Natural History Museum Library 000163703 PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT | OF THE Prefent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, O F T H E j INGENIOUS IN MANY Conliderable Parts of the WORLD. VOL. XLIII. For the Years 1744- and 1745. LONDON: Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Gray s-Inn-G ate in Holbourn j Printer to the R 0 y a l Society, M. DCC. XLVL T O JAMES WEST, Efq; Treasurer and Vice-President OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY O F LONDON, FOR Improving Natural Knowledge, This Forty -third Volume of Philofophical Tranfaffiions Is humbly Dedicated \ by His Mojl Obedient y and Moft Humble Servant^ Cromwell Mortimer, R,S, Seer, Devonfliire-Street, near Queen’s Square, LONDON. November ioth, 1746. ADVERTISEMENT. Where-ever it is faid, at the Head of any Paper, Here printed with Additions , or with Alterations ; It is to be underftood, that the Author of fuch Paper made fuch Additions or Alterations himfelf ; for None of them have been made by the Editor. And where it is faid, Trefented on fuch a Day ; It implies that the Paper was not read; the Contents of it being of fuch a Nature as not to be underftood at a bare Read- ing; and that therefore the Subjed in general was only mentioned, or the Title read. ERRATA. In Number 471. p. 589. 1. 4. omitted, not only a Pen of Iron, but alfo the Point of a Diamond, In Num. 473. in the Contents Art. IV. and p. 47. 1. 1. for Warren , read Warwick. In Num. 474. in the Contents, Art . IX. and p. 166, 1. 19. for W hitler, read Winkler , Numb. 472. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. for the Months of January , February , March., and April, 1744. The CONTENTS. I. An eafy Method of procuring the Volatile Acid of Sulphur: By Ephraim Rinhold Seehl ; addrejfed in a Letter to the Prefident and Fellows of the Royal Society. Page i* II. An Obfervation of a Spina bifida, commonly fo termed : By Mr. George Aylett, Surgeon at Windfor. p. io. III. An Improvement on the Brattice of Tapping; vihereby that Operation , injlead of a Relief for Symptoms, becomes an abfblute Cure for an Afcites; exemplified in the Cafe of] ane Roman; and recommended to the Confider ation of the Royal Society ; by Chriftopher Warrick, of Truro, Surgeon. p. 12. IV. A Method of conveying Liquors into the Abdomen during the Operation of Tapping ; propojed by the Reverend Stephen Hales, D. D. and F. R. S. on Occafion of the precedmg Paper-, commu- nicated in a Letter to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D.Sec. R. S. p. 20. V. An Extratt 0/ John Fothergi 1, M. D. Licentiate of the Royal College of Phyficians, London, his EJfay upon the Origin of Amber. p. 21. VI. Remarks on Stones of a regular Figure, found near Bagneres in Gafcony : With other Obfervations communicated by Monfieur Secondar de Montefquieu, of the Academy of Sciences of Bor- deaux, in a Letter to Martin Folkes, Efq; Pref. R. S. p. 2 6. VII. A Letter from Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. to the Prefident, concerning a new-difcovered Sea-Infedt, vchich he calls the Eye- fucker. p. 35. VIII. Some Obfervations on the Hardnejs of Shells, and on the Food of the Soal-Fifh ; by Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. p 37. IX. Hiftoria brevis Morbi, quo deceffit Revercndijf. Pater Jofephus Bolognini, Abbas Bonifacii fiy Alexii, de Urbe atque Congreg. Hieronym. Procter, generalise excerpta per C. M. R. S. Seer, ex Epifola ab Domino Johanne Francifco de Camtllis, M. D. feripta ad Virum clariffimum Didacum de Revillas, Abbatem Hieronym. in 9 The CONTENTS. thef. Prof. Regalis Londin* Lond. to Martin Folkes, Efjuire, Prefdent of the Royal Society, concerning the Attion cf Springs, p. 46. XI. D. Albert. Haller Concil. Aulic. & Archiatri Regit Britann. & Elettoris Brunfvic. Prof. Anat. <& Bot. Gottingenfis, SS. RR. Ang. Suec. Soc. Obfervatio de Ovarii Steatomate, & de Pilis ibidem inventis. p. 71, XII. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants -from Cbelfea Garden , pre- jented to the Royal Society by the Company of Apothecaries, for the Tear 1741, purfuant to the Direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med. Reg . & nuper Soc. Reg. Prcef. By Jofeph Miller, Apothecary , Hort. Chelf. Praf. ac Praelec. Botan. p. 77. XIII. An eafy Method of procuring the true Jmprejjton or Figure of Medals, Coins, &c. humbly addrejfed to the Royal Society : By Henry Baker, F. R. S. p. 77. XIV. Obfervations on the Manna Perficum : By John Fothergill, M. D. Licentiate of the College of Phyficians , London. p. 86. XV. Cyan us Foliis radica'ibus partim integrity partim pimiatis , Braffiea Calycis ovali , Flore fulphureo ; per Albert. Haller, Prof. Anat. & Bot. Gottingenf. RR. SS. Ang.e^ Suec. 5. defcriptus. p. 94. XVI. A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Roger Pickering, V. D. M. to C. Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. concerning the Propagation Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Grafs-Inn Gate 'm.Holbourny Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlxv. p. 40. 1, M. D. F. R. S. <& Coll. Med. and Culture of Mufhrooms. p. 96. I. An I. Jn eafy Method of procuring the Volatile Acid o/Sulphur,^ Ephraim Rinhold Seehl$ addreffed in a Letter to the Prefident and Fellows of the Roial Society. of Sulphur was greatly wanting, I take the Liberty of laying fuch a Method before you, in order to its being difpofed of as ye {hall think proper. The Difficulties which attend the making of the Oleum Sulphur is per Campanam , even after the Im- provements of M. Homberg , are fo great, the Pro- cefs fo tedious, and the Produce fo moderate, that this Preparation is rarely to be met with in the Shops j but the Oil of Vitriol is commonly fold, and ufed, in its head. Nor, perhaps, if the true Oleum Sulphur is per Campanam could be obtained cheap, is this the Thing fo much wanted in Chymiftry, Pharmacy, and Phyfic, as the volatile Acid of Sulphur j containing not only the Oleum Sulphur is ^ as it is called, but, at the fame time, the pure native Gas , or highly volatile Spirit, of the Sulphur 5 which in our Method is preferved ; and which, we have Reafon to believe, confiderably increafes its Virtues, both as a Menflruum, and a Medicine. But of this, Gentlemen, ye are the pro* pereft Judges? who are too well acquainted with the Writings and Difcoveries of Mr. Boyle , Becher}Hom- Gentlemen , Read at a Meeting of the Royal Society, Jan. 19. 743-4. AVING found that a com- modious and cheap Method of obtaining the true volatile Acid A berg , C * ] berg, and Stahl, upon this Subjed, to receive any Information from me. Permit me only to fay, it was Dr. Stahl’s Method of procuring the volatile Acid of Sulphur, that put me upon the Thought and Endeavour of doing the fame Thing in a better Manner : And, indeed, I look upon my Method to be no more than an Im- provement of his ; and this will appear by the Pro- cefs which follows: Tho’ I have Two Ways of ob- taining the Spirit of Sulphur; one by the means of fixed Alkali Salt ; and the other by means of the fame Salt and Quick-lime. Process I. To make the -volatile Spirit of Sulphur with Alkali Salt per fe. Take a Pound of the Flowers of Brimftone, and Five Pounds of dry fixed Alkali Salt ; grind them together, and put the Mixture into an Iron Pot ; add, by degrees, a little Water, fo as firft to diffolve the fixed Alkali ; then gradually difpofe the Whole to boil, in order the better to diffolve the Sulphur: When thefe have boiled for a Quarter of an Hour, add more Water by degrees ; and, when the Sulphur appears to be diffolved, fibre the Solution ; evaporate it to pci- fed Drinefs in an Iron Pot, till it almoft begins to melt ; then take out the dry Powder when cool put it into a tubulated Retort; which being placed in a Sand-heat, and a Receiver luted on, pour in at the Tube, by degrees, Two Pounds of redified Oil of Vitriol ; and immediately fecure the Tube with a Stop- ple of Chalk, and Luting: Then give a gradual Fire for fome Hours, till all the volatile Spirit of Sulphur 3 is is come over ; after which let the Fire go out ; take oft the Receiver, and carefully pour the Liquor into a Glafs Phial, to be flopped with a Glafs Stopper. The volatile Spirit, thus procured, will be about Twelve Ounces in Weight, and appear tolerably limpid, fmell extremely quick, pungent, and Gaffy or fulphureous, almofl like the Gas Sulphur is , prove ftrongly acid to the Tafte, and in all other Experi- ments ; fo that it may be ufed in the way of a general Acid ; being, perhaps, the beft, in all refpedts, that is hitherto known, except the following : Process IL To make the volatile Spirit of Sulphur cum Cake. Take a Pound of the Flowers of Brimftone, Four Pounds and an half of fixed Alkali Salt ; grind and mix them well together ; put the Powder into an Iron Pot fet over the Fire ; add a little Water, by de- grees, to diffolve the Salt; then boil gently for a Quarter of an Hour; add more Water, and after- wards Three Pounds of ftrong Quick-lime ; let ail boil together for a while: When the Solution is complete, filtre the Lixivium, and evaporate to a dry Powder, as in the Firft Procefs ; put this Powder into a tubulated Retort ; and pour on, by degrees, a Pound and an half of re&ified Oil of Vitriol ; pro- ceed to diftil as before: Thus ye will obtain Eight Ounces of a more ftrong, more acid, and more volatile Spirit, than the former, and of a yellowifii Colour. [ 4 3 Observat ions. I. The Proportions of the feveral Ingredients here fet down, I have found, by repeated Trials, to be the beft. Five Pounds of Alkali Salt are thus ab- folutdy neccffary to diilolve One Pound of Sul- phur ; tho\ when Quick- lime is ufed, as here fpe- cified, Four Pounds and an half of fixed Salt are fufficient ; or even Four Pounds, if the Quick- lime be very good and ftrong : So much doth the Lime ftrengthen the Lixivium, or enable it to dif- foive the Sulphur. II. Thefe Two Proceffes differ fomewhat confidera- bly, as to the Quantity and Quality, both of the Spirit and Caput moriuum they afford. The Spi- rit made with Lime is lefs in Quantity, but fpe- cifically heavier, and yet more volatile, than the other : And the Caput mortuum with Lime is much whiter, purer, and fitter for making the Tar- tarus 'vitriolatus , than that made without Lime. III. By mixing a Pound of fixed Alkali with the Sulphur at firft, boiling them a little, and filtring the Liquor, then adding Two Pounds more of the Salt along with Two Pounds of Lime, I have found, that the Sulphur fooner diffolves, than if I put the whole Quantity in at once ; and thus, after the fecond Filtration, I put in the reft of the Salt and Lime, till all the Sulphur is diffolvedj as finding this the readier Way to perfed the So- lution. IV. In the Diftillation, a little of the Sulphur will fomerimes fublime into the Neck of the Retort j and this feems owing cither to making the Fire too [ 5 ] too fierce at the Beginning, or ufing the Oil of Vitriol too weak : But fuch a Sublimation of the Sulphur is no farther Detriment to the Operation. V. VVhen Lime is ufed in this Procefs, a confidera- b!e Proportion of fixed Alkali Salt may be faved, the Spirit be rendered ftronger, and the Caput mortuum cleaner and whiter, fo as to make an excellent Tartar of Vitriol, by Solution, Filtration, and Cryftallization : But it muff be obferved, That the Produce of this Tartar of Vitriol, when pre- pared, is not near fo large as when no Lime has been ufed in it; and accordingly I have found, that -the dry Powder, remaining after the Solution and Evaporation of the Sal Alkali and Sulphur alone, weighs as much as they did originally : Whereas, when Lime has been ufed, the remaining Powder has weighed half a Pound lcfs than the original Weight of the Sulphur and fixed Salt ; which feems a curious Phenomenon ; and might lead to farther Difcoveries of the Relation betwixt Lime and fixed Alkali Salt, <&c. VI. The Advantages of this Method, in refped of M. Hombergs , are, (i.) That it gives a much larger Quantity of the Acid of Sulphur. (2.) That it gives a very vo- latile Acid i whereas his is fixed, fo as fcarce to differ from Oil of Vitriol. (3.) That it is ob- tained in a much more eaCy and cheap Manner. (4.) That this Spirit has, probably, much greater medicinal Virtues. (5.) That it is a much more powerful Menftruum ; efpecially with regard to Metals, and particularly their Cryftallization. (<5.) That the Caput mortuum is a Medicine of great [ 6 3 great Ufe ; and may defray the Expence of the whole Operation; being, perhaps, the beft Way of making the Tartarus vitriolatus perfectly pure and neutral for medicinal Purpofes; its expected Virtues greatly depending upon its being clean and neutral. VII. Our Method has alfo feveral Advantages over Dr. Stahl’s ; tho’ his indeed affords a volatile Acid. But then, (i.) His Method burns the Sulphur, and, confequently, cl e (troys its Texture, and throws off, or exhales, Part of the Spirit or Gas ; whereas ours gently diffolves the Sulphur, and only divides it, fo as to leave the Acid afterwards feparable by a Wronger or more ponderous Acid ; and no-way confumes or'deftroys the inflammable Part, as Burn- ing does. (2.) Our Method is more neat or ele- gant than his, and affords a larger Produce, at a cheaper Rate, and in greater Ferfedtion, both as a Medicine, and as a Menftruum leaving alfo the Tartarus vitriolatus cleaner, and fitter for Ufe a§, a Medicine. VIII. Perfons but little verfed in chymical Philofo* phy, and the Operations it makes ufe of, might be apt to fufpeft, that this Spirit of ours is not a pure Spirit, or Acid of Sulphur ; but mixed with the Oil of Vitriol, here ufed as the Medium to feparatc the Spirit from the Sulphur and fixed Alkali : But ye, Gentlemen, very well know it to be an univerfal Law, that an heavier or ftronger Acid, ufed in a fuitable Proportion, conftantly, in thefe Cafes, feparates a weaker, and leaves it free to rife by itfelf in Diftillation, as it remarka- bly does in the prefent Operation; where all the Oil [ 7 ] Oil of Vitriol employed unites with the fixed Al- kali, fo as to make the true Tartarus euitriolatas ; and leaves the lighter Spirit quite detached and free to rife, and come over the Helm in Diflillation : So that this volatile Spirit and the fixed Oil of Vitriol are by no means the fame Thing ; nor fhould the one be ufed for the other, efpecially in Phyfic. IX. But tho’ the Oil of Vitriol be allowed to differ from the volatile Acid of Sulphur, fome may ima- gine, that there is no Difference betwixt this vola- tile Acid and the volatile Spirit of Vitriol, as it comes over in the Re&ification of Oil of Vitriol; or betwixt our Spirit and the Gas Sulphuris , which is extremely pungent and volatile : But whoever attentively examines and compares the volatile Spirit of Vitriol, or the Gas Sulphur is, with our Spirit, will foon be convinced of a great Differ- ence; tho’, indeed, they agree in the Point of Gajjy Volatility: For the volatile Spirit of Vitriol is only an impure Phlegm of Vitriol, containing very little Acid, and is chiefly impregnated with the wild Fumes of the Vitriol ; fo as, upon (land- ing a while, to quit the Liquor, and leave it nau- feous, vapid, and grofs ; whereas the volatile Spi- rit of Sulphur long preferves its Volatility, the purer Gas being here lodged in a pure acid Liquor, lefs clenfe and grofs than Oil of Vitriol ; fo that when, by being long unfeopped, this acid Spirit lofes of its Volatility (as it will do), yet it never lofes of its Acidity ; and even then appears to be the mod pure and perfed Mineral Acid we can any way procure. And, as to the Gas Sulphur is , when [ 8 ] when made in Perfection ; this is no more than the Fumes of burning Brimftone catch’d and de- tain’d in Water : So that this Preparation, wanting the Acid, cannot be compared, in that refpeCt, with our Spirir, which has it in Perfection. X. What the Medicinal Virtues and Ufes of our vo- latile Acid of Sulphur may be, I humbly fubmit to you, and the learned Phyficians, to whom it belongs ; only beg Leave to obferve, that if what we find in numerous learned Phyfic-Books be juft, there are Hopes, that it may prove a noble Medicine in many Kinds of Fevers, the Small pox, and even in Plagues. In fome of thefe Books we read, that malignant Fevers are owing to a Superabundance of volatile alkaline Salts in the Body ; and, if that be the Cafe, one might hope to neutralize or deftroy fuch a Superabundancy of volatile alkaline Salts, by the prudent Ufe of this fine volatile Acid ; which is capable of being mixed with Water, Julaps, and mo ft Sorts of Drinks. XL I likewife find. That the Origin of all Pefti- lences and Plagues has been allign’d to the fol- lowing Caufes j viz- (i.) The Carcafes of Men, Horfes, or Cattle, kill’d or {lain, and putrefying above-ground by Heat and Moifture, and thus in- fecting the Air by their noxious, volatile, urinous alkaline Salts, that copioufty iffue from them in fuch a putrefying State. (2.) Dead Fifh, thrown out of the Sea, and putrefying on the Shore ; or Swarms of dead Infects, bred in Fens and Marfhes, drowned in the Ocean, and thrown on Shore by the Tides, and left to putrefy in hot moift Cli- mates. (3.) Woollen Goods, Silks, and Apparel, packed [ 9 3 packed up or worn by infe&ed Perfons, or thofe that attended the Sick, or that came from infeCted Places. (4.) Unwholfome Diet, or corrupted pu- trefying Meats, abounding with too fubtilized, or too rarefied, volatile, urinous Salts. (5.) Mineral, arfenical, and poifonous Damps, Vapours, Exhala- tions, &c. arifing from Vulcano’s, Mines, Grot- to's, by means of fubterraneous Heats and Fer- mentations. XII. It were eafy, by natural Reafoning upon thefe Caufes afiign'd of the Plague, to fhew that Dif- tcmper confifts in a kind of putrefactive State of the Body, when the Salts are volatilized, un- fheath’d, and let loofe to tear and wound the Solids, after deftroying the Texture; and, confe- quently, that the volatile Acid, here fhewn to be eafily procurable, is a natural Remedy in fuch Cafes: But, being fenfible how fallible all fuch kind of Reafoning may be, I intirely fubmit the Whole to your maturer Judgments ; and remain. Gentlemen , Tour moft humble Servant, Ephraim Rinhold Seehh B U. An [ 3 II. An Observation of a Spina bifida, commonly fo termed 3 by Mr. George Aylett, Surgeon at Windfor. juft born, a large incyfted Tumour, that feemed capable of containing a Pint of Water, whofe Con- tents had efcaped in the Birth from a fmall Perfo- ration in the Middle of the Cyft ; from whence, on Preflure, iflued out a bloody Serum. Flannels, wrung out of an hot, difcutient, and reftringent Fomentation with Spirits, were twice a Day applied, to prevent its mortifying ; to which the upper Part feemed greatly tending. The firft Four Days there appeared no vifible Alteration in the Child's Health : She fucked well ; was, as hearty and ftrong as moft at that Age are ; no Paratyfls in the Extremities, but a daily Difcharge from the Perforation of nigh Two Ounces of the fame bloody Serum which at firft iflued out. The Nurfe had obferved, that, during all this time, it had not made one Drop of Water. The Fifth Day the Child was convulfed ; which increaling, fhe died in the Night following. On the Diviflon of the Cyft, next Day, there ap- peared a thin membranous Subftance, lining it inter- nally; and might be an Expanfionof the Membrane which invelopes the Medulla fpinalis. A Number pf fmall Blood- veflels appeared about the Perforation September 30. 1740. HERE appeared, covering the lower Part of the Loins of a lufty Infant of C »« 3 of the Bone ; and, underneath a fmall Portion of the Medulla of a very thin Confidence. There was no Opportunity of making a further Examination, thro" the Mother’s Importunities : But the lumbal Verte- bra and Os facrum were taken out, as appears in the Figure annexed. Tab. I. Fig. i. by C M-. A By The Vertebra of the Loins. B C, The Os faerttm . CT), The OJJa Coccyges. E F, The fpinal Procelles of the Vertebra of the Loins j which Spines are here difeontinued, and an Opening formed, F G H /, quite into the Canal of the Vertebra ; fo that the Medulla fpinalis was intirely laid bare without any bony Covering. This Opening has been miftaken for a Parting of the fpinal Pro- cedes into Two Rows; or as if at F they had divided into Two Branches 5 the Two Edges F and G feeling thro’ the Integuments like a Bifurcation of the Spine, and fo have given Rife to the No- tion of a Spina bifida ; which Cafe I doubt whe- ther it ever exifts : For a perfett Spina bifida mud fuppofe the very Canal and Medulla fpinalis to divide into Two Branches, the Bodies of the Ver- tebra to become near twice as wide as ufual, and the fpinal Proceffes to divaricate into Two Rows or Ridges of Spines. C. M. Dr. Rutty , late Seer. R. S. has communicated a Cafe like this. See thefe Tranfaffi* n, $66. p. 98. B 2 III. An [ >* 3 III. An Improvement on the \ TraEUce of Tap- ping ; whereby that Operation , inftead of a Relief for Symptoms , becomes an abfolute Cure for an Afcites, exemplified in the Cafe of Jane Roman ; and recommended to the Confederation of the Royal Society, by Chri- ilopher Warrick, of Truro, Surgeon . Read Feb. 1 6. jL M O N G all the Operations of Sur- ■" 743'4» gery, perhaps there is not one, of equal Importance, lefs oblig’d to Improvements, than that of the Raracentejis ; it being, at this time, notwithftanding the frequent Ufe thereof, in the fame State of Imperfedion as when firft introduced among us ; a mere palliative Remedy, or a Relief for Symptoms. Mr. Monro and Mr. Garengeot have, indeed, thrown fome confiderable Lights thereon ; the former, * by fubftituting a Belt, inftead of the ordinary long Bandage for comprefling the Abdomen , and in afeertaining the proper Place of Pundure ; the latter, in making the Evacuation at once, and in xinfing the emptied Cavity, to remove the feculent Part of the Waters; which, fubfiding therein, and being apt, by its Acrimony, to make rude Impref- fions on the Vifcera, he fays, f frequently occafion Mortifications thereof. Thefe are, I believe, the only Improvements therein ; at leaft, that feem to * Vide Medical E flays, Vol. I. Art. 18. f Traite des Operations ■de Chirurgie, Chap. 6. Art. 6< tk.la Paracenthefe. have C 1$ 1 have fufficient Solidity in them to recommend them- felves to our Pradice. Its proper Objed, an Afcites, however, dill baffles our Endeavours, and renders the Ufe of it contemptible and precarious j always af- Turing us of a Relapfe, by returning as condantly as ever we put this Method alone in Pradice to remove it 5 fo that, even in cafe of its being confider'd as a pal- liative Remedy, or a Relief of the Symptoms, by repeating the Ufe of the Trochar, we mud fuppofe, an the fame time, an equal Certainty of Pain, conti- nual Anxiety, and, perhaps, Death ; which, at lad, mud be the inevitable Confequence of it. From thefe Confiderations, and a fincere Willirtg- nefs to communicate to others what I think herein has been of Service to myfelf, I am inclined to believe the following Piece of Pradice, confidering the Nature and Importance of it, may not be unac- ceptable to the Public 5 not only as it tends to efta- blifh an abfolute Cure for an Afcites , butlikewife as it may afford us fome Light in the Treatment of an Hydrocele , Hydrops Refforis, Ovarii, and other Dif- eafes incident to the human Fabric. In 1742, among a great many Hydropics that fell under my Care that Year, I was called to the Aflid- ance of one fane Roman . She was an Inha- bitant of the Parifh of St. Agnes , near Fifty Years of Age, and confined to her Bed, under that Species of Dropfy called Afcites, owing its Rife, fome Years before, to the Severity of a lingering intermittent Fever. The mod remarkable of her Complaints were, Lofs of Appetite, difficult Breathing, unquench- able Third, Suppredion of Urine, and a fhort, im- portunate, adhmatic Cough, joined to that edential Symptom, [ *4 ] Symptom of the Difeafe, a large Quantity of extra- vafated Waters in the Cavity of the Abdomen , di in- tending it to an enormous Size, and perceptibly fluctuating. Her more inferior Parts were likewife fwoln to an uncommon Magnitude, with livid Spots and V efications in divers Places. Under thefe Circum- fiances, and already fatiatcd with tedious Courfes of ineffectual Medicines, I drew from her {Sept. 20th) Thirty-flx Pints of a greenifh tranfparent Lymph, by a Taracente/is made after the ufual Manner 5 whereby her Complaints vanifhed, and lire was foon re-efla- blifned on Foot again. With fome Part of the ex- traded Lymph, which I had conveyed to my own Houfe, on my Return thither, I made the following Obfervations : O B S. I. Being as warm as it came from the Abdomen, with one Pint of it I mixed the like Quantity of frefh Briflol Water ; and immediately a flight Coagulum enfued. Obs. II. In mixing equal Parts of warmed Lymph and Cohere Claret together, the fame Phenomenon appeared 5 the Coagulum fubftded, and the Mixture became milky. Obs. III. Being mixed with Pyrmont Water, it manifefted little or no Change, only went turbid. Obs. IV. I mixed a Decodion of the Cortex with the like Quantity of warm Lymph, and it dropped a branny Sediment. Obs. [ *5 1 Qbs. V. Lymph per fe , boiled, became gelatinous ; but, being mixed with a ftrong Solution of Terra foliata Tartarty it foon refumed its former Fluidity. Obs. VI. In bringing the above Mixture to a State of bail- ing, the Phenomenon of Coagulation appeared more eminently in each of them > efpecially that with Cla- ret. Eatons Styptic, Tormentil-roots, Pomegranate- peels, and almoft every Reftringent, more or lels afforded the fame Appearances of Coagulation. Notwithftanding the Difappearance of the Sym- ptoms, and the favourable ProfpeCt that enfued the Evacuation of the Waters, the Relief which fhe had thereby was only temporary, and of a fhort Dura- tion : For, Sept. 30. An Inundation again alarmed her, and obliged her forthwith to remove the Bandage, for Fear of Suffocation. Hence, to the latter End of Obfcber , fhe re-filled/ incredibly ; and, notwith- ftanding any Method ufed to prevent it, within Forty Days after the Taracentefis , there was again col- lected, in the Abdomen , and depending Parts, a Quantity of Lymph, equal to, if not greater than, that which I had but juft before thence extracted. All her former Complaints, efpecially the cJDyfpnoeai likewife returned, and opprefted her more violently than ever. Obf. 29. The Waters being ready to break their Confines, and the Pain and Diftention infupportable under them, Che again defired my Aftiftance to re- lieve C *6 ] lieve her. I had, by this time, drawn Tome Con- clufions from the above Obfervations on Lymph and Reftringents, and flattered myfelf, that fome of them, cfpecially thofe of the warmed kind, applied imme- diately to the Parts affe&ed, (the ruptured Lympha- tics) mufl, according to their known Modus of Ope- ration, clofe up their Mouths, and prevent a further EfFuflon of their Contents, and, confequently, a Return of the Difeafe. In order then to obtain this deferable End, I re- folved to try their Efficacy, by way of Inje&ion, on the emptied Cavity : And, for this Purpofe, the Claret and Briftol Water feemed to claim the Su- periority in my Efteem ; not only as they produced the flrongeft Coagulum with Lymph, but likewife in being the fafefl, and leaft liable to create any uneafy Senfations on the Vifcera. The Experiment, how- ever, being of a pretty Angular Nature, I communi- cated my Sentiments thereof to Dr. Colwell, and Dr. RuJJell, Two eminent Phyficians of our Count)7', and had the Pleafure of finding them meet in their Approbation : The latter, favouring me with his Prefence, faw the Conduct of the whole Affair. My apparatus was, a large Trois-quarts , made on purpofe, and dipped in Oil j an Injector, capable of containing Two or Three Pints, adapted thereto j and Three or Four Gallons of blood-warm Injection, compofed of equal Parts of Cohore Claret, and frefh Briftol Water 5 befides Comprefs, Bandage, &c. as is ufual on thefe Occallons. It was conducted pretty near after the Manner following : Being feated on her Bed-fide, and proper Affiflants attending her, I plunged the Trois quart into the Abdomen . [ >7 ] Abdotne?z, about Five or Six Inches below, and as much on the Left Side of the Umbilicus ; and thereby foon difcharged upwards of Twenty Pints of fuch clear briny Lymph as 1 had before ; which Quantity did not exceed Two Thirds of the Whole, though as much as her Strength could well bear: The Cla- ret and Brijlol Water being then in Readinefs, I began to rcplenifh the empty Cavity therewith ; but 1 had fcarce injected Ten or Twelve Pints of it, before a Syncope , a very material Obftruction, made fome Advances, and would fain baffle my Dcfign. Here I perceived the great Expedition neceflary in condu&ing this Experiment; that Symptom being more or lefs violent, as 1 happened to be dextrous, or remifs, therein ; and was, for the mod part, the only one of Confequence that attended it. Quicken- ing therefore my Hand as faff as I was able, and art Affiftant {topping the Mouth of the Cannula with his Finger, to prevent a Return, I foon brought her up to her former Magnitude, and had the Pleafure thereby of feeing the above Symptom fufpended. I had then Time to ask her, what kind of Scnfation this new Piece of Pradtice excited within the Cavity ? and whether or not fhe thought herfelf capable of under- going it a fecond time? She anfwered me in the Affirmative ; and faid, It feemed as it were entering her Stomach. Notwithftanding I had Reafon to be- lieve my Intentions already anfwered, as much as in bringing thofe Redringents in Contact with the Parts affected, yet, as there was a great Quantity of Lymph left behind in the Cavity undifeharged, which, on account of the Syncope , I could not well prevent, I imagined their Action, and full Efficacy, might C thereby [ >8 1 thereby be, in feme degree, interrupted. Every thing therefore being in a favourable Way, I repeated the Mixture far a l'ccond Injection (the Claret being in a doub'e Proportion of the Water, to render it the more efficacious for that Purpofe) ; drew off the whole Contents of the Abdomen to as much as would flow through the Cannula ; repeated my Injections as before and once more, without the lead Interruption, rcplcnifhed her therewith. This total Difcharge, however, made a great Al- teration in the Face of Affairs j and her being full, and under Diffention, now, altered not, as it did at firff, the Cafe. A pungent Pain poffefied her Bread, frequently darting through all the Vifcera ; her Breathing became extremely difficult; her Pulfe fal- tered ; the Syncope returned ; and flae became fpeech- lefs. Under thefe Circumftances it was high time to conclude my Defign and therefore, having, emptied the Cavity, as well as the Violence of them would permit it, I withdrew the Cannula , applied pro- per Comprefs and Bandage, and finifhed the Opera- tion after the ufual Manner ; which was the more agreeable, as it ended with the perfed Pvecovcry of her Senfes. The Day following, ( OCt . 30.) on repeating my Vifft, which 1 did for divers others fucceffively, I had the Pleafurc of finding Things under a favour- able Difpofition ; a gentle "DiaphorejiSy from a liberal Ufc of Cardiac Medicines, having totally removed the Syncopey Dyfynoea, and all other Complaints. November 12. I renewed my Bandage, and fet her- on Foot again. The: C *9 ] The 24th I waited 011 her again for the fame Pur- pofe ; found the Swelling in the Extremities going off, her Heart in a chearful Difpofition, her Appe- tite ftrong, and no Symptom of a Relapfe, as fhe formerly had long before that time approaching. ’Dec. 1. the laft Vifit I made her, fhe told me. That there was no further Occafion for my Aflift- ance; and that the only Complaint fhe had then, was, in not having the good Luck to experience this Remedy fooner. Finding every thing therefore in a favourable Way, her Appetite well, her Urine in due Quantity, her Breathing clear, and the extreme Parts of their natural Size, I left her in Purfuit of that Health which file foon acquired, and now enjoys in as eminent a Degree as any other Perfon whatfo- ever. To concludes The Integuments, and other Parts of the Abdomen , having not yet recovered their former Tone j or, for aught I know, fome of the In- jection being coagulated therein j fhe ftill is, and ever has been, fince 'the Operation, fomewhat above her natural Bignefs : However, it is fo far from being an Inconvenience to her, that fhe made me a Vifit, on a trifling Occafion, a few Days fince, on Foot ; and informed me, that fhe had, of her own Choice, walked Seven Miles that Morning for the Purpofe. Her Welfare now is upwards of a Twelvemonths Standing. r 20 j IV. A Method of conveying Liquors into the .Abdomen during the Operation ^Tapping ; propofed hy the Reverend Stephen Hales, D. D. and F. R. S. on Occajion of the pre- ceding Paper ; communicated in a Fetter to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. S 1 R, Feb. 22. 1743-4. Read Feb. 23.lT t occurred to me, on your reading, I743"4' JL Thiirfday laft, before the Society, the Cafe of the Woman at Truro in Cornwall , who was cured of a Dropfy, by injecting into the Abdomen Brijtol Water and Cohore Wine, after having drawn off a good Quantity of the dropfical Lymph a ; that, in cafe of further Trial, that, or any other Liquor, fhall be found effectual to the Purpofe, it might be more comrriodioufly injected in the following Man- ner j viz. By having Two Trochars fixed at the fame time, one on each Side of the Belly; one of them having a Communication with a Veffel full of the medi- cinal Liquor by means of a fmall leathern Pipe: This IJquor might flow into the Abdomen , as faft as the dropfical Lympha pafled off through the other Tro- ckar whereby the dropfical Lympha might be con- veyed off, to what Degree it fhall be thought proper ; and that without any Danger of a Syncope from Inanition; becaufe the Abdomen would, through the whole Operation, continue diflended with Liquor, in fuch a Degree as fhall be found proper, by railing or lowering the Vc-lfcl with the medicinal Liquor in it. It [ » ] It is probable, that, if the Surface of the medicinal Liquor be about a Foot higher than the Abdomen , it may be fufficient for the Purpofe. It were eafy to find the Force with which the Abdomen is diftended by the dropilcal Lympha, by feeing to what Height it arofe in a Glafs Tube fixed to th cTrochar-, which Tube being taken away, it might, I fuppofe, be fufficient to have the medicinal Liquor flow in from a leffer perpendicular Height, than that to which the dropfical Lympha arofe in the Glafs Tube. I am, , V. An ExtraSi of John Fothergill, M. D . Licentiate of the Royal College of Phyii- cians, London, his Effay upon the Origin of Amber. tw March i. jk FTER all that has been wrote upon 1 743-4- fjk. t^ie Subject of Amber, its Origin is yet, in a great meafure, unknown. Several inge- nious Men have fearched into this Affair upon the Spot where the Amber is principally gathered : They have related their Obfervations with great Candour j they have given us the Conclufions they drew from the Fads they difeovered 5 yet without fatisfying us intirely about many Particulars, SIR, Tour humble Servant But, [ ] But, as a Knowlege of the Nature of Things can only be acquired from the Things themfelves, I have carefully colleded every material Fa but changed into its pre- fent Form by a mineral Acid ? It will only be neeefifary, in this Place, to mention, that, after having {hewn the Difficulty of maintain- ing the Two firft, l have undertaken to fupport the laft of thefe Opinions, I endea- [ *3 ] I endeavour to make it appear, that Amber was, in its Origin, a vegetable RelTn ; the Product, per- haps, of the Fir or Pine Kind ; by confidering the Appearance of the Subftance itfelf : And that though it has fome diftinguifhing Properties, yet it has many others, which are common to an indurated Refin. Its Afpecf, its Texture, its Form, are Arguments for this. The Bodies which it is known to inclofe, are urged as Proofs, that this Inclufion could not happen in the Sea,, nor in the Earth, but upon its Surface ; as the included Objects are moftly Animals, mollly Volatiles too 5 very few Reptiles, except fuch as are often found aloft in Trees, as Ants, Spiders, &c. and fcarcely ever any Aquatics, are found in Amber. And, I believe, I may challenge all the Cabinets of the Curious to produce one Inftance of a marine Body having been found naturally inclofed in Am- ber. That there are feveral fictitious ones, is granted. That this Refin with the Trees which afforded it were buried in the Earth by the Deluge, or by fome fuch violent Renverfement, and there conftitute the proper Veins of Amber, I Jikewife endeavour to make appear, from the fame Evidence of Fads, The Subftance of which thefe Veins confift, hath feveral genuine CharaCteriftics of Wood (till remaining. The Texture of this Subfiance is often an undoubted Proof of what it hath been j being fibrous, and, when dried, fwims in Water, 'and burns like other Wood. The Amber is not difpofed in thefe Veins in one con- tinued Stratum s but Lumps of it are irregularly dif- feminated through the Whole of what I call the' woody Mafs. A Dif- [ 2 4 ] A Difficulty, which naturally offers itfelf in this l5 lace, is attempted to be removed What Proof 'have we, that this, which is called Wood, is not mere foil'll Wood, the Product of Creating Power, exerted in the Place where it is now found ? — - It is anfwered, That as there are undoubted Proofs, that many Sub- ftances now occur, where they were not originally framed, we are under no greater Difficulty in account- ing for the Change of Place in one than the other. It is known, that the Exuvia of Fillies are fome- times found on the Tops of the higheft Mountains. The Bones of large Animals are met with at prodi- gious Depths, where Nature never formed, nor Art conveyed them. Whole Woods are found under- ground. The Caufe that effeded thefe, was capable of the other. Yet, allowing thefe Allegations to be juft, by what Caufes is this Change produced ? It is urged, That Time is one of the Caufes and that the reft is com- pleted by the Acid of the Earth, a vitriolic mineral Acid. It is proved, from the Fads above-mentioned. That fuch an Acid is prefect where-ever Amber occurs in its proper Matrix : That it is fometimes found in the Amber itfelf, in its genuine Appearance; That the Acid of the Salt of Amber appears, from Experi- ments, to be vitriolic; That common Turpentine (a known vegetable Rcftn) affords, by proper Ma- nagement with a vitriolic Acid, a confiderable Por- tion of the fame chemical Principles that Amber does; That thofe Pieces of Amber, which have been found foft and inlperfed, are nearly related to a vegetable Refin : In ffiorr, it is endeavoured to be proved, Thar we have the Ingredients of Amber [ *5 1 Amber in our Power, and that nothing is wanting but a fuccefsful Application of them to each other $ at leafl: to procure the medicinal Preparation’s of Amber at an eafy Expence. Time and repeated Triads may, perhaps, ripen this Beginning, in homebody's Hands, into an happy ufeful Imitation of this valu- able Subftance. This Account is concluded with an Inquiry into the medical Virtues of Amber, and home of its prin- cipal Preparations. It is obfcrved, that a Subftance of fo firm a Texture, as fcarce to yield to any com- mon Menfiruum , is not likely to produce any con- fiderable Effects upon the human Body; and that, indeed, there are very few genuine Inftances recorded of any: That bufy Imagination might, probably, at firft, introduce it, Prejudice fupport it, and engage Men of Parts and Authority to recommend it to their inattentive Succeffors. I fhall finifh this Abftrad with remarking, That, were forne of the leifure Moments of Men of great Abilities and Experience devoted to inform the World of the Inefficacy of fuch Methods and Medicines as they have proved to be fo, Phyfic would be reduced into narrower Bounds ■, they would merit the Thanks of everyone in the Profeffion 5 and Poflcrity, at lead, would commend their Endeavours. D VI. VI. Remarks on Stones of a regular Figure found near Bagneres in Gafcony : With other Obfervations , communicated by Mon - feeur Second at de Montefquieu, of the Aca- demy of Sciences ^"Bordeaux, in a Letter to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Pr. R. S. * Read Mar. 8.^ | H O U G H the Spring called LaFon- I743'4- taine du Saint is at a good Diftance from the Town of Bagneres-, it is, neverthelefs, as much frequented as any in that Country ; and, be- tides its admirable Effeds in curing a great Number of Diftempers, it likewife offers, to the Eyes of the Lovers of Natural Hiftory, a very remarkable Singu- larity. In the firft Bath, through which the largeft of the Two Branches of the Spring flows, there are found, from time to time, fmall Stones, of the Colour of Iron ruft, and of a regular Figure; being either Parallelopipedes with oblique Angles, of which the Sides are unequal ; or fmall folid Bodies with Six Sides, only differing from Cubes or Dice in this, that the Surfaces are not perfectly perpendicular one to another, but a little inclined ; as alfo commonly longer than they are broad, and broader than they are high. The largeft which I have feen were but 1 1 Lines in Length, 9- in Breadth, and 6 in Height: They are moftly a great deal (mailer. I have one which is very odd, being a Parcel of an hundred in one Lump. [ *7 ] Lump. There are fome on which one may obferve fhining Stria, that feem to be of a metallic Sub- ftance. I have heard, that a great many Stones like thefe are alfo found on the Sides of a Brook in Spain $ from whence, without Doubt, they got the Name they are commonly called by, of Ferreles d Efpagne. About Two Months ago, happening to take a Walk in the Road newly made between Bagneres and the Fontaine de Salut , I perceived, that, in dig- ging the Ditch on the Side of the Road, the Work- men had laid open a Rock of a Sort of imperfect Slate, but fofter, and of a lighter Colour, than Slate commonly is. The Rock itfelf is compofed of Layers or Beds lying almoft parallel one over the other : The Subftance of the Slate feems to be a Compofttion of Fibres or Strings, placed on the Sides of each other, and equally inclined to their Beds or Layers ; whence it comes, that, upon breaking them with a Hammer, the Pieces, fometimes, are pretty like the Figure of a regular Parallelopipede with oblique Angles. Upon a narrower Examination of this Sort of Slate, I found a great Number of Parallelopipede Stones, like thofe before fpoken of, only fmaller : I have feen them of all Sizes, from thofe in which the larged Side is but of Two or Three Lines. I obferved alfo, after having broken to pieces feveral little Bits of Slate, certain black Spots; which, by the Help of a Microfcope, I found to be real figured Stones. Beftdes this, I took notice, that everyone of thefe Stones, as long as it remains in the Rock, is always found between Two Bundles or Clufters of tranfpa- rent Fibres, of which, generally, one is placed on D 2 the [ *8 ] the one, and the other on the opposite Side. Thefe Bundles are larger in great Stones : Thefe which feem, to the naked Eye, to be but fmali black Spots, arc, neverthelefs, accompanied by their Bundles. 1 have Home of thefe Stones, where the tranfpa- rent Fibres, of which every Bundle is compofed, had left a Vacancy in the Middle of their Axes ; This fort of Conduit being coloured with a Matter of a tufty Colour, one finds likewife, fometimes, between the Fibres a little of this rufty-coloured Matter; and now-and then metallic and fhining Veins. One might fay, that the Ufe of thefe transparent Fibres is the Fame as of Strainers ; which (let the Matter be of a metallic Nature or not) buffer nothing to pafs thro’ them to the little Stones, but fuch Particles as are proper to advance their Growth, and fo to ferve them as it were for Roots. In Bits of imperfebt Slate, tho5 harder, and of a bluer Colour, than the Sort I before mentioned, are found lmall Stones, of a like Figure, but different in this, that they are of a fine and Alining brafs Colour. They are, as well as the others, accompanied by tranfparent Lumps. One meets likewife with large Stones of the Colour of iron Ruft in feveral Rocks thereabout. It is pro- bable, that the Fontaine de Salut paffes thro' one like that I have deferibed ; and, if it meets with any of thefe figured Stones in the Sides of the Conduits thro' which it paffes, it cafily loofens them, and carries them along with it. The Bundles of tranf- parent Fibres flick pretty faft to the Slate or Rock, but are (lightly fattened to the little Stone, from which they are very cafily feparated. Hence it comes, that all thofe which fall into the Bath, or Fontaine [ X? 1 Fontaine de Salut, are got thither without their Bundles. The Formation of thefe Stones deferves to be examined : If it was carefully ftudicd, it might, per- haps, give Light to the Formation of other figured Stories. It even feems, that, by beginning with this Figure, which is the moft Itmple that one can ima- gine, one may the rather hope for Succefs in the like Inquiry. This Paralleiopipede Figure with oblique Angies is common to many Stones in the Country of Bag- neres , and the neighbouring Mountains. Several Cryftallizations of the Grotto of Campari break into Fragments of this Figure : Thofe which hang down from the Top of the Vault of that Grotto, are, ori- ginally, fmall hoilow Pipes, formed by the Water which trickles down Drop by Drop ; and whole outer Surface, fixing themfelves by their fmall Bafes, forms, by degrees, a fort of blunted Pyramids, which, like fo many Rays from the Axis, which is nothing but the hollow Pipe, become folid at iaft. This Axis feems compofed of Plates, almoft cylindrical, laid one over another ; but, if broken, the Whole divides into Fragments of a Paralleiopipede Figure. The blunted Pyramids, that are about the Axis, divide themfelves at firft into other blunted Pyramids ; but, afterwards, almoft all thefe Fragments divide of them- felves into other Fragments of a Paralleiopipede Figure. The Stone of the Mountain of Barege , upon which the Asbefios grows, breaks alfo conftantly into Frag- ments of the fame Figure. ~ I have likewife preferved a Bit of Rock half trans- parent, the Fragments of which are like the others. Having C 5° 3 Having feen feveral Produ&ions of Nature, in which one difeovers, that the Figure I have been fpeaking of fo remarkably prevails, I was neverthe- lefs furprifed, when I found the fame Figure in the Sediment of the Water of the Fontaine de Salut. I had Jet a confiderable Quantity of the Water of the mineral Spring evaporate ; there remained a fhine- ing Dud, in which I could diftinguifh nothing. I then looked at it through a Microfcope ; and, among feveral Cryftals of a lefs regular Figure, I found many which were quite regular and well-fhaped, with Six Faces, and oblique Angles. Several Perfons, who have, at different times, been Eye-witnefies of this Sight, have been well fatisfied with it. The Waters of this Spring contain no Iron, as it is commonly believed. When you put the Tin&ure of Galls in ir, it grows neither black nor red : This Mixture only turns it a little, and makes it look whitifh, after having flood fome Hours. When thefe Waters are evaporated by a mild and equal Heat, the fmall Cryftals are found fwimming on the Surface ; where they join, and form a Film upon the Water ; fome of which flicks alfo to the Sides and the Bottoms of the Veffel. Thofe Cryftals which are formed firft, are inftpid j but thofe which are produced towards the End of the Evaporation, are, indeed, of the fame Shape, but of a tart and faltifh Tafte. There remains yet a little of this Matter, which cannot be reduced to very regular Cryftals : It is of a very fharp and pungent Savour, but has nothing of the prevail- ing Chara&er of Acid or Alkali ; at leaft, it makes no fenfible Imprcflion upon blue Paper. The [ 3' ] The Waters of the Spring du Tied have the fame Quality as thofe of the Salut : They produce the fame Effed when mixed with Galls ; yield Cryftals exadly of the fame Figure, but in yet greater Quantity. I have not made the fame Experiments with the other Springs at Bagneresi but, it is probable, they do not differ from the former, except as to More or Lefs. To conclude thefe Obfervations; I have alfo found, at Bagneres , a particular aquatic Plant, which I had feen, for the firft time, in the great Bafon of the boiling Spring at Dax : It bears neither Fruit nor Flower, as far as appears; its Subftance is intirely compofed of fmali Bladders full of Air ; the Surface of it is like Net-work or Canvas; it grows only in the hottefl mineral Springs; it may be found at the Spring, called, de la Reine , at the Bath des Bauvres, and at the New Spring ; but mod plentifully at that Place where Part of the Spring de la Reine iffues out of a Rock near the Capuchins. Nobody, as far as I know, has ever fpoken of this Plant, before I gave an Account of it Two Years ago, at the public Re- fumption of our Academical Meetings. The Vege- tation, and particular Qualities of it, may, perhaps, deferve to be more narrowiy examined ; and I believe it may be properly called, Fucus thermalis vejlcularisy Superficie reticulari. Flowever different the preceding Subjed of my Difcourfe may be from what I am next going to fpeak of ; I beg Leave to fet down One Obfervation more, which 1 have made on the Bie du Midy> and of which the Refult may prove curious. It [ 5* 3 It is well known, that the greateft Degree of Heat in common Water is that which it acquires by boil- ing; that is to fay, if Water is put upon the Fire, it grows by degrees hotter and hotter, till it quite boils; but, after that, though there be never fo much Fire added, and it (land never fo long upon it, it will never grow hotter than it was on the firft Inftant, when it began to boil. Hence the Degree of Heat of boiling Water is looked upon as fixed and invariable. Fahrenheit , that ingenious Matter in Mechanics, fo well known by his Mercurial Thermometers, is the firft who has remarked the contrary. He obferved, that the Heat of boiling Water was greater when the Air was heavy (that is to fay, when the Mercury flood higher in the Barometer) ; and, on the contrary, the Heat was lefs when the Air was lighter. Mr. Le Mormier the younger, who has obliged us with a Tranflation of Mr. Cote's Le&ures in Natural Philofophy, with excellent Notes upon thefaid Work, has put Fahrenheit’s Difcovery paft all Doubt, and has very much improved it. On the 6th of QCtoher i739> being provided with a Barometer, and a Mercurial Thermometer of M. CDelifle, he climbed up to the higheft Top of the Canigou, a Mountain in RonJJUlon , which pafles for the higheft among the Fyrenees: There he found his Barometer to ftand at 20 Inches 2~ Lines ; whilft at Ferpignan it flood at 28 Inches 2 Lines. The Difference between the Heat of the Water which he boiled there, and that which he boiled at Ferpignan> was 15 Degrees of his Thermometer. The [ }J ] The fame Thermometer being furrounded with Snow, the Mercury fell down to the fame Degree as pounded Ice had made it do at Paris. Hence he concludes, that the Heavinefs of the Air has a fenfible Influence on boiling Water ; but that it in no way alters the Term of Congelation. All thefe Particulars may be fee n,/>. 408. of Cotes Experimental Lectures ; and in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, Anno 1740. This is the fame Experiment which I have repeated on the Top of the Pic du Midy ; thinking that fo lingular a Fad ought to be obferved more than once. I carried Two Barometers, the Tubes of which the Reverend Father Francis had been fo good as to fill for me with great Care. I had likewife with meTwo Mercurial Thermometers, upon which I fet the De- grees at Bagneres : I took the fixed Terms of the Gradu- ation } that is to fay, that of Congelation, and that of boiling Water, afterwards putting nought to the Term of Congelation. I marked 1809 Difference between this Term and that of boiling Water. Being come to the highefl Top of the Pic du Midy on the 9th of laft July , the Mercury rofe in one of my Barometers to 20 Inches 2 Lines; and in the other, to 20 Inches i-f- Line. I furrounded my Ther- mometer with Snow, and the Mercury fell exadly to the fame Degree as the Snow had made it fall to at Bagneres. Afterwards I plunged it into boiling Water; whereupon the Mercury rofe to 1650 of my Graduation : So that the Difference between the Heat of boiling Water on Pic du Midy} and that at Bag- neres, con filled of 15°. E Ac [ ?4l At my Return to Bordeaux , I obferved, that E had marked the Term of boiling Water 2xBagneres lefs high by 3-5-, than at the Term of boiling Water at Bordeaux , taken at the time when the Barometer was at 28 Inches 2 or 3 Lines: Therefore having anew graduated my Thermometer the the De- gree of the former Graduation fell now upon the i62d; fo that the complete Difference between the Term of boiling Water on the Top of the Bic dti Midy, and that of the fame at Bordeaux , the Baro- meter being at 20 Inches 3 Lines, amounts to 18 Degrees on the Thermometer of Fahrenheit. Now the Conformity between the Obfervation made by M. Le Mounter , and this Repetition of the fame Obfervation, can hardly be greater ; feeing the Heights of the Barometers are almoft the fame ; and the 1 5 Degrees of Difference, found by M. Le Mon - nier on De Lijles Thermometer, amount precifelyco 38 Degrees on the Thermometer of j Fahrenheit, which I made ufe of,. 'Jrr/tu. JTf 4 n 2 . TAB. I ' / [ 35 ] VIL A Letter from Mr. Henry Baker* F. R. S. to the Prelident, concerning a new difcovered Sea-Infedt, which he calls the Eye-fucker, SIR, Read March 8.TT WAS lately favoured with a Couple J'43 4 A frnall Sea-Infe&s, by a Gentleman* who told me, they were found fixed by the Snout to the Eyes of Sprats; that they are often obferved flicking there, and may confcquently be fuppofed to fuck their Nourifhment from thence. As I do not remember this Infedt has been yet mentioned by any body, I hope I fhall be excufed for laying before you a fhort Defcription of it, with a Drawing thereof, as feen by the naked Eye, Tab. I. Fig . 2. and another as magnified by the Microfcope, Fig. 3 . I fhall likewife beg Leave to diftinguifh it by the Name of Eye- fucker , as that Name conveys an Idea of the Manner how it lives* The Length of this little Creature from End to End is near Three Inches, whereof the Head is about one Quarter-part. Its Body is fomewhat thicker than an Hogs Brittle, and of a pleafant green Colour. A Gut feems running through it, and terminates at the Anus. The Head^ is light-brown, twice the Thicknefs of the Body, and of an oblong Figure, tapering towards the Snout. It has a Pair of fins foiall black Eyes, and a Couple of Holes, at fome Diftance forwards, which probably are its Noftrils* E z Btit But the mod remarkable Part of the Head is its Probofcis or Snout $ which is nearly half its Length, and does not end in a Point, but fpreads at its Extremity with a confiderable Aperture. This Snout appears of an horny Subftance, and has, on every Side, feveral large Knobs or Protuberances j whereby, when once infinuated into the Filh’s Eye, it muft necefiarily be fixed there, fo as not eafily to be removed. But this the Figure will more exprefi lively demonftrate. As the Infers, whence I take thisDefcription, were dead and dry, it cannot pofiibly be fo exad and par- ticular i and is more liable to Miftake,. than if they had been living. But I hope it may ferve to give fome Idea of this odd Creature, till a better can be ob- tained from fome curious Obferver, who may get a Sight of it alive. 1 am, with the utmoft Refped,. SIR, Tour moft obedient humble Servant , March 8. 1743-4. H. Baker., vnr. [ 37 ] VIII. Some Obfervations on the Hardnefs of Shells, and on the Food of the Soal- Fifh \ by Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. Read March 15. TT HAVE obferved feme Circumftances 1744- jn t|ie Structure of Shells, which I know not whether they have been fufficiently at- tended to 3 I mean their durable Hardnefs andPolifh; which, in the flendereft of thefe Bodies, is very re- markable; and it is unknown how long they will refill the Injuries of Time and Weather. 1 faw an Inflance of thefe permanent Qualities at St. Edmond’ s-bury-> in the Ruins of that Abbey, which is built of a kind of Stone compofed of Grit or Sand, interfperfed with an infinite Number of very minute Shells, which appeared to be a Species of fmooth fhining Cockle. In feveral Parts of the Building, much expofed to the Air, the Sand was mouldered away ; but thefe exceeding fmall Shells remained intire, and their Polifh not in the lead decayed. It may be alledged, that a petrifying Juice, the fame that had united the Paiticles of the Sand together, had likewife hardened thefe, and ren- dered them more durable than Nature had formed them. But, as we have many Inftances of Shells retaining their natural Politure and Firmnefs, where no fuch Allegation can juftly be made (for Inftance, the Shells found in Chalk pits, in Loams, and feveral other Places, where no fuch juices are hitherto proved to to exift) ; yet of fo tender Shells, long expofed to the Weather, and hill remaining uncorrupred, the Inftance mentioned above is the mod lingular I know, be the Caufe of their Duration what it may. The other Obfervation, which I would offer to your Confideration, relates, in part, to the fame Subject, but of a different Nature. I was led into it by the following Circumftance : In September laft, having bought fome Soal-fifh, before they were skinn'd, I obferved their Bellies ■were prominent and hard, as if they were full of large Rows ; but, inftead of that, their Guts were filled with Shell-fifh, a Species of TPe Auricula. Before thefe Shells were taken out of the tranfpa- renb Guts of the Fifh, the Whole had very much the Appearance of Strings of Beads, or Necklaces; the Interftices betwixt the Shells occafioning this Refem- blance. Upon taking the Shells out, I obferved, that fome of them were almoft intirely diffolved, others partly fo, but many were whole and intire. It is well known in Natural Hiftory, that Shell- fifh are the Food of feveral Species of Fifh. The Sea-Porcupine, and a kind of Ray, are known to fubfift chiefly upon them; but then they are wonder- fully provided with a fuitable Apparatus for reducing them into a State more fit for Digeftion : Their upper and under Jaws are hard enough to break or grind almoft the ftrongeft Shells to the Condition of Pulp. But the Soal-fifh has nothing of this kind : She feeds, we fee, on Shell-fifh, but digefts them not by Attrition ; for neither her Mouth, nor any of her 3 Vifcera) [ 39 1 Vifcera , are framed for this Purpofe $ but, as it would appear from the preceding Account, by a proper Menftruum , which is prepared in the Body of this Animal. Thus we fee, Shells , which can refill the Teeth of Time, the Inclemency of Seafons, and lie* without apparent Decay, for unknown Ages, in the Bowels of the Earth, reduced, in all Probability, in a little while, almoft into a State of Fluidity, by the Juices of a fmall tender Animal. Is it the Juices of the whole Animal, or is it the Confequence of fuch a kind of Nourilhment, that renders this Fifh fo delicious? It would feem no unnecefiary Difquifition of thofe who are properly qualified, to fearch, with fome Care, into the Nature of this Solvent. It is probable, that either the Juice itfelf, or the Fifh under proper Management, may be rendered more beneficial than has hitherto been expelled,. DC [ 40 ] IX. Hiftoria brevis Morbi, quo decejjit Reve- rendijjtmus Pater Job Bolognini, Abbas SS. Bonifacii & Alexii de Urbe , atque Congregationis Hieronymianae Procurator generalis ; excerpta per C. M. R. S. Seer. ex Epiftola ab Domino Johanne Francifco de Camillis, M. D. feripta ad Virum clarijftmum Didacum de Revillas, Abbatem Hierony mianu m , in Romano Sapiential Archigymnajlo publico Mathefeos cProfef- for em, Regalis Londini Societatis Soda - lem^ &>c. REverendifllmus pater, 50 major, viribus tamen florens, ftaturse procerae, habitus obefi, & admo- dum fanguinei, liberaliter fibi vidum indulgens, Medio - lani (ubi natus eft), Bononi degens, fre- quenter, menftbus praafertim Augufti & Septembris , correptus eft febri tertiana, modo fimplici, modo duplici, vomitu, vomendique nifibus, plerumque conjunda. Hanc vero, alvo foluta fedaque vena, Peruvianus cortex follicite adhibitus feliciter Temper extinxit. Vomendi incitamentis faepius obnoxius fuit. Proxime fuperioribus annis non infrequenter ali- quot a paftu horis queftus eft de molefto quodam ftomachi ardore, ad quem lcvandum, vefpere Scmane ante & poft Chocolate potum, aquam quandoque fri- gidam, vel, pro tempeftate, calidam, bibere confuevit. Quotannis primo vcrc, ventrem mitiori aliquo medi- camine [ 4' ] cam iii e relaxare, Sc venam fecare, ad memoratas autumnales arcendas febres in more pofuit. Vere nuper elapfo, aftidua & graviora paffiis eft animi pathemata, intenfiores fubiit labores : fuit ideo triftis, infomnis, fed inprimis cogitabundus. Julio menfe, miliari rubra, & prurienti purpura, fed abfque febre, afperfuseft; ad quam curandam, ladefcentes feminum peponum exprefliones, & aquam, modo fimplicem, modo acredine citri fuaviter alteratam, copiofe po- tavir. Hujus menfis 26. vigenti aahuc eadem purpura deambulatione calefadus, quiete poftea, & aeris afflatu, admodum refrigeratus eft. Irinere iterum incaluir, & mora prope fontem habita a frigidiufculis Etefils, [N. W.] graviter offenfus eft. Vefpere parce coenavit j prseviis horroribus & rigoribus, febre cor- reptus eft, vomitione, evomendique conatibus infuper adjundis : mox infequente febrili calore leni, minime molefto, node placide quievir. Crailino die melius fe habuit; infequenti vero die rediit febris cum hor- rore, vomitione, & gravi capitis dolore. Jamprimum accitus Dominus Camillas invenit R. P. febri affiidum nunc inclinante, memorata purpura non amplius apparente. Node erupit fudor, & febris dimifla eft. Potioncm laxativam, ex manna & cre- morc tartari, & acredine citri, ad mentem clariffimi Frid. Hojfmanni , haud infuaviter paratam, craftino aflumfit mane. Alvo moderate foluta, melius fe habuit. Excreta magna ex parte fuerunt biliofa, quse fparfim colore quodam Chocolatam semulante inficie- bantur. Hora i8a redit febris, cum confueta vomi- tione, vefpere vero inclinans. Node fumpfit Cort . Peruv. fcrupulos duos, in bolum compados; fed recruduit febris. Vigil & inquietus soger corticem F evomuir. C 41 1 cvomuit, vifcids tenacique, atque eodem Ckocolatafn scmulante colore nonnihil perfufs lymphs permiftum \ cujus quidem coloris materiam, non nifi in piaiverem quodammodo redadum fanguinem fuiflcy ingravefcens morbus magismagifque declaravit. Poftridiepulfus fadi. funt parvi & frequentes : acceftit gravis & moleftus bniftri or ificii ventriculi dolor, & qusdam in finiftrum latusdecumbendidifricultas. Manus caeteroquin tadum non incommode inibi patiebatur ; utrumque paritcr hypochondrium molle erat & tradabile: hodie ircrum bolum e cortice Peru-viano aeglutivit 5 paulo poll violentiores paftus eft vomendi impetus, hauftibus aqus fubtcpidae fedati. Flora 19s, corticis ‘Peruvian? pulv. fcrupulos duos ex hauftulo aqus cardui bene- didi potavit: fpongiis aqua imbutis hypochondria fovebantur; & oleum amygdalinum fine igne ex- tradum fubinde haufit. Poft meridiem febris remifit ; jfumfit sger corticis ‘Peruvians drachmam unam ex aqua cardui benedidi poft 4-horas item. Cras mane excreta rubente floridoque deprehendi afperfa fan- guine : permanebant adhuc ventriculi paftio, vomendi niftis, inquietudo, & non parvus virium languor. Paulium ante meridiem infenfibiliter recurrit febris, pulfus evaferunt debiliores & frequentiores. Adauda videbatur voluntas vomendi j & per vomitum ejeda eft vifcidula Jympha faaguine confperfa ; fucceftive fuperne per os, & interne per alvum, atrurn & coa- .gu latu.ln fanguinem copiofe ejccit sger. Confcdio- nem Hyacintbinam , in aqua totius citri folutam, parce & per intervalla forbuir. Poft meridiem, fenior medicus acoerfitus eft in concilium 5 unde tria dc- crcta funt j fanguinis mifiio; febrifugi corticis rcite- ra'a potio, permixti bolo Armen vel terrsftgillats, I 41 ] ac in aqua plantaginis foluti ; & fcledus & moderatus ufus cordialium ; a V. S. asger nil profecit ; imrao debilior evafit. Jufailum exinde, ut reficerentur vires, exhaufit ex came vitulina, ovi viteilo fuperaddito. Haud multo port breviflime deliravir. Intra horas tres quatuorveobmutuit j&tertia exinde hora tandem, non fine fummo angore, una & anhelitu, frigido caput perfufus fadore, piam animam Deo reddidit, fexta ab invafione febris, quarta a decubitu labente die. Re- jedi fanguinis pondus aequabat libras fere odo ; Peru- vian? corticis deglutiti uncia: dimidiutn ; 6c old amygdalini undas quatuor. Tranfadis horis decern 6c odo aperiendi cadaver mihi munus affumfi; & occuruit primo corpus lo- lidum, 6c fucci plenum, abdomen inligniter elevatum, -8c dorfum fubnigtis quibufdam maculis variegatum. Univerfalibus fedis, didudifque tegumentis per amotum fternum in thorace-m viam referavimus. Exemimus fpiritualia vilcera, 6c ex fedis fanguiferis modicum fluxiffe fanguinem deprehendimus. Exte- rior pulmonum facies in parte prrefertim poftica nigri- cans apparuit. Pertradatis**deinde pulmonibus, in prreternaturalem tenflcnem, & duritiem, eofdem abiifte; & diverfimode difledis interiorem ccrundem fubftantiam fanguine fere orbatam offendimus, ac colore copkre proxime aemulantcm. In pericardio reperta eft modica lympha, eaque admodum obfeura. Cor invenimus debili atque fiaccida fubftantia dona- tum. Patebat in eodem foramen ovale; illudque adftantibus fpedandum exhibuimus. Auricularum, & ventriculorum cavitates modicam fanguinis nigri & coagulati aftervabant quantitatem. Diaphragmatis convexa pars ventriculo refpondens inftammata : F 2 concava [ 44 ] concava vero eundem tangens, nigricans offenfa eft. Inibi ctiam fanguifera vafcula turgebant, 8c elevabantur. In aliis thoracis partibus nulla labes emicuir. Sedione produda abdomen aperuimus, quodmulto adipe referrum erat. Omentum vidimus craffiufcu- lum, naturaliter tamen conftitutum. Hepar apparuit externe in parte convexa colore prope naturali ; in concava vero, qua ventriculum tangir, obfcuro 8c atro. ’ Internam ejufdem fubftantiam fubpallidam 8c debilem, cultro baud difficulter cedentem, 8c fanguine propemodum orbatam adinvcnimus. Lienis fubftantiam confpeximus nigricantem, 8c plane corruptam 5 quas ab inveftiente membrana, tanquam a marfupio contine- batur. Renes, mefenterium, 8c reliquae partes, ferme carebant fanguine. In majorem nos traxit admira- tionem canalium alimentorum perluftratio. Tota enim oefophagi interna facies, inequaliter tamen, nigro &coagulato afpergebatur cruore. Ventriculus tumens 8c inflammatus vifus eft. Ejufdem cavitas magnum aquei fluidi, fanguini atro 8c foetenti commixti clau- debat pondus. In eodem fluido quafdam olei amyg- dalini fupernatantes guttulas deprehendimus. Vafa ventriculum perreptantia fanguine erant turgida, & elevata, ea potiftimum parte, qua brevia, ftedida, lo* cantur. In fundo ad diftantiam quatuor ferme digi- torum apyloro praeter expedationem confpicuus fadus eft tumor, orbicularem figuram prtefeferens (Tab. II. Fig • 9 ) ad inftar mali aurantii, & uncias quinque fere ponderans. Elevabatur hie inter ipfius ventri- culi membranas. I11 eminentiori ejufdem parte fora- men confpeximus pariter orbiculatum, quod dimidi urn digiti tranfverfi latitudinem adimplebat. Tumor pras- fatus exteme ex atro rubefeebat. Quoad fubftantiam farcomatofus35 Ti 10 [ 45 ] farcomatofus, & degenere carcinomatum, fuic habitus, Tota infuper inteftinalis longitudo externe rubcbatj im- mo inteflina tenuia evirefcebanr. A pyloro per totam buodeniextenfionem infignis fanguinis atri& coaguiati quantitas eft adinventa. Brevis jejuni pars nullo foede- batur cruore, & reliquum ejufdem cum adnexo ileo, partim atro & coagulato, partim florido & rubente, repletum erat fanguine. Colon per totum, & prae- fertim ejufdem amplior pars, uti & inteftinum redum, putrido & foetido cruore onerata, deteda fuere, quin ulla in toto inteftinorum fyftemate appauerec fangui- ferorum dehifcentia. Sequuntur delineationes memorati tumoris, cujus difledionem non paucis ab extifpicio perado remo- ravimus horis. Vide T ab. II. Fig . 9 & 10. Fig. 9. Exhibet naturalem tumoris magnitudincm & ftatim a cadaveris fedione figuram; quae poft 18 horas paullo compreftior fuit, ut in Fig. 10. A , Foramen in eminentiori tumoris parte, ejufdem- que medietate adapertum, orbicularem figuram prae fe ferens. B B By Inferior tumoris pars, live balis, ventriculi fundo ad diftantiam 4 dig. tranfverforum a pyloro firmiter innixa; ubi vafculis fanguiferis refertur in ejufdem corpus extenlis. E Ey Ventriculi pars feda & diduda, ut expoliti tumoris magnitudo & figura commodius confpi- cerentur : produdione intcrioris ventriculi tunica: tumorem inveftiente. t 4^ 3 •Fig. to. Demonftrat verticalem tumoris fedionem, A, G, H, Flexuofa tumoris cavitas, ex foramine A, Fig. 9. oblique in ejufdem corpus defcendens, quaa in centro in duas minores cavitates H 1, H K , dirimitur. I K, Alia major in fundo tumoris cavitas, per quam ad ptasfatas minores patet adieus. In hoc tumoris cavo modicum ofFendimus ichoris, qui folo contadu argenteum perfpicillum denigravit. M My Interna & farcomatofa tumoris fubftantia. X. A Letter front James Jurin, M. D F. R. S. Coll. Med. Lond. to Martin Folkes, Ffq\ Prefident of the Royal So- ciety, concerning the ASlion of Springs. SIR , Pre/ented April if NEED not inform a Perfon Fo well '2 1744 A acquainted with all the Branches of Mathematical Philofophy as yourfelf, that the Theory of Springs not only is of great Ufe in the more curious Parts of Mechanics, as the Strudure of Watches, &c. but may give Light to many Opera- tions of Nature, there being few Subftances but what are endued with fomc Degree of Elaftici'ty ; and particularly the Bodies of Animals, and of Vege- tables likewife, being known to confift, in a great meafure, if not wholly, of Organs ftrongly elaftic. For which Reafon it is not to be wondered at, that this Theory has engaged the Thoughts of feveral eminent [ 47 ] eminent Mathematicians of the laft and prefent Age; as Dr. Hook , Mr. John Bernouilli , M. Camus , &c. But, as all that I have yet fcen upon this Subject goes no further, than to compare the Effe&s of dif- ferent Springs one with another, without (hewing how the EfFed of any of them may be reduced to, or compared with, that of any other natural Caufe, I flatter myfelf, that the general Proportion 1 am going to lay down may merit your Attention, both on account of its Simplicity, and of its comprehending all poflible Cafes of a Body acting upon a Spring, or a Spring upon a Body, where no other Power intervenes ; and alfo of its reducing the Effed to that mold known and fimple one, the Effed of Gravity upon falling Bodies. In order to which, to prevent any Mifapprchenfion, it will be proper to fix the Meaning of fuch Terms as Ifhall have Occafion to make ufe of. 1. By a Spring, 1 mean a Body of any Shape per- fectly eiaftic. 2. By the natural Situation of a Spring, I mean the Situation it will reft in, when not difturbed by any external Force. 3. By the Length of a Spring, I mean the greateft Length, through which it can be forced inwards. This would be the whole Length, were the Spring confidercd os a mathematical Line; but in a material Spring is the Difference between the whole Length when the Spring is in its natural Situation, and the Length or Space it takes up when wholly compreffed or clofed. 4. By the Strength of a Spring, I mean the lead: Force or Weight, which, when the Spring is wholly comprefled- comprefled or clofed, will reftrain it from unbend- ing itfelf. j. By the Space through which a Spring is bent, I mean that Space or Length through which one End of the Spring is removed from its natural Situation. 6. By the Force of a Spring bent or partly clofed, I mean the leaft Force orW eight, which, when the Spring is bent through any Space lefs than its whole Length, will confine it to the State it is then in, without flittering it to unbend any farther. This being premifed, I fhall next, for the Founda- tion of what follows, lay down a Principle, which was verified by Experiment, in the Prefence of our Royal Founder about 70 Years ago, by the famous * Dr. Robert Hook'-, and has been lately confirmed by the accurate Hand of our common Friend Mr. George Graham . Principle. Ut Tenjio, Jic Vis: That is, if a Spring be forced or bent inwards, or drawn outwards, or any way removed from its natural Situation, its Refiftance is 'proportional to the Space by which it is removed from that Situation. Thus, if the Spring CL, ( Fig 1. Tab. II.) retting with the End L againft any immoveable Support, but otherwife lying in its natural Situation, and at full Liberty, fhall, by any Force p, be p retted inwards, or from C towards L , through the Space of One Inch, and can be there detained by that Force p. * Lectures de Potentia rejlitutiva, 1678. the [ 49 1 the Refinance of the Spring, and the Force p, exactly counterbalancing one another j then the Force zp will bend the Springthro’ the Space ofT wo Inches, 3 p thro’ Three Inches, 4 p thro’ Four Inches, &c. the Space Cl [Fig. 2.), thro’ which the Spring is bent, or by which the End C is removed from its natural Situ- ation, being always proportional to the Force which will bend it fo far, and will detain it fo bent. And if one End L be fattened to an immoveable Support, Ftg. 3. and the other End C be drawn out- wards to /, and be there detained from returning back by any Force p , the Space Cl, thro’ which it is fo drawn outwards, will be always proportional to the Force p, which is able to detain it in that Situ- ation. And the fame Principle holds in all Cafes, where the Spring is of any Form'whatfoever, and is, in any Manner whatfoever, forcibly removed from its na- ural Situation. Here, Sir, I prefume, you will think it material to take notice, that the claftic Force of the Air is a Power of a different Nature, and governed by dif- ferent Laws, from that of a Spring. For fuppofing the Line LC , Fig 1. to reprefent a cylindrical Vo- lume of Air, which, by Comprellion, is reduced to LI, Fig. 2. or, by dilatation, is extended to L L Fig. 3- its elaftic Force will be reciprocally as A/, Fig 2 and 3 ; whereas the Force or Refinance of a Spring will be dirc&ly as Cl. I now proceed to my general Propofition, and its Co rollaries j in which if Ifhall happen at any time toex- prefs myfelfwithlefs Accuracy, as in making Weights, G Times, [ SO ] Times, Velocities, &c. to become promifcuoufly the Subjects of geometrical or arithmetical Operations, I deltre, once, for all, to be underftood, not as fpeak- ing of thofe Quantities themfelves, but of Lines, or Numbers, proportional to them. Theorem. If a Spring of the Strength F3, and the Length CL, Fig. 4, lying at full Liberty upon a horizon- tal Plane, reft with one End L againft an immove- able Support j and a Body of the Weight M, moving with the Velocity V, in the Direction of the Axis of rhe Spring, ftrike diredly upon the other End C, and thereby force the Spring inwards, or bend it through any Space C B ; and a middle Proportional, CG, be taken between the LineCAx^ and 2 a, a being the Height to which a heavy Body would afcend in vacuo with the Velocity V 5 and, upon the Radius R — C G} be ereded the Quadrant of a Circle G FAi I fay, 1. When the Spring is bent thro’ any right Sine of that Quadrant, as C B, the Velocity v of the Body My is, to the original Velocity V, as the Co-fine to the Radius: That is, jK. 2. The Time t of bending the Spring thro’ the fame Sine C B , is to T the Time of a heavy Body’s Afcending in vacuo with the Velocity V, as the cor - G F refponding Arch to 2 a: That is t — T x~a • Demon [ 5* 3 Demonstration, i. While the Spring is bending thro’ the Space C B, let the Space, thro’ which it is at any time bent, be called x, t the Time of bending it thro’ the Space x, and u the Velocity of the Body at the End of the TimeTj and let CL~L> CB — l. Then, if p be the Force, with which the Spring, when bent thro’ the Space x, refills the Motion of the Body ; by Dr. Hook’s Principle, L : x : : *P : p P X r- And fince, in the Cafe of Forces thataft uniformly, the Quantities of Motion generated are proportional to the generating Forces, and the Times jointly, if M v be the nafeent Quantity of Motion taken from the Body by the Refinance in the nafeent Time t , MV: — M u : : MT : : or, — * — VP XT Mir' Alfo, fince, in the fame Cafe of Forces acting uniformly, rhe Spaces are proportional to the Velo- cities, and the Times jointly, * : 2 a : : v r : VT, „ • _ TVx or r r: 2 a v r V P X TVx Therefore, — u — ^775- x-7^7-, or, 2 w u — — and thc Fluents tllc^e Two Quantities are u* and But the former of thefe was when x, and confequently, the latter was no* G 2 thing 5 thing; therefore v [ 5* ] - V a =- V 2 Px2 2 M L a* v- Vz P. 2 M L a' But, by the Contention, 2 M L a P fore, v 2 = V2 — V* -2 * 9 or, v 2 /^2 x or t/-j = F 2 ; there- R2—x2i ~RT v ' " P2 and, when x becomes equal to /, and o to-y, v 2= yi x and, by the Property of the Circle, R y 2— / 2 being equal to B F2, V 2 — V2 x V — FY- £ , B F2 R2 * °r E- c D. i 2. We have above, "£ZJL ; and u2 — V 2a v R‘ K** s or, u —Vx)L!iL — — :Therefore, i == Tr x _ x * R or, r = — x R * 2 VX'/R* — x2' ' 2a j R2 — x2 Now let CF), jF/£. 5- be equal to at; and draw the Co-fine D E , the Radius C E , and the Perpendicular ed—x : Then will the Triangle DEC be fimilar to the nafcent Triangle deEb and confequently, *D E : de C E : e E — - DE ==.-^====z. T G E Therefore, T* = — -x^F, and t = T x — And 2 <7 2a, when ^ becomes equal to C B , and t to z1, the Arch G F becomes equal to the Arch G F : Therefore t = r*f£ g.E. v.zo, Scholium C 53 ] Scholium I. Whereas I have reprefented the Spring as retting againft an immoveable Support at L , it will, per- haps, be objected, That no Support can be really immoveable; fince any Body, how great foever, may be moved out of its Place by the lead Force, But this Obje&ion may eaftly be removed, by fup- pofing the Spring to be continued till it becomes of twice the Length C L , and that a fecond Body, equal to M, (hikes againft the oppofite End of the Spring with the fame Velocity in a contrary Dire- ction; in which Cafe the Point L will be perfectly immoveable. Scholium II. Under this Theorem are comprehended the Three following Cafes : In Cafe i. The Spring is bent thro’ its whole Length, or is intirely comprefled and clofed, before the moving Force of the Body is confumed, and its Motion ceafes. In Cafe 2. The moving Force of the Body is con- fumed, and its Motion ceafes, before the Spring is bent thro’ its whole Length, or wholly clofed. In Cafe 3. The moving Force of the Body is con- fumed, and its Motion ceafes, at the Inftant that the Spring is bent thro’ its whole Length, and is intirely clofed. For this Reafon, and in order to make the fol- lowing Corollaries of more ready Ufe, I fhall take the Liberty of diftributing them into Three Claftes, the firft of which are as general as the Theorem itfelf, extending to all the Three Cafes, but are more par- particularly ufeful in Cafe i. The Second Clafs of Corollaries extend to both the Second and Third Cafe j but are more particularly ufeful in Cafe 2. The Third Clafs extend only to Cafe 3. and, by that means, are much more fimple than either of the former. General Corollaries , but of more particular Ufe in Cafe 1 ; 'wherein the Spring is wholly clofedy before the Motion of the Body ceafes. Coroll. 1. When the Spring is bent thro’ any right Sine C B, Fig. 4. the Lofs of Velocity is to the original Velocity, as the verfed Sine to the Radius, or V — For, fince v—V%^-,V-v=V-V^~ 1\ K Coroll. 2. When the Spring is bent thro’ any right Sine C B , the Diminution of the Square of the Velo- city is to the Square of the original Velocity, as the Square of that right Sine rothe Square of the Radius, Coroll. 3. When the Spring is bent thro’ any Space /, v the Velocity of the Body is equal to Vx Class I, or V 2 — v 2 = V 2 * C B 2 id B F 2 Ma — pi . . • - 5 and is pro- 2 M a * For, [ 55 3 TT» BF _____ yjr 2 For, ftnce v 5 —V * * r s— /* R2 5 if, for i?% we fubftitute its Value ~ ~~~~ ? we ^ave ^ " — 1 <2. />"2 X 2 M L> a — P lz - •• TAft. , oiv=V*t' —lML« "-:And, as by Dr. Hook's Principle, L : / : - ^ or ^ — P L, > = F x fZ-j-yj— , or, l being the right Sine of the Arch, and R—f/ - MF\ being the Radius. G F T For, by the Theorem, t = Tx — j and -- — is a conftant Quantity. Coroll. 5. The Diminution of the Product of the Weight of the Body into the Square of the Velocity, or (to ufe the Expreffion of fome late Writers) the Diminution of the Vis vivd> that is, M V1 — Mvz, by bending a Spring thro' any Space /, is always C 2 p l 2- c 2 p 1 equal to LA -, or to j where A is the Height from which a heavy Body will fall in vacuo in a Second of Time, and C is the Celerity gained by that Fall. For, 4 [ 56 ] C B 2 _ R 2 For, by Coroll 2 . V2 — v 2 — V2 x ~ ; and i? % by the Conftruftion, being equal to v2 — v2 -y*r-x — P J r zMLa V z C 2 But, by Galileos Theory, — = ~ ; therefore, V'—v'=. L211, andMF*-Mv' = ‘c*fl* zM la 2 LA C 2 pi 2 A * Cor oil. 6. The Diminution of the T/i1 iiiw, by bending a Spring thro’ any Space /, is always pro- p l2 portional to — , or to / : And, if either the Spring be given, or «iL be given in different Springs, the la Lofs of the Vis viva will be as /% or as p 2 . For, by Coroll 5. MV2 — Mv2 — c2 p iz "2 L A C 2 pi T ~A ’ M V 2 C ^ and — being a conftant Quantity, MV' is as A p /2 r p l : And. if -j~ be given} p 2 rri or M V2 — Mv 2 will be as l 2 ; or as l 2 x ■L. “ p 2 as l2 x jr > or as 2. Coroll 7- The Lois of the Vis viva , by bendin a Spring thro’ its whole Length, or by wholly clofin C 2 P L it, is equal to ~W > and is proportional to V L : And, if V L be given, the Lofs of the Vis viva is always the fame. This UQ Cf9 C 57 1 This is evident from Coroll. S • and 6. 5 forafmuch as / is now equal to L. Corollaries of more p articular U fe in Cafe 2, ; wherein the Motion of the Body ceafes before the Spring is wholly clofed. Coroll. 8. If the Motion of the Body ceafewhen the Spring is bent thro' any Space /, the initial Ye- P l locity Vis equal to C l -/•" .» or to CV-— - . J * 2M L A 2 MA And here, the Motion of the Body ceafing, v 2 = o- Coroll. 10. If the Motion of the Body ceafe, when the Spring is bent thro’ any Space, /, the Time, ty of bending it, is equal to 1" of Time, multiplied hy t SrrA’orto 1 * t~ Vgyy? where m 1S tQ I, as the Circumference of a Circle to the Dia- meter. For, by the Theorem, * = r* — ; and, by Ga* 2 a J Class II. For, by Coroll. 2 _ c2 pi2 c 2 p i “ 2 M LA 2 M A Therefore ^2 ML. A f.r Therefore t = — x v' A GF . 2 / * ) H Alio C 58 ] Alfo, by the Theorem, v% — V 2 X R-L~L R and therefore v 2 being now equal to o, R 2 =/% and. Fig. 6. 1 becomes the Radius of the Circle ; and /being iikewife equal to the right Sine of the Arch G F, that Arch becomes a Quadrant, and is equal to 2 / X m 4 l m . Therefore t x 2 ^ m s/ A 4X2 a , or t l" X 4 But / being equal to R therefore t = 1 n x / z M L. a l rrt j M L 2" * z~P~A Coroll. n X .2ML 4v/^ x \ ' P ’ m Ml 2 r 2 or, J = 1 11. In the fame Cafe, the Time of bending the Spring is proportional to ©r to V~j~ * anc* if ~~ be given, t will be a s tf and/, being given, the other is readily determined. Coroll. 13. In the fame Cafe, the initial Quantity of Motion, or M V, is equal to Cl V ~[Tk'> 01 to cvf,M 2 A For, by Coroll. 8. V—C l y' 2 ML. A -CV pi 9 2MA3 wherefore MV— Cl vV, = c A-~. r 2 L.A T 2 A Coroll 14. In the fame Cafe, MV is proportional to l V F—[-> or to V p i My or to , or to p t : p And, if-j- be given, MVis as / / M, or as//. Q For, in the preceding Coroll is a given Quan« tity 3 and, by Coroll 1 1. / is as V *■ P Coroll 1 5- If the Quantity of Motion MV bend a Spring of the Strength SP, and Length A, thro* the Space /, and be wholly confumed thereby, no different Quantity of Motion equal to the former y > * as n M x «— , will bend the fame Spring thro* the fame Space, and be wholly confumed thereby. H 3 ' For, [ 6o ] For, by the preceding Coroll, if the Spring be bent thro’ the Space /, and each of thefe Quantities of Motion be confumed thereby 5 IV Mi IV n M. : : MV', n M x — . But M V~ n M x — j and n n therefore, IV M— IV n M, or 1 — n, and M — n Mj and V~ — . Therefore the Quantity of Mo- v tion n M x “is not only equal to M V \ but is com- pofed of an equal Mafs, and an equal Velocity. Coroll. 16. But a Quantity of Motion lefs than M Vi in any given Ratio, may bend the fame Spring thro' the fame Space /, and the Time of bending it will be lefs in the fame given Ratio . For, let 1 to w be the given Ratio ; and let the leffer Quantity of Motion be x n V ; which is to MV, as 1 to n. Then, by Coroll. 14. the Spring being given, IV Mi IV — : ; MV 1 — — x n V~ VTm x 1 ^ vr ” VT* Therefore the Quantity of Motion x n V, being equal to ~^->will bend the Spring thro’ the fame Space /. Likewife, by the fame Corollary, MV is as Its and / being given, the Quantity of Motion is as t : Therefore the Time of bending the Spring will be lefs in the fame Ratio, as the Quantity of Motion is lefs. Coroll. 17. A Quantity of Motion greater than MV, in any Ratio given, may be confumed in bend- ing the Spring thro3 the fame Space ; and the Time of bending it will be greater in rhe fame given Ratio . This L 6. 3 This appears after the fame manner as the pre- ceding, by making n a fraaional Number inftead of a ^CorolT 1 8. If the Motion of the Body ceafe, when the Spring is bent thro’ any Space A the initial or to Vis viva, or MV--, is equal to -feyf , C2±L : And a a M = ^ = { '■ 2 A ^ For, by Coroll. 8. V =• C l V \~M l a ^ ^2. ma. pi c2 /. p _ c ^ pi or V‘ 2 ML A 2MA c 2 P / 2 C2 pi V 2 P l z ■ Therefore M V 2 v2 pi 2 LA 2 A 2 La 2 a . Coroll- 19- In the fame Cafe, the initial Vis viva Pi2, 7 p is proportional to — = pi and if —be given, the Vis viva is as / 2, or asy> 2. For, in the preceding Corollary, ~ being a given Quantity, the Vis viva is as — — = p l > and, if — ■ be given, it will be as / % or as p 2 ; iorafmuch as p and / increafe in the fame Proportion. Coroll. 20. If the Vis viva , MV2, bend a Spring thro’ the Space /, and be totally con fumed thereby, any other Vis viva , equal to the former, as n n M x — , will bend the fame Spring thro’ the fame Space, and be totally confumed thereby. For, the Spring being the fame, -jr* is given ; aud therefore by Coroll. 1 9* the Vis viva, widen will C 6* ] will be confumed in bending the Spring thro’ the Space /, is as /*. Coroll. 21. But the Time, in which the fame Spring will be bent thro’ the fame Space, by the Vis viva vz nn M x — , will be to the Time, in which it is fo n 71 bent by the Vis viva Mx Vzy as n to i j n being any whole or fra&ional Number. For, by Coroll. n. lince is given, the Time is as VM. Class III. Corollaries in Cafe i. wherein the Motion of the Body ceafes , at the Infant that the Spring is wholly clofed. « Coroll. 22. If the Motion of the Body ceafe, when the Spring is bent thro’ its whole Length, or is wholly clofed, the initial Velocity V is equal to cv^ y 2. M A' For, by Coroll. 8. V~ C “/ 77735 ; and / being now equal to L {Fig. 7.), p becomes equal to B $ and therefore C V —7. 2.M A. Coroll. 23. In the fame Cafe, the initial Velocity P L V is proportional to V — — ^ C ■F°r in the preceding Corollary, is a given Quantity. Coroll. 24. In the fame Cafe, if B L be given, either in the fame, or in different Springs, the initial Velocity V'\s reciprocally as V M. This is plain from the preceding Corollary. 1 Coroll. [ 63 ] Coroll. 2.5. If the Motion of the Body ceafe, when the Spring is wholly clofed, the Produd of the initial Velocity, and the Time fbent in doling the Spring, or V is equal to 1" x '■ j and is proportional to A, the Length of the Spring. For, by Cotoll. 22. V= C P ^-A ; and, by Coroll. 10. t =■ 1" X — y —l—* • Therefore, Vt = i" X ; and i", m and — , being given Quantities, P7 is as L. Coroll. 26. In the fame Cafe, the initial Quantity of Motion, or M V \ is equal to C * For, by Coroll. 23. Coroll. 2 7. In the fame Cafe, MV is proportional to V T LM, or to T t : And, if P Z, be given, either in the fame, or different Springs, M V is as ✓ M. This appears, partly, from the preceding Corollary, where is a given Quantity ; and, confequently, MV is as -/ P LM ; and P L being given, M V is as and Length n L. 3. Or of the Strength P, and Length nn L. 4. Or, if n be a whole Number, the Number n of Springs, each of the Strength Py and Length L , one after another. For, MV1 : nn MV1 :: P L : nnP L ; and therefore, by Coroll. 32. the Vis viva , nnMVz , will dofe any Spring that has nnP L for the Pro- dud of its Strength and Length. But nnP L is compofed either of nn P x Ly or of n P x n Ly or of P x nn L. Alfo the Lofs of the Vis viva , in bending a given Spring, being always the tame, by Coroll. 7. and the Vis viva , MV 2 being wholly loft in bending I a finszle 4^’ [ 66 ] a fingle Spiring P L ; the Lofs of the Vis viva, n n MV% , in doling one fuch Spring, will be MV9 j and its Lofs in doling a fecond fuch Spring, will again be MV%, and foon: Confequently, the Num- ber nn of fuch Springs will be clofed one after an- other, by that time the Vis viva, n n MV % is wholly confumed. Scholium III. If the Spring, inftead of being at firft wholly un- bent, as we have hitherto confider'd it, be now fup- pofed to have been already bent thro" fome Space C B , before the Body ftrik.es it ,• and the Velocity of the Body be required, after the Spring is bent thro* any further Space, B T), Fig. 8. this Cafe, as well as the Three other above-mention d, will be found to come under our Theorem. For, if v be the Velocity with which the Body is fuppofed to ftrike againft the bent Spring at B , it is evident, that this may be confidefd, either as the original Velocity, or as the Remainder of a greater Velocity V, with which the Body might have ftruck upon the Spring at C, and which, upon bend- ing the Spring from C to B} would now be reduced to v. For, in either Cafe, the EfFed in bending the Spring from B to F)} will be exadly the fame. In order, therefore, to determine this imaginary Velocity V, let a middle Proportional, B F, betaken ' M between CL x and 2*, a being the Height to r which a Body will afccnd in vacuo with the Velo- city v* draw B F perpendicular to C B, and, with l the C 67 ] the Radius CF, defcribe the Quadrant C G F E A* Then will our prefent Cafe be exa&ly reduced to that of the Theorem ; C B, CF), reprcfentirrg the Spaces thro’ which the Spring is bent ; B F and F) E the Velocities in the Points B and F) •, G F and GE the Times of bending the Spring thro" the Spaces CB, CF) ; and CG reprefenting the imagi- nary Velocity V, with which the Body might have flmck the Spring at C. Tor, by the Theorem, B Fz : C G * v * : F* ; and v 2 : V 2 : : <* : a. Therefore CG*=BF~x ~ . But B F% ==2 a x by the Conftru&ion ; and, confequently, CG * = x L = ~ apL— , as in the Conftru&ion of the Theorem. From this Cafe we fhall draw a few Corollaries, as well for their Ufefulnefs upon other Occaftons, as to fhew how the Theory of Springs may be fafely applied to the A&ion of Gravity upon afcending or falling Bodies. Cor oil. 37* If the Body My with the Velocity'!;, fufficient to carry it to the Height a, ftrike at B , upon a Spring already bent thro’ the Space C B~ 1 5 and do thereby bend it thro1 feme farther Space B F) = s 5 at the End of which Space, or at F ), the Body has a Velocity fufficient to carry it to fome Height, as g ; then g = LL..FF— p s x 2 1 +* For, by the Theorem, a : g : ; BF2 : F)E % or ®£ * = BF’ x— =1“."L x ± or® E‘ — At & 2 s M L I 2 P Alfo, [ 68 ] Alfo, ‘DE‘‘ + C‘D'=CE'‘ = CF'‘—BFt -h CB\ that is, + /■ +2 Is + s* = 2 A M L . / 5 2 $ M L 2 a. M L , — p— + / 5 or — ™ — = — 2 Is— s'; or 2 g ML = 2*ML — Tsx 17“+“*. Coroli. j8. If the Motion of the Body ceafeupon bending the Spring thro' the Space BD~s, that is, if g = o s then the Height to which the Body might afcen din vacuo, with the Velocity v, or a = P i X 2 l -f- * 2 ML * For, by the lad, when g = 0, 2 « M L = T s x 2 / 4- s. Coroll. 3 9- If the Force of the Spring when bent thro5 the Space C By be equal to Af the Weight of the Body 5 the Height to which the Body would afcend in vacuo with the Velocity 5 • Cony fa humilior, Linarias folio, floribus luteis umbellatis Amm. 141. 966. Cyanus Turcicus, feu orientals odoratus major. cPark . 9 67. Didamnus montis Sipyli. Sir George Wheeler . 968. Elaterium. Tourn . Cucumis afininus. Gfr. 969. Euonymo adfinis ^Ethiopica, fru&u globofo, Salicis folio. Plukn. 970. Guajacana Virginiana Bijhamin difta. Park. 971. Jacea non ramofa tuberofa radice latifolia. Banijler. Pink. 972. Idem anguftifolia, &c. Ibid. 973. Jacobaea Arnica, Choenopodii folio. Hort l Cat hoi. 974. Leonurus Africanus, Sideritidis folio, floribus. Phoeniceis. Boerh. 975. Limonium maritimum majus. C. B . 976. — lignofum, Bellidis folio. Ibid. 977. Lupinafter floribus purpureis, filiquis minoribus. Amm. p. 147. 978. Marum vulgare. Bark, vulgo Maftichen redo- lens. C. B. 979. Mentha verticillata Ocimi odore, venis luteis.. 2nd. Hort. Chelf. 980. Meum foliis Anethi. C. B. — — vulgatius. Park.x 981. Mimofa folio lato Sennae fpinofa. Boerh. 982. Myrtus, foliis odore nucis Mofchatx. Schyh Cat . 983. — latifolia Bqetica, foliis confertim naf- centibus. C. B. 984 — — flore pleno, Cor nut i. 985. Nigel.la Cretica femine aromatico. C.B. 9 8 6. Olea vulgaris fativa. C.B. 987. Olea, [ 77 ] 987. Olea maxima Hifpanica. C. B, 93 8. — — minor Lucenlis, frudlu odorato. Ibid. 989. Onagra frutefcens argenrea anguftifolia. Ind. Hort. Chelf. 990. Pifum cortice eduli. Town . 991- Pfeudo-didtamnus acetabulis Molucca. C. B. 992. Ptarmica flore pleno, 993- Ricinus humilis, folio fubrotundo, flore frudtu- que congiomerato. Houft . 994. Rubia procumbens hexaphylla purpurea. H. L. B. 99 5. Serpyllum odoratiflimum glabrum, longiore- folio. Amm. p. 52. 996. Sroechas citrina anguftifolia. C. B. 997. Tithymalus Juniperi folio. Boccon. 998. Verbena anguftifolia. C. B. 999. Veronica fpicata latifolia major. Park. 1000. Veronica fpicata anguftifolia. Ger. Park. XIII. An eafy Method of procuring the true Impreffion or Figure of Medals, Coins, & ?c. humbly addrejfed to the Royal Society : By Henry Baker, F. R. *SV Read April x muft, I believe, be thought an.agrec- I7^4’ able and uleful Thing, to be able to print off an exadt and fair Pidlure, or Reprcfentation, upon Paper, of any Medal, Coin, or Seal, one may happen to get the Command of for a few Minutes, without doing it the leaft Injury, and with very little either of Expence or Trouble. A Con- [ 78 ] A Contrivance for this Purpofe is what I now humbly take the Liberty to lay before you 5 alluring m y fie 1 f, that whatever can prove really u'feful, will not be the lefs regarded by this Iliuftrious Society for being plain and eafy. The firft Step is, to take a perfect and (harp Im- preflion, in black Sealing-wax, of the Coin or Medal you defire the Pi&ure or Figure of: When this is done, the chief Trouble is over, and the reft of the Operation may be executed at Leifure. Cur the Wax away round the Edges of the Imprcf- fion, with the Point of a Penknife, or a Pair of fharp Sciflars j and, having ready a Preparation in Gum-water of the Colour you would have the Pi- dure, fpread your Paint upon the wax Impreffion with a fmall Hair-pencil, obferving to work it into all the finking and hollow Places, thofe being the riling or projecting Parts of the Medal, and what only are neceftary to be laid over with the Colour- ing ; for it mult be intirely taken away from every other Part before we can proceed. The Way of getting off the Paint from the Places where it fhould not be, is, to moiften your Fore- finger a little, but not too much, with Spittle or Water, and pafs it gently, but nimbly, over the Sur- face of the wax Impreflion ; wiping it each time upon a Cloth or Handkerchief, till you perceive all the rifing Parts of it perfectly fair and clean, and the Letters and finking Parts of it only coloured. This done, take a Piece of very thin Poll-Paper, a little larger than the Medal ; wet it in your Mouth, or with Water, till it be moiftened quite through, but let not any W ater hang upon it : Place it on 3 the C 79 ] the wax Impreflion, laying on the Back of the Paper Three or Four Pieces of thick woolen Cloth, or Flannel, about the Size thereof. I fhould premife, that you mu ft have a Couple of flat finooth iron Plates, about Two Inches fquare, and One Tenth of an Inch in Thicknefs. The wax Impreflion muft be placed, with its Face upwards, on the Middle of one of thefe Plates, before you fpread the Paper and Flannels on it, and the other Plate muft immediately be laid over them : Then, hold- ing all tight together, put them carefully and evenly into a little Prefs, made of two iron Planks about Five Inches and half long, One Inch and half wide, and half an Inch in Thicknefs (fhaped like what Book- binders ufe of a large Size in Wood), having a Cou- ple of long male Screws that run through them, with a turning female Screw on each to force the Planks together : And thefe female Screws muft have ftrong Shoulders, whereby to work them. But all this will be comprehended better by the Figure hereto annexed. See Tab. I. Fig. 4. Things being thus adjufted, hold the Prefs in your Left-hand, and, with a little Hammer, ftrike firft on the Shoulders of one Screw, and then on the Shoulders of the other, to bring the Planks to- gether parallel, and render the Preflure every-where alike j unlefs you find it requifite to give more Force to one Side than the other, which thefe two Screws will put in your own Power. The Prefs opens again, by a Stroke or two of the Hammer, the contrary Way, on the Shoulders of the Screws: and then you will find a true and fair Piflure neatly printed off,* which (if any Deficiencies appear [ go ] appear therein) you may eafily repair, when dry, with a Hair-pencil, or a Pen, and a little of the Pune Co- lour. If your Paper does not foak in the Moifiure well, by being ovcr-fized, it is neceffary to wet the Flannels, or the Paper will not come off ftrongly enough colour’d : And, if the Relievo of your Medal be very high, it is beft to put a little Cotton imme- diately upon the Back of the Paper, between that and the Flannels, that the Paper may be duly preffed into the deep Hollows of the wax Mould. This Method is very eafy and ready for taking the Pi&ure of a Medal in any Colour : But, if you defire a Relievo only, without any Colour, the Way is abundantly (hotter ; for nothing then is necefiary, but to place a Piece of Card, or white Pafteboard, well foaked in Water, on the wax Mould, without any Colouring, and letting it remain in your Pre'fs a few Minutes, the Bufinefs is done at once. As it is plain, from what has been Paid, that the whoie Succefs depends on the Goodnefs of the wax Imprefifion or Mould, I (hall lay down fome Rules for taking it, which much Experience has taught me. 1. The Wax mud be very fine; or it wants a pro- per Hardnefs, and the Inapreflion will not prove (harp. 2. It mud be fpread wider than the Medal, and of a Thickncfs in proportion to the Re - lievo of it. - 3. The Medal muft be clapped on when the Wax has a right Degree of Heat : For, if it be too hot, the Medal is apt to hick j and, if too cold. [ 8 1 ] cold, no good Impreflion can be taken. I ob- ferve the beft Time to be, juft after the Wax ceafes to work up, and have little Bubbles in ir. 4. Take not the Impreflion on a Table, or any hard Body, without a Sheet or two of Paper, or, what is better, a woollen Cloth, underneath ; for that gives way to the PrefTure and Form of the Medal, which hard Bodies will not do. 5. The Medal fhould be fqueezed down equally hard on every Side, and the Preflure continued till the Wax is near cold: For, if you lift up the Medal while the Wax remains hot, the riling Parts, being ftill foft, fink down, and become much lefs fharp. 6. The beft Paper for your wax Impreflions is white Pafteboard, Card-paper, or forrie other thick Paper. The Pi a Plant which is minutely defcribed by Tournefort f , who alfo confirms the Account which Rauwolf had long before given, with the following Particuiars : “ It is chiefly (fays he) about TauUs , a City in u Rerfa , that it is gather’d, under the Name of Trim * “ gibin or Terenjabin , mention’d by Avicenna and (< Serapion : Thofe Authors thought it fell upon “ certain prickly Shrubs j whereas it is only the u nutritious Juice of the Plant.” He adds, “ That, “ during the great Heats, you perceive fmall Drops “ of Honey upon the Leaves and Branches of <£ thefe Shrubs ; thefe Drops harden, in Grains about <£ the Bignefs of Coriander-feeds : They gather thofe <( of the Alhagi , and make them into reddifh Cakes u full of Duft and Leaves, which alter the Colour, “ and leflen its Virtue. This Manna is much infe- <£ rior to the Italian. The ordinary Dofe is from 25 to 30 Drams.” Clujius J informs us, that the Terniabin of the modern Arabs is gather’d from a prickly Shrub, fuch as the Alhagi is defcribed to be. Avicenna **, ac- cording to his prefent Tranflation, tells us, that the * Deufingius Trail, de Manna id Sacch. p. 11. + Tournefort’j Voyage to the Levant, Vol. I. p. 247, 248. t Cluf. Exotic . Vol. II. p. 164. ** Avicen. Oper, Tom. I. p. 404. M Tere- [ 90 ] T ereniabin falls fuper Lap ides ; but * 'Deufingius fays that it ought to be read, fuper Alhagi j and that his Tranflators were led into this Miltake, from the Refemblance betwixt Al-Hhagier (the Word in the Arabic Text, and which ftgnifies a kind of thorny Plant,, luch as the Alhagi is faid to be) to Al-Hagio. It is therefore evident, that the Manna T erf cum, now before us, is the T ereniabin , Terenjabin , Terreejen- bin, or more properly, the Terengjabin , of the old Arabians , and of Clufius * the Trungibin , or Trunf chibil , of the later, of Rauwolfmd Tournefort y very probably, the Manna mafichina orientalis of Mat- thiolus and Bauhine j as it is the Maftichina and Alhagina of Geojfroy ; tho’ this Author makes the Tereniabin a Species of Liquid Mama ■)-, in Com- plaifance to his Countryman Bellonius j who, tho1 in general a diligent Obferver, yet, in this Cafe, was milled by the Caloyers , or Monks of Mount Sinai. Bellonius fays, in his Obfervations J, and more largely in his Treatife de Arbor ibus ferpetua Fronde / virentibus, that thefe Caloyers colled: a kind of liquid Manna, which they call Tereniabin b that this Species was known in the Shops at Cairo by the fame Name j and that this is the Mel rofcidum of Galen , and the Mel cedrinum of Hippocrates . I think it is very plain, that Bellonius was mif- taken in the firft Part of his Affertion, from what * Tratf. de Manna, p. iq. -f TraSl. de Mat . Med . Tom. II. p.587. J Bdlonii Objerv. apud Cluf. p.129. has [ 9> 3 has already been advanced. The Caloyers told him, that they called it Tereniabin ; and he takes it foe granted, that it was the Tereniabin of the old Arabi- ans, contrary to their own Accounts, fupported by the Tedimony of their Succelfors, who are known to vary as little as any People whatever from the Tra- ditions and Cuftoms of their Predeceflors, and fiill retain a great many of their Appellations. For Proof of this, I need only refer to the Accounts which Rauwolf, Tournefort , and Dr. Shaw, give us of thofe People. That this liquid Manna was the Agoo-ope At, feu ’A epfjuehi, of Galen * , and the MeAi xscP&ivoy, of Hippocrates “f*, (fuppofmg there is no Mif- take in the Text), feems very probable. The Defcription which Galen has left of the Mel rofei - dum , and the Manner of colle&ing it on Mount Sinai in his Time, tallies exa&ly with Belloniuss Account ; and thus far, I believe, all Authors agree : But that the Virtues of Manna were known fo early as in the Times of thefe Two Authors, will be dif- ficult to prove. Galen takes notice of this Mel rofeidum more as a Curiofity, than a Medicine. He no-where, that I know of, mentions its Ufe, or deferibes its Quali- ties : He introduces the Account of it with a Memint aliquando , and fays, that the Mel rofeidum was rarely met with in his Country, but was gather’d at Mount Sinai every Year : And, indeed, from the Manner * Galen, de Alem. Facult. L. III. c. 39* + Hippocraf* de Ulceribus , p, 876. Edit. Foefii. M 2 m [ 92 ] in which it is fpoken of by an old Greek Writer in Athreneus, as cited by Salmafius , it would feem, that it was only ufed for Pleafure, as an agreeable Sweet, Melle ipfo fuavius ; and, probably, continued to be of no other Ufe. Mefue tells us*, that Galen mixed Manna with Scammony. In the fpurious Piece de cDynamiis afcribed to Galen , Scammony is ordered to be mixed with Honey ; but never once mentions Manna in any of his extant Writings. As Galen is known to be very minute in his Account of the Materia Medica of that Time, his Silence is a ftrong Argument again!! the Supposition, that even the Mel rofcidum was in Pharmaceutic Ufe, much lefs any other Species of Manna. If Galen was unacquainted with this Subftance, it is very probable, that Hippocrates was fo likewife ; lince a Drug that muft have made a confiderable Figure in his Materia Medica , would not have foon been ftruck off the Lift, or dropp’d into Oblivion and Difufe. But how fhall we get rid of the MeM xe \£&vov i the Name fufficiently intimating what Subftance was intended? Perhaps Foejiuss Suggeftion may help us. He thinks, that the Words might have been read with a Comma intervening, whereby we fhould have had Two diftinf! well-known Subftances, Honey, and Refin of the Cedar 5 Two Simples that were then, and continued long after, in familiar Ufe ; iliftead of one, which he mentions no- where elfe, .and feems to be unknown fome Ages after. * Mefue de Sirripl. c. 8. Upon [ 93 ] Upon the whole, I have not hitherto met with Evidence fnfficient to induce me to believe, that either the Mel rofcidum , or any Kind of Manna , was in common medical Ufe either with Hippocrates or Galen . Aquarius mentions it once *, and, as I know of, only once : He makes it a Purgative, and to be fomewhat ftronger than CaJJia . It is now pretty generally known, that th z Mannas in Ufe are not a Mel aerium , or Honey-Dew, as was long believed, but a Succus proprius iffuing out of fome particular Trees, at proper Seafons, and in fome Climates only ; and that, during the Summer s Heats, a great Number of Vegetables, in almoft all the temperate Countries, afford a Juice fomewhat akin to Manna, from whence the Bee collects and prepares her Honey. It may not, however, be amifs, nor very foreign to our Subjeft, to exhibit a fhort Account, how the Manna OfEcinarum is col- lefted. In Calabria and Sicily , in the hotteft Part of the Summer-Months, the Mama ouzes out of the Leaves, and from the Bark of the Trunk, and larger Branches, of the Fraxinus, or Calabrian Afh. The Ornus likewife affords it, but from the Trunk and larger Branches only, and that chiefly from artificial Apertures; whereas it flows from the Fraxinus thro' every little Cranny, and burfls thro' the large Pores fpontaneoufiy. What is got from different Parts of the Tree ac- quires different Names; the Trunks generally afford * Acluar. Method. Medend • L> V. c. 8. tho.fe [ 94 ] thole large white Pieces to which we give the Name of fiaky 5 but the fineft of all is fuch as is colle&ed from artificial Incifions, in which little Straws, &c. are purpofely placed in fitch a manner, as that the flowing Juice may concrete upon them, and form thofe long, white, cylindrical, perforated Pieces, which are fo much valued. This juice is fecreted in the largeft Quantity, be- twixt Noon and Evening. In the Night it is con- dens’d, if the Seafon is dry, otherwife the Manna is fpoil’d : They fcrape off the fmall with wooden Knives, early in the Morning, and gather the larger Flakes ; both which are afterwards dried upon clean Paper in the Sun, till they flick no longer to the Fingers ; and the different Sorts are then carefully pack’d up for Ufe and Exportation. XV. Cyanus Foliis radicalibus partim integrity partim pinnatis , BraElea Calycis ovali , Flore fulphureo ; per Albert. Haller, Frof Anat . & Bot. Gottingenf. R . S. Ang. Sf Suec. S. defcriptus . Vide Tab. IV. Read April 1744. 26. R AD IX perennis eft, quam eruere nolui, ut parcerem plants, qus femen nondum dediflet. Folia ad terram conferta, varia : virentia omnia, & firmiufcula, cum aliqua, fed brevi & fparfa lanugine. Eorum alia limplicia funt, longo petiolo, elliptica 3 ianceolata Mh J*L#J-rK,T : “ [ 95 3 fanceolata bra&ea, margine levi. Alia hujufmodi, fed oris ferratis. Alia prasterea femidivifa, in duos inaequales lobos. Alia varie femipinnata & laciniara. Alia penitus pinnata, qualia continuo dicam, fed pinnis latis, & ultima ampla, j pene rhomboidea. Alia, & hujufmodi folia, ctiam ad caulem funt, omnino pinnata, nervo longo, firmo, cavo, oris foliofis, pinnarum paribus numerofis, duodenis & ultra, earum prim# minim#, fimplices & ligulat#, Sequentes Emiles, fed accedentibus in origine minori- bus, fimilibus tarnen appendiculis. Eundo pinn# augentur latitudine, &longitudine, & primo femitri- fidse, deinde femipinnat# adparent. In fine petiolus latefcit, & fol i ofus nc ; & denuo fimplicibus ellipticis pinnulis terminatur. Caulis cubitalis bradeatus, foliis fub origine ra- morum, qualia fere ultimo loco dixi. Fiores fatis Emiles Jace# vulgaris laciniat#, fed egregio gummi guttae colore confpicui inodori. Capitis florigeri magnitudo, quails in icone eft. Calyx globofus fuperne contradus. Squamarum pars viridis ovalis,* pars ficca ovato-rhomboidea, fub- lutea, tota fimbriata. In fupremis fquamis habet additamenta ficca, tenuiora, ferrata. Corona petalorum fteriiiorum, reflexorum, bilabia- torum, quadrifidorum ; Fertilium femen pappo coronatum ,flofcuius longus, incurvus, quinquefidus, uno fegmento profundius fedo. Tubus ftaminum ex ftofculo eminet, ex eo vero tuba clavata. Semen maturum ex ovali compreffum, ciliis nigris coronatum. Cl. Gerberus mi'fit cum nomine jaceae laeiniatas flore luteo magno, fquamis calycum ciliaribus, fplen- dentibns. L 96 3 dentibus. Locus naralis ex RuJJia , vd ad Wolgam certe flum.cn, ad cujus litora longo itinere plantas inquifivit. Ex calyce & (lore Jacem genus eft Vaillantio , mihi Cyani, Cl. Linn a 0 Centaurese; quo tamen nomine nimis multas plantas comprehendit vir egregius, quam ut commoda nomina imponere iiceat. XVI. A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Roger Pickering, V. D, M. to C. Mortimer, M.D . Seer. R. S. concerning the Propagation and Culture of Mu£hrooms. Quantity of thofe Plants, I take the Opportunity to fend fome additional Obfervations to thofe printed in thefe TranfaLtions , N° 471- p. f93. After having repeated the Experiments, then made, upon Plants and Seeds of this Year, I find no Reafon to alter any thing there mentioned, either as to the La- mella or Chives on the concave Side of the Umbella> being the Siliqtia or Seed-velfels ; or the Seeds falling from thence to a Lodgement wifely prepared for it on the middle of the Caulis , and from thence eafily Aiding to the Earth contiguous to the Mother-Plant; or as to its Propagation by fibrous Runners, or Sto - tones, like Potatoes; all which, I am perfuaded. Deptford, April 19. 1744- Dear Sir , HE late Rains having thrown up upon my Mufhroom Beds a great thefe [ 97 ] thefe following new Obfervations fufficiently con- firm. 1. Upon Examination of feveral Lamella, I not only diftin&ly obferved Seeds, of Size and Colour proportionable to the Maturity of the Plant, lodged therein, but alfo a filiquaceous Aperture, with a Row of Seeds ready to fall through it 5 which is a very evident Proof, that each diftind Chive is a Siliqua or Seed-vefiel. 2. Upon Obfervation of the Filament fituated on the middle of the Caulis , upon which, as I before obferved, I at firft difcovered the Seed, I found both its Contexture and Situation evidently demonftrate- ing the End for which the wife Creator placed it there ; 'viz,, to intercept the Seeds in their Fall to the Ground ■, whereby the. Power which the Wind would otherwife have upon fuch minute Bodies is leflened, and the Seed, with little or no Diflipation, fecurely direded near the Stem of its Mother-Plant. For this Filament is indented and pappous, to catch and lodge the Seed as it falls from the Siliqua ; and is, at firft, rigid, and (landing horizontal to the Umbella or Head, and at right Angles with the Caulis ; whereby few or no Seeds can fall without being intercepted : But, as the Plant comes nearer to its Decay, this Filament relents, falls down clofe to the Sides of the Caulis 5 and its feveral Indentures then making parallel Lines with the Fibres of the Stalk, the Seeds are, through them, conveyed, as through little Duds or Chanels, to the Ground. 'Tis further to be obferved, that this Filament is not of fo fucculent a Contexture as the Siliqua or (Seed-veffel $ fo that the Seeds, which would other- N wife [ 9§ ] wife rot in the Siliqua , are here retained in full Health, till the Period of their falling to the Ground. I have now by me the Filament of a Plant, laid by for Obfervation ever ftnce October the 28th laft paft, which is near half a Year ago ; from which, two Days ago, 1 took Seeds fair and perfed. 3. Upon Examination of the Caulis in feveral Sections, I find the Mufhroom a Plant more perfect than has been thought. It has a perfed Radix ; a Caulis confiding of Fibres, the Interftices of which are filled up by a parenchymous Subftance, leading fronp the Radix to the Umbella or Head : It has, as has been obferved, its Semen and Siliqua-, and more regular Periods of Vegetation than is luppofed. The common Opinion of a Mufhroom’s fpringing up in a Night, and perifhing in a Day, has no Foundation in Fad. I have now by me fome in all States of Maturity ; fome of which, to my Knowlege, are near a Fortnight old, and yet but juft arrived to a Fitnefs for the Table. 4. Upon Examination of feveral Mufhrooms, ex- posed to the open Air, but kept from the Injuries of the Sun and Rain, I find no Animal cula bred therein, nor, as yet, a Tendency to Putrefadion; though they have been expofed thus for a Week. On the other hand, upon examining a Mufhroom, very far from being full-grown, putrefy 5d by the Rain, and Moifture of the Dung in the Bed, I found Animal- cula , difcoverable only by the third Magnifier, float- ing in the Liquor, fqueczcd out from it : From which I think it evident, that the dangerous Confc- quenccs which Hiftory has informed us to have attended the Eating of Mufhrooms, have not arofe. from [ 99 ] from any poifonous Quality ettential to them, but from the accidental Ova or Animalcula , which the Richnefs of their Nutriment has allured to them, and which their Contiguity to the Ground, and the Places they arc produced in, render them obnoxious to. Thefe Animalcula I have lately had an accu- rate View of; out as rhcv demand a fuller Account, than this Paper, already too long, will permit, I fhall referve the Ohfervations upon them for another Opportunity of being honoured with the Attention of the Society. However, i" may not be amifs to fubjoin a fhort Account of the Culture in the Kitchen-garden of a Plant which contributes fo much to the Delicacy of polite Tables, which may be depended upon, from perfonal Trial and Succefs ; as thofe few Writers upon the Subjed, not being acquainted with the true Mufhrooms, are not intirely to be depended upon. In the Melonry, or Place allotted in the Garden for Hot-beds, the Mufhrooms mud be thus ordered : Having marked out a Portion of Ground one Yard and a half broad, and of any Length, as the Ground will permit; fatten two Sticks at each End of the diametrical Diftance already marked out, which fhall, by inclining to each other on the Top, form an Ifo- fceles Triangle. To the Breadth and Height of thefe Sticks mutt the Beu be made, of old, rich, dry Dung, clofely trod together: Neither new nor moift Dung is proper ; for the Mulhroom being naturally of a fucculent and fpongy Contexture, too much Hear, and too much Moifture, mutt neceffarily injure it. N 2 Having ERRATUM. N° 461. p. 473. 1. 4. from the Bottom, for Minutes read Seconds. An Addition to the Reverend Dr. Miles’j Account of Fern-Seed, ibid. p. 772. after 1. 1 6. Whereas I have mention’d, that a fort of Fungus , of a light-brown Colour, grows over the Seed-veffels of the Filix mas ; this is to be underftood to have that Appearance, when the Seeds are full-ripe, and the Veffels containing them are prepared to burft : For I have fince view’d them, foon after they begin to appear, and alfo when the Seed-veffels are nearly grown to their full Size ; at which times the faid Fungus is a fine Membrane of a bright Green, intirely cover- ing the Tuft of Seed-veffels like a Cap, and clofely adhering to the Surface of the Leaf of the Plant : But when the Seed-veffels are arriv’d at Perfection in Size, and able to bear being expos’d, it begins to recede from the Leaf, and to hang over them in form of an Umbrella • and as they grow ripe, it gradually changes brown, and curls up a little, making the Appearance firft-mention’d. Tooting , January 24. 1744-5. Henry Miles, ERRATUM. N° 472. p„ 47. 1. 5. read one with another in one Cafe only,, where they are fuppofed to be bent to the fame Degree, and that without f sewing. Numb. 473. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. GIVING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE Prefent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, O F T H E INGENIOUS. IN MANY Coniiderable Parts of the WORLD* LONDON: Printed for C. Davis, over againft Gra/s-Inn * Gate in Holborn > Printer to the Royal Society. 1745% Numb. 473. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Month of May , and Part of Juney 1744. The CONTENTS. I. A Scheme of a DIARY of the Weather ; together with Draughts and Defcriptions of Machines fubfervient thereunto ; infcribed to the President and F ellows of the Royal Society ; by Roger Pickering, F. R. S. and V . D. M . Page x. H. A Fetter from Mr. William Watlbn, Apothecary , F. R. S. to the Society, con- cerning fome Perfons being poifoned by eat- ing boiled Hemlock. p. 18. HI. Methodus Nova Calculi Eclipfimn Ferrcc fpecialis ; vel quorumcunque Occur fuum Lunas cum Stellis , tarn err antibus quam in- err antibus : AuElore Chriftiano Ludovico Gerften, R. S. Sod '. & Math. Prof in Academia Giefenh. p. 22. IV. A Fetter from Mr. Chr. Warren, Sur- geon at Truro in Cornwall, to John Machin*, Efq\ Seer. R. S. Prof. Afir. Grelham. con- taining further Accounts of the Succefs of inje&ing The CONTENTS. mjeBim medicated Liquors into the Abdo- men, in the Cafe of an Afcites. p. 47. V. A Letter from John Bevis, M. D. to Martin Folkes Ffq\ Pr. R. S. containing jome Obfervations concerning Mercury, p. 48. VI. A Rupture of the Navel, communicated to the Royal Society by H. W. Taube (Dove) Surgeon of the Pearl Man of War. p. 5 o. VII. A Letter from Mr. Wm. Watfon, F.R.S i to the Royal Society; containing fur- ther Remarks concerning Mufhrooms ; Oc- cafioned by the Reverend Mr. Pickering’ s F. R. S. Paper in the preceding Tranfadt. p. 96. with Obfervations upon the poifonous Faculty of forne Sorts of Fungi. p. 5 1 * VIII. Two Letters from Mr. Thomas Prefton to Mr. Jofeph Ames, F. R. S. concerning the If and of Zetland. p. 57* IX. Occultatio Jovis a Luna, obfervata Lon- dini, per Johannem Bevis, M. D. p, 65. X. A Letter from Mr. Abraham De Moivre, F. R. S. to William Jones, Efq\ F. R. S. concerning 7 he eafiefl Method for calculating the Value of Annuities upon Lives , from Fables of Obfervations. p. 65. XL 7 he Appearance of a fiery Meteor, as feen by Mr. Cradock, communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Henry Baker, F.R.S. p. 78. I. A Scheme of a DIARY of the Weather; together with Draughts and Defcriptions of Machines fubfervient thereunto ; infcribed to the President and Fellows of the Royal Society; by Roger Pickering, F, R , S. and V.D.M. Tke Introduction. Read at a Meet-f g ^ H E Ufefulnefs and Importance of sTciefyf' myyf. I Meteorological Tables , or Dia- 174:. vies of the IVeather, arc too well knownto this learned Society ,to need mentioning with any other View, than as an Excufe under which the Au- thor of the following Obfcrvations would fhclter him- felf, for prefuming to engage in a Subjedt, upon which fo many, infinitely his Superiors, have writ- ten: For, when both the Health and Trade of Man- kind confiderably depend upon the different States of the Atmofphere, the meaneft Endeavours to contri- bute to a Knowledge of it may not be without their Ufe, and arc, at lead, excufable. A Senfe of the Importance of obferving the Wea- ther induced Hippocrates , in his Remarks upon the Epidemic Difeafes in Thafos , to premife a general Hiftory of the Weather preceding them; and with the fame View did our great Mr. Boyle turn his Thoughts fo clofely upon the fame Subjedt : whofe Example, being followed by feveral judicious In- quirers into Nature, both abroad and at home, has brought the Natural Hijlory of the Air to a furprifing Degree of Perfection/ beyond what the Antients ever A could [ 2 ] could pretend to, or even thought of. Had but each County in England Gentlemen of fuch Sentiments, who would charge themfelves with the annual Trou- ble of fending a regular Account of the Weather to this learned Body , by it to be compared and digefted, to what Degrees of Accuracy may we not fuppofe a Knowledge of the Nature and Affe&ions of the At- wofphere may be brought; and how well may we not hope to be guarded againft the Diforders, which, as IJlanders , we are expofed to, by fuch a clofe In- quiry into the Nature of that necelfary Fluid in which we breathe ! Not to mention the Advantages which feveral important Branches of Trade may receive from fuch Meafures: And were the digefted Obfervations of the Royal Society compared with thofe of foreign Societies, formed upon the fame Plan, how fhort a Time would bring this Part of Philofophy to the greateft Degree of demonftrable Certainty! The Trouble ofmaking and keeping fuch Meteoro- logical Regifi ers, which, in all Probability, prevents feveral Gentlemen from performing this Piece of Ser- vice to the Public, might be rendered very incon- iiderablc, by the Propofal cf an eafy, as well as com- prehenlive, Method for a cDiaryi and a Set of limple and convenient Machines for making the neceflary Obfervations. The Plan of the Epkemeridcs Ullra-jeffince , tho’ cornprchenfive, is, with Submiflion, very perplex’d $. and the feveral others, mention’d in the Ehilofophi- cal Tranfiiffions, perhaps, do not include all the Par- ticulars of which fuch a dDiary fhould confift. The Society of Edinburgh has prefaced to their Medical Effag.s a Scheme (which I had not the Pleafurc of feeing C 3 ] feeing till a great while after I had fallen into the fol- lowing Method) the moft calculated for Ufefulnefs* but their Machines are neither fo fimple nor accurate, as fuch a Work requires ; not to mention their being intirely without one for obferving the Force of the Wind. After thefe free Expreflions, nothing but a fincerc Intention would juftify me to myfelf, for prefuming to offer the following Plan ; except it were a full Dependence upon the Honour and Candour of the Royal Society , whofe Humanity and Condefcenfioti to the meaneftof its Well-wifhers I have more than once already experienced, SECT. I. An Account of the Diary hi general , a Page of a Folio Paper-Book, opening broad- ways, are drawn, at proper Diftances, nine ho - rizontal, and kvtn. perpendicular Lines $ in the void fquare Spaces of which the Particulars of the Diary are written down. Thefirftof the horizontal Lines is for the Days of the Month and Week , on which the Exa- mination is made : The fecond for the Hour of the Day The third for the Weight of the Air : The fourth for its Heat \ The fifth for its Moiflure , or Drynefs : The fixth for the Quarter of the Wind : The feventh for its Force : The eighth for the Wea- ther5 as whether it be rainy , or cloudy , or clear : The ninth for the Quantity of Rain 5 and the Space A 2 between [ 4 ] between the lad: Line and the End of the Paper, for the Bill of Mortality. The feven perpendicular Lines are for the feven 'Days of the Week ; which, in our Diary , begins with th cfr/l Day, according to the Jewifh Account, by us called the Sabbath , or Sunday. If you therefore carry your Eye along the Paper from Left to Right, you may, at one View, fee the Weight of the Air , and the Degrees of Heat and Moifture, &c. for the whole Week. If you carry your Eye from Top to Bottom down the Column, for any one Day, you fee regularly the Whole of the Obfervations in one Line for that Day. Four Pages, or Weeks, we allow to each Month, and then leave a void Page for the Obfer- vations made in that Month ; and the overplus ca- lendary Days are carried on to the Page allotted for the next Month; only taking care to deferibe in every inch Page, where the Ending and Beginning of two different Months are to be found, the Names of both the Months, dire&ly over their final and initial Day. The Abftrad of the weekly Bill of Mortality is apparently a Part of Obfervation peculiar to this Plan, under which Article all acute Cafes, depending on the State of the Air , are fet down. Perhaps the Ignorance of the Searchers , appointed to infpedt dead Bodies, as to the precife Difeafes People die of, may lay this Method open to Objection: To which it may be fufficient to anfwjer, That this being ob- vioufly a requifite Article for a Diary , we muff be content to take our Advices on this Point from fuch Hands, rather than none; efpecially, as all Political Aritkb [ 5 3 Arithmetic has always been allowed upon no more certain a Foundation. SECT. II. A View of the Machines in generaL ' | 'HE Machines neceffary to the making Obferva- tions for a 'Diary of the JVeather , are thefe five i 1. The Barometer. I have found thofe with open Cifterns more fenfi* ble than the portable ones. That with which I make my Obfervations, is with an open Ciftern , furnifh’d with a Micrometer , that divides an Inch into 400 Parts } by which I am capable of perceiving the moft minute Alteration of the Gravity of th zAir'. It was made by Mr. Bird of the Strand ; whofe Accuracy in Graduation deferves, I think, Notice and Encou- ragement. 2. The Thermometer. Mine is one made by Fahrenheit's Scale on one Side, with its Correfpondence to the Graduation of the Alcohol Thermometer on the other. Of the three next Machines , two are new , and the other confiderably altered, and, 1 hope, improved, from one offered to the Society a great while ago. Note , All the Machines, except the Barometer, are expofed to the open Air. The Thermometer and Hygrometer are placed in a little Shed ? made for their Reception, againft my Study - Window , where I can fee the Graduation thro’ the Glaft; and, by lifting up the Safh, can, take them in, as Occafion requires. SECT. SECT. III. Of the Hygrometer. T HAD, for fome time, made ufe of Dr. Hooke's ^ Hygrometer , made of the Beard of a wild Oat, let in a fmall Box, with a Dial-plate and an Index } but I foon found an Inconvenience, without the re- medying of which no Dependence could be had on this Machine j viz. its making more than one Re- volution in a Nighr. I endeavoured to remedy this by the following Method, deferibed in Tab I. Fig. 6. At the vertical Point, from which Moifture and Drynefs are graduated, I caufed a fmall Circle to be ddcribed; the lower Arch of which fhould juft in- terred! with that Arch , round which the Index of the Oat deferibed its Circuit. In the Centre of this fmall Circle I placed a Fin, eafily turning in the cen- tral Cavity, and furnifh’d with a flat Piece of thin Ivory on. its Head. This Piece of Ivory , interfe&ing with the Index of the Oat, by it was turned either to the moift or dry Side of its Graduation, as the Index made a double Revolution . I flatter’d myfelf with Succefs; but foon found, in the great Fogs we had laft Winter, that the wild Oat is not a fafe Ma- terial to make an accurate Hygrometer of : For, 1. In the great Fogs it grew limber ; fo as that the Weight of the Index brought it down upon the Plate, where its Fri&ion prevented its further Motion, 2. It foon lofes its Senfihility , grows harfh, and is abfolutcly unfit for Ufe. So I immediately turned my Thoughts upon fome other for my Diary , and 3 referved C 7 3 referved this for my Study ; where, or in any inclofed Place, it does well enough, and may be very ufeful ki the following Refpeds ; as, 1. To examine, in Cafes of Sicknefs, the cDamp- nefs of Rooms. 2. To examine Damps in fabterraneous Cavities , being let down with a Weight , where a Light would fometimes fet the Place on Fire. 3. Toobferve the proper State of Dry nefs in Ware' houfesy Wine-vaults , Studies , where Damps would be detrimental and pernicious. 4. To examine the Strength of fudden Fogs , and the comparative Dampnefs of particular Situations. As a Succedaneum to this, I thought upon a ftati- cal one; it recurring to my Mind, That the Weight and Moifture of the Air being but two Properties of one and the fame Body, a ft at ical Hygrometer (ce- teris paribus) promifed the beft Afhftance towards a more complete Knowledge of the Barometer , which ads upon ftatical Principles ; and that thefe two Ma- chines mull: have a reciprocal Correfpondence with each other. I then remember’d, that the great Mr. Boyle had mentioned fomething of this Nature; after confulting whom, I made the following Machine y ading upon his Principles, but formed in a Manner differing from his. I cauled a Balance to be made to turn with half a Grain , ordering that the Axis of the Balance fhould, on one Side, be drawn out to the Length of one Inch, and its End to be furnifhed with a Male Screw , to which a light Index with a Female Screw might be fixed. I had t\\\s Balance fa&znzd in a JVainfcot Box, twelve Indies in Length, nine in Diameter, and four m Depth at Top, but gradually widening towards the Bottom, with a Back to Hide up and down in a Groove. The Axis, already mentioned, of an Inch. Length, came through a Hole in the Front of the Box, and then had the Index faftened on, which de- lcribcd the Segment of a Circle upon a brafs Plate, itlver’d and graduated into 180 Gr. as if it had con- lifted of a perfed Semicircle , or two Quadrants. The Reafon why the Graduation did not begin exactly with the diametrical Line was, to prevent the Fri&ion of the Brachia of the Balance, with the little Drop placed at the Bottom of the Axis already mentioned. My next Concern was to charge this Balance. The Beam turned, as has been laid, with half a Grain ; and every fuch Turn, after repeated Trials, moved the Index fomewhat more than one ^Degree of the 1 So deferibed upon the Plate ; fo I immediately pitched upon a Four Peny-weight all but fix Grains , which contained as many half Grains as there were i Degrees . This Weight I fixed with a Thread to one Brachium of the Balance , without any Scale , the fe- veral Threads or Silk Strings of which, as they would imbibe more Moifture, would make the Machine lefs accurate; and the other Brachium I charged with a Sponge , fufpended likewife by a Thread, of fuch a Weight, when reduced to absolute Drynefs, as made an Equilibrium ; and then ferewing on the Index to the firft Degree of the 180, and expoftng the Ma- chine, thus ordered, to the open Air , in one Night’s time the Index had got to the 70th Degree ; which, as the Sponge had been abfolutely dry, muft have been the true State of the Air , as to Moifiure , at that time. I find C 9 ] I find this Machine extremely fenfible and accu- rate} it will alter io Degrees in a Night, and as many in a Day } and has, I think, the following Ad- vantages : 1 . It is more portable than any, except that of the wild Oat } and, upon any Accident, more eafily and fpeedily rectified than it, or any other whatever. 2. Being graduated from abfolute ‘Drynefs , it is beft calculated for the Difcovery of the true State of the Air, as to Moifture. 3 . The near Gorrefpondence between the Degrees on the graduated ‘Plate , and the Weight of the Moift- ure neceflary to be imbibed or exhaled, to make either Brachium of the Balance preponderate every fuch Degree, gives it the Preference to any other. For a more per fed Idea of this Machine, fee Tab. I. Fig. i. where it is viewed on the Infide, the Back being Hid up. At Fig 2. is reprefented the Plate with its Graduations and Index, as it fiiould appear on the Front of the Cafe. SECT. IV. Of the Anemofcope . 'T'HE Anemofcope is a Machine four Feet and a Quar- -■* ter high, confiding of a broad and weighty Pedef- tal , a Pillar fattened into it, and an iron Axis , of about half an Inch Diameter, fattened into the Pillar. Upon this Axis turns a wooden Tube , at the Top of which is placed a Vane, of the fame Materials, 21 Inches long, confiding of a Quadrant, graduated and fhod with an iron Rim, notched to each Degree ; and a Conn - terpoife , of Wood as in the Figure, on the other. B Through [ 10 ] Through the Centre of the Quadrant runs an iron Pin , upon which are faftened two fmall round Pieces of Wood, which ferve as moveable Radii to defcribe the Degrees upon the Quadrant, and as Handles to a Velum or Sail, whofe Pianeis one Foot fquare, made of Canvas ftretched upon four Battens, and painted. On the upper Batten, next to the fhod Rim of the Quadrant, is a fmall Spring, which catches at every Notch correfponding to each Degree, as the Wind fhall, by preffing againft the Sail , raife it up ; and prevents the falling back of the Sail, upon the lef- fening of the Force of the Wind. At the Bottom of the wooden Tube is an iron Index, which moves round a circular Piece of Wood faftened to the Top of the Pillar on the Pedeftal, on which are defcribed the thirty-two Points of the Compafs. The Figure of this Machine may be feen Tab. I. Fig . 3. Its Ufes are the following : 1. Having a circular Motion round the iron Axis and being furniftfd with a Vane at Top, and Index at the Bottom, when once you have fixed the arti- ficial Cardinal Points, defcribed on the round Piece of Wood on the Pillar , to the fame Quarters of the Heavens, it gives a faithful Account of that Quarter from which the Wind blows. 2. By having a Velum or Sail elevated by the Wind along the Arch of the Quadrant, to an Height pro- portionable to the Power of the Column of Wind prefiing againft it, the relative Force of the Wind, and its comparative Power , at any two Times of Examination, may accurately be taken. 3. By having a Spring fitted to the Notches of the Iron with which the Quadrant is fhod, the Velum is pre- [ « 3 prevented from returning back upon the Fall of the Wind; and the Machine gives the Force of the higheft Blaft, lince the laft Time of Examination, without the Trouble of watching it. I have carefully examined the Dependence that may be had upon this Machine, during the late Storms in February 174I, by comparing the Height to which the Wind then forced the Velum, with the cDeal Let- ter. The 19th of Feb. Sabbath , 8 a. m . the Anemo- feope was at 75 : The Deal Letter for that Day called it a Storm. The Saturday following, being the 25 th, at 8 p. m. the Machine was at 79 : The 'Deal Letter called that a violent Storm. The Wednefday follow- ing, the laft of Feb. it was at 84: The Deal Letter called that a violent Storm. So that it appears, that, in fuch as the Sailors allow to be ’violent Storms , the Machine has hitherto anfwer’d well, and has had fix Degrees to fpare for a more violent Guft, before it comes to an horizontal Pofition. It is certainly to be depended upon in ordinary Weather, the Velum being hung fo tender, as to feel the gentleft Breeze. But, after all, I muft freely own, that I fear the expofing this Machine to all Winds, for a Continuance, muft foon diforder it ; and that irregular Blafts and Squalls cannot fail in a ftiort time to impair it. It may not therefore be amifs, to prevent this, for Gentlemen to take the Machine in in violent Weather ; and, by taking the Tube off the iron Axis, to make their Obfervations with the Tube-, Vane , and Velum , in their Hands ; which, as it is very light, and far from cumberfome, is eafy to do, as I have often experienced. B 2 SECT. E 11 3 SECT. V. Of the Ombrometer . TT'HIS Machine confifts of a tin Funnely whofe ^ Surface is an Inch fquare, a flat Board, and a glafs Tube let into the Middle of it in a Groove (the Length and Breadth of both Board and Tube being ad Libitum), and an Index. My Board is about three Feet long, to anfwer the Height of the Rails that go round the Top of my Houfe, to one of which it is hung, clear of any Obftacle to prevent the free Fall of the Rain, with four little Staples that Aide over as many Tenter-hooks. The Bore of my Tube is about half an Inch; which, at a Medium, is the beft Size, a larger Bore obliging you to make your Graduation the more contra&ed, and, confequently, the lefs plain and accurate ; and a leller not permitting you to return the Water out of the Tube when full, without the Adhefion of a great deal to its Sides 5 which, when you have placed the Tube in its perpendicular Situation, fubfides, and fometimes fills up x? of an Inch; which, without Care, mud neceflarily make great Miftakes in the Diary . The Method of graduating the Board is this : I had a Vefiel of Tin made, whofe Contents were cxadly a Cubic Inch. With this Vefiel,. filled with Water exadly to its Surface, I frequently gauged the Tube, till, by repeated Trials, I had found the Height to which a Cubic Inch of Water would rife in it. The Space anfwering to this on the Board I had gra- duated into 3 2 equal Parts, and took the fame Me- thod with the reft of the Tube, till in the fame man- ner * J C *3 ] nerlhad graduated four fuch Inches. Now the Sur- face of the Funnel being, as has been faid, exadtly a fquare Inch, no Rain can by it get into the Tube, but fuch as falls within the Square of one Inch ; which, as the Shower is more or lefs, has its exaCt Quantity fhewn upon the Board, on which a moveable Index is placed. This Machine has highly anfwer’d my Expectation ; its Form being very fimple, and eafily repaired, if any Accident happen. For, fhould the Tube be broke, ’tis only rubbing out the Graduation, which is marked with a Black lead Pencil upon the Board painted white, and gauging your new Tube with the Cubic Meafure for a new Graduation, and your Ma- chine is again complete. I had one Tube broke, and about three Hours Pains fet all to- rights. In Winter it will be necefiary to let no Depth of Water remain in the Tube ; for, fhould there be a Froft, the Ex- panfion of the Ice will certainly break it. The Ma- chine will equally ferve for diffolved Hail and Snow., Its Figure may be feen Tab. I. Fig. y . SECT. VL Of the Monthly 0 bfer vat ions. THE vacant Page at the End of every four Weeks,, referved for Obfervations occurring in the pre- ceding Month, and giving a fummary Account of the greateft Difference of the Weather in it,, is a Method peculiar to this ‘Diary j and one which, I flatter myfelf, will be allowed exceeding pertinent and ufeful. The great End of this, and all \ Diaries * is to fmrnifh Materials for a Set of found Obferva- tions C >4 3 tions, upon which to build a thorough Knowledge of the Atmofphere , and its EfFeds upon Mankind : And it is ealy to fee what great Advantage to this Part of Natural Knowledge mud arife from a Variety of Obfervations, made by different Men of Appli- cation and Judgment, upon one and the fame Sub- jed. Befides, in this Portion of our Defign may be included, what could not well without Perplexity be thrown into the Columns of the Diary, all the Mete- orological Appearances of the Aurora Borealis , Light- ning, Thunder, &c. together with Abftrads of the moft authentic Accounts of fuch Phenomena , as at any time in the preceding Month have been feen in different Parts of our own Country, or abroad. But this Article muft be left to every Gentleman's Judg- ment } it opening a fair Field for the moft happy Advancements of many Parts of Natural Knowledge. An Explanation of the Charaders in the HIS Line implies the Machine’s being at'the fame Degree as it was in the preceding Obfer- vation. This O Charader in the Spaces for the Force of the Wind implies a Calm. Note , i ft, None, but the cardinal and fubcardinal Points of the Compafs are commonly marked, unlefs in cafe of a Storm. 2dly, In the Abftrad of the Bill of Mortality, which comes out on a Tuefday , the Account in each Week is to be compared from the Tuefday of the Week before, to the Tuefday in that Week where the Abf- trad is placed. DIARY April April 1744. C '5 ] . vr> r^ I q 0 <±S >N ro I <3- < CN h 3 00 d N , O QJ > O c r 5 on q * .00 co 1 ■3- ON d vo VO i £ c. Fine. 0 Vj“ ? <* H A fr,| §. ON E re rt 00 Cl CO T3 fe VO E t* | O Ml £ CO U h c *3 OO Cn cl 0 vD M 5 CO 6“§ CO c/3 to £§ 3 S M M 'OIO Ml O M 1 & On d vo >N -a 3 0. Q M eT^f c< vo III » vo I 0 1 u h S -4- O w c W 1) « .p G 00 N rj- cn CO C* ed iO j • vo . O vo OO '-' III to fc < O O CO 1 rj- CN CO 0. A to O c -a OO d t^l 0 tn g| £ E CT\ O N I ^ 1 1 1 ■fJ.a 1 ** OO ON Cl 00 CO 1 1 vo 1 O < < O vq f O vo 0 >N CO i s CO 00 'V 8 cl 1 r ' . c* vn. Q . On I CO vo NmO S Nh 2_ M Nh CNtv • ^ . s • M CO Cn d vo co 1 £ 0 CO U. 05 ro 5 i O b > Lt- ^ Q h 1 0 tv C*' s CTv I O t". IH M *5 CTt *0 <£« 00 ON d 0? - •03 Cicuta facie , of Lobel. This Confufion appears maniieftlyin fcveral Authors, and fome of them of the greateft Credit. Which of thefe Plants, or whether any of them, was the Athe- nian Poifon, nobody has determined. Altho’ the Eating of the Roots, as above -men - tion’d, was attended with no bad Confequences, a late melancholy Accident has been fufficiently con- C 2 vincing [ 10 ] vincing of the poifonous Quality of the Leaves of the Cicuta major . On Sunday ,May 6. 1744. two of the 'Dutch Soldiers lately arrived, who were quarter’d at Waltham Abbey in Ejj'ex , collected, in the Fields adjoining, a Quan- tity of Herbs, fufficient for themfelves and two others for Dinner, when boiled with Bacon. Thefe Herbs were accordingly dreffed, and the poor Men firft cat of the Broth with Bread, and afterwards cat the Herbs with the Bacon. In a fhort time after, they were all feizcd with violent Vertigo's ; they foon after were comatofe j and two of them grew convulfed, and died in about three Hours. The People of the Town being exceedingly alarmed at this Accident, a Fhyfician (Dr. Barrowby junior), being there, immediately went, and order’d the other two, at that time almofl: dead, large Quantities of Oil ; by which means they threw up moft of what they had eaten, and afterwards grew better. In alt of them the Eflfe&s were the fame as thofe from a large Dole of Opium. The next Day, being at the Place, I faw one of thefe Men much recover’d, and only complaining of a Heavinefs in his Head j but the other was fo well, as to be gone to perform Exercife with the other Soldiers. There was a fifth Soldier, whom I faw, who told me* He eat fome of the Bread out of the Broth, but felt fcarce any Inconvenience therefrom. It fo happen’d, that the twoMen, who gather’d the Herbs, were both killed. As I went down to the Place to fatisfy myfelf in this . Matter, a ‘Dutch Officer went with me very courtcouQy to an Inn, where there were two other Soldiers, who had leen and knew the Herbs which had [ 21 ] had been eaten : He was fo kind alfo as to attend me with thefe Soldiers into the Fields, to fhew me the Plants growing. They firft gather’d me the Cicu - taria vulgaris of John Bauhin , or Cow-weed; then, the Myrrhis fylvejlris feminibus afperis of Cafpar Bauhin, orfmall Hemlock-Chervil. They then gave me fome Cicuta major , and, fmelling it, immedi- ately faid, That this was the Herb that kill’d their Comrades; which 1 then had no Reafon to doubt of, as of the two former Plants : The firft grows almoft under every Hedge, and is eaten by the Cows, and the other is frequently given to tame Rabbets for Food ; whereas Cattle conftantly refufe to eat Hem- lock. Before I was thus fatisfied, I imagined this Acci- dent to have proceeded rather from Lobel’s Oenan- the\ thinking, that as that Plant grows near the Sides of Rivers, thefe Soldiers might have gather’d it by the River Lee , which runs by the Town, and eaten it for Smallage, to which it has fome Refem- blance. It is now known, that the Cicuta major , the Ci- cuta aquatica , and the Oenanthe of Lobel, are cer- tain Poifons; but there are two others of the fame Clafs, growing common in England, and not much unlike thefe in Smell and other Circumftances, ve- hemently to be fufpefled : The one is the Cicutaria tenuifolia of Mr. Ray , which grows frequently in wafte Places, and in Gardens among Pot-herbs, of which De la Champ gives fome Account of its Ma- lignancy ; the other is the Cicutaria palu/lris of Lobel and Tabermemontanus , or Bhellandrium of Eodonaus, which grows in muddy Ditches and Pond’s^ I don’t C 22 3 I don’t remember any Hiftory of the pernicious Effe&s of the Cicuta major in this Kingdom $ but as the dete&ing poifonous Plants is of very great Confequence, I prefume to lay this Paper before you i and am, Gentlemen, londoti , May 9. 1 744. Tour moft obedient , Humble Servant , W. Watfon. III. Methodus Nova Calculi Eclipfium cTerr3- »9 S6. 43“ 51- 5 59- 46. 18. 20 56. 22. 53- 6 59- 40. 16. 21 56* 0. 53- 7 59* 33- 9- 22 55- 37« 5»- 8 59- 24. 57- 23 5S- *3“ 49. 9 59- IS- 40. 24 54“ 48. 45- xo 59- 5- x 8. 25 54- 22. 42. 1 1 58. 53- 51* z6 53- 55- 39- IZ 58. 41- 19. 27 53- 27. 37- *3 58. 27. 43- 28 52. 58. 36. '4 58. 13. 3- 29 52. 28. 37- >5 ' 57- 57- 19. Simplici additione ex his, & refe&is poftea minu- tis quartis, tabulam condidimus, redu&ionis arcuum parallelorum ad minuta prima, fecunda, &c. cir- culi maximi, in fingulos gradus declinationis ab 1 ufque ad 29 ; cujus ope quofvis arcus in circulis pa- rallels, uno gradu minores, ad minuta prima & fe- cunda circuli maximi revocare licet. Quorum decli- natio intermedia, corum valores quoqueex differen- tiis ope tabulae fubfidiariae, non multo negotio inve- niuntur. C Js ] niuntur. Minuta tertia eum in finem in tabula fer- vavimus, ut quando ultra 50 concreverunt, integrum xninutum fecund um pro ipfis fubftitui poflit. Ex« empli gratia fiftitur pars tabulae, circuli nimirum parallel! cujus declinatio 18 gradus. Arc. Cir. Par. Partes circul.max. Arc. Cir. Par. Partes circul. max. / / 11 #// 1 ; n 111 >7~ // iff /in /I 11 m 1111 1 0 57 3 26 24 43 38 2 1 54 7 27 2S 40 42 3 2 S1 1 1 28 2 6 37 46 4 3 58 >5 29 27 34 ■ 5° 5 4 45 *9 30 28 31 54 6 42 22 3 1 29 28 57 7 0 39 26 32 30 26 r 8 7 36 30 33 3l 23. 5 9 8 33 34 34 32 20 9 10 9 30 S8 35 33 *7 *3 1 1 10 27 4* 36 34 *4 16 12 ti 24 45 37 35 1 1 20 *3 12 21 , 49 38 36 8 24 H »3 18 53 39 37 5 28 l5 *4 *5 57 40 38 2 32 16 >3 0 4* 38 59 35 J7 16 10 4 42 39 56 39 18 *7 7 8 43 40 53 43 J9 1 3 4 12 44 41 5° 47 20 *9 1 16 45 42 47 S1 21 19 58 *9 46 43 44 54 22 20 55 23 47 44 4i 58 23 21 52 27 48 45 39 2 24 22 49 31 49 46 36 6 25 23 46 35 5° 47 33 10 I* Arc, C *6 ] Arc. Cir. Par. Partes circuli max. Arc. Cir. Par. Partes circuli max. 1 / n m I / ii in n 11 m III/ n n 111 1111 51 48 3° *3 S6 53 ‘5 32 52 42 27 *7 57 54 12 36 S3 50 24 21 58 55 9 40 54 5 1 21 25 59 56 , 0 44 55 52 18 29 60 57 aj 48 Exemplum . Sint 53' 47" hujus circuli paralleli convertenda in partes circuit imximi : fiat 53' = 50' 24" fci'" 45" = 42 47 -i — ■ * ■- ■ Snrama 5 7" erit valor qusefitus. SEC T. XI. /^Irculorum ad equatorem parallelorum portiones exiguas, ubi pro redis tuto afiumi poffunt, fe- cantur a circuits declinatjonum ad angulos redos. Quapropter triangulum fphericum parvum, cujus latus unum portio circuli declinationisr alterum portio cir- culi paralleli, pro triangulo piano redangulo haberi* & ejus hypothenufa per theorema Pythagoricum vel alias reguias trigonometric plane tuto eruitur. Cum vero haec hypothenufa fit diagonals quadrilinei cujuf- dam fphcrici, quod fedione duorum circulorum de« clinationis, per duos ad aequatorem parallelos efFe- dum, ex arcubus parallels major, & a polo remotior, pro bafi trianguli redanguli eligendus, ubi de hypo- pothenufa invenienda queritur. SECT. [ *7 ] SECT. III. Abula parallaxium altitudinis lunx duplict modo conftruuntur. Primum fecundum prxeept. XII. Streete , tabulis Carolinis prxmiflum, deinde ifecun- dum prxeept. Xtil. ejufdem. Pro diftantia lunx a rerra, fufficit ratio hujus diftantix ad femidiamctrum terrx, quae ex parallaxi horizontali ftatim innotcfcir. Prior modus parallaxes determinat ad aititudines vifas ; tfc. fupra horizontem fenfibilem. Pro eclipfibus terrx, & appulfubus lunx ad ftcllas, prior modus eft eiigendus, non pofterior. Secus qui ageret, in calculum noftrum ■errores non contemnendos intruderet. Accuratam ' parallaxium altitudinis tabulam, cum rem maximi momenti efte deprehenderem, dc novo ad ufusmeos ufque ad 70 gr. aititudinem conftruxi, cum qua tamen poftea fatis bene confentire deprehendi Lanfbergia- 71am in tab . motuum cceleftinm hujus authorise p. 4 8. & feq. Qux vero in Ludovicianis extat N 9 XXV. ea ad aititudines vifas, non veras, refpicit, adeoque abfque redu&ione ad hos ufus minus idonca. No- tandx velim parallaxes ejufdem altitudinis verx, fed diverfarum diftantiarum lunx a terra efte ipfis diftan* tiis per confequens parallaxibus horizontal ibus pro- portionales. Sequens abacus exhibet parallaxes altitudinis ex noftra & Lansbergii tabulla, qui numeri, in ratione aliarum parallaxium horizontalium au&i vel dirni- nuti, vel foli ad quofcunquc cafus fufficiunt. D 2 Alt. Alt. verae. Parall. Alt. Ex Tab. noftr. Parall. Lansberg. Alt. | verae. Parall. Alt. Ex Tab. noftr. Parall. Lansberg. I 60 0 59 59 36 49 | 49 4 2 59 59 59 59 37 48 26 48 27 3 59 58 59 57 38 47 48 47 49 4 59 56 59 54 39 47 9 47 10 5 59 52 59 5° 40 46 3° 46 31 6 59 47 59 46 4L 45 49 45 5* 7 59 41 59 40 42 45 7 45 9 8 59 34 59 33 43 44 2 5 44 26 9 59 26 59 24 44 43 42 43 42 to 59 17 59 *4 45 42 58 42 58 1 1 59 6 59 4 46 42 1 3 42 >3 12 58 55 58 53 47 4* 28 41 27 !3 58 42 58 4* 48 40 41 40 37 H 58 28 5.8 28 49 39 54 39 54 !5 58 H 58 *4 5° 39 6 ^9 7 16 57 58 57 58 5 1 3* *7 38 18 *7 57 41 57 4* 52 37 28 37 28 s8 57 23 5.7 *3 53 36 38 36 37 *9 57 4 57 3 54 35 47 35 46 20 5* 44 56 43 55 34 55 34 55 21 56 23 sf 56 22 56 34 3 34 3 22 56 0 0 57 33 10 33 10 23 55 37 55 36 58 32 17 32 16 24 55 1,2 55 1 1. 79 3* 23 3' 22 25 54 47 54 46 60 30 28 3? 28 26 54 21 54 20 61 29 33 29 33 27 53 54 53 53 62 28 37 28 37 28 53 25 53 25 63 27 4‘ 27 41 29 52 56 52 5.6 64 26 44 26 44 3° 52 26 52 25 65 25 47 25 47 3* 51 54 5* 53 66 24 49 24 49 32 51 22 5 1 21 67 23 5° 23 5° 33 5° 48 5° 48 68 22 5 1 22 51 34 5° H 14 69 2r 52 21 52 35 49 39 49 40 70 20 52 20 52 SECT. IV. DAta longitudine & latitudinefideris, datur,perre- gulastrigonometricas,ejus afcenfiore&a & decli> natio. Sedmoleftamid triangulorum analyfm requirit: 5 prajftat C *9 3 praeftat tabulis hunc infinemconditis uti. Habemus in Hifloria coelefti Flamftedii &\i$\\zzsAhraharni Sharpii\ quibus non modo ex afccnfione reda & declinatione fit converfio in longitudinem & latitudinem, fed & ex longitudine & latitudine in afcenfionem rcdam & declinationem. Quae pofteriores funt ordine pag. 34. & 7\Fom. III. viam ducunt omnium breviflimam; propterea hucufque in calculo noftr© his ufi fumus. Cui apparatus harum tabularum fumptuofior videatur, feiat, lunam ultra 5 latitudinis gradus non. multum vagari } perpaucae igitur paginae ex eis pro calculo noftro fufficiunt. Siquis eas legitimo modo interpo- lando, vel tabulas fubfidiarias conftruendo, prolixiores reddere velitr, is compendium fibi & commodum non contemnendum parabit. Breviter his praemiffis, pro- per© nunc ad Calculi Precept a. 1. Pofteaquam per modos ufitatos cognitum ecll- pfin terrae in copula folis & lunae futuram effe, ex tabulis theoricis inveniatur tempus conjundionis, longitudo & latitudo lunae, motus ejufdem horarius vcrus, parallaxis, a tque diameter horizontalis, necnon motus horarius folis, ejufdemque diameter. 2. Ope tabularum, ex datis longitudine & latitu- dine, definiantur afeenfiones redae folis & lunae, & declinationes. 3. Tempore medio in apparens con verfo, ft con- jundionis momentum accidit ante meridiem, hora una ante illud, per motum horarium, ad eclipticam redudum, determinentur longitudines folis & lunae, latitudo lunae, & fmgulorum pundorum quaerantur afeenfiones [ 3° 3 afcenfiones redx & declination es. Si poll meridiem fit copula, idem faciendum hora una poft conjun- dionem. 4. Tempus conjundionis, necnon hoc ipfum hora 1 diminutum fubtrahatur a 24 horis, quando id accidit, ut habeatur intervallum temporis a con- jundionis momento, vel ab hora 1 ante conjundio- ncm, ufque ad meridiem. In horis pomeridianis ipfum tempus dat intervallum. 5. Inventa intervalla temporis convertantur in gra- dus & minuta xquatoris ; 6c prodeunt fic anguli cir- culi declinationis per centrum folis .tranfeuntes cum meridiano loci. <5. Afcenfio reda lunx vel major vel minor eflfe poteft afccnfione reda folis quocunque tempore. Horis matutinis, ft minor ea eft, tunc differentia inter afcen- fiones redas folis & lunx fubtrahenda eft ab angulo circuli declinationis numero prxeedente invento ; ft major, addenda ad eundem angulum, 6c habetur an- gulus circuli declinationis per centrum lunx rranfeuntis cum meridiano loci. Contratium faciendum horis pomeridianis. 7. Ex inventis (numero prxeed.) angulis, de- clinationibus folis 6c lunx, (num. 2.) 6c latitudine loci, per trigonometrix fphxrioe regulas, fupputen- tur altitudincs verx folis 6c lunx in utroque cafu: deinde 6c, 8. Anguli circulorum declinationis, per centrum lunx in utroque cafu tranfcuntium cum circulis verti- calibus. Minuta fecurda in hoc 6c prxeedente nu- mero tuto ncgllguntur. 9. Inventis altitudinibus veris lunx (num. 7.) ipfius paraljaxi horizontal!, (num 1.) per tabulaspa- rallaxium t 31 ] rallaxium altitud. reperiuntur parallaxes altitudinis lunx. Uti Soli parallaxis horizontal is cum Flamftedio 10 fecundorum tribuenda cenfetur, parallaxis lunx horizontalis hac quantitate prius minuenda, 10. Fiat, ut radius ad numerum minutorum fecun- dorum in parallaxi altitudinis (num. prxced.) inventx contentorum ; lie finus anguli (num. 8.) inventi ad quartum proportionalem numerum, quern edit calcu- lus, voco parallax in afeenftonis retta in circulo pa- rallelo. 11. Pergatur, ut radius ad eundem numerum mi- nutorum fecundorum in parallaxi altitudinis compre- henforum; lie co-finus anguli (num. 8.) inventi ad quartum proportionalem, qui parallaxis eft declina - tionis Inn#. In utroque cafu, moment© nempe con- jundionis, & hora ante vcl poll conjundionem, hie calculus inftituendus. 12. Difponantur afeenfiones redx folis & lunx in ambobus cafibus fecundum ordinem naturalem nume- rorum. Differentia inter afeenfiones redas fobs adda- tur ad primam afeenfionem redam lunx, eliminetur prima afeenfio reda folis, remanebunt tunc dux afeen- fiones redx lunx & una folis. i*. Declinationes folis aut crcfcunt audo tem- pore, aut decrefcunt. Priori cafu, differentia earum addatur ad earn declinationem lunx, qux minimx afeenfioni redx competit. Priori cafu fubtrahatur, eritque mutua diftantia luminarium, quafi fol im- motus per totum horx fpatium lunam progredientem refpiceret. 14. Singulx afeenfiones redx fubtrahantur, minor quxlibet a maxima, & probe notentur differentix. 15. C i* 3 15. Parallaxes declinationis fubtrahantur a dcclina- lionibus lunse, ft haec quidem funt boreales ; at vero fi auftrales exiftunt, addantur. Sk prodeunt decli*a- tiones lunae vifae. 16. Differentiae num. 14. inventae, quae nunc in circulo parallelo effe concipiuntur, ope tabulae redu- dionis, fupra § 1. IntroduB. alleg. reducantur, ad minuta prima & fe.cunda circuli maximi. Parallel! dcclinatio eadem, quae minima dcclinatio vifa Lunae aut Solis. A numero & diftantia punttorum afcenfionis redtae, a principio arietis nunc penitus abf- trahendum : non enim id agitur, fed tantummodo de pofitione & diftantia luminarium inter fefe folli- citi fumus. 1 7. Si ante meridiem inced it luna, tunc parallaxes afcenfionis redtae in circulo parallelo num. 10. repcrtae addantur competentibus lunae locis. Sin vero poft meridiem id accidit, loco additionis fit fubtradtio. Hoc demum peradto, determinate funt politiones & ioca vifa luminarium, tempore conjundtionis verse, &hora 1. ante vel poll eandem, quibus deinde facili negotio, quae rcftant elicicnda. Nam, iS.Inomnicafuex repertis fit triangulum redfangu* lum, cujusBafis diftantias locorum apparentium lunae in circulo parallelo; Cathetus differentia declinationum vifarum ejufdem ; Hypothenufa dat orbitam vifam ; & pofitio folis, five intra five extra .triangulum cadat, fatis quoque erit determinata. Ipfum triangulum nun- quam ad earn magnitudinem affurgir, quae obftet quo minus pro piano & re&ilineo fumiqueat. Hinc lim- pliciffima & facili conftrudlione ope circini & fcalse determinari poffunt diftantia centrorum minima & punfta in oibita,ubi accidunt initium cclipfis, maxima oblcuratio C 33 ] dbfcuratio & finis adeo exa&e, fi fcala idonea adhi* beatur, ut ne i vel 2 minuta fecunda quidem defici- ant 5 vel, fi mavis, hsec, & reliqua omnia per trigo- nometric plana: regulas perficiuntnr. 19. Quando fumma femidiametrorum apparentium folis & Innas extra fines hypothenufas hujus trianguli cadit, tunchaec quidem continuanda, donee occurrat ; & reliqua ufitato more peragenda, ut habeatur tern- pus initii & finis eciipfis. Sed tunc, ubi pun&a oc- curfus longe nimis a trianguli pun&is jam determina- tis diftant, calculus crit corrigendus, fi exadte tempus initii & finis quasritur. Etenim fupponitur femita lunss apparens in linea re£ta, &motusvifus asquabilis* ex quibus neutrum verum eft, utut via vifa unius horas intervallo, ita parum plerumque in eclipfibus a rectitudine divergat, ut abfque errore confpicuo pro recta linea afiumi pollit. Non itemtamende celeri- tatis asqualitate dicendum. Corredionis ergo calcu- lus infiituendus, quern cxemplo potius mox fcquenti, quam regulis, docebo. Hie quidem funt methodi noftras prascepta prasci- pua : que reliant, cxemplum illuftrabit. Me non mo- nente videbunt intelligcntes, earn tarn ad occurfus lunc cum reliquis planetis tarn ad appulfus ad iner- rantes flellas facile applicari poffe. De prasfiantia & differentia ab aliis hucufque receptis nolo verba facere : penes alios id judicium efto. Nunc id ago, ut earn ad ufus meos multo breviorem facilioremque reddam. In tuto resell, fcio, fed nondum labor fini- tus. Nempe pro altitudine poli Giecenfis , quilibet gradus declinationis habet, in quolibet temporis mo- mento, determinatam altitudinem veram, & deter- minatum angulum circuli declinationis cum meri- E diano C 34 ] diano loci. Ab his dependent parallaxes deciinationis Sc parallaxes afcenfionis reds in circulo parallelo. Ta- bu iam igitur molior, ad quofvis grad us deciinationis lunse Sc in ftngula quatuor minuta prima temporis mihi reddituram turn parallaxin deciinationis, turn parallaxin afcenfionis reds in circulo parallelo. Pa- rallaxium balm ftatuo, horizontalem unius gradus : fed parallaxes ejufdem altitudinis funt in ratione di- reda parallaxium horizontalium, ut fupra § 3. intro - duff. monui j per confequens, in eadem ratione funt parallaxes deciinationis, & parallaxes afcenfionis reds, in circuits parallelis : ergo pro latitudine hujus loci unica hsc tabula fufficiet, adhibita alia fubfidiaria, cujus ope parallaxes ad quamvis aliam bafin redu- centur. Parallaxes afcenfionis redae deprehendi pro- pemodum die conftantes in quibufvis deciinationis gradibus ; ergo cum his, leve negotium, gravius & operofius erit cum parallaxibus deciinationis. Sed de his fortafle alibi 5 pergamus nunc ad Exempl um. Anno Chrifti 1706, Mali die 12, accidit eclipfis terrs. Qusritur ad lorigitudinem & latitudinem obfervatorii cParifienfis7e jus quantitas, initium, maxima obfcuratio, Sc finis. Secundum tabulas Ludovicia- nas accidit conjundio folis Sc lunce die Man 1 1, hor. 21, min. 49, fee. i3> fecundum tempus medium. Ad hoc tempus fecundum eafdem tabulas o f n 1. Locus verus © & C in ecliptica - - 51 6 48 Longit. in orbita 51 8 22 Locus ^ - — 44 14 59 Argumentum C 35 ] • III Argumentum latitudinis — 6 53 23 Latitudo C borealis — - $6 7 Motus horarius © — - 2 25 Semidiameter © — * IS 54 Motus horarius C 3 7 13 Motus horarius d ad eclipticam reduft. 37 5 Semidiameter * horizontalis 16 31 Parallaxis & fm> quxrenda eft gn & gm. fn xqualem facio fumma; femidiametrorum apparentium, (num. prxeed.) uno vel duobus minutis iecundis deminuta;, fm vero = exdem iummx, fed uno vel duobus minu- tis fecundis audx ; adeoqu c fn — 32' 3 5 7 3 fm — 32' 39''. Quamobrem gn — 32' 22" , gm — 32' 2>//j tempus per gn — h. 1. 7' 5 8/y 5 quod, fub- tradum a momento obfeurationis maximx, exhibet initium eclipfis, fc. h. 20, 27' 2 8;/: tempus per ^ ttz = b. 1, 8' s" i quod, additum ad obfe. max. dat finem h. 22, 43' 31"- Correct io Initii. 15. Hor. 1 ante d — hor. 20, 57' 317; tempus initii = 20 h. 27' 2 87j initium ergo diftat ab hor. 1 ante d 30' 3" • Huic difF. temporis competit mo- tus C inlongit. 18' 34" j incremcntum latit. © i' 37 t} ; motus © in longit. i' 12": his fubdudis a longitu- dinibus & latitudine ad hor. 1 ante d , relinquitur ad tempus initii, longitudo © = 510 31 11"; longi- tudo C, 50° ii' 9vj latitude C, 31' 16"; afc. red. 0 48° 3 6’ 44" j declinat. © 180 3' 13" 5 afc. red. fit = diff. c five 7' 26" : perpendicu- Jaris/W fit = 19' 41"= diff. db eritque h. 20, 27' 2S/r, centrum £ in hor. 1 ante d vero in b-3 cen- trum O immoti in f Orbita lunae vifa, determina- tur per pun&a a Sc if j quoniam per ea tranfit. Quod fi fm fit aequalis fummae diametrorum apparendum = 32' 35", haec ab hypothenufa b a, partem ma, re- fecat, quae in tempus converfa dat corre&ionis quan- titatem. 18. Si calculo res peragenda, ba continuanda, Sc ex f perpendiculum fg in earn demittendum. In cafu praefenti eft ab = i$' 2", ae — 30' 55", ge — 2' 10": ergo ga — 31' 5", gf= 3' 50", fm — 32.' 3s"i ergo gm — 3 2' 21"} Sc ga — gm —ma — 44" j quae quantitas, in tempus converfa= 1 ' 27". Cum autem $ moveatur ab a verfus b , Sc in a pofi- tum fit centrum lunae hor. 20, 27’ 28", manifeftum eft hoc tempus addendum efle ad tempus initii fupra inventi, ut fiat verum 6c corre&um initium eclipfis ; fc. h. 20, 28' 55". Frobatio Correfflionis. 19. Exactitudinem calculi ut oftendam, invefti- gemus diftantiam centrorum © & € ad hoc tempus initii correcti. Nam ft hasc fummae femidiametrorum apparentium aequales j verum neceffario eft momentum initii ; fi fecus, falfum eft. Tempus quod praeterlabitur ab hoc momento initii correcti, ad tempus ^=h.i, 48' 3<57. Huiccompetit motus C in ecliptica 54' 46'' 5 - F increment. [ 42 ] increment. 1 at it. € 4' 48" ,• mot us ® in longitudine 3' 34": ergo tempore initii correct! longit. £ 50° 12' 1 2" 5 latir . £ bor. 31' 19"; longit. O 5 • 0 3 ' 1 4^ 5 afeenf. rect. ® = 480 36' 47"; dedin. O — 180 3' 14"; ale. rect. £ 470 36' 4"} declin. C 180 15/46"; difF. inter afc. recta m O & C, i° o' 43"; difF. inter tempus initii correcti & meridiem, 3 h. 3 d 6"; arcus ajquatoris huic tempoti competens =52' 46' 30'' = ang. circ. declinationis per centr. O tranfeuntis cum meridiano loci. Ab hoc fubducta differentia inter afc. rect. ® & £ remanet pro ang. circ, declinatio- nis per centr. tranfeuntis cum meridiano — 510 4f' 47". Conveniens altit. S ~ 38' 33": angulus circ. decl. cum verticali =41' id's parall. air. = 47' 50", parall. declin. = 36' o"; parall. afc. rect. in circ. parallelo = 3 d 29 ; declin. vifa C = 170 43' 46"; difF. inter declin. vifam <£ 6c declin. 0 = 19' 28"; DifF. inter afc. rect. O & afc. rect. C, reducta ad partes circuli inaximi, pofita paralleli declinatione 1 7° 44; 2= 5 7; 34"; parallax, afc. rect. = 3 d 29" : ergo diftantia locorum O et C in hoc circulo pa- rallelo — 26' 5". Si itaque ex 26' 5", tanquam bah, et 19' 28", tanquam catheto, conftruitur triangulum rectangulum, hypothenufa hujus trianguli erit diftan- tia centrorum 0 et d ; fed 26' s" — 1565"; cujus quadratum 2449225, et 19' 28" = 1168"; cujus quadratum 1364224: fumma verb quadratorum — 3813449; cujus radix quadrata = 195 3" duobusfal- tem minutis fecundis minor fumma femidiametrorum apparentium. Pro Fine CorreFtio . 20. Hujus momentum fupra num. 14. determina- tum accidie h. 22, 43' 3i"- Tempus d ct h. 21, 57' 3 i" 5 [ 43 ] 3 i" j differentia 46' o". Ad hanc differential*! motus C. in longit. eft 28' 2 5 x/ ; incrementum latitud. = 2/ 19''; motus O in longir. = i' si7'': quamobrem ad h. 22, 43' 31" 5 longir. C = 5 1° 3 s' 137; latit. C = 38' 36": longit. 0 = 51° 8' 39" 5 afeenf. rcct. 0=148° 42' i7// j declin. O = 1 8° 4' 3 9" 5 afe, rect. C = 48° 58' 3 87/ ; declin. C = 180 48' 4.9". 2 1 . Diff. temporis inter finem eclipf. et meridiem eft h. 1, i6' 29" } quae, in arcus aequatoris converfa = 1 90 7' 15''. Diff. inter afc. recr. © et £ = 16' 21"; afc. recr. £ praecedit afc. rcct. © ; ergo haec diff. addenda, ut fiat 190 23' 36", angulus circuli decli- nar. per centrum £ tranfeuntis cum meridiano. An- gulus hie cum latitudine obfervatorii Tarijienjis et declin. ( profert altitudinem ( =56° 8', et angulum circuli declinationis cum verticali = 23 0 4 '. Inde con- fequitur parallaxis aitit. = 34' 12" 5 parall. declina- tionis 31' 27"; et parall. afc. rect. in circ. parallel© t ' n a y' — 1 3 24- • 22. Reductio ergo ct difpofitio afeenfionum recta- rum et declinationum talis erit. Afc. reft. Declin. compet. 9 i i1 Q 1 11 In 6 97 2 10 Obfervations, - - - Declination, - - 25 21 30 May. Appt. time. Long. 5. Latitude. Comp. Rt. Afc. ft ' 0 0 1 11 0 1 ii 0 / 11 15 8 31 15 3128 56 51 1 57 58N. 88 50 7 *7 8 26 6 si I 16 i 44 45 91 7 4i 18 9 4 40 1 59 3° 1 36 40 92 11 53 *9 8 41 00 2 51 38 1 2-8 7 93 9 12 Error Comput. May. Comp. Declin. Obfd. Rt. Afc. Obfd. Declin. Rt. Afc. Declin, 0 / >/ 0 / 11 %) / // II 25 26 12 88 49 20 25 26 20 -f- 47 — 8 *7 25 13 OO 91 7 4 25 12 56 -f 37 -f- 4 18 25 4 15 92 11 10 25 4 27 +43 — 12 *9 24 54 43 93 8 20 24 54 5^ + 52 — 13 G Vf. VI. A Rupture of the Navel, communicated to the Royal Society by H. W. Taube, (Dove) Surgeon of the Pearl Man of War . T.ead May 24. Stubbensfull had a very hard La- ! 744- /l 5our iy Years before her Death, and a little Rupture appeared in her Navel, and in the next Labour it increafed ; which (he endeavoured to cure by a Bandage, but in vain } fo it continued to increafe more and more. The fir ft time I was called to her, was upon ac- count of a Wound at Lett. d. where it looked as if it would mortify f which I cured, but left a Place open as big as Half a Crown, from which a great Quantity of Water would fometimes run out ; but getting Cold^ it flopped; and the whole Saccus was very much in- flamed (This Wound was formerly made by uneafy Trufles). I called on the late Mr .Amimdi who told me, he had feen in a Workdioufe a Rupture of the fame Kind, but not fo big. She had once an Obfrubtio alvi for fifteen Days ; and nothing would do, till I order’d her a Glyfter of Tobacco boil’d with Urine. The late Dr. James Douglafs faw her ,• and he and I agreed to open her after her Death ; to which fhe conlented. Ac lad, flie died maniacal. Dr. Douglafs and I would have open’d her ; but the Obftinacy of her Children was fo great, that they would not agree to it till the fourth Day after her Death, which happened in July-, when the Putrefadlion was fo great, that Dr. jDouglafs , nor I, nor any body elfc, could remain by her ; and fo were obliged, to our great Sorrows, to defift. References [ 5» 3 References to the Figures, fee Tab. II. Fig. 4 and 5 . a. The Circumference ncareft to the Belly 36 Inches and an half. b. The thickeft Part, 3 8 Inches. c . From a to c, the Length, 34 Inches, d The Wound. e. Several great Protuberances. VII. A Letter from Mr. Wm. Watfon, F.R.S. to the Royal Society; containing fur- ther Remarks concerning Mufhrooms : Oc~ cafioned by the Reverend Mr. Pickeringk F. R. S. Faper in the preceding Tranfatd, p. 9 6. with Obfervations upon the poifonous Faculty offome Sorts of Fungi. Gentlemen , Read May 31. ▼HOPE I fhall have the Reverend Mr. 1744 JL dickering s Excufe, if I lay before you a few further Obfervations upon his Papers concerning Mufhrooms. With regard to the Seeds of Mufhrooms, although they were never {hewn to the Royal Society before, the Fad was known to many Members thereof : for the induftrious Micheli did not only raife Mufh- rooms from their Seeds, but has, in his Tables, fhewn the daily Progrefs from their firfi: Point of Vegetation, even to their perfed State. The Fungus porofus crajfus magnus is not the Mulhroom ufually railed in England for the Table, G 2 as [ 52 3 as this Gentleman did imagine y that Name being given by "John Bauhin , in the third Volume of his Hiftory (p. 833.), to a Species which is to be diftin- guifhed from all other Fungus's, by the inferior Sub* fiance not being divided into Lamella, or (what we call in England) Gills; but has, in lieu thereof, a great many Tap ill a 5 and being of a greenifh -yellow Colour. But what is raifed in England (of which this learned Gentleman brought feveral Samples to the Society) is the Fungus campeftris albus fap erne, inf erne rubens , of John Bauhin , which differs toto coelo from the for- mer, and which Dr. Dillenius enumerates among the Species of Boletus ; whereas the latter is a Species of Amanita. I m Lift beg Leave to differ from this Gentleman likewife, in regard to the Ufe of the Ring, which furroamis the Stalk of this Mufbroom . He imagines it placed there, by the wife Author of Nature, to break the Fall of the Seeds when ripe; whereby thofe light Bodies may be preferved from the Fury of the Winds, in order to the abundant Propagation of their Species. I have Reafon to believe, that thofe Seeds,, which fall upon this Ring, fall there by Accident ; and adhere there only from the Vifcofity, whereby they are intangled. But, before I examine this Mat- ter, give me Leave to make a few Obfervations upon the Oeconomy of this Plant. The Fungi , then, are of that Clafs of Vegetables, which are ranged, by that moft skilful Botanift Linnaus , under the Appellation of Cryptogamia , or thofe which perform their Frufti- fication in fecret. Under this Head we find the Fig- tree, all the Species of Fern, Moffes, Mufhrooms,, and a few others, whole Flowering and Seeding are obferved: $ [ S3 ] obferved with more Difficulty, than in thofe wc ufually call the more perfcCt Plants. In fome of this Cla fs, the Fructification, notwithstanding the great Afliftance furnifh’d to the modern Botanifts by Mi- crofcopes, which the ancient were wholly deffitute of, remains yet undifeover’d. This Plant then being of thisClafs, almoft all thofe whofe Stems are thick and flefhy, as well as their Umbels, have a Ring upon their Stem ; from which, when the Plant is young, and until it arrives at a flowering State, there arifes a Membrane, which connects the Rim of the Umbel to the Stem, and preferves the under Part of the Plant in this State: But, when this is over, the Umbel, which before was almoft of an hemifpherical Figure, growing larger, and the Membrane not giving way, is loofened from the Rim of the Umbel, and ad- heres only to the Stem. Soon after this State, the Seeds ripen, and the Umbel, loftng its former Figure, commences almoft a Plane ; and the Plant in this State is fold in our Markets, by the Name of Flaps. Now, when the Umbel is of this Figure, the Seeds, being perfectly ripe, muft fall naturally upon the whole Space the Umbel covers (which Michelt obferved, by placing Leaves of Trees under them); and, upon the Ring, as well as any other Part; though I have Reafon to believe not more. As for thofe Species of Fungi whofe Stems are thin, and whofe Umbels' are fofr, and more duCtile, they need not, nor have they, this Ring or Membrane,- becaufe, in their ten- der State, the Rims of their Umbels clap themfelvcs quite clofe to the Stalk, in the Form of a contracted Umbrella ; aiid expand as the others do, when their Seed# C 54 ] Seeds arc ripe : neverthelefs the Species of this Tribe are as numerous as the former. I now come to coniider how far the Poifon of Mujbrooms can poffibly proceed from Animalcules : But, firft, give me Leave to doubt, whether or no any Perfon was ever injured from eating the com- mon Mujhrcom, or Amanita ; unlefs fuch Accident may have proceeded either from eating too many at once, and thereby overloaded the Stomach; or from fome particular Diflike in the Conftitution ; as we fometimes fee, even with regard to Honey, Cheefe, and fome of the molt innocent Parts of our Diet; but which, notwithftanding this, are by no means to be rank’d among Poifons. If there were many Inftances of their being pernicious, fuch mu ft fre- quently occur to the Praditioners in Phyfic, on account of the vaft Quantity annually confirmed in London ; but I don’t remember to have even heard of any fuch Accident ; but many Inftances occur of the noxious Quality of many of the other Species of this Tribe : Nor is it at all wonderful, that the dif- ferent Subjeds of this Clafs of Vegetables fhould dif- fer in their EfFeds more than thofe of the more per- fed Kind. The Roots of Carrot, Parfnep, and many others of the umbelliferous Clafs, are daily ufed as Food; but the Water-Hemlock, and Lobel's Oenan- the, though of the fame Clafs, aremoft certain Poifons. Here I muft obferve what Pains have been taken by Naturalifts, to diftinguifh the ufeful from the per- nicious Kinds. Among the Romans , the Boletus mentioned by 'Juvenal-, on account of the Death of the Emperor Claudius , is fufficiently deferibed by Bliny ; but, among the later Writers, Carolus Clujlus was [ 55 ] was of the firft of thofe, who, about the Middle of the fixteenth Century, being tired with the Critics and Commentators of the Time he jived in, pre- fumed to believe, that the Whole of Knowledge was not confin'd to the Writings of the Greek , Roman, and Arabian Phyficians ; becaufe, from the Revival of Letters in the Weftern World to his Time, no- thing was regarded, as of any Importance, but what was dignified with the Authority of Antiquity : And hence it came to pafs, that when the Clouds of Igno- rance began to difperfe, the Epocha of Commenta- tors took Place; but many of the Defcriptions of the Plants of Rheophrajius, Diofcorides , and Rliny , were fo very deficient, that little Light could be ac- quired therefrom; efpecially from this laft Author, who is to be confider’d as the only Romayi Naturalift that we have handed down to us and it is no Won- der, if, among the vaft Variety of Subjeds that this mod admirable Hiftorian treats of, he is, in many Inftances, rather to be confider’d as an Enumerator, than as a Defcriber: I fhall only mention theimper- fed Sketches he he has left us of Siiaus , Geum , Molon , among the many others. There arofe, I fay, fuch Heats and Deputa- tions among the Critics upon thofe Authors, very often about Trifles, that they rather increafed than diminifhed the Ignorance of thofe Times. This excellent Clujius , finding that a thorough Knowledge of Nature was neceflary, not only to underhand rightly the Ancients, but to lay the Foundation of future Knowledge, was defirous to join careful Ob- fervations of his own to thofe which were to be acquired from Books. How much he travell’d, and what [ 56 1 what Progrefs he made in this Undertaking, his many valuable Works are the beft Teftimony. Among them, his Hifiory of Fungus's bears not the leaf Chara&er 5 he therein enumerates a great Variety, not only of the efculent, but noxious Kinds ; but, as the different Appellations of every Species was not, at that time, much confider’d, he gives no other Syno- nyms to either Clafs, than that of, viz. Efculento- rum primum Genus , Noxiorum decimum Gems , and fuch-like. But this Want of fpecific Names has been iufficiently luppiied by 'John and Cafpar Bauhin , Ray, Mori fan, Tournefort , Vaillant ; but, above all, by \ Dillenius , in his Catalogns Gijfenfs , and by Micheli , in his Nova Riant arum Genera. In mod of thefe Authors we find Inftances of mifchievous Effects from the pernicious Kinds $ which Property iome of them have equal to Opium , Aconite, or Henbane 5 but how far this Property proceeds^ from Animalcules, the following Infiance will fufficiently demonftrate. We have a Sort growing in England , called, by Cafpar Bauhin , Fungus albus acris ; which Monfieur Tournefort has rightly obferved ftimulates the Tongue, and is alrnofi as fharp as tho’ it were fieep’d in Spirit of Nitre; and, being rubbed upon Paper dyed blue with Turnfole, turns it as red as any violent acid Spirit will. This caufiic Quality re- mains even after the Fungus is dry. We need make no further Inquiry for the Caufe of the Poifon in this Plant; the above-mentioned is a fufficicnt Cri- terion. John Bauhin likewife tells you, that after having handled this Fungus , he rubbed his Eyes by Accident, and brought on a violent Irritation upon his Eye lids. Cafpar Bauhin mentions a Sort which kills [ 57 ] kills the very Flies. Micheli defcribes a Species, which, upon eating them, almoft kill’d the Painter he ufually employed, and an old Woman, the Painter’s Mother. This Man, being Tent by the Author to delineate fome of thefe Fungus’s, and being taken with their Appearance, order'd fome of them to be fried, and he and his Mother eat thereof; but were, in about Two Hours, feized with violent Pains in their Bowels, from which they were with great Difficulty relieved. I might produce many other Inftances of this Sort ; but the above, I be- lieve, are fufficient. I prefnme I have fet thefe Matters in a clear Light ; but, fearing 1 have already taken up too much of your Time, I conclude myfelf, Gentlemen, Tour moft devoted, London , May I z. 1744. humble Servant, W. Watfon. VIII. Two Letters from Mr, Thomas Prefton to Mr. Jofeph Ames, F. R. S. concerning the If and of Zetland. Dear Sir , Zetland , Jan . 31. 174I. Read May ■ THIS Ifland has very rarely any Cor- *744' rcfpondence with the reft of the World for the Six Winter Months; I fhould fay, for H Six [ 53 3 Six of the Winter Months; for the Year may be fa id to contain ten Months of Winter, and two of cold raw Weather. I thought it very abfurd, to hear the Inhabitants complain of Heat, at the fame InAant that I complain’d of Cold, and wifh’d for a great Coat. They are fo accuftom’d to ftormy bad Wea- ther, that they will venture to Sea in fmall Boats,- when you would not venture to crofs the Thames. — I fhall give yon a fhort Defcription of this Ifland. It is the Northermoft belonging to Scotland , fltu- ated between the Latitudes of 60 and 61 Degrees : its Length is, N. and S. 60 Miles j its Breadth 30; and fo divided into Head-lands and fmaller Iflands,. Creeks, Bays, Inlets, and Coves, &c. that you can- not place a Compafs on any the mod inland Parts of its Chart that (hall be Two Miles from the Sea $ which makes it extreme difficult to make a good Draught of the Ifland of which there is no Chare extant worth naming. During my long Stay, I have devoted fome of my (otherwife) idle Time to the making of Obfervations, and furveying the Place ; by which, and fuitabie In- formations, SjC. gain’d from the Inhabitants, I have attempted a Sea Chart, which, I flatter myfelf, may be of Ufe to our Navigators; who are all Strangers to the many fafe and good Harbours in this Ifland ; and feveral of them capable of receiving many large Ships. The Land is wild, barren, and mountainous, nor is there fo much as a Tree or Bufh to be feen. The Shores arc difficult, and, in many Places, inacceffiblc, rude, deep, and Iron-like; the Sight of which ftrikes the Mind with Dread and Horror; and fuch mon- ftrous [ 59 ] ftrous Precipices, and hideous Rocks, as bring ail Brobdingnag before your Thoughts. I doubt not but you are now liftening out for fome Account of Curioftties of Art and Nature, which mod; here are Strangers to j and yet this Ifland is not quite barren. In Winter the Sun fets foon after it rifes $ and in Summer it rifes again foon after its Setting 5 fo that the Nights at that Seafon are near as light as the Day ; as, on the contrary, the Day in "December is near as dark as the Night. About the Solftice, we fee, almoft every Night, the Aurora, Borealis , as I think you call it ; but we Seamen, the Northern Lights 5 which fpreads a broad glaring Ap- pearance over the whole Northern Hemisphere, and looks fomewhat terrifying to them that are not ufed to it. I fhall only juft mention, that a Comet has appear'd to us for fome time from the Weft, large and plain to the naked Eye. SIR , Leith , May 12. 1744. IN my laft from Zetland , I gave you a fhort Account of that Country. I fhall now give you fome more Particulsrs, as they occur to my Memory. The Ifland is called by the Dutch , Hitland ; by Us, commonly, Shetland'-, but the proper Name of it is Zetland 5 wherein there are thirty Parifh- Churches, and about eighty Gentlemens Houfes, befides the Towns of Lerwick and Scalloway : It was firft inhabited by the Bights or Bills, who were driven out by the Danes. Chriftian, King of Den- H 2 mark [ 6o ] mark and Norway , whofe Daughter Margaret was given in Marriage to King "Jaynes the Third of Scot- land, in the Year 1468, agreed, That the Iflands of Orkney and Zetland fhouid remain in the Poffefilon of the faid King James , until he had paid to him 50,000 Rhenifh Florins for his Daughter’s Dower -/ and Chriflian afterwards, upon the Birth cf a young Prince his Grandfon, call’d 'fames , renounced his* Title to the faid Ifland, in Favour of King James 5 which has ever fince belonged to Scotland. The Longitude of Zetland differs but little from the Eaftern Part of Scotland ; and its Latitude is from, do to 61 Degrees North : The longed Day is near twenty Hours. I have read a very fmall Print in my Chamber at Midnight with the Windows fhut. The Air is temperate, conlidering the Country lies fo far North ; and agrees tolerably well with thole that can endure Cold and a thick Fog. I muft own, I have not found the Winters fo cold as in fome other Parts of Great Britain h nor are the Summers near fo warm ; for which, indeed, the Length of the Days makes fome amends. I have heard, that fome Fifhermen have affirmed, that at Sea they have feen the Sun's Body at Midnight : But that is impoflible 5 fince the Sun in the fhorteft Day in ^December is four Hours above the Horifon ; and it muft certainly be deprefled as long under it in June. The Winters are more fub~ jeeft: to Rain than Snow ; nor do the Froft and Snow continue fo long on the Ground, as upon the main Land of Britain ,• yet I faw it wholly cover’d with Snow the 20th of May the laft Year. The Winds, during the long Winter feafon, continue to blow moft boifteroufly generally between the South and the [ 6i ] the Weft j which occafions many Shipwrecks. There have been three or four on the Hland in the Time I was there. The Land is mountainous and moorifh, abound- ing with Mofs and Heather ; under which they dig Peat (or Turf) for Firing ; under that is hard Rock. Their Horfes are very little, but ftrong, and well mettled, which they call Shelties. Their Oxen, Swine, and Sheep, of which laft they have Plenty, and their Cattle of all Kinds, are fmall. The Price of a Horfe is a Guinea ; an Ox fomewhat lefs 5 a Sheep half a Crown ; a Calf Six -pence. Rabbets they have in fome Parts of the Country. Frogs and Toads there are none ; nor, perhaps, any poifonous Animals. There are many Otters, which they call Tikes ; and Seals, which they call Selkies : Sometimes there are many young Whales, which they call Tellacks, or Spout- Whales: They run into the Creeks, and fo intangle themfelvcs among the Rocks, that they are caft on the Shore, or ealily taken. There are Plenty of Sea weeds, called Tangle , grow- ing on the Rocks, of which might be made Kelp for the making of Soap. There is Plenty of Shell- fifh of mod Kinds : Their Oyftcrs are the beft I -ever eat. In the Sea they catch Cod, Ling, Haddock, Whitings, Scate, Turbuf, Herrings, Cole-lifh, Flukes, Trouts, <&c. There are many Sorts of Wild-fowl 5 namely, the cDnnter Goofe, Clark Goofe, Solan Goofe, Swans, Ducks, Teal, Whaps, Toifls, Lyres, Kitti- waiks, Maws, Plovers, Scarfs, <&c. there is like- wife the Ember-Goofc, which is Laid to hatch her Egg under her Wing : This is certain, that none ever faw her on the Land, or out of the Water 5 and [ 62 ] and that they have a Cavity or hollow Place under one of their Wings only, capable of containing a bro-e Rarer There are very large Eagles, which they call Earns , which prey upon the young Lambs, &c. There is a Law in Force, That whoever kills one ofthefe Eagles, is to have a Hen out of every Houfe in|the Parifn whe- rein it is killed (tho’ it is never now demanded). 1 don't doubt but that there are Mines of Silver, Tin, and Lead, in the Country ; for feveral Sorts of Minerals are to be found : And I have been credibly informed, that Pieces of pure maify Silver, of confiderable Big- nefs, have been turned up by the Plough : But fuch Treafures are neglected, or not improved, through the Poverty or Carelefsnefs of the Proprietors. In many Places, Marl, Quarries of excellent Freeftone, Lime-ftone, and Slate, are found, and fome Veins of Marble. Sometimes there are caft up by the Sea, Timber, Pieces of Wreck, Hogfheads of Wine, Brandy, &c. which are frequently grown over with the Shells of a Fifh called Cleck Geefe, which I take to be the Concha anaiifer£'-> and fometimes Sperma Ceti , Ambergrife, Water- Sponges, and CamlBells (Oj“ Sepia) are found on the Shore. There is no Foreft or Wood, nor fo much as a Tree, or hardly a Bufh of any Sort in the whole Country, except in fome Gentlemens Gardens > and thofe never dare to peep over the Garden-Wall, for the Blaft of the North Wind. The Country is fo divided by the Sea, that it can- not be expe&ed there fhould be in it any Rivers ; yet there are many fmali Brooks, and little Runs of Water [ 63 ] Water call’d Bourns , and Loches or Lakes; many of which afford Trouts ; and I have eaten excellent Cod - fifh, that have been taken in one of thcfe Loches or Lakes of perfett frefh Water, which has been very near the Sea. The People are generally civil, fagacious, of a ready Wit, and of a quick Apprehenfion, pioufly inclin’d, much given to Hofpitality, civil and liberal in their Entertainments, and exceeding kind to Strangers ; which I may fay indeed from Experience ; for I never met with more Civility in any Part of the World. They are generally of a dark Complexion, perfon- able, and comely enough. The Women are lovely; and the Gentry of them go well dreft, are genteel in Carriage, well- behav’d in Company, and fmart and pleafant in Convention, even to a Miracle, con- ftdering they live in fuch a remote Ifland, which has fo little Correfpondence with the reft of the World : They delight more in the Converfation of Men, than in the common Tittle-tattle of their own Sex j they are Strangers to Plays, Opera’s, Mafquerades, Balls, Affemblies, Set Vifiting-Days, extravagant Drefs, Gal- lantry, &c and are free from thofe fafhionable Vices which fo much difgrace their Betters : In a Word, 'they arc modeft Virgins, and virtuous Wives: Adultery is not fo much as known among them : With the common Sort Fornication fometimes happens ; but their Conftancy is fuch, that they are fure to marry each other after; neverthelefs, if a Child happens to come in lefs than nine Months after the Marriage, they are both obliged, by the Law of Scotland , to i do [ 64 ] do Penance in the Kirk. This heinous Sin the pious Prieft calls Antenuptial Fornication. The Country is moft commodious for Navigation ; which makes me wonder it has been fo long ne- gle&ed, and that we have not even fo much as a Map of it. There are more than twenty fafe Harbours, of eafy Accefs, capable of receiving large Ships ; the moft remarkable of which are Lerwick or Breffey Sound ; HuraVoc and Balt a Sound on the Eaft Side, and Scalloway , Olifvoe , and Valley Sound on the Weft Side of the Country. The Coaft is all high and bold, and may be feen many Leagues from Sea. There are no Sands round the whole Ifland, and but few funken Rocks, and thofe very near the Shore 5 except one dangerous Shoal on the Weft Side, called Have de Grind , and fome Rocks on the N. W. above Water ; both which, as well as the whole Ifland, I have cxadly Purvey'd; and I think I may fay, without Vanity, that I can produce a very good Map of Zetland , which, I believe, may be of good Service to Navigation, efpecially this War- Time. — I fear I have now tried your Patience with my long incoherent Epiftle: I fhall therefore con- clude with my kind Love to all Friends ; who am, Hear Sir, Tour 7noft ajfechonatel l-Iumble Servant , Tho. Preflon. N. B. The Author has lately publifhed a very accurate Map of thefe [.* 5 ] IX. Occultatio Jovis a Luna, obf. LondinL Read June 7. 1744. Notante Horologio. d h / // 1744 .June 6, ii 13 40 Immerlio centri Jovialisfat cerfe. 35 14 aSerpentaria culminat. 43 15 Emerfio centri,raptim inter nubes. Tubo 12 Ped. J. Bevis. X. A letter from Mr. Abraham De Moivre, F. R. S. to William Jones, Ffquire , F. R. S. concerning the eaftefl method for calculating the value of annuities upon lives-, from tables of obf ervat ions. SIR , Pre/ented June 7'%f O U may remember, that fome time J744- after the printing of the fecond edition of my book of annuities on lives, you told me, that it feem'd ftrange to you, that, con- hdering I had demonftrated the chief proportions in the book, 1 had negledled to demonftrate the theo- rem, which is found in page 8<5. line 12. which, you faid, of all the reft, appear’d to you the moft curi- ous j I anfwer’d, that, as the demonftration de- pended upon a principle which was not commonly I known [ 66 3 known, I was afraid that the publ idling of it wouid have fwelfd the book too much ; for this reafon efpecially, that many corollaries were annexed to it. However, I promifed to fend it you in a fhort time i but defired you to let me know, whether you thought it deferv’d a place in the Fhilofophical Tranf- adions. I now difcharge my promife ; and exped, with impatience, the favour of your opinion. 1 am, with a very particular regard, S I R> Tour mojl humble , and moft obedient Servant , A. De Moivra A port method of calculating the value of annuities on lives , from tables of obfer-> vations . ALTHO’ it has been an eftabiifhed cuftom, in the payment of annuities on lives, that the laft rent is loft to the heirs of the late pofleftor of an annuity, if the perfon happens to die before the expiration of the term agreed on for payment, whether yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly : neverthe* lefs, in this freatife 1 have fuppos’d, that fuch a part of the rent fhould be paid to the heirs of the late pofteflor, as may be exadly proportion’d to the time elaps'd between that of the laft payment, and the very [ 67 ] very moment of the life’s expiring ; and this by a proper, accurate, and geometrical calculation. I have been induced to take this method, for the following reafons j firft, by this fuppofition, the value of lives would receive but an inconfiderable increafe * fecondly, by this means, the feveral inter- vals of life, which, in the tables of obfervations, are found to have uniform decrements, may be the better conne&ed together. It is with this view that I have framed the two following problems, with their folutions. Problem I. To find the 'value of an annuity , fio c ircumfi an- ti ate d , that it fhall be on a life of a given age ; and that , upon the failing of that life , fiuch a part of the rent fhall be paid to the heirs of the late poffeffor of an annuity , as may be exactly proportioned to the time intercepted between that of the lafl payment , and the very moment of the life’s failing. Solution. Let n reprefent the complement of life, that is, the interval of time between the given age, and the extremity ofold-age, fuppos’d at 86. r the amount of i /. for one year. a. the logarithm of r. SP the prefent value of an annuity of i /. for the given time. Gfi the value of the life fought. Then — — = Q. r — i an I 2 De- C 68 3 Demonstr at ion. For, let z reprefent- any indeterminate portion of 71. Now the probability of the life’s attaining the end of the interval z} and then failing, is to be expreffed by * , (as fhewn in page 77» edit. i. and n in page 1 1 5, edit. 2. of my book of annuities upon lives) upon the fuppofition of a perpetual and uni- form decrement of life. But it is well known, that if an annuity cer- tain, of i /. be paid during the time Zj its prefent -I* value will be or — — — •== — • r — i r — I r—lXrl And, by the laws of the do&rine of chances, the expectation of fuch a life, upon the precife interval z> will be exprefled by — %=. 4=.; which may «X) — i nrzXt — x be taken for the ordinate of a curve, whofe area is as the value of the life required. In order to find the area of this curve, let p~nxr l j and then the ordinate will become K jc j — } a much more commodious exprefUon. Now it is plain, that the fluent of the firft part is _ : but as the fluent of the fecond part is not fo P readily difeover’d, it will not be improper,, in this place, to fhew by what artifice l found it ; for 1 do not know, whether the fame method has been made ul'e of by others: all that 1 can fay, is, that I never had [ 69 ] had occafion for it, but in the particular circuni- ftance of this problem. Let, therefore, rz = X', hence z log. r = log. x ; therefore * log. r = (fluxion of the log. x = ) fL, ora* = - j confequently * = i_, and — = * «AT r* CiXX but the fluent of — is (— =) — ; and ***■ ' ax * ar * therefore the fluent of — — will be +_d— » p rz p*rz The fum of the two fluents will be 5 ~i~ — L_ . p * pir* 3 but, when z ~ o, the whole fluent fhould be — o ; let therefore the whole fluent be - 4- a — o. p J pirz 1 JL Now, when z — o, then * — o, and cLpr1 be’ comes (for r7= i,) confequently ~ + q and q — — : therefore the area of a curve, whofe ordinate is * — JL_ will be ( - - — — + — * prz ' But y = — 1 — — = — ; therefore i - ~ r— I r — i Xrz r 1 r— i x and the expreflion for the area becomes Z P —=? — — : And putting n inflead of z, that area, or nXt — i cm the value of the life, will be exprefled by £ - r— I «#, Thofe [ 70 ] Thofe who are well verfed in the nature of loga- rithms, I mean thofe that can deduce them from the do&rine of fluxions and infinite feries, will eafily apprehend, that the quantity here called a, is that which fome call the hyperbolic logarithm ; others, the natural logarithm : it is what Mr. Cotes calls, the logarithm whofe modulus is i : laftly, it is by fome called Nepers logarithm. And, to fave the reader fome trouble in the pra&ice of this laft theorem, the mod neceffary natural logarithms, to be made ufe of in the prefent difquifttion about lives, are the fol- lowing: If r = i. 04, then will cc—O. 0392207. r— 1.05, " " - a = O. O4879OI. r— i.o(5, - - - ct = o. 05 825 89. It is to be obferved, that the theorem here found, makes the values of lives a little bigger, than what the theorem found in the firft problem of my book of annuities on lives, does 5 for, in the prefent cafe, there is one payment more to be made, than in the other 5 however, the difference is very inconfiderablc. But, altho’ it be indifferent which of them is ufed, on the fuppofition of an equal decrement of life to the extremity of old-age 5 yet, if it ever happens, that we Ihould have tables of obfervations, concern- ing the mortality of mankind, intirely to be depended upon, then it would be convenient to divide the whole interval of life into fuch fmaller intervals, as, during which, the decrements of life have been obferved to be uniform, notwithftanding the decre- ments in fome of thofe intervals fhould be quicker, or flower, than others ; for then the theorem here 1 found C 71 ] found would be preferable to the other 5 as will be fhewn hereafter. That there are fuch intervals, Dr. Halley’ s tables of obfervations fufficiently fhew 5 for inftance ; out of 302 perfons of 54 years of age, there remain, after 16 years (that is, of the age of 70) but 142 the decrements from year to year having been con- ftantly io; and the fame thing happens in other in- tervals j and it is to be prefumed, that the like would happen in any other good tables of obfervations. Bur, in order to fhew, in fome meafure, the ufe of the preceding theorem, it is neceflary to add another problem ; which, tho’ its folution is to be met with in the firft edition of my book of annui- ties on lives, yet it is convenient to have it infertecl here, on account of the connexion that the appli- cation of the preceding problem has with it. In the mean time, it will be proper to know. What part of the yearly rent fhould be paid to the heirs of the late poffeffor of an annuity , as ntay be exactly proportioned to the time elapfed between that of the lajl payment , and the very moment of the life’s expiring . To determine this, put A for the yearly rent 5 L for the part of the year intercepted between the time of the laft payment, and the in- flant of the life's failing ; r the amount of 1 /. at the year’s end: then will ~~l A> be the fum to r — 1 be paid. Pro [ 7* ] Problem II. To find the 'value of an annuity for a limited inter- val of life, during which the decrements of life may be confidered as equal. Solution. LET a and b reprefent the number of people liv- ing in the beginning and end oi the given interval of years. s reprefent that interval. P the value of an annuity certain for that interval. J^the value of an annuity for a life fuppofed to be neceffarily extinttin the time s 5 or (which is the fame thing) the value of an annuity for a life, of which the complement is s. Then ~ x ^ will exprefs the value re- quired. Demonstration. For, let the whole interval between a and b be fill’d up with arithmetical mean proportionals j there- fore the number of people living in the beginning and end of each year of the given interval s will be reprefented by the following ferics ,• viz. a. sa~a~srh . sa~ 2a+zb , 'a— t0 £ s s s s' Confequently, the probabilities of the life’s con- tinuing during 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. years will be ex- prclfed by the feries, sa — a-\-b sa — za-\-zb sa—$a-\-$b sa— \a^-\b » b sa sa sa sa ’a’ Wherefore, C 73 ] Wherefore, the value of an annuity of i /. granted for the time s, will be expreffed by the feries a-\-b ( sa — 2 a-\-zb , sa — 3«-|— 3^ ( sa — 4 a-j-^b ir * sarz * sar 3 * sar 4 &c. to -f* — > this feries is divifible into two other 1 ar* feries s, viz. 4 4-+^ + -^ + 44 &c.to+ s — s srs 2 d. t x JL + JL -f- i_ 4- ±y &C- t° _i_. a sr sr1 sr 3 ,»-4 sr 5 Now, lince the firft of thefe feries’s begins with a term whofe numerator is s — i, and the fubfequent numerators each decreafe by unity ; it follows, that the laft term will be — o ; and, confequently, that feries expreffes the value of a life necelfarily to be extind in the time s. The fum of this feries may be efteem’d as a given quantity j and is what I have exprelfed by the fymbol in problem i. The fecond feries is the difference between the two following feries’s. - X't'T-3 + T"f^7 + &?• to a b - X a — 4- s- — 7 4“ ~jrs-T &c‘ ro 4- - . sr ' sr sr* sr * srs • Where, negleding the common multiplier t the firfl feries is the value of an annuity certain to continue s years 5 which every mathematician knows how to calculate, or is had from tables al- ready compofed for that purpofe : this value is what I have called IP $ and the fecond feries is JL K Therefore [ 7+ ] Jj Therefore - x ^ will be the value of an annuity on a life for the limited time. 6^ E. T> . It is obvious, that the feries denoted by J9, muft of necefiity have one term lefs than is the number of equal intervals contain’d in s\ and therefore, if the whole extent of life, beginning from an age given, be divided into feveral intervals, each having its own particular uniform decrements, there will be, in each of thefe intervals, the defeat of one pay- ment 5 which to remedy, the feries J^muft be cal- culated by problem i . Example. To find the value of an annuity for an age of 54, to continue 16 years, and no longer. TT is found, in Dr. Halleys tables of obfervations, **’ that a is 302, and b 172 : now n — s— 16 j and, by the tables of the values of annuities certain, ^Prrrio. 8377 j alfo (by problem 1 .) 6.1168. Hence it follows (by this problem), that the value of an annuity for an age of 54, to con- tinue during the limited time of 16 years, fuppofe- ing intereft at 5 per cent . per annum, will be worth (J^H~ ~ x p—gj=) S.3365 years purchafe. Prom Dr. Halleys tables of obfervations, we find, that from the age of 49 to 54 indufive, the number of perfons, exifting at thofe feveral ages, ate, 357, 346, 335, 324, 313, 302, which compre- hends a fpace of five years ; and, following the precepts before laid down, we fiiali find, that an annuity [ 75 ] annuity for a life of 49, to continue for the limited time of 5 years, intereft being at 5 per cent, per annum , is worth 4.0374 years purchafe. And, in the fame manner, we fhail find, that the value of an annuity on life, for the limited time comprehended between the ages of 42 and 49, is worth 5.3492 years purchafe. Now, if it were required to determine the value of an annuity on life, to continue from the age of 42 to 70, we muff proceed thus : It has been- -proved, that an annuity on life, reach- ing from the age of 54 to 70, is worth 8.3365 years purchafe j but this value, being eflimated from the age of 49, ought to be diminifhed on two accounts : Firff, becaufeof the probability of the life’s reaching from 49 to 54, which probability is to be deduced from the table of obfervations, and is proportional to the num- ber of people living at the end and beginning of that interval, which, in this cafe, will be found 302 and 357 : The fecond diminution proceeds from a dis- count that ought to be made, becaufe the annuity, which reaches from 54 to 70, is eflimated 5 years fooner, viz. from the age of 49, and therefore that diminution ought to be expreffed by -^5 fo that the total diminution of the annuity of 16 years will be expreffed by the fra&ion fhi— , which will reduce it from 8-3365 years purchafe to 5 • 5 2 5 9 > this being added to the value of the annuity to continue from 49 to 54, viz. 4.0374, will give 9.5633, the value of an annuity to continue from the age of 49 to 70. For the fame reafon, the value 9.56 33, eflimated K 2 from [ 76 ] from the age of 42* ought to be reduced, both upon account of the probability of living from 42 to 4 9, and of the difeount of money for 7 years, at 5 per cent, per annum , amounting together to 3. 85 54, which will bring it down to 5.7079; to this adding the value of an annuity on a life to continue from the age of 42 to 49, found before to be 5.3492, the fum will be 11. 05-71 years purchafe, the value of an annuity to continue from the age of 42 1070, In the fame manner, for the laft 16 years of life, reaching from 70 to 8 6, when properly difeounted, and alfo diminifhed upon the account of the proba- bility of living from 42 to 70, the value of thofe laft 16 years will be reduced to 0.8 j this being added to 11.05 71 (the value of an annuity to con- tinue from the age of 42 to 70, found before), the fum will be 11.8571 years purchafe, the value of an annuity to continue from the age of 42 to 86 ; that is, the value of an annuity on a life of 42 ; which, in my tables, is but 11.57, uPon the fup- pofition of an uniform decrement of life, from an age given to the extremity of old-age, fuppofed. at 86. It is to be obferved, that the two diminutions, above- mention’d, are conformable to what I have faid in the corollary to the fecond problem of the firft edition, printed in the year 1724. Thofe who have fufficient leifure and skill to calculate the value of joint lives, whether taken two and two, or three and three, in the fame manner as I have done the firft problem of this trad, will be greatly aftifted by means of the two following theo- rems : If C 77 3 If the ordinate of a curve be 7 j its area will r* , J_ _J a1 a2rz arz If the ordinate of a curve be — » its area will 2 2 2Z «2 a'r1 azrz arz I beg leave, in this place, to fake notice, that in the theorem in line 12. page 63. of the fecond edition of my book of annuities on lives, inftead of ‘P, it ought to be t.

HE Head and Body emitted an ex- 1?44' tremely lucid and white Flame. The Tail appeared of a tranfparent Blue, like the Flame of Sulphur. This Thcenomenon was feen on Sunday, May 27. 1744. at 1 1 Minutes after 11 o’Clock at Night: Its Dirc&ion from S. E. to N. IV. or thereabouts ; its Height fcemingly not half a Mile. It was feen, as here deferibed, from the Terrace in Somerfet-Gardens, by me, Zach. Cradock, Of Somerfet-Houfe. ERRATUM. Page 48. for John Machiny &c. read Martin Folkes , See. JSl.B. This Number 473. begins, by Miftake of the Printer, with Page 1. Letter A. inftead of 103. Letter O. which is the Page and Letter fol- lowing the preceding Number, which begins the XLIII. Volume . Advertifement . Mr. P reft 'on s Map of Zetland, (vulg Shetland) mention’d p. 64. is to be fold only at Mr. Ames's near the Hermit age, TV appin. Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Grafs-Inn Gate mHolbourn , Printer to the Royal Society, M.dccxlv, Numb. 474; PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of June, July-, Auguft , September » October, November, and December , 174 4. The CONTENTS. I. Account of a Differtation publifed in Latin by Dr. Weidlef, F. R. S. in the Tear 1727. concerning the vulgar Numeral Fi- gures : As alfo fome Remarks upon an Infcription', cut formerly hi a Window belonging to the Parifh Chutch of Rumfey in Hampshire': By John Ward, F. R. S. Rhet. Prof Grefham. p. 79. II. A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Jofeph Betts, M. A. and Fellow of Univerfity College, Oxon. to Martin Folkes, Efpy Pr. R. S. con- taining Objervations on the late Comet, made at Sherborn and Oxford; with the Elements for computing its Motions. p‘ 91. III. Obfervatio de Scirrho Cerebelliyab Alberto Hallero, R. S. S.Archi- at. Reg. & Med. Prof. Gotting. <3^ Reg. Soc. tranfmijfa. p. 100. IV. An EJfay upon the Caujes of the different Colours of People in different Climates ; by John Mitchell, M. D.: Communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R.S. p. 102. V. A Letter from William Hallett, M. D. to Henry Pemberton, M. D. F .R.S. dr Chem. Prof. Grefham. containing the Cafe of a Lady who was (hot thro ’ the Lungs j drawn up by Mr. Nic. Peters junior, Surgeon. p. 151. VI. Extrahi of a Letter from Dr. John Bartram, to Mr. Peter Col- linfon, F. R. S. containing fome Objervations concerning the Salt- Marfh Mufcle, the Oyfter-Banks, and the Frefh-Water Mufcle, of Penfilvania y p. 177. VII. A Letter from Mr. Chrift. Hunter, to Dr. Mortimer, Seer. R. S.ferving to accompany a Copy of an anfient Roman Infcription at Rocbefter in Northumberland, and two others at Ri fingham p, 150.. VI!!. An Account of fome Magnetical Experiments, [hewed before* the Royal Society, by Mr: Gowan Knight, on Thurfday the \ ph c/November, 1744. p. 161. IX. AbftraSl of what is contained in a Book concerning Eledcricity, juft publifjed at Leipfic, 1744. by John Henry- Wintler, Greek and Latin Profefl'or there. p. 166 X. Tranflation of a Letter from Mr. Abraham Trembley, F. R. S. to the President, with Objervations upon feveral newly difeovered Species of Frefh-water Polypi. p. 169. The CONTENTS. XI. Some Objervations relating to vegetable Seeds,- by James Par- fons, M. D. F.R.S p. 184. XII. A Caralogue of the Fifty Plants from Chelfea-Garden,/>re- fented t° the Royal Society by the Company of Apothecaries, for the Tear 1742. purfuant to the Direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Praf By Jofeph Miller, Apothecary , Hort. Chelf. PrafeEt. ac Pralettor Botan. p. 189. XIII. A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Roger Pickering, F. R. S. to the President ; concerning the Manuring of Land with foffil Shells. p. 191. XIV. Abflratt of a Letter from Mr. Wm. Arderon to Mr. Baker, F.R.S. of a Shuttle-Spire taken out of the Bladder of a Boy. p. 194. XV. An Account of a remarkable Cure> performed on the Eye of a young Woman in Scotland, by Tho. Hope, M. D. communicated from Dr. Mead. ibid. XVI. An Explication of a Roman Jjifcription found not long fnce on a Stone at Silchefter in Hamfhire : By John Ward, Rhet. Prof. Greiham. and F. R. S. p. 200. XVII. A Letter from John Huxham, M. D. F. R. S. to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. ferving to accompany , an Account of the Cafe of one Hannah Hitchcock, one of whofe Ureters was grown up; a Prefent of a beautiful Stalactites, now in the Mufeum of the Royal Society and a Drawing of an extraordinary Calculus taken out of the Bladder of a Boy. p. 207; XVIII. A Letter from Edward Wilmot, M. D. F.R. S. and one of His MajeftyV Phyfcians , 8cc. to the Prefdent of the Royal So- ciety, ferving to inclofe the two following Papers: p. 212. 1. Of the extraordinary Effects of Musk in Convulfive Diforders • by John Wall, M. D. p. 213. 2. Of the Effects of the Tunquinde Medicine ; by Andr. Reid, Efcjuire. p. 225:. XIX. De Planta, minus cognita, & haCtenus non deferipta, Com- mentarius, AuCtore Gulielmo Watfon , Regime Societatis So- dale : GEASTER, volvae Radiis 6c Operculo elevatis. p. 234. Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Grafs-lnn Gate 'mHolbourn, Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlv. ERRATUM in N° 473. Page 65, /. 3. for 40", read 58". iV. E. The Clock was tco flow 1' 25". [ 79 ] I. An Account of a Diflertation publifhed in La- tin by Dr. W eicller, F.R.S. in the Year 1727, concerning the vulgar Numeral Figures: As alfo fome Remarks upon an Infcription,^ formerly in a Window belongingtotheParifh Church of Rumfey in Hampshire : By John Ward, F. R. S. Rhet. Prof. Grefham. Read at a OME Years fince I had the Honour Royafsc dety" t0 A before an Affembly of this June 7. 1744. Learned Body two Papers, con- cerning the Antiquity and Ufe of the Arabian or Indian Figures, and more efpecially in relation to England. And thofe Papers, being afterwards pub- lifhed in the Philojophical Tranfaffions (a), oc- cafioned the learned Dr. Weidler, Profeffor of the Mathematics at Witemberg , and a Member of this Society , to tranfmit to Dr. Mortimer a Hijfertation he had formerly printed upon that Subjed (b). Which Difcourfe coming before the Society , they were pleafed to refer it to my Perufal and Conftderation of which the following is a brief Account. The Author begins his Difcourfe by obferving the great Inconveniencies, that theAntients laboured under in their arithmetical Computations, which were ufualJy made with the Letters of their feveral Languages, dif- ( a ) Number 439. (b) Be charaBeribus numerorum vulgaribus, & eorum aetatibus, veterum momimev,r>rum fide illuftratis , Differ t at mathematico-critica, a Joan. Frid. Weiuiero, J, U, D. & Mathef. P. P. 1 foe, Witemb. 1717. Quarto, I. ferently [ So ] ferently applied in different Countries. And he thinks it very ftrange, that, when it was always the Cuftom to diftinguifh their Numbers by ’Decades , they fhould not more early have fallen into the Me- thod of ufing only ten different Characters, by means of which the largeft Sums are now computed with fo much Eafe and Expedition. But the Romans , as he obferves, had fome Affifiance from their Abacus r or Counting Table ; a Defcription of which, with the Ufe of it, he has given from Velfer , by whom it was firft publifhed, and afterwards by Grater? and others (a). And a Draught of the Table may be feen alfo in the ThiloJ'ophical Tranf actions , Number 180. I would therefore only beg Leave to make a fhort Obferva- tion or two concerning it. And firft I imagine, that the 0, which is placed between the two Series of Rings on the Right-hand, may (land for the Greek Word Srgauafjictla., fr alHons 5 as that Order of Rings denotes Ounces or Tarts of the feveral following Decades towards the Left-hand, which are all AJfes or Integrals . Nor was it unufual with the Romans to make ufe of tingle Greek Characters on fome Occaftons 5 as we ufe the Latin Letters, /. s. d . for Pounds , Shillings , and Pence. I would further re- mark, that the four Rings, placed by themfelves on the Right-hand of the former, are doubtlefs Parts of the Ounce, as Velfer explained them. Bur, whereas Peireskius (as our Author obferves from Gaf fendus) thought Velfer was miftaken in calling the (a) Gruf. Jnfcript. antiy. ccxxiy. Pignor. De Servir, p. 344, 'i* CO *•>*» n co roNQ 00 co j ^ ~ ~ j - co ** VO 00 O'' CO Co Co On CA co co co N cl co ►»< *-• -4- -4* 4* 4 ON 4-00 NO l CO M CO HH -« | o N N K00 W 00 OS Os Os Gs O' CTs 1 1 ON NVO CO 0 00 j <^NC 4 NO co N H M it. 4- CO no N O CO CA — N O ~ 4 NO 00 Nio N H l j in in inn !j 1-0 Cl CA Co CO «-• CO M m vO OO On k- co CO CA *“i *-i ►-» | N cj 0 CO ON co 4 ~ co co j o ■ N M O O 4- 4- 4- co co 0 O h 4 cn m in cn 1 N - ~ ~ j k 4 4 5- c_ ! - ** CN 4 ro ro M UO CO r-~ — m r-^ 0 co co co 4" co 4* 0 0 0 «o 0 os ji O co 4 4" 4~ co - CO *-• 10 C\ ON co 10 co On M co coNO CA ca co 4 4 co <000 co n in co N CO 4 N H-. o N ^ N00 OO 00 On ON O On ON On Os t^sO ws 0 00 "i N »o -< CA ft LO to 0 N fCi M ic\CO | 4- ca 4“ co 4 co | to. CoNO 0 4 0^ [i CO 4 CO to w CO jj J O CA N -4* 4* CO CA ONOO On | in co N w H H H N n O CA On c- I Co 4 HH CO CO G ! 4 N h 0 O 4“ 4” 4" co co OO jj *-• 4 CO H CO CO N « H H c'c'Nbf'N^, | W W vuv CjV VIV rk /4\ nk nk rk nk N Nh + «l C. r—— a— £ -£EZi § -IHi 0> -$j -f>Zi [ 98 ] Perhaps it may not be thought foreign to my Pur* pofe to remark, that the Nodes of the Comet, and the Planet Mercury , are fituated within lefs than half a Degree of each other ; which, I fuppofe, gave Rife to a Report, that the Comet had carried Mercury from its Orbit. In order therefore to find how nearly they approached each other, I had the Curiofity to bring the Matter to Calculation ; and prefently found, there was above a Week’s Difference in the Times of their Coming to the Nodes; the Comet palling its defcending Node, Feb. 22. about 2h in the Morn- ing; and Mercury not coming to his till Feb. 29. the Comet moving all that Time Southwards with a prodigious Velocity. Again, computing their Helio- centric Conjun&ion, which happened Feb. 18. about ih in the Afternoon, I found the Comet was, at that time, diftant from Mercury nearly -) Part of the Semi- diameter of the Orbis magnus ; being almoft twice as near to the Sun as the Planet $ ; and having then 310 30' of North Latitude; Mercury s not exceed- ing 3 0 58' (to an Eye in the Sun) : Whence it is eafily colle&ed, that the Comet could have no fenfible Influence upon $’s Motion. I fhall now only beg Leave to obferve, that the Elements above-given cannot pollibly differ much from the true. For, after an Interval of Two Months (in which time the Comet had gone thro’ almoft f Part of its Orbit), it is furpriling to find the obfervcd and computed Places agree fo accurately, that the Difference no-where amounts to a Minute. In fome Parts of the Orbit, the Agreement is ftill greater; particularly, in the Obfervations made at Sherborn , which come within half that Quantity ; and would have 7 [ 99 ] have correfponded hill nearer, bur that I was ambitious to confine the whole Series of Obfervations within the narrow Limit above-mentioned ; which I have at laft compared, not without a long and tedious Cal- culation : But, long and tedious as it was, I fhall not repent of the Trouble I have been at, if I find my Endeavours agreeable to my aftronomical Reader. It may, perhaps, be expected (confidering the great Part of its Orbit the Comet defcribed during its Ap- pearance), that I fhould have fettled its Period, and foretold its Return. — This, I confefs, would have given me great Pleafure ; neither would I have fpared any Pains in the Inquiry, had I met with any Pro- fped of Succefs j but the Period, upon my attempt- igg it at firft, came out fo prodigioufly long (the tranfverfe Ax of the Ellipfe being nearly equal to Infinity), that I was flopp'd fhort in my Inquiry $ neither could I prevail upon myfelf to refume the Subjed again, when, upon turning over Heve- Hus , I found the Account of Comets, which had appeared at long Intervals of Time from us (as it might reafonably be expeded) fo fhort and uncer- tain : But, could I procure Celjius s Obfervations, or any made after the Perihelion, I might be induced to fall to Work again ; and would not fail commu- nicating the Refuit, did I meet with Succefs ; and, at the fame time, the Elements of the Comet, which appeared in 1742, which I have had by me fome time $ not fo perfed as I could wifh, but as perfed as may be obtained from the few Obfervations I met with. The Comet was in Conjundion with the Sun, Feb . 15. about Midnight 5 and its Perigee, Feb. i6b about [ 100 ] about ib in the Afternoon 5 at which time it was fomewhat nearer the Earth than the Sun is at its Perigee 5 the Comet’s Diftance being then (,83) and the Sun’s (,98) fuch Parts, as the Semidiameter of the Magnus Orbis is (,100) 5 from which we may have fome Idea of the Comet’s Magnitude; and therefore may fuppofe it, at leafl, equal to the Earth. Jofeph Betts* III. Obfervatio de Scirrlio Cerebelli , ah Alberto Hallero, R. S. A. Archiat. Reg. & Med, cProf. Getting, ad Reg. Soc. tranfmijfa . Read June 14. Erebellum fed cm principii vitalis fecit I744' Willtjius ; et, qui hanc hypothefin ornatiflime propofuit, Boerhaavius. Verum, praeter plurima, quae contra nervorum vitalium diftindam clailim faciunt, et prater experimentacapta a cl .Lapey- ronie , per quse conftat vulnera cerebelli inflida cani- bus, non continuo lethalia fuifle, hanc etiam hypo- thefin infirmant morbi cerebelli, fatis rari, fed aliqui tamen, etiam maximi, et qui cerebellum pene inutile redderent, qui setatem tamen tulerunt. Manifefta certe inde nafeitur fufpicio, non adeo, ut JVilliJiana requi- reret hypothefis,proximam vitalium cordis nervorum, in cerebello & folo, originem effe. Quos prssterea fatis conftat, minima parte a cerebri nervi odavi, et intcrcoftalis ramis, fed a fpinalibus imprimis prove- nire, ex quibus, utrurrique ganglion cervicale, multo magis, quam a cerebri propagine, provenit. Ergo C 101 ] Ergo memoria digna vifa eft nuperrima in puella mendica obfervatio. Adlata eft mifella in theatrum die 21. Januarii 1744. cum ante annos fere fex nata fuiffe videretur. Multi paftim in emaciato corpuf- culo fcirrhi, glandularum mefentericarum, inguina- iium, bronchialium. Cum hiftoriam carotidis external, et rami maxime, quem maxillarem internum vocat clar. JVinflowus , perfequerer, in cerebello miri mali mihi apparuit effigies. Lobus ejus Unifier pene totus, pertinaciter durae matri occiput veftienti adhaerebat. Incidi ten- torium j reperi fcirrhnm enormem, duarum utrinque unciarum diametro, in quem degeneraverat tota aut medullaris, aut corticalis cerebelli fubftantia. Uni- formiter fpiftus erat tumor, fibrofus, renis fere ad mo- dam, et fciffilis, nullo vafe, qu# penitiffime repleta erant, in fedione adparente, nulla fuperftite nota aut cinerei corticis, aut arbufcularum medullarium. Qusecunque fuerit tanti mali origo, adparet cere- belli mebiam partem in hac puella, neque brevi tem- pore, inutilem fuifie; et vi&itavic tamen mifera, ftipem- que oftiatimpetiit. Unicaparallelafcirrhofi cerebelli hiftoria, inftupido puero reperti, legitur in AftisTarifinis, 1705.71. 13, IV, IV. An Effay upon the Caufes of the different Colours of People in different Climates \ hy John Mitchell, M. D. Co?nmunicated to the Royal Society hy Mr . Peter Collinfon, E R . & * PE at feye- HE Caufe of the Colour of ml Meetings, from Mt VT , ^ . . May 3. to June 14. §j Negroes being a Subjed fo lit- 1744- JL r^e known, but fo much in- quired after, and withal fo curi- ous and ufeful, as to excite the particular Attention and * Extract of Fart of Dr. Mitchell’s Letter to P. Collinfon, F. R. S. from Urbana in Virginia, April 12. 1743. sir , T Promifed you Pome Returns for your Favours, by fending you my Effay on that Arrange Phanbmesion in Nature, the Caufe of the Colour of Negroes. I cannot promife you much, becaufe my daily Employments engrofs fo much of my Time: But this I Avail beg Leave to fay, that with great Care I have made the Experiments and Obfervations on purpofe to find out the Truth. I muft own I was furprifed at firft to fee them differ from the Opinions of fome learned Men ; efpecially in Matter of Fad, which they rather allege than prove, relating to the fluid Mucus of the Cuticula , or Corpus reticulare ; for which Reafon I repeated my Experiments on living Subjeds feveral times, but could never fee any Tokens of that black Juice. I am apt to think, that the Anatomifts, perceiving the Corpus reti- culare in dead Bodies to be a fofc pappy Subftance, have rather imagin’d than really found it to be, or contain, a fluid mucous Humour. But, as I am afraid this Will come too late for a Solution of the Prize-Problem, propofed by the Academy of Bourdeaux. If you think it deferves fo great an Honour, pray communicate it to the Royal Society , and if it merits their particular Regard, I fubmititto be printed in your learned and curious Memoirs, i am Tour obliged humble Servant , John .Mitchell. [ I03 ] and Inquiries of the learned in Europe , particularly the Academy of Bourdeaux , in their Prize-Problems, to which they have received no fatisfadory Anfwer, as I have been lately informed ; I have therefore ven- tured to offer my Thoughts to you on that Subjed, having had frequent Opportunities to make the pro- per and necefiary Obfervations ; and which, at lead, I hope, may not be unacceptable, that fome one, of better Skill, and more Leifure, for fuch nice philo- fophical Inquiries, may make more corred and fuller Conclufions from them. This Problem fuppofesthe Knowledge of the Caufes of Colours in general ; fo that if I can deduce the Colour of the Skin from its Strudure, &c. in the fame manner, and for the fame Reafons, from which the great Newton deduces the Colours of other Subftances, it is all I can pretend to, which will be as much as that Branch of Philo* fophy will permit : And as this Problem will include the Caufe of the Colour of the Skin in general, I fhall firft inquiie into the Caufe of the Colour of white People ; with a Change from that Colour in fome preternatural Affedions, whofe Caufes fcem not well undcrflood. This I fhall do in fo many Proportions, that you may the better perceive how far each Pro- pofition is demonftrated, or of what Confequence it may be in deducing the ddired Solution of the Problem, concerning the Caufe of the Colour of Negroes. O Pro- C I°4 ] • Proposition I. The Colour of white People proceeds from the Colour which the Epidermis tranfmits ; that is> from the Colour of the Tarts under the Epidermis, rather than from any Colour of its own. The Truth of this Propofition will plainly appear to thofc, who confider, that the Colour of white People is always more or lefs clear or vivid, as the Skin is thinner or thicker, finer or coarfer j that is, as it is more or lefs adapted to tranfmit the Colour of the white Parts below it. Thefe Parts are the Parenchyma of the Skin, Corpus reticulare , Papilla nervofe , the limpid and clear Juices contained in the Veflels, and perhaps the inner Epidermis itfelf may appear thro’ its outer porous Coverlet ; all which Parts we know are white, and are what appear fo in white People. But this will be better confirmed, from the follow- ing Confidcrations ; i . The Palms of the Hands, Lips, &c. where the Epidermis and Skin are fo thin, as to tranfmit the Colour from any thing below them, appear red, or of the Colour of the red Blood under them } efpecially in thofe in whom the Skin is fine and thin but where the Skin is thick and coarfe, thofe Parts appear almoft of the fame Colour with the reft of the Body. 2. The Blulhings of the Cheeks, and their Rednefs in Fevers, feem to be another Proof of this Caufe of their Colour ; for, in a Moment, they change from a pale to a deep Red ; but no one will imagine, that the Epidermis then changes its Colour, or Power of rene&ing the Rays of Light ; but C >°5 ] but that it tranfmits the Colour of the Blood ; which is, at fuch times, more forcibly driven into the capil- lary fubcutaneous Veffels, and fliines thro’ the Epi- dermis \ bur, before, thefe Veffels contained only a ferous Liquor, and, accordingly, the Skin appeared of that Colour : Which will further appear upon fqueezing fuch red Parts, which drives the Blood out of them, and makes them appear white ; whereas, on removing fuch Prelfure, they recover their Co- lour, as the Blood does its Place. 3. The yellow Colour of the Skin in the Jaundice is a further Proof of this Afl’ertion where the yellow Bile is diffufed thro’ the Velfels of the Cutis , and appears thro’ the Epidermis ; but no one will imagine, that the Epi- dermis itfelf receives this vifcid Bile into its Velfels; which are fo fmall, that many accurate Anatomifts, as Morgagni , have denied it to have any Veffels at all ; and the moft accurate could never fhew them. 4. The pale Look of thofe, in whom the Blood is vifcid, or circulates with little Force, fhews, that the Epidermis then tranfmits the Colour of the Juices and Fibres below it, which are then unmix’d with red Blood. 5. The fame is manifeft in thofe whofe Blood is poor and ferous, as the Leucophlegmatic, &c. in whom the Epidermis tranfmits the Colour of theWateror Scrum under it. From hence it appears, that the Epidermis is a tranfparent Membrane, which eafily (hews the Colour of the Parts under it, in the fame manner as the Cornea of the Eye tranfmits the Colour of the Iris. But this will appear more plainly, from fome Con- fderations below j where we fhall afllgn the Caufe of this Peliucidity ; and fhew, that the Numbers of O 2 Pores [ io6 ] Pores in the Epidermis neceffarily make it tranfpa- rent 5 and that the Smallnefs of the Particles, into which it is divided by them, make it unfit to reflect any Rays of Light, and confequently to manifeft any Colour of its own. But, to this, fome, perhaps, may object, that the Epidermis, when taken off of the Body, appears white, and confequently refleds fuch Rays of Light. But then we muft confider, that its Pores and Fibres are much contracted, and its Subftance, confequently, rendered more denfe, and fitter to reflect any Colour ; befides, it is then evacuated of thofe tranfparent limpid Juices, which it before contained, from the Vcflels of the Skin which pervade it ; and which, as Sir IJaac Newton fhews {a), will render any Body tranfparent ; efpecially fince thofe Juices, which then pervade the Epidermis, are nighly of the fame Denfity with it } fince all Accretion and Nutrition is from fuch. Accordingly we fee, that when the Epider- mis is taken off of the Body, it appears tranfparent enough for what we have affigned, efpecially its ex- ternal Enmina. This may be further perceived, by holding the Hands of fome Perfons of thin Skins, and much fhrivefd, in a certain Light; when you may perceive the Colour which this Membrane re- flets, which is of a filver White, like all other pel- lucid LamelU', very different from the Colour which it tranfmits from the Parts under it ; of which Colour likewile the Scales of the Epidermis appear, when rubbed off on black Cloth, or when fealed off in a («) Opt. 1. 2. Par. 3. Prop. III. I 4 Lcprofy : [ 107 3 Leprofyi a remarkable Inftance of which Dr. Turner affords us {a) : Altho’ it cannot be denied, but that the Cuticle may refleft forne fmall Portion of the Rays of Light ; which, however, Teem to have but little Share in occafioning the Colour of the Body, to what thofe Colours have, which are tranfmitted thro' it, from the other lefs diaphanous Membranes under it. Proposition II. The Skins of Negroes are of a thicker Subfiance , and denfer Texture , than thofe of white Teople} and tranfmit no Colour thro ’ them. For the Truth of the firft Part of this Propofition* we need only appeal to our Senfes, and examine the Skins of Negroes when feparated from the Body ; when not only the Cutis r but even the Epidermis , will appear to be much thicker and tougher, cateris paribus , than in white People. But, becaufe the Subftance and Texture, efpecially of the Epidermis^ is not a little alter'd in anatomical Preparations, and that in fuch a Meafure as to alter the Texture per- haps, on which the Colour depends, by Boiling, Soaking, Peeling, <&c. let us examine the Skins of Negroes on their Body ; where they will appear, from the following Confiderations, to have all the Proper- ties affigned : i. In Bleeding, or otherwife Cutting their Skins, they feel more tough and thick, than in white People. 2. When the Epidermis is fepa- ( 7 Moreover, whatever this fuppofed black Humour may be, or in whatever it may be contained, it muft be opaque, and the Fibres or Veflels of the Epider- mis muft be tranfparent, to fhevv this Colour thro’ them ; as we have (hewn, that the Skins of Negroes, but not of Whites, are opaque (Prop, I. II ) : But it is very probable, that none of the fubcutaneous Juices arc opaque, they being the ultimate Secretions of the fubtilcft Fluids of our Bodies, which, inftead of being opaque and black, muft rather become pellucid and white 5 Etcnim Corpora omnium opacifjlma, fi Eartes ipforum in fummam ufque tenuitatem commmuayitur , evadunt continuo plane perfeCleque pellucida ( a ). And the Skins of Negroes, being more callous or cartilaginous, muft contain rather fubtiler, and more pellucid aqueous Juices, than thofe of white People. Furthermore, if there was any fuch Thing as a black Humour in the Skins of Negroes, no doubt but it might be drawn out by fome means or other; but, altho’ 1 have macerated the Skins of Negroes, and particularly the Epidermis-, in warm Water, which readily diftblves the Juices of the Body, yet I never could extract any black Juices from them, by any fuch Maceration, or even by a more powerful Ex- preftion no more than Mr. Littre (as is related) could do, by more powerful Diffoivcnts. Nothing feems more likely to extrad this fuppofed black Juice, than the Adion of Fire, or Cantharides-, upon the VelTels which contain it, which abrade and tear (*) (*) Newton 0/>r. lib. II. Parc 3. Prop. IV^ the C 118 ] the Veftels and Fibres of both the Cuticle and Cor- pus reticaiare from the Skin, but leave them both as black as ever they feem to have been, altho’ they would, no doubt, extrad whatever juices they mighc contain 5 as we fee plainly they do, by the large Blifters, raifed by fuch Applications, from the ab- raded Veftels fpewing out their liquid Contents; in which Blifters there are no Tokens of any black Humours in Negroes more than in whites, as I have often found upon proper Trials; altho' if there was any fuch black Humour contained in their fubcuta- neous Veftels, there is no Doubt but it would appear, in fome meafure, in the Water of their Blifters, as well as the yellow Bile does, when diffufed thro’ the Blood, and upon the Skin, as I had lately fome Oppor- tunities of obferving. But it feems to be a total Overthrow of this Opi- nion, that the Blacknefs of the Skin in Negroes fhouid proceed from the Corpusreticulare , and Lamel- la externa Epidermidis , as we have proved, Erop. III. For I believe that none, who maintain this Opinion, will or can, with any Pretence of Fads, or Shew of Reafon, fuppofe, that thefe nervous, fcaly, and dry Parts contain any fuch juices, if they contain any at all, as it is mod probable they do nor, being the ulti- mate Expanfions of nervous FibrilU , at their final Terminations; for no other Parts appear black, but thefe Two ; whereas did this Blacknefs proceed from any coloured juices, the other Parts or Membranes of the Skin and Cuticle, which feem more fit to receive fuch coloured Juices, would appear black like wife. From what has been faid, we may fee how well their Opinions are grounded, who derive the Caufc. of ’I [ H9 ] of the Colour of Negroes, from an Addition of the the Bile, or other atrabilious Humour, as they arc pleafed to talk. Proposition V. The Epidermis, efpecially its external Lamella, is divided into two Tarts, by its Tores and Scales , two hundred times lefs than the Tarticles of Bodies , on which their Colours depend,. Sir Ifaac Newton informs us, that the Particles of Bodies, on which their Colours depend, are abouc 600 times lefs than thofe which can be difcerned with the naked Eye ; Opt . lib. II. Tart 3 . Prop. 7. But Leeu- wenhoeck Ihews, that a Portion of the Epidermis , no bigger than what can be difcerned with the naked Eye, is divided into 125000 Pores ; which Pores muft divide fuch a Portion of the Skin as can be difcerned with the naked Eye, into 125,000 Particles; there- fore each of thefe Parts of the Skin, between its Pores, muft be about two hundred times lefs than thofe Particles, on which the Colours of Bodies depend j for — V0°00° ~ 20 8-j not to mention, that fuch a Portion of the Epidermis is further divided into 250 Scales, which muft increafe the Number of Parts into which it is divided. Nor will any one think, that the Smallnefs of thefe Parts and Pores exceeds Credibility, who confiders, that they convey the mi- nuted Particles of our laft Digeftions ; and were they even large enough to convey the Particles of many Waters, it is very probable, that all our Fluids might in time evaporate thro’ them. Nor is it any thing to our prefent Purpofe, whether thefe Numbers be ma- thematically 1 L 120 ] thematically exad or no ; all that I would endeavour to prove, is, that the Parts into which the Cuticle is divided, are left, in fome Proportion, than the Particles of Bodies on which their Colours depend.. Proposition' VI. Problem. To determine and explain the proximate Caufe of the Colour of Negroes, Indians, white People , &c. from the foregoing Proportions. We have fhewn above Prop. I. that the Colour of white People depends upon the Colour which the Epidermis tranfmits, and not on what it refleds : This Pellucidity of Bodies proceeds from the Num- ber of Intcrftices between the Particles which com- pote them, and the extreme Smallncfs of thofe Par- ticles ; for, in order to render a Body of any Colour, or fit to refled the Rays of Light, its Particles, and the Intervals between them, ought not to be lefs than a certain Magnitude ( a ) el fie they become in- capable of making any Reflexions, from their com- mon Surfaces, i. e. of appearing coloured : But, by Prop. V. the Cuticle is divided into Parts, and Pores or Intervals between thefe Particles, far lefs than thofe on which the Colours of Bodies depend ; that is, too fimall to relied any Rays of Light from their common Surfaces, or to appear coloured from l'uch reflcded Rays: But, as fiuch porous Bodies are always tranfparent, fo the Epidermis is tranfiparent enough, to fiiew any Colour rcfleded from the Parts (a) Newton Opt. Prop. IV. below [ >21 ] Ibelow it : So that we muft look upon the Epidermis of white People to be a tranfparent Pellicle, of too Tubule or rare a Subftance, and too minutely divided,, to relied any Rays of Light from its Surface* but confiding of Numbers of Pores, which readily tranf- mit thofe Rays, through its thin and rare Subftance, by which it Ihews the Colour of whatever Parts are below it i on which the Colour of white People depends. But, as there are Numbers of Scales, or feveral Strata of fcaly Lamella in the Epidermis , fo this Tranfmiflion of the Rays of Light, from the fubcu- taneous Parts, muft be imperfed, fomc of thefe Rays being intercepted in palling thro1 the feveral Lamella ; and the thicker the Cuticle is, i. e. the more there are of thefe Lamella , or the denfer their Texture, the more the Light will be intercepted in palling them, and the more the Colour of the Skin will degenerate from the pure White of the Membranes below it. This is agreeable to Experience for Mr. Cowper tells us, in his Anatomy, That the Thicknefs of the Skin proceeds from the Number of the Strata or Layers of Scales which compofe it : And we may daily obferve, that thofe who have fuch thick and coarle Skins, are never of fo perfed and pure a White, as they who have a thin and fine Skin (as {a) Cowper ob- ferves). But the Reafon why fuch thick-skinn’d Peo- ple appear of a yellowifh or tawny Colour, will be plain, from Newtons Obfervations (Opt. lib. II. p. i. Obf. 9. and 20.) ; where he fhews a faint yellowifh («) Cowp. Anat. Tab. IV. Q_ 2 . Colour [ 111 3 Colour to be the one that proceeds from an imper- fedl Tranfmiflion of a White; for no one can fay, but that both the internal Membranes and Humours of fuch fwarthy People are of the fame Colour in time of Health with thofe of the perfedeft white Skins, as well as they are in Negroes. And this feems to be the Caufe of the pale Yellow of dead Bodies, whofe Skins are not perfpirable, and, confe- quently not fo tranfparent, as in a living Subjed. From this Account of the Caufe of the Difference in Colour among thofe People that are white, we may account for the Caufe of the Colour of Indians , and other tawny People, who feem to differ from one another in Colour, and from white People only in Degree, as they have more or lefs of this tawny Yellow proceeding from the imperfed Tranfmiflion of a White in their Colours: Thus if we proceed from the fwarthieft white Perfon to the paleft Egyptian T from thence to the faireft Mafiee , Molatto , Moor-, &c. to the darkefl Indian , we may plainly fee, that they differ from one another only feeundum majus no el minus , according asdhey have more or lefs of the original White in their Colour : And as we have fhewn this tawny Colour in white People to proceed from the Thicknefs or Denfity of their Skins, obtrud- ing the Tranfmiflion of the Rays of Light ; fo it is very plain, that the fame tawny Colour, in thefe other tawny People, which feems to be of the fame Kind, but different in Degree, mud proceed from a like Caufe, that is, the Thicknefs or Denfity of their Skins; and, accordingly, it will be found, that all fuch People have Skins of a Thicknefs or Denfity proportional to the Whitenefs or Darknefs of their Colours. The particular C 5 23 ] particular Manner in which this Opacity, or imper- fect Pellucidity of Bodies is brought about, Sir Ifaac Newton explains to us (Opt. ib. Prop. II.) ; where he fhews, that the Opacity of Bodies depends upon the Multitude of Reflexions that are made in their internal Parts; but it is very plain, that the thicker the Skin is, the more Reflexions the Rays of Light muft fuffer in palling thro' it, by which they will be extinguifhed, in proportion to the Number of fucli Reflexions; that is, the more opaque, or lefs white, it mull appear : So that, ah ho' the Particles, of which white and dark skinn’d People are compofed, may not be very different from one another, as they feem not to be 5 yet a greater Number of fuch com- bined Particles, or more Strata of them, in thick Skins, and the Smallnefs of their Intervals in Skins of a denfe Texture, will increafe the Number of Reflexions made in their internal Parts, or the Opa- city of them ; which renders them lefs white, fince their Whitenefs proceeds from the Number of the tranfmitted Rays. In the fame Manner, by which we have accounted for the Colours of tawny People, may we account for the Colour of thofe that are black : For, if the Skin appears darker and darker colour’d, the more the Rays of Light are intercepted by it, of courfe it muff follow, that when the Rays of Light are intirely intercepted by a Body of the fame Structure, (which the Skins of Negroes feem to be) it muft be quite black j for Blacknefs always proceeds from a Suffoca- tion of the Rays of Light, as thofe verfed in the DoCtrine of Light and Colours are well acquainted with: But we have fhewn above (Prop. II.), that the [ I24 ] the Skins of Negroes tranfmit no Colour or Rays of Light thro’ them, on account of the Thicknefs of their Subftance, and Denfity of their Texture, in the fame manner as they are imperfedly tranfmitted in fome white or tawny People, whofe Skins appear to be of the fame Structure with thofe of Negroes, and to differ from them in nothing, but in Degree of Thicknefs and Denfity, and in Colour j which dif- ferent Denfity may therefore probably be one, if not the only Caufe of this Difference of Colour. So that the Thicknefs and Denfity of the Skins of Negroes feems to be the grand Caufe of their Colour, in the fame manner as it is of Indians , Moors> &c. Which may be further confirmed by the following Confi- derations : i. In the Cicatrices of their Ulcers, the thin and tender new-form’d Skin appears whitifh, nay, perfectly white, in fome, cfpecialiy on the Shins, or thofe. Places where thefe Cicatrices are thin ; bur, where the Skin is thick, or when thefe Cicatrices turn more thick and callous, they grow blacker in Proportion 5 as in thofe Places where the Scars grow thicker than the reft of the Skin, they are likewife blacker. 2. The Colour of the Water, contained in the Blifters of white People, may be plainly feen thro’ their Cuticles, efpecially if tinctured yellow, which cannot be perceived in the Blifters of Negroes: A plain Proof, that their Cuticles are not tranfparenr, as thofe of white People are. 3. Infant-Negroes, whofe Skins differ from Adults only in theThinnefs and Parity of their Texture, look whitifh, in com- panion to adult Negroes 3 but grow bl.ick, as their Skins turn thicker and denfer. Thefe Infant Negroes, labouring under an Uterus , look of a yellow Colour, 1 all [ I25 3 ail over their Body 5 which the Adult do not, except in the Eyes, as I had lately an Opportunity of ob- Terving: A plain Proof, that the Colour of the Skin proceeds from the Colour which is tranfmitted thro’ it } and that the Skins of adult Negroes tranf- mit no Colour of any Sort. 4. But that the Thick* nefs of the Corpus reticular e , the Part which appears black in Negroes, by Prop. III. may and does make it black, Malpighi give us an Inftance in the laid Part, in the Tongue of a Beef, in which it ap- pears black, on the middle of the Tongue, where it is thick ; but is white on the Edges and Cheeks, where it is very thin (a). As for the Manner in which this Blacknefs or Opacity is occafion’d by a thick or denfe Skin, it will appear from what has been faid about the Skins of tawny People : And it is very eafy to conceive how the Rays of Light are intercepted, in palling thro’ the thick and denfe Skins of Negroes, which eafily pervade the thin and rare Cuticles of Whites. But, as the Skins of Negroes are of a denfer Tex- ture than thofe of Whites, they will be more apt to refradt the Rays of Light ; for the denfer the Body, the greater the Power of Redrafting (b) ; and the greater the Refradtion of any Body is, the more apt it will be to abforb the Rays of Light i which is an- ' other Property of opaque Eodies, by which they become black : Torro qtio corpora videantur nigra , (a) Malpighi de Lingua, p. 15, 16. (b) Newton Opt. Prop. X. necejfe [ 1*6 ] neceffe & multi Radii inter cipiantur^ refiinguantur , &■ inter ip fa intercidant ( a ). Two Properties are generally affigned to all black Bodies, to be opaque and porous : Now the Skin is well known to be porous; and we have fhewn, that the Skins of Negroes are opaque ; to thefe we may add a third neceflary Property of black Bodies, m. the Minutenefs of their Particles: For, as Sir Ifaac Newton (hews }Ad Nigrorem exhihendumy Rarticula adlouc minor es ejfe debent omnibus illisy qua Colores cujufcunque modi exhibent : Nam Rarticula omnes majufcula plus ref e blunt Luminis , quam tit nigra pojfnt videri [b) ; which Smallncfs of Particles we have above demonftrated in the Skin (Prop. V.) ; and it is probable, that, in Negroes, the Particles of the Skin between the Pores are ffnallcr than in Whites ; as the Pores themfclves are fo : From which Smallnefs of its Particles, the Skins of Negroes can- not reflect the Rays of Light ; another Caufe of their being black. So that, from the Whole, we may conclude, that the proximate Caufe of the Colour of Negroes is threefold ; m. the Opacity of their Skins, proceed- ing from the Thicknefs and Denfity of ther Texture, which obftruds the Tranfmiflion of the Rays of Light, from the white and red Parts below them; together with their greater refradive Power, which abforbs thofe Rays; and the Smallnefs of the Parti- cles of their Skins, which hinder them to refled any Light. E. I. (a) Newton Opt. Prop. V.II. {b) Ibid. Prop. VII. Scholium. C 1 2 7 3 Scholium. I doubt nor, but that thofe who are ufed to ac- count for the Colours of all confident Bodies, from the Reflexion of thofe Colours from their Sur- faces, which is the common Way of accounting for the Colours of folid Subftances, without noticing the Colours of pellucid Bodies; and are ufed to derive the different Colours of the Skin from differently coloured Fluids, appearing thro’ its pellucid VefTels, as in mod morbid Cafes; may not be intirely fatif- fied, at firfl, with this Account of the different Co- lours of human Bodies being occafioned, as I have affirmed, by the more or lefs perfed Tranfmifllon of the Rays of Light thro’ their Cuticles ; which, from the different Thicknefs and Denfity it is obferved to be of, is more or lefs fit to tranfmit thofe Rays ; the more of which being intercepted, the darker the Skin appears; till, at lad, being intirely inter- cepted by the thickcd and denfed Skins, as thole of Negroes are, it appears, of no Colour, or looks black. But let fuch confider, that if the Whitenefs of the Skin, in Whites, proceeds from theThinnefs of its Subdance, Rarenefs of its Texture, the Num- bers of its Pores, and Minutenefs of its Particles, by which Strudure it tranfmits the Rays of Light ; as is very probable, from this and the 1. Propofition : If fo, I fay, there will be no Reafon to fuppofe, but that the Colours of Mulatto's , Indians , and Negroes, proceed from a fimilar or like Caufe, and not from any particular new-induced Texture, by which their Skins may become lefs able, or intirely incapable, to refled the Rays of Light ; fince their Colours feem R to C »»8 j to differ from one another only in the Degree of one and the fame Colour; and the Structure of the Skin feems to be intirely the fame in both, except in the different Thick n efs or Denfity of it, which feems more fit to induce a Change of Colour from the dif- ferent Tranfmiffion of the Rays of Light, than from the different Reflexions of it : For the ultimate com- ponent Strata of Seales, of which the Cuticles of both white and black People arc compofed, feem to be intirely the fame in both, or, at leaf!, but little, if at all, altered in their reflecting Powers, whatever they may be in their Opacity, or Pellucid i ty , from the different Affemblage and Combinations of them : Add to this, that the Colours of even the faireft Skins look more like a Colour proceeding from tranfmitted, than reflected Light ; being more lan- guid, or not fo brilliant, as thofc Colours that pro- ceed from fuch reflected Rays: For this Reflexion, even from the Epidermis itfelf, is of a fhining fiver White, as we have above remarked. Moreover, the denfer and thicker the Body is, whole Colour pro- ceeds from refle&ed Light, the more vivid its Colour will be, fuch Bodies being moft capable of refle&ing the greateft Quantity of the Rays of Light j but we have demonftrated above, that the thinner and rarer the Skin is, the more clear and bright its Colour is ; which does not therefore, in all Probability, pro- ceed from fuch refk&ed Light. I know very well, that the different Smoothnefs or Roughnefs of the Surface of Bodies tends much to brighten or obfeure their Colours ; but the darkeft Skins, as well as thofe of Negroes, feem to be as fleck and fmooth on their outer Surfaces, as thofe of the faireft Colour. But, [ 129 ] But, as this Caufe of the Diverfity of Colours, which we have afligned, feems to be the mod fimple, and eafily effedted, like the Operations of Nature con- ftantly obfervable in other Things, fo it is mod con- fident with the Dodtrine of Colours in many other refpefts ; for, were not our Colours to proceed from the Parts under the Epidermis , which are always of the fame Colour in all People of the mod different Complexions ; but the Skin was to be a folid opaque Body, which refle&ed our Colours from its Surface, like mod other coloured Bodies; we fhouid then, in all Probability, have People of all the different Co- lours in the Rainbow, and that in one and the fame Nation ; for the Skin is feldom obferved to be of the fame Thicknefs and Denfty in different Perfons of the fame Nation : But Sir Ifaac Newton fhews us, that thofe Bodies, whofe Colours proceed from refle&ed Light, when they alter their Thicknefs and Denfity, change their Colours, not to a more or lefs perfect one of the fame Kind, but to one of a dif- ferent Kind ( a ) : Thus a thin Plate of Talc, whofe Colour proceeds from the Light refledled from its Surface, alters its Colour, according to its Thicknefs, to all the different primary Colours ; and one of thefe Plates, of a pale yellow Colour, laid over another one of a blue Colour, turns of a deep Purple ( b ) : This would probably be the Cafe of our Skins, was its Colour to proceed from refledled Light ; fince there are many different Strata of fcaly Plates laid over one another in the Skins of different Perfons, even id) Newton Ot>t p. 195, <&c. (b) Idem ibid p. 196. R 2 of [ 13° ] of the lame Nation, as Mr. Cowper informs us [a) : And every one may perceive, that the Skins of dif- ferent Perlons are of different ThicknelTes and Denfi- ties; and much more thofe of different Nations and Complexions : But when the Diverfiry of our Colours proceed from the different Tranfmiffions of the Rays of Light, from one and the fame coloured Bodies, fuch different Thickneffes of our Skins will only' make our Colours vary from one another ftcundum majus vet minus , only in the Degree of one and the fame Colour; by which alone will Negroes, Indians , and white People, or each of a Sort, differ from one another in Colour ; and, confequently, their different Colours will proceed from Cautes more uniform and alike, agreeable to the exaCt Symmetry of Nature in the Variations of other Things of the fame Kind ; lo that, however different, and oppofite to one another, thefe two Colours of Black and White may appear to be to the Unskilful, yet they will be found to dif- fer from one another only in Degree; fince Whitenefs proceeds from a Reflexion orTranfmiffion of the Rays of all Colours; but Blacknefs is brought on, by an Extinction or Suffocation of thofe fame mixed Rays, which, probably, in the black Bodies, are reflected or tranfmitted in fbme fmall Quantity, as they are in larger or fmaller Quantities, in proportion to the Whitenefsof Bodies [b) : And hence it is, that one of thefe Colours is moreeafily changed into the other, than to any other Colour ; and where any Body lofes its white Colour, it of courfe turns black, without any other Caufe con- curring, but a bare Lofs of its W hitenefs (r). From (a) Anatom. Tab. IV. (b) Newton Opt ubique. (e) Idem ib. whence C '3' ] whence we may juftly infer, i. That there is not fo great, unnatural, and unaccountable a Difference be- tween Negroes and white People, on account of their Colours, as to make it irnpoflible for both ever to have been defeended from the fame Stock, as fome People, unskilled in the Doctrine of Light and Coiours, are very apt too pofttively to affirm, and, without any Scruple, to believe, contrary to the Dodrine (as it feems to be) of the Sacred Pages, 2. That the Epidermis , befides its other Ufes, tends to prelerve the Uniformity of the Colours of People throughout the World. Proposition VII. The Influence of the Sun , in hot Countries , and the IVays of Life of the Inhabitants in them , are the remote Caufes of the Colour of Negroes, Indians, &c. And the IVays of Living, in UJe among molt Nations of white ' People , make their Colours whiter, than they were originally , or would be naturally. My Defign in this Elfay was, not to treat fully of every thing relating to the Caufes or Effects of the Colours of People, but only to inquire into the par- ticular Make and Structure of the Skin, by which it comes to appear of fo many and fo diverfe Colours in the different People of the World 5 and to explain, from Newton's Do&rine of Light and Colours, in what Manner thefe different Colours are produced from this particular Make and Structure of the Skin , which is, what I take to be, the grand Queftion re* lating to the unknown Caufe of the Colour of Ne- groes 5 which has been often attempted to be deter - 4. mined, [ *32 ] mined, but with little Satisfa&ion to the Learned : For which Reafon I have been more particular and explicit in delivering any Thoughts about it, as I have never known or heard of any fuch to have been de- livered by any others. As for what relates to the remote Caufes of the Colours of Negroes, it has been generally fuppofed ; although not univerfally believed, that the Power of the Sun in hot Countries is the principal, if not the only, Agent in producing this Elfed : Bur, as the Authors of this Opinion feem not to have underftood what Effed or Alteration is produced in the Make of the Skin, in order to render it black, fo they have not been able to fatisfy any one in this Point, and far lefs to vindicate their Opinion from many material Objections; for it would be very diffi- cult, if not impolTible, to fhew or prove, in what manner the foie Effcd of Blacknefs is occafioned by the Power of the Sun, but not fo difficult t6 fhew how it may make the Skin thicker or denier; which we fhall endeavour in the next place to do, by fhevv- ing in what Manner the Power of the Sun is able to caufe that Thicknefs and Denfity of Skin, which we have afligned as the immediate Caufe of its black or tawny Colour. But as this Subjed is much plainer, and more obvious, than the other, concerning the Make of the Skin, or the immediate Caufe by which its Blacknefs is occafioned, fo I fhall not dwell long upon it, but only give the principal Heads of thele Arguments, which ferve to prove this Propofition : Which Arguments are of two Sorts; viz. philofo- phical and hifforical ; the firft of which I (hall chiefly roach upon, being what are lcaft underftood, or, at leaft, hardly to be met with any-where die. The [ *33 ] The Proof of the firft Part of this Proportion will confift, chiefly, in (hewing what Effedl of the Sun it is which deprives the Skin of its white Colour, rather than what it is which caufes it be black ; for, to prove the Caufe of Blacknefs, is the fame as to prove a Negative j Blacknefs being a Negative with regard to Colour. The Skin then is deprived of its white Colour, by the Force and Influence of the Sun, thefe four Ways : 1. By being rendered opaque, from aDiftipation of its more aqueous and pellucid Juices. The known Effedt of the Sun’s Heat, and which will render all Bodies opaque: Nam corpora ea, qua funt maxime pellucida-,poterunt , occultorum fuorum meatuam eva - cuatione , fat is opaca evade re (a). 2. By a Concretion of its Veflels and Glandules, from this Diffipation of their aqueous Contents, which renders the Skin both thicker and denfer, or more cal- lous or rigid. For the Skin being defigned as a Defence to the other fubcutaneous Parts, as the Epidermis is to the Cutis , they both wonderfully accommodate themfelves to the Nature and Force of external Inju- ries, fo as to become capable to defend the Body from them? as we fee in Smiths, &c. conftantly ufed to handle hot and hard Things, who have the Skin of their Hands become fo thick and hard or cartila- ginous by it, as to be able in time to handle even hot Irons : And thus it is, in a great meafure, with the Skins of Negroes, Indians , &c. conftantly expofed, and generally naked, to the fcorching Heat of the Sun in a perpetual Summer. 3- By (a) Newton Opt. 1 6. Prop. III. [ '34 ] 3. By a new Accretion of many new Membranes, which render it thick and opaque. For the Sun- beams a£t as a vibrating Force, or external FriCtion, upon the Skin, which derives frefh Supplies of Juices to it 5 by which new Membranes, or Lamellae , are formed, in the fame manner as the Epidermis is renewed when abraded, which is very foon and eafily done. This is the Senfe of a very great Philofopherj Calor fobs homines quibufdam in regionibns nigri- cante colore tingit , at in Ethiopia, Guinea, &c. Non ejfe illud ignis ejfeEium oflendunt vitrarii, conti- nuo ad ignem occupati. Ratio , fortaffe, quod ignes in fanguinem <& Jpiritus agat lit exhalent , hominef- que Jic reddet pal lidos & fubfufeos : benignior autem foils calor fanguinem duntaxat in corporis extimas partes prolicit , concoquitque eum potius quam eli - quat (a). Which Derivation and (lonco&ion of the Humours on the Surface of the Body muft occafion a Thicknels of their Skins, as well as of their Lips, and other Mufcles, efpecially of their Face. 4. By increafing thofe Parts or Principles, in the Compofition of the Epidermis, which have the greardf refractive Powers. As the terreftrial, and fixed (aline ; but, efpecially, the tenacious fulphureous, which re- fraCt and abforb Light more ftrongly than any other Subltances {d) ; whilft the more traniparent and pel- lucid Principles, as the aqueous, lpirituous, and vola- tile inline, are evaporated by the Hear, which cautes the other more fixed Principles to be accumulated in ’a) Bacon Hip. Natur. Cent. IV. 399. (b) Newton Opt, Prop. X. greater [ i35 ] greater Quantities, and combined in larger Collec- tions ; and thefe Particles, being likewife more com- minuted by the Sun, will on that account be black, as happens to Oil when well boiled. From what we have laid above about the imme- diate Caufesof the Colours of the Skin, it will ap- pear, that thefe feveral EffeCls of the Sun’s Heat con- tribute to make it of a darker Colour ; and no one will doubt, I believe, but that all of them, confpiring together, may make it quite black. To thefe, perhaps, might be added another EffeCt of the Sun’s Power, a peculiar Necrojis of the Epi- dermis, occafioned by the forcible Vibrations, Con- tractions, and Exficcations of its Fibres by the Sun- beams, which caufe it to turn black, as thefe, or the other Parts, do by the Heat of an Inflammation or a Fever, in Gangrenes, black Tongues, &c. From whence only the nervous Parts of the Skin come to be black, and more hard and callous, and lets pellu- cid, than the reft j and the Skins of Negroes, beftdes their Callofity, become more infenfible than thofe of Whites. But as there are many Degrees of Whitenefs and Blacknefs in the Colours of the People in the World, depending upon the different Denfities and Thick- neffes of their refpeCtive Cuticles, as we have above (hewed, it may not be improper, in the next place, to inquire into the more peculiar Caufes 'of this Diverfity, which will be found to be fuch as increafe or diminifh the Power of the Sun’s Heat, or its In- fluence on the Body ; by which the only material Objeftion that has been brought againft this Propo- rtion may be anfwered ; viz. that the Sun’s is not S the [ r3& ] the Caufe of Negroes, becaufe fevcral Nations of People, in the fame Latitude with rhe Negroes in Africa , arc not made black by it. The Caufes of this Diverftty may be referred to two Heads j viz. i. The Nature and Temper of the Country. 2. The Ways of Living in it. Under the firft may be included the following Particulars : i. The Nature of the Soil, and Situation of the Country, with regard to Mountains, Waters, &c. which very much alter the Power of the Sun’s Heat ; for the differing Degrees of Heat and Cold, in dif- ferent Places, depend, in a great meafure, upon the Accidents of the Neighbourhood of high Mountains, whofe Height exceedingly chills the Air brought by the Winds over them j and of the Nature of the Soil, which varioufly retains the Heat, particularly the fandy ; which, in Africa, Arabia , and generally where fuch fandy Deferts arc found, do make 'the Heat of the Summers incredible to thofe who have not feit them ; as the learned Dr. Halley has re- marked. Whence it will appear, that the Heat or In- fluence of the Sun is not always the fame in the fame Latitudes, as they imagine who ftart this Objection to this Propofltion ; but that in Africa , where the People are black, the Soil is as intemperately hot as the Climate, occafioncd by the fcorching Heat of its Sands, according to the juft Account of Lucan , per calidas Libyae fitientis arenas > agreeable to the Accounts of all Travellers and Hifto- rians,efpecially thofe who talk of its inland Parts, where People firft began to turn black. This Heat of the Soil muft much increafc rhe Heat of the Sun, and its Power upon the Body : And if the Sun is the Caufe of Black- [ *37 ] Blacknefs, muft make the People blacker in fuch Places than any- where clfe ; which we fee to be true of the Negroes in Africa , who are much blacker than the Indians of Afia, or America , who live in the fame Climate, but inhabit more temperate Countries. This Power of the Sun will be much increafed in fuch Tandy Soils, 2. By the Scarcity, ;f not intire Abfence, of large, fpreading, fucculent Plants.; which afford, in other moift and more fertile Soils in hot Countries, agree- able cooling Shades, or a moift cool Atmolpherc, from their Exhalations, which take off much of the fcorching Heat of the Sun ; which Lucan obferves to be the Cafe in Africa: Hoc tam fegne folum raras tamen exerit Herbas . 3. The Want of Water muft much increafe the Heat of the Body, if not of the Sun; and confpires to the fame Effects, as the more immediate Heat of the Sun itfclf. This is well known to be the Cafe in Africa , from the many Caravans that perifh for Want of Water in travelling through its midland Parts ( vide Geog. Nat. Leo Hift. Africa; 5 as well as the Account we have of Catos March thro' ir, and many orher Travellers) ; Befides, it rains fo fcldom in many Places of Africa, as to make it generally be- lieved, formerly, that it never rained there at all ; which muft much more exficcate the Body, and parch the Skin more powerfully, in thefe fandy Regions, where no Rain ever falls, but at a certain Seafon or two in the Year, than in more temperate Regions, altho’ in the fame Latitude. 2. The Ways of Living in many hot Countries, particularly in Africa , do very much contribute to S 2 increafe t '38 j increafe the Influence of the Sun upon the Body, or to thicken and harden the Skin, upon which its Blacknefs depends. Thefe Cuftoms are, 1. The Cudom of going naked among mod of the Nations of Africa, efpecially thofe that are black, both in former Days, as well as at prefenr. 2. Living not only without Cloaths, but alfo with- out Houfes, in a very barbarous and rude manner, little better than the wild Beads ; as the Cafers do at this Day all over Africa ; and was the Cuftom of the Nomades , Troglodyte, Numidians , and many other barbarous Nations of old [a). 3. The Cudom of wandering up and down in thefe Tandy Deferts, in the fcorching Heat of the Sun, dark-naked, with no Houfe or cool Shade to retire to, nor Water to refrefh themfelves with, or cool their Bodies in : Nulla domus ; plaujlris habitant ; migrate per arva Mos, dr errantes circumvedlare penates. 4. The Cudom of mod People in hot Countries of Anointing their Bodies with dome greafy and un&uous Epithems, to defend their Skins from the fcorching Heat of the Sun, will be found likewife to increafe the Darknefs of their Colours. On the contrary, the Cudoms and Ways of Life in Ufe among the Europeans , and other Nations of fair Complexions, contribute to render their Skins whiter than they otherwife would be, or than they were, in all Probability, originally. Thefe Cudoms feemto be, an almodcondant Confinement, or rather Imprifonment, from the open Air ; warm and foft Cloaths, (a) Lud. Wji. yEthiop. lib. 1. cap. 14. Plin. Hift. 8cc. [ >39 ] Cloaths; warm Beds; Sitting by Fires i the Cuftom of Bathing much in Ufe formerly; a more fiiccu- lent and nourifhing Diet ; Excefs in ftrong Liquors ; frequent Sipping of warm thin Liquors ; and, in general, more luxurious and effeminate Lives ; all which, with the Abfence of the Sun, or Defences from it, tend to foften, moiften, and relax, the fibres of the Body, and to render the Fluids more thin and watery; and, confequently, the Membranes com- pofed of them, fuch as the Skin is, muft be more clear and tranfparent; on which, we have fhewn, its YVhitenefs depends ; and, accordingly, we conflantly fee, that People of fuch Conftitutions, or Ways of Life among us, are always the whiteft. We might, indeed, confider the Effeds of Cold upon the Skin in thefe northern Climes, where the People are white, were it not that thofe, who are the faireft among them, are the leaft expofed to it, and feldom or never feel its Effeds ; but the Whitenefs of their Com- plexions feems rather to be occafioned by muffling themfelves up againft the Cold, than from being expofed to its Influence : For, as the Cuticula is a Sort of Cloathing to the other Membranes of the Body, and, by preferving the Whitenefs of them, ferves, befldes its numerous other Ufes, to keep up an Uniformity and Harmony in the Colours of Peo- ple; fo there is no Doubt, but that the Cloaths wherewith we cover it, preferve its Whitenefs, or render it whiter, as every Fair-one knows: So that the different Cuftoms of different Nations, in this xefped, will tend very much, befldes other Caufes, to make that Alteration and Diverfity fo obfervable in their Complexions. So that it feems to be but a fmall Objedion, if any at all, to this Propofltion, 4 That [ *4° ] That the Natives of Canada , altho’ but a cold and northern Dime, are of a fwarthy Colour, whilft others, in the fame Latitude in Europe , are white ; for the Cuftoms and Ways of Life of thefe laft feem very much to increafe, if not occafion, the White- nefs of their Colours j whereas the hard Lives, and favage Cuftoms, of thefe Canada Indians , efpecially their going ftark-naked all over (a), feem to have no Tendency to foften their Skins, or refine their Com- plexions i not to mention their Cuftom of intermix- ing with the captive Women of fouthern Nations. But as the Canada Indians are the moft northern, fo they are the paleft, of all Indians. Hence it will appear, that the Power of the Suns Heat in hot Countries, and its more immediate Ap- plication to the Body, or the Increafe of its Force, by the Nature of the Soil, or Ways of Life, is the remote Caufe of the Blacknefs, and the different De- grees of Blacknefs, of the Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone : Whereas the luxurious Cuftoms, and the effe- minate Lives, of the feveral Nations of white People, in the northern Climes, are the remote Caufes of their refpe&ive fair Complexions. E. T). Altho’ I have gone much further in this Epiftle, than I cxpe&ed or intended, or my Time would well permit, or the Nature of an Epiftle would well bear ; for which Reafon I have patted over what others may have imagined to be the Caufe of the Colour of Negroes, and have abridged every thing as much as I well could; yet I cannot but rake notice, that as the Knowledge of any Caufe is always conducive to invefticarc, (a) La Honcan. Voyage, vol I. lett. 16. vol. II. cap. I. C »4I ] inveftigate, and account for, many Efrcdts depending on, or proceeding from, thefe Caufes ; fothis Account of the Srru&ure of the Skins, and Colour of Negroes, and other tawny People, if duly and attentively con- fidered, will lead us to the Knowledge of many intricate ‘Phenomena, ki Nature and Difeafes, either unknown, or not fo eafily accountable for before j whofe Confequences, as they are of the greatefl: Con- cern to us, fo 1 am unwilling to pal's them over in- tirely in this Place ; altho’ a particular Difcuffion of each would require fo much more Room, as to make the Tail of this Difcourfe bigger than the Body. I fhall, therefore, only give you the principal Heads of what may be rationally deduced from the foregoing Propofitions, as fo many Corollaries from them, re- ferving the particular Difcuffion of each to another Opportunity ; which as I have already framed to myfelf, from many convincing Obfervations, which I have made here in Virginia , fo I fhall prefent you with them, if you find thefe my Reafonings and Ob- fervations either agreeable to the Rules of found Phi- lofophy, or of public Utility. Coroll. I. White Spots on the Skins of Negroes are as common, and proceed from the fame Caufes with red Spots on white People $ viz. a Diften- tion, Dilatation, and confequent Rarity or Pellu- cidity, of the Vafcula of the Epidermis : From whence, the Phyfical Caufes of the total Whitenefs of fome Negroes, at their Birth, may be accounted for (d). Coroll. ( a ) Vide Hift. Caridete apud Heliodor. of 'which I have Jeen an_. Infiance in Virginia. C 142 ] Coroll. II. The Hair of Negroes becomes fhort, fliff, and frizzled, from the Exfrccation of its Subftance, and its excrementitious Moifture, by the Heat of the Sun s together with the Thicknefs and Denftty of the Pericranium, which hinders it to be further protruded. Coroll. III. Many morbid Difcolorations of the Body proceed rather from a preternatural Thicknefs and Deniity of the Membranes of the Skin, than from any Humours lodged in them, as is commonly fuppofed ; and may be accounted for in the fame manner, as the different Complexions in Time of Health. Coroll. IV. The Bodies of Whites are more perfpira- ble, than thofe of Negroes, but perfpire lefs in hot Weather, and more in cold. Coroll. V. White People are mod healthy in cold, and black or tawny People in hot Countries ; each being fubjcdt to Diforders, on a Removal to thefe refpeclive Climes. — The Caufes of the Difeafes of white People in hot Countries are often oppo- fitc and contrary to fuch as proceed merely from Heat, which exalts the Fluids, exficcates the Solids, and quickens the Circulation, occafioning fevere acute Difeafes; but the thin and rare Skins, and large Pores of white People, make them fubjedt to too large cutaneous Evacuations of the mod fub- til and adlive Fluids; by which the Body is in- fccblcd, and corncs to be in an imbibing Stare, both on its external and internal Surfaces ; and too readily imbibes the Humidity of the Air and Ali- ment, without a previous Digeftion ; caufing a cold and humid, rather than a hot and dry, State of the Body ; 1 [ M3 ] - Bodyi from whence proceed their lingering acute, and obftinately chronical, Maladies, more frequent in hot Countries than the former, efpecially among the Whites. Negroes, notwithftanding their hardier Ufage, are more apt to have their Pcr- fpiration obftruded in cold Weather, and contrad Fevers from thence 5 whereas, in hot Weather, their thicker Hides ferve as a Coat, to keep off the Power of the Sun, and preferve the Body againft the Moifture of the Air, fo remarkably great, and very pernicious, in all hot Countries, efpecially at certain Seafons, which are always fickly.— • Hence, white People fhould be. bell cloathed in hot Wea- ther, and Blacks in cold j a Thing much negleded in Virginia , tho’ the Caufe of one half of the un- timely Deaths of both Sorts of People in it. Coroll. VI. The perfpirable Matter of black or tawny People is more fubtil and volatile in its Nature ; and more acrid, penetrating, and offenfive, in its Effeds ; and more of the Nature, and more apt to degenerate to a contagious Miafrna , than the milder Effluvia ofWhites. — The Contagion of peftilential Fevers proceeds from a Subtilization and Volatili- zation of the perfpirable Humours, by the Effeds of a preceding Fever, as often, if not more often, than from any external Putrefadion, or mineral Exhala- tion.—Hence this Acrimony of the perfpirable Hu- moursof black and tawny People makes them fubjed to malignant and peftilential Fevers, from the fame Caufes which breed only putrid benign Fevers among Whites ; and in them thefe Fevers are more apt to turn contagious, as they thcmfelves are to be infeded with fuch Contagion. — - From hence feem to have proceeded the ftrft Seeds of the T Meafles C I44 ] Meafles and Small-Pox, with the African or true Plague. — From hence likewife proceeds the rank Smell, or peculiar Fretor, of dark-skinn'd People. Coroll. VII. This Acrimony of the perfpirable Hu- mours, with the Thicknefs arid Denfity of the Skins of black and tawny People, or Imperfpira- bility of their Bodies, makes them fubjedt to many fevcre cutaneous Difeafes, accompanied with a Con- tagion, which white People never feel, but by Infection from them 5 and then thefe Difeafes appear in other Shapes, with milder Symptoms, than in the dark-skinn'd People which breed them.— Thefe Difeafes, which I have obferved among them, may be referred to the Elephantiafis Grsecorum , or Lepra Arabum , two Species of which are called, the laws, and the Joint-Evil , with fome others, not named, appearing in obftinate fubcutaneous Ulcers.— -But the Elephant iafis Arabum, to which the Negroes are likewife fubjedt, is not a cutaneous Diftemper, as has been thought, but a peculiar Kind of Cachexy, accompanied with an atrabilious Ca- cochymy, as in thofe afflitted with the Haemor- rhoids ; that being much the fame Diftemper in the Legs, as this is in the Hrcmorrhoidal Veins. — The peculiar Difeafes of white People analogous to thefe of the Blacks, and which the Blacks never have, are the Lepra Grrecontm, at lead with fur- furous Defquammations, theTtch, Scurvy, ElTere, and fome fmaller ones of that Kind. — This cuta- neous Malady of the Negroes, called the Taws, laid the fil'd Foundation of the Lues Venerea ; which became to differ from it only by the Part affe&cd. C H5 J aflfe&cd, and the particular Manner of receiving the Infe&ion, after being tranfplanted into an- other colder Clime, on People of a different Com- plexion ; the virulent Acrimony of the cutaneous Contagion being invifeated, and'confequently mitU fled, by the Semen which received it ; theifubtilcr Tarts of the Contagion being likewife exhaled in the white People, on account of the Perfpirability of their Bodies, although the Diftemper was drove more on the internal Organs, upon account of the Coldnefs of the Climate 5 and fo appeared to par- take lefs of a true cutaneous Malady, after this Lues Venerea was firft propagated to Europe. Hence it is, originally, a cutaneous Malady, only to be cured as fuch ; the Venom which attends ft, and gives Rife to it, being to be evacuated, mofr Purely and effedually, by the Pores of the Skin, as it was originally bred by the acrid Effluvia which pafs thro* them. — Hence the Nature, Origin, Progrcfs, Alterations, and different Succefs of divers Methods of Cure of this Lues , may be accounted for ; and the moll rational Methods of Cure deduced. Coroll. VIII. From what has been faid about the Caufe of the Colour of black and white People, we may juflly conclude, that they might very na- turally be both defeended from one and the fame Parents, as we are otherwife better affined from Scripture, that they are (*z) which may remove the Scruples of fome nice Philofophers on this Matter, who cannot or will not believe even the Scriptures, [a) Genef. III. 20. IX. 19 T 2 [146] Scriptures, unlefs it be fo far as they can be made agreeable to their Philofophy : For the different Colours of People have been demonfiratcd to be only the neceffary Effe&s, and natural Confe- quences, of their refpedive Climes, and Ways of Life ; as we may further learn from Experience, that they are the mod fuitable for the Prefervation of Health, and the Eale and Convenience of Man- kind in thefe Clim;s, and Ways of Living: So that the black Colour of the Negroes of Africa , inftead of being a Curfe denounced on them, on .account of their Forefather Ham , as fome have idly imagined, is rather a Blefling, rendering their Lives, in that intemperate Region, more tolerable, and lefs painful : Whereas, on the other hand, the white People, who look on themfelves as the primitive Race of Men, from a certain Superiority of Worth, cither fuppofed or affirmed, feem to have the lead Prctenfions to it of any, either from Hiftory or Philofophy ; for they feem to have degenerated more from the primitive and original Complexion of Mankind, in Noah and his Sons, than even the Indians and Negroes ; and that to the worft Extreme, the mod delicate, tender, and fickly. — For there is no Doubt, but that Noah and his Sons were of a Complexion fuitable to the Climate where they refided, as well as all the reft of Mankind 5 which is the Colour of the fouthern Tartars of AJia-, or northern Chinefe., at this Day perhaps, which is a dark fwarthy, a Medium be- twixt Black and White : From which primitive Colour the Europeans degenerated as much on one f 147 ] one hand, as the Africans did on the other 5 the Afiatics (unlefs, perhaps, where mixed with the whiter Europeans) with moft of the Americansy retaining the primitive and original Complexion. — The grand Obftacle to the Belief of this Relation between white and black People is, that, on com- paring them together, their Colours feem to be fo opposite and contrary, that it feems impoflible that one fhould ever have been defeended from the other. But, befides the Falfity of this fuppofed direct Contrariety of their Colours, they being only different, althoJ extreme, Degrees of the fame Sort of Colour, as we have above proved ; befides this, I fay, that is not a right State of the Qucftion , we do not affirm, that either Blacks or Whites were originally defeended from one another, but that both were defeended from People of an inter- mediate tawny Colour ; whofe Poftcrity became more and more tawny, /. e. black, in the fouthern Regions, and lefs fo, or white, in the northern Climes: Whilft thofe who remained in the mid- die Regions, where the firft Men refided, conti- nued of their primitive tawny Complexions ; which we fee confirmed by Matter of Fad, in all the dif- ferent People in the World.- — Agreeable to this, we fee that the Heat of the Sun will tan, as the Saying is, the fairefl Skin, of a dark fwarthy, even at this Day ; in which there is fome Degree of Blacknefs ; or, at leaft, this may well be laid to be a Tendency to their primitive fwarthy Com- plexions; Rub ef cere cum ntgredine quadam incepit. [ *+8 ] fay Sennertus (a). So that if the Heat of the Sun will turn a white Skin fwarthy, as nobody in hot Countries can doubt, the fame Caufe might turn the fwarthy and tawny black ; for the EfFed feems to be the fame in one as in the other, and may therefore be produced by one and the fame Caufe. — As for the black People recovering, in the fame manner, their primitive fwarthy Colours of their Forefathers, by removing from their intemperate fcorching Regions, it mud be obferved, that there is a great Difference in the different Ways of change* ing Colours to one another : Thus Dyers can very ealily dye any white Cloth black, but cannot fo ealily difeharge that Black, and bring it to its firft Colour : And thus, altho’ the Skins of white, or even fwarthy People, are ealily affeded by the greater Power of the Sun’s Beams than what they have been ufed to, and thereby become black j yet they are thereby rendered fo thick and hard, or tough and callous, as not to be fo eafily affeded, or readily wrought upon, to render them again of their original fwarthy or pale 'Colour, by any of thole Caufes, as the Abfence of the Sun, Coldnefs of the Climate, or Ways of Life in it, which we have fuppofed to be the Caufes of the fair Com- plexions of the Europeans ; altho’, I believe, it has never been tried, what EfFed thefe luxurious Cuf- toms, or foft and effeminate Lives, which we have fuppofed to be the Caufes of Mankind’s turning to fo tender and delicate Complexions as the Europe- ans {a) Prax. Med. lib. v. part 3. cap. 1. C *49 ] ans have, and to be the Caufe of all Whitenefsin the Complexions of Men, or Changes from a dark to a fairer Complexion, might have upon the Co- lour of Negroes} but this we are affured of, that they are not of fo deep a Black, in cold northern, as in the hotter foutherly Regions. — Beltdes, we want not fome convincing Inftances, from the Glean- ings of the few Hiftorians I was furnifhed with here, to fhew that fuch Changes have happened in the Memory of Men, and within the Compafsof thofe Records we have of Time} for we could not fup- pofe it to have happened all at once: Thus Hero - doPus tells us (a), That the Colchi were formerly black, with frizzled Hair ; which (he fays) he re- lates rather as a Thing well known before, than a bare Report} but there is no Sign of any Blacknefs in the Complexions of their Defcendants, they being rather, efpecially about Circajfia , reckoned fome of the fairefb People in the World at this Day. — Captain Smith tells us, that, even in Virginia , an Englishman , by living only three Years among the Indians , became “ fo like an Indian , in Habit and “ Complexion, that he knew him not but by his tc Tongue (b) And what might his Children have turned to in a Succdfion of many Generations, by thefe fame Ways of Life, which had fo altered him in three Years? — The Moors and Lybiansy being drove out of Africa , upon the Turkifo Con- queft, retired to the Land of the Negroes _(rjhi but {a) Euterpe, 104. (£)• -tuft. Virginia, p. .1 16. (c) t-?o Hiffi . Atric. par. 1. fed. 3. [ 15° ] but are no more to be found there of their ori- ginal tawny Colour. The King of Gualata is fup- pofcd to be lineally defcended from thefe tawny Moors, but is even blacker than the original Ne- groes ( a ). The Habejfines , who came from Arabia originally (b), are no longer of their fwarthy Com- plexion, but have got the black Complexion of the Ethiopians , whofe Country they poffefs (r). The Mojemleeks of Canada , who wear Cloaths, and are more civilized than the other Savages their Neighbours, who go dark naked, are fo much more refined in their Complexions by this Ufage, as to be taken for Spaniards , and not Indians (d). Nay, the Spaniards themfelves, who have inhabited America under the Torrid Zone, for any Time, are become as dark coloured as our native Indians of Virginia, as I have been an Eye-witnefs: And were they not to intermarry with the Europeans , but lead the fame rude and barbarous Lives with the Indians , it is very probable, that, in a Suc- ceflion of many Generations, they would become as dark in Complexion. (a) Moore’s Travels, 214. ( b ) Ludolph. Hift. TEchiop. 1. 1. c. 1. ( c ) Idem}\. 1. c. 14. ( d ) La Hontan. Nouv. Voyage- , lett. 1 6. vol. i. June 14. 1744. the Society adjourned to October 25. a V. [ IS* ] V. A Letter from William Hallett, M. D. to Henry Pemberton, M. D. F. R. S. &* Chem. Frof Grefham ; containing the Cafe of a Lad , who was fhot through the Lungs; drawn up by Mr. Nich. Peters junior > Sur- 1 Read Nov. 8. T HAVE now Tent you the remarkable you were at my Houfe, of a Lad who was fhot in the Lungs. It is drawn up by Mr. Refers , his Sur- geon ; and you have it under, in his own Hand. Ccording to your Rcqueft, I fend you the Cafe of James Channon ; which, as it was pretty remarkable from the Beginning, I then noted down; fo that you have the Symptoms related not barely from Memory, but as they were in Faff when they occurred. I am. ’Dec. 28. 1737. James Channon, aged about 14, was accidentally (hot in his Back by another Lad, To Dr. Pemberton. Dear Sir , Exeter , Sept. 2 r . 1 7 44. 1 744- Cafe, which I fhew'd you lately when SIR, To Dr. Hallett, at Exeter. Topfham, Sept. 12. 1744. SIR, Tour moji humble Servant , Nich. Peters, junior . U at [ *5* ] at the Diftance of two Yards from him j fo that the whole Load of Shot, not having Space to fcatter,. enter’d like a Ball, by the Edge of the Left Scapula , which it fplinter’d 5 and, Banting upward, pafs’d be- tween the two fupcrior Ribs,, and fra&ur’d the Cla- vicle, the Refinance of which Bone hinder’d their Paflage thro’ the Skin ; for fome of them lay imme- diately on the fra&ur’d Part, cover’d only by the Cutis i which, with a Touch of the Incifion -Knife, I took out, in Number about a Dozen : They were the ftnall Muftard-feed Shot. After reducing the Frafture, I drew off ten Ounces of Blood (he having loft but very little by the Wound) $. and treated the Wound in his Back as ufual in Gun- fhot Wounds -} and the Fever which attended it, as a common fymptomatic Fever. In 8 or 9 Days time a plentiful Suppuration came on, and his Fever abated. Towards the Middle of January, the Difcharge of fetid Pus was fo great, not only through the Wound, but alfo by Expe&oration, that I thought he could not long furvive it : At each Time of D re fl- ing (which was Morning and Evening, till the Quan- tity leffen’d) full fix Ounces of ‘Pus were difeharg’d : The like Quantity he would generally cough up be- tween the Drefiings. When the Drefiings were re- moved, 1 frequently made' him force a Cough, and try if he could not throw out any Pus by his Mouth ; but, inftead of palling that Way, it flew out thro’ the Wound, like Water from a Pump: If I blocked up the Wound with Tow, he could then freely dif- charge it by the Mouth. When the Matter had done flowing, the Air which was forc’d thro’ the Wound by Coughing, would blow out a Candle, which I often experienced. C '53 ] experienced. The Matter was fo prodigiouily fetid, that, for fome time after he was drefs’d, the Stink in the Chamber was fcarce tolerable 5 and it was near the Middle of March before the Difcharge began to abate. I11 this Space of Time he cough’d up 25 Shot } had frequently hedic Pleats, and Night- Sweats; a quick feverifh Pulfc return’d couftantly towards Evening, with great Third ; he had loft his Appetite, and was greatly emaciated; his chief Food was Milk, and Phyfick the Bark.- In order to give a free Paffage to the Matter thro’ the Wound, and prevent the Stink from killing him (as the poor Boy expreffed it), by coming through the Mouth, I had for fome time kept a Cannula in the Wound ; but, in lefs than a Fortnight, I found myfelf obliged to leave it quite out ; for tho’ it anfwcr’d the End of giving the Matter a free Paffage that Way, and prevented its coming by the Mouth, yet the Quantity thro’ the Wound increafed daily, and his hedic Heats became more violent. Seeing no Profped of any End to be put to the Difcharge of Matter, it keeping up to its ufual Quan- tity for a Month or 6 Weeks longer, and the poor Boy reduced to a meer Sceieton, I was determined, if poffible to heal the Wound, and commit the Event to Nature ; there not being one favourable Symptom to give the leaft Hope of his Recovery. About the Middle of June the Wound was quite cicatriz’d, 2 or 3 Exfoliations being lirft caft off from the Scapula. His Cough ftill continued with a Difcharge of the fame fetid us , but in three Weeks it began to abate; and, towards the latter End of July, he had gain’d Flefh, and his Cough had left him ; he U 2 walked [ »54 ] walked abroad, and was, to Appearance, quite re- cover'd. But this fair Profped did not lad Jong ; for, towards the latter End of Augufty I was called to him In the Night, and found him fupported in the Bed, with a Half-pint Bafon in his Hand, almoft full of the fame Sort of (linking putrid Matter, which he ufed to cough up : It had been emptied but a Quarter of an Hour before, lb that, in lefs than half an Hour, he had expe&orated a full Pint. This Cough continued upon him 1 6 Hours longer 5 when, the Load of Mat- ter being pump’d up, he grew much better. Two or three Days before this fevere Attack, he had complained of being faint, feverifh, and drait at the Bread, for which he was bled, &c. In this Fit of Coughing, he brought up with the Pus 14 Shot. He had three of thefe violent Returns before the Summer was quite over, which reduced him nearly to his former weak State, but difeharged no Shot. In November following, I laid on a Caudic to the Cicatrix of the Wound in his Back s and kept it open with a large Bean, to try if a Difcharge, by way of lfiiie, might divert the Matter from coming by the Mouth : He had no fuch violent Seizures afterward, but dill a hc&ic Cough upon him, which expecto- rated a fmall Quantity of the fame fetid Pus: The Difcharge from the Iflue was pretty conftderable, and he weather’d out the Winter tolerable well. In March 173 9, he grew feverifh, and complain’d of a great Load and Pain jud above the Diaphragm, on the Left Side : I applied a warm Plaider, and drew off ten Ounces of Blood, which I found was pretty much inflamed. A few Days afterwards an Abfcefs formed between the Ribs, where he had before com- plained [ I55 ] plained of the Pain ; which I opened, and difcharged about four Ounces of the fame fetid Matter, and 1 8 Shot. Here was a true Empyema , and I had now great Hopes of a Cure, Nature having pointed out fuch a depending Part, for a Difcharge of what Mat- ter might be lodged in the Thorax. I then healed up the Iflue in his Back, and kept this new Wound open with a Cannula ; bur, within ten Days, the Mat- ter had ceafed flowing, his feverifh Symptoms again increas’d, and his Cough return’d with a Difcharge of the fame putrid Matter. I threw afide the Cannula , and healed the Wound between the Ribs, it anfwer- ing no End to keep it open longer. The remaining Part of the Year 1739, he had feveral Returns of his Cough, with pretty large Expe&orations, but they were not of long Continuance ; frequent Bleedings, a Milk-Diet, and vulnerary Medicines, were made ufe of. In the Years 1740, 41, 42, towards Spring and Autumn, he generally was feized with a Diffi- culty of Breathing, and Pain of the Side : Bleeding would relieve him for the prefenr, but it feldom ended without a Difcharge of the fame Sort of Tus by Coughing, and with it, fometimes, one or two Shot. At the latter End of the Summer 1741, he had an Abfcefs formed in the left Side, between the true and fpurious Ribs: I open’d it, and with the Matter difcharged 9 Shot. Between thefe grand Fits of Coughing (if I may fo call them), which happen’d three or four Times in the Year, he would gain Strength, grow fat, and work at his Trade of Glove-making. Towards [ r56 ] Towards the latter End of March 1743, his Cough return'd again with the fame ufual Violence, and the Dilcharge in One Night was a full Pint of fetid bloody Pus ; half that Quantity was expedorated next Day. He had the fame feverifh Symptoms a few Days before this Cough, as ufual, but rather more fevere. It continued upon him 8 Days before it began to abate. No Shot were difcharged at this time, as was expeded; but he coughed up a broad Scale of a Bone, ragged at the Edges, and of an irregular Shape, which, I imagine, was 'a Part of the Scapula , A few Weeks after this he was taken into your Hofpital. Thus far Mr. Peters. He had the Benefit of the 0 Devon and Exeter Hofpital, under my Care for 1 5 Months; during which Time he was hedical, had fiometimes pleuritic Pains, for which he was often bled, and took foft Pedorals. He frequently fpit Pus in great Quantities. I confin'd him to a Milk- Diet ; order’d him Balfamics, particularly Balf. Lo - catelli in an Eleduary. He is now healthy, ftrong, and fat 5 and frequently walks from Topfham to Exeter , which is near four Miles, and returns the fame Day. I am &c. William Hallett. VI. [ *57 3 VI. ExtraB of a Letter from Dr. John Bar- tram, to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. containing fome Obfervations concerning the Salt-Marfh Mufcle, the Oyfter-Banks, and the Frefh-Water Mufcle, of Penfylvania. My good Friend , 'Read Nov. 8.V HAVE obferved fomcthing of an ex- 5744- traordinary Nature in our Salt-Marfh Mufcle : By its fibrous Roots, which ftrike deep into the Soil, it feems to be of a vegetable Nature ; for, it is highly probable, the Animal draws fome Part of its Nourilhment through them : They are fixed by thefe two Thirds of their Length in the Sand, with their broad Ends uppermoft, which open at every Return of the Tide, to be replenifhed by the Salt- Water: When it is retreated, they are found lodged in the Grafs, Sedge, Creeks, and Banks, fingly and together in Plenty. I herewith fend you a Specimen, which will give you a better Idea of this wonderful Creature. There you may plainly obferve the Ligaments draw their Origin from the principal Parts of the Animal, and unite near the Extremity of the Shell, which they pafs through on that Side of the Mufcle that opens to let in the Water ; then they divide again into many capillary Roots or Fibres, which penetrate and extend themfelves into the Mud or Soil of the Marfh ; which, by long Obfervation, feem to me for two Ufes j firft, as I have above obferved, to convey Part [ *58 ] Part of their Nourifhment; which feems probable, by their being difperfed through the Body of the Mufcle (This is better feen when alive ; but now they are dry, one of the Specimens plainly fhew it). dV^TAB. II. Fig. i. The other Ufe of thefe fibrous Roots (for fo I muft call them), by their ftriking deep into the Mud or Sand, is to fecure the Creature from being carried away by the Rapidity of the Tide: So that, in this Circumftance, they are fomewhat analogous to Plants, whofe Roots both nourifh them, and fecure them from the Injuries of Wind and Flood. Our Oyfters are of an oblong Figure; they grow at the Sides and Bottoms of Creeks, Rivers, and Bays, near the Sea ; but moftly in fuch a Situation where they are near or quite dry at low Water: They have the Power of Opening and Shutting, like the Mufcle, to take in and retain the Salt-Water, which is their principal Nourifhment: Tho’ they flick in the Mud, they are not fo fccured as the Salt-Marfh Mufcle bc- fore-mention’d ; and tho’ thefe Oyfters grow in great Clutters or Heaps, commonly called Oyfter-Banks, yet every one that is alive hath free Communication with the Air and Water, and Liberty to open and fhut. If the Oyfter’s Way of growing may be com- pared to that of a Plant, I think there is great Simi- litude between it and the Opuntia, or Indian Fig ; a Leaf produces and fupports a’ Leaf, and fo on : Thus the young Qyfter grows on the Sides of the old one, which, by degrees, is fo deep immerged in the Mud, that it dieth ; but yet it ferves to fupport the young one upright, until it comes to Maturity to produce others; and then that, by degrees, fublides ; fo that, by this Method, Banks of dead and living Oyflers are extended of an inconceivable Length and Breadth through all our Coafts, Our PAihn). 'Trtvnj. jV: 3- MARTI VIC TORI VLI VS II ivs trib V-S -JL- H. FORTVNAE AVC A £ t PKocvuFa V S f-Vf- A 7/ IMPCAES-M AVRELIO SEVERO ANTONI NO PIO FELICim-PARTHlC- NAX-BRir MAX-GERM- MAX- PONTiFSCI -MAXIM- TRtB-POIESP XVllEMMP-II* CQSfWROCOS • PP-COfl* FIDA VlRDVL- CREO ®ANO WNANAPECirSVB'CVMK 3 ' 1 LEC-XXGRI 1 ’zy.j.o.f). 2.08. raro 7/ DEOHER SAEG O ttammon SANTA M MO A VI TALI S N.0 <7. ■sX#//S+L/r I J [ >59 3 Our common FreJh-JVater Mufcles differ from out Salt-Marfh Mufcle, in that they are not fixed to any Place or Thing, but have a Method of trailing along on the Tandy Bottoms of Creeks and Rivers: They have the Power not only of opening and (hutting their Shells at Pleafure, but have, moreover, the Power of creeping (a) along as it were like a Snail, by turn- ing upon the upper Edge that opens, and fo work themfelves along the foft yielding Sand in little Fur- rows about half an Inch deep. I have traced them for feveral Yards, by thefe little Chanels, when the Tide is down, and left the Sands bare. If thefe few Obfervations prove acceptable, it will be a Pleafure to Tour Friend, John Bartram. VII. A Letter from Mr . Chrifl. Hunter, to Dr. Mortimer, Seer . R. S. ferving to ac- company a Copy of an antient Roman In- fer ip t ion at Rochester in Northumberland, and two others at Rifingham. IVorthy Sir , Durham^Sept .9, 1744. Read Nov. 8. 1744. 1ND Providence enabling me to K outlive fuch Members of the Royal Society I have had the Happinefs to correfpond withal. Dr. (a) I have feen this of our Horfe -Mufcles in Ponds here in England. C. M. X [ 160 ] Dr. Lifter , Dr. Pl^bodward, and the much rcfpe&ed dear Mr. Gale , I make bold to addrefs the follow- ing Infcriptions to the honourable Society by your Hands. A Tranfcript of the firft Infcription, fent to me fix . Months ago, was copied by a Perfon of too narrow judgment to be depended upon 5 which obliged me to take a Journey to Rochefter , to be exaft in every Circumftance relating to the fame (a) : The Stone was found ere&ed upon two Supporters, and difcovered laft Year in the midft of a Heap of Rubbifh, and the Infcription intire to the laft Line, where the Name of the TreefeStus is vifibly obliterated, in fome cn- fuing Reign. The two following {b) I took out of the Earth at Riftngham-, another Roman Fort, eight Miles South from Rochefter upon the Banks of Reed’ s Water men- tioned by Mr. Camden : They are both Altars broken, the firft falling from the Top of the higheft Wall of a Dwelling-houfe deferted above fifty Years ; the two initial Letters of the third and fourth Lines broken off ; as 1VL1US, LIVIVS, LIBIVS, LICIVS, or LID I V S. The other is upon the Margin of Mr. War- burtons Map of Northumberland , I fear, omitted by Mr. Horjley in Britannia Romana among his Sculp- tures; but find it in pag. 240. of his Obfervations, to quite different, from my Copy, I am. Good Sir , Tour moft obedient humble Servant , Chriftopher Hunter. ( a ) See Tab. II. Fig. 2. (b) See Tab. II. Fig. 3 and 4. VIII. [ 16 i ] VIII. An Account of fome Magnetical Experi- ments, (hewed before the Royal Society, by Mr. Gowan Knight, on Thurfday the i$th of November, 1 744. Read Nqv. 15. ■1744. R. Knight , of Magdalen-College in Oxford, being introduced to a Meeting of the Royal Society on Thurfday the 15th of November , 1744, produced, before the Gentle- men there prefent, fcveral curious artificial Magnets contrived by himfelf; fome of which confided of plain Bars of Steel naked, and other of Bars or Blocks of the fame Subftance, armed with Iron after the com- mon manner of natural Loaddones : But, as he was apprehendve the Trials he had before made of the Weights thefe Magnets were refpedlively capable of lifting, could hardly be repeated with fufficient Ex- a&ncfs and Advantage before fo large a Company, he dedred to refer himfelf, for thofe Particulars, to what the Trefident of the Society had fecn at his Lodgings on IVednefday the 7th, and on Tuefday the 13 th, of the fame Month of November. Whereupon the Prefidcnt acquainted the Company, that he had lately been fcveral times at Mr. Knight's Lodgings, where he had feen many Experiments made with his artificial Magnets ; and that, particu- larly on the Days above-mentioned, he had been prefent, and had taken Minutes of the following Trials then made by that Gentleman ; by which it •appeared, that, X 2 A fmall [ 161 ] A fmali eight- corner’d Bar of Steel, of the Length of 3 Inches, and almoft 7 Tenths, and of the Weight of about half an Ounce Troy, lifted by one of its Ends about 1 1 of the fame Ounces. That another plain Bar of Steel of a Parallelopiped Form, of the Length of 5 Inches and 9 Tenths, the Breadth of four Tenths, and the Thicknefs of two Tenths of an Inch, weighing 2 Ounces 8 -Peny- weight and a half, lifted, in like manner, by one of its Ends 20 Troy Ounces. That a Steel Bar, almoft of the fame Form as the lap, but only 4 Inches in Length, capped or armed with Iron at each End, cramped with Silver, and weighing all together one Ounce fourteen Peny- weight, lifted by the Feet of the Armour full four Pounds Troy. That a fingle Block of Steel of a Parallelopiped Form, almoft 4 Inches long, 1 Inch and 2 Tenths in Height, and 4 Tenths of an Inch in Thicknefs, armed with Iron, cramped with Brafs, fufpended by a Ring ©f the fame, and weighing all together 14 Ounces 1 Penyweight, lifted by the Feet of the Armour 14 Pounds 2 Ounces and an half, Troy Weight. Thar a compound artificial Magnet was alfo tried, confiding of 12 Bars of Steel armed ; and that it was found to lift by the Feet of the Armour as the laft, 23 Troy Pounds, 2 Ounces and an half. The 12 Bars, compofing this laft Magnet, were each a little more than 4 Inches long, 3 Tenths of an Inch in Breadth, and 16 Hundredths of the fame in Depth, weighing one with another about 25 Peny- w eight each. They were all placed one upon an- other [ l63 3 other, fo as to make together one Parallelopiped Body, of the common Length and Breadth of the feveral Bars, but of the Height of near 2 Inches, being the Sum of the refpedive Thickneffes of all the Bars taken together : And this Parallelopiped Body, being cramped with Brafs, and fitted with an Handle of the fame Metal, was armed at the 2 Ends that were made up of the common Extremities of all the Bars, with 2 fubflantial Pieces of Iron, after the common man- ner of arming natural Loadflones, the whole Frame weighing together about 20 Troy Ounces. Bcfides thefe, the Prefident made alfo the follow- ing Report of fome Trials he had feen made at the fame time of the Effects of an Art Mr. Knight is .M after of, by which he can improve or increafe the lifting Powers of natural Loadflones. He carried with him, on IVednefday the 7th of November , a fmall armed Loadftone belonging to an Acquaintance, which weigh’d, with its Armour, 7 Penyweight 14 Grains,* but which, being reputed but of an ungenerous Nature, took up, and with fome Difficulty, barely 2 Ounces. Mr. Knight took it into his Study, and, returning it in about a Minute, it then took up better than 4 Ounces with Eafe :But, upon his faying, it would flill gain fome more Strength, by remaining with him fome time, it was left till the 13 th, when it took up diflindly, with the fame Apparatus as before, 6 Ounces 18 Peny -weights and 3 Grains 5 fince which time it has alfo feveral times been found to lift nearly the fame Quantity. Mr. Knight further, at the fame time, fhew’d the Prefident the following Inflances of his Ability to invert [ >6+ ] invert or change the Diredion of the Poles in natu- ral Loadfloncs. Such a Stone belonging to Mr. Francis Hauksbeey weighing about 5 Ounces and 14 Peny weights, of an irregular cylindrical Form, with 2 of the Sides fomewhat flatted, upon which Armour had formerly been applied, had the Direction of its Polarity from one of thefe flatted Sides to the other, notwithftand- ing the Stone had a diflind Grain running at right Angles to that DirefHon. It was tried and obferved, that one of thefe flatted Sides ftrongly attraded the North End, and repelled the South ; and that the other attracted the South, and repelled the North End of the magneticfNeedle. The End of the Stone, attradin° the South End of the Needle, was then marked, by the rubbing of a Piece of Silver upon it, as upon a Touchftone : After which, Mr. Knight carried the Stone into his Study : and, re producing it in about a Minute, fhew’d, that the Poles were then dircdly inverted ; and that the fame End, which before attraded the South End of the Needle, now attraded the North, and repelled the South, and vice •verfd. After this, Mr. Knight , again taking the Stone, brought it back in as fhort a time as before, with the Direction of its Polarity turned at right Angles to its former Diredion, and into the Direction of the na- tural Grain of the Stone, the Poles now lying in the flat EndsoftheCylinder; one of which, bemgthe fmoothcr End, attraded the South End of the Needle, whilft the other, which was of a rougher Texture, attraded the North End, and repelled the South End of the fame-: When it was alfo obferved, that the Polarity 1 appeared [ l65 ] appeared ftronger in this Cafe, than either of the former. Laftly, Mr. Knight , in about the fame time, in- verted this laft Dircdion of the Poles, keeping it fill parallel to the Axis of the Cylinder, but cabling the fmooth End of the Stone to attrad the North End of the magnetic Needle, and the rough End to at- trad the South, and repel the North End of the fame Needle. After this Report, Mr. Knight proceeded to drew, at the Meeting, l'ome of the fame artificial Magnets therein mentioned ; and it was found, that the com- pound Magnet, confiding of 1 2 Steel-Bars, and which had, in the Experiment made before the Prefident, lifted 23 Pounds 2 Ounces and an half Troy Weight, did here, under all the Inconveniencies and Difad vantages of a crouded Room, dill lift a Weight amounting to 21 Pounds and 11 of the fame Ounces. It was aifo found, that the fingle armed Block of Steel, which had before lifted 14 Pounds and 2 Ounces, did here, under the fame Difadvantages as the former, lift 1 3 Pounds and 7 Ounces of like Troy Weight. And, laftly, Mr. Knight produced to the Com- pany the above-mentioned natural Loadftone belong- ing to Mr. Hawks bee, but with the Diredion of its Polarity again altered from what it was, when it was laft: fecn by the Prefident. tP. S. Since the artificial Magnets mentioned in the foregoing Paper, Mr. Knight has caufed fome others to be made of a Idler Size, but of a very great lifting Power : And one of thefe, weighing C 166 ] weighing without its Armour jufi: an Ounce, and with the Armour, Cramps, and Rings, 1 Ounce 17 Peny weights, lifted, before the Prelt- dent of the Society , on Friday the 27th of July 1745, 6 Pounds and 10 Ounces Troy Weight. This Magnet confided of 3 Plates of Steel, each 2 Inches long, 7 Tenths of an Inch in Breadth, and not above 6 Hundreths of an Inch in Thicknefs: They were laid flat upon each other, and ferewed together by 2 fmall Brafs Screws going through the 3 Plates. After which, the little Parallelopipcd Block fo made np, was armed with Iron at the 2 Ends, cramped toge- ther with Silver, and fitted with a double Ring of the fame Metal, for the convenient holding of it. IX. AbjlraB of what is contained in a Book con- cerning Electricity, juft publifhed at Leipzic, 1 744. by John Henry Winder, Greek and Latin Profellor there \ from Article 75 to Article 79. Read Nov. 2z. ^ | "‘HE electrical Sparks from Metals, fuch 1744 JL as E°n anc* Silver, are capable of kindling all fuch Fluids as may be otherwife kindled by aCtual Flame. And this Experiment fucceeds bed, when the quinta Effentia vegetabilis is held in a Spoon under the Crofs of a Sword, whofe Point is turned towards the electrifying Glafs (Tab. II. Fig. 4.). In like manner, the fame Spirits may cafily be let on Fire, [ ,67 ] Fire, by the Sparks proceeding from an electrified Tube of Tin, This Experiment with the Sparks coming from Metals when made eledric, was firft made by Dr. Ludolph , of Berlin ; who, toward the Beginning of the prefcnt Year 1744, kindled, with the Sparks ex- cited by the Friction of a Glais Tube, the ethereal Spirits of Frobenius. This was done at the Opening of the Royal Academy , and in the Prefence of fome Hundreds of Pcrfons. This Account was not only related in the Berlin Gazette , of the 30th of May laft •, but has been fince confirmed by feveral Letters, fent from Berlin to Leipfic , to Count Manteufet, immediately after the Experiment. Mr. Marfcall, who now ftudies here, alfo com- municated to me a Letter he had received from Ber- lin concerning the fame 5 and I have fince been aifo certified of it, by the Account of feveral Men of Learning, that had feen the Experiment at Berlin , and that have fince vifited me at this Place. Laftly, Mr. Reinhart , who came hither about laft Eafter> with Count Zaluski , Great Chancellor of Boland , told me, that the Experiment was not difficult to be made ; and that the Liquor, called Quinta Ejfentia * vegetabiiis , might very readily be kindled by the electrical Sparks, I immediately fent for fome of that Effence,and found the Experiment fucceed to my Wifh. Red-hot Iron lets no Spirits on Fire, tho’ held very near to thofe Spirits; but if that Iron is made eledric, its electric Sparks very readily kindle all well-redified Spirits. The * i. e. Spirit of Wine fo highly rectified, as, being pour’d upon Gvnpovtder> and then being fet on fire, will at laft flalh the Gunpowder. C. M. Y [ 1 68 ] The Sparks that proceed from the Body of a Man, made eleCtrical, kindle Spirits as quick as rhofe from ele&rified Metal, whether the Body of the Man is rendered elcCtric immediately by the Glafs Tube, or by the intermediate Tube of Tin. I made this Experiment with Succefs upon myfelf, before his Excellency Count Manteufet , at his Houfe, about the middle of laft May , in the Prefence of Pro- felfor Chrijlian Wolf, of Hall, and many others. Neither myfelf, nor any of the Company, knew, at that time, that the eleCtric Sparks, from the Body of a Man, were capable of kindling Spirits; but, upon feeing the Quinta Ejfentia vegetabilis kindled with extraordinary Quicknefs, by the Sparks proceeding from an Iron Tube that was rufty, one of the Com- pany {farted the Queftion, Whether the Sparks, from the Body of a Man, might not poffibly do the fame? Upon which I immediatly ftept on to a Frame, over which blue filken Lines were extended : I took hold with one Hand of the rufty Iron Tube, and held the Fingers of the other over feme of the Quinta Ef- fentia ; and the Sparks from my Fingers immediately ftruck with fuch Violence into the Elver Spoon that held it, that the Eflence was in a Moment fet all in a Flame. This Experiment, fo unexpected, gave the greateft Satisfaction to all the Company ; and an Account of it was published jin the Leipfic Gazette of the 21ft of May ; where it was aifo mention’d, that divers other Experiments, with the Sparks of electrified Mcral, had already been made both at Hantzic, and at Berlin . Dead Fowls, Pork, and Veal, both raw and drefl:, may be made eleCtric by a Tin Tube, or by the Hand [ i69 ] Hand of a Man j infomuch that the Sparks, proceed- ing from thofe feveral Bodies, will alfo kindle the fame Effence. If fuch fluid Bodies, as are ufually kindled by Flame, are not fine enough, they need only be warm'd a little in the Spoon : Or the Spirits may be lighted a little before, and blown out again, before they are brought to the electrical Body. In this manner I have kindled, with the electrical Sparks, camphorated Spirits of Wine, coloured with Saffron, the common Ejjentia vegetabilis and even French Brandy, and Corn-Spirits, only taking the Precaution of warming thefe Liquors a little before. Even Oil, Pitch, and Sealing-wax, may be lighted by the eleClric Sparks, provided they are before heated to a Degree that is next to kindling. X. Tranjlation of a Fetter from Mr. Abraham Trembley, F. R. S. to the Prefidentj with Obfervations upon feveral newly difcoverd Species of Frefh- water Polypi. $ J 21, So^v’^ef, 6. Nov. 1744.. N. S, Read Nov. 22.1T HAVE herewith the Honour of tranf- 1744 A netting to you the Particulars of feveral Obfervations I have made, during theCourfe of the laft Summer, upon fome Species of very mi- nute Water-Animals 5 and which are the fame I have already made fome Mention of, in the third Paragraph of the 297th Page of the Memoir es pour fervir a I'Hijioire des Polypes a Bras en forme Y 2 de [ I7° 1 tie Comes. Mr. ^De Reaumur judges them all to be- long to the general Clafs of the Polypi \ and he has already diftinguifhed and diftributed the feveral Spe- cies of them, to which he has given the refpedive Names that I have made ufe of in the incloled Abf- tradt of my Obfervations. I am very fenfible, that fome' PafTages of this Account will hardly appear fufficicntly intelligible, to fuch as have not yet taken Notice of the little Creatures I am fpeaking about : But this Inconve- nience I could not entirely have avoided, without entering into too particular a Detail of Fads, which I have not yet profecuted fo far as I intend, and which 1 could not befides have throughly explained, without the Affiftance of a great Number of Figures. I hope, notwithftanding, that what I have faid will abundantly fhew how Angular the Animalcula in Qucftion are, and how well they defer ve Notice and Confideration. I fhall neglcd no Opportunities of purfuingtheirHiftory ; thereby to enable myfelf here- after to give a more perfed Account of what I fhall have further learned in my Enquiries. But this can- not be done immediately, as a conftderable Time is required, for the making of accurate, repeated, varied, and well-conneded Experiments. In the mean time, as I have always made it my Pleafure, I fhall even look upon it as a Duty, to be at all Times ready to fatisfy the Curiofity of fuch as are Lovers of Natural Hiftory, with regard to the feveral Particulars that may prefent them- felves, and that I may think worthy of their Atten- tion. I fhall C l7r ] I fhall only add further, that I have already com- municated thefe Obfervations to feveral Perfons of the greateft Knowledge and Diftin&ion, who have been p'eafed attentively to examine the lame, and thereby given me the Satisfaction of having the bed and mod unexceptionable Witnefles to all the prin- cipal Fads that are mention'd in the inclofed Account ; which I now put into your Hands, and remain, with the trued Refped, E find, in divers Places, upon Water-Plants, and other Bodies in the Water, a whitifh Subftance, that looks at firft only like a fort of Mould : We fome- times fee Plants, Sticks of Wood, Snail-fhells, and the like, that are entirely covered over with this Sub- ftance. But if we take any of thefe, put them into a Glafs of clear Water, and then examine with a magnifying Giafs what is upon them, we foon dis- cover, in the little Bodies, that, by their Aftem- blage, form this whitifh Subftance, luch Motions as give fufficient Reafon to look upon them as living Animals j and this will appear yet more fenftble, when they come to be obferved with a Microlcope. We then find them to be minute Bodies, feverally fixed to the Extremities of fmall Stems, or Pedicles, S I R, Tour moft humble , and mojl obedient Servant , A. Trembley, many [ 17* 3 many of which are often fo united, as to form together a Sort of Branches, or Clufters ; and this Sort of Appearance determined Monfieur P)e Reau- mur to name the Animalcula that appeared fo fixed, clujlering Polypi : des Polypes en bouquet. Thele Cinders are larger or Idler, according to the Species of the Polypi that form them, and according to the Concurrence of many other Circumftances. To get a clear Idea of the Figure of thefe Animals, it is bed to obferve the fmaller Clufters 5 as, in the larger, the great Number of the Polypi upon the feveral Stems, are apt to hide one another. There is a Cafe, I fhail mention prefenrly, where the Polypi are finglc j and it is proper to obferve them in that Cafe j and the rather, becaufe that is the Way to difeover how the Clufters are formed. I fhail now deferibe one of thefe ftngle Polypi , to give a general Idea of the Form of the Animal : and 1 fhail herein chiefly endeavour the Defeription of that Species which I have moft particularly made my Obfervations upon. Thefe are not in Length above the 240th Part of an Inch, and are of a Shape nearly refembling that of a Bell : this may be feen in the Figure, where one of them is reprefented exceedingly magnified (Tab. II. Fig. 5.). The anterior Part, ac, generally appears open, when it properly prefents itfelf; the pofte- rior Part b is fixed to a Stem or Pedicle be\ and it is by the Extremity e of this Pedicle, that rhe Polypus fattens itfelf to any other Sort of Body. The Polypus of this Sort generally appears to the Microfcopc of a brownifh Colour, excepting at its fmaller End b, where it is tranfparenr, as well as its Pedicle be. When the anterior Part a c is open, one may per- ceive [ r73 3 cdve about its Edges a very lively Motion } and when the ‘Polypus prefents itfelf in a certain manner, it difcovers, on either Side of thefe Edges of its ante- rior Part, fome what very much refembling the Wheels of a little Mill, that move with great Velocity. Thefe Polypi are able to contract themfelves j and they do fo often, and fuddenly. They may be brought to contrad at any time, either by touch- ing them, or by moving the Body to which they are fixed. When they contrad, the Edges of their an- terior Parts are drawn quite into their Bodies 5 and when they refume, which they do foon after, their former Pofture, one may diftindly fee thofe Edges come forth again, and put themfelves in Motion, as before. When one looks about the anterior Parts of thefe Polypi , which are open, and whofe Edges are in Motion, one may frequently have an Opportunity of remarking a Number of very minute Bodies fwimming in the Water, that feem to be forced down with Velocity into thefe Openings of their anterior Parts, and that fometimes are thrown out ' again from thence. To make this Obfervation the moft fenfible, it is beft not to look at a fingle Polypus , but a Clufter of fome Numbers of them together. 1 have taken (notice, that the Polypi of the Sort in Queftion, appear of a brownifh Colour when viewed with the Microfcope $ I fhould now add, that having left fome of them for feveral Days in the fame Water, they by degrees loft their brown Co- lour, and became tranfparent ; excepting only that a few Grains or Spots of Brown or Black, ftili conti- tinued C *7+ 1 nued to be difcernible in their Bodies : But, having afterwards removed thefe ‘Polypi into other Water, newly ‘taken out a Ditch, they in a little time re- fumed the fame brown Hue which they had before. It may commonly be obferved, that when the Polypi are in Water newly put to them, there fall upon their anterior Parts far greater Numbers of the above mentioned minute Bodies, than when they have been left for any time in the fame Water. It is very probable, that thefe minute Bodies are exceedingly fmall Animalcules, upon which the Po- lypi feed ; and that, confequently, the Opening which they have in their anterior Part, ferves them for the Purpofes of a Mouth. The Polypi that have become tranfparent, and that have been left fome time without the Addition of fuch Water as would make them recover their brown Colour, have alfo, at the fame time, left off multiplying. But I have obferved that others of them, to which I have afterwards given new Water from the Ditch, have foon after begun to multiply again. Thefe Polypi are capable of fwimming about ; and when they fwim, they arc no longer in Clutters, but always fingle ; and they do not then appear in the fame Form as when they are fixed, and open at their anterior Ends., It is by Swimming that they leave the Place to which they firft appeared fixed, and that they go and fix thcmfclves to any other Body that they find in their Way. One fhould begin to obferve a Polypus foon after it has fixed itfclf fingly, in order to lee regularly in what manner the Clutters form thcmfclves, and in what Way thefe fmall Creatures multiply. 1 he 4 [ 175 1 The Stem or Pedicle of a 'Polypus that is yet An- gle, and which has but lately fixed itfelf, is at firft very fhort, but it lengthens itfelf in a little time. After that, the Polypus multiplies ; that is to fay, it di- vides or fplits itfelf into two lengthwife. One firft ©bferves'the Lips to be drawn into the Body, whofe anterior Part clofes, and becomes round : the Mo- tion that was to be feen before the Lips were drawn in, no longer appears ; yet may one fee, by iooking with Attention, a flow Motion within the Body, during all the Time that the Polypus remains clofed. The anterior Part of the Polypus flats itfelf after- wards by degrees, and fpreads in proportion, becom- ing broader as it fhortens; it then gradually fplits down through the Middle, that is, from the Middle of the Head to the Place where the pofterior End joins to the Pedicle : fo that, in a little while, there appear two feparate round Bodies joined to the Ex- tremity of the Pedicle that juft before fupported but one. The anterior Part of each of thefe Bodies then opens by degrees; and, as they open, the Lips of the new Polypi fhew themfelves more and more. Then is the Time of obferving thefe Lips with At- tention, and of forming to ones Self an Idea of their true Form, and of their Motion already fpoken of. This Motion is at the firft very flow, it quickens as the Polypi continue to open ; and, as foon as they have done, it becomes as fwift as that which appeared in the Lips of the whole Angle Polypus , before it be- gan to divide: and then thefe new Polypi may be looked upon as entirely formed. Z They [ *76 ] They are, at firft,. lefs than the Polypus from which they were formed ; but they grow to the fame Size in a very little time. A Polypus is an Hour, or thereabout, dividing itfelf. To have a tolerable Notion of this Operation, one mu ft haye feen it divers times, and in Polypi placed- and fituated in divers different Ways. The Lips of thefe Polypi appear to he compofcd of four or five tranfparent Stripes, all which have an undulating Motion. Whilft the Polypi are opening, and that the Motion of their Lips is yet but flow » one fees on either Side, when they are in a certain Pofition, what one is inclined to take for the Wheels of a Mill, in the Polypi that are quite formed, and whofeLips move very faft : but one now fees, while they are opening 1 fay, what may be rather taken for four or five Fingers on either Side of their Mouths; which alternately bend down and extend themfelves every Inftant, and to which the tranfparent Stripes above- mentioned appear to be fixed. This fhould be obferved often, and in as many various Attitudes as poflible, to avoid being deceived by the taking of Appearances for Realities ; which happens more or lefs to every Obferver, more efpe- ciaily when he firft begins to obferve. Before I ven- ture to explain myfelf more particularly upon this laft Article, I fhall endeavour to repeat and to purfue further, if I am able, forne Obfetvations that 1 have at prefent only begun. When the firft Polypus is thus divided,and the two new ones produced by this Operation are thus com- pleted ; one fees on one Pedicle two Polypi? joined to [ >77 ] to its Extremity by their pofterior Ends, and that drew themfelves on the Sides of each other, as in Tab. II. Fig. 6. The ordinary Proportion between the Length of the Body of one of thefe Polypi , and the Length of their Pedicle, is pretty exactly obferved in the Drawings. Soon after the Separation is compleated, each of the new Polypi begins to fhew a Pedicle of its own. I have often had Occafion to take notice, that each of the new Polypi had, the Day after their Se- paration, a Pedicle of a tolerable Length; and that thefe new Pedicles united at the Extremity of the firft Pedicle, as the Branches of a Tree unite at its Trunk. Several of the Polypi , upon which I have made continued Obfervations, have multiplied at the latefi 24 Hours after their firfl: Separation. The new Clufter has then confided of 4 Polypi, each of which had its own Pedicle ; as every one has alfo had, that was afterwards produced by a new Separation. The next Figure reprefents a Clufter of eight Polypi i and by this Figure it may be apprehended in what manner the Pedicles of the Polypi become dif- pofed, as their Numbers increafe. Thefe feveral Pedicles become fo many Branches of the Clufter or Sprig. Tab. II. Fig . 7. This Figure particularly reprefents a Clufter, whofe Progrefs I followed in the Month of September laft, 1744. It confifted, on the 9th Day of that Months but of one fingle Polypus , which was placed as at b : this Poly pits divided itfelf that Evening, and at hall an Hour after Eight of the Clock, there were to be Z 2t diT [ 178 } - dlfcovered at b two perfeft Toly pi , whofe Pedicles or Branches,^, bd} continued lengthening till the Morn- ing of the next Day, being the ioth of the fame Month of September : at about a Quarter after Nine that Morning, thefe two Polypi, which were then at d ’ d \ began alfo each to divide ; fo that at a Quarter pad Eleven, there were at d and d four eompleat Polypi-, whofe feveral Pedicles di, di, di, di , formed themfelves foon after. On the i ith of the fame September , about half an Hour after Seven in the Morning, I found that thefe four lad Polypi had already again divided themfelves ; that is to fay, that there were at 7, i, i, eight diflinft Polypi 5 and this Cluder, fo confiding of eight Polypi , is here repre- fented as it appeared upon the 12th of the fame Month, between Ten and Eleven in the Forenoon. The Polypi are not always ranged as they are did* pofed in this Figure 5 for it often happens, that the Pedicles and the Polypi are behind one another, fo as to form a Groupe, in which fome of the Polypi may chance to be hidden or covered by others, either entirely, or in Part. This Figure reprefents the Polypi and Pedicles as magnified to the fame Degree as thofe already exhi- bited in the former Figures. I have taken notice of Cluders, the Numbers of whofe Polypi have condantly gone on doubling, from 2 to 4, from 4 to 8, from 8 to 16, from 16 to 3 2': after which I have no longer been able to count exaftly the Number of the Polypi. I have faid enough, to fhew how the Cluders are formed, and how fad thefe fmall Animals multiply : Indeed: r *79 ] Indeed the Number is prodigious of thofe that are iometimes found in the Water. I have iarge G lattes by me at this time, Nov. i. 1744. N. S. in which they have exceedingly multi- plied; there is particularly, in one of them, a Clut- ter compcfed of feveral lcfTcr united Clutters, which is above an Inch over every way. There detach themfelves from time to time fingle Polypi-, which go fwi naming about till they fix each upon fome Body or other; and from thefe there again arife new Clutters, in the manner above fpoken of. The Branches, from which Polypi have detached themfelves, ftill remain fixed to the Clutter, but they bear no more Polypi ; and after all the Polypi of a Clutter have thus detached themfelves from it, the Afiemblage of the Branches ftill fubfifts, but is of no further Ufe. I know of four other Species of Polypi , that all increafe in the fame manner as thofe 1 have been already fpeaking of ; that is to fay, which fplit. and divide themfelves according to their Length. Thofe which come the neareft to the fir ft, are fomewhat more Lender, and the Branches of their Clutters are tranfparent ;yetdo they appear, when there is a Number of them together, of a changeable Violet- Colour.; the. Clutters of thefe bear a good Refem?1 blance to a Sprig or Aigrette of fpun Glafs. When thefe laft Animals are compleatly formed,' It is not.fo eafy to. fee diftin&ly in them the Motion of their Lips, as it is in the other Species before- mentioned 5 yet may it be obferved in thefe alfog wiiilft they are ftill opening, and compleating their Formation ; for at fuch times, this Motion is 6 but C 180 ] but (low, whereas k becomes afterwards very quick in thofe that are entirely perfected. The Polypi of the other Species that I have ob- fefved, are yet lefs than the lad : they are fhorter, but more open and hollow’d at their anterior Ends. Thefe have a Character that fufficiently diftinguifhes them from all the other Species : their Stems and Branches have a Motion that is not to be found in thofe of the other Polypi. Thefe Stems draw thern- fdves up, and fhorten all at once, taking the Form of a fpiral Wire or Screw ; and a Moment after they again refume their former Shape, ftretching them- felves out ftrait as before. Thefe feveral Species Polypi I have been fpeak- mg of, all multiply in vaft Abundance j but they have alfo Enemies that deflroy immenfe Numbers of them, and that in a very little time. I have alfo this Summer obferved regularly other fmall Polypi , of a different Sort from thofe that are found in Clutters. Thefe are nearly in Shape like a Tun- nel, pretty long in proportion to the Opening of their larger Ends. For this Reafon, Mr .^De Reau- mur has thought proper to diftinguifh them by the Name of Tunnel-like Polypi. I am acquainted with three Species of thefe laft Polypi., which are refpe&ively, green, blue, and white. Thefe mull: alfo be obferved often, and in various Attitudes, in order to obtain a tolerably exaft No- tion of their proper Structure. Their anterior End particularly, is of a far more compounded Shape, than one would atfirft imagine. There [ ill ] There may be difcovered, round the Edges of this Part, a fcnfible Motion, much refembling that of an indented Wheel, or rather of an endlefs Screw, that is turned very faft about. Thefe Tunnel-like P 'oly pi form no Clufkr?, like the others. I have remarked, that the little Bodies, that pafs fwimming near the anterior Parts of thefe Infe&s, are in fome manner drawn into the Mouths of their Tunnels; and I have fometimes feen a confiderable Number of very fmali round Animalcula fall one after another into thefe Openings: Some of thefe were indeed afterwards let out again, at another Open- ing, which I am not yet able particularly to defcribe : but I could plainly fee, that many of thefe little round Bodies remain’d within the Bodies of the Polypi* and it is therefore apparent, that thefe little Bodies, fo taken in, became their Food. Thefe Tunnel-like Polypi do alfo multiply by di- viding themfdves into two, but they divide them- felves otherwile than the cluftering Polypi: they nei- ther divide longitudinally nor traniverfly, but (loping and diagonal-wife. Of two Tunnel-like Polypi , juft produced by the Divifion of one, the fir ft has the old Head and a new pofterior End ; and the other the old pofterior End, with a new Head. I (hall call that which has the old Head, the flips* vior Polypus ; and that which has the new Head, the inferior one. The firft Particulars obfervable in a Tunnel like Poly- pus that is going to divide, are the Lips of the infe- rior Polypus ; I mean thole tranlparent Edges that are fo confpicuous in the Polypi when entirely formed. Thele new Lips firft difeover themfelves upon the- [ 182 ] Polypus that is going to divide, from a little below the old Lips, to about two Thirds of the Length of the Polypus , reckoning from the Head : but thele new Lips are not difpos’d in a ftrait Line, according to ■the Length of the Polypus , bat run (loping near half- way round about. Thefe Lips are known by the Motion in them, but which Motion is at fir ft very flow. That Portion of the Body of the Polypus-, that Is bounded by thefe new Lips, then gathers up itfelf, the new Lips mfenfibly draw tog-ether and clofe 5 whereby there forms itfelf, at the Side of the Poly- pus , a Swelling, that is loon found to be the Head of the new one, bounded by the new Lips firft dif* cover'd. Before this Swelling is grown very remark- able, one begins to diftinguifh the two Polypi which are forming themfelves ; and when that Swelling is conftderably increafed, the two Polypi will be difeo- vered, no longer joined but by a (mall Portion toeach other. The fuperior Pol, pus no longer adheres to the inferior one, but by its pofterior Extremity, which is (fill fixed on one Side of the inferior Polypus : The fuperior Polypus then begins to make Motions that feemingly tend to the feparating of him from the other and in a little time he becomes quite detach’d, fwims away, and fixes himfelf elfc where. I have feen one come and fix at the Side of the in- ferior Polypus , from which he was juft before fepa- rared. The inferior Polypus remains fixed in the fame Place, where the Polypus was that is now di- vided, and of which he was only the Half, before the Divifion took place. I am not, at prefent, able to enter into a further Derail of the Manner in which thefe Tunnel-like Polypi divide and multiply themfelves, I could not do C i83 3 do it, without the Affiftance of many Figures, nor without the Mention of feveral other Fads, that I have not yet fufficiently fatished myfelf about, nor obferved fo often as I think it neceffary to do. I (hall alfo endeavour to carry on further the Natural Hiftory of all the feveral Polypi of which I have yet fpoken, and, perhaps, that of tome other Sorts befides ; as I find, that the Experiments I make upon Infects of one Species, facilitate in feveral Refpeds thofe I have to make upon others ; and that thefe laft often throw a new Light upon Obfervations and Experiments already made. As all thefe little Animals are exceedingly minute, I have hardly been able to obferve any of the feve- ral Fads above-mentioned without the Affiftance of the Microfcope 5 but, if I was to take fuch fmall Objeds out of the Water, in order to expofe them to my Glaffes in the common Way, I fhould both rifque the lofing of them, and hazard the putting them out of a Condition of performing their natu- ral Operations. I am therefore forced to obferve them with the Magnifiers of my Microfcope, without taking them out of the Glaffes I keep them in. I, for this Purpofe, contrive to get them fo near the Sides of thofe Glaffes, that the Foci of my Magni- fiers may reach them from without: I then fix, by the Sides of my Glaffes, a jointed Arm I have fitted for that Purpofe, into the Socket of which I can conveniently ferewthe different Magnifiers of my Mi- crofcope, and retain them fixed at their due Diftances, by which I am able, with great Eafe, to keep the Ani - malcula in Sight as long as I have Occafion for them : and I ufe for the mold part the Light of a wax Taper, to illuminate my Objeds. A a XL f <8+ ] XL Some Obfervations relating to vegetable Seeds \ by James Parfons, M* D . F. R. S. Read Nov. az. /k MONG the many Subjeds in the ^ Store-houfe of Nature, nothing, perhaps, is more entertaining, nor merits more the Attention of the Learned and Curious, than the Family of vegetable Seeds ; and it is indeed furprifing, that, till now, they have not been made an exprefs Subjed for the Confideration of feme curious Natu- ralid, fince Plants and Flowers have been treated of by fo great a Number of Authors from the earlied Times. It has been faid lately, that the major Part of all the Seeds in the World are no more than minute Molecules', and fo much alike, that little can be expeded from them ; whereas Plants and Flowers, being viflble and beautiful, might be thought more worthy of Defcription and Delineation : But I fhould imagine, that thofe Parts of Nature which are lead vi'dble, and mod obfeure, require mod to be infpeded and explain’d, in order to render the Knowledge of them more general. 1 Vliny wifely fays, “ Rerum natura nufquam magis '<■ qimm in minimis tot a fit 5” and, indeed, nothing is more true than that Addition j for every Day’s Expe- rience confirms it : And altho’an Elephant , or Camel , has Organs, which, from heir noble Structure and Ufcs, are very wonderful, yet there is much greater Room for Admiration among us, that a Mite fhould be fur- sifh'd with a greater Number of Limbs than fo con* 3 dderable [ 185 3 itderable an Animal ; fince all our Knowledge is re» latively conduded; and becaufe there is fomething extremely perplexed and intricate in our Notions of Minutenefs. Such Refledions as thefe prompted me to examine feveral fmall Seeds 5 efpecially Tome of thofe, which, to the naked Eye, fcem’d moil like one another ; and, to my great Surprize, I found them as different from each other in their Marks and Forms, as dif- ferent Genus’s of any other Clafs of the Creation ; and, from their curious Charaders and Beauties, 1 could not but conclude them as well worth obferv- ing and defcribing as any other Subjed whatfoever, that has already employ'd the Learned. But, befides thofe many Beauties in their Forms, which, of themfelves, are a fufficient Reafon for their Examination, and well worth any Pains that may be taken about them, there are yet more engaging In- ducements to excite the Curiolity of Mankind to it, which arife upon the Diffedion of the Seeds. Of this I have fubjoined a few Examples, which I hope will be entertaining to this learned Society , as a Specimen of many Difcoveries that will follow, in the Courfe of my Obfervations on the great Number of Seeds, that fhall be the Subjeds of my Study for fome time. The firft is the Seed of the Musk Scabiousy which, for its Shape and Structure, is amazing. It refembles an octagonal Vafe with a fcalloped Brim : the Whole is Bell fhaped, having Ribs or Divifions, which run down from the Mouth of the Vafe , and, becoming narrower, ‘form the Bottom : Between thefe Ribs, down to the Beginning of the narrow Part, it is clear, A a 2 tho’ [ lg6 ] tii o’ not quite tranfparent ,• and, from thence to the Bottom, the Ribs are hairy. This Vafe contains a Seed, which is like a Peflla handing in a Mortar : the Peftle is loofe in an octa- gonal Cafe j but the Narrownefs of the Mouth of this Cafe hinders the Peftle’s being drawn out, becaufe its Extremity, within, is round and bulky. From its upper End arife five fpiculated Arifta, whofe little Thorns are directed upwards, and are thereby pre- pared to caufe the Seed to recede from any thing that might injure it upon being touched ; and the Bafin, from which the Arifire rife, is of a fine green Colour, They are of a fhining Brown. The fecond Specimen is that of the Angelica. It is one of the moft fragrant and agreeable Seeds, for its Smell, in the World. When he Husk is pull’d off, the Nucleus appears of a brownifh Colour, and its Shape is elliptical. By the Help of the Microfcope , we knowi what produces that charming Smell, being a fine Amber- coloured Gum , which appears in Ridges dif- poled alternately, with others of a brownilh Colour, in a longitudinal Direction all over the Nucleus . What appears white, on the flat Side, is a Theca , which receives a very minute Stilus from the. Pedi- cle that fupports it. The third is that Seed which is vulgarly call’d Grains of ParadiJ'e. This Seed, altho’ promifing from its Afpect but very little that is curious, being only a brown irregular Seed with Flats and Angles, and having an ApexWkc the Mouth of a Purfe drawn up with a String yet, when diflectcd, nothing can produce a more beautiful Appearance. In a longi- tudinal Section, you fee, flrft, the Edge of the brown Cortex 3 [ l87 ] Cortex i next to, that, a black pitchy Subfiance 5 and, within that, an exceeding white radiated Matter, which looks like a fine white Salt, and is, probably, a Mix- ture of a volatile pungent Salt with a farinaceous Subfiance: The Radiation feemsto confirm this Opi- nion 5 for, if it were only a Farina , it could have no fuch Appearance, and fo does its exceeding fharp Tafie. But the mod remarkable and curious Part of this Seed, is a little Piece of Camphire , exactly fhaped like a common Vinegar-Crewet, having a round Bottom, and a long taper Neck. This is the conflant Form in Hundreds of thefe Seeds that 1 have cut. Thefe curious Appearances, I believe, were never obferved before. As I would always endeavour to avoid Prolixity, in any thing I have the Honour to lay before you, I fhall, at prefent, only mention one more Seed, which is that of the great Maple-Tree. It confifls of a Pod and its Wing : Two of thefe grow upon a Foot-flalk with the Pods together, which makes them refemble the Body of an Infed with a Pair of expanded Wings. The Wings are finely vafculated, and the Pod is lined with fine filky Down, which contains a round compad Pellet cover’d with a brown Membrane, that flicks very clofe to it. When this is peel’d off, inflead of difeovering a Kernel, as in other Seeds, an intir z green Plant appears to be folded up in a moft furprifing manner, whofe Pedicle is about two Eighths of an Inch long, and its feminal Leaves about fix Eighths each.; between which the Germinh of the next Pair of Leaves are barely via- ble to the naked Eye, but plain with a Microfcope . This Difcovery.,gave me great Pfeafure,, as believing myfrlf. C >88 ] ntyfelf the only one who had obferved it j but, fome time after, looking into Derhams Vhy fico -Theology y upon another Account, I found it mention'd, as if Dr. Highmore had feen and communicated it to Mr. Ray . I believe, however, as none of this learned Society have feen it, except thofe I have (hewn it to, the Sight of it will not be difagreeable. Numbers of fuch amazing Phenomena appear every Day in my Obfervations (fome of which fhall here- after be laid before you, if thefe prove acceptable), which excited me to a Refolution, of examining and defcribing all the Genera of Seeds. A Work which is now publifhing under the Title oi The Micr of comi- cal 'Theater of Seeds , &c. in a manner, which, I hope, will render Botany more eafily underftood, will hand down to Pofterity the true Figures of every Seed and its Sections 5 and, by the new Difcovcries, which often occur thro' the Courfe of my Obfervations, lay a Foundation for future Obfervers to build fome- thing ufeful upon ; and fettle fome Points relating to the different Subftances contain’d in Vegetables, which yet remain doubtful. Thefe were my Views in undertaking this Work ; and from what I have faid, I hope it appears, that iince thofe Things, which are capable of being view’d and confider’d by the naked Eye, have been thought worth the Care of defcribing and delineating, the Objc&s before us much more want that Care, whofe natural Beauties cannot be infpe&ed nor enjoy'd, without Aififtanccs which every one cannot make due Ufc of. XII C l89 ] XII. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from Chellea- Garden, prefented to the Royal Society by the Company of Apotheca- ries, for the Year 1742. purfnant to the Dire&ion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med. Reg. & Soc . Reg. nuper Rrcef. By Jofeph Miller, Apothecary , Hort. Chelf. Prref. ac PrceleBor Botan . 1001 JK Brotanum Lini folio acriori 8z odorato* \ Tourn. Draco herba. Park. 1002 Abutilon Americanum Rabefii folio, flore car- neo, fru&u pentagono afpcro. Hoitjt . 1003 Aconitum coeruleum, five Napellus. C. B. 183. 1004 Aconitum Lycodtonum luteum. Ibid. 1005 Am mi majus Off. C . B. 159. 1006 Anchufa purpurea. Park. 1007 Anoms non fpinofa vifcofa hirfuta, odore The- riacae. Hort. Cat hoi. 1008 Arum Africanum, flore albo. Par ad. Bat. 1009 Balfamita major. Dod. Coftus Hortorutn, Off. 1010 Bide ns folio tripartite, divifo. Tourn. 1011 Bugloffum latifolium fempervirens. C. B. 1012 Bugloffum orientate, flore luteo. Tourn. 1013 Campanula hortenfis, folio & flore oblongo. C* B. 94° £014 Campanula Perlicx folio, floie albo plena. Lob. sots [ >90 ] 1015 Carduus acaulis minor, flare purpureoi C. B. 3 8o. iot6 Carduus aculeatus, Ptarmicse Auftriac £ folio Triumfetti. 101 7 Cnicus, Atradylis -lutea^ didus, Off. Hort. Lugd. Bat. 10 1 8 Carum Off. 1015) Doronicum Americanum. Bark. 1020 Elichryfum, feu Stoechas citrina anguftifolia. C. B. 1021 Elichryfum latifolium Americanum. Tourn. 1022 Erylimum polyccratium vel corniculatum. C. B. 101. 1023 Fabago Belgarum , five Peplus B arifienjium, Lugdunenf. 1324 Filix mas aculeata, pinnulis auriculatis angufti- oribus. Rail. 1025 Genifla juncea. J. B. Hifpanica. Ger. 1026 Gentiana Alpha , mag no flore. J. B. 1027 Glaucium flore luteo. Tourn. 1028 Gramen Dadylon efculentum. C. B. Manna vulg. H. L. Bat. 1029 Helleborus niger fetidus. C. B. 1 86. 103c Hermannia, folio Lavendulx obrufo, flore parvo aureo. Boerhaave. 1 0^1 Hieracium montanum tomentofum. Morijon Hort. Reg . Blcef. 1032 Horminum pratenfc, flore minitno. Schol. Botan. 1033 Horminum fylveftre, Lavendulx flore. C. B. 239 • 1034 Hex, oblongo ferrato folio. Ib. 234. 1035 Kctmia Svrorum, flore albo. Boerhaave. 1036 [agi: ] 1036 Lentifcus vulgaris. C. B. 3 99.' 1037 Lingua cervina multifida. Ibid. 3 54-. 1031 Lotus haemorrhoidalis major. Park . 1039 Lupinus fativus, fiore albo. C. B. 347* 1040 Lupinus fylveftris, floreluteo. Ibid. 1041 Lupinus peregrinus major villofuscseruleus. Ibid . 1042 Lychnis Chalc'edonica,: ffore miniato. Park. 1043 Melilotus major Candida Tragi. 1044 Melilotus odorata violacea. Hift.Oxon . Lotus urbana. Off. 1045 Moldavica Americana trifolia, odore gravi. Tourn. 1046 Origanum. Off. Origanum Anglicum. Ger. 1047 Ochrus folio integro capreolas emittente. C. B, 243. 1048 Orobus vulgaris herbariorum. Ger. Park. 1049 Panicum Inditum fpica lon^iffima. C.B. 343* 1050 Punica malus. Off. Malus Granata. Ger. XIII. M Letter from the Rev. Mr. Roger Pickering, F.R.S. to the Prejident ; concerning the Manuring of Land with foffil Shells. SIR, Charles -Square, Hoxtm, Nov. 2,2. 1744. Read Dec. 6.y TAKE the Liberty of offering, by your *744' X. Hands, to the Society , a Specimen of foffil Shells, lately fent me, which are pretty per- fect; and!, on account of the Place from whence they were taken, remarkable. At Woodbridge in Suffolk 1 in a Farmers Ground, there are fome Pits, in Depth equal to the ufual Height of Houfes, con- B h lifting C >9* J lifting of feveral Strata of Shells from the Bottom to within about nine Feet of the Surface, where the natural Soil of Gravel and Sand begins. The Mafs of Shells here collected is prodigious 5 the Sorts va- rious ; but that Kind which I have taken the Liberty to produce, and which, I apprehend, is the Buccinum vulgare, or Whilk, prevails the moft. The Shells before you were taken up from the Bottom of the Pit, where the Depth to which thefe Shells reach is not yet dug down to. Woodbridge is feated feven Miles N. E- from Ipfwich ; and is about the fame Diftance from Orford on the Sea coaft, which bears from it due Eaft. How, therefore, fuch a Mafs of Shells fhouldget there at fuch a Diftance from the Sea, when Hiftory has inform’d us of no remarkable Inundation in thofe Parts, or that fuch a Traft of Land was ever recovered from the Sea, appears to me difficult to determine, by any other than the Mofaic Hypo- thefis of an univerfal Deluge. ’Tis true, indeed, the River 'Deben , which rifes at 'Debenham fome Miles off, runs by Woodbrigey within half a Mile of thefe Pits, in its Courfe to the German Ocean, where ft empties itfelf : But fuch a Colle&ion of Shells can hardly be fuppofed to have been thrown up by it, and a Surface of Earth, to the Depth of nine Beet, fettled over it, without allowing a Space ofTime for fuch a Circumftance, almoft equal to the Interval be- tween us and the Deluge. But, however thefe Things- be, the Farmer, in whofe Ground thefe Shells are, has, as I am informed, laid the Foundation of an ample For- tune from them. The Man contented himfelf in the old bcatenTrack of the Farmers (a Behaviour which does in- finite Prejudice to the Improvement of Natural Know- C *93 ] ledse In Agriculture), till an happy Accident forced him upon a bold Improvement. He ufed to mend his Cartways, when broken up by Harveft-Work, with thefe Shells ; in which Bufinefs his Cart one Day broke down, and threw ..the Shells out of the Cart-Track into the cultivated Part of the Field. This Spot produced fo remarkable a Crop next Year, that he put fome Loads upon a particular Piece, kept the Secret to himfelf, and waited for the Event. This Trial anfwering'Expe&ation, he diredtly took a Leafe of a large Quantity of poor Land, at about five Shil- lings the Acre j and having manur’d it heartily with thefe Shells, in about three Years it turned to fo good an Account, that he had 15 Shillings the Acre proffer’d to take the Leafe out of his Hands. I know that Manuring Land with Shells, thofe of Oifkrs in particular, is no Novelty : I mention this with Re- gret, as an Inftance of what poor Hands, both as to Landlords as well as Tenants, Agriculture, an ex- tenfive Branch of Natural Knowledge, is generally thrown into j which both requires and deferves the clofe Attention of a philofophical Mind *. It is with true Refped and Efteem, that I have the Honour, Sir, of being, Tour moft humble Servant , R. Pickering, * It might be of great Service to the Public, if every curious Gen- tleman, who holds Lands in his own Hands, would allot an Acre, or half an Acre only, for making Experiments ; would carefully fet down his Obfervations, and then fend them in to the Royal Society ; there to be recorded, or publifhed. C. M* Bb % XIV. C *94 3 XIV. AbjbraB of a Letter from Mr, Wm, Arderon to Mr, Baker, F.R.S. of a Shuttle- Spire taken out of the Bladder of a Boy, Norwich. Off. 12. 1744. Read Dec. 6. 1744. ON the 1 6th of September lafi, Mr. John Harmer , a Surgeon in this City, cut one Teter Riggs , a Boy about feventeen Years of Age, for the Stone ; at which time there was extracted from him (to the utmoft Surprize of the Spe&ators) an iron Shuttle Spire , four Inches long. He had, it is laid, fome time before, a Stop- page of Urine ; and, by endeavouring with this Piece of Wire to relieve himfelf, and thrufting it too far along the urinary Paffage, he let it drop into the Bladder, where it occafioned the fame Symptoms as a Stone would have done. He underwent the Operation with great Fortitude ; and laid nothing of this Accident Until it was ail over. He is now perfectly recovered. XV . An Account of a remarkable Cure , per- formed on the Eye of a young Woman in Scotland, by Tho. Hope, M. D. communi- cated from Dr. Mead . Dec. 13 -gfANE Will f on, a Girl now eighteen J Years of Age, about feven Years ago began to have her left Eye turned towards the Tem- ple, occafioned by fome Tumour betwixt the Globe and the Orbit. This Tumour, for fome Years, did not [ *95 ] not appear outwardly ; but, increafing by degrees, at Jaft a hard Swelling appeared externally, reaching from the great Angle almoft to the little Angle under the lower Eyelid, and half an Inch down on the Cheek : It had forced the Globe of the Eye almoft out of the Socket, fo that the ‘Pupil of that Eye was, by Meafure, above three Quarters of an Inch further from the Nofe, than the Pupil of the other Eye ; and the Eye was more jetting out in proportion ; fo that it feem’d to be out upon the Temple, and quite immoveable; which, with the Tumour, made a frightful Sight. The Patient had frequent Pains in her Head ; but what was mod furprifing, the Sight of that Eye was not loft, tho’ a good deal impaired. I fhew’d this Patient to Mr. Alexander Monro , ProfelTor of Anatomy at Edinburgh , whofe Abilities are univerfally known ; who, after examining it very narrowly, gave it as his Opinion, that this Tumour had begun at the Bottom of the Orbit ; and that the Extirpation would be exceedingly difficult; and, as it feemed to be an ineyfted Tumour, if any of that Cyfiis remain'd at the Roots, it would be apt to fprout up again * But, withal, concluded, that there was Room for a Trial; and it would be a Pity not to do fomething in order to fave the Patient’s Eye, and, probably, her Life, which would be in Danger, if the Tumour continued to increafe. 1 like wife fhewed her to fever al other eminent Gentlemen of the Fa- culty, who were all pretty much of the fame Opi- nion. Notwithftanding of this, confidering the great Rifque that the Patient run, if fomething was not fpeedily 1 196 ] fpeedily done, I refolved to undertake it ; having had a Cafe of the like Nature, but in a lelfer Degree, under my Care about twelve Years ago in London , the Extirpation of which I performed without any bad Confequence ; and, upon confuting my old Mailer St. Tves his Book, I found almolt a parallel .Cafe to this Girl’s, which, he fays, he extirpated with Succefs } and, as he was an honed Man, I knew I could trull to him. On the 19th of June laft, in Prefence of Dr. Lowis , Dz.Dundafs, Dr. Mac- Far lane. Dr. Torng , Mr. Cunningham , Surgeon, I performed the Operation in the following Manner : I turned the Patient backwards on a Chair upon an Affillant’s Lap, her Head fupported by Pillows 5 then, keeping the Skin tenfe with my Fingers, I made an Incifion about an Inch long with a fmall Razor, beginning at the greater Angle, and follow- ing the Direction of the Fibres of the orbicular Mufcle towards the lelfer Angle. I then palled a crooked Needle armed with Silk thro’ the Middle of the Tumour as deep as I could go; and, railing the Tumour with the Silk, with a line Biltoury I feparated all the lateral Adhelions from round the Tumour ; and, with the Point of my Scifiars, I cut the deeper Adhelions, which I could not fo well reach with the Billoury, and brought away all that the Thread had hold of. This feemed to be a tough membranous Subllance, independent of the real Tu- mour; for, after this was quite taken out, there appeared a regular Tumour, of a fpherical Figure, Imooth and even, about the Bignefs of a fmall Pige- on’s Egg : I palfed the Needle thro’ the Middle of it, 6 as [ l97 ] as I had done before, and plunged a Lancet into it as deep as I could, in order to let out any fluid Mat- ter that might be contained therein, but found no- thing but a carnous Subflance ; then, lifting up the Tumour by the Thread, 1 difle&ed it, with great Care and Caution, from the adjacent Parts, as far as I could ; in doing this, I found feveral flrong callous Attachments on the Side next to the Globe, which felt almoft as hard as a Cartilage, and obliged me to change two or three Inftruments. I then, with the Point of my Sciflars, cut the inward Adhefions at the Roots, and brought the Tumour away intire : Upon.: putting in my Finger to the Bottom of the Orbit, I. could feel feveral hard callous Subftances ftil remain- ing; and keeping my Finger upon them, I Aid a crooked Needle armed with Silk round the Point of my Finger, with which I hooked thofe callous Roots; then, making an Afliftant raife the Thread,*, and directing the Sciflars upon the Point of my Fin- ger, where I felt the faid Roots, with two or three Snips I cut them quite away j fo that I left the Bot- tom even, and intirely free, as far as I could judge. All this while I had no great EfFufion from any Ar- tery, but a good deal of black grumous Blood from: the varicofe Veflels, 1 drefled it up the flrft time with dry Lint, which I did not take off till the third Day 5 when 1 found a foft Swelling in the Eye-lids and Cm* junffiva, with a flight Inflammation, and a Pain> in the Forehead. I drefled the Wound with a foft Dolfel dipt in common digeflive and warm Brandy, and ordered an emollient Fomentation to be. applied every two Hours : The Pain in the Forehead, and idle Swelling continued for three or four Days, with- out' C !98 ] out any Appearance of Matter. I then touched the Bofc-1 tom of the Wound with the lunar Cauftic, and fome Hours after, there followed a pretty large Difcharge of blackifh Blood, and immediately her Head was relieved, and the Swelling fubfided : A bloody Sanies continued to iffue out the two following Days, for which 1 in jetted warm Water, with a little Brandy and Honey of Rofes, after which it came to a pretty good Digeftion : As fome fpongy foft Subftances be- gan to appear, I touched them with the lunar Cauftic, and the Wound filled up apace. The Eye ftill con- tinued immoveable, the Mufculi Abduffiores had been fo long contrattcd, and the Abduffores fo over- ftretched and lengthen’d, that they had loft: their Ufe; I could however obferve, that, by prefling with my Hand upon the Globe of the Eye with a little Force, I could bring it a good deal more into the Socket, but, upon taking away my Hand, it would imme- diately return to its former Place. This made me think, that a conftant and gradual Prefture, by fome proper Bandage, might be of Service to force the Globe into its Place, and keep it there till the Muf- cles had recover’d their Tone : Accordingly, I got a ftecl Bandage, with a concave brafs Plate correfpond- ing to the Convexity of the Eye 5 which, by the means of a Screw, bore upon the Side of the Globe next the Temple: I applied this Bandage, by firfl: gently forcing the Globe more into its Place with my Eland ; then, putting a thick foft Comprefs be- twixt the Globe and the brafs Plate, Ifcrewed it down upon the Globe in fuch a manner, that it was im- poflible for it to ftart back again as it ufed to do, I left an Affiftant with the Patient all Night, with Inflec- tions, If the Bandage caufed great Pain, to eafe the &crew 3 [ *99 3 Screw ; and fo, ‘by gradually forcing it more and more, and keeping this Bandage conftantly applied Day and Night, in about twenty Days the Eye was brought intirely into its Place, fo as to remain there cf itfelf, had all its regular Motions every Way, and the Patient faw with that Eye as well as with the other. This Patient, after the Cure, was fhewn to the Phyficians that had been prefent at the Operation, and to others the mold eminent of the Faculty. In the Morning, when I ufed to take off the Bandage, I could obferve that Side of the Globe which the Plate bore upon confiderably flatten’d, and yet not attended with any Pain, or bad Confequence. In about a Month the Wound was quite healed up. A fpongy Carnofity had grown all along the Inftde of the lower Eyelid, which, being long over ftretched by the Tumour, was fo relaxed, thar, after the Opera- tion, it turned inflde-out, and occafioned that Dif- order which is called Effropion: The upper Eyelid having been very much extended for fo many Years by the Globe, upon the Eye returning to its Place, was fo relaxed, that its Cartilage, on the contrary, turned inwards,- whereby the Cilia o'r Hairs upon its Borders rubb’d againft the Globe of the Eye, and occafion’d the Difeafe commonly call’d Trichiajis. Tor the Cure of the Ectropion , I palled a crooked Needle thro’ the Middle of the Carnofltv, and raifing it by the Thread, I cut it off with the Sciflars, I afterwards touched the Inftde of the Eye lid with the lunar Cauftic, in order to deflroy what remained of the Carnofity ; and, giving the Efchar Time to throw off, I repeated the fame twice or thrice, by which the C c ; -Eyelid, . C 200 ] Eyelid, in about a Fortnight, recovered its health- ful and proper Situation, I did not think proper to torment the poor Patient with the Operation of th-e Trichiafis ; which, tho’ very eafy to the Operator, is not fo to the Patient 5 and I found, by the Appli- cation of proper Topicks, the Eyelid recovered Strength daily; and I judged by the Continuance of the fame Method it would loon be well. It will not be eafy to account how Sight fhould remain after the Optic Nerve was fo ftretched ; which it muft be in a very confiderable manner in this Cafe ; and how it came to contract or recover itfelf fo foon, after being fo great a while extended. It is true, that while the Optic Nerve was in its State of Extenfion, the Sight was impaired; but, after feven Years Extenfion, how it came to recover itfelf in a Month’s time, without any Alteration in the Sight, but for the better,. I leave to the Specu- lation of the Curious. It is likewife pretty extraordi- nary how the Mufcles, after having been fo many Years in Difufe, fhould recover their natural Adion in fo fhort a time. See Tab. II. Fig. -8. XV. An Explication of a Roman Infcription found not long fmee on a Stone at Silchefter in Hamfhire: By John Ward, Rbet. Prof Grefh. and F. R. S. Head Dec. 13.^ | "'HE Draught, which accompanies *744- this paper> contains an exad Copy of a Roman Infcription, lately communicated to me by Dr. John Collet , Phyfician at Newbury. The Account, C 101 ] Account, which he gives of it, is this : The original Stone, in which it is cut, was found at Silchefter, within the antient Market Place, about four Feet under ground ; and is now in the Poffellion of Mr. fiohn Stair of Aldermarfion, who took this Copy of it by preffing the Paper into each Letter and Mark in the Stone, fo that every Part is exadtly of the fame Size and Form with the Original. The two Stops in the Shape of Leaves are not cut fo deep as the Let- ters, or the triangular Points. The Stone is one Inch and five Eighths in Thicknefs ; and thofe Parts of it, which are wanting both at the End of the Lines, and at the Bottom, were broken off and loll, before it was dug out of the Ground. With that larger Draught I have alfo fent a leffer, by a Scale of one Fourth of it {Jee Tab. II. Fig. 9.). And from the ufual Form of fuch votive lnfcriptions, and the Manner of exprefling them, I apprehend, there are not many Letters loft at the End of the Lines, and but one Line wanting at the Bottom ; fo that if all the Words were written at Length, and the Line, which is wanting, fupplicd, the Whole would run in the following Manner. Deo Herculi Segontiacorum Titus Tammonius , Saenius Tammonius Vitalis , corniculariust ho- noris caufa dedicarunt vel fieri curarunt. We find no lefs than fix Altars dedicated to Her- cules in Mr. Horfiey s Britannia Romana , two of which have the Title DEO prefixed to the Name HER.CVLI ( a ), as in this Infcription. But as the C c 2 Thinnefs s [a) Northumb num. lxxxj/xciv. [ 20 2 ] Th'macfs of the Stone fhews, that it could not be Past of an Altar, it might probably belong to fome public Bitilding erected to his Honour at this Place. Mr. Stair, as Dr. Collet informs me, has drawn a Plan of the antient Town, the Traces of which are fome times vifible in Summer; as likewife the Ruins of an Amphitheatre, without the Wall, not far from the Eaflcrn Gate. This would have led me to imagine, that this Stone might formerly have been removed from thence; but that I cannot meet with any Inftance of an Amphitheatre dedicated to Hercules , tho many Tem- ples and other Buildings were created in Honour of him, as may be feen in Gruter .. The Word SEGON. in the fecond Line, mud, 1 think, be read SEGONTIACORUM, as referring to the Name of the People Segontiaci. Thus we have in Mr. Horjley DEAE NYMPHAE BR1GANTVM {^),and MOGVNTI CADENORVM (^);and in Mr. Camden DEO MOVNO CADENORVM (V); de- noting the topical Deities of thofe People. For as to the Town Scgontium, notwithflanding the Affinity of its Name with the Segontiaci , it was at a great Diifance from them, as appears by Antorimes Itine- rary ( d ), being fituated on the Weftern Coaft over againft the IQe of Angle fea, where Caernarven now Hands; and therefore it could have no Relation to this Infcription. The three following Lines contain the Names of the two Perfons, who caufed this Dedication to be made (a) Pag. 2 6p, 315. ( b ) NortTumb. ?ium. lxxx. p. 663, edij. 1607. (d) per xr. (f) Brits [ 1°3 3 made in Honour of Hercules , that is, TITV5 and SAENIVS TAMMONIVS, that of VITALIS in the fifth Line being a Ccgnoiv.cn of the latter, which often occurs as Inch in Grater. The two impeded Letters at the Beginning of thefixth Line I take for OR, which with C before them, now broken off, making the Syllable COR might hand for an Abbreviation ol the Word CORNICVLARIVS. We find CORN1CVL. for CORNICVLARIVS both in Mr. Horflej ( a ) and Gruter {b) ; and Reinejius reads K. LG. XIII. cornicularius legionis decimre tertia Or), K. being put for C, which was not uncommon. And I bc- leive it would not be cafy to find any other Word, that would fuit the Reading in this Place. Corni- cularius was a general Title for a Clerk or Secretary to a military Corps; or fome fuperior Officer, mili- tary or civil. Hence we meet with cornicularius cohort is, legionis\ tribum, pr £ f eft i, confuhs ; as alfo tribum plebis (d). And in the Notitia dignitatum imperii Romani , publilhcd by Labbe , this is one of the Officers faid to belong to the Court of the comitis littoris Saxomci per Britanniam (A), who com- manded this Part of the Ifiand. Saenius Tammonius' therefore might poffibly be that Officer, and choofe in this Manner to join with the other T ammonias in fhew- ing a Regard to the tutelar Deity of the Country, where they refided. As there can be no Doubt, but the other Word in the fame Line, when perfed, was HONORIS ; who- (a) Northumb. lxtv.6. {b) Pag. dxlv. num. r. (V)Clafs.i. num. 192. id) See Pancirol. Comment, in Notit. Dignirac p. 11. (r) Sect lii. [ 2°+ ] whoever confiders the common Forms of fuch votive Infcriptions, will readily fupply the Word CAVSA with DD. or F.C. for DEDICARVNT or FIERI CVRARVNT in a following Line, now broken off, as neceffary to complete the Whole. Had this Infcription been fooner difeovered, it would have faved our Antiquaries much Trouble in fixing the Situation and Limits of the Segontiaci \ about which they have been greatly at a Lofs, and led into different Opinions. Thofe People are firft men- tioned by Ctffar ; who in the Account of his fecond Expedition into Britain fays, that the Trinobantes having fubmitted to him, the Cenimagni , Segon- tiaciy AncaliteSy Bibroci , and Cajfi > followed their Example (a). The Trinobantes are placed by Mr. Camden in Middlefex and Effex (b), and the reft in the neighbouring Counties on each Side the Thames j the Segontiaci particularly in the North Part of Ham- fhire , in Elolefoot Hundred (c). And he rightly takes Vindonnm or Vindomis , as it is called by Antomne (d), now Silchefter , to have been their principal Town. But tho Dr. Gale agrees with Camden in making Silchefter the fame as the ancient Vindomis yet he thinks, that Town did not belong to the Segontiaci. His Words are thefe : Segontiaci oram maritimam circa Ciceftriam , olim Caer Cei, longe infra hanc urbem tenuerunt ; & errant , qui credunt Vindonim eorum fuiffe civitatem (e). Mr. H or (ley differs from them bothj and neither admits Silchefter to be the antient {a) B. G. Lib. v. c. 20, 21. ( b ) Pag. 298. edit. 1607. (c) Ibid. p. 194.. [d) Iter xn. xv, ( e ) Comment, in Antonin. Iter. Brit. p. 135. [ 20 5 ] anticnt Vi ndomis, nor to lie within the Bounds of the Segontiaci ; but takes it for Calleva Atrebatum (a), mentioned likewife in the Itinerary (b). From the Difficulty therefore of fixing the Situation of the Se- gontiaciyXb'i. Clarke contents hinifelf with only placing the Word incertum againft their Name (c). But had this fhort Inscription, as imperfed as it is, offered itfelf to thefe learned Writers, none of them could have been at any further Doubt, either in placing Vindomis, and not Calleva (which belonged to the Atrebates ) where Silchejler now Hands,- or including this Town within the Limits of the Segontiaci. The Want whereof has likewife occafioned them no lefs to differ in fettling fome other neighbouring Stations, which by this Help might have been fixed with much more Agreement and Certainty. I would beg Leave further to obferve, with regard to the Perfons concerned in this Dedication, that Mr. Camden has publifhed the following Infcription found long ago at Silchejler , MEMORIAE FL. VICTOR1NAE T. TAM. VICTOR CONIVX POSVIT (d) j wherein the abbreviated Names T. TAM. are read by Mr. Horjley TITVS TAMPHI- LVS (e); the latter of which occurs indeed in the Fafti Con fnl ares, but as a Cognomen , M. BAEBIVS TAMPHILVS. Wherefore I am more inclined to think, it fhould be read TAMMONIVS, as it has there the Place of a Family Name 5 and that probably he was the (a) Brit. Rom. p. 457. (£) It. vri. xit. (?) TnJ„ propior. nom. apud Caef. {J) Bricann. p. 19 6. edit. 1607, (?) Brit Rom. p. 332. [ 206 ] the TIT VS TAMMONIVS mentioned in this other Inferiptien, it is true, that he has the Cognomen VICTOR, given him in the former, which docs not appear in this ; but either he might not have gotten that till afterwards, or the initial Letter V might have flood 2t the End of the third Line after TAM- MONIVS, which, as leveral Writers obferve, was antientiy put for VICTOR. And it is very remar- kable, that Gutter has given us a like voti've Infcri- ption, ere&ed by two Perfons, having both the fame Family Name, with the Cognomen VICTOR added to one, and VITALIS to the other, like thofe in the Inftance before us. Gutter slnlcription runs thus : APOLLINI. SACRVM. EX. VOTO. C. VIRIVS. VICTOR. ET. L. VIRIVS. VITALIS. S. L. M (a). It is not improbable therefore, that in both Cafes the two Perfons were either Brothers, or nearly related to each other. (a) Pag. xxxvxit, num. 17. Grefbam Col/egej December 8, I7++- John Ward. XVi. [ 207 ] XVII. A Letter from John Huxham, M. D. F. R. S. to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. ferving to accompany an Account of the Cafe of one Hannah Hitchcock, one of whofe Ureters was grown up ; a Prefent of a beautiful Stalactites, now in the Mufeum of the Royal Society ; and a Drawing of an extraordinary Calculus t alien out of the Bladder of a Boy. Dear Sir , Read Dec- HAVE now an Opportunity of fending 744 JL y°u, inclofed, the Cafe of one Han- nah Hitchcock ; and a little Box, containing the Stones taken out of her Kidneys. In the Box alfo I have fent one of the mod remarkable Stalactites I ever faw. Perhaps it may be a Curiofity even t o you. - — It was found in a Cavern, that was difeovered amidd the vad Marble Rocks at Cat -down near Plymouth. It hung per- pendicularly from the Top of the rocky Cavern, and was a cylindrical Tube of twenty Inches long at lead ; but was unluckily broke into feveral Pieces in Bring- ing to me. This I have fent was by much the longed of them; but Mr. Long (the Mader of the Quarries) allured me the Whole was above twenty Inches long, and quite cylindrical, and quite hollow. — — 1 went to the Cave the next Day, and found five or fix of fuchKind of Tubes, but none above two Inches long. — They all fprang from a broad, hollow, protuberating Bads, in fome fort as a Nipple arifes from the Bread. D d Thefe Thcfe aifo were cylindrical . and hollow. — There were in the fame Cavern many orher Petrification?, which had formed a kind of hollow Pilafters againft its Sides ; and aifo fcveral large folid Malles, which arofe from the continual Dropping of the petrefying Water through the Crevices of the superior Rock. Thcfe all afford very good Alabafter. In the Box likewife you will find an exad Draught of a Stone {fee Tab. II. Fig. io.) lately taken out of the Bladder of a Boy about twelve Years old which I think of a pretty uncommon Figure; tho1 not indeed fo very remarkable as that mentioned Philofoph. Tranf. N° 450. The Boy died two or three Days after the Operation : So that the Parents keep the Stone as a Relique of their unfortunate Child, and will nor part with it. Dear Sir, I have the Honour to be lour much obliged , and Plymouth, Sept. 20. obedient humble Servant, I74+- J. Huxharru The Case of Hannah Hitchcock. JJAnnah Hitchcock , about Sixty, was from her * Youth up a very fober induflrious Woman, of a thin Habit of Body, and bilious Conftitution : But in her latter Years fhe became unhealthy, and was fre- quently fubjeft to Fits of the Gravel, and brought off fome fmall Stones. For about three or four Years before her Death, fhe was often afflifred with nephritic Colics, great Pains [ 2°9 ] Pains of the Stomach and Back, Suppreffion of Urine, and fometimcs difcharg’d bloodv Urine. She at length became afciticaL and afthmatic; and, for more than eight or ten Weeks before fhe died, flic had a violent Pain in the Region of the Stomach, and a hard Swelling under the Cartilago enjiformis, with almoft perpetual Vomitings, colical Pains, extreme Coftivenefs, and Difficulty of Urine. The laft Fort- night, or more, ffie vomited every thing, and had a total Suppreffion of Urine for fifteen Days. At laft, ffie died comatofc and convuls’d. Upon opening the Abdomen , foon after her Death, there neither appeared Stomach, Liver, or Guts, but a large irregular Mafs, fpread from one Side of the Abdomen to the other, and adhering firmly to both Sides. This was, in great part, the Omentum , grown, as it were, cartilaginous, and as tough almoft as Leather ; having up and down in it, feveral large, very hard, feirrhous Nodes, and fome Tubercles, full of fetid Pus. The Stomach was very much contracted, but its Coats were very thick ; and, near the Pylorus , very much inflamed, almoft mortified ; its Glands, in feveral Places, feirrhous, and as large as Peas. The Paflfage from the Stomach to the Guts was ffiut up, partly by the Inflammation and Thicknefs of its Coats, and partly by its odd Coalition with the Liver and Omentum. The Liver was much ffirunk and feirrhous, and roll’d up into a kind of conical Figure; in the Ver- tex of which appeared the Gall-bladder, of a dark- green Colour, and very turgid ; and yet the P)u6lus D d 2 communis [ 210 j communis Cholodockus was near four times as large as ufiiai. .. The Ilium was thruft down much lower than ordi- nary 5 and the Convolutions of the Gut were, in feve- ral Places, grown firmly together: The Colon a Ifo, on both Sides, was ftrongly attach’d to the Perito- neum. ’Tis a i moll conftantly obferved, where the Omentum is either con fumed, or greatly depraved, that the Convolutions of the Guts grow together, and adhere to the adjoining Parts, for want of that oily Mucus , which, in a natural Stare, in great Plenty tranfudes from the Omentum , to lubricate them, and render them fit for the regular Performance of the perifialtic Motion, &c. In the Cavity of the Abdomen there were near fix Quarts of putrid Water, fomewhat ting’d with Blood in the right Cavity of the Thorax about a Pint. The urinary Bladder, quite empty, and half rotten, did not contain a Drop of Urine, but was fmeared over with a fort of purulent Matter. In the right Kidney was found the bigger Stone, which took up almoft all the Pelvis renalis . In the right Ureter were two or three fmall Stones, which, with a fort of very tough Mucus, had fhut its Paffage intirely. Indeed the great Stone in the Pelvis had well-nigh quire bung’d up the Mouth of the Ureter. In the left Kidney was the fmaller Stone, which had fo entered the Ureter with its conical Part, as adequately to Hop it, like a Cork in a Bottle. When we had removed this Stone (tho’ we found no other in the Ureter), we could not force any Water thro' it t 211 ] ir into the Bladder, altho' a flrong inje&ing Syringe was ufed ; lor the Ureter was greatly contracted, and there feem’d an abfokne Coalefcence of its Sides. 1 Tis certain, the Canals of a human Body, that ceafe to have any Fluid tranfmitted thro' them, loon coalefce; as is particularly evident in the Canalis arteriofus , Urachus , umbilical Veflels : Nay we fee the external Coats of the Intcftincs foon grow together, if they are not conftantly lubricated with their proper oily Mucus that prevents it. This will be much fooner effected in the Ureters, if they hap- pen to be excoriated by fmall Stones, or Gravel : For we find even the Fingers, or other excoriated Parts, foon grow together, unlcfs prevented by due Care. I am perfuaded this is lometimcs the Cafe in fatal Ifchuries; tho’ more frequently they arife from ob* ftruCting Gravel, Stones, grumous Blood, tough Mm cofity, or the like. XVIII. [ 212 ] XVIII. A Letter from Edward Wilmot, M. D. F. R . X. and one of His MajeftyV Phyficians , dec. to the Prefident of the Royal Society, ferving to inclofe the two following Fapers : 1 . Of the extraordinary Ejfe&s of Musk in Convulfive JDiforders ; by J. Wall, M.D. 2. Of the EjfeSls of the Tunquinefe Medi- cine \ by Alex. Reid, Ff quire . SIR, , Read Dec. 20. if Nclofed you have fome Obfervations 1744 jL uPon the Virtues of Musk, from Dr. Wall , an eminent Phyfician at Worcejler. 1 have likewife fent you an Account, I have procured from my ingenious Friend Mr. Reid , of the Event of fome Experiments made by him with the fame Drug ; which, being communicated to his Friends, gave Occafion, probably, to the liberal Ufe of Musk, of late Years in Pra&ice here. As both thefe Accounts well merit the Attention of the Public, I could wifh they might be both printed in the fame Tranfa&ion. I am, with great Refped, SIR , Jermyn-Street , Tour mojl obedient , Nov. 22. 1 744 . mojl humble Servant, E. Wilmot. I. [ ] I. Of the extraordinary Effe&s of Musk in Con- sul five D if orders ; by J. Wall, M.jD . TT Teems highly probable, that the Virtues of feve- ral Articles in the Materia Medicare not hitherto fully difeovered, or well afeertained, from Want of due Attention to their proper Dofes, The Succefs of Tome Medicines, we know, depends upon This; viz. That a determinate Quantity be given within a certain Space of Time ; To that if Lefs than that be ufed, it feldom proves of Ufe. Of this the Bark is a well known Inftance ; and the ingenious Dr. Hales has obferved the fame of Soap (a). It is not impro- - bable, that the like might be found to hold good in many other Medicines, were their Operations care- fully enough attended to : A Difcovery this, much to be wiftfid for, as it would probably furnifh us with a new Set of Specifics ; and thereby enable us to cure feveral Diftempers, which at prelent, baffle our Skill. Of the Reafonablencfs of which Conjecture the Subjedt of this Paper feems no contemptible Inftance. Musk, and other Perfumes of the fame Tribe, have been long celebrated as excellent An'tifpafmodics ; but, as they are ufually ordered in very fmall Quan- tities, they are feldom found to anfwer the Expecta- tions of the Prefcriber. The Miftake feems to have taken its Rife from hence ; That molt Perfons ima- gining (a) A rcount of fome Experiments on Mrs. Stephens's Medicines, [ 2 *4 ] einins the medicinal Virtues of thefe Drugs to con* lift in their Fragrancy ; and finding that a very final l Quantity in Subftance would communicate its Smell to a very large Vehicle; in their Prefcriptions therefore they have ufually order’d fo much only as was requifice to give the whole Compofition an agreeable Perfume. But the Cafe is widely dif- ferent; for as a very fmall Quantity of Musk, Civet, <&c. when properly open’d and diluted, will yield a much greater, as well as a more agreeable Fragrancy, than a large Parcel without fuch Preparation : So the Smell of the Perfume is often found to be of Diflervice, where the Subftance, inwardly taken, pro- duces the happieft Effefts ; as Rtmaller and others have obferved. Mod of the Writers on Pharmacy feem extremely cautious about the Ufe of Musk; and therefore di- red it only in exceeding fmall Quantities. In very few of their Compoiitions does the Dofe of it reach Vo high as a Grain ; and the higheft that I meet with is not above five Grains (a). But the Chinefe , who are much better acquainted with the Nature and Ufes * of ( a) In Fuller s Julap. Mofchat. <&\ Mifnr. Mofchat. the Quantity for a Dofe is not half a Grain : In the Fill: Solenandri-<& Syncopates only two Grains. Bates , in all the Compoiitions where Musk enters, orders it only in the Quantify of half a Grain to a Dofe ; excepting only in the Julap. Hyfieric. Mofchat. He gives it to the Quantity of five Grains. In this Quantity Etmuller once orders it in the like Cafe. In the College, Auguftdn, and other Difpenfatorie?, the Quan- tity of Musk in the great Compoiitions, fuch as the Conf. Alkermes Fleet, de Sajfafras • Conf. de Hyacinth. Conf. liber ans ; Spec. lati- ficans j Diarrhodon Abbat.j Diambr. c.od. &c. is very trifling ; in very [ M5 ] of this excellent Drug, order it in much larger Quan- tities ; the ufual Dofe amongft them being the tenth Part of an Ounce ( b ). In the Powder mention’d by Dr. JameSy at the End of his Treatife on the Cure of the Bite of a mad Dog, which -is faid to have been brought from China , the Quantity of Musk in each Dofe is fixteen Grains, and two of thefe are order’d to be taken at two Hours Diftance. The Prefcription laft mentioned had, to my own Knowledge, been given to feveral Perfons with great Succefs: Two in particular; the one an Acquaintance of mine, a Student at Oxford ; the other (c) a Ser- vant-Maid to Mr. Rogers, an Innkeeper in this City. In very few of them amounting, to half a Grain in a Dofe. Schroder makes the higbeft Dofe of Musk four or five Grains. Lemery buc four Grains Hertnannus gives five Grains; but his Commentator Boeder gives great Caution about its Ufe : c Circa Mofchi Ufum (fays c he) caute procedure dcb.wus ; prafertim in Mu'lieribus. Sanguinevi c mpetunfum aamoduvi reddit , <& Hcemorrhagias Narium facile exci- 1 tat.' 'And Juncker , Confp. Therapia general. Tab. 18. feems not a jot lefs fearful of it. For, after he has told us, that it is won- derfully extoll’d in nervous Diforders, and many others, he adds — — c Sed votandum eft internum Mofchi Ufum, niji parciffimus fty fepe c noxias Humotuni Comniotiohes inf err e ; cceterum non adeo probatuw, e vedtnn tavi gravibus plerifque Malis fuperandis parem reperir'f &C.&C. ( b ) Vide Du Halde on the Physic of the Chinefe. (c) This Girl had been bitten about a Tear beiore the Symptoms came on; and had, immediately after the Bite, taken the ufual Pre- cautions of being dipp’d in fait Water, &c. She continued well for the interval ; but, about twelvefMonths after the Accident, file began to be dull, and to have an extreme Dread of the Confequences of the Bre. The Part where fhe was bitten (which was the lower Part of the Cheek) began to give her great Pain, attended with frequent con- vulfive Catching therein: At laid the Wound broke out, and gleeted a thin Ichor, with all the Symptoms mentioned above. E e [ 2i6 ] In both thefe the Symptoms of the Bite were come on ; *viz. an ichorous Gleeting from the Wound, with extreme Pain in the Part; frequent Convulfions, and Subfultus Tendinum ; extreme Anxiety, Horror, and Want of Sleep. After the fecond Dofe of the Powders, each of them fell into a gentle Sleep, and broke out into an univerfal breathing Sweat, both which continued for near eight- and -forty Hours (ex- cept only whilft they were taking fome Rcfrefhment) ; after which time they awoke perfectly well ,• their Sores being healed, and they chearful, and free from all Complaints. In all the Perfons (which are fevc- ral) to whom I gave thefe Powders, I conftantly found them to have the fame Effects; procuring Eafe, quiet Sleep, and a copious Diaphorejis . Thefe furprifmg and fudden Effects I could not but attribute, in a great meafure, to the Musk (becaufe we well know, that the Cinnabar alone never pro- duces the like) : And, from the Safety and great Suc- cefs with which this large Quantity had been taken, I faw little Reafon to be to fcrupulous or fearful about its Ufe, as molt Authors appear to have been. On the contrary, I was rather induced to think, that it had hitherto been ufually under-dofed ; and that very great Advantages might be expe&ed from it, if given in an increafed Quantity. Nor was it long before I had an Opportunity of trying it in another Cafe, where the Succefs juftified my Conjectures, and more than anfwered my utmoft Expectations. Being called to a Patient at Bewdley , a Market- Town in this County, I was delired by Mr. Malpas , a very ingenious Apothecary of that Place, to vifit a poor Man there, who had lain fome time ill. I found [ 21 7 ] I found him affli&cd with a terrible Hiccup, which had continued on him four or five Days without a Mi- nute's Intermiflion j fo that he had had no Sleep all this time. His Pulfe was exceedidg quick, fmall, and unequal: The Blood, which had beeu feveral times, and in large Quantities, taken from him before I faw him, was cover’d with a prodigioufly thick buff Coat; his Urine limpid ; his Face of a leaden Hue, and ghaftly : his Extremities cold, and cover’d with a clammy Sweat ; and whenever the Hiccup return’d, which it did at almoft every Infpiration, the Hypo- chondria were ftrongly convuls’d and drawn up- wards. — — Recollecting that Fuller recommends his yulap. Mofchat. in the like Cafes ( d ), but thinking the Quantity of Musk, therein prefcribed, too fmall to be depended on in one fo defperate (more efpecially having before feen the furprifing Succefs of a large Dofe),I order’d him a Bolus compofed of Musk, Nitre, Crabs-eycs, of each twelve Grains, Camphire one G ain,Mithridate a fufficient Quantityj to be taken im- mediately, and repeated in eight Hours, taking a Spoon- ful or two of Fuller’s Julap, occalionally, once in two or three Hours. He had no fooner fwallowed the Bolus, which I (laid to fee him take, than his Hiccup (d) In Febribus malt Moris , qua-’ Vapor es deleterios ad Stomachum ftifundunt ■ Spiritufque labantes irritant • in Confufoues <& Spafmos adigunt ; <£,- Sing^ultum inde excitant: nondum ha cienus prafavtius nrji Remedium : altquanclo enivi dirsivitus (uccurrit , & Sing'dturn fupe- rat. Vt ingenue tamen fa tear, tarn funefum hoc Jape notavi ejfe Sym- ptorna^ut neque hoc neque aliud quodcunque vel excogitare vel invenire, mihi adhuc datutn ft, quod III [par ejjet j Jed totis licet Viribus certavi , Fatis tamen frupra obnifus Jum. Fuller. Pharmacop. exremporan. fuh Tit. Julap Mofchat. E e a 08 ] Hiccup flopp’d : In Ids than an Hour, he broke out into a general breathing Sweat, and fell into a quiet Sleep, which laded fix or feven Hours, when he awaked much refreftfd.— - The Hiccup never return’d again, but' the Man boon recovered. The next Pcrfon to whom I gave this Medicine was a Gentleman, who had been ill eleven or twelve Days of a petechial Fever. I found him delirious, with convulfive Catchines in the Tendons ; and an Hiccup very frequent, and fo loud, that I very plainly heard it at the Bottom of the Stairs, before I went into his Chamber: His Pulfe was, at the fame time, very weak, but exceedingly quick. I immediately order’d him a Bolus with ten Grains of Musk mixed with Camphire (e), as in the former Cafe ; and flay’d an Hour by him to fee the Effedt of it. In lefsthan two Minutes the Hiccup left him 5 in about half an Flour his Skin grew moift, and foon after he fell into a found Sleep. The Hiccup, as I was informed, re- turned again the next Morning, though with much lefs Violence 5 but both that, and the Subfultus Ten - dinum went off intirely, upon a Repetition of the Bolus, (9 1 Bolus, and never return'd again 5 fo that in a few Days he was able to go out of his Chambers. In thefe Perfons the Hiccup was the Symptom that induced me to give the Musk 5 but, obferving that this Cotivulflon, which, every one knows, affords bura melancholy Prognoftic, was fo fpeedily removed by it ; and that, in the laft-mentioned, the Siihjultus Tendinum alfo gave Way to it; I have ftnee order’d it in many other convuiiive Cafes, and always with Succefs. I fhall mention two or three. — About two Months ago, I was called to a Daughter of one Mr. Carter , Habcrdalher of Small- Wares in Besjodley. She was about (even Years of Age, and had been ill of a Fever (proceeding, as it was ima- gined from Worms) for about four Weeks. At the time I faw her, fhe had been fenfeiefs and fpeechlefs for feveral Days; as I remember, not lefs than ten or twelve. A great Part of this Time file had had ftrong Convulfions, and could fcarce fwallow any- thing at all j fo that they every Hour expedited her Death. Mr. M — ~, the Apothecary, told me, Thar, the Day before I (aw her, flic had had a general Teta- nus, her Joints being quite inflexible : When I faw her, every Mufcle was, by turns, convuls’d j her Head, in particular, was fo forcibly drawn back- wards, as, at d hFe rent times, to raife her Body from off the Bed. As fhe (wallow’d with fo much Difficulty, there was little Hope of giving her any Me- dicine by the Mouth ; I therefore ordered twelve Grains of Musk, ground with Oil and Sugar to be mix’d with fome thin Broth, and thrown up by way of Clyde r ; and this to be repeated at two or three Hours Di- ftance. In an Hour's time after the firfl Clyftcr, the Convulfions, as I was inform’d, manifeflly abated, and . [ 210 3 and the fecona intirely removed them. After this the Child gradually recovered its Undcrftanding and Speech, and is now perfectly well. About the fame Time, I was called to a young Girl in this Town, about ten Years of Age, who had been feized with Convulfions about three Days be- fore. At the Coming on of the Fit, fhe ufually com- plain’d of a violent Pain in her Belly and Loins, which, fhe laid, teem'd to draw her Bowels on an Heap: After this, (lie foon loti her Scnfes, and was vanouOy convuls'd * not much unlike one in an epi- leptic Fit. When the Violence of the Paroxyfm be- gan to abate, and the a little recovered her Senfes, the likened the . Pain to a Sword running through her. From the firft Seizure, fhe had feldom had an Hour's Interval betwixt the Fits. 1 order’d twelve Grains of Musk to be given her in a Clyfter, which was thrown up in the Decline of the Paroxyfm : Upon this the intlantly recover’d, and has never been fo afFe&ed fince; proper Care being taken to re- move the Stimulus which occationcd rhefe Spafms. Mr. Malpas , whom I have mentioned already, tells me. That, Fince he has feen the good Effeds of Musk, he has twice tried it h'mfelf with great Suc- cefs. — — A Gentleman’s Groom, having been kick’d by a Horfe on the Pit of the Stomach, was thereby immediately thrown into a violent Hiccup, \\ irh great Difficulty of Breathing, and ir. cedant Rcachings to vomit, the Stomach andDiaphragm being greatly con- v ii Ted. After Bleeding, cue. the Musk removed the Hiccups, &c. immediately. The other Cafe is more remarkable : A Farmer's Wife in the Country, as fhe lat at Table, was fuddenly feiz’d with an Inabi- lity [ 211 ] llty of ("wallowing. She (aid, When the Meat of Drink came to a certain Part of the Gullet, (lie was immediately affecfed with the Senfation of a tight Cord round her Neck, which feemcd almoft to ftran- g!c her, fo that (he was obliged to throw her Food back again. As this was manifeftly a Spafm of the Oefophagus and Mufcles of Deglutition, he order’d her our Antifpafmodic, mixing two Scruples of Musk (as I remember) in a fix-ounce Phial, and order’d her to take this by Spoonsful. Several of the firft Doles fhe rejected, as fhe did other Liquids; bur, perceiv- ing that the Diforder gradually abated upon the Ufc of this Medicine, (he pcrfever’d in it, and, at lad, could (wallow freely and eafily as before. This Tingle Bottle completed the Cure. I could cire many more Inftances to the fame Pur- pofc, both from my own Practice, and that of the other Phyficians of this Place, to whom I commu- nicated my Obfervations. One I cannot omit, which my very learned and ingenious Friend Dr. Mackenzie has furnifh’d me with. I beg Leave to tranfcribe his own Words: — ‘ Musk, (fays he) given, according ‘ to your Method, in a proper Dofe, that is, from fix c Grains to fixteen, is the bed antifpafmodic Medi- * cine that I know. The Efficacy of it in Hiccups, ‘ arifing from any nervous Diforder, (and not from c any Wound or Inflammation) is furprifingly great e- and fudden. Of many Inftances I have feen, I fhall * only mention one: 6 A young Lady, reduced to an extreme Degree ‘ of Weakncfs, by a flow wafting Fever, attended * with a great Diforder and Lownefs of Spirits, had, 4 when I firft faw her, the moft frequent Hiccup I { ever r 121 1 4 ever heard; it returning with every 'Infpiration. I 4 order’d her a Bolus with fix Grains of Musk, and 4 the Apothecary flay’d ro give it. The Moment the c had (wallowed it, (lie (creamed out fo violently, 4 that (lie alarmed the whole Houfe, and raifed fuch 4 an Outcry, that Mr. Holyoake , of Henly in War- 4 wick (Jo ire, the Apothecary, with all his good Sente, 4 found it difficult to compofe the Tumult. From 4 (creaming fhc fell into a laughing Fit: Soon after 4 fhe grew calm, and fell into a Sleep, which lafted 4 feveral Hours. The Hiccup ceafed from the Mo- 4 ment lire took the Bolus : It returned tome Weeks 4 after from taking Cold, but was quickly removed 4 by the fame Medicine.’ Thofe who are acquainted with the learned Hoff- manns Writings, well know of what extenfive Ufe Antifpafmodics are ; and the Inftances here given, are, as I imagine, fufficient to prove, that Musk is a Me- dicine of uncommon Efficacy in convulfive Diforders. 1 can boldly affirm, that, when given in its due Dole, it has never once fail’d my Expectations. I have fometimes indeed been obliged to repeat the Doles three or four times; but it has always anfwer’d at lad, in all Cafes where I had Reafon to cxpeCt it fhould. It is not be imagined, that where the Spafms proceed from any Stimulus fixed in a certain Part, that Ehis, or any other Medicine can abfolutely cure the Convulfion, if the Caufe be not removed (f) ; yet (f) The celebrated Hoffmanns Rules, regarding the Ufe of Spe- cifier, are moft certainly juft, and mu ft neceflaTy hold in refpedt to This, as well as any other : 1 Monendum quod qutnn hac iffa fie. 4 4 C **3 ] yet I think, it appears, from fome of the foregoing Hiftories, that, even without That, it may greatly alleviate them, and gain Time for other Remedies. Under the Quantity of fix Grains I never found muchEffedt from it; but it fucceeds beh, when given to ten, and upwards. In the larger Quantities, it never fails to produce a mild ‘Diaphorejis , without at all heating, or giving any Uneafinefs to the Pa- tient (how much foever it has been decried by fome Writers on thefe Accounts): On the contrary, it raifes his Spirits, and eafes his Pains. After the Sweat breaks out, he commonly falls into a fweet rcfrefh- ing Sleep. Some Perfons I have given it to have obferved, that their Sweat is afFedted with the Scent of * Jpcaftca Remedia) neutiquam Viribus polleant abfolutis , fed relati - ‘ vis, dr certis Conditionibus ac Ctrcumftant'us limit atis, in corum Uftt £ harnm imprimis exquiftta hibenda fit Ratio , quo fperatus refpondeat c Effettvs. Deinceps jmgularis Effcacia hac quidem reffe ufurpata ‘ font Remedia ; Jed nihil certe juvant , nifi prius Corpus fuerit pra~ £ paratum ; dr Obftacula , qua Virtutem infringere art impedire poffunt, £ remota. Hinc qu an do Sanguis in Venis redundat , dr prima Via Sen- £ tina Sordium obfejfa , necejfe eft, ut Sanguis prius Jubtrahatur , dt‘ £ prima Corporis Regio a crudorutn, bilioforum , recrementitiorum Suc- 1 corum Saburra repur get ur ac depleat ur. f* Denique in Specif corum Ufa £ accommodo fervanda Methodus ; it a quidem , ut Artifex non folum £ Tempos-, DoJin, ac Regimen teneat ; fed etiam quanidiu iifdem inftften- £ dum , dr qua Viffus ac Vivendi Ratio , ftmul injungenda , exatle calleat. £ Etenim medendi Methods s fpccialifftm#, qua unice in Medentis Pm- 1 dcntia, Judicio , diligenti Attcntione , Meditatione } dr Obfervatione £ Natter a JEgrotantis confftit , tanti ad ipfum Effecdum eft Moment c ut ipfts Specifiers dr appropriates folis lovge fit anteponenda j dr fine £ ea, Remedia quant-umvis egregia , alien a & infruStuofa fnt Opera.- £ tionis j nec quicquam folidi in Arte pr aft are pojjint. £t hac qui- £ cunque ftudiofe obftervat omnia , is certe dejiderato potietur Fine, quail- turn fcilicet maloplus valet Ars noftra JaiutarirV Med. rational. Syfiemat. Tom , 3. Sett. ?. Cap. 8 F f \ [ ZH 3 of Musk.-*— When it is taken in the Quantities and Manner order'd in the Prefcription mentioned by Dr. James , the Sweat it procures is very copious, and feldom goes off under thirty or forty Hours j yet, tho* it continues fo long, it gives not much Fatigue to the Patient, on account of the eafy Sleep and Spirits which the Medicine gives at the fame time. In thefe refpe&s, the Operation of Musk much refembles that of Opium ; but is, in This, much preferable, that it leaves not behind it any Stupor or Languidnefs, which the latter often does; fo that it feems rather to approach what is faid of Oleum ani - male „ Musk, therefore, feems likely to anfwer in thofe low Cafes where Sleep is much wanted, and Opiates are improper. I always chuie to give it in a Bolus, if that Form be not difagreeable to the Patient ; becaufe the Perfume in that Way is not near fo ftrong as in any other : Indeed when given in a large Quantity, it is rather fetid than fragrant ; and I never yet met with any hyfterical Pcrfon, how averfe foever to Perfumes, but could take it in that Form without Inconve- nience. I cannot deny but I have once or twice prescribed Musk, and not found the ufual Succefs after repeated Dofes s but this, upon a more exad Scrutiny, I found was owing only to feme Sophiftication of that which had been ufed : For, after having tried three or four Dofes from one Shop without Succefs, upon fending for the fame Quantity as had been before order'd, from another Perfon, whofe Musk I had before ex- perimented, I found the very firft Dofe anfwer as ufual. — - ■ Indeed it is much to be lamented, that a Medicine 3 C 225 ] Medicine of this Confequence fhould be fo liable to Adulterations, and the Criteria of its Genuinenefs fo ill fettled. It is therefore to be wiih’d, that fome Gentleman, who has Skill and Leifure enough, would oblige the World with an accurate Analyfis of it, and fettle the Chara&eriftics of that which is genuine ; difcovering, at the fame time, the Frauds and Arti- fices, by which it is adulterated and counterfeited, and a certain Method of dete&ing them : For, where the Musk is not genuine, all that is hitherto faid will prove but of little Service, either to the Patient or Phyfician. TVorceJhr, Off. 21, I744« J. Wall, II. A Letter from Alex. Reid, Efq\ to Dr. Wil- mqt, concerning the EffeSis of the Tonqui- nefe Medicine . Dear Sir , London , Nov. 5. 1745* A S your Zeal and Abilities for promoting the Good of Mankind are my principal Inducements, they muft be my only Apology, for troubling you with the following Account of what I know concerning the internal Ufe of Musk in large Quantities. About 15 Years ago, I learn’d in China , that the Tonquinefe had an infallible Cure for the Bite of a mad Dog 5 and, being very defirous of poffefling fo F f 2 valuable [ *26 ] valuable a Recipe , I was, two or three Years after, favoured with it by the late Mr. Hart , They take of the beft Musk about lixteen drains; of the pure!!: native Cinnabar, and fineft Vermilion, each about twenty-four Grains ; and, having reduced them feparately to impalpable Powders, -mix and ad- minifter them in about a Gill of Arrack '; which, in two or three Hours, generally throws the Patient into a found Sleep, and Perfpiration s if not, they repeat the Dofe, and think the Cure certain. As 1 had no room to doubt the Fad, 1 began to Con fid er attentively the Symptoms of the Diftemper, and the Nature of the Remedy. The former feera’d to proceed immediately from the Irritations of the Nerves by the Acrimony of the Juices ; which, being eonftantly and violently hurried about, are, by that Motion, and the Heat attending it, broken, colli- tjuated, and gradually rendered rancid, putrid, corro- Eve, and even cauftic : In the mean time, the Nerves, "being more and more vellicated by the increafing Shar-pneCs of the Humours, become proportionably more rigid and conftrided j at once augmenting the V elocity of the Blood, and Burning up all the Pores and PaRages of -the -natural Excretions and Secretions; while what fhould, but cannot, pafs off by them, ex- afperares the Diforder, till the juices become (o cor- roiive and cauftic, as to produce mortal Convulsions.. Believing this Theory to be juft, fo far as it goes, T readily concluded, that a Medicine capable of relax- ing the nervous Syftem could not fail of relieving it from the above- mention'd Effe&s of Irritation, and 'thereby putting a Stop to Convulfions, opening the wonftf ifte-d linages -oTFI attire, moderating die Vdo- ■&W [ 217 ] city of the Blood, and procuring Sleep; imagining alfo, that, by the fame Toothing Quality, the Juices themfelves might, not improbably, be rendered more mild and innocent when impregnated with the Medi- -cine. And fuch a Medicine I judged Musk to be, -on account of its known, and almoft inftantaneous, Effeds on Perfons of a lax Habit ; whofe Nerves are fo fuddenly flacken’d, and the Motion of their Blood fo diminifhed by the lead Smell of it, that many of them faint away : Befides, its Odour is fo exceedingly fubtile, as to penetrate thro' the clofeft Subfiances ; and may therefore be fuppofed eafily to pervade the minuteft Veffels of the human Body, and to diffufe its foftening balfamic Virtue thro’ all the Juices thereof. The Arrack feemed alfo a very proper Vehicle for •the M.usk; not only as they make together a very agreeable Bitter, but alfo becaufe inflammable Spirits relift Putrefadion, and alfo, in fome meafure, coagu- late animal Juices, which are not already corrupted * by which Effeds the too much rarefied Blood is con- denfed, and hindered from putrefying further; while the bad Juices, being fepar-ated from the found, ate plentifully thrown off by the Pafiages, which the Musk has relaxed, and opened for them. The native Cinnabar feem’d to be fumcientiy recommended by its known Ufes in Phyfic,-againft Acrimony, Obftrudions, and Convulfions : But of the Vermilion I can only fay, That tho' it be a Preparation of the former, yet, as the Tonquinefe feem to think its Virtue dif- ferent, it were to be wifhed, that we knew their Method of preparing it, in- which they certainly ‘.excel. [ 218 j After 1 had long conftdercd and examined thefe Principles in my Mind, I fatisfled myfelf, that they might juftly be applied to many other Cafes ; and that the Medicine would be of efpecial Service in malignant putrid Fevers, and Convulflons : And hav- ing, in the Year 1739. contracted with the Govern- ment for the Tranfportation of ConviCfs, I commu- nicated my Opinion to Mr. Da vid Rofs, an inge- nious and feniible Surgeon, whom I had employed to take care of their Healths ; and prevail’d on him to make the Experiment in a very defperate Cafe ; for I did not care to venture on any other. Pleafc, in the mean time, to obferve, that, as Tonquin Vermilion was not to be had, I fubftituted an equal Quantity of factitious Cinnabar in its (lead, and fome- times gave Rum or Brandy inflead of Arrack ; in other Things I' generally adher’d to the original Pre- ieription. Case I. In December 1739. two ConviCts in Newgate were at the fame time very ill of the putrid, infec- tious, malignant Fever, commonly call’d the Gaol Diftemper. Ail the ufual Methods of Practice hav- ing been tried in vain, their Condition appear’d to be quite defperate. One of them died in the Even- ing, and the other was not expeCted to furvive till Morning, being covered with flat petechial Spots, and delirious. Mr. Rofs therefore adminiftred to him the above deferibed Medicine about 9 or 10 o’ Clock at Night and, next Morning, to his great Surprize, found him quite free from the Fever, eat- ing [ 229 ] ing Water-gruel, and crying out for Meat, after har- ing flept well, and perfpired plentifully. The Spots on his Skin rofe, and the next Day fcaled off. Case II. Soon after this, a Convidt, who had lived in good Credit, laid his Condition fo much to Heart, and drank fo freely of fpirituous Liquors to drown his Care, that he fell into a violent Fever. He was on the Maher’s Side, where his Relations look’d after him ; fo that I heard nothing of his Cafe till it was very defperate. He was delirious to a high degree, and had Catchings in his Hands and Face. He took the above Medicine at Night, flept and perfpired well, and next Morning waked intirely free from his Dif- temper, excepting that he had fuch a Tremor left in his Hands, that he could not carry a Glafs to his Head ; on which account I ordered him a fecond Dofe, and he was perfectly cured. Encouraged by thefe Succeffes, we adminifter’d the Medicine to a great many other Tranfports, who had the Gaol Difiemper and generally found it to have the lame falutary Effe&s ; more efpecially where the Patients were delirious or convulfed ; as can be at- tefted by Mr. Louttil, Apothecary, who made up the Medicines for my Surgeons ; and was himfelf a Witnefs of feveral furprifmg Cures perform’d by it : Nor did I ever hear of any bad Effects from it. Case [ 230 J Case III. Mr. Rofs, the Surgeon above-mentioned, having caught the Gaol cDiftemper , by attending thofe who were Tick of it on board, came afhore at Gravefend, and defircd me to provide another Surgeon ; for that he was fo ill he could not go the Voyage. He was blooded, and took 16 Grains of Musk in a Giafs of Rum, without the Cinnabars, which were not to be had afhore, nor eafily to be fetch’d from on board. This was at Night ; he flept, perfpir’d, and waked about io in the Morning fo well, that he went on board dire&ly, and continued his Voyage. Case IV. Encouraged by many Inftances of the iirfl: Cafe, I ventured, about three Years ago, to give half the Tonqain Dofe (but without the Spirits) to my own Child, then about three Years old, who was feized with the Small-Pox and Convulfions. She flept found, and pcrfpircd plentifully after it: The Small-Pox rofe kindly, and fhe did very well, having never had a (Ingle Fit of Convuifion fince, though extremely fuhjcd to frequent and dangerous ones before. Case V. About two Years ago, Mr. Rofs gave much the fame Dofe to my Servant’s Child, who was then about eight Months old, and had Catchings in her Hands, occaflon’d by a violent Teeth Fever. She flept, per- fpired, and waked perfectly well. Case [ 13I 3 Case VI. About the fame time, Mr. Gordon , a Clergyman, who lived near Greenwich , having come from thence to London with a Fever upon him, became quite delirious, if he was not fo before he fet our. Mr. Rofs gave him the T’onqnin Remedy, which made him fleep and perfpire, fo that by next Morning he was perfe&ly cured. Case VII. A Lady of my Acquaintance, being very fubjeft to violent hyfterical Convulfions, was feized with a Fit, as I fat at Supper with her about three Years ago, by which every Part of her Body was terribly agi- tated. Happening to have in my Pocket a Bolus made of the Musk and Cinnabars, I bruifed it in the Palm of my Hand, and clapp’d it to her Nofe, which fuddenly relieved her. I left it with her, and fhe has lince told me, that fhe never goes abroad, nor to Bed, without it. Case VIII. Obferving the Efficacy of this Medicine in curing Deliriums, I conceived that it would be of Ufe againft Maniacal Diftempers; and happened, about two Half-years ago, to fay fo, in the Pre- fence of a Gentleman of Oxford , whofe Son had been, for fome time, exceedingly difordered in his Senfes, by a Difappointment in Love j being unable to fleep, refufing Suft enance, and attempting to throw himfelf out of the Windows of a high Room where G g he [ 2 3 2 ] he was confin’d, The Father begg’d me to give him the Recipe, and a flared me he would make ufe of ir, as the Methods formerly tried had proved unfuc- cefsful. He foon returned me a Letter of Thanks, acquainting me, That the Medicine had made his Son fleep found for 23 Hours, that he had perfpired plenti- fully, and waked in his Senfes. I have flnee heard, that he continues well, and, from a Skeleton, is grown fat. Case IX. A particular Friend of mine went mad about a Year and half ago, by too intenfe Thinking. I men- tion’d the preceding Cafe to Dr. Armftrong and Mr. Fergufon , who attended him ; and, with their Appro- bation, gave him Musk, native and factitious Cinna- bar, of each a Scruple, in about a Gill of Arrack. In about three Hours, he fell, or feem’d to fall, aflecp ; upon which, fuppoftng the Medicine had taken Ef- fect, we left him: But, foon after we were gone, he waked 5 and, next Day, feeming very little, if at all, better, was removed to a private Mad-houfe. There nothing elfc was done to him ; but at Night he flept tolerably well, appeared much better next Day, and continued mending, till he was in a little time quite well, as he is now. How much of this Cure may be attributed to the Medicine I do not know, as it did not operate immediately, nor in the ufual Man- ner. I mention it chiefly to fhew, that even twenty Grains of Musk had no bad ElfeCt upon him, if they had not a good one. 1 Case C *33 ] Case X. Not long after, Mr. Loutiit 2nd I gave the fame Dofe to a Gentlewoman, whofe Brain had Jong been turn’d by religious Terrors, which firft affeded her about the Time that her Menfes ceafed. I was, at firft, furprifed to find her fuddenly become quite gen- tle, obliging, and reafonable ; but thefe good Effeds, as fhe flept but little, went off. next Day, and fhc foon appeared neither better nor worfe than (he was before 5 and in the fame Condition fhe ftill conti- nues : So that neither in this Cafe did the large Dofe of Musk do any Mifchief. Thefe, Sir, are fome of the many Experiments made with the above recited Prefcription by myfelf, and the Surgeons under my Diredion. You may depend on the Fads as near as I can recoiled them j and if you defire to be further fatisfied, Mr. Lout tit , my Apothecary, and Mr. Mackenzie , one of my Sur- geons, now in Town, Eh all wait upon you. Give me Leave only to obferve, that, where I thought the Cafe required it, I have given as far as 24 Grains of Musk to Convids, and never found any ill Effeds from it, tho’, on fome Occafions, it difappointed my Hopes. Whether there was any Error in altering the Tonquin- efe Proportions, the Caufe of which I cannot recoiled, or whether the Medicine would have fucceeded ia the Inftances where it mifearried, had the original Pre- fcription been kept to, and repeated as direded, I leave to your Judgment and Experience. G s 2 But [ '34 ] Bat I cannot help asking your Opinion and beg* ging you to conlider, Whether, upon the Whole, the Virtues of this Medicine may not reafonably be thought to extend to many other Cafes ; and parti- cularly to the Epilcpfy and Plague. But, whatever judgment you may form of the Medicine which com- mon Good-will to my Fellow-creatures obliges me to recommend to your Thoughts, I intreat, and hope, you will pardon my Prefumption in going fo far be- yond my own Province ; feeing I (hall always be, with, the higheft Efteem, and fmcereft Refped, 1 Dear Sir , Tour mofi obliged , and and moji obedient Servant , Andr. Reid* XIX. De Planta minus cognita, dc hadtenus non defcripta, Commentarius : Audtore Gulielmo JVatfon , Regime Sgietatis Sq- dale. GEASTER Volvae Radiis & Operculo elevatis. D*/ 2c>El|Sllfh appellatur plantarutn ge- herlprUted^ilh^Tf nus a Michelio conftru&um ; cujuts Alterations. quinque fpecies accuratiilimus idem au&or detexir, atque in traflatu fuo de novis plantarum generibus C *35 ] generibus adumbravit. Denominator autem ex idiomatc Grasco (yri terra, & dr.Jofeph Laurenr. Bruni,o/Turin,F.jR.$. to Mr. Henry Baker, F.R. S. concerning the Bologna Bottles. 272. X. A Letter from Mr. Tho. Wright to James Theobald, F/y; F.R. S. concerning Two ancient Camps in Hampfhire. 273. XI. Obfervations on a Cafe publijhed iu the lafl Volume of the Medi- cal Effays, <&c. of Recovering a Man Dead in Appearance , by difiending the Lungs with Air. Printed at Edinburgh, 1 744 ^ by John Fothergill, Licent. Coll. Med. Lond. 277. Xlf. The CONTENTS. XII A Copy of a Letter from the Rev. Mr. Richmond, to —■■■» Leigh, Efq ; of Adlington in the County of Chefter, concerning * moving Mofs in the Neighbourhood of Church-Town in Lanca- thire : Communicated by Edward Milward, M. D. F. R. S. 282. XIII. A brief Inquiry , by Mr John Ward, F.R. S. cr'Rhet. Prof. Grefh. into the Reading of Two Dates in Arabian Figures , cut upon Stones which were found in Ireland j communicated to the Royal Society, on Nov. 10. 1743. and Decern. 6. 1744. 283.’ XIV. A Letter from the Rev. Henry Miles, D. D. F. R. S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. of firing Phofphorus by Electricity. 290. XV. An Obfervation of a Fraffiure of the Os Humeri by the Power of the Mufcles only 3 by the late Claudius Amyand, Efq-, Serjeant Surgeon to His Majefiy. 293. XVI. An Account of an extraordinary Cafe of the Bones of a Foetus coming away by the Anus ; communicated by John Still Winthrop, Efqj. 304. XVII. A Letter from Charles Jernegan, M. D. Lie. Coll. Med. Londin. to Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. concerning an extraordinary Cyltis in the Liver , full of Water. 305. XVIII. Regi-cC Societati Anglic ana Scientarum queedam EleClricitatis recens obfervata exhibec Jo. Henricus Winkler , Gr. & Lat. Lite- rarum Prof. Publ. Ordin. & Acad. Lipfienfs h. r. ReCtor. 307. XIX. A Defription of a Machine to blow Fire by the Fall o/’Water ; by Mr. James Stirling,, F.R.S. 315. XX. A Letter from Dr. John Lining, at Charles-Town in South Carolina, to James Jurin, M. D. Coll. Med. fiy Reg. Soc. Sodal. ferving to accompany fome Additions to his Statical Experiments printed in N° 470. of thefe TranfaCtions. 318. XXL A Letter from Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. to the Prefident, concerning an extraordinary large foffil Tooth of an Elephant. 331. XXII. An Account of an extra-uterine Conception 3 by Starkey Myd- delton, M. D. 33 6. ERRATA. N®. 474. In the Contents Art. IX. and in p. 1 66. for Wintler read Winkler. Ibid. p. 1 66. 1. penult. N.B. Tab. II. Fig. 4. refers to a Figure in the Author’s original Book. Ibid. p. 201. The Draught of the Roman Infcription, there mentioned, is faid to be taken by a Scale of one Fourth of the Original 3 but ibid. in 'Tab. II. Fig. 9. it is reduced to near one Sixth. Na. 475. p. 3 1 1. 1. 1. after Vas vitreum add Fig. 7. C *39 3 I. Sam. Chrifliani Hollmanni^ Philofoph. in Reg. Georgia Augufta [Gottingenf.] Prof. Pub. Ord. ad Cromwellum Mortimerum, M. D. R. S. Secret. Epiflola de fubitanea Congelatione, de Igne eledtrico, de Micro- metro ISiicrofcopio applicando. vafiones, tibi, illuLtriflimreque Socictari Regias, non difplicuifl'e intelligerem j alia nonnuila, in quae ab ilia tempore incidi, hac, qux mihi jam offertur, occa- ftone ejufdem illuftris Societati Regire judicio permit* tere conftitui. Legi N°. 418. Tranfa&ionum, p. 79. fcq. a cl. Triewaldo rclatum phamomenon, quod adco mira- bile, quum primum legeEem, vil'um fuit, ur, nifi aliunde jam conftitiftet, congelationes omnes fere in? puncto temporis fieri, fidem fere omnem videri po- tuiflet fuperare. Non abiimile vero circa finem anni 1742. mihi contigit, quod, cafu fortuito primum enatum, poftea, & eadem adhuc hyeme, & proxime elapfa hujus anni, ad certam <5c conftantem expe- rimenti legem revocare ftudui. Haerebant quippe circa finem ditti anni 1742. quum die 24 'rDecemb. Cft. n.] ingens apud nos frigus repente eftet exostum^ in duobus vitris conicis diaboli, quos vocant Carte- Jiani, figure & coloris varii, quibus proximis ante* diebus ad experimenta qua:dam ufus cram 5 ailteri qiii^em aqua fpecifice leviores, alteri vero ab indita Read at x Meet- ing of the Royal Society, Jin. 10. 1 744'f* Q' UUM quas de barometris ali- quo abhinc tempore ad te per- ,, feripfi, vir clariflime, obfer* Hh quadam [ 14° 1 quadam iilorom cavitatibus aqusc quantitate major! graviores eum in finem redd it i, quo antlire pneuma- tics fub campana impofiti aereque ex hac fubdudo, afcendere fua quafi fponte in aqua circumjacente pof* fent. Urrumque, in cujus aqua hsrebanr, vitrum in couelavi quodam frigido, apertum, &phiala quadam vitrea lbluna obtedum erat repofitutn ; ex quo, quum mane d. 2 j^Dec. cadem forte confpicerem, in cali- dum ftatim hypocauftum ilia transfero, atque dlls lignes ex nuce juglands fabrefads impono, aqua fluidiflima & pellucidillima adhuc plena. Quoniam paulo vero poll in mentem mihi veniebat, recordari, quod vitra, •& corpora ejufmodi quscunquc frigida, in calidum tranflata locum, infignem roris in rivu- los aqueos ex fuperficie plerumque defluentis co- piam foleant concipere ; a dam-no, vel macula fal* tem, cillam mcam defen furus chartam, quam vitris fubfternam, circumfpicio, dumque alterum Vitrum tollo, rore, ft ita modo appellare fas eft, multo perfulum jam invenio 5 alterum vero, in cujus fundo diaboli aqua graviores hsrebant, ficcum equidem, fed totum fere glacie repletum deprehendo. Stuporem fere mihi incutiebat infolitum & inexfpedatum fpec- taculum i de icunculis tamen meis vitreis folicitus, tubulum, qui ad manus erar, sneum ante omnia ar* ripio, e media, ft fieri poffet, glacie eafdem fervatu- rus. Quum lamellas vero glaciales, mirifice ftbi in- tertextas, tenuiflimas & molliflimas efle deprehen- dcrem, totufque pro vitri figura conus glaeialis vitro circumquaquenullibi cohsreret,quin in paucula potius, quae ipfum circumdabat, & in fundo quoque vitri ad digiti altitudinemTeftabat, aqua nararet, & ad latera jam fenfibiliter in aquam refolvi incipcrct eo fecu- C 2,4I J rius hetiufque jam jucundifiimo hoc fpe&aculo frul coepi. Erant lingula: lamellae glaciates, qua: tocuni iftum truncatum conum conftituebant, tenuifiims, & vitri fere inftar pcllucidae ; proptcrque varie ad fe inclinatum fitum, ad totius vitri convcrfionem inftar tabularurn vitrearum mirifice refplendefccbant j quam. fpe&aculi jucunditatcm iliac, quae circa diaboli Carte - fian't nigcrrimi caput hxrebant, non parum adhuc augebanr. Hac peropportuna ergo jam uti occaftone vole- bam 5 arque annon, glacie itcrum foluta, & vitro pris- on luo loco repofito, reproduci idem phaenomenoa poflet, tcntare. In ea vero, quum cl. Triewaldi ex* pcrimentum primum legcrem, opinionc fere eram, quod veficx, qua: vitro ejus circumligata erat, pref- fione, forfan prefiionis a frigore oriundac, gradus au&us, indeque fubitaneus ille congelationis effe&us ortus fueric, cademque adco via in aqua, fufficienter jam frigefafta, etiam mihi rem fucccfiuram fperabam. Abucerer vero tua, vir clariflime, & illuftris Socic- tatis, patienria, ft omnia, earn in rem, die 24, 2 6, &c 27 Uec. inftiruta, multaque cum moleftia fxpius repetita, experimenta enarrare hie fingula vellcm^ Succeflit, fateor, experimentum aliquoties; faepius tamen omnibus licet fere circumftantiis iifdem, fpe omni fruftratus fum. Fuit [_a~\ integrum vitrum aliquoties, me infpiciente, glacie repletum; ali- quoties [£] quafi cijt# qutedam glaciates , me in- fpiciente & veficam vitri comprimente, ad latera vitri exortae funt, quae in crujiam glacialcm, integrant fuper- ficiem vitri interiorem ambienre, mox abierunt; re- liqua aqua: mafia interiori, axemque vitri proxinaecir- cumdante, remanente fluida ; aliquando M (inguU H h 2 lamellae [ 242 ] lamellae glaciales fellticidijjima , & nhlis fere refe- xentes figuram, in media aqua limpidillima, vitrum me manu tenente & plena die itcrum infpiciente, in confpe&um fubito prodierunr, quae adeo tenues vero erant,ut manupaullulum trementc in aqua fimul titubarent, & contremifcerent, &c. & c. Scd hasc omnia percenfere infinitum foret. Ergo fumma folum experimentorum, faepc fiudiofeque repetitorum, capita £: quad fundamenta praecipua, paucis adhuc indicabo. I. Qiiando aqua iufficicntcm frigoris gradum jam •conceperat, five in calidum transferretur locum, five vitrum folum manu calida comprehenderetur, aqua fermeomnisin momento fere in glaciem conveiteba- tuf. Ulud tamen fiepius, faciliufvc, quam hoc fuc- ceffit. II. Nihil referebat, five vefica vitrum obligatum effet, five minus; & i!lo quidem cafu, five illigata vcfica digitis premeretur, five minus. Ncque, III. Quicquam interefie deprehendi, five diabolus aliquis Cartejianas , aut alia ejufmodi icuncula, aquae inhaereat, five minus; atque fi adefi, num in fundo vitri haereat, an aquas fuperficiei innatet. IV. Icuncula tamen vitrea quadam in aqua haerente, quotiefeunque congelationis initium adfpicere mihi licuit, ab aliqua femper ejus parte ilia incepit, inde- que demum fe circumquaque diffudit. V. Experimentum tunc folum ex voto fuccefiit, quando vitrum aqua plenum ita aeri frigido fuit ex* pofitum, uttota aquse mafia aquabiliter ab eodem pe- netrari potuerit. Quodfi, VI. Vero vel ante feneftram apertam, per quam ventus frigidior irrumpebat, vel in pavimento gypfo, titi hie pa film moris efi, obte&o vitrum collocatum cflet ; C *43 ] diet; glacies quidcra generabatur, fed jqualcm antea fub N° [ b]p. 24 1 receniui. Quodfi vero, VII. Vd ante feneftram apertam, vcnto non fpi- rante, in fundo ligneo, vd in pavimento gypfeo, led interpofita atlercula, repofitum eflet vitrum ; fere Tem- per experimentum lucceflit : nifi forfan patvlo tardior advenerim, atque vitrum glacie jam totum repletum fuerit. Ut, VIII. Gradum vero frigoris, ad quem pervenifte aquam oportebat, ft momentanea ejufmodi contingere congelatio in loco calido deberet, eofaciiius tandem poftem obfervare, vafculum paullo latius myrrhinum aqua replevi, & in codem cum vitro fundo repofui ; diligenterque obfervavi, quando glacialem cuticulani contrahere eodem contenta aqua incipiebar. Etli non exade enim congelationcs illae erant ifochronae; faepius tamen haec obfervatio ad feliciorem experi- menti fucceffum mihi profuir. Permoleftum enim & taediofum abfque eo experimenti genus eft. For- fan vero, IX. Conica vitri figura, ob anguftius, quo patet, orificium, iatioremque bafin, ad vim 6c frigoris, 6c caloris, per totam aquaa maffam tequabilius diffuiiden- dam, non parum quoque confert. Saltern in vitro quocunque cylindrico, ob nimis latum orificium, dif- ficulter experimentum fucceflurum efte, perfuafus fum ; etfi ipfe nondum tentavi. Non licuit mihi poftea, per tempeftatis ftatum, eadem hyeme experimenta hxc repetere. Pvepetii tamen proxime elapfa anni hujus 1744. diebus 6, 7, 6t feq. Jammu , cum eodem fucceftu, iifdcmque, qux mode enarravi, phxnomenis. Caufam C 244 ] Caufam, cur aqua ad pun&um congelationis fere frigefa&a, unico fere momento in innumeras iftiuf- modi, mireque fe decuftantes, lamellas glaciales, unum corpus continuum efficientes, abeat, ii quo contine- tur, vitrum Jubito calore circumfundatur, reddere non auftm. Arifiotelici forfan fuo antiperiftafeos voca- bulo mirifice fibi fuique fimilibus hie placcrent. Sed fatis hab-mus in philofophia vocabulorutn conceptu vacuorum, quorum ego numerum augere nolim. Per- cenfui phenomena. Judicium de re ipfa, reique, ii fieri porch, modo Tuo, vir clariilime, illuftrijjmaque Societatis imprimis luminibus permitto. DE ELECTRICIS experiments, quxceleberrinio- rum virorum, yeftratis Dn. Gray , & Parifini Mr. Du Fay , induftria mirifice, 6c fupra fidem fere cxcultafunr, nefeio, an Tibi, vir ci. jam conftet, quoufque jam apud nos in Germania promota lint. Poftquam a Mr. Du Fay nempe repertum cafu erat, ex elc&rificato hu- mano corpore fcintillas , fi ab alio non ele&rificato conringatur, erumperc, quas fatis acute pungant, re- petita haec experimenta in academia Lipjienfik unt ; atque loco tubi, quo Dn. Gray & Du Fay , uli erant vitrei, globus vitreus, quali cl. Hauksbee jam olim ad alia experimenta ele&rica ufus eft, adhiberi coepit; hacquc occaftone obfervatum eft, tantam ignis vim corpora elc&rificata, imprimis animalia & merallica, fundcre, quibus non fpiritus vini folum modice tepe- faftus, quod facillime fuccedit, fed 6c alia corpora inflammabilia, interque ea pulvis pyrius , pix , fill- phur , 6c cera figillatoria , intenfius prius calefadta, incendi poflint. Poftrema ha:c experimenta aliena fide refero ; priora vero ifta propria mihi jam confir- mavit experientia. Globo vitreo per quern axis fer- reus C *45- ] reus tranfit, dum celeriter rotatur, apponirur, quarn fieri pot eft proxime tubus ferreus, ex laminis ferreis,. ftanno obdudis, paratus, diamerri unius vel dimidii circiter digiti, Jongitudinis trium aut quatuor pedum, filamentis, ex ferico coeruleo paratis, horizontal liter impofitus j & ne globum vicreum inter ro- tandum tubus temere laedat, extremitati ejus cavse. fafciculos ex variis filorum lineorutu generibus, nunc nudos, nunc auri argentique lamellis obdudos, infero, quorum extremitates dum globum contingunt, prater alia jucunda phenomena, vim omnera adhuc reddunt in tubo cohxrente ferreo fortiorem. Tubi hujus alteram extremitatem homo pici, ad duorum triumve circiter digitorum profunditatem ciftae cuidam ligneas infufae, infiftens manu apprehendit ; tuneque vis eledrica per totum ejus corpus ita diffunditur, ut quaecunque ejus pars noa corpora folum leviuf- cula, i. e. foliola auri lamellati, attrahat rcpellatque alternis vicibus; fed quaecunque etiam, five tubi iftius. ferrei,five hominis eledrificati pars, ft ab alio non elec- trificato contingatur, fcintillas acute pungentes eruc- ter. Saepe etiam, ft is, qui in pice conftitutus eledri- ficatufque eft, gladio fuccindus fuerit, ex vaginae ex^ tremitate fcintillas vel fua fponte prorumpunt. Teneat. homo, in pice conftitutus, pileum limbo aureo vel argenteo circumdatum Tub brachio ; tangat alter non eledrificatus limbum iftum ;6cfatis acutum ille in bra- chio fentiet impetum & dolorem. Non eledrificatus vero aliquis teneat fpiritum vini redifkatifiimunij modice tepefadum, in cochleari; & alter eledrificatusJ digito, clave ferreo, extremitategladii, fcilicet ad fuperr ficiem fpiritus iftius appropinquet, & ftatim apertam hie flammam concipiet, Teneat eledrifkatus co- 2 chleare 1*46] ehleare cum fpiritu vini manu fua ; accedat quicunque circumftantium, &'digitos ad fpiritum vini appro- pinquet, &idemftatim fequetur effe&us. Conftituatur fecundus, tertius, quartus fcilicet in pice, & omnes vei manus infer fe jungant, vel mediante fune, tubo ferreo, &c. inter fe conjundti copulatique Tint, eqdem modo in poftremo omnia, ac in primo , fecundoque , fuccedent. Taceo alia, circa attradionem.5e repul- fionem corporis eledrificati nuper detedta pbsn-o- Jnena. Hoc modo addo, quando globus virreus ro- tatur, opus effe, ut ficca, & non nimis calida, ma- nus eidem interea temporis apponatur, ad quam glo- bus lcvitcr tcratur. Nihil enim adhuc repertum eft, quod pares hie cum humana manu effedus prmftct. Globus, quo ad hxc experimenta utor, vix diapaerri fex digitorum Rhenanornm dccimalium- eft ; & prom- tiflime tamen experirrienra omnia, favente inprimis tempeftate, eodem luccedunt, miraque fcintillarum, quam corpora eodem eledrificata evomunt, vis eft. Sunt tamen qui majoris molis. globis majora adhuc effici pofle contcndunt, qualia fupra jam recenfui. Neque vero, ob temporis pemuriam, Omnia jam tentare potui, qua; & ab aliis jam tentata funt, «5c ipfe adhuc mente concept tentanda. Major, diutiufque perdurans, globo, quam rubo vitreo, excitata vis eft. SI EPISTOL/E limites excedo, tuaque abutor pa- tientia, venianvdabis, vir dOdiftime. Ut unicum tamen adhuc adjiciam, quum non aique commoda Temper feribendi mihi pateat occafto, non inique proculdubio feres. Vidi in v. cl. Henr. Bakeri tradatu ; The Microfcope made eaf) &c. Londini , a. 1 743 . altera vice audius edito, p. 47. quod cl. Martin micromctrum quoddam invenerit, ad microfcopium quoddam com- pofitum [ 247 3 pofitum applicandum. Utor ego ab aliquot annis jam alio quodam micrometro, quod ad microfeopium, ab ingeniofiilimo Scarleto vcflro e!aboratum,o appiicui, quodque in foco primi vitri ocularis ejufdem micro i'copii conditui. Ed vero illud ex particula fubtiliffimae texturae fericcae nigrae, quae in fpatiola quadrata mi- nima divila eft, compofitum, quam annulo ligneo, vel chartaceo ita fupratendo, uc in foco didi vitri ocu- laris collocari commode pofllt. Sunt equidem, fateor, fpatiola ilia quadrata, non omnia ejufdem inter fe magnifudinis. Praeterquam vero, quod hoc propofitum ajd faciliorem & commodiorem eorundem dinumera- tionem multum conferc, (fiquidem, fi ejufdem omnia exade magnitudinis inter fe effent, impollibile plane foret, eadem numcrare) parum quoque certis inde dcduccndis conclufionibus idem obflat. Quoties cnim cunque 20, 30, 40, & horum fpatiolorum quadra- torum, fecundum unam eandemque micrometri, hoc eft, telae idius fubtilifllmx, lineam pcrgendo nume- ravi, undecunque ctiam numerandi in eadem initium fecerim, eademque cum certo quodam, fub micro- fcopio podto, objedo comparavi fatis exade ; atque ita numerum quadratulorum objedi diamctro refpon- dcre obfervavi, ut plerumque vix unum, aut dimi- diurn, fpatiolum lftiufmodi quadratum vel abundare, vel deficere deprehenderim j quod in tarn incompre- henfibili objedorum fubtilitate vero negligi tutiffime poteft. Quum iterato ergo experimento jam inveniflem, N° 5. microfcopii mei Scarletiani minimum 27 28, vicibus objedi diametrum augeri 5 fumfi augmentuni ejus 25 modo vicibus refpondere, quo certior efl’e poffem, quae de fequentibus vitris, ope micrometri I i ' mei, [ 248 ] mei, inveniftem augmenta non majora, fed minora, jufto adhuc efle. Quumhoc ergo modo reperiffem, N° r. ejufdem Scarletiani microfcopii obje the Cubit — ~ 3 From the Cubit to the Extremity ) of the Ulna and Radius - — The Meafure round th z'Wrifi The Length of the Thigh , from the Head of the Femur to the Head of the Tibia — — The Meafure round its thickeft Part From the Head of the Tibia to the , Afragalus - — ■ 5 The Length of the Foot — — The Breadth of the fame — The Meafure of the thickefi Part of l the Calf - — The Length of the Rents y as pendent Its Circumference ■ The Teftes , meafured round to each? 052 Side of the Penis ■ — ~ J His Weight, in his Cloaths, was Four Stone and Two Pounds. - The Hair of his Head is long, pong , of a dark- brown Colour, and difplays itfelf, naturally , in fine Curls He has the diflinguifhing Mark of Puberty 5 for the Lanugo upon the Pubes is as long, as thick, and as crifpy as that of an adult Per [on. ^ o 3 3 3 7 f *53 ] He is very ft rang : I law him take up and throw from him, with much Facility, a Blackfmith’s Ham - mert which weigh’d Seventeen Bounds : And when he is provok’d by other Children, (for he goes to School) he does not fight with his Fiji, nor Legs , but collars them, and lays them proftrate by mere Strength. Thus, they tell me, he will frequently ferve Boys of eight or ten Years of Age. His Voice, in common, is extremely manly , as deep a Bafs as you can well conceives and he pro- nounces very diftin&ly. He has fomething a little favage in his Look ; tho’, they tell me, he is not naturally quarrelfome. He eats and drinks with great Moderation. His Underftanding feems to be equal to that of a Child of 5 or 6 Years old. He is quick of Apprehenfion, and has a very reten- tive Memory. He has fomething of a ftately Walk with him ; and feems confcious of that uncommon Share of Strength which the Author of Nature has endow’d him with. He is not made a public Shew of, but walks about, and plays in common with other Children. When I faw him, the Gians of the Penis was quite uncover’d j and his Aunt, and the Midwife, af- fured me it was always fo. His Father is a little Man , a Labourer : His Mo- ther (who died when he was but 9 Months old 5 and, as was fuppos’d, by giving him Suck ; for, they tell me, fhe was found dead with him at her Bread) was a Woman of a middle Stature . The Midwife allur’d me. That, when he was fir ft born, he was no other than what they commonly term, [ *54 ] term, a lujly Boy ; fave that the Parts of Generation were remarkably large , and that the Lanugo fir ft ap- pear’d when he was near a Year old ■> which gave great Uneafinefs to his Parents, who were very reli-i gious People. I am, Learned Sir, Huntingdon, Jan . 4. 1744, Tour moft Obedient , Humble Servant, Tho. Dawkes. To a fecond Letter from the fame were fubjoincd the Affidavits and Teftimonials of the Midwife, the Miniftcr, Churchwardens, and orhers, That this Child, Tho. Hale , was born on 31. OHob. 1741. He was aflured, by Mr. Almond, That, between Aug. 28. and Nov. 30. 1744. this Child was grown two Inches and an half; i. e. from 3 Feet 8 Inches and 5 Tenths, to 3 Feet 11 Inches. C. M. Ilk A Letter front Mr. Browne LangrifL, Licent. Coll. Med. Lond. F. R. S. to the Rev. Dr. Hales, F. R. S. concerning a new Contrivance of applying Receivers to Retorts in rDiftillation. Hear Sir, ntad Jan. 24.Hr Return you my hearty Thanks for your 1 744-5- ^ kind prcfcnt of your Account of fome Experi- [ 255 ] Experiments on Tar-Water , I think it will be a Means of making it a more ufeful Medicine: I am fure it will prevent its doing the Mifchief I hear it has done in fome Cafes. For, till the feveraf pecu- liar Diforders, in which Tar-Water may be ufefu!, are found out, the Taking it at random, in fuch large Quantities, mull oftentimes do Hurt. In Return for your Favour, I have fent inclofed a Scheme, which I have a great while thought of, for the Improvement of Diftillation in the chemical Way. I flatter myfelf, it will be very advantageous in pro- curing many fine volatile Things, which we cannot fo well do in the ordinary Method ; and that we may be enabled by it to analyfe fome Things, as Blood, and fuch-like Subftances, without breaking ourGlafies; as the learned Boerhaave complain'd he could not do, by reafon of a pitchy bituminous Matter riling up into the Neck of the Retort, and burfting it. But, in fhort, I have found, from many Experiments, That it is the vafl Quantity of Air, arifing from fuch Subftances, which burfts the Glafles, and which this Method will prevent. However, I beg the Favour of you to confider it ; and to give me your free Thoughts, whether it will be worth while to lay it before the Society , in order to communicate it to the World. Your Anfwer will infinitely oblige, T>ear Sir , Fetersfield , Jan. 10. 1744. Tour moft obedient Servant , B. Langrifh. { *56 ] See Tab. I. Fig. i. A. A common Retort in a Sand-Heat. B. The firft Receiver, with an Opening at the Top and Bottom. C. A Quart-Bottle fixed to a Neck out of the Bot- tom of the Receiver ; which, being tied on clofe by means of a Bladder, may be removed at any time, and another inftantly placed in its Room ; by which means, very little of the Steam will make its Efcape : And any Proportion of the vola- tile Part to be diftilled may be faved by itfelf, with- out unluting tfie Recipient from the Retort. *D. A fecond Receiver, inferred into the Opening at the Top of the firft, in order to give more Room to the rarefied and new-generated Air, and to re- ceive the moft fubtile and volatile Parts, which might not be fo eafily contained in the firft Re- cipient, without great Danger of breaking it, or forcing the Luting. E. A fmaller Bottle, for the fame Ufes as the other, mark'd C. F. A Bladder tied on to an Opening, or upper Neck, of the fecond Recipient } which, as it is much thinner and weaker than any of the Glafles, will always give Way firft, and prevent their burfting. Or, wherever the Matter to be diftill'd is of fuch a Nature, that, we are fure, all the Glaftes, put to- gether, will not contain the Fumes and Air arifing from it} then, if the fmalleft Pin-hole be made thro’ the Top of the Bladder, as foon as the Fumes begin to rife, it will be fufficient to let out the Air as faft as it generated : And, I think, at that great Diftance from the Fire, very little, if any thing, but Air, can make its Efcape. Hence [ 257 ] Hence great Advantages will arife from this Way of Diftillation : For, i. We can keep a greater Fire, if Occafion be, without Fear of breaking our Glaffes. 2. The Matter diftill’d may be removed as often as we pleafe ; whereby we may always prevent the Draw- ing off any Spirit, &c. too low. And, 3. Any pure, fine, volatile Salt, which fhall arife into the fe.cond Recipient, will not be fo liable to be melted down, either by the Heat, or too watery a Fluid. IV. Tdoe Cafe of a Perfon bit by a Mad Dog : Communicated to APrefident bjy Mr. Ranby, F. R. S. Serjeant-Surgeon to His Majefty : From Charles Peters, M . 2). F. Coll. Med. Lond. Read jan. 24- jf OHN Neale , of a robuft Conftitution, i744'3- j agecj Forty-five, had, for fome Years, followed the Occupation of curing Dogs : And, on Thurfday preceding Michaelmas Day 1741, being employed in that Calling, he, endeavouring to drench one fuppofed to be mad, was bit in the Thumb. The Day following the Dog was obferved to droop, refufe his Food, and at Night he died. The Patient, having been frequently converfant with the like Accidents, was fufficiently alarmed at the Danger; and, having been, the Year before, received a Patient into St. George’s Hofpital, repaired thither for Relief. Kk 2 Doctor E 258 ] Doctor Hoaaly attending, in the Room of Do£lor Bailey , the Phyftcian of the Week, directed him to have the Wound fcarified, be blooded, ufe the Pul- vis antilyjjus , and Cold Bath. About a Fortnight after the Accident, being the Full of the Moon, his Symptoms became fo vio- lent, that I was defired to meet my Brethren in Con- fultation. I found him fitting on a Bed, with one of his Legs tied to the Poft; and, upon inquiring how he came placed in that Pofture, he told me, He him- fe If faftened the Cord, apprehending he might grow mifehievous : And, upon our propofing to him to put on the Mapp’d Waiflcoat, he readily confented to it 5 exprefling great Dread of becoming hurtful. He told us, He had felt a Numbnefs in the wounded Thumb, which fhot up his Arm to the Shoulder 5 and that he was not fenlible of having taken a Mo- ment’s Reft fince the Accident had happened 5 and that, upon endeavouring to compofe himfelf, he fell into Startings, and dreadful Apprehenfions of Mifchief from Dogs. His Eyes look’d wild, and he complained of an excruciating Pain in the Head. For fome Days part he had been troubled with a Difficulty in Swal- lowing :I propofed to him to get down a fmall Piece of Bread ; but he feemed to refufe it with great Abhor- rence: However, being encouraged to make ufe of his Refolution (which he poffeffed to an extraordi- nary Degree), he forced it into his Mouth where holding it for fome Minutes, he endeavoured to fwal- Jow, but was feized with violent Spafms, beginning 3t the Bottom of the Abdomen 5 which, by a convul- sive Progreffion, heav’d itfelf into the Thorax ; from whence the Spafms were extended to the Pomnm Adami ; [ 2 59 ] Ad ami ; when the Patient fell into Strangulation, and afterwards Privation of Senfe. Upon recover- ing from the Fir, as we perceived, that, notwith- ftanding rhefe Obftacles, he had fwallowed the Bread, allowing him Time to reft, we propofed to him to endeavour to fwallow a Spoonful of Liquids which he teemed moft {hock’d at : He anfwered with Ficrce- nefs, That he could not away with Drink : How- ever, upon Recoliedion, he faid, He would endea- vour it: And, taking a Spoonful of Ale-houfe Drink into his Mouth, he was inftantly feized with Con- vulfions, beginning from the Bottom of the Abdo- men, and afcending with great Violence to the Head, till he fell into a Fit of longer Duration than the former : However, he fwallowed the Liquor ; and* upon his recovering his Senfes, he pointed with great Vehemence to his Arm, fignifying, that he defired to be blooded; from which, he afterwards told us, he had before found Relief. As hisPulfe was extremely hard, we direded the Sur- geon to take away i<5 Ounces, which proved ad ‘De- li quium : However, that foon palling off, hisPulfe ftill continued hard, his Flefh hot, with grievous Com. plaints of the Pain in his Head. Upon conlidering his Cafe, as he had received no Relief from the ordinary Treatment of this Diflerm per, and that his Symptoms were now become highly inflammatory (Blood flzy, and flammeous Urine), we refolved to lay afide all Thought of Infedion, and to betake ourfelves to the Method of Cure in inflam- matory Fevers; with this Difference only, That, as he had pafs’d fome Days without Stools, he was di- rected to take an Enema , immediately : and then 2 the [ 260 ] the following Bolus ; Nitri pur if. 5 Confeff. Mithridat. 9 x , Jexta quaque JJora, addendo TTofi vefpertin. Extr. Thebaic, gr j. & repet atur tertia. quaque Hora ( nifi inter valiant Symptomata ), donee concilietur Somnus : Epifpaftica applicentur Brach. & Crurib . intern . Upon vifiting him in the Morning, the Nurfe in*' formed me, That, after having taken two Bolus's, he had flept about half an Hour, to his infinite Re- frefhment. His Blifters difeharged plentifully ; his Mind more compofed ,* and his Horrors were fo far mitigated, to fwallow half a Pint of Ale at one Draught, tho’ not without Repugnance. He ftill com- plained of living in a Flame; his Eyes ready to ftart out of his Head, where his Pain ftill remained acute; not without Numbnefs in the difeafed Arm; Inquie- tude; Difficulty in Swallowing and Refpiration. Mitt atur Sang, e Br. ad § xii. & pergat in Ufu Bra- feriptorum. The Night following he took two Bolus’s, and flept near three Hours. The Symptoms appeared lefs violent the next Day, but ftill threatened Mifchief. Applicentur Cucurbit. Occipit. ad extract. Sang . § viii. Epifpajiic ., Laterib. Colli , &c. His Body was kept foluble with Manna7 and other cooling Laxatives. * This Method, with little Variation (fuch as Leeches, Bulv. fternutatorius , &c.)7 was continued for the Space of about fourteen Days, the Blifters being kept open during the whole. Time ,* during which the Symptoms gradually abated. He fell into Languors, which were eafily removed by the Ufe of AJfa fetida , Valerian, As [ 26t ] As he was now free from any Diforders in his Head, and his Pulfe beat with a natural Softnefs, I advifed him to return to the Ufe of the Cold -Bath, Pulv. Antilyjfus ; with a Caution to bleed, and dif- continue the Ufe of them, whenever he found him- felf heated. He is now reftored to a tolerable State of Health (except at the New and Full Moon) : For, tho’ he feels fome Alteration in the Quarters, they are not fo confiderable ; at which time his Symptoms return in fome Degree; but fo {lightly, as not to prevent him from following his Calling, which he has changed to Selling of Greens; not being intirely freed from the Dread of Dogs. 1 had forgot to mention, That, during his Illnefs, he voided fo great a Quantity of Saliva, that his Teeth, tho5 naturally firm, became loofe, and con- tinued fo, till the Abatement of the Complaint. As copious Bleeding is generally prefcribed for the Cure of this Diftemper, I fhall make no other Re- mark upon that Advice, than by obferving, That fre- quent Recourfe was had to it, to the apparent Relief of the Patient ; who thought himfelf likewife much benefited by the Nitre and Mithridate. As the Difficulty of Swallowing, in the prefent Dif- order, was evidently fpafmodic. and infinitely abated by Reft, tho' for half an Hour only, I fubmit to your better Judgment, how far Opiates may be conducive to the Cure in this Diftemper ; not only by giving them internally, but likewife by externally rubbing in fuch a Quantity, as may feem reafonably calcu- lated for the Removal of fpafmodic Tenfions. During [ 262 ] During this iiinefs, he complained of Coidnefs in the Extremities-, with four Emulations ; fothat, as foon as it was judged fafe, he was directed to make ufe of a Vomit 5 which was repeated many times with Succefs. I obferved, when any Liquid was offered him, he pour’d it into his Mouth with uncommon Haftinefs : And, upon inquiring his Reafon for doing fo, he told me, He had experienced, that, by throwing in a large Quantity of Liquid into his Mouth at once, his Faculty of Swallowing became more eafy : And that, whenever any Hindrance happened in the Performance, ir was not without Difficulty that he recovered himfelf. I defire I may no way be thought to depreciate the Efficacy of the Pulv. Antilyffus * and Cold-Bath ; for I believe them more generally fuccefsful than any other Means : Yet I think it clear in the above Cafe, that they were fo far from alleviating the Com- plaints, that they tended evidently to promote them 5 the Patient never making ufe of the Cold-Bath, but his Head ach increafed “j-, and his feverifh Complaints grew more violent. As the contra Rabiem Powder now Bands in our Pharmacopoeia , it is compounded of two Drugs only. 1 have endeavoured to difeover what Effed might be procured by the Liverwort ; but, upon trying ir, for Experiment’s fake, in feveral different Cafes, even in large Dofcs, I could never perceive the leaft Altera- tion either in the Pulfc, or Secretions. V. * Of Dampier , as alter’d by Dr. Mead. f Therefore, in my Thef. Inaug. Lugd. B. 1724.. I propofed the Uie of wartn Baths ; for by them Heat and Third: will be abated, and the Blood diluted, not render’d Prill more thick by Sweating, as is the Efifed of C old Baths. [See thefe Tranf. N°. 443, p. 319, and p. 360. C. M. C 163 ] Vi An Account of a new Species of Fungus, by John Marty n, F. R. S. Prof Bot. Can- tab. communicated in a Fetter to the Pre- lid ent. Read Jan. 24. v n the latter Part of the Summer of the 1 744*4* Year 1744, Mx.Ehret the Painter brought me a Fungus of a very extraordinary Shape and Size, which had been found growing on a Piece of the Trunk of an Elm, in a damp Cellar in the Hay- Market. The whole Plant was about two Feet in Height j and, at firft Sight, feemed not very unlike the Horns of fome Deer, being varioufly branched, and covered with a thick Down. It was of a fpongeous Sub* fiance, and of a dusky-red Colour inclining to Black. The Tips of the fmaller Branches were of a Cream- Colour. The larger Branches, or rather the Tops of the whole Plant, were expanded in Form of a Funnel, fmooth on the concave, and full of Pores on the convex Side. The inner and lower Part of the Funnel was of the fame Colour with the Stalk, the reft of it was of a Cream-Colour. I have not been able to find, that this Plant has been mentioned by any Author 3 and am perfuaded, that it is a new Species ; and, perhaps, the remarka- ble Branching of the Stalks may induce fome to think it a new Genus. As the Funnel may be efteemed a Cap, and as this Cap is not lamellated, it will be a Boletus , according to the Method obferved in the Third Edition of Ray: s Synopjis . According to L 1 Mieheli) Micheli , it feems to belong to the Genus of Roly- yarns. This Method, which I have long ufed in the Diftribation of this Oafs, is expreffed in the follow- ing fynoptical Table, which, I think, comprehends all the Species hitherto known. FUNGI fimr, ✓Tamellati, Jcauliferi; AMANITA, ifeffilcsj AGARICOIDES. porofi, Jcauiiferi 5 BOLETUS. Ifeffiles; BOLETOIDHS. cancellati, aut fcrobiculis excavati ? {ex pila erumpentes ; PHALLUS, ex pila non erumpentes; MERUL1US. echinati ; ERINACEUS. in pulverern abeuntes; LYCOPERDON. folicji, 5 cauliferi CHANTERELLA. * fe Biles, % calyciformes ; PEZICA. i non calvciformes, in.longitudinem produdi ; horizontaliter prodeuntcs; fubterranei ; TUBER. According to this Method of mine, as well as that of the Editor of Rays Synopfis , the Plant in Que- ftion will be a Boletus: And, as I do not think it neceffary to conditute a new Genus , I have taken the Liberty to call it BOLETUS caule ramofo ; fummitatibus cone avis expanfis > ramis minoribus in acatum mucronem de- finentibm. Vide Tab. 1L Fig. i. 5 L vi; DIGITELLUSi AGARICUS. C 3 VI. . TLxtra&s of Two Letters from the late Roger Gale, Ef quire , F. R. S. to Mr . Pe- ter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning the Ve- getation of Melon Seeds 3 3 Tears old \ and of a foffil Skeleton of a Man . Scrutcn in Yorkjhire , Jan. 14. 1743 -4* SIR , Read Jan. 24. *** A BOUT this time Twelve-' I7+T5- Fjl month, I found, accidentally, n Paper of Melon feeds that 1 had laid by, with the Date of the Year 171c upon it. I fowed fome of them, not with any great Hopes of their coming up ; but, to my great Surprize, 1 had a line Number of Plant's from them, which all profper’d very well, till they had put out four Leaves, when they were all loll by an Accident. This I have mention'd to you, becaufe,in FhiloJ optical Tranfdfdions , N°. 464. Mr. Triewald has given an Account of fome old Melon-feeds that produced Fruit, fho’ they exceeded mine 10 Years in Age : However mine may be a Confirmation of their long Retention of their vegetative Quality 5 which i fuppofc may be aferibed to the Oilynefs of the Seed, and the Hardnefs of its outward Coat. We have few or no Foffils in this Country ; but a Friend in Staffordftire [Mr. cP}dtf1s informs me, that That Country abounds much in Foffils ; fuch as Sea- Shells, Rock- Plants, and other marine Bodies left at the Deluge. Near Bakewell in TDerbyJhire was lately found the Skeleton of a Man, with fome Stags Horns, -in digging a Lead -Mine. Lis [ In [266 ] [ In the fecond Letter, dated Scrutony May ip. 1744. Mr. Gale gives the following Account of this Ske- leton in Mr. ‘Platt's own Words, from a Letter written to himfelf by that Gentleman.] Dear Sir, 'THE Skeleton I formerly mentioned to you was found at Lathill-dale , near Tolgrave and Bake- well in Derbyjhire, as the Workmen were driving a Sough, or Drain to a Lead -Mine, about nine Yards deep from the Surface of the Earth, and about forty Eathom from the Beginning of the Sough. There were found with the Skeleton Stags Horns; two Pieces of which I have now in my Cuftody ; viz. the Brow-Antler, which is nine Inches long, and feems to have about two Inches broke off the Tip -End ; the other is a Piece of the large Horn near the Head, and is three Inches Diameter. Both the Horns of the Stag, and the Rib-Bones of the Skeleton, are much decayed ; and as foon as the Head of the latter was expofed to the Air it crumbled all away, except a Piece of the lower Jaw; now alfo fo impeded as not eafily to be diftinguifhed what it has been. Seve- ral of the larger Teeth were taken out, which were covered with their natural Enamel, and perfedly found. The Place where thefe Things were found, is on every Side furrounded with a rocky petrified Subftance, or Terra lapidea , by the Miners called Tuft , fo hard (as they fay) as to ftrike Fire againft their Tools. This Subftance lay above the Bones and Horns a Yard and half thick or more, and on cither Side; and beneath them to a Breadth and Depth [ 2^7 ] Depth uncertain: So that it appears, that the Skeleton and Horns lay in a Cavity, which was not however con- tiguous to them, there being a fort of foft coarle Clay or Marl interfperfed thick with little petrify ’d Balls, or Pellets of the fame kind of Subftance as the Tuft, for near a Quarter of a Yard round them; but none of the Bones feem’d in any Degree to be petrefy'd. The Workmen conje&ur’d there was more of the Skeleton to be found ; but they dug no further than was ne- ceffary to complete their Sough. This, dear Sir, I believe, is, with what I fent you before, as full and accurate an Account, as you will obtain from any other Hand, of this odd Difcovery. The Interment of this. Man and Stag feem to me to have been accidental, by thair falling into a Chafm or wide Cleft of the Rock in very early Times j which has lince clofed up, and grown over them, by the Accretion of the marly Subftance, which envi- rons the Skeleton, &c. ; and in time, perhaps, will grow as hard as the Tufr, and red of the Rock. If you have any other Particulars come to yourfelf, or the Royal Society , I fhould be glad to know them. I have defired Mr. Flatt to fend you up a few of the Pellets, with the Follils he defigns you, in a Thort time j and am Tour moft obliged Friend , and humble Servant , R. Gale, By covering up my Trees with Ivy, in February I have vaft Quantities of Apricots and Peaches, while my Neighbours have hardly any, yxx. £ 268 ] VII. A Leter from W. Watfon, F. R. S. to Francis Wollafton, Ff quire , F.R.S. concern- ing a large Stone found in the Stomach of jz Horfe . S 1 R9 Read Jan. Hereby do myfelf the Pleafure of fend- /44' JL ’nS y°u a few Obfervations upon the Calculus you favour'd me with the Examination of. You inform'd me, that it was found in the Stomach of a Coach-Horfe in July laft; and that it then weigh'd 3 Pounds two Ounces and half Averdupois . You likewife mentioned, that the poor Creature was obferved frequently to be in violent Pain ; and would fometimes eagerly turn his Head to one of his Sides, and fometimes to the other, as though he endea- voured to bite out that which annoyed him ; and that he died, after having taken various Remedies, which the Farriers adminifter’d. When I weighed this Stone about ten Days ago, its Weight was l Pounds and 3 Qu alters of an Ounce ; fo that, in about half a Year, it had loft i Pound i Ounce and 7 Eighths. The Figure of it is fpheroidal, as thefe Sort of Stones generally are ; its Periphery 17 Inches and i, by 16 Inches and half; which are very near the Tame Di- menfions this Stone had when firft found. The Sur- face of it irregular, fomewhat refembiing the Ine- qualities obferved upon the Surface of the Brain 5 all the projecting Parts of which are polifhed, from their Friftion againft the Sides of the Stomach. It is of a, dark-brown bilious Colour, and very like to a Species [ 269 ] Species of 'Pyrites j infomuch that, unlefs it werd taken in the Hand, whereby their fpecific Gravities may be determined, it might pafs for one of that Family ; altho’ this Stone is by much the moft fpe- cifically heavy I ever faw of this fort. I imagine, that, a conftderable Time before the Hoife died, by fome Accident this Stone received a great Blow 5 for there appears to have been a Piece broken out ; and there arc two large Cracks not yet fill’d up; near which terminate feveral concentric Circles. This Stone feems to involve a fmaller one, altho’no-where perfectly ftparated from it 5 but the out- ward is by much the hardeft. In the Centre are two Holes, in which maybe fecn feveral Hairs of the Horfe 5 but I have not been able to find any other extra- neous Body, upon which thefe Calculi are ufually formed. Having, from fawing the Stone, a Quantity of its Powder, I was induced to an Inquiry into its con- ftituent Parts by way of Analyfis. I firfi let fall two fmall Pieces of this Scone into Water al moft boiling : They immediately funk, but arofe again, and continued alternately riling and fink- ing a conftderable time. This was occafioncd by the Quantity of Air-Bubbles, which the Heat rarefy ’d j but the Air was detain’d by the Mucus , which feemed to conned the Particles of the Stone together j and which, tho’ diluted by the hot Water, was tenacious enough to form Bubbles of Size fufficient to buoy up the Pieces of Stone ; the Rarefaction growing greater, the Bubbles burft, and the Scone fell to the Bottom; but arofe again, in like manner, at the Expulficn of more Ain The learned Dr. Hales \ ike- C *7° 1 wife found great Quantities of Air in the human Calculus. I infufed two Drams of this Powder in two Ounces of boiling Water : This Infufion I filtred when cold. It was of a light brown Colour, and of a bitterifh faline Tafte. I calcined what remained of the Powder after the Infufion, till the Whole was black, and then it weighed a Dram aud three Grains. I made the following Trials with the Infufion. 1. Mixed with Syrup of Violets, it became green.' 2. With Oil of Tartar, the Colour was deeper without Ebullition, but the Mixture fent forth immediately a ffrong urinous Smell 5 the fame Smell arofe from rubbing fome of the Powder with Oil of Tartar. 3. With Oil of Vitriol, and Spirit of Salt, it loft its Colour 5 but no Ebullition enfued. 4. With a Solution of Sublimate in Water, the Mixture curdled, and let fall a light-grey Sedi- ment, leaving the Liquor quite tranfparent. 5. With a Solution of Sublimate in Lime-Water, the Mixture grew turbid, and let fall a deep- yellow Sediment, in a much greater Quantity, and of a deeper Colour, than a Solution of Sub- limate and Lime-Water alone. From thefe Inquiries it appears, that the Stone is compounded of an Earth, Air, Mucus of the Sto- mach, and a faline Principle bearing great Refcm- blance to Sal Ammoniac . [ 271 ] If thefe Hints meet with your Approbation, I fhall think it a fufficient Recompence for the Trouble I have taken 5 and am, with great Refpeft, SIX, Tour mo ft Obedient, '■&Uer [gate -Street, Jan, 2.6. 1744, Humble Servant, W. Watfon, VIII. ExtraEl of a Letter from Bombay, dated January 23. 1743-4. communicated by Francis Woolafton, Ef quire , F. Rt S. of a Porcupine J wallowed by a Snake . Read Jan. 1744. 31* SOME time ago there was found, on an Ifland adjacent to this, a large Snake, dead, with a Porcupine in its Belly. Perhaps you may not know* that a Snake always fucks in its Food by degrees. This had feized the Porcupine by the Head j and had fo fucked it in. When it wag quite in, the Quills, which were flatted down whilft it was going in, rofe 5 ran through the Snakes Belly % and killed it : So that there was a monftrous large Snake dead, with the Quills of a Porcupine flicking out of it in many Places*, ix: Mm [272] IX. ExtraB of a Letter from Dr. Jofephns Laurentius Bruni, of Turin, F. R. S. to Mr. Henry Baker,. F.R.S. concerning the Bologna Bottles. Bated at Turin, Nov. ~-f 1744. Dear Friend , Read Jan. 3T-'~| HE Seed of the Gramen tremulum *, 1744 5' A which you favoured me with, has amazed all here who have feen it. The curious People iu this Country talk much ora Parenomenon, which is called of the Bologna Bottle, becaufe ir was firft difcover’d at Bologna. If yoij jet thefe Lotties fail perpendicularly from fome Height' upon a Brick- Floor, they will not be broken j but if you drop into them fome little hard Bodies, they will burft in Pieces. 1 will give you an Account of what I try’d myfelf about them. I took one of thefe glafs Bottles, whofe Form re- fembles a Florence Flask, and Whofe Capacity is about three Quarters of a Pint, and let it fall down from the Height of five Feet and half upon a Floor of Brick, and it was not broken : I then let fall down into it, from the Mouth to the Bottom internally, a Piece of Flint-Stone, weighing 1 1 Grains ; and imme- diately the Bottle burft into many Pieces. I took one of thofe Pieces, weighing a Dram, and let it fall in the fame manner into another Bottle, which I moved circularly for a Minute ; and then putting * See the/e Tranfadtions, N°, 457. lJ kilos. Trans Buck! and Cattle Ambrose Farm. QXjebns Well. [ 273 ] putting it upon a Table, in about a Quarter of an Hour it broke in Pieces. Into a third Bottle I dropped a Piece of Wlietftdne, weighing 40 Grains and in fome few Minutes the Bottle was broken. I filled another Bottle half-full of Water, and let fall ihto it a fmall Piece of Flint ftone 5 and after four Hours it burft. I let fall into three other Bottles a Piece of Wood weigh trig 50 Grains, a Piece of Brafs weighing 300 Grains, and a Bail of Lead weighing 140 Grains 5 and neither of them was broken. Thefe Bottles are thicker at the Bottom than the Neck. The Giafs-Maker blows them, and lets them cool, without putting them again into the Oven. And, from the Experiments, I take notice, that what . is capable of breaking them ought to have fome Roughnefs: And I am told that a Grain of River- Sand will break them. The firft Opportunity I (hall fend you two or more of thefe Bottles j and am, &c. X. A Letter from Mr. Tho. Wright to James Theobald, Lfq\ F. R. S. concerning Two ancient: Camps in Hampfhire. Read Feb. 7. IT AST Summer, during my Stay in the 1744 1 j W eft of England , common Report, and my own natural Curiofity, led me to a Place in Hampfhire called Buckland Caflle , or, more vul- garly, the Rings j where I found two neighbouring Mm2 Camps [ 274 ] Camps about three Furlongs afunder : The one v'ery ftrong, with double Ditches, and triple Valiums , upon the Top of an Hill, three Ways guarded by a natural Afcent ; the other upon a lower Ground, clofe by a River (which defends it on one Side), with a Ditch and Vallum half round, and a kind of Morafs on the other. The fir If contains about ten Acres; the latter about feven ; and the Land lying betwixt them is, and has been time out of Mind, called Ambrofe Farm : Befides an Arm of the River, or rather of the Sea (it being Salt-Water), running clofe up to the latter, is called Ambrofe flock . From all which it appears not improbable, that this may have been a principal Station belonging to Aurelius Ambrofius. The inclos’d is a true Reprefentation both of their Form and Situation {fee Tab. II. Fig. 2, 3.) : The large one is about a Mile from Limington ; and, crofs the River oppofite to the Town, and facing the Sourh-eaft Angle of it, is an artificial Hill, known by the Name of Windmill Nap ; which I take to have been a Bea- con, by reafon it commands almoft all the Ife of Wight , the full Paffage of the Needles , and great Part of t he there level Champagne, befides the Camp itfelf. Camden (thos he takes no Notice of thefe Camps, yet mentions one of much lefs Confequence, about twelve Miles Diftance, called Caflle-Malwood) fays, <£ It is moft certain, that, about the Year 508, An- ‘ relius Ambrofius had here many Conflids with the Saxons , with various Succefs.” Bur, again, the People of this Country have a Tradition, That, three Miles to the Weft, of this Camp, a famous Battle 3 was [ 275 3 was fought betwixt the Saxons and the Danes i in which fo much Blood was fpilt, that a little River is faid to have run Blood, now called from thence ‘Danes Stream . Tour Friend , and Oxtmten-Streef, Jan. 12. 1744* Humble Servant , Tho. Wright. XL Obfervations on a Cafe publijhed in the lafl V olume of the Medical EfTays, &fc. of Reco- vering a Man Dead in Appearance , by dif tending the Lungs with Air . Printed at Edinburgh, 1744; by John Fothergill, Licent . Coll. Med. Lond. 'ReadYe.b. 21. 1744-5. Now THERE are fome Fads, which, in thcmfdves, arc of fo great Im- portance to Mankind, or which may lead to fuch ufeful Difcoveries, that it would feem to be the Duty of every one, under whofe No- tice they fall, to render them as extenfively public as it is polTible. The Cafe which gives Rife to the following Re- marks, I apprehend, is of this Nature : It is an Ac- count of “ A Many dead in Appearance , recovered by et dijf ending the Lungs with Air j by Mr. William u Toifack, Surgeon in Alloa 5” printed in Part 2. p.605 . Vol. V. of the Medical EJfaysy publifhed by a Society of Gentlemen at Edinburgh j an Abdrad of which will [ 276 ] will be fuffici.ent in this Place: Thofe who clefirC an ampler Account may confult the Article itfelf. A Perfon fuffocated by the naufeous Steam arifing from Coals fet on Fire in the Pit, fell down as dead 5 he lay in the Pit between half an Hour and three Quarter s ; and was then dragged up 3 his Eyes faring and open, his Mouth gaping wide , his Skin colds not the leaf Pulfe in either Heart or Arteries , and not the leaf Breathing to be observed. In rhele Circumftances, the Surgeon, who relates the Affair, applied his Mouth clofe to the Patient’s , and-, by blowing flrongly, holding the Nojtrils at the fame time , raifed his Chef fully by his Breath. The Surgeon immediately felt fix or f even very quick Beats of the Heart j the 'Thorax continued to play , and the 'Pulfe was foon after felt in the Arteries. He then opened a Vein in his Arms which , after giving a fmall Jet , fent out the Blood in Hr ops only for a Quarter of an Hour , and then he bled freely. In the mean time he caufed him to be pull'd , pufh’d [, and rubb' d, as much as he could. In one Hour the Patient began to come to himfelfs within four Hours he walked home j and in as many Hays returned to his Work. There were many Hundred People, fome of them of Diftin&ion, p re fent at the Time. This is the Subftance of the Account ; from whence it naturally appears how much ought to be attributed to the Sagacity of the Surgeon in the Recovery of this Perfon. Anatomills, it is true, have long known, that an artificial Inflation of the Lungs of a dead or dying Animal will put the Heart in Motion, and continue it fo for fomc time 5 yet this is the fir ft Inftahce 1 C 277 ] Inftance I remember to have met with, wherein the Experiment was applied to the happy Purpofe of re* feuing Life from fuch imminent Danger. Bleeding has hitherto been almoft the only Refuge upon thefe Occafions : If this did not fucceed, the Patient was given up. By Bleeding, it was propofed to give Vent to the ftagnating Blood in the Vein, in order to make Way for that in the Arteries a terga7 that the Refinance of the Heart being thus diminifhed, this Mufcle might again be put in Motion. But, in too many Inftances, we every Day are in- formed, that this Operation will not fucceed, tho’ the Aperture is made with never fo much Skill : Nor is it likely, that it fhould, when the Blood has loft con- Ederably of its Fluidity, the Motion of the Heart, and the contradile Force of the Solids, are at an End. Chafing, Rubbing, Pulling, the Application of Stimulants, are too often as ineffedual as Bleeding. The Method of diftending the Lungs of Perfons, dead in Appearance, having been try’d with fuch Suc- cefs in one Inftance, gives juft Reafon to exped, that it may be ufeful to others. It may be a proper Inquiry, In what Cafes, and under what Circumftances, there may be a Prolped of applying it with Succefs ? It will at once be granted. That when the Juices are corrupted, where they are rendered unfit for Cir- culation by Difeafcs, where they are exhaufted, or where the Tone and Texture of the Solids is injured or deftroyed, it would be extreme Folly to think of any Expedient to recover Life. But where the Solids are whole, and their Tone unimpair’d by Difeafes, the Juices not vitiated by any C 278 ] any other Caufe than a fhort Stagnation; where there is the leaf!; Remains of animal Heat, it would feem wrong not to attempt fo eafy an Experiment. This Defcription takes in a few Difeafes, but a greater Number of Accidents. Amongfi: the firft are many of thofe which are called fudden Deaths from fome invifible Caufe; Apoplexies, Fits of various Kinds, as Hyfterics, Syncope s, and many other Diforders, wherein, without any obvious Prae-indifpofition, Per- fons in a Moment fink down and expire. In many of thefe Cafes it might be of Ufe to apply this Me- thod ; yet without neglecting any of thofe other Helps, which are ufually called in upon thefe melan- choly Occaftons. It is not eafy to enumerate all the various Cafuai- tles, in which this Method might be try’d not with- out a ProfpeCt of Succefs ; fome of them are the fol- lowing : Suffocations from the fulphureous Damps of Mines, Coal pits, &c. the condenfed Air of long- unopeifd Wells, or other fubterraneous Caverns ; the noxious Vapours arifing from fermenting Liquors received from a narrow Vent ; the Steam of burn- ing Charcoal ; fulphureous mineral Acids ; arfenical Effluvia, &c. Perhaps thofe, who, to Appearance, are (truck dead by Lightning, or any violent Agitation of the Paf- itons, as Joy, Fear, Surprize, 744'S- A' S you will probably hear, that this Neighbourhood is greatly alarmed with what they call a Miracle, it may not be unac« ceptable if I give you the Hiftory of it. On Saturday the 26th of Jan. 1744-5, a Part of Filling Mofs, lying between Hefcomb Houfes and an Eftate of Mr. Battler's , called IVild Bear , was ob- ferved to rife to a furprHitig Height : After a fhort Time it funk as much below the Level, and moved (lowly towards the South Side: In half an Hour's time it cover'd 20 Acres of Land. The improved Land adjoining that Part of the Mofs which moves is a concave Circle containing near 100 Acres, which is well nigh fill’d up with Mofs and Water. In fome Parts it is thought to be five Yards deep. A Family is driven out of their dwelling Houfe, which is quire furrounded, and the Fabric tumbling down. Mr. Battler , Whitehead , and Stephen White , are the fir ft Sufferers by this uncommon Accident. An intenfc Froft retards the Regrds of the Mofs To day 5 but I fear it will yet fpoil a great deal of Land. The Part of the Mofs which is funk like the Bed of a River,, mns [ *«3 3 runs North and South > is above a Mile in Length, and near half a Mile in Breadth $ fo that I apprehend there will be a continual Current to the South. A Man was going over the Mofs when it began to move : As he was going Eaftward, he perceiv'd, to his great Aftonifhment, that the Ground under his Feet moved Southward. He turn'd back fpeedily, and had the good Fortune to efcape being fwallowed up. I have been at the Mofs to make Obfervations every Day this Week : If any thing happens worth your Knowlege, you may depend upon hearing further from, SIR , Tour •very affectionate Humble Servant y L. Richmond. XIII. A brief Inquiry , by John Ward, F.R.S. & Rhet. Prof. Grefh. into the Reading of two Dates in Arabian Figures , cut upon Stones which were found in Ireland ; communicated to the Royal Society, on November 10. 1743. and December 6. 1744. Read Feb. 28.r“| ^WO Dates in Arabian Figures, tranl- #744 5- mitted from Ireland , were fome time fince laid before this Learned Society. But as the [;284 ] the Reid mg, which had been given them, feemed doubtful to the Gentlemen then prefent, they were pleafed to honour me with defiring my further Thoughts concerning them. Both thofe Dates are faid to be cut oit Stones,, and in. Relief. I confi- dered them as carefully, as 1 was able, and after the iki&cft Examination could fee no fofficient Reafon to think either of them fo old, as had been repre- fented. For which Opinion I now take Leave- to offer the following Reafons. I. One of the Stones, which was' found in the Friers Abbey, and is now fixed in the Wall of a Gar- den belonging to Alderman Baldwin in Corke , con- tains together with the Date feveral Words cut in capital Letters, asalfo two human Images (one a Trum- peter and the other a Drummer) with other Ornaments and Decorations.(feTAB. I. Fig. 2.) The Date, as there expreffed, runs thus: A. A). 158. But it is evident, here mud be fome Miftake 5 lince it is generally al- lowed by Chronologers, that this Way of computing Time from the Birth of Chrift , which is called the Chrijlian Aera<> was hot introduced till the fixth Century, in the Reign of the Emperor JuJlinian> and is commonly aferibed to ADiony/ius Exiguus (a). It has therefore been fuppofed, that the Figure r is omitted in the Place of Thoufands, which would make the Date 11585 and. for which there Teems to be fufficient Place, as there is not for any other Fi- gure afterwards. But that the Sculpture on this Stone cannot fa) See Petav. De doStrhi. temp. L. xii. c. 2, 3. Bever. Ingit . (hranol. L. it. c. io. Strauch. Breviar. chron. L. iv. c. 40. ^uaejl./^. 3 [ a85 3 cannot be fo antienr, appears to me highly probable from feveral Confederations, taken from the Shape of the Figures, Form of the Letters>_ Spelling of the Words, and Drefs of the Images. As to the Figures, I have never met with the Five any thing like the Shape of it upon this Stone ' (which comes pretty near the modern Form) till the fourteenth Century j except in one lingle Inftance of a Date 1295, {a) which I had the Honour to commu- nicate to this Society upon the Seventh of June laft. In the Table of Characters prefixed to N°. 439 of the Philofophical Tranf actions the Figure Five is given from three Writers of the thirteenth Century, in two Forms both very different from that upon this Stone. One was taken from -Maximus Planudes , a Greek Writer, which is like the /£of that Language in- verted in this manner gf 3 and the other from Johannes de Sacra Bofco and Roger Bacon, which is made thus The latter of thefe continued in Ufe till ther Beginning of the fixteenth Century, as appears from a Manufcript preferved in the Inner Temple ( b ), bear- ing Date the xxi Tere of King Henry the vii, and the Ter e of our Lorde 1^093 to which is prefixed a Calender, wherein all the Figures are like thofe of Roger Bacon . The Letters in this Sculpture are mixed, being partly Raman , and partly Saxon', as we often find, that the Workmen took great Liberties in varying and. mixing their Letters. Thofe of the latter Sort. are • (a) See Vhil Tramp. No. 4.74. p. 91. (b) This- they call their Grace Book ‘ feecaufe it contains, among, ihany other Things, Graces' to be tiled before and after JVieak [ 286 ] are D, G, N, and O, the Shape of which may be feen in the Draught of this Sculpture. The firft of them occurs in feveral Coins of King Henry the Eighth, King Edward the Sixth, and Queen Mary. And the three laft are found together, cut in Relief over the Eaftern Gate of Lincolns Inn , in the fol- lowing Date, anno dni 1518, the Form both of the Letters and Figures agreeing likewife withthofe of the Sculpture. {See Tab. I. Fig. 3.) I fhall only add, what our celebrated Antiquary, Mr. Camden , has ob- icrvedjthat the Saxon Characters were ufed in Ireland in his Time {a). Nothing therefore appears in the Letters, which can neceflarily carry the Antiquity of them higher than the fixteenth Century. Nor is there any thing in the Spelling of the Words, but what agrees with the Manner of Wri- ting in that Century, more efpecially while the Ortho- graphy of the Englifh Language continued fo various and uncertain, as it did for the greateft Part of it. The only Words, that call for any Remarks are fere for fear, or feare with e final, dow for do or doe , and fhall and well with a double //. As to the firft of thefe, we then often find the a omited in Words of that Form 5 as clene, clere clerely, nere, yereyerely , and the like. And as to dow for do or doe, 1 meet with dowthe for doeth or doth , and gowlde for golde or gold {b). And fuch Monofyllables, as fhall and well. (a) Brit atm. pag. 7^0, edit. 1607. (b) See Sir Bichard Gre fleam's Petition to King Henry VIII. Cot- ton Libr. Cleop. E. 4. Sir Tho. Grejbam's Memorial to Queen Mary. Ibid. Othoy E. X. 3. His Memorial to Queen Elizabeth in 1558, found among Lord Burgle/s Papers, and now in the Hands of James Weft Efquire. [ 287 ] well, were in the former Part of that Century more commonly written with a ftngle/ than double //, but afterwards promifcuoufly, as may be feen by the Bibles printed in thofe Times. With regard to the Images, King 'Philip is the firft,fwhom I have feen d re tied with a high crowned Hat and Feather. Nor does it feem improbable, that he might introduce that Fafhion here in England . Ruffs do not appear among us till pretty late in :he Reign of King Henry the Eighth, and were Email at ~ firft; but afterwards they increafed in their Size gra- dually, till they became very large under Queen Eli- zabeth, and fo continued thro the next Reign, and Part of the following, when they were fucceeded by broad laced Bands. It is true indeed, that we find Ruffs upon the Images of fome of our Princes, or other great Perfons, placed on their funeral Monu- ments, and elfewhere, which feem to exceed the Fa- fhion then in Ufe. But as thefe Images were made after their Death, fo the Habits are fuited not to their Times, but thofe when the Artifts lived, and the Monuments were ere&ed, where they are found ; which Circumftancc, if not attended to, will be apt to miflead us in feveral other Things relating to our Antiquities. The clofe ftriped Jackets, fhaped to the Body, with Email Buttons, and ftriped Breeches, came in about the fame time with the Ruffs. The inge- nious Artift, and diligent Searcher into our English Antiquities, Mr. George Vertue , fhewed me a Portrait of William Herbert,thzf\xft. Earl of Pembroke, fo ha- bited in the Reign of King Edward the Sixth ; which, he faid, was the oldeft Pidlure, that he remembered to have feen in that Habit. And he had likewife O o another C 288 3 another of Edward Clinton , Earl of Lincoln , and Lord Admiral in Queen Elizabeths Reign, dreffed with a Cap and Feather, a ftriped Jacket, fmali But- tons, and a Ruff. Thefc feveral Confiderations induce me to think, that this Sculpture was made in the fixteenth Cen- tury, and probably not before the Reign of Queen Elizabeth , confidering the Largenefs of the Ruffs, and fome other Circumftances already mentioned, which feem not to fuit with more early Times. And from thence I would conclude, that the Figure omitted in the Date muft have been a Decimal. Some Fi- gure is evidently wanting, which, had it been a 1 in the Place of Thoufands, might eafily have been fup- plied, tho the Sculpture is in Relief, by fixing in a fmali Piece of Stone in the Form of that Figure. And that this Miftake was owing to the Workman may be prefumed from hence, that the Word yon is likewife omitted in the Sentence below. II. The other Stone was found in an old Caftle fince pulled down, which was called Kilbritain , in Irifh the Church or Cell , or rather the Burial Blace of the Britains. It is now at the Houfe of Mr. Stowel at Kilbritain near Corke , and contains fome imperfedt Remains of an Infcription, befides the Date. [See Tab. I. Fig. 4.) Two Copies of it have been tranfmitted hither, one of which being taken by lay- ing a clean Sheet of white Paper over the Stone, and tracing out the whole Infcription with a Blacklead Pencil, muft therefore be the more exaft. But fo fmali a Fragment only of the Stone has been pre- ferved, that no certain Judgement can thence be made of the Whole > and not one perfect Word re- mains 2 [ 2g9 ] mains upon if, unlefs perhaps the lafh And as to the Date, which has been read 1035, I cannot come into that Sentiment for thefe Rea Tons. The fame Objection lies here againft the Shape of the Figure Five, as in the other Date, for the Rea- fon there given. And what has been taken for a Cipher in the Place of Hundreds, I apprehend to be only an imperfect Four, which wants the oblique Stroke, defcending on each Side tranfverfly from the circular Part in this manner £> ; for which there appears to be Pvoom at the Bottom of the Circle, which does not come fo low as the other Figures before and after it, tho it equals them in Hight at the Top. There is a Sample of this Figure both in yohannes de Sacro Bofco and Roger Bacon, as alfo in the Manufcript of the Inner Temple cited above, which fhews that it remained in Ufe till the fixteenth Century. As this Infcription is cut in Relief, the extreme Parts of that Figure might “as well be broken off, as the much greater Parts of the mutilated Letters in the Lines above it. And I would further obferve, that the Probability of this Opinion feenis to be not a little confirmed by a parallel Inffancc of the fame Figure, which formerly came before this Society, in a Date found at Colchefter ; the Figures of which were at firft thought to exprefs the Year 1090, that in the Place of Hundreds being taken for a Cipher, as in the prefent Cafe, by not attending to the fide Strokes, which were pretty near defaced ; till upon a more accurate View of the Original by a very worthy Member, and skilful Antiquary, that Miftake was difeovered, and the Date found to be 1490. For a further Account of which, together with a Draught - O o z of to. [ 290 J of the Date, Imuft beg Leave to refer to N °, 439 of the Tranfatlions mentioned above. But as this Man- ner of writing the Four appears as antient as the Time of Johannes de Sacro Bofco, who died in the Year 1256, the Age of this Irifl) Date cannot fo well be determined by that Figure, as by the Form of the Five, which follows it, and fo exactly agrees with the modem Shape, that it cannot, I think, from any Inftance I have yet met with, be judly deemed much older than the iixteenth Century. Upon the beft Judgment therefore, which I can form of thefe two Dates, from fuch Arguments as the Nature of the Subject admits of, it appears to me highly probable, that neither of them can be more antient, than the Times I have here ailigned them. Grejham College , Feb. 21. 1744-5- J. Ward. XIV. A Letter from the Reverend Henry- Miles, 2). 2). F. R. S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R . S. of firing Phofphorus by Ele&ricity. Read March 7 1 744'S- I 'Dear Sir , T came into my Head laft Night, to try whether the Effluvia of an excited lafs Tube would not kindle Thojphorus ; and, hav- ing been ufing my Tube for the fake of a little Ex* ercife, I took a frnall J&it of about a Quarter of an Inch. [ 29' ] Inch long, which has lain by me thefe ten Years* and having nothing at hand convenient for holding it, I roll’d it up in a fmall Piece of white Paper ; and applying it to the excited Tube, it immediately took Fire, emitting a conliderable Quantity of Flame and Smoke : After fome time I quench’d ir, by dipping it into Water, which was ready for that Purpofe * and taking it out again without flaying any longer than to be fatisfied it was not on Fire, I applied it as before, when it fuddenly took Fire, as at firft : This I repeated in the fame manner for fix or feven times with the like Effect ; tho’ the Phofphorus could not be drained of the Water, efpecially as the Paper about it was wet. The Room in which I made the Trial was not abfolutely dark, having a dull Fire (tho’ without any Candle): The Tube I ufe is about two Feet and a half long, the Diameter of the Bore nearly one Inch, the Thicknefs about one Eighth of an Inch, hermetically fealed at one End (which Sort are, by the way, moll convenient for rubbing) : The Phofpho- rus was held generally about five Inches from the Tube; but once or twice bringing it nearer, I could perceive a continued Ray of Light from the Tube to the Phofphorus. Some Occafions calling me away in the midft, I could not be more accurate ; but I would not omit to tell you one Obfervation I made, upon pretty fmartly exciting the Tube, that the Cor- rufcations of Light were larger, more fubftantial, and of a more regular Form than I had ever obferved them before, This happen’d, not when the Phofpho- rus was applied, but in the Intervals. Whether any of the Fumes of the Phofphorus , which remained in the [ 292 ] the Room, might contribute hereto, I cannot tell, tho’ it is not very likely. 1 (hall attempt below togive you, as well as I can, the Form and Size of the Rays of Light, as they appeared immediately after my withdrawing my Hand, without applying my Finger, as is ufualiy done to produce the Snapping of the Effluvia. Tho’ I never made many Trials with Fhojphorus , yet as I am not infenfible, that fome folid Kinds of it will be inflamed by the mere Action of the Air upon it, when it is taken out of the Water in which it is ufualiy kept 5 I was therefore minded to try whether the Air would have that EfFed upon mine, and ac- cordingly took it out of the Water, with a Forceps , and laid it down on a Shelf, fo as nothing touch’d it but the Inftrument which held it, but I could not perceive the lead Glimmering of Light, tho’ the Place was fufhciently dark, after it had lain there for the Space of half an Hour, which I thought long enough to fatisfy me, that it was not kindled by the Adion of the Air upon it in the above-mentioned Experi- ment. If you have known this Trial to have been made by any one before, you will cafl: this into the Fire j and however believe, that I am, with very great Sin- cerity, \ Dear Sir , lour mo ft affectionate^ and obliged humble Servant , H. Miles. See [' -9-3 } See Tab. I. Fig. 5. A. Reprefents the Tube whichl held in my Right- hand, and excited with my Left, having on a Glove, which I find more convenient for me in rubbing it. I fhould obferve, that my Method then was to rub it fmartly for about half a fcore times up and down ; and then giving it one brisk Stroke, beginning at the End from me, upon difeharging my Hand quick from the Tube, the Corrufcations of Light appear’d as mark’d «, and /3, both in Size and Form: Some Allowance may be thought rcafonable to be made for one’s Judgment in fuch a Cafe, the Motion be-' ing fo very fudden, and the Phtenomenon fo foon difappearing. But I intend to repeat the Experiment whenever the Temperature of the Air fhall be favour- able, which I don’t find it to be this Morning. I for- got to mention, that, during this Trial, I found the Effluvia troublefome to my Eyes to a great Degree, occafioning a very|fenfible fmarting Pain,which did not gooff for fome time 5 tho’ I never defignedly brought the Tube near my Face. This was the firft time of ufing this Tube. XV. An Obfervation of a FraSlure of the Os Humeri by • the Power of the Mufcles only ; by the late Claudius Amyand, Ffq\ Ser- jeant Surgeon to His Majefly. Read March j.g g ‘1 H E outward Caufes of Fra&urcs not ‘744 5- Jj^ bjeing fufficient to break or tear afundcr the broken Pieces of a fra&ur’d Knee-pan, in [ 294 ] in the Manner we fee them in the Fradlure of that Bone, the Caufe of it hath juftly been aferibed to the Power and A 61 ion of the Mnfcies upon it in a morbid State of that Bone, which difpofing it to a Fradlure when that Power is ftrongly applied, and af- fedling both Knee-pans in a like manner, foon brings about a Fradlure alfo of the oppofite Bone, then ap- pearing as throughly found as the fradlured Part be- fore was thought to have been. Many Inftances might be given of the Fradlure of the Patella in Per- fons throughly found, where the Part itfelf had re- ceived no Hurt whatever : Which feems to imply, that the Caufe of it was to be aferibed to the Mufcles only; and the rather, that many Inftances may be given of the Fradlure in the Neck of the Os Femoris, in the Middle of the Humerus , Tibia, and Per one, by the Power of the Mufcles only, or fuch Power of them as fufficicntly fhew'd they have as great a Share in feveral Fradlurcs aferibed to outward Caufes, as they are frequently known to have in the Fradlure of the Tmdo Achillis. However, as the Fradlures oc- cafion’d by the Adtion of the Mufcles are cured by the fame Remedies as are effedlually applied to the Cure of others from outward Caufes, they deferve no further Notice. I fhall give fome Inftances of fuch in which the Bones themfelves are morbid. Upon the 15th Day of July 1738. I was fent for to a middle-aged Gentlewoman in my Neighbour- hood, of a feemingly ftrong Conftitution, rather fat than lean, who had broke her Right Arm in the Middle, while with her two Hands fhe was endea- vouring to bring together the Ends of a Piece of Tape. The Standers-by heard the Bone fnap, and were C 295 ] ’were the more aftonifhed at the Caufe, as the Patient was fitting diffant from any thing that could ftrike her Arm, or contribute to the Breaking of it. The Grating of the Ends of the Bone againft each other, when the Arm was moved, the Lofs of its A&ion, and all the common Attendants of a Erasure, were fufficient convincing Proofs of it. It was reduced with Eafe, and dreffed as ufual 5 but, I own, I doubted of the Cure, till Mr. Shipton-, who was confulted thereon, affured me, that he was Witnefs to feveral Fra&ures of this kind, where the Patient had done well. We agreed, that the Bone mud have been diftempered, and likely with a Cariofity ; it appearing otherwifc hardly credible, that the Bone could have been broke from fo flight a Caufe as this. I have known two Patients die after a Fra&ure of the Os Femoris from the like 5 the firft fnapping in the middle as he was getting into Bed, in whom all the Centre of the Bones was carious ; and the latter getting out of it, wherein only a ftnall Part was fo, and above two Thirds of the Circumference in every refped appear’d found. For two Years lad pad my Patient, had been at- tended by Mr. Shipton , on account of feveral fcor- butic Complaints, which I thought proceeded from fome Venereal Taint ; but the Patient vowed, and hath all along affured us, fhe never had known Man. Two Years before this Accident happened, I had attended this Patient jointly with the late Mr. Pi- que h on account of a Spina vent 0 fa in the Centre of the Os Bregmatis on the right Side j which be- ing laid bare, the Caries was found to have pene- P p trated [ *96 3 trated the two Tables thereof, and all tlfat time fhe had a gummatous Swelling upon the upper Head of the Radius on the right Arm, checking the Mo- tion of this Bone in Pronation and Supination, both which [he then mentioned to have appeared, upon the Retreat or Difappearance of broad yellow Spots (not fcarfy, nor in any wife refembling thofein th zLues c venerea ) her whole Body had been befpecked with for fome Years laft paft * fne having all her Life been addicted to the Scurvy, and never been in the Way of getting a bad Diftemper 5 neither were the Pains flie complained of fo vexatious to her during the Night as the Day. Upon Mr. Fiqueh Death, for two Years laft paft, fhe had, by Mr. Shiptoris Advice, taken the molt powerful Antifcorbutics ; notwithftanding which, the forementioned Humour on the upper Head of the Radius was much increafed, and a new one of the fame kind, for fome Months laft paft, had appear’d on the Head of the Shoulder- Bone, and another on the Middle of the Bone where the Fradure now was. She likewife reported, that fine hardly was cured of the Caries I had attended her for on the Os Breg- but another Tumour had appeared on the Skirts of the Os Frontis'y which breaking of itfelf, the Bone therchad been found carious, whence fhe had had a Running ever fince; and that of late had appeared two puffy Swellings over the left Brow, of the like Nature with tliofe that had broke before, and there- fore fear'd the Bone there would alfo prove bad ; and that there was alfo a hard Swelling, attended with Pain, fpringing up upon the Head of the Radius on the left Arm. As f *97 ] As all the Remedies hitherto Ufed had proved in* cffe&ual, Mr . Shipton and I concluded, that a Mer- curial Salivation was the moll likely, to conquer a Humour daily laying hold of new Bones 5 but we thought it improper to put the Patient into it, whilft we Hood in need of a Callus for the Knitting of the broken Bone, The Cure of it has been completed in about fix Weeks, and the Patient has ever iince had the full Ufe of it. At this time we had an cedematcus Phlegmon over the left Brow, with a Fluid undulating there in two Places ; and, by way of Addition to the former Coin; plaints, a Node alfo was fpringing up with Pain oh the Head of the Radius upon the left Arm, attended with an oedematous Swelling. In this Condition fhe was put into a [Salivation by Unffion. This Salivation, copious as it was, was kept up a whole Month : In the firft Fortnight of it, the Mat- ter, gathered in the oedematous Phlegmons over the Brow, intirely difappeared, and then the Oedema and Tumour in the Bone upon the Fore-Arms where the Nodes were j and thefe being nearly dif- folved in the lad Fortnight, we were in Hopes the Cure had been brought about without opening the Tumours over the Brow, where Matter had been felt, and the Bone was thought carious : But our joy was not lading, many of the Complaints re-appearing in a fhort time after, notwithstanding we took the ut- mod Care to confirm the Cure by Salivation, by a fubfequent Courfe of Antifcorbutics, the Decodion of the Woods, <&c. For as, upon the Retreat or Difappcarance of the yellow Spots in the Skin, firft- mentioned, the Didemper it) the Skull had begun, P p 2 and ' E *9* 3 and the Nutriment of the Bones in general had there- upon been vitiated, as appeared by the gummatous Tumours, and Nodus’s on the Bones, the Spin £ ven - tofas in the Skull, and the Extravafations of Matter,, denoted by the oedematous Phlegmons upon the Brow and Radius ; fo it appeared no iefs evident* that the Retreat of thefe, and rhe Reflux of the Mat- ter into the Blood, had contaminated it again, being the forementioned Symptoms, and word, re-appeared within lefs than three Months after : They had dis- appeared very faft, as the Vcflels were emptied during the Salivation, but they re-appear’d again fafter upon the Filling. During the Salivation, or Boon after, the Cariofl- tics in the Skull, that had been laid bare, having been exfoliated, were cured ; the Nodus s upon the Shoulder-Bone, and Radius on the Arm that had been broke, had vanifhed away ; and, what was thought no lefs remarkable, the Matter extravafated upon the right Side of the Os Frontis over the Brow, where the oedematous Phlegmon had appeared and disap- peared at times, were intirely diSperSed ; and thefe. Saving the Tumour on the Radius t of the left Arm, never appeared again. The Renewal of the Diftcmper fhew’d itfelfupon the Bones that had been laid bare, by a new Cario- fity Spreading very faft in the Neighbourhood. At this time an inflammatory Oedema , that had appeared upon the Oj Frontis over the right Brow (very di- ftant from that Colle&ion that had been made on the left before the Salivation, which had been di- SperSed, and now continued well) Suppurating, was opened, and the Matter found to Spring from the frontal L 299 J frontal Sinus’s on this Side thro’ the Bone that was carious. And as the Tumour that had lately appeared upon the Radius of the left Arm, and hood out the Salivation, was now increafing with Pain, with an oedematous ‘Phlegmon upon the Arm where the Tu- mour was ; it was agreed to put her forthwith into a fecond Salivation no lefs copious than the firft, but of a longer Continuance; to denude, firft, all the frontal and parietal Bones on the right Side, that were carious, but to leave untouched thofe on the left Side ; which, before the firft Salivation, had been fufpefted of being a Spina cventofa> but now appeared found. The Patient enter’d into this Salivation about the latter End of May 1719, after fhe had been duly pre- pared to it. This was continued ten Weeks, be- caufe of the frequent Interruption wc had met with by the Returns of a ‘Diarrhoea , as oft as fhe was anointed, and the profufe Sweats during the Dog- Days. In this, as in the former Salivation, all the Accidents gave Way during the Courfc. The Pro- grefs of the Cariofity in the Bones of the Skull was flopped, and the Exfoliation being made, the Wound was cured afterwards. She was put into a Milk Courfe, and fent into the Country for the Recovery of her Flefh ; and after that into a fubfequent one of a Decodion of the Woods, &c. but the Advantage fhe had reaped by thefe did not continue long. In the Autumn, fhe was frequently traverfcd by irregular Shiverings and Rigors, upon the Re-appear- ance of the phlegmonous Oedema about the Node ftill fubfifting on the left Arm ; which now again grew larger [ 300 ] larger witfi Pain in it, Pill increafing in proper- tion^ as the VdTels emptied in the Salivation were rcplenifhcd. The oedematous Swelling about the Tumour was alfo more phlegmonous, and Matter was forming there on the Bone, which, it was appre- hended, was a Spina ventofa : I therefore infilled upon the Laying of that open : But, whilftfhe was pre- paring for her Removal to Town, this Tumour intircly difappeared upon the Appearance of a Diar - rhoea , that funk her too fad to admit either of her Removal, or any Operation. This followed her to her Death. During the two iaft Days of her Life, fhe was in a conftant cDelirium> and univerfai Con- valfions. The Patient dying thus in the Country the 25th of September Iaft, I was not acquainted with thefe latter Accidents till after her Burial ; and therefore milled the Opportunity of differing the Body, which perhaps might have given fome additional Light to this Cafe : But, from fo much as has been reported of it, I think it may be inferred, 1. That if a fcorbutic Humour occafioned the Complaints in this Cafe, as there is Reafon to be- lieve it did, from the Veracity and Charader of the Patient 5 and thofe Symptoms being wanted that ufually appear in the Lues Venerea s yet it mull be confelTed the AfFedion in the Bones yielding to a Mercurial Salivation, as thefe did, and the Return of Complaints upon the Reflux of the Matter extra- vafated, contaminating and tainting the Blood with a new Ferment, or the fame as before the Flux, may ground a flrong Sufpicion, that thofe in our Patient proceeded from fome Venereal Taint. 2. C 3<=i ] 2. That a Siccity or Brittlenefs in the Bones, in- clining them to a Fra&ure, may happen, independent from a Caries in the Bone : For, had the Os Humeri of our Patient been carious, at the time the Fra&ure happened from fo flight a Caufe as attended the En- deavour of bringing and joining together the oppo- fite Ends of a String held in the two Hands, it was morally impoflible the complete Cure of fuch a Frac- ture could be brought about within fix Weeks. Whence it appears, that the occafional Siccity of a Bone may be no Bar to the Flowing of that Quantity of Sap or callous Matter neceffary to operate the Cure after a Fra&ure. 3. That the Mufcles muft have a great Share, as well in the Fradture of all Bones, as in the Difloca- tions of them } as in this Cafe the Os Humeri was broke by the Power and Adlion of the Mufcles only; and therefore that the keeping of them quiet, by placing the broken Limb in the mod natural and eafy Poflure, muft be highly inftrumental to the Cure. 4. That the Abfortion, or Reflux into the Blood of a purulent Sanies , inflating the Part where it is lodged under the Appearance of an (edematous Phlegmon, or phlegmonous Oedema , is as dangerous as the Abforption by the Blood-veflels of a purulent Matter extravafated. So that the Reflux in either Cafe will again taint the Blood with the Corruption that had critically been flung out of the Courfe of the Circulation j and that, when this happens, there will be Caufe to fear a Renewal of the Complaints, and, poflibly, worfe Symptoms ; as has happened in the prefent Cafe. [ 302 J 5 .That yet there appears a wide Difference betwixt a Phlegmon ccdematous and an oedematous Phlegmon ; inafmuch as, in the firfi, the Oedema goes off as the Phlegmon comes to a Crifis ; whereas, in the latter, that lcldom comes to a Crifis, but changes, and ap- pears and disappears continually. When the Matter of a Phlegmon prevails, the Tumour may be refolved, without any Inconveniency to the Patient, if it is not critically determined upon the Crifis of a Fever; and when it is, the Depuration being complete, he fares the better for it : Whereas, in the oedematous Phlegmon , wherein the Serum prevails, the Tumour beginning with an Oedema , neither the Tumour, nor the Inflammation of it, are permanent ; but appearing and disappearing, as the famous Matter is thrown out of the Blood, or refluxes back into it. The fanious Matter of it is apt to contaminate the whole Mafs, as oft as the Tumour disappears ; and therefore it isevident, that, in this latter Cafe, that is in th zOedema phlegmonous, we are to give a Vent to the Matter lodged in the Parts as Soon as may be, and even be- fore the Matter is concoded, or fully colleded, as in critical Abfceffes ; *viz. fo Soon as Some irregu- lar Shiverings, and Such other Symptoms, have de- noted the Extravafation of the Matter in the Mem - hrana cellularis , wherein the Humour firft makes its Appearance. For that when in an Oedema phleg- monous,or cedematous Phlegmon-, the Matter changes, at times, with more, and at others with lefs Inflam- mation'; the Tumour increaflng and diminifhing alter- nately, as the Matter becomes more or lefs fanious and purulent, and refluxes into the Blood at times: We may then fear Some Lodgement of it will be made upon fome 4 C 3°3 ] iome of the Vifcera , if that again is not critically thrown out: And if it remains in the Mafs, that, in the Courfe of the Circulation, it will occafion fucli Symptoms as here have happened to our Patient, du- ring the Courfe of the Diftemper, even to her lafl, as ofc as that has happened j and that in fo plain a man- ner, as to make it evident, that the Renewal of the Symptoms was confequential upon the Reflux of a pu- rulent Sanies back again into the Blood from the Part wherein it had been lodged : And thus it ap- peared, that as this Reflux of Matter was principally made during the Salivation, when the Veflels em- - ptied could belt attrad it ; fo it was expedient the Difchargc of it had been made before that was enter'd upon. 5. The Return of the Complaints from thisCaufe was very obvious at laft, but not fo at firft : And fhould not this make us tender and circumfped, when we pafs a Judgment upon the Conduct of others? That the Matter fhould fo fhift its Lodgments after every Salivation, is no lefs remarkable than that it fhould rather fix on new Parts, than thofe which had been affeded before ; and that the Caufe of it, virulent as it was from the firft, and attacking the Juices flowing in the Bones in fo particular a Man- ner, fhould have been no Check to the complete Cure of the fore-mentioned Fradure in the ufual Time. It were to be wifh’d Men of Experience were more- ready in (hewing the Errors, Failings, and Slips in their Pradice than their Succefies: That might be of great Service to the Public, and thofe Warnings prove of Angular Benefit to thofe who have not had the like Opportunities j it being more eligible to be q informed [ 3°4 ] informed by the Failings and Misfortunes of other than one’s own. XVI. An Account of an extraordinary Cafe of the Bones of a Foetus coming away by the Anus ; communicated by John Still Win- throp, Efq\. Read March 14." “| "“HERE are feveral Inftances of the Bones of Foetus's , which have died in their Mothers Bellies, making their Way out by pre- ternatural Manners j fome by the Navel, fome by the Groin, and fome by the Anus. Of this lad fort I am now going to give another Inflancc, which hap- pened in New London in New England , in the Year 1737. A Negro Wench was thought to have con- ceived with Child 5 and about three Months after, flic had fome Appearances of a Mifcarriage, but no Foetus was obferved to come away. This therefore made the good Women now alter their Opinion ; thinking that fhe was not with Child, but only had not been regular from having taken Cold : Where- upon Remedies, proper in fuch a Cafe, were given her but fhe found no Relief from exceeding great Pains fhe complained of in the Bottom of her Belly, and in the Small of her Back, more particularly whenfne went to Stool. Her Flefh wafting extremely, a skilful Woman was fent for, who found Milk in her Breads, and other certain Tokens of her being with Child. She continued wafting in a miferable Condition, growing lefs in her Belly, and her Breads falling. [ 3°S ] falling, and was at laft given over : But at length, at the End of about eight Months, fhe brought away much Blood by Stool, on which her Pain in thole Parts abated 5 and then fhe voided with her Stools thefc Bones with Flefh and rotten Skin about them. After this fhe foon grew well, and recovered in- tirely. All the Parts of the Foetus were found in her Stools, except the Head ; which is fuppofed to have come away by the Vagina , when fhe had the Symptoms of Mifcarrying above mentioned > for it was now recolle&ed, that fhe then faid, Something came away with her Water as big as a large Nut, but it was not then attended to. As the Cafe was very remarkable, fo I hope it will prove acceptable ; tho’ not drawn up with that Accuracy with which a Phyfician might have done it. XVII. A Letter f? 'om Charles Jernegan, M. D . Lie. Coll. Med. Londin. to Crom- well Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. con- cerning an extraordinary Cyftis in the. Liver, full of Water. Read March 14. 1 744*5- SIR , "HOPE you will excufe the Liberty ^ I take in communicating to you an un- common Caie or Difordcr of the Liver, lately obferved at the opening the Body of Mrs. A. B. deceafed, q 2 aged [ 3°6 ] aged near Forty, whom I had attended fome Weeks before. The Complaint was a conflant acute Pain on the Region of the Liver, with a Swelling, or more than ordinary Fnllnefs on that Side ; by prefix- ing of which was perceived a Fluctuation of Lome Fluid lying deeper than juft under the firft Tegu- ments. This was confirmed by Mr. Sherwood , the Surgeon who aflifted and examined the fame. The Body was opened by his Son Mr. Sherwood junior, when the Liver was found of a prodigious Size (there was a fmall Adhefton to the Teritomeiim with- out Inflammation) : It fpread over the Stomach quite to the Spleen on the left Side, and contraded much the Cavity of the Thorax , by prefling and thrufting up the Hiaphragma. On opening the great Lobe of the Liver, there iffued out above four Quarts of a limpid Water, from a Cavity formed by the pro- per containing Coat of the Liver; tho’ the Water itfelf had been contained in a Angle conglobated Gland, and there formed a Cyflis , which had burft, and was found loofe at the Bottom of this large Cavity. This Skin or Cyflis was not fo thin but Bill capable of further Expanfion. The Liver ftill did its Fundion of feparating the Gall : The Gall-bladder and its Duds were in a good State: The Lobulus Spigelii was much inlarg’d, and crumbled eafily like a Mafs of congealed Blood. The Patient , had no particular Thirft; nor was there any Alteration in the Urine, as to Quantity more or lefs. But fhe had this Symptom, common in the Hydrops TeffioriSj of not bearing any other Pollute [ 3°7 ] Pofture but that of leaning forwards oh her Bread. I am, with all Refped, SIR, March ic. 1744. Tour moft obedient Humble Servant , ' ’ ■ . ■ ■ . ^ . ; • j . :• V i as ! u effi 1 Ch. Jernegan. The left Kidney, being longer than ufual, was examined and found to have two Ureters ; and each had its feparate Relvis. XVIII. Regise Societati Anglicanee Scientiarum quasdam Ele&ricitatis recens obfervata ex- hibet Jo. Henricus Wirli.hr , Gr. & Eat. Literarum Prof. Publ. Ordin. & Academic Lipfienfes h. t. Redtor. ;;i o" i: . A .1 i'.'.i- fi‘ fj'lQfJ!) / ' :• : , I. : r , Tritu ex citato Eleclricitatis Genera * Prefented March 21. § lt "T TlTREI cavique globi, & 4/44 5’ Y vitrea vafa, quas fa£ta rotatione applicataque iis manu teruntur, in fibi vici* nis metallis atque hominibus eim ele&rlcitatem ex- citant, ut fcintillae eledricx, qux accedente corpore eledricitatis vacuo eliciuntur, fluminisinftar continu- atx prorumpanr. § 2. Si veto tubi & vafa vitrea it a teruntur, ut itum reditumque fabeant, excitata inde in metallis & homi- nibus eledricitate, oriutidae fcintillae per intervalla profiliunt. § 3. Ad tubos commode terendos machinam pa- rari curavi, quam Tab. III. Fig. 2. repraefentat. Tabula: abed quatucr columns inferuntur. Me- diarum e Sc f capiti'ous g & h ope cochlearum afler- culi affiguntur, quorum pars media ita cavata eft, ut convexitati tubi vitrei congruat. Cum his aflerculis alii cjufdem generis afferculi pariter cavati vi cochle- arum juhguntur. Columnam ejuftnodi cum impo- rt is jundifque aflerculis Fig. 3 exhibit, ubi i k a f- fcrciftum inferiorem, & lm afterculum fuperiorem, & no cochleas firm antes, oftendit. Supcrioris & in- feriors afferculi cavaturoe, corio cervino fubjedifque crinibtis obdtida: 6c veftits ita congruunt, lit tubum vitreum, qui hinc inde trail! pot-eft, arde complec- tantur. Tubi Vitrei extremitates qq cap (tills ex auri- chalco paratis induntur, firm ant uraue maltha faditia. Capfulis annuli annexi lunr, quibus illigantur funes cannabini, quorum alter qr per foramen columns t u, altcrque q s fuper trochleam x columnar yz affixam protenditur. His-ita conftitutis, tubus vitreus, quando a duobus hominibus ultro citroque trahitur, excitatam in fe tritu dedricitatem cum tubo ex lamina ferrea coqfedo a/3 & in retibus fericis collocato large communicat. Tub! ferret extremitati a fil-a argentea alligantur, qus tubum vitreum inter duas colmnas eg & fh attingunt. § 4. Quamvis vero Tcinti llae globo vitreo rotato cxcitatx in mctallorum fuperficicbus continue fiuant > ca: tamcn, qua: a vafis vitreis itum reditumque inter 1 terendum [ 3°9 3 terendum fubeuntibusprofieifcuntur vehementius pun- gunt, ft vafa eandem, quam globi magnifudinem ha- bent, paremque materia: vitreae bonitatem. § 5. Porro fc inti lias eledricae, que tradis tritifque tubis vitreis in metallorum fuperficiebus fufcttantur, pungendi virtute fuperant fcintillas exeitatas vafis vitreis, qux more tornatorum teruntur. § 6. Globi vitrei manu appiicata inter rotandum triti plus eledricitatis exhibent, quam adhibito pul- vinari corio veftito. § 7. In experiments, qua: aut globo rotato, aut tubo trado inftituuntur, tribus hominibus opus eft. Adhibita vero machina tornatoria, fufficit unus. , ■ • . f • r « 1 • . . 1 J ■ ** * .1 n. . Eleffricitatis augend 'a Ratio. § 8. T T N O vel vafe, vel globo, vel tubo vitreo ex- citata elcdricitas, mihi (implex vocatur. Fit duplex, duobus vel vafis, vel globis, vel tubis tritis ; triplex tribus; quadruplex quatuor, & ita porro. § 9. Quam cxcitavi elcdricitatem tritu duorum globorum vitrcorum, quorum diameter eft pes dimi- dius ‘ Rarifinus , tanta fuit in aqua, in nive, in glacic,- ut prorumpentes ex his corporibus fcintillx elcdrica: ipiritum vini purum calcfadumqut inflammari.nt. In aqua experimentum duplieiter capitur. Vel enim fpongia: aqua impleras, atque ex lamina ferrea in fpeciem tubi conformata & eledricitatem nancif- cente pendentis, fpiritus in parvo cochleari adhibetur: vel digitus fpiritu vini calefado madidus fuper aquatn in vafe ftanneo extenditur, certo ramcn inter aqua; fuperficiem [ 3io ] fuperficiem & digitum interjedo intervalla Vafi, ferico reti impofito, adjungitur filum ferreum, quod ad globum aut tubum aut vas vitreum in machina eledricitatis pcrtingit. Nix & glacies icidem in vafe ftanneo reti ferico imponuntur. § io. Ut eledricitas adhuc major exiftat, dux machinx ita collocantur, ut quxlibet duos habeat globos, qui eledricitatem cum uno eoaemque tubo ferreo communicant. Quod quomodo efBciatur, Tab. 111.' Fig. i. fignificat. Cuivis machinx apponitur rete fericum a b > quocum tubus ferrcus c d conjundus eft, qui prope utramque machinam duo brachia ferrea be in quo extrinfecus fukuli circumdudU funt, circumligatur filoque cannabino adftringitur; altera vero u inter duos nodos in chorda nexos ardte colligatur. Vefica madefadione ita paratur, ut, poftquam intrinfecus linteo deterfa fuir, diftrahi contrahique fe facile pa- tiatur. Extra veficam certa pars chords ux eminet, qua arrepta & tradta vas vitreum fub campana agi- tari terique poteft. § 16. In vafculo quadrato ex lamina ferrea con- fedto a/3 y S' (Fig. 6, 7, 3.), quod vel in red ferico fupra vas vitreum cavumque ab c d (Fig. S.) extenfo, vel in refina colophonia, vel lacca fignatoria pofitum eft, ferreumque ftiium ye yerfus pulvinar proten- f»tn fibi annexum habet, tenues auri particular collo- cantur. Mobili cylindro metailico, £ m qui per medium campanae collum protrudi poteft, tranfverfe annexum eft filum ferreum n£r, duas aut tres lineas diftaas a particulis auri. Hae verfus illud alliliunr, fimulaa [ 3<3 ] fimulac vas vitreum, aere ex campana edudo^ aglta- tur & pulvinari atteritur. § 17. In altero campana: latere perforate A tubu- lus vitreus infixus eft, per quem filum ferreum xA/1 ad medium vas vitreum pertingit, parvo admodum inter vas & filum inferjedo intervalio. Tubulus pari- terac filum liquefada laccafignatoria ita firmantur, ut nullus aer penetrare valeat. Qui ut omnino arceatur, cylindrus mobilis ubi collum campana: attingir, febo circumfunditur. Trada chorda filum ex agitato tritoque vafe eledricitatem non folum con- cipit, led etiam per tubulum vitreum liquatione ob- turatum propagat, & cum corporibus in ferico pofi- tis, qua: forinfecus filum ferreum in loco y. artingunr, ita communicat, ut metalla in tenebris fcintillulas eledricas emittant, appropinquantibus corporibus elec- tricitate vacuis. § 18. Ita etiam eledricitas forinfecus excitata cum filo illo ferreo communicatur, 5c per tubulum obtu* ratum pervadit, & in fine fili intra campanam lucem in tenebris efFundit, ac tenues auri parciculas in vaf- culo ferreo collocatas concitat. V. Ufus Machine Tab. III. Fig. 4. defcript O 3 fD r? Pu ? i ^ 1 CL • 2. H?' D Cu cl 5* ? CD Q- Cb p. March *799 1 ic6 91 t April \ 1618 1323 91 1 8 1 217 i May 1 73 1 H92 87 187 169 4 t T | June 1254 1706 9i 1 77 214 4 'July 977 1941 88 z77 235 | 3 ! Aug. 1274 1628 98 297 3X3 10 5 Sept. 1016 *943 1 *3 258 3*5 *5 Odtob. *477 1263 191 , 461 680 78 Nov. 1717 1 107 91 240 156 100 Dec. 179° 1078 95 73 29 4 — Jan. 1846 1006 104 56 72 9 Feb. 1 976 948 81 130 58 23 ' S f 2 The [ 322 ] THE following TABLE contains the Sum of the Excreta in the different Seafons. [To be added to Tab. VI. Tranf. Np. 470. p. 508.} Spring. Urine. Perfpirat. Stools. 5393 3 377 263 Summer. 3662 5 139 2 66 Autumn, j 3767 4834 402 Winter. | 5 3 5 3 3191 290 THE fucceeding TABLE contains in Ounces and Centeiimalsthe mean diurnal and no&urnal Urine and Perfpiration of one Hour in each Month, with their Ratio s to each other : and that the Caufcs of the great Difproportion which they bear to each other, in the different Seafons, may be more confpicuous, I have added the mean thermometrical Altitude in the Heat of the Day, and at Bed time, in each Month of the Year. Mean Mean Per- Mean Urine The Ratio’s which the diurnal ! Mean thermo- fpiration of of one Hour and nofturnal Perfpiration and S metrical Alti- one Plour. Urine bear to each other. | tude. [ 323 ] From From the preceding 1 ABLE it appears, that, co ctn 0s [ 324 ] *- d . • (U c ^ ta c c o . C c 3 ti 1-1 c £ .£ rt ^ >< c £ 'S cS G 5 « o G £ s£< o CA covo N ^ ^ N fO kH " « W •CES .| g t/3 OT 1^ .sa SbSs Sb-ii -2 t>x) on in in cn to £3 tn L* Li *3 ^ S3 & & & fL, Ph Ph Oh Oh diurns the Ctf G J-i .2 Uh . 3 * <3 £ O aS u_ rt t£« ° g g> fa p | y £ w *3 *§ -f3 -G ^ PL, w G cr^'sO N ^VO *■* c<* m -* 0«0M0^0MNN \m m ~o u rG 05 3 Q* •5 *-« CS £ -o G C3 c3 £ G c3 ci H3 G c« cl 3: -o ^ ^ *S . ^s-^So^cs S> ^ » ^ ^ ^ n co o *X3 • — co co c3 G is & % <2 2 S T3 -• cS fS G G G o s is s u S •S--S.S •3 G • H ^3 ■ co «o CO CO CO Cvl Cj C3 & S S & & l5 ^ <4 $ JS Cl '3 *T3 O ’ G C« * 3 cr1 *V4 VTj ?sv rsv ^ * cx V S' S! ^ N) ^ (fi V. s? fi£' w c jq n . ^c§ «q §■ Tc dpri} « a « S rt G •5 u'r Ph a s C 32§ ] r eo >• n~ n tv~,o « oo W^i- iri ^ ro O ^ f— W I «*-. a «csh^ fj; o M > S E sj o^ £ ^ « « 3 e t: » s u f s - CT\ O « O' O I^oo t^vo OONO-OOO-4-i- *tr «S "2 *| "3 so & ei ~d *& 5> tSd «£* el o a -S ii <0 --> _G rj - C «M G t* « £ « g .2 S "O j2 a ®0 N ivvVO U’v Ov CTv >- VO N t-i qrnqwNo-^o-c ji «* 5 ^ t? t> 0 fc *■ .^Wjr§*«5ftS \ 1, ■■ u _ f 1.1 «u *" £ ts c 2 m *£S ■ ***«■— -1TI mO 0"0 to to n ]L STw qt-N-.f4-q«^ 4 ”2 H3 a «£ jS cs *2 ^ rj iSJ el he had obferved a rotatory Motion about their Axes , and at the fame time a progreilive one towards the Fire. He was fo obliging then as to promife at any time to fhew me the Experiment; but other Bulinefs intervening, I (till deferred accepting his Offier; having the lefs Curioiity to fee it, as I imagined the Motions were occafioned by the Draught of Air up the Chimney, aflifted by the Weight of the inclining Tube. But a little above a Year ago, making fome Stay at Ajhby, upon repeating his Olfer, I went to fee the Experiment, which anfwered fully to his De- feription: The Tubes, which were about four Feet long, and half an Inch over, moving at fix or eight Inches Diftance from the Fire, not only pro- greflively, and about their Axes along the Side- Wall they lean’d again!!, but along the Front -Wall X x of One of which Mr. Wheler mad.: a Prefent of to ih: Royal See C 342 ] of the Chimney, which made an obtufe Angle with the other 5 fo that they feemed to move up hiii, and againft their Weight. Surprifed at this, I thought the Cafe deferved a little farther Examination and propofed placing two Tubes horizontally, parallel to each other, and at right Angles to the Face of the Fire, to be Supporters to a third, which was to be placed upon them paral- lel to the Fire. We did fo, and with Pleafure ob- ferved the fupported Tube turn about its Axis> and move on towards the Fire in fucli a manner, as made me hill lefs inclined to think either cf the Motions owing to the Draught of the Fire, and certainly not to the whole Weight of the moving Tube; a fine Spirit-Level informing us, that the fupporting Tubes lean’d from the Fire 5 fo that the Motion was a lit- tle up-hill. This Succefs determined me, with Mr. Orme s Leave, to go on farther 3 and, furnifhing myfelf, from him, with Tubes of feveral Lengths and Thickneffes, I made feveral Trials 5 and found, that with a mo- derate Fire the Experiment fucceeded bed, when the fupported Tube was about twenty or two-and-twenty Inches long, the Diameter about one Tenth of an Inch, and had in each End a pretty ftrong Pin, fixed in Cork, for an Axe to roll with upon the fupport- ing Tubes ; which, to leffen the Contad, had nearly the fame Diameter with the moving one. Under thefe Circumftarices the Tube would begin to move at eighteen Inches Diftance from the Fire ; and con- tinue to do fo, with little Intervals, till it touched the Bars; and moved much in the fame manner, when a little Ball of Cork, an Inch or more in Dia- meter, C 343 3 meter, was fixed in the Middle ofic. But what fur' prifed me hill more, and feemed to take off the Objection of the Draught of the Chimney, was. Jetting it once flay a little while againft the Bars, I found it Bill continue its Motion about its Axis in the fame Diredion. This put me upon makipg little Rings of Wire, to fix upon and move along the fupporting Tubes, fo as to flop the moving Tube at any Diftance from the Fire I pleafed. Stopp’d with thefe, the Motion of the Tube about its Axis ftill continued. Defirous to try what would be the Effed in or near an upright Pofture, I made the Pin at one End of my Tube reft upon a China Plate, that at the other Turn in a filver Socket (that carried my Pencil) fixed in an horizontal Arm of Wood, but fo as I could flip it up and down, to adapt it to the Length of of the Tube. Here I found, that if the Tube lean’d to my Right hand, (which was the Cafe of Mr. Ormes Tubes before his Fire) the Motion was from Eaft to Weft j but if they leaned to my Left, the Motion was from Weft to Eaft 5 and the nearer I could get to the perfedly upright Pofture, the lefs the Motion feem’d to be either Way. I now proceeded to place my Tube horizontally upon a glafs Plane (a large Fragment of a Coach-fide Window Glafs). The Tube, inftead of moving to- wards the Fire, moved from it, and about its Axis, in a contrary Diredion to what it had done before, Obferving that this glafs Plane was broader at one End than the other, and that the Rotation back- wards was more fenfible when the narrower End was X x 2 towards [ 34+ ] towards the Fire, I placed a triangular Piece of the fame Glafs with its Vertex towards the Fire nearly horizontal, but rather riling from the Fire} fo that its Bafe was a little higher than its Vertex > and upon it a Tube of Glafs, about 22 Inches long, and L of an Inch Diameter, near the Vertex and the Fire. This Tube receded from the Fire, moving about its Axis till it came to the Diflance of eight Inches } which is four Inches more than it receded the Day before upon the fame Piece of Coach-Glafs, before it was broke into this triangular Form. I was naturally led now to make ufe of two fup- porting Tubes, inftead of the triangular glafs Plane. Thefe were about eighteen Inches long each, and 1~ of an Inch in Diameter, and placed parallel to one another at the Didance of about two Inches, fo as to fupport the moving Tube near the Middle of ir. When very nearly horizontal by the Level, the fup- ported Tube moved from the Fire about its Axis to the Diflance of thirteen Inches : When the Supporters were a little raifed at their remote Ends, fo as mani* feftly by the Level to defeend towards the Fire, it receded to the Diftance of ten Inches, moving as be- fore about its Axis } but in this latter Cafe the Fire had declined a good deal j otherwife, probably, the Tube would have receded farther, tho' up-hill. The next Day, the fame Tube, when the fame fupporting Tubes were 8“ Inches diftant from each other, receded nearly as before: When 12^ Inches from each other, it flood ftillj and when removed to the Diftance of i6~- Inches, the fupported Tube very manifeftly changed its Motion, and went towards the [ H5 ] the Fire; as it did afterwards, when the Inclination of the fupporting Tubes was alter’d, fo as to afeend towards the Fire. I made feveral other Experiments, with regard to the Situation of the Tubes to the Fire, with regard to the Quantity of Fire fufFered to come at the Tubes, and with regard to Attraction and Repulfion, which I will not trouble you with at prefent : Only obferve, that, when the Tube had four others under it, all fupporting, one near each Extremity, and one on each Side of its Centre, no Motion at all was perceived ; and when two of them on the fame Side of the Centre were taken away, the fupported Tube moved into an oblique Situation with regard to the Fire, the unfuppotted Half receding from the Fire. Upon the Whole, it appears fufficiently plain, that the Stream of Air up the Chimney is not the Caufe of the Rotation : Another may be afligned, Em- ple and eafy ; but as 1 have already faid too much,, it will be better to make it the Subjed of another. Paper. I am, SIR, Tour mofl Obedient Humble Servant, Granville Wheler., II. C 346 ] II. SIR, IN the laft Paper I had the Honour of communi- cating to you, I endeavoured to make it appear, that the rotatory Motion of glafs Tubes about their Axes , before a Fire, was not owing to the Draught of the Chimney. In this, I beg Leave firft to men- tion an Experiment or two, to {hew that the Mo- tion is not owing to any Attraction or Repulfion in the Tubes ; and then give the Solution I propofed in my laft, but deferred laying before you, becaufe my Paper was already carried to too great a Length. I fufpended two Fragments of fmall Tubes, 8 Inches long, and about 7— of an Inch in Diameter, near the Fire, from two Pins, by blue Silk Lines, which had each a Loop at one End, were tied at the other to the Top of the Tubes, and hindered from {lipping offby a little Sealing-wax. The Tubes came together at the upper End, and receded mani- fefily from bach other at the lower, appearing to be in a State of Attraction above, and a State of Repul- iion below : Bur, fufpeCting this to be owing to the Sealing-wax, which foon began to melt, I fcraped it off both, leaving only as little as was poftible, to hinder the Silks from flipping. The Confequence then was, they came together at the lower Ends, and very near fo at the upper 5 and, when fufpended from one Pin, fo that the Loops of the Silks touch’d each other, the Tubes feemfd equally clofe all the Way down, without any Appearance either of Attraction or Repulfion. But, imagining ftill that a repulfive Power C. 34-7 ] Power in the heated fupporting Tubes, when placed near together, might poffibly be the Occafion of the receding of the upper Tube at Contaft with them. To put the Matter out of all Doubt, Lwet the three Tubes all over; yet the regrefiive and rotatory Mo- tion was (till manifeft, with very little, if any Differ- ence; not more than might be well accounted for, from the Increafe of Refinance by Wetting. Thefe two Experiments fully convinced me, that neither Attraction nor Repulfion would be of any Affidance in folving our Rotation, Upon confider- ing therefore the Matter farther, 1 found nothing was wanting, but that the moving Tube fhould fvvell to- wards the Fire and indeed 1 thought I could per- ceive fuch a Swelling in Mr. Or me s long Tube of four Feet and an half, which I faw firft placed near a good Fire in the Manner deferibed in my laid. For, allowing fuch a Swelling, Gravity mud pull the Tube down, when fupported near its Extremities horizon- tally ; and a frelh Part being expofed to the Fire, and fwelling out again, muft fall down again, and fo on fucceffively ; which is, in other Words, a rotatory Motion towards the Fire. When the fupporting Tubes are brought near to each other, as well as near to the Centre of the fup- ported Tube, then the Parts hanging over on each Side, being larger thanjj the Part which lies between the Supporters, will, by their Weight, pull down- wards, and confequently force the middle Part, refl- ing upon its two Fulcra , upwards ; and being left advanced towards the Fire, as being lefs heated, will, by their oblique Situation, pull the middle Part back- j ward alfo from the Fire : Which Effebls, being fuc- cellive. 1 [ 348 ] ceftlve, will exhibit a rotatory regreJTive Motion, quite contrary to what the Tube had when fupported near its Extremities: And when a Tingle Tube lies inclining oppofite to the Fire, either to the Right- hand or the Left, out of a Piane perpendicular to the Surface of the Fire, Gravity will not permit the curved Part to reft, but pull it down till it co incides with a Plane perpendicular to the Horizon ; and, con- fequently, as new Curves are generated, new Motions will be fo too; that is, the Tube will be made to move about its Axis ; but with this Difference, when the Tube inclines to the Right hand, the Motion about the Axis will be from Eaft to Weft; when to the Left-hand, from Weft to Eaft. The Juftnefs of this Reafoning is made manifeft with a very little Trou- ble; only bending a Wire, and fupporting it firft near its Extremities, then near its Centre on each Side, afterwards inclining it to the Right, and then to the Left ; the Bending in every Cafe reprefenting the curved Part of the Tube next the Fire. And that this Solution is the true one, Teems farther probable from hence, that when four Supporters were made ufe of, one at each Extremity, and two near the Middle, there was no Motion at all either backward and forward : Nor is it of any Service to objed here, that the Increafe of Contact hinders the Motion j becaufc, upon the Plane of Glafs, mentioned in my former Paper, fo large as to have a much greater Contad with the Tube, both a rotatory and regref five Motion was manifeft. I am, worthy Sir, with a high Regard, Tour moft obedient humble Servant, London, April 1745. Granv. Wheler. IL 4 [ 349 J II. An Attempt by John Ward, Rhet. cProf. Grefh. & F. R. S. to explain fome Remahts of Antiquity lately found in Hertford (hire ; and communicated to the Royal Society by William Freeman Ffquire , one of their Members , February the 14, 1745. Bead 1 745 April 4 B Y the Account, which that Gentle* man delivered in with them, they are faid to have been found in a Chalk Pit, near the Side of Rooky JVood, in the Parish of Barkveay in Hertfordshire. A Farmer’s Man diging Chalk there about two Years fince brought them with the Chalk into his Mailer’s Yard, and taking no Notice of them mixed them with the Dung. But very lately on throwing up the Dung in that Yard they were difco- vered by Mr. Raymond, Steward to George Jennings Efquire, Lord of the Manor. Upon which at the Defireof Rutter Forefter Efquire, an ingenious Gen- tleman in that Neighbourhood, they were (hewn to him 5 who had the Curiofity to delineate thofe two Plates, which have Infcriptions upon them, and fent the Draughts to Mr. Freeman. And he foon after receiving the Originals from Mr. Jennings laid them, together with the two Drawings, before this Society? when the Form of the Plates, and Novelty of the Work, occafioning the Aflembly then prefent to think they might deferve fome further Confideration, it was their Pleafure to defire me to give them my Opinion, both as to the Reading, and Defign of them. This I have indeavoured to do, in the bed Manner I Y y could ; C 35° 3 could ; and now beg Leave to offer, what appears to me mod probable, on a Subjed fo intirely new. Barkway lies not far from Royfton in the fame County, by which the Roman W ay called Erming * ftreet palfes to Huntington , as deferibed by Camden ( a ). But as no Roman Station has been difcpvered near either of thofe Towns, it may be difficult to affign a Reafon, how thefe Things fhould come to be lodged in the Place, where they were found ; tho feveral Inftances of the like Nature have happened in diverfe other Parts of this Kingdom. They con- fift of a final 1 brafs Image, an oblong Peice of Brafs, and feven fiver Plates very thin ; which have all dif- fered more or lefs by Time, and other Accidents. The Figures and Ornaments on the Front of the Plates are all in Relief, and feem to have been made by a Stamp impreffed on the other Side. Two of them have Infcriptions in a Compartment, writen with the Point of a Style, and the Letters flatted behind. And one of thefe with three others of the remaining five have the Figure of Mars , and the other two that of Vulcan , impreffed upon them. The Image reprefents Mars ( fee Tab. I. Fig. A.-) looking to his right Side, with an Helmet on his Head, and his Body naked j his right Arm extended, as if he had held a Spear, and a Thong round his left, like the Remains of a Sheild now broken off with the Hand j his right Shoulder fupporting a Belt, which c'rofiing his Body defeends on the left Side j his right Leg broken off at the Knee, and his left Foot lofl. The High! Britann. pag. 356, edit. 1607, J nuu.NUf- Tab. i. % [ 35 1 ] Might of what remains, from the End of the left Leg to the Top of the Creft, is about feven Inches. It has been obferved by Montfaucon , that tho Mars is frequently reprefented oil Coins, yet his Statues are not very common (a). The other Peice of Brafs (fee Tab. I. Fig. B.) is about four Inches and a half long, and feems to have been the Handle of a Knife, or fome fuch Utenlil. ThejPlates are for Diftin&ion fake numbered in the following Order. 1. The firft is broken into two Parts, (fee Tab. L Fig. i.) which put together refemble the Form of a Leaf, and is near twenty one Inches high, and about ten broad in the wideft Part. It contains an Infcription in- clofed in a Compartment, addrelfed to Mars Joviaiis , which will preientlybe explained. 2. The fccond (feeT ab. I. Fig, 2.) is eight Inches in Might, and four in Breadth, where it is wideft ; and re- tains pretty much of the Gilding, which none of the reft now do: tho all of them it feems, when firft difeovered, appeared to have been gilt, but in wafhing them the Gilding came off. It has on it an Image of Mars in a military Habit, with an Helmet on his Head, a Spear in his right Hand, and his left refting on a Sheild ; in the Manner he is often fecn upon Coins. This Image is placed in the Front of a Temple, be- tween two Pillars, with a Fajiigium or Pediment over them. And beneath the Temple in a Compart- ment is an Infcription to Mars Alatorum , which I fhall endeavour to explain afterwards. . 3- In '«) Sup? fan. Vol. I. n. 93. Y y 2 [ 352 ] 3. In the third Plate, ( fee Tab. II. Fig. 3.) which is three Inches high, and almoft two wide, is an Image of Mars placed between two Pillars without a Pediment, in much the fame Attitude as the former, with a Farazoninm over his Sheild. 4. The fourth Plate, (fee T 'a b, II. Fig. \.) which is four Inches three Quarters in Hight, and one Inch three Quarters in Breadth, has the Figure of Mars in a like Attitude, inciofed only in a plain Compartment. 5. The Hight of the fifth ( fee Tab. II. Fig . 5.) is eight Inches, and the Breadth near four and a half j which has alfo a Figure of Mars, much like thofe already mentioned, but turning to the left Hand (whereas they all turn to the right) with a Chlamys hanging down on his right Side. It Bands in the Front of a Temple, having two Pillars on each Side, called by Vitruvius tetrajlylos (a), and a double Pediment over them. 6. The lixth Plate ( fee Tab. II. Fig. 6.) is fix Inches three Quarters in Hight, and three and a Quarter in Breadth. It differs from all the former, as it reprefents the Figure of Vulcan , having his ufual Attributes, a thick Beard, high Cap,fhort Tunic, Femoralia, and half Boots; a Forceps in his right Hand, and a Hammer in his left, with a Chlamys thrown over his left Arm. He looks to the right, and has before him a Veffel like an Altar, from which a Flame afeends. He is placed in the Front of a Temple, between two Pillars under a Pediment, like Mars. 7. The laft Plate [fee Tab. II. Fig. 7.) is three Inches and a half high, and near two Inches wide. It contains (a J Lib. III. cap. 2. [ 353 ] contains alfo an Image of Vulcan in the Front of a Temple, with his feveral Attributes, like the former, but differs from it in the other Ornaments. The Dcfign of both the Infcriptions is to return Thanks for fome Favour aferibed to the Deity, to whom they are addreffed. That on the firft Plate runs thus : MARTI IOVIALI TI. CLAVDIVS . PRIMVS ATTII .LIBER V . S . L . M That is Marti Joviali Titus Claudius ‘Primus , Attii libertus , njotum folvit libens merito . The Word IOVIALI, in the fecond Line, feems to be an Epithet given to Mars in Compliment to the Emperor Diocletian^ who affumed the Name of Jovius } as his Collcgue Maximian did that of Her- culius. Hence yc meet with fome military Bodies in the Notitia, and elfewhere, called Joviuni and Herculiani from thofc Emperors j like the Flavianit Aeliani , and the like, which were fo denominated from the Names of other preceding Princes. There are alfo other Epithets of the fame Form with that in the Infcription, taken either from the Names of Deities, or Emperors deified ; fuch were the facer- dotes Augu ft ales-, Flaviales , Hadrianales, and others, which often occur in Gruter. In like manner Cicero gives the Title of miniftri Martiales to the Preifls of i Mars [ 354 ] Mars (a) ; and calls the Company of Merchants at Rome Mercuriales (b), as being under the Prote&ion of Mercury . And G any merles is filled by Macrobtus , Jovialium poculorum minijler (c). Now as thcfe fe- veral Appellations took their Rife from the peculiar Relation and Subferviency of the Perfons to thofe Deities, from whom they were denominated; fo Mars himfelf, being here called Jovialis , is by an Excels of Flattery reprefented as fubfcrvient to this Emperor Jovius or Jupiter. For fo he was alfo called, as we find in lome like Inftances of fulfom Compliments paid to him by the Pancgyrift Mamer - tinus ; as when addrefling to him, and his Collegue Maximian , he fais: Sanffe Jupiter et Hercules bone (d). And in another PafTage: Non opinione tra- ditus , fed confpicuus et praefens , Jupiter cominus invocan ; non advena , fed imperator-, Hercules ad- orari (e). And as if no Degree of Flattery could be too extravagant for this Emperor, there is an In- fcription in Gruter , which begins thus : AETERNO IMPERATORI NOSTRO MAXI-MO OPTIMO- QVE PRINCIPI AVRELIO VALEPdO DIO - CLETIANO (/). The Epithets OPTIMVS MAXI- MVS, ufualiy alcribed to Jupiter , had indeed been applied to fome former Emperors s but AETER- NVS, as a perfonal Title, fecms to have been firft attributed to this Prince ; tho, like other ill Exam- ples, (a) Pro Cluent. cap. 15. (b) Ad tp. Fr. Lib. II. Ep. 5. (c) Saturnal. Lib. V. cap. 16. (d) Genetbliac. Maxim, cap. 16. (e) Ibid. cap. 10. (f) Pag. ccxxxix. 4. [ 555 ] pies, it was foon imitated, and given to fome fol- lowing Emperors. The third Line contains the Names of this Votary, TITVS CLAVD1VS PRIMVS, each of which is feparately found in Horjlefs Britannia Romana 5 and in one of Gruter' s Inscriptions they all three meet in the fame Perfon, in the Order they (land here ( a ). The next Line tells us his Character, that he was the Freedman of ATTIVS, that is, as I fuppofe, of TI- TVS CLAVD1VS ATTIVSj it being cuftomary for Freedmen to afiume the two firft Names of their Patrons, as TIRO the Freedman of Cicero was called MARC VS TVLLIVS TIRO. Indeed ATTIVS generally ftands as a Family Name, but we find it in the Place of a Cognomen in Gruter , MARCVS TVLLIVS M. L. ATTIVS (b). The laft Line con- tains the ufual Form of fuch Addrefles. The Infcription on the fecond Plate is thus ex- prefied : D . MARTI . ALATOR/ DVM . CENSORINVS GEMELLI . FIL V . S . L . M That is, as I apprehend it may be read : *Deo Marti Alatcritm 'Dum. Cenforinus , Gemelli films, ‘votum fiolvit libens merito The Word ALATORV in the firft Line muft, I think, ftand for ALATORVM, the Letter V beino- joined to the R in one Charader 5 as we find them in {a) Pag. MCXXXI, 7, (b) Pag. MXLII, 3. [ 356 ] in the Britannia Romana , where they make Part of the Word INSTIT\£R/NT for INSTITVE* x RVNT (a). How frequent and various fuch Com- binations were, efpecially under the lower Empire, appears by the Table of them publifhed in that Work (]?). Some of which feem to have been the Effect of Fancy in the Workmen, and others occa- ftoned thro Want of Room, as in the prefent Cafe, As to the Meaning of the Word ALATORVM, I fuppofe it to be an Adjective, the Subftantive CAS- TRORViM being underftood ; and that the fame Place is intended, which Ptolemy calls nregarov ‘Tgci]o7reS'ov (e), and modern Geographers generally take for Edinburgh. For as Ptolemy was himfelf a Stranger to that Country, his Greek Name was pro- bably an Interpretation of the Latin , Cajlra Alata j which Mr. Horfley thinks might be fo called from the Situation of the Place fomewhat refembling a Wing (d). But as there is good Reafon to think, that this Infcription was writen long after the Time of Ptolemy (as will be fhewn afterwards) the Word CASTRA might then have been dropr, and the common Appellation of the Place be only ALATA. There are other Examples of the like kind, which may render this very probable. For we meet with a Roman Station in the County of Ejjex , which both in Antonines Itinerary of Britain (e) and Peu- linger s Tables is called AD ANSAM, from the angular Turn of the Road there, as it is laid down in (a) Nortbumb. xv. (d) Ibid. pag. 364. ( b ) Pag. 189. (c) Ibid. pag. 359. (e) Iter ix. Ibid. pag. 381. [ 357 1 in the Table of Britain ( a ). There was another in Nottinghamjhire, which the Itinerary calls AD PONTEM ( 'b ), on the Account tof a Bridge laid over the Trent at that Place. And what appears more exa&ly parallel with the prefent Cafe, in the fame Itinerary we meet with MAGNA (c), which fome have taken for Old Radnor ; but Wlr.\Hor[ley fixes it at Kenchefter in Herefordjhire , wherein he is followed by JVejfelingius ( d). Now in each of thefe Inftances CASTRA, or fome equivalent Word, muft necef- farily be underftood ; and probably at firft the ufual Names were CASTRA AD ANSAM, CASTRA AD PONTEM, and CASTRA MAGNA, tho after- wards the Word CASTRA was for Brevity omited; as in common Speech we often find the Names of Places fo fhortened, that it is difficult to trace them back to their Original. And this Infcription might be addreffed to DEO MARTI ALATORVM, as the topical Deity of the Place. Thefecond Line, DVM. CENSORINVS, feems to contain two Names of the Perfon, who paid this Vow to the Deity here mentioned. Tho Roman Citizens had ufually three Names, called Rr renomen , Nomen, and Cognomen ; yet very often two only are expreffed : and thofe either the firft and fecond, as Quintus Horatius [Flaccus] ; the firft and third, as Marcus [Portius] Cato ; or the fecond and third, as fCaius] Cornelius Tacitus. Befides, the Order of thefe feveral Names did [not always continue the fame. (a) Ibid. Pag. 505. (b) Iter vi. Ibid. pag. 381. (c) Iter xn. Ibid . pag, 457. (d) Vetera Rm, Itiner. p.485. Z z [ 358 ] fame ; but what was at fir ft a Rraenomen , became afterwards a Cognomen: as PRIMVS in the former Infcripdon. And the Cognomen often became here- ditary, and diftinguifhed different Branches of the fame Family which I take to be the Cafe here. One of. Horace’s Odes in fome Editions is infcribed to C. Marcius Cenfirinus [a) ; but Cenforinus often hands as a Family Name in Grater, and others. So like* wife in this Infcripdon DVM. CENSORINVS is laid to be Fill VS GEMELLI, that is GEMELLI CENSORINI. But as 1 do not find any other In- fiance of a Roman Name begining with the Syllable DVM. how that is to be read at Length, I cannot fay. Nor is there any thing particular in this 5 fince there ate feveral Names in Gruter , which occur but once, and are no where elfe to be found. This In- feription ends in the fame Manner, as the former. I {hall now procede to inquire breifly into the Defign and Ufe of thefe Plates. The antient Pagans had not only their national but domeflic Deities, whom they addreffed to in private, and fometimes carried their Images about with them, as their Guardians and Prote&ors ($). And it appears to have been a Cuftom among them to place their Images in Shrines, made in the Form of Temples, both for public and private Devotion. The Tabernacle of Moloch , mentioned in the A els of the Ayoftles {c)y is generally taken to have been of the former Sort. And Herodotus informs us, that the Aegyptians upon a folemn Day carried in Proceffion the Image of a Godefs, (a) Lib. iv. Carm. 8. (b) Ammian , Marcell, Lib. xxjj. c. 13,. (c) Chap. vn. v. 43. [ 359 ] Godefs, faid to be the Mother of Mars , in a wooden Temple gilded over, which was drawn in a Chariot (a). Such Shrines are mentioned likewife by later Writers. And others of a lefler Size feem to have been made in Imitation of them for private Ufe. The Jilver Shrines of\Diana, mentioned alfo in the facred Hifiory cited already ( b ), are by mod: Interpreters faid to be of this kind. And Mr. Kemp had in his Collection of Antiquities one made of Brafs, but five Inches high, with a Godcfs, fuppofed to be Ifis-, firing in it 5 as it is defcribed in the printed Catalogue (0). Another of the fame Deity, but of a different Form, and fomewhat lefs, is now in the Pofiefiion of James Weft Efquire, a worthy Member of this Society. And fometimes they were placed in the Monuments of deceafed Perfons, an Infiance of which we find mentioned in an Infcription publifhed by Reineftus , which is there faid to have been made of Marble (d). The Perfons imployed in making thofe facred Images were called by the Greeks ay«fy*aWozol, and by the Romans Sigillarii, as we find in the antient Gloffa- ries (e). And one of thefe Artifls is mentioned in two Infcriptions of the Britannia Romana , where he is filled SIGILLARIVS COLLEGII LIGNIFERO- RVM (e), who arc more ufuaily called by the Greek Name DENDROPHORI ; Part of whofe Bufinefs might be to carry, or attend, the Shrines in their Proceflions at public Feftivals. Whether (a) Lib. 11. cap. 63, {b) Aits xix. 24. ( c ) Monument. Kempian. Par. i. pag. 6. (d) Claff. xin. num. 64. ( e ) In voce dy&rp.&TOTrtiQi. (/) Pag. [354-] Z Z 2 [ 3^0 ] Whether or no thefe Plates ever belonged to Shrines* I cannot venture to aflert; but I am rather inclined to think, they did not 5 except perhaps the firft, which from the Largenefs of its Size, and having no Image {lamped upon it, but only a writen Infcription in Honour of Mars, might poftibly have been laid over Part of a wooden Shrine, within which the brafs Image was placed, that was found with it. As for the reft, I imagine they were defigned as partial Re- prefentations of Shrines for the Ufc of private Per- fonsj having only the Front of them with the Image of the Deity placed in it ; which being fixed upon wooden Tablets might either be fet up in their Houfes, or carried about with them, in Devotion to thofe tutelar Deities. And when any fortunate Event happened, which they attributed to the Succefs of their Addrefies made to them, they might fometimes exprefs their Acknowledgement of it by hanging them up in their Temples, among other Donations, making them a fort of votive Tables. That they were intended for fome fuch IJfes feems the more probable, from the Number of them found together. They have a Similitude with the Reverfe of many Roman Coins, where the Images of their. Deities are reprefented in the fame Manner 5 from an Imitation of which they might perhaps be introduced at firft, as well for Cheapnefs, as ready Convenience, in fome of the more remote Provinces. And it is very remarkable, that no two Impreflionsupon thefe Plates are in all refpefls exactly alike j as we do not often meet with two Roman Coins ftruck from the fame Die. [ 3$ • J As to the Time, when the Plates were made, the Inscription upon the firft fixes it to the Reign of ‘ Diocletian ; and as not only the Characters of the other Infcription exactly torrefpond with that, but alfo the Manner of the Work upon each Plate is the fame 5 it is highly probable, they were all made about the fame time, which was near the End of the third Century, And to this likewife the Form of the Letters, particularly A and M, very well agrees. Nor ought it to feern ftrange, if more of them have not been prcferved ; Since from the Nature of them they appear fo liable to be deftroyed, either by the Injuries of Time, or for the fake of the Silver. Crejham College , April 2, 1745- John Ward. III. A Letter from Gowin Knight, M. B. to the Prefident ; concerning the Poles of Magnets being varioufy placed . Honoured Sir , London, April 3. 1740 Read April 4.*“ ■ * H E favourable Reception which *745’ thofe magnetical Experiments met with, which you lately did me the Honour to commu- nicate to your Learned Society ^fee Tr. N°474* p.161.) incourages me to hope, that the following FaCts are remarkable enough to merit their Attention. 1. I cut a Piece of natural Loadftone into the Shape of a Parallelopiped, i Inch t§ in Length, in Breadth [ 362 ] Breadth of an Inch, and ™ in Thicknefs : Its Weight was 3 Drams and 10 Grains. In this Stone I placed the magnetical Virtue, in fuch a Manner that the two oppofite Ends became, both of them, South Poles j and the Middle was, quite round, a North Pole. 2. Another Stone was in Length 1 Inch To, in Breadth ,~J, and in Thicknefs about fo at a Medium , it being thicker at one End than at the other : I:s Weight 1 Dram 57 Grains. The 2 oppofite Ends of this Stone I made both North Poles, and the 2 oppofite Sides South Poles. 3.. An irregular Stone, that weigh’d about 5 Ounces and a half, had 2 broad flat Surfaces oppofite to each other, at the Diftance of 1 Inch and -77. I made half of each of thefe Surfaces a North Pole, and the other half a South Pole; fo that the North Pole of one Surface was oppofite to the South Pole of the other Surface, and vice verfa . 4. I took a Stone of a pretty good Kind, that had a Grain very apparent, running the lengthways of it : It was 1 Inch ~ in Length, 1 Inch ~ in Breadth, and its Thicknefs at the Sides was 7-3- of an Inch,- but in the Middle it being tapered away from the Middle to the Sides: Its Weight was 3 Ounceswant- ing 4 Grains. At one End of it I placed a North Pole furrounded by a South ; and at the other End a South furrounded by a North Pole ; fo that the Edges of each Surface had a Pole of a different Denomina- tion from that which occupied the Middle. A great many Varieties of this kind might be eafily devifed ; but thefe Examples feem fufficient to £hew how 3 C 363 ] how manageable the magnetic Virtue is in refpedl to its Dire&ion ; and how defective moft of the Hypo* thefes are, which have been raifed to account for the Phenomena, of the Loadftone. Tour obedient humble Servant , Gowin Knight. IV. An Account of feme very curious Wafps Nefts made of Clay in Peniil vania ; by Mr. John Bartram : Communicated by Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. Read April 25. TR. ohn Bartram , a diligent Ob* y ferver of natural Productions, fent me, from Fenjilvania , two Sorts of curious Wafps Nells made with Clay, which are commonly built againft the Timber under the Roofs of Houfes and Pales, to fhelter them from the Weather. They feed as the Bees, on Flowers; but whether they Bing like them I do not yet know. The plain Clay-Neft is fabricated by a fmall black Wafp, of the fame Species of that in Tab. III. Fig. 1. but lefs, that has a Speck or Stripe of Yel- low in its Tail ; and the Cells are made four or five together, joining Side by Side to each other. But the Clay-Nefts that are fo elegantly wrought are built by a purplifh black Wafp, fuch as is figured. Tab. [ 364 ] Tab. III. Fig. 2. • After one Cell is formed, they flop it up, and join another to its End, and then add another to that j which makes thefe wrought Clay Fabrics longer than the plain ones. Their Method of Working is much alike, and it is very diverting to fee them at it : Their Art and Con- trivance is wonderful ; and, as if it was given to chear them at their Labours, they make a very par- ticular muftcal Noife, the Sound of which may be heard at ten Yards Diftance. Their Manner of Working is, to moiften Clay, and temper it up into a little Lump, of the Size of Swan-fhor. This they carry to build with; they begin firft at the upper End of the Cell, and work downwards, until it is long enough to contain the Nymph or Chryjalis : After they have fpread out the little Lump in a proper Manner to form their little Fabric, they fet up their mufical Notes, and return to temper and work up more Clay for the next Courfe. Thus they continue alternately ftnging and working, until a Cell is finifhed ; which is made delicately fmooth wirhinfide ; then, at the further End of each Cell, they lay an Egg; after this, by furprifing Inftind, they go and catch Spiders, and cram the Cell full of them: But it is further won- derful to obferve, that they only in fome manner difable the Spiders, but not kill them ; which is to anfwer two Purpofesj firft, that they fhould not crawl away before the Cell is finifhed ; and next, that they may be preferved alive and frefh until ths Egg hatches, which is foom The iVu/irj. 'Irazu, n? 4 7 6. tab. in. -ty.j ^•7- 8 p-565- IP s . Jet; '&$■ $■ ■ 4- 6 3 ■ [ 365 ] The Spiders, by wonderful Inftind, are provided for the Embryo to feed on : Having ftor’d up fuf- ficient for i s Support, fhe very fecurely clofes up the Cell, and then proceeds to build the next in the fame Manner. The Maggot or Embryo , having eat up all its Provifion, before Gffober prepares for its Change, and fpins itfeif up in a fine foft filken Cafe, in which it lies all the Winter in the Chryfalis -State, until the Spring, when it eats its Way out of its Clay- Dwelling. April 3. 1745. P. Collinfon* Since the above Account was read before the Royal Society , I have had the Pleafure to perufe Mr. Reaumur's excellent Work, Vol. VI. on the Clay- Nefts from St. 'Domingo ; but as thefe from Ren- Jihania differ in many Circumflances, I hope it will not be unacceptable to the Curious to fee their Figures, with the beft Account I could pro- cure of them. It may dcferve our Notice, that thefe Species of Ichneumon Wafps from America , like ours in Europe of the fame Tribe that feed their young with Spiders, very much excel them in the elegant Stru&ure of their Nells. Fig . 3. A plain Clay-Neft, with finglc Rows of Cells. Fig . 4. The Backfidc of the fame, by which it was attached to the Timber- Work of a Building j the A a a Cells [ 366 ] Cells being partly open, containing fome of the Embryo’s in them. Fig. 5. Part of a wrought, or wreathed tubulated Clay-Neft, as it appears in Front on the Outfide. Fig. 6. The Backfide of the fame, where it adhered to the Timber-Building or Pale; fome of the Cells being open, difclofe the Spiders lodged in them. Fig. 7. Part of fuch another Ned: as Fig. 5. Fig. 8. The Backfide of Fig. 7. in which fome of the Cells being open difcover Spiders lodged in them. V. HxtraEi of a Fetter from Mr. B— B — r5 co?itaining an Account , in Pounds and Ounces , of the furprifing Quantities of Food de- voured by a Boy, 1 2 Tears old , in 6 fuc - ceffive Days , who labour'd under a Canine Appetite, at Black Barnfley in Yorkshire. Communicated by Dr. Mortimer, Secret . R. S. April 1 5. 1745. Read April 25/ 0 l"HE Boy was regular as other Chil- *745' JL dren, till about a Year ago, when this extraordinary Craving of Appetite firft began ; which affli&s him to fuch a Degree, that (they tell us) if he was not fed as he called out for it, he would gnaw the very Flefh off his own Bones; fo that, when awake, he is conftantly devouring ; it can hardly be faid eating, becaufe nothing paffes his Stomach, all is thrown up again. ife lb 5 Thurfday. lb [ 367 ] § Friday lb l Saturday 6 4 Water 3 0 Rye 8 0 Milk 2 0 Milk 2 0 Milk I 4 Bread 3 0 Rye O 4 Sugar 2 0 Water O 4 Sugar 2 O Bread 2 0 Milk O 8 Treacle 4 0 Milk 4 8 Bread I 0 Bread 2 0 Water 2 O Milk 3 0 Milk 2 0 Milk 1 0 Mutton O 8 Butter I 8 Meat-Pye 6 8 Water 0 4 Sugar 8 0 Milk 2 O Milk I 0 Beef 2 O Meat-Pye I 12 Rye O 4 Bread 4 O Water 2 O Beer 6 4 Milk 2 8 Small-Beer r 4 Pudding 0 8 Bread O 12 Pudding 0 12 Veal 6 4 Water O 3 Mutton. 0 4 Cheefe 3 0 Milk O 12 Bread 0 8 Treacle I 0 Apple-Pye 4 O Milk 0 12 Bread I 4 Pudding 2 O Water 0 8 Water I 0 Veal 2 O Milk 4 0 Broth 0 8 Meat-Pye 2 O Water 2 0 Water 6 8 Beer andj I O Bread 2 c Milk Water O 4 Butter 0 8 Butter 7 1 Milk O 8 Sugar 0 4 Sugar 3 0 Bread I 4 Meat-Pye 4 0 Beer 3 0 Milk 2 0 Water 1 0 Mutton 3 0 Water 2 0 Milk 1 0 Veal I 0 Bread 4 0 Milk 0 I 2 Fruit 2 0 Milk 2 0 Beer I 4 Beef O IO Bread 58 8 4 0 Small-Beer 1 0 Fruit I 0 Fruit 2 0 Milk 6g 8 6 I 14 A a a % C ?68 ] ft | Sunday ft 5 Monday ft 5 Tuefday 3 o Rye 2 12 Bread 5 0 Bread 6 o Milk 8 O Milk 8 0 Milk o 8 Sugar 4 O Beer O 8 Butter 6 8 Water 2 o Milk 2 0 Water 2 4 Bread 2 o Water 4 0 Milk 2 o Milk O 4 Butter 5 0 Hafty-pudg. 8 8 W ater O 8 Bread 6 8 Water 4 o Milk 5 o Hafty-pudg. O 8 Treacle 2 o Rye 6 o Water I 12 Meat-Pye 2 o Milk I 4 Mutton I 0 Mutton 4 o Broth o 8 Bread I 4 Pudding i 8 Pudding I O Beef 6 8 Water 2 o Beer I O Potatoes 2 0 Beer I 8 Mutton I 4 Pudding 2 0 Milk 6 8 Water 6 8 Water 2 0 Water 4 o Milk 4 o Milk I 0 Beef I 12 Bread o 8 Bread I 0 Mutton 3 O Rye o 8 Treacle 4 0 Beer 2 O Milk o I 2 Bread o 8 Sugar O 8 Butter 2 O Water I 0 Fruit o 8 Sugar 4 o Milk 2 O Milk 3 o Potatoes 55 08 Tuefday 2 O Water 4 o Milk 6o 12 Monday 2 O Milk 77 00 Sunday 2 o Beer 60 1 12 58 08 Saturday O 8 Bread 6 1 14 Friday 2 o Milk 69 08 Thurfday O 8 Fruit Salt I 0 in the 6 a O Mutton — Days. Total 3 84 2 77 O — - VI. [ 369 ] VI* Of cm Iliac PafHorij occafoned by cut Appendix in the Uion : By the late Clau- dius A my and Bfq\ Serjeant-Surgeon to His Maj e&yland F. R. S. ' w May 2.y jPON the I5th of Sepumber I73p> a Lad about io Years of A°-e feemingly in perfect Health, after drinking fome four Small-Beer, complained of a violent Colic j which increafing with great Tenfion of the Belly, and con- tinual Vomitings of Excrements, he died three Days after of a Miferere , ending in a Mortification of the inflamed Guts. He was fufpefted to have been poifoned j which occafioned Mr, Maccullough's being fent for to open him. All the large Guts were found empty, up to an Appendix, or a hernious Expanfion in the Uion, about three Inches long, and of the fame Dimen- lions with the Gut itfelf; which was fo contracted and lhut by a Spafm, that as nothing could pafs downwards, fo all the Faeces were retained in the inteftinal Pipe betwixt this and the Stomach which was greatly diftended as far as the Pylorus ■ the Opening into the Stomach there, and that in the Guts below, which were contra&ed and fpafmed j being fo clofe, as hardly to admit of a fmall Probe. The frequent Vomitings of Excrements., during Life, fhew'd, that the Stricture at the Pylorus had occafionally given Way to their corning into the Stomach ; bur, as thefe were thrown up as foon as let in, this Vifcus was found as empty, as the Guts were below the ftrangulated Gut/ thro3 1 which [ 37° 1 which nothing had patted during the Courfe of the Difeafe. This Appendix of the Won, more capacious and longer than that ufually obferved in the Cacum, being fupported by no Mefentery, lay loofe and floating. At its Opening into the Gut, it made an acute Angle, determining the Courfe of the Faces from the upper Gut into it, and obftruding their Defcent into the natural Pipe 5 where the Current was made difficult, from a Defed in fome Segment of the Fibres infer- vient to the vermicular and periftaltic Adion 5 which, likely, was the Occafion of the Spafm, the contraded Fibres of the Gut having no Antagonift above, and the compelling Force to conquer the Refiflance being wanting. In the Liver there was a fleatomatous Tumour ftretched out thro’ its Subftance, containing in its Cyflis about eight Ounces of Matter j but fo difpofed, that the Courfe of the Fluids and Juices in and out was not impeded. VII. A Propofal for Warming, Rooms by the Steam of boiling Water conveyed in Pipes along the TV alls : A?id a Method of pre - venting Ships from Leaking, whofe Bottoms are eaten by the Worms : By Colonel Wm. Cook. Read May 2- A N Engine for giving a fufiicient Heat *74S‘ t0 all the Rooms in a Houfe from the Kitchen Fire. [ 371 ] [ 372 ] A-> Is a Copper with a Still-Head. By Is a Lead or Copper Pipe fixed to the Head of the Copper, thro’ which the Steam from the boil- ing Water heats : In its Palling thro' the eight Rooms the Pipe is fixed to the Wall or Side of the Room in the Place of the Chimney. CyCy Are Stop-Cocks, by which the Steam may be Buffered to pafs faft or flow, as you pleafe. V), Is the Vent for the Steam to pafs out at. Ey Is a Cittern of Water to replenifh the Copper as it boils away. 11THEN your Ship’s Bottom is fo eaten by the ** Worms, that fhe is no longer fit for Service, try the following Method -y •viz. Firft calk well the inftde Planks or Lining ; then fill the vacant Spaces between the Timbers, and the out and inftde Planks, with boiling Pitch or Refin, fo high as the main Gun Deck. The Pitch, being put in very hot, will run into every the fmalleft Cranny, and make the Ship as tight as a Bottle. By this the Ship is ballafted j there will be no Room left for Vermin, as Rats, &c. and the Pitch will ferve for other Ufes when taken out j therefore it will be but little Expence. VIII. [ 373 ] VIII. Tie Lapide Ofteocolla Inquifitio , Au&ore Ambrofio Beurero Neur ember genfi ; com- municator per Dominum Petrum Collinfo' num, R. S. S, Read May 9. y APIS Ofteocolla variis nominibus 74j' I i infignitur; communiflime tamen OJliocolla five OJieocolla dicitur, quod vocabulum e duobus gratis o^iov, os, & xaAA a, gluten, compo- nitur : alias etiam audit lapis oftites, ollofteos, oflina, offifana, ofiifraga, lapis AJiaticus , ‘Pierre de Monti , lapis Morochius , flores arena;, fofiile arborefcens, lapis fabilis, lapis arenofus ; Germanico idiomatc, 25ruc^ ^tein, fktcmbruxf^tew, I&nocljen * fbtetn, I^anD * fbtetu, 75zinf)zyl , 25e(nbruc^^tein, 25etn^ueU^tetu, Isnoc^en^btew, ^>tem 25lumwe+ Majores noftri nullum habuere hujus lapidis no- titiam, putantes efte ofla petrefada; aliis fpeciem gypfi credentibus. Ofieocolla autem provenit in ducatu Crojfenfi, Si- lefia, Pomerania, HaJJia, Saxonia, ‘Polonia, ‘JDarm - Jiadii , Heidelberg# , Spira , Jena, Megalop oli, in march ionatu Brandenburgico ad Befcoviam, Snone- bergam, & Drojfenam. Tellus, ubi provenit, femper eft fabulofa & fterilis; paflimque nihil aliarum arborum aut plantarum con- ipicitur, nifi mera populi : nulla; autem, quod qui- dem tradunt, inveniuntur in vallibus, neque oriuntur B b b a fca^ [ 37+ ] v a fcaturigine, neque unquam in viis lutofis deprc- hendujntur. Kraut ermannns nonnemini quicquam obtulit do- mus atque arcis figuram fiftens : magis autetn tophus, quam Ofteocolla fuifie videtur. Mercatus quoque vera ejufdem caruit notitione, dum petrefa&a & tophos calcarios ejufmodi nomine infignivit, quo- rum hi Hermanno judice magis bolaria aut cifti funt. Quod attinet ad ejus originem, provenit in modo memorata tellure fabulofa ad quorundum pedum profunditatem, <3c radicis gerit figuram. Maximos vix duabus manibus comple&aris, reliquze fenfim fenfim- que funt minores. Quantum ad confiftentiam, Ofteo- colla fub terra adhuc latens nunquam eft dura, fed Temper mollis & limofa, adeo, ut fi digitis teratur, prorfus febacea & pinguedinofa fir, turn autem fic- cata albefcat, ut calcarium quicquam. Ut fub terra reperitur, partim cana eft, partim flava aut alba, ex- teriufque fabulum eidem copiofum adhaeret. Propter mollem confiftentiam non omnino integra eximi poteft, ut veram radicis figuram gerat, nifi artificio- ciilime aggrediaris negotium, & nonnullas forte fep- timanas, aut aliquot menfes, in illud infumas, fiqui- dem raptim ablato fabulo rumpitur : unde lequentia funt obfervanda, ut, 1. Laboriofe & patienter quasratur : 2. Sabulum lente abftergatur: 3. Procul a radice auferatur: 4. Difpiciatur, annon parvae radices fecundarije irre- gulariter propullantes adfint, quas cavendum eft, ne dccutias : 3. Non [ 375 ] 5. Non mults fimul fodiantur, fed potias aliquan- tum mors illis indulgeatur, qus ficcentur atque du- refcant : turn, 6. Fovea afieribus obtegatur, ne quid ei fortuito illabatur aut piuvia illam confpergat: 7. Foflio non eft repetenda, nifi exftantibus probe duratis : 8. Calida ficca atque leni tempeftate afieres rurfus auferantur, ut eo citius exficcetur : 9. Fofllo e longinquo incipiatur, cum infcrius plerumque aqua inveniatur. Ofteocollam intus cavam effe, plurimi quidem 110- runt au&ores, in eo tamen invicem difFerunt, utrurn ilia in vegetabilium an mineralium numerum fit re- ferenda. Plurimi veterum earn ad ofla retulerunt metamorphofin experta, alii contra ncgant, quum per- feda oflium fragmenta non inveniantur, neque in chemia ullum partium animalium veftigium compa- reat. Erafmus admodum verifimiliter de ea fcripfit: qui Ofteocollam pro oflibus non agnofcunt, mine- rale eandem agnovcrunt e fabulo genitum, & jure quidem fuo ; Un. Prof. Teickmeyerus earn margam nuncupat 5 Dn. rei metallic# conf liarius Henckelius ad mineralia earn refert, generationem autem ejuf- dem reticet ; *D n . Prof. Junckerus earn in fabulo gigni perhibet, non autem addit, num ex arborum ftemmatis, an e radicibus provenid. Ego earn ra- dicem puto, cui arena adhsrefcit, qusque fenfim ita generatur. Et quamvis fatis Ofteocoll# inveniatur, nihil tamen unquam ligni arborei aut faltem viride confpicitur fupra terram extans j &, licet de origine hujus Ofteocolls ejufque arboris, cujus radix in Ofteo- B b b 2 collam [ 376 3 eollam jam dcgeneraverat, exa&e inquifiturus eflem, diu tamen id mihi non contingent, nifi ad uitimum; ubi tandem tamen ad Zernium , haud procul a Zojfenay aridum ejufmodi ramulum & viridem frondem con- fpexi, quod arbori, fuperius adhuc lignofx, inferius autem in meram Ofteocoliam jam tranfmutatx adhx- ferat, quae accuratius paullo examinata fpecies Populi crat. Origo ejus igitur quaerenda eft in populo nigra, cujus arbore aut ftemmate decifis aut petrifa&is & corrupt^, Ofteocolla radici fenfim accrefcit, primario aut furculis. In omnibus vero etiam Ofteocollx partibus inve- neris, iis adhuc aliquid lignofi inefle, utut jam putre- fadli, eoque elapfo eas perforari, ita uti ofli iimiles apparcant. Nunquam autem in arboribus prope illas atque in eadem tellure collocatis Ofteocoliam inveni: quodli tellus eftet incaufa, in pinis, betulis, & fimili- bus reperiri oporteret. Hoc vero docet, 1. Nunquam fere Ofteocoliam in regionibus Salt- nis deprehendi : 2. Credendum efle, ubi Ofteocolla invenitur, ibi femper antea populos extitifie : 3. Omnes Ofteocolla; fofl'ores vifuros, earn fuifle radicem : 4. Unum adhuc criterium fuppeditari pofle, ubi quid Ofteocollte invenitur, ibi ordinarix aliquid cal- cariorum oflium prominere videri, qux florem expri- mere videantur : unde multis venic in mentem earn crefcere & florere. Ofteocolla igitur eft fub fabulo, femper au^em eo tan turn loco, ubi radices fitas erant, quibus adhx- refcens [ 377 ] refcens fenfim obduruit, atque in quantum eminuit, in alborem fe induit ; quodfi quid ejus difiimile in- venitur, cafu fortuito illi fortafle afflatum eft. Radice inventa, fpithamam unam profundius fodi poteft, & certo Ofteocolla reperietur. OfteocoUa igitur, quam diu fub terra manet, mollis, aut circiter inftar calcis macerate fabulo permixta : ubi vero humor in aerem a.biit, fenfim etiam magis indurcfcit. Ad gcnerationem ergo requiritur (a) Radix populi : (b) Sine radix populi quidem confpici queat, ope tamen diftillationis vegetabile in oleo empyreu- matico demonftrari poteft : ( c ) Ad generationem multum confert acidum falis fabulo ar&e unitum : (, d ) Ut& arena fubtilis, quum inchemia notumfit,in arena Temper aliquid acidi remanere, atque adco femper lapidefcens quid adeffe, ut ita, vi didto- rum, acidum falis una cum multo humore fabuli materiam conftituat, nifi quod hie liber aeris acceffus adhuc defit, quum alias in terra jam in lapidem transformatum fuiffer. Hoc inde apparer, quia, 1. Maffa, fimulac aeri committitur & ficcatur, in- durefeit : 2. Deftillatio aliquid empyreumatici petrolei e par- tibus vitriolicis & bituminofis conftituti oftendit : 3. Si oleum vitrioli Ofteocollae affunditur, acidum falis communis inde fecedit : 4. Ofteocollam vero non effe ealeem, inde probo, quia .ego nullo modo hane elicere potui. Ego C 378 3 Ego Ofteocollam variis menftruis aggreffus fum vifurus, quantum cujufque pondus in unoquoque eorum folveretur : unde Temper Ofteocollae drachmam dimidiam atque cujufque menftrui unciam dimidiam hoc fine fumfi, fequentia ibi obfervavi : (a) Oleum vitrioli iv. ejus grana folviffe, qu» fo- lutio erat coloris flavi, reftduum vero ex albo flavefcentis : (£) Spiritus vitrioli omnia in formam falinam re- degit : (c) Spiritus nitri ejus fcrupulum i. grana iv. & \d) Acidum falis communis fcrupulum i. grana vi. folviffe : (e) Aqua regis vero fcrupulum i. grana iv. utram- que autem folutionem flavam evafiffe, refiduum autem ex albo flavefcens : (f) Acetum deftillatum etiam fcrupulum i. cum dimidio folviffe, folutionemque ejus fubfla* vam cvafiffe 5 refiduum vero, ut caetera, a men- ftruo quoad coloris mutationem immunia man* fiffe. Ofleocolla itaque, ut in officinis ufurpatur, minera eft putanda, inprimis vegetabili inde feparato ; poteft dici terra calcariaj non autem mutat fyrupum vio- larum. Ope deftillationis igne aperto fa ftse fuppeditat fpi- ritum urinofum 5 alcali fixo affufo effervefcit, fimul- que prodit fpiritum urinofum j refiduum aquae admi- niculo in lixivium reda&um nihil produxit falini ; fimul etiam unam refidui partem in calcem redigere ftudui, nullam autem calcem obtinui. Quodfi vero oleum vitrioli Ofteocollae affunditur, acidum falis communis [ 379 ] communis inde fecedit. Ofteocolla alcali calcinata opacum vitrum conftituere videtur, rurfus autem in aquam refolvi poteft, indeque verum vitrum nondum eft putandum ; Ofteocolla retorts tubulate indita, lenique igne impofita, oleoque vitrioli per tubulum affufo fpiritum falis inde liberat, qui etiam deftil- lando obtineri poteft. Ego etiam obtentum hunc fpiritum falis, hanc ob rationem fale alcali fixo fatu- ravi, & fal commune regeneratum effeci, poftea ftc- catum retortte rurfus immifi, oleum vitrioli afFudi, iterumque in retortam indito, oleum vitrcoli infudi, denuoque deftillando fpiritum acidum falis communis obtinui. Summa Ofteocolla bafts eft fabulum ; nonnulli vo- lunt lac lunjE, medullam Saxonum , & lapidern Ofteo- collae unum idemque efte, quod vero falfum eft. Si quid rubicundi in Ofteocolla fuerit repertum, mar- tiale quid in vicinia adfuifle. Ufus ejus medicus eft abforbensj unde a nonnullis ad fluorem album fe» dandum adhibetur. IX. [ 3^0 ] IX. A Letter from J. Cookfon, M. 2). to Mr. Latouche at Little Chelfea, concerning the Boy who has an extraordinary Boulimia, or craving Appetite : Communicated to the Royal Society by John Martyn, F. R . S, Prof. Botan. Cantab. SIR , Wakefield , April 24. 1745. Read May 9. T^AS defired, by your Friend Mr. 5 745- j[ Arnett to tranfmit to you what I could colled relating to the Boy at Barnfiey [6 Miles from Wakefield ] ; fo pleale to accept of the fol- lowing, with the inclofed Account of his Eating and Drinking, taken by a Friend of mine, for fix Days fucceffively. Matthew and into the low Apparatus , wherein the Incifion is below the Os Pubis and Scrotum. In the firft, the Stone is extra&ed through the upper Open- Ddd z ing [ 392 ] ing of the 'Pel-vis : In the fecond, the Stone is taken out thro’ the lower Opening of the fame Pelvis. The low Apparatus [or Way] may be iikewife di- vided into direB and lateral. The direB is th z greater Apparatus [or Cutting on the Staff] : The lateral is of four Sorts. The lateral Apparatus of the firft Sort is that which is done without the Staff [or Catheter ], and wherein the Operator has no other Guide but the Stone itfelf, which is puflied forward, as much as poflible, towards the Perineum. This is called the le[fer Apparatus [or Cutting on the Gripe], which Celfus has deferibed. It is the oldeft of all the Ways of Cutting, and may be look’d on as the Source of all the other Sorts of the lateral Operation. The fecond Sort of lateral Apparatus is that wherein the Operator makes ufe of a grooved Staff, on which he cuts the [inner] End of the Ure- thra lengthways, and makes laterally on the Infide of the Proftate, and on the Neck of the Bladder, an Incifion about two Lines deep, or a Sort of laying open, which only makes way for the Dila- tation or Laceration. This is the Method of Cutting which I ufe, after having had it from Mr. Morand7 who learned it of Mr. Chefelden. And it is to this I have endeavoured to give the Improvements which are already known in the World, and which I intend fpeedily to publifh. In my Opinion, one may rank in the fame Clafs the Method whereby Monfteur de la Peyronie lays open laterally the Neck of the Blad- der , with Inflruments differing but little from thofe of the greater Apparatus. [For] this Method, as ic has been communicated to me by that great Sur- geon, fcarcely differs from ours but in the Inftru- rnents. The [ 393 J The third Sort of lateral Operation is that, wherein, under the Diredion of the fame grooved Staff, he cuts quite thro' the Neck of the Bladder, the Proftate. and the [inner J End of the Urethra. This is, pro- perly fpeaking. Frier Jaquess Method rectified ; that which Mr. Chefelden pradifed laft, that of Mr. Sharp his Difciple, and, probably, that of Mr. Ran ; if, after all, it is not of the fecond Sort. In fine, the fourth Sort of lateral Operation is that, in which, without touching the Urethra , or Neck of the Bladder, the Incifion is made into its Body, on one Side of the Neck. This is aferibed to Mr. Ran, but I am of Opinion, that the firfl: Perfons who tried it on the living Body were Mr. Bamber and Mr. Chefelden^ who foon after abandon'd it ; after them, Mr. Foubert , who endeavoured to improve it; and, in fine, myfelf, who am in hopes, that I have given it thofe Degrees of Perfedion, which were eflentially wanting in the Methods of thofe who went before me. This fourth Sort of lateral Operation, and thofe Improvements which I think I have added to it, are to be theSubjed of our firfl: Remarks. ARTICLE II. Remarks on the fourth Sort of lateral Operation , commonly aferibed to Mr. Rau. pRIER Jacques s Manner of Cutting, quite inipcr- ^ fed: as it was, is the Source, or, at lead, the occaftonal Caufe, of all the new Methods of the late- ral [ 394 ] ral Operation. Immediately after Frier Jaques , Mr. Ratiy who was qualified to corred the Defe&s in the Method of the former, invented a particular one, of which he never fhew’d more than the outward Part, which he could not conceal, and made a Myftery of the effential Part of the Operation. The only Par- ticulars that have been known with Certainty, are; 1. That he made ufe of a grooved Catheter pafs'd into the Bladder without being injeded j and that he himfelf held this Catheter in his left Hand during the Operation. 2. That he made the outward Incifion between the left Erehtor [ Penis 3 and the Accelerator lUrm a], and carried it down to near the Buttock on one Side of the Anus ; which he did by feveral Strokes of the Knife. 3. That he made the inward Incifion with the fame Instrument, which was like the common Incifion* Knife. But, in Mr. Raus Operation, we know not what Parts he cut in his inward Incifion : However, from the foregoing Circumftances, I believe I can demon- ftrate, that this Surgeon never performed the fourth Sort of lateral Operation, of which he is faid to be the Author ; and that his Manner was, at mod, to cut thro’ the Urethra , the] Predate, and the Neck of the Bladder, as is done in the fecond and third Sorts of this Operation. [For] Firfl, Mr. Ran made ufe of a grooved Staff. Now, in order to cut into the Body of the Bladder, the grooved Staff is quite ufelefs ; and even the common Staff is generally of little or no Ufe, becaufe the End of the [ 395 3 the Staff, that anfwers to the Body of the Bladder, is plunged very deep towards the Relvis, and alfo very apt to flip; for which Reafon Lithotomies, fuch as the celebrated Mr. Chefielden , who refolved to try this Manner of Cutting, have been obliged to injed [the Cavity of] the Bladder, that its Body might be the lefs fubjed to flip [from the Knife]; but made no Ufe of the Groove of the Staff, as deeming it ufe- lefs. Incifionem in fulco catheter is fieri non pofife , five necejfie non efife , ut fieftio in fulco fiat. 'Douglas in Heifier on the lateral Operation. But Mr. Ran made ufe of the Groove; therefore he did not make his Opening into the Bladder thro’ its Body. Secondly, This Lithotomift did not injed the Blad- der ; and yet his Operation was quick and fafe : Wherefore, it cannot be that he cut into thefBody of the Bladder. For, even with the new Staff of my Invention, which I fhall by-and-by deferibe, and which makes a confiderable Elbow forward, the In- cifion into the Body of the B adder is tedious and difficult. And I can affine you, from Experience, that this fame Incifion with the common Staff is fo difficult, that it comes near to an Impoffibility ; and that it is abfolutely impoffible to be always fure of making this Incifion in one certain Place, and with- out fatal Miftakes, in this Method, even fuppofing the Bladder injeded. Therefore Mr. Ran, who did not injed if, would have, a fortiori , performed an impoffible Operation, and with Succefs too : There- fore this Surgeon did not cut into the Body of the Bladder. Thirdly, [ 396 ] Thirdly, Mr. Rau held the Staff with his left Hand, and did the Operation with his right, Thofe who do the lateral Operation of the firft three Sorts do not certainly find both their Hands too much for cutting into the Urethra and the Proftate, without injuring the neighbouring Parts : And yet it is pre- tended, that Mr .Rau could open the Body of the Bladder very exactly (an Operation which I have proved above to be impoftible in his Manner/; it is pretended, I fay, that he did this Operation with one Hand, a Thing which is more than pollible ; fince, in order to do it with the new Staff, which pro- jects forward, befides the two Hands of the Operator, which are abfolutely neceffary, we are obliged to make an AfTiftant put his Finger, or an Inftrument i ahead of it, into the Reflum, to keep the Gut clear of the Place of the Incifion. Fourthly, Mr. Chefelden , in the firft Trials he made of this pretended Method of Mr. Ran-, opened the Body of the Bladder, and found himfeif under a Neceflity of relinquifhing this Method, becaufe pu- trid Ulcers were formed, in the Courfe of the Cure, in the cellular Membrane that furrounds the Bladder and Reffum. Now Dr. Heifter , a Difciple of Mr. Rau , fays, This Accident never happened to Mr. Rau ; therefore he did not open the Bladder in its Body : For there is no Reafon why he fhould avoid this Accident jrather than Mr. Chefelden. Fifthly, Mr. Rau made all his Inciftons, the in- ward as well as the outward, with the fame Inftru- ment, whofe Make was much like the common Cutting Knife, according to Dr. Heifter. This laft Circumftance makes me think, not only that Mr. Rau [ 397 ] Rau did not cut into the Body of the Bladder 5 be* caufe, with fo broad an Inftrument, and the little Precaution he ufed, as we have already feen, he would never have fucceeded ; but likewife this broad Inftrument gives me a violent Sufpicion, that this Lithotomift did not fo much as cut into the Neck of the Bladder ; and that he only laid it open, as is the Practice in that mafterly Operation with the greater Apparatus executed in Mr. de la Peyronies Manner : For it is well known what Precaution mud be ufed in the feveral lateral Operations, to remove the Reffium from the Proftate and the End of the Urethra , in order to cut thefe Parts without touch- ing the Gut. Wherefore, in all the feveral Ways of the lateral Operation, not only the Fore finger of the left Hand of the Operator is neceffary, but alfo, as I have juft now faid, it is requifite that the Finger of an Afliftant, or an Inftrument introduced into the Anus , Ihould contribute to keep off this fame Gut. Whether Mr. Rau open'd the Body of the Bladder or nor, his Difciplcs believed he did : And as they were Witneffcs to the great Succefs of their Mafter, they have not failed to conceive and give the Public an high Opinion of a Method of Cutting which opened the Body of the Bladder with all the Safety that could be expe&ed from a true Method. The Trials made in England having failed of Succefs, it was pretty natural in France to think, that the Per- fons, who made thefe firft Trials, had not light on the true Manner of making this Opening, fo greatly cried up, and fo much defired. Monfieur Foubert , Surgeon of Paris, flatter'd with thefe Hopes, added to the common Inftruments for Cutting, the grooved E e e Trochart [ 398 3 Trochart of the Paracent hefts, which he propofed to thruft in between the Tuberoli'cy of the Os If chium and the Anus , directly into the Body of the Bladder 5 and on which he was afterwards to intro- duce a fharp Ihftrument of his Invention, to make a proper Wound for extrading the Stone. He made Trial of thefe Inftruments on a dead Body ; and, in fine, he cut a certain Number of Patients for feveral Years fuccdTivdy in that manner. People are di- vided on the Succefs which attended thefe Trials : Much has been written againfl it 5 and I have heard a great deal faid in its Favour by good Judges. One Advantage, which flatter’d me in this Method, was that of its not being liable to occafion Incontinencies of Urine, nor even Fijiulas , as I was allured ; Incon- veniences from which the lateral Operation is not exempt in the Cafe of large Stones, becaufethis Ope- ration attacks the Bladder in its Neck. But one De- fed of Mr. Foubert’s Method, which his very Partizans cannot help taking for an effential Inconvenience, is, that the Operator thrufls the Trochart in toward the Bladder without any thing to guide him, and, as it were, by Guefs. ’Tis needlefs to inlarge on the fatal Confequences of this Defed they appear at firft Sight j and are fufficient to make one refufe giving even the Name of a Method to fo uncertain a Way of Cutting. Neverthelefs, if this Way of Cutting had other wife great Advantages, and that one could clear it of that Blemifh which overcafts it, by giving it this Guide which it wanted, and render- ing its Procefs fteady and certain, it muft be allowed, that it would prove an excellent Method, a lateral Operation of the fourth Sort, worthy of being put opon [ 399 ] upon a Par with, or perhaps of having the Prefe- rence of, the other three. Such are the Reflections which l was led to make on Mr. Foubert's Operation, by the good Things I have heard of it, and the ill Confequences which I knew attended it. I endeavoured to find an Intern- ment that could fix the Incifion into the Body of the Bladder to the Place intended : And here is [the Defcription of] that which I invented for this Pur« pofe : This Inftrument is a Staff reprefented in Tab. IV. Fig. i. fuch as it is when Ipafs it into the Bladder. Ay Is its crooked End, which is fplit length- ways into two Pieces 5 the concave Piece of which. Ay is fixed, and of the fame Piece with the reft of the Staff j and the convex Piece, C, is moveable, having its fixed Point joined by a Hinge to the End a of the Piece Ay and its moveable Part jointed at by with a Piece which makes the End of a ftrong Stilet Cor Wire] that runs thro' the Centre of the Piece By where it is riveted at e. This Piece Bt the Wire, and the Piece C, are held in the Situation which the Operator puts them in, by the Screw E , the End of which bears againft the Piece B. This is made of two folid Plates of Silver folder’d to- gether j in the Middle of which a Groove has been made to lodge the Wire. The Handle, F), of the Staff, is fquare, efpecially on the Infide, in order to ferve as a Sheath for the Piece By and give it a Firmnefs, which it commu- nicates to the Wire, and to the moveable Piece C. The Body, G, of the Catheter is almoft intirely foiid, leaving in its Centre but juft Room enough E e e z fof [ 40° ] for the PafTage of the Wire. Without this Solidity and this NarrOwnefs of the PafTage of the Wire, the Catheter would not be firm ; and the Wire itfelf,. liable to waver, would not run true, but would im- part its W eaknefs, or Want of juftnefs, to the move- able Piece C, which is the Guide of this Operation. This Body, G , is folder’d to the Piece I) at H, making it enter fquare into the faid Piece * D , till it meets the Slider B, which I fuppofe intirely within the Piece F). The Rings are very large and ftrong, for the Conveniency of ufing it. This Catheter is made of Silver, from the Rings inclufive to F: AH the reft, together v/ith the Wire, ought to be of the hardeft Gold; becaufe it is on this End of the Catheter that the greateft Strefs is laid; and Silver has not Firmnefs enough to refift the Efforts that thefe Pieces muft fuftain. And particu- lar Care muft be taken, that all the Angles and Pro- minences be render'd very fmooth. I enter into thefe Details of the Make of the In- ftrument, becaufe I have learn’d, to my Coft, that the Workmen do not think of them. Fig-. 2. (hews the whole Mechanifm of this Cathe - ter> by reprefenting it open, and fuch as it is in the Bladder while the Incifion is making. The Piece B , of Fig. i. is here funk in its Sheath T); whereby the fmall Style or Wire is thruft to- wards the crooked End of the Catheter , and, at the fame time, pufhes the End b of the fmall moveable Piece C towards this fame Parr. The Catheter being thus open in the Bladder, when the Operator draws the Inftrumcnt towards him, it is Popp’d by the Neck of this Organ, at the Place mark’d dd $ and then the Angle [ 4° i ] Angle b projects about a Finger's Breadth from the Orifice of the Bladder. Yet there are fome SubjeCis, in whom this Orifice, being very wide or relaxed, gives greater Way to the Effort made by the Widen- ing, dd , of the anterior Angle of the Catheter ; whereby it happens, that, inftead of flopping this Angle at dd , it lets it pafs thro’ to ff which brings the Incifion fo much nearer the Neck of the Blad- der: Nay, I have feen in fome dead Bodies, in which the Relaxation is dill greater, that the Proffate was fomewhat concerned in the Incifion j which is no great Misfortune. But even this may be eafiiy avoided, by taking care, in the firft Incifions, to difengage the Part that anfwers to the projecting Angle from every thing that may hide from us the Proftate and Bladder; and then the foregoing Cafe becoming vifi- ble, it is eafy to guard againft it, by caufing the pro- jecting Angle of the Catheter to be pufh’d, or by pufhing it one’s Self farther into the Bladder. This projecting Part of the Catheter is not feen ; but it is very perceivable to the Touch, thro’ the Integuments ; and ftiil more fo, after they are cut through. I muft not omit obferving here, that, notwith- ftanding all the Care I have taken to inftruCt the Inftrument-maker in. the ConflruCfion of this Cathe- ter-, and efpecially of the moveable Piece bC , in order to make it foiid : Yet it has often proved too weak to bear the Effort of thrufting the Part for- ward, which we are obliged to do on one Side j fo that it bent, and remain’d in the Middle, while the reft of the Catheter was to the left Side. [ 402 ] In cafe of this Accident, it came into my Thought to turn the Catheter upfide-down ; fo that the Angle of the moveable Piece might anfwer to the upper Part of the Neck of the Bladder, and flop there, while the concave and immoveable Part of Cathe- ter anfwer’d to the Incifion, and that the very End of the Catheter projected at the Place where I was to open the Body of the Bladder. And, upon fevc- ral Trials, I found that this Place was the very fame which had before been pointed out by the Angle of the moveable Piece ; therefore, when I have one of thefe Catheters , on which I cannot depend, I make ufe of it in this laft Manner; and it intirely anfwers my Expectation; becaufe the fix’d Piece of thefe Catheters is always very folid, and that the An- gle of the moveable Piece does its Duty as well on the upper as on the under Side of the Neck of the Bladder. It has even feem’d to me, that the End of the Inftrument makes the greater Prorrufion for- ward. In fine, this Catheter , being almoft ftrait, eatily affumes in the Bladder every Situation which one finds neceffary to give it. Fig. 3. reprefents the Incifion-Knife, which I ufe. It is the fame that I call Urethotome in my common lateral Operation ; excepting that here I give a greater Length to the Back, A is the Handle ; B C the Blade ; of which B is the great Edge, C the Back, FE is the little Edge. I11 the middle of this Blade is a Chanel, that ends with the Point of the Inftrument at E. The little Edge FE muft not go beyond the Point Fy if the Operator would fpare the Neck of the Bladder, when he plunges the Inftrument into this Organ ; for, if it [ 4°3 ] it be made longer, it mud carry the Incifton as far as into the Proftate. The Manner of performing the Operation. I-TAVING placed the Patient as ufual, I pafs an *• -*• hollow Catheter into the Bladder, thro’ which I half-in je and thence into the whole Circumference of the Bladder. Mr. Chefelden complained of this Accident, when he try’d this Method. 3. The Stones more difficult to be found, either with the Fingers, or thelnftruments ; efpecially when they are lodged in the right Side, and anterior Part, of the Bladder. 4. Even when the Operator has laid hold of the Stone, he finds more Difficulty in extracting it than in any other fort of the lateral Operation. I was formerly of the contrary Opinion 5 but Experience has fince convinced me, and I have plainly feen the Fff 2 Grounds [ 4°8 ] Grounds of this fourth Inconvenience ; which are thefe: It is not the exterior Integuments that ever hinder the Pafl'age of the Stone ; for they yield too eafily [to give any Obflacle]. The Septum Levator Ani is not more difficult to dilate from the Moment it has begun to be divided : Wherefore the real Obftacles to the Extraction of the Stone are, either the Bones of the ‘ Pelvis , the Bladder, or the Proftate. The Bones of the ‘Pelvis give an equal Obftacle to all the Sorts of lateral Operation : And even, ge- nerally fpeaking, in all the Methods of the low Ap - paratus , it is the fame Road, the fame Outlet, the fame Obftacle. The Bladder prefents as great an Obftacle in the fourth Sort of the lateral Operation as in the fecond, or in ours. In the firft, the Wound of the Bladder is made an Inch long ; in the fecond, the Bladder is laid bare for fome Lines, and then dilated the reft of the Way. In both thefe the Opening is the fame, when the Forceps is introduced. In extracting the Stone, you mult in both ftill dilate or tear as much as the Size of the Stone requires; and, confequently, in this refpeCt, the Difficulty is the fame. The Proftate and Neck of the Bladder are the re- maining Obftacles to the Extraction of the Stone. Thefe Parts are divided in our Method, and they are left whole in the lateral Operation of the fourth Sort. Now it is plain, and I have experienced it in the three Operations I did, that the Neck of the Bladder and the Proftate advance, while the Stone is extradit- ing, under the Pubis , and againft the interofleous Ligament of the Os Pubis , and there form a con- iidcrable [ +°9 ] fiderable Obftacle; and indeed fo confiderable, that,; in the Cafe of John Refer T)ejtnareft it could not be forced by the greateft Efforts: A Circumftance which has never happened to me in the lateral Ope- ration thefe ten Years paft that I have ufed it. 5. Tho' I have had the good Fortune, in the fore- going Operations, not to hurt the Veficul falicis folio. Town. 1055 Barbarea, J. B. flore fimplici. Bark. 1056 Blitum perenne : Bonus Henricus. J. B. G . 1057 Canella alba Off. Cort. Winterannus vulgo. iof8 Cardiaca, flore canefcente. Amman . 1059 Convolvulus coeruleus minor Hifpanicus.ParL 1060 Cyperus odoratus radice longa. C. B. 1 06 1 Cyperus rotundus efculentus anguftifolius. Ibid. 1062 Cytifus incanusj filiquisfalcatis. C. B. 1063 Cytifus glaber foliis fubrotund. pediculis bre- viflimis. Ibid. 1064 Draba filiquis donata. C. B. ro6 5 Fagopyrum vulgare ere&um. Tourn> Hhh 1066 1 42-2 3 1066 Glaucium flore purpureo. Tourri. 10 67 Hedyfarum annuum. filiquis afperis pendulis intortis. Ibid. 1068 Helenium Off. Enula campana. 'Park. 1069 Helleborus niger, flore rofeo. C. B. Off. 1070 Horminum luteum glutinofum. C.B. 1071 Hydrophyilum Morini. Tourn. 1072 J a fm inum luteum Indicum odoratiflimum. Ferrar. 3073 Laurus Alexandrina. Off. 1074 Linaria latifolia F) aim at tea. C. B. 1075 Lupinus anguftifoiius fylveftris coeruleus elatior. Hort. Eyftet. 1076 Lychnis coronaria vulgaris. J. B. 3 0 77 Lychnis vifcofa rubra angtiftifolia. C. B. 1078 Matricaria, foliis florurn fiftulofis. Hort. R. Par. 1079 Melifia Moldavica , flore albo. Park . 1080 Myrto ciftus Pennei. Cluf 3081 Napus dulcis fativus. Off, 1082 Onagra latifolia. Tourn. 1083 Origanum Heracleoticumy 'Cunila gallinacea Plinii. C. B. 1084 Oenanthc flrellata Cretica-, P. Alpini, Park. 1085 Periploca foliis oblongis. Tourn. 1086 Plantago major incana. Park. 1087 Polygonatum floribus ex flnguiis pediculis* J. B. 1088 Rapunculus montanus corniculatus. Ger . 1089 Rubia tin&orum fativa. Off. 2090 Ranunculus echinatus Creticus. C. B . 1091 Sclarea, Off, G 42£ ] 1092 Stachys Canarienfc frutefcens, verbafci folio. Tourn. 1093 Tamarifcus latiore folio. Park. Germanicus. Tourn. " 1094. Tamarifcus tenuiore folio. Park. Narbonen- fs. Tourn. 1095 Tacamahac foliis ferratis. Plukn. Phyt. 22$, Fig. 2. 1096 Tanacetum vulgare lutcum. C. B. 1097 Tanacetum foliis crifpis. Ibid. 1098 Thlafpi Creticum purpureum. Park. 1099 Trachelium umbelliferum Ponte. 1100 Valeriana major hortenlis, Monfon. Phu. Off. XIV. An Inquiry into the Meafure of the Force of Bodies in Motion : With a Propofal of an Experimentum Crueis, to decide the Controverfy about it. By James Jurin, M. 2). Fellow of the Royal College of Phyficians, London, and of the Royal Society. Read May 30. *745- MEchanical Forces may be reduced to two Sorts ; one of a Body at Reft, the other of a Body in Motion. The Force of a Body at Reft, is that of a Body lying Rill upon a Table, or hanging by a Rope, or fupported upon a Spring, &c. This is called by the Name of Preflure, Tenfion, Porce, or Vis mortua. Hhh 2 The The Meafure of this Force is the Weight with which the Table is prefied, or the Rope is ftretched, or the Spring is bent. And that Meafure being acknowledged by all Writers, there is no Difpute about this Sort of Force, notwithflanding the Diverfity of Appellations by which it is called. The Force of a Body in Motion is on all hands agreed to be a Power refiding in that Body, fo long as it continues its Motion ; by means of which it is able to remove Obftacles lying in its Way; to lef- fen, deftroy, or overcome, the Force of any other moving Body, which meets it in an oppoftte Di- rection ; or to furmount any dead Prefiure or Refin- ance, as Tenfion, Gravity, FriCtion, &c. for fome time ; but which will be leiien’d or deftroy’d by fuch Obftacles, or by fuch Refiftance, as lefiens or de- ftroys the Motion of the Body. This is called moving Force, Vis motrix, and by fome late Writers, Vis viva, to diftinguifh it from the Vis mortua fpoken of before : And by thefe Ap- pellations, however different, the fame Thing is un« derftood by all Mathematicians j namely, That Power of difplacing Obftacles, withftanding oppoftte moving Forces, or overcoming any dead Refiftance, which refides ia a moving Body, and which, in Whole or in Part, continues to accompany it, fo long- as the Body moves. But about the Meafure of this Sort of Force, Ma- thematicians are divided into two Parties: And, in order to ftate the Cafe fairly between them, it will be neceftary to fhew how far the two Parties agree, and in what Point their Difagreement confifts. Both C 42s ] Both Sides agree, That the Meafure of this Force- depends partly upon the Mafs, or Weight, of the Body, and partly upon the Velocity with which it moves ;fo that, upon any Increafe either of the Weight, or of the Velocity, the moving Force will become greater. They alfo agree, That if the Velocity continue the fame, but the Mafs, or Weight of the Body, be increafed in any Proportion, the moving Force is in- creafed in the fame Proportion: So that, in this Cafe, the Meafure of the moving Force is the fame with that of the Weight: Or, when two Bodies move with the fame Velocity, if the W eight of the fecond be double, triple, quadruple, of that of the firft, the moving Force of the fecond will alfo be double, tri- ple, quadruple, of that of the firfl. But, when two Bodies are equal, and the Velo- cities with which they move are different, the two Parties no longer agree about the Meafure of the moving Force. One Side maintains, That, when the Velocity of the fecond Body is double, triple, quadruple, of that of the firft, the Meafure of the moving Force of the fe- cond is alfo double, triple, quadruple, of that of the moving Force, being the fame with that of the Velocity. The other Side pretend. That, in the fame Cafe, the moving Force of the fecond Body is four times, nine times, fixteen times, as great as that of the firft 5, the Meafure of the moving Force being the fame with that of the Square of the Velocity. In confequence of the Agreement in the firft of thefe two Cafes,, and the Difagreement in the fecond, the one Side pretends, That the Meafure of the moving Force is, in all Cafes, the Produft of the Weighs [ 426 ] Weight into the Velocity; and the other. That it is the Product of the Weight into the Square of the Velocity. This Controverfy was firft flatted by the famous Mr. Leibnitz , and has been carried on by him and his Followers for near threefcore Years; during which Time a great Number of Pieces have been publifhed on both Sides of the Queftion, and a great Number of Experiments have been made, or pro- pofed to be made, in order to decide it. But tho’ both Parties agree in the Event of the Experiments, whether adually made, or only propofed ; yet, as the Writers on each Side have found a Way of de- ducing from thofe Experiments a Conclufton fuit- able to their own Opinion, the Difagreement ftill continues as wide as ever, to the great Scandal of the Learned World. Now, if we examine carefully into the Reafon of this, and would fee by what means it happens, that two oppofite Conclulions are fo often drawn from the fame Experiment, we fhall find it not fo much owing to falfe Reafoning on either Side, (That would be eafily deteded, and fet right), a$rto another Caufe; namely, to their Difagreement in the Principles upon which the Reafoning is founded. For, whereas whatever is laid down on either Side as a Principle, ought to be fomething all the World agrees in, at leaft what is admitted by the other Party ; without which, all Reafoning upon it is to no Pur- pofe ; this Condud has been fo little obferved in the prefent Difpute, that what has been offered on the one Side as an undoubted Principle or Axiom, has 7 C 427 ] has commonly beenfomething that the oppofite Party- does not admit, nay, even abfolutely denies. Of this it were eafy to produce a Number of Ex- amples ; but I {hall content myfelf with two only, one taken from each Side. Thofe who maintain, That the moving Force is as the Weight into the Velocity, lay down for a Prin- ciple, or Axiom. That When two Bodies meet one another in contrary Dire&ions, if their moving Forces be equal, neither Body will prevail over the other : And if their moving Forces be unequal, the ftronger will always prevail over the weaker. This the Leibnitian Party deny. They maintain, That one of thefe Bodies may prevail over the other, though their moving Forces be equal: Nay, that, in many Cafes, the weaker will prevail over the ftronger. It is therefore to no Purpofe to alledge, That the Principle above laid down is founded on common Senfe ; or that it was always univerfally received, till this Difpute began : For, ftnee the oppofite Parry now rejeft it, ali Reafoning upon it can have no Weight with them ; you muft have recourfe to fome- thing elfe. On the other hand, thofe who adhere to Mr. Leib » nitz s Sentiment, lay down for a Principle, That Equal Eflfefts always arife from equal Caufes; pro- vided the Caufes be intirely confumed in producing thofe Effefts. This their Opponents do not admit, unlefs in the Cafe where thofe equal Effe&s are produced in equal Times : And therefore, till both Sides fhall agree in admitting [ 4*8 ] admitting this Principle, no Argument can be drawn from it by one Party, that will be of any Service to convince the other. But as this Principle is chiefly made ufe of in reafoning upon Experiments made with [Springs, many of which have been produced by both Parties, in Support of their Opinions, it may be worth while more particularly to confider. What Right there is on the one Side to impofe this Principle, and what Reafons may be given on the other for rejeding it. When one End of a Spring, wholly unbent, leans againft an immoveable Support, and the oppofite End is ftruck upon by a Body in Motion, which, bending the Spring to fome certain Degree, does thereby lofe its whole moving Force ; the moving Force of the Body may be confidered as the Caufe of bending the Spring; and the Bending of the Spring may be looked upon as the Effed of that Caufe, which is wholly fpent and confumed in pro- ducing it. Now if two unequal Bodies, moving with une- equal Velocities, ftrike in this manner upon two equal Springs, and each of them bend the Spring it ftrikes upon, exadly to the fame Degree; and by fo doing, the moving Force of each Body be intirely con- fumed; Here, fay the Leibnitian Writers, are two equal Effeds produced ; for the Springs are equal, and are now equally bent ; and the moving Forces, which are the Caufes of thofe Effeds, are wholly confumed in producing them ; and therefore, by vir- tue of the Principle above laid down, thofe Caufes muft be equal ; that is, the moving Forces of the two Bodies muft be equal. But [ 4=9 ] But their Antagonifis will reply, That this Princi- ple is not admitted by them, except the Times of producing thofe EfFetts are equal; and that they are not fo in the Cafe before us : For the greater Body will take up a longer Time in producing its EfFeft, or in bending its Spring. If therefore the Leibnitian Party pretend. That equal Effe&s, when produced in unequal Times, do always arife from equal Caufes, they mult not impofe this upon their Opponents by way of Principle or Axiom, but mufi demonfirate it. Till this be done, there will be Room to doubt, at leafi, whether the two Bodies have equal moving Forces, though they bend equal Springs to the fame Degree. For the larger and flower of thefe two Bodies will bend the one Spring more (lowly ; and, confequently, will be refilled for a longer Time, than the fmaller and fwifterBody will be refilled in bending the other Spring to the fame Degree. May not therefore the total Refinance of a Spring be greater, if that Refinance continues for a longer Time ? And, if the total Refinance be greater, mutt not the moving Force, which is defiroyed and confumed by that Refinance, be alfo greater ? Is there not Reafon then to doubt, whether the moving Forces of thefe two Bodies be equal, though they bend equal Springs to the fame Degree ? In like manner, when a Spring, already bent to fome certain Degree, does* by unbending, drive before it a Body which gives way to its Prefiure, is there not Room to doubt, whether the Prefiure of I i i the L 430 J the Spring may not produce a greater EfFed, when that Preffure continues for a longer Time ? That Preffure may be faid to produce three EfFeds, all of which may, if we pleafe, be confidered as dif- ferent from one another. 1. The Preifure carries the Body thro* a certain Space; by which Space the Length of the bent Spring is increased, in returning to its natural Situ- ation. 2. The Preffure gives to the Body a certain Quan- tity of Motion. 3. It gives the Body a certain moving Force. Now, the firft of thefe EfFeds is greater, when the Preffure ads for a longer Time. For, if the Pref- fure of a bent Spring, by ading for one Second upon the Body 1, carry that Body 1 thro’ the Space 1 ; the Preffure of the fame, or of an equal Spring equally bent, by ading for two Seconds upon the Body 4, will carry that Body 4 thro’ the fame Space 1. Likewife the fecond EfFed is greater, when the Preffure continues for a longer Time. For, in the Cafe juft now mentioned, the Body 4 will have twice the Quantity of Motion that the Body 1 has ; though thefe two Quantities of Motion arife from the Preffure of the fame, or, which is all; one, of equal Springs equally bent. Why therefore are we take it for granted, or to have it impofed upon us by way of Principle or Axiom, That the third EfFed is not greater, when the Time, in which it is produced by the PrefFure of the fame, or equal Springs, is logger, nay, infinitely longer l But [ 43* ] But we are told, that all the Force, which refided in the Spring, while bent, is now, upon the Unbend- ing of the Spring, communicated to the Body moved. I ask therefore, What was that Force, or what kind of Force was that, which refided in the Spring, while bent, and without Motion ? Was it a bare Prcffure, or a moving Force ? A Vis mortua , or a Vis viva ? You mull acknowledge, it was a Vis mortua , a bare Preffure, and nothing more. But the Force commu- nicated to the Body, and which now refides in the Body in Motion, is a Vis viva , a moving Force. This therefore is not the fame Force, nor a Force of the fame kind, as that which refided in the bent Spring. It will be faid, however, That the Force of the bent Spring is intirely exhaufted in giving the Body its moving Force. I ask therefore again, What is it I am to underhand by thefe Words, The Force of the Spring is intirely exhaufted ? If the Meaning be, that the Spring could not polTibly give that fame Body any greater moving Force, than what it has already given, I allow it : But this does not prove, that the fame Spring, bent afrefh to the fame Degree, or an equal Spring equally bent, cannot give a greater Force to a greater Body. But if the Meaning of thefe Words be, That the Spring cannot give a greater moving Force to any Body whatfoever, I muft anfwer, That this is taking for granted the very Point which is in Difpute. For the oppofite Party pretend, That a Body of four Times the Bulk, will receive twice the moving Force in twice the Time, from the Preffure of the fame Spring I i i 2 in L 43 2 J in unbending itfelf, or, if you pleafe, in exhaufting all its Force. It is plain, therefore, that the Followers of Mr. Leibnitz have no Right to fay, A Body has fuch or fuch a Force, becaufe fuch or fuch a Spring has put it in Motion by unbending itfelf, or can be bent by it. This is not a Pofition to be taken for granted* but Bands in need of a Demonftration, which nobody has as yet attempted to give, at leaft from any uncon- troverted Principle j and, till this be done, the lay- ing down any fuch Pofition can have no other Effed, than to perplex the Controverfy more and more, without Hopes of ever coming to an End of it. For which Reafon I propofe to take a quite dif- ferent Method in what follows, and to lay down no- thing, by way of Principle or Axiom, but what is- allowed of by all the World, or, at leaft, has never yet been contradided a priori. Axiom. X. When a bent Spring does, by unbending itfelf, pufh a Body before it, the greater the Body is, the more flowly will the Spring unbend itfelf. Axiom II. The more any Spring is bent, the greater is its Preflure. Axiom III. A greater Preflure produces a greater moving Force, if the Time be given. [ 433 ] IP ropo/ition I. Moving Forces are not proportional to the Mafies of the Bodies, and the Squares of their Velocities. cDemonftration. Let there be two Springs, equal, and equally bent, A and B , which, by unbending themfelves, pufh be* fore them two unequal Bodies j the Spring A pufh- ing before it the greater Body. Now, by Axiom I. the Spring A will unbend more flowly than the other : from which it follows, that, at every Inftant of the Time which the Spring B takes up in unbending itfelf, the Spring A will have unbent itfelf lefs than B, or will be more bent than#. Therefore, by Axiom II. the Prefiurc of the Spring A will, at any Inftant of that Time, be greater than the Preflure of the Spring B at that fame In* ftant. Hence, by Axiom III. the nafeenr, or infinitely fmall moving Force, which is produced by the Pref- fure of the Spring A in every infinitely fmall Part of that Time, will be greater than that produced by the Prelfure of the Spring B in the fame infinitely fmall Par-t of the Time. Therefore, the Sum of the infinitely fmall moving Forces 5 that is to fay, the whole moving Force, which is produced by the Spring^, during that Time, will be greater than the moving Force produced by the Spring B in that fame Time: Or the moving Force of the greater Body will he greater than that of the kfifer, at the Inftant that the Spring B, being now wholly [ 434 ] wholly unbent, teafes to ad any longer upon the Body it has pufhed before it : And as, after that In- ilant, the Spring A-, not being ,yet wholly un- bent, continues to ad upon the greater Body, the moving Force of the greater Body will Bill con- tinue to increafe, and confequently will more and more exceed the moving Force of the fmaller Body. But every one knows, that the Produds of the Maifes and Squares of the Velocities are equal in the two Bodies. Therefore the moving Forces, which we have proved to be unequal, are not proportional to the Produds of the Maifes and Squaresof the Velocities. Which was to be dcmonftrated. To confider this in a particular Example, let us fuppofe the Maifes of the two Bodies expofed to the Preifure of the Springs A and By to be 4 and 1 re- fpedively ; and let the Spring B unbend itfelf, and thereby give the Body 1 its whole moving Force in one Second of Time. Then, at the End of that Second, the moving Force of the Body 4 will already exceed that of the Body 1, and will ftill grow greater during another Second of Time. For the Times are as the fquare Roots of the Maifes. Alfo, if the Maifes be 100 and 1, the moving Force of the Body 100, will, at the End of the firft Second of Time, be greater than that of the Body 1, and will continue to increafe during the Space of nine other Seconds. Corollary . When a bent Spring does, by unbend- ing itfelf, drive a Body before it, the larger that Body is, the greater will be the moving Force which it re- ceives from the Spring. Having [ +35 J Having now clearly proved, that the moving Forces are not proportional to the Squares of the Velocities, I proceed next to demonftrate, that they are proportional to the Velocities themfelves: And, in order thereto, I fhall, as I have hitherto done, make ufe of no other Principles or Axioms, than fuch as are admitted on both Sides, or, at leaft, have never yet been controverted a priori by either Party. Axiom IV. Springs of unequal Lengths, when bent alike, have equal Preflures. We fpeak here of Springs equal in all Refpeds, except the Length only 5 and, by being bent alike, we mean, that they are fo comprefled, as that the Lengths they are now reduced to, are exadly propor- tional to their natural Lengths, or to the Lengths they are of when no way comprefied. In this Condition, if one be diredly oppofed to the other, they will mutually fuftain each other's Pref- fure, fo as to maintain a perfed c/ Equilibrium : Or, if each be placed feparately in a vertical Situation,, they will fufiain equal Weights. And in one or the other of thefe Cafes, it is evident, that they muft exercife equal Preflures. Axiom V. Equal Preflures in equal Times produce equal moving Forces, [ 436 ] ' j. ■ , ~%0 'Proposition II. Moving Forces are proportional to the Mafifes and Velocities jointly. 'Demonftration. Let there be two Springs, of the Lengths i and 2, but equal in all other Refpe&s, and bent alike : And, in unbending themfelves, let the Spring i drive before it a Body whofe Mafs is 2 j and the Spring 2 another Body of the Mafs 1. Now, by Coroll. 11. of my general Theorem con- cerning the A&ion of Springs, thefe two Springs will unbend themfelves exactly in the fame Time? and, confequently, the Spring 2 will unbend itfelf with a Velocity double of that of the Spring 1 : And. by Coroil. 12. of the fame Theorem, it will give to the Body 1 a Velocity double of that, which the Body 2 will receive from the Spring 1. Alfo, as the two Springs were fuppofed to be bent alike at firft, and the Spring 2 unbends itfelf with a Velocity double to that of the Spring 1, it is mani- fell, that, during the whole Time of their Expanlion, they will be always bent alike, one to the other. Therefore, by Axiom IV. their Preffures will be conftantly equal one to the other: And hence, by Axiom V. the infinitely fmall moving Forces pro- duced by each of thefe Springs, in every infinitely fmall Part of Time, will be equal one to the other. Confequently, the Sums of thofe infinitely fmall moving Forces, that is, the whole moving Forces, produced by the two Springs, will be equal one to the other. And the Malfes of the two Bodies being 1 and 1, and [ 437 ] and their Velocities being i and 2 refpeclively, it is plain, that the moving Forces are proportional to the Mafles and Velocities jointly. Which was to be de- monftrated. For the greater Facility of examining this Demon- Aration, we have fuited it to a fingle Cafe only, and that the moft fimplc that can be fuppoled : But every body will fee, how eaiy it is to form a general one upon the fame Principles. As we do not think, that any Flaw can be found in either of the Demonftrations above laid down ; and the Axioms, upon which they are founded, have never yet been difputed, as far as we know; we pre- fume, that the Leibnitian Opinion about the Meafure of moving Forces, is inconteftably overthrown by the firft Proportion, and the oppofite Sentiment is as evidently eftablifhed by the lecond. Bur, if any Reader fhall be of a different Opinion, we muft beg Leave to propofe to his Confideration the following Experiment, which we hope may juftly deferve the Name of an Experimenting Crucis jand, as fuch, may put a final Period to this Controvcrfy. It is not new indeed, having been propofed be- fore by myfelf and others; bur, as the Manner, in which it wasTormerly offered, has given Occafion to fome Objections, which, tho' not affe&ing the Subltance of the Argument drawn from it, may yet have amufed and embaraffed the lefs attentive Read- ers, I (hall now propofe it in fuch a Manner, as may obviate all thofe Difficulties, and, I think, will render it ablblutely decifive. To me, I am f'ure, it will be fo, iince I fhall immediately embrace the K k k Leibnitian [ 438 ] Leihnitian Dodrine, if my Argument drawn from k can receive a clear and fatisfadtory Anfwer. Experiment . Upon an horizontal Plane, at Reft, but move- able with the ieaft Force, fuppofe upon a Boat in a ftagnant Water, let there be placed, between two equal Bodies, a bent Spring, by the unbending of which the two Bodies may be pufhed contrary Ways. In this Cafe it is evident, that the Velocities, which the two Bodies receive from the Spring, will be exactly equal, and their moving Forces will alfo be exadly equal 5 and that the Plane they move upon, and alfo the Boat upon which it lies, will have no Motion given them either Way. Let us call the Velocity of each Body 1, and the moving Force alfo 1. Now, let us fuppofe the Spring to be bent afrcfh to the fame Degree as before, and to be again placed between the two Bodies lying at Reft } then let the Plane, upon which the Spring and the Bodies lie, be carried uniformly forwards, in the Diredion of the Length of the Spring, with this fame Velocity 1. In this Cafe it is manifeft, that each of the Bodies will have the Velocity x, and the moving Force 1, both in the Diredion of the Axis of the Spring. During this Motion, let the Spring again unbend, and pufh the two Bodies contrary Ways, as before, the one forwards, the other backwards: Then the Spring will give to each of thefe Bodies the Velocity 1, as before, when the Plane was at Reft. By this means the hindmoft Body, or that which is pufhed backwards, will have its Velocity 1, which it C 439 ] it had before by the Motion of the Plane, now intirely deftroy’d, and will be abfolutely at Reft. But the Body, which is pufhed forwards, will now have the Velocity 2, namely 1 from the Motion of the Plane, and 1 from the Action of the Spring. Thus far every body agrees in what will be the Event of this Experiment. But the Qucftion is, What will be the moving Force of the foremoft Body, or of that which is pufhed for- wards, and which has the Velocity 2 ; viz. 1 from the Motion of the Plane, and 1 from the Action of the Spring. By the Leibnitian Dodlrine, its moving Force muft be 4. : And, if fo, it muft have received the moving Force3 from the Adtionofthe Spring; for it had only the moving Force 1 from the Motion of the Plane. Let us examine, whether this be poflible, or rc- concileable to their own Dodlrine. Their Dodlrine is, That equal Springs, equally bent, will, by unbending themfeives, give equal moving Forces to the Bodies they adt upon, whatever thofe Bodies are. We agree to this, not generally indeed ; but in the Cafe before us, where the Bodies are of equal Maftcs or Weights, we agree to it. Let us therefore imagine the bent Spring, which is placed between the two Bodies, to be divided tranf- verlly into two equal Parts. In this Cafe it is plain, that the two Halves of the Spring, may be confidered as two intire Springs, equal, and equally bent, each of which refts at one End in 3 ^| 'HE many Experiments lately made 74v in Eledricity, and the furpriftng Effeds which have been produced, are Encourage- ments to proceed in fuch Trials, that by an advancing Knowledge in the Nature of thefc ftrange Rhceno - menu , we may have growing Tlopes fome Benefit will accrue to Mankind from them, as well as Entertain- ment to the Curious. 1 fhould therefore think myfelf very happy, could I contribute any thing towards an Improvement in this Branch of natural Knowledge, were it but by fug- gefting what Perfons of happier Talents might make a more lucctfsful Ufe of, than I am able to do. The following Accounts, which relate to an odd R hanomenon, that has been feveral times obferved in fome human Bodies, as well as in thole of fome brute Animals, I was, for a good while, backward to offer to the Confideration of thofe who are atten- tive to eledric Experiments, fearing they would be thought a little foreign to the Subjed } but this Ap- prehenfion has, in a great meafure, been removed, by confidering the Remark which the late ingenious and induftrious Member of the Royal Society Mr. Stepk* a cc C 442 ] h. Gray made, in confequence of the Experiment of a Boy fu (pended on Hair Lines 5 viz* “ Hereby <£ we fee, that Animals receive a greater Quantity of u elebtric Effluvia *.f And, with the Leave of a very f learned Perfon, and an honourable Member of the- lame Society, I will add his Remark on the faid Experiment/ .“ 'It is (fays he) verygobfervable, that the Communication of Eledriciry is much greater thio’ animal than thro’ inanimate Bodies: that is. The elaftic Fluid, palling thro’ thefe, meets with a greater Quantity of the fame Matter in them than in the other; the foil'd animal Fibres being tC more adapted to receive it.” And, a little alter, he adds thefe encouraging Words;— “ Perhaps the t( Profecution of fuch Trials upon living Creatures “ may, in time, make us more acquainted with the and I was un- willing to delay any longer a fmall Teftimony of L 1 1 my [ 446 ] my Defire to promote the Defigns of the Royal Society ; to which and its worthy Rrefident , I am A faithful humble Servant, Tooting , May g* Henry Miles. R. S. In the Account of fome of the earlier eledri- cal Experiments made by Mr. Gray, Phil. Tranf N°. 366. we are informed, that he eledrified ie- veral other Bodies, befides animal Subflances, by drawing them between his Thumb and Fingers, in particular, Linnen ofdivers Sorts, Paper, and Fir- Shavings, which would not only be attracted to his Hand, but attrad all fmall Bodies to them, as other eledric Bodies do. Now, notwithstanding this laft Circumftance of their attrading, as well as being attraded, may it not be queftioned, Whe- ther, in this Way of Trial, it appears that they are eledrical Bodies, or Eledrics per fe? Is it not doubtful (fince his Fingers muft be excited con- fiderably in this Experiment) whether he did not communicate Eledricity to them from his Hand, rather than excite it in them ? I have no doubt but that the Principle is inherent in many other Bodies befides Animal, pofiibly, in all Bodies whatever 5 But as it is allow’d, I fuppofe generally, that Ani- mals have a greater Quantity of it refiding in them, than other Subflances, there feems Room to admit the Doubt I have mention’d, which I fubmit to the Confideration of fueh as are curious in Expe« riments of this kind, XVL XVI. An FLxtratt , by Mr. Paul Rolli, F. R. S. of an Italian 1 reatife, written by the Reve- rend Jofeph Bianchini, a P rebend in the City of Verona ; upon the Death of the Countefs Cornelia Zangari & Bandi, of Gelena. To which are fubjomed Accounts of the Death of Jo. Hitchell, who was burned to Death by Lightnings and of Grace Pett at Ipfwich, whofe Body was confumed to a Coal. Satius ejl de re ipfa quarere-, quarn tnirari. Seneca. Read June 20. -1745. T Cefena , April 4. 1 73 1 . HE Countefs Cornelia Bandi , in the 6 2d Year of her Age, was ail Day as well as fhe ufed to be; but at Night was ob- ferved, when at Supper, dull and heavy. She re- tired, was put to Bed, where fhe palled three Hours and more in familiar Difcourfes with her Maid, and in fome Prayers; at laft, falling aflecp, the Door was Ihut. In the Morning, the Maid, taking notice that her Millrefs did not awake at the ufual Hour, went into the Bed-chamber, and called her ; but not being anfwer’d, doubting of fome ill Accident, open'd the Window, and fa w the Corpfe of her Mif- trefs in this deplorable Condition. Four Feet Diftance from the Bed there was a Heap of Afhes, two Legs untouch’d, from the Foot to the Knee, with their Stockings on ; between them was the Lady's Head ; whofe Brains, Half of the Back- Llh part L J part of the Scull, and the whole Chin, were burnt to Afhes 5 amongft which were found three Fingers blacken’d. All the reft was Afhes, which had this particular Quality, that they left in the Hand, when taken up, a greafy and (linking Moifture. The Air in the Room was alfo obferved cumber’d with Soot floating in it : A (mall Oil-Lamp on the Floor was cover’d with Afhes, but no Oil in it. Two Candies Ln Candlefticks upon a Table flood up- right j the Cotton was left in both, but the Tallow was gone and vanifhed. Somewhat of Moifture was about the Feet of the Candlefticks. The Bed receiv’d no Damage; the Blankets and Sheets were only railed on one Side, as when a Perfon rifes up from ir, or goes in : The whole Furniture, as well as the Bed, was fpread over with moift and afh colour Soot, which had penetrated into the Cheft-of drawers, even to foul the Linnens : Nay the Soot was alfo gone into a neighbouring Kitchen, and hung on the Walls, Moveables, and Uteniils of it. From the Pantry a Piece of Bread cover’d with that Soot, and grown black, was given to feveral Dogs, all which refufed to eat it. In the Room above it was moreover taken notice, that from the lower Part of the Windows trickled down a greafy, loathfome, yellowifh Liquor 5 and thereabout they fmelt a Stink, without knowing of what; and faw the Soot fly around. It was remarkable, that the Floor of the Chamber was fa thick fmear’d with a gluifh Moifture, that it could not be taken off ; and the Stink Ipread more and more through the other Chambers. remarks; REMARKS. TT is impofllble, that, by any Accident, the Lamp fhould have caufed fach a Conflagration. There is no Room to fuppofe any fupernatural Caufe. The likelieftCaufe then is a Flafh of Lightning; which, according to the moft common Opinion, being but a iulphureous and nitrous Exhalation from the Earth, having been kindled in the Air, did penetrate either thro’ the Chimney, or thro’ the Chinks of the Windows, and did the Operation. All the above mentioned. Effects prove the Afl'ertion 5 for thofe remaining foul Particles are the grofleff Parts of the Fulmen , either burnt to Afhes, or thickened into a vifeous bitu- minous Matter. Hence no Wonder the Dogs would not cat of the Bread, becaufe of the Bitternefs of the Soot, and Stink of the Sulphur that lodged on ir.. The impalpable Afhes of the Lady’s Corpfe arealfo a Demonftration ; for nothing but a Fulmen could pro- duce fuch an Effect. They fay that there was not any Noife; but may be there was, and they heard it not, being in a found Sleep : Befides, there have been feen Lightnings and Fulmina without Noife j as one may very often ob- ferve. THIS is the whole Narration ; after which I think proper to place what is faid, in the Preface rer lating to it. IN the AEla Medica & Fhilofophica Hafnienjta , publifhed by the celebrated Thomas Bartolin , 167 3 • Veil re [ 450 ] Voi, Ik p. 2 1 1. n. 1 1 8. one may fee fuch another Accident related in thefe very Words. intituled. Lumen novum Thofphoris accenfums and in the firft Part, p. 92. relates alfo, cc That a Tolifo Gentleman, in the Time “ of the Queen Bona Sforza , having drank two “ Difhes of a Liquor called Brandy -Wine, vomited “ Flames, and was burnt by them.” REMARKS. C}UCH an E fifed was not produced by the Light of ^ the Oil-Lamp, or of any Candles becaufe common Fire, even in a Pile, does not confume a Body to fuch a Degree ; and would have belides fpread itfelf to the Goods of the Chamber, more combuftible than a human Body. It feems alfo, that it was not what is commonly taken for a Fulmen } for there was not left in the Place any fulphureous and nitrous Smell : There did not appear any blackifh Tracks on the Walls; all Signs of the Fulmina, as they have been remarked by the exadeft Obferver of Pheno- mena, the celebrated Mr. Boyle. But if it was not a real Fulmen, it was certainly of fuch a Nature. Some thought, that in the Ground under the Room might have been a Mine of Sulphur : Which granted 5 2 what [ 45i ] what then ? I know, by Experience, that in the very Mines of Sulphur have perifhed fome of the Miners, but only by Suffocations caufed by fome fudden co- pious Exhalation of kindled Sulphur ; and never by having been burnt to Afhes. The Miners have in- formed me on the Spot, that thofe of them who perifhed, have been only choaked by a ftrong nitrous and fulphureous Effluvium $ but none of them by having been fet on Fire. The Author relates, That, going once out of Cu- riofity into a Sulphur-Mine by Mont efiaf cone, when near the Place from whence the Miners digg’d out the Sulphur, he was advifed by one of them, who was carrying out his Load, not to go farther ; for, either the Smell, or fome fudden Exhalation, might have done him great Injury; and when got again in the open -A ‘■-*1d him, a few Days before three of his Fel- low Mir :-a fell ftone-dead, while they were at Work,, by a violent Suffocation, caufed by a ftrong Exhala- tion of bituminous Smoke, which burft violently from the Place where they were digging ; which Mif- fortune was too frequent in fuch Mines ; but he never heard nor faw, that any of them had been burnt. Thence it is concluded, that if the Fulmina have fuch an Effed, the Incendium proceeds originally from their nitrous, and not from their fulphureous Parts 5 becaufe the Air, very clofely imprifon’d in the Nitre, and not in the Sulphur, either by its own Elafticity, or by fome other Agent being put in Agi- tation, produces the Flame of the Fulmen, which burns and confumes any thing to Afhes, [ 452 ] I have, fays he, fccn the famous Sulphur-Spring, a Mile diftant from Pozzoli, mentioned by Petro- mus Arbiter : At the lower End of the Plain there is a Pit of liquid Sulphur, whofe boiling A£ftuations rife ten or twelve Feet. Its liquid Matter confumes the Flefh of any Corpfe, but does not affed the Bones in the lead. In our Cafe the very Bones were burnt to Afhes ; and Bill the Pavement was not damaged, "No fulphureous Smell remained in the Chamber. All this he advances, to oppofe the Opinion of an Academician at Ravenna , who infilled, That under- neath that Chamber muft be a fulphureous Mine. Which Opinion he founds on this, That, in the very Houfe, in a Room near that the Lady was burnt in, there was fet on Fire a good Quantity of Hemp, and could not be found out by whom ; as alfo, thar, all on a fudden, Part of the Palace had fallen, and not by any Earthquake; fo that one might conjedure all this to be Elfeds of the fulphureous Mine under- ground ; Which is not proved by thofe Aflertions. Nay, on the contrary, if there was a Mine of Sulphur, one fhould fmell the Stink of it in thofe dull Days, when the naufeous South Wind blows; the Sulphur Mines then (linking at a great Diliance : Befides, the Effeds of Sulphur are not to reduce a Body into im- palpable Afhes. The Authors Opinion . HPHE Fire was caufed in the Entrails of the Body by • inflamed Effluvia of her Blood, by Juices and Fer- mentations in the Stomach, by the many combuftible Matters which are abundant in living Bodies for the fJfej> pf Life ; and, finally, by the fiery Evaporations which C 453 ] which exhale from the Settlings of Spirit of Wine, Brandies, and other hot Liquors in the Tunica eiil - lofa of the Stomach, and other adipofe or fat Mem- branes ; within which (as Chymifls obferve) thofe Spirits ingender a kind of Camphire ; which, in the Night time, in Sleep, by a full Breathing and Refpi- ration, are put in a ftronger Motion, and, confe- quently, more apt to be fet afire. PROOFS. FAT is an oily Liquid feparatcd from the Blood by the Glands of the Membrana adipofa > and it is of an eafily combuflible Nature, as common Experience fhews. Our Blood is of fuch a Nature ; as alfo our Lymph and Bile : All which, when dry’d by Art, flame like Spirit of Wine at the Approach of the leaf! Fire, and burn away into Afhes. [ Obferv . 171. in the Ephemeris a/' Germany, Anno X.] Such a Drying-up of Matters may be caufed in our Body by drinking rectified Brandy, and ftrong Wines; as Monfieur Litre obferved in the DifTe&ion of a Woman 45 Years old, in the Hiftory of the Royal Academy of Sciences , 1706. p. 23. Which EfFeffc may oftener happen, if the Spirit of Wine has any Mixture of Camphire : For that Liquor is but a fub- Jimated Oil, whofe fulphureous Particles, being atte- nuated by the Fermentation, when feparated from fixed and fait Matters, are eafily putin Motion, and, .rolling thro’ the Air, become Flame and Fire. Beftdes, altho’ the Salts which are in living and vegetable Creatures are not naturally inclined to kin- Mmm die [ 454 3 die } neverthelefs they often contribute to it, parti- cularly, when there is join’d fome ftrong boiling Fermentation, It is from fuch a Caufe, that we know how the Mixture of two Liquors, altho’ cold to the Touch, produces a flaming Fire. Becher was the firft Difcoverer of this marvel- ous 'Phenomenon , by mixing Oil of Vitriol with that of Turpentine. Borrichhis afterwards did the fame, by mixing Oil of Turpentine with Aquafortis ; and at laft Monfleur Tournefort , by joining Spirit of Nitre with the Oil of SaJJafras ; and Monfleur Horn- berg with this acid Spirit, together with the Oil and Quinteffences of all the aromatic Indian Herbs : Nay,. Mr. Homberg aflerts, that with a certain cold Water Cannons were fired, Anno 1710. in the abovefaid Hi- ftory of the Academy of Sciences , p. 66. It is out of Queftion, how, by a ftrong Fermenta- tion, Magazines of Gunpowder, Barns, Paper-Mills* and Haycocks, have been fet afire. The acid Particles in our Bodies are much united with the Fat and oily Parts; nay, all our Limbs abound with Oil and Acid. What Wonder then, if they may kindle? as Mr. Homberg well obferves, in the aforelaid Hiflory, 1712. 1717. from p. 13* to 3 1. where he takes notice, that all our Limbs have abundance of fetid Oil, and volatile Salt, and there- fore eafily combuflible. We ought not to omit how the Teeth are form’d by fo many fhort Tubes, the Bones by long ones, and eafier therefore to be fet on Fire. Malpighi ob~ ferved alfo, that the Bones contain a fat oiiy Matter. Bcfides all this, we know that the febaceous Glands are fpread all over the Body and that an oily Moift- urej, j [- 455 ] urc, with now-and-then a nitrous fulphureous Smell, perfpires from our Skin -3 to which Dr. Blancard aferibes the whole Circulation. Abundance of combuftible Matter, fhut up in a great Number of Cells, lies in the Omentum. There is further to be confider’d the vaft Quantity of Effluvia that emanate from our Bodies. Sanfforius obferved, that, of eight Pounds of Food and Drink in a Day, there is an infenfible Perfpiration of about five 5 computing with them thofe Effluvia which go out of the Mouth by Breathing, and which might be gathered in Drops on a Looking-glafs [_Se£l. i. Aphor. 6.]. As alfo, that, in the Space of one Night, it is cuftomary to difeharge about 1 6 Ounces of Urine, 4 of concocted Excrements by Stool, and 40 and more by Perfpiration \_Aphor. 59.]. He teaches alfo, that Numbncfs is an Effed of too much internal Heat, by which is prevented fuch an infenfible Tranfpiration; as we will fhew in this very Cafe. On this Suppofition I fay, that the Effluvia of fuch an infenfible Tranfpiration are an inflammable Mine, eafily apt to kindle, whenever a Fridion, be it ever fo fmall, puts them in quick Motion, and increafes their Velocity. We acknowledge the Difcovery of this evident Truth from Mr. Hauksbee , F. R. S. in the Experi- ment fo much known of the Glafs Globe , p. 30, to which 1 refer the Reader. I faw this Experi- ment at Rome ; and altho’ it feems that the Light be only Phofphorus produced by the Effluvia com- ing out of the Hand, and of the Glafs, it may never- thelefs occafion further Meditation on the prefenc Cafe. Mm m 2 The [ 456 J The Fri&ion of the Palms of our Hands, or of any other Parts of our Body, may produce thofe Fires commonly called Ignes Lambentes. We learn of Eufebius Nierembergius , that fuch was the Property of all the Limbs of the Father of Theodoricm : fuch were thofe of Charles Gonzaga , Duke of Mantua, as the celebrated Bartolin took notice of. By the Teftimony of 'John Fabri , M. T). a noted Philofopher, who faw it. Sparkles of Light flafli’d out of the Head of a Woman, while ihe comb’d her Hair. Scaliger relates the fame of an- other Woman. Cardanus , of a Carmelite Monk, whofe Head continued 13 Years to flafh out Sparkles, every time he toffed his Cowl on his Shoulders. Ezekiel a Caftro , M. F>. a famous Jew, and after- wards a Chriftian , wrote a little Treatife, intituled. Ignis lambens 5 on the Occafion that the Countefs CaJJandra Buri , of Verona , when fhe rubb’d her Arms with a Cambrick Handkerchief, all the Skin fhined with a very bright Light. Eufebius relates the fame of Maximus Aquilanus . Licetus heard fay by his Father, that he law the fame Quality on Francis Guido , a Civilian ; and that he himielf knew Antony Cianjio , a Bookfeller in Fifa, who, when he fhifted, (hined all over with great Brightnefs. Libavius relates the fame of a Youth 5 and Car da- nusoi a Friend of his ; faying, that, when he fhifted., clear Sparkles of Fire fhot forth of his Body. Father Kircher , a Jefuit, relates, how he, going in Com- pany into a fubterranean Grotto at Rome , faw Sparkles of Fire evaporate from the Heads of his Companions, grown warm by walking. Father Alphonfo d'Gvale was Eye-witnefs on the higheft Mountains of Feru and [ 457 ] and Chili, how both Men and Beafts there feem fhining with the brighteft Light from Top to Toe. Thefe Flames feem harmlefs, bat it is only for want of proper Fuel. Peter Bovijleau afierts, that fuch Sparkles reduced to Alhes the Hair of a young Man. John de Viana , in his Treatife intituled, T)e Pefie Malagenfi \ p. 46. relates how the Wife of Doctor Freilas , Phyfician to Cardinal de Royas , Archbilhop of Toledo , fent forth naturally, by Perfpiration, a fiery Matter, of fuch a Nature, that if the Roller that fhe wore over her Shift was taken from her, and expofed to the cold Air, it immediately was kindled, and fhot forth like Grains of Gunpowder *. After all this I fay, that a feverifh Fermentation, or a very (Irong Motion of combuftible Matters, may rife in the Womb of a Woman, with fuch an igne- ous Strength that can reduce to Aflies the Bones, and burn the Flefh. Two fuch Cafes arc known, one in the ABa Medica Philofophica & Hafnienjla, Anno 1673. by the Obfervation of Matt. Jacobei ; and the other in M. Mar cell. cDonaloy de Medic. Hijl. Mirab. lib . IV. cap. 25, p. 248. & lib. VII. Cofmog. c. 1. of Cornel. Gemma. I fay alfo, that the Bile, which is a neceflary Juice for our Digeftion, was obferved by Peter Borelli , that, being vomited up by a Man, it boiled like Aqua fortis. [ Centur . II. ObJ. 1. p. 109.]. Befides, * Vet. Borelli gives an Inftance of fuch Effluvia not only pro- ducing Light, but likewife Fire. See his Obf. Cent. II. Obf. 75. p. 174. where he fays, That there was a certain Peafant, whofe I i- nen, hempen Thread, Ac. if laid up in Boxes, tho’ wet, or hung upon Sticks in the Air, did foon take Fire j which hath been leen by a great Number of Spectators. [ 458 ] Bcfides, very ftrong Fires may be kindled in our Bodies, as well as in other Animals of an hot Tem- perament, not only by Nature, but alio by Art; which, being able to kill, will ferve for a better Proof of my Argument. It is necefiary, for clearer In- ftance thereof, to read the 77th Obfervation of John Pifano , in the German Ephemerides , printed in Lipfia 1670. Tie the upper Orifice of the Stomach of an Animal with a String; tie alfo its lower Orifice 5 then cut it out above and below the Ligatures, and prefs it with both Hands, fo that it fwells up in one Side; which done, let the left Hand keep it fo that the fweli'd Part may not fubfide ; and, with the right, having firft, at an Inch Diftance, placed a Candle, open it quick with an anatomical Knife, and you will fee a Flame there conceiv’d, coming out in a few Seconds of Time: And fuch a Flame may, by the Curious, be perceived not only in the Stomach, but alfo in the Inteftines. The firft Difcoverer of this was An- drew Vulparius , Anatomy-Profeffor at Bologna in Italy 1 669. Thus you fee, that a quick and vio- lent Agitation of Spirits, or a Fermentation of Juices in the Stomach, produces a vilible Flame. Pifano was an Eye-witnefs of the above-related Operation. In the German Ephemerides> anno X. p. 5 3. of the Continuation by John Chriftopher Sturmius , one may read. That often, in the Northmoft Countries, Flames evaporate from the Stomachs of thofe who drink ftrong Liquors plentifully. About 17 Years ago, fays the Author, three Noblemen of Curland , whofe Names, for Decency- fake, I will not publifh, drank, by Emulation, ftrong Liquors ; and two of them [ 459 1 them died fcorch’d and fuffocated by a Plame forcing itfelf from the Stomach. The mod celebrated Borelli relates how he was told, that a Woman vomited Flames in the Point of Death: You may read, fays he, in Bartolinus de Luce-> and in Eufebius Nier ember genfs his Hiftory Nat. peregrin, how fuch Accidents did often happen in great Drinkers of Wine and Brandy : Where is related alfo, how Fire came out from the privy Parts of a Woman. My Lord Bacon , in his Nat. Univ . Hiji. allures, he had feen a Woman’s Belly fparkling like Fire j and truly fuch Flames would often rife in us, if the natural Moifture did not quench them ; as Lucretius obferves, from Verle 8 6 8. Lib. IV. and VerJ'e 1065. Lib. VI. Moreover, Marcellas cDonatus , in his Mirab. Hift. Medic. Lib. VI. Cap. 4. intituled, Of a new Diftemper, fays, Albertus Krantziusy Lib. V. of his Saxon Hiftory, Thar, in the Time of Godfrey of Bologne his Chriftian War, in the Terri- tory of Niverva or Nivers , People were burning of inviftble Fire in their Entrails, and fome had cut off a Foot or an Hand where the Burning began, that it fhould not go further. Ezekiel de Cajlro, in the abovefaidWorkof his, of Lambent Fire , relates the famous Inftance of Alexandrians Megetius , a Phy- fician, who, from the Vertebra of the Coxa , after great Pain, relates how Fire came out, which burn’d the Eyes, as Simplicius and Bhilafeus , Eye- witneftes, did atteft. After all thefe Inftances, what Wonder is there in the Cafe of our old Lady ? Her Dulnels before going to Bed was an Effedt of too much Heat concen- trated L 46o ] f rated in her Breaft, which hindered the Perfpiration through the Pores of her Body ; which is calculated to about 40 Ounces per Night. Her Afhes, found at four Feet Diftance from her Bed, are a plain Argu- ment, that (he, by natural Inftindt, rofe up to cool her Heat, and perhaps was going to open a Win- dow. The learned Marquis Scipio Maffei was told by Count Atimis of Gorizia , who palled through Ce- fena a few Days after the Accident, that he heard fay there, how the old Lady was ufed, when fhe felt her- felf indifpofed, to bathe all her Body with campho- rated Spirit of Wine ; and fhe did it perhaps that very Night. This is not a Circumflance of any Moment; for the beft Opinion is that of the internal Heat and Fire ; which, by having been kindled in the Entrails, naturally tended upwards; finding the Way eafier, and the Matter more umftuous and combuftible, left the Legs untouch’d; which may have been faved alfo, by remaining cut off at the Combuftion of the Ten- dons, where they join with the Knees. The Thighs were too near the Origin of the Fire, and therefore were alfo burnt by it ; which was certainly increafed by the Urine and Excrements, a very combuftible Matter, as one may fee by its Phofphorus. Galenus ( Clajf. 1. Lib. III. de Temper am.') fays, That the Dung of a Dove was fufficient to fet Fire to a whole Houfe: And the learned Father Cafatz , a Jefuit, in. his Thyf. Differt. Part 2, p. 48. relates to have heard a worthy Gentleman fay, That, from great Quantities ofthe Dung of Doves, Flights of which ufed, for many Years, nay, Ages, to build under the Roof of the great Church of Tifa, fprung originally the Fire which [ +6i ] which confirmed the faid Church *. After all this* the Author concludes, That to be fure the Lady was burnt to Afhes (landing; drawing the Conference from her Skull fallen perpendicular between her Legs ; and that the Back-part of her Head had been damaged more than the Fore-part, was becaufe of her Hair* and of the Nerves, whofe principal Seat lies there r and befides, becaufe in the Face there were many Places open, out of which the Flames might pafs ; as it happened in the Time of the Roman Confuis T. Gracchus and M. Jnventius , when a Flame came out of a Bull’s Mouth, without hurting the Bead, by not finding any Refinance to its Way. ExtraS of a Pamphlet , intituled , £C Fire from Heaven burning the Body of one John Hitch ell, of Holnehurjl , within the Parifh of Chri ft -Church, in the County of South- ampton, the 26th of June, 1613;” By John Hilliard. Printed at London, 1613. — r I ^ H E Manner of the Accident is as followeth: He ( John Hitchell ), having been, on Sa- turday the 26th of June laid, at Work at the Houfe of one John Deane of Parly Court , where he truly and * Which Effedl is confirmed by Galen-, lib. II. de Morb. Dijf cap. 2. where he fay?, That he hath feen Pigeons Dung take Fire, when it was become rotten. Nnn [ 462 J and painfully laboured at his Trade, being a Carpen- ter, and having ended his Day’s Work, went home to his Houfe j and, after his coming home, betook himfelf to his Reft $ and, being in Bed with his Wife and Child, in the Deep of the Night, the Light- ning came on fo fiercely, that an old Woman, named Agnes Rujfell , Mother to the Wife of the faid John Jiitchelh having received a terrible Blow on her Cheek (by what means I know not), was therewith awakened, and cry’d to the faid John Hitchell and his Wife to help her: But they not anfwering, the poor old Woman flatted out of her Bed, and went unto the Bed where they lay, and awakened her Daughter, who was, upon the fudden, mod lamenta- bly burnt all on one Side of her, and her Husband and Child dead by her Side. Yet neverthelefs his poor Wife, when fhe faw her Husband and Child had thus ftrangely finifhed their Days, fhe (as it feemeth) thought not fo much of the Hurt fhe had received herfelf, as fhe was careful to have preferved the Life of her Husband, if by any means poflibly fhe couid ; and therefore (notwithflanding all her grievous Wounds) fhe dragg’d him out of the Bed into the Street ; and there, by rcafon of the Vehemency of the Fire, fhe was inforced, to her no fmall Grief, to forfake him $ where he lay burning upon the Ground for the Space of three Days after, or thereabouts. Not that there was any Appearance of Fire outwardly to be feen on him, but only, a kind of Smoke afcending upwards from his Carcafe, until it was confumed to Afhes, except only feme fmall Shew of Part of his Bones, which were cafl into a Pit made by the Place. 3 An [ 463 J An ExtraB of the Minutes of the Royal So- ciety, of Nov. 8. and 15. 1744. concern- ing the TV oman at Ipfwich, who was found burnt to Afhes on April 10. preceding . THE firft Account of this extraordinary Acci- dent was in a Letter from Mr. R. Love to his Brother Mr. Geo. Love, Apothecary at JLeft- tninfter , dated j Ipfwich, June 28. 1744. which was laid before the Society by the Rrcjident on Nov. 8. following; wherein Mr. Love fays, “ That it- ap- il pear’d, upon the Coroner’s Inqucft concerning the “ Death of this Woman (at which he attended), that “ fhe, having gone up hairs with her Daughter to and two u black Homs on his Head/' This is the Whole of his Account, which is fo. Imperfeft, that it can hardly be thought abfolutely to mean this very Bead before us. The following Defcription and Drawing I hope will be found pretty exadf; and may ferve to fHew with” which Genus of (Quadrupeds he may- be dafted, and, confcquently, what proper Name may be given him ; which I fub- mit to this learned Society to determine. The Creature is a Male, having the Tents and Tcftides like thofe of a Deer ; but, as the Tents does not come very forward, it cannot be feen in a fide View of the Animal. The Head is formed like that of a Deer, with a rhomboidal Spot of black Hair on his Forehead ; his Ears are dark without, and yellowifh within, with dark Spots toward their Edges ; and the Horns rife about feven Inches high, bending forwards ; which is very particular, .becaufe thofe of all other horned Animals are dirc&ed Tideways or backward, except the Brow -Antlers of fome Kinds of Deer. He keeps his Ears in continual Motion, which is an Adtion com- mon with Deer, and butts with his Horns as they do. His Eyes are black and lively, and the RiStus Oris is long. His Neck bends forward like the Deer Kind, but is thick and ftrong, fomewhat refembling that of a Male Deer in rutting Time. His Mane is thin of Hair like that of an Afs, and on the convex Part of his Neck forward he has a Tuft of black Hair. His Shoulders are thick, and his Bread: pretty broad and ftrong, from which a Piece of ioofe Skin hangs like the Dewlap of a Cow. His [ 467 ] His Legs are flender, with cloven Hoofs Jike thofe of a Deer. His Back rifes, dire&ly over his Shoulder, pretty high, upon which the Mane, continued from his Neck, ends in a Tuft of Hair. From the Back of this Bunch or Rifing, his po- fterior Parts refemble thofe of an Afs, having a Tail like that of the Afs, only it is flat on the Side next the Animal, and convex on the Back. It is about two-and- twenty Inches long, and ends with fome long Hairs. He is of a light Afh-Colour, having a fmooth Coat of fhort Hairs, which grow darker, inclining towards a black, upon fome Parrs of his Limbs. He has fome White under his Belly towards his Breaft, and under his Tail, with white Tefticles. He feeds on Hay, Grafs, or any kind of Greens j and, being tried whether he would eat raw Flefh, re- fufed it. His Keeper fays, when he lies down he chews the Cud 5 and his Excrements are like thofe of a Deer. He is about twelve Hands high to the Top of the Bunch in his Back. His Keeper fays, he never lies down on either Side, but dire&ly upon his Limbs like the Camel, and that he rifes as fuddenly as that Beaft. There is fomething very particular in his Voice, which imitates the creaking Noife of a Child’s Rat- tle, or the Croaking of fome Birds, rather than the Voice of any Quadruped except the Deer, who, think, exhibits fomething like it in rutting Time. See a Print done from the Drawing I made of this Beafl, Tab. III. Fig. 9. XVIIL XVIII. An Account of certam perfeEi minute Cryftal Stones^ by J. Parfons, M. D. & R R. S. Read June 27.*“ j' AH E Drawing here annexed, Tab. III. 45 A f%. 1 o- reprefents a fmallCryftal mag- nified ; it is one of a -great Number brought by a very curious Gentleman from Gibraltar, who has caufed many of them to be fet in Buckles of different Kinds, for the Wear of his Lady and himfelf: And altho* they are formed and polilh’d by Nature ; yet they look very bright, and produce a very good Effeft in the Buckles. They were found accidentally. This Gentleman faw a Man cleaving a Rock near that Town, and obferv’d a great Quantity of fine black Powder fall from its Crevices and, being very curious, he ex- amined the Powder, and found thefe little Stones in Clufters, confiding of no more than twelve or four- teen each} and each Clutter lying at confiderable Pittances from one another. They are all of the fame Form, fome lefs perfect than others* and are in general Hexagonal*. XIX. A Letter from Mr . John Ellicot, R R . S. to the Prefid ent, concerning the fpecific Gravity of Diamonds. Read July 4. % s, from fome Experiments I have S74S* XX lately had the Opportunity of make- ing, it appears highly probable, that what has for- merly [ 469 ] merly been publifhed concerning the fpecific Gravity of Diamonds, is not to be depended upon j I hope a fhort Account of thefe Experiments will not be ■unacceptable to you, efpecially as I do not find the leaft Notice taken of the fpecific Gravity of Dia- monds in any of the Tables published in the Phi- lofophical Tranf all ions. In the Account the Honourable Mr. Beyle has given of Diamonds (as publifhed by Dr. Shaw , in his Abridgment of that Gentleman's Philofophical Works *), he relates it “ as the Opinion of a famous 33 16,71 35z4 7 Ditto, very fine Water, bright Coat, 20,66 14,8 3525 8 Ditto, very bad Water, honeycomb Coat, 20,38 *4>59 3 5 1 9 9 Ditto, very hard blewifh Call, 22,5 16,1 35*5 10 Ditto, very foft, good Water, 22,6 1 ? 16,2 35z5 U Ditto, a large red foul in it. , 25,48 18,23 35 1 4 12 Ditto, foft bad Water . . ... 29,525 21,140 3521 13 Ditto, foft brown Coat, ...... 26,535 18,99 35l6 14 Ditto, very deep green Coat,- . . , 25,25 1 8,08 3521 The. mean Specific Gravity of the Brazil Diamonds appears to be 35 1 3, . The mean of the Eajl -India. Diamonds, - «. * 3519- The mean of Both to be - - - 35 17* A XX. [ 473 ] XX. A Letter to Martin Folkes >Efq\ Prefident of the Royal Society, from Cromwell Mor- timer, M. 2). Seer, of the famey concerning the natural Heat of Animals, SIR, June 20. 1745. Read July 4OINCE the complete and full Demon- ij ftration of the Circulation of the Blood in Animals by our illuftrious Countryman the great Dr. Harvey, the Generality of medical. Writers have attributed the natural Heat of Animals to the Mo- tion of the Blood in the Blood-veffels, or rather to an Attrition of all the Fluids in the Animal ariling from it ; which Fluids, from the later Difcoverics by Injections and Microfcopes, are found to move in co- nical Canals communicating one with another near the Apices, or where the Arteries are the narrowed, foon afterwards growing wider and wider, when the fame continued Canals obtain the Name of Veins, and con- vey back the Fluids they contain to the Heart. They aferibe Heat in an Animal to ftrong and fre- quent Contractions of the Heart and Arteries ; which. Heat* will be the greater, the more denfe the Humours are, the more ftrongly they are propell’d, and the. greater the Refiftances are, near the Ends of the Ar- teries. From this Suppofition they conclude, that the Heat arifes from Attrition } that, by a violent Agitation of the Particles of the Blood and Humours againft one another, and efpecially by the Attrition of them againft the Sides of the containing Blood* vefielSj * Boerhaave Inftit. . §. 968, [ 474 3 veflels, there muft be great Fri&ion excited, and from that Fri&ion Heat generated 5 as is eafily done by rub* bing two Pieces of Wood together, or a Piece of Wood and a Piece of Metal, or two Pieces of Metal, or hard Stones : but it is known, by daily Experience, that either any watery Fluid, or oily or greafy Sub- ftance, applied to thefe Bodies while rubbed, will prevent the Excitation of Heat ; as for Inftance, the Ufe of Water in polifhing of Glafs or Marble, and the greafmg or oiling all manner of Wheel-Machines, many of which, for want of that Application, have heated, taken Fire, and been even confumed in Flames of their own exciting. I know of no Expe- riment, whereby it appears, that any the leaft Degree of Heat has been generated by the fimple or mere mechanical Agitation or Fri&ion of the Particles of any Fluid, either by itfelf, or mixed with various Fluids} Water, Wine, vinous Spirits, Oils, Quick- filver, either agitated flngly or mixed, will by no Force, or Velocity of Motion I ever heard of, pro- duce Heat ; nor can the Blood of Animals, when once let out of the Body, be kept either fluid or warm by any the mod violent Agitation. Indeed Heat is generated in Fluids in fome particular Cir- cumftances, as in thofe two fo commonly known Cafes of Fermentation and Effervejcence ; which, as they are frequently confounded by Perfons not tho- roughly verfed in chemical Matters, I fhall beg Leave to explain the Difference. Fermentation is that fpo.n- taneous inteftine Motion, which, in the Degree of Heat of the univerfal Temperature of fubterraneous Caverns, will, in a few Hours, bring on fuch a Change in vegetable Juices, or in Water charged with [ 475 ] with a ftrong Tin&ure of vegetable Particles (for Fermentation is confined to the Vegetable Kingdom folelyj as from a vapid Muft or Wort quenching Fire, to make it become more or lefs inflammable and nou- rifhing of Fire, as it is impregnated with more or fewer of the vegetable Particles, and in the Alembic to afford that volatile fubtil inflammable Liquor com- monly called vinous Spirits. The Heat produced by Fermentation never exceeds that of the human Body. Effervefcence arifes from an inteftine Motion, to be excited in various Sorts of Fluids, either by the Mix- ture of Fluids with Fluids of different Natures toge- ther, or by dropping in Salts or Powders of different Natures into different Fluids: The two mod com- mon Oppofites, Acids and Alcali’s , on being mixt, caufe a great Ebullition or Frothing, but no great Heat; but the Solutions of fome Metals in Aqua fortis caufe intenfeHeat, and emit Flame : The mix- ing aromatic Oils with acid mineral Spirits actually kindle, and burn with violent Explofions; and fome vegetable Subftances, putrefying with Moiflure, will fometimes heat fo, as to kindle what lies dry above that Part of the Heap where the Putrefaffion hap- pens. Thus Dung- Heaps will heat, and Haycocks often kindle into a&ual Fire. In thefe Cafes of Effervefcence, as there is no adven- titious Heat or Fire applied, there muft be the Ele- ments of Fire lying hid or dormant in one or other of the Bodies ; and it is fufhciently known, by Ex- periment, that there is Abundance of Air lies dor- mant in all Bodies both folid and fluid ; and it is likewife known, that Fire cannot exert itfelf without the elaftic Afliftance of common Air j for Wood - will [ 476 ] will not bum, nor even Gunpowder fire, in the artificial Vacuum . It being therefore granted, that there are the Elements of Fire and of Air lying dormant in all Bodies; there is only required fucli an Attion as may fet at Liberty the Particles of Air, and the Par- ticles of Fire ; by which Adtion the Particles of Air will recover their Elasticity, and, putting the Parti- cles of Fire in Motion, caufe Heat or Warmth, but not Incenfion orlnflagration ; unlefs the Fire thus agitated meets with a proper Pabulum , which Pabulum is Sulphur only, tho’ differently modified, whether un- der the Appearance of Brimfione, Bitumen , Oil, vi- nous Spirits, vegetable Subftances when deprived of their Water, metalline Sulphurs, or the mod inflam- mable of all, animal Sulphur, commonly called by our modern Chemifts Phofphorus. Thus in Fermentation, the Fire and Air being let loofe, produce a Warmth, but do not kindle, becaufeof theW ater predominating ; whereas in the EfFervefcence produced by the Solution of Metals, the Fire meets with the metalline Sulphur, which it kindles, and fometimes caufes Explofions ; the aromatic Oils con- taining but little Water, being almoft entirely com- pofed of the fulphureous Parts of the Vegetables, immediately kindle, and break out into Flame ,• and Phofphorus , which is nothing but the animal Sul- phur, as appears by the curious Account of it given us by that late ingenious Chemift Mr. Godfry , a worthy Member of this Society, {fee Tranf. N°.42 8„ p. 69. 70. is fo greatly difpofed to take Fire, that if it be only expofed a few Minutes to the open Air, it kindles and flames. 3 Now [ 477 1 Now all Animals, on which Experiments have been made, are found to contain more or icfsof the phol* phoreal Principles ; fome Infeds conftantly fhine, or emit Light, in the open Air ; many Sorts of Fifh arc luminous, if expofed to the Air a fhort time; nay even the Bubbles of the Sea-water appear like Fire in the Dark : fome Quadrupeds have been obferved to emit Light on very flight Fridion of their Hair, as the Necks of Horfes, the Backs of Cats, and the like ; and there are many Inftances in our own Species, of many Parts of the Body appearing luminous, and even of the Exhalations from it adhering to the Cloaths, caufing them to fhine likewife ; of which fevcral curious Ob- fervations * have lately been laid before this Society : Thefe, I think, are convincing Proofs of cPhofpho- rus exifting, at leaf! in a dormant State, in animal Fluids;andas it islikewife certain, that they all contain Air, it is only neceffary to bring the phofphoreal and aercal Particles to Contad, and Heat mull of confequence be generated ; and was it not for the Superabundance of aqueous Humours in Animals, I do not doubt, but fatal Incenfions would frequently happen. This, I think, explains evidently the Caufe of animal Heat : Indeed the Heart and Arteries are the Inftruments which excite this Heat ; but that is not done by the Fridion caufed by the Circulation of the Humours, but only by the inteftine Motion, which the Circulation gives to the feveral Particles which conftitute the Mafs of animal Fluids j and as the Velocity of thefe Fluids is increafed, fo mud the different Particles, of which they conlifl, come oftener * See above in this Tran/, p. 444. 445. 456. 457. &V, pPp [ 478 ] oftener into Conta&; and, confequcntly, the oftener the phofphoreal and the aereal meet, the more fre- quent and greater muftthe Nifus’s be to create Hear. Hippocrates (. Aph . I. 14.) mentions the s/uMpvlov, Calidum innatum. Galen takes it for the Soul, and more modern Writers have fuppofed ir to be the very Spirit , the Archeus , and others the Vital Heat ; but have all treated of it as a certain Degree of Fire exifting in Animals; not having any Notion, that the Element of Fire might be abforbed, or lie latent, in fluid Bodies, ready to become a&ive as foon as it meets with Air, or even to kindle, if it meets with fulphureous Particles under proper Circum- ftances. This 1 fanfy the Antients, in the very ear- lieft Ages of the World, had fome Notions of; when they thought proper to communicate to the Vulgar fome Shadows only of more profound and real Knowledge under Types and Fables, as handed down to us in the Fi&ions of the Poets : Of this kind, and quite to our Purpofc, I take the Fi&ion of Prome- theus dealing Fire from Heaven to animate his Men with, to be one. And, I think, upon this Princi- ple of Phofphorus exifting in Animals, one may eafily explain the Caufe of thofe melancholy Acci- dents which have happened to fome of the human Species, as that of the Lady at Cefena in Italy, {a) the Carpenter in Hampjhirefb) and the Woman lately at lpfwich{c)\ who, it is moft probable, were all feton Fire by Lightening: It may be faid. Many areftruck by Lightening, but not fet on Fire ; but it is to be remarked, that the Lady at Cefena had charged all her Pores and abforbent Veflels with a great Quan- tity (o) See this Tranf- p, 447. ( b ) lb. p. 461, (c) lb. p. 463, C 479 3 tity of Camphire ; the Woman at lpfwich had drank Pknty of Gin ; and as for the Carpenter, that Cir- cumftance is not recorded of him, whether he was an hard Drinker or not ; which Circumftances muft greatly promote the kindling the phofphoreal Fire in them; and, as this Tabulum was conveyed into the moft minute capillary Veflels, might produce an almofl: inftantaneous Deflagration and Difl'olution of all the folid containing Parts. Animals appearing more fufceptible of eleClric Fire than other Bodies, greatly confirms my Con- jectures of the phofphoreal Principles ; and 1 fhould think, that being render'd electric to any high De- gree might prove a dangerous Experiment to a Per- fon habituated to a plentiful Ufc of fpirituous Liquors, or to Embrocations with camphorated Spirit of Wine ; on the contrary, in fome languid, cold, or worn- out Conftitutions, poflibly, future Experiments may evince, that Electricity may be ufed medically, in order to renew and regenerate a proper Quantity of vital Fire, fuch as is ncceflary for the conveniently carrying pn, and performing the animal Functions. 1 hope. Sir, your Goodnefs will excufe the Hafle with which I have penned down thefe Thoughts, being the Subject of a Letter I wrote to my much re- fpeCted Preceptor the famous Boerhaave *, while I was at Leyden above 20 Years ago ; but which not finding a * Who honoured me with an intimate literary Correfpondence even to within a few Days of his Death ; it being to me, Amico Londinenji , a Friend at London, that he wrote that Letter Hating his own Cafe, as published by Prof. Scbr.lteus in hL Oration on Scsrbaave' s Death, f y, but why that Gentleman fupprelTsd my Name I know not. PPP a L 480 j a Copy of, and he only telling me, it was a pretty Hypothecs, I never refk&ed upon fince, till thefe eledricai Experiments lately read before the Society , and thofe Accounts of luminous Emanations from human Bodies, had brought them back to my Mind .; and I think 1 have now fet them a little beyond a mere Hypothecs. I. am,. SIR: , Tour moft obliged , 'Devoted, humble Servant , Cromwell Mortimer. July 4. 1 745 • the Society adjourned to Oft. 24. Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Graf s -Inn Gate in Holbourn, Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlv. N. B. A Letter from Dr. Miles to Mr .Baker having been publifhed in the Phil. Tranf. N°. 469. as that Gentlemanhas nothing in View but the Difcovery of T ruth, he thinks proper to redtify a Miftake he then made, in fuppofing certain Bodies to have been animal Sub- ftances, from their feeming to have a fpontaneous Motion in Water: it having fince appeared to him that they were only the Seeds of the Bidens foliis tripartito divifis. Ccefalp. 488. TOURNEFORT. p. 462. Tab. 262. that had fallen into the Water, and were pollibly poflefs’d by fome Infects which might give them that Motion. ERRATA In Tranfafiion 475. pag. 285. 1. 24. for Calender, read Calendar: ib. p. 286. /. 1. for D, G, N and O, read G, D, N, and O. . In Page 373. Line 23. of this Tranfaftion for Snonebergam read Sonnebergam : Ib. p. 393. 1. 1. for Mr. read Dr. B amber : Ibid. p. 457. /. ic). for Adt Med. Phil. & Hafn, read Ada Med, & Philof. . Hafnienf. I Pfaias. 1 'inns. Aw 4jj. T AB B 1 1 l A ^ r 1 GENIOET-HONOR } | L POM PEELF- POLHERE N ' |j NIANf-EQROMEQ-PVB-i |! Q-AER PETALfM AEDIL- I § IIVIROCVRATORI- $ |! KALENDARIOR-REIP t tCOLLEGIVMPASTO if | PHORORVM-JNDV s i 1 trtensivm-patro 1 ?. NO-OB'MERITA- |j y I f\ ' ' f / ! JJ 1 \ l t T. yMynJe Jeatp. T Numb. 477. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of Auguft, September , Otlober> November, and 'December , i74f* I. ’Experiments and Obfervations, tending to illufirate the Nature and Properties of Electricity : By William Watfon, Apothecary, II. A Propofal to bring J mall pajfable Stones loon and -with Eafe out of the Bladder : By Rev. Stephen Hales, D. D. <& F.R.S. p. 502. III. An Account offome Experiments > lately made in Holland, upon the Fragility of unnealed glafs Veffels j communicated to the Pre- fident. p. 505. IV. ExtraEl of a Letter from the Reverend Henry Miles, D. D. & F. R. S. to the Prefident, relating to fome Improvements which may be made in Cyder and Perry. p. 516. V. Extratt of a Letter from Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. to Martin Folkes,. Efa\ Prefident of the Royal Society, concerning the 1 ancient Bridewell at Norwich. p. 520, VI. Fart of a Letter from the Reverend Mr. G. Coftard to Mr. John Catlin, concerning a fiery Meteor fen in the Air on July 14. 1745. p . 5 22. And one fe'enby Dr. Mortimer, Dec. 16. 1742. p . 524= VII. Extract of a Letter from Mr. Benj. Cook, F.R. S.to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R.S. concerning the Effeft which /^ Farina of the Bloffoms of different Sorts o/Apple-trees had on the Fruitof a neigh- bouring Tree • and the fame of Peas by Rev. Mr. Henchman, p. 525. VIII. Some Account of the Sinking down of a Piece of Ground, at’ Horfeford, in Norfolk; communitated by Mr. Arderon, of Nor- The CONTENTS. F.R.S. 1. A Letter to Martin Folkes, Efa j Pr. R. S. 2. A Letter to the Royal Society. 3. A Letter to the Royal Society. Page 481. p. 444. p. 488. ibid. wieh,/0 Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S . The CONTENTS. IX. -A Letter from Mr. James Simon to the Prefident, concern =- ing the Bones of a Feet us voided per Anum j and of fome Fof- fils found in Ireland. p. 529. X. Some Account of the Diftemper raging among the Cow-kind in the Neighbourhood of London, together with fome Remedies pro- pofed for their Recovery , by Cromwell Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. and Fellow of the College of Phyfcians , London, p. 552. XI. A Letter from Mr. D. P. Layard, Surgeon , to C. Mortimer, M. D. Seer. R. S. inclofmg an Account of a Fracture of the Os Ilium, and its Cure. p. 537. XII. Some Account of a curious Tripos and Infcription found tiear Turin, ferving to difeover the true Situation of the ancient City Induftria. By David Erskine Baker. p. XIII. Further Obfervations on the Diftemper novo raging among the Cow-kind, by the Publifher of thefe Tranfa&ions. p.549. XIV. Extratt oft} Letter from Mr. Arderon to Mr. Baker, F.R. S. giv- ing an Account of the Weaver's Alarm , vulgo Larum. p. 555:. XV. An Account of fome human Bones incrufled with Stone , now in the Villa Ludoviiia at Rome ; communicated to the Royal Society by the Prefideni , with a Drawing of the fame. p, Printed for C. D avis, over-againft Grafs-Inn Gate in Holbourn , P r i n t e r to the R o yal Socie M.dcc.xly. [ 4-8 1 ] I. Experiments and Obfervations , tending > to illuftrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity : By William Watfon, Apothecary , F. R. S. A Letter to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Pr. R. S. Head at federal Meetings of the Royal Society, between March 28, and October 24, 1745. ^ere printed with Al- terations. SIR, T HE Society hav- ing heard, from fomc of their Correfpon- dents in * Germany, that what they call a Vegetable Quintefience had been fired by Electricity, I take this Opportunity to acquaint you, that, on Friday Evening laft, I fucceeded, after having been difappointed in many Attempts, in fetting Spirits of Wine on fire by that Power. The preceding Part of the Week had been re- markably warm, and the Air very dry ; than which nothing is more neccffary towards the Succefs of elciStrical Trials: Tothefelmay add, that the Wind was then Eafterly, and inclining to freeze. I that Evening ufed a glafs Sphere, as well as a, Tube ; but 1 always find myfelf capable of fending forth much more Fire from the Tube than from the Sphere, probably, from not being fufficiently ufed to the laft. Q^q q I had * See an Account of Prof. JVinckler' $ Book of Electricity in thefe TranJ. N°. 474. p. 1 66. Prof. Hollinan, Tranf. N° 475. p. 239. Dr .Miles ib. p.290. Winckler's E xperiments, ib. p. 307. Mr. de Boxes, Tranf. N9. 47$. p. 419. _ C. M. C 482 ] I had before obferv’d, that, altho’ * Non-eJe&ric Bodies, made electrical, lofe almoft all that Electri- city, by coming either within or near the ContaCt of Non-eleffrics not made eleftrical. It happens other- wife with regard to Eleffirics per fe, when excited by rubbing, patting, &c. j becaufe from the rubbed Tube I can fometimes procure five or fix Flafhes from different Parts 5 as though the Tube of two Feet long, inftead of being one continued Cylinder, con- fided of five or fix feparate Segments of Cylinders, each of which gave out its Electricity at a different Explofion. The Knowlege of this Theorem is of the utmofl Confequence towards the Succefs of electrical Ex- periments ; inafmuch as you muft endeavour, by all poffible means, to collect the Whole of this Fire at the fame time. Profeffor Hollman feems to have endeavour’d at this, and fucceeded, by having a tin Tube 5 in one End of which he put a great many Threads, whofe Extremities touch’d the Sphere when in Motion, and each Thread collected a Quantity of electrical Fire, the Whole of which center’d in the tin Tube, and went off at the other Extremity. Another thing to be obferved is, to endeavour to make the Flafhes follow each other fo faft, as that a fecond 4 I call Eleltrics per fs, or originally Electrics, thofc Bodies, in which an attradtive Power towards light Subftances is eafily excited by Fridtion ; filch as Glafs, Amber, Sulphur, Sealing-wax, and molt dry Parts of Animals, as Silk, Hair, and fuch-like. I call Non-elelirics, or Condudtors of Eledfricity, tbofe Bodies, in which the above Property is not at all, or very flightly per- cept.b'ej fuch as Wood, Animus living or dead, Metals, and vegetable Sub- ftances. See Gray, Du Fay, Defaguliers, Wbeler, in the Philofiphical Transitions, 4.17. 412, 423. 431. 436, 439, 444, 4/3. 4/4, 460. 462. 4^4. [ 4-3 ] fecond may be vifible before the firft is extinguifh’d. Whenyoa tranfmitthe cledrical Fire along a Sword, or other Inftrument, whole Point is fharp, it often appears as a Number of difleminated Sparks, like wet Gunpowder or Wild-fire : But if the Inftrument has no Point, you generally perceive a pure bright Flame, like what is vulgarly call’d the Blue ballt which gives the Appearance of Stars to fired Rockets. The following is the Method I made ufe of, and was happy enough to fucceed in. I fufpended a Poker in filk Lines ; at the Handle of which I hung feveral little Bundies of white Thread, the Extre- mities of which were about a Foot at right Angles from the Poker. Among thefe Threads, which were all attraded by the rubbed Tube, I excited the greateft eleedrical Fire I was capable, whilft an Afliftant, near the End of the Poker, held in his Hand a Spoon, in which were the warm Spirits. Thus the Thread communicated the Electricity to the Poker, and the Spirit was fired at the other End. It muft be obferv’d in this Experiment, that the Spoon with the Spirit mud not touch the Poker; if it does, the Eledricity, without any Flafhing, is communicated to the Spoon, and to the Afliftant in whofe Hand it is held, and fo is loft in the Floor. By thefe means I fired feveral times not only the ethereal Liquor or Thlogiftoyi of Frobenius , and redi- fied Spirit of Wine, but even common proof Spirit. Thefe Experiments, as I before obferved, were made laft Friday Night, the Air being perfedly dry. Sunday proved wet, and Monday fomewhat warm ; fo that the Air was full of Vapour, Wind South-weft, and Qjj q 2 cloudy. f 484 3 cloudy. Under thefe Difadvantages, on Monday Night I attempted again my Experiments 5 they fuc- cceded, but with infinitely more Labour than the preceding, becaufe of the Unfitnefs of the Evening for fuch Trials. Your Candour will not permit you to think my Minutenefs trivial, with regard to the Circumfiances of the Weather, who know how many Things mud concur to make thefe Experiments fuc- ceed. I fhall wait with Impatience for a proper Opportunity to have thefe Experiments repeated in your Prefence j and am, with the utmoft Refped, SIR, dlderfgat e-Street, March 27. 1745. Tour mofl obedient Humble Servant, W. Watfon, IL A Letter to the Royal Society, Gentlemen, Read April 25/y Lately acquainted you, that I had been a745* X able to ^re Spirit of Wine, Rhlogifion of Frobenius , and common proof Spirit, by the Power of Eledricity. Since which (till Yefterday) we have had but one very dry fine Day 5 viz. Mon- day, April 15. Wind E. N. E. j when, about Four o' Clock in the Afternoon, I got my Apparatus ready, and fired the Spirit of Wine four times from the Poker as before, three times from the Finger of a Perfon eledrified, ftanding upon a Cake of Wax, and C 485 3 and once from the Finger of a fecond Perfon (land- ing upon Wax, communicating with the firft by- means of a Walking-cane held between their Arms extended. The horizontal Difance in this Cafe be- tween the glafs Tube and the Spirit was at lead ten Feet. You all know, that there is the repulfive Power of EleCtriciry, as well as the attractive; inafmuch as you are able, when a Feather, or fuch-like light Sub- fiance, is replete with Electricity, to drive it about a Room, which Way you pleafe. This repulfive Power continues, until either the Tube lofes its ex* cited Force, or the Feather attracts the Moifture from the Air, or comes near to fome non-eleCtric Sub- fiance ; if fo, the Feather is attracted by, and its Elec- tricity loft in, whatever Non-eleCtric it comes near. In electrified Bodies, you fee a perpetual Endeavour to get rid of their Electricity. This induced me to make the following Experiment. I placed a Man upon a Cake of Wax, who held in one of his Hands a Spoon with the warm Spirits, and in the other a Poker with the Thread. I rubbed the Tube amongft the Thread, and electrified him as before. I then ordered a Perfon not electrified to bring his Finger near the Middle of the Spoon; upon which, the Flafh from the Spoon and Spirit was vio- lent enough to fire the Spirit. This Experiment I then repeated three times. In this Method, the Perfon by whofe Finger the Spirit of Wine is fired, feels the Stroke much more violent, than when the eleCtrical Fire goes from him to the Spoon. This Way, for the fake of DiftinCtion, we will call the repulfive Power of Electricity. The. [ 486 1 The late Dr. ^Defaguliers has obferved, in his ex- cellent Dififertation concerning Eledricity, c That * there is a fort of Capricioufnefs attending thefe 2 Experiments, or fomething unaccountable in their * ‘Phenomena, not to be reduced to any Rule. For g fometimes an Experiment, which has been made s feveral times fuccelTively, will all at once fail.' Now I imagine, that the greateft Parr, if not the Whole of this Matter, depends upon the Moifture or Drynefs of the Air a fudaen though flight Al- teration in which, perhaps not fufficient to be obvious to our Faculties, may be perceived by the very fub- tle Fire of Eledricity. For, i ft, I conceive, that the Air itfelf (as has been obferved by Dr. P)efaguliers ) is an Eledric per fe-> and of the vitreous Kindi therefore it repels the Eledricity ariftng from the giafsTube, and difpofes it to eledrify whatever non-eledrical Bodies receive the Effluvia from the Tube. adiy. That Water is a Non-eledric, and, of con- fequence, a Condudor of Eledricity. This is exem- plified by a Jett of Water being attraded by the Tube, from either Eledrics per fe conduding Eledricity, and Noiveledrics more readily when wetted i but what is more to my prefent Purpofe, is, that if you only blow through a dry giafs Tube, the Moifture from your Breath will caule.that Tube to be a Condudor of Eledricity. Thefe being premifed, in proportion as the Air is replete with watery Vapours, the Eledricity ariling from the Tube, inftead of being conduded, as pro- pofed, is, by means of thefe Vapours, communicated 3 to [ 4«7 ] to the circumambient Atmofphere, and dilfipated as faft as excited. This Theory has been confirmed to me by divers Experiments, but by none more remarkably than on the Evening of the Day I made thofe before-men- tion’d ; when the Vapours, which in the Afternoon, by the Sun’s Heat, and a brisk Gale, were dillipated, and the Air perfe&ly dry, defeended again in great Plenty, upon the Abfence of both, and in the Even- ing was very damp. For between feven and eight o’ Clock, 1 attempted again the fame Experiments in the fame manner, without being able to make any of them fucceed ; though all thofe mentioned in this Paper, with others of lefs Note, were made in lefs than half an Hour’s time. I am the more particular in this, being willing to fave the Labour of thofe, who are defirous of making this Kind of Trials. For, although fome of the lelfer Experiments may fucceed almoft at any time, yet I never could find, that the more remark- able ones would fucceed but in dry Weather. Iam, Gentlemen , Tour moft obedient , London* -April 25. 1745. Humble Servant , W. Watfo n. TIL. A A Letter / if A, when electrified, touches B, A lofes almoft all his Electricity at that Touch only, which is received by B , and flopped by the electrical Cake : If A is immediately electrified again to the fame Degree as before, and touches B , the Snapping is lefs upon the Touch $ and this Snapping, upon electrifying A , grows lefs and lefs, till B, being im- pregnated with Electricity, though received at Inter- vals, the Snapping will no longer be fenfible. That Glafs will repel and not conduct the Elec- tricity of Glafs, has been mention’d by others, who have treated of this Subject ; but the Experiments to determine this Matter mufi be conducted with a great deal of Caution ,- for, unlefs the glafs Tube, intended to conduct the Electricity, be as warm as the external Air, it will feem to prove the contrary, unlefs in very dry Places and Seafons. Thus I fome- times have brought a cold though dry glafs Tube near three Feet long into a Room where there has been a Number of People 5 when, upon placing the Tube upon ftlk Lines, and laying fome Leaf- Silver upon a Card at one End, and rubbing another glafs Tube at the other, the Silver has, contrary to Ex- pectation, been thrown off as readily as. from an iron Rod. At firft I was furprifed at this Appear- ance 5 C 494 3 ance; but then conjectur’d, that it muft arife from the Coldnefs of the Glafs, condenfinu the floating Vapour of the Room. In order then to obviate this, i warm’d the Tube fufficiently, and this Effect was no longer produc’d, but the Silver lay per- fectly (till. If a Number of Pieces of finely fpun Glafs, cut to about an Inch in Length, little Bits of fine Wire of the fame Length, of what Metal you pleafe, and fmall Cork-Balls, are either put all together, or each by themfelves, into a dry pewter Plate, or upon a Piece of polifhed Metal, they make, in the follow- ing Manner, a very odd and furprifing Appearance. Let a Man, handing upon electrical Cakes, hold this Plate in his Hand, with the Bits of Glafs, Wire, &c. detached from each other, as much as convenientlv may be; when he is electrified, let him caufe a Pcr- fon handing upon the Ground to bring another Plate, his Hand, or any other Non-electric, exactly over the Plate, containing thele Bodies. When his Hand, &c. is about eight Inches over them, let him bring it down gently : As it comes near, in propor- tion to the Strength of the Electricity, he will ob- ferve the Bits of Glafs firh raife themfelves upright ; and then, if he brings his Hand nearer, dart directly up, and flick to it without fnapping. The Bits of Wire will hy up likewife, and as they come near the Hand fnap aloud ; you feel a {mart Stroke, and fee the Fire arifing from them to the Hand at every Stroke: Each of thefe, as foon as they have dis- charged their Fire, falls down again upon the Plate. The Cork- Balls alfo fly up, and ftrike your Hand,' but fall again directly. You have a conftant Suc- ceflion of thefe Appearances, as long as you conti- 6 nue [ 495 ] nue to ele&rify the Man in whofe Hand the Plate is held ; but if you touch any Patt either of the Man or Plate, the Pieces of Glafs, which before were upon their Ends, immediately fall down. - Some few Years ago, Sir "James Lowther * brought fome Bladders fill’d with inflammable Air, collected from his Coal-mines, to the Royal Society. This Air flamed, upon a lighted Candle being brought near it. This Inflammability has occaiion’d many terrible Accidents. Mr. Aland , a worthy Member of this Society , made at that time, by Art, and fhew’d the Society , Air exactly of the fame Quality. I was defirous of knowing if this Air would be kindled by electrical Flalhes. I accordingly made fuch Air, by putting an Ounce of Filings of Iron, an Ounce of Oil of Vitriol, and four Ounces of Water, into a Florence Flask ; upon which an Ebullition enlued, and the Air, which arofe from thefe Materials, not only fill’d three Bladders, but alfo, upon the Appli- cation of the Finger of an electrified Perfon, took Flame, and burnt near the Top and out of the Neck of the Flask a confiderable Time. When the Flame is almoft out, (hake the Flask, and the Flame revives. You mud, with your Finger dipped in Water, moiften the Mouth of the Flask as fafi as it is dried by the Heat within, or the Ele&ricity will not fire it : Be- caufe the Flask, being an Electric per fey will not fnap at the Application of the Finger, without the Glafs being firft made non-electric by wetting. It has fometimes happen’d, if the Finger has been ap- plied before the inflammable Air has found a ready Exit from the Mouth of the Flask, that the Flafh has filled * See thefe TranJ. N°. 44.2. p. 282. [ 496 ] filled the Flask, and gone off with an Explofion equal to the Firing of a large Piftol 5 and fometimes indeed it has burft the Flask. The fame Effect ^produced from Spirit of Sea Salt, as from Oil of Vitriol 5 but as the Acid of Sea-Salt is much lighter than that of Vitriol, there is no Neceflity to add the Water in this Experi- ment. Thofe who are not much acquainted with Che- mical Philofophy, may think it very extraordinary, that, from a Mixture of cold Subfiances, which, both conjunctly and feparately, are uninflammable, this very inflammable Vapour fhould be produced. In order to folve this, it may not be improper to premife, that Iron is compounded of a fulphureous as well as a metallic Part. This Sulphur is fo fixed, that, after heating the Iron red hot, and even melting it ever fo often, the Sulphur will not be dilengdged there- from : Bur, upon the Mixture of the vitriolic Acid, and by the Heat and Ebullition which are almoft in- ftantly produced, the metallic Part is diffolved, and the Sulphur, which before was intimately connected therewith, being difengaged, becomes volatile. This Heat and Ebullition continue, till the vitriolic Acid is perfectly faturated with the metallic Part of the Iron ; and the Vapour, once fired, continues to flame, until, this Saturation being perfected, no more of the Sulphur flics off. I have heretofore mentioned, how confiderably perfectly dry Air conduces to the Succefs of thefe Experiments j but we have been lately informed, by an Extract of a Letter, that Abbe Nolet was of Opi- nion, that they would fucceed in wet Weather, pro- vided the Tubes were made of Glafs tinged blue with Z aider. I have procured Tubes of this fort, but, after [ 497 ] after giving them many candid Trials, I cannot think them equal to their Recommendation. I firft tried one of them in a fmart Shower of Rain after a dry Day, when the Drops were large, and the Spirit fired three times in about four Minutes : The fame Effect fucceeded, under the fame Circumftances, from the white one; but, after three or four Hours raining, when the Air was perfectly wet, I never could make it fuccecd. And, to illufirate this Matter further, I have been able, when the Weather has been very dry, with once rubbing my Hand down this blue Tube, and applying it to the End of an iron Rod fix Feet long, to throw off fevcral Pieces of Leaf-Silver lying upon a Card at the other End of this Rod j whereas I never have been able to throw it off by any means in very wet Weather. Befides, I am of Opinion, thar, after the electrical Fire is gone from the Tube, the Tube has no Share in the conducting of it: My Sentiments on that Head I laid before you in a for- mer Paper: For if the filk Lines are wetted, they diffufc all the Electricity ; and the fame Effects hap- pen, when the Air is wet, be your Glafs of what Colour it will. It rnay not be improper here to obfetve, that Zaf- fer, which is ufed by the Glafs-makers and Ena- mellers, is made of Cobalt or Mundick calcined after the fubliming the Flowers. This being reduced to a very fine Powder, and mixt with twice or thrice its own Weight of finely powder’d Flints, is moiftened with Water, and put up in Barrels, in which it foon runs into an hard Mafs, and is called Zaffer. A dry Sponge hanging by a Packthread at the Fnd of an electrified Sword, or from the Hand of an Sff electrified t 498 ] electrified Man, gives no Signs of being made elec- trical : If it is well foak’d in Water, where-ever it is touch’d, you both fee and feel the cleCtrical Sparks. Not only fo, but, If it is fo full of Water that it falls from the Sponge, thofe Drops in a dark Room, re- ceiv’d upon your Hand, not only flafh and fnap, but you perceive a pricking Pain. If you hold your Hand, or any non -electrical Subftances, very near, the Wa- ter, which had ceafed dropping when the Sponge was not electrified, drops again upon its being elec- trified ; and the Drops fall in Proportion to the re- ceiv’d Electricity, as though the Sponge were gently fqueez’d between your Fingers. I was defirous to .know if I was able to eleCtrify a Drop of cold Wa- ter, dropping from the Sponge, enough to fire the Spirit 5 but, after many unfuccefsful Trials, I was forced to defift; becaufe the cold Water dropping from the Sponge not only cool’d the Spirit too much, but alfo render’d it too weak : Likewife every Drop carried with it great Part of the Electricity from the Sponge. I then confider’d, in what manner I could give a Tenacity to the Water fufficient to make the Drops hang a confiderable Time; and this I brought about by making a Mucilage of the Seeds of Fleawort. A wet Sponge then, fqueez’d hard, and fill’d with this cold Mucilage, was held in the Hand of an electri- fied Man, when the Drops, forced out by the Elec- tricity) affifted by the Tenacity of the Liquor, hung fome Inches from the Sponge; and, by a Drop of this, I fired not only the Spirit of Wine, but like- wife the inflammable Air before-mentioned, both with and without the Explofion. What an extra- ordinary [ 499 ] ordinary Effeft is this. That a Drop of cold Water (for the Seeds contribute nothing, but add Confid- ence to the Water) fhould be the Medium of Fire and Flame ? Camphor is a vegetable Refin, and, ofconfequcnce, an Ele&ric per fe. This Subftance, notwithftanding its great Inflammability, will not take Fire from the Finger of a Man, or any other Body cledlrified, tho* made very warm, and the Vapours arife therefrom in great Abundance j becaufe, neither Electrics per j e excited, or electrified Bodies, exert their Force by fnapping upon Electrics per fe> though not excited. If you break Camphor final!, and warm it in a Spoon, it is not melted by Heat like other Refins j but, if that Heat were continued, it would ail prove vola- tile. To Camphor thus warm’d, the Finger of an electrified Man, a Sword, or fuch-like, will, in fnapping, exert its Force upon the Spoon, and the circumambient Vapour of the Camphor will be fired thereby, and light up the whole Quantity expofed. The fame Experiment fucceeds by therepulfive Power of Electricity. A Poker, thoroughly ignited, put into Spirit of Wine, or into the diftilled Oil of Vegetables, pro- duces no Flame in either. It indeed occafions the Vapours to arife from the Oil in great Abundance ; but if you electrify this heated Poker, the electrical Flafhcs prefently kindle Flame in either. The Expe- riment is the fame with Camphor. Thefe Experi- ments, as well as the following, fufficiently evince, that the electrical Fire is truly Flame, and that ex- tremely fubtil. S ff z I have [ 5 00 7 I have made feveral Trials in order to fire Gun- powder alone, which I tried both warm and cold, whole and powder’d, but never could fucceed : And this arifes, in part, from its Vapours not being in- flammable, and in part from its not being capable of being fir’d by Flame ; unlefs the Sulphur in the Compofition is nearly in the State of Accenfion, This we fee, by putting Gunpowder into a Spoon with rectified Spirit, which, when lighted, will not fire the Powder, till, by the Heat of the Spoon from the burning Spirit, the Sulphur is almoft melted. Likewife, if you hold Gunpowder ground very fine ill a Spoon over a lighted Candle, or any other Flame, as foon as the Spoon is hot enough to melt the Sulphur, you fee a blue Flame, and inftantly the Powder flafhes off. The fame Effects are obferved in the ‘Pulvis fulminans , compos'd of Nitre, Sulphur, and fixed alkaline Salt. Befides, when the Gunpowder is very dry, and ground very fine, it (as you pleafe to make the Experiment) is either attracted, or repell’d 5 fo that, in the firft Cafe, the End of your Finger, when electrified, fhall be cover’d over with the Powder, though held at fome Diftancej and in the other, if you electrify the Powder, it will fly off at the Approach of any non- electrified Subfiance, and fometimes even without it. But I can, at Pleafure, fire Gunpowder, and even dis- charge a Musket, by the Power of Electricity, when the Gunpowder has been ground with a little Cam- phor, or with a few Drops of fome inflammable chemical Oil. This Oil fome what moiftens the Powder, and prevents its flying away : The Gun- powder then being warm’d in a Spoon, the electrical Flafhes [ 50i ] Flafhesfire the inflammable Vapour, which fires theGun* powder: Bat theTime between the Vapour firing the Powder is fo fhorr, that frequently they appear as the fame, and not fuccefiive Operations, wherein the Gun- powder itfelf feems fired by the Ele&ricity : And, in- deed, the firft time this Experiment fucceeded, the Fiafh was fo fudden and uncxpe&ed, that the Hand of my Afliftant, who touch’d the Spoon with his Finger, was confidcratly fcorch’d. So that there feems a fourth Ingredient necefldry to make Gun- powder readily take Fire by Flame ; and Thatfuch a one as will heighten the Inflammability of the Sul- phur. In common Cafes, the lighted Match, or the little Portion of red-hot Glafs, which falls among the Pow- der, and is the Refult of the Collifion from the Flint and Steel, fires the Charcoal and Sulphur, and thefe the Nitre. But if to thefe three Ingredients you add a fourth, viz. a vegetable chemical Oil, and gently warm this Mixture, the Oil, by the Warmth, mixes intimately with the Sulphur, lowers its Confiflcnce, and makes it readily take Fire by Flame. In thefe Operations, notwithftanding I always made ufe of the fineft-feented Oils of Orange peel, Lemons, and fuch-likc, yet, upon the lead: warming the Mix- ture, the rank Smell of Balfam (i. e. of the ready Solution of Sulphur) was very obvious. II. A [ 502 ] II. A Propofal to bring fmall payable Stones foon and with Eafe out of the Bladder : By the Reverend Stephen Hales, D. D. Read oaob. 31. T3 EING prefcnt, February 4.. 17 44*5’. D whci1 ,ile late RiSht Honourable the Earl of Orford (after having taken for two Months Dr. Juriris Lixivium ) voided at once eleven pretty large nearly cubical Fragments of larger Stones, which were involved in coagulated Blood and Urine; and, a few Hours after, fifteen more at once, in the fame manner; in all thirty two that Day ; fome of which were as large as were poflibly paflable ; it hence immediately occurred to my Thoughts, that all paflable Stones which have lately fallen from the Kidneys into the Bladder, or which have broken off from larger ones, might readily and eafily be brought out thence, by conveying into the empty Bladder, by a Catheter , fome very mucilagi- nous Subflancc, fuch as Syrup of Marfh-mallows, or a Solution of Gum Arabic, or Barley-water. Such Subftances would bring the Stones away foon, and with great Eafe to the Patient ; and thereby not only prevent much teazing Pain, by fruitlefly endeavour- ing to bring them away with the weak Force of thin Urine, but alfo efFedually to fecure the Patient from the Danger of their growing too big to come away, by long continuing in the Bladder. And what ftrongly evinces the Reafonablenefs of this Propofal, is, that, on opening the Bladder of his Lordfhip, there were no Stones found remaining, except 1 [ S°3 ] except two fmall Grains, which were involved in the Folds in the Neck of the Bladder. If, on Trial, any Stones fhall be found too big to pafs off, the Patient is but where he was before ; and if any fhall be of fuch a Size as to enter the Urethra but Part of the Way, they may be pufhed back, or cut out, according as their Situation fhall happen to be. And further to evince the Reafonablenefs of this Propcfal, I made the following Experiments ; •viz. In order to fhew the comparative Force, with which Fluids of different Degrees of Denfity and Tenacity will impel Stones, I took a glafs Tube, which was an Inch in Diameter within, and fourteen and half Inches deep ; and, having fill’d it full of Urine, I put into it a nearly cubical Piece of a large Stone, taken out of a human Bladder, which weigh’d feven and half Grains; and, Banding by a Clock whofe Pendu - him beat Seconds, I found, by repeated Trials, that the Stone was a Second and a Quarter in defend- ing through the fourteen and half Inches Depth of Urine. The Experiment being tried with the fame Stone in Oil of Olives, it was five and three Quarters Seconds in defeending: So that the Refiftanceof the Oil to the falling Stone was 4.6, that is, more than four times greater than the Refiftance of the Urine ; and, confequently, the impelling Force of Oil to propel a Stone in pafiing thro" a narrow Tube, would be proportionally fo much greater than that of Urine, were their Velocities equal. When an Ounce of Gum-Arabic was diffolved in half a Pint of Water, the Stone defended in two [ 5°4 ] two Seconds; with two Ounces, in three Seconds ; with three Ounces, in four Seconds. In a Decoftion of warm Barley-water, which was fo thick as to be a tender jelly when cold, the Stone was forty-five Seconds in defcending, that is, thirty- five times flower than in Urine ; and, confequently, the impelling Force of Urine is thirty five times lefs than that of this Mucilage, in cafe their Velocities were equal. This Mucilage was, aslguefs, of a due Confidence for the Purpofe ; for it was about the Thickncfs of Lord Orford's coagulated Blood and Urine. Equal Quantities of Blood and Urine will continue a thick Coagulum for many Weeks, without any Separation. But as the Velocity, with which fuch mucilaginous Subdances pafs thro’ fmall Tubes, is confiderably lefs than the Velocity with which Urine will pafs; fup- pofing the Forces with which they are impelled to be equal ; it was requifite to determine thofe dif- ferent Velocities by Experiments: And, in order to it, I put half a Pint of the fame blood-warm De- coction of Barley into a glafs Vedel, where its Depth was near eight inches, and therefore its mean Depth near four Inches. It run out at the Bottom in about fifty Seconds thro1 a glafs Tube, whofe Bore was yth Inch Diameter ; its Length two Inches : And, on repeating the fame Experiment twice, as the Deco&ion grew cooler and cooler, it was about eighty and then ninety Seconds in running out ; whereas a like Quantity of Urine ran out thro’ the fame Tube in eighteen Seconds. Now, fuppoiing the Velocities, at a Medium , thro’ the Urethra , to be as fevenry-two to eighteen, then the Velocity of the Urine will be three Fourths greater C S°S ] greater than that of the Mucilage of Bailey. Taking therefore three Fourths from Thirty-fix, the Force of the Mucilage, the Remainder nine is the Force with which the Mucilage will impel the Stone j and, confequently, the impelling Force of the Mucilage, in the Neck of the Bladder and in the Urethra , will be nine times greater than that of Urine; befides the Advantage of greater Siipperinefs which it gives to the Urethra. III. An Account of fome Experiments , lately niade in Holland, upon the Fragility of unannealed glafs Veffels \ communicated to the Prefid ent. Read oss.. 3L-'"~T^’HE fol lowi ng Paper contains the Ac- ,/4S’ count of feveral Experiments of an odd Nature, that have lately been tried both in Italy and in Holland, upon fome unannealed glafs Phials; that is to fay, fuch as have been expofed to the Air as foon as blown, without palling through the Operation that is commonly called Annealing. The exceffive Fragility of thefe Sorts of Glafi.es muft have been obferved, as long as the Art of making Glafs has been in Ufe: it having been found, that almoft all the Vefiels that were made of fuch Glafs were entirely ufelefs upon that Account j as being fub- jett to break and fly, almoft conftantly, of them- felves, and that even frequently before they were well cold. It was therefore to remedy this Inconveniency that the Pra&ice of Nealing or Annealing them was de- Ttt vifed; [ S°6 ] vifed; whereby, parting very gradually, in the Space of Tome Hours, through what is called the Leer, from a very intenfe Degree of Heat to the Tempe- rature of the common Air, they were found to acquire fuch a Toughnefs or Tenacity, as fitted them for the feveral Ufes for which they were refpe&ively de- signed. But Some of the ‘Phenomena depending upon their firft Brittlenefs, or at leaft very nearly connedted with it, have been often judged to deferve the At- tention of the Curious. One of the firft very worthy Founders of the Royal Society , the Right Honourable Sir Rob. Moray , very early gave in his Experiments, which appear in the Regifter, upon thofe Drops or Lachrymre of darts, which, inftead of being nealed, had been immediately quenched in Water, or fome other Fluid. And the fame learned Perfon further obferved, that hollow Balls, made of unnealed Glafs with a Small Hole in them, would flie in Pieces with the Heat of the Hand only, if the Small Hole, by which the internal and external Air communicated, was but flopped with the Finger. The Glafi.es which the following Paper concerns, have been already mention’d to the Society by Mr. Baker i who, on the 3 1 ft Day of January laft, com- municated the Extradf of a Letter he had then newly received from Dr. Laur entiles Bruni of Turing taking notice of the fame ; and relating their remarkable Property of refilling very hard Strokes that were given them from without, notwithftanding they at the fame time fhivered to Pieces, upon the Shocks they received by * See thefc Tranjaffions) N°. 475, p. 272. C 5° 7 ] by the Fall of very light and'minute Bodies dropped into their Cavities. And Mr. Ellicot , having very foon after caufed fome unnealed Glalfes to be made here, repeated with them fome of the fame Experiments, which he found to anfwer agreeably to what Dr. Bruni had mentioned. But it will further appear to be remarkable in the prefent Paper, that, according to the Experi- ments made abroad upon thofe GJaffes, it is not the Weight alone of the Bodies feverally dropped into them, which occafions their Rupture ; for fome certain Bodies break them with abundantly more Eafe than others of the fame or even much greater Weights : infomuch that fuch Phials as are lhiver’d to Pieces by the Fall of very fmali Particles of Flint and fome other Subftances, are neverthelefs capable of refilling the much greater Shock they re- ceive, in like manner, from a leaden Bullet, tho* fome Hundreds of times heavier than the Flint. The Author of the Paper is Monfieur Allamandy a Gentleman of Diftindion, Merit, and Learning, in Holland , a Perfon of great Curiofity, and parti- cularly well verfed in all the Parts of natural and experimental Knowledge. This Gentleman com- municated his Obfervations to the Hon. William Bentincky Efq,* of the Hague , a worthy Member of the Royal Society ; and who was pleafed imme- diately not only to tranfmit them over to the ‘Pre- fidenty but alfo to oblige him at the fame time, with a Number of glafs Phials, of the very fame Sort as thofe upon which Monfieur Allamand's Experiments had been made; that he might thereby be enabled both to report to the Society the Fads Ttt 2 he [ 508 ] he fhould take notice of, and to repeat, fome of the Experiments themfelves in their Prefence. Monfieur Hllamand’s Paper is in French* but the Subftance of it in Englzfh is as follows. Experiments made upon glafs "Phials , which break with the Stroke of certain Bodies but which reffi the Shocks of others , though much more ponderous. THE SE Glaflcs have been known fome time, and an Account has already been given of them in a Diflertation printed at Padua in 1743 : The Ex- trad of which Diflertation, publifhed in the Leipfe Ads for the Month of February laft gave me alfo the Curiofity to repeat in Holland the fame Experiments that had been already made both in Italy and fome other Places. Thefe Glades only differ from ordinary Phials in this, that they have not been fet to cool gradually in what is called the nealing Furnace, but have been immediately expofed to the open Air as foon as formed. They may be made of any Shape : I have had fome cylindrical with a flat Bottom, others of the Figure of a common drinking Glafs, others that were conical, and others again elliptic. The Experiments have equally well fucceeded upon all thefe feveral Glafl.es 5 and all that needs to be obferved in the making of them is, to take Care that their Bottoms may be thicker than their Sides : And, in- deed, the thicker the Bottom is, the eafler do the Glafles break. I had one particularly, whofe Bot- tom f 5°9 ] tom was above three Fingers Breadth in Thicknefs, and that flew with as much Eafe at lead as the thin- ned Glafs. I have had fome others equally thick all over ; thefe have flown alfo, but with more Diffi- culty than the others. Thefe Glades are capable of redding very hard Blows coming from without : I have given to fome, with a Mailer, Strokes fufficicnt to drive a Nail into Wood tolerably hard, and they have held good with- out breaking. They alfo redd the Shock of leveral heavy Bodies, that are let fall into their Cavities. Thus I have dropped, from the Height of two or three Feet, Musket-balls, Pieces of Iron, Brafs, Tin, Silver, Gold, Antimony, Bilmuth, Pyrites, Jafper, and fe- veral Sorts of Woods, Ivory, and Bone : All which is indeed no- ways extraordinary ; for other Glafies equally thick would alfo bear the Strokes of the fame Bodies; but herein condds what is more furprifing. I took a Shiver of Flint, of the Size of a fmall Pea ; I let it fall into the Glafs from the Height of three Inches ; and in about two Seconds the Glafs flew. And having repeated the fame Experiment upon fcveral other Glafies with the fame Piece of Flint, the greatefl; Part broke in the Moment of the Shock, and the others one or two Seconds after it. I have let fall into different Glafies a Shiver of Flint, of but half the Size of that ufed in the former Experiment, and the Glafies flew in the fame Man- ner. Another Bit of Flint, of the Size of a fmall Len- til, has alfo produced the fame Effed. Being encouraged with this Succefs, I let fall into one of my Glafies a Piece of Flint no larger than a Grain [ 510 3 Grain of Sand :This was too light to produce any fen- fible Shock, and accordingly the Glafs did not break. In order to try further, I fhook the Glafs with the fmall Piece of Stone in it; and nothing following, I repeated the fame Experiment upon four other Glades, none of which broke. I then judged my Experiment to have fail’d, and fet by thofe five Glalfes; but, about half an Hour after, one of thofe Glades flew, and the other four foon after ; infomuch that the Glafs which remained the longeft entire broke alfo, about three Quarters of an Hour after its being fhook. Tho’ Flint is, of all the Bodies that I have em- ployed, that which has hitherto broken thefe Glafles with the greateft Eafe, it is not however the only Body that produces this Phenomenon, I let fall into one a Sapphire fet in a Ring ; and tho* the Bottom of the Glafs was near an Inch in Thick- nefs, the Sapphire palled thro’ it as thro* a Spider’s Web. The Glafs was difperfed on all Sides, and the Ring remain’d upon the Table juft where the Glafs refted. A Bit of Porcelane, of the Thick nefs of half a Line, and the Breadth of two Lines, broke alfo fe* veral Glafles; but that only fome Seconds after the Shock. A Bit of Glafs, of the fame Size, produced the fame Effedt ; and fo did a very fmall Pebble. Diamonds of feveral Sizes have conftantly done the fame. A very fmall Piece of hard-temper’d Steel has broken all the Glafles into which I have dropped it. One C 5” J One of thofe Pellets alfo that Boys play with, and which they commonly call Marbles, broke a Glafs into which it was dropped ; but not till four Minutes after its Fall. Being defirous to know if the Bodies upon which? I relied my Glalfes contributed any thing to the Eafe of their breaking, I repeated the fame Experiments,, holding the Glalfes in my Hand, fetting them upright in Clay, placing them on a Down Pillow, and put- ting them in Water ; in ail which Cafes they broke in the very fame Manner. I then half filled one of them with Water, and a Piece of Flint, about the Size of a Pea, broke it. All the Bodies with which I had yet broken Glalfes having been elaftic without being dudile, I was willing to inquire, if thofe Qualities were elfentially necelfary,. tho’ I was already fatisficd, that all the Bodies that had thofe Qualities, fuch as Ivory, for Example, would not produce the Effed. After many Trials, none of which fucceeded, I thought of {lightly rubbing the Bottoms of fome of the Glalfes with my Finger, and all thofe upon which I made that Expe- riment broke; tho' fome of them did not fly till above half an Hour after they had been fo rubbed. Thinking, that perhaps the Heat I communicated to them with my Hand might occafion their breaking, to examine whether it was fo or not, I poured into feveral fome almoll boiling Water,, which certainly gave them a much greater Heat than I could have given them with my Hand ; but none of thofe Glalfes broke. I have found in the Animal Kingdom but one fort of Bodies capable of breaking thefe Glalfes,, 4. which* [ 512 ] which are Pearls : I dropped one of near a Line Diameter into a Glafs, and that Glafs broke in about half an Hour. Tho’ the Experiment of rubbing with my Finger had convinced me, that the Stroke or Shock of a falling Body is not always neceflary to break thefe Phials, I thought of fcratching with a Flint the Bot- tom of the Glafs, and the Glafs immediately broke. To allure myfelf whether the Scratch I had made was the Occafion of its breaking, I took a Rod of Iron whofe End was rounded ; I pulh’d it Ilrongly againft the Bottom of the Glafs, and the Glafs flew. I then did the fame, and even pufh’d much harder, againft the Bottoms of feveral ordinary Glafles, but without any Effect: For tho’ thefe Glafles were much thinner than the others, yet none of them ftirred. If the Glafles in Queftion are every -where extreamly thin, they do not break in the Circumftances above- mentioned;! have frequently dropped into fuch Glafles the fame Sorts of Bodies as had broken the thicker ones, but without any Succefs. I have only met with one that fplit-.And I am not even fure but that the Weight of the Body dropped into it, which was a Stone of fome Size, might occafion its breaking. All the Phials upon which I have yet made thefe Experiments were of white Glafs: I have not had an Opportunity of trying thofe made of the green. The Author of the Diflertation, published at 'Pa- dua upon this Subject, pretends to account for all thefe Angular Phenomena by faying: That the Bo- dies dropped into thefe Phials caule a Concuflion that is ftronger than the Cohefion of the Parts of the Glafs j and that consequently, a Rupture of the fame muft enfue. [ 5r3 3 enfue. Bat why does not a Ball of Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, or any of the other Bodies which I have tried unfuccefsfully, tho’ 1000 times heavier, equally caufe this Concultion, and break the GlafTes ) Shall it be faid, It is becaufe they are not elaftic ? Copper, Iron, Silver, and Ivory, are elaftic ; and as much fo as Flint and Porcellanej and furely much more fo than the End of one’s Finger. It appears to me, thar, before we undertake to give the Solution of thefe Phenomena., we fhould apply ourfelves to the making a much greater Variety of Experiments about them 5 that we fhould both try a greater Number of GlafTes, and thofe with a greater Variety of differing Bodies, that we may be able thence to colled at laft, in what ClafTes the feve- ral Bodies are to be ranged, that are either fit or unfit for thefe Purpofes : And then it may, perhaps, be Time to inquire, Whether it is from the Prin- ciples of Chemiftry, or from thofe of Mechanics, or any other Branch of Natural Philofophy, that we are to feek for the Reafons of the feveral Fads. AFTER the reading of this Paper, the Prefident produced before the Society feveral of the Phials themfelves, which he had received from Holland , to- gether with fome others he had caufed to be made at Mr. Ceiled Glafs houfe in White-Fryars. He acquainted the Company, that he diad yet made himfelf but few Trials of thefe GlafTes, as he was defirous to preferve them till he could have the Satisfadion of fhewing them to the Society , and repeating fome of Monfieur Allamand’s chief Experiments in their Prefence : That he had defignedly broken only four of his U u u foreign [ 51 4 ] foreign Phials ; in all which Matters had fucceeded agreeably to the foregoing Relation ; and that a fifth, into which he had dropped a leaden Bullet, had flown of itfelf, about a Quarter of an Hour after j but whether from any Operation of the Bullet, or from the Heat of the Room only, he could not take upon himfelf to determine. After this, he proceeded to make a good Number of Experiments upon the Phials ; by all which it appeared, That none of them, either foreign or Englijh , were broken by rhe Shock of a leaden Bullet weigh- ing 1 2 Penyweight : tho’ the fame was let fall from the Height of above two Feet. That all the foreign Phials, and feveral of the j Englijh, into which a Shiver of Flint, of the Weight of three Grains, was let fall, and that from a Height of only 2 Inches, were broken; mod of them in- ftantaneoufly, and the others within two or three Seconds. That feveral of them were broken with a fmall Shiver of their own broken Glafs ; but that, gene- rally, this Operation was not fo quick, the Phials fometimes not flying till two or three Minutes after the Shock. That feveral of them were fhiver’d immediately, by the Shock of a fmall Piece of harden’d Steel broken off from a fteel Rod of about half a Quar- ter of an Inch in Thicknefs. That of two Phials, into which a Boy’s playing Marble was dropped, the one broke presently, and the other not till three or four Minutes afterwards. That [ 5i5 1 That of the two Phials rubbed with the Finger on the Infide of the Hollow, the one did not break, but the other did, about five Minutes after. ' That one of them did not break with the Fall of a. rough Cornifb Diamond into it, tho’ the Experi- ment was twice repeated ; but that the fame after- wards was immediately broken by the Flint. That the Trials made upon English Glafles, tho’, feemingly, of the fame Sort, did not fuccecd quite fo well, and fo certainly, as thofe made upon the foreign ones ,• which were, probably, more fuddenly cooled, as the Workmen already acquainted with their Properties, may be more expert in their Manage- ment of them. Upon the Whole, all the Company were perfectly fatisficd of the Truth and Exa&nefs of Monfteur Al- lamand’s Experiments; and order’d their Thanks to be recorded both to that Gentleman and Mr. Ben - tinck , for thefe very curious Communications. Mr. Allamand obfcrves, that he had yet only- tried thefe Experiments upon Phials made of white or cryftal Glafs. But the Prefident fince received from the Reverend Dr. Littleton , F. R. S. fome large hollow Cups, made at IVorcefter , of the common green Bottle Glafs ; all which, tho’ of a much greater Size than the others, and fome of them above three Inches thick at Bottom, were inftantly broken with a Shiver of Flint weighing but about two Grains ; tho’ they had before relifted the Shock of a Musket- ball from the Height of near three Feet. U u u z iV. B. [ 5*6 ] N. B. That all the foreign Glaffes mentioned in this Paper were nearly of the Shape reprefented in Tab. I. Fig. i. and about fourlnchesin Height. IV. ExtraB of a Letter from the Reverend Henry Miles, 2). D. & F. R. S. to the Prefident, relating to fome Improvements which may be made in Cyder and Perry. The letter read r g 'HE Defign of communicating the Nov. 1745. following Paper to the Royal So - ciety is, to invite Gentlemen, after the Example of a Practice that has long obtained in Herefordfoire, to attempt an Improvement of their wafte Lands, by planting fuch kind of Fruit trees, as are mentioned, in Hedges and barren Places 5 which, for aught ap- pears, would thrive as well in other Counties, per- haps in fome Parts of molt Counties in England, as in that of Hereford. Extract from a Manufcript, written Anno 1657-8, by Mr. afterwards , Hr. John Beale, & F. R. S. in the Way of an epiftolary Addrefs to S. Hartlib, Efq 5 for his Ufe , and that of Mr. Pell, the then Britifh Resident at Zurich ; and which appears to have been intended as a Sequel to that fcarce and valuable Fiece intituled Herefordfhire Orchards, inferted in the later Editions of Mr. Bradley ’s New Improvement of Hunting, &c. Concerning [ 5*7 ] Concerning an excellent Liquor made of a Mixture of rough Pears and Crabs. ' I 'HE Author undertakes to evince, “ That Crabs *■* and wild Pears, fuch as grow in the wildeft and tc barren Clifts, and on Hills, do make the richeft, . m. being about the Middle of the Parade in St. James’s Park , I faw a Light arife from behind the Trees and Houfes in the S. by W. Point, which I took at firft for a large Sky-Rocket ; but when it had rifen to the Height of about 20 Degrees, it took a Motion nearly parallel to the Hori- zon, but waved in this manner, and went on to the N. by E. Point over the Houfes. It feemed r? rn *° jVei"^ ,nefb ,t!iac * thought it pafled over Queens Square-, the IQand in the Park, crofs the Canal, and I loft Sight of it over the Uaymarket. Its Motion was fo very flow, that I had it above half [ S25 3 VII. ExtraB of a Letter from Mr. Benj. Cook, F. R . S. to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning the EjfeB which the Farina of the Blo[fo?ns of different Sorts of Appl e-trees had on the Fruit of a neigh- bouring Free. ‘Dear Coujin , Newport (Me of Wight), On. 1745. TteAppkfsfle'wn'W HAVE fent you fome Rnffetings ov ' I4* I745‘ changed by the Farina of a next-door Neighbour, whole Name I wanted Skill to know 5 but can only fay, that the Rujfeting has exadtly ac- quired his Face and Complexion. C Mr. Collinfon then produced feveral Samples of the Apples; an unteinted RuiTetting; a Ruflet- ing halfa Minute in View; and therefore had Time enough to contemplate its Appearance fully, which was what is feen in the annexed Figure, C feemed to be a light Flame, turning backwards from the Refin- ance the Air made to it. BB a bright Fire like burning Charcoal, inclofed as it were in an open Cafe, of which the Frame CCC was quite opaque, like Bands of Iron. At D iffiied forth a Train or Tail of light Flame, more bright at I>, and growing gradually fainter at E, fo as to be tranfparent more than half its Length. The Head feemed about half a Degree in Diameter, the Tail near 3 Degrees in Length, and about one Eighth of a Degree in Thicknefs. C. M. [ 526 ] ting changed -in Complexion, which grew among a great Clufter of unalter'd Brethren ; and forfte Apples of the other Tree, which had caufed the Change in the Ruffettings, and whole Fruit had in Return received a rough Coat from the Ruffettings. ] Theophraftus takes notice of this Flct.^a.XXccyv, as he calls it; and tells us the old Divines were wont to make a great pother about it, and foretel great Events by it : Pliny informs us, there was one who wrote a whole Book about fuch Changes. But the Ufe I fhould make of it, is chiefly this, that it may be of Importance to the Curious in Fruits, to take care how their Tices are forted, and what Company they keep. For tho' this Change be not fo confpi- cuous in Apples which have a fmooth green Coat, as in the Ruffet-breed, yet one may fuppofe Imprel- ftons of this fort often made on them ; and perhaps their Juices alter'd for the better or worfe. * * lours, &c. B. Cooke. VIII. Note. Sir Jof. A 'yloffe , a worthy Member of this Society, com- municated, on July i. 1731. from the Reverend Mr. Henchman, Prebendary of Salisbury , fome Obfervations of Peafe of different Colours infe&ing one another in the lame manner as the Apples above-mentioned. Mr .Henchman, in the Spring 1729. fowed a Piece of Ground in his Garden with white Peafe, and two double Rows of blue Peafe, with an Alley lour feet wide between; in Autumn, upon gathering fome I C 527 J VIII. Some Account of the Sinking down of a Piece of Ground , at Horfeford, in Nor- folk ; communicated by Mr. Arderon, of Norwich, to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. Read Nov. >VTN the Night-time, between the 24th I/45' j| and 25th of June laft paflya violent Storm of Thunder and Lightning happened at the City of Norwich , and the Places adjacent; tho’ at the City of Norwich it feemed extraordinary only for the Loudnefs of its Claps, and the Length of feveral of the Flafhes; fome whereof continued near half a Minute, and were fo extremely bright, that they caufed fome thin Deal Shutters to the Windows of my Bed-Room (which then happened to be un- painted) to appear almoft quite tranfparent. But at Horfeford , a fmall Country Village, about four Miles North-weft of this City, a remarkable Phenomenon fome for Seed, he opened one of the Pods, and was furprifed to fee one blue Pea at the End next the Stalk, with fix white Peafe : But after having examined feveral other Shells very carefully, he found a great Variety 01 Intermixtures of the white and blue Peafe in the fame Shells ; fometimes one white (or blue) only at one End, Sometimes at each End ; fometimes two white (or blue) with one of the other Colour interchangeably ; and thus the whole Parcel that was rubbed out for Seed was intermixt white and blue. The next Year, he fays, not having Plotts of white and blue Peafe Handing near one another, he did not find any fuch Mixture in the feveral Par- cels then faved for Seed. But it is pity he did not pick out a fufficient Number of the blue Peafe from among the white, and fow them by themfelves, in order to fee what colour’d Peafe this mixt Breed would have produced* €. Mt E 528 ] \ Rhcenomenon appeared the next Day, the like whereof has not been obferved in this County, fince that communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. R. Le Neve, as in the Rhil. Tranf. Np. 355. A fudden Lapfus , or Sinking down of the Earth, happened at this Village, in the Night above-men- tioned, and left a Hole twelve Feet deep, and twelve and half in Diameter, in Form almoft exactly round. Its Sides are nearly perpendicular; and what feems mofl ftrange, no Ruffles, Cracks, or Chafms, are to be found nigh ir, but the Ground appears intirely firm and fo lid ; and for Miles about is a fine Cham- paign Country, of a dry fandy Soil, but not hilly ; neither is there any Watercourfc above Ground near it. The firft Yard from the Surface downwards is Corn- mould Earth -y the other three are compofed of brown and yellow Sand, difpofed in feveral different Strata. I fhall not pretend to account for this Accident; but might it not poffibly be occafioned by fome fub- terraneous sCurrent waffling away the fandy Matter by little and little, until it had left only a Cruft, which the Tremor of this terrible Thunder had thrown down from the very Surface; though on this Con- jecture, one would cxpeCt fome Overflow or Appear- ance of Water; whereas I could not perceive here the Remains of a Angle Drop. IX. [ 529 ] IX. A Letter from Mr . James Simon to the Prefident, concerning the Bones of a Foetus voided per Anum; and offome Foflils found in Ireland. Read Nov. *745* 14 ec <£ A Curious and worthy Clergyman, of the County of Armagh-, fent me, fome time ago, a Parcel of Bones, with the follow- ing Account of them 5 viz. “ Rofe , the Wife of Mortaugh Mac Cornwall , of the Parifh of Tu/lylifh , Barony of Clare , in the Year 1741, about the latter End of May , or the Beginning of June, being in the 37th Year “ of her Age, and Mother of feveral Children, con- “ ceived, as ufual ; but, in two or three Days after, “ felt an excelfive unnatural kind of Pain in the “ Matrix , which continued, with frequent Faint* ings, a depraved Appetite, and an exceeding great “ Weaknefs, till her Child quickened } after which “ Ihe proceeded reafonably well in her Pregnancy to “ the End of nine Months j and then, her Child lt alive, and every thing right (as the Midwife “ thought), (he fell in Labour, which lafted, with “ proper Child bearing Pains, for twenty-four Hours, * L- ‘ * , For * Or more, according to the Size and Strength df the Cow ; .or as the firft Dole is found to operate. i [ S37 ] Tor the Shortnefs of; Breath, I have ad vifed the giving ic Whale-Oil, Treacle of Sugar, each a Pint; £< Flower of Brimftone four Ounces: Give it in a ** Mafn 6f Malt, ■ or Bran and Water, twice or fc thrice a Day/' For the Scouring, firfl give the' Crocus- Purge above-mention’d ; then give them every fix or eight Hours the following Draught. cc Take Whiting one Pound, bruife'it; pour “ boiling Water upon it, a Quart of more ; let €C it hand to fettle ; pour off the clear WateT, <£ and fling it away ; then put a Quart of warm "John Eafdon, Coachman to the Right Honourable the Earl of Darnley , about 22 Years of Age, was jammed between a Waggon and a Coal-Cart, as he was get- ting up into the Waggon; the Cart-Wheel preifed on the upper Part of the left Os Ilium , and, by a fudden ]olt, fqueezed him againft the Waggon, fo a-s to raife him from the Waggon- Wheel on which he flood i then the Cart going on, the poor Man fell on the Ground. Being carried to my Lord’s Stables, I examined the Parr, and found (juft below the Contujlon made by the * Os innominatnm rata frattgitur. Heifter In flit. Chirurgic. Tom, 3. pag. 200. 2 C 539 3 . the Prefifure of the Cart-Wheel) a Fradure running quite acrofs the Cofta of the left Os Ilium, about three Fingers Breadth below the Crifta of the laid Bone ; the End of the upper fradur’d Part being forced in towards the Cavity of the Abdomen. The Patient being laid on his Back, on the Edge of the Bed, I applied a Napkin on the falfe Ribs, which was pulled tight by two Afliftants, in order to prefs the Contents of the Abdomen downwards : Another Afliftant preffed the Abdomen on the right Side, while, by prelling the Crifta of the fradured Os Ilium gently inwards, I brought both the Edges of the Fradure to a mutual Contad. The Fradure being reduced, the Napkin applied on the falfe Ribs was tightened, and kept on during the whole Cure with the Scapidary. I applied pro- per Comprefles, and a Pafteboard cut according to the Figure of the Bone, over which I applied the * Spica Bandage. The Patient was kept in Bed for about three Weeks, lying on his Back, the affeded Side being fupported with a fofc Pillow. By this means, and by obferving what is generally recom- mended in all Fradures, the Patient was perfedly cured, and walked very well at the Month's End. * Vide Heifter. In flit ut, Chirurgic. Tom. 2. pag- 1217. C 54° 3 XII. Some Account of a curious Tripqs and Infcription found near Turin, ferving to dif cover the true Situation of the a?icient City Induftria. By David Erskine. Baker. 'This is an Ab[tra£l of the Paper, readDzc. 5. 1745.. R. Joseph Laurentius Bru- rJ , Fellow, of our Royal Society , and Phyfician of the College at Turin i, having, in the Month of March , 1744-5, fent from thence to my Father the Defcription of a mod curi- ous antique Tripos of Metal, found, fome little while before, together with a Plate of the fame, bearing an extraordinary Infcription thereon, at a Village call’d Morten,, on the right Side of the River To, about 1 6 Miles from Turin ; and the fame Gentleman having lately fent us likcwife an Italian Differtation printed at Turin. , wherein the learned Authors (. Paul Ricolvi and Anthony Rivaut ella) undertake to difcover, from the faid Infcription, and other concurring Circumftances, the true Place of the ancient City Tnduftria, mentioned twice by Tlinys a fhort Account, colle&ed from the Whole, and tranflated into Englifh , may prove, I hope, not unacceptable. This Tripos , they, fay, far exceeds every thing of its Kind, preferved hitherto in any of the Cabinets in Europe , as. well for its Stru&ure, as for the Va- riety and Elegance of the feveral Relievos where-- with it is adorned. Each of its three Pillars has on it four fmall Figures : The flrft, which “is placed at Top, reprefents a Terminus of Venus 5 the fecond is a . Viffory* , C 54r ] Victory ,. or a winged Fortune rather, (landing with her. Feet upon a Globe 3 the third, which is near the Middle of the Pillar, is an Harpy, winged, with a Woman’s Face and the fourth Figure, at the Foot of the Pillar, appears to be an old Silenus or Satyr, crouching himfelf together in an odd Manner. The Pillars are joined to one another by little Bars of Meta!, fafiened by Rivets at Top, and Rings at Bottom, in fuch a manner that they may be clofed together, or drawn afunder, at Pleafure 5 and when they are extended to the utmoft, the Size of the Tripos is fomewhat more than a Turin Foot, which, Dr. Bruni fays, is equal to twenty English Inches. Table I. Fig. 2. is an exad Copy of the Infcri- ption on the Metal Plate, as given before the Dif- fertation. The Authors explain the Reading of each Word, and give their Comments thereon, together with a long Defcription of the Roman Cuftoms- and Offices 3 which being fufficiently known, I (hall take from them only a brief Abftrad of fuch Paf- fages as are lead cafy to be underftood,. The firft Obfervation of this kind is, that whereas, in other Infcriptions, it is ufual to find Honori , and then the Name of the Perfon in the Dative Cafe, as Honori Memmio Vitrajio Orfito{a)y or elfe, Honori Fm- peratoris Crejarisy & c. 5 or as in another Stone {b)in Honor em T Claudii lmperatoris\ and confequently the Titles of the Perfon in the Genitive Cafe j here, after having faid, Honori L . Fompei Flerennianij we find Curatori and Fatrono, which two Words muft again {a) Grut. />. 443. (b) Marm. Taur, p. 189, ' i [ 54 2 ] again refer to the Words Genio & Honor i. And they mention another Infcriprion, where aMiftake of the fame kind is found} viz. {a) HONOR I M.GAVI.M.F POP.SQVILLANI. EQJPVB.IIII.VIR.I.D I III. VIR. APVB CVRATORI.VICETINOR. APPARI TORES. ET LIMOCINCTI TRIBVNALIS.EIVS EQ^RQM, EQ.PVB. Thefe Words infer, that Lucius Rompeius, the Perfon to whofe Honour this Plate is inferib’d, was a Romm Knight, who had a Stipend from the Public The Roman Knights ferved at their own Expence till the Year of Rome 45 1, when their Horfes began firft to be maintain'd at the Expence of the Common' wealth ; and it appears, from various Infcriptions under the Emperors, that the W ords, Eques publicus * Equo publico donatus , or or nut us, &c. always mean a military Dignity* and muft be diftinguilhed from the Roman Knights towards the End of the Com- monwealth, who were a Degree of Citizens between the Senators and the Plebeians. Q.AER. PET. ALIM. It (a) Marm. Pifaur. p. 17. ». 38. [ 543 ] It appears hereby that Lucius Pompeius was QuaJ- tor zyErarti, tho’ only of the Finances of the City lnduftria , and not of the Emperor under whom he liv’d. But the greateft Difficulty arifes from PET. ALIM, where our Authors fuppofe the Engraver may have left out the Stop between the Letter P and the Letters ET ; fo that we ffiould read it, Qutef- toris (yErarii public't et Alimentorum •, and then we have two different Dignities of Lucius Pompeius ; that of Quafior of the public Taxes, and that of Quaftor of the Provifions, both regarding the City of lnduftria . Several other Infcriptions are alfo pro- duc’d, to prove the Office of Quceft or Aliment orum--, and a great deal of Reading is introduc’d, to- ffiew, that the Quafior Alimentorum was fome- times underftood to be an Officer having the Care of the public Allowance for bringing up Chil- dren; and that at other Times his Office was un- derftood to be the procuring all Sorts of Provifions-. for the Ufe of the Emperor’s Troops. Paffing by his Office of zyEdilis and Duumvir , we find he prefided likewife over the Receipt of the Taxes, by this Addrefs to him, CVRATORI KALENDARIORVM. RBI. P. The Days fixed for Payment of the Taxes and Debts were regifter’d in the public Calendars, and Creditors ufually demanded their Intereft on the Kalends , or fir ft Day of every Month: Whence the Regifter of the Debtors, and the Sums due, or the Tribute to be paid by Particulars to the Public, and indeed the general [ 544 ] general State of the Debts, and Credit of every Com' munity came to be called Calendarium.. COLLEGiVM PASTOPHORORVM The College of Priefts called V aflophori, a Name taken*, as fome fuppofe, from a very rich and orna- mental upper Garment termed Vaftos. As Taftc* pkorus was a Name given to Venus-, thefe Priefts may have belonged to her, or elfe to the Goddefs IJis, whofe chief Priefts, as Lucius Apuleiiis informs us, were called Paftophori , by way of Pre-eminences Units catu Pajlophororum, quod facrofdnffiiCol- legii nomen eft , viz. Bodincomagus, fignifying in the Liguftine Tongue the River’s being deeper at that Place. And our Authors affirm, that, even at this Day, the Poy above and near Turin , is hardly navigable; but at Monteu , after having received not only the Dora, but the Stura , the Oreo , the Mallone, and the 'Dora. Balteo , it becomes much larger both in Depth and, Width. They alfo take notice, that the Hill near the Plain of Monteu is called Mondicoi, which they fuppofe a corrupted Remain of the ancient Word Bodincomagus. They find likcwifc, in tha Bulls of this Parifh, that the parochial Church is called San6ti Joannis Baptifta? de Lujtria > which, they conjedtue, may, by Length of Time, have been formed from the ancient Name Induftria. From all thefe Circumflances put together, they feem confident of their having difeovered the real Spot where this ancient City flood ; and bring feve- ral Reafons to prove, that Cafal cannot poffibly be the Place, as fome Writers have imagined; and in order to fhew more fully the Grandeur, Magnificence, and Antiquity of this ancient City, they add the following Infcriptions found at the fame Place. a.hostilio.a.f PAP.PATRONO. A a a a 2 c. [54§ ] C.AVILIO.L.F P.GAVIANO. FLAMINI.DI VI CAESARIS PERPETVO PATRONO.MVNICIPI. TRIB. MIL IT. LEG- Ill GALLICS D. D. QVO.HONORE.CONTEN VS IMPENSAM.REMISIT. N.MINIO. A.F.POL . ANNIVS PRIM. . . IRO.PR^EF.EQ. COH.VI.Q. HONORIS.CAVSSA.LOCVS EX.D.D.DATVS.V.F. SIBI. ET. MIN IM. ANN.F, ,E T.TVLLI^S VXSORI. C.LOLLIO C. LIB. PAL. AGRAVLO. COLLEG. GENTONAR. q-H.C.I.R. L.FVLFENI VS.T.F.SIBI ET.L.FVLFENIO.L.F.SECVNDO FILIIS .SVIS.V.F. T. [ 549 ] T. S1BI EIO.P,F.NIGRIN. V. F. I MP.C/ES ARO AVGVSTO D. D. The laft Infcription proves the great Antiquity of this City. XIII. Further Obfervations on the Diftemper now raging a?nong the Cow-Kind, by the Publifher of thefe Tranfa&ions. "Read Dec. 1.2. £1 INCE my former Paper on this Sub- l74S* je£t (2tf0v. 21. *)I have had Opportu- nities of being prefent when three Cows have been flea’d and open’d ; the Lungs in all were inflamed and bliltered, and the Guts in fome Places inflamed, in others livid, the Gall-bladders exceeding large: A Collar-Maker’s Man, who has been aflifting in flea- ing above a hundred dead Cows, allures me, thefe are the general Appearances in them all ; except that in one he met with a large Bag full of Corruption, be- tween the Bag inclofing the Heart and the Back- bone} in another he found the Gall-bladder quite contracted and fhrivell’d up, having little or no Gall in it ; and in feveral he found fcirrhous Knobs in the Livers. * See p. 532. fupri Now [ 55° ] Nov. 2(5. I defired Mr. Hill , an ingenious Apo- thecary in Weftminfter , to accompany me to fee a Cow difiected, and to help me examine every thing very carefully, having got her drawn into a Shed, to defend us from the Weather. When the Skin was taken off, fhe appeared very fat -y the Mufcles look’d of a darker Colour than ufual. On opening the Abdomen the Caul appeared very fat ; the Paunch was greatly diftended -y on making a Pun&ure much Wind gufhed out: It had in it a great deal of Food 5 the Inftde look’d well, and did not peel ; the fecond and third Stomach, or the Oma- fum , as alfo the fourth Stomach or Abomajumy were alrnoft empty, but looked well,* the Liver was firm, well- coloured, and found, except a few fcirrhous Knobs about the Size of Nutmegs: The Gall-bladder was exceeding large, and full of very fluid Gall 5 the Guts were inflamed in many Places, the Colon and Cacum livid : I had the Curiofity to have them mea- lured j from the Anus to the Insertion of the Cacum there were twelve Yards (the Ccecum'W as an Ell long), and from the Cacum to the pylorus there were fifty-two Yards. The Midriff was much fwelled and inflamed: The Lungs were fwelled, inflamed, ad- hered in fome Places to the Pleura , and alrnoft wholly covered with Bladders of Water : There was no Appearance of any Inflammation on the Pleura, or in either the internal or external intercoftal Muf- cles : The Windpipe was inflamed greatly throughout its whole Courfe, efpecially its Infide j but the Gul- let, which lay fo near it, was not in the leaft inflamed : The Heart was of its natural Size, the Pericardium full of very fluid Blood, probably from the burfling of [ 5Si ■} of fome Branch of the coronary Artery, caufed by the extraordinary Accumulation of Blood in the right Ventricle 5 for the Vena cava , and right Ven- tricle of the Heart, were turgid, and full of black coagulated Blood, tho’ this Cow had been dead but 12 or 14 Hours; the Lungs were likewife turgid with Blood, but little or none was found in the left Ventricle or Aorta ; the Obftruftion feemed to have been fo great in the Lungs, that very little Blood could pafs thro5 them from the right to the left Ven- tricle of the Heart, and therefore evidently evinces the Exiftence of a confirmed Peripneumony. All the Membranes lining the Noftrils, and the fpongy Bones thereof, were quite turgid with Blood, and in the higheft State of Inflammation. The greater and lefler Brain looked fair and well, Teeming no way dis- temper'd. I have not Teen, in any Cows I have examined, any cutaneous Sores or Exulcerations, nothing like the Boils, Carbuncles, &c. defcribed by Authors as the conflant Concomitants of the Plague in Men : Nor does there Teem to be any Attempt of Nature to fling off the Diftemper by any internal Impoflumation, or Difcharge, unlefs by the Running at the Nofe, and by the bilious Stools, or bilious Urine. The few, which have recovered, have been Tuch as have been kept within Doors very warm, have been blooded once, twice, or oftener, have had warm Mafhes of Malt and Bran given them, and warm Drenches of warm Herbs, Tuch as RoTcmary, Wormwood, and Ground-Ivy, with Honey or Treacle, and have nei- ther purged at all, or but little; and when they have not [ 552 ] «ot purged at all, their Urine has been obferved to be as high-coloured as Porters Beer. I am informed, by the Farriers and Cowleeehes, that an Horfe or a Cow will bear to have near two Gallons of Blood taken away without fainting. One Cow, I have feen, within about a Month or fix Weeks of her Calving-Time, was taken with the Running at the Nofe, and Shortnefs of Breath ; the Owner of her immediately took away out of the Neck five Quarts of Blood by Mcafure, and gave her a warm Mafh of Malt once in fix or eight Hours : Next Day he cut her Tail, and let her bleed two Hours 5 the Day after he took away two Quarts from under the Tongue, and fo continued bleeding her, at fourteen or fifteen Hours Diftance, for feven times. She did not purge at all; her Urine was as high- colour’d as Coffee at firfi, but grew paler and paler every time of bleeding: She foon recover’d, now eats heartily, looks brisk, and has not flunk her Calf. The Concern the Cow-keepers are under for the Lofs of their Subftance, the various Methods offer’d to them, and their Want of Judgment either to chufe the mod rational, or their Want of Accuracy in making Experiments, and following Directions, is quite difeouraging, and is the Reafon why none of them have purfued any Regimen fo fteadily as to give one an Opportunity of making Conclufions from it : Indeed feveral own to me, they are quite bewilder’d, not knowing which way to turn them- felves, or whofe Advice to follow, what one fays being quite contrary to the Directions given by an- other. Some to whom I have given my Directions have blooded once, have given the Purge once; but have z [ 553 1 have not given the oily Drench, or have given this once, and have not repeated it; others have given the chalky Drench once, and not repeated it, and have not followed the other Parts of my Inftrudions ; fo that I am forry to find that I can have no fatif- factory Experiments made : Yet, as the State of the Difeafe feems fo evidently to be a Peripneumony, or Inflammation of the Lungs, Windpipe, and Nof- trils, attended with a Redundance of Gall, I cannot forbear urging to the Public the following Method. “ Give to all Cows in general, while well, half u and after, in long Procefs of Time, this Incrufla- “ tion to have grown upon him j and that one of . 3 <59, Anemofcope , a new one by Mr. Pickering , 0. 473, p. 9. Annuities upon Zmj, the Method of calculating, 0. 473, />. 65. Antiquities found at Barkway , 0. 476, p. 349. Appetite 3 Canine , of a Boy with one, 0. 476, p. 366, 380. Apple-trees , the Effect the Farina ol Blofloms of different Sorts had on the Fruit, n. 477, p. 52 5. Arderon (Win.) of the ancient Bridewell at Norwich , 0. 477, p. 520. •• of the Sinking down of a Piece of Ground at Horfeford in Norfolk , 0. 477, p. 527. : of a Shuttle-Spire taken out of a Boy's Bladder, 0. 474, p. 194. - — — of the Weaver’s Alarm, 0. 477, />. 555, Afcites , how Tapping may be an abfolute Cure for an, 0. 472, p. 12. 0. 473, p. 47. AJhford , a Date there [ 1295,] 0. 474, p. 91. Aurora Borealis , feen in Zetland almoft every Night in Summer, 0.473, p. 59. Aylett (George) an Obf. of a Spina bifida , 0. 472, />. 10. B. Bagneres, of Stones of a regular Figure found there, 0, 472, p. 16. Baker ( David Erskine ) of a Tripos and Infcription found near Turin, n. 47 7, p. 540. iE/br (Henry) of the ancient Bridewell at Norwich , 0. 477, - p. 520. — — of a foffil Tooth of an Elephant, //. 475, />• 331* Baker INDEX. Baker (Hen.) of the Eye-fucker an Infect, n. 472, p. 3 5- . an eafy Method of taking the Impreffion of Medals, &c. n. 472, p. 77. Barknay, in Hertfordjbirc , Antiquities found there, ». 475, P* 549 • _ . , . Barnjky , in Yorkshire , of a Boy there with a canine Appe- tite, /?. 47 (5, p. 3 <56. Barometers , of diagonal, by Mr. Ch. Orme , 4 7<5,p. 341. Bartram (Dr. of the Salt-niarfh Mufcle, theOylfer- Banks, and frefh-water Mufcle of Penfylvania , n. 474, P- 157* — ■ ■ — of Wafps Nefts from Penfylvania , n. 476, p. 363. (Mr. j an Account of the Sicknefs among the Cows 1714, 0.477, />. 533. Bat being, warm, a Note about it, 0. 47 5, p. 262. Beak (Dr. John) of Improvements in Cyder and Perry, #• 477? A 5i^ Bengal , of a Quadruped brought from, #. 475, p. 465. Bernoailli on mufcular Motion, .y. p. 24. (the Rev. Jofph) Obf. on the late Comet, n. 474, P- 9i- Bevis (John) M. D. Obf. Occultationis ycwd a Luna, Jun. <5. 1744, n. 473, p. 65. Obf. concerning Mercury, n . 473, p. 48. Bearer (. Ambrc/tus ) de Lapide Ofeocolla, n. 47 6, p. 373. Biancbini (Rev. Jofeph.) on the Death of the Countefs Zangari e Bandi at Cefena , n. 476, p. 447. Bidens, its Seed-veffei miftaken for a Water- Infe£t, «. 47*5, p. 480. Biggel, a Quadruped from Bengal, n. 476, p. 465. if/ocw?, its Circulation in the minute Vdfels, s. p. 54. flowing from an eleftrify'd Perfon appears lucid, n. 47 6, p. 420. Blue Tubes or Globes beft for Electricity, n, 475, p. 420. Not found fo, n. 477, p. 4 p<5, Cccc 2, Bodincomagas , INDEX, Rodincomagus, an ancient City, n. 477, p. 547. Bcd.es in Motion, of the Meafure of their force, n. 47 6y p. 423. Lcdy, an Animal conhfts of two Sets of Organs, s. pr. p. vi. Boletus cattle ramofo , fjr. n. 47), p. 264. I clogna Bottles, n. 475, p. 272. /?. 477, p. 506. Bolcgnini (Rev. P. Jcfeph.) ki fieri a morbi, quo dccefflt , n. 472, p. 40. Bones, human, incrufted with Stone, n. 477, p. 557. Borelli (Jo. Alphonfus ) on mufcular Motion, s. p. 21. Betties , Bologna , which break, by letting fall into them fmall Fragments of hard Bodies, n. 475, p. 272. n. 477, p. 506. Boulimia , an extraordinary Cafe in a Boy, ?/. 476, p. 380. Bowker (Benj.) of the Boy with the canine Appetite, n. 4 16> P- 336- Boy , who had a canine Appetite at Barnjley , ». 476, p. ■365, 380. * Account of a gigantic, 475, p. 249. jBo£w (M. de) Letter on Electricity, n. 4 76, p. 4157. Brunt (Jof. Laurent.) M. D. oi the Bologna Bottles, ». 475, p. 272. ». 477, p. 506. Buckland Caftle, n. 475, p. 273. C. Calculus , an extraordinary one from Dr. Huxham , n. 474, p. 207. Calidum innatiim , n. 47 <5, p. 478. Cambridge , a Date there [1332,] #. 474, p. 91. Camillas (Jof. Franc, de) M. D. hijloria morbi R. P. Job Bolognini, 472, p. 40. Camphor fired by Electricity, n. 477, p. 4pp. Camps , two ancient ones in Hampfhire , ». 475, p. 273. Carolina , Souths Statical Experiments there, 475, P- 3d8- Cart eft us , his Opinion on mufcular Motion, r. p. 4. Cafie Makvocd , in Hampfhire , ». 475, p. 274. CVrJ (Claud. Nic. le) M. D. Remarks on the Operation of cutting for the Stone, n. 475, p. 391. I Catheter , INDEX. Catheter , a new one by M. Ic Cat , n. 4 7^ p. 599. Cenforinus (Daw.) in an Infc ription,//. 475, p. 358. CerebeUi Scarhus , n. 474, /». 100. Cefena , of a Lady burnt to Allies there, //. 475, p. 447. Channon (James) iliot thro’ the Lungs, //. 474,/). 151. Charles-Tozvn, in South. Carolina, Statical Experiment* there, n. 475, p. 31S. Cbefelden (Wm.) his Method of cutting for the Stone, 476, p.592. Chinje Medicine , Cinnabar and Musk, //. 474, p. 226. Church-Toivn, in Lancajhire , a moving Mois there, ?/. 477, p. 282. Chryjlal Stones from Gibraltar , 11. 476, p. 4<58. Cicuta major , C. iJ. Perfons poifoned by it, //. 473, p. 18. C/ow. aquat. a Poifon, p. 21. Cinnabar and Musk, the Chinefe Medicine, 474, p. 22 6* Circulation of the Blood in the minute Veflels, s. p. 54. Cohore Claret, its Ufe in an J (cites, n. 472, p< 14. Co/liufon (Peter) Obf. on the Hardnefs of Shells , and of the Food of Soals, n. 472, p. 37. — ■ of Wafps Neils from Penfyhania , //. 47(5, P-3<53- . . - Colours of People in different Climates the Caufe of differ- rent, n. 473, p. 102. Comet Obf. on it, by Mr. Betts , n. 474, p. 9 r . Conception , of one Uterum , n. 475, p. 336. Cotffe atione, de fubita , ». 47 5 , p. 239. Comum , i. e. Cicuta aquat. n. 473, p. 19. Confumed to Afhes by Lightning, leveral Perfons, ». 47(5, P- 447> (Bcnj.) of the Effect which the Farina of Blofloms of different Sorts of Apple-trees had on the Fruit, 477>P* 5 2 5* (Col. a Method of warming Rooms, and pre- ventingShips from leaking when worm-eaten, n . 475, p. 370. Cookfon (John) M. D. of a Boy who has an extraordinary Boulimia , 0. 475, p. 380. Corks INDEX. Cork e (Rob.) Lord Bifhop, of two ancient Dates in Ireland , »• 475, p. 283. Cornicnlarius , a Clerk or Secretary to a military Body, n. 474, p. 203. Cojlard (Geo.) of a Meteor feen July 14. 1745, ft. 477, p . 522. Cow-Kind , of the Diftemper among the, ft. 477, />. 532, 549- Comr, fome opened, ft. 477, p. 535, 55°. Cradock ( Zack.) of a fie y Meteor een by him, n. 473, p. 78. Cramps accounted for, j. 6(5. Crocus Metallorum recommended for Cows, n. 477, p. 53 6, 553- Croune (Dr.) his Opinion on mufcular Motion, s. p. 5. Crounian Lectures on mufcular Motion, for 1744, 1745? j. p. 1. Cutting for the Stone, Remarks on it, n. 476, p. 391. Cyanus jlore fulphureo , ft. 472, p. 514. Cyder, Improvements in it, ft. 477, p. 516. Qy?;j in the Liver, an extraordinary one, n. 475, ^>.305. D. Baking (Matthew) a Boy who had a canine Appetite, ft. 476, p. 380. Banes Stream in Hampjhire, ft. 475, p. 275. Dates , ancient, ft. 474, />. 79, pi. in Ireland , n. 475, p. 283. Dawkes (The.) of a gigantic Boy, ft. 475, p. 250. Dead, a Man recover’d, ft. 475, p. 275. Diamonds , of the fpecific Gravity of them, ft. 476, p. 468. of the Weather, a Scheme for a, ft. 473,/*. 1. Diajlole of a Mufcle, what, r. p. 42. Dijtemper among the Cow-Kind 3 an Account of it. ft. 477?f- 5325 545?- Dog', of a Perfon bit by a ft. 475, p. 237. Domingo , S* 3 curious Wafps Nells there, ft. 476, p. 365. Dave (if. TL) of a Navel-Rupture, ft. 473, />. 50. e*cj70[j.ini, Galen, ft. 472, p. pi. Dutch INDEX. Dutch Soldiers poifoned by Hemlock, //. 473, p. 20. E. Eafdon ( John ) his Cafe, n. 477, p. 537. Eclipftum Terra Metkodus fpcciahs per Chr. Lud. Gerften. n: 473) A 22. Effervefcence , what, /;. 47 <5, p. 4“4- Electricity , M. de Bozcs , ». 476, p. 417. Dr. Miles, ib. p. 441. Phofphorus fired by it, by Dr. Miles , ». 475, p. 290. Experiments and Obfervations concerning it, by Mr. Watfon , «. 477, p. 481. Abftraft of Af. Wincklers Book, ». 474, p. 166. Eleffricitatis obfervata qua dam, ab J. H. Winckler, n. 475, A 3o7- Eh fir ico, de igne , #. 475, p. 244. Elephant, of a large foflil Tooth of one, ». 475, p. 33 r. Ellicot ( John ) of the fpecific Gravity of Diamonds, n. 476, p. 468. # Emanations , luminous, from human Bodies, and from Brutes, #. 475, p. 441, 456. Epilepfies, accounted for, s. 66. Experimentum Cruets , of the Force ofBodies, n. 476, p. 438: a remarkable Cure of a fwelled, n. 474, p. 194. Eye-fucker, a new Sea-Infeff, n. 472, p. 35. F. Fallopian Tubes, a Mufcle, j. p. 75/ Farina of Blofloms of different Sorts, its Effect on the Fruit, #. 477, p. 525. Fermentation, what, n. 47 6, p. 474. Fern-feed, Dr. Miles’s Remark concerning it, n. 472, p. 102. Ferreles d’Ffpagne, regularly figur’d Stones, n. 472, p. 27. Fibre, a mufcular, its Form, s. p. 45 3 a nervous, s.p. 47, Figures, of the vulgar numeral, n. 474, p. 79. Arabian or Indian, ib. Arabian , in Dates in Ireland, n. 475, p. 283. Fire from Heaven, burning the Body of one John Hitched, n. 47 \6, p, 461. INDEX. Fire , a Machine to blow it by the Fall of Water, n. 4754 P> 3D. Flints, ol cutting them fmooth, and into Squares,?/. 477, P. 521. Fat (IS) its Bones coming away by the Arms^ n. 475, p. 304. »• 477. 7- 5-9- -01 one extra liter am , n. 475, p- 336. Fo/for ( Martin ) Efq; of the Fragility of unannealed glafs Veflels, ?/. 477, 7>. 505. — - — - — offome human Bones incrulted with Stone, »• 477’ P- S 57* , . Force ol Bodies in Motion, of the Meafure of the, n . 476? p. 423. ■Fo^7 Skeleton of a Man ; a, n. 475, f. 266. FoJfiFs , fome found in Ireland , ?/. 477, p. 5 2 p. Fother gill (John) M. D. of the Origin of Amber, n. 472, p. 21 —————— — — — - of recovering a Man dead to Appearance, ?/. 475, /». 275. — — — — Obi', on the Manna Ferjtcum , n. 4721 p> 8<5. Foubert ( M.) his Method of cutting for the Stone, #. 476, p. 398. £// Fontaine da Salat , near Bagneres, of Stones found there, n. 472, 7). 26. Contents ol the Waters there, ib. p. 30. Frail are of the Qj lie am, n. 477, p. 537. Freeman (Wm. ) Efq; ol the Antiquities found at Barkwav . n- 47 fo P • 349. t her main neeficalaris^ foperjici e reticularis n. 472 ,/>. 31. Fungi ^ a clalfical Table of them, 0. 475, p. 264. — fome poifonous, 0. 473, 7). 51. a new Species growing in the Haymarket , London , »• 475’ P' G , Gale (Roger) Efq; of the Vegetation of Seeds 33 Years old, and of a Skeleton of a Man, 0. 475, 77. 265. Ganglions of the Nerves, their Ufe, r. 7). 53, Geafer , INDEX. Ge after, planta minus cognita , n. 474, p. 234. Gerften (Chriftian. Luci.) methodus nova Calculi Eclipfium Terra fpecialis , n. 473, p. 22. Gibbons (Rev. Mr.) of a Woman at Ipftmch burnt to Afhes, n. 476, p. 453. Gibraltar , fmall Chryftals found there, 476, p. 468. Gigantic Boy, Account of one at Willingham , 475, p. 249. Tubes, of a rotatory Motion of them, n. 476, p. 341. G/4/} VcJJels unannealed, their Fragility, n. 477 , p. 505. G/try, round a Man’s Head ele£trity’d, n. 476, p. 420. Grudin (Phil. Fred.) M. L. de Radice Ipecacuana, y ^ fallaci Vifione per Microfcopinm , //. 475, p. 382. Gr/p?, cutting on the, for the Stone, n. 476, p. 392. Ground , Sinking of it at FIcrfeford, n. 477. p. 527. Gunpowder, how to be fired by Ele&ricitv,#. 477, p. 500. H. (Steph.) D. D. a Method of conveying Liquors into the Abdomen , during the Operation of Tapping, n. 472, p. 20. of bringing away frnall paflable Stones out of the Bladder, n. 477, p. 502. Haller ( Albert us ) Cyamis Flore fulphureo , &c. n. 472, p. 94. — — Obf. de Scirrho Cerebelli , n. 474, p. 100. ■ • de Steatomate Ovarii & Pilis ibidem invent is, n. 472, p. 71. {Wm.) of a Lad (hot thro’ the Lungs, n. 474, p. 151. Hampfhire , two ancient Camps there, 475, p. 273. Heart, its firft Motion, 5. p. 64. why of feme Animals it contiuues to move fome time after it is cut out, s. p. 67. Heal, of Animals, of the natural, n. 47 6, p. 473. not to be generated in Fluids by Attrition^ n. 4 76, P‘ 474- r Hemlock , Perfons poifoned by it, n. 473, p. 18. Henchman (Rev. Mr. ) of blue and white Peafe being produced in one and the fame Pod, n. 477, p. 525. Henjhaw (Mr.) of the Body of a Man incruftea with white Marble, n. 477, p. 558. D d d d Hertford - INDEX. Hertfordjbire , Antiquities found there, n. 476, p. 349. High Apparatus , or Operation for the Stone, n. 476, />. 391, 410. Hitchcock (Hannah) her Cafe, Ureters grown up, n. 474, p. 207. Hitchell ( John ) who was burnt to Allies by Lightning, 47G P' 447? 4^** Hollmannns [Sam. Chriflian.) de fahita Congelatione, Igne Eleclrico, de Micrometro Microfcopio applicandoy »• 47)4 P- 23P- Hope ( Tho .) M. D. Cure of afwelled Eye, n. 474, p. 194. Hotfe , a large Stone found in the Stomach of one, 475, p. 268. Horfefordy in Norfolk , of a Sinking of the Ground, ?/. 477^ P- 5-7* N r .. . Hunter ( Chrijlcph .) of Infcriptions at Rochejler and Ri/lng- ham , 474, p. 1 59. Huxham (John) M. D. of the Ureters grown up ; a beau- tiful Stalactites 3 and an extraordinary Calculus , 474, p. 207. Hygrometer 5 a Statical, by Mr. Pickering , 72. 473, p. 7, I* Jacea lacmiata , flore luteo, 22. 472, 95. Jaques (Frier) Method of cutting for the Stone, 0. 475, A 3P3- % r . . Jennings (Geo.) Efq; an Account of his antique Silver Plates, n. p „ 349. Jernegan (Charles) M. D. of an extraordinary Cjy&j in the Liver, 475, p. 305.. Iliac Paffm from an Appendix in the Won, n. 476, p. 369. hnpreffionsy or Figures of Medals, Coins, &c. an ealy Me- thod of taking them, n. 472, p. 77. Indufrna.j a Roman Colony near Turin , 22. 477, p. 540. Inscription , Remarks on one at Rumfejy n. 474, p. 79, at Silcbejtery n. 474, p. 200. Infcriptions , ancient Roman at Rochejler and RiJinghaWy 474, p . 159. feveral at Monteiiy n. 477^ p. 547. InfiCt9 5 INDEX. Infect a Miftake about a Water, corre£ted, n. 476, p. 480. Injir aments^ for cutting for the Stone, new, by Mr. k Cat , n. 476, p, 399. Jovis Occultatio a Luna, Londini , Jun. 6. 1744, n. 473, p. 6 5. Ipecac it an a rad’tce , Obfervationes de, n. 476, p. 382. Ipfwicb, of a Woman burnt to a Coal there, n- 476, p. 4 53. Ireland , ancient Dates in Arabian Figures found there, ;/e 475, P- 283. fome Foffils found there, 0. 477, p. 530. Iron Filings, while diifolving in Oil of Vitriol, their Fumes kindled by Ele&ricity, n. 477, p. 495. Jar in (James) M. D. of the Adtion of Springs, 0. 472, p. 46. of the Meafure of the Force of Bodies in Motion, n. 4 75, p. 423. K. Ka/cndarii , 0. 477, p. 543. Ac/// (Dr.) on mufeular Motion, s. p. 30. Kircber ( Atbanajius ) Corpus kumanum in Sdxum convcrfuw3 1U 477r» P- 5 5 8. Knight ( Go-wan ) M. B. magnetical Experiments fhewn, n. 474, p. i<5i. of the Poles of Magnets varioufly placed, n. 476, p. 36 1. L. Lancajhire , a moving Mofs at Church-Town in, 0. 4753 p„ 282. Langrijh ( Browne ) a new Contrivance of applying Ac- ceivcrs to Retorts , 0. 475, p. 254. Lapis Afiaticus-, Ofteocolla, 0. 476. p. 373. Morochius , /A Larum , the Weaver’s, 0. 477, p. 555. Lajfels {Richard) of the Body of a Man petrified, 0. 477, p. 558. Lateral Operation for the Stone, n. 476, p. 392. Layard {D. P .) ofaFradture of the Oj Ilium, n. 477, P • 53^* Leibnitz (M) of the Force of Bodies in Motion, 0. 47(5, p. 426. Life, the very, according to Dr. Croune, s. p. 7. Dddd 2 Ligament a INDEX, Ligamenta rotunda , Mufcles, p. 80. Light , appearing round a Man's Head by Electricity, w. 47^5 P- 42°* Lightning , iome Remarks on it, n. 47 5, p. 451. Lives, the Method of calculating Annuities upon, zz. 473, P- 65. Lining (Dr. JcPzz) Statical Experiments in Carolina , n. 475, p. 318. Zow (&J ot a Woman at Ipfwiclo bnrnt to Allies, zz. 476, p. 463. Low apparatus, or Operation for the Stone, zz. 476, p. 391, Ludovijia 3 in the Fz//#.* human Bones incrufted with Stone, *• 4775 P- 5 57- Loadftone , Experiments on it, by Mr. Knight , zz. 474, p. i5l». Lungs of a Lad fhot thro’, zz. 474, p. 151. M. AP (C. ) vide Mortimer ( Cromwell). — a Note about warm Bathing, n. 475, p. 262. • a Note about blue and white Peafe in the lame Pod, n. 477, p. 526. Machine to blow Fire by the Fall of Water, n. 475, p. 31 5, Machines fabfexvient to a Diary of the Weather,?/. 473, p. i0 Mad-Dcg , of a Perfon bit by a, zz. 475, p. 257. Magnetical Experiments by Mr. Knight , zz. 474, p. i<5i. Magnets 3 of their Poles being variously placed, zz. 476, p. 35i. APr/z 3 one dead in Appearance recovered, n. 475, p. 273. Manna Gracorum, what it was, n. 472, p\ 85. Oil. tb. p. 93* Majlichina oriental. Matth. k3 Bauh. ib. p. 90. Perficum , Obf. on it, zPzV/. p. 85. Manure for Land, folfil Shells, zz. 474, p. 19 1. Mars, an antique brafs Image of him, n. 47 5, p. 3 50. Jovialis, ib. p. 333. Alatorum , ib. p.355. Martyn ( John) of a new Species of Fungus, n. 475, p. 263, Mayow (Dr.) on mufcular Motion, j. p. 17. Afc/ rofcidum Galen, cedrinum Hippocr. zz. 472, p. 90. Melon-Seeds, 33 Years old, growing, zz. 475, p. 255. Mercury , Obi. concerning it, zz. 473, p. 48. Meteor, a fiery, feen by Mr. Oradock , zz. 473, p. 78. Meteor 3 INDEX. Meteor^ feen July 14, 1745. and Dec. i60 1742. n . 477, p. 524. Micrometrum Micrcfcopio applicandam^ n. 475, p. 246. Miles (Rev. Henry) D. D. Corre&ion of his Miftake of a Water-Infeff [in Tranf. 469,] n. 476, p. 480. • — * of Improvements in Cyder and Perry, *• 4775 P- 5i^ - of Fern-feed, n. 472, p. 102. — of luminous Emanations from human Bodies, and from Brutes, n. 476, p. 441. — • of firing Phcfphorus by Ele&ricity, n. 475, p. 290. Miller ('Joseph) a Catalogue of 50 Plants for the Year 1741. n. 412) p. 75. for 1742. //. 474, p. 189. for 1743. n. 476, p. 421. MtJJbn (Mr.) of a Heap of Bones of a Man petrified, n, 477? b 5 79- Mitchell ( John ) M. D. of the Caufes of the different Co- lours of People, n. 474, p. 102. Morore ( Abr. dc) of calculating the Value of Annuities for Lives, n. 473, p . 65. Monro (Prof) on mufcular Motion, s. p. 34. Mcntcfquieu (M. Secondat de) of Stones of a regular Figure found near Bagneres, n. 472, p. 16. Monteu , a Tripos and Infcripdon found there, n. 477 , p. 540. Mortimer ( Cromwell ) M. D. Excerpta ex Hijloria Mcrbi R. P. Jof. Bolognini, n. 472, p. 40. • of the Diftemper among the Cow-Kind, n. 477, p. 532, 549- of the natural Heat of Animals, n. 4 76, p. 473. — — of a Meteor feen Dec. 1 5, I742. H. 477, p. J24. Mortimer ( Cromwell ) M. D. of a Spina, bifida , /?. 472,/*. 1 1.? Mofs\ a moving one in Lancafhire , 475, p. 282. Muffle , of the Salt-mar Jh and Fr eft -water , 0. 474, p. 1 77, — — — [of Flefh] what it is, j. p. 2 9, 39.. Mufcular Fibre, its Stru&ure, p. 45. — — — - Motion, the Crounian Lectures on, j. p. r. Mujhmmsy INDEX. Mufimm, of their Propagation and Culture, n . 472, p; 96. Remarks on, n. 473, p. 51. Musk, of its Effects in convulfive Diforders, n. 474, p. 213. Myddelton ( Starkey ) M. D. of an extra-uterine Conception, #• 475? P’ S36- N.. Navel, a Rupture there, n. 473, p. 50. Neale {John) his Cafe, a Bite of a mad Dog, n. 475, p. 2 57. Negroes, the Caufe of their Colour, n. 474, p. 106, 114, 120. Nerve , the Structure of a, s. p. 6, 23, 47. Nervous Fibre, its Stru£lure, s. p . 47. Nollet (M. I' Abbe) of Tubes or Globes of blue Glafs befi for electrical Experiments, n. 476, p. 420. not found fo, n. 477, p. 4 96. Norwich , of the ancient Bridewell 'there, 0. 477,7). 520. Notcutt (the Rev. ) of a Woman at Jpfwich burnt to Allies, 0. 47 6, p. 463. o. Oenanthe Lobel. a Poifon, n. 473, p . 21. O/Zr, vegetable, fired by Electricity, 0. 477, p. 490. Ombrometer , one by Mr. Pickering , 0. 473, p. 12. Orford (Earl of) his Cafe, 0. 477, p. 504. Ome {Charles) of a rotatory Motion of glafs Tubes, 0. 476, p. 341. of his diagonal Barometers, ib. Os Humeri broken by the Power of the Mufcles only, 0. 475, p._ 293. • — Ilium fractured, 0. 477, p. 537. OJleocolla, Lapis , per Amir. Beurerum, 0. 476, p. 373. Ovarii Steatoma & Pill ibidem invent i, n. 472, p. 7 1 . Ox, the Per/tan or Biggel , 0. 476, p. 465. QjJhr-Banks of Penjjlvania , n. 474, p. 1 5 7. P. Palfies accoutred for, r. dd. Paracentefis , an Improvement ofit, 472, p. 14, 20. Parfons (James) M. D. of the Biggel, a Quadruped brought from Bengal, n. 476, p. 455. Parfons INDEX. Par fens (James) M. D. of fmall chryftal Stones from Gibraltar , n. 476, p. 4 <58. — » the Crounian Le&ures on mufeu- lar Motion, for 1744 and 1745, s. p. 1. his own Opi- nion, s. p. 44. Obf. on vegetable Seeds , n. 474, p. 184. Pajlopbori , n. 477, p. 544. Peafe, blue and white produced in one and the fame Pod, n- 477j P- 52 5- • Penfylvania\ curious Wafps Nefts there, n. 47 6, p. 3 <5 3 . Perifialtic Motion of the Inteftines, none beiore Deglu- tition, s.6). Perry 3 Improvements in it, 477, p. 51 5. Peters ( Charles ) M. D. of a Perfon bit by a Mad-Dog> n. 475, p. 257. (Nich.) ol a Lad fhot thro’ the Lungs, n. 474, p. 151. Pett (Grace) whofe Body was confumed to a Coal, n. 476, P- 447? 4^4- Phellandrium , Dodon. a Pcifon, n. 473, p. 21. Phofphorus , animal Sulphur, #. 476, p. 470. — — — fired by Ele&ricity, ». 47J, p. 290. Pickering ( the Rev. Ptfgw ) concerning Mufhrooms, 472, p. 96. - -of manuring Land with fof- fil Shells, n. 474, p. 191. ■ a Scheme of a Diary of the Weather, n. 473, p. 1. Pie Midy , Obf. on the Heat of boiling Water upon that Mountain, 0. 472, p. 33. Plants , a Catalogue of 50, lor the Year 1741, by Mr.1 Jof. Miller , 0. 472, p. 75. for 1742, 0. 474, p. i8p.: for 1743, 0. 47<5, p. 421. Plates , lilver, and other Antiquities, found at Barkway , #• 476> P- 149- Poifons , Hemlock or Cicuta major 3 Oenanthe 3 Phcllan - 3 473, p. 21. Some p. 71, INDEX. Polypi , Obf on a new Species of frefh-water, n. 474, p. i6p. clufiering, or en bouquets , ib. 169. Tunnel-like, ib. p. 180. Pompeius (Lucius) in an Infcription near Turing n. 477, P> 543- Porcupine ; one fwallow’d by a Snake, ?/. 475, p. 171. Prejlon (Thomas) Account of the I Hand of Zetland , n. 473, 57- Prometheus Healing Fire from Heaven, 476, p. 478. Q. JJhiincy (Dr.) on mufcular Motion, p. 32. R. Rain, a Machine for meafuring it, n. 473, p. 12. Ran (M.) his Operation of cutting for the Stone, n. 47 5, P‘393- Receivers , a new Contrivance to apply them to Retorts , *• 477* P- 254* (Alex.) Efq; concerning the Effe£ls of the Tonquincje Medicine, n . 474, p. 225. Retorts , fee Receivers , 72. 475, p. 274. Richmond (the Rev. Z.) of a moving Mois in Lancajhire , n. 475, p. 282. Ricolvi (Paul) of the City Indujlria , 22. 477, p. 540. Rings, the, in Hampjhire, n. 475', p. 273. Rifingham , Roman Infcriptions there, 72. 474, p. 159. Rivautella (Antonio) of the City Indujlria, n. 477, p. 540. Robinfon (Dr. Bryan) on mufcular Motion, r. p. 35. Rochejler in Northumberland , a Roman Infcription there, *• 474* P- l 59- Rolli (Paul) Extrafl of Fr. Elan chintz Book of a Lady burnt to Death at Cefena , ». 476, p. 447. Roman (Jane) Yvtx Cafe, an Afcites cured, 72. 472, p. 12. *• 473* P- 47- Rumfey , Remarks on an Infcription there, n. 474, p. 79. Rupture , a Navel, 72. 473, p. 70. S. Sarcoma in Ventruulo , Jof. Bolognini, 72. 472, p. 47* Srirrhus Cerebelli , 72. 474, p. 100. Seeds , INDEX. Seeds, Obf rel ating to vegetable, n, 4-4, p. 184. See hi {Ephraim R.nhod) Method of procuring the volatile Acid of Sulphur , 0. 472, p. 1. Segontiaci , 0. 474, p. 201. Sendelius ( ) of Amber, 0. 472, p. 22. Sewall ( Sufanna ) her Clothes luminous, 0. afj6,p. 443. Shells , Observations on their Hardnefs, n. 472, p. 37. foffil, a good Manure for Land, n. 474, p. 191. Shelties , Horfes, n. 473, p. 61. Shetland , fee Zetland , 0. 473, p. 5.7. Shining Peoples Clothes and Skin, 0. 475, p. 444, 455. 3 to prevent their Leaking, tho’ Worm-eaten, n. 476, />. 370. thro’ the Lungs, of a Lad, 0. 474, p. 1 5 1. Shrines , Silver, ot Diana , 0. 476, p. 359. Shuttle-Spire , taken out of a Boy’s Bladder, 0. 474, />. 194. Silchejler , a Roman Infcription there, % 474, p. 200. Simon [James'] of the Bones of a voided per Anum , and offome Foffils found in Ireland , 0. 477, />. 529. Siracojl , Arabum , what it is, 0. 472, p. 36. Skeleton of a Man, a Foffil, 0. 475, p. 266. n.4Jj, p. 557. Snake 3 one fwallowed a Porcupine, 0. 475, p. 271. Soal-Fijh , Obf. on their Food, 0. 472, />. 37. Soldier sy Dutch , poifoned by Hemlock, 0. 473, />. 20. ■SW has no Imperium over the Blood, but only over the voluntary Actions, 5. p. 10. dwells in every folid Part of the Body, s. p. 40. makes an Impulfe on the Organs of Motion, s. pn . p. v. Spina bifida, an Obfervation of a, n. 472, />. 10. Spirits , animal, p. 3. Spirit of Wine fired by Ele&ricity, 0. 477, p.483. Springs , of their Action, by Dr. Jurin, n. 472, />. 45. — - of the Force of, n. 47 <5, '/>. 432. Staff, a new one by Mr. & Cat, 0. 475, />. 399. Stalactites^ a beautiful one from Dr. Huxham , n. 474, p. 2O7. Statical Expmts. inGm?ta,by Dr. Lining , n. 475, p. 318. Ee ee Steatoma INDEX. Steatoma Ovarii, ». 472, p. 71. Steno on mufcular Motion, s. p» 1 2. Stirling (James) a Machine to blow Fire by the Fall of Water, n. 475, p. 315. Stone i Remarks on the Operation of cutting for the, n. qj6, p. 391. » a large one found in the Stomach of an Horfe, n. 475, p. 268. Stones , a Method, to bring away fmall ones from the Bladder, n. 477, p. 502. * — of a regular Figure found near Bagncres, n.^ji^p. 2 6. Stuart (Dr. ) on mufcular Motion, s. p. 39. Sulphur , its volatile Acid, a Method of procuring it, n. 472, p. 1. — — — — oleofum per Campanam differs from it, ibid. Sun , its Influence on the Colour of People, n. 474, p. 13 1. Superf station never happens, s. p. 78. Supplement to the Tranfaftions for 1744 and 1745, p> 560. T, Tabernacle of Moloch , n. 476, p. 358. Tammonius (Titus) n. 474, p. 201. Tapping , an Improvement on that Practice, n. 472, p. 12, 20. n. 473, p. 47. Taube (H- W.) of a Navel-Rupture, n. 473, p. 50. Terenjabin Arabum , what it is, n. 472, p. 86. Terniabin Arabum , i. e. Manna , ». 472, p. 8 9. Eclip/itm Methodus fpecialis , 473, p. 22. Tonquinefe Medicine, of its Effects, 0. 474,. p. 225. Tooth ; of a large foffil one of an Elephant, 0. 475,7). 331. ToJJack (Wm.) of recovering a Man dead in Appearance, »• 475* />• 275- Trembley (Abraham) Obf on a new Species of frefh-water Polypi , n. 474, p. 169. Tripos 3 of a curious one found near Turin, n. 477, p. 540. Trunfchibil , or Trunfchibin, or Trungibin , i. e. Manna , #. 472, p. 88. Tubes, glafs, a rotatory Motion of them, 476, />. 341. Tubes, S INDEX. < Tubes , or Globes of blue Glafs bell for Electricity,#. 47 6, p. 42O. not found fo, n. 477, p. 4 96. Tumor far comat of us in Ventriculo , Jof. Bolognini,#. 472,^.45. Vis mortua \ viva ; motrix ; n. 47 <5, 423, 424. Vijicne , def allace per Microfcopium, n. 476, 7). 382. Vulcan, a Figure of him, #. 47 <5, p. 372. Ureters , grown up, #. 474, p. 207. Uterus , the, a Mufcle, p. 70. W. (^.) M. D. of the Effects of Musk, #. 474, p. 213. (John) an Account of Dr. Weidler s Dilf on the vul- gar numeral Figures and Remarks on an Infcription in Rumfey Church, #. 474, p. 79. of the Antiquities found in Hertfordjhire , n. 47 d, p. 34 9. of 2 Dates in Arabian Figures in Ireland , #. 475, 283. of a Roman Infcription at Silchejler , #. 474 200. Warming Rooms, a new Method, #. 475, p. 370. Warrick ( Ghrijloph .) an Improvement to Tapping , #.472, p. 12. n. 473, />• 47. Nells 3 curious ones from Penfylvania , n. 47 6, p. 363, St. Domingo , z'A p. 365. Water, boiling, Obf. upon it, on high Mountains, #. 472,, P- 32. • — Streams or Drops of it luminous when electrify’d* #. 475, p. 420. Watfm ( William ) Experiments and Obfervations concern-- ing Electricity, #. 477, />. 481. of Perfons poifon’d by Hemlock, #. 473, p. 18. — ■ Remarks concerning Mulhrooms, and the Poifon of Fungi, n. 473, p. 51. — — ^ Plant a minus cognita, Geaflro, #. 474, p. 234. “ >-— of a large Stone found in the Stomach of a Horfe, #. 475, p . 2^8. Weather , INDEX. Weather , a Scheme of a Diary of it, n. 473, p. 1. Weaver’s Alarm, or Larum , 0. 477, p . 555. Weidler (J- Frid. ) of the vulgar numeral Figures , 0. 474, p. 79. Wheler (the Rev. Granvile) of a rotatory Motion of glafs Tubes, #.476, p. 341. People , the Caule of their Colour, 0. 474, p. 104. Willingham , a gigantic Boy there, #.475, p. 249. (Dr.) on mufcular Motion, p. 15. Willfon {June) her Cafe, afwelled Eye, n. 474, p. 194. Wilmot {Edward) M. D. of the Effects of Musk, 0. 474, 7?. 212. Windmill-Nap , in Hampjhire , n. 475, p. 274. Winds, a Machine to meafure their Force, 0. 473, p. 10: Winckler {John Henry ) Abftract of his Book on Electricity, 0. 474, p. 1 <55. ... .. — — — — Elettricitatis recens obfervata qua dam, n. 475, p. 507. Winthrop ( Johnjlill) of the Bones of a Foetus coming away by the Anus, n. 475, p* 3°4* Womb, the 3 a Mufcle, r. p. y°» Woolajlon { Francis ) Efq; of a Porcupine fwallowed by a Snake, 0. 475, p. 271. Wright ('Mr.) of human Bones crufted over with Stone, n. 477, p. 55^.' — (7^0. ) of 2 ancient Camps in Hampjhire, n. 475, P- *73° y 'TrVoswf/# t» A/6W«7», 1 e. Manna Gracorum , 0. 472, p. 8 <5. Z. ufed to colour Glafs blue, 0. 477, p. 497. Zangara e Bandi {Cornelia Countefs of) found burnt to Alhes at Cefena, n. 4763 p. 447. Zetland , an Account of the Iflands of, 0. 473, p. 57- FINIS. < 1 1/ $ \ \ ' ^ , r_; a ) . . m XbIT. f^- JL . y'c. M f THE C r o u n i a n Le&ures O N MUSCULAR MOTION. For the Years MDCCXLIV and MDCCXLV. Read before the ROYAL SOCIETY: By JAMES PARSONS, M. D. and Fellow of the Royal Society. Being a SUPPLEMENT to the ‘Philo fophical TranfafiHons for thofe Years. Mundi Pars efi Aer, & quidem necejfaria : hie efi enim qui Ccelum Terravique conneSIit. Senec. Nat. ghi. 1. 2. c. 4. Animantes a.'tem adfpiratione aeris fnflinentur . Ip/e enim Aer nob/fium videt? nobifeum audit , nobifeum fonat y nihil enim [me eo fieri pot efi. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. 2. c. 33. LONDON: . Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Gray’s-Inn- Gate in Holborn s Printer to the Roy al Society. 1745”. t a MARTIN FOLKES, Efq; PRESIDENT, AND TO THE Council and Fellows, OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, These Lectures O N MUSCULAR MOTION Are humbly Dedicated by Their Moft Obedient , And Moft Humble Servant , James Parsons. A •C T r * ) " ■' -r . % nt R • v7 " c/V* wa. M Awl ■*, V A I 4 H \ vi.' , I ! ' • s i \ i * j O : OH A I ■■ ■ • • ; i ■ ' -• — j . JL / .JL ' - Jt . >_>• ' ■ i I T - - ' -i':" ■ . ... ; . ■ ■■) - , V . ,~ \ . .. .• . ... a e m v T a ;-i j. s a a h i y v > r c t pf f . r » - w ... .... v...- ... . — . .-. ... v._ \_j V»i TA L /A: A a v : .: : : A CV. . . A- O' T A u f > \ — -r « - r < v c'XvAAA'iG V.v- .A., A *- A. /io&fi a \I : A PREFACE. I. /JS the following Sheets were compofed rather by InjunSlion and cDuty than Choice , it is hoped their ImperfeSlions may claim fome Indulgence from the Reader ; fince fuch Freedom can fear ce be exhibited in the Pro - fecution of a SubjeSl fo difficult and confined as might be expelled , if it were more agreeable to the Author , or lefs limited and particular in its Nature. However , I flatter myfelf that fomething New will be found in what l offer as my own ; which) perhaps , is capable of being further improved hereafter , towards the Explanation of the Manner in which Mufcular Motion is performed. A 2 II. IV PREFACE. II. "The Air is a principal Agent of Motion thro all Nature , and may be called the Spring of all moveable Bodies. No Animal can move 07i the Earth , in the Atmofphere , or Waters , without its kindly Affiftance ; not can there be any Growth of either Animal or Vegetable Bodies ; a#/*/} promoted by this mofl iifeful Ele- ment : In fhort the Phenomena in Nature are numberlefs , that necejjarily require its Aid. In this Light , I find it highly concerned in the AElions of Animals ; which , I think, will clearly appear by the Ufe I make of it in accounting for thofe of their Mufcles : And I find , that with- out fuppofing it fo9 no probable Conjeciut.es can be produced towards accounting for that Motion, which a Review of the fever al Opinions of the Authors mentioned in my fir ft Leffiure will fuf- ficiently teftify. III. What the Soul is, or in what Maimer floe makes her Impulfe on thofe Parts of Animals that PREFACE . V that are the immediate Infiruments of Motion , we dare not attempt to guefs ; thefe being wrapp'd up among thofe Secrets only known to HIM that order d all "Things : But , as the Bodies of Animals are mechanical , and there- fore naturally fall within the Sphere of our Underflanding , we 7nay make Jome Attejnpts towards explaining the jeveral Phenomena that belong to it \ and therefore we can only confider how its Organs are aSluated , and not what is the Caufe of their Motion *, a?id ?nuft take it for granted , that the Soul makes her Impulfe on the Orgajis , and thejt endeavour to few the Nature of the feveral Confeque?ices of that Impulfe , as far as it relates to the Motion of the Mitfcles . IV. And this is carried on , as the Reader will find , upon a Plan and Foundation not merely con- jectural, as is the Cafe of mofi IV r iters on this Subject y but ( i.) upon the Knowledge of the Stru- cture of a tnufcular Fibre \ (2.) upon a due Con- federation VI PREFACE. federation of the Ufe of the Interftitial Air, and its Count er-afl ion with that contain d in the ner- vous and mufcular Syftem * and (%J upon my Obfervation of the Circulation of the Bloody in the minute V ffels of fever al Animals , and their parallel dJireclion to other Fibres : All which P articulars are my own Bifcoveries ; and, being duly connected , feem to me the moft likely , that have hitherto appeared , to give fame Eight info the Nature of Mufcular Motion. V. ! Thefe Things naturally lead me to mifider the animal Body as a Machme confeftmg of Two complete Sets or Syfeems of Organs , each per - feSl in itfelf and each containing a Fluid pecu- liar to itfelf and different from the other . The firfl of thefe is that of the Ladteals, Blood- vef- fels, and Lymphatics, continued to each other , and containing its proper Fluids the Mafs of Blood, and its derivative ffuices ; and the other is the Nervous and Mufcular Syftem, which PREFACE. vii which are alfo continued to each other , and hav- ing their proper Fluid the elaftic Aura or Air\ which are more fully explain d and conneBed in my fecond Lecture , together with an Account of Two Kinds of ^Equilibria proper to Mufcles , deducible from thefe Syjlems. VI. I have endeavoured. , as much as poffible , to be brief in my Explanation throughout the Whole ; avoiding every Digreffon that might in the leaf interrupt the Chain of my Reafon- ing : And as I have made fome ObjeBions to the fever al Opinions in my firjl LeBure , which I think they feemd liable to (in order the bet- ter to arrive at their uth, yet , with all poffible Regard to their Characters and Learning), the World is welcome to ufe me with the fiame Free- dom ; and indeed I fhall be always glad, if any Improvement arifes from fuch Objections to my Sentiment as the 'Judicious may juftly make \ Vlll PREFACE, defiring no more at their Hands ^ than the fame Candour , in their Inquiry into mine, that I have Jhewd in my Examination of the Opinions of others. THE C * 3 THE Crounian Lectures O N MUSCULAR MOTION. . tT * ' LECTURE I. SECT. I. Head in January H E proper Motion of the Muf- J743 +• ■ cular Fibres of Animals, and ^ the Manner of its being com- municated to, and continued in them, is a Subject fo abftrufe, that it is with the greateft Diffidence imaginable I have attempted its Explanation. It is the laft Subjed I would offer at, of all that the boundlefs Scope of Nature affords us. And, indeed, no other Motive ffiould have en- gaged me in it, than to comply with the Command of the worthy Frejident and Council of the Royal Society , for whom I bear the utmofl: Efteem. P> II. II. In this Eftay I have nothing in my View but the Confideration of a mufcular Fibre , and that of a nervous one, with the Manner of Mufcular Motion's being performed ; having purpofely negleded to touch upon the Nature of Senfation, or indeed any Calcula- tions of the Force or Powers of Mufcles ; becaufe they are already well treated of by feveral ingenious Authors j and are capable of being handled upon Rules of fome Certainty ; being a Part of the Subjed very different from what I take to be the Purpofe of the Qroitnian Lectures: ■ m. Since, then, thofe worthy Gentlemen have done me the Honour of appointing me to continue thefe Ledures on Mufcular Motion for the prefent Year, according to the Will of the late Lady Sadler , I fhall endeavour, to the beft of my Power, to gratify them j yet confefs myfelf very unequal to the Task ; efpe- cially, « as feveral of the moft learned and ingenious Phyficians of all Ages have hitherto undertaken it with fo little Succeis. However, in order to render what I fhall advance upon the Subjed the more clear and fatisfadory to the Society , fome of whom may not have made this Part of JPhilofophy their Study, I prefume it will not be difagreeable to premife the following brief Hiftory of the moft remarkable among the Opinions that have gone before us, by way of Introdudion ; which will alfo ferve to facilitate the Confideration of this Subjed, to whofoever fhall C 3 ] be appointed hereafter to undertake the fame Task* by bringing the feveral Opinions together in a fmali Compafs before him, IV. Mod: Authors agree, That a Fluid, commoply call’d Animal Spirits , flows from the Brain , by the Nerves to the Mafcles , in order to move them ; but are at a Lofs to know how it is performed ; and aifo, by what means thofe Spirits are fent, fo fwiftly, into this or that Mufcle to be moved, V. Some endeavoured to explain it, by fuppofing cer- tain Valves placed in the Cavities of the Nerves, (where they are divided into Branches *, to go to different Mufcles) in order to flop the Reflux of the Spirits, and caufe them, upon being brought back from one Mufcle, to be determin’d to the other, from the Valve. VI. Others, not well fatisfy’d with this Scheme, ima- gined a double Tube, palling from one Mufcle to the other, fo plaeed, as that the Orifice of one, in its Contra&ion, (being furnifhed with a particular Valve) might be opened, and the Spirits immediately flow through it, from the Mufcle to be relaxed into that B 2 to * Cartef. lib. de Homine , and feveral of his Followers, were for , placing Valves oqly in the Divifions of Nerves ; whereas Regius^ Philo foph. Nat. lib. 4. cap 16. thought them to exift elfe where in the Nerves. to be contraded ; whilft, at the fame Inftant, the Valve of the latter is fhut, in order to hinder their Flowing-out again, that the Mnfcle may be fwell’d. By this Swelling the Situation of the Parts being al- tered, the Valve opens again, (the other Valve being now fhut) and the Spirits flow freely back again to the Mufcie to be contraded. VII. Cartejins s * Opinion was not very different from this : He fuppofes “ Several Openings in each Muf- “ cle, through which the Spirits may pafs from one he fays, are a wonderful Series of Fibres parallel to each other, and which interfedt the flcfhy Fibres in a tranfverfc Direction, yet fomewhat obliquely. This Obfervation he has made upon boil’d mufcular Flefh ; and fays alfo, That altho’ it had been the Opinion before him, that Contra&ion was performed by the mufcular or flefhy Fibres, yet it is his Opinion, that the FibrilU are principally con- * Tra&atus quinque Medico-Thyfci. cap. 2, 3,4, <6 c. D Vide De Motu Mufcular [ 18 ] concerned in that A&ion : For that, in order to a due Contra&ion, if it was made in the flefhy Fibres, they muft of Neceffity be much more fhorten’d than the intire Mufcle itfelf; becaufe they are not difpofed according to the longitudinal Direction of the Muf- cle, but are inferted obliquely into the Tendons : And alfo that the Mufcle would fwell to an immenfe Size; which, he fays, does not happen upon mufcu- lar Motion. Hence he concludes, that the Motion is performed by the membranous Fibrill that no fuch Extravafation can happen, and that this Collection of Vejicles conftb tutes the chief Part of the mufcular Flefh; and alfo, that their chief Ufe is, like a Strainer, to feparate from the Mafs of Blood cenain Particles, neceflfary towards the Contraction of the Mufcles. This, if maturely confidered, will be found to fquare pretty much with Keil and Stuart , as to their Vejicles -3 as will hereafter appear, when we (peak of thefe feveral Authors. XXV. He alfo agrees in other refpc&s with fome of his Prcdeccflbrs ; particularly about the Necefiity of an Effervefccnce, being raifed in a Mufcle, neceffary to its Motion 5 occafioncd by the Admixtion of Particles of * Which indeed do not exift, but are however firfi: thought of by this learned Author; who alfo finds it neceffary to bring to his Afliftance the Perme7itation of the moil worthy Founder of thefs Ledcures; yet differs from him as to the Nature of Animal Spirits; the latter giving them the Name of a Liquor exquifitely impregnated with a volatile Salt and Oil ; and the former calling them nitro-aerial Particles, which ferment by mixing with the falisio-fulphureous Par- ticles of the Blood: Both which Terms feem to be the Invention of Dr. Mayow. D 2 of different Natures, according to the Power of the Will ; which proceed from the Brain and Mafs of Blood. Thole from the Brain, he fays, are nitro- aenal Particles, and the true Animal Spirits ; and thofe from the Blood he call s falmo-fulfthureous $ and that the former, being fent by the Nerves, meet the latter] in the Mufcle wherein they are fecreted, as was faid before, and make the Emotion and Fermentation, which is the Caufe of mufcular Morion. XXVI. As to his Manner of mufcular Motion’s beintr O brought about, it feems to be inti rely his own In- vention : He denies that it can be performed by Inflation, either of the mufcular Fibres, or Fibrillar fhe latter of which, according to him, are folid Bo- dies, and can undergo Contradion no other way than by Twilling or Contortioyi } and that thofe nitro- aerial Particles arc very fit to affed the Fibrill, ie in - that Manner, To prove this, he brings the follow- ing Experiment: Let a fmall String of a mufical In- flrument be held between the Fingers of each Hand, at a confiderable Diflance from each other, over a lighted Candle, fo as that it may become {Efficiently heated without burning : When throughly hot, it will be per- ceived to contrad with a confiderable Force, by twilling itfelf $ and, moved from the Candle, will be eafily dis- tended again, by untwilling. Thus, fays he, the nitra- aerzal Particles iffuing from the Candle are the Caufe of the Contradion of the String ; as they are of the Fi - brill ie being writhed and fhortened about the mufeu- iar Fibres in the Body ; which being by that means drawn defer together, the whole Mufcle is fhorten’d. This [ « 3 This- Experiment, he fays, is. the more to be relied on, becaufe, by Microfcopicai Obfervation, he pre- tends to have found thefe FibrilU exactly like a fine String of a mufical Inftrument. From this Syfteni he concludes, that, as fome Force is necelTary to dif- tend the String to its former Dimenfions after Con- traction, if no Force is applied, it will always remain contracted 5 and that therefore, when there happens a Paralyjis of a Mufcle, its Antagonift is convulfed, oris fpahnodically affeCted. Thusmuchis fufficient to fhew what our Author’s Notions were concerning this difficult Subject. The next we fhall confider is the famous Borellii a Man famous indeed for his Calculations of the Powers of moving Bodies, but much lefs lo for his Account of the Caufe and Manner of the Motion of Mufcles. The following is the Subftance of his Opinion concerning that Particular. XXVII. He fuppofes * * * §, that, within the Mem- BorelH. brane which invefts a Mufcle, the Fafci- culi of mufcular Fibres have a prifmatical § Form ; which is fometimes triangular, fometimes fquare, and fometimes * Johan. Alph Borelli De Motu Animalium , Pars prima , c. 2. Prop. 1. & c. 17. Prop. 114, 1155 116. Pars alter a, c, 3. Prop. 22 ; 23, 24, &c. § Our Author thought fo, becaufe he made his Obfervations upon a dry’d Ham ; which, having its Moifture exhaled, and its Fibres being collected, by the Salt ufed in preferving it, into Bundles, will flake off in Parcels when boiled. But it mult be obvious to every one, that Salting, or Boiling, will alter the Contexture of Fibres fo minute; and, confequently, that no great Truth can be drawn from fuch Obfervations. I [ 22 ] fometlmcs 'hexagonal ; each of which is com po fed of many Filaments, or tendinous Fibres, which are pa- rallel to one another in every little Bundle or Fafci- culc, and adhere together by a tenacious Gluten , if they are not continued to tile Extremities of Tendons, or Membranes 5 and fometimes are immediately con- ne&ed to Bones, or carnous Fibres. XXVIII. That befides, thefe Bundles are every-where in: veiled and bound together by innumerable tranfverle Fibres *, as it appears in a Mufcle boil'd, and imme- diately dry’d; which nervous Fibres feem to compofe certain reticular Membranes, together with the Capil- lary Veflels § that, bring Blood to them, and carry it back asain ; and that rhefe Fibres are nervous, he conje&ures from their being very hard and tough. XXIX. His Dcfcription of a rnufcular Fibre, which he has obferved after being boil’d, is, that it Teems,- by the Help of a Microfcope, to be a Cylinder like the Twig of a Tree, not hollow, as a Reed is, but is obferved to be full of a medullary Subfiance, which ought to be fpungy like the Pith of Elder ; becaufe every fofr Twig, which is fill’d with any adventitious Moiflure, grows turgid, and is neceffarily porous, fince it is fill’d * Thefe are no other than the Fibres of the inventing Membrane mention’d under Mayo left there fhould be a Chafm in any Part of Nature ; and thinks it muft be elaftic, from the fame Caufc that that of the Atmofphere is 5 to wit, from the con- tinual Motion of the ethereal Matter , which always endeavours to drive: the lefs agitated and grofs Parti- cles from each other, and thereby obtain for itfelf a. free Paflage. XXXIX. [c 29 1 XXXIX. This being pre-fuppofed, fays he, the Particles of the fpirituous Juice of the Nerves are fo very fubtile, delicate, and tender, that their Spicula , which at the mod gentle Touch are blunted, are only capable of opening the mod minute Pores of the Particles of the Blood, from which immediately that more fubtile elafiic Aura , that was condenfed before, rufhes forth, and expands itfelf, thereby dwelling the Whole at once ; but, becaufe of the exceeding Mi- nutenefs of its Particles, it freely breaks out thro’ the open Pores of the Mufcle, and flies off into the am- bient Air. Hence the Mufcle muft of Neceflity grow lax in a Moment after its Jntumefcence * unlefs new Drops of the nervous Juice continually fall into ir, creating a Succeflion of Fermentations, and fo keep it in a conftant State of Inflation *. XLr This is the Sum of the Opinion of that great Ge- nius the famous Bernouilli , touching the Manner in which mufcular Motion is performed : The next is that of one as eminent, the learned Keill, but whofe Sentiments of the Matter agree well with thofe be- fore him. He defines a Mufcle to be “ a Bundle of “ parallel Plates of flcfhy Fibres, which are com- “ pofed of other fmailer Fibres, and each final ler 4 “ Fibre * We fhall find the following Author fays no more than Bernou.- plb explaining it only a different Way, [ 3° ] ce Fibre to be a String of Bladders or Veficles, into <6 which, he fuppofes, the Nerves, Veins, and Arte- <£ ties to open . Kcill. Ci That the Contradion, or Swelling of *e the Muficles, is performed by the Blood <£ and Animal Spirits diftending thefe Vehicles V but endeavours to prove, by many ingenious Argu- ments, that neither the Spirits alone, nor the Quan- tity of both together, diftend the Veficles; but that both mixing and rarefying * together, caufe them to fwell: For, ££ That the Globules of Blood continu- <( nually circulating through thefe Veficles of the 6£ Fibres, which are, probably, capable of containing t£ only one Globule at a time, in which Globule (he t£ fuppofes a Globule of Air) meet with the Animal <£ Spirits which drop from the Nerves: That the <£ Spirits furrounding the Globule of Blood muft at- ec trad the Particles of it, of which they are com- 5£ pofed, more ftrongly than the others of the Glo- ££ bule of Blood; and, confequently, their Nifus e£ to one another ceafing, the condens’d Globule of <£ Air will expand itfelf with a very confiderable force; whereby each Vehicle of the Fibre will be ££ diftended. * What the foregoing Authors call Fermentation, Effervefcence, <&c. this Author calls Rarefadtion. Bernouilli endeavours to explain it by the Spicula of the nervous Juice ftriking againft the finer Par- ticles of the Blood; and this Author, by the Attraction and Nifus between the Animal Spirits and the Drop of Blood when they meec in the Veficle : So that, in the Whole, they may be confider’d to fpeak the fame thing (and even not to differ much from their Pre- deceffors) ; for it is no great Matter whether the Globule of Air is treed from its Confinement, by Spicule opening the Pores of the Blood, or by the Attraction of Particles to each other. [ 31 ] “ diftended, and, confequemly the Fibre fhorten’d, “ or the whole Mufcle will be contraflcd. “ But, when the Particles of the Globule of Blood ec are mixed with the nervous Fluid, they will both ct together inclofe the Globule of Air again, and com- “ prefs it into as fmall a Space as it was in before : “ And thus the Contraction of a Mufcle muft imme- il diately ceafe, unlefs frefh Biood and Spirits, fuc* tc ceeding one another, continue the Swelling of the '« Veficles XU. This Syftem, however ingenious, as it admits of fo many bare Suppofitions, upon which thefe Au- thors found their Arguments, it will be difficult to think it the true Explanation of mufcular Motion : But admitting every Suppofition to be true, yet the Time that this kind of Nifus, Attractions Rare- faction, Fermentations &c. muft necdfarily take up in the Performance, can no way be accountable for the quick Motions performed by the Mufcles of the Organs * The only Difference that feems to be between this and the fore- going Author is, that the Aura , after being let loofe, and fwelling the Mufcle, flies off into the open Air, according to Bermuillis and the Mufcle ceafes to fwellt Whereas our prelent Author fays, his Globule of Air is again condenfed into as fmall a Space as before, and the Swelling and Contradtion of the Mufcle ceafes : However, their- Conclufion is the fame for the Continuance of the Motion or Swelling ; this Author requiring frefh Blood and Spirits fucceeding one another ; and the foregoing Author the fame, in thefe Words : — JWufculus iterum detumefcat , niji jugiter nova infiillentur Guttula Sued jiervofi, qua novam <& 7iovam pariendo Ebullitionem , Mufculurn in continua Ivfatione confer vent. 5 C 32 ] Organs of Speech, the Twinkling of Eye-lids, or any. others that are done as quick as thought, no more than it can be reconciled to the Nature of involun- tary Motion, in thofe Mufcles that are not fubjed to the Impulfe of the Will. XLII. His Explanation of Rarefadion, admitting we ex< pedcd no Ufe of it in mufcular Motion, feems to be very particular too 5 for we can fcarce have any . other Caufein View for Rarefadion or Condenfation, than Heat or Cold 5 which are fufficient of them- felves to prodace thofe Effeds in the mod homoge- neous Fluid, without the Ad mixtion of any other. Whether Rarefadion can be effeded by any other Caufe in the Body, will be hard to determine, if we do not fuppofe thofe Spirits to be an acrimonious Fluid, capable of caufing a Commotion with the Glo- bules of Blood in the Veficles, which would amount to a Fermentation ; but our Author fays all is done without Fermentation, by this methodical Nifus , and Attradion of the Particles of the Spirits to each other. XLIIL Quincf. j muft here infert another very remarkable Notion propagated by Quincy-> from a Hint of Belliniy as it appears in his Explanation of the eighth Aphorifm of Sanfforius’s fecond Sedion, where he owns his being led by * Belliniy in his Notions * Opvfcula de Villo (tmtraftiti. C 33 3 Notions of the Stru&ure and Power of a diflra&ilc Fibre. He fnppofes the Parts of a diftraftile Fibre to be made up of certain MachinuU , like Syringes and their Embolus’s , and their Motion to be analogous to that of the Inflrument mention’d. “ The Obfer- <{ vations and Experiments (fays he) which have been cc made of late, but more particularly by Mr. Boyle , about the Spring of the Air, have explained to us cc the Contrivances and Properties of a Syringe ; and tc the Reafons upon which that Phenomenon of the “ Difficulty of drawing back the Embolus , when the “ Pipe is flopped, depends ; and the Neceffity of any J mufcular * Motion, fmce it can meet nothing to oppole its PaiTagej and, confequently, can make no Refinance. XLVIII. * Whatever Neceffity there is for the Exigence of the /Ether in the Oeconomy of the World, we can hardly fuppofe it eicher the Caufe or Ivftrument of mufcular Motion ; for the Soul> or I\iind> feems to be the very Caufe of voluntary Motion : And as to its being inftrumental, it will be extremely difficult to reconcile the Qualities of the /Ether to thofe of the Parts we fhall, in our next Ledture, en- deavour to prove are the Inflruments of that Motion. The exceffive Diftance between the Subtility of this Elesnent> and the GrofTnefs of the nervous and mufcular Syftem , upon which they are, by this Author, fuppofed to adt, will admic of no Proportion : Wherefore, to fuppofe the Nerves can be impreffed by the / Ether , vve muft pre-fuppofe Millions of Gradations ofgrofler Particles from the extreme Finenefs and Subtility of this, down to the vifible Groflf- nefs and Solidity of the Organs to be moved, in order, as it were, to hand down the Impulfe from the extreme fubtiie to thofe extreme grofs Particles : All which raifes in me fo complex an Idea of that Impulfe, that I cannot find it compatible with the great Quicknefs of both the Refolution and Impulle we daily fee in the Performance of animal Motions. There is another Argument, which feems very powerful againft the /Ether's being inftrumental in mufcular Motion, drawn from fome Confiderations on the Eire produced in the electrical Experiments , now verify’d by Mr. IVatfon , a worthy Member of the Royal Society , provided this eleClrical Fire be analogous to the /Ether • which is. That it is certain, this Fire pervades animal or other Bodies, from my own Experience; as I was one of feveral PeiCns thro’ whom it paffed, without having any fenfible Effedt on me, in its Pafifage to the Point where it was colledted into a Body: And alfo, becaufe lilver Laminoe were moved by the excited Tube, even thro’ the Sides of a ftrong Flint-glafs VefTel well flopp’d. It feems, indeed, a very great Care in the All-wife Author of Na- ture, that this eleCtrical Fire fhould not find Refiftance in animal Bodies ; becaufe, we fee, when all that paffed from the excited Tube, through feveral Perfons, was colledted in one Column at the End of a Gentleman’s Finger, it fired redtify’d Spirits of Wine, and Oil of Orange-Peels; and, confequently, might produce as direful EfFedfs as the Fire of Lightning, when colledted and excited to vio- lent Motion, and is refilled, [ 39 ] XLVItt. The laft Opinion I fhall trouble you with Stuart. is that of my Predecefl.br in thefe Lectures, the late learned Dr. Stuart 3 who (in his Explanation of the Experiment upon the Frog, to which I refer the Reader) concludes, “ That voluntary mufcular “ Motion is begun by the Impulfe of the Mind or ; ■ . . : "f :.:7 ' :d r.o o-iiijido- 21/I j r 6.: ro r'-iiJiOiO'rf rj. j] l LECTURE C 2 [ 44 ] , ;:'T pg * p« f. " LECTURE II. Containing the Author’^ Scheme of M U S C U- LAR MOTION. SECT. I. -Read in February,"®" N my firft Ledure, which is an In- 1 74B-4* I trodudion to this, I enumerated the chief of the Opinions that have been exhibited concerning mufeuiar Motion, with fome fhort Remarks, which I hope will prove fuf- ficient to fhew they could not give the neceflary Sa- tisfaction : And indeed I am far from imagining, that I have brought the Subjed to a Ne plus , or that what I fhall advance will prove unexceptionable to every one ; therefore if I have been fo fortunate as to have hit off but one Step, by which any new Light may arife in this obfeure Subjed, it is all I can ex- ped : In the Profecution of which I fhall avoid all Suppofitions, as much as pohible, that cannot be drawn from fomething experimental and fhall pro- ceed in the moft clear Manner I am capable of, in order to entertain you. II. C 45 3 II. There is not the leaft Motion performed in any Part of an animal Body, which does not depend on a mufcular Stru&ure for its Progrefs, whether in the Fluids or Solids, voluntary or involuntary ; and there- fore whatsoever Explanation of mufcular Motion is not reconcileable to, and accountable for, every Mo- tion performed in any Part, cannot be the true Ex- planation. III. Of a mufcular Fibre . The moft minute mufcular Fibre *, that I was able to Separate, feems to be tubular, but unequal 5 that is, having fome Parts of it more protuberant than others, fo as to refemble as many Sailors Ham - mocks one after another, and much in the fame Proportion in general : We fhall call thefe Bellies or Flammocks, Cells, for the better Explanation of the Subjed. Now tho’ it is a received Opinion, that Fibres are divifible in infinitum , that is, that each Fi- bre is compofed of others, and thofe again of others* and fo on 5 yet this mufcular Fibre , as it is a Tube , and * A mufcular Fibre of a middle Size is about equal to the Hair of a Child’s Head newly born, at the Strictures or imalleft Parts ; the Cells being thicker according to the Proportion at Tab. I. Fig. 1, 2, 3, &c. Yet fome are larger, and fome fmaller j the Cells however are not to be difcerned with a Glafs of a lefs magnifying Power than the Fifth of a double reflecting Microfcope. [ 46 ] and ferves to perform an Office peculiar to itfelf, it cannot be divided, without deftroying its necefiary Form; as a Trumpet, or any other hollow Vefiel, cannot be divided or cut into other Trumpets, &c. (let its Size be what it will) and is therefore, pro- perly, an ultimate Tube or Trumpet , as this tubular Fibre is an ultimate mafcular Fibre ; and this is the Cafe with the nervous Tubuli. Indeed the Tarietes of every mufcular and nervous Fibre may be com- pofed of Fibres divifibie, for what I know, in infi- nitum. IV. Thefe Cells are not regularly alike, fome appear- ing three times longer than others, nor at the fame Diftances from each other; nor do the Fibres them- felves feem all of a Size, (Fig- I. i, z, 3, &c.) and confequently each Fibre contains fome more, fome lefs of thefe Cells. Y. The Cells communicate with each other by a Paffage through the whole Length of the mufcular Fibre, till both Extremities terminate in a Tendon or otherwife j which appear'd upon many Experiments both while the Mufcle was moift, and after drying a little, hav- ing feparated them in both Cafes ; but after being boiled or roafted, every Fibre, I examined, feemed to. have loft its Cells, and become uniform ; whence one would be apt to think the Cells had burft by the Rarefaflion of the infiating Matter * they contain’d, and * Sedt. X. a Hals further. L 47 J and their Sides become uniform with the Parts th were, before, more {lender. VI. And as thefe Cells communicate one with another^ it may be reafonable to fuppofe, that there is no Ne- ceffity for any more than one nervous Tube to each mufcular Fibre ; fo that the Number of nervous Fibres in that Bundle that goes to a Mufcle need only to be equal to the Number of mufcular Fibres that compofe it. From this Structure it is cafy to conceive, how the mufcular Cells are capable of being fhorten’d, by their being inflated * and increafed in Diameter: And it is to be further obferved, that the Bellies or Cells of neighbouring Fibres do not lie regularly by the Sides of each other, but promifcuoufly ,* that is, the Cells of fome lie clofe to the (lender Parts of others, and fometimes two (lender Parts lie "together, and fometimes two Cells. vir. Of a nervous Fibre \ The fmalleft nervous Fibre I was able to feparate feems to be a Tube 5 therefore a Nerve may be de- fin’d a Bundle of uniform Tubes, whofe Sides are parallel * The Authors, mention’d in my firft Ledture, make ufe of the Word Inflatio , and its Verb, to fignify a Repletion of the Fibres, or their fuppofed Bladders , Rhombus's, &cc. with Blood and Spirits, fermented together. On the contrary, I apply it to fignify a Blow- ing up of the mufcular Cells with an elaftic Aura only, denying that any Blood or Spirits can get into them. See Sedt. X. and XVIII. following. L 4 5 J parallel to, and in Contact with each other, begin- ning in the ~Encephalon and fpinal Marrow, and ter- minating in Mufcles, Membranes, Cutis , &c. for the Propagation of Motion and Senfation *. VIII. But bccaufe they have not been thought tubular by fome ingenious Men, it will be neceflary to give fome Reafons for our thinking them fo. If they are not Tubes, but folid Strings, there is no Way of accounting for the Beginning of mufcular Motion, but by their Vibration : Now nothing can be faid to vibrate that is not elaftic, and firft in a State of Tenfion ; but, from known Experiments, there is no Elafticity in the Nerves; nor can any Anatomift: fay lie ever found a Nerve in a State of Tenfion. IX. The Great Creator feems to have wifely avoided any Tenfion in a Nerve, for feveral proba- ble Altho’ I think it not the Bufinefs of this Le who, after his Head was Truck off, rofe upon his Feet, and flood for a little Time. And Dr. Stuarfs Experiment upon the Frog (which is, after the Head is cut off, and the .Limbs hanging loofe, to comprcfs the fpinal Marrow with the End of a Probe made flat, whereby the Limbs are immediately contraded, and with fome Violence) fhews, that if the Impuife was made in the Brain, the Motion would be confufed and gene- ral ; flnee all the lower Parts were moved by the Angle * Anat. corp. hu?n. lib. viii. cap. i. ds nerv.] [ 53 ] fingle Impulfe upon the fpinal Marrow of the Prog. XIV. Another Reafon for fuppofmg the Soul capable of chilling any Part upon which her Impulfe may be made, is, that if it was made in the Brain alone, there might be fome Impediment or Interruption to her Intention, produced in the Ganglions of the Nerves 5 which, fome Authors think, do the Office of fo many Brains, but which, more probably, ferve as fo many Fulcra or Stays to keep the Nerves firm, and to favour their further Directions to the different Parts of the Body. XV. Of Interftitial Air. The Air-Pump fhews us, that, in all flexible Bo- dies, fuch as Flefh, fmall Animals, and the like, there is a fufficient Quantity of Air, lodg’d in the Inter- flices between the mufcular Fibres and the Blood- veffels, &c. to refill the Preffure of the ambient Air 5 which Preffure being taken off in the Air-Pump, this interftitial Air will expand itfelf, and fwell the Flefh, ^Animal, dec. to an incredible Size. This may be confidered as a general c ^Equilibrium kept up be- tween the ambient Air, and that in an animal Body, for the Safety and Prefervation of the Animal: And thefe Air Globules, which we fhall throughout this Effay call interftitial Air , are conflantly in a middle State between their utmofl Contraction or Condenfa- 5 tiony C 54] fion, and their utmoft elaftic Expanfion> except chang’d into either State by Tome adventitious Caufe. XVI. Of the Circulation of the Blood in the minute Veffels . The Blood appears, by the Microfcope, to flow from Arteries into Veins immediately *, Which is ealily feen in the Webs of Frogs, Tails of Fifhes, My t lilt y and the like; and, I doubt not, would ap- pear fo in Mufcies, if they were thin enough to be- come tran (parent for Viewing with Glades. There- fore the Arteries and Veins may be confidered as continued Tubes, terminating in nothing ; but as the Arteries arife immediately from the Heart, fo they run to the Extremities of the Lungs and Body, rami- fying and decreafing in Diameter, till they become invifible to the naked Eye, and gradually become Veins, which unite into Trunks, increafmg in Dia- meter till they arrive at, and open into, the Heart again. So that Nutrition and the Secretions are car- ried on by minute Twigs, from thefe continued ca- pillary Canals + fent off to the Glands, and to the Parts to be nourifhed. ^ XVII. * Wirbouf the Intervention of any Veiicles, fuel: as Mayow fug- gefted. See Tab I. Fig. 3. •-j- Where the Arteries degenerate into Veins. 3 [ 55 ] XVII. And it further appears, by microfcopical Obferva- tions, that thefe capillary Canals run parallel to, and by the Sides of, the mufcular Fibres in general, or to Fibres of whatfoever Nature, where theTe capil- lary Canals exitf, This feems a very wife Contri- vance in every Degree ; for if their longitudinal Direction was crofs the other Fibres, the Circulation could not be fo fmoothly nor fecurcly carried on ; and therefore would be liable to great Impediments, from a tranfverfe PreiTure of the mufcular Fibres up- on them; whereas, in this parallel Direction, they are fecured from any Impediment, but what pro- ceeds from the PreiTure of the Sides of the mufcu- lar Cells upon their Sides, in the Performance of mufcular Motion : We are here to take notice, that the mufcular Fibres receive Twigs from the Arteries to nourifh them, and from the Veins to carry back the Refiduum into the parallel Canals, as we have hinted before. XVIII. Hence we mud conclude, that no Veffel , of any kind whatfoever, opens into the Cavities of the Ceils of the mufcular Fibres, but Nerves. XIX. Of the <^y. Equilibration and Motion of Muffles, From what we have premifed, let us endeavour to fhew how mufcular Motion is performed, and how [ St ] how the feveral Principles juft laid down are appli- cable to it. XX, The Force of the inflating Matter contained in the Cells , is only equal to the Force of the inter • ftitial Air , while the Mufcle is at Reft. This may- be called the peculiar (^/Equilibration of a Mufcle in itfelf j but, by the Impulfe of the Will on the Nerve, an additional Inflation is made to the Cells, and then their Force becomes fuperior to the interflitial Air Globules j and again becomes equal when that Im- pulfe ceafes, and the Mufcle is at Reft. But if, upon the Ceflation of that Impulfe in one Mufcle, there is an Impulfe made on the Antagonift at the fame time, in order to move it, then the Force of this interflitial Air in the ceaftng Mufcle, exceeds that of the inflating Matter in the Cells, comprefling their Sides, whereby they are lengthened beyond their Tone of Reft ; as we fhall more fully explain it, when we fpeak of the ^Equilibration between antagoniftic Mufcles. XXL From this Inflation , which is perform’d as quick as Thought, the Cells inftantly increafe in Diameter, and grow fhorter, comprefs the venal Canals, and obftruft them. Hence the Blood flops, and the Arteries, by Propulfion from the Heart, increafe in their [ 57 ] their Diameters, while the Veins are fqueezed quite - empty, and the whole Mufcle is fliortened, and its Action performed. XXII. The Degree of Contraction in a Mufcle is always as the Force neceffary to perform fuch or fuch an ACtion ; and this is determined by the Degree of the Inflation of the Cells $ that is, if the Force required be but inconfiderable, then the Impulfe of the Mind will be but inconfiderable, and confequently the Cells will have but an inconfiderable Inflation ; therefore the Preffure of the Cells on the minute Veins will be in Proportion : So that of the arterial Blood, tho3 it flows, always in the fame Quantity into the Muf- cle ; yet, becaufe the Preflurc of the Cells on the Veins is but fmall, a proportional Part will go on, and return by the Veins 5 and therefore the Reple- tion of the Mufcle, and its Contraction, can be but inconfiderable: Whereas, when a violent Motion is to be performed, then the Degree of Inflation of the Cells will be very great, the Blood totally flopped in the Veins, the Arteries increafed in Diameter, and the Mufcle fhortened even to its ultimate State of Contraction, if requifite. XXIII. While the Circulation is thus hindered in the act- ing Mufcle, there can be no Diforder occafioned, either in the Oeconomy of the Circulation in other Parts of the Body, nor in the particular Conftitution of the Mufcle itfelf. The former Cafe is certain from our daily Experience of Amputations ; wherein, I tho’ [ ?8 J tho* a Limb be cut off, and the Space in it imme- diately wanting, and although the fame Quantity of Blood, fupply’d by Digeftion every Day, is carried into the Veflels, yet their Diftenfibility is fuch, that the only Change they can fuffer is further Repletion. And as to the Mufcle itfelf, if, during a violent Adion, there fhould happen any Danger of Injury, it would be perceived immediately by the Mind, and remedied by ceafing her Impulfe on the Nerve and Cells , and thereby granting a free Circulation in- ftantly. XXIV. As to the ^Equilibration between two antagonize Mufcles, Dr. Stuart , in his Ledures *, thinks, that As each Antagonift has its diftind Nerve or Nerves “ without Communication, and the antagonift Muf- iC cles communicate one with another by one com- “ mon Trunk of an Artery, and one common Trunk “ of a Vein; they are like two antagonift Scales in 44 Equilibria , over which the Mind has a diftind 4£ Power, by diftind Nerves, for determining the “ animal Spirits, and thereby the Blood, to either 4t Side at Pleafure, without affeding the other : And ££ concludes from thence •f*, that if what is taken from one be added to the other, the Momentum “ of the Motion will be doubled.” XXV. Led. III. pag. xliii. Sed. t Scd. 1.7. pag. xliv. t 59 3 XXV. Now there does not feem to be Occaflon for taking away any Blood from one Mufcle to be de- termined to the other j nor has the Do&or explain’d how it may be brought about by the Mind ; nor, indeed, can I conceive it poffible to hinder the Motion of the Blood in the arterial Trunk, leading to one Mufcle, while it is fent to the other 5 except we could fuppofe the Mind capable of making a Li- gature, or other Stri&ure, on the Ramification lead - ing to it, leaving the other open at the fame time. But no Nerve can have fuch a Power from the Mind to aft upon the main Trunk of an Artery ; and there- fore the EjfeEl of the Mind’s Impulfe upon the Nerve can only be produced, as I have faid, on the mod minute venal Canals j where they are capable of being prefs’d by the Bellies or Cells of the mufcular Fibres that lie by their Sides, and where alone the mechanic Structure of the Parts admits of it: Be- fides, the arterial Pulfation muft of Neceflity go ons to carry Blood to every Part of the Body, being propell’d by the fame conftant Force always, in healthy Bodies. Hence the Convenience of this out Syftem of mufcular Motion is apparent, fuice it is carried on at the fame time that the Heart and Ar- teries do their Offices without Interruption to either. XXVI. Again, if it was abfolutely necefiary to mufcular Motion, that Blood fhould be taken from an Anta* gonift, in order to be fent to the adting Mufcle to break the (^/Equilibrium, fome Mufcles, that ferve I 2 to [ 6o ] to involuntary Motion, could not have any Motion at all, having no Antagonift. Therefore, in general. Motion muft be caried on more limply, and in the Manner explain’d above. XXVII. Yet an ^^Equilibrium between a Mufcle and its Antagonift is abfolutely neceflary ; but it is only f but becaufe, whether they be Mufcles of voluntary or involuntary Motion, the inflating Matter not being able to reach the Cells, from an Obftrudion in the Roots or any other Parts of the Nerves, fo as to fill them up to an which contains the Foetus , till it arrives at due Maturity, but alfo to promote its Expuljion, when the Time of Geftation is ful- filled. IV. In a virgin or empty State, it is very fmall, as it appears at Tab. II. Fig. 2.5 and being laid open, its Subftance and Cavity are no more confiderable than Fig. 3. reprefents ; yet, in proportion to its Size, its ! Farietes are thicker and more compact, than at any time during its Geftation, whatfoever may vulgarly be thought of it by thofe who have only read of, and not obferved it. This Subftance, then, confifts of flefhy Fibres and Blood vcftels, both Arteries and Veins; and is clcathed internally by a Membrane, whofe whole Surface is fet thick with valvulous Holesi and externally by the Feritoneeum: Thefe, no doubt, ferve to ftrengthen its Subftance, and hinder its mul- cular Fibres from being driven too far afunder, by the Diftcnfion or Enlargement of the Blood-veftels [ 72 ] (which are very great and numerous thro* its whole Subflance), while it is diftending gradually, by the Increafe of the lymphatic Fluid *, and Growth of the Fcctus, Placenta , &c. in it. V. In this virgin or empty State, the mufcular Part is fo fqueezed and comprefted together, that the Ar- teries and Veins are quite clofed up, and utterly incapable of receiving a Drop of Blood during that State ; except fome few fmall Vefiels, which only ferve for the Continuation of Nutrition : But as foon as the Ovum is lodged in the Uterus , and begins to increafe in Bulk by the Intrufion of the Liquor Amnii, it forces the Uterus to diftend by degrees, till it arrives at the Bulk we fee in the latter Months of Pregnancy. By this gradual Diftenfion, the mufcular Fibres are forced further afunder, and cdnfequently the Blood-veftels arc gradually freed from the Preffure, till at length they increafe to their full Dimenfions. VI. All this time the mufcular Part, being compelfd to dilate, can perform no Function proper to a Muf- cle, until the Cervix Uteri is fo fhortened, as to be- come thinner than the reft of the Uterus ; which does not happen till about the Completion of the ninth * Liquor Amnii. The Manner of the Secretion of this Fluid, which is much controverted, fhall be foon accounted for in a Treatife on the Nutrition of the Fattus, which (hall be publifhed in $ov;c E ffaj: on the DifeaJ'es of Women. J C 73 3 ninth Month (a little fooner, or a little later).' Now a Word or two of the Cervix here, ftnce we are obliged to mention it, will render our Explanation more clear, and will alfo fhew the infinite Wifdom of the Great Creator in the Formation of this Organ, for the Pnrpofes it is defign’d for. . VII. The Cervix of the Uterus is a compad Part, nar- rower than the Body, and about an Inch long (more or lefs), as at Tab.. II., Fig. 3. It has two Orifices proper to it while in this State j the one called the internal , which opens into the Cavity of the Uterus ; and the external Orifice, commonly called the Os Tinea , which opens into the Vagina. Its Subftance is very hard and folid, and it has a very fmall Paflagc from the one Orifice to the other, having on its Surface many Glands, which fecrete a denfe glutinous Subftance, and many Stria , to which this Gluten adheres j fo careful is Nature to keep the Uterus clofe, in order to prevent the Ingrefs of even the v Now this Cervix is made thus long and compad, that its Refiftance to the intruding Waters of the Amnium * fhould be greater than that of the Farietes of the Uterus , while it is dilating: This gives Time enough and Room for the Foetus to grow to Per- fedion ; and near the Time in which this is brought about, then this, which was before a Cervix with an Orifice at each End, is now become fo much L fhortened, * A[j.viov. «. to. The Name of one of the Membranes that con- tain the Child, [ 74 3 fhortened, as to acquire a greater Thinnefs than the Parietes of the Uterus , and confequently to bring both Orifices into one. IX. By this time the Foetus being come to Perfedion, and the Refiftance being lefs at this Orifice than at the other Parts: The Uterus now begins to ad in its trmfcular Capacity, beginning by degrees to contrad itfelf alternately, till the Waters and Foetus are de- termined downwards to the Orifice ; which, the inore it dilates, the more Power the Uterus ftill acquires, by its natural Difpofition to contrad* until the Muf- cles of the Abdomen are at length drawn into Con- fent, and the Conatus, or Pains, as Women call them, which begin by the involuntary Motion of the Uterus 7 are aflifted by the voluntary Contradion of the ab- dominal and other Mufcles towards the Extrufion of what it contains *. X. Nor does the Uterus reft, after it is rid of every- thing, but ftill continues alternately to contrad j until, in fome Days fooner or later, it has fqueezed out the Fluids from the Blood -veftels, called Lochia p comprefied them clofe, and at length acquir’d its for- mer Size and Gompadnefs, or very near it. This is what * This regards the natural Delivery of a Woman in due time.. As to what relates to Abortions at different Times, it is a Subjed re- ferred for another Place. what caufes thofe Pains, which are' commonly called After-Pains. XI. Thus is this wonderful Phenomenon brought about by the mufcular Stru&ure and Mechanifm of the Uterus ; and it may fecurely be affirmed, that if it was not a very Mufcle, this Effed could not come to pafs, no more than the Blood could be driven from the Ventricles of the Heart , if it were not a Mufcle , or the Urine from the Bladder (without a mufcular Coat, and a ‘Detrufor Mufcle), which are forced to diftend by the Intrufton of Urine from the Ureters, till, by its Repletion, the Reftftance becomes lefs at the Orifice than in the cDetrufor , This is more fully explained in my Defcription of the Blad- der $ which fee. XII. Of the Fallopian Tubes. Thefe Organs were known to, and well defetibedby, Hierophihts and Rufus Ephejlus , as the late learned Dr. Douglafs has very juftly obferved y altho’ they are^ called by Fallopius's Name by fome not well verfed itr the Hiftory of Anatomy. They are foft pliable Bo- dies, and are properly enough called Tubes or Trum- pets, becaufe they arife fmall on each Side from the Angles of the Uterus , and run larger by degrees, till L 2 they * Bibliogratkia Anatom. Specimen , p. 12 6. L 76 ] they approach the Extremity, and growing again & little more narrow, terminate in ragged Fimbria. XHI. The Cavity of each is alfo fo fmall at their Ori- gin in the Angies of the Womb, that a fmall Hog's Brittle can hardly be introduced ; but it enlarges gra- dually, till, at the other Extremity, it is capable of admitting the End of a Goofe-Quill*. XIY. Thefe Tubes are in a ftrait Dire&ion for a little Way (from the Uterus 5 but as they enlarge, they grow into vermicular Curves or Flexures, terminating downwards, and a little backward, with their Mouths opening upon the Qvarza, altho’ not at all attached to them 5 and are fuftained and ftrengthened by their Situation in the Duplicatures of the Teritonaum on each Side, which ferves to keep them in their curved State (as the Mefentery fuftains the Guts) during the unimpregnated State of the Uterus: And thefe Dupli- catures (which alfo ftrengthen, and in fome mea- fure cloathe, the Ligamenta rotunda , and which we fhall fpeak to prefently) are what are commonly called the Ala Vefpertilionis . XV.- Thefe Tubes are made up of mufcular Fibres, which are partly longitudinal, and partly are fituated obliquely, and fomewhat circular ; from which Stru- cture they have a Motion which may be called a compound Motion, and which amounts to what we count [ 77.3. count the vermicular Motion in the Guts; but- this Motion is not begun, till there is a Neceflity for it ; which is as foon as an Ovum is impregnated. XVI, At the Inftant that this Impregnation happens, the Orifice of the Fallopian Tube clafps itfelf clofe upon the Part of the Ovarium next to it, by contracting ; and receives into it the Ovum\ which, as foon as it has en- ter’d, thofe oblique circular Fibres, or, as we may term the Extremiry, the SphinEler of the Tube, inclofes and pufbes it farther in towards the Uterus , which is by de- grees forwarded by the per iftaltic Motion of the Tube, till at length it is pufh’d into its Receptacle the Uterus , in the Manner explained in my laft LeCture, where I endeavoured to account for involuntary Motion : And when the Ovum is thus fettled, then the Caufe of this Motion ceafing, the Tube is at Reft ; and in proportion as the Uterus grows more tumid after- wards, both Tubes lofe their vermicular Flexures, and at laft grow quite ftrait and pendulous, as at Tab. Ill, bb7 by the general Diftenfion of the CPm- tonaum : But when the Uterus is emptied, and again is contracted to its former Dimenfions, then the Du- plicature of the Feritonaum is contracted in propor- tion, and thefe Tubes are confequently reftored to their former vermicular Flexures, and therefore ren- dered capable of receiving an impregnated Ovum , as before. XVII. From hence it is eafy to conclude, that what has been thought, by many old Authors, and indeed by. feme t 7® ] fomc Moderns^ concerning Superfetation (any coa- fiderable Time after the Uterus has received one (or more) impregnated Ovum) is altogether groundlefs : For, when the Tubes are grown flaccid, after having conveyed the Ovum to its Receptacle, and loft their vermicular Flexures, they can no more embrace the Ovaria during that Pregnancy ; and alfo becaufe the Ovarium on each Side is driven by the Diftenfton of the Uterus to a greater Diftance (out of its former Situation) from the Vaginay and confequently out of the Reach of Impregnation. XVIII. Therefore, whenfoever it happens that two Foetus’s are brought forth at different Times, they both come within the common ftated Time of Geftation ; that is within nine Months, or thereabout, from the Coit tfa’at produced the Fecundations In which Cafe* tho’ one may be perfed, and come at the full Time, the other is impeded, and fometimes wafted, and corner before the due Time, being both begotten at the fame Inftanf, or within a very little Time of one another. But becaufe one fhall have more Nutrition deter- mined to it, the other lefs, the latter, which is al- ways fituated ncareft the Orifice, will of Neceflity fuffer Abortion. Thus, different E millions of Chil- dren happen, not becaufe they are begotten at dif- ferent Times, but becaufe. Nutrition being unequally diftributed, the defrauded Foetus is extruded by the other, who often keeps his Place till he arrives at due Pcrfcdion. XIX. t*9 3 XIX. Before we quit this Part of our Subjed, it will not be unfeafonabLe to mention a Cafe here, which was in fome meafure, objeded to what I had laid down againft a Poflibility of Superfetation, when I read this Le&ure. A Gentlewoman in Charlestown in South Caro- lina, about the Year 1714* was brought to Bed of Twins, one immediately after the other, in the fame Labour. The one proved to be a Negro Child, and the other a white one ,* which very much furprifed thofe that attended about her. So flagrant a Tefti- mony of her Infidelity to her Husband, made her confefs before them, that a Negro Servant, imme- diately after her Husband had left her one Morning, came to her $ but fhe pleaded, as an Excufe, that he threatened to kill her, if fhe did not comply with his Defire 5 and that accordingly fhe was forced to admit him into Bed. XX. Now, in order to remove this Objedion, it mufl: be obferved, that what I have affetted is, that when the Fallopian Tubes are grown flaccid, and have loft their vermicular Flexures, and the Ovaria are driven to a greater Diflance from the Vagina by the Enlargement of the Uterus , that then they are out of the Reach of Impregnation. Whereas, in the Cafe before us, there could be no fuch Change brought about in the Uterus 5 for,, altho’ one Tube had received an impregnated Ovum by the Coit of the Husband* and convey’d it to the Uterus _ f[«o] Uterus] whereby it mayTisve loft its Flexures, yet the other Tube had not; nor could the Uterus be enlarged by the one in fo fhort a time; for it appears the Negro cohabited with her immediately after her Husband ; fo that the Ovum impregnated by him was from the other Ovarium thro’ its neighbouring Tube ; which might have happened in a fecond Coit with her Husband* as well as with the Negro. From this Stru&ure and Office in thefe Tubes , we may venture to be of Opinion, that they are truly Mufcles. XXL Of the Ligamenta rotunda. There have been various Conjcdures concerning thefe {lender Bodies amongft Authors ; but the greater Part accounted them as Ligaments. Spigelius , and after him T)iemerbroeck, had a No- tion, that they were Vafa deferentia , which they thought carried feminai Matter from the Ovarium to the Clitoris in Females : But this cannot be the Cafe s ffift, becaufe they have no Cavity, that I could find, and are therefore impervious to any Matter : Again, their Situation would not admit of it, fup- pofing they were tubular, bccaufe they arife from the Angles of the Uterus a little below, and for- ward of the Ligaments that fufpend the Ovaria , as at Tab. II. Fig . i .'{/) ; and, palling along thro’ the Duplicature of the Teritonreum on each Side, rife over the Edges of the Os Alibis nearly in a Line above the Fore Parts of the Acetabula ; and then running C 8» 3. running thro’ the Rings in the P eritonanm, and Ten- dons of the oblique Mufcles, &c. turn downwards and forwards, towards each other, on the OJJa Pubis, till they are loft in the Fat of the Moms Veneris , and fometimes in the Groins j and confequently could not ferve to any fuch Ufe, having no Communi- cation with either Ovarium or Clitoris. XXII. The celebrated Winjlow thinks them vafcular Cords, ariftng from the Communication of the fper- matic and hypogaftric Vefiels ; and fays, they ought to be efteemed as a particular Continuation of the Spermatics ; and that he fufpeds they furnifh the Matter which is fecreted from the Lacuna. Now thefe Cords are made up of mufculaj Fibres alone $ for, by the moft ftridt Examination I could make, the Fibres appear to me flefhy, and have a longitudinal Direction from one End to the other and as to their being vafcular, it is impoffible, from their Situation, they fhould be fo, becaufe they have not the leaft Communication with thefe Blood-vdlels he men- tions, and have only minute Twigs, as every other Mufcle has, for their Nourifhment : And as to the Lacuna , which are Glands on the Surface of the Va- gina in feveral Parts, they are remote enough from any Communication with the Fibres of thefe mufeu- lar Cords, where they are loft in the Fat of the Groin , and Mons Veneris 5 and therefore muft be defigned for fome other Ufe. M XXIII. [ 82 2 XXIII. From whit t have faid of thefe Cords, I muft con- cur in the Opinion Vefalius had of them, concerning their being Mufcles , who is quoted by Santorini on that account ; and thefe, with our celebrated Ana- tomift Doctor Nichols , are the only Authors that • J know of, that have mentioned them as Mufcles; yet none, I believe, have afcribed the fame Ufe to them that 1 think they are employed in ; and that only refpeds thediftended Uterus , as follows: XXIV. While the Uterus is in its contra&cd State, thefe mufcular Cords are alfo in a State of Reft, forming the curved Direction we have mentioned, as at Tab. II. (/); and as the Uterus grows larger by its Pregnancy, they are pulfd upward and outward over the OJfa Ilia , being more and more diftended, in proportion with the UteruSy till they form nearly right Lines from their Origin to their Infertion, and are in many Women in the laft Monah 15 or 16 Inches long, more or lefs {See Tab. 3. d d,). Whereas, when they are in their State of Reft, they feldom exceed from 7 to 9 Inches. From hence it may be rationally con- cluded, that when Delivery is over, they affift the UteruSy by their equally contra&ing on each Side, the more regularly to contradt itfelf, becaufe many Evils might be produced by an unequal Contra&ion of it ; but, as they are Part of its Difeafes, they can have no Place in this Le&ure. And as the mufcu- lar Cords can in no wife be faid to fufpend the UteruSy we cannot confent at all to call them Liga ? merits 5; [ H 3 merits $ nor can we conceive any Ufe of them while the Uterus is unimpregnated at any time. Therefore we muft think they are Mufcles , referred for the Purpofe juft mentioned j and neither Vafa deferent ia, Blood-vefiels of any kind, nor Ligaments. XXV. Thus I have finifhed the Task, which the worthy Preiident and Council of this learned Society were pleafed to charge me with : I return them my Thanks for the Honour they have done me ; and make no Doubt but, whofoever fhall be appointed to fucceed me in thefe Le&ures, will add confiderably to what- ever I have been able to advance upon thefe Subjetts, The End of the Third Le&ure, M a Tabls [ ?4 3 T A S L E I. Fig. i. i, 2, 3/4, fhew the Forms of feveral mufcular Fibres, confiderably magnify’d by the double Micro- fcope, where they appear to differ in Size, as well as in the Number and Diftance of their Cells > as it is mentioned in their Defcription before. Fig. 2. is a View of feveral mufcular Fibres, with thofe minute Blood-veffels which I have called the Tar die l or Capillary Canals (fee Led. II. Seffi. XVI. and XVIL) lying in their parallel Dire&ions,. in order to anfwer the Ends of Nature ; which are explain'd in the Courfe of that Ledlure. Fig. 3. is a Reprefentation of the Circulation of the Blood in a little Piece of the Mytulus> not ex- ceeding a Quarter of an Inch every way in its na- tural Dimenfions ; wherein it appears, that thofe minute VefTels are in a Direction parallel to other Fibres of whatfoever Nature. Fig. 4. fhews Part of a Capillary CanaU with Part of a Mufcular Fibre on each Side; to demonstrate how the minute Twigs are fent off from the Canal to the mufcular Fibres to nourifh them, as is hinted in the iaft Scdlion above-mentioned. This is view’d by the greateft Magnifier of the double re- flecting Microfcope* Table [ 85 ] Table II. Fig. i. is a View of the Felvisy with the internal feminine Parts of Generation in Situ . a , the Body of the Uterus, by the Rebiumy turned over the upper Vertebra of the Os facrum. c, the Bladder. d, the Fallopian Tube. ^ €y the Ovarium. fy the /lender mufcular Cord , commonly called Ligamentum rotundum , rifmg from the Angle of the Uterus on each Side, and ending by feve- ral Fimbrire ztg in the Pat of the Mons Veneris . hy the Meatus urinarius. iy the Orifice of the Vagina deprived of the Inte- guments. Fig. 2. is a View of the Shape of an unimpregnated Uterus y all the Appendices being cut off. ay the Body of the Uterus, by the Cervix. Cy Part of the Vagina. Fig. 3- fhews one Half of the fame UteniSy the other being cut off laterally and longitudinally, whereby its Cavity ( a ), the inner Surface of its Cervix {b)y one Lip of its Os Tincre [c)y and Part of the inner Surface of the Vagina ( d ), come into View. e7 the fmall Paffage from the Angle of the Uterus into the Fallopian Tubes. I a B- 1. r [ 86] Table III. Shews a View of a pregnant Uterus of fcven Months. a, the Body of the Uterus . bb, the Fallopian Tubes relaxed and pendulous. ec, the Ovaria alfo pendulous. dd, the Mufcular Cord, called Ligamentum rot un- dim, upon the Stretch. e, the Bladder. F, F, the OJfa innominate* K FINIS. I N A N D E X Por the LECTURES of the Years 1744, and 1745. C Pr. dignifies Preface. ] / j IR , a principal Agent thro’ all Nature, Pr. § II. in animal Bodies, ibid. interflitial, p„ 53. §XV. Animal Body made of two Sets of Organs, Pr. § V. Aura , inflating, p. 50, § X. Author , his Diffidence, p. 1, § I. • — — View, p. 2, § II. . Bernouilli , p. 24, (JXXXIII, to 29, XL. Borelliy p. 21, J XXVII. Circulation in minute Veflels, p. 54, § XVI. to 57, XVIII. Croune , Dr. p. 5, § IX. to 12, XVI. Equilibration of Mufcles, p. 55, § XIX. when neceflary, p. <5o, § XXVII. of Stuart confider’d, p. 58, § XXIV. Fallopian Tubes, p. 75, § XII, to 77, XVI. Inflation , fee Aura. Keilly p. 30, § XL. Ligamenta rotunda , p. 80, § XXI. Limby its Decay, p. 67, § XL. MayoWy p. 17, § XXIII. — — falino-fulphureous ^ artiC‘es> P- l9> § — — — Syftem and Experiments, p. 21, § XXVII. Monro , INDEX. Monro , Profefior, p, 34, § XLIV. ■ confider’d, p. 36, § XLVI. Motion depraved, p. 66, § XXXVIII, to p. 67. — — -of Hearts cat out of Bodies, p. 67, § XLI. ~ — involuntary, p. 62, § XXXI, to6s, § XXXVI. the fwifteft accounted for, p. 61, § XXX. Mufcular Cells, p. 46, § IV, V, VI. Contraction, its Degrees, p. 57, § XXII. ■ Fibre, its Strudlure, p. 47, § III. Negro Child and a white one at a Birth, p. 79, §XIX. Nervous Fibre, p. 47, § VII. — - — — ' — whar, p. 48, § VIII, to 4,9. ——Valves, p. 3, § V, VI. to 4, VII. Quincy , p. 32, § XLIII. to 34. Robinfon,T>v. Brian, p- 3 S, § XLV. . confidered,fp. 3 7> § XLVIL Soul, its Nature only known to G o d. Pr. § III. — its Impulfe where made, p, yi, § XII, to 53, XIV. Spirits animal, p. 3,. § IV. Steno , p 12, § XVII* to 15. Stuart , p. 3.9, § XL VIII. to the End. Superfcetation improbable, p. 78, § XVII. Uterus , a Mufcle, p. 70, II. —— — • — its Ufe, p. 71, § III. — — its State in a Virgin, and Dilatation, p. 72. 5. iv, v, vi. — its Cervix; p. 73, VII, VIII. - — — its proper Action, p. 74, § IX, X. Willis, p. 1 5, § XX. — concurs with Croune, p. 16, p. XXL F I N I S . . 1 ? JUN 1987