhrooms.

I had prepared for my Obfervations, by ordering
the Gardener to make a Mufhroom-bed, in a well-
fheltered Place, after the ufual manner 5 which was
finilhed about Six Weeks ago, but has not yet worked*
and had charged him to let me know, if any occafi-
onally fprung up in any Part of the Ground. Ac-
cordingly, about Wednefday, laft Week, he informed
me, that a great Plenty had appeared above-ground,
among the Afparagus, and on the Grafs-walks, as
indeed I expeCted, becaufe on Tuefday in the Night
there had fallen of a Cubic Inch of Rain, which,
together with an unufual Height of the Thermometer,
for the Seafon, made it the mod fuitable Weather
for Mufhrooms. I immediately chofe out the mod

pro-

[ 595 ]

promiftng Plants, which I covered with Bell- glades,
where there were feveral together, and the Tingle
Plants with little Hand-glaffes, which I had had made
for the Prefervation of Wall-fruit.

On Friday laft, OB. 28th, at Noon, I carefully
gathered about a Dozen Mufhrooms, of the efculenc
Kind, from under the Glaffes ; choofing fuch as gradu-
ally differed from each other in the Colour of their
Gills, from a faint Peach-bloom Colour, to a deep
Purple 5 flattering myfelf, that as I had hereby got the
Mufhroom, in its feveral States, fecured by thefe Glaffes
from the Injury of the Weather, Ifhould be able to
difeover the Seed.

With thefe I gathered feveral Mufhrooms of another
Kind, commonly known by the Name of Cham-
pignons$ which alfo I had fecured under Glaffes.
With thefe I began, and foon found, what I fufpeded
to be the Cafe, that the Gills, as they are called, are
no other than Capful#, or Pods for the Seed ; for with
one of the lower Magnifiers, and a fine Penknife, I
could eafily divide them from adhering to each other.
This encouraged me to apply dircttly to the larger
fort of Mufhrooms ; and accordingly I fixed upon one
of a deep Flcfh- colour, which I looked upon to be,
by its Colour, in its Prime. I began with one of the
Gills carefully feparated from the Head, or Stool,
without bruifing ; but could difeover nothing in it
like Seeds, except that, here-and-there, there were
fome globular dark Spots, appearing, through the
Fifth Magnifier, about the Size of very fmall Pin-
heads : But when I endeavoured, with a fine Brufh,
to wipe off any thing, to fix it upon a Talc, the
lighted: Touch reduced it to Water. Upon this, I had

re-

[ 59<S 3

recourfe to a thin, but tough Filament, which was
fituated upon the Stalk or Stem of the Mufhroom, in
an exad Diftance from the Head of the Mufhroom,
and the Mark, which the Earth round about the Stem
had made. Upon this Filament appeared a fine
downy Subftance of a lively Brown, refembling the
Down upon a Moth's Wing, but much finer. I could
brufh off fome of this upon white Paper, without
reducing it to Watery but, not having the new Appa-
ratus for opaque Objects, (which is the onlyone.I am
without) there was nothing that appeared bold or
lharp enough for me to depend upon. I had then
recourfe to a fine Talc in a Slider, and brufiied off
fome of this brown Dull upon it ; and, after I had
applied the Second Magnifier, I was gratified with the
firft Sight of the Seed of Mufhrooms; for I then dif-
qovered a Multitude of round, regular, tranfparent Bo-
dies, bearing the fame Appearance as the Farina of
Flowers. 1 then applied the higheft Magnifier, through
which they appeared very bold, of the Size of a mo-
derate Pin's-head.

I have endeavoured to draw a Sketch of the Mufii-
tpom, &c. in its juft Proportion.

Tab. III. Figure 2.

a. Is the Mushroom in which I difcovered the Seed

in its natural Size.

b. The Filament upon which the Seed was difco -

vered, being , as I apprehend , a wife Trovifon
of Nature, to prevent the Wind's Power over
fuch minute Bodies as the Seeds are ; for, by
being placed at an exaff TTiftance between the

Head

C 597 ]

Head of the Mufhroom , and the Ground, it
fe cures the Seed before the 1 Find’s Tower can
affehl it, unlefs the fVind be high ; and, by an-
other eajy Fall , enables it to lodge itfelf fafely
in the Ground .

c. The Tart of the Stem under-ground, from which
the Fibres fboot , upon which the little Mufh-
rooms, marked d, grow, appearing at fir ft but
like a white Mouldinefs .

Figure 3-

a. b. Animalcules of the Maggot , or Fly-kind, found
in the Head and Stems of Mufbrooms in a de-
caying State.

Figure 4.

The Seed of the Mufhroom , as it appears through
the Firft Magnifier.

I have already trefpafled fo much upon your Time,
and indeed, as it happens, my own, that I {hall leave
feveral Observations upon this odd Plant, as to its
Potatoe-like Propagation, and the Animalcules which
inhabit it in its decaying State, to another Opportunity j
and conclude myfelf, with real Efteem,

SIR,

Tour affured Friend,
and moft humble Servant ,

R. Pickering,

1 1 1 1

T. S .

[ 598 ]

T. S.

I had forgot to mention under the Article b . Fig. 2.
that the thin Filament is that to which the Edges of
the Head of the Mufhroom adhere, while it is, what
is commonly called, a Button, and from which it
feparates by expanding into a Flap.

T. S.

Since I wrote the above, I have met with <5/^ Mi-
chel! s Nova Genera Riant arum, wherein I find the Ob-
fervations which 1 have made upon Mufhrooms, though
entered upon without any Hint or Dire&ion from
.him, or any other Writer, pretty near the fame with
_ his. I think it therefore a Piece of Juftice, due to
him, and to the Reading and Judgment of Mr. Wat-
fon , candidly to allow the firft Difcovery of the Seeds
of Mufhrooms to that Italian Botanift. It fully
fatisfks my little Ambition to have had the Honour of
fhewing them the Firft to the Royal Society of

R. ‘Pickering.

N. B. I thought proper to print the Reverend Mr. Bickering s Paper
on the Seeds of Mufhrooms, together with Mr. Watfons Remarks
upon it j becaufe Sigr‘ Michsli's Book, being printed at Florence, is not
in many Peoples Hands here.; and, as that is in Latin , I thought it
would not be difagreeable to our Gardeners to have an Account of
this Difcovery in Englijh: Befides, it is but doing Juftice to Mr.
Pickerings Diligence in learching into the Works of Nature, fince he
>'ps fo fortunate as to fucceed in a Difcovery which had eluded many
curious Botanifts, and that without having taken any Hint from Mi-
ckcli. C. M.

6

VIII. Some

[ 599 3

VIII. Some Remarks oc caponed hy the precede-
ing Paper, addrejfed to the Royal So-
ciety by Mr, William W atfon, Apothecary y
and F.R.S.

Gentlemen,

Re^/Nov.17. npHE Reverend Mr. ‘Pickering having
1 74?‘ X at y°ur iaft Meeting laid before you

an ingenious*1 Account, and fhewn you, by the Aflift-
ance of a Microfcope, the Seeds of Two Sorts of
Fungus s , which were imagined, by many prelent, to
have been undifcovered before 5 I hope 1 iliali not be
thought to detract from that learned Gentleman's
Merit, if I mention the firft Obferver of thofe minute
Bodies, although till now they never have, to my
Knowledge, been fhewn in England : For, however
great my Zeal is to give the Honour of any Difcovery
to my own Countrymen, yet Candour will not per-
mit me to give it them to the Prejudice of thofe of
another Nation. It was to the late Sigr- Micheli ,
Profefl’or of Botany at Florence , that the World
owes the Difcovery of the Seeds of Mufhrooms, as well
as the Flowers and Seeds of the various Species of
Lichen or Liverwort : He not only faw with his
Glades, but raifed from their Seeds, many Kinds of
Mufhrooms, as may be feen from his Experiments in
Page 135. of his incomparable Work intituled, Nova
plant arum Genera , printed at Florence in the Year
1729. He conftantly obferved the Seeds produce the
fame Species, as in the more perfed Plants.

Iiii 2

A

[ <>00 ]

A very worthy and learned Member of this So-
ciety, Dr. Haller , Profeffor of Phyffc, Botany, &c.
in the Univerfuy of Gottingen , in his excellent Work
publifhed laft Year, intituled, Ryiumeratio Metho-
dica Stirpinm Helvetia^ tells us, when treating of
Fungus s, Page 34. that their Seeds are produced in
the Lamina of their concave Side j as he has moll
evidently feen in the 35th, 50th, 73d, 93d, and 107th
Species mentioned in his Work; which Seeds are by
Nature, when ripe, fhaken from the Plants, and, being
Town, propagate their Species. He likewife men-
tions, that the Seeds of different Mufhrooms vary in
their Colour, fome being blue, others green, white,
&c.

That Ornament of this Society, the late Mr. Ray,
indeed, mentions a Fungus , difeovered by his Friend
Mr. Hoody , which he calls, in his Hiftory of Plants,
Vol. 111. Page 21. Fungus femimfer ext erne ftriatus\
and Monlieur Tournefort , in his lnft it ut tones Rei Her-
baria> Page 560. takes notice of another Species of
this Tribe, which he calls Fungoides infmidibuli -
forme femme fatum. Monffeur Vaillant , in Page 57.
of his Botanicum Farifienfe , gives a Defcription and
Figures of the Seeds of thefe Two Kinds. His Words
are to this Purport, when tranflated from the French .
“ Within the Cavity, fays he, of thefe Plants, towards
tc the Bottom, are contained many Seeds heaped one
“ upon another, cut upon their fuperior Surface

fomewhat like a Triangle, broad underneath, where
“ they are conneded to a little Tendon, and are
“ whitifh.” Notwithffanding the high Veneration I
have for the Opinions of thefe able Botaniffs, I am
fatisfied the Parts of thefe Two Plants, fo imagined,

arc

6

[ ]

arc not their Seeds, but rather their Suckers, Sto-
lones'-i which, in mod others of this Tribe, are pro-
duced from the Root ; but from both thefe, as in many
of the Kinds of Lichen , and in the ‘Dent aria
b'ulbifera , are produced from other Parts of the
Plant. I cannot help obferving, that in almoft all
Plants, whofe Seeds are produced fparingly, or are
difficult to be faved, Nature abundantly makes up that
Deficiency by the great Increafe of their Roots,
whereby their Species may eafily be propagated 5 as
ismanifeft in Mufhrooms, Potatoes, Crocus’s, Golden-
rods, Starworts, and above all in the Corona Solis, fore
parvo> tuber ofa radice , of M. Tournefort , vulgarly called.
Jerufalem Artichokes , the Seeds of which, from the
Shortness of our Summer, having never as yet ripened
in England. 1 fhall only add, that although many
Species of Mufhrooms are eatable, and fome of them
better flavoured than the common Sort, the Gardeners,
only propagate that Sort with red Gills, called, by way
of Excellence, Champignony a Name given by the*
French to all forts of Mufhrooms? but fome defcrK
ptive Word is added to them, whereby they may be.
diftinguifhed from this. The Method of propagating
Mufhrooms according to the ufual Pradlice, viz.
from their Suckers, was firft mentioned by La
Brojfe, in his Treatife De la., Nature des TlanteSy
and afterwards by Monfieur Tournefort in the Me-
moirs of the Academy of Sciences , Anno 1707.
Page 72. Iam, Gentlemen,

With great RefpeSt ,

Nov. 17-1743. Tour ?noft obedient ,

Humble Servant ,

William Watfon.

IX. De

[ ]

IX. De Difparitione Annuli Saturni An. 1745.
& '744* ex Epiftola a jDno Godofredo
Heinfio ad D num Petrum Collinfonum,
R.S.S. data .

Read Nov. h* Aturnus circa finem hujus & circa

’7+3* niedium fcquentis anni fuo annulo

orbatus apparebit per telefcopia longitudinis prts-
grandis. Rarumhoceft phasnomenum, quod quidem
fingulis quindecim annis contingcre deberet j inter-
dum vero ex defedu commodi terras fttus refpedu
Solis & Saturni elapfis annis 30. vel 45. demum acci-
dere folet; fiquidem iftud ab eo tempore, quo Huge-
rims veram annuli conditionem primus detexit, tribus
circiter vicibus tantum obfervatum fuit. Propter
etnolumentum, quod ex obfervatione rari hujus phas-
nomeni in theoriam annuli Saturni omnibus numeris
nondum abfolutam redundare poteft, prasdidioncm
ejus inftituere non incongruum vifum eft, quae fe-
quentes involvit conditiones.

Duae dantur primariae conditiones, quas in ejufmodi
prasdidione attendere oportet. Concernunt iftae tranf-
itum produdi plani annuli per centrum Solis & per
centrum Terras. In utroque cafu Saturnus annulo
orbatus apparet 5 in primo quidem, ex defedu fuffici-
entis illuminationis annuli a Sole 5 in altero, quia
margo gracilis annuli oculo direde obvertitur, cujus
proinde lumen debile oculum fenfibiliter non afficit.
Ambas conditiones rarifiime eodem temporis momento
contingunt. Si igitur iftas diverfis temporibus acci-
dant, fieri poteft ut a tempore unius condition^ ufque

ad

[ ]

ad tempus alterius produdum annuli planum Solcm
inter & Terram tranfeat. Hoc cafu fuperficies annuli
non illuminata Terra: vel oculo obvertirur, qua: an-
nuli difparitionem, in difco autem Saturni fafciam
obfcuram, efficit.

Anno fequenti 1744. produdum annuli planum
tranfit per centrum Solis d. 10 julii hor. 22. ftyl. nov.
in meridiano Parifienfi ; per centrum Terra: vero d. 25.
Augufti hor. 3. A tennino primo ufque ad alterum
annuli planum produdum Solem & terram fempcr
interjacct 5 verum pod d. 25. Augufti illuminata annuli
fuperficies terra: iterum obvertitur. Hoc modo ex his
conditionibus annulus Saturni difparebit d. 10. Julii,
hor. 22, nec, nifi poft hor. 3* d. 25. Augufti, in con-
fpedum iterum redibit. Statim poft difparitionem
fafcia larga obfcura difcum Saturni fupra ventrem cjus
(vel infra centrum in tubo aftronomico) occupabit,
quae fucceffu temporis ardior evadit, 6c tandem circa
d. 25. Augufti difparet. Si ejufmodi fafcia per cen-
trum difci Saturni tranfiens circa d. 25. Augufti adhuc
confpici poflct, indidio foret, annulum craftitie fen-
fbili prxdidum efle.

Prxdida difparitionis & apparitionis annuli tempora
firmis quidem innituntur principiis ; coelo tamen non
refpondebunt. Annulus citius, quam d. 10. Julii,
difparebit, 6c ferius, quam d. 25. Augufli in confpedum
veniet. Neutrum caret rationc. Tranfttus fcilicet
plani produdi annuli per Solem non I'ola eft difpari-
tionis caufa. Requiritur prxterea fufficiens annuli a
Sole illuminatio, ut iftc in confpedum redire poffit,
qux vero certain Solis fuper piano annuli elevationem
fupponit. Hanc \ gradus xqualcm, vel ctiam mi-
norem, ftatuit Maraldus. Sumta priori, annulus 14

dies

[ *>4 ]

dies ante ftabilitum terminum diei io. Julii, vel die
2 6. vel 27. Junii ultima vice fufficicnter illuminatus
& difparitioni proximus erit, qua: lumine fucceffive
dccrefcente paulo poll evcnict. Obfervatio de prx>
diction is eventu decider, & terminum anticipate dif-
paritionis certius dcfiniet: in hoc enim prxdidtionis
genere error aliquot dierum vix evitari poteft, turn
quia Sol altituainem Taper piano annuli per paucos
dies fenfibiliter non mutat, turn quia terminus fuffici-
entis illuminarionis nondum cxa£te definitus eft; prx-
fertim vero, quia diverfttas tclcfcopiorum in obferva-
tione hujus phxnomeni adhibitorum, & diverfa ocu-
lorum acies difcrepantiam non cxiguam producere
valent. Quamobrem ftatucre licebir, annulum circa
finem Junii vel initium Julii difpariturum efle.

Eodem modo annuli quidem afpeftus cefiabit,
quando planum ejus produ&um per centrum terrx vel
oculum tranTtt; difparitio tamen ejus locum quoque
habcbit, quando oculis fuper illuminata annuli fuper-
ficie fufficienter elevatus non eft, quippe quo cafu ifta
radios Solares nimis oblique ad nos refle&ir, ut ocu-
lorum fenfum movere nequeant. Supponi autem
folet, elevationem oculi fuper piano annuli uni gra-
dui xqualem requiri, ut anfae Saturni in confpedtum
venire poffint } quo pofito, annulus non d. 25. Au-
gufti, fed d. 10. Septembris demum apparebit. Aft
terminus hie fufficientis elevationis oculi fuper piano
annuli minoris adhuc eft certitudinis, quam fupradiftus
illuminationis fufficientis terminus; unde non mirum
erit, ft etiam hie eventus a praedietione aliquot diebus
aberret, prxfertim cum variatio, qux ex telefcopiorum
& oculorum diverfitate oritur, nondum fatis cognita
fit. Ifte autem terminus exattiori modo determina-

bitur

[ 6°5 ]

bitur ex obfervationc, cuicafus exoptatiflimus inprx-
lenti velificatur.

Circa fine m fcilicet Novembris anni hujus 1743.
terra valde appropinquat ad fuperficiem annuli pro-
dudam, qux a Sole illuminatur, ita ut terra die 22.
Novembris non nifi uno gradu iuper ifta elevata fir.
Inde terra adhuc proprius accedit ad didam fuperficiem
ufque ad d. 8. Decembris, quo illi proxima eft fub
altitudine 34-5- minut. Terra deinceps recedit iterum
a prxdida fuperficie, taper qua d. 29. Januarii 1744-
altitudinem unius gradus nancifcitur, qux fucceftii
temporis adhuc crefcit. Si igitur terminus fufficientis
elevationis oculi fuper piano annuli uni gradui xqualis
pro certo aftiimatur ; ftatim poft d. 22. Novembris
hujus anni anfx Saturni difparere, nee nifi die 29.
Januarii fequentis anni in confpedum redire debent.
Sin autem oculus elevatione tantuna dimidii gradus
fuper piano annuli opus haberct, ut confpcdus annuli
concederetur 5 nulla anfarum Saturni difparitio circa
finem anni currentis futura eflet ; fed annulus demuni
circa finem Juniivcl initium Julii fequentis anni oculis
noftris ex ratione fupra allegata tubduceretui. Hoc
modo terminum prxdidum obfervatio optime definiet,
ft advertatur, an & quando annulus circa finem hujus
anni difpareat, & circa initium fequentis iterum ap-
pareat. Eo cafu, quo annulus piano fuo produdo
terrx propinquior difparere vel apparere folet, obfer-
vatum fuit, Saturnum anfam utramque non eodem
tempore perdere vel recuperare; necnon anfas cur-
tatas Scinxqualis magnitudinis apparere. Hx circum-
ftantix attentionem obfervatoris merentur, ut conje-
durxrobur addi polTit, qua omnes annuli partes non
in eodem piano fitas efie aftronomi collegerunt.

Kkkk

Si

[6o6]

Si jam conditiones hasten us enumeratas ex aftumtis
principiis breviter repetere velimus fequentia ordine
temporis phenomena obvia erunt. Anfae Saturni hoc
anno ufque ad finem Novembris confpicuse tunc difpa-
rebunt, nec nift circa finem Januarii fequentis anni in
confpedtum redibunt, Ab hoc tempore Saturnus
anfas fuas rctinebit ufque ad finem Junii, vel initium
Julii, quo tempore iftae, lumine fucceflive decrefcente,
difparebunt. Phafis rotunda Saturni tunc confpicua
erit ufque ad initium Septembris, circa quod adfpe&us
annuli redibit, per quindecim annos deinceps dura-
turus. Per totum tempus fitus Saturni refpedu Solis
obfervationibus favebit, fi earn excipias, qux reditum
annuli menfe Septembris anni fequentis concernit :
Hoc cnim tempore Saturnus crepufculo oculis eripi-
etur, conjundtioni fcilicet cum Sole proximus, quippe
qux die 14. Septembris contingct. Vale.

Dabam Petripoli, d. 13. Septembris 1743.

X. An

[ 6o7 ]

X. An Abftratf of a Natural Hiftory of Green-
land, by Hans Egedius, intituled, iDft
gauile Groniands $etlufttaftiott, £ll£t

af Hans Egede.

bcnljabn, 1741. 4t0- Communicated by John
Green, M. 2). Secretary of the Gentlemens
Society at Spalding.

The Title Tage is as follows.

Read Dec. 8. A Defcription of old and new Green-

,7+3' lan^ oL' a Natural Hiftory of old

Greenland’s Situation, Air, Habitude, and Circum-
ftances.

The Beginning and End of the old and new Nor-
wegian Colonies. The prefent Inhabitants, then
Original, Manners, Living, and Employments.

The Products, as Beads, Birds, Fifh, dye- With a
new Chart, and feveral Copper Plates. By Hans
Egedius , formerly Miffionary in Greenland , and now
Superintendant and Profedor in that Language.

It is dedicated to the Prince Royal of ‘Denmark, occ„
Imprimatur Marc Woldike.

Cap. I. Situation , Climate , and Soil , to p. 4*

Greenland lies about 160 Englifi Miles Wed from
Iceland , begins at 59 Degrees, 40 Minutes North

Latitude. ^

Its Ead Side dretches to Spitzbergan 7 8 to 80 De-
grees Latitude, and believed to be an Ifland feparate

from Greenland . _

l^tkk 2 It-S

& k k k 2 1

[ 6 o8 3

Its Weft Side is known to 70 Degrees Latitude. If
Greenland is an Ifland, or joined to other Countries,
it is not known for a Certainty, but probabiy joins
to America on the North- weft Side : For between
America and Greenland , ftretches the Fretum , or
Bay, called in the Sea-Charts Davis’s Streights ,
which is navigated by them and other Nations on
Account of the Whalc-fifhery, but to the Bottom of
this Sound no Ship has ever been.

Greenland is an high rocky Country, which is
always covered with Ice and Snow, which never
thaws except near the Sea. The highcft Land can be
feen 80 Englijlo Miles from the Sea. The whole
Coaft is fortified with large and fmall Iflands. It has
leveral Firths or Rivers, which run a long Way within
Land 5 among!! which is Baal’s River, where the fir ft
Danifh Colony was fixed in 1721. which runs So
Miles within Land. That in all Sea-Charts called
For bilker s-Str eight , alfo Baer-Sound , which are faid
to make Two large IQands at a Diftance from the
main Land ? but, in Reality, I did not find them fo.

Cap. II. Colonies and Converfion , to p. 23.

Greenland was firft difcovered by the Norwegians
and Icelanders ; and the brave Raude, who firft dif-
covered it in 982. praifed it, and perfuaded feveral
of his Countrymen to inhabit it 5 and at the Inftance
of Oluf Tryggefon , firft Chriftian King in Norway ,
carried a Prieft with him, who taught and baptized
all the Inhabitants? and from time to time Green-
land multiplied into new Colonies, many Churches
and Abbeys were built, Bifhops and other Teachers
provided for : But the Norwegians were not the firft

In-

[ 6o9 ]

Inhabitants; for they found wild People on the Weft
Side, who without doubt were originally Americans.
The prefent Inhabitants probably are a Race ot the
Schrellingers. In 154-5. Dithmar Blefken reports a
Monk, with his Bifhop, failed to Norway, lived to
45 Years in Iceland: And he reports, that a 'Domi-
nican Cloifter was in Greenland , called St. Thomas.
But this is proved falfe by Arngnm.

Mogens Heinfon was lent to find out Greenland ,
and was obliged to return, becaufe his Ship was
flopped (as he imagined) by magnetical Rocks under
Water, although the Wind was favourable; but the
real Magnets probably was the Current, which is fo
flrong at Staton Boint, a Ship under full Sail with
the faireft Wind fails flow.

In 1721. a Company of Traders was fet up in
Bergen , with a Royal Privilege, when King Fre-
deric refolved to begin a Colony at 64 Degrees,
wherewith I and my Family wenr, and continued
1 5 Years. Our Defign was to find the Eaftern Di-
ftrift, as the beft : A Hollander affirmed fome of their
Ships had been there, and found the Land free from
Ice in 62 Degrees. This I found to be true in 1 7 3 <5.
on palling Staton , Huck , and Cape Farewel, near the
Land, then free from Ice on the Coaft, which was
not ufual : But as it is feidom that Ships can come
with Safety to the Eaft Side, it is moft convenient
with fmall Boats through the Openings near the
Main, where the Current fetting South-weft prevents
the Ice from fixing.

Cap,

C <5*0 ]

Cap. III. Natural Trodutts, to p. 27.

I11 the Bay of Hope there are many good Places for
feeding of Cattle, with proper Ground for Tillage,
and good W ater : No Trees, except within the Rivers,
only Bruln-wood : Juniper- buihes abound here, whofe
Berries are the Size of the largcft Peafe. There are
divers Plants here, as Angelica , Rofemary , Scurvy -
grajs ; and a Grafs with yellow Flowers, whofe Root
irnells like Rofes in the Spring.

In 60 and 65 Degrees, the Country is bell, and
Barley will ripen there : Turneps and Colwort grow
well; efpecialiy the firft, which are large, and of a
fweet Talk.

There are Rocks which produce Verdegrifey as alfo
Sulphur or Brimftone , Marcafite > and I tound on an
llland one of a yellow brown Sand, having Cinna-
harine red Veins. There are whole Mountains of the
Asbeftos. There is found a grey Stone, or Ballard
Marble, of different Colours. The Sea produces
fcveral forts of Conchs and MuJ[elsy alfo divers forts
of Corallines .

Cap. IV. Air and Weather , to p. 32.

The Summer here lafts from May to September :
The Cold at 64 Degrees is moderate, but at 68, &c.
extreme, and will freeze Brandy.

The Land is conflantly covered with Ice and Snow,
except near the Sea, and in the Rivers. Although the
Summer oft-times is-warm in Greenland , it feldom or
never thunders, <&c. The Aurora Borealis is fo
Prong here towards New Moon in dear Weather, as
you may read by it.

Cap.

[ rfn ]

Cap. V. Beafts and Birds , Hunting and Fowling ,

to p. 3 6.

Greenland produces Bears , which live on the Ice,
and are dextrous at catching Otters , Seals, &c. Rain
Fleer are in great Plenty. Hares are very large,
good and white all the Year. There are plenty of
Foxes. They have Fogs, none of which can bark,
only howl.

Their Birds are the Ryper, or Wood- Bart ridge.
Ravens, Eagles, Falcons, Sparrows, Goldfinches , &c.

The Mofqmtoes are very troublefome in July and
Augufi.

Cap. VI. Fifhes and Amphibious Animals, and

Fifhing i Whales, Narval or Sea-Unicorn, and Sea-

Birds, to p. 55.

The Sea produces Whales, the Fin-fifh, which live
on a kind of Loufe , brown-coloured, who moves fo
flow, that he may be taken by Hand. This Creature
is oily, and, when rubbed with the Fingers, produces
Tram.

There is another fort of Whale in thefe Seas, called
North Capers, which feed on Herrings ; as alfo the
Sword-fifh, who is the Whales greateft Enemy 5 and
when he kills one, eats nothing but his Tongue,
leaving the reft to the Shark, Walrofis, and Birds of
Prey. In thefe Seas are Cachelots or Rot-fijh, a fort
of Whales, their Length 50 to 70 Feet. The White-
fifh are likewile in thefe Seas, like a Whale , but
without Fins on the Back. There is likewife a fmall
Whale produced here called Butts-kops 5 as alfo Uni-
corns of the Whale kind, which they call Narval •

[ ]

Their Horn, as feme Authors affirm, arc not Teeth,
becaute its Root is not in the Jaws, but goes a long
W ay into the Head. The Nifer , or Porpoife, are alfo
in thefe Seas; as alfo the JValrofs , fhaped like a Seal,
but much larger; his Flefh is like fat Pork: His irre-
concilable Enemy is the white Bear . There are
feveral Sizes of Seals , but of the fame Shape, except
the Klap-myfs , which has a cartilaginous Hood, which
covers his Eyes. There are other Fifh, as Sharks ,
Holly-butts, Red-fijb, 'Trout, Salmon , Bull-heads,
Stone-biters , Smelts , IVhitings , Herrings , and a Fifh
like a Bream , with Pricks on its whole Body. There
are Muffels , and fome large ones that produce the
Pearl : Here alfo are Shrimps , Crabs , ^r.

Amongft the Sea birds are the Ldder , Ducks of
Three Kinds; as likewife the Hiker , and the 7V-
nauviarfuk, which has beautiful Feathers, and the Size
of a Lark: There alio are Geefe here. Greenland
produces Ma-jcs, Red thanks. Cormorants , Lunders,
Parrots, Sharvers, Terjlers, Angle- 1 afters, Snipes ,
&c.

Cap. VII. lmployments and Utenfils, top. 63.

The lmployments of the Greenlanders , on Shore,
are to ihoot Rain-'Deer ; and at Sea to catch IT hales ,
Seals, Birds, &c. The Bow is about Six Feet long,
of tough Fir, which they bind round with Deer
Sinews: The Point of the Arrow is pointed with
Iron or Bone. All the fort of Fifh they catch, and
cannot eat frclh, they dry againd Winter.

The Boats arc of Two forts; one ufed only by the
Men, about Three Fathom in Length, their Breadth
about 1 9 Inches, with an Hole in the Middle, not

larger

on

larger than one Man, clofe-laced, can thruft himfelf
into; with thefe Boats they are able to row 7 2 Miles
a Day, uling only one Oar.

Cap. VIII. Manners and Habitations , to p. 66.

Their Houfes are of Two lorts, Winter and Sum-
mer: The former are made of Tutf and Stone, from
Four to Six Feet high, flat-roofed ; on one Side are the
Windows, made of bleeched Seal-gut s, Holly-butt
Maws, fown together, and are lufficiently tranf-
parent: Their Doors are very low, they creep in on
their Hands and Knees. Their Summer- houfes are
made by railing Poles, which they cover with young
Seal-skins.

C a p. IX. Shape, Conftitutions and Tempers , to p. 6 8

The Inhabitants of the Northern Parts are troubled
with Dyfenteries, Bloody-fluxes, &c. They have fel-
dom any contagious Diftempers: They ufe no Me-
dicines; and, inftead of Remedies, their Conjurers
mumble over their Bodies fome ftrange Jargon.
Wounds they few up; Catarads on the Eyes they
take off as follows: They infert a crooked Needle
under the Skin, and with a Knife raife it up, and
draw it off fafely. When their Children are troubled
with Worms, the Mother puts her Tongue up the
Fundament, to kill them.

Cap. X. XI. and XII. Of their Cuftoms, Capacities,
Cloathing , Diet, and Cookery , to p. 7 7*

L 1 1 1

Cap.

[ *14]

Cap. XIII. Marriages and Edncation> to p. 82.

They have riotous Affemblies, in which it is«
reckoned good Breeding, when a Man lends his Wife
to a Friend. None come to thefe but married Peo-
ple. The Women efteem it a piece of Fortune
when they have to do with their Prophet, and the
Husbands pay them for the Honour ; efpccially if
they prove with Child, their own Endeavours having
been fruitlcfs.

The Women, as foon as delivered, go immediately
about their ufual Work. The Navel-ftring mull not
be cut by a Knife, but a Mufcle-fkell , or bit off j
when dried, it is ufed as a Charm. They hold a Pifs-
pot over the Womens Heads whilft in Labour, think-
ing it to promote hafty Delivery : They feidom bring
Twins, but often Monft'ers.

Cap. XIV. Manner of burying their ‘Dead, and

preferring their Corpfes under Tumuli of Stones.

Cap. XV. Games , Poetry , Mufic , and Dancing ,.

to p. 93.

They have fevcral Diverfions amongft them, as
Singing, Dancing, in which they challenge one an-
other. They play likewife at Foot-ball : Thus, they
fay, the deceafed Souls play in Heaven with a Wal-
rofss Head, which is performed when the Aurora
Borealis appears,.

- Cap.

[ <5. 5 3

Cap. XVI. and XVII. Language and Vocabulary ,

to p. 105.

At Page 8 6. the Author prefents his Reader with a
Greenland Ode, much lik?e Lapland Poetiy*

Their Language has no Affinity with any known
European one'. Few Words are like the old Nor -
werian. It is difficult ot Pronunciation, as moll of
their Words are Gutturals. It has not the Letteis
c, d, f, g, x.

Cap. XVIII. and XIX. Trefent State of Trade in
Greenland, and of Religion there, to p.120.

Their Religion confifls in nothing more than ffir
perffitious Ceremonies.

Cap. XX. Aftronomy, top. 125.

The Sun, Moon, Planets, and other Stars, they
imagine had their Beginning Irom their Forefathers*
and were formerly People by a ftngular Manner taken
up to Heaven. They are of Opinion, that when the
Moon does not appear, or is dark, it is feeking her
Suftenancc on the Earth : And they fay further, that
it fometimes comes down, and makes Whores of their
Women ; for which Reafon none dare lie on their
Backs, before they fpit on their Fingers, and Broke it
over their Bellies 5 and young Girls daic not Bare at
the Moon, for fear of conceiving by her.

Cap. XXI. Confideratto?is of the Reverend and
Learned Author, for promoting the Succefs of his
Mijfion, and the Salvation of the Greenlanders,
to the End.

L 111 2

XI. Some

[ <5,8 ]

Paid Talc, as it lies in the Hole, and partly to the
Ivory Sides of the Hole itfelf; by which means the
upper Talc being kept from being able to prels upon
the Polype , it may be put on and fixed down with a
brafs Ring, without any Fear of hurting it.

If you intend to dry a Polype in its contra&ed
State, it may be put direttly into the Spirits without
ufing any Lens ; but if you defire it extended, you
will find the Lens quite needful.

Vinegar, Water wherein Salt is difTolved, or Spirit
of Wine, kills a Polype immediately : But Spirit of
Wine is fitted for the Purpofe, as it gives a greater
Firmnefs to the Parts, dries away from the Talc
fooned, and leaves no Soil or Smear behind it, as the
others do.

Having now the Honour to fhew the Gentlemen
here prefent a Polype prepared after the above Man-
ner, and inclofed in a Slider between Two Pieces of
Ifinglafs ; I fhall beg Leave to point out what may
particularly be learned thereby, and give a Drawing
of the fame Polype , as viewed by the Microfcope,
[fee Tab. III. Fig. 5.] in order to make the following
Obfervarions more intelligible and fatisfa&ory.

Firft-, As the Body thus dried exhibits a Reticu-
lation of minute Veficls, which appear every- where
mod curioudy interwoven, we may reafonably fup-
pofe they ferve as Veins and Arteries, through which
fome kind of Blood or Juices circulates, as in other
Animals: But we cannot didinguifh fuch Blood or
Juices circulating in the living Polype, or difeern any
thing like Vcffels, though now they are fo apparent.

Secondly , The Anus of the Polype may be difeo-
vered very plainly in this dried Objeft 5 whereas in a

living

r

I

*

wo

r 6i9 ]

living one it requires much Attention to fee it in a
fatisfattory Manner.

Thirdly , The Mouth, or Opening between the
Arms, appears here like the Mouth of a Sack or Bag,
which indeed the Body does not badly reprefent.

Fourthly , By obferving the Arms thus dried, we
obtain a clear Idea of the Means whereby this Crea-
ture catches faft hold of its Prey, the Moment of its
touching it, and before it can bring its Arms to clafp
about it : For we plainly fee here, that the Arms are
thick befet with Hairs, or rather (harp Hooks, which
poflibly are moveable, and can ftrike cafily into the
Body of a tender Worm. But thefe Hooks or Hairs
are not vifible in the living Animal j being then,
perhaps, fome-how or other generally drawn in, or
laid flat and clofe along the Sides of the Arms, as I
have feen them in fome forts of Star-fifh. Befides,
the Water wherein we are obliged to view a Folype ,
when alive, will not permit fo Arid an Examination
as it can now be brought to.

»

XII; A

[ ]

XH. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants
from Chelfea Garden , prefented to the
Royal Society by the Company of
Apothecaries., for the Tear 1740. purfuant
to the Tdirettion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart .
Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. Brief. By Jofeph
Miller, Apothecary , Hort. Che I. Brief. &
Bnelec. Botan.

Read Dec. pO I .
1 743-

902.

903.

904..

905.

ACanthus fativus, vel mollis
Virgilii. C.B. 383.
Acanthus acuicatus. lb.

Acanthus fpinis mitioribus. Tluk. Almageft 6.
Antirrhinum anguflo folio Linariae eleganter
variegato, flore rubro, rictu iutco. Boerh .
Anthoi^. Off. Aconitum falutiferum five Au-
thor a. C.B.

906. Aphaca. Park. Lathy rus lilt eus annutts foliis
Convolvuli min . Mor.

907. Braffiea campeflris Perfoliata alba. C. B.

908. Cannabis fativa alba. Off.

909. Ccntaurium majus foliis in piures lacinias di-
vifis. C B. OfF.

910. Clinopodium Orientale hirfutum, foliis inferi-
oribus Ocimum, fuperioribus Hiflopum refe-
rentibus. Tour. Corr.

91 1. Caffida Alpina fupina magno flore. ib.

912. Colutea vcficaria. C.B.

913. Cochlearia minor rotundifolia noftras. Rail
Syn.

914. Cro-

9 14.

•

915-
9 1 6.
917-

91 8.

919.

920.

921.

922.

923.

924.

925.

926.

927.

928.

929.

930.

931.

932.

93 3.

934

935

l

C ]

Crotolaria Americana frutefcens flore iateo,
ramulis alatis, folio mucronato Ind . Hort .

CheL m J

Dracocephalon Americanum. Breyn . x r odrom .

Doronicum Romarmm. 0/1

Delphinium, five Confolida regalis florc rolco.

Tourn.

Ephemerum Virginianum Iradefcanti fiore pur-
pureo. Bark. Bar.

Eupatorium Americanum herbaceuni Melina:

folio villofum. Houff f

Ferula major, feu foemina Plinii. Morr. Umb.
Fraxineliaflore albo, flveDi&amnus albus. Off •
Fumaria filiquofa fempervirens. Cornuti •
Galega quinquefolia floribus parvis rubris.

Houfton. _ _

Gingidium Rawolfii foliisFocniculi. C. .d-
Harmala. 0/1 Rut a qua did folet Harmula.]. B.
Herba Paris. Off.

Hedyfarum clypeatum flore fuaviter rubente.

Hort. Eyftet. . r D

Flieracium hortenfe floribus atropurpureis. L. JS.

Jacobaea maritima. Ib.

Lathyrus perennis latifolius. Ib.

Lathyrus fylveftris Dodonaei. Bark.

Lathyrus Siculus flore odorato magno. Boerh.

Ind. 159. D

Lychnis multiplex flore purpureo. C. IS.
Mentha rotundifolia, odore Mentha: Romana;

verticillis minimis. Rand.

Menthaftrum. Off. Menthaftrum (pic at um folio
longiore candicante . J. B.

M m m m

936. Mil-

[ 6ti 3

936. Millefolium purpureura vulgare. Rati.

937. Nigclla arvenlis cornuta. C.B.

938. Oftrys Americana frudu Lnpuli. lnd.Hort.

Chelf. - * ,

939. Parietaria Polygoni folio canefcens. Tourn .

940. Polypodium fenftbile. Muffling. Hift.

941. Pfeudo-Didamnus verticil latus inodorus. C. B.

942. Senna Italica, live foliis obtufis. Ib.

943. Sidentis Romana utriculis fpinofis. H. Litd.

Bat.

944. Thlafpi arvenfe minus, luteum. Bark.

945. Thlafpi. Off. Thlafpi arvenfe filiquis latis. C.B.

946. Urtica pilulifera Parictarias foliis. Hort. Reg-

Tar if

947. Valerianella femine ftellato. C. B.

948. Vulneraria ruftica. J. B. Anthyllis legumi-

nofa. Raii Syn.

949. Vulneraria florc purpurafcente. Tourn.

950. Vulneraria pentaphyllos. Tourn. Anthyllis

leguminofa ve fie aria Hifpanica. Park. 1094.

..

. * /

XIII. EpiJtoJa Johannis Bevis, M. 2). ad Gul.
Jones, Armig. R. S. S. de Tranjitibus Mer-
curii fub Sole, 06t. 31. \yi>6. & 06b. 2 5.

<7 43-

* , , 1

Read Dec. 1 7. 1 fOREM tibi gerens, vir amicif-

^yJL Time, obfervationes meas de Mer*
curio bis fublolari ex fchedis diariis tranftuli, mancas
quidem invidia coeli, dignastamen fortafle, ne pereant ;
cum cuiquam in Britannia noftra meliorem fortem

con^

[ 611 1

contigifte non adhuc audiverim; cumque contadus
pcne momcntanei, quos fubnotare licuif, longitudi-
nibus locorum defignandis poterint optime infervire.

Ab Halleio invitatus, qui me fibi adjutorcm fore
dignatus eft, Odob. 31. 1736. die nempe quo cele-
branda eflet Mercurii cum foie copula, Grenovicum
diluculo me contuli. Caelum ab exortu Solis fuit
pulcherrimum, fed ventus haud valde remiftus. I11
eodcm conclavi mecum verfabatur ipfe Haileius, qui
horologio adefte voluif, dum ego tubum viginti
quatuor pedum dirigendi gererem curam. Circa
odavam horam ad obfervandum me comparavi;
quippe verebar, ne, fallente calculo, ingrefliis pmer-
laberctur : at nil in Sole vifum prater maculas. Illico
coelum obdudum eft, nec ita multo poft plane ob-
fcurum redditum. In decimam fere matutinam pro-
trada eft dies, cum paulo dehifcerent nubes, & Mer-
curii fub Sole apricantis intervidendi prima nata eft
occafio, momento citius denfiftimis nubilis abrepta.
Haud diu invigilaveram, cum Mercurium iterum
viderim, & Halleio oftenderim ; fcilicet in facie Solis,
cui ibi bis antea apparuerat. Longa dein de & vere
maligna nubium fucccftio } fub Meridiem autem ferc-
nari coeptum eft j & quidem folem culminantem qua-
drante murali maximo Haileius obfervavit. Revixit
jam plena fpes Mercurii exeuntis cbfcrvandi; & qui-
dem, cur a reaflumpta, notavi quae fcquuntur.

Temp. Appar.

D. H.

Off, 30. 23. 50. 45- Centrum Mercurii a Solis

limbo proximo diftitit ift
o8y/. metiente Micrometro.

on.

M m m m 2

[ 714 ]

D. H.

Oft. 31. 00. 02. 39. Mercurius quaft propria dia-

metro a Solis margine dif-
jundus.

07. 04. Centrum egrefium ieftimati-

one oculi.

08. 33. ContadusTxterior, coelo ad-

modum fereno.

Tantiila autem fuit Mercurii diameter, ut, micro-
metro capta, vix decern fecunda fcrupula fuperaret.

1743. Oftob. die 25. quo Mercurius rurfum in
Solem incurrere debuit ; Londini, idque in <^yEdifi-
c'tis Beaufortenjibus , femiminuto circiter temporis a
regia fpecula ad occafum litis, iili invigilare decre-
veram. Conftitutio coeli fuit ipfiffima qure in fupe-
riorc tranfitu, fi non vehementior flaret Africus 5 ex
quo non parum incommodi ob vacillationem telc-
fcopii, validiftimo fulcro licet innixi. Micrometrum
adhibere plane arduum fuit; nec quicquam plus
femcl menfuravi, idque vix tute, fada collatione ad
intercapedinem eodem fere momento, in claufo con-
clavi, exadillime Grenovid captam ; quare fuppri-
mendum arbitror. Horologium numeravic D. Jerc-
mias Siflon, 111c in Solem intento. Hora odava ma-
tutina nil in Sole confpicuum, quern paulo poft plu-
rimas nubes occuparunr. Decima cum fcmifle vix
prxterlapfa eft, cum Mercurium primo detexerim,
dimidio itineris jam pene confedo. Nubes rurfus
exceperunt Solem, qui tamcn inftante mcridie rediit
&c inclaruit, quo Mercurii Solifque adfcenftonalis
differentia innotuit: Tribus etenim verticalibus filis
in meridionalis tranfttorii foco collocatis, Oft. 24^.
2 3 K 5 7;. 48//. T. App. ad primum horum Solis prx-

cedens

C 3

ccdens limbus eft devolutus, elapfifque 25" Mercurii
centrum ibidem exftitir. Rurfus ingruebant nubes
cum triftiftima facie coeli, neque Mercurii iterum
confpiciendi ulla fpes affulfit ; 6c quidem pauca deci-
dente pluvia. Tubum cum fuftentaculis ab aperto
intus transferendi cogitabam, 6c obfervando finem
imponere, cum effringi coeperint nubila, 6c ab eo
tempore rarefeere. Laetus itaque ad negotium reverfus,
Mercurium in fplcndidillimo Sole fumme nigrican-
tem contemplatus fum, 6c ultimas phafes exade defi-
nivi : cn ea qua: chartis mandavi.

Temp. Appar.

D. H. '.

Off. 25. 00. 58. 34. Inter Solis Mercuriique limbos

diftantia Mercuriali diame-
tro tequalis quamproximum.

01. 00. 33. Contadus ultimus interior.

01. 25. Centri egrdfus, judicio oculi.

02. 16. Contadus ultimus exterior.

Pridie, paulo poft meridiem menfurata eft diameter

Solaris 3 2/. 27". tubo 12 ped. micrometro armato,
6c optima: nota:, eodem nempe quo in hifee ufus
fum.

Hadcnus de proprio penu. Sed neque prtetere-
unda eft obfervatio circa initium infignis a CD. Bird
perada, in vico dido Surrey-ftreet , a noftro ad ori-
entem fecundo minuto temporis cum femifle remoto.
Is nimirum, telefcopio catadioptrico multum ampli-
ante, exile admodum lucis filamentum inter Solis 6c
Mercurii jam ingrefti limbos deprehendit, vix decimae
parti, ut aiebat, Mercurialis diametri a;quale; idque
8h. 30'. 56". fcilicct 8h. 30'. 54//-t* in aadificiis
Beaufortenlibus, uti cx horologiis probe a meipfo

is-

[6i6 ]

invicem comparatis innotuit; unde totalem Ingref-
fum in aedificiis Beauforteniibus ad 8h. 30'. 40".
quamproxime referre haud iniquum puto.

Liceatnc dcmum ex praemiilis integrum tranfcur-
fum, quafi in aedificiis Beaufortenfibus vifum, in hunc
modum contexere ?

Temp. Appar.

D. H. ".

Off. 24. 20. 28. 57. Contadus primus exterior.

29. 48 Centri ingreilus.

30. 40. Contadus primus interior.

Off. 25. 01. 00. 33. Contadus ultimus interior.

01. 24y- Centri egrcffus.

• 02. 16. Contadus ultimus exterior.

Quoad temporis momenta in utroque tranlitu
notata, minime hcerendum cenfeo, cum a Sole meri-
diano utrobique capto rem extra dubitationis aleam
poni nemo negaverit.

Vale as :

Nov. 7. 1743. TW obJer’vantiJJimuSy

J. Bevis.

XIV. Tart

I

[ 6xr 3

XIV. Tart of a Letter from M. Geoff roy,
F. R.S. and Member of the Royal Academy
of Sciences at Paris., to Sir Hans Sloane,
BavK late Prefident of the Royal Society,
concerning a Child of a monjlrous Size .

« /

ReA(l Dec- 11 ■ '\JOrmandy has furnifhed us fome
J7+j- i V Years ago a Child, monftrous by its

Size, and a Strength which its Age could not natu-
rally afford. It was born at Rouan , and is a Prodigy
of Virility, of Three Years and Two Months of Age,
perhaps One Month older, and is now in the Hofpital
a t Rouan. It has a very large Neck, the Bread: very
broad, and the Belly bigger than in its natural State.
The upper Part of the Thighs is a little thickifh, the
reft is conformable to its Age. He has Hair only
about the Privy Parts ; the Penis is Three Inches
long when there is no Eredion, but of Six when
there is any. They have found him to have Emif-
fions. The Fad is very true, and M. Le Cat , F. R. S.
a Surgeon at Roiian} has fully traced it out. — -

XV. Two

[ <5*8 3

6

XV. Two remarkable Medical Cafes, one of
an Extraordinary Hemorrhage, the other
an Afcites cured by Tapping $ communicated
by Henry Banyer, M. 2). Extra- Licentiate
of the College of Phyficians, London, to
C. Mortimer, M. 2). Seer. R. S.

Read Dec. iz. T* N the Month of 'January 1729. Ha-
|[ niel Goddard, a Gardener, about the
Age of Twenty-four Years, at Wisbech in the Ifle of
Ely, Cambridgefhire , happened of a flight Pun&ure
from a rufty Nail in the Sole of his Right Foot. And,
notwithftanding there was not wounded any Tendon,
or Blood- vefiel, larger than fmall Eranches of Veins,
the whole Foot was immediately fwellcd to a very
unufual Degree, without any Fever, or other apparent
Caufe for it. It was alfo attended with great Pain,
and an extraordinary Pulfation upon the Part, as in
Wounds of Arteries ; and fo diftended as if the Blood
would burft out of its VelTels.

Accordingly, after Two Days, upon opening a fuper-
ficial Sinus, to inlarge the Wound, there rufhed out
immediately fuch an obftinate Flux of Blood, as would
not yield to any ftyptic Means, longer than the
Bandage was holden on by fome ftrongHand. And,
although, by this Incifion, no Veflels were wounded,
but Capillary Veins ; yet this Hemorrhage continued
to flaew itfelf as violent as at firft, for Six Days fuc-
cdlively, whenever the neceffary Means were relaxed.
Upon which, for the fake of Revulfion , the Patient

had

[ 3

had a Vein opened on the Arm of the oppofite Side*
and it had fuch a hidden and fuepriftng Effect, that the
Elux of Blood in the Foot inftantly ceafed, and the
Wound healed vety foon without any further Trouble >
but the Flux of Blood, confequcnt upon Vencfedion,
became equally as difficult to refrain, as that in the
Foot, for the Space of Four Days; all which time it
would have continued to flow mofl violently with-
out the ftrideft Bandage, as the lame Care of the
Hand, as before. Perhaps the Period of this Hemor-
rhage might have been much longer, if 1 had not
fuffered the Ligature on the Arm to be loofened now-
and-then, as I judged the Redundancy of Blood re-
quired, for the fake of fome Evacuation, at each time.
After the Bleeding, he foon recovered his Strength,
fo as to do his Buftnefs in the Gardens j and con-
tinued very well till the Month of March 1730^
About the Middle of this Month, he complained of
Sleepinefs, and a particular Heavinefs all over his
Body ; which was followed, in Three Days time, by
a violent Hemorhage from the Nofe. This Flux, in
fpite of all Means being tried, except Venefedion,
continued Seven Days, and could never be totahv
flopped, all this time, for one Hour together. He re-
covered again in a very fhort time, and was able to
work in the Summer- feafon, without any Complaints,
till Ohiober following. Then the Hemorrhage re-
turned again at the Nofe, as before, with all the fame
Circumllanccs, and in Defiance of all Endeavours,
continued the Period of Seven Days. Thus it re-
turned in like manner of Bleeding, by Stools , in the
Middle of March I73L and continued to difeharge
this Way great Quantities of Blood, in one Motion,

N n n a and

[ 6\° J

and jfonietimcstwo Motions every Day for Seven Days
together, in Oppofition to the mod efficacious Rcflrin-
gents. Aifb it made its regular Return by vaft Pro-
fulions of Blood from the Intefiines , in the Begin-
ning of October following, to the End of the fir ft
Period of Seven Days, without Gripings, or any fuch
uncafy Senfations. Thus, again, it kept as orderly
Rcturnsabout the Vernal and Autumnal Equinoxes of
t lie Years 1732, 1733, with vaft Profufion of Blood by
Stool, for the ulualTerm of Seven Days,, agreeing in
all CircumBances with the preceding Years. Likewife
at, or very near thefe two grand Sealons, in the Years
1734, 1735, this habitual Haemorrhage broke away
by the Kidneys and urinary \ Paffage 5 and Bill con-
flantly, for thefe Two Years, kept its old Bated Time
of Seven Days, without any other Variation.

This young Man was feized in Dec. 1735, with
the Small-pox , of the DiBindt Kind, which produced
fuch a Change in his Conftitution, that he efcaped
thofc periodical Hemorrhages, or any other fponta-
neous Evacuations equivalent thereto, for the Two
Seafons of the Year 173 6 ; and remained in very good
Health till Chrijimas following, being above Thirteen
Months free from any Symptoms of his old Eruption.
But, upon ‘December the 27th, without any previous
Notice of Heavinefs and Sleepinefs, the Hemorrhage
returned by the urinary ‘Paffages ; but much more
favourably, and continued only Three Days. Again,
on May the 13th following, 1737, he then felt the
previous Warnings, and bled again by Urine to the
20th of the fame Month; with this Difference, that
for Three Days the Urine was only Coffee-coloured,
but afterwards, for Four Days longer, every Difcharge.

[ <5}i ]

rcfembled an Effulion of Blood from a Vein juft
opened. He prefently recovered his Strength, even,
although the Air was exceeding warm at this Time;
and 1 faw him Five Months after, very robuft and
healthy, and, as he told me himfelf, was free from
all kinds of Tendency towards his old Complaint.
But he had always the Appearance, of too much Ful-
ne-fs, though I am of Opinion, that his Conftitution
did not fuffer fo much as might reafonably be ima-
gined, from fuch prodigious Hemorhages. Of my
own Knowlege, he had no Return of his Bleeding,
or any thing like it, the enfuing Autumn 5 but re-
mained perfectly well all the following Winter Sea-
fon. Afterwards I had no Opportunity of making
further perfonal Inquiries, but was informed by an
intelligent Man, that in March 1738 this unfortunate
Perfon got a flight Wound again, fomewhere upon
one of his Legs, which proved equally as difficult,
with refped to the Flux of Blood, as the firft Puncture
in his Foot. And, whether from too Arid a Reftraint
of the Hemorrhage, or for want of Venefedion, he
fell into very violent Convulfions for Four or Five
Days, and died in a manner like Suffocation, from
too much Redundancy of Blood.

As this Hemorrhage never once depended upon
any other Diftemper, or obferved any regular Com
currence with the Revolutions of the Moon, it ap-
pears to be a very extraordinary fi tuple ‘Plethora*
During the Four Years that this Flux of Blood came
from the Nofe and Inteftines, the Urine was never
of a higher Colour than Amber 5 nor was there any
Symptom of a Fever by the Pullc, or otherways, for
vhe whole Term of the Difordcr.

N n n n 2 Om

£ ‘h1 3

t January the 6 th, 1743.

WY N March the 2(5th, 173 9, the Wife ofMr. Matth .
^ hVtlkinJon , of Long- Sutton, in Lincolnshire, was
tapped for an Afcttes, proceeding from frequent He-
morrhages, and a too liberal Ufe of final! Liquors.
She was between 30 and 40 Years old, of a very low
Stature, and always of a weak Constitution. The
Water was all taken away at one Time, and mea-
sured Five Gallons. She was very faint immediately
after the Operation, and remained fo for near Three
Weeks after. But, by great Abstinence from Liquids,
excepting Lowers bitter Infufton, and Sometimes a
Spoonful or Two of Cordial Julap, fhc perfe&ly
recovered her Health again j and to a much better
Degree of it, than fhe had enjoyed for many Years
before; without any Appearance at all of a Return
of the abdominal Tumour to this Day. The Water
was clear, and readily turned to a ftrong Jelly upon
heating it ,• and I am very certain, there was unavoid-
ably left in the Abdomen a Quantity Sufficient to
prove the Exiftence of abforbent VefTels. Perhaps
thofe Patients, in this Diftemper, whofe Water turns
to a Jelly, have a better Chance to be cured by T a -
racentejis , than others, whofe Discharge is more like
Urine, and will never curdle by Heat. But Time,
and repeated Observation, muft confirm this Opi-
nion.

\ Voflfiript

[ *3? 1

agamji Em piticifm.

Notwithstanding the great Uiefulnefs and Ten-
dency of fuccefsful Obfervations in Phyfic and
Surgery, to encourage Practitioners in a Perfeverance
in their Duty, even where the regular Prognostics
hand againft them 5 yet I cannot forbear taking this
Opportunity to aSTerc the Impolllbility of any Per-
lon’s obtaining a competent Knowlege of the Art of
Healing, by Practice only ; without a previous Know-
lege of Anatomy, and the Animal Oeconomy.

Hence have I met with an old Practitioner, of very
extenfive Bufmefs, who had never been educated in
this fundamental Qualification, and who, for want of
it, was treating his Patient with Cataplafms and Fo-
mentations, to cure that Numbnefs in the Thigh
which is a certain Diagnoftie of a Nephritic Cafe.-
And I have more than once feen a T>yfuria under
the Treatment of a gravelly Cafe, when it has plainly
arifen from the Vena Hamorrhoidales having been
too much fwelled towards the urinary Paffages.
Thus, where Men are not qualified to diftinguifh at
ail upon the Symptoms of a Diftemper, from fome
true Knowlege of the Parts concerned, they muft
neceffarily be often mistaking the Symptoms for Dif-
tempers, and fo vice verfa , after this Manner; info-
much that their longest Practice will be little better
than a Multiplication of Blunders, without much

Chance to be wifer by Time and Experience. Hnic

Ratiocinationi adftipulatur Experientiay qua fine
van a omnis Theoriay bella fit utcunopue.

XVI. A

[ *J4 1

XVI. A Letter from Mr* Turbevil Needham,
to the President:, concerning certain
chalky tubulous Concretions , called Malm :
With fome Microfcopical Observations on the
Farina of the Red Lily, and of Worms dif-
covered in Smutty Corn.

SIR,

Read Dec. zi- r“|'~^FIough you defired me, when I had
,7+3* . the Satisfaction of waiting upon

you at London fome Weeks ago, to commit to Wri-
ting the Obfervations I had made upon that chalky,
alkalizate Subftance, which they here apply to Manure,
and call Malm ; yet I purpofely deferred complying
with my Engagement, till a Review of fome Parti-
culars, which 1 had before obferved but (lightly , as
well as fome additional Remarks, which I have fince
made, fhould enable me to give in a more fatisfa&ory

Account, than I could engage to do at that time .

This Bed of Malm lies in a Valley, at the Foot of a
long Ridge of chalky Downs ; extends from Win-
chejler , where it begins, as I have been informed,
almofl due South, about Four meafured Miles 5 the
Breadth not above a Quarter of a Mile ; and Depth,
at a mean Computation, about Five Foot. It is uied
jn Manure for the fame Purpofes as Chalk is, but an-
fwers, the Intent much better. It rifes up in one con-
tinued Bed, almofl to the Surface ; where a thin Layer
£>f common Earth but juft hides it in all Places, where
> v con-

[<»]

continual Cultivation has not fupennduced a new
Soil. Horfetail, and a Species of Wild Trefoil,
grows out of it very plentifully, efpecially the fil'd,
which fink their fibrous Roots to a confiderable
Depth in it : The whole Bed confills of feparate de-
tached Pieces, in the Nature of thole which you have
by you, and of levcral Dimenfions, as thofe are,
moftly long and tubular ; fome few round, with a
fmall Cavity in the Centre, others quite flat, and
fome, as it were, excavated on one Side, as if the
chalky Lamina had extended themfelves round a Piece
of Bark ; but all of them hollowed within, agreeable
to their exterior Shape, except very few. 1 believe
it may be aflerted, with fome Confidence, that this
Valley formerly was over-run with Wood, it not
wholly, at lead; for fome confiderable Length and
Breadth : Wild Boars Tusks, which are known by
their Length; Stags-horns, and a Flint-knife, which
have been found buried to fome Depth, in the Malm,
feem to evince as much. That Trees of confiderable
Dimenfions have grown in it, is very evident ; for,
in a Drain, which "they have lately made to convey the
W ater from the main River to the adjacent Meadows,
Trees of a vafl Size may be feen, at Two or Three
Feet Depth, in no fmall Number, retaining both Shape
and Subftance in fome meafure, though much decayed,
and not fo compadand folidin thofe Parts, which have
been expofed to the Water ; thefe lie out of the Verge
of this Bed of Malm, and are notconfequently affeded
by it. Now I am much inclined to think, that
thefe Trees, together with the red of the Wood,
might, by Age, and fome Accident combining with it,
have fallen 5 the uppermod might have ferved to bury

[ * I* ]

the reft, and prefcrve them from a more immediate
Decay, by cutting off their Communication with the
exterior Air. Rains, in Proccfs of Time, muft have
wafhed off from the adjacent Hills to l'ome certain
Diftance, and depofired in the neighbouring Val-
ley, but mixt with other heterogeneous Subftances,
as decayed Wood, Earth, a Quantity of chalky
Particles, fufRcient to involve, by a continual Ad-
dition of new Lamina , Roots, Trunks, Branches,
Twigs, and the broken Extremities of Twigs; and
tending continually to formMafles rcfembling the fup-
pofcd Particulars. I don’t now imagine, tho’I once
•thought fo, that thefe chalky Particles have penetrated
the Wood itfelf, and converted it into its own Sub-
ftancc, in the Nature of ordinary Petrification, except
herc-and-there fome few particular Pieces; but I rather
fuppofe, that the Pieces of Wood have been in veiled
continually by additional Lamina \ thar the fir ft La-
mina muft have adapted itfelf to, and aftumed the ex-
terior Shape, whether finooth or knotty, of the in-
clofed Wood ; that the others have proceeded accord-
ingly ; that the Extremities have gradually rounded
themfelves; and that in the Interim, till they were
wholly clofed, the included Wood has been infenfi-
bly attenuated by the palling Moifture, and, Particle
by Particle, either intirely, or in Part only, walled
away. And, though it may be objefted againll this
Suppofition, that fome Pieces are intirely folid, as
one of thofe two large Pieces is which you have by
you, and has the Refemblance of White-thorn ; yet
thefe are but rarely found, and may very well be fup-
pofed to have been a Species of Wood of a more
folid and durable Contexture; which might confe-
5 quently

[ *J7 ]

qucntly withftand any confiderable Attenuation by
Water, long enough to permit the chalky Particles to
penetrate, fix, and convert it into its own Subfiance ;
while other Woods, lefs tenacious, infenfibly wafic,
and are carried off by the infinuating Liquid, toge-
ther with the chalky Particles, which they not only
could not arreft, but prevented effectually, by a Blend-
ing andlntcrpofitionof their own Parts, from adhering

to each other. The Reafons, why I apprehend the

Procefs of the Whole to have been in the manner
deferibed above, and anfwerable to my Suppofition,
arc, firfl, the clofe Vicinity, I may almofi fay, Contact
of the chalky Hills, upon which this Bed of Malm
attends throughout the whole Line, and no farther.
Secondly, That this Malm is an Alkalizate Body, in
a Degree fomething inferior to Chalk, as I found
upon a Trial, fome time ago, by putting equal
Portions of each into equal Quantities ot double-
diftilled Vinegar, and meafuring the Height of the
Fermentation in a long cylindrical Glafs. Thirdly,
The Reafons, which I gave above, for fuppofmg that
this Valley formerly has been over run with Wood.
Fourthly, TheDifpofal of the fevcral detached Pieces
of Malm, which lie in all manner of Directions.
Fifthly, The Refemblance which they bear to Roots,
Trunks, Branches, Twigs, &c. Sixthly, Some addi-
tional Obfervations, which 1 have made f nee my Re-
turn {\ovc\ London ; andthofe,Ithink, are almofi dccifvcv
In the Hollow of fome of the oblong tubular Pieces,
which were doled at both Ends, upon breaking them __
open, I found the Remains of the included Wood
attenuated to a mere Thread, which, though extremely
tender, I could plainly difeover to be \Vood, both by

O o o o hs

[ <iS )

its exterior Appearance, as well as by rubbing in my
Hand, in order to try if it would colour it, as decayed
Wood, that has imbibed Moiflure, will do. Within
the Laming of fevcral, I found a fair Imprefllon of
Leaves, in no fmall Number, and with little Trouble :
The Leaves I knew not, as not being very familiar in
the Vegetable World, though they appeared to me
much to refemble White-thorn-leaves in their Shape,
differing in this alone, that the Imprefllon of the fore
Part of the Leaf had many fmall indented Cavities,
equal in Size to a Pin’s Point, which had been formed
by fmall Protuberances in the Leaf itfelf. Some
Pieces I found quite flat, as if the chalky Laming
had involved a Chip, and the Cavity consequently
went off infenfibly lefs towards each Extremity.
Others I found, whofe Cavities at the Extremities
were irregularly fhaped, agreeable to the jagged Ends
of broken Sticks. Some, in fine, 1 found excavated
on one Side, and convex on the other, as if the
Laming had furrounded a Piece of Bark. Thefe are
the chief Obfervations which l have hitherto made,
and which, I hope, are fufficient either to fix the Point
where I have placed it, or to enable you to draw better
Confcquences ; a Communication of which, at your
Leifure, would pleafe me much more than my own
Suppofition does, and inhance my pad Obligations.
I cannot fay, that I am fo thoroughly fatisfied with
what I have advanced, as to judge it unqueftion-
able ; though I am fenfible, that the finding of
feverai Malles of Malm, the Structure of which
is not reducible to, nor explicable by, this Scheme,
is no Obje&ion to it; becaufe, as every one knows
the Tendency which chalky Particles have to dilpofe

them.-

[ 6l9 ]

themfelves in Lamina? $ fo thefe Lamina niay involve
Bodies of different Kinds, as Parts of the fibrous Roots
of Weeds, fmall Seeds, or the like ; may affume then*
Shapes, increafe continually in Bulk, and infcnfibly
raife the Height of the Bed, where they are firft
formed. Perhaps an Examination of thole Pieces of
Malm, which you have by you, may enable you to
form a better Judgment of the Whole.

I beg Leave to add a few Particulars relating
to fome microfcopical Dilcoveries I have lately
made. Upon viewing an Infufion of the Farina Fa?~
enndans of the Lilium rubrum Jlore refiexo in com-
mon Water, i thought I perceived fome Alteration
in feveral of thefe minute Bodies, as if the outward
Shell or Husk had, at a fmall lateral Orifice, fhed a
long Train of Globules adhering to each other, and
enveloped in a filmy Subftance. I, immediately upon
this, applied fome frefh Farina , adapted my Micio-
fcope before-hand, with the Tip of my Brufh dropped
a fmall Globule of Water upon the Objcdt, and in a
few Seconds, I plainly perceived a Rope of exceeding
fmall Globules to be ejaculated with fome Force
from within, and contorting itfelf from one Side to
the other, throughout the whole Line, during the
time of Adtion, which does not lafl above a Second^
or Two, and is to be expedted from a few only of
thefe farinaceous Globules. Thefe emitted Paitic.es
arc very different from the fmall Globules of Oil,
with which the Farina of the Lilly abounds 5 tor
thefe diffufe themfelves equally on all Sides, while
thofe, on the contrary, gooff in one continued i rain,
like the ejected Pulp of a roafting Apple ; and aie
involved in a filmy Subftance, as the Eggs of fome

O o o o 2 aquatic

.[<540]

aquatic Infeds are. I have fince chofen the Farina
of a Pompion to repeat this Experiment upon, which
is not of an oily Nature; and, upon account of its
Size, may be conveniently obferved with the Second
Magnifier, where I have the Advantage of a larger
f ield. I viewed fomc few of thefe alfo out of the
many farinaceous Globules, which were within the
Area of my Microfcope, with the fame Succefs, and yet
greater Pleafure : Fori could plainly perceive, during
the time of Action, by Two or Three lucid Specks
in the Centre of the Globule, which continually fhifted
their Places, an inteftine Commotion within the fari-
naceous Corpufcle, and a ftronger Ejaculation of
the emitted Particles. Mr. Chambers fays in his
Dictionary, that no Alteration has been obferved
upon the Infufion of the Farina in Water: But
this, I apprehend, is owing to the Obfervefis not be-
ing ready with his Microfcope, and prefent at the
time of Adion, which is almoft inftantancous ; and,
as the Orifice at which thefe Particles emerge, is but
final], it produces no very fenfible Alteration in the
Globule itfelf.

Upon opening lately the fmall black Grains of
finutty Wheat, which they here diftinguilh. from
blighted Corn, the latter affording nothing but a
black Duft, into which the whole Subftance of the
Ear is converted ; I perceived a foft white fibrous
Subftance, a fmall Portion of which I placed upon
my Objed-plate : It feemed to confift wholly of
longitudinal Fibres bundled together ; and you will
be furprifed, perhaps, that I fhould fay, without
any the lcaft Sign of Life or Motion. I dropped
a Globule of Water upon it, in order to try if

[ 64‘ 1

the Parts, when feparated, might be viewed more
conveniently 5 when, to my great Surprize, thefe ima-
ginary Fibres, as it were, inftantly feparated from each
other, took Life, moved irregularly, not with a pro-
greflive, but twitting Motion ,• and continued lo to
do for the Space of Nine or Ten Hours, when I
threw them away. T am fatisfied they are a Species
of aquatic Animals, and may be denominated Worms,
Eels, or Serpents, which they much rcfemble. This,
if confidered, will appear to be fomething very Lin-
gular : But I have lince repeated the Experiment leveral
times, with the fame Succefs, and gratified others
with a Sight of it. I hope thefe few Difcoveries will
prove as agreeable to you, as they were to him, who
begs Leave ro fubferibe himfelf,

SIR,

Tour moft obedient
Twiford, Aug. n. 1745. humble Servant,

Turbervill Needham.

ERRATA.

In N° 468. p. 374. 1. 22. for nor ever read but : And ib. 1. 23.
for even read ever.

N° 470. p. 551. under the Crown ,/or E. L. read E L.

N.B. At the End of N° 465. after p. 188. Two Leaves were
cancelled- and therefore N?. 466. begins at Page 193.
and not with 189.

N. B. The fpare Titles to N° 446. and to N9 467. may be
cancelled.

A N

A N

INDEX

TOT H E

Forty-fecond VOLUME

O F T H E

For the Years 1742, and 1743.

N. In ». 467, the Pages are to be alter’d with a Pen ; p. i. anfwers to
p. 281, and fo on to p. xviii. which mull be made p. 298.

A.

/iBada, the Rhinoceros of Boutins , n. 470, p. 5 16 .

*1 Abo , Meteorolog. Cbf. there, n. 4 6<5, p. 243.

AEfcbyomene , a iort offenfible Plant, n. 462- p. 6.

Air , Method of changing it in the Holds of Ships, n. 4 61.

P* 4?*

• foul and linking, a Method to extract it out of

Ships, n . 4^3, p. 61.

its Reliftance to fvvift and flow Motions, n. 4 69,

P- 437-

Allcmand , (M. ) of the Polypus InfeSt, n. 46b, p. 219.

Altars j the molt antient, n. 471, p. 584.

Ambe of Hippocrates , improved by A/. A «. 4 <5p,p. 387,
39t.

* Mr. Freke’s Improvement ot it, n. 470, />. 556.

Anatom co-pratt ic# Obf. 2. D. Bajieri , n. 466, p. 277.
Aucurifma falfum non pulfans , crucrem continens , #. 466, p.
275.

Animal -

INDEX.

Animalcules found in Mulhrooms, n. 471, p. f 91 •

Anonymous Letter, from Cambridge , concerning the Poly-
pus, n. 4 66, p. 227.

Antidote to the Indian Poifon, in the Weft Indies, n. 462, />. 2.
Aquatic Animal, a ftrange, n. 469, p. 419.

Arateormn Syntagma citat. n. 4 66, p. 222.

Ariftotle , Obf that Waps and Scclopcndrx live when cut
afunder, *7. 466, p. 230,

Afcites cured by Tapping, 471. p. 628.

Afphaltis, Experiments upon the W ater of, n. 4 62, p • 48.
Aftronomic# Obf. Pekini , 1740? and 1741. n. 468,7). 306.
Auftin (St.) Obf. that the Scolopendra lives after being cut
into many Pieces, n . 4 66, p. 231..

B.

Btf/br (Henry) of a ftrange Aquatic Animal, n. 469, p. 416,

-of the Girl who fpeaks without a Tongue,

n. y6y, p. 143.

of a Polqpe dried, and the Manner of dry-
ing it, n. 471, p. 616.

BativAia, itone Pillars, n. 471, p. 583.

Balance-fwmg for crooked Children, n. 462, p. 20.

Ball of Fire leen, Dec. 11. 1741. n. 462. p. 1. ib. p. 2$.

n. 463, p. 58. ib. 60. n. 464, p. 138.

Eanyer , M. D. (Henry) of an extraordinary Haemorrhage,
and of an Afcites cured by Tapping, n. 471, p. 628.
Barbadoes , a Zccphyton there, like a Marigold-Hower, tu

47 C P- 591-

Barometrcrum altitudinum differentiae, n. 464, p. 1 1 5 .

Bafes ol the Cells,, wherein Bees depofite their Honey, n..

471, p. 5^5*

B after M. D. (Job) Cbl. 2. Anatomico-prachcce, n. 4 66. p.
277.

Bees 3 of the Bafes of the Cells, wherein they depofite
their Honey, 471, p. 565.

Bcighton (Henry) Meteorological Obf. at Coventry, n. 466,.
p. 243.

j?f// (Geo.) Account of Will. Payne’s Cafe, n. 462, p. 54.
Bellows, He (ft an, improved, n. 463, p. 6 5,

Bent inck

INDEX.

Bentinck (Honourable Charles) of thePolypushife£t, n. 4 66.

p. 219. n. 467, p. 282.

Bethel , a Scone Pillar, n. 471 , p. 583.

Bevan (Sylvanus) of the Bones of a Woman growing foft
and flexible, n. 470, p. 488.

Bevis M. D. (John) de (Tranfttibus Mere nrii fill Sole, Off.

31. 1736, and Off. 25. 1743, n. 471, p. 622.

Bearer ( Joh . Ambrofuis) de Sitccino , n. 468, p. 322.

Births and Burials at Bridgnorth ; a Table ot, n , ^6^p.i^.
Boddington ( Benjamin ) of the Girl, who fpeaks w ithout a
Tongue, n. 464, p. 143.

Bones of a Woman growing foft and flexible, n. 470, p.
488.

or Stones in the Head of Filh, n. 462, p. 79.

Bonnet , M. D. ( Charles ) ot a Water-worm, which, being cut
in Pieces, becomes lo many perfebt Wormi,#. 4673 p. 295.

• — new Obf. upon Infers, n. 470, p.

458.

Bridgnorth , a Topographical Account of, n. 464, p. 127.
Broman (Mr.. ) Obi. Meteorolog. at Hudickfval , n. 4 66y

P' 243*

Buffon (M. de) of the Polypus Infebt. n. 4 66y p. 219.

Burgefs M. D. ( [faiah ) Antidote to the Wejl Indian Poifon,
n. 462, p. 2.

Barton , M. D. (Will.) two Hiftories of internal Cancers,
n . 464, p. pp.

C.

Calculus preegrandis a Mulierc cum Urina excretus , n. 4 <58,
A 3^3-

Calf, ’ Sea; or Phoca , #. 4<5p, p. 383.

Cambridge , a Letter from thence, concerning the Polypus ,
#. 466, p. 227.

Campbell , of Kernan , (Rev. RoA) of a Man who lived 18
Years on Water, n. 4 <56, p. 240.

Cancers , internal ; two Hiftories of ; 464, p. 99.

Canterbury , Diary of the Weather there, 1734, n. 4 56,
244.

Carolina ,

INDEX.

Carolina, South ; Statical Experiments, and Meteorogical

'and Difeafcs of Antedating,

n. 470,^. 5 1 4* . .

Caftilhoneus ( Job.) de Polynomto , ». 4°4> P-

Cat, M. D. 10 of the oi HlPP0Ci ates> n‘

jf.ht ll!7 Account of his Traits des Sens , ». 4^0 A

— ifll — — a Machine for dreff.ng Patients, who have
any Ailment on the JBtftf*, or Or Sacrum , n. 46b, p.

CaUrpillers, new Obf. on them, by M. n. 470, p.

Catharine's Ilian d (Saint) near Brajtl, Obf. Eclipfe of the

Moon, 21. 114.0, n. ^62, p> I^- r
G*//y# ( John) Calculation of the Tranfit of Mercury over

the Sun, Ofi* 25. 17435 n' 4^5 V \23 5* r- , •

CV/A ; of the Bafes of them, wherein Bees depofite their

Honey, n. 471, p. 5^5* _ Tr r 7 ,,

Ccljius ( Andreas ) Meteorolog. Obf. at Upa , ^* 4 ? P" 43-*

Champignons , of their Seeds, ». 47 H P\ 595. r-

Charge, how much Powder is kindled in the Explofion of

one, 465, p. 172. .

Child ot a monftrous large Size at Rouan, n. 47 HP- 0 2 7.

a Lttfus Natural in one, ». 464, p.

Churchill River in Hud fin s Bay, various Oof. 4^5. P*

Clock-makers Company, their Standard 7W, #. 47°? £ 5 5°-
CW, the Effedts of it in Hudjou s Bay, ». 46)5 P • 1 57.

Collins ( Bartholomew ) his Cafe, 4^45 P‘ 99 ’ A •
its Poikion in the antient Sphere, n. 466, p. — 1.

Obf. Feb. 17435 »• 47°5 P • 457*

&«*»/#« of the Royal Society, to examine iome Que-

kions in Gunnery, ». 465, p. t72- ,

CboAtf (toy.) of the Fire-ball feen D^. 11. 1741, G 462.

CorkS (Robert Lord Bifhop of) of an otfMK in f.-r-

v p p p p Land,

.INDEX.

land, like Stone-benge , and of a Stone Hatchet of the an-
tient Irijh, 0.471, p. 581.

Corn, Smutty ; Worms Obi', in it, n. 47 c, p. 53.

Comes (Rev. Mr. Rich.) Account of Bridgnorth , 0. 454, p.
1 27.

Corromondel near Mount ,5V;w/, hot Spring there, 0. 462, p. 5 2 .

Coventry Meteorolog. Obf there, 0. 466, p. 243.

Cox** articuli fippu ratio, cum feceffione capitis femoris , n. y66,
P- 274.

Cradle, an hanging 3 by M. /<? Gz/, 0. 468, p, 354.

Crooked Children, a Swing for them, 0, 462, p. 20.

Cutting ( Margaret ) who fpeaks, though lhe had loll her
Tongue, 0. 464, p. 143. her Letter, ih. p. 150.

Cyrilhts M. D. ( ) Meteorolog. Obf at Naples , n. 4 55,

p. 244.

D.

DanieJIs (Gabriel) of aGirl, who fpeaks without a Tongue,
0. 464, p. 149.

Darlington Meteorol. Obf. there, 0. 4 66, p. 244.

Dead-Sea , Analylis of its Waters, 0. 462, p. 48.

Dennis (John) of the Girl, who fpeaks without a Tongue,
0. 464, p. 145?.

Defaguliers (John Theophil.) LL. D. Obf. on Electricity,
0. 4 62, p. 14.

* Conje&ures concerning Ele&ricity, and

the Rife of Vapours, 0. 464, p. 140.

his Improvement of the Hejftan Bellows,

0. 463, p. 65.

Diofcorides , an Obf. on Poifons, 0. 4 62, p. 7.

Dod, M. D. ( Pierce ) of bloody Urine in the Small-pox ,

0. 470, p. 5 5p.

Doppelmayer ( Job . Gabriel) Diaries of the Weather,
0.455, p. 245.

Douglafs, M. D. (James) publillfd the firfl true Figure of
a Rhinoceros , 0. 470, p. 527.

Dropjy, an extraordinary Cafe of a, 0. 455, p. 223.

Durer (Albert) his Figure of the Rhinoceros falfe, 0. 470,

.A 524-

Rames ,

INDEX.

E.

Earnest John) his Account of Jac. Theod. Klein Hi ft. natur .
Pifcium , n. 462, p. 27.

Earthen Ware , a Gold-colour’d Glazing for, #. 465,7*.
Earthquakes felt at Leghorn-) Jan. 16. — 27. 1742, #• 4^3>
'P *7T •

from 172 7 to 1741 in iWzy England ,

n. 462, p. 33.

Echpfe of the A/000, Dec. 2 1, 1740, in JVtfW England, n. 47 1,
7>. 577. At 57. Catharines in ». 462,7). ib.

07?. 22. 1743, Obf. at London , 0. 47 G

7>. 580. 0

2 1741, Qbf. Pekini, n. 468,7*. 309.

Edinburgh , Diaries of the Weather there, #. 466, p. 245.

, the Pox there, 1497, n. 469, p. 420.

F_els in Vinegar, Obf. on the Mouths of them, n. 469? P‘ 41^*
Egedins (Hans) the natural Hiftory of Greenland , 471,

/>. 607.

Electricity, Obf. by Dr. Dcfaguiliers , 0. 462, 7). 14.

Conje&ures concerning it, n. 464, ?>. 140.

Elettrics per fe, n. 462, 7). 14.

Ethiopic Stones ufed as Knives, n. 471, p. 587- .

Exchequer , the Standard Weights and Meafures examin d,

.. n. 470, 7). 544, 55 !•

Explofton heard in the Air, D^c. n, 1741, n. 462, p. u

Farina of the Red Lily , Microfcop. Obf. on if, n. 47 1,7>. 63 ,
Du Faye (Mr.) two Sorts of Electricity, n. 464, p. 140.
Feeling , concerning it, n. 466, p. 264.

Femoris Capitis Seceflio per Suppurationcm Coxrf, n. 4 66, p. 274.
Ferguifon (John) lived 18 Years on Water, n. y66,p. 24a
Fire-ball leen Dec. 1 1 , I74G 4^G P% 1 * P* 2 5* 4^3>

p. 58. z'A 60. 464, p. 138.

Ft/??, a Method of preparing Specimens, by drying their

Skins, n. 463, p. 57.

„ an Efiay towards their natural Hiftory, by M. Klein,

n. 462, p. 27.

Bones or Stones in their Heads, ib. p. 29.

P p p p 2 Fijh y

INDEX.

Fife, their Hearing, n. 462, p. 28.

¥ la corum nivalium Figure, n. 464, p. 114.

Fluxions , an Account of Mr. Mac Lourin' s Book, n. 468,
/>. 325. 469, />. 403.

Fclk.es , Efqj ( Martin ) Account of the Proportions of the
Englijh and French Meafuresand Weights, n.^6^,p. 185.

* * of the Polypus Infe£t, n. 4 <56, p. 219.

- Account of the Frejh- water Polypus,

n. 469, p. 422.

* Report of the Comparifon of the Standard

of Weights and Meafures at the Royal Society with thofe at
the Exchequer , Guildhall , Founder s-Elall , and the Power,
//. 470, p. 541.

Formic fr-Leo , Obf. on it, by M. Bonnet , ». 470, p. 463.

Efq; (Henry) Obi', of the Weather, n. 4 6(5, p. 244.

Founders- Hall, the Standard Weights examin'd, ». 470,
P- 541-

Frantz (Rev. P.) Obf. Comet * Vienna, Feb. 174 3, ». 470,
P- 457*

Freke, (John) an Inftrument for reducing a diflocated
Shoulder, ». 470, p. 556.

Fremond Calmad ( Cla.) of Earthquakes at Leghorn, Jan .
I742» »• 4^3, P- 77 •

Frejh-water Polypus, feveral Papers of it, «. 467, p. 281.
n . 469, p. 422.

G.

Gardiner (Mr.) his Cafe, Stones in Bags in the Bladder,
n. 462, p. 11.

Geoffroy (Claud. Jof) his Method of making Soap-Lees
and Hard Soap, n. 463, p. 71.

of a Child of a monftrous large Size,

n. 471, p. 627.

Gemino Cornu extulit Ur Jam, Martial. Epigr. Lib. IV.
Ep. 82. explained, n . 470, p. 537.

(Jacob, de) Aratea, citat. n. 4 66, p. 222.

Girard de Villars (M. . — -) of cutting Star-fiih, and their
Radii growing again, n. 467, p. 2 9 <5.

Glazing, a Gold-colour’d for Earthen Ware, n. 4^3,
p. 1 88. Gowda ,

INDEX.

’Gouda, a Rhinoceros in the Indian, n. 470, p. 5-v
Gordon (Capt. Will.) an Account of the * ire-ball ieen

Go film? (Rev. Mr. If?//.) of the Fire-ball feen D^- u.

17 <i,n. a6i,P. 60. and of Mock-luns Dec. 19. 1741,^.
Griiw rG«g Obf. Of the Tranlit of Mercury over the
to, O#. 25. 1743, 47 P- 578* Eclipfe of the

Moon, Oot. 22. 1743 , ib. p. 580.

Grand? or, i . *. the Pox in Edinburgh 1497? 4^9) P* 4*r*

Grw», M. D. ( John) Account ot ftor Egedius s IS at.

Hift. of Greenland, n. 471, P« 607. ,7

Greenland 3 its Natural Hiftory by Hans Egedius, to.
Gronovius , M. D. (JohnFrid.) of preparing Specimens oi
Filh, by drying their Skins, n. 463, p. 57.

1J i of a Water Infeft [the which,

being cut into feveral Pieces, becomes fo many perfect
Animals, n . 466, p. 218.

GY//Pn Vine; Obf. on them by M. Bonnet, n. 470, p. 405.
Guettard (M. ) of cutting Star-fifh, and the Radu

growing, n. 467, p. 295. .

Guildhall, the Standard and Measures examin a,

n. 470, p. 548.

Gunnery, new Principles of, by B. R. n. 469, P* 437-
- Quellions in 3 propofed by Dr. Jurm, n. 46?,

172.

Gun-powder * its Force, n. 4 P* 437*

H.

fGw.; Abftraft of Meteorolog. Obf. from 1731 to
1735, n. a66 , p . 243.

Hemorrhage 3 of a remarkable one frequently returning,

n. drji, p. 628. ,

Hales , D. D. (Stephen) his Ventilators or Ships Lungs,

» 463, p. 65.

Haller, M. D. (Albert us) an Account of his Enumerate
Methodica Stirpum Helvetia: indigenarum, n. 468, p. 369.
Hammam Pharaon Water, Analyfis of it, n. 46 P* 52>
Hammock, M. le Cads, for dreffing Patients, who have

Ailments on the Back or Os Sacrum, n. 468, p. 364.

Hammond 9

I N D E X.

Hammond , (Will.) of the Girl, who fpeaks without a
Tongue, n. 464, p. 14 6.

Hard-Soap, how to make it for medicinal Ufes, n. 463,

P • 7 1. ,

Hatchet, Stone one 3 of the antient Irijb, n. 471, 585?.

Amazonian 3 Sagans , ib.

Hearing, concerning it, n. 4 66, p. 2 66.

of Fifties, n. 462, p. 28.

Heinjius (Godofridas) a Gold-colour’d Glazing for Earthen
Ware, n. 465, p. 188.

* de Difparitionc Annuli Batumi, Ann. 1 743 ,

i744> 47 1 5 P> ^02.

Hellebore, White 3 its bad Effeffs, n. 468, p. 378.

Helvetia Stirpium indigenanm Enumeratio , n. 468, p. 369.
Herba Senjitiva, its Root an Antidote to the Indian
Poifon , n. 461, p. 4. Itfelf poifonous, ib. p. 6.
Hippocrates , his Ambe improved, n. 4 69, p. 387, 388.
Hobfon (Jof.) of the wonderful Increafe of the Seeds of
Plants, n. 468, p. 320.

Holkam in Norfolk , a Meteor feen there, Aug. 1741, 4(55,
p. 183.

Holland and Wejlfrifeland , the Quantity of People, 468,
p.315.

Hollmannns ( Samuel Chrifiianus ) de Differ entiis Altitudinum
Barometrorum , 464, p. 1 1 5.

Hondins (Hendrick) his Figure of the Rhinoceros falfe,
n. 470, p. 526.

Horns of the Rhinoceros deferibed and figured, n. 470,
/>• 537> 54°*

feme are double, ib. p. 537.

Hudickfval, Meteorolog. Obf. there, n. 4 66, p. 243.
Hitdfifis Bay , Obf of Cold, Variation, Longitude and
Latitude there, n. 465, p. 157.

Hughes (Rev. Griffith) of a Zoophyton like a Marigold
Flower, n. 471, p. 590.

Huilc de Chaus , 463, p. ~j6.

Hunter , (Will.) of the Structure andDifeafes of articulating
Cartilages , 470, />. 514.

Hush am.

INDEX.

Hitxham , M. D. (John) of Polypi taken out of the Hearts
of feveral Sailors, juft come from the Weji-Indies , n. 464,
7>. 123.

Hydrocephalo , 0£/ fmgulari , ». 4<5<5, />. 278.

X*

Patrum , e Soc.Ohf Agronomic* , 1741, ». 468,

p. 306.

Jewels , the poliftiing them praftifed before Mofes’s Time,
#. 471, p. 588.

Indian Poilon, an Antidote to it, «. 462, 7. 2.

Infante , Obf. de ; qui Saccum jdqtta plenum , Off Sacro

nfqtie ad ‘Talos propendentent-) habuit , 0. 466, />. 277.

Infect, a Water, that being cut into Pieces, becomes fo
many Animals. See Polypus, ib. p. 218.

— new Obf. on them by M. Bonnet , n. 470, p. 458.

which are multiplied by Cuttings or Slips, /£.

7>. 468.

Instrument , Sir If. Newton’s , for Obf. the Moon and fixt
Stars at Sea, «. 465, />. 155.

Satellitmn Immcrjiones 3 Kmerfmes Obf Pekini , 1741,
«. 468, />. 306.

Inftruments in Ufe in Egypt before Mofes’s Time,
n. 471, 7. 588.

— - a Pen of 3 Jeremiah xvii. 1. p. 589.

M. D. {James) his Queftions in Gunnery, 0. 465 , p.

172.

Juffeu , M. D. ( Bernard de) of cutting Star-fifh, and their
iRrfrfw growing again, n. 467, p. 295,

K.

Kent , a Diary of the Weather there, n, 466, />. 243.

Kerfeboom (Will.) Extract of his fecond and third Treatife
of the Quantity of People in Holland , &c. of the Lives
of Widows, and Duration of Marriages, ». 468,7. 315.

f Jac. fheod.) Hifr. natur. Pifcium promovendiC
ATiffbs I. n. 4 62, p. 27.

fc, {harp, (Jofh. v. 2, 3.) e. Knives of lharp Stones,
^471,7.587.

iJ*

Lapilli inCraniis Pifcium , 462, 7. 2p.

1

Lapis

INDEX.

Lapis infernalis , a Sort of; n . 463, p. 72.

Latham , M. D. (R.ev. Ebenezer) of the Pofidon of the
Col lire in the anti ant Sphere , n . 466, />. 221.

Latitude , Obi. in Hudfbn s Bayy n. 4 65, p. 1 5 y, 169.
Laurin. See Laiirin .

Leeavenhoeck (M. — • — ) of thePe^/w Tnfe6f, ». ^66yp. 220-:
Lcgge (Honourable Edward) Obf. of an Eclipfe of the
Mcony Dec. 21. 1740, #. 462, p. 18.

Leghorn , Earthquakes felt there, itf. — 27. 1742,

»• 4^3? A 77-

Ze Pretties M. D. ( Antonins ) de Calculo pragrandi a Mali ere
cum Urina excreto, n. 468, p. 363.

Lightnings extraordinary Ene&s of, 454, p. 135.

Lienis AbfceJJus per Vie ham jaffia Paris Excretioncs anatUSs
n. 466, p: 273.

/.;//)', Pei ; Microfcop. Obf. on its Farinas n. 47 1 3 <53.

Limey Oil of, n. 463, p. 7 6.

Linings M. D. (John) Statical Experiments, aud Meteo-
rological Obi. in S. Carolina , n. 470, p. 45)1.

Longitudes Obf. in Hudfon's Bays n- 4^5, p. 157, 169.

Lord (Rev. Mr. Tho. ) of Worms* whofe Parts live, when
cut afunder, n. 470, p. 522.

Lovell (Tho. Lord ) of a Meteor feen near Hdlkam^ Aug.
174 b n- 4^ 5 5 A h83.

Luna obtexit Jldlam » in w, Feb. 22. 1741, ZV/£/>h, 468,

A 312.

— p in JLyFeb. 24. 1741, ib. p. 313.

— — Sat edit em 3 b yfpr. 20. 1741, /£.

* attigit V, ypr. 20, 1741, ib.

— cbt exit Stcllam in Cauda Cctis ib. p. 314.

Luna Eclip/iSs Jan. 2. 1.741, Pekiniy Obf. n. 468, p. 305?.'
Lunden Meteorolog. Obi. there, ?/. 4 (5(5, p. 243*

Luxations of the Aim with the Shoulder, how reduced,

n. 4 69s A 39S.

M.

Mucky (Mr. — — ') of the Pox in Edinburgh , 1497,//. 4651,
p. 420.

jfZzc Laurin (Colin) of the Bafes of the Cells, wherein Bees
denolite their Honeys n. 471, p. 565.

index.

Mac Laiirin , aft Accpunt of hisTreatife o F Fluxions, n.

p, 225. 4<5p, p. 403. r j/» > d

Magnetic Needle, Obf. of. its Declination in Hudfin s Bay ,
MaBvw, IhQ Upright 9 of the wonderful Increafe of its Seeds,

n. 468, p. 320.

Malm, a Sort of Ojleocolla, n. 471, p. ^34-

Marriages, a Calculation of their Duration, 468,/). 3*5

Martial, Epigr. Lib. IV. Ep. 82. Corn/ of a lOtf-

woemw explained, n, 470, p. 537.

( Cbrijlcph. ) of a Fire-ball feen, and great Explolioti

heard, Dec. 11. 1741, »• 4^2, P ■ *•

Matfcbah , Hebrew Pillars of Stone, 471, P-58 5-

7DW, M. D. (Rich.) an Obf on Poifons, n. 462, p. 7.
Meaftires and Weights, the Standards at the Excheque) ,
Guildhall, Founder s-hall, and the Tower, compared, n. 470,

V' 34 : — the Proportions of the Englifb ■ and

French , n. 465, p. 185.

Medical Cafes, two remarkable, n. 47 i* p. 628.
Meduo-chirurgkn Obf. varis, d job. Dan, Schhchtmg ,

». 466, p. 270. .

Medicburgi, Obf Roris decided £5 Fig. Floccovum mvahum,

n. 464, p. 1 14.

Melon-feeds 42 Years old, n. 464 , p. 11$.

MercuiyTranftt over the to, Of/. 31. 1.736, ^*47 *5 P- 6l2%

. Jpr. 2 1, 1740, ib. 572. O#. »jr. 1743) P-578* ?/* 46^

Meteor feen near Holkham in Norfolk, Aug, 174 *, f/* 4°5>

p. 283. ■ ' " . Q

. --at Peckham, Dec. n, 174*5 ^ 4°4, P- *38* ^

Meteorologies Epbemeridcs Romans, 174*5 f* 46°, P* *03-
Meteorological Oef. for 173*5 *732, *733) *7345 *73 5 5

». 46 <5, p. 243.

; in A Carolina, n. 490, p. 49**

Method us Plant arum D. Haller i, n. 468, p. 381.

Mcbeli, M. D. f ) of the Seeds of Mulhrooms, H. 471,

/>• 5??-

Micro-

Q.q <1 q

I N D E X.

Murofcoplcal Obf. on the Farina of the Red Lily , and of
J Forms mfmutty Corn , n. 471, p. 639.

Middleton (Capt. Chrijlcph.) the Effects of Cold; Obf of
the Longitude, Latitude, and Declination of the Mag-
netic Needle in Hudfon's Bay , n. 465, p. 157.

Miles (Rev. Hen.) of an extraordinary Warmth in the
Air in Jan. 1741-2, n. 462, p. 20.

Obf. of the Mouths of Eels in Vinegar,

and of a ftrange aquatic Animal ) n. 469, p. 415.

■ Parhelia feen Dec. 19. 1741, n. 462, p. 46.

Mdler ( Jofeph ) a Catalogue of 50 Plants for the Lear
1740, n. 471, p. 6.10,

Milner , M. D. (Tho.) of a Meteor feen Dec. n. 1741,
n. 464, p. 138.

Mil-ward , M. I). (Edward) of an Antidote to the Indian
Poifon in the IF. Indies , n. 462,' p. 2.

Mimofa arbor efcens Americana , &c. fore albo , //. 462, 7). 6".

Mock-Suns. See Parhelia .

d/ectf and Ext Stars, an Inftrument to obferve. their Dis-
tances at Sea, n. 465, p. 155.

~ eclipfed Dec. 21. 1740, in New England , n. 471,

P- 577-

. 0«. 22. 1 743 ? Obf. at London , /A p . 580. .

Alorf , Tumuli fepulchrales, there, n. 464, p. 134.

Mofiyn , Bart. (Sir Tho. ) ot a golden Torques, n. 462,

P* 24-

Mujhrooms \ of their Seeds, by Mr. Pickering, n. 471,
7>. 593. By Mr. Watfon , /A p. 599.

Animalcules of the Maggot, or Fly-kind,,

found in them, /A 597. ...

Naples Meteorolog. Obf. there, 4<55, p. 244.

Needham (Turbervi l ) concerning Malm, andfome Microfco-
pical Obf. on the Farina of the Red Lily , and of Worms
difcovered in f nutty Corn , #. 471, p. 634.

Needle, Magnetic, it Declinations, Obf in Hudfon s Bay,
n. 465, , p. 157. # ,

Ar^ro Poilon, and its Antidote, n. 462, p. 6.

New-

INDEX.

Neiv-Engtand, Tranfit of ? over O, Apr. 21. 1740, and C
eclipfed Dec. 21. 1740, Obf. at Cambridge, ft. 471 ,p. 572-

Journal of Earthquakes from 1727 to 1741,

n. 462, p. 33.

Newton (Sir 7/^J an Inftrument for obf. the Moon's DL-
( fiance from the fixt Stars at Sea, n. 4 65, />. 1 5
AbuT Figure , n. 464, 7. 1 14.

Non-cleLtrics , //. 462, p. 14.

Nuremberg , Diaries of the Weather there, //. 466, /. 24A
Nctcutt, (Will.) of the Girl, who lpeaks without a Tongue,
464, p. iy6.

Noiirfe , (Edward ) of Stones found in Bags in the Bladder ,

0. 462, p. 11.

O.

Oak-trees ftruck with Lightning in a Spiral, n. 464,/'. 1 37I
Obelisks in Egypt, their Origin, n. 471, p. 587.

0/7 of Lime, n. 463, p. 7 <5.

OJleocolla , a Sort called Malm, n. 471, />. <534.

<4 . ■ v ■h •

M. D. (Gbrijoph.) Diary of the. Weather for 1734.
fl. 4 66, -p. 244.

Padua, Meteorolog. Obf. there, n. 4 <55, />. 245.

Parhelia feen Dec. 19. 1741, n. 462, p. 46, ?/. 463, />. 61.
Parfcns , M. D. (James) Account of M. le Cat's T>\ ice dcs
■ Sens , n. 4 66, p. 264.

of the Place a, Vital us mar inns, or Sea-Calf,

n. 469, p. 383.

natural Hiitory of the Rhinoceros, n, 470,

p. 523.

Payne, (Win.) Stones in his Kidneys and Bladder, n. 462,
p. 54*

Pedim, (Pufqiial R.) Remarks on the Earthquakes felt in
Leghorn, Jan. 1741, r. 463, p. 77.

Pekini Obf. AJlronomica, 1740 I74h n. 468, p. 30 6.
Pen.of Iron, Jerem. xvii. 1, n. 471, p. 5 89.

Pendula, nnm vi aliqua centrifuga perturbentnr ? 'n. 468,7). 299.
Pc* •ry, M. D. ( Charles) Analyfis of the Water of the Dead-
Sea, of the hot Spring near Tiberiades, and the Hammam
Pharoan Water, n. 462, p. 48.

(^q q q 2 Petre,

INDEX.

petrey ( Robert James Lord) of fome extraordinary Effe&s
of Lightning, n. 464, p. 136.

Phoca , or Sea-Calf, n. 469, p. 383.

Pickering , (Rev. Roger) oi the Seeds of Mufhrooms,

»• 47L P-593-

Pillars of Stone, their antient Ufe, called Matfebah , 471,
P* 5^3*

(Rev. Matthias) Journal of Earthquakes in Afeze/-
En gland, n. 462, 7). 33.

Plant arum Methodus D. Hallcri , ». 468, p. 381.

Plants , a Catalogue of 50 for the Year 1740, by yp/T
Miller , «. 471,/). 620.

Pleuritis fnppurata per Vulvam Puellx excretay n. 46 6y
p. 273.

Poifon , Wejl-Indiany an Antidote to it, 462, p. 2.

Polinas ( Johannes Marchio) num Pend ala vi aliqua centri-
fuga perturb entur ? n. 468, p. 2 99.

- — . Diaries of the Weather, 4 <56, p. 245.

Polijhing Jewels pra&ifed before Mofes’s Time, 471,
p. 588.

Pfflynomio , dc y Joh. Caftillioncus, n. 464, p. pr.

Pc/yp/ taken out of the Hearts offeveral Sailors, juft come
from the Wejl -Indies y n. 464, p. 1 23.

Pr>/yp//j,Frelh- water, an Infe£l, which, being cut in Pieces,
becomes fo many perfe£t Animals, n. 4 <5<5, p. 218, 220*
ih. p. 227. ». 467, p. 281. th 469, p. 422, n. 470 ,p. 510.
Figures of it, 469, p. 434.

■ dried ; Obf. on it, and the Manner of drying,.

n . 47 1, p. 616.

Pox in Edinburgh 1497, n. 469 , p. 420.

Puceronsy Obf on them, by M. Bonnet , 470, p. 465.

Q:

Jguadranty Sir Newton’ s, n. 465, p. 15 >.

R.

R. an Account of his Book oiGunneryy n. 469, p. 437,.
See Robins .

Reaumur (M. — — ) Memoir of the Polypus , 4<5tf,p- 227*
457, p. 2$*.

Revilla

INDEX.

Revillas ( Didacus de) excerpt a ex Ephemeridibus Mettorclc-
gicis Romanis , 1741, n. 466, p. 193.

_ . of the Rain at Rome 1735, n. 466,

p. 245.

Rhinoceros , the natural Hiflory of him, n. 470, p. 523.

. — Albert Durer’s Figure of him falfe, ib. p. 5 24.

Richmond , Lenox , and Aubigny ( Charles Duke of) of the
Polypus , ». 47o, p> 510.

Rixtel ( John van) Extract of Mr. Wm. Kerfebooms fecond
and third Treatife concerning the Quantity of People of
Holland , &c. and of the Lives of Widows , and the Du-
ration of Marriages, n. 468, p. 315.

Robert Lord Bifhop of Corke, of an antient 'Temple in Ire-
latidy like Stone-henge , and of a Stone Hatchet of the

- antient. Irijhy n. 471, p. 581.

Robins (Benj. ) an Account of his Book of Gunnery , n. 4 dp,
P- 437-

Rom# Obf. Meteorologies, 1741, n. 4 66, p. 1^3.

Rore deciduo de , Obf. n. 464, p. 1 1 2.

S.

Sagans of Xenophon, an Hatchet, 471, />• 5%-

Satellitum J-ovis Obf. AJfronom. Peking I74L n- 4^8, />,
30(5.

Saturni-, de Difparitione Annuli Ann. 1743? *7443 47 1 5 P*

602.

Saxum acutum Ovid. Faft. 4. explained, 471, p. 588.

Schlichting {Job. Dan.) Obf. Medico-chirurgicw vari<e, n.
4 <56, p. 270.

Scolopendra lives fome time, though cut into many Pieces,
n. 4 66, p. 231.

Efq; (Geo. Lewis) his Report of the Committee or
the RoyalSociety, appointed to examine fome Queflions
in Gunnery , n. 465, p. 172.

Sea-calf^ or Phoca , 72. 4^9o P’ 3^3*

Seeds of Plants, of their wonderfuPIncreafe, n. 468, p.

3 20.

Seeing , concerning it, n. 4 <56, p. 2 68*

Semi ni S--

3

I N D E X.

Sctninis loco Sanguis expcllitur in Coittt , n. 4 66^ p. 273.

Senftlle-weed , its Root an Antidote to the Weft inch an Poi*
feu , n. 461, p. 4. Itfelf poifonous, ib. p . 0.

Senfitwa Herb a, its Root an Antidote to the Weft Indian
Poifeon , >/. 461, p. 4, Itlelf poifonous, ib. p. 6.

Sheldrake (few/.) ol the Steel-yard Balance-living, n. 462,
p. 20.

iS^/p, ot changing the Air in them, by Mr. Sutton , n. 462,
p. 42*

Lungs, of Dr. ». 463, p. 65.

Shorty M. D. ( 2^0. ) a Cafe of a Dropfy, n. 4 6 <5, />. 223.

Shoulder dillocated ; an Inllrument for reducing it, n. 470,
P- 5 5C

— Luxation of it; how reduced, n. 469, p. 396*

0r Cuttings , InfeCts or Worms, which can be multi-
plied by, z/. 470, p. 468.

Plants that can be multiplied by, n. 470,

p. 478.

Sloanc (Sir Hans) the Senftlle Plant , a Poifcrn, its Root its
Antidote, n. 462, p. 6.

Small-pcx ; bloody Urine in it, zz. 470, p. 539.

Swelling, concerning it, n. 4 66, p. 266. * .

Smu tty-corn Worms, Obf. in it, n. 471, p. 640.

Soap , how to make it lor medicinal Ules, //. 463,

- LecS) aMethod of making, for medicinal Ufes, ib.

Society , the Royal , Standard Weights and Meafures com-
pared with thofe at the Exchequer) Guildhall) Founders -
7W/, and the Tower) Sc. n. 470, p. 54L 5 53-

Sok)fitb ; tranfitus Mercurii) n. 471, p. 6 22, 572, 578.

Soutbwick Meteorolog. Obf. there, 466, p. 243.

Sphere , antient , the Polition of the Colure in it, 4 (5 <5, p.

221.

Spider) Water; not come to Perfection, 469 5 P* 4^*

a$£/zw Pentofa , Obfe. dk) z/. 466, p. 270.

Sporing (Mr ) Meteorolog. Obf. at ^0, //. 465, 243.

Stack*.

INDEX.

Stackhcufe (Rev. Mr. — ) Account of Bridgnorth, n. 464, f.

127, and of tome Tumuli Sepulchraks near it, ib.p. 134.
Standard Weights andMeafures kept at the Royal Society,

• n. 465, p. 185.

compared with thofe kept

at the Exchequer, at Guildhall , Founders- hall, and at the
Tower, n. 470, p. 541.

Star-jijh their Radii grow again, if cut off, n. 467, p. 295.
Statical Experiments in S. Carolina, n. 490, p. 491.
Steel-yard Balance-fwing for Children, p. 462, p. 20.
Stephens ( Joanna ) her Medicines for the Stone failed, n.
462, p. li. ib. 54.

Steckc, M. D. ( Leon ar du s ) de Rare dcciduo, & de-Figuris Fioc-
corum n'rvalium, n. 464, p: 112.

Stone , Ethiopic, ufed as Knives, n. 471, p. 587.

Stone- hatchet of the antient Irijh , n. 47.1, p. 589.
Stone-henge ; an antient Temple in Ireland like it, n. 471.
p. 581.

Stone Pillars, their antient TJfe, called Matfebah, n. 471,
A 58 3-

Stones or Bones in the Head of Filh, n. 462, p . 29.

found in Bags in the Bladder, n. 462, p. 11.

Succino, de', Joh. Ambr. Bearer, n. 468, p. 322.

Suns Mock. See Parhelia.

Sutton, (Mr. ) of changing the Air in Ships, n. 462. p.

42. n. 46 3, p. 62.

Swing the Steel-yard Balance, n. 462, p. 20.

T.

Tapping cured an Afcites, n. 471, p. 62%.

TaJUng, concerning it, n. 4 66, p. 265.

Temples why fo called, n. 471, p. 581.

“ antient; in Ireland, like Stone-hcnge, n. 471, p. 581,

Tennifon (Mrs.) Parhelia feen at Canterbury, Dec . 10. 1741°
n. 462, p. 48. 7 ’

Tiber lades, Analylisof the Water of the Hot Spring, near
n. 462, p. 50. .

Tipula not come to Perfe&ion, n. 46^, p. 418.

Tongue, a Girl who can fpeak without one, n. 464,-/^150.

'll orqussy.

INDEX.

i Torques, a golden one found in England, n. 4 <52, p. 24,

Fewer, the Standard Weights and Meafurcs examined, n,
470,^.549,555.

Trade-winds in the North, in Hudfons Bay, n. 465, p. 165.

Tremblay (M. ) of the Polypus Infe£t, n. 4 66, p. 219,

n. 467, p. 283. n. 470, p. 468, 487. n. 470, p. 510.

Tncwald ( Martin ) of the Vegetation of Melon-feeds 42
Years old, n. 464 ,.p. 117.

Trinder (Tho.) his Cafe, n. 464, p. 104.

Tubulous chalky Concretions, called Malm , n. 47 t, p. 63.

Tumuli Sepulchralcs near Bridgnorth , n. 464, p . 134.

V.

Vapours , Conje&ures concerning their Rife, n-464,p. 140.

Variation of the Needle, Obf. in Hudfons Bay, n. 465, p.
157-

Venereal Difeafe in Edinburgh , 1497, n. 469, p. 420.

Veratrum , its bad Effedfs, n. 468, p. 378.

Vienna , Comet a Obf. Feb . 1743, ». 470, 7). 457.

Vinegar , Eels ip it, n. 469, p. 416.

Vme-grubs , Obf. on them, by M. Bonnet , n. 470, />. 465.

Vifan, concerning it, 77. 4<5tf, />-. 268.

V it ulus Marinas, or Phoca, 0. 469, 7). 383.

XJpfal, Meteorolog. Obf. there, 466, p. 243.

Urtica Marina', a Sort from Barbadoes, n. 471, 7). 591.

Urine, bloody 3 in the Small-pox* n. 470, p. 559.

W.

Wales , Prince of, his Port in Hudfons Bay, various Obf. n.
4*5, p. 157-

Warmth in the AiJr, extraordinary in Jan. 1741-2, n.462,
p. 20.

Warwick (Cha les) a remarkable Conformation, or Lnfhs
Naturez, in a Child, n. 464, p. 152.

Watfon (Will.) Remarks concerning the Seeds of Mujh-
rooms, n. 471, p. 599.

■ Obi', on Mr. Sutton s Invention for changing

the Air in Ships, 453, p. 6 2.

critical Remarks on the Ufe of Wind-tails,

n. 463, p. 62.

Watfon

INDEX.

Watfon (Will.) An Account of Prof Haller s Emtmeratio Stir -
pi um Helvetia indigenarum , n. 468, p. 3 69.

Water, a Man lived 18 Years on nothing but, n. 4 66, p.
240.

* Spider , not come to Perfection, 0. 469, P- 41^*

Weidler ( Job . Frid. ) Meteorolog. Obf. at Witembcrg , 0. 4 <55,
P- 243,

Weights and Meafures 3 the Proportions of the Englijh and
French , 0. 465, p. 185.

— ■■ ■ the Standards at the Exchequer, Guild-

hall , Founder s-hall, and the lower, compared, n. 470,

5 4 * • # _

V> eJi-Frtejland and Holland , the Quantity of People, 0. 460,

P- 3 1 5 •

Wejl-Indian Poifon, Antidote to it, n. 462, p. 2.

Widows , a Calculation of their Lives, 0. 468, p. 3 if.

Wind-fai s, critical Remarks on the Ufe ol them, n. 463 ,
p. 62, and 65.

Witemherg , Meteorolog. Obf. there, 0. 466, p. 243.

Wiuthrop , Prof. Math. {John) of the Traniit of Mercury ,
over the to, ^pr. 21. 1740, and an Eclipfe of the
Moon, Dec. 21. 1740, Obf. at Cambridge in New-Eng -
land, n. 471, p. 572.

Worm, a long one 3 which is to be multiplied by Cuttings
or Slips, 0. 470, p. 468.

a Water 3 which, being cut in Pieces, becomes fo

many Worms, 0. 467, p. 2515.

Worms, whofe Parts live, after they have been cut afun-
der, n. 470, p. 522.

— ■ Obf in fmutty Corn, n. 471, p. 63.

Y.

Hard Standard 3 examined, n. 470, p. 541.

Z.

Zoophyton , like a Marigold-flower, n. 471, p. 590,

/<' I TV I 6”.

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