Natural History Museum Library 000163704 | PHILOSOPHICAL : TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT O F T H E Prefent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, O F T H E INGENIOUS. IN MANY Confiderable Parts of the WORLD. VOL. XLIV. Paet I. For the Year 174(5. • _____ — ! LONDON: Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Graf s- Inn-Gat t in Holbourn ; Printer to the Royal Society. M. DCC. XL VIII. n S<3 S A GRATIS SIM O POTENTISSIMO ET SERENISSIMO PRINC1PI AC DOMINO FRANCISCO E L E C T O ROMANORVM IMP E RAT OR I PIO FELICI SEMPER AVGVSTO GERMAN IAE ET HIEROSOLYMITAR VM REGI LOTHARUNGIAE ET BARRAE DVCI MAGNOQVE DVCI HETRVRIAE ETC. ETC. ETC. REGALISSOCI ETATIS LONDINI PRO SCIENTIA NATVRALI PROMOVENDA S O D A L I QVOD FASTOS EIVS ILLVSTRISSIMO NOMINE ET C OE TVS PRAESENTIA SVA CON DECORAVIT VOLVMEN HOC XLIV ACTOR VM PH I LOS O PH I CORVM VT SVMMI OBSEQVII ET OBSE RVANTIAE TESSERAM D. D. D. SACRAE MAIESTATIS EIVS CVLTOR. DEVOTISSIMVS CROMWELL MORTIME R M. D. REGAL'IS SOCIETATIS SECRETARIVS COLLEGII MEDIC. LONDIN. SOCIVS REGI AE ACAD EM IAE SCIENT. PARISIIS AD COMMERC. LITT. ADSCRIPTVS. RE GIAEQVE SCIEN T. ET LITT. ACAD. BORVSS. SODALIS. Londini Idibus Decembr. mdccxlviji,- k , • . " , - / < . . lb - : ■ v • - • ; t * c , . . ; . : • ■ ■■■. •i . . . Numb. 478. Beginning Vol. XLIY. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of January and February ,. 1740. The CONTENTS. I. Part of a Letter from Mr. Wm. Arderon, F.R.S . to Mr. Baker, F.R.S. containing a Defection of a Water-Wheel for Mills , in- vented by Mr. Philip Williams. With an ExtraCt of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Samuel Salter to Mr. Arderon, concerning the Bark preventing catching Cold. Page i . II. A Third Account of the Difiemper among the Cows ^ by C. Mor- timer, M. D. Fellow of the Royal College of Phyfcians , and Se- cretary of the Royal Society, London. p. 4. III. De Diaphragmate fiffo^ <& mutatis quorundam Vifcerum Sedibus , in Cadavere Puellre decern Menfum obfervatisy Epijlola Johannis Fothergill M. D. ad Richardum Mead. p. n. IV. A Letter from Mr. Wm. Arderon, F. R. S. to Mr. Baker, F. R. S. on keeping of fm all Fijh in Glafs Jars : And of an eafy Method of catching Fijh. p. 23. V. Extracts of two Letters from the Reverend Henry Miles, D. D. F.R.S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. concerning the Effects of a Cane of black Sealing-wax, and a Cane of Brimftone, in electri- cal Experiments . p. 27. VI. A remarkable Cafe of a Perfon cut for the Stone in the new Way , commonly called the lateral ; by William Chefelden, Efq; Surgeon to tier late Majefty ; communicated to Martin Folkes, Efq ; Pr. R. S. by Mr. Reid, Surgeon at Chelfea, who attended the Cure. p. 33. VI4. The EffeCts of the Lixivium Saponis, taken inwardly by a Man aged 75 Tears , who had the Stone , a?id in whofe Bladder , after his Deceafe , were found Two hundred and fourteen Stones : From William Chefelden, Efquire. p. 36. The CONTENTS. VIII. Further Experiments and Observations, tending to illujlrat * the Nature and Properties of Electricity : By William Watfon, Apothecary , F. R. S. p. 41. IX. A Defcription of a curious Sea-Plant ; Frutex marinas Fiabeili- formis cortice verrucofo obduttus. Doodii. Raii Hill. Tom. III. p. 7. & Synopf. Edit. 3. p. 32. Coralloi'des granulofa alba. J. B. rLom/ Ilf. pag. 809. Erica. marina alba frutejcens. Muf Pet 50. Keratophytori Ffabell forme, cortice verrucdfo obduBnm. Raii Syn. Edit. 3. p. 32. By Sir Hans Sloanc, Bart.M.D. late Prelident of the Royal Society,andof the College ef Phyficians, Lond. &c p. 5 1. X. ExtraBs of two Letters from the Reverend Henry Miles, D.D. — & F.R.S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F.R. S. containing fever al Elec- trical Experiments. p. 53. XI. Part of a Letter fro?n Mr. Abraham Trembley:F. R. S. to Martin Folkes, Effr Pref. R. S. sopcerning the Light caufed by Quickfiiver Jhaken in a Glafs Tube, proceeding from Electricity. p. 58. XII. A Letter from Mr. John Hill, Apothecary , to the Prelident^ concerning the Manner of the Seeding of Mofles j and in particular of the Hypnum terreftre, trichoides, luteovirens, vulgare, majus, capituTis erectis. Raii Synopf. Ed. 3. pag. 84. p. 60. XIII. A Letter from Mr. James Sherwood, Surgeon , to Martin ^ Folkes, Ej.fr Prefident of the Royal Society, concerning the minute Eels in Pafte being viviparous. p. £j \ XIV. Sottie Obfervations on the Cancer Major^ by Mr. Peter Col- linfon, F. R. S. p. 70. XV. A remarkable Infiance of the happy Effetf of Musk, in a very dangerous Cafe ; by James Parfons, M. D. F R S. p. 7^. XVI. Part of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Miles, F.R.S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F.R.S. concerning Electrical Fire. p. 7 g. XVII. An Accou?it of a Book , intitled , De quamplurimis Phofpho- ris nunc primum deteCtis Commentarius. AuBore Jac. Barthol. Beccario, R. S. Lond. S. Bononiae, 1744. 4 to. ExtraBed and tranflated from the Latin by V/. Watfon. F. R S. p. 81. XVIII. A Letter from the Reverend Dr. Miles, F.R.S. to Mr. Baker, F.R. S. concerning the Electricity of Water. p. pi. Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Gray' s-Inn Gate \x\Holbourn, Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlv, .1 J.Myn. +/. . I, Part of a Letter from Mr. Wm. Arderon, F. R. S. to Mr. Baker, F. R. S. containing a Defcription of a Water-Wheel for Mills in- vented by Mr. Philip Williams. With an Extract of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Samuel Salter to Mr. Arderon, concerning the Bark preventing catching Cold, Norw:eht May 30, 1745c SIR. Read at a Meeting ef the Royal Society, Jan. 9. 174S-6. M R. Philip Williams, chief Engineer to our Water- works at Norwich, a Matt of great Ingenuity, who, in his Time, has been Author of many curious Inventions, has contrived lately a Machine for the Railing of Water to fupply Cities, drain marlhy Grounds, or other ufeful Pur- pofes, where no Head of Water can be procured* and the Current runs very flowly : Circuaiftances which render molt other Engines ufelefs. With his Leave, I now fend you a Drawing of this Machine (Tab. I. Fig. i.) which Ifhall endekyour to explain in a Manner to be underftood. The Axis of the firft Mover is cut into the Form of an hexanguiar Prifm, of Dimenfions fuitable to the Force requir’d, as is reprefentcd by the Letter A Into this, feveral Sets of Holes are mortifed, as BBB. Thefe are intended to receive different Sets of Sails made of iron Plates, one whereof is reprefented atC,- all which Sails are weathered in the A fame fame Manner as thofe defigned for Windmills i only* in thefe the Extremity of their Ends (lands parallel to the Planes of each End of the Axis , thofe Ends I mean which are placed fartheft from the Centre. This hexangular Axis, when employed, muft be placed parallel to the moving Stream, and may lie even with its Surface : But the Engine will aft mod vigoroufly, when it and all the Sails employed are intirely under Water, as is eafy to comprehend. Each Set of the Sails before del'cribed contains Ex in Number, and are fo contrived as to be put in and taken our at Pleafure 5 whence it follows, that when a Engle Set of Sails is made ufe of, the En- gine produceth a Engle Effed, when two Sets a dou- ble, and fo on, till the defired Momentum is acquired, with the fame Quantity of running Water, provided there be Room to fix a fufficient Number of Sails. It is farther to be obferved, that when this Engine is placed with its Sails made and weathered as above diredted,. they will move with equal Velocity, even fuppofing the Current fhould change its Courfe, and come upon them in a quite contrary Diredion, as the Cafe really happens in Rivers where the. Tide ebbs and flows j where moft other Engines yet in- vented are of little Service. About fix Weeks ago I had the Pleafure to fee a Model of this Engine tried. It was fixed in our River, in a Place where the Water moved only 2 7 Feet in 20 Seconds 5 in which Time the firft Mover made Ex Revolutions. Its Diameter was no more than two Feet and two Inches 5 yet it would have lifted fourteen Pounds two Yards high in the above- mentioned [ 3 ] mentioned Time, had not a Misfortune happened to its Cafe which made it not perform quite fo much. It appeared to me fomewhat extraordinary, that the Circumference of its firft Mover (I mean any ^determined Part thereof) paffed through a Space of 4.2 Feet in 20 Seconds; which is nearly twice as faft as the Motion of the Water: And as the Mo- mentum will be in proportion to the Number of the Sets of Sails that are employed, its Force is capable of being greatly augmented with the fame Quantity of Water-: A Thing not to be admitted without fufficient Experiment, but what feerns ex- tremely plain in Theory, and what I am- apt to think will anfwer when brought to Pradice. This Engine, when once fecn, rcquircslittlc Skill" for the Conftrudion of it, is made at a fmall Expence, and kept in Repair with Eafe. DR. SALTER, one of the Prebends of Norwich Cathedral, writes, in a Letter to Mr. Arderon, that, upon feeing Mr. Baker’s Communication of the Ufe of the Jelly, or rather Rob, of black Currans m curing fore Throats, 1 Xranf. N°. 459. p. 655. he thought it might be of Service to take notice of the following Effed of the Jefuit’s Bark : The Dodor ufed to be fubjed eafily to take Cold, and, in con- fequence thereof, to be fubjed to have a fore Throat to a very great Degree ; but the laft time, above 1 5 Years ago, after his Recovery, he was advifed, by Sir Benj. Wrench , to take two Ounces of the Bark (after due Preparation by Bleeding, or Purging, or both, when he was altogether without Complaint) every Spring and Fall. This, he faid, would more A 2 effedually [ ♦] effe&ually guard him againft taking Cold ; which he has found fo far to anfwer, that he is now able to go 500 Miles with lefs Hazard of Cold, than he could go 20 before ; and he has never had what he can ftri&ly call a fore Throat lince. II. A ‘Third * Account of the Dijlemper among the Cows ; by C. Mortimer, M. 2). Fel- low of the Royal College of Phyfcians , and Secretary of the Royal Society, London. Rtad Jan. 5TAU RING the Chrijimas Holidays, *74S J 3 we fent for fome Milk, as ufual, from the Vineyard in St. James's Park 5 none of the Cows belonging to that Houfe having as yet caught the Diftemper, tho’ three had already died in the Park: We ufed Part of the Milk for Choco- late, and fet Part by for Cteam for the next Morn- ing : The Milk had a rank fourifh Smell and Tafte like rank Butter ; the Cream next Morning was more fo : We boiled the Milk, which did not curdle ; fo we ufed the Cream with Tea, tho' the Tafte was not very agreeable. The Milk boiled curdled in the Tea ; neither any of my Family, nor a Friend who drank of it, found anylnconvenience from it. Upon fending the Morning following for more Milk, the People refufed felling any, faying, one Cow was taken ill, and * See the Firft and Second Account inthefe Tranfafttonsls*. 477. p. H2- and 549* [5] and another was near dry *. This was the Cow whofe Milk we had had, and fhe died in 48 Hours. Next Day another fell ill, and was knock'd on the Head by the public Officer, in about 48 Hours after her being feized. I had the Curiofity to fee this Cow opened, which was done the next Day but one. The Inflammation in general in this Creature was greater than what I had before feen in any of thofe which died of the Diftemper: This Cow had been blooded about three Weeks before (lie was taken, and once as foon as taken : The Cawl was greatly inflamed, the Paunch inflamed, and the inner Coat peeled ofF,efpe- ciallv that of the [ Abomafum\ Faidle 5 the Guts were all inflamed 5 the Liver was much inflamed in fome Party, in others was turned livid ; the Gall-bladder was very large, and the Gall very liquid : The Lungs adhered, in many Places, to the Tleura , were greatly inflamed, and turgid with Blood, and were in many Places quite black 5 I did not find any of the watry Blad- ders on the Surface of thefe, as 1 did on all the others I had feen opened. Heres an Inftance of the moft furprifingly quick Progrefs of this Diftemper, and to fuch a violent Degree, that I do not think it in the Power of Me- dicines * I Tent for fome of the Milk of the Tick Cow, after fhe had been about 12 Hours ill : They could not get above two Ounces, t which was as thick as Cream, and yellow like Cheefe: It curdled, being put into Bohea Tea next Morning. In about three Days keeping, ic turned of itfelf into a Subftance like Cream Cheefe, without fepa- rating any Serum. In eight Days it dried away to an hard cheefy Subitance, and in fourteen Days became quite dry, like the Rina of Gloucester Cheefe : J It4 fmek like rank Butter at firft, but never corrupted or Hunk. a [ 6 ] dicines to have prevented Death 5 but I think this Cafe is (till a further Confirmation of the Neceffity of plen- tiful Bleeding as foon as a Bcaft falls ftek, efpecialiy if a Shortnefs of Breath enfues: This Cow was not come to the Stage of Purging. From the Diftemper getting into the Park, I think there is Reafon to conclude it cannot arife folely from any Fault in the Food, becaufe the Paf* ture is always good there, and, from the great Number of Horfcs, always kept low ; and the Soil never dunged or manured 5 and the Cows have Plenty of Hay in Winter. How it got into the ‘Park is very ftrange ; there having been no frefh Cows brought in there fince Weljh-Fa'ir in Angufi . And this is further very obfcrvablc, that tho* this Diftemper feems fo very infeftious among the Cow Kind, yet I do not hear any of the Deer have fallen ill ; which is much more likely to happen to them than to the Horfes, becaufe they chew the Cud, thefe do not. I humbly therefore fuggeft, whe- ther it would not be the mod likely means to put a Stop to the fpreading of the Diftemper, to forbid any Cows or Calves, being brought to Market, to be fold alive, or that any Farmers fhould buy in any frefh Cattle for fix Months, or till it is found, that the Diftemper is intirely ceafed ; and that all fat Cattle fhould be kept carefully feparated from the Cows and Calves, and that under fevere Penalties. An An Appendix to the foregoing Paper. TTPON my reading the foregoing Paper, feme Gentlemen pre* w Tent favoured the Company with the following Informations and Remarks. Mr. Theobalds , a worthy Member of the Society, and a diligent Obferver of remarkable Occurrences, informed the Gentlemen prefent, that the firft Infection of this dreadful Diftemper among the Cow-Kind was brought over from Holland, in April 1745. by means of two white Calves, which a Farmer at Foplar near London km for in order to mix the Breed ; and that the Infe&ion was got to Maidenhead in Berkjhire , by two Cows brought out of Effex, and fold at the Fair there : That there was obfervable a very difagreeable Smell in the Clothes of Perfons, who had been very converfant with lick Cows ; and that the Infe&ion had been propagated by means of Sheep, who, it is prefumed, carried it in their Wool. Upon the Mention of this Scent in Clothes, I remarked, that Dr. Lobb, in his late Book inti- tuled, Letters relating to the Blague, and other contagious Difiempers, London 1745. in 8 vo. in his Letter to John Milner Efq; p. 388. re- commends to Perfons converfant about fick Cows to wear a Linnen Garment (over their other Clothes) wetted with a Mixture of Sale and Vinegar; and, ibid. p. 383. he gives many prudent ufeful Rules to Farmers for the Management of their fick Cattle Dr. Parfons , another ingenious Fellow of the Society, faid. That the Cattle in the high Grounds about Hampflead, Highgate, Millhill, and Hembdon , had hitherto remained free from the Infection; but that it had fpread all about in the lower Grounds. Mr. Hoffman, a learned Daniffo Gentleman prefent at this Meeting, faid. This Infe&ion was firft carried into Denmark by raw Hides of Cattle dead of this Diftemper, rubbed with Wood Allies, in order to preferve them fit for tanning, which were brought from Flanders : That fome Cows fickened in a few Days after the Unpacking of thefe Hides in Denmark ; and that they have loft above 50,000 Head of Cattle in that Kingdom. At another Meeting, Mr. Collinfon, a Member greatly deferving of the Society , acquainted the Company prefent, that a Farmer in FJfiex^ who had the Diftemper among his Cows, invited a neigh-, bouring Farmer to come and aftift him in giving Drenches to fome of his fick Cattle; the good-natured Man went accordingly, and fpent beft Part of the Day with his Neighbour, to lend him his Help [ 8 ] in his Diftrefs, little dreaming of what ill Confequence this freindly Ad was about to prove to himfelf : for, being fo many Hours con- verfanc with the difeafed Cows, fo much of the infectious Effluvia ad- her’d to his Clothes, that, as he was walking home, which was about a Mile and half, his Way lying thro’ a Field in which feveralof his own Cows were feeding, he no fooner enter’d the Field, but the Cat- tle all left ofF their Grazing, ran to the farther End of the Field fnort- ing and flinging up their Nofes, ihewing the greateft Uneafinefs at their Mafter’s Approach, and endeavouring, as much as poflibly they could, to avoid him, as tho’ they fmelt fomething very difagreeable ; and fo indeed it proved to them, for the very next Day many of them fell Tick, and died in a few Days. A certain Cow- keeper in Tot hill Fields, IVeJlminJler , had 30 Cows, out of which Number 4 only have furvived; 2 never took the Infec- tion, one had it and recovered ; and he allured me, that one had the Diftemper four feveral times ; for that, as foon as fhe was well for a Week or ten Days, (he relapfed, and went thro* all the Stages of the Dlfeafe, but now continues well. In St. James's Park are kept feventeenCows,of which Number four were bought in new at IVelfh-Fair ; out of thefe eleven are dead • Jour never had the Diftemper, and two recovered from ir. Thefe are the Cows which were fo plentifully blooded, mention’d in my former Paper, N°. 477. p.552. and one of them, then Paid to be very big with Calf, being recovered, went the proper Time, had a living Calf, and is well and thrives : Indeed they knock’d the Calf on the Head, becaufe they wanted the Milk. I am informed, that a Farmer at Little Chelfea , who had but ten Cows, has not had any fall fick, tho’ his Neighbours had Cows flek all around him. His Management was, not to let any of his Cattle have any Communication with his Neighbours; to keep them within Doors, littered like Horfes with clean Straw ; to feed them with good Hay, and give them Plenty of clean Water to drink; to turn them out every Day at Noon into his Yard to air themfelves; and, in the mean time, to clean out the Cow-houfe carefully ; removing all the Litter, wafhing the Pavement clean with a Birch-broom, laying clean fitter, and keeping them warm a nights. As r'-'u I, rr rfBn [9] As a contagious Diftemper among the Cow-kind is no new thing, I thought proper to look into the Auttores de re ruftica > biK find none fofull in the Account of the Peftilence among Cattle as Columella, is, in Lib. vii. cap. 5. He advifes, as foon as any Signs of an infectious Diftemper are perceived, to drive the Cattle immediately into a dif- ferent Air, at as great a Diftance as can conveniently be done 3 to feparate the Tick trom the found j and that there fhould be no Inter- course between them, left the Infection be carried to the found. If thefe Cautions only were religioufly obferved by our Farmers, I think there is Reafon to hope the Contagion would foon be extin - guifh’d. I fhould advife the building feveral fmall Hutts with Faggots and Broom, at a Diftance one from another, in fome fallow’d Field, and there keep a Man conftantly to attend the fick Cattle, and to have every Beaft, as foon as it begins to ficken, removed into one of thefe Hutts, as into an Infirmary ; by which means the Cow-houfe will be kept clear from Infection : And never let this Man go near the well Cattle, but keep them in the moft diftant Paftures, and let them have Hutts run up likewife t.o fhelter themfelves under from the Inclemencies of the Weather, providing them with clean Straw to lie on. I heartily wifh we had the Experience to fay with Colu- mella, Evincendi font autem quamvis pefiiferi tnorbi 3 Words will not be difagreeable. Line 13. Buculus fays Scis, AZgon, gregibusquam fuerim potens^ Uc totis pecudes ftuminibus vagae Complerent etiam concava vallium, Campos, et juga montium. Nunc lapfapenitus fpes opis eft meae; Et, longus peperit quae labor omnibus Vitx temporibus, perdita biduo. Curfus tarn citus eft malis. JEgon goes on \ Haecjam diralues ferpere dicitun Pridem Vannonios , Illyricos quoque, Et Belgas graviter ftravit ; et impio Curfu nos quoque nunc petit* We fee, by thefe Accounts of the Murrain among Beafts and Cat- tle, that this dreadful Diftemper has often accompanied or preceded the Blague among the human Species : What Pains therefore does it behove Us to take to prevent the fpreading of this Difeafe among; Brutes? and what Warning ought Man to take, left thePeftilence ftiould come home to Him ? as the Poet fays above, Ne impio curfu Nos quoque nunc petat , [ *1 ] III. De Diaphragmate fjfo , mutatis quo - r undam Vifcerum Sedibusj in Cadaver e Puellce decern Menfium obfervatis * Rpijlola . RICHARDO MEAD Johannes Fothergill S. i^wjune !6^UUM non ita pridem dc cafu quo- K^JL dam, ut mihi videbatur, omnino fingulari, coram te verba facerem, ipfe au&or eras* vir clariilime, ut integram rei hiftoriam literis conftgnarem. Confilio igitur tuo morigerus opus aggreflus fum 5 coque lubentius, prout mihi perfua- fum eft, id minus ingratum multis fore, ft in pub- licum prodiret, quod tibi privatim non difplicuiflet. Tantum fiquidem & meritoab omnibus tribuitur illius audoritati, cui nihil antiquius, optatius nihil, quam bonis quibufcunque artibus, de civibus fuis, de hu~ mano genere, optime merer!. Quo autem clarius tota res patefcat, ab ovo, uti dicitur, exordiri animus eft, eorum omnium hifto- riam exponens, quorum teftis eram, fide, fimplicitate, qua poflim, maxima. Foemina generofa 21 circiter annorum,tam ingenio acri & vivido quam forma fpedabilis, habitus proceri & gracilis, temperiei ad fanguineam vergentis, firma fatis, ut plurimum, fanitate felix, quinto poft concep- tionem circiter menfe, prirnd praegnans aboitum fecit. B 2 Magno C 12 ] Magno fuo malo id ei contigit, dum in cognati villa longe a fuis diffita hofpitio excipitur. Proximo, re jubente, obftetrix advocatur, qux artis cum primis ignara, & duris tantummodo ruricolarum ilibus aft* fueta, uterum tenellulae eoufque duriter tra&avit, ut cx vafis laceratis immane adeo fanguinis profluvium excivcrit, quantum ars Mere non valuit, ufque de- mum donee graviffima fuperveniens Leipopfychia tam fluidorum motum, quam folidorum vim, im- praefentiarum fuftulit. Tandem vero revixit, atque ita convaluit, ut ore ac membris in pallorem albentibus , oftentui ejfet multum vitalis fpiritus egeftum . Ex tantis autem malis vix, 6c ne vix quidem elu&ata eft, antequam dc novo fit gravida. Miferam vero fortem, qua per totumgraviditatis decurfum affligatur, referre piget 5 graviffima namque mala, quas uterum gerentes exercere folent, haec noftram & peffime exer- cuerunt. Puellulam tamen & fuo tempore enixa eft, cujus ad hiftoriam, rebus maternis feliciter compofitis* quoad morbos, mortem, 6ccadaveris feftionem, perti- nuerit, referendam me accingo. Recens natx forma culpa omni carere videbatur : parvula erat 6c pufilla, cujufque cutis jufto flaccidior, 6c aliquatenus rugofior, fe fuo nutrimento parcius poti- tam teftabantur; quod nemini matris hiftoriam pen* litanti mirum videbitur. Refpiratio a principio ei erat jufto pauilulum fre- quentior, paucifque poft diebus accedit, tanquam a correpto frigore, gravedo, cum ingenti laticis mucofi cx ore, 6c oculis, 6c naribus profluvio, quod quoties ubera nutricis duccre coafta eft, fere fpiritum infanti praeclufit. [ 13 ] prasclufit. Ethinc fepiuslachrymae, hinc etiam irx, gra- viores quidem quam adeo teneras setati contingere fo- lent, quasquefxpiusprasfentibusmetum injecerunt, ne, cum furore brevi, fimul& extremum halitum efflaret. Comniodis vero medicamentis, alvum praecipue leniter ducentibus, a gravedine ulcunque liberari vi- debatur: viribus etiam cum mole pedetentim auftis, in fpem addu&i funt parentes ciim delicatulas fanita- tem magis conftantem fore. Saepius tamen quam in plerifque aliis infantibus folet, ex improvifo vomitio earn corripit : ejefta nec cibum crudum rcferunr, nec co&um, fed pultem quafi purulentam, interdum acidum, fepe fetidum redolentem : dejeftiones etiam jufto frequentiores Sc ejufdem omnino indolis erant. Refpiratio interim frequens, laboriofa, no&uque difficillima. Hxc eo magis integral falutis fpem minuebant, quo minus aufcultabant remediis, quae in hujufmodi malis ple- rumque opem ferre folent. Septimo tandem circiter menfe, exanthemata qux- dam five tubercula per faciem imprimis, deinde per collum, humeros, thoracem & ad extremos, manuum digitos, diffeminata funt. Erant rotunda, pulicum inftar morfus lata, rubentia, duriufcula, pruritu mo- leftiflima, fenfim in veficulas parvas, fero tenui pek lucido tandem repletas, elevata : quae in fquamas fur- fureas tandem exficcata, decidebant, reli&is veftigiis livido-rubellis diu permanentibus. Haec in confpe&um venerunt paucorum poft die- rum febriculam 5 quum vero neque ortu, neque de« ceffu juftum aliquem typum fervaverunt, pruriebant demum infenfiffime, & nova femper feges demeffam fUbfecuta eft, diuturnum fore malum exiftimabam* altiufqpa [ H ] altiufque radices egifle, quam quae febre inordinate crucndx forent: quumquc exanthematum prorum- pcntium vis atque pruritus indies augeretur, ab impure aliquo hofpite, vitium humoribus inferente, morbum incrementa capere putabam. Ad purgantia itaque mitiffima, acidum aut acre obtundentia, eaque quae ad vifeidum folveratum apta viderentur, confugi 5 & lie forte vidus ratio, quanquam nutrici optime, mi- nus tamen moili alumnuiae competeret, utrafque non nifi jufeulis, carnibus tenerrimis, & id genus codu' facillimis alendas juflL Hinc tuberculorum numerus, pruritus, c&teraque mala brevi diminuta fuerunt $ atque dubia hucufque falus quodammodo ftabilita. Decimi vitae menfis initium attigerat, quum paren- turn juffu nutrix parvulam abladare fategit. Hoc fine magna moleftia tulit : die fexto, propter alvum paulo aftridiorem affuetum fibi folutivum haufir, unde bis dejecit, & bene fe habuir. Sub vefperam enormi vomitione corripitur, ex nulla quantum patuit caufa oriunda, qux fine ulla fere intermiffione mifellam laceftebat, donee tragoe* dia per 24 horas cireiter ada, vitae brevis feenam claufit. Cunda, quibus ufa'eft medicamenta, fingulatim re* ferre haud opus eft. Tam notis plcrifque, quam novis auxiliis, intus, foras, novo & pertinaci malo obviam itum eft. Prae aliis per totum vitae (nam 6c idem erat morbi terminus) decurfum, profuerunt tindura rhabarbari ex aqua cinamomi tenui parata, parca & fiepius repetita dofi exhibita j 6c lindus ex oleo amygdalino, fyrupo pedorali 6c fapone paucif- fimo confedus. In ipfis vero extremis angoribus ad vomitum fedandum adhibita funt ea quae acidum aut acre C 15 ] acre temperate, obtundere folents aromata .grata, mi- tiffima, anodyna, demum & ipfa foporifera, at fruftra omnia : alvus interea nec fponte Toluta eft, neque ullis ceifit irritamentis. Atrocis morbi caufas atque fedes rimari animus erat 3 quod, impetrata venia, poftridie aggredior 5 priufquam vero ad diffedionem manus admoveo* praecipuorum Tymptomatum confpedum, quibufcum a carceribus ad metam ufque colludabatur, coram Mere haud forte abfonum videbitur. 1. Pulfus nunquam non turbatus erat, parvulus, tremulus, frequentiffimus. 2. Refpiratio Temper naturali crebrior, noduquam interdiu difficilior, 3. Id quoque obfervandum, quo laxior amidus, etiam interdiu, eo crebrior refpiratioj quanto veftis ardior thoracem 6c abdomen cingens, tanto erat re- fpiratio naturali fimilior. 4. Decumbenti etiam eademadio difficilior 5 indc evenit, ut poftquam primum carpfifTet Tomnum* eaetera noftis pars plerumque Tedenti in gremio nu* tricis abiit. 5. Tullxs, inquietudo, febricula, plus minus, dunx ad fanitacem proxime accedere vifa eft, nodu aderant*. & Temper quam interdiu moleftiores. 6. Vomitiones frequentes Tine cauTa evident! fepius earn fatigabant : egefta, cruda, & varia 5 nunc acida, nunc putreTcentia, Tubpinguia, fetida. 7. Dejediones TurTum egeftis fimillimae. 8. Carnium quolibet modo prasparatarum odor vomitiones crudeles haud raro ciebat 5 tanto tam- que infelici TenTu praedita erat. 9. Quoties c *n Rei novitate commotus, omnia rurfus intueor * anceps ne forte vulnus inter fecandum diaphragmati inflidtum vifceribus portam aperuiffet. At infpe&io quam maxime accurata dubium omnino fuftulit, do- cuitque id dim fiflum, divifum vel perruptum fuiffe : nam fepti hiantis margines perfe&e occalluere ; neque ullibi confpicienda erant plagas recentis indicia. Quum itaque conftabat nullam a nobis diaphragmati illatam fuiffe vim, cun&a in locis quibus antea collo- cata erant ftudiofe reponimus, fmgulatim omnia et adhibita diligentia luftraturi. Septum tranfverfum aboffe fterno, et cartilaginibus anterius diremptum, et ad centrum ufque tendinofum* divifum, retradtumque, arcum lunatum tenfum for- maveratj cujus cornua ad coftarum fines cartilagino- fos, dextro latere fterno propius, remotius finiftro* pertingebant : ficque finus effe&us eft inaequalis, finif- tro quam dextro latere patentior* Per hunc amplum finum, fublata vifcera, in finif- tro thoracis angulo, inter coftas et cordis apicem tutas adeo adepta funt latebras, ut neque proprio pon- dere, neque valida fuccuflione, neque mutato, qua- cunque demum ratione, corporis fitu* in priftinas fedes unquam deduci potuiffe judicabam: In priftinas dico, quoniam primitus ante partum fic fita fuiffe haud temere credcndum eft. In ipfo etenim partu malum accidiffe, plurima funt quae, ut ita credam, faciunt. Saccus ille ventriculi, qui ingefta per oefophagum immediate accipit, multo quam folet amplior, fuum locum obtinebat 5 folito etiam pallidior et tenuior ; rcliqua pars furfum protrufa, deinde oblique retror- fuma 3 fum, fupra fepti arcum elevabatur j in ipfo tarncit tranfitu a margine fepti anguftatum notavimus. Has tandem emenfus fauces in amplum fatis utrl- culum rurfus excrevit ; qui arcuato fepto, tanquam fcamno incumbens, omnem pe&oris finiftri ambitum fibi vindicabat. Corculum interea, nam tale revera fuit, fupra ipfam dorfi fpinam detruferat ; pulmonum- que lobos ejufdem lateris eoufque coarctavefat, ut omnino fedibus pulfos, aut nullos fuiffe, pene ere- diderimus. Pylorus ex hoc utriculo juxta tertiam coftam emer- gens, et ftnuofa flexura deorfum vergens, in duode- num abiit 5 quod, qua parte fepti jugum in defeenfu tranfivit, et ipfum coanguftari debuerat, quotiefeunque ventriculus aut cibis aut flatibus intumuit. Quumque itaa natural! curfudevium aberrare neceffe habuit, nil mirum fi duftus communis biliarius, a redo inteftint itinere tenfus et fere connivens, fuo femper munere fungi non poterat: hinc Cutis, hinc urina quandoque difcoloresi et hinc line bile dejectiones* Tubi inteftinalis anfractus preffe fequentes iterum in thoracis antra ducimur: nam fupra ipfum dia- phragma, et pone ventriculum, portio ilei aliquot palmas longa convoluta delimit: exitum finemve quxrentibus in confpectum venit appendix vCrmifor- mis, et caecum fecibus diftentum, amplum, incum- bente ventriculi mole compreffum, ejufque nifu ex- tremo antri angulo adaptatum : denique annexa coli pars circiter dimidia, crebris et profundis finubus notabilis. Qua parte colon tenfum fepti limbum fuperabat, id tantum non abfeiffum invenimus 5 nam ventricu- lus fsepius repletus, cedentis inteftini latera contra C 2 membrane C 20 3 membraftae renitentis marginem obfiftens, ea ita a t- triverat, feu premendo anguftaverat, ut ne quidem fccibus craffioribus trajiciendis aptum videbatur. His demum attente perfpeftis, caetera ejufdem cavi contenta exquirere fategimusj et fub firma te&os mem- brana, quam mediaftini parietem efte finiftrum judi- cavimus, pulmonum lobulos detegimus, arftiffime pofticae thoracis regioni undique non adhaerentes modo, at firmiter agnafeentes dudum officio fuo defuiffe videbantur. Plexus praeterea fibrarum vali- dus, ex membrana cellulofa quafi contextus, to- tam lobulorum compagem, pleuraeque fuperficiem fic intercedebat, ut nulla ratione feipfos expandere vale- rent pulmones, fi a tergo liberum movendi fpatium permifilfent inteftina et ventriculi portio. Alterius deinde lateris cavum excutimus, et pertula membrana firma, quam pro altera mediaftini plica habuimus, pulmo dexter fanus fatis et integer fefe prodidit ; quique proculdubio utriufque munere diu perfunctus eft. Paulo infra pulmonis marginem inferiorem, fupra diaphragma, faccus erat quafi ex membrana cellulari conflatus, qui, forfice apertus, binas circiter uncias liquoris flavo-viridantis, albuminis inftar gelatinofi, loculamentis membranaceis contend, profudit. Num ex hoc fonte profluxerat ifta fanies, quae indomabilem tuberculorum vim, faciem, collum, caeterafque partes fedantem, enutriverat ? Ita quidem verofimile vide- tur ; nam liquidi in utrifque color idem erat. Pericardium proxime referatur, quod et ipfum liquore fimili fcatebat : effluxit quippe ex apertura ad duas fere uncias humor deferipto, modo paullulum tenuior magifque flavefeens, fimillimus. Cor C 21 ] Cor erat exiguum, tadui durum, et in bina asqualia quafi loculamenta difcretum : hie enim auricula dex- tra fanguine diftenta, vix cordi magnitudine cederet * ibi ventriculi cruore atro pauco crafliilimo farcti ; inter utrofque vinculi partes agunt vafa coronaria* cordis bafin arete adftringentia. Ex fecta auricula cruor aterrimus, fpifftts, eorio tenaci apertus exprimitur $ ipfius facci latera ex venu- lis varicofis livefeentibus tantum non conftare vide- bantur. Saepius inter fecandum tam cafu, quam dedita opera, majores venas pertudimus at nunquam alias, tam parum ianguinis effluxifle memini, ifque erat craffus et niger, tanquam fero omni et diluente lympha orbatus. Luftratis jam et fua fede vifeeribus, ventriculum cximere partemque inteftinorum libitum eft, ut quan- tum ad formam iitumque mutata effent, exploratutn haberem : dum vero manus operas admoveo, leniter- que ventriculi fundum prehendo, ecce omnino putris, et ne tactus quidem levis patiens, pars ima intra di- gitos collabafcir. Nulla aderant inflammationis gangraenofx indicia 5 non rubor, non ftriae, nulla ftigmata livefeentia : omnis albore pallet, et fie tam nulla vi in tabem de- fluebat, ut potius acribus erofam, vel humidis laxa- tam fuiffe compagem, quam gangraena corruptam judicarem. Nee intuenti ventriculi fitum hoc abfonum vide- bitur. Heic enim ex imo vifeeris hujus fundo, ad fummum pylori jugum, afeenfus omnino acclivis : in noftra etiam fublata erat vis lepti renitens, cujus ope in altum attolli unice valuerant ventriculi contenta : plus C 20 3 membrahaj renitentis marginem obfiftens, ea ita at- triverat, feu premendo anguftaverar, ut ne quidem feci bus crallioribus trajiciendis aptum videbatur. His demum attente perfpedis, caetera ejufdem cavi contenta exquirere fategimus •, et fub firma tedos mem- brana, quam mediaftini parietem effe finiftrum judi- cavimus, pulmonum lobulos detegimus, ardifiime pofticae thoracis regioni undique non adhaerentes modo, at firmiter agnafeentes dudum officio fuo defuifie videbantur. Plexus praeterea fibrarum vali- dus, ex membrana cellulofa quafi contextus, to* tam lobulorum compagem, pleuraeque fuperficiem fic intercedebat, ut nulla ratione feipfos expandere vale- rent pulmones, fi a tergo liberum movendi fpatiura permifilfent inteftina et ventriculi portio. Alterius deinde lateris cavum excutimus, et pertufa membrana firma, quam pro altera mediaftini plica habuimus, pulmo dexter fanus fatis et integer fefe prodidit ; quique proculdubio utriufque munere diu perfundus eft. Paulo infra pulmonis marginem inferiorem, fupra diaphragma, faccus erat quafi ex membrana cellulari conflatus, qui, forfice apertus, binas circiter uncias liquoris flavo-viridantis, albuminis inftar gelatinofi, loculamentis membranaceis contenti, profudit. Num ex hoc fonte profluxerat ifta fanies, qute indomabilem tuberculorum vim, faciem, collum, cteterafque partes fedantem, enutriverat ? Ita quidem verofimile vide- tur ; nam liquidi in utrifque color idem erat. Pericardium proxime referatur, quod et ipfum liquore fimili fcatebat : effluxit quippe ex apertura ad duas fere uncias humor deferipto, modo paullulum tenuior magifque flavefeens, fimillimus. Cor C « 3 Cor erat exiguum, taftui durum, et in bina asqualia quafi loculamenta difcretum : hie enim auricula dex- tra fanguine diftenta, vix cordi magnitudine cederer $ ibi ventriculi emore atro pauco crafliillmo farcti ; inter utroique vinculi partes agunt vafa coronaria, cordis baiin arete adttringentia. Ex fecta auricula cruor aterrimus, fpiffus, eorio tenaci apertus exprimitur 5 ipfius facci latera ex venu- lis varicofis livefeentibus tantum non conftare vide- bantur. Saspius inter fecandum tam cafu, quam dedita opera, majores venas pertudimus at nunquam alias, tam parum ianguinis effluxifte memini, ifque erat crafliis et niger, tanquam fero omni et diluente lympha orbatus. Luftratis jam et fua fede vifeeribus, ventriculutn eximere partemque inteftinorum libitum eft, ut quan- tum ad formam fitumque mutata effent, exploratum haberem : dum vero manus operas admoveo, leniter- que ventriculi fundumprehendo, ecce omnino putris, et ne tactus quidem levis patiens, pars ima intra di- gitos collabafcir. Nulla aderant inflammationis gangrasnofas indicia 5 non rubor, non ftriae, nulla ftigmata livefcentia : omnis albore pallet, et fic tam nulla vi in tabem de- fluebat, ut potius acribus erofam, vel humidis laxa- tam fuifle compagem, quam gangraena corruptam judicarem. Nec intuenti ventriculi fitum hoc abfonum vide- bitur. Heic enim ex imo vifeeris hujus fundo, ad fummum pylori jugum, afeenfus omnino acclivis : in noftra etiam fublata erat vis iepti renitens, cujus ope in altum attolli unice valuerant ventriculi contenta : plus plus itaquc laboris mufculis ventr $ folis peragendum erat,quod quaminaliisperagitur, fociatodiaphragmatis nixu. Ingefta proculdubio fuam fequi indolem, fa- vente mora et quiete debuerant ; quibus conditioni- bus fi addamus perpetuum humoris gaftrici ftillicidium in unum quafi ventriculi pundum, tam vomitus fu- nefti ortum, quam putredinis caufam perfpedam ha- bere poffumus. Hinc quoque manifeftum erit, quare nodu quam interdiu procumbens quam ereda, laxe quam arde veftita, pejus fe habuit : et quantas anxietates, xgri- tudines, et moleftias, pati oportuit, quoties litus ho- rizontalis, habitufque parum ftridus, afeenfum facilem cibis in pedora prxbuere > Cor ipfum mole prxgra- vari neceffe erat; ludamque dubiam contra hoftes irruentes folum fuftinere. Tradita hucufque rerum hiftoria fymptomatum explicationem promptam, ni fallor, reddidit, ideo- que mihi fupervacaneam : fupereft tantum modo, ut aliqua, quae in mentem mihi fxpius morbum im- mcdicabilem penfitanti venerunr, at pauciflimis5 referam. 1. Patet enim imprimis, animal poffe vivere, ve- gere, Ixtari, et quodammodo valere, cui finditur vel difrumpitur diaphragma. 2. Ideoque minus huic metuendum, in pedore pertundendo, quoties empyema aut hydrops reme~ dium anceps experiri fuadeant. 3. Ita affedum effe diaphragma, (1.) fi ampla hianf- que plaga fuerir, forte dignofeendum, ex ipfa thoracis figura productiore, minus obliquo coflarum fitu, et lxfa fimul refpiratione. '[ *3 ] 4* In morbis infantum, quorum natura videatur reconditior, ex accurata partium externarum contem- platione, indagine, fortaffis aliquid lucis elici qucat: idcoque nequaquam prastermittendum. 5. Quotiefcunque tubercula, puftulas exanthemata, fingularem aliquam corporis regionem occupant, ibi fubtus, in vicinia, malum fomitem latere fufpi- candum. Ita tandem cafum, nulla arte fanabilem, et forte nimia diligentia expofui, id vero xgrc te laturum haud quidem exiftimo : nollent enim nefcire cor- datiores in arte viri, quibus ex caufis praematura mors fuperveniat, quotiefcunque cadavera luftrandi copia conceditur : ipfos etenim medentes non folum rerum gnaros peritofque reddit, verum etiam ram orbatis dolorem minuit, quam dedecus aufert arti,palam per- fpectum habere, nullis remediis, nulla ope, ne qui- dem tua, fupremam fortem potuiffe protrahi. Vale, vir candide, diuque felix orbi interfis, bona- rum artium patronus, medicaeque juventutis pater atque princeps. IV. A Letter from Mr. Wm. Arderon^ F. R. S. to Mr. Baker, F. R. S. on keeping of fmall Fifh in Glafs Jars : And of an eafy Method of catching Fifh. Mead Jan. 1745-6. 1 6. IN the Beginning of September 1744* I procured a fmall ‘Dace , about an Inch in Length, which I put into a glafs Jar that held [ 24 ] held near a Quart. I kept it till the latter End of May following; in which time it grew full half an Inch in Length, but very little in Breadth. I began my Obfervations. with this Kind of Fifh, beeaufe I took it to be the mod difficult (having formerly made fome few Attempts this Way) ; fup- pofing, if I but tolerably fucceeded in this, my other Attempts might be more fortunate. All this while it feldom or never eat any thing, excepting the fmall Animalcula which happened to be in the Water I gave it; which I found neceffary to do once every Day in Winter, and twice or thrice in the Spring, as the Weather grew warmer. When the Water was frefh, it would come up to the Top about once in an Hour, to blow out fome fmall Bubbles of Air ; then, putting its Nofe near the Sur- face, it would take in a frefh Supply ; and when it had taken in a fufficient Quantity, it would retire to the Bottom again. But, as the Water became more and more adul- terated by itsUfe,its Returns to the Surface were more frequent, till, at laft, it would remain there con- nually, till I gave it a frefh Quantity. Thus, I believe, I might have kept this Fifh for Years $ but a Multitude of Bufinefi one Day pre- vented me from giving it clean Water in due Time ; which unfortunately put a Period to the Life of my little Companion. However, fuch Care I had taken before of this beautiful little Animal, that, to the Moment it dred, it had not fo much as loft one fingle Scale. At firft when I catclVd this filver colour'd Fifh, it would not fuffer me to come nigh the Glafs which included [ 25 ] included it, without the utmoft Confufioh and Sur- prize 5 but at laft, by gentle Ufage, and a little Art, it grew fo tame, that if I came but in Sight , would be fure to be of the fame Side of the Glaft I was on, and there lie gazing at me until I was weary of obferving of it. I very often took the Opportunity of looking upon this Fifh by Candle-light, which i always thought it took great Pleafure in. In the before-mention'd Month of September 1744, I likewife put a Ruff] about three Inches in Length, into another Glafs, which held about three Quarts. This Fifh at firfl appeared mighty referv’d, and would not eat any thing, or fuffer me to come nigh it, for feveral Days 5 but, in a very fhort time* all-powerful Hunger affifted me to make it fo tame, as is fcarce believable. Tho* my Dace found, amongft the minute Ant- malcula , the little Inhabitants of our River -Water, enough to fubfift upon, this Ruff found nothing by which it could fatisfy the Calls of Nature ; fo, of confequence, was compell’d to take what I provided for ir, and in what particular Manner I was pleafed to give it. After this Method did I bring it to be fo tame, that it would not only eat fmall Worms I threw into the Glafs for it, but would alfo take them out of my Hands, or of a Quill, juft as I thought proper to give it them: Nay it would even rife out above the Water for its Prey : Which is quite contrary to the Way this kind of Fifh takes its Food. And, at laft, it would come to my Hand whenever I put it into the Glafs, and fuffer me to handle it, D But, [ 26 3 But, to eafe me of my Care, when I had made all the Obfervations I thought necetfary, and in Pity to- its Confinement, when I had kept it about feven oe eight Months, I gave it its Liberty. Out of the various Sorts of Fifh I have made Trial of, I never could bring any to be fo tame as this above-mention’d: From which I infer, that Fifh of Prey, as Pikes, Perch, Ruffs, &c. are the propereft Objects for this kind of Amufement; and did but our English Virtuofi know how eafily thefe fort of Fifh are tamed, and kept in Glaffes, it might be a means to leffen their Efteem for thofe brought from China ; unlefs it chiefly rife from their coming four or five Thoufand Miles off. Of all the Kinds of Fifh I have view’d the Circu- lation of the Blood in, there's none fhew it in a finer manner than Ruffs, whofe Fins are exceedingly tranfparent : Befides, it’s a Fifh that’s vaftly tenacious of Life, and will live twenty or thirty Minutes out of Water, and not receive much Damage. A S WHAT can any ways conduce to the Service of Mankind, however trifling it may appear to fome, will never prove difagreeable to an ingenious and humane Mind, I (hall add hereto a lhort Account how fmall Fifh are catched in fome Parts of Norfolk. At a Country Town about five or fix Miles from Norwich, the poor Sort of People have a very cheap and expeditious Method of catching fmall Fifh,, fuch as Dace, Roach, &c. out of a little Rivulet which runs clofe by. The Method is thus. 3 They C 27 ] They procure a Bough of White-thorn, which abounds with Numbers of Thorns ; one of which they cut off, and fafhion into the Form reprefented by A. Tab. I. Fig. 2. To this they tie a Piece of Thread, as pictured at B. Then they take a Worm, and flip it on the Thorn and Thread together, as is fhewn at C. The other End of the Thread they fatten to fome fmall Twig that hangs over the Rivulet, as and he voided fome fmall Bits in a great Quantity of Mucus . On the 27th a few little Bits were voided, and he had no Pain all Day. The 28 th he had great Pain, and made very little Water; but on the 29th made a great deal of Water. His Belly was fwell’d, and he complain'd of great Pain in his Loins. He voided fome fmall Bits of Stone on the goth, which was the laft Day he took the Lixivium . The 1 ft of July he took the Solut. Gum . Arab, and was in great Pain. On the 2d, being very faint, and wanting Reft, he had a cordial Julep and quieting Draught s and the 3d and 4th 5 which Day he complain'd of great Pain in his Limbs 5 and on the 5th had feveral loofe Stools ; which however ftopt on the next Day. He continued languifhing, and in extreme Pain all over his Body, even his Fingers and Toes, from this Day to the 24th of July , not being able to bear being touch'd in any Part of his Body or Limbs, fome Days before his Death, which was on that Day, being 64 Days fince the Commencement of this Courfe : In which Time he took 8 1 Dofes of the Lixivium , being one Day with another (till he left off intirely, which was 24 Days before he died) about 20 Drops a Day. During the Courfe, his Water was generally thick and muddy $ tho’ when in great Pain, fometimes dear and high colour'd. In about three Weeks after he began, there was a great deal of that tough fetid Mucus in his Urine, which continued till he left off taking the Lixivium^ and thendecreafed confiderablys till [40 ] till a Fortnight before his Death, when It intirely difappear’d, and his Urine had no SmelTor Tafte, and came away involuntarily. On draining and filtrating the Urine, I often found little fcaly Bits, very fmall, which, when dry rubb’d, became an impalpable Powder. After he left off the Medicine, I could never find this in the Urine, tho’ I fearch’d very carefully. 1 His Diet the whole Time was chiefly Spoon-meat ; now and-then a little Meat, but very feldom ; and he had but little Appetite when he began, and was very weak. On opening the Body I found his Kidneys very found, and neither Stone nor Gravel in them : But in his Bladder there were two Hundred and fourteen Stones; the two biggeft about the Size of Nutmegs, the others gradually lefs, to the Bignefs of a Pea, and fmaller, but each whole, not Pieces. They were of a foft chalky Subftance and Colour, and weigh’d all together fix Ounces Averdup. two Scruples and four Grains ; befides which there were feveral fmall Scales, fuch as I found in his Urine. The other Vifcera had nothing remarkable. The Quantity of fmall chalky and fcaly Bits and Powder that I could fave out of the Urine, was about as much in 24 Hours as would well cover a Shilling ; and perhaps there might be as much more loft in his Urine, when at Stool, and on the Sides of the Pot and Urinal. VIII. C 41 3 Vin, Further * Experiments and Ohferva - tionsy tending to illufirate the Nature and Properties of Electricity : By Wm. Watfon, Apothecary , F. R. S. Read Feb. 6. A s Water is a Non- eleCtric, and of *745- • confequence a Conductor of Elec- tricity, I had Reafon to believe, that Ice was endow’d with the fame Properties. Upon making the Expe- riment I found my Conjectures not without Foun- dation ; for, upon electrifying a Piece of Ice, where- ever the Ice was touch’d by a Non- eleCtric, it flafhed and fnapped. A Piece of Ice alfo, held in the Hand of an eleCtrify’d Man, as in the beforementioned Procelfes, fired warm Spirit, chemical vegetable Oils, Camphor, and Gunpowder prepared as before. But here great Care muft be taken, that by the Warmth of the Hand, or of the Air in the Room, the Ice does not melt; if fo, every Drop of Water there- from conltderably diminilhes the received Electricity. In order to obviate this, I caufed my Affiftanr, while he was electrifying, to be continually wiping the Ice dry upon a Napkin hung to the Buttons of his Coat } and this being electrified as well as the Ice, prevented any Lofs of the Force of the Electricity. The Experiment will fucceed likewife, if, inftead of the Ice, you electrify the Spirit, &c. and bring the Ice * See the former Part of thefe Experiments in thefe Tranfaftions , 477. p. 481. &c. F [ 42 ] kc not electrified near them. I mud obferve, that Ice is not fo ready a Conductor of Electricity as Water ; fo that I very frequently have been difap- pointed in endeavouring with it to fire inflammable Subftances, when it has been readily done by a Sword* or the Finger of a Man. In the firft Paper * 1 had the Honour to lay before you upon this SubjeCt, I took notice of my having obferved two different Appearances of the Fire from electrified Subftances 5 viz- thofe large bright Flafhes, which may be procured from any Part of electrified Bodies, by bringing a Non-eleCtric unexcited near them, and with which we have fired all the inflam- mable Subftances mention'd in the Courfe of thefe Obfervations 5 and thofe, like the firing of wet Gun-* powder, which are only perceptible at the Points or Edges of excited Non -eleCtrics. Thefe laft alfo appear different in Colour and Form, according to the Sub- ftances from which they proceed : For, from polifh'd Bodies, as the Point of a Sword, a Silver Probe, the Points of Sciffors, and the Edges of the Steel Bar made magnetical by the ingenious Dr. Knight , the eleftrical Fire appears like a Pencil of Rays, agreeing in Colour with the Fire from Boyles Bhofphorus $ but from unpolifhed Bodies, as the End of a Poker, a rufty Nail, or fuch like, the Rays are much more red. The Difference of Colour here, I am of Opinion, is owing rather to the different Re- flexion of the electrical Fire from the Surface of the Body, from which it is emitted, than to any Difference in the Fire itfelf. Thefe Pencils of Rays - iflue * See thefe Tranfattions , N°. 477. 'p. 482, 483. C 43 3 iffue fucceffively as long as the Bodies, from which they proceed, are exciting; but they are longer and more brilliant, if you bring any Non-eledric not excited neat them, though it mud not be clofe enough to make them fnap. If you hold your Hand at about two or three Inches Diftance from thefe Points, you not only feel fucceffive Blafts of Wind from'them, but hear alfo a crackling Noife. Where there are feveral Points, you obferve at the fame time feveral Pencils of Rays. It appears, from Experiments, that befides the fe- deral Properties that Eledricity is poflefs’d of peculiar to itfelf, it has fome in common with Magnetifm and Light. Proposition I. In common with Magnetifm Eledricity counter- ads, and in light Subftances overcomes the Force of Gravity. Like that extraordinary Power likewife, it exerts its Force in Vacuo as powerfully as in open Air, and this Force is extended to a confiderable Diftance through various Subftances of different Tex* tures and Denfities. Corollary. Gravity is the general Endeavour and Tendency of Bodies towards the Centre of the Earth : This is over- come by the Magnet, with regard to Iron, and by Eledricity, with regard to light Subftances, both in its Attradion and Repulfion } but I have never been able to difeern that vortical Motion, by which this F a Effed [44] E ffed was faid to be brought about by the late Dtv cDeJaguliers and others, having no other Conception of its Manner of ading than as Rays from a Centre, which indeed is confirmed by feveral Experiments : One of which, very eafy to be tried, is, that if a fingle downy Seed of Cotton-grafs is dropped from a Man's Hand, and in its Fall comes within the At- tradion of the rubbed Tube 5 the Down of this Seed* which before feemed to flick together, feparates, and forms Rays round the Centre of the Seed : Or if yon fatten many of thefe Seeds, with Mucilage of Gum- Arabic, round a Bit of Stick, the Down of them when eledrified, which otherwife hangs from the Stick, is raifed up, and forms a circular Appearance round the Stick, As thefe light Bodies are direded in their Motions only by the Force imprefled upon them, and as their Appearance is conftantly radiatimy fuch Appearance by no means fquares with our Idea of a Vortex ^ Some have imagined a Polarity alfo, when they have obfcrved one End of an excited glafs Tube repel light Subftances, and the other attract them 5 but this is a De- ception, arifing from the whole Length of the Tube not being excited, but only fuch Part of it as has been rubb'd* fo that as much of the Tube as is held in the Hand remains in an unexcited State, and permits light Sub- llances to lie ftili thereon, though forcibly repell'd at the other End. This attractive Power of Eledricky ads not only upon Non-eledrics, as Leaf-Gold, Sil- ver, Thread, and fuch-like, but alfo upon originally Eledrics, as Silk, dry Feathers, little Pieces of Glafs, and Refin : It attrads all Bodies, that arc not of the fame Standard of Electricity (if 1 may be allowed V the [45] the Expreffion), as the excited Body from which it proceeds. I have found no Body, however denfe, whofe Pores are not pervious to Electricity, by a pro- per Management, not even Gold itfelf.. Proposition II. In common with Light., Electricity pervades Glafs, but fuffers no Refraction therefrom I having, from the mod exact Obfervations, found its Direction to be in right Lines, and that through Glaffes of dif- ferent Forms, included one within the other, and large Spaces left between each Glafs. COROLLARV. This rectilineal Direction is obfervable only as far as the Electricity can penetrate through unexcited Originally-electrics, and thofe perfectly dry s nor is it at all material, whether thefe Subftances are tranf- parent, as Glafs ; femidiaphanous, as Porcelain, or thin Cakes of white Wax ; or quite opaque, as thick woollen Cloth, as well as woven Silk of various Colours ; it is only necelfary that they be Originally- electrics. But the Cafe is widely different with re- gard to Non-electrics ; wherein the Direction, given, to the Electricity by the excited Originally-electric, is alter'd as foon as it touches the Surface of a Non- electric, and is propagated with a Degree of Swift- nefs fcarcely to be meafured in all poffible Directions, to impregnate the whole Non-electric Mate in Con- tact with it, or nearly fo, however different in itfelf and which mud of Neceflity be terminated by an Originally- [ 46 ] Originally electric, before the Electricity exerts the leaft Attraction ; and then this Power is Obferved firft at that Part of the Non-electric the mod remote from the Originally-electric. Thus, for Example, by an excited Tube held over it, Leaf Gold will be at- tracted through Glafs, Cloth, <&c. held horizontally in the Hand of a Man Handing upon the Floor, and this Attraction is exerted to a confiderable Diftance. On the contrary, the rubbed Tube will not attract Leaf gold, or other light Bodies, however near, through Silver, Tin, the thinneft Board, Paper, or any other Non- electric, held in the Manner before- mentioned. But if you rub the Paper over with Wax melted, and by that means introduce the Ori- ginally-electric therein, you obferve the Electricity adts in right Lines, and attracts powerfully. And here I muft beg Leave to remind you, not only of the for- mer Corollary, but of fome of the former Experi- ments alfo ; by which it appears, that although, to make a Non-electric exert any Power, we mud excite the whole Mafs thereof, yet we can excite what Part, and what only, of an Originally-ekaric we pleafe. Thus we obferve, that Leaf gold, and the Seed of Cottongrafs (which grows upon Boggs, and is a very proper Sub- ject for thefe Inquiries), are attracted under a glafs Jar made warm *, and turned Bottom upwards, upon which * l have conftamly obferved, that the eledbical Attra&ion through Glafs is much more powerful when the Glafs is made warm, than when cold. This Efteft may proceed from a twofold Caufe : Firft, Warm Glafs docs not condenfe the Wa:er from the Air, which makes [ 47 ] which arc placed Books, and feveral other Non- eledrics 5 and that the Motions of the light Bodies underneath correfpond with the Motions of the glafs Tube held over them, the Elcdricity feeming inftan- taneoufly to pafs through the Books and the Glafs. But this does not happen, till the Eledricity has fully impregnated the Non-eledrics, which lie upon the Glafs 5 which received Eledricity is flopped by the Glafs ; and then thefe Non-eledrics dart their -Power diredly through the upper Part of the Glafs, after the Manner of Originally-dedrics. But if the thinneft Non-eledric, even the fineft Paper, as I before men- tioned, is held in the Hand of a Man at the fmalleft Diftance over the Leaf- Gold, and the Eledricity is not flopped, not the leaft Power will be exerted, and the Gold will lie ftill. I mu ft here remark like- wife, that this Law of Eledricity is fo conftant and regular, that I have not found one Deviation from it y fo that even the Quicklilver, fpread thin, as it ufually is at the Back of a Plate of a Looking-glafs, will prevent the Pafllng thro* of the eledrical Attraction, unlefs flopped by an Originally-electric. This Pene- tration of the electrical Power through Originally- electrics is much greater than has hitherto been imagined, and has caufed the Want of Succefs to great Numbers of Experiments. I have; been at no fmali makes the Glafs, as has been before ^ demonftrated, a Conductor of Electricity : Secondly, As Heat enlarges the Dimenfions of ail known Bodies, and, confequently caufes their conftituent Parts to recede from each other, the eledrical Effluvia^ palling in (trait Lines, find, probably, a more ready Paftage through their Pores. ^ See Numb. 477, of thefe Tranfaffions , p, 486.. [ 4-8 ] fmall Pains to determine, how far this Power can penetrate through a dry Originally, electric 5 and have found, by repeated Trials, that either in a Cake of Wax alone, or of Wax and Refin mixed, when the Electricity is very powerful, it has paffed, I fay, in ftrait Lines through thefe Cakes of the Thick- nefs of ^ Inches and TL; but I never could make it act through one of a Inches and 5 for in this it was perfectly flopped. So that the Cakes commonly made ufe of to flop the Electricity, by being too thin, fuffer. a confiderable Quantity of the electrical Power to pervade them, and be loft in the Floor. I make no Doubt, if the electrical Power could be more increafed, it would penetrate much further through thefe Originally-electric Bodies* Proposition III. Electricity, in common with Light likewife, when its Forces are collected, and a proper Direction given thereto, upon a proper Object, produces Fire and Flame. Corollary. The Fire of Electricity (as I have before obferved) is extremely delicate 5 and fets on fire, as far as I have yet experienced, only inflammable Vapours. Nor is this Flame at ail heightened, by being fuper- induced upon an iron Rod, red-hot with coarfer culinary Fire, as in a preceding Experiment ; nor diminifhed by being directed upon cold Water. However I was defirous of knowing, if this Flame would [ 49 I would be affected by a ftill greater Degree of Cold j and in order to determine this, I made an artificial Cold 5 by which the Mercury, in a very nice Ther- mometer adjufted to Fahrenheit's Scale, was depreffed in about 4 Minutes, from 15 Degrees above the freezing Point to 30 Degrees below it 5 that is, the Mercury fell 45 Degrees. From this coid Mixture, when electrified, the Flafhes were as powerful, and the Stroke as (mart, as from the red hot Iron. I could have made the Coid more intenfe, but the above was fufficient for my Purpofe. This Experi- ment feems to indicate, that the Fire of Electricity is affected neither by the Prefence or Abfence of other Fire. For as red hot Iron, by Sir Ifaac New- tons Scale of Hear, is fixed at 192 Degrees, and as the Ratio between Sir Ifaacs Degrees and Fahrenheifs is as 34 to 180, it neceffariiy follows, that the Difference of Heat between the hot Iron and the cold Mixture is 1040 Degrees; and never- thelefs this vaft Difference makes no Alteration in the Appearance of the electrical Flame. We find likewife, that as the Fire, ariling from the Refrac- tion of the Rays of Light by a Lensy and brought to a Focus , is obferved, firft, at fame fmall Diftance from their Surfaces, to fet on Fire combuftible Sub- fiances ; the fame Effect, as I have before obferv'd, is produced in like manner by electrical Flame. I may perhaps be thought too minute in fome of the before-mentioned Particulars; but, in Inquiries abftrufe as thefe are, where we have fo little ^ priori to direct us, the greateft Attention muft be had to every Circumftance, if we are truly defirous of in- G veftigating [ 50 3 veftigating the Laws of this furprifing Power. For, as has been faid upon another Occafion, by ray ever honoured Friend Martin Folkes, Efq; our moft wor- thy Trefident , “ That Electricity feems to furnifh of whom John Bauhin is the firft that deferibes it plainly, both by Words, and an imperfeft Figure of a fmall Piece or Branch, which he had communicated to him by a Perfon whom he does not name, by reafon (as I fuppofe) he had by Stealth broke it off a large Branch, kept in what he calls Theatrum Naturaliiim Seremjfima Regina Anglia 5 whom I fuppofe to be Queen [ 53 ] Queen Elizabeths and which, to my Knowlege, is too much praftifed lince by unworthy Perfons. It is likely, that many of the coralline Subftances mention'd by Authors, may be this, or Parts of it, the Cruft being rubb'd off more or lefs, and its Co- lour changed, and thereby defcribed for different Corallines. X. ExtraSls of Two Letters from the Reverend Henry Miles, D. D. & F. R. S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. containing fever al Ele&rical Experiments. Read Feb 1745"6, I. *Dear Sir, AM under no Doubt, but that Experi- J [ ments with Sulphur are capable of being improv'd, and hope fhortly to make is appear. I am loth to venture my glafs Tubes of Flint for a Mould, but intend to procure one of common Glafs? having lately had the Misfortune of lofing my befty in fo odd a Manner, that I believe you will excufe me if I trouble you with the Account. I had been ufing it but a little Time in the Even- ing; and, before I laid it up, having by me a round Ruler fmall enough to go into the Bore, when it was cover'd with a Roll or two of brown Paper, it came into my Head to excite it, by rubbing it a little on the Infide with the faid Ruler and Paper ; but not finding any Eff eft of it, after a few Minutes Trial, not fo much as to attract the fmalleft Thread, I laid it in my Window in my Study on a Parcel of 5 Papers [ 54 ] Papers and Pamphlets, where it ufed to be put 5 and next Morning, as we were at Breakfaft, I heard a Snap, and, on turning my Head, found about two Inches of my Tube broke off very regularly. Upon this I took it, and plac’d it againft a Cupboard- Door, ered, in a Pocket of Leather, that had been nail’d up againft the Door for fuch a Purpofe. The upper End was tied tp two Thongs of Leather, but not tight, only to prevent its ftirring: Thus it con- tinued fafe till I went to Bed 5 but, in the Morning, upon opening the faid Door, I was furprifed to find my Tube in Shivers, except about three Inches, as if it had been broke with a fmart Blow of a Hammer. The Cupboard is over the Fire-place, and fo near it, that I think it impoflible it fhould ever have been quite cold i and the Window where it was firft put is fo near the Fire, and its being laid on the Seat of the Window, a Foot below the Safh, it could not be much affeded with the Air from thence. — — The Weather was frofty, but the Tube from firft to laft never out of the Room* and I am fare never had any Blow. The Stick of Brimftonc I laft made, with which I kindled Lamp Spirits fo readily, as I informed you before, was fet up in the foremention’d Cupboard in an ered Pofture, has loft all its eledric Virtue, and cannot be made to attrad a Down-Feather, or a fine Thread. This I know not how to account for, unlefs it be, that the expofing it to the Air, by its not being wrapt up in any thing, may have deprived it of its Power: For, if I mifremember not, Stephen Gray ufed to keep his Sulphur conic Bodies, c£ift in Winc-Glafy in a Box, and wrapt up in Flannel * however C 55 ] however 1 fhall attempt to recover it again. — The Cupboard is fmall, and never cold. — -My Stick of Wax kept in my Desk, not wrapt, will attrad a Thread at any time, without rubbing at all. Laft Night, having feveral Gentlemen with me, who were defirous of feeing me fet Fire to feme Spirits of Wine, I was willing to try whether I could not kindle the fame with an Icicle 5 but, not being able to get one, I attempted it with a thick Piece of Ice, and immediately fucceeded, in Prefence of 7 or Perfons; and I think the Sparks of Fire from the Ice, when the Finger of a non-eledric Perfon was brought nigh it, were as large and as powerful as any I ever faw $ fo that I am fatisfied the Power of them is no ways diminiflfd by the Coldnefs of the Ice : And I doubt not, but that, if the Ice be kept from melting and dropping into the Spirits, Ice will kindle them as readily as any other Subftance : The Spirits were fuch as we ufe for the Tea-kettle Lamp, and far from being of the beft Sort. One Circumftance more I will mention, and re- leafe you. By Accident one of the Gentlemen approaching the eledrified Perfon with his Hand near his Shoulder, the faid Gentleman felt a very pun- gent Stroke on his Flefh, thro" his Coat and Waift- coat, which were both Cloth. This was repeated feveral times, and in every one's Opinion (on whom Trial was made) the repulfive Stroke was as fmart as it is wont to be on the End of the Finger, when nothing intervenes 5 and the Senfation conti- nued as long. I know not whether this has been before taken notice of i if it has, your Goodnefs will 4 excufe C 56 ] excufe my Impertinence ; and vouchfafe to believe me under many Obligations. Tooting, Feb. 4. 1745 6. II. Extract of a Letter from Dr. Miles to Mr. Baker. I Scarce thought the Account I fent laft Week, of my kindling Spirits of Wine with Ice the jd of this Inftant, worth your Notice ; but that as I had not heard of any one at home who had done it, I in- clined to relate it to you. Since that, I made an- other Trial, and fucceeded with all the Eafe ima- ginable; the Spirit kindling the very Moment of my approaching them with the Lump of Ice, which was an Inch and a Quarter thick. After this I took a Clamp of Iron, fuch as is ufed for heating Box- Irons for fmoothing Linen-Clothes; and, having heated the fame red-hot, applied it to the Spirit, as I flood on the Cake of Wax ele&rified, holding the fame in a Pair of Tongs. I did not, I confefs, expeft much from this Trial ; and the Event was, that I could not kindle the Spi- rits, during the Time the Rednefs continued in the Clamp ; but, as foon as that difappear’d, and it be- gan to look blackifh, the Spirits were kindled as ufual. I fhall not draw any Conclufion from a Angle Trial ; perhaps fome Reafons might be alligned, why the [ 57 ] the red hot Iron did not kindle the Spirits, pro- vided one were fure this would always be the Cafe ; and if the Experiment were repeated with thefam® Confequence a good many times, one would venture to fay, that the Heat of the Iron contributed no Power of inflaming to the Effluvia. My Tube I have ufed of late is not made of the fine Elint-Giafs, but fuch as common Wine'Glaffes are made of. I have got me a Tube made of common green Glafs s This is exceeding light, in Comparifon with others > and may be excited with double the Time and Pain required for the others, but yet not without warm- ing it at the Fire 5 though this feems powerful enough to attraft the Bunch of Threads, yet I am not able to kindle any Spirits with it. I have made thefe Trials, that I might be able to determine which kind of Glafs afforded the greatefi Quantity of Effluvia , or at leafl: the ftrongeft, as near as might be 5 which may not be altogether nnufeful to be known. Tour hnmble Servant , H. Miles. H XL [ 58 ] XI. Part of a Letter fromMr.Txcirfo\zy,F.R.$. to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Prek R. S. concerning the Light caufed by Quickfilver Jhaken in a Glafs Fube^ proceeding from Electricity. Hague , 4 Feb. r 745. N. S. Read Feb. l3-"\ ft R. I ’ Allamand continues here ver 7 I74S'6- I V f fuccefsfully his Experiments upon Electricity, and is at all times pleafed to communi- cate them, in order to excite others as much as he can to purfue the fame Inquiries : He has been pleafed to impower me to give you an Account of fuch as he thought might be mod: likely to give you Pleafure, and at the fame time defires your Accept- ance of his bed: Refpcfts. Mr. V Allamand inclofed fome Mercury in a Tube clofe-ftopp’d 5 and, when he afterwards rubb’d this Tube, it gave a great deal more Light than when the fame had no Mercury in it. When this Tube has been rubb'd, after railing fuccellively its Extremities, that the Mercury might flow from one End to the other, one fees a Light ferpenting all along the Tube 5 that is to fay, the Mercury, as it runs along, is all luminous. Mr. I Allamand then made the Mercury run in the fame manner along the Tube without rubbing it, and it fiill gave fome Light, but much lefs than be- fore. This laft Experiment perfuaded him, that the Fri&ion of the Mercury againd: the Glafs might electrify that Glafs, in the like manner as the rub- bing of the Hand. And he has been confirmed in the C 59 ] the fame Notion by another Experiment : He brought fome Down near to the Tube, and then made the Mercury run from one End to the others and the Down was attra&ed, as the Mercury in its Motion paffed by it. Thefe Experiments he has repeated, and varied feveral Ways; and they have led him to conclude, that the ¥ hofphoras of the Barometer, known this great while, is not fo properly a cPhofphorus% as the Effeft of the Mercury ele&rifying the Tube of the Barometer. Mr. I Allamand has put Mercury into exhaufleci Tubes, and, when thefe are rubb'd, they give muck more Light than before,* there then come out from them on all Sides Rays of very lively Light. I have alfo feen at Leyden , at Mr. Mufchenhroedzs the Me- chanift s, an exhaufted Globe of Glafs, which, when rubb’d with the Hand, feem'd all fill'd with a very bright Fire. Several Perfons have obferved, that when they had been ele&rified, their Fulfes beat a little fafter than before. I have even myfelf felt, after having been ele&rified a pretty while together, a Senfation all over my Body : But within thefe few Weeks, fome Perfons have felt very fnarp Pains upon their being electrified. There is an Experiment that Mr. I' Allamand has tried 5 he eledrify'd a tin Tube, by means of a glafs Globe 5 he then took in his left Hand a Glafs full of Water, in which was dipped the End of a Wire 5 the other End of this Wire touched the eledrified tin Tube : He then touch'd, with a Finger of his right Hand, the eledrified Tube, and drew a Spark from it, when at the fame Inftant he felt a moft violent Shock all over his Hz Body, [ 6o ] Body. The Pain has not been always equally lharp, but he fays, that the firfl: time he loft the Ufe of his Breath for fome Moments ; and he then felt fo intenfe a Pain all along his right Arm, that he at firfl apprehended ill Confequences from it ; tho’ it foon after went off without Inconvenience. It is to be remarked, that in this Experiment he flood limply upon the Floor, and not upon the Cakes of Refin. It does not fucceed with all Glaffes ; and tho' he has tried feveral, he has had perfedl Succefs with none but thofe of Bohemia. He has tried Englijh Glaffes without any Effect. That Glafswith which it belt fucceeded was a Beer Glafs. Mr. Mufchenbroeck the Profeffor has repeated his Experiment, holding in his Hand a hollow Bowl exceeding thin, full of Water; and he fays he expe- rienced a moft terrible Pain. He fays, the Glafs mull not be at all wet on the Outfide. XII. A Letter from Mr. John Hill, Apothe- cary, to the Prefident, concerning the Manner of the Seeding of Modes ; and in particular of the Hypnum terreftre, trichoides, luteovirenus, vulgare, majus, capitulis eretdis. Raii Synopf. Ed. 3. pag. 84. SIR, Head Feb. 13. i745'6-r | “'H E many late Difcoveries of with Alterations. the Seeds of Vegetables (for- merly fuppofed to produce none) have opened a Way [ 61 ] Way to an* extenfive Scene of Knowledge ; and led to a Series of Obfervations, in which there will be found an almoft inexhauftible Store of Delight and Admiration. The Mo fTes, in particular, one of the mod beautiful Parts of the vegetable Creation, will afford the curious Obfcrvcr more Matter of Enter- tain ment than perhaps any other Clafs of it. A Specimen of which I do myfelf the Honour of com- municating to you in this Letter. The particular Obfervations it contains, though new and furprifing, you will allow unqueftionable in Fa Ct and Certainty, when I add, that they are what i have not only often repeated myfelf, but have alfo fhewn to Mr. Baker, Dr. Barfons , and Mr. Needham , Gentlemen of too nice Eyes, and too conversant in Obfervations of this kind, not to have difeovered Miftalces, if there had been any ; and who all agree, that no Difcovery by the Microfcope was ever clearer. The Manner of feeding of the Moffes in general is a Thing perhaps as little underftood, as any Part of the vegetable Syftem : What I have to offer here is the explaining and deferibing it clearly, in one Species at leaft, from a Number of Obfervations made on it in its different States, and at different Seafons of the Year. The thorough Knowledge of the Operations of Nature in the Seeding of one of thefe little Plants, may, I hope, be a fair Step to the difeovering it in them all. And the almoft infinite Variety of not only Species, but Genuss , in this Clafs of Vegetables,, feems to promife the Inquirer a vaft Variety of new Difcoveries. I (hall C 62 ] I fhall not trouble you, to whom I very well know there is no need of repeating any Part of the Labours of the antient or later Naturalifts, with an Account of the erroneous Opinions of others on this Subjed 5 you will find, by this Account, that thofe who have been ufed to judge well in other Parts of Botany, have been altogether miftaken here : And even the ac- curate Mr. Hooky who of all others has come neareft a Difcovery of the Truth, and who actually faw fomc Part of the Organization of thefe little Bodies, was fo far from making the leaft Guefs at the Nature and Ufes of what he faw, that he even miftook the Structure of it. The particular Species of Mofs, whofe Head I here fend you a Defcription of, is the Hypnum terrejirey tricho'ideSy hiteovirenSy vulgar Cy majus , capitulis ereffis. Rail Synopf. ed. 3. p. 84. Hypnum vul- gar e, fericeum, recurvum , capjuUs ereBis cufpidatiSy Dill. Hid. Mufc. 323. It is frequent on old Walls, and there is a Specimen of it in the third Volume of the Hortus Jiccus of Englifh Plants of my collecting, which you honour with a Place in your Library. The Head of this Mofs appears to the naked Eye (as at Fig. 3. Tab. I.) of a pale-brown Colour, and fmooth Surface, and is in Part cover'd with a membranaceous Calyptra , relembling in Shape an Extinguifher, or a Funnel inverted. When this Calyptra is taken off, and the Head placed before the Microfcope, the Sur- face of it is feen to be ridg'd with longitudinal Stritfy the Bafis of the Head is of a dark Orange-colour, and more opaque than the reft 3 and the Top is bounded by an orange-colour'd Ring, (welling out fomething beyond [ 63 J beyond the Surface of the contiguous Parts of the Head. A clofeObfervation and good Glaffes have inform’d me, that in this little Head there are not wanting the Parts effential to the Fruftification of what are com- monly called the more perfedt Plants. This Ring istruly a monophyllous undulated Calyx% and within it arife fixteen pyramidal fimbriated Stami- na : Thefe are of a pale-greenifh Colour, and are loaded with a white oval Farina .The Stamina all bend toward each other from their Safes, and almoft meet in a Point at their Tops. This is their Appearance when the Head is nearly ripe, and is what is exprefs’d at Fig . 4. Tab. I. And immediately under the Arch formed by thefe Stamina is plac'd a {lender, cylindric, hollow Fijiillum , thro' which the Farina makes its Way, and is difperfed among the Seeds in the Head. The external Membrane of the Head is a Continm ation of the outer Covering of the Stalk, and is ftrengthen'd at its Bafis by four or five Ribs, which foon lofe themfelves in the Stride. A longitudinal Sedtion of the Head {hews, that the Membrane before- mentioned inclofes a Seed-veflfcl fo large as to fill it every Way : In moil Places they touch* but where-ever they do not, a Number of very (lender, white, and tranfparent Fibres fhew themfelves, which join them together. This Seed- veffel is fill'd with perfedt and very beautiful Seeds $; they are round, tranfparent while unripe, but af- terwards opaque, and of a very beautiful Green 5 which Colour they retain even when dried. The Number of Seeds in one of thefe Heads is aftonifhingly great ; I have many times attempted to count [64] count them, in fuch as were full, and out of which few or none had been diflodg’d by the Cutting 5 and as the Accounts, at different Times, and various in Heads, have not much differ’d, I fhall venture to infert a Guefs from them. It will eafily be conceived, that in Seeds fo minute as well as numerous, this mud be a very difficult Task 5 and indeed to count every feparate Seed, I believe would be not much lefs than impoffible : The Method therefore by which I make the Calculation is this. I count in an eighth Part of the Circumference of one Half of the Head nine Seeds, 9x8 — J2. there are therefore 72 Seeds in a Line, which reaches round the Circumference of one Half of the Head. I judge the Length of this Half to be to its Circunv ference as 3 to 2, or thereabout : Therefore, in one longitudinal Line in it, there rauft be 96 Seeds ; the whole Quantity in the Half of the Head therefore is 72 x 96 = 691 2 5 and, doubling that for the equal Number of Seeds of the orher Half, there appear to be in one Head 2 x 69 12 = 1 3 8 24 Seeds. Fig. 5. Tab. I. fhews a longitudinal Section of the Head with the Seeds, the Stamina, and the joining of the Capfule with the external Membrane of the Head. The Stamina , examined alone, afford a moll plealing Sight 5 they are compofed of a white tranf- parent Subftance, of a pyramidal figure, everywhere cover’d with a pale-greenifh Gruff ; which is the Re- ceptacle of a vaft Quantity of an oval Farina , fo ex- tremely minute, as to be viftble only with the moft powerful Magnifiers in the double Microfcope. The outer Membrane of the Head becomes fepara- blc from the Capfule when perfectly ripe and dry $ and C 65 3 and tKen, view’d in the double Microfcope, Chews a reticular Texture, not vilible in it before. When this Head is firfl: produced from the Plant, the Stamina are very {lender, and hand eredt; the Head is fcarce any thicker than the Stalk, and the Caljptra covers the Whole, to fhield the tender Sub- ftancc of the Farina from external Injuries. As the Farina afterwards fwells in the Stamina , the Seeds" alfo in the Head increafe in Bulk, and become vifible, and are then tranfparent j but when it is perfe&Iy ripe, the Caljptra falls off, and the Wind diflodging the Farina at times, as it ripens fome fooner, fome later, it makes its Way through the Fiji ilium into the Head, and the Seeds then become much larger and opaque 5 to favour the Falling of the Farina- into the Tijlillum, the Stamina, as they ripen, are, by the Increafe of Thicknefs in the Head, thrown far- ther and farther from each other at their Bafes, but bend inward at the Points, fo as to form a kind of Arch over the Opening of it. The annual Product of thefe molt minute Seeds is aftonifning : An ingenious Gentlemen has given, in N°. 468 of thefe Tranfaclions, p. 320. an Account of the wonderful Increafe of the Mallows one of which he found to yield in one Year 200,000. But this is much inferior to thofe of the little Plant be- fore us i for, allowing to a Root of this 8 Branches, and to each Branch fix Heads (which any one, who will obferve it in a thriving Situation, will find a very moderate Computation), the Produce of this is 6 X 13824 = 82944. an<^ 8 X 82944 = 663 yyz Seeds, the annual Produce of one Seed 5 13824 of which are contain’d in a Head, whofe Length is I but C 66 ] but ^ of an Inch, and its Diameter but of an Inch, and whofe Weight is but the thirteenth Part of a Grain. I am, SIR, With the great eft Refpeli, Broadway, JVeJlminJter , Feb. 6. 1745-6. Tour very obedient. Humble Servant , John Hill. Explanation of the Figures, Tab. I. Fig. 3. fhews the Head of this Mofs in its natural Dimenfions, with and without the Calyptra. Fig. 4. The fame view'd thro' a powerful Magnifier, without its Calyptra. Fig. f . A longitudinal Sedion ox the fame. Fig. 6. Stamina taken off from the Head, and view’d by a more powerful Magnifier. Fig. 7. A Piece of the outer Membrane of the Head, Ihewing its reticular Texture. XIII. C<7 ] 'XIII. A Letter from Mr . James Sherwood, Surgeon , to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Prefident of the Royal Society, concerning the minute Eels in Pafte being viviparous . I R , Feb. 13. & LTHO' the microfcopical Gbje&s, Lx, which I have the Honour to inform you of at prefent, have been already very commonly feen and obferved by many of the Curious 5 yet I flatter myfelf the Obfervations I have had the Happi* ncfs to make on them, and which you were pleafed to be a Witnefs of, will be no lefs entertaining to the Royal Society , than extraordinary in the Event* The Eels in four Pafte are the Animalcules in X^ueftion $ in which. Accident (which has often in- troduced amazing Difcoveries) has opened the follow- ing Scene to me. Examining one Day a Number of thefe Eels, and having a Mind to view a Angle one, I placed the largeft I could find in a fmall Drop of Water, under the Mi* crofcope , in doing of which I found I had wounded him in the Belly 5 a long (lender Tube proceeded from the Wound, doubled in the Form of an Inteftine, which I then took it for. The next Day I communicated this to Mr. Turbe - ville Needham 5 and, having a Mind to fee the Vif cera , as we then thought, he cut one in two, near the Middle 5 when, to our great Surprize* we found this Part had (hot out from each of the divided Ends, I % and C 68] and a Number of feeming Ova iflued from them ; but we foon found, that thcfe were really live Eels, included in their proper Membranes, though of dif- ferent Degrees of Maturity. Some mov’d but (lowly their Head and Tail, others coil’d and uncoil’d them- felves pretty briskly ; and indeed it was pleafant to behold the moft mature making many Efforts to dis- engage themfelves from their inveloping Membranes, frequently varying their Pofition, being fometimes fpiral, then like a Figure of 8, till at laft they were intirely at Liberty, and fwam about like the Parent Eel. By this it appears, that what I at firft took for the Inteftine, we now found to be the Uterus , which ihews, in the large Eels, to be full of dark Spots, and are the young Eels. Thefe dark Spots are alfo obferve* able in the young ones, as foon as deliver’d from their Parent. To be fure of this Experiment, I repeated the Ope- ration on Numbers of thefe Eels in Prefence of Dr. "Parfons, and feveral other Gentlemen, and always found young ones ; fome fo mature {viz. thofe to- wards the Middle of the Parent) as to difengage themfelves before I could get them under the Micro- fcope. In cutting one of thefe Eels, I happen’d to divide a young one exa&Iy in two; but, notwithftanding the globular Appearances, as in the Parent, there iflued nothing from the wounded Extremity of either Part ; which muft be owing to the Immaturity of the young ones. From this it is plain, that thefe Eels are viviparous ; and confequently cannot favour the common Opinion **• among C 69 3 among Naturalifts, That all Kinds of Animalcules are produc’d by minute Eggs floating in the Air, and fall- ing into the different Matrices and Pabula, that fuf- tain each Kind. In order to arrive at fome Knowledge of this, I have made fome frdh Pafte, and have cover’d fome with a Piece of Lawn, fome with a Bladder, and expofed the reft as ufual. I have alfo made a Mixture of Flower and Water without boiling, and tied down fome of that, and left the reft open ; whereby it may appear how far the Air may or may not be concern’d in the Conveying of thefe Animalcules : For there is no Mean to be imagin’d, by which thefe Creatures can get into the Pafte, if we do not fuppofe Nature has decreed two Ways for their Production, that is, from Eggs in the Air, befides the Manner that ap- pears before us : But this, together with the Refult of fome other Experiments, lhall be humbly offer’d to your Confideration, in a future Paper, by SIR, Tour mojl obedient Servant » J, Sherwood, xm XIV. Some Obfervations on the Cancer Major, by Mr, Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. Newport in the IJle of Wight, July i. 1745. Read Feb. 20. IT ^ riding about this pleafant Ifland, to fee ? 745-0. what was curious, or may deferve aTra- veller's Notice, I vifited a little Parifh call'd Crab -Nigh- tony which probably has its additional Name from the Plenty of Crabs found on this Coaft. What Intelligence X have gain'd from the Fifhermen, and my own Expe- rience on the Nature and Faculties of this Animal, I (hall carefully relate. The Cancer Major , or largeft Species of Crab, have their chief A*bode from twenty to forty Fathom Wa- ter ; they herd together in diftind Tribes, and have their feparate Haunts for Feeding and Breeding, and will not affociate with their Neighbours. This has been carefully tried, by taking a Crab, and marking its Shell, and carrying it two or three Miles Diftance* and leaving it amongtl the fame Species This Crab has found its Way back to its old Home, and has been caught by the fame Fifhermen that carried it. The fmalleft Crab that comes to Hand is about the Size of a Cheftnut ; the full-grown feven Pounds Weight, but there has been one caught that weigh'd twelve Pounds. The Bait is Flefh, or Pieces of Skait, or fmall Shark, of which he cats but little. The Fifhermen all agree, the Crab will live confined in the Pot or Basket fome Months, without any Food hut what is colleded from the Sea-water, and not dcctcafc in Weight. The Difference of Sex is very confpicuous, [ 7i ] confpicuous, and they are very prolific 5 but I could procure no certain Account of their Way of Coupling, nor in what Time they attained to full Growth. Once a Year, like the Lobfter, they lofc or call: their Shells. Again!! this extraordinary Change, they choofe a clofe and well-fecured Retreat in the Cavities of Rocks, and under great Stones : There they creep in, and wait, until, by degrees, the Parts are difen- gaged ; which is effected by withdrawing their Legs from their old Shells, leaving them, and the upper Part of their Body -Shell behind. In this naked State they make a very odd Appear- ance, being an ill-fhapen Lump of Jelly-like Subftance, which gradually hardens into a Shell a Size larger than the old one : For this is the Way of Growth appointed for this Animal, and others of the crufta- ceous Species. Thefe Hints I collected from People of good Character, whofe Employ was always amongft them. But now I lhall relate fomething to this Society more wonderful, of my own Knowledge, which I hope may be worthy their Attention, being one of the mod furprifing Phenomena in Nature ; which is. That this large Species of Crab has a Po>ver in itfelf voluntarily to crack and break its own Legs or Claws, and drop them off. The Reproduction of the Legs of Craw-fifh has been mention’d in the Hijlory of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with fome juft Remarks about the Growth of thefe Creatures Shells; but I don’t know any Writer has taken notice of this ftrange Event of the Crab. Mr. [ 72 1 Mr. Benjamin Cook , at Newport In the IJle of Wight y a worthy Member of this Society , told me of this marvellous Property in the Great Crab 5 but I could not comprehend it, until I faw the Experiment tried on two Crabs 5 then I was foon convinced of the Truth of the Fad 5 for, in a few Minutes, the Legs all dropp'd off one after another. This the Crab will do in any Pofition ; but the eafieft Method is to lay it on its Back, and then take a Pair of ftrong iron Pincers, and break the Shell, and bruife the Flefh of the third or fourth Joint of its fmall Leg : After it has received the Hurt, it bleeds, and gives Sign of Pain, by moving its Leg from Side to Side , but afterwards holds it quite ft ill, in a dired and natural Pofition, without touching any Part of its Body, or its other Legs, with it. Then, on a fud- den, with a gentle Crack, the wounded Part of the Leg drops off at the fecond Joint, or Internodium , from its Body 5 juft as one fees the Neck of a Retort feparate, where it has been heated by a red-hot iron Ring, on the Application of cold Water. The great Legs are call off in the fame manner, but are not fo eafily laid hold on as the fmall ones. Thofe that have notfeen this wonderful Operation may reafonably conclude, that the Leg is caft out of its Joint or Socket 5 but it is quite otherwife ; for it cracks and breaks off in the fmootheft Part of the Joint, and the Rim of the Body-Shell is no-ways affiftant to it. To try what Effed Increafe of Pain would have in this Work, a fmall Hole was pierced in the great Legs, and then a pointed Iron was put in to lacerate the inclofed Mufcle : The Confequence was anfwcr- able [ 73 ] able to Expe&ation 5 Symptoms of greater Pain en- fued, and the Leg was caft off with greater Violence. It is really amazing and inconceivable, by what Power or Contrivance in itfelf, fo wonderful an Operation can be performed by the Crab, as volun- tarily to crack and break fo hard a Shell, and its Mufcles, and [then caft off its Legs. The fmall Dia- meter of this Joint, the Difpofition of the Fibres, and a very fmall circular Fo(fay may contribute greatly to accelerate the Work ; but yet the main Spring of A&ion (for the prefent) feems beyond the Reach of human Comprehenfion. The whole Performance is fo curious, and fo Angular a Fad in the Hiftory of Nature, that it may well deferve a nicer Confideration, by thofe that have greater Abilities, and more Leifure, for fuch Inquiries. When the Leg is dropp’d off, a Mucus or Jelly is difcharged on the remaining Part of the Joint next the Body, which, as a natural Styptic, inftantly flops the Bleeding, and gradually hardens and grows cal- lous, and forms into a Leg in Miniature, which, by degrees, (hoots forth, and attains to its natural Size, to fupply the Place of that which was loft. An Experiment was next tried, to fee of what great Service the Mucus or Jelly was to the Crab. When its Legs were all caft off, the Ends of two or three of the Stumps were pierced with a pointed Iron, fo as to break off the Jelly that flopped them 5 upon which Signs of more intenfe Pain were exhibited, a very large Flux of Blood enfued, and the Creature foon died in great Agonies, as was manifeft by a Tremor of thofe Parts about the Mouth, and a Frothing like that which attends epileptic Fits. K It [ 74 ] It is reafonable to conclude, that this wonderful Faculty, is given to the Crab for wife Ends and Pur- poles which will evidently appear when the Nature of this Animal is better known. The Crabs are naturally very quarrelfome, and with their great Legs or Claws fight and kill one another : With them they catch hold of their Adversary's Legs, and whatever they feize, they firongly retain for a long while : There is no efcaping their cruel Foe, but by voluntarily leaving a Part of the Leg behind, in Token of Viftory 5 but the principal End for which this is done, is the faving the Life of the Conquer'd > for when they are bitten and bruifed, and cannot break off that Limb, they foon bleed to Death. The Fifhermen fhew’d an Experiment, to give us fome Idea of the tenacious Difpofition of this Crea- ture, by obliging a Crab with its great Claw to lay hold of a fmall one : The filly Creature did not dif- tinguifh that itfelf was the Aggrefl.br 5 but exerted its Strength, and foon crack'd the Shell of its own fmall Leg, and it bled freely j but, feeling itfelf wounded, to fave its Life required a Power peculiar to itfelf to break off that Limb in the ufual Place ; which it pre- fently effe&ed, and held faft for a long time the broken Part in its great Claw : Which evidently (hews, that this Creature retains whatever it lays holds on, and,, when overcome by its Enemy, ranfoms its Life at the Expencc of a Limb, XV. [ 75 1 XV. A remarkable Injlance of the happy EjfeEl of Musk, in a very dangerous Cafe j by James Parfons, M. D. F. R. 8. Read Feb. 20.^ JTr. ^Darlington, who lodges at the 1745 * JlVjL Chejhire Cheefe below Charing - Crofs , a Man of a robuft Habit of Body, was taken ill about the Beginning of December iaft of a Rheum- atic Fever, attended with the Lofs of the Ufe of his Limbs, exceffive Pain in every Part, and Swell- ings in his Knees and Hands, with ail the other Symptoms ufuai in this kind of Fever : Befides which he cough'd up grumous Blood, and had a Pain whiclrwas very violent in his right Side, from a Fall againfi: the Edge of a Table, a few Days before he was feiz'd with this Fever, which render'd his Cafe the more dangerous. During the fi'rft ten Days he was attended by his Apothecary only; who, finding him grow worfe, propofed a Phyfician, who was accordingly called in, and order'd a Bleeding, with fuch other Remedies as he thought neceffary : This, I underftood, was the fecond time he had been let Blood. But the Patient by this time was fo averfe to taking Medicines, that he did not duly follow the Method order'd by this Gentleman, and at length abfolutely refufed to take any more, and fo difeharged the Dodtor on the fourth Day of his Attendance. On the fifeenth Day of his Illnefs he fent for me, having been formerly concerned for fome of his Family. 1 found his Symptoms increafed, and K z his [ 76 3 his Difeafe gaining Ground apace. I had him let Blood immediately, which was one third Part Size, and order'd it to be repeated, and put him under fuch a Regimen as the State of his Cafe then re- quired; but as foon as I was gone, he refufed to comply with my Prcfcriptions alfo. I exprefs'd my Concern for his obftinate Temper, and left him on my fourth Vifit. Thus were eighteen Days pafied, and his Cafe growing more defperate every Day. I heard no more of him till five Days after, which was on the twenty- third Day of his Difeafe, when I was intreated to vifit him again, and found him moft miferably affli&ed with two of the moft dangerous Symptoms that can appear at the End of fuch a dangerous Difttemper 5 viz. a long IntermiJJion of his Pulfe every third or fourth Stroke, and a moft fatiguing Hiccup , which ftruck him violently about ten times in a Minute. His Cafe was now deplorable and defperate (thro9 his own Folly), and what I was almoft ready to give up, efpecialiy as he was then very weak and delirious : However, willing to aflift him, and calling to Mind the Accounts of the Musk fome time fince commu- nicated to this Learned Society *, was refolved to have recourfe to it here. Accordingly I dire&ed a Draught, confifting of an Ounce and half of ftrong Cinamon- water, two Drams of compound Piony-water, and fifteen Grains of Musk , with Orders to increafe the Dofe of Musk to twenty Grains, and repeat the Draught every fix Hours. I alfo told his Wife to give him a Glafs of Sack, as often as he would have it 5 and at the fame time caufed three Bliftering Plaiftcrs to * See thefe TranJ. n. 474, p. 212 , C 77] to be laid on to his Neck and Arms, which, among other things, he had refufed before. In four Hours after the firft Draught the intermit- ting Pulfe was alter’d to a very calm regular one ; but the Hiccup continued with the fame Violence, till he had taken the fifth Draught j and then return'd only once in fix or feven Minutes. His Senfes were now reftored, and he grew chear- ful and eafy, and faid, he would take no more of any kind whatfoever: Bur, being unwilling to ceafe the Exhibition of a Medicine which bid fo fair for his Recovery, I gave him a Glafs of Sack, into which the fixth Draught was privately pour'd, which took away his Hiccup intirely. The next Day he had an Appetite to eat, and was indulged by his Wife with a large Chicken, a great deal of Bread, and a Pint of Beer and Ale, which he eat greedily: This overcharg'd his Stomach, and brought on his Hiccup again, which fatigued him much, before I vifited him in the Afternoon. Whereupon I dire&ed a purging Draught immedi- ately, which emptied him well, and conquer'd his Hiccup, and every other bad Symptom. Next Day I found him well, limited his Diet for a few Days, with Directions to repeat his Purge once more, after three Days 5 and in a Fortnight he went abroad. The Blifters might perhaps conduce, in fome meafure, to do him Service ; but, as the Man was fo many Days ill, gand reduced to a Condition very little, if at all, better than that of a dying Man, I believe the Musk , rather than the Blifters, was the Medicine that reftored him ; For I have often feen the [ 78 ] the latter applied in a greater Number In vain, even when the Symptoms were not fo feemingly defpe- rate as in the Cafe before you. He took near one hundred and five Grains of Musk in about thirty Hours 5 but I can't fay he either flept Orperfpired more than ordinary upon it. XVI. Part of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Miles, F.R.S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F.R.S * concerning Ele&rical Fire. Dear Sir , Reaa Feb. 2o.~^7~QU query, Whether that fubtil Fire j[ which kindles warm'd Spirit of Wine, be refident in the Body from which it evi- dently iffues, and be kindled occafionally ? or, Whe- ther it comes from the excited Tube pervading in- flantaneoufly the Body it is applied to ? or, laftly, whether there are certain Principles in the Air, which are thus agitated into an extemporaneous Lightning ? Thefe Queries are certainly very com- prehenfive aed important $ I wifh I were able to re- turn you fomewhat more fatisfaftory than Suppo- fitions. I incline to think the eleftrical and luminous Effluvia to be the fame, and not diflindl Sub fiances. Mr. Haaksbee feems to diflinguifh them, intimating, that no luminous Matter would be communicated from an excited Cylinder of Wax to his Finger, when brought near to the Cylinder, though it attra&ed liuht Bodies 5 but it is to be obferved, that this Cy- linder [ 79 ] Under of Wax was only a Coat of Wax, of about half an Inch thick, on a wooden Cylinder of four Inches Diameter : Now I have always found my Stick of Wax, which confifts of nothing elfe, to emit lu- minous Effluvia very plentifully, and rather in a greater Degree than the glafs Tube. If we conclude with the Englifh Fhilofophers, that Fire is mechanically producible from other Bodies, by Collifion, Attrition, <&c> or, according to Sir Ifaac Newton , by putting the fulphureous Particles of Bodies into a very ftrong vibratory Motion 5 by which means they become hot and lucid, /. e. affed us with Ideas of Light and Heat j on this Suppofition may we not conclude, that the Adion on the glafs Tube, when it is rubb’d, by putting the Parts of it into fuch a Vibration, and, coofequently, agitating violently the fulphureous Panicles therein, may heat and kindle them? And may it not alfobe (uppofcd, that when the Air is in a due State, nitrous or other Particles in the Air may contribute to the kindling them > Or perhaps, rather that fubtil, adive, elaftic Subflance, which Sir Ifaac Newton fuppofes to be the Caufe of the Refradion, &c. of Light, and which communicates Heat to Bodies, and is univcrfally dif- fufed? Thefe Effluvia , being thus agitated and con- vey’d by a non eletdric Body intervening, in a due Quantity, to the Vapour of the warmed Spirit, may be fuppofed to kindle them, without exciting any originally-refidcnt Fire in the Body immediately communicating with them 5 the luminous Effluvia from the Finger, or Ice, &c. when brought near the inflammable Body, being, as far as we can perceive, of the very fame kind with thofe which proceed I from [ 8° ] from the Tube 5 or there is nothing appearing in them which may lead us to fufpeft they are not the very fame, tho' in a greater Quantity than what can come from the Part of the Tube you approach with the End of your Finger. If we conclude with fome of the foreign Philo- sophers, Boerhaavey Homberg , Lemeryy s Grave/and, &c. that Fire is equally difFufed throughout the Univerfe by the Creator, pervading the Interftices of all Bodies, and that there is no Fire mechanically produc'd de novo , then, may we not conclude, that whereas, by Attrition oftheglafs Tube, there is pro- duced a very quick and ftrong Vibration of its Parts, which muft neceflarily affeft the Fire contain'd in the Vacuities, by Compreflion and Relaxation 5 fo that, as Boerhaave expreffes it, there muft be, in the Bodies thus agitated, and in the Fire contain’d in its Pores, an exceeding great Motion excited, and, together herewith, the furrounding Fire, from both thefe Caufes, muft be agitated, and fo much the more violently, the nearer it is $ May we not conclude, that its Force will be hereby fufficiently increafed to kindle the Spirit to which it is convey'd ? In this, as in the former Hypothefis, I would not exclude the elaftic Materia fubtilis from being fup- pofed the having an Inuflence on the Effluvia. Whichsoever of the two Hypothefes we embrace, you may perceive, that I incline to think, that the kin- dling Fire rather proceeds from the excited Tube, I am very fenfible I am in a great meafure groping in the dark ; but hope future Experiments will caft [8! J a Light on this obfcure Subject. I am, with very great RefpeCt, ‘Dear Sir , Tooting, Feb. 15,' Tour faithful Friend , 1745-6. and obliged humble Ser vant, H. Miles. XVII. An Account of a Book intituled. \ De quamplurimis Pholphoris nunc primum detedlis Commentarius. AuSlore Jac. Bar- thol. Beccario. Printed in 4.1:0. at Bo lognia, 1744. RxtraEled and tranjlated from the Latin by W. Watfon, F. R. S. Read Feb. 27. r I ‘HE ingenious Author, in the Work >745- • before us, does not treat exprefly of thofe Productions of the chemical Art, which we ufually call Thofphori, but principally of fuch Sub- ftances, whether natural or artificial, which imbibe the Rays of Light in fuch Quantities, and in fuch a Manner, as to appear luminous for a Time, even in abfolute Darkneis. Before I enter upon the Subject -Matter of this Treatife, I mult take notice of the Apparatus made life of in thefe Inquiries. Our Author caufed a wooden Box to be made, large enough either to lit in, or Hand in upright; yet not fo large but he might with Eafe be carried to any Place the molt convenient L for [82 ] for his Obfervations. In this Box was a little Win- dow, in which a cylindrical Tube was fitted fo ex- actly, that no Light could be admitted but through the Tube, in which there was an Apparatus fo adapted, that the Perfon within could place any Ob- ject proper for Obfervation in fuch a Manner, as to receive as much Light as it could contain, and then to turn it inftantly towards his Eye, without admiting the leaft Ray of Light, befides that brought in by the Object. The Infide of this Box muft be abfolutely dark ; without which Caution many of the Attempts would be unfuccefsful ,• becaufe the Light in many of the Subjects was neither very lively nor very laft- ing. Therefore it was neceffary alfo, that the Eyes of the Obferver Ihould be as free as pofiible from the Impreffions of former Vifion : So that it were proper to make thefe Obfervations immediately after Sleep, or to keep the Eye you intend to make ufe of fhut at leaft half an Hour before you enter the Box. A Proof to know whether your Eye is pro- perly difpofed, will be expofing a Piece of white Pa- per to the Light in the Tube, and then being able to perceive its Form and Colour when turned towards you in the Box. Our Author divides the Phofphori into feveral Kinds ; fome of which Ihine of themfelves naturally, as the Glow worm and Dates 5 or adventitioufly, as the Flcfh of Animals, which moft probably arifes from a Degree of Putrefaction, fometimes too flight to be obvious to our Senfes. Other Bodies become luminous by Attrition, Heat, the free Accefs of Air, and, laftly, by imbibing and retaining the Rays of Light. Thofe Bodies that are luminous by Attrition, 3 are amongft others, fome Diamonds, and the Hairs of Animals ; by Heat, feveral Sorts of Gems, and Moun- tain Cryftals ; from the free Accefs of Air, the Phof- phori of Kraft and Homberg ; from the Afpeft of Light, the Bolognian luminous Stone, the Prepara- tion by Chriftian Adolphus Baldwin of Chalk difi* folved in Spirit of Nitre, as well as feveral others difcovered by the late Monfieur Du Fay , who found, that whatever Subftances would, by Calcination, be converted into a Calx, or whofe Concrete, from a Solution in the Acid of Nitre, would bear Fire enough to become red-hot, thefe Bodies were adapted to imbibe and retain Light. The greateft Number of Phofphori are of the laft- mention’d Kind, and thefe are principally the Sub- jects of this Treatife. Some of thefe are natural, others artificial ; but of thefe laft the Preparation is fo flight, as not to change the Nature of their con~ ftituent Parts. The natural Phofphori are either foffil, vegetable, or animal. The foffil are, though very different in Degree, fome Sorts of Earths, white Sand, Lime-ftones, Staladlites, and feveral other figured Stones, Ifland Cryftals, Flints, fome Species of Agates, white Arfenic ; but no fort of Metals, metallic or fulphureous Bodies, as Jer, Amber ; ex- cept the before-mention’d Arfenic. On the other hand, Salts imbibe Light, provided they are diverted of every metallic Principle ; otherwife not, though pellucid as poffible. For this Reafon, none of the Vitriols will imbibe Light j but other Salts will, tho’ with a confiderable Difference as to Quantity ; for Sal Gem. and Rock-Salt imbibe very little ; Sea-Salt, if dry, and in Cryftals, much more; and, in like L 2 manner, [ 8+] manner, Sal. Ammoniac. ; more yet, Sal catharticum and Nitre ; weak in the Natron of the Ancients, and Alum; but brighteft of all in Borax. In the vegetable Kingdom we find very few Thof- phoriithat of dry rotten Wood is weak, and not lad- ing; it appears chiefly upon the Edges and Inequali- ties of the Surface. But this is moft remarkable in the rotten Wood of the Fir-tree, and fome others, where in the dark you fee fhining Spots as big as Tares; whereas, in full Light, the whole Surface appears alike. Some few Barks are luminous, but not confiderably fo; but no Fruits, Seeds, or their Meals. Cotton appears very bright, and the Cryftals of Tartar ; but fine Loaf Sugar appears the moft lumi- nous of all, both without and within. Gums and Refins retain no Light. There is a vafl Variety of Bhofphori in the animal Kingdom, fuch as the Bones and Teeth ; to thefe may be added the Shells of Fifh, Egg-fhells, the human Cal- culus, Bezoar, and in whatever Parts of Animals the ter- reftrial Principle is very predominant. But where there is a confiderable Quantity of oily Matter, as in the Hoofs, Horns, and Feathers, no Light is manifeft. The Author, having gone throngh the natural Phojphori, propofes fome Queries concerning them ; of which the firft is, In what and how great a Light the Object ought to be placed ? He tried different Thofphori indifferent Degrees of Light, and found them imbibe moft Light from the Sun itfelf ; next in Quantity, when the Sky was clear ; and the lead in foggy W eathcr. Thefe Experiments fhould be made in the open Air, and not in a Houfe with the glafs Windows fhuv; becaufe many Bodies appear luminous, [ 8S ] luminous, when the Light has come dlre&ly to them, which will not have that Appearance when the Light has paffed thtough the Glais. He laftly tried what Light they would imbibe from very bright Flame, and found, that Alabafter itfelf, which is faturated more than any Subftance by the Sun’s Rays, imbibed exceedingly little. The next Query is, how long thcfe Bodies fhould remain in the Light to be fuf- ficiently faturated J Four or five Seconds were found the utmoft Length of Time required for that Purpofe. The other Query is. How long the received Light will continue in thefe Phofphori ? It does not lad the fame Time in all ; but continues more or lefs, from 2. Seconds to 8, in proportion to the Strength of the Phofphoms , and the Quantity of Light received. We pafs now to thofe Phofphori, which are pro- duced by Art ; and, firft, to them which are made by the Maceration of Plants alone, and without any Fire ; fuch as Thread, Linen Cloth, but, above all. Paper. The luminous Appearance of this laft is greatly in- creafed by Heat. This is confirmed by two Experi- ments : The firft is, by expofing the Paper, fpread upon an iron Grate, to the naked Fire, yet not near enough to fcorch it, and then laying a warm Brick thereon to retain the Heat ; by which means it was obferved, that where the Paper was not skreened by the iron Grate, it was moft luminous ; fo that, by the Lights and Shades, you might diftinguifh in the dark the Image of the iron Grate a conftderable Time. The other Experiment is the Application of the Pa- per to a Plate of warmBrafs j from which, when in the dark, you might very eafily, by its being lefs lu- minous,. [ 86 ] ruinous, d;ftinguifh the Margin of the Paper, that had not been warmed by the Brafs. The Author proceeds to take notice of thofe Thof- phori which become fo by the Affiftance of Fire. But the Fire here fpoken of is not great enough to diffolve their conftituent Parts, but only fuch as may affeft the external Parts of their Texture, and that but gently 5 fo that the Procefs here mentioned is only drying or roafting. For it is not the watry or the faline Part in Bodies which is torrefied ; but the olea- ginous, wherewith many Vegetables, and moil Ani- mals, abound. The white Flefh of Animals, fuch as that of Chick- ens, becomes a Phofphorus by roafting, as well as the Tendons, and whatever Parts of Animals become glutinous by boiling, fuch as Carpenter’s Glue, Ifing - glafs; to thefe may be added Cheefe. Bones, tho’ they imbibe Light without any Preparation, have that Property in a much greater Degree when burnt, and their luminous Appearance is much more lively. But Roafting has not this Effed upon Feathers, Hoofs, Horns, or Whites of Eggs. The fame Operation, which produces feveral Phofphori from the animal Kingdom, gives alfo feveral from the vegetable. Thus, by gently toafting, Gums, as Myrrh, Gum Tragacanth, and others, appear luminous, tho' different in Degrees j and this Light is clear, in pro- portion to the gentle Evaporation of their aqueous Parts. By this Treatment, Nuts of every Kind, Pulfe, Corn, Coffee-Berries, Meal, Bread, and Wafers, alfo become ‘Phofphori ■ Turpentine, Amber, and fbme Rcfins, require more Fire before they imbibe Light ; lo that you mult divert them of their Acid, and their light [ «7 ] light ethereal Oil, to make them appear luminous. But here great Care muft be taken that they boil no longer than from being white they turn yellow; for if you proceed longer, your Labour is loft. It is neceflary that you fhould be acquainted, that thofe Phofphori , which are produced by Torrefadion, foon lofe their Power, which, perhaps, neither Time, nor a thorough Diflblutionof their Parts, can deprive the natural ones of. In general, as long as the Phof phoriy gained by Torrefadion, preferve their Power, their Light is more {harp and ftriking, but the natu- ral, more weak. But thofe that are gained by Cal- cination, and Baldwyris Phofphorusy feem to pof- fefs both the ftriking Light of thofe gained by Tor- refadion. and the weaker Light of the natural Phof- phori: The laft they preferve a long time, but the former is loft by degrees much fooner. The well calcin’d Allies of Plants, or rather their terreftrial Parts remaining after the Solution of their fixed Salts by wafhing, and neutral Saits, continue Phofphori after many Years. So that, as far as we can judge, the luminating Power which is gained by Calcination, tho’ not fo intenfe, continues perpetual ; whereas that gained by Torrefadion always decreafes, and in a very little while is no longer vifible. Some even* by this Method, continue to imbibe Light much longer than others. Gum ArabiCy which continues longeft, lafts fix Days ; Bread, not one ; and Coffee* only a few Minutes. However, at any time, by a frefh Torrefadion, you may recover thefe languid Phofphori--, in which Property they have great Likenefs to the Bolognian Stone, and other Phofphori prepared by Art, The Phofphori gained by Torrefadion, as well C 88 3 well as that of Bolognia , will not imbibe Light, while they are warm 5 and this laft does not appear fo lu- minous when firft prepared, as when it has been fo fome time. The natural Phofphori do not differ only in the before- mention'd Particulars, but alfo in the Colour of the Light itfelf. The Light of the natural gene- rally appears either perfectly bright, or fomewhat in- clining to yellow : The artificial produces a red, and fometimes a brown Light ; but there are fome Ex~- ceptions to both thefe Rules. From thefe different Appearances, the Author conjectures, that there are two Sorts of Fire arifing from different Principles * that in torrefied Subftances, from a fulphureous, and that of the natural, from a terreftrial Principle. In obferving a Piece of Lapis Tut'ue , which was rough and unequal on its convex Side, fmooth and fomewhat polifhed on the concave } he found, to his Surprize, that the rough Side was luminous, and the fmooth one not. He was very defirous of in- veftigating the Caufe of this Appearance. He remem- ber'd that fome polifh’d Marbles did not imbibe Light, or very little, and that at their Edges ; but, having loft their Polifh, they did admit and retain it. He there- fore conjectures, that Bodies, according to the Dif- pofition of their Surfaces for the Reflexion of the Light, either fuffer or prevent its Entrance into them. If this Pofition holds good in the Reflection, why fhould it not with regard to the Refraction? Our Author produces two Experiments, which he appre- hends not foreign to the prefent Purpofe; but is yet making others, for his further Satisfaction. He ex- pofed a glafs Bottle full of Well-Water to the Light, and. [ «9 ] and, as foon as poflible, obferved it in the dark. As he expe&ed, it imbibed no Light. Upon pouring into it fome Oil of Tartar, it became turbid and whitifh, from the Well-Water being ufually impreg- nated with calcarious Matter. Upon obferving it then in the dark, after having been expofed as before, it retained enough of a pale Light to diftinguifh the Shape of the Bottle. In a Bottle of Rain-Water he diffolved fome Talcs which Stone, by rubbing, will diflolve in Water as Salts do, without rendering it opaque ; to this Solution he added Oil of Tartar, and this Mixture was luminous as the pre- ceding. He therefore concludes, that fo long as earthy Corpufcles are very fmall, feparate, and agree- ing in their Surfaces with the Water in which they float, they readily tranfmit the Light they receive j for which Reafon it is impoflible they fhouid retain Light enough to appear luminous in the dark. But, by the AfFufion of the faline Principle, the earthy Corpufcles unite with the Water and Salts and from the Union of thefe Principles the Mixture grows thick, whereby the ready Tranfmiffion of Light is prevented 5 fothat, if this Mixture is without Colour, or any thing metallic, the Light will be flopped long enough to be vifible in the dark. But if, inftead of Oil of Tartar, you add Sugar of Lead, the Mixture will be turbid, but retain no Light. In thefe two Experiments the Water becomes a 2° ho (p horns. Gems, Cryftals, and Glafs, whether whole, or powder’d ever fo fine, retain no Light j fo that nei- ther their Tranfparency nor Whitenefs contribute to their becoming luminous in the dark. Of feveral Diamonds, in all Appearance perfedlythe fame, fome M were y C 90 ] were very luminous, others not at all. Of many opaque Subftances, whether rough, polifhed, or finely powder’d, lbme were luminous, others not. So that it appears, that not only the external, but the in- ternal Texture of Bodies alfo, may conduce fome- times to their being luminous. From the preceding Experiments, the Author is led to make fome Inquiries into the Caufe of this lumi- nous Appearances and takes notice, that almoft all Bodies, by a proper Treatment, have that Power of fliining in the dark, which, at firft, was fuppofed to be the Property of one, and afterwards only of a few. How this is brought about, is not very eafy to folve. If we fuppofe with fome (to which our Author, in feveral Paffages of this Work, feems not averfe), that the Light from a luminous Body enters and abides in the cPhofphori , we fhall find fomewhat new to ad- mire in Light itfelf. It is no new Opinion, that this Fluid confifts of very fine Particles, which are conti- nually darted forth from a luminous Body, in all Di- rections, with a very great Velocity : But it has by nobody been laid down hitherto, that thefe Particles arc not diffolved by the Violence of their Agitation, not difperfed, nor immediately ceafe to exift; but fubfift flill, and adhere to what Bodies come in their Way, as Heat does, and are the Caufes of Odours. If therefore the Panicles of Light are not difiolved as foon as they are emitted from a radiant Body, but continue fome time, what eife is required, but that we allow its Atmofphere to every lucid Appearance? If the Phofphori fhine with a borrowed Light, but not with their own, and that only when putin Mo- tion, and fired by the Rays of a fhining Body, which fome [ 91 3 fomc Experiments feem to confirm, then other new Dodrines will arife. There mu ft be then a hidden, a fecret Principle in Bodies, to be lighted up by this moft fubtle Fire. There will be in the Univerfe a certain perpetual Fire from thefe Phofphori ; the Mat- ter of which, tho' conftantly difllpated by burning, does not wafte enough to be obvious to our Sen fes. I cannot conclude my Extrad of this Author, with* out mentioning, that his Work is the Refult of a great Variety of very ingenious Obfervations, and of Experiments made with the utmoft Accuracy; to which I may add, that where-ever he makes any Con- jedure concerning their Caufes, he does it with all poffible Decency, and Submiffion to the Judgment of the Learned. XVIII. A Letter from the Rev * Dr . Miles, F. R. S. to Mr . Baker, F. R. S. concerning the EleElricity of Water. Ftear Sir , Ef*iFeb. 27-T BEGIN with a Refolution to be mer- JL ciful, and hope to keep it, efpecially as I perfecute you again fo foon ; and indeed the true Reafon of my doing it now, is that this might reach you before I have the Favour of another from you, as it relates to an Article in my laft *. I this Afternoon, on refleding afrefh on Monfieur L' Allamand's Experiment J*, refolved to make the fol- M 2 lowing * f. 79. fupra. t h 5 9> /"pro. t ps r lowing Trial, tho’ I was in no Doubt what the Iflii£ would be : I took my tin Tube, which has two Arms to ir, diredly oppofite one to another 5 and at that Diftance from one End of the Tube, which is equal to the Length of one of the Arms, as you may per- ceive by the Figure in the Margin (not to trouble you with the Ufe it was made for, at prefent) : This I fufpended by a filk Line from the Ceiling of the Room, letting it hang down of a Length convenient for my Purpofe. I then took a China Bafon, holding better than a Quart, and, having nearly filled the fame with Water, I flood on the wax Cake, with this Bafon of Water in my Hand, fo near the pendulous Tube, that I could apply the Bafon to whh Convenience : Then, having differed myfelf to be eledrify’d, I held the Bafon fo under the Tube, that the lower End dipp’d an Inch more or lefs in the Water : Upon this a Perfon approached one End of one of the Arms with the Spirit of Wine in a Spoon, and it was im- mediately kindled with Vehemence 5 and at the fame time I received on one of my Fingers that held the Bafon a pungent Stroke; and that Stroke was given the very Inftant of Time the Snap was at the Spoon, or any other Objed that was applied. The Wind was then South, and hard Rain, as moft Part of the Day 5 and yet, if one were difpofed to indulge Imagination, the Effluvia fecmed to ad more ftrongly than is ufual. 1 think there can be no Doubt, but that Water is as good a Medium of Communication to the Efflu- via* Txtf the Tube. a, the Arms. 3 [ 93 ] 745- • Jp Pains to bring the Hygrometer to Perfection ; and Mr. Roger Pickering, one of your ingenious Members, has * lately made an Improve- ment to it: But, as the Inftrument I ufe differs from them both, I fhall beg Leave to deferibe it to you. Some Years ago I applied my Thoughts to confider the Nature of Hygrolcopes, and compared many dif- ferent Sorts together, in order to determine which I might employ with the greateft Certainty ; when none appeared to me to come nearer the Truth than that recommended by Mr. Boyle, of weighing a Piece of Sponge in a Pair of Gold Scales. But the Difficulty and Time, which I found, upon Trial, were requifite to adjuft the Weights, and difeover the true State of the Air, fet me upon contriving another Method, whereby at all Seafons I might perceive, by InfpeCtion only, the moft minute Alterations with refpeCt to Moifture orDrynefs; and the following Drawing will, I believe, fufficiently deferibe what I found moft ef- fectual for that Purpofe. * See Phil, Tran/, n. 473. N Tab. [96] Tab. I. Fig. i. A reprefents a thin Piece of Sponge, fo cut as to con- tain as large a Superficies as pofllble. This hangs by a fine Thread of Silk, upon the Beam B, and is exactly balanced by another Thread of Silk at (D, (hung with the fmalleft Lead-Shot, at equal Di- ftances, and fo adjufted as to caufe the Index E to point at G, in the Middle of the graduated Arch F, G, H, when the Air is in a middle State be- tween the greateft Moifture and the grcateft Drynefs. J. fiiews a little Table or Shelf, for that Part of the Silk and Shot which isnot fufpended, to reft upon. More Words are, I believe, unnecefiary; and there- fore I only beg you'll believe me. Feb. 15. 1745* Yours, &c, W. Arderon, II. A Letter from to Mr. John Elli- cot, F. R. S. of ’weighing the Strength of EleSirical Effluvia. SIR, .&WMarch6. a § y0U werc the ftrft, and indeed the J745- • only Perfon who ever fhew’d me any electrical Experiments, and have been fo kind, according to your wonted Candour, to affift me freely upon this and all other like Occafions ; I think it proper to give you this firft Account of what I have thought [ 97 3 thought of towards gaining a farther Infight into the Nature, Power, and Laws of Electricity. From the Time I faw thofe Experiments at your Houfe about 3 Years ago, I had little or no Oppor- tunity of making any myfelf, until within this Month j when, having got fome good Utenfils, I repeated or imitated moft of the Trials I had heard of, with Sue* cefs. And particularly having heard, that Mr. Gray gave an Account of Balls caufed to move round one another by means of electrical Effluvia, I was very defirous of feeing fo delightful a Sight *. And though I was difappointed in my Expectation of a circular Motion, yet I found it eafy to make two Balls act upon each other, in a very entertaining Manner, for a long time ; and that with fuch a Conftancy and Regularity, as to the Effect, that I apprehend one may thence deduce a Gauge or Standard, whereby to meafure electrical Powers, and compare the Quanti- ties and Strength of the Virtue infufed into, or remain- ing in, non-electrical Bodies after given Times, <&c. This, together with a great Defire to be able to eftimateand compare the Effects of Experiments with fome Certainty, and to do fomething more than amufe myfelf and Friends with the feveral furprifing *Phrenomena which thofe Experiments produce, led me, about 10 Days ago, to think of a Method, which* for aught I know, is quite new, and feems to pro- mife fair to afford much new Light: It is to try or weigh I 981 weigh the Strength of the electrical Effluvia, Vir- tue, or Power, by caufing it to act upon a Balance, I found, the firft Day, that this Method anfwered even beyond my Expectation 3 fo that feveral non- electrical Balls placed fuccellively underneath one of the Scales, and then imbued with electrical Virtue the common Way, would prefently caufe that Scale to defcend two, three, four, or five Inches, and feem to cleave, for 10 or more Seconds of Time to the fe- veral Bodies fo placed underneath, fome having much greater Effect than others. Whence it appeared, that there was a fufficient Latitude for comparing very different Forces, if any fuch there were. At the next and only Opportunity I have had fince (my Appara - tus being made more commodious), I ufed flat inftcad of globular Bodies, and then I found the Effects far more confiderable; fbme of them, whofe upper Sur- face was about 3 Inches fquare, having attracted and held down one Scale, when there were about 200 Grains Weight in the other. Though I am tempted to communicate feme Things, which I have already obferved by this means-, with much Delight, I referve them at prefent for a farther Examination 5 defiring in the mean time, that you will communicate or divulge this in fuch man- ner as you think proper (only concealing my Name), that others, who may have an Inclination, may pur- fue and improve the Hint. And, for the Eafe of fuch, I muft add, that the. Strings of that Scale which is to be afted on, mull be long, and non-eleftrical, aiffi, I think, thick 5 that there may be a ready Paff- age for the electrical Virtue to run off, as fall as it is received. Inftcad of a brafs Scale-pan, I ufed a flat Piece of Cork, filed very fmooth and even, efpecially on E 99 1 on the under Surface. The other Scale needs no Alteration, provided the Strings be made of Silk, as ufual, and ftiort enough to keep that Scale out of the Reach of the eledric Virtue, which is to ad upon the former. If the Beam were three or four Feet long, the Strings of both Scales might be of a Length, which would make it lefs troublefome to put in and take out Weights. I mounted the attrading Bodies upon fmall taper Sticks about two Feet and an half long, whofe thicker Ends had a Foot which flood upon two Cakes of Bees- Wax full io Inches thick in all. I forbear to defcribe the pretty little Ample Inftra^ ment you furnifhed me with at my firft fetting out; I leave that to yourfelf j only, as it has no Name, I take the Liberty to call it An Electrical Needle . Every body, who delights in fuch Matters, will thank you for it, if it were only for the Amufement it will furnifh for fo many Hours, after being but once well feafoned or tindured with eledrical Effluvia. But, I think, this little Inftrument, and the Balance together, cannot fail of informing us farther concern- ing the Properties of Eledricity : Such as, how far it agrees and difagrees with Magnerifm ; whether it paffes through the Subftance,or only along the Surface of Bodies ; whether it proceeds in any, and what, par- ticular Diredion, or has any particular Tendency $ in what particular Bodies the moft of it may be collected and retained 5 and how long ; how far the Figure, Size, DenAty, or Colour of Bodies may be concerned ; whether, as thefe Effluvia may be felt, heard and £een, they may likewife be weighed $ and many other Matters, which will occur to the diligent Obferver. Tour humble Servant . 4 III. * [ 100 ] HI.' ExtraSis of Two Letters from Mr. Tho. Knowlton to Mr. Mark Catesby, F. R.S. con- cerning the Situation of the ancient TownDel- govicia; and of two Men of an extraordinary Bulk and W eight. I. Londhburgh , Sept. 1745. SIR, &^March6.T Ately we have difcovered (within four 1745 * 1 j Miles of this Place) many Founda- tions in a ploughed Field, which have lain buried for many hundred Years; and there are no Records or Tradition of it : It was difcovered by one Mr. Hud- fon , a Farmer at Millington , as he formerly tended his Sheep on one Side of the Hill, and on the oppo- fite Side had perceived in the Corn a Difference in Colour for fome Years before 5 which led him this Summer to dig 5 and, happening on the Foundations, it encouraged him, Dr. Burton , and mvfelf, to dig likewife in feveral Places; and in one Part was dif- covered a circular Foundation five Feet wide, and the Plan within 45 Feet Diameter; by which I ima- gine it was a Temple dedicated to Diana, faid to have been at Goodmanham 5 but I could never, by many Trials, find the leaft Appearance of it there. The Diftance from Goodmanham to Millington is about 5 Miles; and there were likewife many other Foun- dations which had great Quantities of Roman Pave- ments within them; by which I imagine, after the Diffolution [ 101 ] DifTolution of the Temple it became 3 Roman Sta- tion, tkenxalled Helgovicia ; which has been foun- certainly fixed at Goodmanham, Londesbrough , Hay- ton, &c. : Yet not the lead Remains ever appearing at any of thofe Places, fo as to fatisfy an indifferent Inquirer * but, in this juft now'difcovered,the Ruins and Foundations are a Demonftration of the once Gran- deur of the Place 5 and no doubt it was the above!- mentioned Helgovicia . The Foundations lay about 18 Inches below the Surface, and to the Depth of 4 or $ Feet within the Ground. N. B. It is on the Wolds Hills, within two Miles of Bocklington, Within a Mile and half of Kilham is a Place called Hanes Graves , near which, it is fuppofed, was fought a great Battle, in which infinite Numbers fell ; and fo were laid in Heaps, and covered with the chalky Soil in little Tumuli , of the Quantity of two or three fquare Yards ; in which, if opened* one may find great Quantities of human Bones : Though, at this Di- ftance of Time, I believe there is not lefs than an Acre of Ground covered over with them, joining clofe to each other ; and it is one of the greateft Cu- riofities of Antiquity, in my Opinion, I have ever feen : I am determined one Day to go and number them, and to meafure the Quantity of Land they cover. About five Miles from thence, in Rudjlone Church- yard, there ftands up, on the N. E. End of the Church, a large Stone, 30 Feet above-ground, and what Depth within is not known (tho’ I intend next Winter to dig and fee the Depth) : Neither can! tell upon what Account fuch a mighty Obelisk was brought [ ] brought over Land fo far as it muft have been ; be caufe we have no Quarries of Stone nearer than twenty Miles from the Place * all the Wolds are barren of fuch Materials : It is five Yards about, like ' the Figure in the Margin. Dr. Childerley, in his Baconica Brit arnica, takes no No- tice of any of thefe Antiquities, in which I lhall enter a fhort Memorandum of what is remarkable. Thefe two laft Articles were not feen by me till Midfummer day, when laft I went to Flambrough- head, which made them in my Way. II. ♦- Feh, 28. 1745-6* IN the Neighbourhood of Halifax in Torjhire live two Brothers named Stoneclift , whofe Bulk and Weight is very extraordinary : The eldeft is married Man, and has feveral Children* about 40 Years of Age. He weigh’d 3f Stone, odd Pounds; at 14 Pounds to the Stone; which we may reckon near-jsoo Pounds Weight. His Brother weighs 34 Stone odd Pounds; but they make between them 70 Stone, or 980 Pound Weight. As one was mounting an Horfe, the poor Creature’s Back broke under him, and he died on the Spot. IV. C I03 ] IV. Principia Dynamic a, five Principia Me- chanices Metaphyfica\ AuBore JacoboJurin* M. D. R . S. S. UM vir illuftris G. G. Leib - nitius novam fuam fenten- tiam, qua vim corporis in motu conftituti quadrato velocitatismetiendam ftatuit, in Affis Eruditorum Lipfienfibus , anno 1 686, cum publico communicaflet, magnam illico ca res in orbe mathematico controverliam excitavir, Novam itaque iftam doftrinam cum plures certatim aggrederentur, vix autem quifquam ample&eretur e mathematicis celebrioribus, anno 1695. menfe Aprili , eandem audtor edito Specimine Dynamic o confirmare conatus eft. Ubi, inter alia multa, hxc habet : & alterum ilium celeberrimum mathematicum, JohannemBer - noullium . Bernoullius nempe, vifo eo Specmine 'Dynamico > literis ad Leibnitium datis menfe Junto fequenti, qux- dam laudavit, fed virium aeftimationem Leibnitianam adeo non probavit, ut etiam conaretur demonftrare vires corporum motorum, non quadratis celeritatum, fed ipfis celeritatibus effe proportionales. Tandem vero re per literas ultro citroque datas diligentius excufla, prorfusin Leibnitii caftra tranfivit Bernoullius . Is ergo, tanti difcipuli docilitatem remunerari certus, communicat argumentum a priori du&um, quod hac- tenus apud fe prefierar, fimulque caufam docet quare id prius non vulgaverir. “ Nolui, (a) inquit, illos dignari hac liquida luce “ vcritatis, qui argumenta ilia, ab affe&ibus gravium u vcl aiiorum corporum fcnfibiiium petita, non ut par eft accepere ; unde nec publice extare volui,* ut “ effet quod illis communicarem, qui fefe aequos ju- Bernoullius (a) Menfe Januarioy 1696, [ I0S ] Bernwllm itaque, cum fefe re quumjudicem prre- bmjfet , 6c argumenta ilia a pofteriori, uti par erat> accepijfet , hoc eft, defcendiffet prorfus in fententiam Leibnitianam , dignus utique habitus eft, qui in inte- rior ilia fcientiae adyta admitteretur. cr Quoniam, (a) inquit audor, te in noftris caftiis €C video, lubenter communicabo principium meum a u priori demonftrandse verse seftimationis virium 5 €< quod mihi inpromptu efle aliquotiesindicavi, non- “ dum tamen hadenus produxi. Tibi enim comma- “ nicare eft frugiferse maxime terras commendare ic granum, ut in magnam plantam furgat.” Laudo fane, quod granum iftum ten re tam fnigi- ferre commendaverit vir optimus, & tamen ejus con- ftlium non omni videtur reprehenfione caruiffe. Nam etfi Papinos , Catelanos , reliquofque fuae dodrinae op- pugnatores, apud quos, propter incredulitatem, nihil magni poterat efficere, qui inconvertibiles quantify cunque demonftrationibus viderentur , ft illos, inquam, hacliquida luce veritatis indignos judicaret,cur tamen illam reliquo orbi literato invideret ? Mitto dicere, quod viri boni & humani, 6c incrementi fcientiarum ftudiofi crat, rem tanti momenti omnibus patefacere. Quod fi omnibus aliis rebus pofthabitis, glorias tanfum fuse confulere libuiflet, hoc erat faciendum, quo fado obtredatores ifti aut illico ad filentium redadi, aut ab omnibus fuiffent condemnati. Denique cum non fibi folum, nec uni alterive amico, fed omnibus, nati fmt magni viri, quae ifta eft iniquitas, velle Johannem Bernoultiutn , & difcipulos Bernoullianos , ea luce liquida (V) Menfe Jcmuario , 169 6 O 2 [ ] liquida frui folos, cum interim nos alii homunciones retatem degeremus in tenebris plufquam Cimmeriis ? Sed bene habet, quod poft quinquaginta annos tene- brarum lux ilia jam omnibus illucefcit. Ecce Argumentum. “ Adio faciens duplum, tempore fimplo, eft dupla, “ virtualiter adionis facientis idem duplum tempore “ duplo 5 feu percurfio duorum milliarium, intra ho- “ ram, eft dupla (virtualiter) percurlionis duorum “ milliarium, intra duas horas. “ 20. Adtio faciens duplum, tempore duplo, eft “ dupla, formaliter, adionis facientis ftmplum tern- ic pore fimplo 5 feu percurfio duorum milliarium, “ intra duas horas, eft dupla (formaliter) percurfionis “ unius miliiaris, intra unam horam. tc 3°. Ergo adio faciens duplum tempore fimplo & formaliter , fecus accepto quam vellet Leibnitius . “ Eos, {b) inquit Bernoullius, fumebam terminos alio cc fenfu quam eo quo nunc eos explicas.” Leibnitius vero, incertus adhuc quid ponderis ha- bituraeflet apud Bernoiilliumynmz faz demonftratio, alteram eidem fubjungit. “ Aliam, (e) inquit, addo, “ qux, fi fundum rei fpedes, redit in priorem, habet tamen Augufto menfe nefcivit quid fibi vellet Leib- nitius per vocem ablionis, ex qua pendet tota ilia demonftratio. cc Oportet, inquit, ut definias quid “ per actionem inteiligas 5 alias nihil unquam de- l< monftrari poterit.” ^Equum fane monebat, fruftra tamen 5 nam in literis Leibnitii refponforiis, utut fatis prolixisf ne ypv quidem videas de ilia dennitione tan- tope-re neceffaria. Leibnitius autem ipfe, in literis menfe "Junto datis, hxc habet : u Mea demonftratio a priori, pro noftra u virium aeftimatione, nititur utique aliquafuppofitione. u Nempe, Aftionem- qua facit aliquid unif or miter? iC tempore Jimploy ejfe duplam ablionis facientis idem uniformitery tempore duplo. Hanc fuppofitionem “ concedere debent Catelanus, & alii, cum quibus dif- “ putaveram.” Quid fi nolint ? Corruit ergo demon- ftratio, quae nititur hac fuppofitione, faltem nifi fup- pofitionem iftam prius demonftres. At “ Nondum quidem inveni modum a priori hanc u propofitionem demonftrandi per viam congruentiae 5 “ imo, ne hanc quidem, quod ablio idem faciens> u breviori tempore7(it major \ a quo eifet incipien- “ dum.” P 2 Itaque [ 11 4 ] Jtaque cum tantopere deprasdicata ilia demonftratio a priori indigeret alia demonftratione, quam nondum invenerat Leibnitiusy nec unquam poftea invenit, nec inventurus eft quifquam mortalium, minime miran- dum gramrn iftud, utut frugifera maxime terra com - mendatmriy in plantam non furrexijfe. Bernoullius quippe liquid# ifti veritatis iuci > cum cerneret di- lapfam in cineres facem, longum vale dixit. At illo longe animofior vir celebemmus, Chr . Wolfius7 theoriam virium a priori, geometrarum more, pertractare aggreffiis, earn, in primo tomo Commen- ts iorum Academia Imperialis Petropolitana7 cum publico communicavit, fub titulo Principiorum P)y- namicorum . Huj us partem “ cum anno 1710. cum II- “ luftrijjimo Comite ab Herberftein 7 Illuftri Leibnitio7 ut ipforum verbo utar, quam fieri poteft perfpicue, exponere conabor. Quem in finem non nificafum fimpliciflimum con- fiderare decrevi, corporis vi viva prxditi, quod movetur morn uniform^ h. e. fine omni impedimento five medii refiftentis, five corporum quorumeunque oppofitorum, plane fecundum pofitiones Wolframs* De quo cia- riffimo viro fi me turn definitiones (C axiomata, turn ipfas propofitiones fequentes, prater unam ant alte- ram, & earum demonftrationes, ne verbo quidem rnutato, fumpfiffe mutuo animadvertat ledlor inge* nuus, feiat ille velim me id confulto fecifte, quod eas neque clarius enuntiari poflfe exiftimem, neque certius demonftrarh [ «8 ] Definitio i. * Vim vivam cum Leibnitio, vcl etiam fimplici- “ ter vim appclio, qua: motui locali adherer. ‘ Definitio 2. “ Vis pura eft, cui in agendo contraria nulla re* “ fiftit." Corollarium. “ Vis igitur pura toto adionis tempore invariata “ manet.” Scholion. “ Ifliufmodi vis in motu aequabili fefe exerit, fi “ concipiatur fieri in medio non reftftente. Quanto- “ cunque enim intervailo mobile promoveatur, eadem “ tamen Temper fubfiftit celeritas, confequenter vis “ motrix eadem. Effedus adeo, quem producit, earn “ minime abforbet.” ‘Definitio 3. “ Attio pura dicitur, quae exercetur vi motricc pura.” Scholion. “ Talis eft adio mobilis motu aequabili lati in “ medio non refiftente." * Definitio 4. “ Adio uniformis eft, quae duplo tempore dupla, “ triplo tripla, & ita porro, feu in genere, quae eft ut “ tempus.” Scholion. “ Ifliufmodi adio in motu aequabili locum habet, “ ubi mobile continuo eadem celeritate moveri per- “ git, fi nempe motus fieri concipitur in medio non ;• refiftente.” Definitio ' C 119 ] 'Definitio $. a Ejfeffus vis motricis extra confliffum eft tranllatio ff mobilis per fpatium/’ Axioma i. quod olim Leibnitium , fed incaf- fum, commonefecerat Bernoullius. Hunc defectum fi ego fupplere aufim, quam Wolf us definitionem effectus dederit, eandem actioni ipfi tri- buerem j quum nihil intereffe videatur inter actionem & effcctum, nifi quod actio, fi ita loqui liceat, fit ef- fectus in fieri, effectus autem fit actio peracta five ab- foluta. Scilicet, in exemplo Wolfiano id agit vis viva, ut transferat mobile per fpatium j ergo actio vis vivas eft tranjlatio mobilis per fpatium j ejfeffus etiam vis vivas eft tranflatio mobilis per fpatium 5 vel, fi mavis, effectus eft mobile jam tranflatum per idem fpatium. Generaliter vero, actio eft productio effectus 5 vel, fi mavis, actio eft qua quid efficitur : effectus autem eft id ipfum quod efficitur. Nolim fane definitiones iftas pro perfectis venditare : fed tamen ejufmodi effe cenfeo,ut omni careant erroris pcriculo, praefertim fi per exempla aliquot rem pla- niorcm reddiderim. Si [ I23 J Si ego p agin am unam defcripfero, actio mea eric defcriptio unius paginas, & effectus erit pagina una de/cripta. Si operarius parietem dealbct, erit ejus actio deal- batio parietis, effectus autem erit paries dealbatus. Si rufticus hortum perfodiat, actio ejus eft hortiper- foflio, effectus autem eft hortus perfoffus. Infinita alia exempla fibi quifque excogitate poterit j & fane puderet rebus tam planis, 6c quafi frivolis, tam- diu immorari, nifi hasc ipfa perperam concepta tot magnos viros in graviffimos errores praecipitafTcnt. Scilicet, H.£ nag re feria ducunt In mala . Theorema 10 n oft rum. Actionum asqualium asquales funt Effectus. Abfolvat vis viva quasvis A actionem quamcunque, & data fit alia quascunque vis viva B. Jam, ut abfol- vat vis viva B actionem aequalem actioni vis vivas Ay neceffe eft tantum prsecife agat vis viva B, quantum egerit vis viva A . Ergo poft abfolutam actionem ipfius B , tantum erit actum vi By quantum actum fuerit vi A 5 h. e. effectus vis vivas B par erit effected vis vivas Ay quarum actiones fuerint asquales. jE. ©» Theorema 1 1 noftrum . Actiones funt in ratione effectuum. ‘Demonftratio. Producatur actione a effectus e . Ergo alia squall actionem, per Theor. io, producetur alius effectus ey priori asqualis: confequenter, actione bis a produce- tur [ I24] effect us bis e . Similiter patet actionc ter a produci debere cffectum ter e, &c. Immo in genere, actione na {=A) produci debere effectual ne (=£), Eft igitur A : a ; ; E : e, hoc eft, actiones funt in ratione cffectuum. Theorema 12 noftrum. Vires funt in ratione compofita maffarum &cclcri- tatum. < Demonflratio . Per Theorema 4- actiones funt in ratione compo- fita temporum & virium. Per Theorema 1 1, eaedem funt in ratione effectuum. Ergo effectus funt in ra- tione compofita temporum & virium. At per Theo- rema 8, effectus funt in ratione compofita maffarum atque (patiorum* Ergo ratio compofita temporum et virium par eft rationi compofita maffarum atque fpa- tiorum. Unde vires funt in ratione compofita maf- farum et fpatiorum direde, et temporum reciprocej h. e. in ratione compofita maffarum et ceieritatum. §>. E . 2). V. An Account of Two extraordinary Deers Horns, found wider-ground in different Parts of Yorkfhire ; in a Letter from Mr. Tho. Knowlton, to Mr. Mark Catesby, F. R. S. Read March 13.* | "'H E Head and Horns, which is repre- I/45* ‘ fented in Tab. I. Fig . 2. were found in a Sand-bed, in the River Rye> which runs into the Derwenty $ [ I25 ] ‘Derweiit, in the Eaft-Riding, belonging to Ralph Cra- thorny Efq;. They were difcovered as he washfhing for Salmon 5 the Net happening to hang oh one or two of the Antlers, he ordered to puli away 5 by which forne of the Antlers were broke off, and difcovered it to be Part of a Deers Horn. At length, with feme Diffi- culty, it was dug out pretty intire. Mr. Crathom fuppofes, that thefe wild Moors were once inhabited with thefe Kind of Deer, not any fuch now being known to be in this Kingdom 5 and fuppofes it is, at lead, feven or eight Hundred Years fince its Death 5 and that by Age or Poverty deflroyed, and by Time buried in thofe Sands. It is about three Years fince it was found (as the above-faid worthy Gentleman told me) where he lives 5 which is at Nefs near Malt on in Torkjhire . Tab. I. Fig . z , a is 12 Inches long. b is ditto . c is ditto . d is 4 Inches from the main Horn, and the t wo crofs Branches are 8. e is 6 Inches. f is 7 Inches. g is 6 Inches 5 and % Feet 10 Inches from the Root of the Horn to the Tip. All thofe Places with Marks were broke, and put together again. Tab. I. Fig. 3 1 St. lb. This Skull and Horns weigh — — 4 iz It [ 126 ] It was found in a Peat-Mofs, at Cowthrop neat North ^Dr eight on in Torkfbire , in the Year 1744. Ft* Inches# The Length of the Skull, from the Nofe End l mark’d A , to the Back-Part of the Head B, * 1 The Breadth of the Forehead, from C to C 6 x 1 Length of each Horn, from the Skull *D to i the Tip, - * - * ^ 1 The Extent of the Horns, from E to E 6 1 The Breadth of the Web or Palm, from FG to F, 2 1 FG and G, two Places where the Horns are broke. 1 The Noftrils. 2 The Eye. 3 The Teeth, which are very large and found. N. B. It is evident the Horns are not at their full Growth, being yet covered with what is called the Velvet. The Figure above is the Reprefentation and ex- traordinary Dimenfions of the Skull and Horns of a Deer, dug from the Depth of 6 Feet out of a Peat- Mofs, as above mentioned. But what I think more extraordinary is, that the late Earl of Carlijle s Steward, Mr. 'Joice , in digging the Foundation of an Houfe and Cellars, found, at the Depth of 6 Feet, a Part of a Jaw-bone with Teeth, and a Horn of a Buck or Stag, of mod exceeding large Dimenfions, which lay buried under two Feet com- mon Soil ; then one Foot of Scalping or Sand-bed ; -hen eighteen Inches of Stone ; then another Vein of Sind, fix Inches; then another Head of Stone; under [ 127 ] under which lay thofe before-mention’d Jaw-bone, and Piece of Horn ■, which, in all Appearance, to .every one that viewed thefe Stratums, had never been removed. M. C. TDimenfions of the Deers Horns in the Mufieum of the Royal Society. Feet Inches. •Length of the Skull - •- i 4 Breadth of the Forehead - - 09 Length of each Horn - - 5 o Diftance of the extreme Tips of the Horns 6 o N. B. Thefe Horns (Fig. 3.) are evidently of the fame fort as thofe often found in Ireland , of which Descriptions are given in Tranfaff, 71. 11 7, n> 394. and #.444, p . 389. But Ido not remember to have met with any before of this Species found in or any-where elfe befid & Ireland. - C. Ma VI. The Vhcenomena of Venus, reprefented in made by Mr. James Fergufon, to the Obfervations of Seignior Read March 20. i74;-6.TT]q all the Orreries that I have here printed with Alterations. ^ reprefented a$ having her Axis perpendicular to the Plane of the Ecliptic, and her diurnal Motion thereon equal to % j Hours of our terreftrial Time. Hence, as her an- nual Motion is performed in about 225 of our Days, it will contain 234 of hers; confequently, toan Eye placed in Venus , the Sun will always appear to go R thro’ an urrery agreeable Bianchini. [ '1A 8 ] thro* a Sign of the Zodiac in 194 of her Days ; and as her Axis has no Inclination, Ihe muft have a con- tinual Equality of her Days and Nights, without any Variation of Seafons, and fo her annual Motion can be of no other Ufe than to keep her from falling down to the Sun. But Bianchini gives a very different Account of her 5 which is, that her Axis inclines 75 Degrees from a Line fuppofed to be drawn perpendicular to the Plane of the Ecliptic (by which I fuppofe he means her own Ecliptic, and not the Earth's) 5 and that her diurnal Motion is performed in 24 Days and 8 Hours of our Times and this will caufe her Year, which is equal to almoft 225 of our Days, to con- tain only 9J of her Days 5 and this odd Quarter of a Day in Venus will make every fourth Year a Leap Year to her, as happens to us on Earth, by the 6 Hours that our Year contains above 3 65 Days: And to her the Sun will appear always to go thro' a Sign of the Zodiac in little more than 1 of her Day, which is equal to i8|. of our Days ; and in going round the Sun, her North Pole conftantly leans towards the 20th Degree of Aquarius. Thus, with regard to the abfolute Length of Venus' s Year, Bianchini agrees with CaJJini and other Aftro- nomers : but differs widely in other very remarkable Particulars, from which arife fomany Advantages, as to make that Planet incomparably more fit for its In- habitants, than we could poffibly conceive it to be by a quick Rotation on an Axis perpendicular to its annual Path, for Venus is fo much nearer the Sun than our Earth is, that it is well known ihe muft have twice as much Light and Heat as our Earth has; and C i £y 3 and1 then, was the Sun always perpendicularly above her Equator, we cannot imagine but that her Equa- torial Parts rnuft be burnt up with Heat, and her Polar Parts uninhabitable, by reafon of the Greatnefs of Cold, occafioned by the Sun-beams being parallel to, or making fo very acute Angles with, the Ho* rizon. But, by fuch a Motion as Bianchini defcribes, and which I have exactly reprefented in my Orrery, thefe Inconveniences are avoided ; for there is no Place in Venus but what will have the four Seafons every Year, and the heated Places will have Time to cool $ becaufe, to any Place over which the Sun pafles verti- cally on any given Day, he will, on the next Day* be 26 Degrees from the Vertex thereof, even tho'the Place be on the Tropic 5 and if it be on the Equator* One Day s Declination will remove him 3 7t Degrees from it. I having confidered in general what the Effe&s of the Sun's quick and great Declination would be in VenuSy as occafioned by the great Inclination of her Axis, with her flow diurnal and quick annual Mo- tion s and finding that her Globe in the Orrery, by being not quite an Inch in Diameter, was infufficient for folving her Bhanomena to any Degree of Exa&- nefs 5 I took the following Method, by which I could do it mechanically, toferve my Purpofe. Along the Middle of a ftrait narrow Slip of Parch- ment I drew a black Line, and then meafuring my Parchment round a common Globe of 9 Inches Dia- meter, cutting it fo as when the Ends were a little overlapp'd, it would become a Girdle, and flick faft on any great Circle of the Globe, Having thus fit- R z ted L 3 ted it, I took it off; and laying it flat on a Table, I divided one Side of the black Line into 9^* equal Parts for the 9. Days and Quarter of a Day in Venus's Year, and then I fubdivided each Day into 24. Hours or equal Parts, of which the odd Quarter contained o, and let the proper Figures to them. The other Side of the Line I divided into 12 equal Parts or Signs, and each Sign into 30 Degrees: By this- means I could ealily fee, at every Day and Hour in Venus , in what Place of the Ecliptic the Sun was: And putting this Girdle round the Globe, at an Angle of 75 Degrees to the Equator, eroding it in two oppofite Points, it would, by reprefenting Venus s Ecliptic drawn on her Globe, ferve for the Solution of Problems concern- ing her, as the Ecliptic. omour terreftrial Globe does for thofe relating to our Earth: For, by bringing the Sun's Place, at any Day or Hour, to the brafen Meri- dian, I had thereby his Declination for that time.; which gave me both an eafy and fure Way for draw- ing the Spiral of the Sun's Motion over the Body of Venus on this Globe 5 and then, by elevating it to different Latitudes, I could immediately fee where the Spirals cut the Horizon in any Latitude, and at what Height or Declination they crofs’d the Meridian; as by the Hour-Circle I. could cafiiy perceive the Times of the Sun's Rifing and Setting,, and. his Amplitudes on the Horizon 5 and! called that the fifft Meridian, which palled thro' the Northern Tropic, in the Place where the Sun touch'd it at his greateft North Decli- nation i reckoning the Eaft or Weft Longitudes on the Equator from that Meridian. But this Meridian will only ferve for One Year; becaufe, as the odd Quarter of a Day in Venus caufes the Sun to cro/s C i3i 3 her Equator 90 Degrees Weftward of the former Place every Year, the Place of the Sun's greateft De- clination at the North Tropic will be in a Meridian 90 Degrees Weftward of the former alfo. Things being thus premis'd in general : I now proceed to give as good a Defcription as I can of the particular Thee- nomena in Venus , confining myfelf chiefly to what happens in her Northern Hemifphere ; knowing that the fame muft happen, mutatis mutandis, in the Southern. 1. Her Axis is inclined 5 i~ Degrees more than the Axis of our Earth, and therefore the Variation of her Seafons will be much greater than of ours. 2. Becaufe her North Pole inclines toward Aqua** rim , and ours to Cancer > her Northern Parts will have Summer in the Signs where thofe' of our Earth have Winter 5 and vice verfa. 3. The artificial Day at each of her Pbles (con- taining 4-f apparent diurnal Revolutions of the Sun) will be equal to 112-i- natural Days on our Earth. 4. The Sun's greateft Declination, on each Side of her Equator, amounts to 75 Degrees : Therefore her Tropics are only 15 Degrees from her Poles, and her Polar Circles at the fame Diftance from her Equator Confequently, her Tropics are between her Polar Cir- cles and Poles, contrary to what thofe on our Earth are. 6. The Sun, in one apparent diurnal Revolution from the Equator, and any Meridian where he erodes it, to the fame Meridian again, changes his Declina- tion at lead 14 Degrees more on Venus , than on out Earth from the Equinox to the Solftice, 6* [ *32 ] 6. Let us now fuppofe an Inhabitant {landing on her North Pole* where the Sun s Declination is al- ways the fame with his Altitude, and looking toward that Point of the Horizon where the firft Meridian (above mentioned) cuts it j and let him call that Point the South, fo fhall he have a Meridian fixt, which will determine the other cardinal Points on the Horizon j tho', ftri&ly {peaking, every Point of the Horizon to him is South: Yet, for once, let us fuppofe him to have an horizontal Plane, fixed with its South Point in this Meridian, and thence divided and numbered like the Horizon of a Globe : Put a moveable Ruler with Sights to. turn round the Cen- tre of this Plane, for obferving the Sun's Amplitude at Ri.fi ng and Setting s and a graduated Quadrant to be fixed in the North and South Line, with a move- file Index, for taking the Sun's Altitude, in palling over the Meridian. The fame Degree, or Part of a Degree, that gives him the Altitude, will alfogive him its Declina- tion, and he will have the following tPhanomena. The Sun will rife ii\ Degrees North of the Eaft, and going on ii2-§- Degrees, as meafured on the ho- zontal Plane, he will crofs the Meridian at an Alti- tude of 12^ Degrees ; then, making an intire Revo- lution without fetting, he will crofs it again at an Altitude of 48^ Degrees : At the next Revolution he will crcfs it as he culminates, at the Height of 75 Degrees, being only 15 Degrees from the Zenith $ and thence he will defeend in the like fpiral manner, croffing the Meridian firft at an Altitude of 48! De- grees j then, at an Altitude of \z\ Degrees, and going on thence 112*- Degrees he will fet 22I Degrees North of the Weft, having been 4 Revolutions and and ; Parts of One above the Horizon. 7- [ r33 ] 7. IF the Spe&ator turns his Inftrument zi\ De- grees toward the Eaft, and then fuppofes his Qua- drant in the Plane a new Meridian to him, the Sun will then rife due Eaft, and fer in the North- Weft; and his Declination in the Meridian will not be the fame as before $ for he will firft crofs it at an Altitude of 10 Degrees r next of 46 ; then, of 74f ; and, at an Hour and an half after, he will come to his greateft Declination; from which, in his Defcent, he will not crofs the Meridian in the fame Degrees of Altitude, as in afeending he did. 8. Now, let the Spedlator turn his Inftrument 90 Degrees ftill more toward the Eaft, and the Sun will rife due South 5 and from thence making a complete- Revolution, he will crofs the Meridian at an Altitude of 37~J Degrees ; making another Revolution, he will crofs it at an Altitude of 70 J Degrees; and, going on 7} Hours for 1 1 2 Degrees^ he comes to his greateft Declination in the Weft-North- Weft : Thence de* feending, at the End of the third Revolution he crofles the Meridian 58^ Degrees high; at the End of the fourth he crofles it in 23I Degrees of Altitude; ; and, going on thence 225 Degrees, or { of a Revo- lution, he fets in the North-Eaft, 9« If the Spe&ator will now turn his Inftrument juft half round, fhifting his Meridian 1 80 Degrees, the Sun ' will rife in the North ; and, gouig.on 1 80 Degrees, or half a Revolution, he will crofs the Meridian at an Alti- tude of 1 9 Degrees 5 then, making a complete Revolu- tion, he will crofs it at an Altitude of 55 Degrees ; and, going on thence 2927 Degrees he comes to his greateft Declination in the Eaft-South-Eaft 5 from which Place he defeends, crofting the Meridian in 7 3f Degrees of Altitude ; and, in the next Revolution, he crofles the 7 Meridian C *3+ ] Meridian at an Altitude of 4 if Degrees : At the fourth Revolution hecrofles it at an Altitude of 5 Degrees ; and going on thence 45 Degrees, or f of a Revolu- tion, he fets in the South-Weft. 10. The Sun being thus for half a Year together above each Pole of Venus in its Turn, will caufe the whole Year at her Poles, as well as at the Poles of our Earth, to contain only one Day and one Night : But there, the Difference between the Heat in Sum- mer and Cold in Winter (or of Mid-day and Midnight) is greater than betwixt the fame on any two Places of our Earth; becaufe, in Venus, the Sun is Tor .half a Year together above the Horizon of one or other of the Poles ; and for at leaft \ of a Revolution (or about 16 of our Days) within 20 Degrees of the Zeniths and during the other Half of the Year, always below the Horizon ; and for a confiderable Part of that Time, at leaft 70 Degrees. from it: Whereas at the Poles of our Earth, tho* the Sun is for half a Year together above the Horizon, yet his Altitude is never more than 23-*- Degrees above it in Summer, nor his De- preilion greater than that Quantity below it in Win- ter. When the Sun is in the Equator, he is feen in the Horizon of both Poles ; one Half of his Difc above, and the other below : And defeending quite below the Horizon of one Pole, he afeends in a vifi- ble Spiral above that of the other, until he comes within 16 Degrees of the Zenith , where he keeps the fame Altitude nearly for fome time > then defeends in the like fpiral manner, till he gets below the Hori- zon, where he continues invifiblc for the other Half of the Year. This will occafion to each Pole one Spring, one Harveft, a Summer as long as them both, and [ ns 3 and one Winter, equal in Length to the other three Seafons. The Sun's great Diftance below the Horizon of Venuss Poles, will make her Winters much more un- comfortable than at the Poles of our Earth, where they have Twilight more than half the Winter time ; unlefs (he be furrounded with an Atmofphere capab >e of occafioning a Twilight, at lead as long in propor- tion to her Winter, as our Twilight is to ours. But this can hardly be fuppos'd ; becaufe always, when we fee Venus , (he appears with the fame conftant Sere- nity ; and therefore I am apt to beleive fhe has a Satel- lite, to fupply, infome meafure, the Abfence of the Sun $ as our Moon does to our Earth's Poles, for one Half of the Winter conftantly, without fetting, from the firft to the third Quarter. 'Tis true, that we arc inconveniently pofited, with regard to Venus tot feeing her Satellite (if fhe has one) ; becaufe, when her Moon or Satellite has its enlighten'd Side toward us, it may be too far diftant to be feen, becaufe Venus is then beyond fhe Sun, and, confequently, furtheft from us; and when fhe is betwixt us and the Sun, or there- abouts, her full Moon would have its dark Side to us : And tho' Venus be then neareft the Earth, yet her Satellite could no more be feen by us, than we can fee our own Moon at her Conjunftion. When Ve- nus is at her greateft Elongation, we (hould have only one Half of the enlighten'd Side of her full Moon turn'd towards us 5 and even then, perhaps, on ac- count of its Smallnefs, it may be too far diftant to be feen by our Telefcopes. But of this only By-the- bye. 11. At the Tropics, the Sun in Summer will con- tinue for about 1$ of our Weeks together above the S Horizon [ ij6 ] Horizon without fetting, and as long below it in Win* ter without rifing. While he is more than 15 De- grees from the Equator, he neither fets to the Inha- bitants of the neareft Tropic, nop fets to thofe of the other 5 whereas, at our terreftrial Tropics, he rifes and fets every Day in the Year. But to let us know more particularly the Phenomena of Venus s Tropics, we will fuppofe the Inhabitant, who has feen the above- mention’d Appearances at the North Pole, to have travell’d thence along the firft Meridian 15 Degrees to the Northern Tropic, carrying his Engine or In-, firument along with him 5 and to have fet it due North and South, in the Place where the faid Meri- dian interfefts the Tropic $ and as the Meridian of every Place is in a great Circle palling thro’ the Zenith of the Place and both Poles, he can now be at no Lofs how to fettle his Meridian, and obferve as well the Amplitude and Azimuth, as the Altitude of the Sun j who will rife to him 10 Degrees North of the Eaft, with about one Degree of North Declination : And going on 100 Degrees (to be meafured on the horizontal Plane,) he will crofs the Meridian with Degrees of North Declination, and 27* of Alti- tude s then, making an intire Revolution without fetting, he will crofs the Meridian at 48- Degrees of Declination, and 63*- of Altitude: At the End of the next Revolution, he will crofs the Meridian in the Zenith at the greateft Declinations namely, 75 De- grees s and thence he defeends in the like Spiral, eroffing the Meridian at the fame Altitudes as above, til), in his fifth Revolution, he fets 10 Degrees North of the Weft, 1 2. [ *17 ] 12. Let our Traveller now remove Weftward on the fame Tropic, to a Meridian 977 Degrees diftant from the firft j and there he will have very great Dif- ferences of the Riling, Setting, and Meridian Alti- tude of the Sun 5 which will now rife to him the firft time, in the South Point of his Horizon, at iz o’ Clock 5 at 1 o' Clock he will be abo^ half a De« gree above the Horizon, and will fet at zr o’ Clock s So this fhort artificial Day in Venus (which is fome- what longer than two natural Days on our Earth) will have no Forenoon at all. The Sun, after com tinning almoft 14 of Venus’s Hours below the Hori- zon, fuppofing each diurnal Rotation to be divided into 24 Hours, will rife a little before 4 o'Clock next Morning, near the North-Eaft; and, going on 130 Degrees, he will then crofs the Meridian with zz Degrees of North Declination, and 37 of Altitude : Then, going on without fetting, he again crolfes the Meridian at 57 Degrees of Declination, and 72 of Altitude,* and advancing forward thence 17! Hours* or 262I Degrees, he comes to his greateft Declina- tion, 77 Degrees to the North of the Eaft : From thence, completing his Revolution to the Meridian, he now crofies it in 71! Degrees of Declination, being only 3! Degrees from the Zenith : At the next Revolution he crolfes the Meridian with 38! Degrees Declination, and 5 3I of Altitude : At the next, which is the fourth Revolution, he croffes the Meridian with i~ Degree of Declination, and 1 6\ De- grees of Altitude ; and then goes on 6$ Degrees, and fets near the Weft South- Weft. 13. Suppofe now that our Traveller removes ftill further Weft ward, on the fame Tropic, to a Meri- S z dian C *i* J diarri05 Degrees diftant from this his fecond Station v and then the Sun will firft rife to him in the South1- Eaft about 9 o'CIock; and going on thence 45 De* grees, he will crofs the Meridian with 6 Degrees* of South Declination, and 9 of Altitude, at 12 : About 2 o'Clock he will be a Degree higher 5 and, thence defcending, he will fet near the North Weft a little^ before 9 o'Clock: $0 the Afternoon of this Day is almoft 6 Hours (about 6 natural Days with us) longer than the Forenoon*, and its Night is but little* more than 3 Hours long : For the Sun, after going a little below the Horizon, rifes in the North Point thereof ; and,? making half a Revolution, he croftes- the Meridian with 3 3 Degrees of Declination, and 48 of Altitude* thence, making a whole Revolution, he crofles the Meridian at 66 Degrees of Declination, and 81 of Altitude : At the next Revolution his De- clination is 63 Degrees (having palled the greateft 14.- Hours before) : At the next, it is 28 Degrees of Decli- nation 5 and, going on thence about 146 Degrees, he fets. North Weft-by-North, about half an Hour after 9 o* Clock; and continues invifibie till 3 Quarters paft in the next Morning, when he rifes about 4 Degrees North of the Eaft j and; going thence forward 94. Degrees, he crofles the Meridian about 5 Degrees Al- titude, and 10 of South Declination, having kept the lame Altitude very nearly for three Hours; then defeending, he fets in the South- South- Weft, about half an Hour paft 1 o'Clock; which makes the Afternoon 5 Hours and about 12 Minutes fhorter than the Forenoon of the fame Day. The Sun now fets for about 1 5 of our Weeks to Venus's Northern Tropic, and rifes to the Southern j in which the Thanomena / [ *39 ] Phenomena are the fame: Each Tropic having the four Seafons once every Year; the Winters being longer than the Summers, tho" not quite fo long, in proportion, as at the Poles. 14. Having faid fo much concerning' the North Pole and Tropic, proceed we now rotation our In- habitant in a Place of 45 Degrees of North Latitude, where the firft Meridian cuts the Parallel, and he will have the following Phenomena. The Sun will rife 43 Degrees Eaft of the South, a little before 9 o' Clocks and, afcending very quickly, he will, in little more than 3 Hours, crofs the Meridian at an Altitude of 19 Degrees, with 26 Degrees of South Declination; then going on 62 Degrees, he will fet near the Weft-South-Weft about 5 o' Clock in the Afternoon ; by which means it is almoft two Hours longer than the Fore-noon; each Hour in Venus being equal in Length to 24 Hours * and 20 Minutes of our terrehrial Time. The next Day the Sun will rife 3 Degrees North of the Eaft, about half an Hour part 5 oJ Clock in the Morning, and will crofs the Meridian with 1 2-f- Degrees of North Declination, and 57-? of Altitude; and will fet in the North -Weft-by -Weft, about half an Hour paft 7 o' Clock: So that the Afternoon will be 2 Hours longer than the Forenoon, The nextDay the Sun rifes 53 Degrees North of the Eaft, about 3 o* Clock $ and will crofsthe Meridian 3-f* Degrees North of ihzZenithv or with 8 Degrees of North Altitude, and 48“ of Declination : Then he goes round without Setting ; and^crofles the Meridian 30 Degrees North of the Zenith , where jie comes to his greateft Declination ; from which he returns in the like Spiral toward the Equator,- [ 140 ] Equator, and beyond it; but will not rife and fet at the fame Hours as before : For, having made a Revo- lution without Setting, in the next he fets 53 De- grees North of the Weft, about 9 o’Clock: Next Morning he rifes in the North-Eaft-by-Eaft, about half an Hour paft 4 o’Clock; croffes the Meridian with 12-7 Degrees of Declination, and fets 3 Degrees North of the Weft, about halfan Hour paft 6 -y and now the Forenoon is 2 Hours longer than the Afternoonc The next Day the Sun rifes about 7 o' Clock, 62 Degrees Haft of the South; pafles over the Meridian at an Altitude of 19 Degrees, with 26 Degrees of South Declination ; and fets a little after 3 o' Clock-; which makes the Forenoon to be about 2 Hours at leaft longer than the Afternoon : And now the Sun will continue below the Horizon at leaft 12 of our Weeks without riling to this Inhabitant of Venus . 15. In this Place of Venus the Hour and Am- plitude of the Sun’s Rifmg, for one Half of the Year, are the fame with thofe of his Setting in the other Half ; which will alfo happen in all Places under the lirft Meridian, where he rifes and fets : Bur, if our Spe&ator pleafes to remove along, the Parallel of 45 Degrees Latitude, Eaftward 142 Degrees, the ‘Vhtf- nomena of Things will then be very different to him ; for the Sun once from riling in the North-Eaft-by- Eaft, will pafs over the Meridian with 3-7 Degrees of North Declination, and fet due North j which will make the Afternoon fomewhat above four Hours longer than the Forenoon ; and the next Morning the Sun will rife at 2 o’Clock, 2 if Degrees Eaft of the North, or about the North-North-Eaft. As to what would happen on the other Days concerning 7 the [ I4I j the Sun’s Rifmg and, I fhall not take any further Notice of it ; but, if the Inhabitant will travel Eaft- ward 3 Degrees, frill upon the fame Parallel of Latitude, he will fee the Sun, at making his fir ft Appearance from the Southern Tropic, rife due South at 12 0’ Clock; and. getting about half a De- gree above the Horizon, when he has gone forward about 9 Degrees, he will then defcend, and fet about a Quarter after 1 : So there is only an Hour and a Quarrer in the firft Day of the Sun’s Appearance ; and the fecond Day will be 1 1 Hours long ; but the third Day will be about 87 Hours long ; for the Sun will make 3 Revolutions and fomewhat more than an half without fetting : The fourth Day will be 11 Hours long ; and the fifth will only contain an Hour and a Quarter; for the Sun wiil rife about 18 Degrees Eaft of the South, and - fet in the South Point of the* Horizon. 16. We will now fuppofe that the Spe&ator has travelled from 45 Degrees of North Latitude, to the* Equator, and has a Mind to take a Tour round the fame, becaufe the Phenomena will be very different in different Parts thereof ; tho’ the Sun will rife and fet to every Part of it, in every apparent Revolution; but we fhall only conftder in general what happens at two Places thereof : The firft Place fhall be that, where the firft Meridian erodes the Equator ; and the fecond, a Place H2| Degrees Weftward of the firft. To each of thefe Places the Sun will always rife at 6, and fet at 6, tho’ fometimes his Meridian Altitude may be 1 1 Degrees more or lefs than his Midnight Depref- fion j and in other Places the Difference will amount to 15 or 16 Degrees; fo that, if the diurnal and nodurnal [ 142 ] no&urnal Spirals of the Sun's Motion on the Body of this Planet were meafured, the one would very much exceed the other. To the firft of thefe two Places the Sun will rife 74 Degrees South of the Eaft in coming from the Southern Tropic* and fet 611- South of the Weft, having been 22 Degrees high at Mid-day, and will be 3 deprefs'd below the Horizon at Midnight. The next Day he will rife 44 Degrees South of the Eaft, and fet 26 Degrees South of the Weft; having been 55 Degrees high at Noon, and will be 74- deprefs'd at Midnight. The third Day he will rife 7 -I Degrees South of the Eaft; and crofting the Equator at half an Hour after 10 o’ Clock, he will, in 74 Hours after, fet 12 Degrees North of the Weft ; and fo proceed, changing his rifing and fet- ting Amplitude every Day, in advancing toward the Northern Tropic, till he reaches it; and then his fetting Amplitude, ingoing from it, will be the fame as his rifing Amplitude in coming toward it. In the fecond Place, all I fhall [take notice of, is, that the Sun, in coming from the Southern to the Northern Tropic, will crofs the Equator at 9 o’Clock at Night; and, in going from the Northern to the Southern Tropic, he will crofs the Equator at Mid- day. 17. At the Equator the Sun's Rays will be as ob- lique, when his Declination is greateft, as they are at London , when he touches the Tropic of Capricorn in December ; becaule the Tropics of Penns are as far from each Side of her Equator, as the Tropic of Capricorn is from the Parallel of London on our Earth : Therefore, at Penns % Equator, there will be two Winters, two Springs, two Summers, and two Autumns, every Year : £ *43 3 Year : And becaufe the Sun flays for fome time near the Tropics, and pafles fo quickly over the Equator, every Winter there will be about twice as long as Summer : But, becaufe of the quick Return of Sum- mers, and the general Heat on the Body of Venus, the Winters there will be very mild? and fo will make the Equator, and all Places thereabouts, very temperate, and fit for Habitation. 1 8, Thofe Parts of Venus which lie between the Poles and Tropics, and^ between the Tropics and po- lar Circles, and alfo between the Polar Circles and Equator, will more or lefs participate of the Thano- mena of tKefe Circles, as they are more or lefs diftant from them, 19. The Places of the Equinoxes and Solftices on the Body of Venus go backward, or from Eaft toward the Weft, 90 Degrees every Year, This is not occa- sioned by any Mutation of her Axis from its Paral- lelifin ; but by the Sun’s being a Quarter of a Day later in crofting the Equator every Year, than on the Year before ; and therefore he will crofs it in a Place 90 Degrees Weft ward of the former every Year : So that to any Place where he crofies the Equator at Noon, he will, on the Return of that Day at Noon in the next Year, be almoft 10 Degrees South of the Equator, and will crofs it at 6 in the Evening 5 fuppofing the Year to begin when the Sun is on the Equator, in palling from the Southern Tropic to the Northern. Hence, tho’ the Spiral, in which the Sun’s apparent Motion is performed, be of the fame Sort every Year, yet it will not be the very fame; becaufe the Sun will pafs vertically over all the fame Places but once in every four Years : And, in the above Defcription, I T have have only fhewn what will happen In general, for one War 5 having only drawn the Spiral of the Suns Motion for that Time : And if a Speffator, on any Parallel of Latitude, fhould want to fee the fame Appearances of the Sun's Riling and Setting every Year, and, confequently, to have the particular Days thereof to be £lill of the fame Length with thofe* of the Year, he muft travel Weft ward every Year 90 Decrees on the fame Parallel. 20. The Inhabitants of Venus will be very careful in adding" a Day to fome particular Part of every fourth Year, 'to keep ftill the fame Seafons to the fame Times 5 becaufe, as the great annual Change of the Equinoxes and Solftices will fhiftthe Seafons forward a Quarter of a Day every Year, they would, in 36 Years, fhift the Seal ms forward thro' all the Days of the Year: Bur, by this intercala'ry Day, every fourth Year will be a Leap-Year 5 which will bring her Time to an even Reckoning, and keep her Calendar right. 21. The great Change of the Sun's Declination every Day, which caufes his Altitude, at Noon, or any other Hour, and his Amplitude at Riling and Setting, to be fo very different in Places lyiug under the fame Parallels of Latitude, will, be of one lingu- lar Ufe in Venus , the like whereof we fhall never enjoy on the Earth; and that is no lefs than the giv- ing a fare and eafy Method of finding the Longitude. Por, fuppofe to one Place, at Noon, the Sun's De- clination is 30 Degrees, and to another Place it is, only 20 Degrees 35 Minutes at Noon, in the fame rcvolutional Spiral, going from the Equator toward the Northern Tropic; the Difference, of thefe two Declinations is 9 Degrees 25 Minutes: In the fame Spiral r C H^] Spiral from the Equator, where'any Meridian - c relies it, to the fame Meridian' again, the Declination changes from nothing; to 37 Degrees 21 Minutes 3 and the Sun has gone 38 Degrees 5f Minutes in the Ecliptic. Thefp Things being known, the Propor- tion will be thus ; As 7 5 Degrees,* the greateft Dc- rtie ’ which is 3 Signs, equal to 2^ Revolutions round Venus } fo is 9 Degrees 25'Mmutes (the Difference of Declination at two given Places) to 9 Degrees- 44. Minutes, which is a fourth Part of aRevolution ; and therefore the one Place is a fourth Part of a Circle, or 90 Degrees of Longitude diftant from the other.0 And, as the Declination was advancing from the Equa- tor toward the Northern Tropic, the Place, in whofe Meridian it was 20 Degrees 35 Minutes, isEaftward from the Place in whofe Meridian it was 30 Degrees, fuppofing them both to be in the Northern Herni* fphere. I fhould be very . glad to fee this Defcription ex- amined into, and put in a better Form, by feme whofe Abilities are much .greater than mine: And altho' it feems ftrange, at the firfl View, that the great Inclination of Venus s Axis, with her flow diurnal and quick annual Motion, fhould makefuch mighty Differences of her Phenomena from the Earth's 5 yet I verily beiieve, that, was the Spiral of the SuiTs Motion for four Years, which.would contain 37 Re- volutions, nicely drawn on a large Globe, and the Times mentioned in which the Sun would rife and fet, with his different Amplitudes, Altitudes, and Declinations, where the Effects thereof would differ confiderably in many particular Pajts of each Spiral s T 2 and f *46 ] and fo occafion remarkable Differences of the Lengths of Day and Night, in the fame Revolutions, to Places under the fame Parallels of Latitude ; a whole Volume might be wrote in the Defcription, if the Author would defcend to Particulars. VII. A Machine for founding the Sea at any Depth , or in any Part , invented by Major Wm. Cock in the Tear 1738. in a Voyage to Georgia. Prefented April 10.’ g "tHE Draught of this Machine is I74° JL exhibited in Tab. II. Fig. i. wherein AAAA reprefent a Trunk of Timber, with afquare Hollow, thro’ the Centre of which paffes the fquare Piece of Timber BB. A Groove on each Side, in which are placed the two Pieces of Iron CC } the Foot of each refting on the Pins cDiD, that pafs thro’ the Trunk j the upper Part of the Irons are hooked to an iron Pin at E , which paffes thro’ the fquare Piece BB which Piece is hollowed between i/and H,(ot the Hooks of the Irons CC to pafs up and down. When the Weight F touches the Ground, the two Irons CC link the Trunk to G, which unhooks them at £5 whereupon they fall off, and leave the Trunk at Liberty to float or rife up again to the Surface. A Machine of thefe Dimenfions, loaded with an iron 'Ball, F, of 12 Pounds Weight, being let down in Mm? Hi • fee/itm //tro the 'ttlu/Jle . [ H7 3 fn Water too Fathoms deep, will go down to the Bottom, and the Trunk will return in one Minute and three Seconds. VIII. A Letter from Mr. J. Breintal to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. containing an Account of what he felt after being bit by ■a Rattle-Snake. fUad April 10. • 746. Philadelphia, Feb. io. 1 74.fi. I AM much obliged to you for your kind Letter; but you injoin me a fad Task. You muft know then, that, on the 2d of laft May in the Afternoon, I took a Turn down to the River ; and meeting there fome Company, we tarried about two Hours. I hearing a Bell upon the Top of a fteep Hill, which I knew to be the Cows of the People where I then quarter’d, and thinking to drive them home, it being almoft in a ftrait Line thither, went right up the Hill; and as it was ftony, fometimes I was ready to fall, fo faved myfelf by my Hands, and got fafe very near the Top ; where either my Foot flipt, or the Stone under it gave Way, and brought me down upon my Knees. I laid my Hand on a broad Stone to flay myfelf ; and, I fuppofe, the Snake lay on the oppofite Side, and might be offended by fome Motion of the Stone, fo bit my Hand in an Inftant, without any Warning or Sight; then Aid under the Stones, and founded his Rattles. I ■ [ *4* ] I felt a Sort of Chilnefs when I heard the Sound ; becaufe I had a conftant Thought, that if ever I was bit, my Life was at ail End, Without Stop I tore up the Stones, refolving to flay my Murderer : At lad I found Kim, crufh’d his Head to Pieces with a Stone, took him up in my left Hand, and ran to my Quarters, fucking the Wound on my right Hand as i went, and fpitting out the Poifon. This kept it eafy ; but my Tongue and my Lips became ftiff and numb, as if they had been froze : So getting quickly home “ I am bit with a Rattle- “ fnakc, and there lies- my Murderer!” cafting him down on the Thrcfhold. All Hands were aloft in a Minute 5 feme for one Thing, fome another, as they had feen or known in the like Affair:; and none feenfd lets concern'd than myfelf, as I thought by their Actions. The fiift Thing applied was a Fowl; his Belly ript up, and put on my Hand alive, like a Gantlet, and there tied faft. This drew out fome of the Poifon; for immediately he fwell’d, grew black, and flunk, I kept my Elbow bent, and my Fingers up, to keep the Poifon from my Arm. — — Thus I walked about, and fet fome of the Company to make a Fire on the Green ; for, as it fell out, there were 7 or 8 People there more than our Family. It was done quickly, and there we burnt the Snake. Another Hand this while had got fome Turmerick.1 This we bruifed well, Tops and Roots ; fo made a Plaiftcr, and bound it round my Arm, to keep the Poifon in the Hand : But Night came on, or elfe, I believe, it had never gone further than the Hand ; for this kept the Arm lecurc, till Midnight, or paft. Not: [ **i 3 Nor all this while had I much Pain: My Hand grew cold and numb, but did not Cwell very much 5 but now puft up on a fudden, and grew furious 5 fo I (lit my Fingers with a Razor, and this gave fome Eafe. I alfo flit my Hand on the- Back, and cupp'd it, and drew out a Quart or more of ugly poifony flimy Stuff. But my Arm fwelled for all we could do : Then I got it tied fo faft, that all Communication might be flopped with the Body, that it feernd almoft void of Feeling j yet would it work, jump, writhe and twift like a Snake in the Skin, and change Colours, and be fpotted $ and they would move to and fro upon the Arm, which grew pain ul in the Bone. .Thus was it tyJd two Days, and all Things applied that could be got or thought on. At laft, the Allies of white AftvBark, and Vinegar, made into a Plaifter, and laid to the Bite, drew out the Poifon apace. My Tongue and Lips fwelled that Night, but were not very painful, occafion'd only, I fuppofe, by fuck- ing the Wound. The Swelling of- my Arm being funk, till it was at leaft half gone, we then untied it ; but, in two Hours, all my right Side .was turned black, yet fweli 'd but little 5 nor was there any Pain went along with that Change of Colour. I bled at the Mouth loon after, and fo continued fpitting Blood and teverifh four Days. The Pain raged ftill in the Arm, and the Fever more violent 5 and by turns I was delirious for an Hour or two. This happen'd 3 or 4 times $ and, 9 Days being over, the Fever abated, and I began to mend 5 but my Hand and Arm were fpotted like a Snake, and continued fo all Summer. In 2 t >5° ] In the Fall my Arm fwell’d, gather’d, and burtf j fo away went the Poifon, Spots and all ; Heaven be thanked for ridding me from fuch a curfed Adverfary 1 But the moft furprifing and tormenting were my Dreams > for, in all SickneHes before, if I could but fleep and dream, I was happy fo long ; being ever in fome pleafing Scenes of Heaven, Earth, or Air: On the contrary, now if I flept, fo fure I dreamed of horrid Places, on Earth only ; and very often rolling among old Logs. Sometimes I was a white Oak cut in Pieces ; and frequently my Feet would be growing into two Hickeries. This caft a fort of Damp upon my waking Thoughts, to find my fleeping Hours difturbed with the Operation of that horrid Poifon. Thus have I fent you a Narrative of what happened on the fatal Bite, without any Polifh, with a Defign only to be underftood by you. IX. A Letter from R. Badcock, Efq\ to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. containing fome Mi- crofcopical Obfervationson the Farina foecun- danso/ ^ Holy oak and the Paflion-Flower. SIR, Kenfmgm, Nov. 6. 1745. lead April io. A Few Days ago I return’d from Rich - '746- L\. mondi and, looking on the Adver- tifer , faw a Book publifh’d by Mr. Needham *, Part of which contain’d Obfervations on the Farina foe - cundans. As I before had (while at Richmond) made fome myfelf, I immediately examin’d the Book, and find • New Mierofcopital Difcoveries, Lind. 1745. 8®. C 151 ] find many of my Experiments fo different from his, and fome that have altogether efcaped him, that, I flatter myfelf, mine will not be unacceptable ; which has occafion’d my troubling you with this. I have like- wife made fome Experiments on that of the Paflion- Flower ; which differing very much, I (hall take the Liberty to wait on you with next Tuefday. In the mean time I am, SIR, Tour moft obedient humble Servant , R. Badcock. Experiments and Obfervations on the Farina of the Hollyhock. f | "'HE firft Experiment I made, was gathering the Bud of a Holly hock fo young, that th zPetala were not yet form’d ; and ftripping off the Cdlix, nothing appeared, but the Apices clofe to the Stylus (for the Stamina were not yet perceptible) : Thefe Apices ap- peared to me to be a kind of Bag; and I could plainly perceive a Seam (if I may fo '-call it) run down the middle of it. This occafion’d me to take a fine Needle, and carefully open them ; which I did, and found each full of Farina, which feem’d to lie very regular. This determined me to take notice of the Courfe of the Farina in each Flower, and I obferved the following Particulars : Auguft 24. I took notice of a Flower juft going to blow, and the Retain appeared ; the Farina was then juft burft from its Apices. The Time of thefe U burfting [ X52 ] burfting is as foon as foon as ever the Fetala blow out enough to be affe&ed by the Sun. 25. The Flower opened more, and the Farina ap- peared fo thick on the Outfide of the Apices, that they feem'd quite cover’d from Sight, without a very narrow Infpe&ion. 26. The Farina began to decreafe vifibly, and con- tinued to do fo till the 27. When I perceived fome red curled Stamina , without any Apices , pufhing themfelves out at the Top thro’ the others. Thefe were, within their Bend, thick fet with a kind of Hairs ( a ), and in their Paffage took a good Quantity of Farina with them, which remain'd a Day longer than that which was contained in the Apices , I could not obferve the Farina to fall on any particular Part of the Flower, but feem'd rather to be difperfed. When thefe red Stamina appear, the Farina is go- ing, and the Apices , which contain'd it, dead. The Flower was kept till it wither'd, and the Stylus , &c. cut off 1 but in neither Experiment was there found any Difference, after a Month's keeping the Farina, except in the Colour, which was deeper. Cutting off the Stylus , (J?) foe. may have a con- fiderable Effeft upon the Seed, but feems to have but little on the Flower : For, tho' it was cut off as foon as poffible. (a) I cannot obferve any thing in this Flower, unlefs it be thefe, that deferve the Name of Papilla : Tho* the firft Magnifier could {hew nothing fatisfa&ory as to this Point. ( b ) This Experiment I have now in Hand ; and if any thing par- ticular difeovers itfelf, you {hall know it, with its regular and daily Alterations. C *53 ] pofllble, yet the Flo\Ver blew out the fame as if no- thing had happen'd, till about the Time that the Fa- rina might befuppofed to a£l; then the Fetala began to look black next the Stylusy and dropp'd off a Day fooner than the regular blowing Flower. Not having an Opportunity of purfuing this further, for want of Flowers and warm Weather, I applied myfelf to the Experiments of Mr. Needham , men- tioned p . 74. I brufh'd off fome dry Farina , and, putting Thames -Water to it, found it would not burft, under the Space of 7 or 8 Minutes, and not till they are foak'd in the Liquid: For, at the Time of afling, they feldom or ever lie one upon another, but float off, till they are clear of all Incumbrances. But I obferved one Particular, which fecms intirely to have efcaped Mr. Needhamy which was, That, on the Application of Water, they inftantly emit a pel- lucid kind of Matter (much thinner than that at burfting) thro’ their capillary Prickles, with which they are thick fet. Upon the Application of Briftol Water they are found to burft much fooner, and with lefs Emiflion. In Vinegar they fcarce ever burft 5 at leaft, if they attempt it, are inftantly flopp'd by the Sharpnefs of the Liquor. I don't find Vinegar to have any other EfFeft than this. In making my Experiments on a frefh-blown Holly- hock, I obferved a Lufus Nature of two Globules quite fmooth and {Tuning (contrary to their Nature, which is rough) : One of thefe acted very foon, the other not at all. The whole Farina feem to me to have a ftrong Su&ion; for I was obliged, in the Space of ten Minutes, to apply Water three times, in order for them to have enough to a Qc in 5 and I obferve, U 2 that [ *54 3 that they burft with a greater Force, and throw out a much larger Pulp, when thrown into a Depth o£ W ater. ThoThave been often obliged to fupply them with Water, yet I find the greateft Number always a & with the firft Water. I have often feen a Globule, thb it has been burft on one Side before, yet has burft a fe- cond time on the oppofite. Which feems to me as if the firft Aperture was inftantly clofed,. fo as not to emit again : For I have made it an Obfervation, that tho’ the Pulp is never thrown out at the fame Place a fecond time, yet the Globule, before it has done ading, fhall have had fo many Burfts, as to look like a Picture of a Bomb-Shell, with its various Difcharges before the Separation of its Parts. P. S. This is all I have been able to learn 5 but if any thing more falls under my Obfervation, you may depend on receiving an Account. Experiments and Obfervations on the Farina foe- cundans of the Paffion- Flower. nPHE Paffion Flower I look upon to be the fitted ** Flower for Experiments on the Farina , of any*. Firft, as it is large, and long in Bloom: Secondly, as the Flower by its Nature preferves itfelf and its Fa - rina from Injury : For, no fooner is the Sun off of the Flower, but it gradually clofes up as the Sun de- clines, till the Fetala are fo clofe, as not to admit any but very violent Showers. This, with the Dif- pofition of the Farina , which is on the Infide of its Apex , when the Flower is clofed, likewife preferves it [ r55 1 it from Wind. Add to this the infinite Quantity of Farina, which may be taken off (from the Largenefs of its Apex) without any Force, Damage to the Flower, or itfelf. To this likewife we may add, that, after a Night's keeping gather’d, the Farina has the fame Effed and Adion in the Morning, as it had when frdh-gather’d : Which Quality no other Farina has. See Needham, page 77. The Farina of the Paffion- Flower appears (by Mr. Cuff’s double reflecting Microfcope) Mag*. 6,5,4, to be a fmooth round Globule, of a pretty full Yellow, like the Appearance N°. 1. which we fuppofe the Area of the Microfcope. Thefe Globules, on being more magnify’d, are found to have fome three Circles (as N°. 2.) others two, others none. Among thefe. I have found a confiderable Number quite white, as at- tempted to be {hewn in Tab. II. Fig. 2. N®. 1.5 but I never obferv’d thefe ad. When the Globules N°. 2 . come to be magnify’d with the firft or fecond Magnifier, they appear indented, exadly like N°. 3- All the co- lour’d ones, tho’ differently mark’d, yet all ad alike. I obferve that thefe ad in a much lefs Space of Time than thofe of the Hollyhock, which are ten Minutes, tho’ frefhj whereas thefe ad infiantly, tho’ kept for 24 Hours (a): Neither have thefe any Sudion or con- vulfive Motion^ ading intirely ftili, and in the firft Water. Attempting to apply them to the opaque Microfcope after their Adion, they ftuck round the Point like wet Skins : But one Thing I obferve, that - they (a) I have fince had a Flower lay in a Window from Friday Morning till Monday , and the Farina has aded very briskly. [ *56 ] they burft but once, throwing out all their pellucid Matter, which is yellow, at the firft Difeharge. They aft no otherwife in Oil, but by emitting a Matter much thinner than that at burfting : But, having lain in Oil for a Minute, and put from thence into Wa- ter, they aft infiantly, and with a feeming additional Force. Being put into Malt-Spirits, they exhibit a very agreeable Appearance : All thofe which emir, as in Oil, lie dead and ftill $ but thofe which neither burft nor emit, are thrown into fo violent an Agi- tation, that they appear like Animalcules 5 fbme- times joining ten or a dozen together ; on a hid- den, an imperceptible Force fhall throw a Globule, fometimes (two or three) three Parts over the Area of the Microfcope 5 often two Globules fhall be whirl'd round with incredible Swiftnefs, for the Space of near a Minute, then feparated by the fame imper- ceptible Swiftnefs, fly each a different Way. They will aft thus, till the Liquor may be fuppofed to dry up, when fupplying them with Liquor, will regain their Motion $ and tho’ you put Liquor often to them, yet every time will give them that Swiftnefs. Upon applying the Magnifyer, N°. 2. I find it is the white unafting Globules that do thus, and imagine that they rife with that Spirit which evaporates 5 and their not being volatile occafions them to flop at Top, and con- tinue this Motion as long as the Liquid has any Eva- poration 5 for I obferve, after a certain time, they lie like the others which have afted. In this Liquid they burft, in fuch a manner, as that the Places from whence they burft are perceptible (See Tab. II. Fig. 2, N°. 5.), and the Pieces broke off very plain. The Way 1 obtain’d a Sight of this, was to let the Glo- bules [ i57 1 kiles dry after their Aftion, on the Glafs. Some burft fo fierce as to break off a Piece, as N°. 5. ; others can fcarce be feen to have any Alteration: Yet no Magnifier will go fo far as to fhew the Mat- ter thrown from them, any otherwife than as a yei- lowilh Water. Upon applying Aqua fort is to this Farina , the Shape and Marks are inftantly changed to thofe mark’d inTAB. II. Fig. z. N°. 4.;- whereas, on the Hollyhock,|it has no other Effeft than burning up their capillary Prickles. The Lilium flore rejlexo of Mr. Needham I have never feen; thofe kind of Flower having been along time out of Bloom ; but, as to this of the Pallxon- Flower, what is placed on the Top of the Piftil, the deepeft Magnifier will not fhew perfeft : And tho’ I have endeavour’d all pollible means, could never ob- tain any thing fatisfaftory ; fo that I mull freely own either my Misfortune or my Ignorance. On the Piftil of the Stockjnly-Flower there are very plain to be feen feme kind of capillary Tubes on its Top; but then they appear to ftand thus 0, without any Aper- ture, as deferibed by Mr. Needham. Whether thefe may have their Pores, or not, I am not able to fay. I fhall continue making Obfervations on this Part of the Flowers which may fall under my Infpedion, and hope foon to be fatisfy’d in this Point: But, as to his Opinion of the Aftion of the Farina , I cannot, at prefent, grant it any other aftive Power than Suftion ; for had there been any inward Mechanifm, the various Experiments I have try’d muft have Ihewn it in fome Shape or other 5 whereas thofe who have the 1 158 1 the greateft Motion before A&ion, I can only ob- ferve to fwell, and look larger, on the almoft imme- diate Application of Water. X. Part of two Letters from the Rev. Henry Miles, D.D. & F.R.S . to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. containing fome Eledlrical Obfervations. i. ‘Dear Sir , * * * Read April 17. I746* ON my making ufe of one of my Boxes fill'd with Pitch, Wax, &c. for the Perfon to be eledrify'd to Hand upon, after ufing it a little while fuccefsfuily, I got the Man who affifted to wipe the Surface of the Pitch, &c. with a dry clean Cloth, fufpeding, from the Place it had flood in, fome Dampnefs might lodge thereon. This being done, for my Satisfaction I fet up the Box on one Side, and held a Thread of Trial at a proper Di- ftance, and found it to attrad and repel the lame: But, on fetting it down, and (landing upon it, by no means could it be made appear that I was eledrify’d, or any other Perfon who flood thereon afterwards. I thereupon took another Box of the fame lort, but made ufe of it without wiping it, and it performed well. This I have not yet repeated, but intend to do it. s In [ I59 ] In a Pint-Bottle of Flint-Glafs I have fome fmall Pieces of brafs Leaf, and the Bottle hermetically fealed. Upon trying whether the excited Tube would much affeCt the faid Leaf, I was at firfl difappointed in my Expectations ; for tho’ the Tube was fo well ex- cited, as that, upon bringing it near the Bottle, firong and loud Snaps were given, there was hardly any fenfible Motion in the brais Leaf, till I thought of warming the Bottle at the Fire ; and then there was a confiderable one, tho’ not what I expected before I made any Trial. But I fufpedt the Bottle to be too thick ; for, on trying a common Flask, which wefealed in the Fire, the Leaf which I had put in was very ftrongly both attracted and repelled a great many times. One odd Circumftance I will tell you, and detain you no longer: Upon my lifting up the Tube haftily by chance, I obferved the Leaf to be powerfully at- tracted by the Sides of the Bottle or Flask next to the Tube: This put me on trying purpofely what the Effect would be, if, when a Perfon held Either in his Hand Tideways, fo as the Neck was parallel with the Horizon ; I took the excited T ube, and moved it up and down towards and from the Floor, at 3 or 4 Inches from the Bottle, fuceeffively, as faft as I could, without hazarding my ftriking againft it ; upon which the brafs Leaf was as fuceeffively attracted and repel- led, or feemed to follow the Motion of the Tube, or was affeCted, as it would have been if I had beat the Air upon it, tho’ in a very inferior Degree, as you will fuppofe ; and thus it would be, if the Tube was held at a greater Diftance 5 and in the Flask, I carried my Hand fo as that the Tube deferibed a Circle about it, at the Diftance of 6 or 7 Inches, the Whole of the Leaf would be put into a conftantj re- X gular C *60 ] regular Gyration, which would hold as long as I could well continue the Motion. This feem’d to me ftrange, that if I brought the Tube near, and re- moved the fame {lowly, no Motion (efpecially in the Bottle) was obferved, or what was next to none; and yet, that this fudden Motion of the Tube fhould produce fuch an EffeCt ; but I think it may be thus accounted for : While the Tube is held near the Bot- tle, fyc. for any time, the Leaf-Brafs is kept in a; State of Repulfion ; and therefore, under that Con- finement in the Bottle, is motionlefs but, on my fudden withdrawing the Tube, the Side of the Glafs oppofite the Leaf ferves as an Attractive to it, while the Side on which it lay repels it; and thus, by the Motion of the Tube mention’d, there is a conftant Succeffion of Attraction and Repulfion. I am, in hopes foon to kifs your Hand at Crane-Court , IT may be hardly worth while to tell you, that I fir’d common Spirit of Wine, at the Diftance ot 25 Feet, the Effluvia being convey’d by 3 Per- forms and 2 Laths of Deal, ty’d together thus : The Tooting , March 20. 1745-6. ‘Dear Sir, Tour very affectionate Friend and obliged humble Servant ,, H. Miles. IT. Dear Sir, * * * Perfon C l6' ] Perfon to be ele&rify'd immediately handing on a Cake of Wax, and holding one End of the Lath, another Perfon handing about the Middle of the Di- ftance on another Cake, and fupporring the Lath, and a third Perion at the further End, who held the other End of the Lath, and fir'd the Spirit,* and fome- times held the Spoon, while a fourth Perfon fir'd them by Repulfion. In this Experiment, inftead of common Thread, I ufed Silver and GoldTwift, of what, I think, the Ladies call Plate j and I have Rea- fon to think this much better than the former. I am fo far from being of Abbe Nollefs Mind, that I think no Sort of Glafs is Proof againft the Effefts of a moift Air. I conclude this from Mr. Watforis Experiments and my own. - — I told you before where I kept my Tube s and I can allure you, I find as great a Difference as can well be in the fame Tube, between what it is one Day and the next, even when I have feen no great Reafon to expeft, from any fenfibie Change in the Air, it fhould be fo. But whence arifes that we call Moiftnefs in the Air? I have many times known, that the Wind being N. and N.E. and tho' it has rained all Day incef- fantly, the Air has been as dry (fo far as I could judge from natural Hygrometers, and from my Tube) as in a fair Day 5 and than fome fair Days, drier, by the fame Indications. I begin to think, that, by careful Praftice, the glafs Tube may be brought to be a good Hygrometer for the Air. I wifh the Theory of the Air were more diligently and accurately confidered : Certainly it has been negle&ed 5 fo Mr. Locke thought, a little before he died j and faid, The imperfect Difcourfe of Mr. X z ' Boyles, [ *62 ] Boyles , which was printed after his Deceale, was the bcft Account we had. And what has been done fince ? I was going to tell you (for I write in a Hurry, that I may not lofe the Conveyance which offers), that I believe Culhions, the Cafe Hair-cloth, and the Stuff- ing of Horfe-hair, may be made to anfwer inftead of Wax-Cakes. I have one not 3 Inches thick in the Middle, even when it is not comprefs’d, which will do well. Pardon the Trouble I give you, and per- mit me to acknowledge, that I am, with all Sincerty, 4 Dear Sir, Tour mofi affectionate, and •April |6. 1746. very much obliged humble Servant, H. Miles, [ i63 ] XI. An ExtraB , by Philip Henry Zollman, Efq\ F. R. S. of a Philofophical Account of a new Opinion concerning the Origin of Petrifactions found in the Earth, which has been hitherto afcribed to the univerfal de- luge ; as contained in an Italian Book, inti- tied , De Croftacei ed altri marini Corpi che le trovanofu’ Monti, di Anton. Lazzaro Moro, Venice 1740. communicated together with feveval Remarks , by Dr, Balthafar Ehrhart, Phyfcian in Ordinary at Mem- mingen, and Member of the Acad. Nat.CurioC in High -Dutch at Memmingen, 1 745. 4 to. -Read April 24' I * H E Italian Author has adopted a 1746. new syflem concerning marine Petrifa£lion, the Caufe of which he refers to Fire, inftead of Water, according to the Opinion com- monly received. The Place of his Abode has furnifhed him with particular Opportunities of comparing marine Petri- factions found in the Mountains, with the true ma- rine Bodies produced by the Sea. The faid Place is called San Vito di Tagliamento , 6 Hours Journey from Venice , under the Bifhop of Concordia, belong- ing to the Patriarch of Aquileia. The Author is a Clergyman ; but never entered into any ecclefiaftical Community, nor into any Uni- yerfity. 1 C I<4 ] verfity as Profefior 5 to be out of the Way of Envy : However he keeps a Boarding-School for young Men. He has publifhed the Book in Queftion at his own Expence 5 which has brought him into fome Trouble, and render'd the Book at firft very Scarce. He fhews a great Conformity to the Principles of Sir Ifaac Newton , and other modern Philofophers, not very common in Italy 7 grounding himfelf upon Ex- perience, and mathematical Proofs. Having in the firft Part formed the State of the Queftion, he examines the Syftems of Burnet and Woodward , almoft generally received by the Learned, though the former does not make any exprefs Mention of Petrifadion. He refutes their Opinions about the Deluge, and of its being the Caufe of Pe- trifadions. He lays down for a fundamental Maxim, that the Deluge ought to be believed, according to the Scripture, as a Miracle, and not to be proved by natural Rules 5 from which he proceeds to another 5 'viz. That whoever lays down, for a Foundation, a Principle which does not fit the Several Bhano- mena , builds upon an erroneous Principle. After having refuted at large Dr. Woodwards Opinions, he proceeds to the eftablifhing his own Syftem, grounded upon Subterraneous Fire, with va- rious Arguments of his own, and with the Refuta- tion of thofe of others. He firft lays down fome general Principles, accord- ing to Sir Ifaac Newton} &c. and then applies to them Several Inftances for Supporting his Syftem. The firft is the new Ifland rifen out of the Sea in the Year 1707, near the Ifland Santorini in the Archi- pelago, The 7 [ *65 3 The fecond is a Mountain, which rofe out of the Earth in 1538. near Tozzuolo in the Kingdom of Naples, overwhelmed the little Town Tripergula , and dried up a navigable Lake named Lucrano 5 being now called the New Mountain , equal in Height to a neighbouring old one, called Monte Bar bar 0 . From the Circumftances attending thofe Events, he endeavours to prove his new Hypothefis. He calls to Help the feveral Eruptions of the Moun- tains Vefuvius and zyEtna ; and then forms his The- fis; viz. “ That marine Animals and Productions f£ (for Inftance, Shells, &c.) which are now found u in high Mountains, were fir(l generated in the Sea: “ But when thofe Mountains were raifed, by fubter- u raneous Fire, above the Surface of the Sea, were “ petrifbd fo as they now appear.” This Thefis Moro endeavours to fupporr, by giving the Detail of the 12 feveral Strata found in the Ter- ritories of Modena , when they are digging for Wells, mention'd by Woodward , Camerariusy Vallifni ~ eriy and Ramazzini \ whofe Remarks, as well as the newer ones of Whi(lon and Bourguety he will not allow to be fatisfaCtory $ the greateft Difficulty being this, that, from the Nature of fome of thofe Strata, it feems that the Sea has twice covered the Plain of Modena , now above fome Hundreds of Feet above the Level of the Sea 5 and that from another Stra- tum it may be inferred, that, in the Intervals be- tween thofe Overflowings of the Sea, the Land has been inhabited and cultivated. His Thefis he endea- vours tofupport, by a remarkable Paffage from Tliny * Book II. Chap . 87. Ingens ten arum portentum L . Marcio? Sex , Julio CoJJ'% in.agro Mutinenfil Namque monies C 166 ] montes duo inter fe concurrerunt, crepitu maxima af- fult antes, recedentefque > inter eos flamma famoqae in ccelum exeunt e, &c. Dr. Ehrhart compares with this the feveral Strata found in digging in the Neighbourhood of Memmin- gen laft Year. Moro touches next upon the Hypothefis of fome, that the Sea increafes about one Foot in Height in about two Centuries 5 and of fome others, that it decreafes five Feet in one Century ; as alfo, how the Saltnefs of the Sea may be deduced from his Hypo- thefis. Dr. Ehrhart hopes that Moro’s Syftem may one time prevail againft Prejudices, as well as thofe of Vergilius, Galilaus, Harvey, &c. XII. Further Obfervations and Experiments on the Paflion-Flower, and its Farina, by Mr. Badcock, communicated by Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. Read April 24. my laft Account pK 157. I concluded 174 ’ JLwithobferving, that what was in theTop of the Piftil, was fo far from making me believe it Papilla, or any other Pafiage for the A&ion of the Farina, that I defcribed it to ftand thus P j and que- ried if there might not be Pores on its Top, as grant- ing the Action of the Farina to have its Effeft and Confequence, as defcribed by Mr. Needham, f. 80. as there was no £oflibility of its ever being in the Nature [ l67 ] Nature of the Liliurd fiore reflexo, defcribed by him, by its Papi/Ubcing ofUfe in the Manner and Figure defcribed Plate 5. Fig. 2. of his Book. 1 have fince taken all poffiblc Methods to fatisfy myfelf, and (hall communicate the following Experiments, being the mod material, without any Apology : as, upon a Com vision of an Overfight or Miflake, I am very ready to acknowledge my Error. After the Calix , Pet ala , &c. are dripped off, the fird Thing the Fiower prefen ts to View are a double Row of purple Threads : Thefe Threads appear thus? ( See Tab. II. Fig. 3* a.) on which we may plainly perceive a fort of capillary Tubes (or whatever you will call them) Handing as I before obferved. Here we may be at a Lofs for a Paflage for the acting Matter ol the Farina » we mud therefore look further. Upon cutting thefe Threads longitudinally, they appear in many Places as tlrs before us, and are often pretty full. The Occafion of thefe Appearances, (. Fig • $.b .) I own I am not Botanift enough to folve, nor will the fird Magnifier give me Satisfaction. At the Bottom of thefe, fet round the Stem, is a Angle Row of fmall Threads, not exceeding half an Inch: Thefe ap- pear to have much broader Heads than the long pur- ple Threads around them and being fo well fecured and fortified from Injury, I imagine to be of great Ufe and Confequence to the Flower ; yet they appear fet in the fame Manner, thoJ the Tubes do not rife fo high. I .am inclined to believe thefe may be de- ifgn'd in this Flower as Papillae j id. As they are fo well fortify’d from all Injury from without ; 2dly, As the Farina , when the Flower blows, and clofes at Night, is turn'd inwards; which Time, I am like- Y wife [ >68 ] wife inclined to believe, is the Time of Adion *, at lcaft in this Flower; for, after a hot Day, why may not the Evening Dews penetrate, and the Farina , having at that time aftrong Sudion, from the Drought, occafton it to ad ? But I have not made the Obfcr- vation at which Time‘the Farina ads mod, Morning or Evening ; which I fanfy would fatisfy . 3 dly , From this being the only Part of the Flower which appears with a Hollow or Indenting on its Top ; by which the Adion of the Farina (thus lying inwards) may fall down, and fettle in this Hollow, as a Drop of Water would do : For I obferve there are no Obftrudions to fuch a Suppofition, in the Strudure of the Flower. We will go now to the Top of the Flower, where are three Stamina placed on the Uterus: Thefe are fet in a Manner defcribed before with Tubes ; but, on making a longitudinal Sedion, I cannot find them carried on in any Shape. We come next to the Uterus 5 here I cannot ob* ferve any Tubes at all ; nor is there any Appearance to me remarkable, till we come to the Bottom of the Stylus > and then, by degrees, from a fmaller to a greater it rifes, till the Appearance becomes thus 5 (See Tab. II. Fig. 3 • c.) On * The two following Experiments have given me Grounds for this; ift, That the Farina I obferve, is always damp in the Morning} 2dly, On examining it after a frofty Night, fcarce one burft. 1 at this time made an Obfervation, which, I believe, has as yet efcaped every one, That the intenfe Cold has fuch an Effedl on the Globules as to throw many into the fame Shape as Aqua fortis will. 1 i<9 ] On Examination, I find the five Appearances to anfwer the five Stamina on which the Apices are fet ; and from this Appearance, growing nearer and nearer to each other by degrees, they join at laft all in one in the Stalk of the Flower. ' t ' r- ' ' 1 5 O I’/' : I f . I l ;I; r •;> i — — — — — ■ ™ — — « XIII. Part of a Letter from Mr. Wra, Arde- ron, F. R. S. to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. concerning an Improvement of the Weather- Cord. SIR, Read April z\.r ■ "’HE Weather Cord is an Hygrometer 174 ' of a very ancient Invention, and* if properly conttru&ed, may be made ufe of with very good Succefs, to (hew the various Alterations of the Atmofphere, in refpeft to Moifture and Drynefs ; but, as commonly made, it never rifes or falls lufficiently to point out fuch minute Changes as the Curious would be defirous to know. A Senfe of this Defeat fet me upon endeavouring to find out fome Method of removing it ; and how far I have fucceeded, will beft appear upon calling your Eye upon the Drawings, Tab. II. Fig. 4. and Fig. 5. In the firft of thefe Hygrometers which I made, as in Fig. 1. I only fixed the End of the Index A B fall to the Silk CE at A, leaving it lying loofe upon the Point D ; and in this manner the other End of the Index would nearly defcribe the Arch FGH : But then I foon perceived, that the Centre of Motion, Y a whereon [ '70 ] whereon the Index turned, was changed whenever it moved ever fo little; and, confequently, that the Arch (truck by the End B muft be irregular. On confidering this, I toothed two Pieces of Brafs, as 1,2, and 3, 4 (See Fig . $.) to fit each other fo ex- aftly, that, upon the leaft Motion of the one, the other would move ; then, fixing the Index upon the Centre C, its Motions were rendered much more re- gular. I placed likewife a little Collar of Brafs at B, upon the Cord S Ry and to that Collar tied the Silk, which gave Motion to the Index, that the Cord S R might twift and untwift without any Impediment., If there is no Weight placed at Bottom, as in Fig . 4 X the Piece of Brafs 1, 2 muft be fo heavy as to keep the Cord SB R at a convenient Tightnefs, and alfo to counterbalance the End of the Index CEy pro vided it be heavier than the other. The Length of the Cord SB Ry itsThicknefs, and the Manner of preparing it, are already defcribed in fo many Books which treat of Hygrofcopes, that to mention them would feem unneceflary ; and I (hall only add, that lam Norwich, Dec. 21. 1745. Toursy See. « N Wm. Arderon. XIV. M MUtf* At'. [ ‘71 ] XIV. A Defcription of a Clepfydra or Water- Clock^ by the Hon . Charles Hamilton, Efq\. See Tab III. * Fig. i. this Machine in Perfpc&ive. Read April 24. & N open Canal e e> is applied with a 1745 XJL conftant and equal Stream by the Siphon d\ and has at each End ff open Pipes, of exadly equal Bores, which deliver the Warer that runs along the Canal e , alternately into the Veffds g 1, g 2, in fuch a Quantity as to raife the Water from the Mouth of the Tantalus , s , to the Top of the Tantalus ty exa&ly in an Hour. The Canal e ey is equally poifed by the two Pipes f i, f 2, upon a Centre r 3 the Ends of the Canal, ey are raifed alter- nately, as the Cups ^ zy are depreffed, to which they are connected by Lines running over the Pulleys //. The Cups, are fixed at each End of the Balance mmy which moves up and down upon its Centre^. n 1, n 2, The Edges of two Wheels or Pulleys, moving different Ways ahernatcly, and fo fitted to the Cylinder 0 (by oblique Teeth both in the Cavity of the Wheel, and upon the Cylinder 5 which, when the Wheel n moves one Way [/. e. in the Direction of the Minute-Hand], meet the Teeth of the Cylin- der, and carry the Cylinder with it,* and, when n moves the contrary Way, flip over thofe of the Cy- linder, the Teeth no more meeting, but receding from each other 5 or it may be done by Catches or Locks, which require a longer Defcription), one or other of thefe Wheels, nny continually moves 0 in the * N. B. The Letters of Reference anfwer to all the 3 Figurss fome being feen in one, that do not come in Sight in the others. C, M \ [ J72 ] the fame Direction, with an equal and uninterrupted Motion : For the Contrivance is fuch, that the Inftant one ceafes to act, the other begins, and fo on. A fine Chain goes twice round each Wheel, having at one End a Weight, x, ^always out of Water, which equiponderates with y at the other End, when kept floating at the Surface of the Water in the Veffel £, which/ muft always be. The two Cups zz, one at each End of the Balance mm, keep it in Equilibria, till one of them is forced down by the Weight and Impulfe of the Water, which it receives from the Tantalus s t i: Each of thefe Cups zz, has likewife a Tantalus of its own hh, which empties it after the Water has done running from g, and leaves the two Cups again inzyEqnilibrios q is a Drain to carry off the Water. Fig. 2. The Front of the Clepfydra Reprefents the Dial-Plate, with the Hour and Mi- nute-Hands, the Weight and Float belonging to n 2. The Front of the Tantalus in^ 2, marked sti, of which s the Mouth is 1 8 Inches above the Bottom of the Veffel g, and 18 Inches below the Top of the T ant alas t. i is the iffuing Leg of the Tantalus , which difcharges the Water out of the Veffel g into the Cup z, as foon as it runs over the Top t, till the Water finks as low as s. Fig> 3. The Profile of the Clepfydra. T AB. I [ »73 1 Tab. IV. or Fig. 4* The Flan of the Clepfydra to its full Tiimenfon. The Cafe uu inclofes the whole Machine, except the Ciftern that fupplies the Siphon dy which may be placed at any Diftance from it, as is moft conve- venient, provided the ifluingLeg d, of the Siphon is lengthened out fo as to give a conftant Stream into the Canal e . This Cafe uu fupports the Axis of the Cylinder*? behind, and the Dial-Plate before 5 in the Centre of which turns the Axis 0 , with the Index k at its Extremity, being the Minute-Hand. The Hours may be defcribed by two common Wheels, as in ordinary Clock-work. For cheap Work, Chains palling round Pulleys would do inftead of Wheels with Teeth. The Motion of the Clepfydra is ejfeEted in the fol- lowing Manner : The fhort Leg of the Siphon d is placed in a Cif- tern, with its Mouth fomething below the Mouth of the Wafte-Pipe; which Ciftern is fupplied with a conftant Stream, rather more than runs out at the Siphon d; which Overplus going off at the Wafte- Pipe, the Water always remains at the fame Height in the Ciftern, and yet always delivers a conftant and equal Flow into the Canal e e •, confequently, there is not the leaft Intermiflion. As the End of the Canal e , fixed to the Pipe /i, is in the Figure the lowed* the Water runs all thro' the Pip efi, into the Vef- fel^ 1, till it runs over the Top of the Tantalus t 5 when it immediately runs out at ; into the Cup at [ * *74 ] at the End of the Balance m, and forces it down, the Balance m moving on its Centre v. When one Side of m is brought down, the String which conne&s it to f i, running over the Pulley /, raifes the End /i, of the Canal e, (which turns upon its Centre r,) higher than fz 5 confcqucntly, all the W ater which conftantly runs thro' the Siphon d7 inftantly runs thro ’ fz into g 2 , till the fame Operation is performed in that Veffe?, and fo on alternately. As the Height the Water rifes \ng in an Hour, viz. from s to ty is equal to the Circumference of n> the floaty riftng that Height along with the Water, lets the Weight x aft upon the Pulley n9 which carries with it the Cylinder o ; and, giving a Revolution, makes the Index k defcribeanHour upon theDial-Platc. This Revolution is performed by the Pulley n i ; the next is to be by n 2, whilft n 1 goes back, as the Wa- ter in g 1 runs out thro' the Tantalus ; for^y mud fol- low the Water, as its Weight increafes out of Water. The Axis 0 always keeps moving the fame Way; the Index k deferibes the Minutes ; the Tantalus's muft be wider than the Siphon d that the Veifels gg may be fure to be empty as low as s9 before the Water returns to them. Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Gray' s-Inn Gate inHolboum , Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlvit. * Numb. 480. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT O F T H E Prefent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS. IN MANY Confiderable Parts of the WORLD. LONDON: Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Grafs- Inn-Gate in Holbourn 5 Printer to the R o y a l Society. M. D C C. XL V I I. Numb. 480. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. Far the Months of May and June , 1740. The CONTENTS. I. An Obfervation of an Operation made by the high Apparatus, according to M. le CatV Method , in the Year 1743 ; by Claud. Nic. le Cat, M.D. F.R.S, Page 175. II* The Defcription of an Hygrometer made of a Deal Rod i by W. Arderon, F.R.S. p.184* III. A Letter from Ric. Bad cock, Ffq\ to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. concerning the Fa- rina fcecundans of the Yew-Tree. p. 189. IV. An Account of a Brittle that was lodged in a Gentleman s Foot , and caufed a violent In- flammation ; from W. Arderon, F.R.S. p.192. V. Some Obfervations on the Spina ventofa ; by the late Claud. Amyand, Ffq\ F.R.S. p. 1 9 3 . VI. An ExtraSl of a Letter from Mr. John Henry Winkler, to a Friend in London concerning the Effe&s of Electricity upon Himfelf and his Wife. p. 211. VII. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from Chelfea Garden, prefented to the R o Y A L- The CONTENTS. Royal Society by the Company of Apo- thecaries for the Tear 1744. p. 2 13,. V7 III. Part of a Letter from Mr. George Howell, Surgeon , at Haverfordweft, to Mr. W.Wat- fon, F. R. S. concerning the extracting a large Stone by an Aperture in the Urethra, p. 2 1 5. IX. A Letter from Robert Southwell, Efq; to Mr. Henry Oldenburg, concerning fome extraordinary Ecchoes, lately communicated to the Royal Society by the Reverend Henry Miles, D. D. F. R. S. p. 2 1 9. X. A Letter from Mr. J. Durant to the Ho- nourable Robert Boyle, Efq\ F.R.S. con- cerning a Coal-Mine taking Fire near New- caftle upon Tyne; of the blue Well; and of a fubterraneous Cavern in Weredale. p. 221. XI. ALetter James Parfons, M.H. F.R.S. to the Prefident ; ferving to introduce a Re- mark from [ohn Milner, Efq\ concerning the burying of the Cows, dead of theprefent reign- ing Diftemper, in Lime or not '. p. 224. XII . Critical Obfervations concerning the Oenan- the aquatica,fucco virofo crocanteo/'Lobel ; by Mr. W . W atfon, Apothecary Ji.R.S. p. 2 27. XIII. A Letter to Mr. B. Robins, F.R.S. Jhew- ing that the Electricity of Glafs dijlurbs the Mariners Compafs, and alfo nice Balances. p. 242. [ 17S ] I. An Obfervation of an Operation made by the high Apparatus, according to M. le Cat’j' Method , in the Tear 1743 ; by Claud. Nic. le Cat, M. D. F. R. S. Sur- geon to the Hotel Dieu at Rouen, and Royal Demonjlrator in Anatomy and Sur- gery ; tr an fated from the French by Philip Henry Zollman, F. R, S. ReaJMay 1. ▼ HAVE given to the * Royal Society 1 a Defcription of a particular Method of making the high Apparatus , and have proved its Theory, by a Cure happily performed in practifing it- — The Spring of the Year 1743 furnilhed me with a new Opportunity of confirming the Goodnefs of this Method; which, by certain Circumftances, was put to fuch a Trial, that I queftion whether the Stone could have been taken out by any other Man- ner of Cutting. For this Reafon I have thought this Obfervation deferved a Place, as a Supplement to the Account which I have prefented to the Society con- cerning this Method. Jofeph Bunel , of 12 Years of Age, a Native of la Bucaille, and living at Vitry near Andely , was af- flicted with the Stone for 8 or 9 Years part:. Friday the 17th of May 174.3, being the Day appointed to cut him, I prepared myfelf to do it by the * See thefe Tranf, N°. 476, p. 391. Z [ *7 6 ] the lateral Apparatus , which is the common Methods At 5 o’ Clock in the Morning the Patient was placed in the ufual Manner for the Operation } and I, en- deavouring to enter the Probe,, in order to cut him laterally, found the Stone fo big, or at leaft fo far advanced in the Neck of the Bladder, that I had all the Trouble in the World to make the Ihftrument enter $ nor could I effect it, otherwifc than by thruft- ing it quite on the Side. I put my Finger into the Anus , and was convinced of the Reality of the Cir- cumftances which the Probe had made appear: I immediately thought that the Situation of this Stone in the Neck of the Bladder would hinder me from bringing the Inftruments freely to it $ that, as this hard Body Teem’d exactly to fill the Bladder, , it would be irrpoffible to introduce a Pair of Pincers between it and the Inftdes of the Bladder 5 that, its Bulk being too confiderable, would caufe a mortal Lacera- tion by the low Apparatus 5 and, laftly, that the Pa- tient was in fuch a Cafe of Neceflity, as required to have recourfe to the high Apparatus. Not having fufpected all thefe particular Circum- fiances, and not being much inclined to make an Operation in Town, which I had as yet made but once, I had not brought my Inftruments with me for cutting by the high Apparatus > but, feeing it would be a Rafhnefs in this Cafe, to perform the lateral Operation, and not to prefer the high Apparatus to it, contrary to all my Experiments and Principles, I put off the Operation to the next Day, and fent to Rouen for my Inftruments for cutting by the high Apparatus. That [ 177 ] That Day at Noon I gave the Patient a very light Soup. Saturday the x8th, I cut him by the high Appa- ratus at 8 in the Morning. The Surgeon who was gone to fetch the Inftruments, brought Mr. Grajfe* a Surgeon from Rublin, with him, who was come to Roiien , on the Part of Meflieurs Morand and Ver - dier , to fee my Way of Cutting ; and 1 had io or 1 2 young Surgeons with me who were come from Roiien . The Patient was placed upon one of thofe little Beds which the Turners make for the Country Peo- ple; the two Extremities of the Bed were rais'd, cfpecially that which was to fupport the Thighs, and the Middle was hollow ; the Whole covered with Alaizes*. The Patient's Head was towards the Light j his Hands and Feet were tied acrofs the Bed, in the Places where they came to lie, when the Patient was laid on his Back ; his Legs were ftretch'd and open s his Arms brought down below his Hips; in a Word, he was in a very convenient Pofture. I was on the right Side of the Patient. In this Manner I thrufted an Algalie (or hollow Catheter ) into the Bladder, introducing it on. the Side, as I had done the Day before. I injected a Syringe-full of lukewarm Water into the Bladder $ which occafion'd a Protuberance not immediately above the Rubis , but three or four Fingers Breadth higher ; * Thefe are Cloths folded feveral times, and laid under the Pa- tients, to keep them cleanly. Z 2 [ *78 3 higher 5 which plainly proved, that the Stone took up the whole exterior and inferior Region of the Bladder* I opened the Teguments, and thrufted my Inftru- ment into the Bladder clofe to the Pubis ; but, find- ing there oniy one Membrane, and the Stone, I was obliged to bring the Edge of my Knife upwards, and then the Inftrument really enter'd, and Abundance of Water and Urine came forth. I turn’d again my Inftrument, to fupport the Bladr dcr with the projecting Part, which is on the Back of it *. I dipt over it the ftralt Sufpenfor ("a Catheter* that opens with a Bow), and dilated the Bladder with rhe Incifion Knife, towards the ‘Pubis > and intro- duced the lateral Sufpenfor s: I put my Finger into the Bladder, and, having felt a Stone which was above the firft, I pull'd out this upper Stone with the For- ceps, which broke between the lateral Sufpenfor s . I put my Finger in again, and felt another; which I took hold of, and pull'd out, taking it for a third Stone, though it was but a Fragment of the firft, which had efcaped the Forceps .. This Fragment being taken out, I put my Finger in again, and felt diftinccly that the Bladder was parted into two Chambers, like a Gourd. In the upper hin- dermoft Chamber, which I had open'd, the Injection was lodg'd, and the Stone which I had taken our. In the nethermoft Chamber 1 felt the great Stone, which went as far as. the Neck of the Bladder, the Top of which was furrounded by the Bladder like a Neck, * Sec the Figures in the preceding Account, Tran f, N°. 476. [ 179 ] Neck, the Opening of which did not admit more than the Tip of one's Finger, with which I felt that the Partitions of the Bladder were clofely united, and adhered to the Surface of this Stone. Thefe melancholy Difcoveries made me very un- eafy 5 this particular Structure of the Side of the Bot- tom of the Bladder making me fcnfible of the fame Impoflibility of introducing my Inftruments, which I had met with towards the Perineum. I try’d to thruft my Finger by Force between the Stone and the Bladder, by fetting the Nail ftrongly againft the Stone, and loofening the Bladder from it, which feem'd to adhere to it, dilating at the fame rime the Bladder with all the Force my Finger was capable of. I at laft introduced my Finger to a certain Length, with which I loofened the adherent Parts from the Stone all along as far as my Finger could reach; then I try'd to pafs in my Forceps , afterwards my different Scoops, but all in vain. I was for an Inftant believ- ing that I could not get it out. This frightful Idea made me redouble my Endeavours. I begun to dilate again with the Forefinger of my left Hand, and, with the fame Finger, and the Thumb of my right Hand in the Anns, I violently thruft the Stone upwards towards the Belly, after a long and painful Labour, both for the Patient and the Ope- rator. I introduced upon my Finger, which was between the Stone and the Bladder, the fmall Scoop of my double Crochet (fee Fig . 11. Tab. IV. Tranf*. 4 76.): I advanced it quite beyond the Stone, and then I began to pull, having wrapp'd fome Linen round the Inftrument which hurt me 5 but the Pubis , under which the Stone was, caufed an Obftacle, not to [ 180 ] to be overcome. I therefore ordered an Afllftant to pufh through the Jinus the Stone towards the Belly ; and I, on my Side, having difeover’d the End of the Stone under the Pubis, put in the Fore-finger of my right Hand, and prefs’d as hard as poffible the Stone with it towards the Spoon, which, at the fame time, I ftrongly pull’d with my left Hand. Thefe three Forces being united, made the Stone at laft give Way, and brought it forth to the Joy of the Spe&ators, as well as the Patient. The upper Side of the Stone, that is to fay, that which anfwer’d to the Pubis, was pretty even, and feem’d to give a Paf- fage to the Urine; the nether or hindmoft Side, which lay towards the Proftates and the Entrance of the Bladder, kept the Shape of thefe Parts; its Sub- ftance was crumbling, of a reddifh Colour, and like the Membrane of the Bladder, having a fungous Poile on it (fee the Figures, Tab. I. of this Tranfa&ion)., with which it feem’d to have been incorporated, and of which a fort of Covering yet remain’d upon its Sur- face ; this Covering being taken off, and the Stone a little dried, this whole appear’d to be pierced with Po- roftties, which feem’d to have been the Receptacles of the forefaid Poile. There was no Mark on this Side of any Urine having.paffed. A Pledget charged with Digeftives, a Rag dipp’d in an Embrocation, and an emollient Cataplafm, were laid upon the Wound; the Patient was laid upon the Belly, his Brcaft being fupported by one Bolfter, and his Head by another. Saturday, iff Day. An Hour after he was let Blood 3 Porringers full. He C 181 ] He found himfelf a little out of Order after Bleed- ing, and had feveral Naufeas . I had a Ample Cordial made for him with five Ounces of Balm- Water, one Ounce of Syrup of Barberries, and one Ounce of Syrup of Clove-july flowers; of which he took feveral Spoons-full a Day, when his Spirits fecm'd to fail him. He fweated much all the Afternoon ; which made me defer bathing him till half an Hour after Seven $ his Pulfe was fhort, quick, and flrong: The firft Hour he was in the Bath made no Alteration 5 he was fick at Heart, and fpit up a white Froth; at laft he fell afleep in the Bath for at lead an Hour : His Pulfe feem'd to be flower, and, coming out of the Bath, he found himfelf very well. He was drefled as before at 10 o' Clock, and laid upon the Belly. He flept beft Part of the Night, which hindred his being blooded at 3 or 4 o' Clock, as I had order’d. May 19th, Sunday , 2d Day.] At 8 o' Clock in the Morning I found him in a flrong Fever. I had two Porringers of Blood taken from his Arm : The Bleeding made his Pulfe fhort, low, and quick, and himfelf fick at Heart. His Pulfe grew flrong again, and the Fever came upon him. I defigned to bathe him yet that Morning j which fhould have been done if he had been blooded earlier; but it was late; and, befides, he had had no Stool. I therefore thought it neceffary to give him an emollient and anodyne Clyfter at 10 o' Clock. He was afterwards drefs'd ; and I deferred his Bathing till 4 in the Afternoon : But the Clyfter not being come from him, and the Boy complaining of a Pain in his Stomach, I order'd him C 182 ] him to be put in the Bath from half an Hour paft 11, till half an Hour paft 1. He found himfclf very well in the Bath; his Clyfter there came from him, and he had a good Stool. He was put to Bed again at a Quarter paft 1 : There he had another Stool, and found himfelf very well; neverthelefs he was yet very feverifh. He flept from half an Hour paft 4 till half an Hour paft 6 ; after which his Fever was almoft half gone. He was put into the Bath again at half an Hour paft 7 in the Evening. He defired it himfelf; partly on account of the Eafe which it had hitherto given him; partly becaufe the Situation of lying on his Back, and fitting in the Bath, was an agreeable Change from that of lying on his Belly ; which he was oblig'd to do in his Bed. His Pulfe was very well in the Bath 5 his Look and Eyes were more clear than in the preceding Bathings; and indeed he neither had any Pain in his Belly, nor at his Sto- mach, nor in his Breaft, nor in his Head ; the Wound only fmarted now-andthen; he could not bear being touch'd about it ; however his Belly was very flat, and he began to be hungry. He flaid an Hour and half in the Bath, and flept good Part of the Night and Morning. Monday , May 20th, 3d Day.] He did not wake till 8 o' Clock : He had hardly any Fever at all, and he found himfelf much better than the Day before. I order’d another Clyfter to be given him, on ac- count of the Benefit which he had received from it the Day before, and becaufe he had pot been at Stool fince. It made him fick at Stomach again, and did not come from him. I had V 7 ta* 2^ 0 <7 Q <& o /-V I '®) , ^ jb i. 183. '^y- jr- p.190. Philos. c2?'• 2(P^ I 1 I had him put into the Bath at 9 o’ Clock. Part of his Clyfter came from him there an Hour and half after. At every Bathing I order’d a Spoonful of Cor- dial to be given him at going in, and towards the Middle of the Bath a Mefs of Broth, or 2 half Mefles. He came out at the End of two Hours. After this fourth Bathing he found himfelf almoft wirhout any Fever $ and was fo well, that he teiz’d us and the Nurfes for fomething to eat. This de- termined me to let the Suppuration quietly fix itfelfs which feem’d already to begin at the Wound of the T eguments. He made W ater this Day once or twice through the Penis. Tuefday , May 21ft, 4th Day.] In the Morning he was without a Fever; and the Diftemper which he complain’d of moft was Hunger. I then fet out for Rouen . The Patient continued to grow better every Day. I returned the iothDay, to preferibe him a lefsftrid- Diet. Th z Cicatrix of the Bladder had form’d itfelf on the 20 th. That Day no Urine at all paffed any more through the Wound of the Belly, a large Bandage was laid over the Wound, and he was fometimes put on his Back 5 efpecially after he began to make Water through the Penis. The Wound of the Teguments was intirely cica- trized on the 40th Day 5 and he was fo well, that he came to fee me at Rouen on the 50th Day. He was grown fo fat, that I hardly knew him again. Explanation of the Figures. Tab. II. Fig. 1. reprefents the anterior and upper Side of the Stone. A a [ 1 84 ] Fig. 2 . the pofterior and under Side, which refted partly upon the Projlatte . This Side of the Stone was attach'd to the Bladder* a . the Place where the Body of the Bladder was contracted in Form of the Neck of a Gourd* b. the Extremity, which was lodged in the Be- ginning of the Urethra . c. the Impreffion made by the Nail of the Fore- finger of my left Hand, in palling it between the Stone and the Infide of the Bladder, in order to detach them from each other, and to dilate the Bladder fufficiently to introduce the Crochet. If. The Defcription of an Hygrometer made of a Deal Rod : Being Part of "Two Letters from Mr. William Arderon, FR.S. to Mr* Henry Baker, Fellow of the faid Society. SIR, * * * Read May 8. IT N OBober laft I contrived and made 174 * JL an Hygrometer 5 thefirft Hint whereof I received from Obfervations on the Swelling of Deal Doors againft Rain. I perceived this Wood expanded itfelf very con- liderably, laterally, or acrofs its Grain : And this I imagined, if properly made ufe of, might fhew, not badly, the different Degrees of Moiflure or Drynefs in the Air. Thefe Thoughts fct me upon fearching the Philo- fophical Tranfaftions (as I do moft commonly, when I take [ ] I take notice of any thing remarkable in the Works of Nature or Art), to fee if any ingenious Perfon had recorded his Opinion upon this Subjed : And I found (N°. 127.), that an anonymous Author had made fe- veral Attempts to conftrud Hygrometers of Deal Boards * } and again (NV 129.), that Mr. J. Corners had added fome Improvements thereto 5 but, as the Method taken by thefe two Gentlemen feemed liable to fome Objedions, I determined to make a Trial on a Plan and Form intirely different from theirs 5 and have been fo fortunate to find it fucceed greatly be- yond my Expedations. My Way was thus : I procured a Piece of coarfe Deal Board 5 moft of it, if not all, Sap. From this I fa wed feven Pieces crofs the Bate or Grain, 10 Inches Jong and an Inch broad ; and as the Board was juft an Inch in Thick- nefs, I thereby confequently obtain'd 7 Parallelepi- peds of an Inch fquare each. Thefe 7 Pieces of Deal I joined together, length- ways, with ftrong Glew ; which made a fquare Rod of 70 Inches long.* 1 found itneceflary to place thefe fmali Pieces in fuch a manner, when I glewed them together, in refped to their Grain, as is reprefented in the two Figures annex'd, to prevent their forming themfelves into a Sort of Curve 5 which they natu- rally do, if they are placed all the fame Way ; and I found myfelf obliged to fix the Rod in fuch a Num- ber of Brackets as appear in the Drawings, in order to keep it ftrait. I placed * This Author fays, Poplar would do much better 1 but of that I have had no Trial. Aa 2 C iM J I placed this Rod, at firft, perpendicular to the Horizon; betwixt two Pieces of Wood of the fame Thicknefs, and nailed againft the Cieling of my Room ; but then I had one Side only expofed to the Air : However it aded tolerably well, which encou-' raged me to try to make it more perfed; as you It find delineated Tab. I. Fig. 3. and Fig . 4. Both thefe Deal Rods were placed againft the del- ing of my Room with Brackets, and were buttoned down into fquareMortifes in each Bracket with fmall Pieces of Deal, that fitted their Tops exadly. Hereby all their four Sides became expofed to the Air ; and the only Difference between them is, the increafmg; the Effed of their Variation by two different Me- thods. To the Rod at Fig . 3. I added two Levers : The firft of which ABF) had its fhorter End A B but 3 Inches in Length, and its longer BT) 125 confe- quently the End F> moved through 4 times the Space that the End A did. The fecond Lever EFG L fixed to ad with the other before-mentioned. The fhorter End EF of this Lever was 3 Inches, and the longer End F G, 45 Inches; whereby the Effed of the other Lever was increafed 15 times, and that of the Deal Rod 60 times. So that if the Rod lengthens but one Tenth of an Inch, the Point of the Lever G moves 6 Inches 5 and if the Rod lengthens but one Inch, the Point G moves 60. The longer End of the fecond Lever in Fig. 3. mult be made fo much heavier, that it may move down freely by its own Gravity whenever the Bar fhortens. To C l87 3 To this Hygrometer I fixed a fmall Index, fuch as is common in Mr. Hauksbee's Barometers, to flip up and down on a Wire, as is reprefented at K. Fig . 4. reprefents another Method I employed to increafe the Power of the Deal Rod. This may be fixed in a much firraller Compafs, and yet is no lefs capable of ftiewing the minute Differences in the Moiflure or Drynefs of the Air than the other before defer ibed. The Deal Rod in this was managed and faflened in the fame manner as was fliewn before. I likewife applied a Lever A B 2) to the Top thereof, exactly of the fame Dimenfions as in the other 5 but, inftead of a feeond Lever, I placed a graduated Circle, with an Index thereto like that of the Minute-Hand of a Clock. * This I fixed to a fmall Axis , which was moved one Way by a filken Thread wrapped twice or thrice round it, whereof one End was tied to the longer End of the Lever at O, and the other Way by the Gra- vity of the Weight W. And here, if the Length of the Index R S be 15 times as long as the Semi-diameter of the Axis which the Silk turns upon, it is evident that our Senfibility of the Rod's Alteration will be increafed 60 times, &c. The Deal Rod is ftrongly nailed down at N, both in the firfi: and feeond Draught ; bur, in all other Parts, they have' free Liberty of Contra&ion or Dila- tation. Unlefs I am too much prejudiced in Favour of this Hygrometer, it far exceeds all that 1 ever faw ; and I may take upon me thus far to affert, that, by a&ing ten. [ i88 ] ten or twelve Hours before the apparent Change of Weather happens, as this has done fince I got it finifh'd ; it may very much aflift to form a true Judg- ment on the impending Changes, when the Wind is in or near the Eaft or Weft Point, when the Baro- meter is of little or no Service. • * I obferve, that Heat and Cold have a confiderable Power of lengthening and Ihortening the Deal Rod, as well as the Moifture and Drynefs of the Air s and this, atfirft Sight, would induce one to imagine, that it would thereby be render’d almoft ufeiefs 5 but it is really far otherwife ; for, by placing it near a Ther- mometer, it is eafily reftify’d with refpeft to its Ex- panfion or Contra&ion, by Heat or Cold, at the fame time that it truly fhews the various Degrees of Moifture or Drynefs in the Air. In fhort, it is an Inftrument made very eafily, of Materials to be got almoft every- where, and of little Coft. It is capable of being fervice- able either by Sea or Land, and may be placed in any Direttion. I have lately finifhed one of thefe Hygrometers, the Bar whereof is but a Foot in Length, yet, by making the two Levers of Metal, I eafily make the End of the fecond Lever rife and fall 8 Inches. At this Size it becomes portable, and anfwers the End or Purpofe as well as the other. I am, ‘Dear Sir, Tour mojl obedient Servant, Wm. Arderon., Since I i89 3 Since my writing this, I have been turning over a little Treatife of the ever memorable Mr. Boyle upon the Hygrofcope, wherein I find he had made fe'veral Trials with different Sorts of Wood ; but then they were turned into the Shape of Bells; which, he fays, anfwered very well, by comparing theirWeights : That their different Weight increafed ord iminilhed, according to the different Degrees of the Air’s Moifture ; and that he had taken notice of the Expanfion of the Wood in Doors and Door- Cafes : But he proceeds no farther than to recom- mend the different Kinds of Wood to be examined by their Weight. London, May 8. 1746. III. A Letter from R. Badcock, Ffq\ to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. concerning the Fa- rina fcecundans of the Yew-Tree. SIR, Read May 15. A S I take upon myfelf a fort of Share 174 JTjL *n l^e Study and Difcoveries of the Philofophic World, I efteem it a Debt incumbent on me to advance that Part of it I have engaged myfelf in, by communicating whatever I find worthy of it. The following Difcovety is, I believe, worthy your Notice; as, in the Courfe of my Experiments, I never yet met with any thing equal to it. On the 3d of March, ftrolling round my Garden in Search of Objetts, I obferved a Yew-Tree infBlof- 7 fom. [ r9° !! fom, bat having at that time only the Bud (Tab. I, 5. N°. 1.), which, taken out of its Cafe, may be feen with its Umbilicus a , at N°. 2. That every Flower has its Farina , has been juftly advanced ; and as it was my Dcfign to obferve that, I took a Branch into the Houfe ; but, making but a flight Obfervation at that time, I laid it on half a Sheet of brown Paper in a warm Draw 5 and, to my great Surprize, coming to examine it in a few Hours after, I found the whole Number of the Buds blown out into full Flower, and fuch a Quantity of Farina on the Paper, that it feem’d more like a Paper ofBrimftone than any thing elfe. I then no longer negleded a thorough Examination, which I began and completed in the following Man- ner : The Figui^s N°. 1, 2 , have been already taken no- tice of. N°. 3. is a feparate View of its Partitions, before it is near Blowing. Every five of thefe go to a Flower, and divide properly for Blowing, fome fmall Space before they burft : There are fometimes fix to a Flower, but it is feldom : They open at the Bottom a a, and immediately, letting drop the Farina , turn themfelves up; fo the Top, which now appears the Head, will, when blown, be the Centre of the Flower (See an Explanation of this at ND. 4. where the whole Di- vifion makes the Flower and the Strokes the Divifion of the Tetala). a is the Stem of the Flower : Now the Bottom opening difeovers this Stem ; and the cafy Tranfition of turning very near infide-out, makes a complete Flower, N°. 5. the Shape of which is fel- dom exaft in any two; tho’ there are near twelve Flowers form’d by the Bud (See the back Part of one, [ ] one, N°. 6. in which thofe Ridges fhew its Divifio*1 on the Back.) We come now to the Farina, N°: 7. which matches the reft of the Flower, as to Irregu- larity ; there fcarce being two alike; and, when view'd opaquely, has a great Refemblance to the fmall Pieces we obferve in a Paper of Gum Arabic ; 'tis opaquely of a clear White ; but, when laid on Paper in a Quantity, appears like Flower of Brimftone, only paler. Its Adfion is as various as its Shape. (See fe- veral Forms, N°. 8.) It feems to be only fixed in one Particular, which is, that tho' there are ever fo many different Shapes, when dry. Water once put to them makes them all round, before any Adlion begins : A Proof to me, that there is a Su&ion. In fhort, Sir, the whole Procefs of this is fo various and entertaining, that I never met with any thing hitherto to be compared to it, but if I fhould, in the Courfe of my Experiments, you may depend on receiving it in this manner. My Hafte had made me almoft mifs the mod mate- rial Point of all •, which is, that this Flower has nei- ther Apices , Stamina, nor Stylus ; which is the Rea- fon why fo much Farina is fhed. I have not yet ex- amin’d it as to Impregnation, but fhall go on that the firft Opportunity. I am, SIR, Tour moft obedient Servant, R. Badcock. B b IV. [ *92 ] IV. j4n Account of a Briftle that was in a Gentlenian s Foot> and caufed a violent Inflammation: a Letter from Mr. Arde- ron. F.R.8. to Mr. Baker, F.R.S. May 15. *YOHN WOOD, Efqf of the City of 374°‘ jjT Norwich, being afflided with great Pain, and a violent Inflammation, in one of his Feet, applied to Mr. Caftil , an eminent Surgeon, for his Afliftance; who, upon Arid Examination, perceived a few fhort Hairs flicking out, not far above the Sct- \ ting on of the little Toe. Their Thick,- \ / nefs, and particular Manner of (landing our, -Z-Tputhim upon taking hold of them with his Forceps 5 when, to his great Surprize, he extraded a large Hog's Briftle, of the Sizefhewn in the Margin, where the prick'd Line A B denotes how far it was buried in the Flefh. The Gentleman had immediate Eafe,and grew well in a few Days, without any other Afliftance. And he can't give the lead Guefs how the Briftle got into his Foot j unlefs by fome Accident it flipped into his Stocking, and from thence worked its Way in. Had Mr. Wood deferr'd his Application to a Surgeon, till the Briftle had been in- tirely buried in his Foot, how miferable might he have been ? What dreadful Ope- rations in Surgery might he not have un- dergone, without the lead Probability of having C *93 ] having his Malady found out, or obtaining a Cure for it ? Tis not unlikely, that many defperate Cafes in Surgery may arife from fuch Accidents as this. V. Some Obfervations on the Spina ventofa; by the late Claudius Amyand, Efq\ F.R>S. and Serjeant-Surgeon to His Majefty. Head May 1 5 • X TT X H AT Pra&itioners generally under- r74 • VV ftand by the Spina ventofa, is a Caries in the Bone, from the Extravafation of fome {harp Juices within it relaxing the Tone of the Fb bres, and fwelling and increafing its Bulk beyond the natural Bounds. In this Cafe, the Humour, or extravafated Juices, pent in the Bone, works it Way out of it, through the external Cortex , or into the Joints, or both. By Detention it acquires an Acrimony 5 and, like Vine* gar, and other acrid Juices, it not only relaxes the Tone of the bony Tubes, by mollifying them, but alfo, like a Cauflic, it tears and lacerates them. At this time the Bone fwells, tumefies, and fpreads * and the Sap flowing, running out through the lacerated Tubes, overfpreads the Surface, and adds to the Tu- mefaction, as the liquid Matter, forming a Callus , is indurated there. So that, when this happens at or near the Joints, the Bones in Contact are knit toge- ther, and the Carioftty is incrufted and cover’d with an Exoflofs, in as many Places as the Matter con- fined within the Bone, upon breaking the Cortex of Bh 2 it. C 194 ] it, will work its Way out at. And thus this Diftem- per may be confider’d differently, as it happens to be in the different Stages of it. The Alteration which the Bone fuffers from the extravafated Matter lodged within the Subftance or Cavities of the Bone in the firft Stage of a Spina ventofa , becomes the Occafion of fome Exfoliation or Detachment from it. As that Matter acquires a greater Acrimony, the Texture of the Bone being relaxed, and the Lamella made foft and yielding, the Bone is enlarged in its Dimenfions; and, in the lad Stage of it, wherein the Bone is carious, the corro- live Matter deftroys the Continuity, as it makes its Way thro* the Cortex, and into the Joints. At this time Impoftumations appear in as many Places as the Matter can make its Way out at. The callous Mar ter lodged under the PerioJlinmy gradually oflifying, covers the Bone more or lefs with Exofiofesb and the Joints are ftiffned, by the Extravafation and In- duration of the Sap flowing out of the Bone there. The Impoftumations that happen in the Bone to* wards the Centre of long Bones, are always attended with additional Mifchief, as the working out of the Matter there meets with a greater Reftftance from their Lamella , which lie clofe, and are compact $ the Exfoliations made in the firft Stage, and, as it were, in the Beginning of the Spina ventofa there, being frequently confined and locked in by the Cor- tex of the Bone, or fome callous Expanfion on the Surface of it. In the laft Stage of this Diftemper in this Place, the Bone is ufually perforated with large Holes, tubulous Cavities, and fiftular Openings, and the main Bone rotten, at a time that the Exfoliations inclofed [-95] inclofed preferve their primitive State and Solidity. The Patient then cannot furvive it long: For, as a he&ic Fever and ‘Diarrhea are fed by the continual Abforption of fome of the Matter into the Blood, fo the Body is drained by the large Difcharge from fuch Wounds. The Amputation of the Limb is then the ufual Remedy ; but a better may be hoped for, be- fore it comes to this Pafs, as will appear from the following Obfervations. Observation I. One Thomas ‘Pentney, a Shepherd in Norfolk, aged about 22, was admitted into St. George’s Hof- pital, towards the Beginning of Auguft 17 39, and committed to Mr. Middletons Care. Five Years be- fore, upon the Crilis of a Fever, he had felt a great Pain in the Os Humeri of his right Arm, which con- tinued feveral Months; during which, the Dimen- fions of this Bone were fo increafed, that, towards the End of the Year, it was half as big again as is ufual in the natural State. About this time the Bone impoflumated ; and the Matter being difcharged by the breaking of the Integuments on the Outlide of the Arm, the Patient was eafed, fo as to have been able to attend his Flock as before. When he came to the Hofpital four Years after this, he had above twelve Holes thro' the Integu- ments on the Outfide of the Arm, anfwering to, and correfponding with, as many leading into the me- dullary Cavity of the Bone ; fome of which were large enough to admit the Finger. Thefe Impoftu- mations had been moft vexatious of late. There was an Anchylojis at the Elbow 5 and, for two Years laft [ *96 ] paft, he neither could bend his Arm, nor ufe it in Pronation and Supination. The whole Bone felt thick and unequal up to the Shoulder, where the Articulation was free. The Patient now did not complain much. The Difcharge from the Wounds was moderate 5 his Reft, Stomach, and Pulfe, as well as could be expe&ed ; and therefore he was deter- mined to forego any thing, rather than fubmit to the Amputation that was propofed. In Confultation with Mr. Pawlet , Mr. Wilkie, Mr; Middleton , and Mr. Hawkins , we agreed to make an Incifion from the Deltoid Mufcle down to the Elbowr, thereby to lay the diftemper’d Bone bare, fo far as it appear'd to be affedted* and, with the exfoliative Trepan , to make a fair Opening into the medullary Cavity of the Bone, by taking off fo much of it as was perforated in the external Part of the Arm, and fo to make way for the Application of the aftual Cautery, if that was found neceffary. The two firft Operations were performed with Eafe : For, as in the Incifion the Teriofteum was^readily detached from the Bone, fo the Bone in View, being nearly of a cartilaginous Nature, and making little Refiftance, was foon removed, by the repeated Ap- plication of the exfoliative Trepan . In theCourfe of the Operation, Mr. Middleton found a Bone loofe, which hitherto had lain concealed under the Cortex of the Bone 5 which, being taken out intire, mea- fured above fevcn Inches in Length, and more than two in Circumference 5 the Centre forming a tubu- lar Chanel, wherein the Medulla of the Bone had formerly been inclofcd. This was an Exfoliation fairly fcparatcd from the Surface of all the medullary Cavity [ *97 1 Cavity of the Bone, bur improperly called an Exfo- liation, as the Thicknefs of the Bone throughout was as thick as a Shilling: It was more fubftantial in fome Places than in others, and open'd here and there, fo as not to be a complete Tube. But what, perhaps, may be thought to deferve more notice is, that this loofe Bone, tho' it had for many Years been foaking in the Matter lodged in the Bone (which, at times, had worked its Way out, by perforating the Surface of the Os Humeri externally), yet this Ex- foliation was in no- wife alter'd, or tainted with Ca» riofity, as the main Bone was; but in every refped fo found, as to give Ground to hope the pofterior Part of the Os Humeri might be fo ; but it happen'd otherwife. Upon the Removal of this Exfoliation, the whole internal Surface of the Bone was found of a Sub- ftance like a Cartilage : It was bare in fome Places,, and cover'd with Flefh in others. The Flefh was fun- gous in the lower Extremity of the Bone that was carious; firmer towards its upper End, where it was found; and callous towards the Middle, which was degenerated into a cartilaginous Subftance. The Removal of this Exfoliation having laid open the whole Bone, in the inferior Part of it was found a Sinus leading into the Articulation with the Cubit, . and a Cariofity in the Bone there $ and, in the upper End, where the Bone appeared now found, but for- merly was diftemper'd, feveral Foramina , which were filled up with Flefh, under Cover of the Del- toid Mufcle. At this time the Surface of the Wound was very large, and the Difcharge from it greater than the 7 Patient [ ] Patient could fupport. His Stomach hitherto had been good; but that being defe£tive, and a heftic Fever with a Diarrhoea attending, the Amputation of the Limb was concluded on. It was taken off near the Articulation with the Scapula , where the Bone was found. The Patient did not furvive it long ; for the ‘Diarrhoea increafing, he died jfpent, within four Days after the Operation. \ In the Explanation of the annexed Figures, Tab. II. N°. i. and N°. 2. a further Account will be given of the State of the Bones in the amputated Limb. The Humerus next to the Shoulder-Joint did nor, after the Patient was dead, appear fo found as it had during Life : For the Matter proceeding from the Bone, which was found, in two or three Places of it, under the Deltoid and Pe&oral Mufcles, Chew’d, that this Part of the Bone was not in that found State it appeared in, when the Amputation was made. Observation II. Upon the 5th of November 1739. Mr .Johnfon, about 2 <5 Years of Age, having complained for 12 Months laft paft, of a Swelling in the Bone of his right Arm, which feemingly had been the Caufe of feveral Impoftumations he had had thereabouts fince, then applied to me for Cure. He could aflign no Caufe for this Swelling, faving his taking Cold, as he imagines, after having exercifed himfelf by fling- ing heavy Stones at a great Diftancc : For that foon after he was feized with a Fever, and a great Swell- ing from the Neck to the Finger’s End of this Arm ; which fettling towards the Middle of the Os Humeri , where ( *99 ] where feveral fiftular Openings now were, and corm ing to Suppuration thereabout in a fhort time after, a great Quantity of Matter was difeharged by Inci- fion in Nottingham '■> whereupon the Surgeon had told him, that the Bone was bare; and fcon after had cut another Opening in the hind Part of his Arm, where there was another Gathering, and the Bone alfo laid bare , and drefied both Wounds, as expe&ing the Bone to fcale off ; but that meeting with no Cure, and, on the contrary, the Wounds to break open as oft as they had been healed up, and that Matter was ftill gathering in new Places, and the Swelling in the Bone to increafe, had determined him to look for a Cure in London . At this time there were five or fix fiflular Openings leading to the Bone diftilling a famous Matter on the Sides of the Tendon of the Deltoid Mufcle, and the hind Part of the Arm, where the Bone was principally enlarged,* tho" it was very remarkably increafed in Bulk the whole Way down to the Elbow. I could not with my Probe difeover the State the Bone was in ; but, being fatisfied it was carious, and that this Dif- temper was a Spina ventofa , propofed, for the Cure, the laying open all the Bone in the anterior Part of the Arm ; which the Patient readily fubmitted to. This Diftemper was found to be a Spina vento/a, or Cariofity in the Body of the Os Humeri , whereby above four Inches of the folid Bone had been de- ftroyed; all which was cafed in by an Exoftofis , or callous Expanfion ; faving in a few Places, where the Matter flowing from the medullary Cavity of the Bone had preferved an Opening. [ 200 ] This Spina ventofa was treated nearly in the fame manner as the above mention'd, and the Cure per- formed as follows. It was enter'd upon th 7th of November , by making an Incifion to the Bone upon the external Part of the Arm, about fix Inches long, and one broad, beginning it above the Place in the Bone where the "Deltoid Mufcle is inferted j but, on the Side of it, almoft down to the Supinatores Radii 5 and then, by deftroying with the Lapis in- fernalis all the Flefh growing on the Exoftojis or callous Expanfion incompafllng round, and, as it were, incafing the carious Bone, which the next Day being feraped off, the fiftular Opening leading into the medullary Cavity then came in View, and the Probe going a great way therein, I immediately pro- ceeded to the trepanning of the Bone, and inlarging that fiftularOpening into it with the exfoliativeZr^#, perforating through the callous Expanfion or Ex o f- tojis , which was fpread externally almoft a Quarter of an Inch upon it, quite into the medullary Cavity. The next Day I applied this Inftrument above and be- low the preceding Perforation 5 and, by cutting and paring off the Angles betwixt them and the Sides of the Perforations, with an Inftrument the Engravers make ufe of, then made a fair Opening into the me- dullary Cavity of the Bone, and a convenient one too ; for the Difcharge of the Matter hitherto con- fin'd within it, which, whilft pent in, had occafion'd the Cariofity, and the Progrefs of if, now found to have deftroyed above four Inches of its Body 5 and alfo for the Removal of the Fragments and loofe Bones confined in the medullary Cavity, and the Ap- plication of the nccefiary means, as well to flop the Progrefs [ 201 ] Progrefs of the Evil, as the promoting the cafting oft' of the morbid Bones. But the Work was far from being finifhed, as, upon the Extra&ion of the foremention'd loofe Bones, it appeared that we had a Fungus fprouting as well from the Circumference of the medullary Cavity above and below that Part of the Bone we had ope- rated upon, as from the callous Expanfion over its outward Surface occafioning a greater Difcharge of Sanies than our Patient's Strength could fupport$ that our Opening in that Cavity was not yet fuft ficient to difcharge all the Matter that was depofited in it, as well through a fiftular Opening in the in- ternal Part of the Bone anfwering to the Axilla2 as another fbmewhat lower over the large Veffels that run upon the Surface of the Bone internally, that, being fhelter’d above and below, we could not come at them without inlarging further the Opening we had in the Bone externally. This laid us under the Neceflity of inlarging this Opening in its upper and lower Part, fo as to bring in View the fore-mention’d. Thefe were inlarged with a Fere helium, without any Hazard of wounding the large Blood-veffels, which were fhelter’d by the callous Expanfion lining the carious Bone on this Side : And having thus render'd eafy the Difcharge from all thefe Cavities, we had nothing to ftruggle with then but the Running 5 which from this time became daily kfs 5 that from the internal Part of the Arm, by the Matter having a more eafy Vent for itfelf ; and that from the Fun- gus on the Bone by a Solution of the Lapis infer* nalis it was dreifed with. Vtr. Singleton, Surgeon in Alder fgape -ftreet, being confulted upon the Cafe, Cc 2 the [ 202 ] the 1 8th from the firft Operation, was of Opinion,' that the Amputation was hardly practicable > the Sinus into the medullary Cavity (hewing that the Cariofity was up to the Head of the Bone but that, if it was pra&icable, he thought the Patient had far better chance for his Life, by purfuing the Cure in the Way he was in. At this time we had but in part fubdued the Fungus that was continually fprouting up from the finuous Vacuity in the upper Part of the Bone, where the Medulla was all wafted, as well as from that which was yet growing without the Bone from the callous Expanfion the carious Bone was cover’d by: But this was fo effe&ually overcome and conquer’d by the repeated Application of the adtual Cautery, and by it the Bone dried up fo, that, in lefs than two Months from its Ufe, all the morbid Bone did caft off. The Quantity of the morbid and carious Bone taken out at divers times, being about 4 Inches of the fo- lid, was effe&ually repaired, by the Matter flowing as well from the Circumference of the callous Expan- sion about it, which all along had fteadied the Pa- tient's Arm fo, that he could pull his Stockings on and off, as from the Matter flowing from the Ends of the Os Humeri into the Cavity formed round this incafing or incircling Bone. If we had been linger- ing in our Proceedings, it is likely the great Dis- charge would have exhaufted the Strength that was necefiary to carry on this Cure, before we could have got through fo many that were unavoidable 5 and that the Flefh growing from the Edges of the external Wound would have render’d more painful and dif- ficult the feveral Operations on the Bone. By this Proceeding, [ 103 ] Proceeding;, this difficult Cure was afcertained in lefs than a Month, and intircly finifhed in fix, the Pa- tient having now the Power of his Arm as complete as ever. Nor is the Limb at all disfigured or (hort- ended; the expanded incircling Bone attached to the Ends of the Os Humeri preventing this ; fo that the only appearing Defed is, that the Bone about the Wound is thicker than ufual; but that {Lengthens it, and fupplies a Defed in the anterior Part of the Arm, where there is a confiderable Hollownefs. In favour of the young Surgeons I (hall clofe this Account with a few Remarks, by way of Infe- rence 5 and deferibe the Figures of fome Bones, which that expert Surgeon and Anatomift Mr. Haw - kins , Surgeon to His Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales , fhew'd upon this Occafion. i°. That 'tis highly probable, a fuppurated Thleg - mon in the Marrow, upon the Crifis of a Fever, hath been the original Caufe of the Spina ventofa In the two Cafes before us; and thar, if the Bone had been denudated, and the Opening made thro* it inlarged, when the Matter firft made its Way thro' the Integuments, that the Progrefs of the Evil had been prevented in both, and the Cure brought about in the laid Cafe with a far greater Eafe. 20. That a large Opening is always more advan- tageous than many fmaller, feemingly equal to it. And this appears plain in the two Cafes mentioned, inafmuch as the Matter which was difeharging thro' the many large Foramina in the Bones correspond- ing with the medullary Cavity in them, have not prevented the Progrefs of the Evil ; and therefore we may conclude, that as a large Opening in the Bone, [ *°4 ] Bone, by giving a free Vent to the Matter, will af- ford as the neareft Profped of a Cure in the Spina vent of a of ail Bones, fo that muft be the Work of the Surgeon, when that Diftemper breaks out to- wards the Centre of long Bones. 3°. Thar, in the Spina ventofa affeding long Bones towards their Centre, the Application of the Trepan , or of any other Xnftrument as fhall take away a confiderable Portion of the Subftance, is particularly neceflary, were it only to make way for the Removal of fuch Exfoliations as are detached from the inner Cavity of the Bone in the firft Stage of the Diftemper * which, in the two Cafes before us, were concealed and (hut in ; and, in many others, may be wedged and locked in by the Induration of the callous Matter on the Surface of the Bone, as may appear in the Fi- gures annexed> Tab. II. Fig. 3- BB. 4°. Thar, in a Spina vent of a, in the Centre of long Bones, tho’ the Difcharge attending it is not great, if any of their Joints are made ftiff by an AnchyloJiSyViz. by a callous Expanfion that fhall fol- der together the Bones in Contad, the only Refource will be the immediate Amputation of the Limb; for- afmuch that, if that is delayed till the Patient labours under a hedic Fever, colliquative Sweats, a ‘Diar- rhoea, or fuch Symptoms as denote a Reflux of the Matter pent up in the Bone into the Mafs of Blood $ the Operation then will afford us very little Hopes of Succcfs : Whereas the Spina ventofa that affeds the Extremities of long Bones only, and that which appears in fcrophulous Cafes in the Bones of th z Car- pus and Tarfus , when the Difcharge is not great, are [ ^ are bed cured by lenient Means, and the mod paci- fic Methods. 5°. That, in that Stage of the Spina ventofa ; wherein the Bone is carnified, that is, turned into Flefh, with a painful Fungus {hooting out, as well from the callous Matter fpread over the carious Bone changed into Flefh, as from the carious Bone itfelf degenerated, that, in this Cafe, as there can be no Hopes of redoring it to itfelf, the Removal of the Bone fo degenerated, is the only Method to be pur- fued 5 as that will make way for the Application of the adual Cautery, wherein the Cure principally confids : And if this does not fucceed, we mud pro- ceed to Amputation. This was the Cafe of Mr.Cb- reho in St. Mary Axe , whofe Thumb Mr. Sainthill took off the 2 6th of October , 1739? Mr. Feme and I being prefent : The lad Bone of which, affe&ed with a Spina ventofa about 18 Years, was fo fwelled out, and changed into Flefh, that not the lead Part of this Bone, as a Bone, was found, but only its car- tilaginous Covering, in the Articulation with the fe cond Internode 5 all the Bone itfelf being nothing elfe but a Lump of Flefh. Explanation of the Figures in Tab. II. Fig . 1 and 2. Reprefent a Spina ventofa in the Os Humeri of the right Arm, after an Operation performed upon it, during Life, with the exfoliative Trepan . The Didemper in the Bone being complicated with an Anchylofis and Cariofity of the Heads of the Cubi- tus and Radius in the Articulation of the Elbow, occafioned [ 206 3 occafioncd by the nutritive Juice in the inner Cavity of the Bone., where the Medulla was wafted by an Ulcer, running out thro' feveral Holes made by it dire&ly into this joint. Fig . 2. reprefents the Exfoliation, which lay concealed within this Bone, until the Time the Operation above-mentioned, it was taken out by, was performed. This exfoliated Bone being harder than the main Bone itfelf it was inclofed in, and fecmingly found, whilft the latter was carious : Notwithstanding the caft-off Bone had been foaking longeft in the Matter extravafated and pent up in the medullary Cavity, which was the Original of the Spina ventofa , this Exfoliation, which was the firft Confequence of the extrava- fated Matter within, the Bone having, as it were, been detached from the main Bone, which was difiolved by it, fome time before it could poflibly reach the Body of the Bone itfelf. Fig . 1 . The Os Humeri amputated near the Shoulder- Joint b7 with the two Bones of the Fore-Arm fa wed off in E F. a a a. a, Several large Openings in the Bone below and under the Deltoid Mufcle, where the Bone had formerly been diftemper’d and affe&ed by the Spina or callous Shell fpread over it was taken off, being perforated with many Blood-veflels, which were larger, and more in Number than ufual ; thefe Veflels perforating ir, as it was render'd foft and yielding, and the indurated callous Matter flicking to it, as well within as without, was cover'd with a callous Flefn fprouting from it. BB, A large Opening made in the external Part of the Bone by the Trepan, wherewith the whole medullary Cavity of it was laid open 5 this Open- ing taking into its Scope 10 or 12 large Holes in the Bone, all leading into that Cavity thro' which the Matter pent in, and c-aufing the Spina vent ofa, at times had worked its Way out by ; which, when laid into one by the Operation, favour'd the Ex- traction of the tubular Exfoliation, Fig. 2. which, tho’ it was intirely loofe in, and detached from the Circumference of, the medullary Cavity, yet was fo concealed in it, by the Fungus s obturating the Foramina in the Bone, as not to have been difeover'd before the Opening, it was taken out by, was made in the Bone. C, A large Hole in the Place where the external Procefs of the Humerus formerly flood 5 that hav- ing been deftroyed, by the Matter caufing a great Cariofity herej which alfo running out of the Bone thro' the Foramina made into the Joint, had occafioned the Hnchylojis , and the Cariofity of all the Bones there. D d G, [ 208 ] G, An Exoftofis, or callous Expanfion on the exter- nal Surface of the Os Humeriy attached to it by a cartilaginous Subftance forming a Creft there, about two Inches long, and half an Inch high; which, being wedged in between the Interftices of the Mufcles, by their Motion hath been kept in fome meafure loofe upon it. It is obfervable, that, during Life, the Subftance of this Bone had been render'd fo foft, as to have yielded when prefled upon, if it had not been ftiffened by the indurated callous Shell, or Exoftofis, fpread over it, wherewith it was incrufted from one End to the other : And this indurated callous Subftance, feemingly im- bodied in the Bone internally, ending externally in a grifly, flefhy, and gelatinous Subftance : All which, flicking to the Bone, added greatly to the apparent Tumour of it; as doubtlefs, in time, that would have been one with it ; it appearing that all thefe Subftances would have acquired the Confiftency of it; tho', as yet, they had only attained that of a Callus in its Infancy. Fig. 2. A tubular Exfoliation from all the Circumference of the medullary Cavity of the Os Humeriy fe- ven Inches in Length, and near two in Circum- ference; which, lying loofe and detached from the main Bone, was extra&ed whole thro' the large Opening made in it. And thus, upon the Whole, it appears, that the In- flammation, Suppuration, and Ulcer in the Medulla , in the firft place, has brought about the Confumption of the Medulla within the Bone ; and, foon after, fuch an Alteration in it, as hath given Caufe to the > Exfoliation [ 209 ] Exfoliation that hath happened : And that the Matter confined, in time having acquired a greater Acri- mony, hath gained the Power of foftening, diffolving, and deftroying entirely the Bone, wherein the Cir- culation of the Juices was preferved exclufive of any other Bone, that hath been laid out of the Way of that Circulation, or hath happened to be detached from it : Tho’ this laft evidently hath lain more under the Power of the Matter than the main Bone itfelf was; and to have been foaking longeft in that very Matter, which hath deftroyed that Bone wherein that Circu- lation of the Juices hath been preferved ; and there- fore, that the Way to a fpeedy Cure of the Spina ven- tofa> is, the making, as foon as poffible, a fair Open- ing into the medullary Cavity of the Bone that is affe&ed with it. Fig. 3- Reprefents the anterior Surface of the left Tibia of a young Perfon affe&ed with a Spina vent of a , in- cloftng an Exfoliation detached from all the Cir- cumference of the Medulla , about feven Inches in Length j which is to be feen through a great Number of Openings in the Cortex of it. A A , An Exoftofis , or Incruftation in the Bone in- larged, with an Opening in it four Inches long, and one broad, through which the inclofed Exfo- liation BB appears ; the Caries of the Bone in the Joint of the Knee, and nine large Openings in the Body of it, having been made by the Matter dif- charging from the medullary Cavity, and caufing a Cariolity in the inclofing Bone only ; whilft the exfoliated within is preferved in its natural State. Dd 2 C, [ 210 ] C, The Cariofity of the Bone in the Joint of the Knee, communicated to the Os Femoris where- with it is anchylofed in CD> The Epiphyfis of the Os Femoris in the Joint of the Knee, deftroyed by the Cariofity. Ey The lower End of the Bone, as yet in a natural State, with its Epiphyfes forming the internal Ankle. Fig. 4. A A, The anterior and internal Surface of the left Tibia, cut off in By where the Bone was found : The oppofite End being carious, and perforated with many large Foramina or Openings made by the Matter flowing into the Joint of the Knee, from the medullary Cavity in the Bone. The Exfoliation, cccy feemingly found, is detached from the Cavity ; but is locked and wedged in by the Exoftojts , or cal- lous Matter indurated on the Surface, in fuch manner that it cannot be taken out without cut- ting off the Edges of it. dddd, The upper Part of the Bone, carious within and without, made rough and unequal by the Ex- ojlofay or callous Expanfion render'd carious. Fig. j. Ay Reprefents a Portion of the Os Humeri fawed off, at the time of the Amputation of the Limb 5 which is folder’d by an Anchylojis with the Cubitus By and Radius C, in T> $ E being a large Exfoliation de- tached from them, where thofe Bones had been fhatter’d, which is wedged in by a callous Expan- sion, in fuch manner that it could not be taken out. F, [ 211 ] E, The Exfoliation from the Cubitus , three Inches long, adhering to an Exfoliation from the Radius of the fame Length, not feen -$ both which, being almoft of the Subftance of the whole Bone, are knit together by a Callus: So that their Re-union is prior to the Caufe which has occafioned the Exfoliation. FFFy A callous Expanfion, inclofing the Bones which are detached within, not hardened in the Middle Gb and partly cartilaginous there: So that, in this Place, the Bones made up by the callous Ex» panfion could play upon each other. VI. An ExtraS of a Letter from Mr. John Henry Winkler, Gr&c. & Eat. Liti. Prof publ. Ordin . at Leipiick, to a Friend in London ; concerning the EjfeBs of Eledtri- .city upon Himfelf and his Wife. April 22. Leipfick — — 1 746. May 3. Read May 29. ^INCE Mr. Mufchenhroek has made £3 an Experiment* that has caufed Afto- niflhment, I would likewife tell you fomething of what I have been doing. When I heard of Mr. MufchenbroeJi s Experiment, I tried the fames but I found great Convulfions by it in my Body. It put my Bood into great Agita- tion 5 fo that I was afraid of an ardent Fever j and was * That with the Gun-barrel fufpended as the iron Bar. Sec Tranfatfionsy n. 476, p . 419. [ 212 ] was obliged to ufe refrigerating Medicines. I felt a Heaviness in my Head, as if I had a Stone lying upon it. It gave me twice a Bleeding at my Nofe, to which I am not inclined. My Wife, who had only received the electrical Flafli twice, found herfelf fo weak after it, that fhe could hardly walk. A Week after, fhe received only once the eledrical Flafli 5 a few Minutes after it fhe bled at the Nofe. I read in the News-papers from Berlin , that they had tried thefe eledrical Flafhes upon a Bird, and had made it fuffer great Pain thereby. I did not re- peat this Experiment 5 for I think it wrong to give fuch Pain to living Creatures. I therefore take, in- ftead of Men or Brutes, a Piece of Metal, and I put it upon a Stand under the eledrical Pipe, which Pipe propagates the Eledricity. To this Metal is fatten'd an iron Chain, which goes about the Bottle with Water, in which the brafs Wire is put, which Wire is fattened to the eledrical Pipe. When then the Elecdrification is made, the Sparks that fly from the Pipe upon the Metal are fo large and fo firong, that they can be feen (even in the Day time) and heard at the Diftance of fifty Yards. They reprefent a Beam like Lightning, of a clear and compad Line of Fire ; and they give a Sound that frightens the People that hear it. John Henry Winkler^ Frofejfor Ordinarius of the Greek and Latin Tongues at Leipftc . vn. [ aij ] VII. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from Chelfea Garden, prefented to the Royal Socie t y by the Company of Apo- thecaries for the Tear 1744, purfuant to the Dire&ion of Sir Hans Sloane, Bar . Med. Reg . Soc. Reg. nuper Prcef by Jofeph Miller, Apothecary , Hort . Chels, PrcefeElus ac Prcele&or Botan. Cacia Americana , flore albo, pinnis latiufculis, glabrisfili- quis latis. Houfton . 1102. Acetofa arborefcens, ex Infulis Fortunatis. Pluknet. 1103. Aftragalus luteus perennis, fiiiqua gemella ro- tunda. Tourn . 1104. pumilus, fiiiqua epiglottidis forma. Ibid . 1105. Atriplicis marinx fpecies Paler andi. J.Bauh. tio6. Barba-Jovis Hifpanica incana flore luteo. Tourn . 1107. Biftorta major, radice minus intorta. C.B. 1108. Burfa-Paftoris major, folio finuato eleganti, inftar Coronopi repentis. Ibid. 1109. Calendula polyanthos maxima. Ibid. 1 1 10. Chriftophoriana vulgaris. Park . hi 1. Calthoides, foliis oblongis, cxfiis, crallis. Shaw Specimen. 1 1 12. Cariophyllus barbatus fylveftris. C.B. 1 1 13. Centaudum majus Alpinum luteum. Ibid. Read June 5. 1 746- HOI A II IA.J [ 2I4 ] ii 14. Centaurium minus lutcutn perfoliatium. J0B0 1 1 15. Cerinthe major, flore verficolore. C. B. 1 1 1 6. Chryfanthemum Creticum. Ger . ‘Park . 1 1 1 7. flore pleno. Tourn. 11 1 8. — mixtum, flore pleno. Hort. Eyjiet. 1 1 19. Colutea I faw, in an Inn, a Room with a fquare Vault, where whifpering, you could eafily hear it at the oppofite Corner, but not in the leaft manner at the fide Corner that was nearer to you. I faw another, in the Way from Paris to Lyons , in the Porch of a common Inn, which had a round Vaults but neither of thefe were comparable to that of * See the Exp. of the Academy del Cmtnt$9 [ 220 ] of Glonceften only the Difference between theie. two laft was, that to this, holding your Mouth to the Side of the Wall, feveral could hear you on the other Side 5 the Voice being more diffufed. But, to the former, it being a fquare Room, and you whif* pering in the Corner, it was only audible in the op- polite Corner 5 and not to any Diftance from thence, as to Diftindtion of the Words. And this Virtue was common to each Corner of the Room, and not con- fined to one. As to E echoes, there is one at Bruxelles that an- fwers fifteen times : But when i was at Milan , I took a Coach to go two Miles from thence to a Noble- man’s Palace, now not in great Repair, and only a Pcafantor Contadine living in one End of it. The Building is of fome Length in the Front, and has two Wings jetting forwards fo that it wants only one Side of an oblong Figure. About an hundred Paces before the Houfc, there runs a fmall Brook, and that very (lowly ; over which you pafs from the Houfe into the Garden. We carried fome Piftols with us 5 and, firing one of them, I heard 5 6 Re- iterations of the Noifc. The firft twenty were with fome Diftindlion 5 but then, as the Noife feemed to fiy away, and anfwer at a great Diftance, the Repe- tition was fo doubled, as that you could hardly count them all 5 feeming as if the principal Sound was fa- luted in its Paftage by Reports on this and that Side at the fame time. There were of our Company that reckoned above 60 Reiterations when a louder Piftol went off; and indeed it was a very grateful Divertifement. But on the other Side the Houfe, on the oppofue Wing, it would' [ 221 ] it would not found ; and only (to this Advantage) in a certain Chamber here two Stories high from the Ground. I continue as yet at Kinftaile but fhall fhortly return to cDublini where I fhall: hope to inlarge the Fraternity ; but thefe Parts are molt infipid, and void of Curioiity. I am, 'Dear eft Sir, Tour moft affectionate Friend and Servant, Kinfaile , Sept. 19. 1661 . Robert Southwell. X. A Letter from Mr. J. Durant to the Ho- nourable Robert Boyle, Efq\ F.R.S. con- cerning a Coal-Mine taking Fire near New- caftle upon Tyne ; of the blue Well ; and of a fubterraneous Cavern in Weredalej lately communicated by the fame Hand. SIR, Read June 5. r | "* j-j p Honour you were pleafed to do 174 ' Jb me fome Months ago, in the fa- vourable Reception of an impertinent Vifit, embol- dens me to apologize for Non -performance of my Promife, which you accepted of, for fending you fome of our Coal-Marcafites, and fubterraneal Subli- mates, from the' fired Coal-Mines near our Town; the Weather having been fuch, by Storms of Snow, violent Rains and Thaws, and keen Frofts, as it was not poflible to gather the Evomitions of our Vul- cam’s ; [ 222 ] cano's ; and the Specimina of them which 1 had by me being too fmall to offer, for Satisfaction of fo many Trials, as I know you would have been de- firous to put them to; and the Marcafites, I feared, alone might have been an Oblation too trivial for your Acceptance. Itfhall be my Endeavour, fo foon as the Weather fhall prove favourable, to tranfmic you (if poflible) a Quantity of each, fufficient to ex- periment on. The Fire at firft was occafioned by a Candle, ne- gligently placed by a Pitman, as he was working in a Pit about 30 Years ago. So fmall it was at firft Noticing, that Haifa Crown was denied Reward to one, who for that Price would have engaged to have extin- guish'd it: Now it has wafted Land and Mine, and grown fo furious, as no Hopes of its ceafing are con- ceived, before the Failure of its Fuel. The Grounds where it began belong to a Village called Benwell , about a Quarter of a Mile North- ward from the River Tyne ; whence, by a flow Pro^ grefs, and frequent Deviations Eaft and Weft, it marched Northward ; fometimes preying on the Coals nearer the Surface of the Earth, and then fubverting Houfes and Grounds lying over it; fometimes on the deeper Mines, and was confpicuous only by its Smoak and Fire in the Night. Now it rages, and has already caufed great Dcvaftation, in Grounds belonging to a Village called Fenham , near a Mile Northward from the Place where it firft was kindled. Its Eruptions at prefent are in many Places, and various Depths. I have, both laft Winter and this, infrofty Nights (for then it burns moft furioufly) oc- cafionally riding by, in near 20 Places, feen its Flames [ 2*3 ] Flames and Pillars of Smoak. That ever it has re- jetted Stones, or the like, I cannor, by Information or Obfervation, affirm 5 the concreted Salts we have from it being always found either candying the fuper- crefcent Furze, or impatted in the Surface of the Earth, at its Eruptions. I pray, Sir, pardon my Delay in procraftinating the Performance of my mention'd Promife till a fa* vourable and ferene Seafon 5 when, if you ftydl com- mand it, I may be able to give you fome Account alfo of a Stream near this Town, which, on its Bank?, in the Summer time, as alfo, being evaporated over the Fire, leaves behind it a blue Powder. Its Head is thence called by neighbouring Inhabitants, The blue Well\ as alfo, of fome fubterraneal Grottoes or Caverns in Weredaky about twenty Miles South-weft of this Place y where, by a little Hole creeping into the Side of a vaft Mountain, is entered a fpacious Cavity, chambered with Walls and Pillars of decident 1-api- defcent Waters 5 the Hollownefs in fome Places being pervious further than any yet has adventured to dif- cover; the Darknefs of rhefe Caverns requiring the Help of Candles, which are often extinguiflfd by the dropping Water. 1 have employed what Intereft I could make to pro- cure fome Quantities, if poffible, of that odd me- talline Ore, which I made mention of when with you. I mention thefe Trifles only out of an Ambition I have, if any wife you may judge me capable to injoin me any inferior Task of calling in my Mite to that Treafury of Knowlege in Things natural, which the World, Sir, expetts prefent or future Ages F f may [ 224 ] may be inriched with from your indefatigable La- bours. I have not at prefent to add, but to beg you would perfuade yourfelf, that no Employ can be deemed more honourable, than in your Com- mands, by SIR, Newcaftle, Feb. 9. Tour humble Servant, i67|. J. Durant. XI. A Letter from James Parfons, M. 2). F. R. S. to the Prefident ; ferving to intro- duce a Remark from John Milner, Efq , concerning the burying of the Cows, dead of the prefent reigning Diftemper, in Lime or not, SIR, Read June 1746. ^•VITHEN the Means for preventing the ” Infection among the Cattle were under Confideration, Burying them was thought the moft effectual Method to hinder its Progrefs ; and, by way of Improvement to this Project, the Addition of Lime was imagined necefiary, for the more fpcedy Deftrudtion of the diftemper’d Carcafes. But fome Doubts arifing, whether the Lime might not exalt the putrid Particles, and help to fpread the Infection, it was the Opinion of feveral of the Learned, that it was moft fafe, on that account, to bury them with- out it. This [ 225 ] This Difference will probably be decided by the inclofed Account of Cattle buried both with and without Line, written by 'John Milner , Efquire, one of the Juftices appointed to infped into the Affair, and one who has the Good of Mankind at Heart as much as any Perfon whatfoever. This Gentleman related the Cafe to feveral others, who were met at a Coffee-houfe where I was prefent; and, as I thought it concerned the Public very much, I waited on him next Morning Ito requeft he would permit me to lay it before the Royal Society ; which he readily complied with, and gave me the inclofed Paper for that Purpofe, I hope it will ferve to pre- vent the Pradice of burying them with Lime for the future, as this accidental Fad makes it more than probable, that malignant Particles may be fent up,* and fpread through the Air. I am, SIR, Tc-urs , and the Society V, \ N-B. The Cattle were buried moft obedient Servant , io Feet deep with Lime. 8 Feet deep without Lime. James Parfons, * Quick Lime renders the animal Salts more volatile and pungent ; as in the Procefs of Spirit of Sal ammoniac . with Quuick-Lime. See Wilfon's Chemiftry, Lond, 1709. 8°. p. 332. C. M \ Ff 2 May [ 226 ] May 1 1, 1746. MR. Stallwoody a Farmer at Hackney, informed the Juftices, to whom the Care of the dif* tcmper'd Cattle was committed, that he had buried thirteen Cows very deep, with the Quantity ofLime appointed by the Juftices; and, obferving his Dogs to fcratch and tear up the Ground with their Feet, to get at the Cows Flefh (the Lime fermenting, and caufing a Foam, as he called it, or ftrong Scent of Meat to arife, which made the Dogs fo eager to come at it) he beat them off feveral times : But the Dogs always returning as foon as he was gone, he, for fome time, hired Boys to keep them off. But that he had buried feveral other Cows in another Place, with their Hides cut and flafti'd, without any Lime (being ordered by the Juftices fo to do), and the Dogs never attempted to fcratch or tear up the Ground there, though it lay open to them equally with the other Ground, and they often run over it, John Milner. N. B. Two Bufhels of Lime to each Cow was the Allowance, XII. [ 227 1 XII. Critical Obfervations concerning the Oenan- the aquatica,fucco virolo crocan te of Lobel ; by Mr. W. W atfbn, Apothecary fF.R.S ; occa- jiori d by an ExtraB of a Letter from Mr. George Howell, Surgeon , at Haverford- weft, to the Author , giving an Account of the poifonous EjfeEls of this Plant to fome French Prifoners at Pembroke. Extra of Mr. Howell’/ Letter. Read June 12. 1746. or Water-Pa rfnep, and eat plentifully of them. About 4 or 5 Hours after, going home, the eldefi, almoft of Man's Stature, without the leaft previous Diforder or Complaint, fell down back- wards, and died convulfed. Four more died in the fame manner before Morning j not one of them hav- ing fpoken a Word from the Moment the venomous Particles had attacked the Genus nervofum . Of the other three, one ran ftark-mad, but came to himfeif next Morning. The Hair and Nails of another fell off. One of them only efcaped without any Harm, who ran home above two Miles, and drank warm Milk, which caufed a Diaphorefis . A Dutchman likewife was poifon'd with the Leaves of this Plant, boiled in his Pottage 5 which he took for Smaliagc, and to which its Leaves have great Refemblance. Dr. Allen , in his Synopfis Medicines^ mentions an Inftance of four Children, who eat of rhefe Roots. They indeed were in great Agonies, before they fell into Convulfions. In their Fits they vomited, which was encouraged by large Draughts of Oil and warm Water 5 C 23° 3 Water 5 and by other proper Care they all did weiL He takes notice likewife of a Pig's dying in Convui- fions, from eating fomeof thefe Roots, which it had grubbed up. Stalpart van der JViel, in his Obfervations, takes notice of the deadly EfFe&s to two Perfons, who had eaten thefe Roots, miftaking them for Macedonian Parfley. Thefe Men (like thofe quoted from Dr. Allen), foon after eating thefe Roots, were troubled with violent Heats in the Throat and Stomach, at- tended with a Vertigo , Sicknefs at the Stomach, and Purging. One of them bled at the Nofes the other was violently convulfed. Both of them died 5 one in two Hours, the other in three. This Author has given us three Figures of the Oenantbe : The two Tables of the Roots and the Leaves are tolerably well executed 5 but that expreiling the whole Plant is very deficient. It were much to be wifhed, that all botanical Authors had Indufiry and Ingenuity enough to delineate their own Tables, as Columna and cDillenius have done ; which will always heighten the Value of their other- wife excellent Works. It is very remarkable, that neither the French Pri- foners, who were killed at Pembroke , nor thofe be- fore cited in the Philo fophical TranfaPlions , felt any Heat or Diforder in their Stomach, before the Attack of the convullive Paroxyfms : Whereas thofe] men- tion'd by Dr .Allen, and Stalpart van der fVielyvtcrc in great Agonies, from the violent Heat in their Sto- mach and Throat, before they were attacked by Con- vullions. The fame Variety of Symptoms we meet with in JVepfer, with regard to thofe People who were poi- fond [ ] fond by the Cicuta aquatic a ; where feme of them, who had eaten the Roots of this Plant at the fame time, flood and affifted their Friends, till they died of Convulfions, without feeling themfelves any wife difordefd ; and afterwards, in their turns, died in the fame Manner. Others were violently affefted by it, as foon almoft as they had eaten it. Confer Wep- fers Hiftory with the {a) German Ephemerides. Lin - nreus mentions, in the ( h ) Flora Lapponica , the great Slaughter, and miferable Manner, in which the horned Cattle died, from eating this Plant at Torncea . This Author alfo, in his Flora Suecica , acquaints us (not- withftanding Rivinus and Mappus have aflerted, that the homed Cattle not only eat this Plant without Detriment, but are very fond of it) that three Oxen were killed by eating the Roots thereof Fie was fully convinced that they were the Roots of the Cicuta aquatica $ becaufe, foon after this Accident, the Country People brought him fome of them, defiring to know to what Plant they belonged. He there- upon planted them in the academical Garden, and was fully fatisfied what they were. Wepfer has confounded his Cicuta aquatica , in the Hiftory thereof §, with the poifonous Oenanthe of Lobel 5 where he fays, that Lobel has deferibed the Cicuta aquaticauntettlAZ Name of Oenanthe Cicutre facie* fucco virofo crocante 5 and mentions, that it is not very frequent, but in the Northern Parts of Eng- landty the Sides of Rivers, and in watry Places : He adds, * Ephemerid . Natur. Curiofor. Dec. 2, Ann. 6. Obf. 1 16* 'I* Sec Elor. Ldppon» p, 72. ,§ Cicutc r u^uut* hiftpria ct 470x32, ,p, G V J £> [ 13Z ] adds, that Lobel has not been exa£t in his Defcription. To which I anfwer, that Label's Defcription of the Oenanthe is very cxad, for the Time he liv’d \ and it is very evident, that Wepfer never faw this Oenan- the 5 which Plant, I believe, is not found in Ger- many. Wepfer like wife, in the Ephemerides Nature Curioforum *, is under the fame Miftake; and tells you, that Stalpart van der Wiel differs from him 5 and calls the Plant, mention'd in his Obfervations, Oenanthe , as Lobel dots: And tho‘ Stalpart has given Figures of the Plant accurate enough for a com- mon Obfcrver to diftinguifn the Plants by, and tho' nine Years lapfed between the Publication of his Book de Clout a and his Obfervations in the Ephe- merides, he was ftill in the fame Error 5 and believed the Oenanthe of Label , and his Cictita aquatica, as well as that of Gefner , to be the fame poifonous Plant. The accurate Hoffman \ alfo, when treating of * Ephemerid. Nat. curiof. Dec. 11. Ann. v-i. Obf. 116. f F red. Hoffman. Medicin. rational, fyftematic. Tom. II. p. 174. "Edit in Jpto. £< Ex vegetabilium regno inter preefentiffma venena £c referri debeat cicuta vera, napellus five' aconi turn ccernleum , folanum tc furiofum , hyojcyamus , ac datura ." If here the Epithet vera to Cicuta is underftood only to point out the poifonous Sort of Hem- lock, there are no lefs than three Species of this Clafs, which, from their being known certainly to be poifonous, may lay Claim thereto ; viz. Cicuta major of Cafpar Bauhin , Cicuta aquatica of Wepfer , and Oena?ithe cicuta facie of Lobel. But, it is very probable, the two lad were unknown to the Ancients. The Defcription of Diofcorides, lib. iv. cap. 79, which is the only one to be met with among the Greek Writers, and that but obfeure, relates, in my Opinion to the firft of thefe. Kuv&ov Kctuhov dvimi yovardSn uf pd^eyv ffiyav. 4>uAa a Si vdfiwi tfjupifi, snvcoTzqa, Si ^ (Zci$vog[jul' in Si dTrotujetc, GiudStct, elvdoc v7rohKor dvica, ? dj<,'(,7i£y\r pita, xol a»i Hy & PetSc-Tu. Pliny’s Defcription, lib. xxv. cap. ult. is taken from this of Diofcorides. [ 23) ] ,of vegetable Poifons, makes no Mention of this Dif- ference. Neither the Roots of the Oenanthe of Label. \ nor thofe of the Ckuta of Wepfer , have any Flavour in them difagreeable enough to deter thofe, who tafte them, from eating. They both occafion violent Con- vulfions, 'and Death, if not timely prevented. The Intention of Cure fee ms in both to be the fame 5 viz. firft, by emptying the Stomach and Inteftines as fooh as poffible, and then by caufing the Patient to fwal- low large Quantities of oleaginous Fluids. But it is to be obferved, that the caufing the Patient to fwai- low any Quantity is attended with great Difficulty* after he is attacked by the Poifon ; becaufe of the Jaws being, as it were, locked together by the Vio- lence of the Spafm. After the Stomach is freed from this pernicious Vegetable, the Symptoms have gene- rally diminifhed by Degrees, and the Patient reco- vered. Threlkeld , in his Synopjis Plantartm , mentions, that he has feen great Plenty of this Oenanthe in Cumberland , where the Country-People call it Dead Tongue > and ufe it, when boiled like a Pultice, to the galled Backs of their Horfes. Neither the German Botanifts*, nor Haller in his Enume ratio Stirpium Helvetia 9r mention this Plant as growing amongft them. I believe, therefore, it is feldom met with but in Hol!andy England > and in fome Parts of France 5 for Morrifon mentions it grow- ing * Unlefs the Qljewchium of Valerius Crrdusy and Thyjfelmm of Dodon and Cicuta aquatica of Wep- fery have not been fufficiently diftinguifhed by medi- cal Writers hitherto, I hope I (hall Band excufed for making (4) Gerard. Emac. 1020. f$) Morrifon Umbel. § OENANTHES, de qua htc agiiur , Synonyma. Oenanthe tertia Matthioli. p. 629. Oenanthe, fueco virofo, Cicutae facie Lobelti . J. B. III. p. 193, Obnanthe, Chaerophylli foliis. C. B. P. 162. Filipendula, Cicutae facie. Ger. Emac. 1057. Oenanthe, Cicutae facie Lobelti. Park. 894. Oenanthe maxima, fucco virofo, Cicutse facie. Morrif Hift. Se£h 9. Tab. 9. Oenanthe, foliis omnibus multifidis obtufis, fere aequalibus. Hoit. Cliff, 99. Boyen. 107. C 236 ] -making a few Obfervations upon this Lift. This, though a Plant frequently met with upon the Conti- nent, and very well deferibed by botanical Writers, we feldom find near London 5 but it grows in many Parts of England by the Sides of large (landing Pools, and near the Banks of Fens. I am informed by Robert More , Efq; an excellent Botanift, and a very worthy Member of this Society, that it grows plenti- fully in many Parts of Shropshire . I have lately re- ceived it from Dr. Wtlmer, who gather’d it by the Sides of the Rivet Colne , not far from Uxbridge. It is mentioned by Mr. Ray to grow near Brereton Mere in Cheshire, and in feveral other Places. You find it mention’d by Gefner{ 1)5 and JEepfer, in his Hiftory thereof, has given us four Tables of different Parts fufficiently accurate. It is figured and deferibed by John Bauhin (2). Lobeh Icon . 208, relates to this Plant. Dodontenss Figure, which is not a bad one for the Time, is copied both by Gerard and Rarkinfon . Morrifon has given us two Figures thereof, one in his general Hiftory, the other in his Book de Umbelliferis , though under different Names. But the moll elegant and deferiptive Figures are thofe of the Hortas Eyjlettenjis and Riyinus . As the Syn- onyma of this Plant are very many, and very differ- ent, 1 have inferted them at the Bottom of the next Pagc§. Tho* (1) Geftier Hort. 254. j(2) J. Bauhm. III. p. 175.J § CICUTM [ 237 1 Tho’ the medical Writers have not fufficiently dif- tinguifhed thefe Plants, the Botanifts have, Thcfe indeed, in their turns, have been as negligent, when writing concerning their Ufes *. So that, notwith- ftanding Lobel long ago (i) informed the World, that the Oenanthe Cicuta facie , in its Effe&s, was very like Hemlock; and that thofe, who had eaten it in Sallads, were almoft killed by it; this Plant occa- fioning Vertigo’s, and other violent Symptoms s yet Morrifon, in his Treatife of umbelliferous Plants* tho’ very exa£l in the Defcription of the Species of which we are now treating, recommends indifcrimi- nately the whole Genus, as being temperately warm and dry $ that they are ufeful in cleanfing the urinary Paflages, * Matthiolus , {peaking of the Oenanthe , fays, p. 628. Tut amts tamen a ceeteris fihpendulis non multum aijferre. (1) Label's Adverjaria were publifhed in the Year 1572. § CICUTiE aquaticae Synonym a. Gicuta aquatica. Gefner . Hort. 254. Wepfer . Limed Flor. Lap. 103. Cicuta maxima quorundam. Hort, Eyjlet . Cicuta. Linneeh Hort. Cliff, 100. Cicutaria. Rivin. Tab. 76. Sium alterum. Dodon. Pempt , 579. Sium alterum Olufatri facie. Label. 1c . 208. Ger . Em. 256. Rail Hijt . 450. Sium Erucae folio. C. B. P. 154. Sium majus anguftifolium. Parkin f 1241. Sium foliis rugofis trifidis, feu multifidis dentatis. Morrif, Umbel!. 63. Tab. 5. Sium, pinnis laciniatis, pinnulis thfidis, nervo non foliofo. Haller , Helv . 436. [ 238 ] Paflagcs, and in opening Obftrudions : He quotes the Authority of Diofeorides for giving the powder'd Roots in Wine to cure the Dyftiry, and to help afthmatic Complaints. What the Oenanthe of ‘Diof- eorides was (2), nobody has determined. He deferibes it, as having Leaves like Parfneps, white Flowers, a thick Stalk about a Span high, Seeds like thofe of Arrach, a large Root divided into fevetal round Heads, and that it grows in rocky Places. A (hort Account of the Oenanthe , together with its Ufes in Medicine, is taken from Diofeorides by ‘Pliny (3) the Naturalift. What the Plant was that Diofeorides here recommends, is uncertain : None of the Species we are acquainted with come near this Description ; all thofe, that we know, much exceed his Meafure 5 none of them have Leaves like Parfneps, and all grow in watry Places. Ruellius (4), Fuchfius (5), Tragusif), PDodonreus (y)> and Matthiolus (8), have given us the Filipendula or Dropworty for the Oenanthe of Diofeorides : But this cannot be that Plant, be- caufe its Seeds are not like thofe of Arrach 5 neither has it a large Root divided into many Heads. Parkinfon (9), no great Favourer of Label, fays, that “ Lobel only brandeth his Oenanthe Cicutre facie to to the end that it may be publifhed, if they think proper, for the Benefit of others, and particularly of thofe who ufe the Sea. Having lately had Occafion to compare together two Compares of a different Make, the one having a bare Needle, as ufual, and the other a Chart, in the Man- ner that Mariners Compares are commonly made, I happened to wipe off with my Finger fome Dull, which lay upon the Clafs of the former 5 and thereby put the Needle, which was before at Reft, into a violent diforderly Motion, partly horizontal, and partly vertical or dipping. After feveral Repetitions of the fame Thing, I found that the Glafs, by fo flight a Touch, was at that time excited to Eledri- city, fo far as to difturb the Needle extremely. The fame Glafs being rubb’d a very little more with a Finger, a Bit of Muflin, or of Paper, would attrad either End of the Needle, fo as to hold it to the Glafs, for feveral Minutes, far out of the due Direc- tion, according to what Part of the Glafs was moft excited. And when the Needle has for fome time adhered to the Glafs, and afterwards dropt loofe, and made Vibra- tions, thofe Vibrations would not be biffeded, as ufual, by that Point where the Needle fhould reft, but either be made all on one Side, or be very unequally divided, by means of fome Remains of eledrical Virtue in that Part of the Glafs which had attraded the Needle ; until at length, after fifteen Minutes or more, all the Eledri- [ 2 44 ] city being evaporated, the magnetical Power tool: place. The Cure for this Inconvenience, is to moiften the Surface of the Glafs : Even a wet Finger will do it immediately and effedually. I need not fuggeft, that the fame Quantity of Fridion will not at all times have the fame EfFeCt upon thefe Glades, any more than it will upon the eledrical Tubes; but take the Liberty to hint, that I have Reafon to believe that Glafs does, at fome times, become in fome degree attractive without any Fridion at all 5 and may poflibly be excited by great Concuflions in the Air, fuch as Thunder, or the Dif- charge of great Ordnance, &c, and, if fo, may thereby difturb the Compafs. I mult however obferve, that the Mariners Com* pafs is much lefs dangeroufly moved by wiping or exciting the Glafs than the other; by reafon that the excited Part of the Glafs attracts that Part of the Chart which lies neared, juft underneath, without giving it fo much Verticity, as it does to the other Sort of Compafs with a bare Needle. And farther, that the deeper, or the farther diftant the Needle hangs below the Glafs, the lefs Difturbance it is likely to receive, by wiping, rubbing, or otherwife exciting the Cover. I (hall make no farther Reflections upon thefe Fads- than to obferve, firft, That all the minute, irregular, reciprocating Variations which have been obferved in the Diredions of dipping and horizontal Needles, asmentioned in fome of the Tranfaffians *,.may pro- bably- * N°. 425. C 245 ] bably have been caufed by the Glafies which covered the Inftruments made ufe of: And, fecondly, That the flat Pieces of Glafs, often placed under the Scales of an Efiay-Balance, are likewife very capable of at- tracting, and making even the lighter Scale prepon- derate, where the whole Matter weighed is fo very fmall. I have not tried this laft, but do remember, that Mr. Ellicot, a Member of your Society , did fome Years ago fufpect, if not find it certain, that fuch Pieces of Glafs did diflurb his Balance, and had given him a vaft deal of Trouble, upon a Suppofition, that the Beam itfelf was defective. Tour maft humble Servant , June 19. the Society adjourned to Obi- 23. 174^ Printed for C. Davis, over-againfl: Gra/s-Inn Gate in Holbourn, Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlvii, AT)T) E NT) A, p. 23*. The Oen&nthe of Lobel is called in English Wild Tarjley , by Gerard , p. 1020. and Hemlock Drop* wort, p. 1059. The Cicuta aquatica of Wepfer is called in English Long-leav d Water-Creffes , by Gerard, p. 25 6. very injudicioufly ; and Water Tarfneppe with nar- row Leaves by Tarkinfon , p. 1241. but much bet- ter named by Mr. Ray Long-leav d Water Hem • lock . * ERRATA. In Ne. 4 79* in the Contents , Art. VII. for Cock read Cook', item p. 146. Ibid. p. 132, 1. 19 T for the Altitude read the Sun s Altitude. Ibid. 1. alt. for 5 read In this N°. p. 183, \. penult. for Tab. II. read Tab. I. Ibid. p. 235, h 26, Ger. emac. for 1057 read 1059. Numb. 481, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of 0£t. Nov • and ‘Dec. 1746. The CONTENTS. I. ExtraBl of a Letter from Mr. Turbervill Needham to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Pr. R. S. concerning fome new EleElrical Experiments lately made at Paris. p. 247. II. Via Comets, qui ab Initio Martii 1741. ufque ad Initium Aprilis apparuit , ex Obf. in Obfervatorio et Coll. Patrum S. Jefu Pekini Sinarum habitis deduBu , et fee. /Equator em ac Eclipticam , uti et ad pro- priam ejus Orbit am fupputata. Cum Soc. Reg. communicavit J. Hodgfon, R. S. S. et Schol. Reg. Mdthemat. BPreeceptor in iEdibus Chrifti, Londini. p. 264. III. Of the various Genera and Species of Mufic among the Ancients, with fome Ob- fervations concerning their Scale \ in a Let- ter from J.C. Pepufch, MuJic.D. & F.R.S , to Mr. Abr. de Moivre, F.R.S. p. 266. IV. Extract of a Letter from Mr. W '. Arderon, F.R.S. to Mr. H. Baker, F.R.S. containing Obfervations The CONTENTS. Obfervations on the Precipices or Cliffs on the N.E. Sea-Coaf of Norfolk. p. 275.* V. A Letter from Peter Templeman, M.D. to Wm. Battie, M. 2). Fellow of the Royal College of Phyficians, London, and F.R.S. concerning a Polypus at the Heart, and a Scirrhous Tumour of the Uterus, p. 285. VI. ExtraB of a Memoir concerning the Com- munication of Electricity ; read at the public Meeting of the Royal Acad, of Sciences at Paris, Nov. it. 1746. by Mile MonnieryW. MFD. of that Acad, and F.R.S. p. 290. VII. An Account of a very large Stone, found in the Colon of a Horfe ; and of Jeveral Stones, which were taken from the Inteftines of a Mare ; with fome Experiments and Ob- fervations thereupon , by Edward Bailey, M.D. of Havant in Hampfhire. p. 2g6. VIII. A Letter from Mr. James Simon, of Dublin, to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Fr. R. S. concerning the Petrifactions op of Cloyne to 1 ho. Prior, EJq\ P- 3°5- IX. Some Obfervations on a fort o/'Libella or Ephemeron, by Mr; Peter Collinfon, F.R.S. p. 329. C 247 ] I. ExtraEl of a Letter from Mr. Turbervifl Needham to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Pr. R. S. concerning fome new EleSlrical Experiments lately made at Paris. Paris, July 4. N. S. 1746. SIR, Read at a Meeting » s I have been myfelf, fince my coming hither, greatly entertained with the curious eledrical Expe- riments I have feen at Monfieur le Mounters , I hope {uch an Account as I am able to give of them, will not prove difagreeable to you, notwithstanding you may very fhortly expeft abetter from that Gentleman himfelf, who intends writing to you by the firft Op» portunity. Had 1 been verfed in drawing, fo that I could have delineated the Apparatus I have feen, l might both have Shortened my Defcription, and have rendered myfelf more intelligible. As it is, you muft: excufe long Periods* take the Will for the Deed, and let the Singularity of the Fads themfelves, make amends for the Manner of relating them : till Mon* fieur le Mounters own Letter fliall come, like the Sun after the Dawn, and give you full Satisfaction. The eledrifying Glafs ufed by Monfieur le Monnier is an oblong Spheroid, whefe Diameter from Pole to Pole is four or five Inches longer than that at the Equator, which is about twelve Inches. Each of thefe Poles is terminated in a Stem, or Portion of a hoi* low Cylinder, about three Inches in Length, and one in Diameter, fpirally embolfed on the Outfide into a I i large [ M ] large male Screw: To each of thefe male Screws is adapted a female Screw of Wood, clofed at one Ex- tremity with a Piece of Steel, excavated in the Cen- ter, to receive the fteel Pivots upon which the elec- trifying Glafs turns. Thefe female Screws of Wood are fo formed at their open Extremity, that they grafp and cover as much at the Poles, as nearly ren- ders what appears of the glafs Spheroid a perfed Sphere : this with a Defign, that the Wood may fix the more effedualiy, and embrace the eledrifying, Glafs. From the exterior Surface of one of thefe wooden female Screws, a circular Ledge rifes, and projects to the Height of about two Inches j the Am- bitus of which Ledge is excavated, to receive the Co;d that turns the eledrifying Glafs. This is what they ufe here inftead of our Tubes, and with furprifmg Effeds, fuch as greatly furpafs what you have yet fecn in England . The eledrifying Spheroid is turned by means of a Wheel about four Feet in Diameter, with the fame Motion, and exadly in the fame Manner, as the Spindle is turned round by the Spinning- Wheel: allowing a due Proportion to the Frame,, upon which the glafs Spheroid is mounted, that it may anfwcr to the Wheel that turns it. The Sides of this Frame, which ftand pcrpendicuhr to the Ho- rizon, are near as ftrong and as large every Way, as the Pofts of an ordinary Clofet-Door j and,f with the Ledges that join them at Top and Bottom, form a, redangular Parallelogram. The Front of this Frame is provided with filken Loops, conveniently difpofed in feveral Places, to bring to, and fix at a Contad with the eledrifying Glafs, Wires, Threads, Packthread, or whatever clfe is to be cled rifled. Into one Side of this- 7 Frame* [ 249 ] Frame, at about half its Height, the Pivot that receives one of the Poles of the glafs Spheroid is fixed j the other Pivot, on the oppofite Side, is a round long Bar of Iron, fcrewed into and paffing through the Poft, in order to fix, or give Liberty of removing the eledrifying Glafs. This Bar of Iron, for the Conve- niency of turning it, has another in the Nature of a Leaver, which paffes through its Extremity at right Angles with it. The whole Machine is mounted upon a Floor of Boards, Wheel, Frame, Glafs, &c. and employs two Men, the one to turn the Wheel, the other to fit behind the glafs Spheroid, and apply the Concave of each Hand to its lower convex Sur- face; for it is by this Fridion that the Electricity is excited. When the eledrifying Glafs has been fome little time in Motion, the Perfon who defires to be elec- trified, applies the Extremities of the Nails of one Hand, and ftands not upon Cakes ofW ax, as in England, but within the Area of a fquare Drawer or Box about five Inches deep, and filled with five Parts Pitch, four of Refin, and one of Bees-wax : I will not call it a Compofition, for they are not mixed, but difpofed in the following Manner ; the Pitch is placed next to the Sides of the Box, and rifes almoft to a Level with them, the Refin in the Middle is level with the Pitch, and the Wax forms a thin Surface, covering both to a Level with the Box it fielf ; however, I fup- pofe this to be in it felf very indifferent, and that any one Body of the Eledrics per fe would anfwcr equally. I i 2 Exp. [ ^50 3 Experiment I. The Perfon ele&rified by this Machine not only emits Fire from all Parts of his Body, upon the Touch of another, with more Vigour, and in a much more fenfible Manner, than when eledrified by a common Tube; but fires alfo Spirits of Wine with fuch Eafe, that when the Spirits have been once but fimpjy fet on Fire by a Match or Paper lighted, and the Flame has been inftantly blown our, they will, with that fmall Degree of Heat they have acquired, take Fire upon his Touch ten or twenty times fuc- ceflively, without failing once. I am told here, that they have frequently attempted in vain to fire Spirits with a common Tube ofGiafs;fo that I believe the Ufe of the T ube has been more improved in England than in any other Place : But it is a down- right Slavery, and in its Effcds many Degrees infe- rior to this Machine. I fhould have thought, as this fo much exceeds in Strength the common Tube, that many glafs Spheroids, ading at once upon the fame Body, would have confiderably increafed the Effed ; but Monfieur de Buffon tells me, that Monfleur le Monnier had found, upon Trial, that they an- fwered not his Expectations 5 fo that it might feem there is a Ne fins ultra in the Intenfity of Eledricirv, as well as in the Hear, which is communicated to boiling Water. Exp. II. If the Perfon electrified holds a Sword in one Hand, the Chamber being darkened, a continual Flame iffues out at the Point, in Smell and Colour rclcmbling the Fumes [ 25* ] Fumes of Phofphorus , and near as ftrong as that of an Enameller’s Lamp : with this Difference, that when any ocher of the Company applies a Hand, even to the very Point, where the concentred Rays begin to diverge, it bums not, nor is any other wife fenfibie to the Feeling, than as a continual Blaft of Wind. Exp. III. This is performed with a fquare Bar of Iron, about four Feet in Length, and half an Inch inThicknefs; to one Extremity of which is adapted, by the Help of a Screw, another Piece of Iron beat flat, like the End of one of the Legs of a Pair of Tongs. This flat Piece of Iron being fcrewed in, the Bar is placed pa- rallel to the Horizon upon a wooden Stand, and the Stand within the Area of the Drawer or Box, upon the Pitch, Refin, and Bees-wax, as above. The Ex- tremity of the Bar, oppofite to that, which carries the flat Piece of Iron, is covered with three or four Folds of Linen, to prevent any Damage that might happen to the glafs Spheroid, in hitting againft it by Accident, while it revolves round its Axis $ and the fame Extremity is moreover, for further Security, placed at the Diftance of about one Fourth of an Inch trom the Glafs itfelf, the Effect being the fame in every refpeft, as if in Contact . The Operator then orders the Bar to be eleftrified by repeated Revolu*- lutions of the glafs Spheroid, as above 5 and places one Finger upon the Middle of the Bar, to pre- vent the Communication of the Electricity from one End to the other, till he has covered the flat Piece of Iron with as much Saw-duft as it will carry. Some other of the Company, in the mean while, takes up on [ 252 ] on the Point of a Knife likewife, a Quantity of Saw- duft, and holds it under the flat Piece of Iron, at about an Inch Diftance. The Effect is, that when the Operator takes off his Finger, the Spheroid ftill continuing to revolve, the Saw- duft above is all re- pelled and blown off, and that under attracted up- wards. If, inftead of Saw-duft, you place upon the flat Piece of Iron a fmall fquare tin Box filled with Water, or any other Veffel made of a Matter non- electric per fe , particularly metalline, and endeavour to draw off the Water by a capillary Siphon : the Water, in that Cafe, will fall Drop by Drop, as ufually 5 but the Inftant the Bar is eledrified, it will run in one continual Stream 5 which, if the Chamber be dark- ened, jwill alfo appear luminous. This Play of the Water may again be flopped at Pleafure, by the Ap- plication of one Finger to the Bar, as above. If the flat Piece of Iron be unferewed and removed, the Eledricity runs out at the Extremity of the Bar, to the Eyes, in the Appearance of a blewifh Flame 5 to the Smell, like Fumes of the Attraction of Leaf- gold by a hollow wooden Globe, to which Elec- tricity is communicated, by a Packthread of a very great Length fufpending it 5 after it has been con- ducted over filken Threads eroding the Chamber at feveral Pittances, in a fort of Spiral, confifting of as many Turns as the Place will admit. I had almoft forgot to take notice of two Particulars* which were the Confequences of fome of the preceding Experiments, and may in fome meafure ferve to illus- trate them: The one regards the Communication of Electricity ; the other, its furprifing Force. At the grand Convent of the Carthufians here ia Taris, the whole Community formed a Line of nine hundred Toifes, by means of iron Wires^ofa propor- tionable Length, between every twos and, confe- quently, far exceeding the Line of the 180 of the Guards above-mentioned. The Effect was, that* when the two Extremities of this long Line met in Contact with the electrified Phial, the whole Com- pany, at the fame. Xnftant of Time, gave a hidden Spring, and all equally felt the Shock, that was the Confequence of the Experiment. The [ ] The other Phenomenon was the P.efult of a late Ex- periment of Abbe Nollet’s. He fixed, at the two Ex- tremities of a brafs Ruler, two fmall Birds, a Sparrow and a Chaffinch : This Ruler had a Handle or Pedeftal fattened to the Middle of it, for the Convenience of holding it. When both the Gun Barrel and the Phial had been fufficiently electrified, as in the 4th Expe- riment, he applied the Head of the Sparrow to the fufpended Phial, and the Head of the Chaffinch to the Barrel. The Confequence, upon the firft Trial, was, that they were both inftantaneoufly (truck life- lefs, as it were, and motionlefs, for a Time only, and they recovered fome few Minutes after : but, upon a fecond Trial, the Sparrow was (truck dead, and upon Examination found livid without, as if killed with a Flafh of Lightning, mod of the Blood-velfels within the Body being burft by the Shock. The Chaffinch revived, as before. This is, Sir, the exacted Relation I have been able to put together, of a Series of Experiments I have been exceedingly furprifed with: And which I fhould fooner have tranfmitted to you, had I not been obliged to employ fome time in the clearing up (e- veral Particulars, and in the fatisfying myfelf about fome of the Facts, by repeated Trials, before I would venture to give you an Account of them. That [ 263 ] That you may very long enjoy the mod perfect Health and Happinefs, is the fincere Wifh of, SIH, Tour moji obliged Humble Servant, Turbervill Needham. IL Via' Comet® •rl ^ uu ha In 5 Co AT ' • *A ha * Ak .53 <5 «o £ • Ak 53 C* * *A Ha .„! S>h^ rv ^ fi * T U s u d a • ?H CO fc’-g M •t* 5a b^ VO VO vo VO VO VO vo VO vo vo t^. _> NO ON CM CO b. b VO OO ON vo CM CO VO cm 'b ►N VO VO CO VO CO ** 10 CO 00 VO O O '*b 00 0 CM 00 00 00 os O O M cm >-< CM CM ►H N* •-* CM CM CM s- X) H co to 00 VO M co b* rb CM M b VO CM CM CO CM CO VO CM ^b VO co b CM to b co M O CM 10 00 CM 00 0 CM VO K IN. 00 ON O 0 b- tN {>. 00 OO 00 CN ON' ON ov ON ON ON 1 ~ t>. 0 t-t 0 CO O 0 CM VO 0 co b ON ! © CM “*• VO "b *"• CM CM vo CM VO ON M Tb vo M CM CO b b b CO CO co CM VO VO tN 00 OO OO OO 00 00 CO OO i 00 00 0 1 1 0 'ch ON 00 VO VO CM b 00 b CO CO b-4 vo ! " co CO CO VO CM CM CM CM co M vo *A b- On CM ■b ON b» VO t-t vO O 00 vo O vo ON I ON O' 0 O ►H CM CO CM CM CO CO b to vo CM CM CM CO CO tn co CO 6 m. a a > > > > \* > a a a •ui a 0 O 0 0 0 0 10 vn . O O d 0 d O CM cr > CM "b b CO vo vo • ^ • "ch rb 00 ON Gn O O' 00 - CM CM CM CO VO b .. 00 ON CM1 co -cb 00 On O CM m m CM CM CM I CM CM CM CO CO c 1 d * [ 266 ] Ex obfervationibus autem fecunda et quarta Martii liabitis ccrto conftat, cometam die tertia Martii circa horam fcxtam matutinam ad aequatorem pertigiffe, eumque tranfivifte in afcenfione reda 2820 30', cum inclinatione fax ad xquatorem femitx 84° 30'quam proxime; adeoque turn obtinuifie longitudinem 13° 3 5y in vy, cum latitudine boreali 220 54/. Exinde ctiam colligere eft, eandem femitam cometicam (quae apparcntix decurfu a circulo maximo haud deviafle vifa eft) occurrifie eclipticx quidem in ^ et s 90 19' cum inclinatione 80 omnino graduum. Coluro vero xquinodiorum in diftantia 50 $yl \ a polis mundi verfus punda xquinodialia, cum angulo inclinationis 770 3 37~: Coluro demum folftitiorum in diftantia 2 3 0 5 7'! a polis mundi, verfus punda folftitiaiia cum an- gulo inclinationis I3°3 8/ aequali maximx elongation! orbitx ab eodem coluro in parte averfa, ac diftantias polorum orbitae ar pundis xquinodialibus. III. Of the various Genera and Species of Mufic among the Ancients, with fome Ob- fervations concernmg their Scale \ in a Let- ter from John Chriftoph. Pepufch, Mufic. D. F. R.S . to Mr. Abraham de Moivre, F. R . £ SIR, Rtad Nov 13. 174^*'Wr]vj Compliance with your Requeft, I Aerations*. I here fend you fome of my Thoughts on ;Ue various Genera and Species of the Greek Mu- fic, [ 267 ] f\c> What they were, and how far the Dodrine of the Ancients in this refped is reconcileabie with the true Nature of mufical Sounds, are, you know, Que- ftions which have not a little perplexed the Learned. That mufical Intervals are founded on certain Ra- tio's or Proportions expreffible in Numbers, is an old Difcovery. Nobody is better acquainted with thefe Proportions than yourfelf j and I am not a little obliged to you for the Light you have herein given me. It is well known, that ali mufical Ratios may be analyfed into the prime Numbers 2, 3, and 5 ; and that all Intervals may be found from theOdlave, Fifth and Third Major ; which refpedively correfpond to thofe Numbers. Thefe are the Muficians Ele- ments, from the various Combinations of which all the agreeable Variety of Relations of Sounds refult. This Syftem is fo well founded on Experience, that we may look upon it as the Standard of Truth. Every Interval that occurs in Mufic is good or bad, as it approaches to, or deviates from, what it ought to be on thefe Principles. The Dodrine of fome of the Ancients feems different. Whoever looks into the Numbers given us by Ptolemy, will not only find the Primes 2, 3, and 5, but 7, 11, introduced. Nay he feems to think all Fourths good, provided their component Intervals may be exprefied by fuperparti- cular Ratios . But thefe are juftly exploded Con- ceits 5 and it feems not improbable, that the Centra- didions of different numerical Hypothefes, even in the Age of Ariftoxenus, and their Inconfiftency with Experience, might lead him to rejed their Numbers altogether. It is Pity he did: Had he made a pro- per Ufe of them, we Ihould have had a clearer Infight into [ 268 ] into the Mufic of his Times. However, what re- mains of the Writings of this great Mufician, joined to my own Obfervation and Experience, has enabled me, I hope, to throw fome Light upon the obfcure Subject of the ancient Species of Mafic. By the Manner in which Euclid and others find the Notes of their Scale, it muft have been conv pofed of Tones Major , and Litnmds . Hence the feven Intervals of one Oftave would be thus expreffed in KTnmhrrv SL 2 *6 9, 9. aj_6 9. _9 in iNuniDcrs, 8’ 243’ 8 5 8’ 243’ a*' Some modern Authors have from this inferred the Imperfection of the Greek Mufic. They alledge we here find the CD it onus, or an Interval equal to two Tones Major expreffed by in (lead of the true Third Major expreffed by f. As there can be no Queftion of the Beauty and Elegance of the latter,, the former therefore muft be out of Tune, and out of Tune by a whole Gommar which is very fhock- ing to the Ear. In like manner the Trihemitone of the Ancients falls Ihort of the third Minor by a Comma ; which is-alfo the Deficiency of their Hemi- tone or Limma , from the true Semitone Major , fo effential to good Melody. Thefe Errors would make their Scale appear much out of Tune to us. This 1 readily grant,* and add, that it appeared out of Tune to them 5 fince they exprefly tell us, that the Intervals lefs than the cDiate.ff'aron or Fourth, as alfo the Intervals between the Fifth and Octave were dif- fonant and difagreeable to the Ear. Their Scale, which has been called by fome the Scala maxima , was not intended to form the Voice to fing accu- rately, but was defigned to reprefent the Syftem of their Modes and Tones, and to give the true Fourths and [ 2 ,5 9 ] and Fifths of every Key a Compofer might choo'fe* Now if, inftead of Tones Mapr and Limmds , we take the Tones Major and Minor, with the Semitone Major, as the Modems contend we fhould, we fhali have a good Scale indeed, but a Scale adapted only to the concinnous Conftitution of one Key 5 and when- ever we proceed from that into another, we find fome . Fourth or Fifth erroneous by a Comma. This the Ancients did not admit of. If, to diminifh fuck Errors, we introduce a Temperature, we fhali have nothing in Tune but the Octave. We fee then the Scale of the Ancients was not deftitute of Reafon $ and that no good Argument againft the Accuracy of their Practice can from thence be formed. It was ufual among the Greeks to confider a de- fending as well as an afcending Scale ; the former proceeding from acute to grave, precifely by the fame intervals as the latter did from grave to acute. The fird Sound in each was the Proslambanomenos. The not didinguifiiing thefe two Scales has led feveral learned Moderns to fuppofe, that the Greeks , in feme Centuries, took the Proslambanomenos to be the lowed Note in their Syftem; and, in other Centuries, to be the higheft. But the Truth of the Matter is, that the Proslambanomenos was the lowed, or highed Note, ac- cording as they confidered the afcending, or defending Scale. The Didinction of thefe is conducive to the Variety and Perfection of Melody ; but X never yet met with above one Piece of Mulic, where the Compofer appeared to have any Intelligence of this kind* The Compolition is about 1 50, or more. Years old, for four Voices ; and the Words are, Vobis da* turn eft no ft ere Myjlerium regni cDci, € uteris autem Author C 27° ] in Tarabolis $ ut videntes non videant , et audientes non intelligent . By the Choice of the Words, the Author feems to allude to his having performed fome- thing not commonly underftood. I fhall here give you an Octave only of the amend- ing and defeending Scales of the diatonic Genus of the Ancients, with the Names for their feveral Sounds, as alfo the correfponding modern Letters. Afcending. Defeending. A Proslambanomenos g f B 1 Hypate Hypaton 1 a4 3 c Parhypate Hypaton 2 T6 e 9 T> Lychanos Hypaton 1 d 9 E T Hypate Mefon I c it 6 _ 2 4 3 a4 3 2/6 F Parhypate Mefon b 9 G T Lychanos Mefon i a 1 a Mefe f G Where you fee the fame Greek Names ferve for* the Sounds in the afcending and defeending Scales. In the Octave here given, four Sounds, viz- the fProslambanomenos , Hypate Hypatony Hypate Mefon* and Mefey were called Stabiles , from their remain- ing fixed throughout all the Genera and Species . The other four Sounds being the Parhypate Hypa* ton , Lychanos Hypatony Parhypate Mejon, and the Lychanos [ 27* ] Lychanos Mefon , were called Mobiles , becaufe they varied according to the different Species and Varie- ties of Muftc. I come now to determine the Qucdion, What thefe different Genera and Species were. You know, that by Genus and Species was underftood a Divifion of the Hiatejfaron , containing four Sounds, into three Intervals. The Greeks conftituted three* Genera , known by the Names of enharmonic , chromatic , and diatonic . The chromatic was fubdivided into three Species, and the diatonic into two. The three chro- matic Species were the Chromaticum molle , the Sefo[uialtenim> and the Toni atm . The two diatonic Species were the 'Diatonicum molle , and the Inten- fumfo that they had fix Species in all. Some of thefe are in Ufe among the Moderns, but others are as yet unknown in Theory or Practice. I now proceed to define all thefe Species, by de- termining the Intervals, of which they feverally con- fided 5 beginning by the Diatonicum intenfum , as the mod eafy and familiar. The TDiatonicum intenfum was compofed of two Tones, and a Semitone: But, to fpeak exaftly, it confids of a Semitone Major , a Tone Minor , and a Tone Major. This is in daily Practice; and we find it accurately defined by Hidymus , in Ptolemy % Harmonics publifhed by Dr. Wallis. The next Species is the Diatonicum molle , as yet undifeovered, as far as appears to me, by any modem Author. Its component Intervals are, the Semitone Major , an Interval compofed of two Semitones A//- nor} and the Complement of thefe two to the fourth, being M m C 272 ] being an Interval equal to a Tone Major , and an en- harmonic Piejis, The third Species is the Chromaticum Tonixum . Its component Intervals are, a Semitone Major, fuc- ceeded by another Semitone Major > and, laftly, the Complement of thefe two to the fourth, commonly called a fuperfluous Tone. The fourth Species is the Chromaticum Sefqui- alterum , which is conftituted by the Progreffion of a Semitone Major , a Semitone Minor, and a Third Minor . This is mentioned by Ptolemy , as the Chro- matic of Pidymus. Examples among the Moderns are frequent. The fifth Species is the Chromaticum molle . Its Intervals are two fubfequent Semitones Minor , and the Complements of thefe two to the fourth $ that is, an Interval compounded of a Third Minor , and an enharmonic Diejis. This Species I never met with among the Moderns. The fixth and laft Species is the enharmonic . Sali- nas and others have determined this accurately. Its Intervals are, the Semitone Minor , the enharmonica , Piefis and the Third Major . Examples of four of thefe Species may be found in modern Practice. ButI do not know of any Theo- rift who ever yet determined what the Chromaticum Toriueum of the Ancients was : Nor have any of them perceived the Analogy between the Chromaticum Sef- quialterum and our modern Chromatic . The Enhar- monic, fo much admired by the Ancients, has been lit- tle in Ufe among our Muficiansas yet. As to the P)ia- tonicum intenfum , it is too obvious to be miftaken. 6 Arijloxenus C 273 ] Arijloxenus and others often mention the Tone as divided into four Parts, and the Semitone into two ; thereby making ten Divifions or 'Diefes in the fourth. And this is true, if we confider thefe Sounds in one Tenfion $ that is, cither afcending or defcending: But, accurately fpeaking, when we con- fider all the *Diefes or Divifions of the fourth, both afcending and defcending, we fhall find thirteen; five to each Tone, and three to the Semitone Major . But then it is to be obferved, that fome of thefe Divifions will be Iefs than the enharmonic Hiefis : For, if we divide the Semitone Major into the Semitone Minor, and enharmonic ‘Diejls, afcending, for Inftance, E , 9feE, F, and then divide in like manner defcending, F, hF, E7 we fhall have the Semitone Major divided into three Parts thus, E , ^Fy )&E, F s where the Interval between hF and SfeE is lefs than the enhar- monic and between and F , as is eafily proved. Now, if we fuppofe thefe fmall Intervals equal, by incrcafing the lead Divifion, and diminifning the true enharmonic cDiefisy we fhall then have a fourth divided into thirteen equal Parts s and, confequently, the Octave divided into three fuch equal Parts ; which gives us the celebrated Temperature of Huygens , the mod perfect of all. From this it appears, that the Divifion of the Octave into 3 x Parts, was neceffarily implied in the Doctrine of the Ancients. The firft of the Moderns who mentioned fuch a Divifion was Don Vincentino , in his Book intitled L’Antica Mufica ridotta alia moderna Trattica , printed at Rome , 1555- folio. An Indrument had been made according to his Notion ; which was condemned by Zar lino and $alinasy with- M m z out ( *74 ] out fufficient Reafon. But Mr. Huygens, having more accurately examined the Matter, found it to he the beft Temperature that could be contrived. Tho' neither this great Mathematician, nor Zarlino, Sati- nas, nor even Don Vincentino , feem to have had a difiintt Notion of all thefe thirty-one Intervals, nor of their Names, nor of their Necellify to the Per- fection of Mu fie. I muft obferve to you, that I received, fome time ago, a Manufcript from Florence , where a Mufician of that City had rightly named thefe Intervals of the Octave. I found their Names, you know, many Years ago. In Huygens' s Temperature the Tones are all equal: But, in a true and accurate Practice of Singing, they are not fa. And I muft add, that the Tone divided in every Species muft be the Tone Minor y for the Divifion of the Tone Major is harfh and inelegant. So that, in the Divifion of the fourth, it is to be ob- ferved, that in every Species, the Tone Major muft either be an undivided Interval, or make Part of one. You may perhaps wonder how the foregoing Doc- trine can be found in the Writings of the Ancients, fince the Diftinction of Tones into Major and Minor is no where mention’d in their Writings. But it- is to be obferved, that though the Terms do not occur, yet the Thing itfelf was not unknown to them. I own, they have not expreffed themfelves fully 5 yet, from the Whole of their Writings come to our Hands, 1 think the Doctrine before laid down may be well Supported. But, as it would require fome time to put this in a juft Light, I muft defer it to another Opportunity. I am, &c. IV. [ *75 ] IV. Extract of a Letter from Mr. William Arderon, F. R. S. to Mr. Henry Bakers F. R. S. containing Obfervations on the Pre- cipices or Cliffs on tie North-Eaft Sea- Go aft of the County of Norfolk. Dear Sir, Norwich , oa. 29, 1746!. JWNov. 20.^1 IN C E my laft, my leifure Hours have 174 ^ccn chiefly employed in vifiting and examining many Places where I had Reafion to be- lieve I might find fome Things curious in the mine- ral or foffil Kingdom^ and! have enjoyed an inex- preffible Satisfaction, in obfervrng the great Variety ©f Subje&s that demanded my Attention, and made every Pit or Fra&ure of the Earth, every Stratum of Sand, or Bed of Clay, every Flint or Pebble, ftrive3 as it were, with each other, in producing fomething to oblige and reward me for my Trouble. 1 look back with much Regret on the many Op- portunities for this Study which I have formerly loft : •But, as good Fortune has placed me in a Country tolerably fertile in thefe Kinds of natural Productions, I hope, by my future Application, to make fome Amends for my former Negleft, and fend you the inclofed Obfervations, as an Earneft of what you may hereafter exp eft, from, xDear Sir, Tour mofi humble Servant , Wm. Arderon, On C 276 ] ON the 19th of July lad, I had the Pleafurc of feeing thofe ftupendous and amazing Precipices which bound our North-Eaft Sea-Coaftjand rodefome Miles betwixt them and the Sea. I can allure you, I was highly delighted with viewing them ; and, as Sir Richard Steele fays, by the Defcription of ‘Dover Cliffs , Whoever looks upon thefe Precipices, and is not moved with Terror, muft either have a very good Head, or a very bad one . Thefe dreadful Heights are equally dangerous to come nigh, above or below 5 as they are fo frequently tumbling down, and as often wafh’d away by the raging Billows : And altho’ they are 20, 30, and in feme Places 40 Yards and upwards in perpendicular Altitude, yet I am credibly informed the Sea has got of the Land at lead no Yards in lefs than 20 Years Time for fome Miles on this Coaft. The various Strata , which make up this long Chain of mountainous Cliffs, muft be greatly enter- taining to every one, who takes a Pleafure in look- ing into the many Changes, which the 'Earth un- doubtedly has undergone fince its firft Creation. Vegetable Mould, Oaz, Sands of various Kinds and Colours, Clays, Loams, Flints, Maries, Chalk, Pebbles, <&c. are here to be feen at one View beau- tifully interfperfed 5 and frequently the fame kind many times repeated ; as if at one time dry Land had been the Surface j then the Sea 5 after, moraffy Ground ; then the Sea, and fo on, till thefe Cliffs were railed to the Height we now find them. What [ 27 7 ] What makes this come up almoft to Demonftra- tion, are the {a) Roots and Trunks of Trees, which are to be feen at low Water in feveral Places on this Coaft near Hasboroitgh and Walket . With refpeft to the Tooth I fent you fome time ago, I could trace nothing more out than what I have before informed you $ but, that Bones of Ani- mals are often found here is indifputably true j and I have now by me another (b) Tooth of an Elephant found betwixt Munjley and Harborough , which (c) I (hall forbear to deferibe to you, as I deiign it to wait upon you with fome other Folllls in a few Days. That the reft of the Bones of thefe Animals are not preferved fo commonly as the Teeth, I am in* formed is their prodigious Bulk and Weight; which are fo great, that the Country People thereabouts have never thought it worth their while to fave them from the Fury of the tempeftuous Waves, In (a) Dr. Hook, in his pofthumous Works fays, the like are to be feen on the Coafts of Cumberland and Rembrokejhire. (b) 'Richard Verftegan fays, nigh Bruxelles in Flanders were found the Bones of an Elephant, the Head of which he had feen. Verfi. p. 115. (c) c Only, that as this Tooth is much more decayed than that 4 I before fent you, and hath feveral Pieces broken off it, yet it i weighs 10 Pounds and a Quarter; and would have weighed as much c or more than that which Mr. Tentzeltus deferibesin the Philofophical 1 Tranfatiions , N° 234. found near Erfurt in German This, I think ‘ he fays, was the biggeft ever found in Europe [ *7» ] In perufingDr. Hooks pofthu metis Works, in his Difeourfe on Earthquakes, I there find, that Dr. Thomas Brown of this City prefented the Royal Society with a petrify'd Bone, found at Winterton , a little Country Town on this Coaft, in the Year 16665 but am far from being of ( d ) 'Dr. Browns Opinion, to take them all for Bones of Sea Animals, much lefs of the Whale Kind, which are found here. Amongfl: the many Strata , which I took notice of in thefe Cliffs, there is one of a dark-grey Colour, which fweats out a yellowfulphureous Matter : I take it to be that fort of Earth from which Vitriol is made ; but this is of fuch a cauftic Nature, that, it but a fmall Piece of it be held to the Tongue, in a Moment it caufeth as fharp and excruciating a Pain, as if a red hot Iron had been holden to it. (d) c Whoever will take the Pleafure to read Mr. Blair’s Defcrip- c tion of the Skeleton of the Elephant, now at Dundee in Scotland, c infer ted in Phil. Tranf. N*. 326, will find thefe Teeth before- c mentioned to be the real Teeth of Elephants, whatever Dr. Browns c may be : And though I have never feen that Bone he prefented to < the Society , yet, I imagine it to be a Bone from the fame kind of < Animal.’ An [ *79 ] An Account of the Strata of Shells, and other Fof- fils, found at Cantley White-Houfe in Norfolk. Fter giving you a Abort Account of what I thought worth my Notice on our North- Eaft Sea-Coaft, I (hall here lay before you what I have obferved in feme Marl-Pits at a Place called Cantley White-Houfe^ about three Miles from Norwich , al- moft South-Eaft, and adjacent to the Country Seat of the honourable Thomas Here, Efquire (e), Thefe Marl or rather Chalk-Pits are made in the Side of a long Chain of Hills, which runs along the Side of the River Tar-> and about a Furlong or two now-and-then diftant from it. Thefe Hills I take to have been formerly the Boundaries to an Arm of the Sea, which made Nor- wich a famous Sea-Port. This, Sir, fome of our (f) antientHiftories make mention of as an undoubted Truth, tho' now look'd upon as a mere Fable, as no Footfteps of it remain above-ground at this Day. In the above-mention'd Marl-Pits I have lately dif- covered a (g) Stratum of Shells, of about two Feet (e) Verfiegan fays, that many Places which were Sea became dry Land, at the breaking of the German Ocean through the Ifthmus which once join’d England to Trance. Vet ft. p. 117. (f) The Reverend Mr. Bloomfield , in his Hiftory of Norwich, pro- duceth ifeveral antient Writings, which affsrt the Truth of this. Page 2. (g) The Reverend Mr. Thomas Lawrence , in his Mer cur ius Centralis, is of Opinion, thefe Shells, and all others under-ground, are lodged here by fubterraneous Currents. Page 47. thick N n [ 28o ] thick, running nearly parallel to the Horizon, and I believe nigh level with many Parts of the Ground in Norwich. This, Sir, feems to put the Matter out of all Difpute, and fairly confirm our antient Hiftory ( h ). I examin'd carefully this Stratum , where I found a great many ( i ) Kinds of Shells, but none which had withftood Time’s all-devouring Teeth, fo as to bear the handling; excepting the common Wilk, fome of which were very perfett ( k ). Amongft (h) Dr. C. Leigh , in his natural Hiftory of Lancajhire , fooliftily enough, boldly affirms all Foffils to be the Difports or Lufus Na- ture. Book III. p. 41. and many other Places. (i) Common Cockle. Black Muflel. Oyfter. Peftunculus^ <&c. (£) The ever memorable Dr. Hook, in his pofthumous Works, fays, that Earthquakes feem to be the chief Efficients which have tranfported thefe petrified Bodies, Shells, Woods, <&c. and left them in fuch Parts of the Earth as are no otherwife likely to have been the Places wherein fuch Subftances fhould be produced. ‘ That feveral Mountains and Vallies have taken their Rife from c Earthquakes muft inevitably be allowed • but then they are to be c found in hotter Countries than this. If the contrary is believed, c why don’t fuch Things happen now ? And why is all Hiftory c filent upon this Head ? Befides, the Regularity of the Strata’s of c Shells, and their often lying parallel to the Horizon for many c Yards, I own, puzzle me very much, and prevent me from ac- c quiefcing with this ingenious Man on this Head/ ‘ Dr. Woodward's Hypothefis, or Manner of bringing thefe Shells, c and all other Foffils, into the Places where we now find them, by a * total Diflolution of Matter, is indeed very pretty ; but fo many 1 Difficulties arife (however plain it might appear to him) I believe * few now-a-days are of his Opinion. c Above all, I think Mr. Petit’s Way of Thinking is liable to the c feweft Objections j viz. by the Variation of the Parallelifm of the * Earth’s Axis which, being allow’d, muft certainly alter the Cen- * tre of Gravity : If fo, then all the fluid Parts will conform thereto • 4 and then it will follow, that one Part will be cover’d, and over- ‘ flow’d by the Sea, that was dry before, and another be difcover’d 1 and laid dry, that was before overwhelm’d/ [ 281 ] Amongft the Variety of Things I took notice of in this Stratum was a Piece of Coal $ which I picked out * from amongft the Shells, This muft have lain here as long as they, and been brought from fome other County, as nothing of its Kind is to be found here, but what is brought from diftant Parts. Certainly, Sir, this Teems to prove, that the Ufe of Coals has been known to the antient Britons ; and that they brought them hither from the more Northern Parts, when the Sea cover'd the greateft Part of Norfolk: Tho', in all Probability, this muft have been fome Thoufands of Years ago. Thefe Shells lie 14 Yards above the Surface of the River, and nearly 6 beneath the Top of the Hill $ and I believe 34 Yards above the Surface of the Sea at Yarmouth . I have one Thing ftill to relate to you, which is really wonderful, and very much beyond my ut- moft Endeavours to find out a fufficient Reafon for: it is, That in thefe very Marl-Pits, and I dare be bold to fay, 6 or 7 Yards lower than the above-mention’d Stratum of Shells, are found an unaccountable Quan- tity of Stags Horns lying in all Directions : Several I took out with my own Hands ; and the Workmen, which are employed here, tell me, that they fcarce work a Day, but they find lefs or more of them. But with my utmoft Diligence I have not yet been able to find one whole and intire , nor do the Workmen fay They ever did 3 which I take to be very ftrange. Nn z Theft [ 282 ] Thefe Horns (/) have been very large ones; fome of the Spines rncafuring 12 Inches and upwards in Length. The Horns themfelves, many of them, are better than z\ Inches in Diameter, and feveral of Stem above 12 Inches from Spine to Spine. Another Curiofity I was informed of, which would have been a great Pieafure to me to have had it in my Power to have lent you : It was the entire Skeleton of a Man, which was found in the fame Bed or Stratum with the above-mentioned Horns, as one of the Workmen, allured me : He faid, he took the Pains to lay it all to- gether upon the Grafs, as regularly as he was able $ but his Curiofity being then fatisfied, he left it to be ground to Pieces by the Carts and Waggons that came thither for the Marl •, fo carelefs were thefe poor igno- rant People of fo valuable a Specimen of the human Race ! What inftru&ive Inferences might perhaps have been drawn from fuch a Skeleton, withrefped to the Magnitude of Men in the early Ages of the World ! I own, I cannot but regret the Lofs of it. Helmet Stones (m) and Belemnites are here to be found in abundance, at all Depths, and in every dif- ferent Stratum ; which I think fhews, that the Fifh, which produced thefe Foffils have been very plenti- ful : And fo they mud have been all over the County, as (/) c The Nature of thefe Horns feems to the Eye to be intirely 1 changed into that of Chalk j only retaining their outward Form, c and the Porofenefs of their inward Parts.’ (m) c Whatever Strata thefe Helmet-Stones are found in, I obferve 1 they are moftly fill’d with Matter of the fame Nature and Con- c fiftcncy, provided they have lain there undifturbed.’ [ *3 1 as the like ate to be found in every Place where-evet the Earth is broken open, or a Pit is digged. An Account of other Foffils, found near Hartford- Bridge in Norfolk. BGUT a Mile South of a little Country Town called Kijtck, and near two Furlongs from {n) Hart ford- Bridge, is a Pit, in which the Country People dig a particular Sort of Clay to lay upon their fandy Lands. Amongft this Clay, Sir, lie a great many Knots, Lumps, or Nodules, of a bluer Sort of Earth, not widely differing from that which is found in Har- wich Cliff : Thefe, when digg’d up, are foft$ but when they have been for fome time expofed to the open Air, they become almoft as hard as Flint. In and upon thefe Lumps are the Impreffions of the Cornu Ammonis or Snake- Stones in a beautiful Manner, from one Inch to five or fix in Diameter ; and feverai I faw with Part of the Shells upon them of a yellowifn White (o). Many other Shells arc to be found in thefe Lumps, as the Pehtunculus , Helmet-Stones, Belemnites, com- mon Cockle, Turbo sy &c. but thefe are moft of them very fmalh ( n ) About three Miles South-Weft of Norwich. (0) c When this Clay was lofty I found it impoilibie to get 011c * -of them whole.’ But C 284 ] But (till more curious than all the reft are certain Lumps of petrified cryftallized Matter, of a very odd Form, fuch as I have never feen or ever read of. They appear to have been originally Lumps of blue Clay, cracked by fome fubterraneous Heat, or other unknown Caufe, into which the Wa- ter has infinuated, and the Salts contained therein have cryftallized in the Cracks. When thefe Lumps are taken up, and become dry, the Clay Part falls from out the exterior Cells ; and then they may be thought grofly to reprefent an Ho- ney-Comb. At firft I took them to be Bones from within-fide the Skull of fome great Filh, or other Sea Animal ; but fome which I have feen lately, and of which I fhall fend you a Specimen, have con- vinced me I was miftaken. Indeed fince I wrote the above, I have compared this Foffil with the Defcrip- tion Dr. Woodward, gives of the Ludus Helmontii, and I think it agrees fomewhat therewith. V. [ 285 ] V. A Letter from Peter Templeman, M.D. to Wm. Battie, M. 2). Fellow of the Royal College of Phyficians, London, and F.R.S . concerning a Polypus at the Heart, and a Scirrhous Tumour of the* Uterus. SIR, Head Nov. z7.'~T~'HE following Cafe appearing to '746. me to be a remarkable Inftance of a Rolypus at the Heart, and of a fcirrhous Uterus , I immediately determined to communicate it to you. ANN HICKS was brought to the Workhoufe of St. Andrew’s Holborn on Saturday the 15 th of November , 1746. Her Complaints were, a Diffi- culty of Breathing, from a Cold fhe had caught about a Fortnight before, with a violent Pain and Palpi- tation of her Heart. The Pulfe was fcarce percepti- ble. The Surgeon, Mr. Tait, being prefent, I order’d him to open a Vein 5 but to keep his Finger on the Pulfe ; and if it did not rife on her lofing a little Blood, immediately to defift. Upon her lofing an Ounce or two of Blood, the Pulfe grew more languid, and he accordingly de- fined. I then order’d a large Blifter to be applied to her Neck, and gave her oily Medicines with the vo- volatile Salts. \ did not vifit at the Workhoufe again till the IFednefday following, when I found her much [ 286 3 much eafier in her Breath, but the Pain and Palpita- tion of the Heart continuing. As the oily Medicines had occafiojned a violent Purging, I order'd her the 'Elixir afthmaticum in Cinnamon-Water. Her Pulfe was Bill fo little dif- cernible, that though X think it intermitted, yet XI cannot be pofitive. Upon my telling you on Thurfday my Apprehen- fions of a Polypus at her Heart, from the Pain and Palpitation of it, you deftred, that, when fhe died, her Body might be open'd. To you therefore are we indebted for whatever curious was difeover'd. She died- on Friday , and her Body was open'd on Satur- day. Upon expofing the Body naked on the Table, we were furprifed with the Sight of a very large and hard Swelling in the hypogaftric Region; concluding it at the firft View to be a Child ; and the more fo, be- caufe the Woman had never made any Complaint of an Uneafinefs in thofe Parts. Having open'd the Body, we found this Swelling to be of the Uterus , which was greatly enlarged, and extremely hard. Be- fides the whole Body of the Uterus being thus en- larged and hardened, there were two large Protube- rances diftinft from each other, that grew prominent out of the upper Surface of the Uterus , and were each of them of the Size of a large Egg. There was like- wife a third Protuberance on the oppoftte Side, but much fmaller than the other two; and another that feem'd to be but juft budding. We cut down dire&ly through one of the large Protuberances into the very Body of the Uterus , and found nothing but a folid Mafs [ 287 3 Mate of a cartilaginous Subftance. The Texture indeed of the Protuberance was fomewhat laxer than of the Body of the Uterus . Having cut down very deep into the Uterus , and found nothing but this foiid Mafs, we introduced a Probe from the Os Tinea, to exa- mine if there was any Cavity in the Uterus ; and found a fmall one reaching to the Fundus, and barely large enough to admit the Probe. The Ovaries and Fal- lopian Tubes were in their natural State; except a fmall Deviation of the Fallopian Tube on the right Side. I know no Writer that has taken notice of a fimi- lar Appearance in the Uterus , but Ruyfch ; and his Words I beg leave to cite. They are in hi sThef au- nts Anatomicus TDecimus, N°. CVI. “ Uterus hit- . 2(89' J.Mtfnde/c- [ 289 ] Tab. I. Represents the back Part of the Uterus with Its fcirrhous Tumours. A is the Uterus . By The great Scirrhus . C, One of the great Protuberances,, ©, The Cervix Uteri . Ey Part of the Vagina. FFy The Ovaries . GGy The Extremities of the Fallopian Tubes. Hy One of the Mufcles called Ligamenta rotunda. Ily Spermatic VefTels. Ky The Edge of rhe AU Vefpertilwnis on the left: Side. LLy Two Small Protuberances. Tab. II. Fig. x. Reprefenls the fore Part of the fame Uterus laid opeiij by cutting through the Middle of the Scirrhus. Ay The Cavity of the Uterus. BBy The divided Surfaces of the great Scirrhus. C, The fore Part of one of the great Protuberances, T)y The Cervix Uteri laid open. Ey The Vagina laid open, Fy The divided Surface of the Protuberance that was cut through. Oo i [ 29° ] VI. Extra ft of a Memoir concerning the Com- munication of Electricity ; read at the pub- lic Meeting of the Royal Academy of Sci- ences at Paris, Nov . i 2. 1746. by Mon - feur le Monnier the younger , M.D. of that Academy, andF.R.S. communicated by the Author to the Prefident^ the Royal Society. Rtad'Dz c. 1 E Author of this Memoir propofes therein to examine thefe three Quefi^ tions 5 that is to fay, How is this ele&ric Virtue to be communicated to fuch Bodies as have it nor, and which are not capable of acquiring it by bare Fri&ion. only? How is the eledric Matter propagated? And, laftly, in what Proportion is it diftributed ? As to the firft, The Author obferves, that this eledric Virtue is no other Way to be com- municated, but by the near Approach of a Body already actually poirdTed of the fame: That the Rule laid down by Monfieur du Fay, That Bodies - never receive Electricity by Communication , unlefs they are Jiipported by Bodies eleftric in their own N*atnre> docs not always take Place, and that it is fubjeft to great Exceptions. For, firft, in the Ley- den Experiment, the Phial filled with Water is ftrongly cle&rificd by Communication, even when carried in the Hand, which is not a Body ele&ric by Nature. Secondly,, all Bodies that are eleftrified by means of a Phial of Water fitted to a Wire, and which [ 29I ] which has already received a great degree of Virtue by Communication 5 all fuch Bodies, I fay, placed in any curve Line, conne&ing the exterior Wire, and that Part of the Bottle which is below the Surface of the Water, acquire Electricity, without being placed upon Refin, Silk, Glafs, or the like. Thus one may give a violent Concuffion in both the Arms to 200 Men all at once, who holding each other by the Hand, fo form the Curve juft mention’d, when the firft holds the Bottle, and the laft touches the Wire with the End of his Finger; and this, whether thefe Ferfons a&ualiy touch each other’s Hands, or whether they are connected by iron Chains, that either dip in Water, or drag upon the Ground 5 whether they are all mounted on Cakes of Refin, or whether they only ftand on the Floor 5 in all which Cafes the Experiment equally fucceeds. Electricity has in this Manner been carried through a Wire of the Length of 2000 Toifes, that is to fay, of about a Taris League, or near two English Miles and a half, tho’ Part of the Wire dragged upon wet Grafs, went over Charmil Hedges or Palifades, and over Ground newly ploughed up. Thirdly, the Water of the Bafon in the Thuilk - ries, whofe Surface is about an Acre, has been elec- trified in the following Manner: There was flretched round half the Circumference of the Bafon an iron Chain, which was intirely out of the Water: The two Extremities of this Chain anfwer’d to thofe of one of the Diameters of the Odtogon : An Obferver, placed at one of thefe Extremities, held the Chain with His left Hand, and dipped his right at the fame time into * [ *P2 ] into the Water of the Bafon; whilft another Ob' ferver, at the oppofne Side of the Bafon, held the other End of the Chain in his right Hand, and a Phial well eleftrified in his left : He then caufed the Wire of his Phial to touch an iron Rod, fixed upright in a Piece of Cork that floated near the Edge of the Bafon $ at that Inftant both Obfervers felt a violent Shock in both their Arms. This fame Fa ft was again con- firmed, by Experiments made upon two Bafons at the fame time, that it might appear diftin&ly, that the elcdrical Effluvia did really pafs along the Super- ficies of the Water. Fourthly, It has been confirmed, by repeated Compa- rifons, that a Bar of Iron placed in the above-mentioned Curve, does not at all acquire more Electricity, when it is fufpended in filken Lines, than when it is held in the bare Hand. Whence it .appears, that, in this Cafe, the contiguous non-ele&ric 'Bodies do neither partake of, nor abforb in any v/ay, the Ele&ricity that has been communicated. * Bcfides many ftrong Exceptions to the Rule laid down by Monfieur duFay, the Author adds another yet ftronger, and indeed dire&ly contrary to that Rule; which is, that the fame Phial of Water, fitted with its Wire, receives either no Virtue at all, or at leaf! none that is fenfible, fo long as it is either placed upon a Stand of Glafs that is very dry, or that it is fufpended by a filken Thread, whilft irs Wire refts upon the Globe; and that, to make it receive the Virtue, the Part of the Phial which is below the Surface of the Water, muft communicate with fome Body. C 293 3 Body that is not eledric as is evident, when it is touched, whilft it refts on the Stand of Giafs, with the Finger, for it then inftantly becomes cledric : and the fame will alfo happen when it is touched with a Piece of Metal 5 but not when it is touched with a Tube of Glafs that is dry. The eledrical Refts produce here upon the Bottle an EfFed fo contrary to M. du Fays Rule, That, if one places a Phial, perfectly well eledrified, and which throws out the Pencil of Fire copioufly, upon a dry Stand of Glafs, or upon a Line of Silk 5 its Light immediately goes our, and its Eledricity is as it were laid to fleep. One may' then fecurely approach the Finger to its Wire, and there will come no eledrical Sparks from it. The Author has even drawn out of it intirely both the Wire and the Cork, and has kept it half an Hour in his Pocket, without deftroying the Eledricity. But one muft only, in this Cafe, touch the Wire, and not the Phial itfelf 5 for, in touching the two at the fame time, one returns to the Ley- den Experiments but when one touches the Phial only, the Eledricity revives in the Wire, and the Pencil of Fire difplays itfelf again, provided one has not ftaid too long : But if the Wire only is touched, the Body of the Bottle becomes ftrongly eiedric, and draws to it, from a couliderable Diftance, any light Subftances. This laft Cafe gives Room to an Experiment that looks at firft like Magic : There was hung up a litle tinkling Bell by a filver Wire, at the Height of eight or nine Feet, and there was placed upon a glafs Stand well dried, a Phial newly eledrifkd $ the Centre of the [ 294 ] the Bell, and that of the Phial, were nearly in the lame horizontal Line 5 but the Bell was between fix or feven Inches from the Surface of the Phial. Every thing being in this State, the Bell remained quite Bill, if the Stand was very dry; but the Inftant one either approached a Finger, or any other non eledric Body, to the Wire of the Phial, the Bell leaped to it : and one might begin again, and repeat the Ex- periment twenty Times together, without having any Occafion to new-eledrify the Phial. With regard to the Propagation of Eledricity, the Velocity with which the eledrical Matter is convey’d, has been found too great to be yet determin’d with any Exadnefs. The Author made an Experiment with an iron Wire of 950 Toifes in Length, and He was not able to obferve, that there pafied fo much as a Quarter of a Second of Time, between the Wires receiving the Eledricity at one End, and his feeling the Shock in both his Arms at the other ; which infers a Velocity at lead thirty times as great as that with which Sounds are propagated. In feeking what might be the Force which fhot forward the eledric Matter, with fo much Rapidity, through the Length of the Wire, he at firft thought it might be performed by the Explofion of the Spark of Fire, which is perceived when theeledrified Phial is brought into Contad with the Wire conduding the eledric Matter; but the following Experiment foon convinced him he was miftaken. He difpofed horizontally a Wire folded in two, upen Lines of Silk ; the whole Length of this Wire was [ *95 ] was of 1 3 19 Feet, and the two parallel Halves were at the Diftance from each other of about fix Feet : The Electricity was then communicated by means of a Phial, and it preferved itfelf in the Wire for fevcral Minutes, by reafon of the fiiken Lines upon which the fame was fupportcd : A Finger was then brought to one of its Extremities to take away the Virtue; and in the fame Inftant it ceafed aifo at the other Extremity of the Wire : So that, in this Cafe, the Matter in Queftion returned to the Finger, that is to fay, marched backward, with the fame Velocity with which it was before fhot forwards : The eledric Matter therefore now came towards the explofive Spark, for this Spark appeared upon, the Finger as foon as it approached the End of the Wire to take away its Electricity, and therefore it is not this Spark which fhoots forward the eleCtric Matter with fo great a Velocity. The laft Part of the Memoir concerns the Propor- tion in which the eleCtric Matter is communicated to Bodies of the fame Nature. And here the Author firft eftablifhes, that it is not communicated to homogeneous Bodies, in proportion to their Mafies or Quantities of Matter, but rather in proportion to their Surfaces. Yet all Bodies having equal Surfaces do not receive equal Quantities of Eledricity : Thofe receive the moft, whofe Surfaces are extended the moft in Length. Thus a fquare Sheet of Lead re- ceives a much lefs Quantity of Eledricity, than a Strip of the fame Metal with a Surface equal to that of the fquare Sheet: Infomuch that the only Way to in- creafe in any Body its Faculty of receiving the eledric Virtue, is to continually increafe its Length. p p yii; [ 296 ] VII. An Account of a very large Stone, found in the Colon of a Horfe ; and of feveral Stones, which were taken from the Inteftines of a Mare ; with fome Experiments and Oh - fervations thereupon , by Edward Bailey, M.Dt of Havant in Hampflaire. Head Dec. 1746. H E Horfe in which the large Stone 1 ,*rTT^ JL was found, belonged to a Miller in this Neighbourhood, and had been fed with Bran only for feveral Years. He was obferved to be in Pain fometimes, but never fo bad as to be hindered from his Work, till the Day of his Death; when he was taken on the Road with Symptoms of violent Pain, and wanted to lie down : However, the Carter drove him home j but, as foon as he had unharneffed him, the poor Creature was feized with a great Shaking, and dropp'd down dead immediately. The Man who dripp'd him, observing, a Swelling in his Belly, open’d it, and found in the Colon a very large Stone, but prefently broke it in Pieces. I did not hear of this Stone till the latter End of Pad Summer, when a Gentleman fhew’d me a Frag- ment of it; which excited my Curiofity to go to the Mill where the Horfe died, to inquire for the Re- mains. I found feveral Pieces of ir, weighing in all one Pound fix Ounces and an half Troy Weight. Some of them have been kept dry in the Mill, but the greateft Part laid abroad mixed with Rubbifh ; which, tho* expofed to the Weather above twelve Months, [ 2 97 3 Months, was not much altered, being only a little more brittle than the reft, and fomewhat mouldered on the Outfide. About a Fortnight ago, another Piece of the fame Stone was brought to me, weighing about eight Ounces Troy, containing near half the Nucleus and the innermoft Lamina cohering together. From all thefe Fragments, and the Defcription of the Stone given me by thofe who faw it, before it was broken in Pieces, it appears to have been of a fpheroidal Figure, about 1 6 Inches in Circumfe' rence, eonfifting of a Nucleus and feveral Lamina or Shells involving one another 5 fome of them are parted from each other, but the reft flick fo clofe together, that they cannot be feparated without break- ing. All the Lamina are compos'd of tranfverfe Stria , with their Points converging like Rays to- wards the Centre of the Nucleus . They are of a brown Colour, and fhine like Refin. The Nucleus is of an oval Figure, and differs but little in its Com- pofition from the reft of the Stone, having no other extraneous Matter in it but a few Pieces of Straw, and fmall Sticks, like the Twigs of a Broom ; fome of them appear intermixed with the Stria through- out the Body of the Stone. The external Surface of the Stone, and thofe Lamina that have been ex- pofed to the Air, look of an Afh Colour, are pretty even, but not very fmooth, having many fmall Holes in them. See Tab. III. Fig . 1, 2, 3. About the Beginning of laft July , five large Stones were found lying near one another in the Interlines of a Mare, which belonged to a Carrier in this P p 2 Town,, C 198 ] Town, who had us'd her feveral Years in his Team,- She was in good Cafe, and always appear'd to be found and healthy; till one Morning, being at Grafs, fhc was found lying on the Ground in a great Agony of Pain, with which fhe was continually tortured for about fix Hours, without any Relief from various Remedies which were applied : At laft fhe got up, and ran about the Field like a mad Creature, till fhe died. I have feen but two of the Stones which were taken from her ; one of a triangular Shape, the other oblong, a little dcpreffed in the Middle, bearing fome Refemblance to a Horfe-Bean. {See Tab. III. Fig. 4, 7) They are both fimilar in Subftance, and feem to be of the Bezoar-Kind, being of a clofer Texture than that above defcribed, of an Olive- Colour, and finely polifhed. The other three, as I am informed, were of the fame Colour and Texture, and one of them larger than either of thcfe, and of the Shape that at Fig . 7* Experiments. Thcfe two Stones, being faw'd afunder, look'd like polifhed Marble; and were found to contain a Piece of an iron Nail in the Middle. The triangular Stone weigh'd 75 Grains above 3 a Ounces Troy. The other, being the larger, weigh'd but 2 a Grains fhort of 16 Ounces Troy Weight, A Fragment of the leffTer Stone, which in the Air Weigh'd Gr. 103 v©, in Water weigh'd Gr, 42 fo that [ 299 ] that this Stone is in fpecific Gravity to Water as 170 to 100. A Fragment of the greater Stone, which weigh'd in Air Gr. 83 ^4 weigh'd in Water of the fame Degree of Warmth, Gr, 34 fo that the fpecific Gravity of this is the fame as of the other. A Quantity of the larger Stone, weighing four Ounces, being diddl'd in a coated Retort, yielded Gr. 3 7 7^ above 20 Ounces of a firong alcaline Spi- rit, of a brown Colour, fuch as is drawn from Hart's- horn 5 leaving a black Coal weighing Gr. 74ts fhort of 2 Ounces j Gr. 36^ being converted into Air* and otherwife loft in colie&ing the Produce of the Diftillation 5 a fmali Quantity of black Oil adher'd to the Neck of the Receiver, and a few Drops of this Oil appear'd in the Spirit, when it was firft pour'd off 5 but, after (landing fome time, fell to the Bot- tom in the Form of a black Sediment. The black Coal, calcined under a Muffle in a very firong Fire, loft but 22 Grains, and became a white inlipid Earth. A Fragment of the great Stone, which had lain expofed to the Air and Weather above twelve Months, as mention'd above, weighing in the Air Gr. f8, weigh’d in Water Gr. 24f*0, after it had flood a confiderable Time, that the Water might enter its Cavities : So that this Stone, tho' feeming of a loofe Texture, came out not much inferior to the other in fpecific Gravity 5 this being to Water as 165 to xoo, A 3 [ 300 ] A Portion of this Stone, in a ftrong open fire, loft in Calcination juft half its Weight 5 becomings as the former, a white infipid Earth 5 which, being infufed in boiling Water, made no Alteration in its Colour, Tafte, nor Smell. Three Ounces of this Stone diftili'd, produc'd Gr. 24. f more than an Ounce and a Quarter of the like alkaline Spirit as the former yielded, and left a black Coal, weighing Gr. 167^ above an Ounce and half. From this chemical Analyfis it appears, that thefe Stones are compounded chiefly of Earth, a large .Quantity of volatile alkaline Salt and Water, fome Oil, and a fmall Quantity of Air. From hence it likewife appears, that the compo- nent Principles of thefe Stones bear a nearer Refem- blance to thofe of Hartfhorn than that of the Calcu- lus humanus : For, according to Dr. Haless Account, in his Vegetable Statics , Experiment N°. 51- 241 Grains of Deer's Horn being diftillxi left a Calx weighing Gr. 1:285 viz,, above half its Weighty which {hews that Horn contains much about the fame Quantity of Earth as thefe Stones do : Whereas the Calculus humanus, when diftili'd., affords but a .fmall Quantity of Earth, Spirit, or Oil 5 the greateft Part of it being converted into Air. Half an Ounce of the Stone ( Fig * 7. Tab. III.) being powder'd and infufed in four Ounces of boil- ing Water., made it fmcll ftrongly of Horfe-Dung, and gave it a difagreeable Tafte, while it was hot 5 but. C 301 ] but, when the Infufion grew cold, it loft Its Tafte and Smell, and the Water, after (landing fome time, became, without being filtred, as pale and clear as before 3 nor did the Mixture of it with Gil of Tar- tar, Oil of Vitriol, nor Aqua fort is, produce any Alteration in it. This Experiment, being repeated feveral times, by infuftng boiling Water on the fame Powder, was attended with the fame Effe&s, tho’ near two Months pafs’d between the firft and laft Infufions. The Powder, after the firft Infufion, ap- pear'd like Mud of two different Colours and Con- liftenciesj the upper Part being fofter, and of a lighter Colour, the under of a dark- brown, feeling hard like Sand. This Difference in the Colour and Texture of the Sediment remain'd in all the Infu- fions. A fmall Piece of the fame, and another of the biggeft Stone, being let fall into boiling Water, , funk immediately, and continued at the Bottom, without rifmg at all, tho' the Water was kept boiD ing a conftderable Time : Which fhews, that thefe Stones are fpecifically heavier than the Stone found in the Stomach of a Horfe, which Mr. Wat (on gives an Account of in the Thilof. Tranf- N°. 475- and alfo, that their condiment Principles are more firmly united together than thofe of that Stone 5 two Pieces of which, being let fall into Water almoft boiling, immediately funk, but rofe again, and continued alternately riling and linking a conftderable time : And, as that Gentleman obferves, the Powder of that Stone being infufed in boiling Water, the In- fufion., [ 3°2 ] fufion, when cold and filtred, was of a light-brown Colour 5 whereas the Colour of the Water was not changed in either of the above-mentioned Infufions ; neither did any Ebullition enfue upon the Mixture of them with Oil of Tartar, Vitriol, <&c. I try'd to diffolve thefe Stones, by digefting fmall Pieces of them in the ftrongeft acid and alkaline Metiftrua , viz. Spirit of Salt, Sulphur, Oil of Vitriol, Aqua fortis , and capital Soap-Lees, fyc. and at the fame time try ’d the Effedts of thofe Menfirua on feveral Stones, which were given me by fome of my Patients, who voided them. They were foftened by fome of them, but not totally di£ folved by any, except the Oil of Vitriol and Aqua fortis : Nor di4 the Aqua fortis caufe any Ebullition in diffolving them, as it did in the Solution of the Calculus humanuSy which was attended with a brisk Ebullition, and hilling Noife, arifing from the Erup- tion of the Air Bubbles from it: Which confirms what I obferv’d above, that thefe Stones contain but a very fmall Quantity of Air, and that their faline and oily Particles are fo clofely combined with Earth, as not to be cxtra&ed without a flrong Fire. Havant , Nov. 27. 1746. Explication I [ 3° 3 3 Explication of the Figures. Table III. Thelirft three Figures exhibit three Views taken from feveral. Parts of the great Stone found in the Horfe. Figure i. Reprefents a Fragment of it, containing Part of the Nucleus and the adjoining Shells or Jncruffations. a> The Nucleus or Center. bb9 The firft Stone or Incruftation formed upon the Nucleus. ccccy The fecond Incruftation, cover'd with a fmooth Shell or Coat dd . ee, The third Incruftation, which appears through the broken Shell of Fig, 2. ffff The fmooth Shell or Coat of this Incrufta- tion, which forms the Outftde of Fig . 2. hhhhy The fourth or outermoft Incruftation, con- fiding of three Layers or Shells. Fig . 2. Shews the external Surface of the third In- cruftation. ffff The Shell almoft intire, but broken off gg. ee3 Part of the third Incruftation. Fig. 3. Shews a Fragment confiding of Part of the three outermoft Shells of the fourth Incruftation. The [ 3°4 ] The Letters //and hh anfwer to thofe of Fig. i.and Fig. 2. only the concave Part fi,fi, is what fitted and joined to the round Surface of Fig. 2. The following Figures fhew fevcral Views of the two Stones found in the Mare. Fig. 4. Reprefents the triangular Stone. Fig. 5, 6. Reprefent the feme fawn afunder, fhew- ing the Divifions of the fevcral Shells, with the Nucleus and the End of the iron. Nail proje&ing from the Centre.. Figl 7. Exhibits the larger Stone intire. Fig. 8. Part of the feme fawn off, reprefenting the feveral Shells, with one Piece of the iron Nail in the Middle. Fig. 9. The other Piece of the Nail that was fawn off. N. B. One of the three Stones mentioned p. 298. is lately come to Hand it meafures round twelve Inches one Way, and eleven Inches another Way. This Stone, together with all the above -mention'd, and the fevcral chemical Preparations produced from them, arc repofited in the Mufeum of his Grace the Duke of Richmond. vm. C 3°s ] VIII. A Letter from Mr. James Simon, of Dublin, to Martin Folkes, Efq\ Tr. R. & concerning the Petrifa&ions of Lough-Neagh in Ireland : To which is annexed a Letter from the Right Rev . Dr. George Berkeley LordBifhop of Cloyne to Tho. Prior, Efq\* SIR , Read Feb. 9.TN my laft I mention'd Tome Pctrifica- 574 7* X ^ons I had fent in a Box to Solomon Tlayrolles , Efq; F.R.S. to be deliver'd to you, and pre- sented to the Society : I mention'd, at the fame time, that I had made fome few Remarks and Obfervations on thefe kind of Petrifications, commonly called Lough-neagh Stones 5 I hinted, that, if the bad State of my Health would permit me, I would fend you thefe Remarks, which, tho' my great Heavinefs and Dizzinefs continue, I have drawn up, during fome fa- vourable Intervals $ and beg Leave to lay them be- fore you, that you, and fome of your Friends, may examine them ftri&ly, and be kind enough to redrefe the Miflakes, however numerous. I fearch for the Truth, am willing to improve, and will moft thank- fully receive Advice. To proceed : Moft of the antient Writers, that have treated of Irelandy have made mention of the peculiar Qualities of Lough-neagh of turning Wood into Stones fome Qjl 2 of [ 3° 6 I of them (a) have gone fo far as to fay, that it would turn that Part of the Wood which was in the Mud into Iron ; the Part in the Water into Stone, whiht the Part above Water remained Wood. Some later Writers, particularly Meffieurs William Molyneux , Francis Neville and Edward Smyth , and from them the late learned Dr. Woodward, [b) the Author of the Notes on Vareniuss Geography, and others ( who inlarges the mod on this Subjeft, and feems to have led the others, and drawn them into his Opinion, tells you, “ That c< no Experiment or Obfervation yet made, that “ he could hear of, could prove that this Lough has thrcc> four» B=JT' — 5p'i C=BT"— J2*^- -H, &>, — A-j-BR+CR^-j-DRi-^ERi &?<•. JrILk ’ tJ?e,fine* tan§ent* and fccant, of any arc g, being re- refentedby s, t,f, the co-fine, co-tangent, and co-fecant, by j\ t\ A aote ot the arc na are exprefled as in the following theorems. Putting uM^=n",^% n"=u'«.”Cp , ^ r 4 Sine of na = »/?— n"AP~\-ri’BP—n*'CP-Jr »' '"DP, Wc 7 x S J **— ■» r*-* J “ where P = SL. A=s-, B = AP-, C- BP-, D~CP-, &c. CP t?r. x 't i Or — n^JZl.’Lzl Ap 4-*-Z3.!^4 £iJ 2 3 •'*‘r > 6 v,_r * .fill ' ' where yf, A, C, £jfr. ftand for the refpeftive preceding terms. 0. w.. where \ A> Z?,C, &V. ftand as before, M Dddd XVII. [ 56 4 ] XV 1 1 . Co-fine of na — .i ~n P+n'''pL—H'fPi+n''''P\ &?>; x , where P =z ~ Or = r-f ^.°^^f2±!r. i=-* where •, and ^,5,C, &?£. Hand for the refpeftive preceding terty. Or put M’~ — jx r ; .^Azzh ,B zzAN;G^zBNiD ~ C N,&c;p rr n\p —n~^ipAz n—?. |P. And a' == p; b'=zp.'f' J d ~p ip'v-\pvi Jl — /^I'j #' = ^rf^pri/^rr^ pLpixL The co-Hne- of ~A— Ba'-\- CP — Dcf Ed’, &c. xM .XVIH. Let n” +**' 7?-—-} -n’v — nv" An Q~z: — n' -\~nnr -\-B?i — An A^n B’ —~nJ A1 ~-nY +«" Z)==+»r,"-»«v"+C*'-5*w+^ &c. &c. — \ The tangent of na~nt -f- At3r—*-\- Bt5r~~* -f- Cf>r—* -f* D/9r~s &V. Or Or Or = . » 4" -j- 5iV2 -j- CN 3 -f- £)iV+ -j- &SV. x /, where N- nzfla -\-Ati -\-Bc -\-Cd ~\-De ,&c. where a -zztiV z=zNa\e ~N&'id’zzzNei& ( _n—n"N-\-ntyNz-n’'N3 -f -ri'"'N+, £sfc. i~ri'N-\-ri'lNz — riJ Nz-Jfn l,N*. &c.X*' ‘il Co-tang1 of na ~rz+A/tz+BUzN+CPzN1+D'izN3i-E,tzN*&c.x^-, where Ate -- Or —i-JrA,N-yB'Nz'JfCNi j-D'N±-{-E'N5,&c.xjrzt ; where Or I* i — n'N-\-n'"Nz—nvN3 -\-nr'N^ — n'*N5>&c. rr_ . . where Ni-1 'n—n'Nfn ■N1—n"Ni f n'n/N* -h*N*,&c.X' * ’ : A - n' A-h-n1 B—Ari— B'-'n-n C—Bri — «T C—H-ri D —Cn' —Btin-\-Arf — «v7 D'=W (sV. &c. 'C'—n',B,-\-n"Al—n ▼/// Secant of na = i -j- ^fJV -f- J5Af2 -j- CAT3 -f- DAT* + £A^, £ste. x M. °r ~i - n'NJrnn'Ni-,»''Ni+nr/lNs&C.X Mi where Co-fccant Ofna i + A,N±]i,Nl+C,N*-^-D'N+-{-E‘N*, &c. x M ; where N Or rn rn-l »— »' jv r«"iv‘— s,'.vi-r>"'jv, where iV — > [ 565 J XX. Let c be the chord of an arc {a) of the circumference of a circle, whofe diameter is d. Put N = where A, B , C , ftand for the refpective preceding terms. As the preceding theorems are eafily deduced from the fir ft, io the following are rnofl readily feen to be the immediate confequences of thefe ; and all depending upon no other principles than what are generally made ufe of in common computations. XXL Putting s, s\ t , t\ J f\ for the fine, co-fine, tangent, co-tangent, fecant, co-fecant, of an arc (a), and v its verfed fine j i*t ? - b f = M'r r = f = zf&c. n= -± . Then s ~ i — q"N -j- q'vN2 — * qvfN3 - \-qr,llN + -(- qxN 5, (Sc. X a. — a — ^'a^r—3, -f- q1v'a5r — 4 — qyfa7r—' qv,"a9r—ti (Sc. — a — — AN + ^ BN— ^ CN -f ^ DN, &e. where AM (Sc. ftand for the refpedtive preceding terms. And s' — r — ■ q'azr~~l -f -j'Vr-3 — qva6r—* -j- qJ"a%r~-\ (Sc. = i —q'N+ q"'N2 — q'N* -f qYI W* 2’X2V$5 &V. x r. = rl-d A ^JV— A jJAT-f JL CN, (Sc. ABA as Before. ' XXII. Alfo — q'a2r—1 — qva^r~3 -f- qv'a6r~~li — qr",a*r~\ (Sc. (j . = T to. re — A' — - .iff- -LBN— LCN, to. X r. J,B,C, to. as before. 3.2 3.* 5.0 7.8 XXIII. Let ;#=+?' — j" An dA=-A \Aq B'=—B—AA ~ ?v' +M—A (Sc. Or -1 + AN -jr BN2 ~ CN 3 -j- DN 4 -}- ENr\iSc. x a. ■ To-tangent i — a ~'r 2 -J~ A a -j- B'a^r—X -f~ C'a5r~* ~p Dfa7r-~r\ {Sc. Or ~^rr -J- A a2 Jr B'Na 2 A C'N2az -j- D'N3az, (Sc, > L. XXIV. C 566 ] XXIV. Alfo let And «!=^f , &'~-r 4 v'f" >=+?’' —«?+"?' 5''=+?’"— ‘/'=~ q'"-\-c,qr — ", &V- &V. Secant/ — r ^r—1 -f- £Ar3 -|- jiV+, &Y. x r. Co-fecant / = a — 1 r2 -j- -f- y'asr — 1-\-l'a7r — 6, &c. Or = rr- f- * aa-f-P Naa -j- yN*aa -f- <*' '‘N3aa,&c. x where AT — j , XXV. Putting^'^l^''^^ &c,N~l Then arc a = i -f- ±p’N + jfN* + jp"W3 -f- ^pYN\ &?r. x x. Or = x + #^flV+ |/>"5iV+ jf'CN -j- ±p‘vDN, &c. Or — x-j- JA ^V -j- AW + £| CiV-j- j* ZMV, £*. where A, B, C, t'< ftand for the refpective preceding terms. XXVI. If v is the verfed fine of an arc a, diameter being A-, M—~d> R — vfE Then arc a= i-f M- j- jj AM+% BM+ %CMt &c.*Ri A,B,C, &c. r as before. XXVII. And putting N=*,A=:f, B — AN, C— BN, D 5= CN, ft Then arc a = / — \ AN + }BN - $CN -f ^D2V + T'7 AiV, &c. Or = i — }NZ — 7^3 + i^V+ + TT^r;, fs?f. x X. XXVIII. Alfb, if c is the chord of an arc (a) ; and N~~- ' . dd Then arc ^ — r-4- ~^AN —iiV’-j- i-CAT + 7~DN, &c, where A> B, C> p ftand for the refpective preceding terms. ADVERTISEMENT. THE Reader is defired to correft the Title of the XII tfl Paper of the lad Number of thefe T ranfaftions in th$ following manner : A Letter from Richard Brocklesby M. D. 0//J F.R.S. to the Prefident, concerning the Indian Poifon, fent over by Don Antonio De Ulloa of Seville* F. R. S. and mentioned by M. de la Condamine, of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, in\his late Account of the River of the Amazons in South America* He is alfo defired in the lame Paper, to read towards the Bottom of the firft Page, inftead of Mr. Juan Antonio de Loa , Bon Antonio de Ulloa . This Gentleman was one of thofe fent by the King of Spain to attend and afiift the French Aftronomers of the Royal Academy of Sciences , in their late Meafure of a Degree of Latitude near the Equator. He was taken Prifoner at Cape Breton in his Return home, and brought into England , where his Papers all relating to the Mealure of the Degree, and other Aftronomical and Philofophical Obfervations, were by the Favour of the Lords Commilfioners of the Admiralty reftored to him, to be publifhed in his own Country. An Ab- ftrad of the fame was however by their Lordfhip’s Leave communicated to the Royal Society, by their Frefident , who was entrufted with the Perufal of the fame : And the Author himfelf, who is a Gentleman of great Merit, was foon after unanimouily chofen a Fellow of the Society. Some time after his Return he procured the above-men- tioned Specimen of this Indian Poifon, which he fent over together, with fome Books, as a Prefent to his Friend the Frefident of the Society . errata. In page 456, /. 21. r. Tab. II. Fig. 8. In page 548, /. 28. add, by the Direction of the Strokes according to the Rules of Heraldry. In page 5-49, /. 10. add, fee Tab. IX. Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Grafs InnGate vaHolbourn, Printer to the Royal Society, M.dcc.xlvii. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, | GIVING SOME ACCOUNT 0 F T H E Prefent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS. 1 N M A N Y Confiderable Parts of the W O R L D VOL. XLIV. Part II. For the Year 1747. A LONDON: Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Gray s Inn- Gat t in Holbourn'-, Printer to the' Roy al Society. M. DCC. XL VIII. Numb. 484. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. For the Months of Offiob. Nov . and cDecemh . 1747. The CONTENTS. I. Extra?} of a Letter dated at Rome, Aug. 5. 1747. from Mr. Hoare, a young Sta- tuary, now purfumg his Studies there , to his Brother Mr. Hoare, an eminent Painter at Bath, giving a fhort Account of fame of the principal antique Pictures found in the Ruins of Herculaneum at Portici, near Naples : Communicated by the Rev. Mr. Birch. Page 567 II. A Letter from Mr. G. Stovin to his Son, concerning the Body of a Woman, and an antique Shoe, found in a Morafs in the Hie of Axholm in Lincoln£hire. y>. 571 III. A Letter from Mr. Henry Baker F.R.S . to the Pr eli dent, concerning the Grubbs defroying the Grafs in Norfolk. p. c, 76 IV. A Letter from J. Wall M.D. to Edward Wilmot M. £). F. R. S. and Phyfcian to His Majefly, concerning the Ufe of the Pe- ruvian Bark in the Small-Pox. p . 583 V. 2 The CONTENTS. V. Poflfcript of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Doddridge at Northampton, to Mr. Henry Baker F. R. S. of one , who had no Ear to Mufic naturally , fnging feveral Tunes when in a Delirium. p. 596 VI. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from Chelfea-Garden, prefented to the Royal Society by the Company of Apothecaries for the Tear 1745. purfuant to the DireSlion of Sir Hans Sloane Bart. Med. Reg. et Soc. Reg. nuper Prcef. by Jo f. Miller Apotheca- ry. Hort. Chelf. Prcef. et Prcel. Bot. p. 597 VII. A Continuation of an Account of an Effay towards a Natural Hiftory of Caro- lina and the Bahama Blands ; by Mark Catesby F. R. S. with fome ExtraSls out of the tenth Set , by Cromwell Mortimer Seer. R. S. P- 599 VI II. An Account of the Death of the Reverend Dr. Greene, late Re&or of St. George the Martyr in Queen’s Square London, and one of the Prebendaries of Worcefter, where he died of an Hurt received , as he was riding out in the Neighbourhood of that City , contain d in a Letter from Tho. Cameron M . D. to the Reverend Charles Lyttelton LL. D. and F. R. S. p. 609 IX. The CONTENTS. IX. A Letter from the Reverend Henry Miles D. D. to Mr. Henry Baker F. R. S. con- cerning the Difference of the Degrees of Cold marked by a Thermometer kept within Doors , or without in the open Air. p. 6x3 X. An Account of a Child being taken out of the Abdomen, after having lain there upwards of 16 Tears , &kc. by Starkey Myd- dleton M. 2). p. 6x7 XI. A Phyfological Account of the Cafe of Margaret Cutting, who Jpeaks diflin&ly , thd fhe has lojl the Apex and Body of her Tongue : Addreffed to the Royal Society, by James Parfons M. D. F. R. S. p. 621 An APPENDIX to the Forty-fourth Vo- lume of the Philofophical Tranfa&ions ; containing fome Papers , which were not ready to be inferted in the Order of their Date. p. 627 I. Obfervations upon feveral fpecies of fmall water inf eels of the Polypus kind , communi- cated in a letter to the Prelident, from Mr. Abraham Trembley F. R. S. p. ibid. II. A colleElion of the magnetical Experiments communicated to the Royal Society by Gowin Knight M. B. & F. R. S. in the Tears 1746 and 1747. p. 656 1. The CONTENTS. 1. An account of fome magnetical Experi- ments, exhibited before the Royal Society on Tkurfday the jgth of February 1746 }and of which the President, who had before feen the fame performed with more deliberation on the ii th of the fame month , was pleafed to make the following report. ibid. 2. An Account of Jome new Experiments lately made with Artificial Magnets, by the fame. p. 662 3. Some further Experiments relating to the general Phenomena of Magnetifm, by the fame. p. 665 III. A Difcourfe concerning the Ufefulnefs of Thermometers in Chemical Experiments ; and concerning the Principles on which the Thermometers now in Ufe have been con- frucled ; together with the Defer iption and Ufes of a Metalline Thermometer, newly in- vented by C. Mortimer, M.D. Sec R.S. 672 IV. A Continuation of a Paper concerning Electricity, by William Watfon, F. R. S. printed in thefe Tranf. N. 477, Article I. ending p. 501. p. 695 V. A Sequel to the Experiments and Obferva- tions tending to illuftrate the Nature and \ Properties o/'EleCtricity ; in a Letter to the Royal Society from the fame. p. 704 [ 567 ] I, Extract of a Letter dated at Rome, Aug, 5, 1747* from Mr . Hoare, <2 young Sta- tuary, ww purfuing his Studies there , to his Brother Mr. Hoare, <2/2 eminent Painter at Bath, giving a port Account of fame of the principal antique Pictures found in the Ruins of Herculaneum at Portici^ near Naples : Communicated by the Rev* Mr. Birch, HIS City was over- thrown and fwallow’d up by an Earthquake near 1700 Years ftnce. Some of the moft remarkable Curiolities, we faw, were, 1. A Pidure of about five Feet long, and four Feet wide, reprefenting the Education of Achilles , by his Mafter Chiron the Centaur. The Figures are about half as big as the Life. That of Achilles is ftanding in a noble Adion, and is feen in Front, as the principal Objed of the Pidure. He feems to hearken with great Attention to, and is looking ftea- dily on the Centaur, who is feen almofl in a Side View. The Figures are both finely colour'd, and well drawn s but that of the young Man moft exqui- fitely fo. 2. Next to this is a Pidure of about three Feet and an half high, and narrow, in which is a Wo- man facrificing. The Figure is about two Feet high. This Pidure feems to have been taken out of fome Compartiment of Ornaments. E e e e is^eaa ai a ivieeiing of the Royal Society, O6lober221 1747* T ■ 3. Next [ 568 ] Next to this is a broken Piece, reprefenting the Judgment of Baris. The Figures are about the fame Size as that laft above-mention d. They are not intire 5 the bottom Part being broken off about the Knees. This is aifo a very fine Picture ,• but it is impofilble to judge of all its Beauties, as it is extremely changed and decayed 5 which is quite con- trary to all the others, but, in particular, to that of Chiron and Achilles > which is in a manner as frefh as if it had been painted but Yefterday. 4. The next is a fine Pidure of the Story of Virginia . The Figures are fomething bigger than thofe in the abovementioned. The Charaders and Exprefiions of the Heads are admirable. That of Appius gives a juft Idea of the furious Tranfports in which the Artift defigned to defcribe him. Vir- ginia is weeping 5 and, in a word, all the Figures are finely difpofed, and the Charaders well adapted to the Subjed. y. Two large Pictures were in a Nich in a Bafi- licay about five or fix Feet high. The firft repre- fents Thefeus vidorious over the Minotaur . He is ftanding in a free and fine Pofture : One Foot is on the Head of the Minotaur . But what feemed odd to me, was the Figure of that Monfter itfelf, which. 1 had always feen differently reprefented; for, in. this Pidure, the Head only represents that of a Bui],: which is joined to the Body of a Man. Several little Genii y or Cupids (as we call them), all feem impatient to fhcw their Refped to their Deliverer : One kiffes his Hand, another clafps round his Leg,, and feveral others are in different Attitudes of Gra- titude. 7 [ 56 9 ] titudc. The Figures are almoft as large as final! Life. <5. The other Figure reprefents Hercules and the Goddefs of Nature. The Figure of Hercules is (landing (feen in a Side View) repofing on his Club § fomething like the Statue in the Farnefe Palace at Rome . There is a Victory crowning the Hero, and the Goddefs is fitting before him, and feems to ap- plaud and thank him for his Labours. There arc Numbers of fymbolical Figures belides in this Pidure. Behind the Goddefs is a Satyr, and at Hercules’s Feet a Boy fucking a Doe. My Friend, who con* duded me, took particular Notice, how delicately the Doe feemed to difpofe of her Legs, not to hurt the Child s whilft at the fame time (he is licking his Knees, as a Mark of her Tendernefs for him. This Pidure is equal to the firft-mentioned; being exqui- fitely finely drawn and coloured, and well com- pofed. 7. There is a little Pidure, which I thought ex- tremely odd for its Compofition. It is about 1 Foot and an half long, and eight or nine Inches high : It is a Parrot drawing a Chariot fomething like our modern Chaifes . In the Chariot fits a fort of large Horfe-fly, whofe two Horns ferve for the Bridle and Reins to guide the Parrot. 8. Two Pidures, of about four Feet and an half long, reprefent the Stage of a Theatre, with Come- dians playing their Parts upon it. The Perfpedive in thefe Pidures is very well obferved. 9. A Wedding, confiding of three Figures only. They are much in the fame Tade of thofe of Aldo~ br&ndims Marriage at Rome. There are befides E e e e 2 Numbers [ 570 ] Numbers of little Frizes reprefenting Sacrifices, and other Ceremonies, of the ancient Pagans ; moft of them on black or red Grounds. Thefe Pictures fhew, that the Antients underftood PerfpeCtive and Landfchape, I mean, the Keeping par- ticularly, which I have heard ftrongly diiputed ; but no one that has feen thefe Pictures will, I believe, make any Doubt of it. It would be impollible for me to give you an exaCt Defcription of all the Pictures r as there ate fo many entire, befides the Bits, and Fragments of others. Of fome, the Heads only remain ? and of others, Pieces of Figures $ Numbers of fmall Landfchapes s Views of Architecture; Flowers and Fruit, painted extremely light and elegantly. There are even fome grotefque Pictures, fomething in the Tafte of India Painting. Moft of the fmall ones have been taken out of Compartiments: The Guardian {hewed me feveral Places from whence they had been taken. They ftill preferve a Beauty fuperior to any thing we fee now-a-days: The Co- louring, Drawing, and Liberty of Pencil, may vie with the Works of any Mafter, even of Raphael himfelf. There are two Rooms full of them. * — Perhaps you will fay I have given you an Account bin of very few.-- — In the firft place I muft inform you, that no one is admitted without an Order from the King's Superintendant ; and that, when one does fee them, the Guardian has Orders not to permit any Perfon to take any Sketch or Account what- ever of the Pictures. My Friend went thither but once, C 571 ] once, and that after Dinner, when we came down from Mount Vefuvius. The Account 1 have herein given is ail I could particularly remember in the Evening when we came home. They are continually find- ing more Pi&ures every Day 5 and I do affine you, that had I a Month to fpare, 1 would willingly go on Foot to Na' les7 to have the Pleafure of ftudying thofe I have already feen, and feeing thofe which have been difcovered fince. * N. B. Cardinal Albani , at Rome, has an antique Group of Thefeus and the Minotaur y where the Minotaur has the Head only of a Bull, as in the Pi&ure above-mentioned. II. A Letter from Mr. G. Stovin to his Son , concerning the Body of a Woman, and an antique Shoe, found in a Morafs in the Ifle of Axholm in Lincoln Aiire. Read o&. h E Beginning of June laft, a Ia~ *747' Jl bouring Man, of Amcotts in the Ifie of Axholm , in the County of Lincoln , was digging Turf or Peat in the Moors of Amcotts y and, at about fix Foot from the Surface, his Spade cut the Toe of a Sandal, which dropped into the Pit he was graveing Peat in ; alfo Part of the Foot dropp'd in, which terrified the Man, and he left it0 Hearing of this Difcovery, I went and took fome Servants with me, to make further Difcovery 5 when we foon found the other Sandal (which 1 now fend you * See more of thefe Curiofities in thefe Tranf N°. 456 and 458, [ 572 ] you whole and firm). It was very fof c and pliable, and of a tawny Colour, with all the Bones of that Foot in it, and all the grifly Part of the Heel: And proceeding further, we found the Skin and Thigh- Bones, which I meafured to be eighteen Inches long. We then found all the Skin of the lower Parts of the Body, which was of the fame Colour of the Sandals, and very foft, with frefh Hair upon it, which diftinguifh'd it to be a Woman, The, Skin drew or ihretdfd like a Piece of Doe-Leather, and was as ftrong. We then found the Skin of the Arms, which was like the Top of a Muff or Glove, when the Bones were fhaken out. We then found this Hand I have lent, with the Nails as frefh as any Pcrfon’s living $ which are now, both Hand and Nails, fhrunk very much, fince it was expofed to the Air : This Hand is the Ladys natural Skin fo tann'd, with the Nails. We left the Bones in the Fingers, where the Nails are, for fear the Nails fhould drop off, if that Joint was taken out. I want to be informed what Age they wore thofe Sandals in. Thefe muft, I think, be very antient, and have moll certainly been made of a raw Hide, by reafon they, and the Skin of the Lady, were both of one Colour* and both had one Tanner 5 which I prefume, is the Moor -Water* which is exa&ly of the Colour of Coffee j and made fo by reafon of fuch great Quantities of Oak and Fir-Wood, that we frequently dig out of thefe Moors 5 feveral Oak- Trees affording 1000 Pales for fencing, five Feet and an half long, and fix to eight Inches broad 5 which Oak-Wood is rated as black as Jet. The Fir-Wood retains its Turpentine-Smell, and in hot Weather {when C 573 ] (when it is expcfed to the Sun) the Turpentine will drop from it. This Wood is frequently riven into Laths for the Roofs of Houfes or Floors 5 and what is remarkable, no Worm will touch them. The Pales mentioned above are fold from 10 to if Shil- lings per hundred. We frequently find Hazle-nuts and Fir- Apples in Abundance; which I think is a plain Proof, that the Trees fell in Autumn, when the Fruits were at Maturity. I think Dr. Shuck- ford makes it plainly appear that the General Flood happen’d in Autumn. This Lady in ail Probability was overwhelmed by feme flrong Eddy of Water ; for fhe lay upon one Side bended, with her Head and Feet almoft toge- ther. It appears by the Maps of the Country, that this has been the Rendezvous of all the Waters from the South, Weft, and North Parts of the Kingdom ; as for Inftance, the River Dun, from Doncafler, Ro- therham, and Sheffield , which took in many more Streams 5 as the Idle , Trent , Torn , "Dare , Rotherr> dec. &c. Then the River Trent , which runs South to Gainsbrough ; then to Torkfey , Newark , Notting- ham, Derby, Burton upon Trent , Strafford , Trent - ham in Staffordshire : And takes in a vaft Number of Rivulets : Then the Oufe, which comes from near Richmond , and takes in the Ure , Wharf \ BiJhop’sDike , Aire , Calder , and a great Number of Rivulets ; which are all loft in that famous Eftuary the Humber . It is alfo to be obferved, that here isoneMorafs twenty Miles round. Part in Hatfield Chace-, an- other ten Miles round in the fame Chace, where the [ 574 ] the famous William of Ltndham had his Cell. In the middle of it, where his Body was found, for eight Miles round, is all a Morals. The Connoifieurs will give you their Opinion in the chief thing I want to know, which is, in what Age thofe Sandals were worn, and by what Nation : For it is not like the Scots or Irifh Broges; though the Scot I think, formerly inhabited but a little Way off, to wity North of Humber . Perhaps the \ Danes may wear fuch, or the antient Saxons s for both thefe People muft be well acquainted with thefe Parts, as the Hanes under Edgar -Atheling incamped a whole Winter in this Neighbourhood, and had a Station at Gigansburgh, now Gainsbrough, upon this River Trent . At Boxby was a famous Roman Pavement, 15 Yards fquare, the Roman Road, alfo a fquare Platform at Aldbrough, which 1 take to be. Roman, though no Difcoveries have as yet been made there > but at Roxby large Quantities of Roman Coins have been found. I am Tour ever affectionate Father , G. Stovin. 5P. S . As to this Water upon thefe Moors preferv- ing human Bodies *, it is moft certain * viz . Part of a Body taken up at Geel by your Grandfa- ther Mr. Empfon 50 or 60 Years ago, and one in the great Moor near Thorny about 7 Years ago, with the Skin like tannd Leather, the Hair, * See thefe Tran/, N°« 434. p . 413* [ 575 1 Hair, Teeth, and Nails quite frefh.- You will fee the Sandal * * is of one Piece of Leather, and a Seam at the Heel, with a Thong of the fame Leather. Ap^Tab, I. Fig. 2. and 3. It is the Skin of the Hand that is fluff'd, which has fuffefd by the Spade, -f III. * Mr. Catesby F. R. S. Author of the Hiftory of Carolina , &c. being prefent, faid, this Shoe or Sandal was exa&ly like what the Indians in Virginia wear at this Day, and call Mokaftn. fThat ingenious Artift and skilful Antiquary Mr. Geo. Vertue com- municated to me (C. M.) his Sentiments concerning this Sandal in the following Words : 6 When the above Letter was read at the Society of Antiquaries , 4 there was produced a Hand of the Woman therein mentioned, 4 and a Sandal or Shoe taken from one of her Feet ; it being made 4 of Leather, tann’d Ox-Hyde ; but remarkable for being cut out 4 of one flat Piece, (fee Fig. 3.) fo as to fold about the Foot and 6 Heel j the Form and make being fo contriv’d without under Heel- 4 Piece, as to be flat to tread on ; the Shape, that of a Woman's 4 Foot, and the Toe round-pointed. This being of an antient 4 Form, the Society order’d an exadt Draught to be taken of both 4 that and the Hand ; which Drawings are preferved amongfl: 4 others belonging to that Society. It may be obferved concerning 4 the Antiquity and Ufe of Leather Shoes in England , that this 4 Shoe or Sandal appears by its Form to be ancient. I conceive it • was before Edward the IV. ’s Time, when, by Cuftom, piked 4 Shoes had increafed in Length, that all fuch who wore 4 them in exceflive Length were to be muldled, or have them 4 cut Ihorter, in paffing in or out of the City-Gates of London . 4 This very likely had palled among!! the better fort of People 4 about the Kingdom Chaucer in his Time mentions the Ufe 4 of long piked Shoes, fo long as to be tied up by Strings or fmall 4 Chains to their Knees. 4 Thus it might have been with Mens Shoes, but not in fo long 4 a Degree for Womens Ufe 5 tho’ obferving antient Pictures of 4 Men and Women in Books of Illuminations, piked'Sl o/s appear 4 in fsveral Reigns from Ed. III. to Rich. III. in England/, Ffff 4 Alfa [ 576 ] III. A Letter from Mr. Henry Baker F.R.S. to the Prefident, concerning the Grubbs dejlroying the Grafs in Norfolk. SIR , Read Nov. STYAVING feen forae Letters lately !747- JLJl *"ent fr°m Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk , giving an Account, that prodigious Numbers of what one Letter calls Grubs. , and ano- ther large Maggots , full as thick and almoft as long as a Mans little Finger, are difperfed over the Fields, and do abundance of Mifchief in thofe Counties, I immediately imagined (tho’ the Accounts were very imperfed, being fent by People wholly ignorant of Natural Hiftory), that they muft be the Aureli£ or Chryfalides of fome Species of Beetle : And defiring to get what farther Information I could concerning them, I wrote with that Intent to my ingenious Friend Mr. Arderon at Norwich , F. R. S. whofe Anfwer (with fome Additions of my own) I {hail * Alfo on our antient Monuments of Stone or Alabafter cum- 4 bent Statues have moflly piked Shoes. But fome of earlier Date 4 than Ed. III. have broad turn-up Shoes at the Toes, of the fame 4 like Form and Make as this Womans. The Mens broad Toes, 4 and the Womens narrow. 4 Therefore I conclude this very Sandal could not well be earlier 4 than Ed. I. or Hen . III. ; alfo, that the cutting the Form, and 4 fowing to form the Heel cleverly, by a ditching behind the Heel 4 with a fmall Leather Thong, may have been in Ufe before that 4 of waxed Thread ufed by Shoe-makers, formerly called Cord- 4 warners.’ Fig. i. {hews the Shoe fide- ways, laced, as when upon the Foot. Fig. 2. the fame feen from above. Fig. 3. the fame unlaced, and laid flat, to {hew the manner of its being cut out of the raw Hide. [ 5?7 ] (halt beg Leave to lay before you, after firft intrcat- ing your Patience to read a Defcription of thefe In- fers, publifhed in the London Evening Id oft of 0 Bober the 29th, as it is the fame in Subftance with the private Letters that put me on enquiring after them, ExtraB of a Letter from Norfolk, to a Friend in London. ‘ T Forgot to tell you in my laft of the Grubs that are in many Parts of our Country. They attack c the Corn-Fields fometimes, and fpoil all the Crops, c but haunt chiefly the richeft Meadows, where they € work between the Turf and the Soil, eating the c Roots of the Grafs to that degree, that the Turf € rifes and rolls up, with almoft as much Eafe as if c it was cut with a Tuning-Spade ,* and underneath c the Soil is turn'd to a foft Mould, like a Bed in a c Garden, for about an Inch deep ; in which lie the * Grubs, in a curved Pofture, upon their Backs, all 1 and every one of them with only the Tips of their 4 two Ends in Sight, the reft of their Bodies buried c in the Mould. They are in general about an Inch * and an half long, and as big as the Stem of a To- € bacco Pipe, near- the Bowl ; they have red Heads, € white fhining Bodies, a little hairy on the Back, < and the Rump End is ready to burft with a dirty 4 looking Stuff, eaftly feen through the tranfparent * Skin 5 they have fix hairy Legs, three on each Side, ‘ ail near the Head, two Forceps , or Jaws, like a € Hornet, with which they cut afunder the Roots 1 of the Grafs, and deftroy whole Meadows, with- F f f f 2 € out C 578 ] c oat any Remedy yet found out to deffroy them y c they have no Eyes, as can be feen. Whether they c are in their ultimate State, or are to be Flies, I c know not, for we could find no Aurelia. The * firft News we heard of them was about two Years 4 ago, by a Gentleman who lives near Norwich , ‘ and then were fuppofed to be new Comers. This £ Summer they have been much in High Suffolk , c to the Farmers and Graziers great Lofs; and we c now hear they are likewife in feme Part of Effex > c they are often difeover'd by Hogs, who, as> I am e inform'd, are greedy of them at firft, but having < once had their Bellies full, never care for them ‘ after.' Of thefe Grubs Mr. Arderon gives the following Information. — -They are, fays he, a Species of In- feds but too common about Norwich , and, to my own Knowledge, have been more or lefs numerous in this County for thefe twenty Years paft. They are the Erne# of the Scarahxus arbor eus vulgaris major of Mr. Ray , that is the Tree-Beetle, or blind Beetle, vulgarly in Norfolk called the Dor . In different Parts of England they are called the Brown Tree Beetle, the Blind Beetle, the Chafer, the Cock-Chafer, the Jack Horner,, the )effry-Cock, the May-Bug, and the Dor. By the j Dutch they are named Baiim-kaefcr , Rouh-kaefer , Koren Wormy or Corn- Worm, becaufc they deftroy the Roots of Corn j and in Zealand , Molenaers or Miller s> as Goedartius fays. Chap. 78. becaufe they bite the Leaves of feveral Sorts of Trees into Particles as fmall as if they were ground. In EnAand I have likewife heard them called. [ 579 2 called Miller s\ but fuppofed it to be from a white mealy Powder wherewith their Wings are covered. The French call them Hanetons . This Infed has two Pair of Wings, one filmy, and the other fcaly : The fir ft Pair fold together under the latter, and remain quite hid, unlefs when fpread out for Flight. The Elytra or cafe Wings are of a reddifti light-brown Colour, and feem fprinkkd with a white Powder that may eafiiy be wiped off ; the Legs and pointed Tail are whitifh, the reft of the Body brown, except at each Joint on the Sides of the Belly, where there is an indented Line of white. The Circles round the Eyes are yellowilh, and fo are the Antenna, which are fhort, and terminated by lamellated fpreading Tufts, capable of being opened more or lefs. It is probable the Females make Holes in the Ground with their fharp Tails, and there depofit their Young : But whether at firft they are finall Eruca> or Eggs from whence fuch Eruca are hatched, X don't pretend to fay : 'Tis cettain however, that thefe Eruca are extremely mifehievous, by devour- ing the Roots of almoft every thing where they come, and in fome Grounds they are to be found in inch Numbers as is fcarcely credible. X have feen, fays Mr. Arderon , whole Clofes of fine flourifhing Grafs, in Summer-time, become wi- ther'd, dry, and as brittle as Hay in a few Weeks* by this Vermin's eating off the Roots; in doing which they are fo dextrous, that many Yards of this wither’d Grafs might be rolled up in one Piece, all the Fibres thafifaften'd it to the Ground being gnaw'd away. Clofes [ 5% ° ] Clofes of Turnips often undergo the fame Fate from thefe devouring Infers, which one would think designing to do as much Mifchief as poffible (could we fuppofe them capable of any Defign) j for when one of them fixes upon a Turnip, he eats only the middle fmall Root, which foon caufes it to wither and die, and then moves on to the next. In like manner they deftroy the Roots of Wheat, Rye, &c. and aimoft every other ufeful Vegetable that happens in their Way. And what makes this Peft the more deplorable, is the long Time of their Con- tinuance in their Eruca , or molt mifehievous State, which, according to Goedartius , is four Years at leaft : But Mouffet writes, that in Normandy they are obferved to be mod numerous every third Year, which is therefore called U An des Hannetons . And it is not improbable, that in the open Fields where they are well fed, they may come to their perfeft State a Year fooner than thofe did which Goedartius aimoft ftarved in glafs Jars. Mr. Arderon fays, he has frequently been told by People of Credit and Obfervation, that neither the fevereft Frofts of our Climate, nor the being im- merged in Water, will deftroy thefe Eruca \ fome having been expofed for many Days to the keeneft Frofts, and others cover’d with Water for as long a Time, which notwithstanding were found to revive, and become as vigorous as ever. Crows and Hogs devour thefe Eruca greedily; but their Numbers are too great to be much diminished thereby. The moft effectual Way, tho’ very labo- rious, is to beat them off the Trees in the Day- time with long Poles, and then fweep them toge- ther [ J8i ] ther and bum them. On a Fafm at He at hat, near 5 Miles S.W. from Norwich , of Zo L per Annumy belonging to St. Helens Hofpital in this City, in the Occupation of Mr. James Ebdin , thefe Infe&s were fo numerous laft Year, that the Farmer and his Servants affirmed they gather'd eighty Bufhels of them, the Eruca of wlvch had fo fpoiled the Produce of his Farm, that the Court of this City, in Compaffion of the poor Mans Misfortune, allowed him 25 /. The Order for which I fend you a Copy of, dated "Dec. 5, 1746’ In the Day time few of the Beetles fly about, but conceal themfelves under the Leaves of Oaks, Syca- mores, Limes, &c. where they feem afleep till near Sun-fet, when they take Wing and fly about the Hedges, as thick as Swarms of Bees$ at which time they frequently daftv themfelves againft People's Faces with great Violence, and by their fo doing occafioned the common Proverb, As blind as a Beetle . Mouffet tells us, it is recorded, that on the 24th of February i in the Year 1574.- there fell fuch a Multitude of thefe Infe&s into the River Severn , that they flopp'd and clogg'd the Wheels of the Water-Mills: As to which I muft take notice, that their coming fo early in the Year was no lefs extra- ordinary than their Multitudes 5 for the larger Spe- cies feldom appear till the Month of May 5 and a fmaller Sort, which come out in July and Augujly are feldom feen after the Evenings grow' cold. We are told in the Tranf actions of the ^Dublin So- ciety, that the Country People in one Part of that Kingdom fuffer'd fo greatly by the Devaftation made by [ 5§2 ] by thefe Infe&s, that they fet Fire to a Wood fomc Miles in Length, which parted twoadjacent Counties, to prevent their difperfing thcmfelves any farther that Way. This, Sir, is all I fhall trouble you with at prefent concerning the Grubs mentioned in the News- Paper, as well as in private Letters, without diftinguifhing of what Kind they are j and If this Information may prove acceptable, it will be a Angular Pleafure to him who begs the Honour to be efteemed. Strand , Nov. 5. SIR , 1/47- Tour moft obedient , and moft humble Servant 9 H. Baker* Mr. Arderon , in a fubfequent Letter to Mr. Baker, -Writes, that Mr. Ebdin folemnly declared, before the Committee of St. Helen's Hofpital, that the Damage done to him that Year amounted to 100/. and upwards. Three Gentlemen, appointed to infpeft into the Truth of his Complaint, vifited the Farm in the Harve.ft-Time, when, amongft other things, they found thofe Ears of Wheat, which had Part of their Roots eaten off, to look pale and wan, and when rubb’d, to afford nothing but fmall wi- ther’d Corn, not fit for any Ufe, and the Straw came up with the lead: Touch ,* and that thefe Eruca's do moft Damage where the Soil is richeft. Tho’ many burn thefe Flies, when they have beat them off the Trees, Mr. Ebdin. s Method was to fpread Cloths under the Trees, where he faw them hanging thickeft, and when beaten off, to wrap them up in the Cloths, and beat them to Pieces with wooden Beetles. Mr. Arderon fays, he had the above Remarks from Mr. Richard Hum - frey one of the Committee who infpe&ed the Farm ; and he adds that fome ingenious Perfons acco unt for the large Incrbafe of thefe Infers from the Decreafe of Rooks in this County, which they fay greedily devour them in their Grub-State ; and the Decreafe of Rooks is owing to moft of the ancient Rookeries having been deftroyed.by the large Fall of Tim- ber-Trees made of late Years, which has obliged the Rooks to remove into other Part? of the Kingdom. No and before that time he had been blooded, had taken a few Salts and Manna, which had given him 2 or 3 Stools, and afterwards ufed the TDecoff. Nitrof The Blood, which had been taken away, appear'd highly inflamed. When I faw him, I found the Puftules extremely numerous un- Gggg 2 der C 586 ] dcr the Skin, and his Body cover'd with purple Spots : Bcfide this, his Nofe had bled profufely, and he had had feveral bloody Stools $ or, to fpeak more properly, he had voided large Quantities of Blood from the Anus ; for it was merely Blood without Excrement. His Pulfe was extremely quick, but rather weak, and the Pain in his Loins violent. The Cafe appearing fo defperate, I determined to give him the Bark ; a Scruple of which he cook every two or three Hours, and the Tin£t . Rofar. acidulat. for common Drink. Within 48 Hours the purple Spots difappear'd, and the Haemorrhages flopt intirely , his Pulfe grew fuller and flower, and the Puftules came on well. From this Time to the 9th Day after the Eruption, the Appearance of the Difeafe continued well in every Particular; and that whole Time he perfe^j ver'd in the Ufe of the 1 Bark, &c. and for two or three Nights had taken a little Syr . e Mecon . On the 9th Day in the Morning I faw him well, con- fidering the Difeafe : His Spirits were good, and he fpit well, but very largely. About the middle of the Day he dropt aflcep, when his Nurfe left the Room, and carelefly flay'd away a confiderabk Time (as I remember, whilft fhe eat her own Dinner). At her Return, he was found with his Head dropt from off the Pillow, and dead, fuffocated, probably, by the Quantity of Phlegm, which, his Head lying ac- cidentally low, he could not difcharge without Af- fiftance. Though in this firft Inftance my Patient unhappily mifcarried, I thought I had fufficient Reafon to be pleafed with the Effefts of this Medicine. 5 Soon [ 587 ] Soon after this I was called to a Son of Mr. Yates, a noted Farmer at Hampton-Lovat in this County. He was about twelve Years of Age, and this wasthefixth Day from the firft Seizure. The Puftules were con- fluent, and appear’d like bloody Pimples: His Bread was cover’d with Tetechi# and purple Spots t He had a great Itching of the Nofe, fo that an Hemor- rhage from thence was to be fear’d. He had been delirious for two or three Days pad, and his Pulfe was very weak, quick, and trembling, I order’d him Extr.Cort.Yeruv. i Scruple every third Hour, and acidulated all his Liquors with 01. Vitriol well cover’d with Syr. Samba c. The purple Spots difappcar’d, after he had taken two Drachms of the Extract (which nevcrthelefs was continued on thro’ the whole Difeafe). The Pudules came on very favourably, and the Diftem- per afterwards, in its feveral Stages, more refembled the didindt Small-Pox than the confluent : Yet I never £aw one where the Puftuks were more numerous, and more truly confluent, not on the Face only, but the Arms and the whole Body : For, in many Parts, the Skin was raifedfor a confiderable Extent by the included Yus, as if it had been done by a bliftering Plaifter; par- ticularly the Arms from the Elbows to the Wrifts were intirely raw > the Skin, upon letting out the Matter, coming off like a Glove in one intire Piece, About the fame time I was call’d to a young Man of 21 Years of Age in the Parifh of Elmley - Lovat in this County, who, during the Eruption of the Small-Pox (which appeared on the fccond Day of his Illnefs), had a violent Haemorrhage from the Nofe, Purples very numerous, and exceffive Pain in. . t 5»* j the Loins. He went well through the Difeafe by the fame Method.- — Neither of thefe two had any condary Fever. In the Cafes above-recited I trufted to the Bark alone j excepting only that I acidulated the Liquors with the vitriolic Acid ; but lately I have joined Alum with it, and I think to Advantage : For, as the chief Efficacy of the Cort . Beruv. feem'd to me to arife from its ftyptic and antifeptic Qualities, whereby it not only ftrengthens the Solids, but gives a Firmnefs alfo to the Blood and Juices, and thereby prevents their degenerating into a putrid Sanies , I thought it might not unufefully be joined with Alum, a Sait of Angular Virtue in the fame Intentions, and which is well known to affift the Bark in other Cafes* where it is order'd as a Styptic. Mr. Higgins , of Tedney in Herefordshire , a young Man of about 24 Years of Age, after very violent Exercife in hot Weather, was feized with the pre- vious Symptoms of the Small-Pox. The Pain in his Back particularly was very violent, and his Anxiety intolerable. On the third Day of his Illnefs, when I firft faw him, his Skin was cover'd with pur- ple Spots, many of them as large]: as a filver Peny 3 and his Pulfe was fmall, and very quick. Notwith- (landing this, as he was a fanguine young Man, the Weather hot, and the Sicknefs came after violent Exercife, I ventur'd to order a fmall Quantity of Blood to be taken from his Arm, which I found very ten- der and florid 5 and at the fame time I directed for him as follows : R. [ S§9 ] |fc Extr. Cort. Peruv. 5ff. Alum. crud. 3ii. Aq. Cinnam. ten. 5 vii. Syr. Cydon. 5 i. M. cap, coch, ii. larga aiternis horis. He had emptied this Bottle the next Day at Noon $ when I viitted him again, and found him much better 5 his Pulfe being full and regular, and the Anxiety and Pain in his Back nearly gone. The Small-Pox now began to (hew itfelf, and the Purples declined apace. The Urine which he had made the Day before they had imprudently thrown away before I came 5 but they informed me that it was extremely red, as if mix’d with Blood ; fome-. what refembling, as they faid, the Water in which frefh Meat had been wafhed. He had had feverai Stools 5 fo that, fearing left that Difcharge might be too violent, in the next Prefcription I omitted the Alum, and fubftituted the Terra Japonica in its (lead. This Mixture he continued through the whole Courfc of the Difeafe, and ufed no other Medicine 5 except- ing only that I found it necdlary to give him a quieting Draught in the Evenings, containing a lit- tle Syr. e Mecon . a few Grains of Alum, and a Scru« pie of the Extr. Cort . Teruv. All the bad Symptoms foon difappear’d intirely : He had no fecond Fever, but got thro’ the Difeafe very eafily. Mr. Bradford a Farmer at Claims , near this Town, about 21 Years of Age, was feized after the fame manner, and got very weii thro’ the Difeafe^ tho’ it was confluent, by the fame Method. I did not fee him till the fixth Day of his lilnefs, and then [ 590 ] then his Juices were in fo bad a State, that, heiides the ‘Petechia, which were very numerous, a Place • on his Shin-Bone, about the Size of a Crown-Piece, which had been bruifed a Day or two before hisfirft Seizure, was now gangren’d s and the Edges look'd of a very deep Red, as if the Corruption was fpread- ing further 5 his Throat likewife was fo fore that he could fcarce fvvallow at all. I order’d him the fame Mixture as above, Extr . Cort. Peruv . Alim . crud . 3 ii. in about half a Pint of Liquid. Be took of this two large Spoonfuls every other Hour. It was not without great Difficulty that he got down the firft two or three Dofes$ but he had Refolution, and perfifted ; and before he had finifhed the Bottle his Throat grew better, and he fwallowed tolerably well. The next Day the Petechia began to fade away, and foon after difappear'd intirely $ the Cangrene alfo ftopt, and in a few Days feparated. He continued this Medicine thro' the whole Difeafe, and needed no other. Soon after Mr. Bradford's Recovery, his Sifter (about 19 Years of Age) who liv’d with him, was ieized with the confluent Small* Pox, attended with innumerable Petechia and purple Spots, together with a prodigious Hemorrhage ab Uter 0 , violent Pain in the Loins, a great Loofenefs, and Deje&ion of Spirits. She took the Bark with Alum in the fame Method, through the whole Courfe of the Difeafe, and recover’d. The ‘Diarrhoea here appear’d to me to proceed from the putrid State of her Juices ; and therefore, notwithftanding [ 59i ] notwithftanding that, I continued the Ufe of the Mixture, and this with good Succcfs ; for by it all the bad Symptoms were gradually mitigated, and, in a few Days, intirely carried off. But one of the mod remarkable Inflances that has has come to my Knowledge, both of the Efficacy of the Bark in this terrible Diftemper, and the whole Courfe of the Difeafe is the following, A Servant Maid, belonging to one Mr. Buttory of this Town, was feized with the previous Symp- toms of the Small-Pox 3 but as the Pain in the Loins was exceffive, the Difeafe was unhappily miftaken for a Fit of the Gravel; and accordingly Ihe had been blooded plentifully, and taken Opiates and fapona- ceous Medicines. It was the fecond Day of the Eruption when I was firft call'd to her. The Puftules were then extremely numerous, frnall, and in Ap- pearance like a violent Itch: Her whole Body, Arms, and Legs, were cover'd with broad Spots of a deep purple Colour, many of them as large as a Sixpenny- Piece ; her Eyes were red, and full of Tears, and her Countenance exprefs'd a great Anxiety (a Symptom not eafy to be deferibed, but a terrible Prognoftic in all acute Difeafes) ; her Throat was fo fore, that fhe fwallowed with the utmoft Difficulty; by Fits fhe was delirious, and vaftly reftlefs : She had a vio- lent Diarrhoea, a prodigious uterine Haemorrhage ; and a very quick frnall Pulfe ; in fhort, fhe feem'd juft on the Brink of the Grave. I gave her th z Bark with Alum, in as large a Quantity as fhe could get down. In about n Hours her Throat grew better, and fhe fwallowed H h h h tolerably / [ 592 ] tolerably well; after which fhe took half an Ounce of the Extrad of the Barky and two Scruples of Alum in 24 Ho us. This Medicine I continued, without Variation, for three or four Days, when the Alum made her fo fick, *that I was obliged to leflln its Quantity, continuing ftill to give her the' Extrad as before. Within this time the Purples had all difappear'd ; the Hxmorrhage was flopped, and the Loofenefs con- fiderably abated 5 the Puftules came on well, and fhe fpit plentifully. The Difeafe continued to proceed very well, till the fixteenth Day after the Eruption ; but then, growing tir'd of her Medicine, fhe perfuaded her Nurfe to omit it,* which fhe did for about 24 Hours. During this time fhe took but a very Email Quantity of Liquids ? for, as fhe Teem'd to lie eafy, and in a kind of dozing S umber, her Nurfe thought (he ought not to difturb her. It was prodigious to obferve the Alteration occafion'd by this Omiffion and Ne~ gled: Her Pulfe grew quick and weak, and the Hu- mours acquired the higheft Degree of Putrefadionj fo that flie died, perfedly gangrenous, on the 20th Day. Thefe are a few Inftances, out of many others which I could produce, of the furprifing Effeds of this Antidote. Indeed I have given it to very many Perfons in the firfl Stages of the Diftemper, where the Betechice have appear'd before, or as foon as the Puflules of the Small-Pox; and to others in the Time of Maturation, where the Matter has been crude and watry 5 and, lean fafely fay, almoft always with C 593 ] with Succefs. I now ufually continue it thro' the whole Courfe of the Difeafe, till, the Scabbing be- ing perfected, I find it Time to cleanfe the fit ft Paftages; and fometimes I order it in the Intervals betwixt Purging for fome time longer, where I find the Solids weak, or the Humours thin and acrimo- nious. When I am called to a Perfon, and? from the Appearance of 'Petechia, purple Spotsr Haemorrhages, miliary Eruptions, or the like, find that the Texture of the Blood is broke, or in Danger, I immediately order the Bark . Nor does the Quickncfs of the Pulfe deter me from its Ufe ; on the contrary, I think it abfolutely neceftary to give it, where the Pulfe is quick, if at the fame time it be weak. Becaufe, for very obvious Rcafons, I judge that, in this Cafe, the Solids are weak, and the Fluids dif- pofed to a putrid Acrimony. From the Cafes here recited, as well as from many others which I have met with, I think nothing more effectually or fpeediiy cures a fore Throat in the Small-Pox than the Bark ,• nor did I ever find it at all check the Spitting in thofe Sorts of Small-Pox where that Evacuation is neceftary. If, in the firft Stages of the Difeafe, the Bark feems to run off by Stool, fo far from being preju- dicial, I have commonly found it of Service. For, as 'f Hoffman well obferv.es, that a natural Loofenefs ' often F Alvi fluxus licet copiofus non adeo pertimefeendus eft ** fc. ftcuti in febribua malignis petechialibus, alvi profluvitsm morbi facit folutionem ; ftc E 594 3 often carries off the ‘Petechia* fo that produced by the Cortex herein imitates the kindly Efforts of Na- ture 3 in that refpeft aflifting the Phyfician in his principal Office, which is to be Nature Minifter. In mod of thofe, to whom I have given the Barky I have found the Maturation of the Puftuies for- warded by it, and the Difeafe fhortened in its Dura- tion 5 an Article Purely of no mean Confederation. I commonly ufe the Extraft (made by boiling down a Decoction of the Baik, without the Addition of any alcaline Salt) preferably to the grofs Subftance 5 as being, I think, of equal Efficacy, and lefs apt to load the Patient’s Stomach. In Children and deli- cate Perfons, who are apt to naufeate this Remedy, I have with Succefs given it mix’d up with thin Chocolate ; which, if fufficiently fweetened, difguifes it better than any thing I know of. What the Bark might do, as preventive, or pre- parative for this Difeafe I know not , but in the latter Intention I fhould think it would prove of Ufe. I fuppofe I need not take notice, that when I re- commend the Barky I would not be thought to de- cry or difcountenance the Methods or Medicines ufually order’d in this Diftemper ; on the contrary, I think, in fo terrible a Situation, nothing ought ta be fic ctiam in mali genii variolis idem e venire experientia docet. Hoffm. de J'eb. *variolof. Thef. patholog. § 12. Alvi profluvium non nocet, quando petechiae pariter ob valde irregu- larem anni conftitutionem compiicantur, ut potius remedio fit, et ms- lignos humores optime expurget. Id. ibid. Cautel. § 1 6. [ 595 ] be omitted which can any way alleviate or affift the Patient. Dr. Monro has already made proper Re- marks on this Head, and to his Words I refer the Reader. I would not obtrude the foregoing Paper on the World, as containing any new Difcovery ; but as I think the Efficacy of all Medicines is beft to be known from repeated Trials, and communicated by accurate and authentic Hiftories of their Succefs, on thefe Accounts, I thought proper to offer thefe Ob- fervations to the Public, hoping that they may at Jeaft ferve as a Commentary to the Papers already publifhed on the Virtues of this juftly celebrated Drug. Worcejier , March 10, l74<5-7- J. Wall. V. £ [ 596 ] V. Poftfcript of a Letter from the Rev . Dr * Doddridge at Northampton, to Mr Henry Baker 1\ R. S. of one , who had no Ear to Mufec naturally fnging fever al ‘Tunes when in a Delirium. jWNqv. 12. "FHARDLY know whether ft be worth; ?747# while to inention a little Event that happened in our ; Neighbourhood fome time ago, which yet appear'd to me fomething fmgular in its kind. A Clergyman's Lady, whofe Husband is of fome Eminence in the learned World, in a Frenzy after a Lying-in, which was quickly removed, found, during the Time of it, fuch an Alteration in the State and Tone of her Nerves, that, whereas fhe never had before or fince any Ear for Mufic, nor any Voice, fhe was then capable of finging, to the Admiration of all about her, feveral fine Tunes, which her Sifter had learned in her Prefence fome time before j but of which (lie had not then feemed to take any particular Notice. Northampton , Nor. j. I747* VI. [ 597 ] . - ' ; VI. A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from Chelfea-Garden, prefented to the Royal Society by theCompany of Apothecaries for the Tear 1745. purfuant to the DireEUon of Sir Hans Sloane Bart. Med. Reg. et Soc. Reg. nuper P reef by Jofeph Miller Apothe - cary. Hort. Chelf. Prcef. et PrceleB . Bot. Read Nov. 12. 1 1 j x. A Corus verus, five Calamus 1747’ XjL aromaticus. Off', et C.B. 1152. Aconitum Lycodonum coeruleum calcari ob- longo. J. B. lx 53. Adonis alias Eranthemum. ibid. 1154. Agrimonia Or lent alls, fpica brevi crafla &c. Tourn. 1155. Amaranthus Siculus fpicatus. Boccone. 11 f 6. Ariftolodria, Clematitis reda. Off. et C.B. 1 1 57. After Atticus coeruleus vulgaris, ibid. 1158. Balfamina foemina. C.B. 1158. Beilis radice repente, latioribus ferratis foliis, Morifon. 1160. Bidens foliis non difledis, Tourn. 1 1 61. Carthamus. Off. flore croceo. ibid. 1162. Catanance flore luteo latifolia. ibid. 1163. Cary ophyllus Sinenffs flore vario. Rand. Hort. . Chelf. 1 1 6 4. Chamjecerafus Alpina frudu gemino rubro. C. B. ii66. Chryfanthemum Bernmdenfe, Leucoii folio craflb. ‘Pluk. 1166. Cir- [ 598 ] ii 66. Cirfium Anglicum. Ger. 1 1 67. Ciftus foemina Salviae folio. C. B. 1168. Ciftus mas Lujitanicus folio ampliflimo incano* To urn. 1 1 Ciftus Ladanifera Hifpamca Salicis folio. C. B . 1170. Cotyledon Africana frutefeens flore coccineo umbellato. Comelin. 1 1 71. Cytifus Alptnus flore luteo racemofo pendulo. 1172. Emerus, Tourn. Colutea fcorpioides. BarL 1 1 7 3 r Ephedra major maritima. Tourn . ¥174. Elichryfum fpicatum. ibid. 1175. Fritillaria prsecox purpurea variegata. C. B . ii7d« Fritillaria alba praecox. ibid. 1177. Galega vulgaris floribus coeruleis. ibid. 1178. Gentiana. Offic. major lutea. C. B. 1179. Glycyrrhiza lylveftris flore luteo pallido. ibid. 1 1 so. Helleborus niger, folio Ranunculi flore glo- bofo. Tourn . 1 18 1. Jafminum five Sumbach Arabum. Alpini. J.B. 1182. Lamium rubrum minus, foliis profunde incifis. Raii Syu. 1183. Lepidium latifolium. Off. et C.B. 1 1 84. Lotus rubra filiqua angulofa. C. B. 1185. Lyfimachia lutea major qux TOiofcoridis , Off, etC. B. 1 1 8<5 ; Medica orbiculata. J-B. 1187. Melilotus Offic. et C.B. 1188. Mirabilis Beruana flore variegato. Bark , Barad. 1189. Oenanthe Staphilini folio aliquatenus acce- dens. J. B. 1190. [ 599 3 ii go. Oenanthe Apii folio. C.B. 1J9-S, Papaver hortenlis feminc nigro fylveft. Dio- fcorid. ibid. 1892. Rawoliia tctraphylla latifolia. ‘Plumier. 1193. Ild'cda calcitrapx folio. Morifon. 1194.. Rofa fylveftris pomifera noftras. Rail Syn. 1195. Salvia major ; an Sphacelus 1 Diofcorid ? C. B 1196. Salvia minor aurita et non aurita. ibid. 1197. Scabiofa arborea Crctica. ePona. 1198. Statice foliis anguftioribus florerubro. Tourni 1 1 99. Stoechas purpurea. Off. et C. B. 1200. Thlafpi amarum arvenfe umbellatnm. J. B. VIII. A Continuation of an Account of an Efay towards a Natural Hiftory of Caro- lina and the Bahama Blands ; by Mark Catesby F. R- S. with fome Extracts out of the tenth Set , by Cromwell Mortimer Seer. R. S. Read Nov. ig.'" ■ ^HE Abftrad of the preceding Set, >747- which I laid before this Society in the Year 1738. is printed in the ‘PhiloJ'ophical Ti ran faff ions N°. 449. This tenth Set begins with Plate 100, of the fecond Volume. In this Part of the Work, the Author, ‘befides Plants, has given us fevcral Infeds, particularly feme remarkable Butter- 'fiies. He begins this Set with the Mahogony-Tree, whofe Wood is of late Years become fo well known here in England, for all forts of Joyner’s Work, 1 i i i iur- [ 6°° ] furpaffing the red Gedar in Beauty, without having the difagreeable Scent of that Wood. 8 1. Arbor foliis pnnatis} nullo impart alam claudente , nervo ad latus mum ex current e, fruEtu angulofo magnoy famine alato inftar Pinm . The Mahogony-Tree. Thefe Trees grow to a great Height, and are ufuaily four Foot Diameter ; the Seed-veffels are of a curious Form, confifting of a large Cone fplitting: into five Parts, and difciofing its winged Seeds, diR pofed in the regular manner of thofe of an Apocy- num: And at the Bahama Iflands, and other Coun- tries where it grows naturally, it is in no lefs Efteem for Ship-Building, having Properties for that Ufe excelling Oak, and all other Wood 5 ■■viz* Durable- nefs, refitting Gun-fhots, and burying the Shot with- out fplintering. No one would imagine that Trees of this Magnitude fhould grow on folid Rocks, and that thofe Rocks fhould afford fufficient Nutriment; to raife and increafe the Trunks of them to the Thicknefs of four Feet or more in Diameter j but fo it is 5 and the Manner of their Rife and Progrefs the Author hath obferved as follows : The Seeds being winged are difperfed on the Surface of the Ground, where fome falling into the Chinks of the Rocks, ftrike Roots then creep out on the Surface of it, and feek another Chink, into which they creep and fwell to fuch a Size and Strength, that at length the Rock fplits, and is forced to admit of the Roofs deeper Penetration 3 and with this little Nutriment the Tree increafes to a ftupendious Size in a few Years, it being a quick Grower. Vifium [ 601 ] Vifcum foliis longtoribus'y baccis rubris. This red-berried Mijleto grows on the Bark of the Mahogony and feme other Trees, as our Mijleto does on Apple -Trees. 82. Bignonia Americana , capreolis donata ; fill- qua breviore. Tournefort . Infl. This elegant Plant endures our Climate. [In the following Plates the Author has inter- fperfed feveral remarkable Butterflies, and other Infefls.] 8 3 . Frutex Virginianus trifolius , Ulmi famaris, Banijteri . Pluk. Alma. 159. This agrees with our Climate. Bapilio caudatus maximus , Carolinianus , umbris flriifque nigris. Pet. Muf. N°. f of. 84. Bhiladelphus fore albo may ore inodor 0* This agrees with the Climate of England . Smilax non fpinofa baccis rubric . Bhalcena plumata caudata , Caroliniana virefeens oculata. Pet. Muf./. 69. N°. 733. 85. Anena fruditi lutefcente, levi> fcrotum Arietis referente. There are many Species of this Genus growing between the Tropics 5 but this only is to be found on the Northern Continent of America . 86. Anona maxima, foliis oblongis angufiis ; fruElu maximo luteo conoide > cortice glabro in ar co- las angular es dijlinblo . Phalaena magna , ex rufo et albo varid Ameri- cana. 87. Anona foliis Laurinis , fummitate ineijisi fruffu compreffo feabrofujeo , aenmine longo. The Sappadillo Tree. I i i i 2 Convolvulus [ 602 ] Convolvulus foliis variis interioubus trifariam, divifs, Juperioribus fagittatis ; foribus ex rubro pur- pureis. 88. Vifciim radice bidbofa ; for is labello cameo, ceteris petalis fordide luteis. This bulbofe-rooted Plant grows only to the Trunks, and on the Limbs of Trees. Its Fibres in- linuating into: the Crevices of the Bark where they take fuch firm Rooting that great Strength is re- quired to tear them from the Trees. They grow in the Bahama Iflands. Fifcum Cariophyllotdes, Lilii albi foliis ; forts labello brevi purpurea, cateris petalis ex luteo vs-, refcentibus. Thefe Plants, after the manner of the precedent^ grow upon Trees on bulbofe Roots, in the Bahama Iflands. ‘Papillio rufa marginibus nigris. punttis „ aWis. notatis. 89. Vi [cum Cariophyllotdes angufli folium ; foribus longis tubulofis ceeruleis, ex fptcis fquamofis cosruleis erumpentibus . This Plant, tho’ bulbofe-rooted, grows to the Limbs and Branches of Trees. The Leaves are con- cave; the whole Plant refembling fomewhat the Ananas: What recommends this uleful and very lingular Plant is, that its hollow Leaves, lapping over one another, are fo clofely placed, that one Plant will contain two Quarts of clear Water. In many Countries between the Tropics, that are deftitute of Water, having neither Springs nor Rivers, thefe Plants abound, and are of great Benefit in relieving the [ 6°3 ] the thrifty Traveller, as (fays our Author) I have often experienced in Draughts of this refrelhing Wa- ter; which, tho' receiving the Heat of, the Sun's peiN pendicuiar Rays, was always as cool as from a Spring. Thefe Plants are common on many of the Bahama Iflands, and ufually grow on large Trees; partial larly Mahogony , Sappadillo , Man^anilla^ &c. which are fometUnes fo cover'd with them, that they feem to be the Leaves and Bloflbms of the Trees on which they grow, and make a very elegant Appear- ance. Locuf a Caroliniana , elytris fufeis s alts interior i~ bus nigris ad extremitates luteis . 90. Ketmia , ampliffimo Tilt a folio fab t us argen- teo7 fore magno luteo . The Maho Tree. Of the inner Bark of this Tree the Musket 0 Indians make. their Lines both for Fifhing and Striking, it being very tough and durable : It is alfo of great Ser- vice to the American Privateers, who make their Cordage and Rigging of it, (See more in Sir Hans Sloane’s Hift . Jam. V ol. I. p. 215'.) ThaUna fufea , alts fuperioribus Lunulis nigris not at is , infer ionbus lunatis et oculatis iridibus fuU phureis. 9 1. Caryophyllus fpurius inodorus , folio fubro- tundo fcabro , fore racemofo hexapetaloide coccineo fpeciofijfmo. Hift. Jam. Vol. II./. 20. T. 1 64. Convolvulus minor pentaphyllos , fore pur pur eo minore . ThaUna ingens Caroliniana oculata e luteo fufea , lineis dilute pur pur eis infignita . The Great Moth* 92. Tlumeria fore rofeo odoratijjimo . Tourn . Infti This is a mod elegant Plant of the Nerium Kind, [ 604 ] Kind, in great Efteem in Gardens for its Smell and Beauty. 92. Plumeria jlore niveoy foliis brevioribus ob- tufts. Plum. Cat. Granadilla , foil is Sarfaparill £ trinerviis j fore purpareo : fruffu Oliv^formi cxruleo. The 'Purple Paffton- flower. 94. Cerafus latiore folio 5 frubdu racemofo purpu- reo majore. The Pidgeon-Plum. The Fruit is ripe in 'December, is pleafant-tafted, and is the Food of Pidgeons, and many wild Animals. Eruca maxima cornuta . Hift. Jam. VoL II. p. 220. The great horned CatUt pillar. 95. MancanillaPyri facie. Plumier. Plant. Arne* rie. Juglandi affihis arbor Julifera , &c: Hid, Jam. IfoL II. p . 3. The Manchaneel Tree. This Wood is much efteem’d for Tables, Cabinets, and other curious Works in Joinery 5 but the virulent and dangerous Properties of the Sap caufe a gene- ral Fear, or at lead Caution, in felling them. This, fays the Author, I was not fufficiently fatisfy’d of, till affifting in the cutting down a Tree of this kind on Andros Ifland, I paid for my Incredulity : Some of the milky poifonous J uice fpirting in my Eyes, I was two Days totally deprived of Sight, and my Eyes and Face much dwell'd, and felt a violent pricking Fain the firft twenty-four Hours 5 which from that Time abated gradually with the Swelling, and went off without any Application, or Remedy, none in that uninhabited Ifland being to be had. It is no Wonder that the Sap of this Tree fliould be fo virulent, when Rain or Dew falling from its Leaves on the naked Flefh caufes Blifters- on the Skin* [ 6o5 ] Skin, and even the Effluvia of it are fo noxious as to affeft the Senfes of thofe which ftand any time under its Shade. Other malignant Effe£fs are com' monly attributed to it, but I think with little Pro- bability. One Charge of its pernicious Quality is, that Animals, which feed on the Fruit, are fo infefted by it, that Death is often the Fate of thofe that feed on fuch Animals. This is refuted in the Inftance of Guanas, p. 64. Vol. II. The Report alfo of the Baracaudds , and other Fifh, receiving their poifonous Quality by feeding on Man^aneel Apples, • is likewife erroneous. Vifcum foliis latioribus , baccis purpureis pedicu - Us infidentibus. Bapilio medius Gadetanus , ex nigro et fulphureo varius , maculis coccineis not at us. 96- Brunus maritima racemofa , folio rotundo glabro 5 fruffiu minor e pur pur eo . Hift, Jam. Vol. II. p. 129. The Mangrove Grape Tree. This is a very lpecious Tree, producing ample ftiff Leaves, on both Sides of which 'the Spaniards ufed to write with a Bodkin, when they were in want of Pen, Ink, and Paper. It produces a purple-coloufd pleafant Fruit refembling a Plum, the Stone of which is very aftringent, and is ufed in Fluxes, with great Succefs. The Wood of this Tree makes a ftrong Fire, there- fore ufed by the Privateers of America to harden the Steels of their Guns when faulty. Bhahena Caroliniana minor, fulva > maculis nigris alba linea, pulchre afperfis. Pet. Gaz. Nat. Bab. Ill* Fig . 2. 97. Acacia foliis amplioribus? Jiliquis cincinna « tis. Plum. Cat. Bapilio 7 £ 6o6 ) jP dp i Ho diurna prima , omnium maxima . Mouftct p. 98. Rail Hift. Infed. ur. Mamankanois 111 M S. Dni. Gualteri Raleigh penes D. Hans Sloane. 98. Chamtfdaphna foliis Tint, floribus bullatis umbellatis . As all Plants have their peculiar Beauties, it is difficult to affign to any one an Elegance excelling all others 5 yet, confidering the curious .Structure of the Flower, and beautiful Appearance of this whole Plant, I know of no Shrub (fays our Author) that has a better Claim to it 5 but the noxious Qualities of it leffen that Efteem which its ^Beauty claims : For, tho* the Deer feed on its green Leaves with Impunity, yet when Cattle and Sheep, by fevere Winters deprived of better Food, feed on the Leaves of thefe Plants, a great Number of them die annu- ally on the Continent of America. — —After feve- ral unfuccefsful Attempts (fays the Author) to pro- pagate it from Seeds, I procured Plants of it at feve- ral times from America , but with little better Suc- cefsvfor they gradually diminilhed, and produced no Bloffoms ; till his curious Friend Mr .’Coffin fon, excited by a View of its dried Specimens, and De- feription of it, procured fome Plants of it from *Pen- filvaniai which Climate being nearer to that of England than that from whence mine came, fome Bloffoms were produced in July 174.0, and in ,1741, in my Garden at Fulham . 99* Cenchramidea arbor faxis adnafeens , obro- tundoy pingui folio ; frufiu pomiforml , in plurimas capfulas , granula ficulnea ftilo columnari otlogono prteduro adhrerentia continentes , divifo 5 Balfamum /lindens. Plum. Almag. The Ba/famTvQe. This u Plant [ 607 ] Plant in June produces ample fair Flowers, com- pofed of fix white Petals flamed with purple, fur- rounding the Rudiment of the Fruit, which is al« moft fpherical, and increafes to the Size of a mid- ling Apple, From the Stalk to the Crown of the Fruit run eight Lines, like the Meridians on a Globe, from Pole to Pole, When the Fruit becomes ripe it opens at thefe Lines,* and divides into eight Parts, difclofing its mucilaginous fcarlet Seeds, which are contained in the hollow Furrows of an octa- gonal Core. The whole Plant is exceeding beauti- ful, and particularly the Structure of the Fruit in all its Parts is a moft excellent Piece of natural Mecha- nifm. Thefe Trees grow on Rocks, and frequently on the Limbs and Trunks of Trees, occafioned by Birds fcattering or voiding the Seeds ; which being gluti- nous like thofe of Mifleto, take Root and grow; but not finding fufficient Nourifhment to increafe in Growth, the Roots fpread on the Bark or Super- ficies of the Tree, till they find a decay'd Hole, or other Lodgment wherein is fome Portion of Soil, into which they enter, and become a Tree: But the Fertility of this fecond Plantation being ex- haufted, one or more of the Roots are difcharged out of the Hole, and fall dircCUy to the Ground, tho* at forty Feet Diftance, Here again they take Root, and become a much larger Tree than before. The Refin of this Tree is afed for the Cure of Sores in Horfes, and alfo inftead of Tallow, for Boats and other Vefiels. They grow on the Bahama Iflands, and on many other of the hot Parts of America . Kkkk ioo. C 6©8 ] i oo. Frutex fpinofus buxi folds y plurimis JimiiF nafcentibus ; flore tetrapetaloidey pendulo, fordide flavor tubo longijfimo 5 fructu ovali croceoy Jemma parva continente . The Leaves of this- little Tree were like thofe of Box 5 the Flowers were tubulous, of a yellow Colour about fix Inches long, hanging pendulous : They were monopetalous, being very fmall at the Galix, and wide at the Mouth, in Form of a Roman Trumpet, except that their Verge was divided into four deep Segments, reflected back.- Shewing a Specimen of this Plant to Conful Sherard , who was fo juftly celebrated for his Knowledge in Plants, he exprefied his Admiration, and declared, that had he not feen the Thing itfelf, he could not have believed there had been fuch a fingular Plant in Nature. [Dr. GronoviuSy a very learned Gentleman at Leyden , and curious in botanical Studies, has paid our Author the Compliment of giving this Plant the Name of' Cat esb^ea- *] Rap Mo caudatiis Carolinianus i fufcusy ftriis p ab- le fcentibus-, lined et mac uli s j anguine is fiibtus orn&- Ms. Pet; Mufi p. yo* N. 50s. *- As l.angrmus and Riccioli diftinguifhed the Regions in the Moon by the Names of Men famous in Philofophy and Mathematicks, fo have the Botanifts paid their Compliments to Men eminent for their Knowlege of Plants, or for being Encouragers of Botany, by giving their Names to new-difcover’d Plants, . ’ * • • 1 1 « ;» ■ . ; • v . f .«■ • . <*• . r ■ •?’ VIII. [ 6og ] •VIII. An Account of the Death of the Reverend Dr. Greene, late ReStor of St. George the Martyr in Queen’s Square London, and one of the Prebendaries of Worcefter, •where he died of an Hurt received , as he i was riding out in the Neighbourhood of that City, contain d in a Letter from Tho. Cameron M. D. to the Reverend Charles "Lyttelton LL.D. and F.R.S. S I R, Rtad Dec. t0- N Tuefday the 20th of OEioben >74 -7- about Noon, Dr. Greene’s Horfe, ftrong, nimble, and vitious, ftarted under him, at the waving of a Plowman’s Whip, and with a quick and violent Jerk, turned quite Ihort, firft to the left, and then inftantly, and with the fame I trine - tuolity, to the right. After galloping a few Paces, the Doftor fell gently off into a Hedge, without receiving any Hurt from the EalL A Chariot was borrowed, into which he was lifted and brought home; for after this he could never Hand. At four that Evening I firft faw him, juft after he had been blooded. He was very faint, cold all over, and his Puife fcarce perceptible, tho’ naturally very ftrong; the Scrotum fo much fwell'd, that the Rents was quite abforbed and loft in it, and its Colour a very deep Red. I ordered him a Glafs of Wine with a Bit of Bread, for he had eat nothing Kkkk 2 all [ 6io ] all that Day. This revived him, and raifed his Pulfe a little. He then told me, in Anfwer to the Queftions I put, that the Tefticles were not hurt } that the twitting of the Horfe gave him at that Inftant the intolerable Senfe of being fplit afunder. I anfwer’d, that a violent and fudden Stroke, from the Pummel of the Saddle, upon the Os ‘Pubis, might probably give him that Senfation : He replied, that it did not feel like a Stroke, and ftill perfifted in his firft Ex- preilion of being fplit afunder. A warm Fomentation was order’d to be con- ftantly applied, and an Ounce and half of Glauber’s Salt, quicken’d with two Grains of Emetic Tartar, to be given in a Quart of Gruel. At Eleven that Night an emollient Glyfter was given, the Salts having as yet done nothing. Before Morning he had fix large loofe Stools 5 but it gave him exquifite Pain to be lifted upon the Bed-pan. Next Morning, IV ednef day, the Swelling was increafed, and the Colour deeper. I prefcribed an Electuary of Bark and Salt of Amber, to prevent, if poffible, the approaching Mortification. The ftale Beer Poultice was applied 5 and that Evening, a Fever coming on, ten Ounces of Blood were taken from his Arm. Next Morning, Thurfday , the Salts were repeated without the Emetic Tartar, and he had four Stools. All this while he had made no Water, except about a Spoonful juft after he was put into the Chariot. The lower Part of the Belly, where a diftended Bladder would' certainly point, was not fwell’d, tho’ the Parts upon the Os Pubis were very much fo. The Scrotum increafed in Bulk and bad Colour every Hour; and the Infide of the right Thigh 0 611 ] Thigh grew vejy tumid, with great Pain, and a very perceptible Fluctuation in it, Thefe Oblervations convinced me that the Urine- had found a Way into the Parts laft -mention’d ; tho.’ indeed I could not account for it, but by fuppoling that the Urethra had been bruifed, even to Lacera- tion, between the Pummel of the Saddle and the Os ‘Pubis , The Surgeon, Mr. Ruffel, foon came into my Opinion about the Urine, but imagined the Blad- der mult be burft. This I could not comprehend, nor could he explain ; for the Bladder lies out of the Reach' of all external Injury from the Caufes hi- therto affigned in this Cafe. We agreed however about Three in the Afternoon, Phurf day, to make a PunCture into the Scrotum ; from whence Urine, manifeft to the Smell, iflued pretty freely all Night. Next Morning, Friday, a larger Opening was made in the right Thigh with the fame EffeCt. The Parts fubfided confiderably; but the Pulfe riling, ‘Decoffum nitrofum was given with the Bark. This Evening the Hiccup came on, and the Scro- tum looked livid. . Next Day, Saturday, the common Emulfion, with a little Nitre, and the Extraft of Bark with Musk were order’d. But the Hiccup increafed, watry Blifters appear’d on the Scrotum, the Voice faulter’d, the Head failed, and the Pulfe funk. He grew worfe and worfe, till he quietly expired on Sunday , Morning a. Eleven o’ Clock. Upon Difife&ion, we found the Scrotum and Cor- pora cavernofa Penis mortified; the Off a Pubis wrenched afunder to the Diftance of four Inches, • and [ 612 ] and a Rent in the Bladder, half an Inch in Length, a little above the Neck, and exactly in the middle where the Offa ‘Pubis join. This was a very afto- nilhing Sight, and gave me quite a new Idea of the Cafe ; which if any Phyfician could have difcover’d without Infpedtion, I fhall readily allow him more Penetration than I pretend to. We may now how- ever, reafon about it, with a little more Certainty than before; and it feems to me, that the Body of the Horfe in twilling, adted with the Power of a Lever, to which the Suddennefs of the Jerk, added in fome meafure the Force of Percufllon. But all this leaves us ftill in Wonder at the EfFeft: For Dr. Greene was a very ftrong large- boned Man, fixty- four Years of Age, and the uniting Surface of the Offa Pubis was confiderably broader in him, than either the Surgeon, or I had ever feen in any Sub- jedt I fear I have tired you* but am, SIR. , Worcejler , Dec. 2. ,1747. Tour moft obedient humble Servant , Thomas Cameron. IX. C 6i3 ] IX. A Letter from the Reverend Henry Miles D. D. to Mr. Henry Baker F. R . S. con- cerning the Difference of the Degrees of Cold marked by a Thermometer kept within Door$y or without in the open Air . Dear Sir, Read Dec. ip.1T SEND you herewith an Extrad from my Regifter of the W eather, fhewing the State of my Barometer and Thermometers, for fome Days of laft Week : in which you will obferve a fudden Change of the Temperature of the Air, particularly on Thurfday Morning the 3d Inflant, and, by the fame, you may fee the little Ufe a Thermometer is of, when kept within-doors, to determine the State of the Air abroad, $$ to He;at or Cold. I have two Thermometers filled with Mercury, and of the fame Conftrudion, made by the late Mr. Sif~ fon, in the Strand- The one is placed without my Chamber -Window, in a North-eaft Situation, under' Covert, contriv'd to admit a free Paflage of the Ait*, but to keep off Sim and Rain; the other hangs; within the Window, about three Feet from the former, where the Sun never fall? ; on -it-: Thd Room is conftantly -Ojceupiedj as a B;fd -Chamber, but has had no Fire in Jt this Seafon, — ; It appears byfthe adjoining. Table, that onTuefday the ill inftant, at 8 in the Morning, ^he. ThernjOb meter without flood at 17 Degrees above o- rot freezing Point ; that within at 14. At 9 at Night, that without was at 6- and that within at i-a above O, • / [ 6i+ ] o. So that in the Space of 15 Hours the former had fallen 17 Degrees, the latter but 2. For the other Particulars, relating to the Barometer, Wind, and Weather, I refer to the Table. As the Barometer had been for a good while paft fubject to fudden confiderable Variations, I fufpeded the fevere Cold on Wednefday Night arid Thurfday Morning would ijot continue long : Accordingly, upon my obferving the TherriiOmeter without at 4. in the Morning, I found it at ■§ nine Degrees below the freezing Point, that within at i five Degrees above freezing Point. But at 8 o’ the Clock the fame Morning, I found the Thermometer without at 3j three Degrees and a half above freezing, and that within at 4 Degrees above 5 fo that in 4 Hours time, that without had rifen thirteen Degrees and a half, and that within had fallen 1 Degree. This naturally led me to examine what Signs there might be of a Thaw begun, but could find none, in the Snow (which was 5 Inches deep) or in the Poll, on the Windows, but within an Hour it was Vifible enough, and before 10 the Houfes dropr. I would obferve to you, that the Wind at 8 in the Morning had varied very little, if any, from what it was the Night before, viz;, from the Eaft, but foon after it bore to South-Eaft arid South. May not this fudden Change of the Temper of the Air be attributed it to a fubterranean Heat? And may not the fluffing of the Wind be caufed, in a great meafure, by the fame ? If you think thefe Obfervations may be accepta- ble to the Gentlemen of the Royal Society, who keep a [ 6i5 ] a Regifter of the Weather, and may ferve to pcr- fuade thcffe, who have not yet tried it, to hang their Thermometers abroad, you have Leave to com- municate it from their and Tooting, Dec. 8. Tour mofi obedient Servant* ^747- Henry Miles. g LIU 0 [ 6i6 ] J Oo to -I CO « ' ■ ’-/ -4 »'\ j’i' to VO VTi ov K vo vn S. ov Oo td - 3§ ki H 5 °l^ 0 1 ft: o\o Ho O i £ Q 1^0 ?0Q r ' to to to . 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CL ro M 2 n “ ^ <: o < p < a- P 0 P 3 i .-J Q-CPQ O CD n CD co : •VI 4^ [6*7] X. An Account of a Child being taken out of the Abdomen, after having lain there upwards of 16 Years , during which Time the W man had 4 Children , all born alive 3 by Starkey Myddleton M. D. Gentlemen, Read Dec. »7-r" j ’’HE Records of your Society furnifh *747- ^ us with feveral Cafes of extra-ute- rine Conceptions; one of which 1 communicated to you March 28. 1745.* neverthelefs I could not help flattering myfelf that this Cafe alfo might be worthy your Notice. IN April 1731. Mrs. Ball, without Bijbopfgate, perceived (by the ufual Symptoms) that fhe was preg- nant 5 and in October following, being then in the fixth Month of her Pregnancy, fhe had a Child died in her Lap of Convulsions, the Surprize of which, occafion’d a great Fluttering within her, attended with a fenfible Motion of the Child, which Motion continued, tho’ gradually weaker and weaker, for about 6 or 7 Days, after which fhe did not per- ceive it to move any more ; but from this time fhe had conftant Pains attending her, which appear’d like Labour-Pains. Her Midwife, for feveral Days, expefted a Mifcarriage 5 but finding herfelf difap- pointed, advifed her to apply to Dr. B amber, whofe known Abilities in the feveral Branches of Phyfick, joined to his great Experience and Judgment in L 1 1 1 2 Midwifry, * See Philof Tranf N°. 475. p. 336. t 618 ] Midwifry, made him unqueftionably the moft pro- per Perfon to be confulted, as the Cafe appear'd fo very uncommon in its Circumftances, at the fame time that his great Humanity always gave the moft free Accefs to the Poor in their Diftrefles. The Doftor (after a proper Examination) finding fufficient Indications of a dead Child, order'd her fome forcing Medicines j upon taking which about three times fhe difcharg'd fomething, which the Wo- men fuppos'd to be Part of an After-birth, accom- panied with a fmall Quantity of Water : In confe- rence of this Difcharge her Pains ceafed, but with- out any vifible Diminution of her Belly. After fome time fhe again apply'd herfelf to the Doftor, who thought it moft advifeable to difcon- tinue her Medicines, and leave the Affair intirely to Nature.. In this State fhe continued for about 20 Months vix* to J,uly 173 3- which was 2 Years and 3 Months from her firft Reckoning, fhe then again apply'd herfelf to Dr. Bamber^ acquainting him, that fhe was not yet deliver'd of the Child fhe fo long fince came to confult him about,, and that her Pains were lately return'd, and daily increafed without any Intermiflion, upon the Doftor's examining her, he thought it proper; to fend her home immediately, directing her. to promote her Pains, by frequently flipping fome warm Caudle, by the Ufe of which her Pains became more regular, and the next Day the Doftor made her a Yifit, and was informed fhe had difcharg'd two Waters, but nothing more : He then carefully examined her again, and plainly felt a Child through the Integuments of the Abdo * men, b it could not give her any Aftiftance. [ 6t9 ] It was about this time that Dr. Bamber firft ae quainted me with the Cafe, and defired that I would attend her as often as Occafion might require, and that I would acquaint him, if anything like Labour, or other remarkable Alteration fhouid offer. Accordingly I made her a Vilir, and after a proper Examination, was convinc'd of the Certainty of the Dolor s Af- fertion. Her Pains now began to abate, and fhe grew to- lerably eafy > but about the latter End of January 1733-4. (he conceived again with Child, and was deliver'd on the 28th of October following by Dr. Bamber , who fent for me to attend him in her Labour: The Doftor foon deliver'd her of a fine Boy, and after having brought away the Blacevja, he fearch'd for the other Child, which he had before felt through the Integuments of the Abdomen , but found it was lodg'd in the Cavity of the Abdomen. , and beyond the Reach of human Art to relieve her.. This Fad every one then prefent was made fal- lible of. October 22. 1735. I was fent for to her in her Labour, but before my Arrival (he was deliver'd of a Boy j but I brought away the Placenta , which gave me an Opportunity of examining for the other Child, and fonnd it in the fame Situation as for- merly. October 9. 173 8. I was again fent for to her, when in Labour, but fhe was deliver'd of a Coy before 1 25* ■ rived. Upon examining the Womb, and the State of the Abdomen , the Child appear'd juft as before, without any Alteration, June 1 7, 1741. I was again fent for in her La- bour^ but found her juft deliver'd of a Girl 5 and. upon [ 620 ] upon examining *he Parts, every thing appear’d as before. October 14. i/47« being greatly emaciated by conftant Pains, &c. fhe was admitted a Patient in Guy’s Hofpital, where fhe died the 7th of Novem- ber following, after having labour’d under the Dif- trefles and Uneafinefs of carrying a dead Child within her, in a manner loofe, in the Cavity of the Abdomen upwards of 1 6 Years. The Day after her Death I open’d her, in the Pre- fence of Dr. Nesbit, Dr. Nichols , and Dr. Law- rence, when the Uterus , and the feveral other Con- tents of the Abdomen appear’d (nearly) in their na- tural State, but on the right Side within the Os Ilium a Child prefented itfelf, which was attach’d to the Ilium and neighbouring Membranes by a Por- tion of the Teritonreum , in which the Fimbria and Part of the right Fallopian Tube feem’d to lofe itfelf. The Child feem’d no-ways putrid; but the Inte- guments were become fo callous, and chang’d from their natural State, that the whole feem’d to refera- ble a cartilaginous Mafs, without Form or Diftinc- tion : The Legs indeed were diftinguifhable, though they were much wafted and diftorted. Upon opening the callous Integuments of the Head and Face of the Child, the Bones appear’d per- fectly form’d, with a few Spots of tophous Concre- tions on them. This Account may ferve to convince thofe who are of Opinion that Boys are conceived on the right Side, and the Girls on the left > as this Wo- man [ 6« ] iiian had three Boys, and one Girl, after the Fallo- pian Tube on the right Side had loft its Action. I am. Gentlemen, 'Decent. 17. With great Refpecl, \ Tour mofi obedient and Mojl humble Servant, Starkey Myddletoa XL A Phyftological Account of the Cafe of Margaret Cutting, who fpeaks diftinElly , thd fhe has loft the Apex and Body of her Tongue : u^ddreffed to the Royal Society, by James Parfons M. D. F. R. S. Gentlemen , Read Dec. 17. \ $ fcvcral of the Members of this 1747 JftjL worthy Society were fornewhat di- vided in their Opinions concerning what was re- ported of Margaret Cutting , when they were firft in- form'd of her by Mr. Baker * ; it will be neceffary (in order to render- her Cafe the betrer underftood) to -lay before you the following fhort Particulars, which * See thefe Tronf. N°. 464, Artie. II. p. 143, etfy. [ 622 3 which are the Refult of an Examination made a few Days fince by Dr. Milward and myfelfj and which, in general, differs not from the Opinion which that learned Gentleman and I mention'd to this Society 7 upon the Occafion, which the Science of Anatomy neceffarily fuggefted to us at that time. But James Theobald Efq; a worthy Member of the Royal Society , having encouraged her to come to London , and having brought her to this Meeting of the Society , has now given us all an Opportunity of coming at the Truth of her Cafe; wherefore I fhall now, Gentlemen, prcfent you with, firjl , an Ac- count of her prcfent Condition 5 and then, fome Confiderations on the natural State and Ufes of the Tongue j which will flhew you how far fne makes the Lips and Teeth fupply the Want of her Tongue in fpeaking ; and alfo be a Dire&ion to every Gentle- man prefent to judge of the Cafe before him. Of her prefent Condition . THE Apex and Body of the Tongue (being the only Parrs that naturally fill the Cavity of the Mouth) are intirely wanting in this Woman, as clofely to the Region of the Os Hyoidesy which is the Root of the Tongue, as can well be conceived > and which is now firuated too low in the Throat to be perceived, even when (he opens her Mouth at the wideft. But let any one lay the Tops of the Finger and Thumb to the Sides of her Throat, and let her at the fame time pronounce the Letter k he will feel the remaining Root of the Tongue rife towards the [6*3 1 the Roof of her Mouth, in order to perform $ it ; however, (he cannot keep it there any longer than the Moment of thrufting it up, for want of the Ligament (which was dedroy'd with the Tongue) that is deftin'd, together with :he following Mufcles, to keep the whole Tongue forwards in its due Situation. The GeniogloJJi are a Pair of Mufcles which arifc from the fore Part of the Infide of the lower Jaw, and are inferted into the Body of the Tongue by three different Directions j the anterior Part is car- ried forward towards the Apex : the poderior runs obliquely backwards towards the Root, fending a narrow Slip on each Side to the Cornua of the Os Hyoides $ and the middle Part ends about the mid- dle of the Tongue. Now there are certain Inequalities appearing on* and clofely adhering to the Floor of the Cavity of the Mouth, one of which being the mod confidera- ble, and having a Refemblance in its Subdance to that of the Surface of the Tongue, has been, if I am rightly informed, inadvertently midaken for a Tongue, by a Gentleman profeffing Surgery in the Country 5 and which he thought, for want of a careful Examination, perform'd the Offices proper to the Apex y but a little Care and CircumfpeCtion would have inform'd him, that thofe Appearances are only Fragments of the GeniogloJJi mention'd before, and that upon the Separation of the found Parts from thofe mortified, fuch Fragments, as had efcaped, were retraced, and cicatrized down into their prefcnt State 5 nor is it difficult to conceive how the Root of the Tongue mud of Necefiity fink lower down into the Throat, by the Lofs of thefe Mufcles and the proper Ligament s which, as I have M m m m obferved > [ 62+ ] obferved before, naturally kept it higher than it could remain eve? fince their Deftruftion. If the Mortification had reached the Os Hyoides , it muft have reached, and deftroy’d the Mufcles of the La* rynx , and then the Voice would have been deftroy'd ; and alfo thofe of the cPharynx> and then Deglutition could never have been perform'd * the dreadful Confe- ’ quences of which need not be enumerated here; but fhe fwallows well, and her Voice is perfeft, and therefore it is not very extraordinary fhe fhould command her Voice by the proper Mufcles which remain untouch'd. The nafal Opening is quite expofed, becaufe the Uvula which cover'd it was alfo deftroy'd; for one Pair of its Mufcles (the Glojfo-Staphilini ) arife from the Tongue; by which no doubt the Diftemper was communicated to this Part alfo. She has her Tafte perfe&ly, which is hereafter accounted for. Some Considerations on the natural State and Ufes of the Tongue.- THE Tongue is a flefhy Subftance, chiefly made up of Mufcles; aud confifts of a Bafts or Root, a Body , and an Apex* the Bafis is the thickcft and moft fubftantial Part, contains the Os Hyoides, and is naturally fituated very low in the Throat : Prom which the Body rifes upwards and forwards, and is terminated by the anterior Part or Apex ; proceed- ing under the Uvula and Roof, and lying upon the floor (if I may fo call it) of the Mouth. As to the more particular Defcription of all its other Parts, I cannot apprehend it is at all neceffary here, lince it is not to our Purpofe, and would take up too much of your Time. As t 625 ] As to its Ufes, it is faid to be the Inftrument of Speaking and Tafting > as ro the latter. Experience fhews us that the very Apex of the Tongue is lefs capable of difcerning Taftes than the next Part to it, and this than the Parts yet farther back, all along the Body to the Root ; fo that altho’ the Tafte of any thing is firft perceived by the Apex* yet the Guft increafes, the more the Morfel ap- proaches to Deglutition, until it is quite protruded into the Gulai becaufe as the Tongue grows more thick backwards it contains more of the nervous cPapill all which can be per- formed by the Teeth alone, and which this Perfon does very well. Now the Lip-Letters, and thofe exprefled by the Root of the Tongue, file alfo performs as well as any Perfon; the former are by f m> p\ and the lat- ter are k> q, x ; and as to the Vowels, and the Afpi~ ration h , fince they are chiefly founded by the Exha- lation of the Voice, commanded partly by the Lips in widening or ftraitening the Capacity of the Mouth, thefe file can alfo exprefs > fo that there is no Let- ter file cannot pronounce but the five Apex Letters ; and thofe file manages fo well by bringing the un- der Lip to her upper Teeth, in the Courfe of her Convention, that any one can inftantly apprehend every Word fhe fays y and fhe further plainly proves the Lips are a better Succedaneum to the Apex , than that could be to the Lips if they were wanting. Indeed it is natural enough for thofe who make the Tongue the abfolute and foie Inftrument of Speech, to imagine it as abfurd to fay a Woman fpoke without a Tongue, as that file faw without an Eye $ but when we confider the provifional af~ fifting Organs ordain'd by the wife Author of Pro- vidence, ferving to this neceflary and expreffive Accomplifliment, I hope it will not feern fo ex- tremely marvellous, that fhe fpeaks without the Body and Apex of her Tongue, as to create any further Doubt of the Matter. I am, Gentlemen , December 17, 1747. Tour mojl humble Servant , Tames Parlous. AN 1 627 ] A N APPENDIX To the FORTY-FOURTH VOLUME OF THE Philofophical TranfaBions, Containing fome Papers, which were not ready to be inferted in the Order of their Date. I. Obfervatiom upon fever al fpecies of fmatl 'water infeSls of the Polypus kind, communi- cated in a letter to the Prefident, from Mr. Abraham Trembley F. R. S. Translated from the French. Read May 21, and** HAVE, in a Paper printed in the June 18, 1747. 474th Number of the ‘Philofophi- cal Tranf actions. Art. X. taken notice of feveral fpecies of l'mall water infeds, all which have been ranged in the general clafs of the Polypi. It was during t 6*8 ] V- „ during the fummer of the year i744,that the feveral ©bfervatiom- related in that paper were made, and what refults from thofe obfervations, concerning the figufte of thefe little animals, and their manner of multiplying, is fufficient, if I am not greatly mif- taken, to convince any obferver, that they well deferve the attention :of the eufious. I have accor- dingly fince, miffed no Opportunity of purfuing my enquiries concerning thefe infefts, and whilft I have been fearching for them in different waters, I have occafionally difeover'd feveral other forts, to which I was before a ftranger; but to which I have not been able to refufe fome fhare of my application alfo. The relations I found thefe new fpecies of ‘Toly pi had to thofe I was already acquainted with, and feveral particulars in which they greatly differed, equally determined me to obferve them all, with as much care as I was able. This undertaking by degrees became both diffi- cult and extenfive, yet as I was well perfuaded, that if it could be efficiently purfued, it would greatly contribute, both to re&ifie and to enlarge our no- tions of Nature; I have often regretted both the want of leifure, and the want of affiftance for car- rying on the work. By affiftance I mean the advan- tages I might have received from the diligence, from the ability s, and from the judgment, of fuch other obfervers, as fhould have been willing to joyn with, me in fuch an undertaking. The more minute the obje&s are, upon which we are to make obfervations, the more diffident Ihould we be of thofe obfervations themfelves. It is in thefe cafes not fufficient to repeat fuch obfervations feveral times f 629 ] times by one's felf, but it is very proper, and frequently neceffary that others fhould repeat them alfo, and fhould even fometimes hit upon the fame themfelves. And then it is, that by the means of thefe different ob- fervacions carefully compared with each other, we may come to be better affured of the various fads we are enquiring about. Befides which it may be noted, that the number of objefts, that fhould in this cafe be attended to, is really too great to be fufficiently obferved by any one Angle perfon. I believe it will not here be improper, to give the defeription of that apparatus I have made ufe of my felf, and by which I have been enabled to muke my experiments. This defeription will render what I have further to fay the more intelligible 5 and will perhaps contribute to make others more capable of judging, what degree of credit fhould be given to the feveral fatts, I may have occafion to relate. Thofe alfo who fhall be willing to obferve regularly themfelves, either the fmall water-infe&s mention'd in this paper, or any others they may happen them- felves to meet with, will not, I am perfuaded, be difpleafed with the defeription of an apparatus , which they will frequently find ferviceable to them in .their enquiries. The principal benefit I received from it myfelf was, that I was thereby enabled to obferve with the feveral magnifiers of my microfcope, fmall water Infeds, whilft in a glafs containing water fuf- ficient to let them live therein, much in the fame way as they would have done, had they ftill been in the ditches or other waters from whence they were firft taken. If [ ] If one only propolis to one's fdf, to examine for fome moments the figures and the mot ons of water-infeds, one may content ones felf bare y with expofing fuch in the common way to the micro- fcope in a few drops of water. But 1 da e fpely allure, from divers repeated experiments, that it will often happen, tyith regard to feveral forts of thefe mfeds? that the fimple obfervation of them in a drop or two of water, will not be fufficient to dif- cover all that is Angular either in their fhape or motion. It is therefore very proper than an ob- ferver Ihould endeavour to examine fuch infeds, when they are more at eafe, and in a larger quan- tity of water. And this he will find Bill more ne- ceffary, if he is deftrous regularly to purfue their hiftory. For then the fame infeds ought to be re- gularly obferved, for many days fueceffively, and they ought themfelves alio to be as nearly as poffi- ble under the fame circumftances they would have been, had they remained in the fame waters, ip which they naturally live. 1 have accuftomed myfelf to keep great numbers of the fmall infeds I make obfervations upon, in large glaffes : and it is by obferving what paffes in thofe glaffes that I endeavour to difcover the more general fads, relating to the natural hiftory of thefe animals. After which, I have found by many re- peated experiments, that it is neceffary to remove into glaffes of a leffer fize, like that reprefented in • Fig . i. fuch of the infeds as are to be fet apart for more particular and curious microfpical obfervations* I put water into thefe glaffes, from the fame ditches, out of which the infeds I am obferving have them- felves } [ 631 ] felves been taken; and I fhift this water more or lefs often as the circumftances may require. It is eafy to conceive, that to obferve a fmall in- fedt in one of thefe glaffes, with a magnifier of a fhort focus , it is neceffary that infeS fhould be placed very near to one of the fides of the glafs ; and that it ought alfo to be kept fteadily in the fame place. The infed ought therefore to be either fixed to the fide of the glafs itfelf, or to fome other body that may be conveniently fo fixed. I chafe, for this purpofe, fubftances that are flender and fupple, fuch for example as the fmall branches or twigs of divers fpe~ cies of the Equifetum paluflre , or water horfetaih The cluttering ‘Polypi are often found upon thefe twigs, and they may be made to fettle upon them from elfewhere, as I {hall take notice, by and by. Now this is the way I take, to fix one of thefe twigs of horfetail againft the fide of my glafs. Having chofen a fmall flip, upon which there is one or more of the cluttering Polypi or the like, I take a piece of a peacock's feather, longer or fhorter, according to the diameter of the glafs I am then to ufe. From this piece of peacock’s feather I cut away all the lateral branches or beards on both fides, ex- cepting one at one of its extremitys / upon this one I make a knot near its infertion, but do not at firft draw it clofe. I then bring this open knot to the fmall flip of the horfetail that is floating in the wa- ter of the glafs, and I get one of its extremities into the knot, which I then draw clofe ; and the flip of the horfetail is thus joyned to the piece of the feather. I next take hold of the feather, and bending it near the middle, I force its two ends (Tab. I. Fig . 4 )b,f, into the N n n n " glafs [ 632 ] glafs, I then let go the feather which I before held, and its elafficity forces its two ends againft the lides of the glafs A , by which means the final! twig dl of the horfetail I have been fpeaking^of, and which was already fixed to the extremity of the feather fd , becomes alfo fixed ciofe to the fide of the glafs 5 the confequence of which is, that the ‘Polypus that is flicking to the horfetail is obliged to remain in fuch a fituation, as to be within the reach of a magnifier that is but of a ffior t focus. Nothing more is now wanting, but to place the magnifier before the objeft : for it would be both difficult and very inconvenient to hold it like a reading-glafs in the hand. In the inftrument k> i, hy g, e , I make ufe of, it is ferewed into a ring fixed to a fmall branch n,g, which has a ball ^ at its other extremity 5 this ball fits a focket, and fo makes a joynt, by which the firft branch is joyned to a fe- cond i, and that again in like manner to a third *, k , or fourth, if there is occafion. The foot of the whole is fitted near the edge, into a fmall board or tablet that holds the whole apparatus [Fig. 4.). By the means of thefe joynts, the magnifier e , may be rurned any way, and may be conveniently brought near to its ploper diftance from the objed, yet as the branch which holds it, cannot well be without feme fpring; it will be ftill difficult to adjuft the objeft exaftly to the focus of the magnifier when it is fhort, if only the magnifier was to be moved for that purpofe 5 and it will therefore be found eafier, when the magnifier is once right againft the objed, to move gently the glafs in which that is contained, till it is found to be precifely in the focus of the magnifier : [ 633 ] magnifier : and for this purpofe the fmall board up- on which the giafs is placed, ought to be well fmoothed. The light that comes in at a common window will be found fufficient, for obferving in the water fuch obje&s as are to be feen with the bare eye, or with a hand magnifying giafs $ but fuch as muft be examin’d with a lens of a fhorter focus > muft be view’d by the light of a taper, placed beyond the giafs, and whofe flame is fo order’d as to be upon the level with the objedl. A magnifier thus once adjufted may remain in the fame place before the objeft, for feveral days toge- ther, without being diforder’d 5 fo that, to obferve?- the progrefs of the infeft during all that interval * no more will be necefiary, than to place from time to time a taper behind the giafs, and to apply the eye to the already fixed magnifier. Several of thefe apparatus s may be placed upon one and the fame board by one another 5 and thus at the fame time obfervations may be made and carried on upon different forts of infeds, or upon feveral infefts of the fame fpecies ; in order to come fooner and with more certainty at the knowledge of the faffs one is enquiring about. could never have difeovered the manner in which the cluftering ‘Polypi are multiplied, but by the help of the expedient I have juft deferibed : and before I had the ufe of that apparatus , I only knew in general the figures of thole Polypi , and of the clufters that contained them. I had taken notice that thofe clufters grew, and I had reafon to fufpeft, that a whole clufter came from a Angle Polypus + Nnnn 2 but [ 6'34 ] but I ftill wanted to fee this incrcafe, ana to find the moment of their multiplication 5 for 1 had rea- fon already to fufpeft, from what I had feen with a glafs I held in my hand, that thefe clutters did not grow infenfibly like plants * but that on the contrary, the operation I wanted to fee was per- formed in a fhort portion of time. To come there- fore at that moment, I refolved to obferve regularly for fome time Polypi of this fdrt with my Micro- Icope, whilft they mould remain in circumftances, nearly as eafy and as natural to them, as thofe they were in in their proper habitation. ' This it was that gave me the fir ft thought of the above-dcfcribed apparatus. And when I had pre- pared and fixed &very thing, I fetmyfelf continually to watch for the1 moment of the multiplication of the cluttering Polypi $ and I then found this moment, which I had fo much wifhed to difcover, the very fame morning that I;began to make ufe of my apparatus. It was, as has been feen in the paper above re- ferred to, in that Tpecies of Polypi^ fome of which are reprefented in the yth, 6th, and 7th figures of the 2-d plate of the 474th number of the Philo fophi- cal Tranf actions, that I firft difcover d the manner in which thefe fmall animals multiplied : and it is indeed among fcveral fpecies that I am now ac- quainted with, one of thofe in which this fa£t is the mod eafy to be obferved. It is alfo in the fame fpecies eafy to fee that very odd motion, which they exhibit at their anterior ex- tremity. ! This fame motion, which has alfo place in other fpecies of cluttering Polypi, is not in them fo eafie to [ 635 ] to be remarked 5 both on account that they are leffer, and alfo on account that this motion itfelf is fwifter, than in the fort above-mentioned. There is alio to be obferved at the anterior ex- tremity of feveral other fmall infeds, a fort of mo- tion which has drawn the attention of all fuch as have happen'd to fee it, and who have a I mod all been curious to enquire and fatisfie themfeives, whe- ther thoie little wheels, which appear to turn with fo fwift and fo regular a motion, are really wheels turning upon an axis or not. This has determined me now to mention that motion, tho it is not my defign to treat fully of it in this place, or to deter- mine very pi^ecifely what I think about it : as I fhall be very cautious how I aflert any thing pofitively upon fo nice a matter, until I fhall have repeated again feveral experiments I have already made, and until I fhall have tried feveral others. In order to difcover what this motion might really be, I have applied myfelf not only to obferve it in the fame animal placed in different altitudes, but alfo in different fpecies of water-infe&s in which it is fecrn, and I have compared the ‘Phenomena of all thefe feveral motions one with another. Thefe comparifons I have found in other cafes to be of lingular ufe, and the beft means of preferving my- felf from thofe illufio.ns, which very fmall objects, view’d in a microfcope, efpecially whilfl they are in motion, are but too apt to prefent. All I have yet learned from thefe comparifons, and all the other obfervations I have made, feem to concur in proving to me, that there is fome deception of the fight in the prefent cafe, and that the [ 636 ] the motion in queftion is not really what it at the firft appears to be, a rotatory motion round an axis. And I even know fome fpecics of Tolypi, in which this motion is, comparatively fpeaking, but flow : and in thefe it is diftinftly feen, that this motion, tho’ in general refembling that ohferved in the others, is not a revolving or rotatory motion : fuch, for example, is the motion which is taken notice of in that fpecics of Toly pi, which Mr heewenhoeck has deferibed in the 295th Number of thefe Tranf- aElions . This is one of thofe infe&s whofe motion is the mod to be admired, and it is belides ex- ceedingly curious upon many other accounts. I have already faid, in my paper above referred to, that the motion in queftion is very flow in the cluftering Tolypi , juft when they are opening again after their divilion, and I am greatly miftaken, if it may not then be feen very plainly that this motion is not a rotation. The fame remark may alfo be made on th| tunnel-like Poly pm, and that, almoft during all tne time that it employs in its repara- tion. I made ufe of an expedient, whilft I was obferving the cluftering Tolypi , whereby I was able to retard the quicknefs of their motion. I poured by little and little a ftnall quantity of fpirit of wine into the glafs wherein they were kept. This fpirit of wine immediately either abated the velocity of their motion, or took it quite away, according to the quantity of it that I poured in. That which fol- lows both in the one and in the other of thefe two cafes, is of ufe, and gives light to the prefent queftion. Sometimes the fpirit of wine forces the Polypus [ 637 ] Polypus entirely to draw in its lips within its body, and at other times even to detach itfeif entirely from its pedicle alfo. Another way to take off the celerity of this mo- tion, is to remove the infeds into a water which furnifhes them much more fparingly with food 5 fading probably weakens them, and from their weak- nefs arifes an abatement in the quicknefs of their motions. Th s lad expedient is of u re and conve- nieney for the obferving of this motion whilft it is flower, for feveral days confecutively. And after- wards upon returning the Polypi into water docked with food for them, the motion will foon he re- dored to its former brisknefs. I remarked alfo the lad winter, that cold deadened the motion of the cludering Polypi : and thefe ani- mals in all probability are lefs voracious, and eat lefs in winter than they do in fummer. When the motion in the cludering Polypi has been retarded, either by fading or by the cold, they become whiter or of a paler colour than before, they alfo then ceafe to multiply. I fhall not here enter into the detail of the feve- ral obfcrvations I have made, on the feeding of thefe cludering Polypi , and on the relation I have found between that and their generation 5 as thefe are particulars more properly belonging to a regular and didind account of their natural hidory. But what I now propofe, is to defcribe, in a few words, the manner in which the cluders are formed of a certain fpecies of Polypij which multiply in the main like thofe reprefented in the figures of the 474th number of the Philofophical Tranfaftions, and [ 638 ] and which differ chiefly from them in the form of their clutters. My chief end in defcribing here this fpecies of 5 Polypi, is to enable myfelf afterwards, to convey* by comparifon, a diftinft idea of a difference well deferving attention, that is to be obferved between the manner of multiplying thefe, and that of ano- ther fpecies of cluttering Polypi7 which I happened to difcover the laft year. The reader will pleafe to recoiled what I have faid in the forecited p§per, concerning the general manner in which cluttering Polypi are multiplied, Thefe little animals are nearly of a bell-like form. Their anterior extremity, in which is their mouth, and which may be looked upon as their head, is that which is hollowed inwards, and refembles the open end of the bell. Their other extremity termi- nates in a point, and to this point is fixed a ftalk or pedicle. The Polypus y when it is ready to divide, firft draws in its lips into the body. It then by degrees puts on a round form, and prefently after the little fpherical body fo formed, divides itfelf into two other like fpherical bodies. Thefe laft in a few moments again infenfibly open, they then lofe their fpherical form, and put on that of a bell, or of a Polypus as perfect and as compleat, as that by the divifion of which it was formed. This is the manner in which feveral fpecies which I have obferved of cluttering ‘Polypi are multiplied : the whole operation is performed by that fort, of which I have fpoken in my former paper, in three quar- ters [ 639 ] quarters of an hour or an hour by thofe 1 am now going to fpeak of. The Polypi of this fort are lefler and whiter than thofe others, which are reprefented greatly magni- fied in the above-mentioned figures. The clufter . which they form refts upon a ft cm eafie to be re- marked : this ftem is fixed to fome other body at its lower extremity, and from its other arife branches, making obtufe angles with the ftem itfelf $ other branches again fet out from thefe in different places, and from thefe lafl other new ones, and fo on. At the extremity of each branch may be feen a ‘Polypus: and as all thefe branches are not of an equal length, fo neither is every Polypus , as in the other fpecies, at the top of the clufter, or at an equal diftance from the bafe of the ftem, but on the contrary, there are here Polypi to be difcovered at all heights in the clufter. The affemblage of all thefe branches forms, together with the Polypi at their extremitys, a very pretty clufter or groupe, much refembling a tuft or a garland of flowers. The ftem, which carries all the clufter, and every branch in it, is capable of a remarkable fort of motion. Each will contrad fuddenly when it is touched, when the glafs containing the clufter is moved, and even fometimes when no reafon is to be perceived for their fo contracting {Fig. 6. a). The ftem and the branches contrad and fhorten, by difpofing themfelves'into fpirals, all whofe rings nearly touch each other. Every branch is by itfelf capable of contraction, independently of the reft : thb it but rarely happens that any one branch does contrad itfelf quite alone, for commonly in the adion of con- O o o o trading [ 640 ] trading it happens to touch fome other branch, and then that other immediately contrails with it. When the main ftem, which bears the whole duller con- trails itfdf, then all the branches of the duller con- trail together alfo 5 and the whole becomes entirely clofed. A moment after, the branches and the ftem again extend themfelvcs, and the whole clufter thereby recovers its ordinary figure. But when the clufter is confiderabiy advanced, the ftem then ceafes to contrail itfdf any more. I fhall now attempt to deferibe the manner in which this clufter forms itfdf. A fingle ‘Polypus detaching from the clufter, fwims about in the water till it meets with fome proper body to fix itfelf upon. It then has a pedi- cle but which is not longer than the Polypus itfelf In the fpace of 24, hours this ftem becomes 8 or 9 times as long as it was at the firft : and it is this pe- dicle which is to become the main ftem of the new clufter. About a day after the Polypus has been thus fixed, it divides itfelf into two. Ten or twelve hours after, thefe two Polypi again divide them- felves each into two more : they foon after put out branches, and thus retire to a greater diftance from each other. It is now necefiary to take notice, that when two of thefe Polypi are thus formed by the divifion of one, the one is ordinarily much larger than the other : this larger one remains at the extremity of the branch where it was, but which branch lengthens it feif more, whilft the other puts out a new branch which feems to proceed from the firft. The larger of thefe Polypi again di- vides it felf generally before the other 3 and all I have [ 641 1 have been defcribing is reiterated feveral times. Thus a principal branch is formed, provided with feveral lateral ones. Thefe lateral branches become principal, with regard to thofe which in their turn foem to fpring from them, when the Polypi at their extremitys come to divide. All the Polypi of a clutter do not detach themfelves from it at the fame time : thofe which are neareft to the origin of the branches ufually detach themfelves firft. And every Polypus fo detached, goes and fixes itfelf elfe where, every one thus becoming at laft, if not prevented, the principal of a new clutter. I have often kept Polypi of this fort, in glafies of the fize of that which is reprefented in Fig . 4. And the firft clutter I had placed in it to obfervc its growth and progrefs, continued ftill well pro- vided with Polypi , when there were already num- bers of other clutters formed in the fame glafs, all which owed their being to thofe that had de- tached themfelves from the firft clutter. I have feeii fometimes, portions of the peacock’s feather in the water, entirely covered with thefe clutters : and I was well afiured that all thefe clutters came from the firft I had lodged in the glafs. Nay I have even carried my experiments fo far as to be well allured, that every Polypus of a clutter, as foon as detached and fixed elfewhere, became the principal of a new clutter. I mention this fa& particularly, becaufe I fhall make fome ufe of it hereafter, when I come to take notice of a difference, between this fpecies of Polypi I am now treating of, and another fpecies I fhall have occafion to fay fomewhat about by and by. Oooo 2 When [ 642 ] When a clufter is already in good part ftripped of its Polypi* the branches are no longer able to contract with the fame quicknefs and readynefs as before. When there remain but a very few Polypi, none but thofe branches to which Polypi are ftill fixed continue to exert this power $ which they alfo lofe as icon as they are ftripped of their few remaining ‘Polypi, after which they (hew no further capacity of moving. From all which particulars it feems to refult, that this motion in the ftem and in the branches of a clufter, is entirely derived from the Polypi, which are fixed upon the branches. Notwithftanding which it rauft be acknowledged, that an obferver, attending to the appearance only of this motion, can hardly help perfuading himfelf at the firft, that they are the branches, which draw and give motion to the Polypi . The refemblance and the analogy, which the fi- gure of a clufter of Polypi bears to the figure of a plant, would induce any obferver, for fome time to imagine, that the Polypi which he fees fixed to the branches of the clufter, do really proceed and fpring from thofe branches, in the fame manner as the leaves, the flowers, and the fruits of a vegetable, fpring from the branches of the fame. It is neverthelefs the contrary of all this, that is true. The branches, compofing the clufters of the Polypi , fpring from the Polypi which are at their extremities. Thefe Polypi, which at the firft appear to be the fruits of the clufters, may more properly be confidered as their roots : and of the truth of this any one may eafily fatisfy himfelf, who will be [ 643 ] be at the trouble of examining regularly, and for fome continuance, the whole progrefs of a duller of thefe ‘Polypi. What further proves that thefe branches do really fpring from the Polypi , and that they derive their nouriftiment from the fame, is, that the branches con- fiantly ceafe to grow, whenever the Polypi at their extremities are detached from them, either naturally or by any accident. The Polypi of another fpecies I am now going to fpeak about, form alfo a groupe refembling a clufter, or more properly an open flower. This flower or clufter is fupported by a very diftinft ftem, which is by its lower extremity fixed to fome of the aquatic plants or extraneous bodies that are found in the water. From the other extremity of this ftem fet out eight or nine branches, quite dif- ferently difpofed from thofe of that fpecies of Polypi I have been laft deferibing. Thefe eight or nine branches are perfectly alike, but it may be noted, that what I here call by the name of a branch, is indeed the aflembiage of feveral other lefler branches, whofe colle&ive form much refembies that of a leaf, {Fig. 4.). Every one of thefe aflemblages is com- pofed of one principal branch or nerve, which makes with the main ftem of the clufter an angle fomewhat greater than a right one. From either fide of this principal nerve others again fet out, and thefe lateral ones are the lefs extended in leugth, the nearer their origin is to the extremity of their principal branch. There is a Polypus at the extremity of this principal branch, and another at the extremity of every one of the lateral twigs. There [644] There are others alio on both fides of thofe lateral twigs, at different diftances from their extremities, and thefe are more in number or fewer, in fome proportion to the length of the twig itfelf. Thefe Toly pi are all exceedingly fmall, and of a bell-like figure, and they difeover about their openings a quick motion, very difficult to be feen with any diftindnefst There may alfo be obferved in feveral places, upon the branches of thefe clutters of Toly pi {Fig. 7.) cer- tain round bodies, which I at the firft took for in- feds preying upon the Tolypi , becaufe I was ac- quainted with fome fuch, nearly of that ffiape and fize : but I ihall prefently give an account of what thofe round bodies really are. Every clutter has, as I have faid, eight or nine of thefe branches or leaves fuch as I have juft deferibed. They do not all of them fet out from the fame point 5 but the points from whence they do fet out are not far afunder : each of thefe leaves is a little bent inwards, and they all form together a fort of a ffiallow chalice or cup. If the eye is placed right over the bafis of this chalice, the appearance of the whole eight or nine branches is like unto that of a flar with fo many rays proceeding from the fame center. When the clutter is touched, and even frequently without it, all the branches fold together inwards, and then conftitute a fmall round mafs. The item, which carries all the clutter, contrads alfo at the fame time, folding it felf up like a workman s mea- furing rule, that conftfts of three or four different joynts. I faw [ 6*5 ] I faw for the firft time the 'Polypi I have now been deferibing, on the joth day of May of the laft year 1746. They were upon a water-plant, which I had taken from a ditch, and difpofed in one of my large glafles. They immediately firuck me by their beauty, and I could not help being curious to know, in what manner fuch clutters were formed. The relation they bore to the fpecies firft above deferibed, and to fome other fpecies which I had before obferved, gave me reafon to believe that the clutter mutt have fprung from a fingle \ Polypus , by the means of feveral fucceffive divisions. I was not however contented with judging of them from analogy only, I was defirous to be adually an eye- witnefs of their operations $ and the obfervations which I therefore made upon them, difeover'd to me a new fad, which I fhould never have fuipeded, and which I could never have come to the knowledg of, if I had contented my felf with the judgment I made of them from Analogy only. I fuppofed, when I began to obferve, that every clutter in queftion came from a fingle fmall ‘Poly- pus, like to thofe with which the clutters were fo plentifully provided I therefore began by endea- vouring to get one of thefe Polypi fingle, and fixed upon fuch a body as I could well difpofe in my glafs, fo as to keep it within the reach of a magni- fier of a fhort focus s and I purfued for this purpofe my ordinary method. I took fome clutters of thefe Polypi well ad- vanced, I put them apart in a glafs filled with pro- per water to afford them fuftenance -y I put alfo into the fame glafs a flip of water horfetail, after I had carefully [ 646 ] carefully examined it, and fo allured myfelf that there was no Polypus upon it. I expe&ed that fome ! ’Polypi would foon detach themfelves from the cluf- ters, and that fome of thofe Polypi would fix upon the horfetail, whereby I fhould be enabled to fet them apart, and to obferve in other glafies the pro- grefs of the clutters, which would, as I made no doubt, be foon produced from them. It was on the 30th of May , that I fet the cluf* ters apart in the glafs; on the 31ft I could difcover nothing new, and on the ift of June I had no op- portunity of obferving ; but on the 2d in the morning I found againft the fides of the glafs feveral fmali clutters of Polypi , of the fpecies I am now treating of. I was furprized to find them fo far advanced, for they could not have begun at the fooneft be- fore ten a clock at night, on the 30th of May. I faw on the 2d of June in the afternoon upon the flip of the horfetail, which I had placed in the fame glafs with the clutters of the Polypi , a fmali body, which, as I had all reafon to believe was newly fixed upon it. I then took out the flip of the horfetail, and I lodged it with the fmali body that was upon it in another glafs i after which I examined that fmali body with my microfcope, by the help of the apparatus firft above defcribed. I then found that this body was much larger than any of the Polypi of the prefent fort, and of a figure very different from them (Fig. 8.) This made me fuppofe that this body was not of the fpecies of the Polypi now before us, and that it was not from any thing of this fort that I was to expeft the produ&ipn of a clutter of this { [ 647 ] this fpecies of ‘Polypi. I rcfolved however to con- tinue my obfervations upon this minute body * which was oblong, and had a pedicle three or four times longer than ix felf. It was on the fecond of June at 5 in the evening that 1 put it apart in a glafs, and at half an hour after 8 the fame evening, I perceived that it began to fplit from the top towards the bottom. When the reparation was accomplifhed, each of the two bodies, formed by this divifion, was nearly of the fame fhape as the firft [Fig. 6.). I then thought, judging (till by analogy, that it would be fome time before either of thefe bodies would again be ready to divide* but a very little after, I faw that they both became round, and that they difpofed them- felves precifely as if they were again going to Se- parate. This novelty drew all my attention, and it again came into my mind, that this body which I had but juft concluded not to contain the principle, from whence I was to expeft the produTion of one of the clufters 1 was looking after, might poffi- bly ftill be the very thing I was Seeking for. I now imagined that perhaps thefe bodys would again divide and Subdivide themfelves, till they fhould come both to the fhape and to the fize of the Polypi , which I had feen upon the clufters : I how- ever looked upon this Idea but as a mere conjefture. The two little bodies did in effed divide prefentiy after* but the 4 which jefulted from this divifion [Fig. 7.) had neither yet the form nor the minute- nefs of the Polypi in queftion. I now wanted to know whether thefe 4 bodies would again proceed to divide without interruption 5 and 1 faw them a Pppp little C 648 ] little after again prepare for another divifion this divifion was completed at 20 minutes after eleven, and at midnight the 8 bodies which were formed by this third divifion were again almoft compleatly divided. The clutter was then com- pofed of 16 Polypi 5 and I from that moment no longer doubted, but thefe were cluttering Polypi of the fpecies I have been laft defcribing. Among thefe 1 6 Polypi , there were fome which had already the perfeft form of thofe I had obferved upon the more advanced clutters: and thefe were fuch as were neareft to the origin of the branches. Few of thefe 16 Polypi were of an equal fize, thofe which were the moft diftant from the origin of the branches, were the largeft, and their form alfo was the lead like to that of a bell. I found at three in the morning on the third of June , that the number of the Polypi in the clutter was confi- derably encreafed 5 they were 16 at midnight, and I could now tell 26, tho I could only fee part of the clutter, the reft of it being beyond the focus of the microfcope : and at half an hour after 7 in the morning, I counted at leaft 40 Polypi , in that fame part which I could fee of the clutter. In order to judge with more certainty of the pro- grefs of the multiplication of thefe Polypi > I counted alfo thofe of another clutter, which was fo fituated as to be entirely within the reach of one of my magnifyers. This clutter began to be formed about 8 in the evening of the 2d of June > I mean that it was then, that the round body flrft began to fplic it felf into two. At 1 1 the fame night, that clutter confided of 8 Polypi , at half an hour after 7 the next [ M ] next morning of 64, and before night of no at the lead. So that in about 24 hours there were formed, by repeated divifions of one Angle round body, no fewer than no Polypi. The clufter I firft fpoke of continued to encreafc from the 2d of June at half an hour after 8 at night, when it firft began to form [it felf, till the 13 th, when the ‘Polypi began to detach themfelves from it , and there remained no more upon the clufter on the 15th. The Polypi which are at the extremitys of the principal branches are conftantly the largeft, they are thofe which divide themfelves the moft fre- quently, and one of the 2 Polypi refulting from this divifion is generally larger than the other. The largeft remains at the end of the principal branch, whilft the lefier ferves to form a lateral branch, and is it felf the principal of all the Polypi which that lateral branch is to bear. One can hardly now be without curioflty to know, what thofe round bodies really are 5 thofe fort of bulbs which contain in themfelves the principle, from whence thefe whole clufters we are fpeaking of are to be produced. What gives origin to thefe bulbous bodies? Are they produced in the clufters by divifions and fubdivifions, as the Polypi them- feives are, which in other fpecies are themfelves the principles of the clufters? In thefe other fpecies, every Polypus may become the principle of a clufter and of a groupe of Polypi , as foon as it has detached it felf from the clufter where it had its origin. When one of thefe has once fixed alone any where and divided it felf, it no ways differs either in ihape P p p p 2 or t 650 ] or in fize, from any of the Polypi that were in the clufter it is now parted from, or from any of thofe others that will be formed in the clufter, it is by its own future divifion and fubdivifions to produce. But how is it with the new fpecies we are now con- fidering? Does every 5 Volypus among thefe, as foon as detached from the clufter, fix it ,felf alfo elfe- where, and there give origin to a new clufter > Or are they only the bulbous bodies above mentioned, that have this prerogative, of being capable kto pro- duce a new colony > Thefe queftions and doubts greatly raifed my curiofity, from the time I firft began to fee the pro- grefs of a clufter of ‘Polypi, formed by the divifion and the fubdivifions of one of thefe round bulbous fubftances : and that which now follows, is what I have been able to colled from the various obferva- tions, and from the feveral experiments, which I made, whilft 1 was endeavouring to give my felf fome fatisfadion with relation to the fame doubts and queftions. To know, whether the Polypi which detach them- felves from thefe clufters do each of thdn contain in themfelves the principles of other new clufters, I took all the precautions I had taken in other cafes, and fu'ch as 1 had found eafily to fucceed with the cluttering Polypi of other forts. But all was to no effed, and I could never find that any thing was produced by th tic Polypi fo detached, i have there- fore all reafon to prefume, that theie Polypi do not contain the principles of new clufters, and it feems to me the moft probable, that they all perifn without ever producing any thing whatfoeyer. When [ 65i 1 When I firft began to feek for the origin of the round bulbous bodies I have been fpeaking of, I immediately recolleded thofe other round bodies I had before taken notice of, and which I*at the firft fufpeded to be infeds preying upon thefe Polypi. I therefore again fought for them in the clufters already formed 5 I foon found feveral of them, and I perceived that they neither attacked the Polypi nor changed their fituation. I then concluded that thefe round bodies were really the very bulbous ones in queftion, and whofe origin I was now feeking for : I applied my felf therefore to obferve feveral of them, and thefe are the fads which I then dif* covered. Some days after the clufters had begun to form themfelves, I faw come out, not from the extremities of the branches, but from the bodies of the branches themfelves in different places, fm all round buds/ which grew very faft, and which arrived at their greateft fize in two or three days. Thefe bodies much refembled the galls which grow on the leaves of oaks ; they were placed upon the branches of the clufters, juft as thofe galls are ufually placed upon the fibres of the leaves : and thefe |bulbous fubftances do really contain the principles of the clufters. Two or three days after thefe bulbs have begun to form, they detach themfelves from the branches out of which they fprung, and go away fwimming till they can fettle upon feme body, which they^ meet withal! in the water, and to which they imme- diately fix themfelves by a fhort pedicle. The bulbs are then nearly round only a little flatted on the ' under C 652 ] under fide, the pedicles continually lengthen themfeives by degrees for about 24 hours, and during the lame time the bulbs alfo change their figure, and become nearly oval. There are in a clufter but few of thefe bulbs, in comparifon of the great number of Polypi that are upon the fame ; neither do thefe bulbs all come out at the fame time. It is now eafie to judge of the remarkable differ- ence there is between the two forts of cluttering Polypi that are deferibed in this paper. The clutters of the firft fpecies of Polypi , and thofe of feveral others which I have alfo obferved, do all come from Polypi detached from the clus- ters alteady formed. But the clutters of the Polypi of the Second fpecies here deferibed, do not arife from Polypi detached from other clutters, but from round bodies or bulbs, larger than thofe Polypi y and of a form very different from them. Thefe bulbous bodies are not formed like the Polypi , by the divifton of others like themfeives, but they lpring from the branches of the clufter, as , the flowers and the fruits of a tree fpring from the branches of the fame. In diverfe other fpecies of Polypi , there are con- fiderable intervals of time between their divifions. In the bulbous kind, if I may call it fo, the firfl divifions are confecutive and follow hard upon each other, nor is there any interval of rime between them, until the bodies which are to divide have al- ready acquired the Shapes of Polypi . The clutters of the bulbous fort have an origin entirely different from thofe of the other forts of cluttering Polypi . Yet do thefe clutters inlarge, and the [ 653 1 the Tolypi upon them multiply, in the fame manner as thofe of the other fpecies which I am acquainted with. As I relate fails that are new, and as I am alfo, if I may fo fpeak, under the neceffity of mentioning new relations and analogies, I find my felf under great difficulties, to find proper terms to exprefs thofe relations and analogies. I (hall not here enlarge upon the analogies which may be found, between the origin of the minute animals I have been fpeaking of, the origin of plants, and the produdion of thofe other animals we have been hitherto more acquainted with. W e fhall better be able to judge of thofe analogies, and to compare them together, when we fhall come to know more both of plants and of animals, and when we fhall have made obfervations upon greater numbers of them. The new and the furprizing fads, which the ftudy of natural hiftory lays before us more and more every day, are fully fufficient to convince us, that the nature both of plants and animals is as yet but very imperfedly known to us, and indeed much more imperfedly than many have been apt to ima- gine. All we do know is but very little, in compa- parifon of what yet remains to be known : and this confideration fhould prompt us, ftill more affidu- oufly and more diligently, to enquire after truth } as it fhould at the fame time alfo make us exceed- ingly circumfped, and very cautious how we venture to make judgments upon the nature of things, or how we form to our felves general rules, from fo few principles as we are at prefent matters of. Explanation ft £\ [ 654] Explanation of the figures /» TAB. I. referred to, in the foregoing Eager. 1 ** r, ‘ 1 r ; ' *J . i‘ V*T i •' The 4th figure in Tab. I. reprefents the neceffary appa- ratus, for obferving commodioufly and regularly a cluftering Tolypus with the microfcope. In the glafs is the end of a peacock's feather b,c,f, bent at c , and w.hofe extremities are by the fpring of the feather, kept clofe againft the Tides of the glafs. At one of the ends/of the feather one of its beards is left on, which is long enough to fatten to it in m a flip of water horfetail dl, upon which is a ‘Polypus, which is by this means kept fo clofe to the fide of the glafs, as to be within the reach of a magnifyer of a fhort focus, fuch as e. This magnifyer is fcrewed on to a ring whofe arm ng has at its extremity g a ball playing in a focket fo as to make a joynt ; there are again, other like joynts at h and i, and by the help of thefe the magnifyer may be moved every way, and be conveniently brought near to the object. The foot ik is ttuck into the board upon which the glafs is placed. The light of a window in the day-time is fufficient to obferve an objed fo placed within the glafs, either, with the bare eye, or with an hand-magnifyer : but if a magnifyer of ,a fhort focus is neceffary, the (hatters mutt be clofed, and a wax light mutt be placed behind the glafs, at fuch a height as to have its light fall di- redfly upon the objed; and a magnifyer fo placed may remain if there is occafion for feveral days in the fame pofture without any inconvenience. Th Surely in the Degree of Heat made ufe of in the two Experiments : For, in many common Opera- tions, how ufual is it for a Preparation to be fpoiled either by too little, or, in oft commonly, by too much Fire, too long or too fhort a time applied ! In order therefore to prevent thefe many Mifcar- riages, I would advife the Chemift, in his Ope- rations, to obferve his Clock with as much Exaft- lids’ as. the Aftronomer doth in his Obfervations $ and in order to know to a Certainty the very De- grees of Heat he ever made ufe of in any Procefs, that fo he may be able to repeat and continue the fame again in any Repetitions of the fame Experiment, let him have his Laboratory furniflfd with various Sorts of Thermometers, proportion’d to the Degree of Heat he intends to make ufe of. He will find thefe Inftruments as ufeful to him in his Proceffes, as they have proved to the curious Gardener in his Stoves, who by them is taught to keep his Plants in the fame Degrees of Heat, as are natural to them in their refpe&ive Climates 5 which hath been fet forth in Tables, after a very ingenious manner, by Mr* S fff a Sheldrake [ 674 ] * Sheldrake of Norwich. And befides the enabling him to perform his Operations with moreExa&nefs, thefe Inftruments would fave him a great deal of Fuel; for as Liquors, while boiling, are not capa- ble of receiving a greater Degree of Heat, all Fuel which is ufed more than to keep them in that State is ufelefs; and the like happens in many other Cafes. Thefe Inftruments would alfo be of great Service to Maltfters, Brewers, Diftillers, and Vinegar-makers 5 for, by Thermometers placed in different Parts of the Heap of wetted Malt, the proper Heat for its fprouting might be determined, and then regulated : The fame for the Heat of the Kiln when the Malt is fpreadon it. By Thermometers the Brewer may afcertain the Heat of the Water when he pours it upon the Malt, the Heat of the Wort when he fets it to work, and the Heat while working : And in. the like manner the Diftiller and Vinegar-maker, in a W ord, every Artificer, who employs Heat in his Bufinefs, may by thefe Inftruments be certain of every Degree ne- ceftary in each Part of his Work. Many Experiments {hew, that all known Bodies, whether fluid or folid, increafe their Bulk or rarefy by an Addition of Heat 5 and, on the contrary, con- tract or become more denfe by the Diminution of Hear, which is the Prefence of Cold : And thefe Alterations are always more or lefs fenftble in pro- portion to the natural Rarity or Denfity of the Bodies. The * Now Trufs-rnaker over again# the End of Sutfoli-Jtreet near Cbaring-Crofs, London, 1748. C 675 ] The Air we live in, as it is" the moft rare and light Fluid, fo are its Alterations the moft fen- fible$ and indeed I know of no Experiments which determine how far it is capable of being expanded by Heat, or condenfed by Cold ; only we find that it will make its Way thro* any Fluid in which it lay dormant, when its elaftic Property is rouzed by the Approach offuch an Heat as will make the Fluid boil. On the other hand, when comprefs'd by a Fluid fo contracted by Cold, as to freeze, or become folidr its Elafticity will only bear a certain Degree of Com- preffion, till the Force wherewith it endeavours to reftore itfelf, exceeds the Force by which the Parts of the Solid, that confines it, adhere to each other, and fo burfts its Prifon 5 as we often fee during hard Frofts in Ice, and likewife Glafs, and other hard Bo- dies, whofe Parts cannot ftretch. Next to Air is Alcohol , or the higheft rectified Spirit of Wine : This, Water, and all other Liquids, are capable of receiving no greater Degree of Heat than what makes them boil, as was firlt demonftrated by Monfieur Amontons> a Member of the Royal Academy des Sciences at Baris*, but that ingenious Inventor of the Quickfilver Thermometer Mr. Fah- renheit hath difcover'd, that when the Barometer marks a greater Preffure of the Atmofphere, the fame Liquor will receive 8 or 9 Degrees more of Heat than when the Barometer is at the loweft. From hence the great Profeffor Boerhaave gives the ^lint, that, from nice Experiments being made of the different Degrees of Heat mark'd by a Thermo* meter in boiling Water compared with the differ- ent Heights of the Barometer, and Tables formed upon { t3 upon them, a 'Thermometer applied to boiling Wa- ter might, at Sea, where the Motion of the Ship hinders Observations with the Barometer, ferve to determine the Difference of the - Gravity of the At r mofphere. See his Ch£fpi$ry9 Tom. 1. p. 171. Thefe, and ail other Liquids, by a certain deter- minate Degree of Cold peculiar to each fort, lofe their Fluidity, and freeze, or become, folid, but not in the fame Order as by Heat they boil 5 for by Cold Oil or Water is fooner frozen than Spirit of Wine, tho* Spirit of Wine will boil foonerthan Oil or Water. Ailfolid Bodies likewife, as Minerals, Metals, and even Stones* will become fluid, or melt, at a certain Degree of Heat peculiar to each Species,- and, when thoroughly melted, it is probable they are capable of receiving no higher Degree of Heat, 5 and, on the Abfence of that Heat to a certain Degree, they all return to their natural folid State. Hence we may reafonably conclude, that Solidity is the natural State of ail Bo- dies ; and that fome are only accidentally fluid, be- caufe their Conftitution is fuch as to melt by thofe Degrees of Heat which our Atmofphere is moft com- monly fubjed to. All folid Bodies are obferved to contrad themfelves into fmaller Dimenfiom by Cold, and gradually to expand themfelves at the Approach of Heat, till at laft, being by Heat forc'd to the greateft Degree of Expanfion, the Particles of which they are compofed lofing their Cohefion, they become fluid j but no Experiments have yet been made, which de- termine whether Solids, expofed to Cold beyond certain Degrees, will ceafe to contrad any more. The learned Dr. Mufchenbroek , Prof, of Aftronomy at Utrecht 7 and F. R . S . hath lately invented a very ingenious [ 677 ] ingenious Ihftrument, which he calls ’a ^Pyrometer and which Dr. ‘Defaguliers hath made fome Im- provements to *'5 a full Defcription of which he hath given in his Courfe of Experimental \ Philofo J fhy, Vol L J?. 421. &c. By this Inftrument the Elongation of Rods of feveral Sorts of Metals by the Approach of a certain Number of Flames of a Spi- rit-Lamp, and likewife their as fudden Contradion, on the extinguifhing one or more of thofe Flames, is render'd fenfible to the Eye: Which fufficiently evidences the Matter of Fad, and puts it beyond all Doubt. From the above-mention'd Property of Bodies contrading and expanding in Cold and Heat, have all Thermometers been conftruded, that have ever been made ufe of in order to obferve and compare the different Degrees of Heat, either in our Atmo- fphere, or in other Bodies. The moft fimple and moft fenfible of any is that aereal Thermometer de- feribed by the great Mr. Boyle, in his New Experi- ments and Obfervations touching Cold, Land . 2683. 4 to. p. 39* It confifts of a glafs Bubble, with a very Bender Stem not bigger than a Raven's Quill. The Bubble is left full of Air, and a few Drops of. Water being convey'd into the Stem in an ered Pofition, will there remain fufpended to a certain Height; but, by the leaft Addition of Heat, the Air in the Bubble expanding will pufh the Water up higher * This Inftrument hath fince been greatly improved by that ingenious Watch-maker Mr. John Rllicot ? F. R, S. See Phil. Franf. N°, 443. [ M] higher ; or, by the Approach of Cold, the Air eon: trading, the Water will fall lower in the Stem. This Inftrument may be of IJfe in fmall Degrees of Heat, and in Cold, till the Water begins |o freeze, when it becomes ufelefs. The next in Order of Senfibility is that firft in- vented by Cornelius \ Drebbelius of Alcmar, and improved by Boerhaave . ( See hi sChemiftry, Tom. I. p, 152, & 1 53.) It conftfts of an hollow glafs Lens joined to a Stem of a larger Size than in the pre- ceding, and a Bafon into which the End of the Stem is inverted. The Air in the Lens muff be fo much rarefied, that the Stem being inverted into a tinged Liquor in the Bafon, the Liquor will rife up fome way in the Stem; then, by the Application of Heat to the Lens, the Liquor in the Stem will be pufh'd down, and by Cold the Liquor will rife up- This Inftrument will give Notice of the fmalleft; Changes in the Air; but it cannot be immerfed into any Liquid for chemical Experiments, unlefs the Stem were made much longer, and bent down in Form of a Syphon: But even then it would be very unhandy, and, like the preceding, it would never lerve for any Degree below what would freeze the Liquor made ufe of, nor for any above what would force out the confin'd Air through the Liquor in the Bafon. Befides, both thefe Inftru- ments, being fubjeft to the Preflure of the Atmo- fphere, are not proper, without comparing the Ba- rometer at the fame time, to determine the Degrees of Heat at a great Diftance of Time between each Experiment. The [ 679 ] The moft ufual Sort of Thermometers is that dc- fcribed in the Account of the Experiments by the Aca- demy of Cemento ; which being the common ones, made ofSpirit of Wine ting’d, it is needlefs todefcribe. The Bounds of the Degrees of Heat which thefe will meafure, and which is commonly called the Range of the Inftrument, are from the Degree which freezes Spirit of Wine, up to that which makes it boil. The Spirit-Thermometers, commonly made here in London , are fo graduated, that when the Spirit is rarefied to the Degree that the moft fultry Sunfhine commonly known in our Climate of N. Lat. can raife it, there is placed the Mark o. or Degree of no Cold. Some few are mark’d io or 20 above this, if they are defign’d to be ufed in hotter Climates 5 Hut all are graduated downwards from this : So that the 45 °. is the Point of temperate, and 65°. is the Point of freezing, and ioo°. is plac’d juft above the Ball. But the moft accurate Spirit-Thermometers are thofe lately made by the ingenious Mr. Reaumur , Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Raris 5 he hath taken a great deal of Pains, and ufed great Exa&nefs^ in fixing the certain Points of freezing of Water, of temperate Air, and boiling Water. He deter- mines the freezing Point, by leaving his Thermo meter a confiderable time in Water, into which is put a good deal of Ice, at a time when the Water would not freeze of itfelfj and this he marks o. or the Degree of no Heat; and his Scale is mark’d with Numbers running downwards from o. mca- furing the Degrees of Cold, and upwards meafuring the Degrees of Heat : At 10-f upwards he marks T 1 1 1 the [ 6-8 o ] the Point of Temperate, which he determines by placing his Inftrument in a fubterranean Cavern, which is neither affe&ed by Frofl: nor Sunfhine, but is obferved to keep an equable Temperature all the Year round; fuch as deep Cellars and Wine-Vaults commonly do. In boiling Water he finds that his Thermometer rifes to his Soth Divifion,* or 80 De* grces, which are formed by dividing the Spirit when condenfcd to the freezing Point, into 1000 equal Parts ; fo that, with the Heat which makes Water boil, the Spirit is expanded only 7™, more than with the Cold which freezes Water. Thefe Spirit-Thermometers are of CJfe in Experi- ments where fomewhat greater Cold than the freez- ing of Water is required ; but they can never be of Ufe in any Degrees of Heat beyond the boiling of the Spirit itfelf s becaufe it then becomes volatile; or rifes up in Steam, and not only expands no more, but likewife the Quantity is diminifhed by the Parti- cles which fly up from the Surface of the Liquor, and are ftifpeilded in the Top of the Tube. Many have filled their Thermometers with various Sorts of Oils*f*: Thefe indeed will meafure many Degrees above the boiling of Water, till they boil themfelves ; and then they have the fame Defed as the Spirit * But, with Submiffion to fo great a Man, I cannot apprehend that his Thermometers, when the Spirits are raifed up to 80 do1 mark any greater Degree of Heat than their own fpecific boiling ’ Heat, which, if they are Alcohol , or the moft re&ified Spirits, an- fwer to 174. of Fahrenheit's Scale ; if of the Strength of common Brandy to 190. f See Dr. Martin's ElTays Med, & Philof* p. 22$. [ 68* ] Spirit ones juft mention^, which is the Liquor lofing of its Bulk by Evaporation $ and they congeal much fooncr than Water, and fo are ufclefs in meafuring any Degrees of Cold. The moft ufeful Inftruments, as they compre- hend the largeft Range, are the Mercurial Thermo- meters, which were brought into Ufe by that in- genious Artificer Fahrenheit , F. R. S. (See Rhih Tranf N°. 381.): But, to do Juftice to a moft wor- thy Member of the Royal Society , namely. Dr* Halley , he firft gave the Hint, and even propofed the making Thermometers of Quickfilver long be- fore Fahrenheit’s Time (See Rhil. Tranf, N°. 1 97. p. 652.). However, Fahrenheit deferves Thanks from the World for having brought thefe Inftru- ments into Ufe, becaufe they will meafure the greateft Degrees of Cold yet known 5 for no Cold hitherto obferved hath been able to freeze or render Mercury folid : And in meafuring Heat, they go far be yond boiling Water, even beyond the melting of Tin or Lead. Fahrenheit begins his Scale from o. the Point to which the Mercury hath been obferved to fall by the greateft Cold in Tfiand $ and com- putes, that the Mercury then * occupies 1 1 1 24, Parts. This is his Point of no Heat. Then reckoning up- wards from this, he finds that when the Mercury' is rarefied only 32 Parts or Degrees more, common Water juft begins to freeze: I11 a temperate Air it will rife to about 60. The moft fuitry Sunfhine. feldom raifes it to 90 ; the Heat of an animal Body to 96 5 the boiling of Alcohol to 174.,* the boiling of * See Boerh. Chem. Tom. I. p. 174. T t 1 1 2 [ 682 ] of Water to 2125 and before the Mercury itfelf boils, it will rife to 600. I cannot here forbear giving an Abftra&of a very curious and furprifing Experiment of Fahrenheit's , concerning the artificial Produftion of Cold, as it is related by Boerhaave in his Chemijlry, Tom. I.p. 164. Fahrenheit had a Mercurial Thermometer made with fo long a Stem, that he could carry down the Scale 76 Parts or Degrees below o. With: this Infirm ment he found, that Cold might be produced by gradually pouring Spirit of Nitre upon powder'd Ice, till the Mercury would fubfide to 40° below o. that is 720* lower than the Cold which freezes com- mon Water. Boerhaave , in his Chemijtry, Tom. I. p. 1 6 1. mentions a very pretty Way of determining the freezing Point: He advifes to hang the Thermo- meter free in the open Air, not againft any Wall or Building ; and near it you mull hang a Piece of very fine Linen or Muflin juft dipp'd in clean Wa- ter : When this begins to grow ftifr, you will find the Mercury ftand at about the 33 d Degree 5 and it will alfo ftand at the fame Height when an hoar Froft appears upon the Ground 5 which he looks upon as a certain Sign of the Beginning of freezing. Having thus given an Account of the feveral Sorts of Thermometers hitherto ufed, and what Degrees of Heat they are proper to meafure, we find none of them capable of meafuring the greater Degrees of Heat, which are the mod commonly made ufe of * Bat what is this to the marvellous natural Cold of Siberia, 120°. be- low o ? See the Preface to Gmclin' s Flora Siberica. Petrop . 1747. 4 to* [ 683 ] of by theChemifts in many of their Operations. Be- Ildes, all the above Inftruments, being made of Glafs, are eafily broken by Accidents, and as liable to crack of themfelves, by being taken out of a great Heat, and too fuddenly expofed to Cold. I therefore confider'd whether the above-menrion’d Property of Solids, and cfpecially of Metals con- trafting with Cold, and expanding with Heat, might not be applied to. the Conftruftion of an Inftrument capable of meafuring all Degrees even of the greateft Cold, as well as the greateft Heat, to the melting Copper or Iron, which require more Heat than any other Metals to melt them. Altho’ the Alterations in Metals are but fmall, in refpedt of thofe in Spi- rits, or even Mercury , yet it being found, that Iron, e.g. becomes ^ longer * when red-hot, than when of its natural Temperature ; and Dr. ‘Derham, in his laft Paper read before the Royal Society concern- ing the Vibration of Pendulums, fays, that a Rod 30.— Inches long, becomes — Inch longer than its natural Dimenfions in temperate Air, by being ex- pofed to Heat equal to that of an human Body $ r|^ Inch longer in hot Sunfhine 5 that it was T^. or j, Inch longer than its natural State, by being heated in a flaming Heat 5 that it became ^ fhorter than its natural Length by being quenched in cold Water j and ftill fhorter, by being put into a Mixture of Salt and Snow. From which Experiments one may conclude, that from Fahrenheit's Cold of 40 below o. to the greateft Heat Iron can bear without melt- ing, a Rod of three Feet long will have about ~ Inch; Increafe 5 which Increafe of Length will be Range enough * Vide Sturm „ Call, [ 68+ ] enough to make all the intermediate Degrees obferv- able upon an Inftmment. Suppofe in Fig. i. Tab. II. A B a Rod of Iron at its natural Length by the Heat of the Atmofphere, placed upright upon one End 5 upon the Point of that refts a Bar CT) moveable on an Axis at a ; and that, by making a Fire about the End B of the Rod, till it is juft ready to melt, the Rod will increafe in Length A by and confequently pufh the Bar into the Situa- tion c d. Now it is obvious to any one who under- ftarids ever fo little of Mechanics, that tho' the Elon- gation of the Rod Ab be even Icaroe perceptible to the Eye, yet if upon the Bar CT) the Diftance a A from the Axis to the Place where the Rod BA pufhes againft it be very fmall, and the other Part of the Bar a T) very long, the Arch T)d may be incre'afed at Pleafure, fo as to bear to be divided into any Number of Divifions that fhall be found neceffary : For the Arch T)d will always be to the Arch Cc in the fame Proportion as the Diftance CD a is to aC t, and likewife the Chords of thefe Arches T) d and Ab will be in the fame Proportion; y, is the Situation of the Lever on the Level 5 and if it be found inconve- nient to make the Arm aT) fo long, as to make very minute Alterations in the Length of the Rod AB eafily obfervabie, this Inconveniency may be readily removed by having a fecond Bar EF, turning on the Axis gy whofe Arm gE bearing up againft the Ex- tremity ID of the ftrft Bar or Lever, will rife with it, or be prefs'd down by it ,• and the other Arm gF being lengthen'd at Pleafure, the Arch FfwiM. be as large as you find convenient; or even a third and fourth Lever may be added. When [ 68S ] When I firft ckfigned to have an Inftmment con- ftru&ed anfwering to the foregoing Principles of Big. i. I drew a Figure of it, wherein I propofed the Lever AT) to have terminated in two Arches of Circles made out of one Piece of Brafs > the fmaller Arch formed on the Radius a A to be loaded with a Quantity of Metal fufficlent to overcome all the Fridtion of the feveral Parts, fo as to prefs down with a confiderable Weight, and always to reft upon the Point A of the upright Rod AB j at a the Axis, on which they were to turn 5 and the larger Arch form'd on the Radius aT), was propofed to be a Sex- tant, the outward Edge of which was to be toothed, which Teeth were to play into the Teeth of a fmali brafs Wheel carrying a ftcel Index like the Minute- hand of a Clock, which fmali Wheel with the Hand was to make one Revolution nearly by the utmoft Rife and Fall of the Sextant at B ; or, inftead of Teeth, I propofed a Piece of a Watch-Chain to be fatten'd to the upper Limb of the Sextant, and fo to be brought downwards, and patting nearly round the fmali Wheel in one Groove, to be fallen d to it : In another Groove in this fmali Wheel was another Piece of Watch-Chain to be fallen d7 which, being palfed contrary wife round the faid Wheel, was to have a Weight hung to it that would be a Counter- poife to the Sextant 5 bur, upon confulting my two ingenious Friends Mr. Geo . Graham and Mr. John Ellicot two worthy Members of this Society , they each of them perfuaded me to lay afide that more complexed Conftrudlion, and to have the Inllrument made in the plain and finiple manner in which Mr. Jackfon / [ 686 ] Jachfon executed it for me in the Year 1736. as is repreiented in Fig. 2 and 3. Tab, II. The 'Description of the Inflrtment. Fig. 2. AB a round Rod of Steel or Brafs a Quar- ter of an Inch thick, and 3 Feet 1 Inch long : When the Rod is of Brafs 3 Feet long, the Point A mu ft be of Steel 1 Inch long, to prevent its wearing away, or lofing its Point $ which conical Point is made to ferew on and off. I had the firft Rods made x~ Inch thick at 5, and of the fame Thicknefs 6 Inches upj but I found Inconveniences from that Form, and that a Rod all of a Size was better. CD, cdy are two iron Supporters, joined by a flat crofs Bar at Bottom Dd two Inches long, in the middle of which is a Point \ Inch high under B , which goes into an Hole at the Bottom of the Rod B , and ferves to keep the Rod in its Place at Bottom, as the crofs Bar** having an Hole in it, thro' f which the Rod paffes, does in the middle or about -| up the Supporters, and the Point A goes into a fmall Hole in the under Side of the Lever 5 all which keep the upright Rod firm and Ready in its Place. The iron Supporters are flat, or parallel to the Front , of the Machine from C to X and c to x, where they are twifted half-round, fo that the lower Parts XD7 xd ftand at right Angles with the upper Parts. This Contrivance gives the freer Accefs to the Rod for the Sand or Fluid into which the Machine is fet to mcafure the Heat of it, the Supporters (landing 2 Inches afunder at Dd$ and that the Degrees of Heat 2 may [ 687 ] may be compared uniformly in different Experi- ments, the, Bottom of the Rod muft always be im ’ merfed to the fame Height in the Matter to be exa- mined j and therefore 1 make a Mark, a fmall Fur- row f quite round the Rod, i~ Inch from the'Bot- tom B. For the deeper the Rod is immerfed into any Matter, it will be lengthen’d the more by the fame Degree of Heat. FF, the Lever, which turns upon an Axis G. At F is fattened a String, which, patting twice round the fmall Pulley //, has a Weight I hanging to the other End of ir, of about half a Pound, being enough to keep the String always ftretch'd. At the other End E of the Lever is hung another Weight L7 which muft be heavy enough not only to counter- balance the longer Arm GF, but prefs down upon the Point A with a Weight fufficient to keep its fteady. MNO , is the back Part of the Plate, like the Dial-Plate of a Clock made of Brafs. See the Front of it at Fig. 3. The Pulley //turns upon an Axis C in Fig. 3. which goes thro* the Plate, and on the other Side or Front of the Dial-Plate carries a Hand or Index AB in Fig. 3. N. B. G being the Fulcrum of the Lever, the Diftance GA being very fmall, and the Diftance GF being very great, the fmalleft Motion at A will produce a very great one at F, and therefore the Index will turn very fenfibly upon the Plate. The Proportions of the Rod and Lever are dif- crctionary,- my Rods both of Steel and Brafs are 3 Feet long in one folid Piece, but they have each a Point or Cone of Steel 1 Inch high, that fcrews U u u u upon [ 688 ] upon the Top at A . The Lever has 4 Inches from E to A , if Inch from A to G, and 12 Inches from G to Fs the Diftance of G above c is T~ Inch, the brafs Pulley H is ~ Inch Diameter ; all the other Parts of the Machine are of Oak. The main Sup- port or Pillar w?6Hs 1 Inch fquare, 2~ Feet high, and at Bottom is let thro’ a Groove at ^ made in a great heavy Block or Pedeftal of Wood RS. In ' this Groove the Pillar may be raifed higher or lower, in order to adjuft the Height of the Pillar to the Si- tuation, which the Bottom of the Rod may re quire in different Experiments 5 and it is to be fixed in that Place by a Screw at T, which goes thro’ the Front of the Block, and preffes againft the Bottom of the Pillar. Fig. 3. reprefents th z cDial-cPlate> or Front of the Plate mark’d MNO : In Fig • 2. it is a Plate of Brafs, with ftrong Paper glued upon it, and may be of what Size you pleafe 5 mine is 11 Inches over. AB is the Hand or Index > which flips on very ftiff upon the Axis C, that carries the Pulley H in Fig. 2. The outer Circle is to be left wide enough to contain the chemical Characters or Marks which are to be made upon ir, the Arch 2XE contains the Divifions of Fahrenheit’s Mercurial Thermometer, the Arc FG thofe of Reaumur , or the Spirit of Wine Thermometer. In order to adjuft this Tnftrument for Ufe I place the Bottom of the Rod B in Fig . 2. immerfed up to the Mark p in cold River or Rain Water, in a Vefiel proper to be fet over the Firej and when it has [ 689 ] has boiled for a Quarter of an Hour, I turn the In- dex AB in Fig,. 3. till it (lands in the horizontal Pofition, as at B , being the Point of boiling-hot Water, and which anfwers to Divifion 212 on Fah- renheit's Arch. I then take it out of the Water, and dry it, by holding it a little over the Fire: And now great Care muft be taken, that nothing alters the Situation of the Index upon the Axis; even a Nut to fcrew on upon the Axis at C may be the beft to keep it fixed. If the Inftrument be left to cool in the Air, the Index will fail below B> (hewing the Degrees of Cold, or lefs Heat than boiling Wa- ter 3 and if put into melting Tin, Lead, <&c, it will (hew the Degrees of Heat above boiling Water. A brafs Rod will ferve for an Inftrument to meafure; the greateft Degrees of Cold, and all the Degrees of Heat, to the melting of Silver or Gold ; but if you have a Mind to make one to meafure greater De- grees of Heat, the Rod muft be of Steel, or the nneft Iron. A Rod of Brafs, according to Dr. Mufchen - hroek’s Experiments, /. c. was found to lengthen 377, when one of Iron lengthen'd only 230 Parts. An iron Rod, being regulated by boiling W ater, as above direded, will meafure not only the Heat of melted Tin and Lead, but of Silver, Gold, and Cop - per, and will even (hew the Degree when Iron itfeif begins to melt, which will be the greateft Degree of Elongation of the Rod juft before the Bottom of it runs ; and I imagine, that an Inftrument may be conftruded with Supporters, and a Rod made of Tobacco-pipe Clay, which, being regulated by boil- ing Mercury (for it muft never touch Water), may Uuuu 2 be r [ 69° ] . be adapted to meafure flill greater Degrees of Heat, till the Materials themfelves melt into Glafs. I fhould advife, that not only the Scale of this fort of Thermometer, but likewife of all others, be determined by Experiments, without regarding any Equality as to Meafure between the Divifions, and that in every Individual that {hall be made 5 for a Difference in the Length and Thicknefs of the Rods in this fort will make a Difference in the Scale, as much or more than the Inequality in the Cavity of the Stem, or glafs Tube of other Thermometers, which can never be juft, if applied to a Scale whofe Divifions are made equal ; unlefs the Cavity of the Stem be perfectly equal, which it is impoflible for any Workman to undertake to do, and which is very feidom, if ever, hit on by chance. Therefore, in thefe Inftruments, let the Point B in Fig. 3. or the horizontal Pofition of the Index, be the Situation of the Index when the Rod has ftood a Quarter of an Hour in boiling Water 5 there mark y- boiling on the outer Circle; on Fahrenheit's Arch mark 212. then let your xMachine up to the Mark -f- into melting Tin, which is the Metal that melts eafieft. When the Rod is arrived to its greateft Elongation in that Me- tal, inferibe the Chara&er % on the outer Circle ; do the like with Lead, and let the Charader ^ at it. At the boiling of Mercury put the Mark 5, and on Fahrenheit's Arch jmark 600. the utmoft Extent his Mercurial Inftruments can meafure : Then proceed to the melting of Silver, and fet the Mark <[ ; at the melting of Gold place the Mark ® ; at the melt- ing of Copper place the Mark at the melting of Iron place the Mark <$, the moft difficult to melt of all Metals. As C 691 ] As the Divifions pointed out by the Index will be different with Rods of different Metals or Subftances, you may make different Circles upon the Plate for the Range of the different Rods, and mark them 5 the Iron Rod, the Brafs Rod, the Clay Rod $ and fet the feveral Marks above fpecified upon each Cir- cle apart j or you may, to avoid Confufion, have a different Inftrument for each kind of Rod. Being obliged to take down my Athanor and Wind-Furnace, upon removing twice to different Houfes, and not having rebuilt them where I now live, I have not had Opportunities yet of fixing the Scale of my own Inftrument, which was one Rea- fon why I did not publifh an Account of my Inven- tion fooneri for I hope hereafter to be able to com- pare the Degrees of Heat neceffary for the melting of each Metal, and to determine the Queftion whe- ther Metals in the higheft Degree of Fulion are fuf- ceptible of greater Degrees of Heat by increafing the Fire, as Water thoroughly boiling can never Ibe made hotter j nor did I intend to have publifh d any Defcription of this Inftrument till I had com- pleted Tables of the Degrees of Cold and Heat, from Fahrenheit's Experiment of Cold produced by Art 40 Degrees below o to the Heat of melting Iron. According to Fahrenheit's Scale, the Heat of the ftrongeft Sunfhine is at about 80. Spirit of Wine boils at 1 76. Water at 212. the Lixivium of' Salt of Tartar at 240. Spirit of Nitre at 242. Oil of Vitriol at 546. Quickfilver at 600 *. As * See Auguftin. Grifchow Thermometria co?nparata accuratiu$y & Har* monica. Berolini 1740, 4^ p, 10, [ 692 ] As all chemical Digeftions, where an equable Heat is to be continued for fome time together, will come in between hot Simfhine and the boiling of Quickftlver, a Thermofcope of that Range will be fufficient for common Ufes; and therefore one fit- ted with a brafs Rod will anfwer thefe Purpofcs. In large Furnaces for running down Ores, or melting great Quantities of Metal together, it is not poilible to place fuch an Inftrument 5 but then in Lead and Tin there may be fmall Outlets contrived, into which fome of the melted Metal may be permit- ted to flow, and remain in Conrad with the fame Body of Metal within, where the Inftrument may be placed ; and for placing a Thermofcope in Iron, Copper, or Glafs Furnaces, there maybe aPlace contrived, which lhall not open into the Furnace, but have the Thicknefs of a Stone or Brick left between, upon which the In- ftrument may be plac'd 5 and tho’ in fuch a Situation it will not meal ure the a&ual Heat within the Fur- nace, it will always give the relative or comparative Heat in the like Circumftances at different Times, and fo fhew us how to regulate the Heat within. Altho' a Chemift: lhall have one of thefe Inftru- ments to meafure the Heat, he lhall have ufed in any Experiment, and have noted down the feveral Degrees made ufe of, and the Time each lafted, he ftill labours under another Difficulty, which is the not being able to command any required Heat, and that it lhall laft: a certain required Time, unlefs it be below that of boiling Water, which may be pro- cured and continued by various Contrivances of Lamps, either of Spirits, or of Oil 5 but how to con- tinue a Fire for 12 or 24 Hours together, without At- tendance, which lhall continually keep Quickfilver boiling, [ 693 1 boiling, Lead in Fufion, or may be let down fo low as not to exceed the Heat of Sunfhine, and then be raifed again, and that without letting; out the Fire, or moving the Veflels, may feem aimoftimpra&i- cable s but by an Improvement of the Furnace the antient Chemifts call’d their Athanor, 1 hope to fucceed in it, which may be the Subjed of another Paper. The Rev. Stephen Hales D.D. that moft worthy Member of the Royal Society , to whom the World is greatly indebted for many accurate Experiments, and ufeful Difcoveries, upon hearing the Minutes of my Paper deliver’d in to the Royal Society , on May 8. 1735. read upon the Thurfday following, defired me to lend him the Original for feme Days, telling me he had feme Thoughts of making, a Thermo- fcope with a Rod of Lead. After a few Days he re- turned me my Paper, with the following obliging Letter, and kind Remarks. SIR , I HAVE read over your Thermometrical Trail with Satisfaction, and believe it wiil be of good Ufe. The Want of afeertaining the Degrees of Heat and Cold is a great and important 'Dejideratnm in Ex- perimental Piiilofophv. , What I intended to do was only this, viz. to get a leaden Wire, of fuch a Size and Strength as to bear its own Weight, to have it as long as the longeft Gun-barrel 1 could procure, and to have it fuftain a Lever as you have done , then to pour boiling Wa- ter into the Barrel, for a long time, till the Lever rifes t 694 ] rifes no more; the Water to have Vent at the Bot- tom, yet fo as to have the Gun-barrel always full of Water 5 the Breech-Pin to be out, and the leaden Rod to reft on a Piece of Wood fet upright, ac- cording to the Courfe of its Fibres, not fideways. To give at the fame time to a Mercurial Thermo- meter the Heat of boiling Water. Then to take the freezing Point of the Leaden and Mercurial Thermometers ; and afterwards to graduate all the intermediate Degrees, from the Mercurial Thermometer upon the Leaden Thermo- meter, as .they occur. Thus a Standard Thermometer may be made to graduate others by 5 but I will not now fet about it, fince you have undertaken the Subjed. His Remarks on the foregoing Paper. Page. 673 . Thermometers muft be of excellent Ufe in Garden-Stoves $ but foreign Plants muft nor be kept in an equal Degree of Heat in Stoves, to that of their native Country; viz. becaufe they can- \ noc bear as great a Heat in a confined clofe Air, as in an open free Air. I have been told of Coffee- Trees being killed here in England by this Miftake : Such Plants muft doubtlefs be kept warm *, but not fo warm as in their native Country. P. * I fhould think it belt to ieflen the Heat in Stoves towards the Night, and fo to keep the Plants expofed to lefs Degrees of Heat a*nights than a days, nay to vary the Heat daily, or to endeavour by Art to procure different Degrees of Heat, agreeable to the natural Vicijffitudes of the Climate the Plants come from, having Regard both to the Seafons of the Year, and the State of flowering or Fru&ification of the Plants ; fo that the belt Way of ranging Plants in Green-houfes or Stoves is accord- ing to the Climates they come from ; for which Mr. Sheldrake's Tables above-mentioned, p. 674. muft be of excellent Ufe., C. M. » \ [ 695 ] P .676. [All folid Bodies are obferved to contract with Cold I have found that Wood does not contrad or dilate lengthways with Heat or Cold. I am told that Mr. George Graham [is about making] this Experiment, as I am alfo, in order to regulate Ben- duiums. P. 682. I fear that Boerhaaves wet Linen, which is fo thin, may begin to freeze before ail the Mer- cury or Spirit of Wine in the Ball of the Thermo- meter has the fame Degree of Cold: Tho' hanging there long before and after freezing will bring it pretty near. P. 683. [A Rod of Iron 3 Feet long will have about ~ Inch Increafe ] or Part. IV. A Continuation of a Taper concerning Electricity, by William Watfon F. R. & printed in thefe Tranf. N. 477, Article I. ending p. 501. Head Feb. 6' A S Water is a Non-eledric, and of jLjL confequence a Conductor of Eledri- city, I had Reafon to believe that. Ice was endowed with the fame Properties. Upon making the Expe- riment, I found my Conjedures not without Foun- dation ; for, upon eledrifying a Piece of Ice, when- ever the ice was touched by a Non-eledric, it flafhed and fnapped. A Piece of Ice alfo held in the Hand of an eledrified Man, as in the before- mentioned Procefles, fired warm Spirit, chemical vegetable Oils, Camphor, and Gunpowder prepared as before. But here great Care muft be taken, that, X x x x b? [ 696 ] by the Warmth of the Hand, or of the' Air in the Room, the Ice does not melt j if fo, every Drop of Water therefrom confiderably diminifhes the received Eledricity. The Experiment will fucceed likewife, if, inftead of the Ice, you eledrify the Spirit, &c. and bring the Ice not eledrified near them. I muft obferve, that Ice is not fo ready a Condudor of Eledricity as Water 5 fo that I very frequently have been difappointed in endeavouring with it to fire in- flammable Subflances, when it has been readily done by a Sword, or the Finger of a Man. In the firft Paper * I had the Honour to lay be- fore you upon this Subjed, I took notice of my having obferved two different Appearances of the Fire from eledrified Subflances 5 viz- thofe large bright Flafhes, which may be procured from any Part of eledrified Bodies, by bringing a Non-eledric unexcited near them, and with which we have fired all the inflammable Subflances mentioned in the Courfe of thefe Obfervations ; and thofe, like the firing of wet Gunpowder, which are only percepti- ble at the Points or Edges of excited Non-eledrics» Thefe laft alfo appear different in Colour and Form according to the Subflances from which they pro- ceed : For from polifhed Bodies, as the Point of a Sword, a Silver Probe, the Points of Sciffors, and the Edges of the Steel Bar made magnetical by the ingenious Dr. Knight , the eledrical Eire appears like a Pencil of Rays, agreeing in Colour with the Eire from Boyles Phofphorus 5 but from un- lived * Phi!. Tranf. VoL 43. Page 483. [ 697 3 poliflied Bodies, as the End of a Poker, a rufty Naif,1 or fuchdike, the Pvays are much more red. The Difference of Colour here, I am of Opinion, is ow- ing rather to the different Reflexion of the eledrical Fire from the Surface of the Body from which it is emitted, than to any Difference in the Fire itfelf* Thefc Pencils of Rays ifiiie fucceffively as long as the Bodies, from which they proceed, are exciting ; but they are longer and more brilliant, if you bring any Non- electric not excited near them, thoJ it muft not be clofe enough to make them fnap. If you hold your Hand at about two or three Inches Diftance from thefe Points, you not only feel fucceffive Blafts of Wind from them, but hear aifo a crackling Noife. Where there are feveral Points, you obferve at the fame time feveral Pencils of Rays. It appears from Experiments, that, befides the fe- veral Properties that Eledricity is poffefs’dof peculiar to itfelf, it has feme in common with Magnetifni and Light. 4 Proportion I. In common with Magnetifm, Eledricity counter- ads, and, in light Subftances, overcomes the Force of Gravity. Like that extraordinary Power likewife, it exerts its Force in vacuo as powerfully as in open Air 5 and this Force is extended to a confiderabie Diftance through various Subftances of different Tex- tures and Penfities. Corollary . Gravity is the general Endeavour and Tendency of Bodies towards the Center of the Earth 5 this is overcome by the Magnet with regard to Iron, and Xxxx 2 hr [ 698 ] by Eleflricity with regard to light Subfiances both 111 its Attraction and Repulfion s but 1 have never been able* to difcern that vortical Motion, by which this EffeCt was faid to be brought about by the late Dr. 'Defaguliers and others, having no other Con- ception of the Manner of its aCting than as Rays ' from a Centre, which indeed is confirmed by feve- rai Experiments : One of which, very eafy to be tried, is, that if a Tingle downy Seed of Cotton-grafs is dropped from a Man's Hand, and in its Fall comes within the Attraction of the rubbed Tube, the Down of this Seed, which before feemed to (tick together, feparates, and forms Rays round the Center of the Seed. Or if you fatten many of thefe Seeds with Mucilage of Gum Arabic round a Bit of Stick, the Down of them, when electrified, which otherwife hangs from the Stick, is raifed up, and forms a cir- cular Appearance round the Stick. As thefe light Bodies are directed in their Motions only by the Force impreffed upon them, and as their Appearance is conftantly radiatim , fuch Appearance by no means fquarcs with our Idea of a Vortex. Some have ima- gined a Polarity alfo, when they have obferved one End of an excited glafs Tube repel light Subflances,, and the other attraCt them. But this is a Deception arifing from the whole Length of the Tube not being excited, but only fuch Part of it as has been: rubbed 5 fo that as much of the Tube as is held in the Hand remains in an unexcited State, and per- mits light Subflances to lie (till thereon, though forcibly repelPd at the other End. This attractive Power of EleCtricity aCts not only upon Non-elec- trics, as Leaf-Gold, Silver, Thread, and fuch-like, but [ 699 ] but alfo upon Originalfy-Eledrics, as Silk, dry Fea- thers, little Pieces of Glafs, and Refin : it attrads ail Bodies, that are not of the fame Standard of Eledri- city (if 1 may be allowed the Expreffion) as the ex- cited Body from which it proceeds. I have found no Body, however denfe, whofe Pores are not pervious to Eledricity by a proper Management, not even Gold itfelf. cPropojition II. In common with Light, Eledricity pervades Glafs, but fuffers no Refradion therefrom 5 I having, from the mod exad Obfervations, found its Diredion to be in right Lines, and that through Glaffes of differ- ent Forms, included one within the other, and large Spaces left between each Glafs. Corollary . This redilineal Direction is obfervable only as far as the Electricity can penetrate through unexcited Originally-Eledrics, and thofe perfectly dry * nor is it at all material, whether thefe Subftances are trans- parent, as Glafs 5 femidiaphanous, as Porcelain, or thin Cakes of Wax 5 or quite opaque, as thick woollen Cloth, as well as woven Silk of various Colours; it is only neceffary that they be Originally- Eledrics. Bur the Cafe is widely different with re- gard to Non-eledrics 3 wherein the Diredion, given to the Eledricity' by the excited Originally -Eledric, is alter’d as foon as it touches the Surface of a Non- eledric, and is propagated with a Degree of Swift- nefs fcarcely to be meafured in all poffibie Diredions to impregnate the whole non- eledric Mafs in Con- tad with it, or nearly fo, however different in itfelf, and which mult of ttaceffity be terminated by an . Originally- / [ 7°°] Originally-Eledric, before the Eie&ricity exerts the lead Attradion ; and then this Power isobferved firfl; at that Part of the Non-eledric the moft remote from the Originally-Eledric. Thus, for Example, by an ex- cited Tube held over it, Leaf-Gold will be attraded thro* Glafs, Cloth, &c. held horizontally in the Hand of a Man (landing upon the Floor, and this Attraction is exerted to a confiderable Diftance. On the con- trary, the rubbed Tube will not attrad Leaf-Gold, or other light Bodies, however near, through Silver, Tin, the thinned Board, Paper, or any other Non- Elcdric, held in the manner before-mentiomd. But if you rub the Paper over with Wax melted, and by that means introduce the Originally-Eledric therein, you obferve the Eledricity ads in right Lines, and attrads powerfully. And here I mud beg Leave to remind you, not only of the former Corollary, but of fome of the former Experiments alfo ; by which it appears, that although, to make a Non-Eledric exert any Power, we mud excite the whole Mafs thereof, yet we can excite what Part, and what only, of an Originally-Eledric we pieafe. Thus we obferve, that Leaf Gold, and the Seed of Cotton-Grafs (which grows upon Bogs, and is a very proper Subjedfor thefe Inquiries) are attraded under a glafs Jar made warm*, and turned Bottom up- wards, upon which are placed Books, and feveral other * I have conftantly obferved, that the electrical Attraction through Glafs is much more powerful when the Glafs is made warm, than when cold. This EffeCt may proceed from a twofold Caufe : Firft, warm Glafs does not condenfe the Water from the Air, which makes the Glafs, as has beenbefore before demonftrated (p. 1 1 1) a Conductor of EleClricity ; Secondly ; As Heat enlarges the Dimenfions of all known Bodies, and confequently caufes their conflituent Parts to recede from each other, the electrical Effluvia, pafflng in jftraight Lines, find probably a more ready Paffage thro' their Pores. C 7°r 1 other Non-Elecirics j and that the Motions of the light Bodies underneath correfpond with the Motions of the glafs Tube held over them, the Eledricity feeming inftantaneoufly to pafs thro" the Books and the Glafs. But this does not happen, till the Elec- tricity has fully impregnated the Non-eledric$> which lie upon the Glafs j which received Elec- tricity is flopped by the Glafs $ and then thefe Non- Eledrics dart their Power diredly through the upper Part of the Glafs, after the Manner of Originally- Eledrics. But if the thinnefl Non-Eledric, even the fineft Paper, as I before mentioned, is held in the Hand of a Man at the fm ailed: Diftance over the the Leaf-Gold, and the Electricity is not flopped* not the leaft Power will be exerted, and the Gold will lie ftiil. I muft here remark likewife, that this Law of Electricity is fo conftant and regular, that I have not found one Deviation from it ; fo that even the Quickfilver, fpread thin, as it ufually is at the Back of a Plate of a Looking-Glafs, will prevent the parting through of the eledrical Attraction, unlefs flopped by an Originally -Eledric. This Penetration of the eledrical Power through Originally-Eledrics is much greater than has hitherto been imagined, and has caufed the Want of Succefs to great Num- bers of Experiments. I have been at no fmall Pains to determine, how far this Power can penetrate through a dry Originally-Eledric, and have found, by repeated Trials, that either in a Cake of Wax alone, or of Wax and Refin mixed, when the Elec- tricity is very powerful, it has parted, I fay, in ftrait Lines through thefe Cakes of the Thicknefs of two Inches and -A $ but I never could make it a ft through one of two inches -^5 for in this it was perfedly flopped [ 702 ] flopped. So that the Cakes commonly made ufe of to flop the Electricity, by being too thin, fuffer confiderable Quantity of the ele&rical Power to per- vade them, and be loft in the Floor. I make no Doubt, if the electrical Power could be more in- creafed, it would penetrate much further through thefe Originally- eleCtric Bodies. Propojition III. Electricity, in common with Light likewife, when its Forces are collected, and a proper Direction given thereto upon a proper ObjeCt, produces Fire and Flame. Corollary. The Fire of Electricity (as I have before obferv'd) is, extremely delicate, and fets on Fire, as far as I have yet experienced, only inflammable Vapours. Nor is this Flame at all heighten'd by being fuper- induced upon an iron -Rod, red-hot with coarfer culinary Fire, as in a preceding Experiment 5 nor diminifh’d by being directed upon cold Water. However, I was defirous of knowing if this Flame would be affeCted by a ftiil greater Degree of Cold ; and in order to determine this, I made an artificial Cold, by which the Mercuiy, in a very nice Ther- mometer ad j Lifted to Fahrenheit’s Scale, was de- prefied in about 4 Minutes from 15 Degrees above the freezing Point to 30 Degrees below it; that is, the Mercury fell 45 Degrees. From this cold Mix- ture, when eleCtrifled, the Flafhes were as powerful, and the Stroke as fmart, as from the red-hot Iron. I could have made the Cold more intenfe, but the above was fufficient for my Purpofe. This Experi- ment [ 7°3 ] meat feems to indicate, that the Fke of Eledricity is afFeded neither by the Prefence or Abfence of other Fire. For, as red-hot Iron, by Sir Ifaac New- tons Scale of Heat, is fixed to 192 Degrees, and as the Ratio between Sir Ifaac' 's Degrees and Fahren- heit's is as 34 to 180, it neceffarily follows, that the Difference of Heat between the hot Iron and the cold Mixture is 1040 Degrees ; and neverthelefs, this vaft Difference makes no Alteration in the Ap- pearance of the eledrical Fiame. We find likewife, that as the Fire, arifing from the Refradion of the Rays of Light by a Lens , and brought to a Focusy is obferved firft at fome fmall Diftance from their Surfaces, to fet on fire combuftible Subftances; the fame Effed, as I have before obferv’d, is produced in like manner by eledrical Flame. I may perhaps be thought too minute in fome of the beforc-mcntion'd Particulars; but in Inquiries abfirufe asthefe are, where we have fo little a priori to dired us, the greatefl Attention muft be had to every Circumftance, if we are truly defirous of in- veftigating the Laws of this furprifing Power. For, as has been laid upon another Occafion, by my ever honour'd Friend Martin Folkes Efq; our moft worthy Prefidenr, u That Eledricity feems to furnifh an in- exhauftible Fund for Inquiry 3 and fure Fhxno- mena fo various and fo wonderful can arife only . Likewife, if a Perfon, {landing upon an Ori- ginally-eleftric, touches the Gun-barrel with his right Hand, a Piece of Wire being placed round his left Leg, and a fecond Perfon, {landing likewife upon the Wax, takes hold of the Extremity of this Wire ; then let another Perfon, handing upon the Eloor, and grafping the electrified Phial, touch any Part of the fecond Perfon s Body. Upon this Touch, the fecond Perfon is fhook as ufualj but the firft feels the Stroke only in his left Leg and right Arm, the neareft Courfe of the electrical Power; 40. If any Number of Perfons communicate by Pieces of Wire, and if any one of them brings to- gether the Ends of the two Pieces of Wire in his Hands, upon the Gun-barrel's being touch'd, he will perceive no Stroke. But if the Ends of the Wires are but a Quarter of an Inch afunder, he will be fhook in both his Arms; becaufe then his Body will become Part of the Circuit. 41. If, when any Number of Perfons join Hands, or communicate by any metallic Medium {landing on the Floor, one grafps the Phial, and joins with the reft 5 upon the Gun-barrel's being touch'd by the laft Perfon of the Line, the whole Number are (truck, and he who grafps the Phial, as forcibly as the reft. But if two Phials are employed, and he grafps them both, with a Piece of Wire of fuffi- cient Length held between his Fingers, which Wire touches both Phials, and its End is taken hold of by the fecond Perfon of the Lines if then the laft Perfon touches the excited Gun-barrel, all in the Line - JLt » [ m 1 Tine are violently ftruck, except the Perfon who grafps the Phials ; but he feels little or nothing of the Stroke, 42. The Stroke is very violent, when a Wire is put round the naked Head, or under the Peruke, and the Perfon grafping the Phial touches the Gun- barrel with the Ends of the Wire, or if he holds the Wire between his Teeth. 43. If a Perfon, ftanding on the ele&rical Cakes with Gold or Silver Lace upon his Coat, takes hold of the Gun-barrel, and another Perfon grafping the ele&rified Phial touches the Bottom of the Lace, the Perfon eledtrified, if he holds down his Head, feels the Blow under his Chin. The Lace in this In- ftance has the fame Effe&s as a Piece of Metal 5 at the End of which, if placed in the fame manner, you would necefiarily feel the Stroke, 44. I now proceed to (hew, by what Steps, in my Inquiries into the Nature of Eleftricity, I dif- cover’d that the glafs Tubes and Globes had not the electrical Power in themfelves, but only ferved as the firft Movers and Determiners of that Power. 4$\ Several Months fince, I obferv’d that, by rub- bing a glafs Tube, while ftanding upon a Cake of Wax, in order, as I expe&ed, to prevent any of the j ele&rical Power from difcharging itfelf through me into the Floor; contrary to my Ex- pectation, that Power was fo much leifen’d, that no Snapping was to be obferv’d upon another’s touching any Part of my Body. But if a Perfon not electrified held his Hand near the Tube whilft it was rubbing, the Snapping was very fenfible. This I ftiew’d to feveral Members of the Royal Society % A a a a a z and C 7**1 and others, wha did me the Honour to vifit me. Afterwards I met with an Experiment of the fame kind, in a Treatife publiflfd by Profeffor Bofe> in- titled, Re eh ere hes Jut la caufe et fur la veritable iheorie de l' EleElricite, which that ingenious Gentle- man fays, had given him great Trouble by its Odd- nefs. The Experiment is, that, if the eledrical Ma- chine is placed upon Originally-eledrics, the Man who rubs the Globes with his Hands, even under thefe apparently favourable Circumftances, gives no Sign of being eledrified, when touched by an un- excited Non-eledric. But if another Berfon, (land- ing upon the Floor, does but touch the Globe in Motion with the End of one of his Fingers, or any other Non-eledric, the Perfon rubbing is inftantly electrified, and that very ftrongly. The Solution of this Rhanomenon, feemingly contrary to the al- ready difeover'd Laws of Eledricity, had terribly tormented him $ but however he has given us the following, which he modeftly calls a plaufible Sub- terfuge rather than a Solution; viz. that a Power cannot ad at the fame time with all its Vigour, when one Part of it is already employed ; as a Horfe, who already r draws an hundred Pounds, cannot draw an additional Weight as freely as if he had not been loaded at all. That the Hand excites the Virtue already in the Sphere 5 therefore if the fame Power impregnates the Man, there remains none for the Globe. That the Virtue of the Globe then cannot be communicated at the fame time to the Man, by whom it is created. That he, who gives it, cannot receive it himfelf. From thefe, and fuch-like Confukrations, it appears to him, [ 7*5 ] hint, that the Man upon the Ground, who holds his Fingers to the Globe in Motion, inftead of his diminifhing its eledrical Force, throws that Force back again over the Man, who excited it. That the Finger in this Cafe feems to operate as an Eledric fer fe , and drives back the eledrical Power, 46. I have feen an Account of * Mr. Allamand> lately printed at the Hague 5 wherein he takes no- tice of this Thcenomenon . He tells us, that as Part of the eledrical Power of the Globe paffes off by the Frame, upon which the Globes are mounted, into the Floor, and diflipated thereby 5 he con- ceived, that if the Machine, and the Man who rubb'd the Globe, were placed upon Pitch, to prevent this Diffipation, the Fire of Eledricity would be more ftrong. But the Confequence is extremely odd and unexpeded; for the contrary happens 5 and the eledrical Power is confiderably diminifhed, and fometimes there is even none at all. 47. I tried this Experiment feveral times with my Machine, and the Man, who turns the Wheel thereof, mounted upon the eledrical Cakes. If the Air was dry, and the Machine placed at fome Di- ftance from non-eledrical Subftances, as the Sides of the Room, Chairs, and fuch-like 5 after one or two final! Snaps, the Gun-barrel, fupported by filk Lines, and hanging in- Conrad with the Globes, would, tho' the Machine were in Motion a confiderable time9 attract * Biblifitbeque Britanniqus pour les Mots de Janvier? Fevrier , it Mars , 1747. [ 7*^3 attract no light Subftances, nor emit any Fire,; This induced me to conceive, that the eledrical Power was not inherent in the Glafs, but came from the Floor of the Room 5 and if the Fad were fo, the Gun-barrel fhould fnap upon my touching any Part of the Machine. The Confequence fully anfwer'd my Conjedures; for while I flood upon the Floor, the Globes ftill in Motion, I put one Hand upon the Frame of the Machine, and touched the Gun- barrel with one of the Fingers of my other. Upon this, Fire iffued, and the Snapping continued as long as I held my Hand upon the Machine, but ceafed upon taking it off. This at once proved to me, that the eledrical Fire paffed from the Floor thro' my Body to the Machine. I then order'd the Man to put one of his Feet from the Wax upon the Floor j which, as foon as he complied with, caufed the Eledricity to fnap at the Gun-barrel, and this ceafed upon his replacing his Foot. Here I found, that the eledrical Power came through the Man; and that, in thefe Inftances, either myfelf, or the Man who touched the Floor with his Foot, was to be re- garded as an additional Part of the Machine com- municating with the Floor. Thefe Confiderations led me to make the following Experiments. 48. If my Conjedures were weli founded, and if the eledrical Power, the Man and the Machine being placed uponOrigh illy-eledrics, went through my Body to the Machine, a fine Wire, held in my Hand at a few Inch'’*' Diftance, ought to be at- traded by any Part Ox Machine. This fucceeded accordingly, but the Attradion lafted a very fmall Space 3 ;r' t.U. ■ ->r!t "i. \ y . //**. Here we find, that one Caufe of the ele&ri- cal Attraftion is the Current of the eledtrical iEther fetting to the Machine through the Wire; and this Current is flopped from two Caufes; one, when there is no Difcharge thereof from the Gun- barrel, the Accumulation being complete 5 the other, when other Currents are opened, that is, when the Machine is touched in other Parts. 50. in thefe, and the fubfequent Experiments, I always fuppofe the Air very dry 3 for if it is not, and the filk Lines, which fupport the Non-eledtrics, are wetted thereby, the eiedtrical Power will be di£ charged along them, and the Wire will be conftantly attracted, as 1 have frequently on purpofe expe- rienced; and this Difcharge is in proportion as the Lines are more or lefs wetted. 0-0 [ 7^ ] 51. If a Man (lands upon the Machine placed up- on Originally-eledrics, and the Gun -barrel with the other Non-eleftrics are fufpended as ufual in Con- tact with the Globes, no Eleftricity is obferved in that Man: But if a Wire, hanging to the Wainfcot of the Room, touches the Gun barrel, or a Man ftanding upon the Floor applies his Finger thereto, the Man upon the Machine emits Fire copioufly 5 and either himfelf, or the Man who turns the Wheel of the Machine, fires inflammable Subftances. But this EfFeft is no longer cbfervable, when the Wire, &c. are removed from touching the Gun-barreh So that, in this Experiment, the ufual Courfe of the Electricity is inverted; and that Power, which, in moll other Inftances, is brought by the Wood- work of the Machine to the Globes, and by them dif- charged upon the Gun-barrel, is now brought by the Wire to the Gun-barrel, and from this the Globes throw it all over, not only the Machine, but any Non-eledtric in Contact with it, if the Elec- tricity is flopp'd. In this Experiment, if an iron Rod, ftanding upon the Floor, is inclined againft the Loops of the (ilk Lines which fupport the Gun* bar- rel, in fuch a manner as not to touch the Gun-barrel, the eledtrical Fire, which pafies from the iron Rod to the Gun barrel, inftead of being fupplied con- ftantly, comes in by Flapping fo long as any un- excited Non-ele&rie communicates with the Ma- chine, but ceafes upon its being removed : And if the Air is very dry, and none of the Electricity con- duced down the lilk Lines, the Snapping from the iron Rod to the Gun-barrel will frequently corre- spond to the touching of the wooden Machine with your [ 727 ] your Fingers, and flop upon your taking them off* And this Experiment will look much like Magic, even to thofe who are acquainted with the Opera- tions of Electricity 5 for if the Perfon who turns the Wheel of the Machine, and (lands upon the Cakes, be properly inftru&ed: upon your bidding the Gun- barrel fnap, he only puts the Toe of his Shoe upon the Floor, and it fnaps immediately, and continues fnapping as long as he keeps it there ; but if you order it to ceafe fnapping, he almoft imperceptibly replaces his Foot upon the Cakes, and it ceafes. This may be repeated as often and as long as you pleafe. 52. Many Experiments demonftrate, that if the Electricity is not ftopt, no Sign of its Prefence, either by Fire or Attraction, is obfervable in the non electric Bodies fufpended to the Globes : that is, although eve.T fo great a Quantity be determined by the Globes over thefe Bodies, the Electricity paffes off from them pleno rivo to the Floor, from whence it came: but if the Electricity is ftopt, it is then accumulated upon thefe Non-electrics; but this can be done only to a certain Degree, as is ma- in fed from a former Experiment. And if, when this Power is accumulated, a Man (landing upon the Floor touches now-and-then the Non-electrics with his Finger, the Electricity, which is here accumu- lated, fnaps, and the Fire is always obfervable. But this Snapping is nor, when the electrical Power paffes off continually, as from a Piece of blunt Wire hung to the fufpended Gun-barrel, and the Hand of a Man brought near it without touching ; whereby the electrical Power becomes vifible, like a fine B b b b b blue [ 7*8 ] blue Cone of Flame, with its Point towards the Wire. When the Hand is placed at a proper Di- ftance, the Blaft, like that of cold Air, is therefrom very manifeft. If you do not determine the Elec- tricity by thcfe means to a Point, the Diffipation of it is general, and from all Parts of the excited Non- electric > but if you do, by bringing your Hand near the Wire as before-mentioned, you fee the Manner of its being difcharged into the Floor, and fo into the Earth. Thefc Facts being fo, if my Concep- tions are true, that the glafs Globes circulate the electrical Fire, which they receive from their Fric- tion againft the Cushions, or the Hand of a Man, and which is conftantly fupplied to thefe laft from the Floors the Ingrefs of the electrical Fire, if the Machine, &c. are placed upon Electrics per fe> ought to be vifible, as well, as the Egrefs under the fame Circumftances s and this is demonftrated by Experiment, For if, while any unexcited Non- electrics touch the Gun-barrel, the Globes being in Motion, you bring your Finger, or a Piece of Wire near any Part of the Wood-Work of the Machine, but more efpecially the iron Axis of the Wheel $ you obferve the Brufh of blue Flame fet in from it to the Wood-Work. We always obferve, in this Experiment, that the lambent Flame from the End of the Wire pafies diverging into the Machine, and this continues fo long as the Gun-barrel is touch'd. So that here the Office of the Globes exaftly tallies with that of the Heart in Animals 5 which, as long as the Quantity of Blood is fupplied, propels it into the Arteries, and thefe all over the Syftem 5 or that of the Pump in Hydrofiatics. In the fame manner, by [ 729 ] by the Attrition of glafs Tubes, the electrical Power is brought from the Body of the Man who rubs the Tube $ and he is conftantly taking in a Supply from the Floor. 5-3. What I here call the electrical JEther, is that Atmofphere which furrounds both excited Origi- nally electrics, and excited Non-electrics. That this is extended to a confiderable Diftance, appears, from a fine Thread, or Piece of Cotton-grafs Seed, being attracted at fome Diftance from them, as far as which, it is prefumed, this Atmofphere extends. Here indeed it is only perceived by its Effects upon thefe light Subftances : but at the Brufh of Flame from the End of the Wire bcfore-mentioiYd, from fome Bran lying upon a flat Piece of Metal in Con- tact with excited Non-electrics, your Hand being held over it, and in many other Experiments, it be- comes manifeft to your Feeling as a Blaft of cold Wind. You feel it likewife in a lefs Degree, when a glafs Tube is well excited, and brought near your Face. If no unexcited Non-electric is near, this Atmofphere feems to be determined equally over all the excited Non-electrics in Contact with the Machine j but if a Non-electric unexcited is brought near, the greateft Part of it is determin'd that way * and hereby the Attraction at any other Part of thefe excited Non-elecmcs is confiderably diminifhed. Hence the Caufe of the Repulfion of Electricity, which does not operate, until the electrical ^Bther is fufficiently accumulated. This electrical Repul- fion is ftrongeft in thofe Parts of the excited Non- electrics, where unexcited Non-electrics are brought near them j for by thefe the electrical- Blaft, which B b b b b 2 otherwife, [ 730 ] otherwife is general, is particularly determined to the Floor. 54. Before I proceed farther, I mu ft beg Leave to explain what I call the Accumulation of Electricity. To put a fimilar Cafe: As we take it for granted, that there is always a determinate Quantity of At- mofphere furrounding the terraqueous Globe, we conceive, when we fee the Mercury in the Barome- ter very low, that there then is a lefs accumulated Column of this Atmofphere impending over us, than when we fee the Mercury high. In like man- ner when we obferve that the electrified Gun-barrel attracts or repels only very light Subftances at a very fmall Diftance, or that the Snap and Fire there- from are fcarcely perceptible 5 we conceive then a much lefs Quantity of electrical Atmofphere fur- rounding the Gun-barrel. This Power being more or lefs, we call the greater or lefs Degree of the Accumulation of Electricity. This is only attain- able to a certain Point, if you electrify ever fo long* after which, unlefs otherwife directed, the Dillipa- tion thereof is general. The Phial of Water of Mufchenbroek feems capable of a greater Degree of Accumulation of Electricity, than any thing we are at prefent acquainted with : And we fee, when, by holding the Wire thereof to the Globe in Motion, the Accumulation being complete, that the Sur- charge runs off from the Point of the Wire, as a Brufh of blue Flame. A Method has been difeo- ver’d here by a Gentleman (Mr. Canton ) by which the Quantity of accumulated Eleftricity may be mea- fured to great. Exa&nefs. The Manner of meafuring is this: When the Phial is fufficienrly eledrified by applying [ 731 ] applying the Wire thereof to the glafs Globe, and which is known by the Appearance of the Brufh of Flame at the End of the Wire, as before-mention'd ; hang a (lender Piece of Wire to the fufpended Gun-barrel for this Purpofe detached from the Globes. Upon your applying the Wire of the electrified Phial to that hanging to the Gun-barrel, you perceive a fmall Snap ; this you difcharge by touching the Gun-barrel with your Finger, which likewife fnaps : And thus alternately electrifying and difcharging, you proceed until the whole EkCtricity of the Water is diffipated s which fome- times is not done, under an hundred Difcharges. If you do not difcharge the EleCtridty every time, the Snaps from the W ire of the electrified Phial to the Gun-barrel are fcarcely perceptible. In proportion to the Number of Strokes, you eftimate the Quan- tity of the acquired Electricity of the Water. That you could, by (lopping the Eledricity, excite Non- electrics 5 and, by accumulating their Power, make them exert more Force than Originally eleCtrics would at any Point of Time, was that capital Dif- covery of the late Mr. Gray 5 and is to be regarded as the Bafis, upon which all the prefent Improve- ments of our Knowledge in Ele&ricity are founded; and till which Difcovery, although fome of the Ef- fects of EleCtricity were obferved above two thou- fand Years ago *,• little Progrefs was made. fS- ' •' * Theophrajhts , who lived above three hundred Years before the Pate of the Chriftian iEra, takes Notice of Amber and the Lyn- curiumy [ 732 ] ff- Thc ele&rical JEther is much more fubtil than common Air, and paffes to a certain Depth through all known Bodies. It paffes mod readily through Metals, Water, and all Fluids, except refin- ous ones j then animal Bodies dead or alive, in pro- portion as they are more or lefs wet 5 then Stones, Wood, and Earths. It paffes to a certain Thicknefs only thro' Refins, dry animal Subftances,W ax, and Glafs. For this Reafon Bodies are called Eledrics per fe , or Non- eledrics ; not only for their rubbing the Electricity from other Bodies, but Hkewife as they permit more or lefs of the eledricai ^Ether to pafs through them. This yEther has not only the Property with Air of moving light Subftancesj but it feems to have an- other, and that is Elafticity. 56. That this Fluid is more fubtil than common Air, is more particularly demonftrated by its. [palling through fcveral Glaffcs at the fame time 5 through any one of which, though ever fo thin, Air can- not pafs. It likcwife paffes, as I have mention'd before, through all known Bodies, except Origi- nally-eledrics, and even through thefe to a certain Degree. Its Elafticity is proved by its extending it- felf round excited Eledrics, and excited Non eledrics, to a confiderable Diftanee * as well as by its in- creafing the Motion of Fluids. This is demonftrated by the Experiment with a fmall glafs Siphon where the curium attracting not only Straws, and Shavings of Wood, hut alfo thin Pieces of Copper .and Iron. See Theophraftus -#>/ t ay kldar /. K etc TO kVplUCZOV ikKtrl yB TO O l effc Q&flV K {jJjVW Kstqipn tjukov, dkk a. %ctkx.ov x) zdv kZTtjoi' ajTs&f x} CkioKkYn ttetyj. See p. 74. in the late Edit, by J. Hill. [ 733 ] the Elafticity of the eledrical JE ther overcomes the Attradion of Cohefion : I have frequently obferved this Experiment does not operate, unlefs the greateft Part, if not the whole eledrical Blaft, is determined to the Floor through the Water, by bringing feme unexcited Non-eledric near the long Leg of the Siphon f. The Stream through this (lender Tube is mod complete, when the Non-eledric is brought near, fo as when the Room is fomewhat darkened, tha Stream of Water appears as a Stream of blue Flame, much like that from the blunt Wire. This Stream is (lopped, either by touching any Part of the Non-eledrics in Contad with the Globes 5 by place- ing the Machine and the Man who turns the Wheel upon Eledrics fe , by which the Current of the eledrical iEther from the Floor to the Machine is prevented s or by removing the Non-eledric from the Leg of the Siphon, by which the Diffipation of the eledrical AEther from the excited Non-eledric becomes general. So that we find, that although we can repel light Bodies from many Parts of ex- cited Non-eledrics at the fame times the whole Force of the eledrical Current is necefiary, to drive off f There is one Inftance, where the Water will run off in a full Stream without bringing a non-elecffric unexcited near the long Leg of the Siphon ; and that is, by fufpending a Phial of Water, as ufual to the Gun-barrel by a Wire, and by letting a glafs Siphon through the Cork into the Water. When this Phial is fufficiently electrified, the Water therein runs off in a full Stream, though no Non-ele£tric unexcited is near; becaufe then the Current of Water ^through the Siphon is the only Way, by which the Surcharge of the Electricity can be difiipated. [ 734 ] off fo ponderous a fluid as Water. May we like- wife not infer the Elafticity of ele&rical .Ether, from the Ingrefs of the blue Flame from the End of a blunt Wire held near the Axis of the Wheel, or any Part of the Wood-work of the Machine, after the Revolutions of the Globes are ceafed ? Certainly we fee an Influx of electrical Fire to all Bodies, until their determined Quantity is reftored. Is not the Elafticity of this .Ether deducible like- wife from the violent Shock' we feel in our Bodies in the Experiments with Water? 57. There feems to be a Quantity of this Ether in all Bodies. Hence the Reafon why, though the Machine is placed upon EleCtrics per fe , a Snap or two, as I mention'd before, is obferv'd upon touch- ing the Gun-barrel, when the Machine has been fome time in Motion : But after thefe no more is perceiv'd, if the filk Lines are very dry, and the eleftrical Supporters of the Machine are of a requi- fite Thicknefs. As foon as any Non-eleCtric unex- cited touches the Machine, this Lofs is immediately reftored. As the ele&rical Ether, as has been fpe- cified, is an elaftic Fluid, wherever there is an Ac- cumulation thereof, there is an Endeavour by the neareft unexcited Non-eledric to reftore thx (^/Equi- librium. The reftoring of this o- Equilibrium I take to be the Caufe of the Attraction of excited glafs Tubes and Globes, as well as that of excited Non- eleCtrics; for here the Blaft of eleCtrical Ether con- ftantly fets in from the neareft unexcited Non-elec- trics towards thofe excited, and carries with it what- ever light Bodies lie in its Courfe. This fetting in of [ 73S of the Current of ele&rical AEther towards excited Non-electrics is likewife very perceptible to your Feel- ing as a Blaftof cold Wind j if when you are ele&rified, you hold your Hand over a Plate with fome Bran in it, by which Blaft the Bran is carried againft your Hand. Thefe light Subftances are again repelPd by the Blaft from the excited Bodies, as foon as they come in Contad:, and fometimes before. The Succeffions of thefe alternate Attractions and Repulfions are ex- tremely quick, fo that fometimes your Eye can hardly keep Pace with them. And if you put aglafs Globe of about an Inch in Diameter very light and finely blown into a Plate of Metal, and hang an- other Plate over it 3 eledrify the upper one, and bring the other under it, and you will find the Strokes from the alternate Attractions and Repulfions * aimod too quick for your Ear. I have feen a Ger- man, who traveled with a fmall electrifying Ma- chine, who, by a Procefs of this fort, made two Email. Bells ring. One of the Bells was fufpended to an electrified Wire, which was conducted with- out touching along the Sides of the Room 5 at about an Inch Diftancc, detached from this Wire, a little Clapper was hung by a filk Line 5 at an equal Di- ftance from this laft was hung another little Bel], which communicated with the Sides of the Room. As * The following is an Argument of the Velocity likewife, with which thefe little Globes are attracted and repelfd. If they are let fall from the Height of fix Feet or more upon a wooden Floor, or a Plate of Metal, they are rarely broke 5 but by the Attradlions and Repulfions of them between the Plates, though at the Diftance only of one fixth of an Inch, they are frequently beat in Pieces. C cccc C 736 ] As foon as the Machine was in Motion, the elec- trified BellJ attracted the Clapper, which immedi- ately by the repulfive Blaft was blown off to the unexcited Bell. By the time the fecond Bell was ftruck, the former attraded again 5 and this Jingling of the two Bells continued not only during the Motion of the Machine, but feveral Seconds after it was flopped. This was occafioned by the fmall Volume of the Clapper being able to convey away only a fmall Quantity of the eledrical ^Ether at each Stroke 5 by which it was fome time before the C ^Equilibrium was reftored. 58. To demonftrate likewife, that the reftoring this . 102. [ 7+3 ] 4* Bat this Flux of electrical JEther, either from the Floor to the Man, or from the Man to the Water, is prevented for Reafons fufficiently obvious, if the Glafs containing the Water be thick } if the Points of non-eledric Contact are few j if the Man is placed upon Originaily-ele&rics, or (which is the fame thing) if the Soles of his Shoes are dry. 5. As we find that the Electricity paffes at leaft equally quick through denfe Mediums, which are Non-eledrics, as through thofe which are more lax and fpongy j may we nor therefore conclude, that the Caufe why we feel molt Pain at the Joints of our Arms, and in the Tendons of our Heels -f*, arifes from the Texture in the Tendons and tendi- nous Ligaments of thofe Parts ? 6$\ From a due Confideration of the 'Phenomena before us, I take the Liberty of propofing the fol- lowing Queries : 1. Whether or no the Effeds we obferve, in Bodies being drawn to and driven from either ex- cited Originally-eledrics, or excited Non-eledrics, are to be attributed to the Flux of eledrical ^Ether > 2. f This Pain in the Heels is felt only in the Experiment with the eleCtrical Mine ; and it is not perceptible only when you touch the lower fmall Wire with your Foot, but likewife if you (land upon Non-ele£trics, which touch this Wire. It has been ftrongly felt by a Perfon {landing upon a Pedeflal of Portland Stone near ten Inches in Height, and upon one of Metal more than two Feet. I am of Opinion, that no Mafs of Metal, of Dimenfions however great, would in the lead prevent the Progrefs of the electrical Power from the Water in the Phials to the Body of the Man. Ddddd [ 744 ] 2. Whether or no, that, which, from its being firft difcover’d in Amber, we call Electricity, electrical JE ther, electrical Power, <&c. is any other than ele- mentary Fire ? 3. Whether or no this Fire does not appear in different Forms, according to its different Modifi- cations ? Does it not, when diffufed under a large Surface, appear to affect us as Air? When brought towards a Point, does it not become vifible, as lam- bent Flame? When nearer ftill, does it not explode, and become the Object alfo of our Feeling as well as of our Hearing? Altho' it does not affect our Skin with the Senfation of Heat 5 does it not, by its lighting up inflammable Subftances, fhew itfelfto be truly Fire? 4. Whether or no this Fire is not connected in- timately with all Bodies at all times, though leaft of all, probably, with pure dry Air? Have we not found and feparated it from Water, Flame, even that intenfe one of Oil of Turpentine, Smoke, red- hot Iron, and from a Mixture thirty Degrees colder than the freezing Point ? y. Have we not proved its Subtility, from its palling through all known Bodies ? 6. May we not infer its Elafticity likewife from its Explofions, from its increafing the Motion of fluids, as well as from its Effect in the Concuflion of our Bodies, when we difeharge it after we have accumulated it in Water? 7. May not the electrical Machine, from its Ufes, be denominated a Fire-Pump, with equal Propriety as the Inftrument of Otto Guerick and Mr. Boyley that of the Air ? 8* [ 745 ] S. Does not the Power we are now Matters of, of feeing the Separation of Fire from Bodies by Motion §, and of feeing it reftored to them again, and even after that Motion has ceafed, caufe us ra- ther to incline to the Opinions of Homberg (a), L emery the younger (£), s Grave fund (r), and Boerhaave , § The fetting in of the Fire to the glafs Tubes and Globes has always, in thefe Experiments, been vifible both from the Hands and Cufhions, by which they were rubbed. But as, till now, this Fire was confidered as coming from the Glafs, that, obferved upon the Hands and Cufhions, was always believed to be fo much loft by running down the Inftruments of Fri&ion into the Floor. I endeavoured to prevent this Lofs, by ftanding upon Originally- electrics ; and found, to my great Surprize, that fo far from in- creafing the ele&rical Power, by flopping what I conjectured was fo much Lofs, I could excite then no EleCtricity at all in the Tube and Globes. This Difappointment, which, I afterwards found, had occurred to Meff. Bofe and Allamand , was the Foundation of my difcovering the Source of the Electricity, and the Manner of its Ingrefs to the Machine. ( a ) Homberg du fouphre principe. Mem. de V Acad. Royale des Sciences , 1705. La matiere de la lumiere eft la plus petite de toutes matieres fenfibles — elle pafle librement au travers et pat les pores de tous les corps, que nous connoiflons. — Que tout 1* uni- vers eft rempli de la matiere de la lumiere J’ai mieux donne a notre fouphre principe le nom de matiere de la lumiere, queceiledu feu, quoique ce foit proprement la meme chofe. ( b ) Lemery le fils. Mem. de V Acad. 1709. p. 527. La ma- tiere de feu doit etre regardee, comme un fluide d’une certaine nature, et qui a des proprietez particulieres, qui le diftinguent de tout autre fluide. Pag. 8. — — Qu’une matiere beaucoup plus fub- tile et plus agitee, qui remplit tous les vuides de l’univers, et ne trouve point les pores fi etroits, qui ne lui laiflent un libre paflage, coule inceftamment dans les lieux ou elle eft enfermee/'et entre- tient fon mouvement. (c) s' Grave f and Philofoph. Newton inftitutiones, cap. 1 . Ignis in corpora omnia quantumvis denfa et dura penetrat.*—— Corpo- ribus Ddddd 2 [ 746 ] Boerhaave Id), who held Fire to be an Original, a diftinct Principle, formed by the Creator himfelf, than to thofe of our iiiuftrious Countrymen, Ba- con ( e ), Boyle (/), and Newton (g), who con- ceived it to be mechanically producible from other Bodies ? 9. Muft we not be very cautious, how we con- nect the elementary Fire, which we fee iffue from a Man, with the vital Flame and Calidum tnnatum of the Ancients; when we find, that as much of this Fire is producible from a dead Animal as a liv- ing one, if both are equally replete with Fluids ? 10. Whether or no it is not* highly probable, that, by increafing the Number and Size of the Phials of Water in a certain manner, you might not inftantly ribus fefe jungit ignem ad certam diftantiam a corporibus attrahi — nulla novimus, quae ignem non continent — * non ignis asque facile corpora omnia intrat corporibus contentus in his a corporibus circumambientibus retinetur* Motu celerrimo ignem affici poffe. (d) Boerhaavii Elementa Cbem. de igne , p. 187. et feq. Ipfe ignis — Temper praefens exiftit in omni loco — — imo vero in omni corpore, etiam rariflimo, vel folidiilimo, aequaliter diftributus hae- ret. — Haud ergo potui detegere, quod in rerum natura Tit vel ullum fpatiym Tine igne. Ibid. p. 283. Hue ufque conabar — tradere ea, quae veriilima ad- difeere potui de natura illius ignis, quern elementalem appellant philofophi. Ilium fcilicet, ita confiderando, prout creatus ipfe in rerum (natura) exiftet feorfum, extra reliqua omnia creata, quae- cunque demum Tint, corpora. (e) Vide tradlatum De forma calidu (f) Mechanical Origin of Heat and Cold , Se£t. 2. U) See Queries at the End of bis Optics . [ 747 3 inftantly kill even large Animals by the electrical Strokes (h) ? 66. I cannot conclude thefe Papers, without con gratulating that excellent Phiiofopher and learned Member of this Society the Abbe Nollet of Taris. This Gentleman, almoft two Years fince, in a Let- ter to Profeffor Bofe (an Extract of which this laft publifhed with a Work (i) of his own) without the Knowledge of feveral Experiments fince difcover’d 5 at lead: none of his Difcoveries nave yet fallen into my Hands, did declare his Opinion, (k) that the Electricity did not only proceed from the electrified Bodies, but from all others about them to a certain Difiance j (/) that the Electricity, as well from Bo- dies electrified, as from thofe which were not, paffed more readily through denfe Mediums than Air 5 (m) that the Electricity is prefent in all Bodies 5 that (b) Monf. Le Monnier at Paris killed Birds by thefe ; and with me, a Linnet and a Rat, much more than half-grown (the largeft I was then able to procure) have been ftruck dead. (7) Recloerches fur la Caufe , et fur la veritable Theorie deV Elec- tricite. Wittembergue, 1745. (/£) Voyez Nollet dans les Recherches , &c. du M. Bofe , Pag. xlv,— La matiere ele&rique vient non feulement du corps ele&rife, mais aufii de tous ceux qui font autour de lui, jufques a une certaine di* fiance. Ibid. p. xlix. — Si vous pouvez vous convaincre comme moi, que la matiere qui va au corps ele&rique vient primitivement de tous le corps environnans, de Pair meme, vous aurez bienplusde facilite a expliquer tous les autres effets. (/) Ibid. p. xlvi, La matiere eleread Grains 3 7_i_ above 2 Oz. I o N°. 482, Sheet (Zz) the Pages are double and confus'd by a Mif- take of the Printer ; and therefore after the Numbers of th® Pages in this Sheet I have in the Index fet (Zz). Ib. p. 408, 1. 24, for Mr. Juan Antonio de Loa, read Don Antonio de Ulloa. Ib. p. 433, 1. ult. for the other Side Chalk, read the other Side of a Subftance like Chalk, but much harder. N°. 483 in the Title read for the Months of Marchy Aprils May , Juney,2in& July , 1747. Ib. p. 456, 1. 20, readTAB. XL Fig. 8. N°. 484, p. 630, 1. 30. readTAB. I. Fig. 1. , Ib. p. 680. to the Mark f add^ Sir Ifaac Newton's Thermome- ter was made of Line-feed Oil. See his Scale of Heat, Phil. Tranf n. 270. p. 824. Ib. p. 700, in the Note dele (p. hi.) To the Binder. Next after this follow the Croonean Lectures for the Year 1747. and after them place the Index to Vol. XLIV. THE Croonean LECTURES O N MUSCULAR MOTION, By Browne Langrish M. D. and Fellow of the Royal Society. Read before the ROYAL SOCIETY In the Year MDCCXLVII. Being a SUPPLEMENT to the CP hilofophical TranfaEtions for that Year. There can be no greater Prefumption in Favour of a Scheme* than that it is fimple, and of a Piece with the known Syftem of the Univerfe. Mead’s Introd . to bis E {fays on Poifonsy Edit. 3* LONDON: Printed for C. Davis, over-againft Grafs Inn Gate in Holboitrn , P r i n t e r to the Pvoyal Society, M,scc.XLvm. To the R EVER END STEPHEN HALES, D.D. Fellow of the Royal Society, Thefe THREE LECTURES O N MUSCULAR MOTION, Are humbly dedicated, as a fmall Acknow- ledgment for the many and great Advan- tages received from his moft curious, learned, and indefatigable Refearches into Nature ; and for the many perfonal and particular Favours which he has been pleafed to confer on His Moft Obedient , and Moft Humble Servant^ Browne Langrish, PREFACE /N the Year 1733 I publifhed an Ejjay on Mufcular Motion , founded on the New- tonian Philofophy of Attra&ion and Repul - fion ; and though the thoughts were hafiily put together , and the Performance in general, very inaccurate , yet I mufi own I have not met with any Reafen , fence that ‘Time , to alter my Sentiments in regard to the Caufe and Mari- ner of ContraBion in the mufcular Fibres. I did not think indeed of ingaging my f elf any further in folving fuch abjlrufe Phenomena ; but being defined by my ever honouredFriend Sir Hans Sloane Baronet , to make feme Experi- ments which might illuflrate and confirm the Truth of my Hypothecs, I readily and chear- fully complied with his Commands \ and after- wards I drew up the following Le&ures , vdhich were by Order of the Prelid ent and Council read before the Royal Society, as the Croonean Le&ures for the Year 1747. purfuant ii PREFACE. purfuant to ' the Will of the late Lady Sadleir *. The Foundation of my Scheme is laid upon. thofe Hints which Sir Ifaac Newton has given, us in the Queries at the End of his incompa- rable Book of Op ticks ; together with what Dr. Pemberton has faid in his very learned Introduction to Cotoper on the Mufcles. How well it is executed is mofl humbly fubmitted . to my Superiors. I do not know that I have advanced any thing inconfiflent with true Phi- lofophy ; or to any of the known Laws of the animal Oeconomy. I have the Satisfaction to fee , in the fecond V ilume of the late Dr. Defaguliers’j experimental Philofophy §, that he approved of what I had formerly pub- lifloed , beyond all other Accounts of Mufcular Motion ; and I muft confefs , that meeting with Countenance from fo good a fudge gave me great Encouragement to purfue the En- quiry. * Whofe firfl Husband was Dr. Croon e, and at his Requeji thefe ‘Lectures were founded. % 393' THE [ * 3 THE Crognean LECTURES O N MUSCULAR MOTION. LECTURE I. Read at a Meeting . of the F.oyal Society, 'March 5, 1746-7. SECT. I. H E external Superficies of every Mufcle, its Origin and Infertion, the Ufe of its A&ioii in regard to the Animal Oeconomy, from what Tlexus the Nerve comes, whence the Artery which fupplies it arifes, and to what Vein the Blood is car- ried, are Difquifitions very worthy the Knowledge of every Thyfician and Surgeon ; in order to difco- ver the true Seats and Caules of many Complaints, and to point out the moft rational Methods of Cure. II. But as thefe Refearches have nothing to do with 'the immediate Caufe of Mufcular Motion (the Ex- A plicatioa [ * ] plication of which fcems to be the chief Defign of the Learned Founder of thefe Lectures) I fhall wave all fuch Enquiries, and proceed diredly to inveftL gate by what Means a Mufcle fo inftantly and forci- bly contracts itfelf, or ffiortens its Length, at the Command of the Will? and this I fhall endeavour to do by fuch Rules and Laws as are fimple, uni- form, and intirely agreeable to the known Syftem of the Univerfe. III. t ; I ’ ■) v' ' V I t I ' V i | I In order to the eafier Illuftration of this wonder- ful and important Property in the Fibres, I fhall give you, i Jl, An analytical View of the component Parts of a Mufcle. idly, I fhall fhew the true Caufe of Cohelion, Tenfion, and Elafticity in the animal Fibres, idly, I fhall make it appear, that every Fi- bre conftituting a Mufcle, is, in its ultimate Divifion, tubular, and not a Chain of Veficles or Bladders. And, laftly, I fhall prove it to be more than pro- bable, that Mufcular Motion proceeds from the at- tractive Quality of the conftituent Particles of every Fibre being increafed and ftrengthencd by the Addi- tion of fome athereal Matter flying out from the Extremities of the Nerves; and that this is inftantly occalion’d by the Will, and ceafes again as foon. IV. By a chemical Analyfts of a Mufcle difle&ed from the Buttock of a lean Ox, which weigh'd exactly two Pounds Averdupois , I procured, i* 1. Lymph — — “ 2. Volatile Salt — ■ — — 3. oiL — — - 4. Caput mortuum — — > 5 . Loll in Diftillation, which 17 prefume was moftly mere Air 3 'V. There being no Averdupois Weights in the Shops, lefs than Quarters of Ounces, I order'd fome to be made of a Drachm, and others of two Drachms. The Drachm weigh’d 27 Grains; fa that, by calling up the Grains into Drachms, and the Drachms into Ounces, we have the exa& Weight of each of the above conftituent Principles according to the Weight they were firft of all weigh'd with, VI, It may be proper alfo to ofaferve, that the Appa- ratus I made ufe of in this Procefs, was the fame which I communicated a Description of to the Society fome time ago, and which is fmce published in the jP hilofophicalTranJ. actions N°. 475 ; except that the Retort I now ufed was made of Copper, in or- der that I might remove it from the the Sand-Heat into the adual Fire, without unluting any Part of A 2 the Qz>. ©r. Gr* xxiiii xiiii 1 xv i iiii XXV ii vi XX ii ix v — — - xii - ?; tx '? ’ xvi 32 s 00 [ 4 ] the Apparatus, when no more Matter would arife by means of the Sand-Heat. _ VI L By this Method I could increafe the Fire till the Bottom of the Retort was red-hot, without any Dan- ger of breaking my Recipients 5 a Contrivance which * may be ufeful in many chemical Proceffes. From the above-mentioffd Experiment we have evident Proof of the Proportions and Qualities of the feveral Principles, or conftitutive Parts of the muf- cular Fibres 5 and let no one be furprifed that the watery or phlegmatic Principle abounds, fo much as to be nearly Parts of the whole Mafs, fmce we know that dried Bones, and many other Things as unpromifmg, afford half their Weight of Water. , IX, That the Particles of Water are endued with a ftrongly attra&ing Power, and are highly ferviceable as a Band of Union in the Formation and Growth of every thing, animate and inanimate,- is not only manifeft from the great Quantity employed in the Growth of Animals and Vegetables, but alfo in our own manual Operations, fuch as making feveral Sorts of Glue, Paftes, Bricks, and fuch like, where the watery Particles prove a very durable and pow- erful Copula, and are not to be all of them feparated again. [ 5 ] again, even by a very intenfe Fire: Water is to be regenerated from Bricks and Tiles after they have been burnt in the Kiln. x. The dried Wood, Part of a Mahogony-Table, which had flood by the Fire many Years, being rafped and put over the Fire in a Copper Retort, afforded a confiderable Quantity of Water. XL In fhort, take away the Water from the moft fo- lid animal and vegetable Bodies, and they immedi- ately become mere Duft. XU I don't apprehend that this confiderable Quantity of Water, which is to be procured from fuch folid Subftances as Bricks, Wood, or even from the muf- cular Fibres, remains in diftind Drops or Spherules, whilft it is a Part of fuch folid Subftances 5 but I conceive that the Minima , or primary folid Particles of Water may be attradedby, and adually joined with, the earthy, faline, and other component Particles, fo as to compofe the feveral Degrees ofHardnefs, accord- ing to their refpedive Proportions and Qualities ; and when thefe feveral conftituent Principles are difunited again, by the Power of Fire, or by the Length of Time, they rife up into the Air, or into the i C 6 ] the Recipient, according to their Divifibilky and Levity 5 fuft Water, next Salt, then Oil. xur. Nature feems to delight in Tranfmutations. Many Kinds of Fluids are eafily converted into denfe Bo- dies. We all know how foon Water is capable of being turn’d into a very folid friable Stone, by the Power of Cold. Mercury alfo is eafily turn’d into a hard brittle Metal; and both thefe return to their former State of Fluidity by means of Heat. And a Solution of Copper in Spirit of Nitre being pour’d on Oil of Tartar, both Liquids inftantly become Verdigreafe in a dry Powder. XIV. From what has been faid we may obferve, that Water, or the watery Particles not only make up much the greateft Part of the mufcular Fibres, but, by mutually attracting, and being attracted by the other component Particles, they greatly contribute towards their Cohefion and Elafticity; for a fluid Particle will be fixed, and become a Part of a Solid, as foon as there is an attractive Force fufficieent to effeCt its Cohefion with the other folid Parts, though it returns to its former State of Fluidity qpon the Analyfis of the compounded Body. XV. 1 would not by this be underflood as if I defign’d to exclude the other Principles from their Share which [7] which they give to the true Degree of Firmnefs and Elafticity in the fibres; the faline, fulphureous, and earthy Parts are all endued with a ftrongly attracting Power j and when brought into Contact with each other, or with the watry and aereal Particles, they oive Firmnefs and Solidity to the Compofition. XVI. Water feems to be the Gluten by which the other Principles are wrought up. Too much Water in the Gompofition renders the Fibres foft and lax 5 as in Children, and anafarcous People, Too little Moift- ore occafions a ftiff, rigid Fibres as in old Age. There is a certain Degree of Texture and Cohefion neceflfary towards mufcular Motion in its greateft Strength. XV IL F have (hewn in a former Treatife *, that Air is very inftrumental in fixing and uniting the other Principles which conftitute an animal Fibres for in the moft folid Parts of the Body* where the Cohe- fion is ftrongeft, we find great Plenty of Air. That the Air-Particles are capable of being united, and fix'd to folid Bodies, and by that means may be efteemed a Part of their Compofition, we have many evident Proofs in Dr. Hales’s Analyjis of the Air s and that thofe Particles do in their fixed State flrongly • Modern Theory of Phyfic, f. 56. 7 [8] flrongly attrad. the other component Particles, is evident, it being well known, that the moft ftrongiy repelling and elaftic Particles, when in a feparate State, are the moft ftrongiy attracting, when fixed to other BodieSc XYI1L "Now, according to Dr. Hales , finee a much greater Proportion of Air is found in the folid than in the fluid Parts of Bodies 5 may we not with good Rea- fon conclude, that it is veiy inftrumental, as a Band of Union in thofe Bodies ; thofe Particles (as Sir Ifaac Newton obferves *) receding from one ano- ther with the greateft repuifive Force, and being moft difficultly brought together, which upon Contad cohere moft ftrongiy ? And if the Attradion or Co- hefion of an unelaftic Air-Particle be proportionable to its repuifive Force in an elaftic State, then fince its elaftic Force is found to be vaftly great, fo muft that of its Cohefion alfo. Let us add to this, that the Air generated from the fleffiy Fibres, in the Ex- periment above-mention'd, was not Separated with- out great Violence 5 for it did not rife in any Quan- tity, till the Clouds did, which contain'd and brought over the Salt and Oil : Whence it is evident that the aereal Particles are firmly fix’d, and confequently are very inftrumental in the Union of the other con- ftituent Principles* 4 * Opt. r. [ 9 1 XIX. Sir Ifaac Newton * thinks, that not only Water and Air are convertible into denfe Bodies, but that even Light may become a Part of grofs Bodies, and that they may receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Compofition. It is the Opinion alfo of Monf. Homberg, that Light or Fire is a Part of the Compofition of all Things ; though in the Analyfis of Bodies it is always loft, efcaping the Skill of the Artift, and palling through the clofeft Yeflels. XX. We all know that folar Fire, or Light, adds Weight to Lead, Tin, or Regulus of Antimony, when expofed to the Fire of a burning Glafs, though they otherwife lofe much in Smoak and Steam. But to proceed ; XXL Thefe then being then the component Parts of the mufcular Fibres, our next Task is to fhew the Caufe of their Tenfion and Elafticity. XXII. That all the mufcular Fibres of the Body are in a State of T enfioh, during Health, is manifeft from every * Opt, £)u. 30. . B [ *0 1 % every Incifion made acrofs them, when the two Segments of the Mufcle fo divided, retire, one to its Infertion, and the other to its Origination 5 that is, every Fibre is always ftretched out beyond its natu- ral State of Reft or Quiefcence, fo that both Ends of it retraCt a confiderable Diftance after being cut afunder. Now there are two Things which feem to be principally concerned in this Affair 5 viz. the Impulfe and Frefliire of the circulating Fluids, always diftrafting the Fibres, and a c^nftant Nifus or En- deavour in the conftituent Particles of the Fibres to run clofer together, when fo diftended, by means of their mutual Attraction towards each other. XXIII. The Equilibration which is ever preferved between the antagonift Mufcles, in a healthy State, unlefs when the Will direfts it otherwife, arifes from this Vis Reftitutionis $ which being ftronger oj: weaker ac- cording to the Degrees of Tenfton, and the Degrees of Tenfton depending upon the Velocity and Quan- tity of Fluids circulating through every Fibre 5 it follows, that as long as the Fluids have the fame free Accefs to every voluntary Mufcle, fo long, will the <^sEqiiilibrium be maintained. XXIV. In an Effay which I publifh’d on this Subject of mufcular Motion, in the Year 1733, 1 endeavoured to prove that every the lead Corpufcle of Matter is endued with an attractive Virtue on one of its Sides,, and E 11 1 and a repulfive Power on the other, fomething find- jar to the Loadftone; and this I was firft of all in- duced to believe, from what Sir Ifaac Newton cb- lerves in his Opticks, gu. 31. XXV. hii ■■■ iKf :\d\ When any faline Liquor ( fays \ he) is evaporated to a Cuticle, and let cool, the Salt concretes in re^ gular Figures 5 whic^i argues, that the Particles of the Salt, before they concreted, floated in the Liquor, at equal Diftances, in Rank and File $ - and by Con- fequence, that they aded upon one another by feme Power, which at equal Diftances is equal, at unequal Diftances is unequal: For, by fuch a Power, they will range themfelves uniformly, and without it they will float irregularly, and come together as irregularly. And fincethe Particles of Chryftal ad all the fame Way upon the Rays of Light, for caufing the un- ufual Refradion, may it not be fuppofed, that in the Formation of this Chryftal, the Particles not only ranged themfelves in Rank and File for concreting in regular Figures, but alfo, by fome kind of polar Virtue, turned their homogeneal Sides the fame Way * XXVI. And again, we are taught by the fame Great Man, that Fire is the moft Ample of all known Bodies, and confequently the moft immutable 5 that each Ray of Fire or Light has Sides differently affeded, and which have different Properties 5 and that Iceland B z Chryftal C 11 ] Chryftal is found to attra Gt a Corpufcle of Fire, if one of its Sides be turned towards the Chryftal, and repel it, if the other be; for one and the fame Ray is here refra&ed fometimes after the ufual, and fometimes after the unufual manner, according to the Pofition which its Sides have to the Chryftal 5 and fince the Chryftal, by this Difpofition or Virtue, does not a£t upon the Rays, unlefs when one of their Sides of unufual Refradion looks towards that Coaft, this argues a Virtue or Difpofition in thofe^Sides of the Rays, which anfwers to, and fympathizes with, that Virtue or Difpofition of the Chryftal, as the Poles of two Magnets anfwer to one another. XXVII; We are fully perfuaded, that, in the Chryftalliza- tion of Salts, they could not fo regularly and con- ftantly preferve their peculiar Shapes, Forms, and Figures, if every Particle of them had not its de- terminate Poles : For granting that the component Particles of each kind of Salt have a peculiar Shape and Size, different from any other kind of Salt, yet if they had a Power of uniting with each other indifferently, at their Tops, Sides, and Bottoms, one would think they could not always coalefce into Chryftals of the fame regular Figure : But if the conftituent Particles of every kind of Salt have their determinate Poles, then they cannot poffibly unite with each other, but when their Poles fquare with one another, and confequeiitly they will always fly together, and be joined at fuch Points, only where their correfponding Poles are j which muft of courfe conftantly produce the fame regular Form and Figure in : E ] in every Aggregate of fuch particular faline Par- ticles. XXVIII. Hence it is, that Salt Armoniac fo elegantly imi- tates the Branches of a Tree; Salt of Hartjhorn a Quiver of Arrows ; Salt of Tin fhoots into Lines like little Needles, which fpread themfelves every Way from a Point, as from a Centre, fo as to reprefent a Star, &c. Now can it be imagined that thefe, or any other kind of Salts, would immutably and per- petually coalefce into Chryftals of the fame regular figure and Shape from any other Principle ? XXIX. Since therefore we have fo much Reafon to be- lieve that Salts of all kinds, and even the Rays of Light are endued with a polar Virtue, that is, every Corpufcle attrafls on one of its Sides, and repels on the other; and fince it is a well known Axiom, that Nature is ever frugal in Principles, I think it not at all unphilofophical, or contrary to any of the known Laws of Nature, to believe that every Parti- cle of Matte? in the World is endued with an at- tractive and repulftve Property. XXX. Thus then, if the conftituent Corpufcles of the mufcular Fibres are formed together according to this Law, if they are all united at particular Points cor- ■ [H] correfponding to their attractive Virtue, it follows, that wherever a mufeuiar Fibre is ftretched out to the leaft Degree of Tenfion, fome of its Particles will touch each other in fewer Points; whilft others may poffibly be difunited and removed from each other, though perhaps, to inconceivable finall Dtf- tances : Hence there will be a conftant Nifus in the Separated Particles to get together again y and this Vis RejUtutionis will be Wronger or weaker, ac- cording to the Number of Corpufcles fo disjoined* and their attradive Virtue. XXXI. If the Power of the circulating Fluids (and l-think it cannot be denied) be fufficient, from the firft Be- ginning of the Circulation of the Foetus, and fo on as long as Life continues, to diftend the Fibres be- yond the Size they would other wife be of, by rqa- fon of their corpufcular Attradion; this diftradile Power tnuft always be the Occafion of fome De- gree of Tenfion in them : And if, upon the Remo- val of this Tenfion, the component Particles have a Property of running clofer together, and contrad- ing the Fibres in their Length, by the means above- mentiorfd, this muft be the true Cauj: of Elafticity in the Fibres. XXXII. Hence therefore it follows, that fince the Fibres arc always in a State of Diftradion, by the Quantity and Momentum of the circulating Fluids, and as they are ever endeavouring to fhorten themfelves, by means of their corpufcular Attradion, their Elafticity muft C *5 ] muft depend upon Tenfion; for the Fibres could have no Power to tetrad, or abbreviate their Length unlefs they were extended beforehand by fome cer- tain Force, XXXIII. It is not a fufficient Objection agalnft this Scheme to fay, that if we depend upon what is viftble, we fhall never fee the dry folid Fibres, or Particles of any foiid Body, once divided or drawn out of Con- rad, coalefce or unite again, or recover the clofe Contads they had before 5 without fome fluid Me- dium foperadded. XXXIV. 5Tis true, when a vifible Crack or Flaw happens in any dry, hard, folid Body, fuch as a Steel-Spring, or a dry, rigid, wooden Bow, the Rupture will al- ways continue, by reafon the fever'd Particles can- not be brought again into the Sphere of each other's Attradion without the Intervention of fome Me- dium 5 but then it does not follow from hence, that fuch a Spring or Bow cannot be bent at all with- out breaking 5 or that the conftituent Particles, which muft neceflarily be difplaced by fuch a diftending Power, do not fly together again by their attradive Virtue, when removed only to fuch minute DiL tances. XXXV. The Minima , or primary Atoms of all Bodies are non-elaftic, as being perfedly hard, folid, and infe- parable; and therefore Elafticity muft proceed from the Aggregate, or Compofition of fuch Atoms, which. [ 16 ] by being capable of changing their Situations, ac- cording to the imprefied Force, and being endued with a powerful attra&ing Virtue, they inftantly re- fume their former Fofitions, when left to themfelves to obey thofe Laws which the Great Creator hath imprefs’d upon them. As for Inftance: Whilft a common Steel Spring, or any fuch elaftic Body, is not extended or bent, we prefume every individual Particle of it to be at Reft 5 that is, they are all fituated, in regard to each other, according to their Poles, and embrace one another by their com- mon Principle of Attraction 5 but no fooner is fuch a Spring bent, by fome imprefied Force, but many of its Particles on the convex Side, muft of courfe touch in fewer Points, or perhaps be disjoin’d from each other, though to the moft minute Diftances that can poflibly be 5 whilft other Particles, on the concave Side of the Spring, muft necefiarily flip upon, or be crouded over one another. Hence it will follow, that if thofe Particles which are fepa- rated from each other, or touch one another in fewer Points than ufual, are yet fo near each other as to be within their Sphere of Attraction, and not at all, or very little alter’d in regard to their Poles, they will confequently attraCt each other very ftrongly, and fly together again, as foon as the imprefied Force is removed 5 whereas it is no unreafonable Con- jecture to fuppofe, that thofe Particles on the concave Side of the Spring? which are comprefied, and as it were rumpled over one another, may be fo much alter’d from their former Poiitions, that their Poles do not now anfwcr to each other 5 and if not, they will repel one another, according to their refpeCtive 3 Power [ *7 ] Powers, till they have attain'd their former Situa- tions, or, in other Words, till the Spring has reco- ver'd its former Shape* XXXVI. The fame Principles of Attra&ion and Repulfion are the Caufe of Reftitution or Elafticity in all other kind of Bodies. When a mufcular Fibre isftretched out longer than ufual, it is moft certain that fome of its component Particles muft flip upon or by one another, or elfe be removed at exceeding fmall Di* fiances from each other 5 fo that if the imprfcfled Force be too violent, if the Tenfion be carried fo far as to disjoin a great Number of the component Particles beyond their Sphere of Attraction, the Fi- bre will continue to grow weaker and weaker till it breaks : But it is, as evident, on the other Side, that when a ftretched-out Fibre does not break, but re- tra&s itfelf into its former Shape and Dimenfions, upon the Removal of the extending Power, the Par- ticles which were difplaced return again to their proper Pofitions, merely by the means of their at- tractive Virtue* XXXVII. Now all this being fo agreeable to thofe Laws of Nature which that divine Man Sir Ifaac Newton has difeover'd to us, I think we have good Reafon to conclude it to be the true Caufe of Elafticity in the animal Fibres. C XXXVIII, [ •» J XXXVIII. The Elaftitity in the Air indeed, or in Water agitated by Fire, or in all the Exhalations proceed- ing from the Earth, arifes from the Principle of Repulfion only 5 for the Particles of Vapours, Exha- lations, and Air, ftand at a Diftance from one m- other, and endeavour to recede as far from one an- other as the Preffure of the incumbent Atmofphere will admit them. No Power yet known is able to comprefs the Air-Particles within the Sphere of their Attraction towards each other, fo as to deftroy their eiaftic Property > and yet Angle primary Parti- cles of Air are continually attracted by other Bodies, and consolidated with them, till by the ACtion of Fire, or Fermentation, they are feparated again, and reftored to their repulfive State. XXXIX. Hence we may obferve, that Elafticity, in differ- ent kinds of Things, or in Matter differently mode- lled, may arife from two feveral Caufes, viz . At- traction and Repulfion } and perhaps, in many In- fiances, from the Influence of both at one and the fame time. XL. Whenever any kind of Matter is a&uated by Fire, by Fermentation, or diffolved by any Menftruum, fo as to throw off its Particles in fubtile Vapour, there will [ ’9 ] will be a conftant Endeavour in thofe Particles to recede further from each other; fo that the more they are confined, or compreiTed, the greater will be their elaftic Power : Whereas in folid Bodies, this Property of Elafticity proceeds chiefly from Attrac- tion, or a Nifus in the component Particles to fly back, or run into clofe Conta&s again, whenever they happen to be ftretched out, or bent, fo as to touch each other in fewer Points. XLL From what has been faid we may deduce the following Corollary , viz- That whenever Elafticity proceeds from the Principle of Repul[iony as it does in Air, Vapours, &c. fome CompreJJion is neceflary, in order to force the elaftic Matter into a narrower Compafs than it would otherwife poflefs; but when it arifes from Attraction, as in the mufcular Fibres, and all folid Bodies, fome diftr affile Force, is requi- re to disjoin the component Particles from their ufual Conta&s, before it can exert its Power; and perhaps, for want of attending to this Difference, fo many various Opinions may have arifen concern- ing the Caufe of Elafticity. XLII. In my next Lecture I fhall confider the Shape of the mufcular Fibres, and the Caufe of mufcular Adlion. [«> I LECTURE II. XLIII. Read March 26. N my former Lecture I endeavour’d Principles of the mufcular Fibres, and to Ihew the true Caufe of their Cohefion, Tenfion, and Elafti- city. In this, I hope, I fhall make it appear, ift> That every Fibre conftituting a Mufcle is tubular , and of a cylindrical Shape, or very nearly fuch; and not a String, or Chain of Bladders, according to an Hypothecs which has been too long and too generally received, idly. That the corpufcular At- tradion between the component Particles of the Fi- bres is fo far increafed and ftrengthen’d by the In- fluence of the nervous r^/Ether, which is always at the Command of the Will, as to purfe up and (horten every Fibre in its Length, whereby an In- tumefcence arifes in the Belly of the Mufcle, though it is contracted in its other Dimenftons, fo as, in the Whole, to pofiefs lefs Room. Being favoured with the Ufe of a moft excellent Microfcope, I made the following Experiments. to explore the feveral conftituent XL1V. ijl, [21] XLV. I/?, I divided fome Fibres as minutely as I poflibly could, from the Heart of an Ox, from a Part of the Diaphragm, from the intercoftal Mufcles, and from a Rump of Beef 5 all winch were boiled to fuch a Degree of Tendernefs, that we feparated fome Fi- bres with the Point of a Needle, which were not vifible till placed under the Microfcope,. and even then they did not appear bigger than Hairs, though others, which looked like Hairs to the naked Eye, were magnified to the Size of Wheat-Straws. All thefe feem'd to be Fafcicles of continued Tubes, as far as we could view them, without any Partitions or Cells. XLVL 2 dlyy Upon rending a Mufcle, which was taken from a Knuckle of Veal, and boil'd for four or five Hours, feveral of the tranfverfe, as well as longitu- dinal Fibres appear'd very diftin&ly* which being placed under the Microfcope, and having a ftrong focal Light caft upon them by means of a Florence Flask fill'd with Water, they feem'd to be fhrunk up, either by being boil'd fo long, or by being ex- pofed to the Air,, fo that their Surfaces feemed to be unequal and corrugated 5 which is what Mr. Leeu- wenhoek * fays deceived him at firft, fo as to make him * Anatom, & Contempt, p, 43, [«] him think thcfe Corrugations were fo marly Vefi- cles or Cells 5 but he foon difcover’d his Miftake. In fome of the Fibres I could plainly difcern a dark Lift running in the Centre, from one End to the others but what it was, I could not difcover. XL VII. 3 dly. Having obferved the mufcular Fibres in the Leg of a Sea-Crab to divide very eafily and diftin&ly from one End of the Mufcle to the others we placed a great many of them under the Microfcope, but could not difcern any thing like Partitions or Cells. XLV1II. In fhort, Mr. Leeuwenhoek * affures us, that the minuteft Fibres that are vifible to the naked Eye appear through a good Microfcope to be inverted with a Membrane, which includes within it not One fimple Body, but a Bundle of ftill finer Fibres, the laft, or fmalleft Order of which he thinks to be fimple hollow Tubes. XLIX. This perhaps is as good Authority as we can have from the Affiftance of Microfcopes -y but if we may be allowed to deduce our Arguments from the Ana- logy which the mufcular Fibres bear to fome other Parts * Phil . Tranf, N°. 367. [ 23 ] Parts of the Body, whofe Shapes we are well ac- quainted with, the Reafonablenefs of this Opinion may appear yet ftronger. L. All Anatomifts agree, that the mufcular Fibres have their Rife from the Extremities of the Nerves and Biood-VelTels; every Fibre being fupplied by a Branch of a Nerve, and an Artery, and having alfo a Vein arifing from it. LL That the nervous Capillamenta are Cylinders is not denied by any one that I know of 5 and though the Arteries have been for a great while thought to be conical, yet the ingenious Dr. John Stephenjon * Fellow of the Royal College of Phyji - dans at Edinburgh hath evidently demonftrated the whole arterial Syftem to be Cylinders, frequently divided and fubdivided, ftill terminating in Numbers of fmall Cylinders, the Aggregate of which is always of greater Capacity than the Trunk or larger Cylin- der before the Ramification. L1I. May we not therefore very reafonably believe, from the Simplicity and Uniformity in all the Ope- rations of Nature, that the mufcular Fibres partake of * Medical ElTays, VoL V» [ =4] of the fame figure with thofe from whence they have their Rife ; efpecially when fuch a Shape (as will appear in the Sequel) is more proper for all the Fiim&ions of a Mufcle than any other whatfoever J LHI. I don't mean by this, that every Fibre of every Mufcle is a perfect and regular Cylinder from one End to the other •, many of them may be thicker in their Coats, and larger in their Bores about the Middle than towards each End, limilar to the Shape of the Mufcle; but what I think the mod reafonable Opinion is, that the fmalleft Fibrilla are hollow Tubes not divided into an infinite Number of Cells or Veficles. LIV. The longitudinal, red, flelhy Fibres feem indeed to be contorted and bound about in many Places, with white, fpiral, and tranfverfe Ramifications of the Nerves; but I can fee no Reafon to believe that thefe nervous Filaments divide the longi- tudinal flelhy Fibres into feveral Apartments or Cells ; I rather think that they only dip into the Cavities of the Fibres, in order to convey into them the ethereal Medium , which is contained in the Nerves. LV. [ 2S ] LV. Before the Laws of Nature, and the Animal ©economy were fo well known as they are now, I don't wonder that the veficular Scheme was thought a reafonable one, till it came to be examined by ftridt Rules and Experiments. The common Experi- ment of raifing Weights by blowing up Bladders might feem, at firft Sight, a very feafible Way of explaining mufcular Motion ; and without Doubt this firft of all gave Birth to the veficular Hypcthejis . LVL i But the Eallacy of this Experiment was not dis- cover'd for want of attending to the Difference be- tween Bladders which have been already blown up, and dried, and fuch as are recent and fupple. LVII. i If a String of dry Bladders, which have been once diftended as far as they could bear without burfting, and are now again fqueezed clofe, and ftretched out only in their Length, by means of a Weight hung at their Bottom ; 1 fay, if fuch a String of Bladders be blown up, it will undoubtedly diftend their tranf- verfe Diameters fo as to raife up the Weight: But in all tender yielding Veficles, fuch as the mufcular Fibres mod certainly are, in their laft, or fmalleft Order, it is well known, that if they were to be inflated with Air, or any fuch-like Matter, it would D diftend [ 26 ] them in every Direction alike; they would grow longer as well as wider. Hence it follows', that if the abovemention’d Experiment was to be made with Bladders juft as they are taken out of animal Bodies, it would not anfwer the Purpofe, as is evident from blowing up thofe of Calves, Hogs, &c. LV1II. The mufcular Fibres, it is true, are always in a State of Tenfton, but then this Tenfion is very far from being to their utmoft Stretch; fo that, were they to be inflated in the manner above-mention’d, every Mufcle would necefiarily increafe in Length as well as Breadth, LIX. Another infuperable Difficulty belonging to the veficular Hypothefis, is how to blow up a Bladder open at both Ends; which every Veficle is fuppofed to be, by having a free Communication with the Bloodveflels. LX. Having therefore fo much Reafon to conclude? that the mufcular Fibres, in their ultimate Divifions, are not cellular, but tubular, let us proceed to fhew the Manner and Caufe of their Contraction. LX, | [ *7 ] y\ LXI. A Mu file in its Motion very evidently grows lefi in Bulk » This Propofition is clearly demonftrated by that famous Experiment communicated to the Royal So- ciety, by Dr. Goddard •f' in the Year 1669, where putting a Man s Arm into a glafs Cylinder full of Water, the Water always funk when the Mufcles of the Arm were contracted, and rife again to the firfl: Standard when they were relaxed. This we think may be look’d upon as an Experimentum Cru- ris 5 whereas, if every Fibre was a Chain of Blad- ders, whofe Contraction in Length arofe from their Inflation in Breadth, all the World knows there would be a fenfible Swell of the whole Arm upon mufcular Action. LXIL & " • There are {till other Difficulties attending the Ve- ficuhr Hypothejis. If the animal Spirits are fup* pofed to inflate the Cavities of the mufcular Fibres merely by a propulfive Force, like unto the Steam of boiling Water working in the Engine to raife Water by Fire, it ought to be proved from whence fo ftrong an Impulfe fhould arife; and alfo how the Nerves, which are the Conduits thro' which this flatulent t Vide Regifter of the Royal Society, Vol. IV. p. 05. D 2 [ ’8 ] flatulent Matter muft be convey’d, fnouid lie fo loofe and unelaftic; it being evident from all Experience, that if fuch an elaftic flatulent Vapour was to fly thro’ the whole Length of the Nerves, with an Energy fufficient to give a Man a Power of lifting up great Weights, the Nerves muft be ftretched out in Proportion, and confequently would be very tenfe and elaftic. LXIII. Thofe who fuppofe the Inflation of the Mufcles to arife from a fermentative Motion in the Fluids, ought to prove, by a proper Number of Experi- ments, that there are Juices exifting in the Body capable of fuch fudden and violent Rarefactions or Explofions, upon mixing with each other; and if this poflibly could be done, the Diminution of the Bulk of the Mufcles in AClion, would overturn all their Scheme. LXIV. Hence it is evident that the veftcutar Hypothecs ought to be intirely rejected, as being repugnant to the Laws of Matter , and to the ‘Phenomena of the Mufcles. LXV. By undoubted Experiments we are convinced, that the Intumefcence of a Mufcle, when it aCts, atifes merely from a Change made in its Figure ; that is, as it fhortens in Length the Belly grows thicker, and yet the Bulk in general is diminilhed. Let [ 29 ] Let us therefore inquire after the Agents which are capable of producing fuch furprifing ‘Phenomena* and at the fame time fhall be confiftent with every other Operation in the Animal Oeconomy. LXVI. ; i ;■ ;* '■/'-* ' V - * * " * **' w * ' '*■ '• *• * • ' From what has been faid it appears, that Contrac* tion, or mufcular Adion, does not depend upon any Fluid dilating or diftending the Fibres $ but, on the contrary, they fhrink up and grow lefs. The in- ftantaneous Alternations from Conftridion to Dila- tation, and vice verfa , manifeftly difeover that muf- cular Motion cannot be caufed by fuch Juices as the Bloody Lymph , and fuch-like,- but it muft be fromfome more fubtile athereal Matter, which may be mix’d with the Blood in general, and fecreted from it by the Glands of the Brain. LXVII. Let us but carefully confider the exquifite Appa- ratus of the Brain, the Quantity of Blood it receives, the infinite Number of its excretory Duds, and the great Divifibility and Subtilty of Matter, and we fhall find great Reafon to conclude that there is a moft fubtil, ethereal, volatile Fluid, of great Force and Elafticity, perpetually fecreted from the Blood, by the Glands of the Brain, and continually flying into the Nerves, for the Ufes of mufcular Motion, and many other great Purpofes of the Animal Oeco* nomy» LVIIL [ 30 1 LXVIII. " rj , . f . f i » ’> ";P 5 ’ • !'i r|7 J jL' The delicate Texture of the Nerves, as well as that of the Brain, implies that the Fluid they convey to the Mufcles muft be exquifitely fine. Indeed when a Nerve is wounded, there flows from it a fweet, fofr, clammy, balfartiic Juice, which no doubt is carried, at all other by the evanef- cent Nerves to their ultimate Divifions, in order to nourifh and preferve the moft minute FibriUa, and all their Expsnfions ; and this may properly be called the Succus nutritius of the Nerves. But I cannot conceive that this vifible Juice has any thing to do with the immediate Caufe of voluntary Mo- tion i for fo vifcous a Matter could never admit of fuch fudden Viciffitudes, as are in mufcular Aftion, if it was capable of performing it in other Re- fpeds. LXIX. There are Abundance of Conltderations which evince the Exiftence of fome fubcil Spirit in the Nerves, much finer than to be the Objeft of our Scnfes. We have no Proof, either from Experiment or Reafon, of any other inftrumental or phyfical 7 Caufe of Senle or Motion, but this animal ^yEther which is elaborated from the Blood. ixx C 31 ] LXX. The learned Dr. Mead * thinks no Regard ought to be had to the immechanical Notions of thofe Authors, who imagine that there is no fuch thing as a nervous Fluid in an animal Body j and that muf- cular Motion and Senfation are performed only by the Vibrations of the Fibres of the Nerves, without the Intervention of any fpirituous Fluid. LXXI. The furprifing Difcoveries which have been made of late Years, by a Variety of Experiments upon Eledricity, do in fome meafure give us an Idea of the great Subtilty and Velocity of the nervous Fluid. I have been informed by the ingenious Mr. Watfon , a worthy Member of this Society , that the Swiftnefs of the eledrical Effluvia is prodigious 5 that one Stroke of his Hand down the Tube, when well eledrified, was felt as foon as his Hand could be at the Bottom of the Tube, through five Men {landing upon eledrical Cakes, and communicating with each other by a Cane, Sword, or any other Non-eledric. LXX II. Hence it follows, that if a Tube could be always excited, and was always to be applied to the End of a ? Introdudlon to his EfTays on Poifons, Edit , 3. ♦ [ 32 1 a proper Cord or String; the ele&ric Matter, which is excited by Fri&ion between the Hand and Tube, would ever be ready to exert its attra&ive Influence on Leaf-Gold, and fuch-like Things, when placed within a due Diftance of the End of the String; and perhaps this may be very fimilar to the Motion and A&ion of the nervous o 'Ether. LXIII. Thus much being premifed, and it being taken for granted, that we have an ethereal Medium in the Brain, Spinal Marrow, and all th zCapillamenta of the Nerves, ever ready to be convey'd into the muf- cular Fibres, by the Power of the Will, and which Me- dium confiding of the moft refined Matter in Nature ; it follows, that the Motion of this nervous <^/Ether may be as quick as Lightning, and alfo its attractive Power muft be exceeding ftrong, by virtue of its vaft Degree of Subtilty ; as is evident from what Sir Ifaac Newton * has calculated concerning the Rays of Light. LXXIV. From thefe Obfervations therefore, and from what has been faid above concerning the Cohefion and Elafticity of the animal Fibres, I think we have great Reafon to conclude, that mufcular Motion does pro- ceed from the Influence which the nervous o dEther has * Dpt. 23, 24. E 33 1 npon the component Particles of the mufcular Fibres themfelves, by inftantly increafing their attractive Virtue towards each, fo as to make them run clofer together, or, as it were, tip into Heaps, as long as fuch an additional attractive Medium is in the Fibres. LXXV. If we look back and confider the Nature of the Vis Rejlitutionis , or Elafticity in the mufcular Fi- bres, we (hall find, that the Caufe of that Property only wants to be increafed, in order to overcome the diftra&ile Force of the circulating Fluids, and the Refinance of the antagonift Mufcles: Whence it follows, that if fuch a Power was to be increafed in one Set of Mufcles, and not in their Antago- xiifts, thofe Mufcles, whofe elaftic or retracting Powc was increafed, would be abbreviated in their Length, whilft the others would be extended and lengthen'd. LXXVL When any Mufcle is freed from the Power of its Antagonift, by a Wound, &c. it immediately contracts, and is not to be extended again by the Power of the Will. Whence it has been faid, that Contraction is the proper State of the Mufcles, and tq which they always tend : But if we narrowly in- fpeCt into this Affair, we fhall find, that, when a Mufcle is contracted in this manner, it is no further fo than the elaftic reftitutive Property in the Fibres is concerned. We do not find that fuch a Mufcle is indurated, ox its Belly fwoln like unto what it is in E * vo- [34] voluntary Action ; for here being no Influx of the nervous <^/Ether to increafe the corpufcular Attrac- tion, the Mufcle is fhortened only by the inherent mutual Attraction between the conftituent Particles of its Fibres, without any Matter being fuperadded. This kind of Contraction therefore is evidently tha State to which the elaflic Fibres, tend by a conti- nual Conatus in the component Particles to acceda towards each other without the Afliftance of the nervous <^yEther ,• fo that this natural Vis motrix in the mufculous Fibres is no more than what we mean by their Elafticity, or reftitutive Property; It feems however to be demonftrated from hence, that mpfcular Action, and Elafticity in the Fibres, , pro- ceed from the fame Caufe in different Degrees $ . from corpufcular Attraction. LXXV1L Let us now endeavour to corroborate thefe ArgiK ments by fome fuitable Obfervations. LXXVIIL \ft. From what has been faid we may conceive more readily, than we know ho\v to exprefs, that the Will has a Power to direct the athereal Me- dium contain'd in the Nerves, to any of the volun- tary Mufcles, with fuch a Degree of Celerixy as it pleafes j and to flop the Influx as fuddenlyv LXXIX. • » . I » 1 ; > i « j \ idly. It is evident that the Coats, or carnous Sub* fiance of every Fibre, mud necefiarily increafe in its Thicknefs, [33 1 Thicknefs, when it abates in its Length ; and what Power can produce this Effect, but fuch a one as in- creafes the mutual Attraction between the condim- ent Particles £ LXXX. idly. Hence appears the Reafon, why the Belly of a Mufcle dwells during its Contraction, notwith- ftanding its Dimenfion in general is diminifh’d ,• for as the component Particles of each Fibre are more loofely join'd together about the Middle than to- wards its Extremities, which are generally tendinous, it is natural to fuppofe that the chief A&ion is between them ; that is, when a Fibre grows fhorter, fuch of its Particles which are mod at Liberty run nearer together, and as the Motion of all Bodies is ever in proportion to the Impuife they receive, and the Refidance they meet with, fo when the condiment Particles of the mufcular Fibres are drawn into a fhorter Compafs, by the means above-mention’d, the Middle of the Fibres mud dwell either inwardly or outwardly, or both, according to the Refiftances they meet with. LXXXL And laftly, Since the Coats of the mufcular Fi- bres do mod certainly grow thicker as they contrad in their Length, and yet the external Surface of the Mufcle in general is diminilhed 5 it manifedly fol- lows that their Cavities mud grow lefs, and their E & contain’d I [ 36 7 contain’d Fluids mult be prefled out, in proportion; to the Contraction of the Mufcle. LXXXII. This appears upon Blood-letting, when fqueezing any thing hard in the Hand will make the Blood fly out with a greater Velocity, and thereby form a; larger ‘Parabola. IXXXIII.. ' This alfo accounts clearly for the Induration and Palenefs of a Mufcle during its ACtion. TXXXIV. And again, it follows hence, that irr the A&ion of the- Mufcles there is an alternate ‘Diaftole and Syftole perfectly analogous to the ACtion of the Heartr which greatly contributes towards pulhing on the Blood in the Veins. LXXXV. The Mufcles being contracted merely by the In- fluence of the nervous z_/Ether, and the influx of the z_/Ether being ftopt by withdrawing the Impe- tus given to it by the Power of the Will; the Rea* fon and Manner of their Relaxation will ealily ap- pear. For fince the nervous Fluid is extremely fub- tile, that Portion of it which is thrown into the mufcular Fibres, aCls but for a Moment, or the leaft Space [ 37 ] Space of Time, fo quick is it in its Motions, and fo penetrating in its Nature; and no fooner is the Vigour of the Attraction over, but the Tenfion of the Antagonift Mufcles, and the Impulfe of the Blood will extend them again. LXXXVL Whoever duly confiders the well known Effeds o £ magnetical and ele&rical Effluvia will be at no Lofs to conceive the inftamaneous Influence which the nervous <^/£ther has upon the mufcular Fibres.* LXXXVII. It mud be confefs’d indeed, that thefe foitima Naturae, or fecret Operations in the Animal Oeco- nomy are all skreen'd from our Knowledge, the Agents being too fubtil ever to become the Objeds of our Senfes, though ever fo well afllfted ; fo that we can only form our Schemes, and deduce our Arguments from fuch collateral Proofs, or from fuch "Data as we are pretty fure are true. As for In- flan ce ; the Influence which the Soul has upon the ethereal Medium in the Nerves rauft be by Im- pulfe ; for though our finite Capacities are not able to comprehend the Nature of immaterial Impulfe ; yet nothing is more certain than that the moil fub- til Matter in the Univerfe cannot be moved with- out fome imprelfed Force. LXXXVIILr [ 38 I LXXXV1IL That the Will does exert itfelf after this manner, is in a good meafure -proved by Dr. Stuart’s * Ex- periment upon a Frog, where a proper Impuife be- ing given to the Medulla fpinalis did excite Motion in the voluntary Mufcles, though the Head was fe- ver'd from the Body, LXXX1X. Hence alfo it appears, that the Nerves arc always replete with a fubtil Eluid capable of contra&ing the Mufcles, or other wife fuch an Impuife on the Beginning of the Nerves, could not have excited Motion after the Head was cut off. XC. And again, common Experience allures us, that tho* the Nerves are always replete with an athereal Medium^ et this Medium, in a State of Health, never flies out at their Extremities, into the mufcular Fibres, without fome Impuife by the Direction of the Will*: Whenever it happens to do fo, Convulfions and Cramps are the natural Confequences. XCL * lectures on Mufcular Motion, E 39 3 XCL It may perhaps feem ftrange to fome, that I have not all this while taken any Notice of the Blood, as an Agent in mufcular Motion 5 lince it has ever been reckoned fome way neceflary towards it. But notwithstanding this Opinion has been fo long and fo generally received, yet if our Scheme be the true one, it evidently appears the Blood hath nothing to dp with the immediate Contraction of the Mufcles. XCXL From the clofe Connection of the nervous Caplla- mtnia in all or moft of their Ramifications, to thofe of the Arteries, it feems as if the Diaftole and Syf- tole of the arterial Syftem was fome how ufeful to them. Perhaps it may affift in pufhing on the Sue - cus nutritius > or that clammy balfamic Juice which is in the Nerves, towards their Extremities $ but I cannot conceive that the Blood itfelf is in any way affifting towards mufcular Motion, except it be by keeping the Fibres warm, fupple, diftended, and: every way ready for the Influx of the nervous C /Ether. XCIIL t .. s ..... . < r*. • - ■ . ► - • r rrA t I have tied up and cut afunder both the Carotid: and both the Crural Arteriesof the fame Dog, with- out deftroying the Motion of one Mufcle. Nothing lefs than laying a Ligature on the Aorta dej'cendens- will J [ 40 ] will deftroy the Motion of the hinder Parts $ and poflibly this may happen from the great Diftenfion of the Aorta above the Ligature, prefling upon the Nerves which go to the lower Parts. XCIV. It is certain indeed, when all the Blood is inter- cepted the Fibres will Loon .collapfe, and grow flac- cid, and mufcuiar Motion will ceafe, merely for Want of the Warmth, Supplenefs, and Diftenfion which the Mufcles receive from the Blood. But what I think mod reafonable is, that the Blood is no Way concerned as an efficient Caufe in purfing up and contra&kig the Fibres s it rather by its Mo- tion through the Mufcles, ads as an Antagonift to their Contradion, by extending and diftending them$ for the Blood, by the 'Diaftole and Syftole of the Arteries, is continually urging on its Raffage through tfie Mnfcles. ' %C¥. Thus I have endeavour’d to deduce and illuftrate the Caufe of mufcuiar Motion from true Principles., by purfuing only thofe Laws of Nature, which our great Philofopher Sir Ifaac Newton has in fo fur- prifing a manner difcovercl to us. But I am far from thinking this a complete Account 5 I know it requires more Experiments, and better Reafonings than I am Mafter of, to explain it as it ought 3 and even after all, there are, and ever will be, fome Things above the Rea^h of our Capacities to demon- ftrate. L [ 4* ] ftrate, 4ny otherwife than by their Effe&s, or fecond Caufes : Such are, the Nature of an immaterial Inv pulfe 5 the real Exigence of fo fubtil a Fluid as is attributed to the Nerves $ and the true Caufes of Attraction and Repulfion. :>/»! yd yf'37i?»Tv h4irfnofc?q t- yuti nci?oM ; XCVI. ; -s;!:' & ■ : . That the Supreme Being hath implanted ail immaterial Spirit in, every living feature, fpr tiic, Purpofes of Senfation and voluntary Motion, 1 thinL cannot be denied by any- one in his Senfes : But perhaps Tt may not become us to be too foliicitous, about the Modus of Adtion betwixt the Soul and, Matter 5 thefe Things being above the Reach ot human Reafon. It is |£ufficient for our Purpofe, that we know the Will has a Power of determining the peryous ^dEther immediately,, and dire&ly to every individual voluntary Mufcle^ . XCVIL i. 'ft On .1 ... • The Exiftence or NomExiftence* of the hervotis Fluid, commonly called the animalSpirits, has been a Controverfy of long (landing. The firft Searchers into the Structure of the human Body foon found thar mufcular Motion depended upon the Nerves, or fomething within them; and this has conftantiy been aflerted, and admitted as a known Truth. The Advocates for the Exiftence of animal Spi- rits have generally fuppofed that voluntary Motion was petf&rmed by a fudden Inflation of the Mufcles, either bv the Power of the nervous Fluid itfelf, or by an inftantaneous Ferment with iome other Fluid ; and l am apt to belieye, that this Coftrine proving. F inoonfiftent [ 42 I inconfiftent with many Things relating to the Ani- mal Oeconomy, and contrary to Tome known Ex- periments, might give Rife to the vibrating Scheme, where the Exiftence of the animal Spirits is denied* and where it is fuppofed that both Senfation and mufcular Motion may be performed merely by the Elafticity of the Nerves, and Contractions firft of all begun in the Brain, and fo communicated to the fleffiy Fibres : But this is fo immechanical a Notion as not to deferve an Anfwerj it being im- poffible for a vibrating Motion in one Cord or String, were it ever fo elaftic, to caufe a Contrac- tion in another without the Intervention of fom^ Fluid, XCYIIL !i' ' hfernari Old 6 w thill I (hall conclude this LeCiure therefore. with oB* ferving, that the Exiftence of an atheredl Medium in the Nerves is paft all manner of Doubt > it being otherwife contrary to the known Laws- of Nature for the Nerves to be the Caufe of mufcular Mo- tion if they were folid, or did not admit the moft lubtil Fluid, fecreted by the Glands pf the Brain, to pafs through them* i XCIX. And fince it is known from Experiment, that the Mufcles grow lefs in. Adion, and, confcqucntly, the conftituent Particles of every Fibre mud run, nearer together before fuch a Thanomenon can hap- pen ; we think it very manifed that this Property of Condridion arifes from the Ptmciple of corpufcu- C 43 3 lar Attraction being increafed and ftrengthened by the Influence of the nervous c_/Ether ■, a Principle, which, from the endlefs Diviltbility and Subtilty of Matter, we may never be able to comprehend, though we know it to exift in Nature from innu- merable Obfervations and Experiments. 4. • . The End of the Second Letturc. E i LECT- [4+] LECTURE III. xcw Xead April Confirmation of the Truth of what 5747,1 A ^as faid. *n t^ie £wo preceding Lectures, and for a further Illuftration of this Sub- ject of mufcular Motion, I beg Leave to offer fome Thoughts concerning the Caufe and Manner of Action in the involuntary Mufcles; and after that I {hall relate fome Experiments, which I have made in order to illuftrate our Theory in general, as far as the Nature of the Subjeft will admit* XCV! When any Mufcle, voluntary or involuntary, is* fully contracted, that is, when its component Par- ticles are drawn into the clofeft Contacts they are capable of, by the Influence of the ^ethereal Medium in the Nerves, it is evident, from all the Laws of Matter, that they would not recede from each other, again without fome impreffed Force. Now in all the voluntary Mufcles we very well know, that when one Set of them are contracted, their Antagonifts are lengthen'd, and vice verfa. ; fo that the Vis Re - Jt it idioms in all the ftretched-out Fibres, and the Momentum / £45] Momentum of the Fluids to enter again into the con- tracted Mufcles, willinftancly dilate and diftrad them,, when the Isnpulfe of the Will ceafes, till an exad Equilibration is reftored. . XCVIL This being the plain Matter of Fact in regard to the voluntary Mufcles; let us now endeavour to find out the Mechanifm belonging to the involun- tary ones, and more particularly of that very curi- ous one the Heart. XCVIIL Dr. Hoadly , in his Lectures on Refpirationy hag manifeftly fhewn that* the external Ranges of the in- tercoftal Mufcles appear to have all the charaderiftic Marks of antagonist Mufcles. If you take three Ribs together, fays he, and obferve the different Ranges of the Fibres in the two intercoflal Mufcles, which lie on each Side the middlemoft of thefe Ribs; yon will fee, at firCt Sight, that the internal Range in the lower Mufclc, counter acts directly the external Range in the upper Mufcle. XC1X. The Action of the diaphragm is alfo counter- balanc'd by the abdominal Mufcles, and Contents of the Abdomen 5 which fqueeze it up, in a convex Form, into the Cavity of the Thorax 7 upon every Expiration. As [46] C. As tb the Sphincter Mufclcs, they feem to be ah ways in the fame natural contractile State; and whenever they are ft retched out, by fame fuperior Power, they recover their ufual Dimenfions merely by their rcftitutive or elaftic Property. The fame may be faid of the Stomachy Uterus , Vefica , which contract by the fame means, into a narrower Capa- city, a$ foon as their Contents are diicharged. CL I (hall confine my Thoughts therefore to the Ac- tion of the Heart only, as being the moft perfect involuntary Mufcle. €11. The Heart is a Vi feus which has given the Lite- rati a great deal of Trouble to find out its real Mechanifm, and the true Caufe of its regular Alter- nations of Contraction and Dilatation. I have of- tentimes laid open the Breaft of a Dog, and kept his Lungs playing with a Pair of Bellows, in order to obferve how regularly and alternately the Syftole and Diajlole , both of the Heart and its Auricles, followed each other; that is, when the Ventricles were contracted, the Auricles were dilated, and vice verfa ; ib that the Articles feem, in fome meafure, to act as Antagonifts to the Ventricles, and the re- fluent Blood may be of the fame Service to the Au- ricles. C 47 I ricles. But there being fo much Difparity between the contractile Strength of the Ventricles and that of the Auricles, there muft neceflarily be fome other Caufe, which, when the Heart is fully contracted, makes it unbend again, or ceafe to contract ; by which means the Auricles, though fo very weak in companion of the Ventricles, have Power enough to throw in Blood, and thereby to diftend the Ventri- cles to a certain Degree, before they are capable of acting again* CIIL . If we might be allowed to make an Eft i mate of the Difference between the contractile Strength of the Heart and its Auricles,, from the Difference of their Bulk, or Quantity of Fibres/ \ve fhould find it to Jbe about nine to one; as 1 have obfervea, by weighing the Hearts- of feveral- Animals, and their Auricles ffparately.- Hcnce it does not feem reafonabPe to' think, that the weak Efforts of the Auricles would be fufficient to caufe the ^Diajiole of the Heart, without fome other Affiftant. CV. One great Ufe of the Auricles is, to receive a Quantity of Blood, during the Syftole of the Heart, fufficient to fill the Ventricles again at their Jlole* t 4*8 1 Jjtohr The fame niay be fa id, in fome meifure, of the Veins neareft the Heart, which may be plainly feen to dilate during the Contraction of the Auri- cles ; fo that the Heart, Auricles, and Veins, have all their Syftoles and •> JL O k . mxA i CVII. ,n sTn'M. T 3 rfl Here then we may obferve that the j Momentum of the refluent Blood acts upon, and diftends the Veins neareft the Heart, whilft the Auricles are con- tracted 5 that it alfo dilates the Auricles, whilft the Heart is in Action; and that the Heart is in its ‘JDiajtole, whilft the Auricles ate in their Syftole. 7 o ... But C 49 ] But the great Difficulty in accounting for the "Dior ftole of the Heart, is from the Difproportion between its contractile Power, and that of the Auricles ^ it being plain, from what has been Paid above, that the Momentum of the Blood in the Veins is ftopt by the Contraction of the Auricles, fo that the Ventri- ' cles of the Heart can receive no other Impulfe from the Blood at that time, than what is derived from the Contraction of the Auricles. CVIIL Hence therefore it follows, that if the Syfiole was the natural State of the Heart, and to which it al- ways tended with its full contractive Power, the Impulfe of the Blood, from the Contraction of the Auricles, could never be able to dilate it. CIX. Dr. Lower makes the Syfiole the natural State or ACtion of the Heart, and the Diafiole the violent one : Boerhaave, on the contrary, makes the Syfiole the violent, and the Diafiole the natural State. But perhaps neither of thefe Opinions may be right, in the ftriCteft Senfe ; for if we look back we (hall find, that if the. Fibres were not tenfe they could not be elaftic ; and if fome Violence was not put upon them, by the Impulfe of the circulating Fluids, they would not be tenfe : Hence it appears, that Elafticity proceeds from a State of Violence. G CX. i [ 5° } And again; When a Mufcle is freed from the Power of its Antagonift, and is thereby left at full Liberty to eontrad, as it always will by its elaftic, reftitutive Property only, it does fo no further than in Obedience to the common Power of Attradion between its component Particles; but in all other mufcular Adion, when this attractive Power is greatly increafed by the Influx of the nervous i^yEther-, the Conftridion is carried much further, and the Mufcle is more fully contracted than it ever is in the other State : Hence it follows, that Con- traction, in its fulleft Degree, is not the natural State of a Mufcle. CXI. And further; When the conflituent Particles of the Fibres are drawn into their clofeft Contacts, by the Influx of the nervous y'Ether^ it requires forne Force, in a contrary Direction, to elongate the Fi- bres again ; fo that Extenfion, or Dilatation is alfo a State of Violence. CXII. From the Whole then it appears, that neither the Syjlole nor ^Diajioky in a full Degree, is the natu-' ral State of the Heart; and this we fhall fhew more plainly hereafter by infpecting the Flearts of Animals alter being bled to Death. But to proceed : CXIIL [ 51 ] CXIII. From what has been faid above, it feems reafonable to conclude, that if Contraction, in its fulleft Degree, was the natural State of Reft or Quiefcence in the Heart $ the Momentum of the Blood from the Contraction of the Auricles, could not be a fufficient Counter- poife. And fince fo many fruitlefs Attempts have been made to account for the "Diajiole of the Hearty from the Impetus of the Blood in the Veins, and from the Frefiure of the Atmofphere, give me Leave to propofe the following Queries . CXIV. ift. May not the Heart be a compound Mufcle 5 that is, may it not have its Antagonift within itfelf? Or, in other Words, are not fome of its Fibres fo ranged, that whilft one Set of them is contracted and fhorteiVd, others may be ftretched out 5 analo- gous to the Action of the intercoftal Mufcles, or any other Mufcles with their Antagonifts? cxv. 2 dly. Is the nervous. <^yEther tranfmitted from the Brain to the Heart in a pulfatory Manner, at equal Diftances of Time 5 or may it be fuppofed to move uniformly through the Nerves, and fome In- terruption is given to its Influx into the mufcular Fibres, when the Heart is in its Syfiole ? G 2 CXVI. [ 5* ] CXVII. 3 dly. Does not the ‘Diaftole of the Heart depend upon an Abatement of the Tenfionin the contracted Fibres ; a Motion of Reftitution in fuch as are over ftrccched. 5 and the Influx of the Blood con- junctly X cxvm. Without fome fuch Mechanifm as this, no Power that we know of, belonging to the animal Oeco- nomy, would be able to caufe the cDiaftole of the Heart : But if fuch a Structure, as is above-mention'd, could be proved, no more ‘Difficulty would attend the Explication of it than that of the voluntary Mufcles. 1 ' CX1X. In directing the Heart we find a great many different Orders or Series of Fibres, vatioufly contorted, and running in contrary Directions 5 fo that, for ought we know, it may be an Epitome of mufcular Con- ftruction in general. cxx. We may here obferve what Care Nature has taken to prevent too great a Dilatation in the 'Diaftole of the Ventricles, the right one efpecially, as being the weak- en, by forming the TaplU, 01 Column#, which run from [ S3 ] from the Septum, or middle Partition, to its oppo- fite Sides; whereby they act as fo many Braces in the cDia(lole, and when they contract, they alfo affift in the Syfiole . And perhaps it may not be the moft improbable Conjecture to think; that as much Care may have been taken in providing a lufficient Number of Fibres, or little Mufcles, which may be fo formed as to act in the cDiafto!e , as An- tagonifts to thofe which occafion the Syftole. CELL • The Hearts of Frogs, Vipers, Eels, &c. feem to evince the Reafonablenefs of this Conjecture, by continuing their Syfioles and ‘Diaftoles after they are taken out of the Body ; when there is no re- fluent Blood to dilate the Ventricles, and, confe- quently, if there were no Fibres upon the Stretch, when the Heart is contracted, which, by their Elaf- ticity, or reftitutive Power, did pull back, or elon- gate fuch as were contracted, there could not pof- fibly be any in fuch Hearts as are taken out of the Body, and cut into feveral Pieces, we conceive, that as long as Warmth and Moifture remain, fo long may the athereal Matter in the Nerves, continue to fly into the Fibres, and con- trad them 5 and when it ceafes, more Warmth, or a gentld Impulfe (even with the Point of a Needle only) will revive the Motion. CXXVIII. 'Hence we may, in fome meafure, difeover the amazing Subtilty of the nervous zyEther $ when fuch very fmall Sedions of the Nerves, as in the above-mention’d Experiment upon the Heart of a Flounder, fhould contain Matter fufficient for fo riiany Contradions. CXXIX. [ 56] CXXIX. Let us now return to our fecond Query, and exa- mine whether the nervous but how this Alternation happens, when the Nerves which fupply the Heart are not, in the lead, under the Direction of the Will, is the Diffi- culty we labour under. CXXXI. In all the Nerves which fupply the voluntary Mufdes, it is certain there are Redridions in fonle Parts of them which the ethereal Matter is not able, to dilate without an additional Impulfe from the Will i [ 57 ] Will * or otherwife Cramps and Convulfions would perpetually happen. But in thofe which fupply the Heart, the Motion of the ^yEther through them cannot have any Affiftance or Impulfe from the Will, as nor being in the leaft under its Influence 5 fo that the Vibrations of the Meninges of the Brain, and the Dilatations of the Arteries may be fuppofed to be the Agents which propel the cyEther towards the Heart. CXXXII. Hence then it feems to follow, that the alternate Contractions of the Heart may proceed from the alternate Imprellions made on the Nerves, by the Meninges of the Brain, and Dilatations of the Arte- ries. CXXXIII. Upon opening the Sculls of living Animals, the *Dura Mater may plainly be feen to have its Syfto- les and "Diaftoles correfponding to thofe of the Ar- teries 5 but fince the Heart continues to beat after the Head is cut off, or even after it is taken out of the Body, where there cannot be any alternate Suc- cuflions made on the Nerves by the Meninges of the Brain, or by the Pulfation of the Arteries, it feems reafonable to believe that this Alternation is occafion’d by fome Impediment being given to any further Influx of the o 'Ether into the mufcular Fibres of the Heart, when it is fully contracted 5 or otherwife, the Heart would conftantly remain in a H State C 58 ] State of Contra&ion, as long as there was any (ethe- real Matter ' flying from the Nerves. CXXXIV. If we confider in how many different Directions the mufcular Fibres of the Heart run, how much they are corrugated, thickened, and fwelled, when fully contracted, and how ftrong and uniform the Preffure mufl: be in their greateft Degree of Aftion 5 it may not perhaps appear unreafonable to think that the Extremities of the Nerves, which are inferted into every Fibre, and which are extremely fmall and tender, may be preffed upon and fqueezed, fo as to prevent the Influx of the <^/Ether, till the Preflure is abated, or till the Fibres are extended again to their ufual Lengths. cxxxv. What feems to evince the Reafonablenefs of this Suppofition is the Nature of the Shaking 'Talfeyi where the voluntary Mufcles immediately become involuntary ones, fo far at leaft, as to be alternately contracted and relaxed without the Confent or Di- rection of the Mind. CXXXVI. Now this Diftemper we believe to proceed from a particular Weaknefs in the Nerves, whereby thofe little ReftriCtions in them, which keep the athereal Matter within due Bounds, in a State of Health, are [ 59 ] are fo far weaken'd and deftroyed, that the tyEtloer has a Power of flying into the mufcular Fibres without any Impulfe or Diredion from the Will, after the fame manner it does into the Heart. If therefore no Interruption was to be given to the Influx of the nervous <^/Ether by the Mufcles themfelves, when they were contraded, it would follow, that if the Flexors of any Limb were to be firft contraded, the Extenfors would not be able to recover the Equilibrium , and to be contracted in their Turn, without the Afllftance of the Will, for if our DoCtrine be right, *viz. that mufcular Motion proceeds from the condiment Particles of the Fibres being drawn into clofer Contads by the attractive Influence of the nervous whilft the Ox was alive, the left Ventricle was diftended to the Capacity of 12. y. cubic Inches, yet we may obferve that the Heart, immediately after each Syjlole, relaxes and dilates its Ventricles to a certain Degree, by its own Mechanifm, and to whatever Capacity the Ventricles are afterwards di- lated, it muft neceflarily proceed from the Impulfe of the Blood only* all which is perfectly agreeable to our third Query, viz. that the T)iaftole of the Heart may depend upon an Abatement of the Ten- lion in the contracted Fibres, a Motion of Reftitu- tion in fuch as are over-ftretched, and the Influx of the Blood conjun&ly. CL. Experiment III. I took the Heart out of a live Viper, and placing it upon a Piece of writing Paper, I found it beat at * Hiemaftatice, fag, 25. at the rate of 24 or 27 Pulfations in a Minute, for three or four Minutes. After this I laid the Paper upon the Palm of my Hand, the Warmth of which increafed the Number of Pulfes to 37 the firft Minute, and to 48 the fecond. Laft of all I put it into warm Water, a Degree or two warmer than the Blood, where it beat 87 Pulfes the firft Minute, and afterwards declined in its Motion more and more till it quite ceafed. CLI. May we not from hence obferve what vaft Influ- ence Heat had upon the nervous <^yEther to make it fly fo quick into the Heart as to increafe the Pulfe to almoft four times their ufual Number ? How far the Heat in fome fort of Fevers may quicken the Pulfe, is not to our prefent Purpofe to enquire, CLII. It is amazing to think that fuch very fmall For- tions of the Nerves, as were cut out with the Heart in this Experiment, (hould contain Matter fufficient for fo many Contraftions j and that it did not all of it inftantly fly out from the wounded Ends, even before it was put into warm Water. CLIII. How far thefe Experiments may ferve to illuflrate and confirm the Truth of our Theory of mufcular Motion, is very humbly fubmitted to the candid I Judgment [ 66 ] Judgment of this Honourable a hd moft Learnect Society and I (hall think myfelf well recompenfed for my Pains, if it fo far me'ets with their Appro- bation as not to contain any thing inconfiftent with true Philofophy, or to any of the known Laws of the Animal Oeconomy. ff ■' ■■ • v; ■ . /, i'Au ■ \ 1 ... ; i , - . > • -1 - ; ; F I N I S . * - A N INDEX TO THE Forty-fourth VOLUME O F T H E Thilofophical TranfaBiom , For the Years i 746, and 1 747. N.B. There being in this Volume 2 Supplements , one the Croonean Le£iures for 1746, the other for 1747, a denotes the firfl, h the latter ; thus pr . a . or pr.b. denote the Preface of each Year's Le&ures, s. a. or s. b. Hand before the Number of the Pages of the Le&ures. The Pages 351 — 358 are printed twice over; therefore to the fecond Numbers is added Zz. e.gr . 35 1 , Zz. /jBoma[umy the Faidle, or Part of the Stomach of a Cow, n. 478, p. 7. JEther animal, the Caufe of Mufcular Motion, s . h. p. go* — — - ele&rical, n . 484, p . 729, 732. as dry when it rains, as in a fair Day, ^479>$>* 161. Alaizes, what, 480, p. 177. Algaliey what, n. 480, p. ijj. Allamand (Mr. L?) Experiments in Eleffirkityy n. 478 yp. 58. * °f dQuickfeher fhining in a Glafs Tube, ibid. * — of the Effe&s of a Tin Tube, and a Glafs full of Water, 'ibid* Alveolus of the Belemnitey n. 482, p» 398* Amazons , of a Poifon among the Indians on the River, n. 482, p. 408. a America 1 I N D E X. America and Afiay their Difiances, by Mr. Dobbs , n. 485^ p. 47 I# Ames (Mr. Jofeph) of a P/^ Pohnica , 483, p. 556. Amy and (Claud.) Efq; of a Spina ventofay n. 480, p. 193 „ Ancients , Obf. on fuch as they ufed to engrave on, 483, p. 502. an Account of Englipy by Mr. Gouldy na, 482, p.. 351, Zz. Their Colony, p. 357, Zz. Their Government, iA Their ^ueeny ih. p. 3 54, Zz. They do not lay up Stores of Food againtt Winter, tb. p. 3 60, Antoninus Pius , an Infcription at Rutchejler on the Roman Wall, n. 482, p. 344. Apparatus , the high, for cutting for the Stone, n. 480, P- 175* . , . . ■ Archimedes’s Mirror revived by M. de Ruffin , 483, pa 493, 49 5- Arderon (Wm.) Obf/ on the Banfticle or Pricklebag, and on Fifh in general, n . 482, p. 424. ■ — of a Brittle lodged iri a Man’s Foot, n . 480, p. 1^2. — - — ~ of a curious E'chirtites? n. 482, p. 434. — « of the perpendicular Afcent of Eels, n. 482, p. 3 95 * of keeping fmall Fifh in glafs Jars ; and of an eafy Method of catching them, n . 478, p. 23. -of the Grubs in Norfolk destroying the Grafs, ^.484,^578,582. .? . -of a Hygrometer made of a Deal Rod, 480, f. 184. of an improved Hygrofcope , n. 479, p. 95. Obf. on the Precipices or Cliffs on the N. E. Sea- Coaft of Norfolk , n. 481, p . 275. how the white Matter is produced, which floats in the Air in Autumn, 482, p. 428. of the Formation of Pebbles, n . 483, />. 467. — — of Mr. Phil Williams's Water-Wheel for Mills, 47^> P* 1. an Improvement of the Weather- Cord, n. 479, p. 1U9. Arifloxenus , INDEX. ArifioxemiS) an ancient Mufician, n. 481, p. 167. Ap-Barky Allies of white, and Vinegar, drew out the Poifon of the Rattlesnake, n. 479, p. 149. Afia and America , their Diilances, by Mr. Dobbsj. n. 483, P-471- Difcoveries of the Ruffians on the N. E. Coafl of, n. 482, p. 421, n. 483, p. 471^ AJironomy of the Chinefe , by the Rev. Mr. Cojlard , n. 483 , P- 4 7$- Atmqfphere at Sea, how its Gravity may be determined by means of a ‘thermometer , by Dr. Boerhaave , 0. 484, P- *75- ' Badcock ( Richard ) Microfcopical Obfervations on the Farina facundans of the Hollyhock and Paffion-flower, n. 479, p . 150, idtf. of the Farina facundans of the Yew« Tree, n. 480, p. 189. Bahama Iflands, their Natural Hiftory, by Mr. Catesbyy n. 484, p . 5pp. Bailey (Edward) M. D. of a large Stone found in the Colon of a Horfe ; and feveral found in the Xnteftines of a Mare, n . 481, p . 295. ita&r (Mr. David-Erskine) of Water-Efts flipping off their Skins, n. 483, p. 529. Baker fMr. Henry) of a curious Echinites , 0. 482, p.432. • eledrified a Myrtle, 0. 482, p. 375. Balances , nice ones difturbed by the Electricity ofGlafs, ^.480, p.243. Banfiicle\ a Filh, Obf. on it by Mr. Arderonyn . 482, p.424. itar£, the Peruvian or Jefuit’sy of its Ufe in the Small- Pox, by Dr. Wall , n, 484 , p. $83, 593. Jefuifs3 prevents catching Cold, 0. 478, p. 3# Beccarius ( Jac . Barthol.) de quamplurimis Phofphoris nunc primum dete&is commentarius. Bonon. 1744. 4^* 478, />. 81. Behring (Captain) Journey to Kamchatka y n. 482,7?. 422. »• 483> P- 471- Belemnitest a 2 I N D E X. Belernnites , Account of them, by Mr. da Cojla , n. 482, p . 397. Their Alveolus , p. 398, 405. Not Teeth nor Horns, 399. Not Spines of Echini , Nor Shells of the fuhult kind, 402. but a natural Fb$7, or Lapis' fui generis , ib. 7). 404. Belluga Stone, Obf. on it by Mr. Cellinfon , 483, 7?. 451. Benin} ell, a Coal-Mine on Fire there, n> 480, 422. Berkeley ('"Dr. Bifhop of Cloyne, of Petrefa&ions, n. 481, p. 325. Bernoullius ( Johannes ) de Dynamice, n . 479, 7/. 105. (John) M.D.) Obf. on an Occultation of Cor Leonis by the Moon, March 12. 174'/* n. 483, p. 453. Bianchini fSignor) of the Phenomena ot 'Venus , n. 479, 7>. 127. Bird) one killed by Ele£taicity, n . 481, 7>. 2(52. Birds of Paffage, by Mr. Catesby) n. 483,7). 435. Ife? of the, of a Rattle-Snake, 0. 47 9, p . 147. Blon (Mr. P Abbe /(?) cenfured, p. vi. flopp’d in a Wound by a Piece of Sponge, 478, P* 33 • Bodies^ human, prefer ved in Moors, or Morafles, n. 484, P- 574* Boerbaave ( Herman ) M. D. his Method of determining the Gravity of the Atmofphere at Sea by Thermome- ters n. 484, p. 6J6. the freezing Point, ib. p. 6 82, 69$. — — — • Fire equally dlffufed through the Univerfe, n. 478, p. 80. Bcum de mortibus * Severn's SanStus , n. 478, p. 10. Boyle (Robert) Efq; a Letter to him of a Coal-Mine ta- king Fire near Newcajlk) 1$c. n. 480, p . 221. his Thermometer, n. 484, p. 6j 7. Breintal fMr. J.) of his being bit by a Rattle-Snake, n. 479, p. 147. Brimjlone , its Etfe&s in Eledricity, *2.478, p. 31, 54. Bnjlley lodged in a Man’s Foot, n. 480, p . 192. Brocklesby (Richard) M. D. of the Indian Poifon near the River Amazons , *2. 482, />. 408. Brofely , a burning Well there, 22. 482, />. 371. INDEX. Browning (John) of the Efleft of Ele&ricity on Vegeta- bles, n . 482, p. 373. Brun (M. le) his Defigns of the Paffions confider’d, s. a. A 4°- Buffon (Monf. de) Eleflrical Experts, n . 481,/). 250, 258. 'his new-invented Mirror, n. 483, p.493 , 49 5. Bunel ( Jofeph ) cut for the Scone by Dr. le Cat, n% 480, A *75- Burning-Glafs of Archimedes recover'd by M. de Buffon, #-483» A 493^ 496- Burton (John) M. D. of the Situation of Delgovitia , ^. 483, p. 541. Butishaci urhis latitude , n. 482, p . 382. C. Calculous Concretions in the Kidney, Figures by Mr. Lu- cas, 0.48 3, p. 4 65. Calculus ; the Belluga Stone faid to be good again!! the, *•483, A 454- California Part of the Continent of America , n. 483, p. 47 J* Cancer major , Obfeyvations on it, zz. 478, p, 70. Cantley White Houfe in Norfolk , of Shells and other Fol- fils there, n. 481, p. 279. Canton fMr.) his Method of difcovering the Quantity of accumulated Ele&ricity, 0. 484, p . 730. Carolina , the Natural Hiftory of it, by Mr. Catesly , 484? A 5PP- Cat (Claud. Nic . Z?) M. D. of an Operation made by the high Apparatus of cutting for the Stone, 180,/). 175. Cateshy (Mr. Mark) of Birds ofPaffage, zz. 483 , p, 435. — ■ — * of the Mokafin of the Indians , 484, A 575* (Mr. Calculation of the Occultation of Ccr Leonis by the Moon, March 12. 1747. 72. 483, />. 456. Cattle, of the Peftilence among them, n. 478, p. 9. Cemento the Academy their Thermometer, 0. 484, P‘ 6l9- ' ru f Chafer , INDEX. Chafer , Cock-chafer, n. 484, p. $78. Chefelden (Win.) of a Perfon cut for the Stone in the late- ral Way, n. 478, p . 33, — — — —of the Etfc6ls of Lixivium Saponis taken inwardly for the Stone, n. 478, p. 3 6. Child born with its Bones diilocated , by Mr. Edwards , n. 484, p. 539. Chinefe Chronology and Aftronomy, Account of them, by the Rev. Mr. Cofiard , n. 483, p. 476. Chronology of the Chinefe , by the fame, ibid. Chryfiallization of Salts, A p. 12. Cicuta aquat. its Poifon, n. 480, p. 231. C/0£&, a Water, invented by the Hon. Charles Hamilton Efq; n. 47P, p; 17 1. (Bilhop of) of Pet refactions, 0. 481, p. 325. Coal-Mine near Newcaftle taking Fire, n . 480, p.m. Cod {John) had a large Stone extra&ed thro' his Urethra , ■». 480, p. 215. Cohort es equitat# , 0. 482, p. 3 53. Co/;/, 40 Deg. below o. 0. 484, p. 68 3. in Siberia 120. below o. - — catching it, prevented by the 'Bark, 0. 478, 7). 3. Collinfon (Mr. PoZor) Obf. on the Belluga Stone, 0. 483, b 451- obf. on the Cancer major or King- Crab, n. 478, p . 70. , ■ of the Infe&ion of the Diftemper among the Cows, n. 478, p. 7. — . — — of an uncommon Gleam of Light from the Sun, 0. 483, p. 456. of a fort of Libella or Ephemercn , n. 481, p. 329. Colon of an Horfe; a large Stone found in the n . 481, P- 296. Columella of the Peftilence among Cattle, 0. 478, p. 9. Comeu Via Pekini obfervata } Mart. & April. 1742, n. 481, p. 264. Compafsy INDEX. Compafs , Mariners, difturbed by the Eleftricity of Glafs, *. 480, />. 243. Condamine (M. de la) of the Poifon among the Indians on the River Amazons y n. 482, p. 408. Cook (Mr. Benjamin) Obf. on the King-Crab, n. 478, p. 72* — 1 - — — — . of new Flannel fparkling in the dark, n. 483, p. 457. Cook Major (JVm.) a Machine for founding the Sea at any Depth, n. 479, p. 146. Cor Leonis , Obf. of an Occultation of it by the Moony March 12. 1747. by Dr. Bevis , n. 483, p. 455. Coralloides granulofa alba , B. n. 478, p. 51. Weather-, improv’d by Mr. Arderon^ n. 479, p. 169. Cofta (Mr. Emanuel Mendez da) of the Belemnites , 482, P-397- Coftard (the Rev. Mr. G.) of the Chinefe Chronology and Aftronomy, n. 483, p. 476. Countenance , its Mufcles,^. j. (5. fhews PaiIions,z'Af . 3 2. — -a compoled one, s. a. p. 51. Veneration or Reverence, 53. Fear and Terror, do. Scorn and Derifion, ibid. p. 6 4. Morofe, envious, /A d7. Cheerful, ib.p. 72. Sorrowful, /A p. 77. CWj, dead, being buried in Lime, n . 480,^. 224, 22d. lick, opened, ib. p. 5. 1 — ■ — of the Diftemper among them, n. 478, p. 4. how to prevent it, ib . p. 6. its Introdu&ion, p. 7. in Denmark , /£. p. 7. infe&ious, /A 6, 7. Cwi (the Rev. Mr.) of a Machine to write down ex- tempore Pieces of Mufic, n. 483, p. 445. CreJ/es, Water-, long-leav’d; a Poifon, ■». 480, p. 24 d. Croonean Le&ures on Mufcular Motion for 1746. after n. 481, s.a. p. 1. -for 1747. a^ter n* ^ *• Crounian , fee Croonean . Cutting {Margaret) hef Cafe, who fpeaks without a Tongue, by Dr. Parfons , 0. 484, p. d2i. D. kept in a Jar of Water, 72. 478, p. 24. Danes Graves, /z. 479, p. 101. Darlington (Mr.) his Cafe, cured by Musk, 478, p. 75. DaviSy INDEX. Davis (Mr. Edward) of a Child born with its Bones dif- located, n. 483, 7. 539. Deers Horns extraordinary found in Torkjhire , n. 479, p. 124. Dclgovitia , an ancient Roman 'Station, its Situation, by Mr. Knowlton , 479, p . 100. by Dr. Burton , 483, 7). 541. by Mr. Drakey ib. p. 553. Delirium , one in a; finging feveral Tunes, who had no Ear naturally, by Dr. Doddridge , 484, p . Delivery to promote 3 the Belluga Stone faid to do it, ^.483,7.454. Deluge , the, nottheCaufe of Petrefa&ions, 47^ p . 1^4. Denmark , Diftemper among the Cows there, 478, 7. 7. Derham (Win.) D. D. Difference of an iron Rod red-hot and cold, 484, p. 683, 695. Defire in the Countenance, j. 7. 56. Dejpair exprefled by the Countenance, p . <53 5 ^ Detraction, as exprefled by the Countenance, p. $6%. Diapbragmate fijfo, de ,pcr Johan. Fothergill, 478,^. n! Dingley (Robert) Efq; Obf. upon fuch as the ./fe- ufed to engrave on, n. 483, p. 502. Dobbs (Arthur) Efq; of the Diftances between Afta and America, n. 483, 7. 471. Doddridge (Rev. — .) D. D. of one that had no Ear to Mufic naturally, finging feveral Tunes when in a De - lirium, n. 484, p. 596. Dog , a Stone in the Bladder of a, #. 482,7). 33^. Douglas (James) M. D. Inventor of the Coccygxus, s. a . p. 5. Dreams , frightful, after the Bite of a Rattle-Snake, #. 4795^.i50. Dropjy, of an uncommon one, by Mr. Glafsy n . 482,7. 337. Dropworty Hemlock-, a Poifon, 0. 480, 7. 245. Dunthorne (Mr. Richard) of the Moons Motion, n . 482, 7. 412. Dura Mater, its Syjloles and DiaJloleSy s. b. 7. 57. Durant (Mr. y.) to Boyle Efq} of a Coal-Mine taking Fire near Newcajlle upon Tyne, of a blue Well, and a Cavern in Weredale, n. 480, 7. 221. Dynamics INDEX. Dynamices principi a ab Jac. Jurin , n. 479, p. 103. emtio, 1 bid* E. FJmrfojJile , or Elephas tin&ur’d, not the Turquoife,#, 482, P- 43 !• Ecchoes, of fome extraordinary 5 by Mr. Southwell, n. 480, A 2 ip. Echinites, a curious one by Mr. Baker, n. 482,7*. 432. of their perpendicular Afcent, by Mr. Arderon 9 and travelling from Pond to Pond, 482, p. 395. in Pafle viviparous, n. 478, 7*. 6J. Efts , Water-, of their flipping off their Skins, by Mr. Erskine Baker , #. 483, p . 529. Ehrbart (Balthafar) M. D. Remarks on M?ro crcjlacei ed altri cor pi, che fe trovano fa Monti, n. 479, p. 1 63 . EleClrical JExhtx, n. 484, p. 729, 732. — — Effluvia, of weighing their Strength, 0. 47 9?7>.9<5, Experiments made at ». 484, p. 247. A Bird killed, /A p. 262. - Fire, by Dr. Miles, n . 478, p. 78. * Needle, an, n. 479, p. 99. * -Obf. by Dr. Miles . Spirit of Wine fir’d at 25 Feet Diflance, n. 479, p. 160 . Gold and Silver Twift better than Thread, /A p . 161. Electricity Experiments by Mr. C A llam and, n . 478, 7*. 59. — Experiments by Dr. with black Sealing- wax and Brimftone,#. 478,7*. 27, 53. Of Water, ib.p. pi. * a Memoir by Mr. le Monnier, jun. n. 481,7). 290. — convey’d 2000 Toifes, /A 291. In the Balon in the Thtiilleries , ib . Its Velocity, /£. 7*. 294. Com- municated in Proportion to the Surfaces of Bodies, ib. P* 295- 1 — — Experiments and Obfervations by Wm . Watfon, n. 478, p. 41. ». 484, p.6%, p- 7®4- — has fome Properties in common with Magnetifm and Light, n. 478, p . 43. Kindles only inflammable Vapours, ib. p. 48. Of great Moment to the Syffem of the Univerfe, ib. p. 50. b EkCtricity INDEX. Eleflricify caufed Fevers and Bleeding at the Nofe, n. 480, p. 212. And Lightning, ibid. overcomes the Force of Gravi ty, n . 484 ,p. 69 7. Pervades Glafs without Refra£Hon, ib. p . 699. Pro- duces Fire and Flame, ib. p. 702. Sets on Fire only inflammable Vapours, ibid. of Glafs, didurhs the Mariners Compafs and nice Balances , n. 480, p. 243. how to difcover the Quantity accumulated, n. 484, p. 730- — known 2000 Years ago, ib. p. 73 1. — caufes the Light in Quickfiher fliaken in a glafs Tube, n . 478, p. 58. — - of its Effe&s on Vegetables, n. 482, p. 373. Eletlricum pyrorganum Winkleri, n. 483, p. 497. Elizabeth , Queen, her Theatrum Naturalium^ n. 478,7). 53. Ellicott {John) a Letter to him of weighing the Strength of ele&rical Effluvia, n. 479, p. 96. Envy and Morofenefs in the Countenance, s. a . p. 6j. Ephemercn , Obf. on that Infe£t, by Mr. Collinfon , n . 481, 7). 329. Equitata cchors^n. 482, p. 353. Erica marina alba frutefcens. Muf Pet . n< 478, p . 51. Euler (Mr. Leonard) of the Difcoveries of the Ruffians on the N. E. Coaft of Afta^ n . 482, p. 421, n. 483, p. 471. Eyes, their Mufcles, s. a. p. 16, 50. Eye-lids, ib. p. 10, Fabric 35. » — of the Phenomena of Venus , 0. 479, p. 1 27. Fever , a rheumatic, cured by Musk, 0. 478, p. 75. Fidge (Mr. of a Stone in the Bladder of a Dogy ^.482,^.335. F/Ve equally diffufed thro' the Univerfe, 0. 478, p . 80. the Caufe of marine Petrefactions, 0. 479, p. 163. Fire-Engine , the Cylinder of one made of Spelter, 0. 482, p. 370. Fire-Pimp, an electrical, 0. 484, p . 744. Fi'Jh in general, Obf on them, by Mr. Arderon , 0. 482, P* 4 2 4* 77/^, of keeping them in glafs Jars, and an eafy Method of catching the n, 0. 478, p. 23. Flannel , new, fparkles in the dark, by Mr. C00&, 0. 483, - h 4)7’ ( Martin ) Efq; a Remark on Father Hardouins Amendment of a Paffage in Pliny s Nat . ZF/Z Z/A II. $ 74, Edit. Panf. 1723. 0. 482 , p. 365. F^/A at Cantley White Houfe in Norfolk , 0. 481,/;. 279, • near Harford Bridge , ibid. p. 283. 1 other gill (John) M. D. of Petrefa&ions, 0. 481, p. 327. dfe Diaphragmate JiJJo & mat at is quor un- dam Vifctnm Sedibus , 0. 478, p. if. Freezing Point , how determin'd by Prof. Boerhaave , 0. 484, p. 682, <595. Fr^e (Mr. John) of a Machine to write down extempore Voluntaries of Mulic, 0. 483, p. 445. Frutex marinus flabelliformisr ccrtice verruccfo obdu&as Doodii , 0. 478, p. 51. G. Gems, fuch as the Antients ufed to engrave on, Obf. on, by Mr. Dinghy, 0. 483, p . 502. Gerjlen ( Chrifiian . Lit dev >) Obf de Mercurio fub foie vifo, Nov . 5. 1743. 0. 482, p. 37 5. — * — • — ’• — Zfe* 000# Jfhiadr antis AJlrono- nomici muralis , 0. 483, p. 50 7. b 2 Gdefic INDEX. Giefa, Mercurius fub Sole vifusy n . 482, p. 37 6. Ur bis Latitudo , lb. p. 382. G7^/j (Mr. Samuel) of an uncommon Dropfy for want of a Kidney, n. 482, p. 337. its Electricity difturbs the Mariners Compafs and. nice Balances , n. 480 , p. 243. ot different Colours, its EffeCts in eleCtrical Expe- riments, n. 478, p . 5 7. — - no Sort of it Proof again# the Effects of a moift Air, n. 479, p. 161. — tubcy a good Hygrometer, n. 479, p. 161. Gleam of Light from the Sun, an uncommon, by Mr. Collinfony n. 483, p. 4 5 <5. Globes celefial, improved by Mr .Fergufon, n. 483, p. 53 5. Gloucejler , the whifpering Place there, 0. 480, p. 219. Gnomone , a Pailage in Pliny’s Nat. Hift. Lib. 11. $ 74* explained by Martin Fclkes Efq \Pr. R . «£ n. 482, p. 365. Goodmanham^ not the Site of j Delgovitia, n. 479, p. 100. Go#^ (Rev. Account of Enghjh Ants , 0. 482, ?• 3 5D Zz. Gravity of the Atmofphere at Sea, how to be determined by a Thermometer, by Dr. loerhaavey 0.484^. <575. Green-houfes , of Thermometers in them, 0. 484, p. 672, 694. Grief 1 feen in the Countenance, j. p. 77, 78. Gronovlus (Fred.) M. D. MUflela foffilis^ 0.483, p. 451. Grubbs deftroying the Grafs in Norfolk , n. 484 ,p. 576. H. Hatr^ Horfe- Cufhions, as good as Cakes of Refin for eleCtrical Experiments, 0. 479, p. 162. Hales (Stephen) D. D. of thermometers^ n . 484, p. 693. Of one made of a Rod of Lead, Remarks on Dr. Mortimers Paper, /A p. <594. Haller ( Albertus) Prof Med. Obf. Fabric a morhofe in Ca - davenbus repert <£, n. 483, p. 527. Halley ( Edmund ) LL. D. propofed a Qnickfilver Thermo- meter, n. 484, p. 681. Hamilton (Hon. Charles) Defcription of a Ckpfydra or Water-Clock, n. 479, p. 171. Hardouin* s INDEX. Hardouin’s (Father) Amendment of Pliny9 s Nat. Hijf. Lib. II. $ 74. de Gnomone , by Martin Folkes Efq; Pr. R. S. n. 482, p. 3 65. Hanks bee’s ( Francis ) or the London Thermometer, n. 484, p. 679. Hayton , not the Site of Delgovitia, n. 4 79, p. iqi. Ato increafes the Motion of the Heart, 5. A p. 6 5. • a Scale of, by Sir If. Newton , 270, p. S24, 484, p. 680. i£. p. 750. Errata . Heart, its Mechanifm, r. k p. 45. Its Di aft ole and /'A 47. Its Motion increafed by Heat, /A p. 65. Hedgerley near Windfor , where are the Loam-Pits, n. 485, P- 458. Hicks [Ann) had a Polypus in her Heart, and a fcirrhous Uterus , 481, p. 285. Hill (Mr. of the feeding of Moffes , particularly of the Hypnum terrejlre , &c. /z. 478, p. 60. ot JVindfor Loam, 483, />. 458. Hodgfon (Jacobus) Via Comets Pekini , Qbf n . 481,^. 264. Hoffman ( Frederic . ) of the Sicknefs among the Cows in Denmark , 478, p. 7. petrefied in Lough-neagh) n. 481, p. 314. Hollyhock , Obf. on its Farina foecundans by Mr. Badcock 3 »-47P, p.151. Aw or Whetftones , n. 481, p. 323. Hope exprelfea in the Face, j. p. 58. Her ns ^ Deers, extraordinary found in TorkJhire} n \ 479, p . 1 24. Horns , Stags, foffil in Norfolk , ». 481, />. 281. Horfe , a large Stone found in the Colon of an, n. 481, />. 2p<5. Rev. Dr. Greene , the O5 jp^/j fplit by a Start of his, 72. 484, p . 6op. Howell (Mr. GV0.) of French Prifoners poifon'd at 480, p. 227. — of extrafting a large Stone by an Aper- ture in the Urethra , 480, p. 215. Hudfon s-Bay, Difcoveries there towards a Nt W. Pafiage, n-4*hP-47V Humfrey INDEX. Himfrey (Mr. Richard) of the Grubs in Norfolk defray- ing the Grafs, n. 484, p. 582. Hygrometer improved by Mr. Arderon , n. 479, p. i<5p. 480, p . 1 84. — the Glafs Tube a good one, n. 479, p, 161. Hygrofcope improved by Mr. Arderon , 0. 479; p. 95. Hypnuni terrejire tricoides, &c. of the Manner of its feed- ing by Mr. 2T//, ». 478, p. do. I. Jack-horncr , or Tree-beetle, 0. 484, p. 578. ele&rify’d, 478, p. 41. Kindles Spirit of Wine, /fe’rf, p. 55. have no Paflions, 5. tf. 7?. 46. Jealou/y feen in the Face, j. a. p.qo, Jejfry-cock. , or Tree-beetle, 0. 484,7. 578. \ Jefuits , or Les peres de la compagnie de Jefus, Ohf .matbe- matiques , ajironm. & c. /iwi des Livres Chinois . Paris 3 Vol. 1729, 1752, cited, #. 483, />. 492. — — » — Bark prevents catching Cold, 478, 7). 3. Indian Poifon on the River Amazons , ^. 482, p. 408. Intaglio’s, what Stones the Antients ufed for them,#. 483, P- 502. Johnfon (Mr.) had a Spina ventofa , 480, p. 598. in the Countenance, j. . 51. Kidneys , Calculi in them 3 from Mr. Luc ns, n. 483,7. 465. King INDEX. King (Sir Edmund ) of Ants corre&ed, n . 482 ,/>. 3 ^5,Zz. King-Crab , Obf. on it, 478, />. 70. Knight (Gowin) M. B. feveral magnetical Experiments with his artificial Magnets, 72. 484, p. 605. 662, 655, Knowlion (Thomas) of the Situation ‘of Dclgcvitia^ and of 2 Men of an extraordinary Bulk and Weight, n. 475?, p. 100. of extraordinary Deers Horns, ibid . 7?. 124. L. Langrijh (Brown) M. D. the Croonean Le&ures on Mu£ cular Motion for 1747 after ». 484. The Theory of it, s. b. p. 1. Laughter in the Countenance, s. a. p. 72, 73, 77. Lead, a Thermometer made of a Rod of, by. Dr, Hales, n.484, p.693. Legs , Crabs break off their own at Pleafure, #*478,^. 72* Leibneitz (G. G.) Specimen dynamicum , 479, 103. LibelJa , of a Sort of it by Mr. Collinfon , ». 481, p. 3 2g. Lightning caufed by Ele&ricity, by Mr. Winkler , 480, p. 212. Z^r, dead Cows buried in it, 480, />. 224, 226. Lime-water relieves the Stone, 483, 4 63. Lips , their Mufcles, p% 2<5. Lixivium Saponis taken inwardly for the Stone, #. 478, p. 3 6. Loam^ an Account oiWjndfor , by Mr. Hill , n. 483, 458. ( Thecphilus ) M, D. Letters concerning the Plague, »• 478, f. 7- . Londesbrough , not the Site of Delgovitia , 47 9, p. ioi. Z00&J or the Countenance under various Paffions, j.#. 3^, Love feen in the Looks, 5. d. p, 55. Lough-Neaghs of the Petrefa&ions there, by Mr. Simon , ». 481, p. 305. Dr. Berkeley , p. 32 j. Lucas (Mr. Charles) Figures of calculous Concretions in the Kidney, 0. 483, />. 465. — - (Mr. Robert) of the Relief he found in the Stone from Alicant Soap and Lime-water , #. 483, p. 463. Lucretius INDEX. Lucretius of the Plague , n. 478, p. 10. M. M (C.) OH. on Vipers flipping their Skins at 3 Months old, n> 4S3, p. 534. See Mortimer (C). Machine for railing Water , draining, where there is no Head of Water, and the Current flow, n . 4 78,/). 1. - — - for founding the Sea, by Maj. Cooky n. 4 79, p. 145. Mac-mahon {Mary Anne) calculous Concretions in her Kidney, n. 483, p . 465. Mahogany-Tree defcribed, #. 484, p . 600. Malevolence feen in the Face, <2. p. 67. Ate, the Bones of one foffil, n. 481, p. 282. Manchaneel-Tree, its Poifon, &c. #. 484, p. 604. Mare , feveral Stones found in the Inteftines, #. 48i,p.2p6. Marvel ( Andrew ) Quotations from him, s. a. p. 80. Mafon (Kev. Mr. Charles) concerning Spelter melting Iron with Pit-coal, and a burning Well at brofeley, n. 482, p. 370. MayWly , an Account of by Mr. Ccllinfon, n . 481, p. 327. Mechanices Principia metaphyjica, ab Jac. Jurin, n. 475?, p. 103. ' Men , two of an extraordinary Bulk and Weight,#. 47^, p. 102. Mendez da Cojla (Mr. Emanuel) of the Belemnites, n. 482, b 397 • Mercurius fub foie vifus Giefe, AW 5, 1743, a Chrift. Lud. Gerjlen . #. 482, p. 376. Metalline Thermometer invented by Dr. Mortimer 484, p. 684. Of Lead by Dr. Hales, ib . p. 643. Metaphyjica Mechanices Principia , ab Jac. Jurin, n. 472, p. 103. Metopofcopy , its Meaning, j. <2. pr . i. Migration of Birds, by Mr. Catesby , #. 483, p. 435. (Rev. Henry) D. D. an Abflra& of Mr. Gould’s Account o £ Englijh Ants , #. 482, p. 351, Zz. — — of the Difference of Cold marked by a Thermometer kept within Doors, or without in the open Air, n. 484, p. 612. Miles INDEX. Miles (Dr.) fome ehffirical Experiments., 0.47 8, p. 53. ————— fome eleCtrical Obf. 0 . 479, p. 158, 160. of the EffeCts of a Cane of black Sealing- wax, and of a Cake of Brimftone, in eleCtrical Experi- ments, 0. 478, p. 27. — — of electrical Fire, 0. 478, p. 78. — — of the EleCtricity of Water, 0. 478, p. pi. of a lick Cow, Remarks on it, 0 . 478, p. 4, 5. Miller (Mr. a Catalogue of 50 Plants tor the Year 1744. 0. 480, p. 213. for 1745, 0. 484, p . 5P7* Millers or Tree-beetles, 0. 484, p. 579. Millington , the Site of Delgovitia , 0. 479, p . 100. Milner (John) Efq; of dead Cows buried in Lime, 0.480, p. 225, 225. Mirror , Mr. ^ Baffin's , which burns at a great Diftance like Archimedes s, 0. 483, p. 493, 495. Monnier ( Gail . /*?) jun. M. D. EleCtrical Experiments, 0. 481, p. 247. Memoir of EleCbricity, /£.p. 290. Obf. on his eleCtr. Exp. 0.482,^. 388. A&00, eclipfed Cor LeontSy March 12, 1747. 0.483 ,p. 455. its Motion by Mr. Dunthorne , 0. 482, p. 412. Moro (Anton. Lazzaro) De Crojlacei ed altri marini corpj , trovanofu monti. Vener. 1740. an ExtraCt of it by Mr. Zollman , 0. 479, p. 163 . Morofenefs of the Looks, j-. *. p. 67. Mortimer {Cromwell) M. D. R.S. Seer, of the Diftem- per among the Cows, 0. 478, p. 4. Extracts out of the tenth Set of Catesby’s Natural Hittory of Carolina and the Bahama Iflands, 0. 484, p. 599. Obf on F/porj flipping their Skins at 3 Months old, 0. 483, p. 534. — of a Metalline Thermometer invented by him, n. 484, p. 672. of the feveral ‘thermometers now in Ufe, ib. p. 575. of governing the Heat in Chemical Experiments, ib.p* 692. * on the turquoife Stone, 0.482^.429. MoJJes> of their feeding, by Mr. Hilly 0, 478, p. 60. c Mouthy INDEX, Mouthy its Mufcles, 5. a. p. 2 8. Mafia tripilis Moutet. Libeller affinis , n . 481, p. 329. Mufchenbroek (Mr.) Experts. in Ele£tricity, n. 478, 60. — — — electrical Experiment with a Gun-barrel, n. 481, p. 252. Mufcle chemically analyfcd, its Contents,, s . L p. 3. - — ——in its Motion grows leis, r. A p. 27. Owing to animal JRther , /A 30. Involuntary, their Action, /A 7). 44. Mufeles of the Face, a. p. 6 — 48. Coc cy gee us of Dou- glafs , ib.p.^. Of the Eye-lid, ib. p~ 10. Eyes, ib. p. 16. Nofe, ib. p - 24. Lips, ib. p. 2 6. Mifiular Fibres, their Coheiion, Tendon, and Elafticity, s. b. p. 1 — 20. — — — — ~ tubular, ib. p. 20. The veficular Hypo- thecs rejected, s.b. p. 25, 28. Mufciilar Motion, LeCtures for by Dr. Parfons, after n . 481. / For 1747. by Dr. Langrifh , after 484. .Mafic of the . Ancients. , of the various Genera and. -Species of.it,, n. 48 r, p\ 2,66. •—.one having no Ear naturally, fingfng when under a Delirium , by Dr. Doddridge , w. 484, p. 596. extempore Pieces, to be wjote down by a Machine invented by the Rev. Mr. Creed, communicated by Mr. FW&, 483, p. 445. Musk, Dr. Parfpns of, the Effe6t$ of it, 0. 478, p. 75. Muftcla fojfilisy a Figure of it from Dr. Gronovius , 0. 483, p. 451. N. Needham (Mr. furbtrvill) concerning fome new eleCtrical Experiments made at Paris , n. 481, />, 247. . - — of a new Mirror invented by Mr. Buffon , ». 483, p. 493. Needle, an eleCtrica], 0. 479, p. 99. Nervous Capillamenta are Cylinders, s.b. p. 23. Newton (Sir ^^r) . his Scale of Heat and Thermometer, ». 270, p. 824. ^. -484, p. 680. See Errata, p. 750. Nollet (Monf. PAbbeT^eftrical Experts. n . 481, p. 25 d. Non- INDEX. Non-eleffirieSy Obf. of communicating Ele&ricity to, Mr. Wat fori s Obf. on M. le Monnier jun. n. 482, p. 388. Norfolk , Obf. on the Precipices and Cliffs on the N.E. Sea* coa ft,». 481, p. 275. Of the Pebbles, n. 483, p. 467. Ncfe , its Mufcles, p. 24. iVc-M Zembla, an Ifland, n. 482, p. 423. O. Obelisk 30 Feet high in Rudftone Church-yard^ //. 475?, p. 10 1. Oenanthe aquatic a fucco virofo croc ant e, Lob el. its poifonous EfFedts, n. 48c, p. 227. Oldenburg (Henry) Efq; a Letter to him of extraordinary Ecchoes, n. 480, p. 215?. Ovid of the Plague, n. 478, p. 9. P. Painters Fnglifb vindicated, s. a. pr . iv. Palfey, Jhaking, explained, s. b. p. 58. Parjley, wild, a Poifon, n. 480, p. 24 <5. Parfneppe, with narrow Leaves, Water*, a Poifon, 480, p. 24 6. Parfons ( James) M. D. the Croonean Lectures on Mufcu- lar Motion for 1745. after #.481. On Phyfiognomy, s. a. p. 1. • — of the dead Cows being buried in Lime, n. 480, p. 224. — of Margaret Cutting, who fpeaks without a Tongue, n. 484, p. 621. — of the Eftedfc of Musk, n. 47S3 p. 75 • Pajfage , Birds of, by Mr. Catesby , n. 483, p. 43 5. P affion-flower , Obf on its Farina fee cundans, by Mr. Bad • cock , #.479, p. 154, I<5d. Paffions as exprefe'd by the Countenance, a. p. 3 2. Zr. i. How fallacious, ib. p. 3 5, 37, A Lilt of Authors, Pit-Coal melts Iron not brittle, 0. 482, />. ' 3 7 x . Plants , a Catalogue of 50 for the Year 1744. by Mr. Jofi Miller, n. 480, p. 21 3. for the Year 1745. 0. 484, p. 597. P//0/7 Hifi . Natural. Lib. II. § 74. rf* Gnomone correftio per Martin Folkes, P. & 0, 482, p. 365. Pcifin , the Oenant he aquatic a a great, 0. 480 , />. 227. among the Indians on the River Amazons^ n. 482, p. 408. Polypus at the Heart, 0. 481, p. 285. Porta ( John Bapt . a) of Phyfiognomy, <2. f. 40. -P. 507. Quickfet Hedges carried from England into Sweden , 0. 483 7 P* 442. fihiickfitlver lhaken in a glafs Tube, its Light caufed by FJe flricity , 0, 478, p0 58. R. i INDEX. R. Rage feen in the Countenance, s» a% p. yi. Rain fometimesdoes not make the Air moift, n . 479,/). i<5r» Rattlesnake , of Mr. BreintaTs being bit by one, n. 479, p. 147. Reaumur (Mr.) his Thermometer, n. 484, pt 6y$. Reid (Mr.) of a Perfon cut for the Stone the lateral Way, 4?8. P-13- Revenge in the Looks, s. a. p. 71 . Reverence or Veneration in the Face, s.a. p, 53, Rifus Sardonicus , />. 74* Robins (Mr. Ben}.) a Letter to him, that the Ele&ri- city of Glafs difturbs the Mariners Compafs and nice Balances , n. 480, p. 242, Rudftone Church-yard, a large Stone 30 Feet high in it, #• 101- .R/^kept in a Jar of Water, a; n. 478, |>. 25. Ruffians , their Difcoveries on the N. E. Coafl: of AJiay n. 482, />. 421. #.483, p. 471. Rutchejler upon the Roman Wall, an ancient Infcription there by Dr. taylor^ n. 482, p. 344. Rujlica. , rf* rey AuStores^ of the Peftilence among Cattle, * 478, p. 9. &. Sadleir s (Lady) Le£tures, fee Croonean. Salter (Rev. Dr. Samuel) of the preventing catch- ing Cold, n . 478, p. 3. their Chryftallization, p. ii. SanSlus (Severus) 'de mortibus Bourn , 478, p. 10. Scar abacus arbor eus vulgaris major Raii; its Eruca deftroy- ing the Grafs in Norfolk , 0. 484, p . 578. nSVcra and T)erifion in the Countenance, s . <2. p . 64. Sealing-wax, black, its EfFe&s in Electricity, n. qj%,p. 28. Sene Si utis vejligia raray n . 483, p. 528. Sheldrake , INDEX. Sheldrake (Mr. Timothy) his Tables of Climates, and Heat and Gold for Green-houfes cited, n. 484, p. 69 4. Shells i Strata of, at Cantley White Houfe , n. 481, p , 279. Sherwood (Mr. James) of the minute Eels in Paffe being viviparous, n . 478, p . 67. . Shoes, Leather ones, of their Antiquity in England, n. 484, p. 575. Long piked ones, ib. Siberia , the marvellous Cold there, n . 484, />. 682. Simon (Mr. James) of the Petrefa&ions of Loiigh-Neagh in Ireland , # . 481, p. 305. Simpfcn (My.) cut for the Stone in the lateral Way, 47^ £ 3 3- Siphunculus , oi the Nautili te, n. 482, />. 398. Skeleton of a Man foffil, ^. 481, p. 282. Sloane (Sir Hans) Bart, of a curious Sea- Plant ; Frutex marinas, jlabellif or mis, cortiee verrucofo obdatfus, n. 478, p. 51. Snake , Rattle-, Mr. Rreintal bit by one, n. 479, p. 147. Alicant relieves the Stone, 0. 483, p. 4 63. Sorrow of Countenance, p. 77. Southwell ( Robert ) Efq; to Mr. Henry Oldenburg , of fom« extraordinary Ecchoes , #. 480, p, 219. Squinting, the Occafion of it, j p. 2 3. Sparrow , one kill’d by Ele£lricity, #. 481, p. 262. Spelter , the Cylinder of a Fire-Engine made of it, #.482, p. 370. Spina ventofa, Obf. of one by Mr. Amy and, n . 480, p. 193. Spirits of Wine kindled by eleftrify’d, n. 478 ,p. 56. by ir## not quite red-hot, /A p. 57. Sponge, Hopp’d Blood in a Wound, 478, p. 33. AS’tagi Horns, foffil, in Norfolk, n. 481, p. 281. Stone 30 Feet high in Rudflone Church-yard,#. 479, p. 101. of aPerfoncut for it in the lateralW?iy,n. 478, p. 33. — the Effects of Lixivium Saponis taken for it, n. 478, p* 3 6- — relieved by Alicant Soap and Lime-water , #. 483 ,p. 46 3. — — a large one extracted by an Aperture in the Ure- thra, n . 480, p. 215. Stone% / INDEX. Smc, cutting for it, after the high Apparatus , by Dr. k Cat , n. i8o, p. 17 5. one in the Bladder of a Dog, by Mr. Fidge, n. 482, Jp. 83J- r _■ . — - a large one found in the Colon of an Horfe, n. 48 15 p. 296. And feveral in the Inteftines of a Mare, ib. — . — by its Analyfis more refembling Hartlhorn than the Calculus humanus , ib. p . 300. Stoneclifts , two Brothers of an extraordinary Bulk and Weight, n. 475?, />. 102. Stonesy precious, Obf. on fuch as the Ancients ufed to engrave on; by Mr. Dingley , n . 483, p. 502. oriental and occidental, n. 483, p. 505. Sulphury its Effects in Electricity, 478, p. 3 x. 54. Sufpicion vifible in the Countenance,, s. a . p. 69. T. (John) LL.D. an ancient Infcription at Rutchefier on the Roman Wall, #.482, p. 344. Tears of Joy, s. a . p. 69. T mpleman ( Peter ) M. D. of a Polypus at the Heart ; and of afcirrhous Uterus , ^.481, p. 285. Terror and Fear in the Countenance, j. <2. p. 53. Theobalds (James) Efq; of the introducing of the Di tem- per among the Cows, n. 478, p. 7. Thermometer^ a metalline one, invented by Dr. Mortimer y n. 484, /?. 68(5. one made of a Rod of Z&&/, by Dr. Hale Sy ibid. p. 697,. Thermometersy the Difference of the Degrees of Cold mark’d by one within-doors, or without in the open Air, by Dr. Milesy n. 484, p. 613. — of their Ufes in various Trades, ib . p. 6yi. — — — — of the feveral Sorts now in Ufe, ib. p. 675. —how they may be ufed to determine, the Gravity of the Atmofphere at Sea, by Dr. Boerhaavey n. 484, p. 675. ^ ThuilleneSy the Bafon there ele&rified, n. 481, >. 25? i. Tremble yy INDEX. Tin Tube , and a Glafs of Water, its Effe&s when ele&ri- fied, n. 47 8, p, $9. Tongue , one who fpeaks without one, n. 484, p. 621. Tremble y (Mr. Abraham) of fever al Species of ffnall Water Infeds of the Polypus kind, n. 484, p. 6ij. — - of the Light caufed by jQuickfilver lhaken in a Glafs Tube, proceeding from Eleffricity, *2.478 , />. 58. Turmerick ufed againft the Bite of a Rattle-Snake, n. 47 9, p. 148. Turquotfe Stone ; Remarks on it by Dr. Mortimer, n. 482, Varduli , a People of Spain , 0.482, p , 345. Vegetables affected by Electricity, n . 482, p. 373. F. 25, 28. F/perr flip their Skins at 3 Months old, 22. 483,^. 535, Virtue to be feen in the Looks, j. a . p. 52. Vifcerum fedes mutate, per Johan. Fothergill, n. 478, p.n. Ulloa (Don Antonio de) of the Poifon among the Indians on the River Amazons , 22. 482, />. 408. Uterus , a fcirrhous Tumour of the, 0. 481, p* 28 5. W- JF?// (John) M. D. of the Ufe of the Peruvian Bark in the Small-Pox, n. 484, p. 583, 593. Water , the great Band of Union even in the dried: Bo- dies, j. b. p. 4. its Electricity, n . 478, p. 91. Water-Clock invented by the H011. Charles Hamilton Efq; 475b A I7?f Water- INDEX. Water-^reffisy long-leav’d, a Poifon,. n, 480, p. 24 6. Water-Parfnep with narrow Leaves, a Poifon, #..480,7;. 246. Watfoh (Mr. Wm .) Account; of Beccarius s Book dfe Phos- phor is quamplur tints deteffiis, Bonon. 1744. 4*0. #. 478, p. 81. ■ Experiments and Obf. of Electricity, »• 478> P< 41* ^ 484> />- ^5, 7°4* • — ■ — — — - — Obf. on M. le Mourner the younger’s Paper on Electricity, n. 482, p. 388. ~~ — — — — Obf. on the Oenanthe aquatic a, facco vi« rofo crocante Lobel. and of its Poifon, n~ 480 ,p» 227. Weather-Cord improved by Mr. Arderon, n . 479, p. 169. Welch ( Laurence ) his Cafe, the Stone, n . 478, p* Welly the blue, n . 480, p. 223. — a burning, at Brofely , #. 482, p. tfu Wepfer (Job. Jack) confounds his Cicuta aqiiatica with the Oenqnthe of Lobel , n. 480, p . 231. Weredale , of a Cavern there, #. 480, />. 223. for Mills, a Water-, by Philip Williams , 0. 478 ,/?. 1. Whifpering Places, 0. 480, p. 21 9. Matter, that floats in the Air in Autumn, how pro- duced, 0. 482, p. 428. Whitethorn carried out of England into Sweden, #.483, P- 44^- Williams ( Philip ) his Water-Wheel for Mills, ». 478,/?. 1. Windfor Loam, an Accouut of it, by Mr. Hill, n, 483, 458. Its Uf eSj./fc A Succedaneum for it, /k 7?. 462. Winkler (John Henry) of Electricity cauflng Fevers and Bleedings, and Lightning, 0. 480, p . 211. ■ — — — - — — Py r organ um eleMricum, n. 483,7/. 4^7. Wolfais (Chrijlian.) de Dynamice , n. 479, p. 1 14. Wood does not contract lengthways with Cold, 0. 484, P- 695- . — — petrehed in Lough-neagh, n. 481, p. 313. Wood (John) Efq*, a Brittle in his Foot, n. 480, p. 191. Woodward {John) M. D. his Notion of the Turquoife, n. 482, p. 430. d Wrench INDEX. Wrench (Sir Ben).) of the Bark preventing catching Cold, n. 478, p. 3. -Iew-Tree, of its "Farina fmcundam-, by Mr. Badcock , n. 480, V- 189. Zcllman ( Philip Henry) Extract of Jut on. Lazzaro Moro De Crojiacei ad dltri marini corpi cbe fi trovano ft( Monti Venez. n. 479, p. 163. FINIS. Place the 'Dedication to the Emperor immediately after the Title-Page of ‘Part I. before N°. 478. Place the Title-Page of Part II. before N°. 482. Place this Index after the Croonean Lectures for 1747. by Browne Langnjh M. D. litf Mg 'v •' . v:v mM-rnm