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Cuilliir—

PHOSPHATE ROCKS OF SOUTH CAROLINA

AND THE

“GREAT CAROLINA MARL BED,”

WITH FIVE COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS.

A POPULAR AND SCIENTIFIC VIEW OF THEIR ORIGIN,
GEOLOGICAL POSITION AND AGE ;

ALSO

THEIR CHEMICAL CHARACTER AND AGRICULTURAL

VALUE;
Division of Mot
TOGETHER WITH Sectional Then

A HISTORY OF THEIR DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT.

BY

PRANCIS=S) WOERMES, A. M.,

OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.

LATE PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY IN THE
COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON.

LECTURER ON GEOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY,

CHARLESTON LYCEUM.

“J lay it down as true that experimental philosophy is the only sure
method of.investigating the laws of Nature. We can only at best collate
facts, and then draw deductions which we call reasoning, but without these
facts, obtained from experiment, our knowledge is futile.’ —J. B. Micrer.

CHARLESTON, 5S. C.:
PUBLISHED BY HOLMES’ BOOK HOUSE.

1870.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
FRANCIS S. HOLMES,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, PRINTERS,
Charleston, S. C.

DEDICATION

TO THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA,
(MY NATIVE sTATE,)
AND TO THE MEMORY OF
PROFESSOR MICHAEL TUOMEY AND OF DR. THOS. L. BURDEN ;j
TO
JAMES T. WELSMAN, ESQ., OF CHARLESTON, S. C.,
AND
GEORGE T. LEWIS AND FREDK. KLETT, ESQS.,
OF PHILADELPHIA, PA.,

This little work, one of the results of thirty years’ observations and labor
in the Geological fields of the Ashley,

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.

The first were my revered friends and co-laborers; and the last are
entitled to the honor and distinction of having at once recognized the
value of the great discovery of the Phosphate Rocks, and of having lib-
erally furnished the means to develop these long hidden treasures PREPARED
oF oLp by the Great Masrer Buitper, and laid up in store for the
APPOINTED TIME, when the waste places of the earth should be replenished

rec wee A.

; De, Shin ’ A ah at i kite 7 edb by neha

iy Jie te vt "| i (Minera be peer

. ai ‘ys bys ro ed grat H ro.

Pd NE ty aaee ah aes ivan ri bie! \
is sf rah itt ity AMM cee ating
TRADE Maca) Te og

Pog -set pi tia atau, 4 patti hen see Se ,
ee ae, tty epi ae id : raeM aah
, WE rll OM: “i ay a

SCIENTIFIC TERMS AND POPULAR NAMES.

To comprehend fully the scientific terms used in
our descriptions, and the popular names of the objects
of which we treat, is of the first importance, in order
that there may be no confusion of names, and that the
reader may clearly understand the subject before him.
The common or popular name which a writer in this
State may give in his description of a specimen or
object in Natural History, would be readily understood
in his own County or neighborhood; but in an
adjoining County or State the object may be known
by a very different name, and the people be misled
by the description.. For example: an intelligent
traveller on a visit to Sullivan’s Island, enquired the
name of a venomous looking reptile, which he saw
running along the rail of a fence, and he was told that
it was a “Salamander.” Passing through Georgia a
few weeks after, he was invited by a planter to visit
his fields, where the laborers were engaged in clear-
ing and burning the pines preparatory to thehnexct
year’s crop. During the walk he observed that
several animals had just been caught escaping from
the burning heaps of wood, and which, though resem-
bling the well known forms of the tortoise or terra-
pin, were yet dissimilar from any he had ever seen.
The farmer told him they were called Salamanders or
Gophers. Soon after, visiting an orange grove in

6 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Florida, he saw, in a clearing near by, a number of
negroes with clubs killing what looked like rats,
escaping from the burning brush, and on enquiring
what sort of rats they were, he was politely informed
that they were not rats, but “ Salamanders.”

Here we find a lizard, a tortoise and a rat called in
three different States by the same name—Sa/amander ;
whereas, this name is given by scientific men to a
little lizard-like animal, that in its general form and
characteristics seems intermediate between the frog
and the lizard; and, like the former, is amphibious in
its habits. They are abundant in the up-country of
South Carolina, and may be found in their nests under
stones in wet places, often with many eggs around
them.

The story of the ancients that the Salamander is
able to endure fire is altogether fabulous; yet no
doubt it has caused the name Salamander to be given
to the Carolina Lizard, because of the fiery red bag
apparently suspended under the throat, and from
which it is said to “spit” a red fluid that will instantly
quench the flames of a burning rail. The Gopher and
the ground rat are also thus called, because in escap-
ing from their burrows under ground, directly over
which are the burning piles, they appear to endure
the hot coals without injury. It is admitted it is
always better to employ plain English names when
they serve the purpose in view, but when each county,
or each popular writer, gives the same name to a
totally different object, it tends only to confusion.
Let us then adhere to the scientific name, when one

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” Z

has been given, and make it universal ; for derived, as
it usually is, from languages common to all scientific
men, when once adopted, there can no longer be any
misconceptions.

NAMES GIVEN TO THE PHOSPHATE-ROCKS.

Writers have called these rocks by different names ;
this has occurred even in the writings of scientific
men, who should have at once fixed upon one name,
and brought it into general use.

They have been called Marl-rocks, Marl-stone,
Bone-phosphates, Phosphate-rocks, Coprolites, Con-
glomerates, and sometimes Bone-rocks. These names
have been so used by writers of late that one is some-
times at a loss to know which of all the mineral pro-
ducts of the region is meant.

That there may hereafter be no mistake as to the
name, we have adopted that of PHOSPHATE-ROCKS, as
the best and most comprehensive. For, though by
the terms Bone-phosphates, Marl-rocks, or Marl-
stones, they might very properly be called, we think
the name Phosphate-rocks, is more in accordance
with popular usage, and conveys also a better idea of
their true character.

And here it may be remarked, that these rocks are
not Conglomerates, Coprolites, or Bones, and that the
teeth and bones which are found mingled with the
Phosphate-rocks in their beds, should not be called

8 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Phosphate-rocks, but fossil ‘eet and fossil dones ; and
that, too, notwithstanding their richness (when thus
associated) in Phosphate of Lime.

When we speak of Mart, we mean simply “that
compound of earthy mixtures of which Carbonate of
Lime, in any form, constitutes either the sole or the
chief value as a manure, and which is in such large
proportion as to be an important value, and the mass
soft enough to be excavated and broken down by
ordinary digging utensils.”

GREEN SAND often contains no Carbonate of Lime;
is not generally rich in calcareous matter, and there-
fore should be called GrEEN-sAND Marv. Mart-
STONE is calcareous, of a stony hardness, and not
capable of being dug, because not of an earthy tex-
ture ; cannot be pulverized enough by ordinary imple-
ments to be used as a manure, but requires-for such
purpose to be burnt to lime. It is truly a LIMESTONE,
and should be so called.

Cay is a soapy, non-calcareous, earthy material,
but there are some forms or varieties that are impro-
perly though popularly termed Marl.

CopROLITES are the undigested fecal remains of ani-
mals, fossilized; of stony hardness; often petrified,
and sometimes, though not often, phosphatic when
_ taken from Tertiary or modern rocks.

CONGLOMERATES are strictly commingled fragments
of many kinds of rocks, or they may be termed loose
materials of a rocky character cemented together in
masses. The conglomerates of the Ashley Beds are
made up of Phosphate-rocks, Marls, Pebbles, Gravel,

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 9

etc., etc., cemented together by oxide of iron, or lime.
They often contain Pebbles of water-worn quartz.

Bonrs. The bones which are found in such num-
bers intermingled with the Phosphate-rocks, are not
rocks in any sense of the term, nor are the PHOSPHATE-
rocks bones. Many believe the Phosphate-rocks to
be masses of true bone fossilized; but this is a mis-
take; they never were bones at any time, but were orig-
inally Calcareous rocks. This is evidenced by the
shells, corals and corallines of which they are com-
posed ; and by the general character of the “mother
bed” from which they were taken to be redeposited
in basins, where by a chemical process (hereafter
described) they were converted from a Carbonate of
Lime-rock or Marl, into a Phosphate of Lime-rock,
containing very little Carbonate of Lime.

EARLIESD NOMICE OF THE PHOSPIIATE
ROCKS:

This seems to be the proper place to introduce a
short article which appeared in the August number,
for this year, (1870,) of THE RuraL CAROLINIAN,
under the above heading. The author signs himself
P. H. M., and refers the reader to a notice of Phos-
phate rocks published by Judge John Drayton (1802)
in his ‘“ View oF SouTH CAROLINA,” page 40, and he
gives extracts which I quote in part, as follows. In
alluding to the regular Phosphates, he says: “ Teeth

10 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

of unusual size have been found in this State (South
Carolina) as far south as Stono Swamp. Bones and
teeth of large dimensions were in 1795 dug out of
Biggin Swamp, at the head of the west branch of
Cooper River, two miles above Biggin Bridge. This
was effected by Colonel John C. Sens, engineer to a
company for opening a canal between Santee and
Cooper Rivers. He found them eight or nine feet
under ground; among them were grinders bearing
all the marks of a carnivorous animal; others were of
a different and much larger texture, apparently
belonging to a graminivorous animal. There was
also a large tusk three or four feet long, which
Colonel Sens is of opinion resembled that of an
elephant.”

The: writer, P.. HH: Mi. goeson }towmremarke “By
these extracts it will be seen that the Phosphates were
known to exist even seventy-five years ago, but the
knowledge of their great use and value was wanting.”

It is here intimated that fossil teeth, shells and
bones are Phosphate-rocks. Like others, he fails
to distinguish rocks from bones, and supposes the
animal remains spoken of by Judge Drayton to
be the same as the Phosphate-rocks of the present
day ; whereas these are rocks and the others bones.

And now a word as to the theory of Bernadin de
St. Pierre, applied or quoted by Judge Drayton,
regarding the origin of these teeth and bones of
which he speaks, these last, be it observed, ave not
Phosphate-rocks.

Supposing it (the origin) “to have arisen from the

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” II

fusion of ice at either pole,” he says: “ Then it was
that all the plans of Nature were reversed ; complete
islands of floating ice, loaded with white bears ran
aground among the palm trees of the Torrid Zone,
and the elephants of Africa were tossed amidst the
fir groves of Siberia, where their larger bones are still
found to this day.” This theory might have been
properly accepted by Judge Drayton and his cotem-
poraries, for at that day but little was known of such
things; but there is no excuse for a writer in a
monthly journal, published in this the ‘‘ Telegraphic
age,’ who repeats these “old time stories.” These
bones have nothing to do with Phosphate-rocks, for
just such teeth and bones are found throughout the
salt-licks of Kentucky, the swamps of New York,
Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama and Florida, and
in very many parts of England; also, on the Conti-
nents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and in places too
where there is no Phosphate-rock.

And finally, the same author, as if to settle the
whole matter and put aside all doubts as to the dis-
covery at that early time of the Phosphate-rocks,
writes thus: “ By reference, however, to the VIEW oF
SouTH Carona, by JUDGE JoHN Drayton, page 40,
there will be seen drawings of six different shapes of
Phosphatic rocks.”

Satisfied as soon as we read it that this was the
greatest error of all, we immediately procured the book
from the Charleston Library, and after carefully search-
ing the whole volume, especially the plate at page 40,
we found no drawings of vocks nor of anything like

12 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

rocks; nor can the word rock be found in the descrip-
tion of these plates by Judge Drayton. In fact, the
Judge accurately describes the six figures referred to,
and calls them by their proper names—BONES AND
TEETH! And these bones and teeth the writer, notwith-
standing, calls Phosphate Rocks! Besides, there is not
a carnivorous tooth figured in the plate; all belong to
herbivorous animals, as the Mammoth and the Masto-
don. The teeth and bones of carnivorous animals,
the Shark, Whale, Seal, Phocodons, Squalodons and
Porpoise, so common in the Phosphate basins, and
characteristic of the mother bed, are embedded (and
not merely zztermingled) in the Phosphate rocks;
whereas the teeth and bones of land animals are only
intermingled with these nodulous masses. The re-
mains of the first named animals belong to marine
formations, as do the phosphatic nodules. The last
named are from lacustrine or lake and river deposits.

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TERTIARY & RECENT PERIODS OCCUR ON TH E ATLANTIC COAST.
S OF
OUTHERN STATES

PLATE 1.

He \ san
iN

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 13

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND ORDER OF SUCCESSION OF
THE FOSSILIFEROUS BEDS OF THE CHARLESTON BASIN.

—_—

if PresENT AGE.
! . .
CurtivaTep Sort anp Sugsorts. | (Man and the animals which | uf
| are living, his contemporaries. ) aes
Se
ba tiea)
a
( Recenr or Post PLelocene ¢ GAs
SANDs AND SHELLS.—PHOSPHATE Acr. 23
2 5 e5
Rocxs AND CLays. } (Period of the advent of man | Je
_upon this Continent.) |
[ PLEIOCENE AGE. ]

SANpDs AND Beps or Loosr Ma- (So-called because most of

TERIAL, containing fossil shells, } its fossil shells belong to species

etc. | now living.) |
{ Merocene or Mippre Terti- j
|
' ARY AGE. |

Sanps AND Crays, containing (Extensively exposed in Vir-

fossil shells, teeth and bones.; ginia and other States north
(None in South Carolina of this

meiocene age.) ; smaller number of fossils be-

of South Carolina, having a

[ longing to recent species. )

Tertiary or Third Period.

Sanps AND Marts.—Very rich [

in Carbonate of Lime, and exten- | Eocene AcE or OLpesT |
sively developed in this State. It Tertiary.

was called by Mr. Ruffin the (Dawn of the creation of

“GREAT CAROLINIAN Mart Bep.”

recent animals. No species 1
found fossil in the Carolina Beds
is known as the ‘ Fish Bep ” of | are now living.)

the Charleston Basin. | |

The upper layers or Ashley Marl

{ Creracrous or Cuark AGE. he
Sanps, Crays anp Marts, (Its fossil shells and bones a3
poor in Carbonate of Lime, though correspond to those of the f 55
rich in fossil shells. chalk beds of Europe. There 3 Pe

Lis no TRUE CHALK in America.) J

14 Lhosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

As seen in the foregoing table of the fossiliferous
beds exposed in South Carolina, the Cretaceous for-
mation, which belongs to the Chalk age of Europe,
is the lowest. It is exposed on the banks of the Pee
Dee River. In boring the Artesian Well, in Charles-
ton, it was reached at about eight hundred feet below
the surface, and in the place where it properly belongs
in the sequence, directly under the Eocene Marl Bed.
On the Pee Dee it occurs in alternate layers of soft
Marl and hard Limestone rock; its color is a dark
blueish gray, though sometimes the limestone is
yellowish. Cretaceous Marls are poor, they rarely
contain more than thirty to forty per cent. of Car-
bonate of Lime. The Limestones of this age, how-
ever, are rich, varying from sixty to seventy-five per
cent. In the annexed Plate, No. I, it is represented
as the lowest stratum.

Second, in the ascending order, comes the Eocene,
or oldest bed of the Tertiary Division. It is exten-
sively developed in South Carolina, especially on the
Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and therefore called by
Mr. Ruffin ‘The Great Carolinian Marl Bed,’ and now
known to be one of the thickest and richest deposits
of Mart in the world; containing from fifty-five to
ninety-five per cent. of Carbonate of Lime. It has been
bored to the depth of seven hundred feet in the
Artesian Well of Charleston, and though all the strata
to that depth are homogenous, yet they vary in tex-
ture, according to the character of the animal remains
of which they are composed.

The Marl proper is covered with thin layers of

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 15

sand and blue clay, containing casts of shells beauti-
fully preserved; and also great numbers of fossil,
sharks’ teeth and cetacean bones; it was called, in
1839, the Fish BED OF THE CHARLESTON Basin.
From the “ proceedings” of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, at a meeting held
at Charleston, March, 1850, we make the following
extracts.*

“ Of the remains of marine vertebrata, it has been
pronounced by Professor Agassiz to be the greatest
cemetery he every saw. I have myself collected from
it many thousand specimens of the teeth of Squalidz,
(sharks,) and am confident thirty thousand of such
specimens have been taken from it within the last six
years. Prior to the visit of Professor Agassiz a few
specimens only of the remains of QuUADRUPEDs had
been found upon the Ashley. This was owing to the
fact that collectors of these fossils were searching in
the Mart and not in the overlying beds. These
fossils (land quadrupeds) were at first supposed to
belong to the Marl, (like the fish teeth,) but subse-
quent investigations show that they do not, and I will
now proceed to point out their true position in the
sequence. Between the Post-Pleiocene and the Marl
we have two or three strata, containing fossils, which
make them exceedingly interesting to the geologist,
and which are not found in the Eocene Marl Bed
below.

“The first of these is a thin, irregular stratum of
loose gravelly sand, which lies immediately upon the

Observations on the Geology of Ashley River, by F. S. Holmes.

160 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Marl, and which seldom exceeds eight inches in thick-
ness.* From the number of fish teeth and bones
found in this sand, Professor Tuomey called it the
“ Ashley fish-bed.” Above, and in a manner mixed
with it, is another of irregular and partly rolled frag-
ments of what is commonly called MMJar/-rock—the
interstices between each being filled with blue mud.
These rocks contain the same forms of fossils as are
found in the Marl below; but the lime which they
must have contained has been extracted, leaving a
silicious mass much water-worn and boulder-like in
appearance, and emitting a foetid odor when broken.
The Marl of the Ashley contains about 70 per cent.
of Carbonate of Lime—these only a small quantity,
say 2 or 3 per cent.

“That they belong to and were broken off the Marl
bed below, there can be no doubt, but at what period
they were washed up and deposited where we now
find them, is still undetermined. They extend over
many miles of the surrounding country ; increase in
size towards the northwest, and decrease in the oppo-
site course, southwest, where we find them under the
City of Charleston.

“For the most part, they are enveloped, as I said,
in a matrix of blue mud or clay, though often a peaty
substance (marsh roots?) takes the place of the
clay, and again the clay and peat are missing, and
they are found in the sand.

“Next in the order of super-position are the red

* In boring the Artesian Well in Charleston, this stratum was reached
at about sixty feet below the surface, and from it a supply of good water was

obtained ; the water rises within four feet of the surface.

a 4

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed” 17

clay, yellow sands, and alluvium of the country; the
Post-Pleiocene, like the Miocene in other parts of the
State, is only found in patches ; its geological position
is under the red clay.

“Tn the strata of sand, marl-rock, blue mud and
peat, just described, we find the following fossils :
Bones and teeth of Mastodon, Megatherium, Dino-
therium, Elephant, Deer, Horse, Cow, Hog, Muskrat,
etc., etc., mixed up with the remains of marine ani-
mals; but in the Marl not a single fragment of a
Mammalian has yet been discovered, except cetacean.
If ever a specimen has been taken from the Marl, it
was near its surface—perhaps from some hole or
depression so shallow as to escape the notice of the
finder, and there can be no doubt that in this manner
several naturalists have been deceived in supposing
these fossils to have come out of the true Eocene

Marl.

“T am convinced they belong to a more recent
formation, and we must await further investigation
ere we attempt a determination of the ages of these
beds.”

The Eocene Marl is soft and easily dug; its color
is a greenish yellow; and it is composed mainly of
microscopic shells and infusorial cases. These shells
belong to a group called by naturalists PoLYTHALAMIA,
which means shells with many chambers or apart-
ments, like the AMMONITE and the Nauritus. Com-
paratively, these shells are of gigantic size. The
late Professor Bailey, of West Point, in a_ letter
to Professor J. Lawrence Smith, remarks : “You can

°
~

18 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

inform the good people of Charleston that their czty
ts built upon a bed of animatcules several hundred feet
in thickness, every cubic inch of which is filled with
myriads of perfectly preserved microscopic shells.
These shells, however, do not, like those beneath
Richmond and Petersburg, etc., belong to the silicious
infusoriz, but are all derived from those minute calca-
reous shelled creatures called by Professor Ehren-
burg Polythalamia. You are aware that Ehrenburg
proved chalk to be chiefly made up of such shells,
and you doubtless will be delighted to learn that the
Tertiary beds, beneath your city, are filled with more
numerous and more perfect specimens of these beau-
tiful forms, than I have ever seen in chalk or marl
from any other locality. These forms are destined
to be of great value in geology, and when the precise
position of the formation beneath Charleston shall be
fixed, and the forms belonging to cach bed determined,
we shall then have so perfect a guide to the geology
of a large portion of our Southern country, that by a
mere glance through the microscope at portions of
strata, scarcely enough to be seen by the naked eye,
their characteristic fossils may be seen, and their true
position in the series determined. It will be a great
labor, however, to give the subject all the develop-
ment it needs.”

There are comparatively few oyster or hard shells,
or corals found in the Eocene Marl. The Ashley
Bed is about two hundred and sixty feet thick, as
ascertained from the Charleston Artesian Well borings,
and rests upon the Cooper River Marl Beds, which,

al

And the “Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 19

though of the same geological age, (Eocene,) were
deposited first, and hence are the oldest and also the
firmest of the two, composed as they are of a greater
number of hard shelled mollusca, like the clam and
oyster ; it is also of a lighter color.

These Marts of the Cooper and Ashley Beds,
abound in remains of cartilaginous fish, especially
of the shark family, though they also contain
numerous bones and teeth of Cetaceans, or whale-
like animals, many of which were larger or as
large as the whales found in the seas of the present
time. From the number of their bones and teeth
exhumed or washed out by the waves of the ocean
they must have existed in large “ shoals,” and, together
with the enormous sharks of that age, animals rival-
ling the whale in size, must have constituted a vast
marine army of ravenous “flesh eaters” and capa-
cious “scavengers ” of the Eocene Ocean. Its eeolog-
ical position is seen in Plate I.

Underlying the Cooper River beds, as seen in the
same Plate I, are the Santee-marls ; these are also of
the Eocene day or period, but unlike the superim-
posed or later deposites of the Ashley and Cooper,
they are composed principally of hard shells and
corals or corallines, though the corals are not of the
“ Reef-building order” of corals. It is very white
when dried, and was called by Professor Tuomey the
“Coralline Bed of the Charleston Basin.” In two or
three places are found interstratified with these Santee
beds, layers of soft pulverulent Green-sand Marl, con-
taining only about 25 per cent. of Carbonate of

20 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Lime, while the coralline beds have 94 per cent. of
this substance. Green-sand Marls are valuable as a
mineral fertilizer on account of and in proportion to
the amount of Potash they contain.

It is somewhat remarkable that the large deposits
of Green-sand Marls in New Jersey are in beds of the
Cretaceous age, whereas the Green-sand of South
Carolina is obtained from what Mr. Ruffin, Professor
Tuomey, and Dr. R. W. Gibbes call the Eocene
Beds ; and it must be acknowledged that we also have
“followed in their footsteps,’ and have called this
Carolina Marl Formation a middle age.

Many years ago we obtained fossils from these beds
which could not be distinguished from similar forms
collected in the New Jersey sands or Green-sand Marl
of the Cretaceous formation; when this discovery
was forwarded to our friend and colleague, the answer
received was: “ Be careful! from your short experi-
ence you cannot pronounce positively.” Now that
twenty-six years have passed by, and with hammer
still in hand, we humbly submit to the geologists of
America, that as the so-called Eocene of the Charles-
ton Basin does not contain a single species—yet dis-
covered—of recent or living animals, but several
known forms of Cretaceous Mollusca, that it should
belong to an intermediate period, a Sub-EKocene or
Super-Cretaceous. If we mistake not, Sir Charles
Lyell called it Cretaceous in 1842.

The Santee Marls are noted also by all writers on
these subjects, from the time of Judge Drayton, in
1802, for a remarkable deposit containing gigantic

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 21

oyster shells, which are of two very well defined and
remarkable species: the long and the globular. The
long species are sometimes found twenty-three inches
in length, only two and a half inches wide, and about
three inches thick at the hinge. They resemble in
outline the ‘‘ Racoon Oyster” of the Southern coast,
now living in its bays and harbors. The other species
weigh five or six pounds, (each shell.) They are
generally “as wide as they are long, and as thick as
they are broad.” In a word, they are globular and
very ponderous.

This remarkable shell bed extends from the Santee
to the Savannah Rivers; the strike of the outcrop of
the bed is parallel with the coast line.

THE BUHRSTONE OR SILICIFIED-SHELL
FORMATION OF THE EOCENE AGE.

Referring again to Plate I, the reader will see in the
left-hand corner of the lowest division of the diagram,
the name of a formation called “ Buhrstone,” which
is the exposed, upturned, elevated edge or out-
crop of the Santee Beds. It is clearly exposed on
the farm of Mr. Caraduc, near Aiken. This ‘“ Buhr-
stone” is a “living witness” of the remarkable and
diverse changes which the same “rock” undergoes
_ when subjected to the effects of different geological
agents, as exhibited in itself and in the Phosphate
rocks; both originally of the same geological forma-
tion, viz., the Eocene.

to
iS)

Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

”

The “ Buhrstone” takes its name from a similar
rock formation, of the same age, extensively quarried
in France. It is formed into millstones and then
exported to all parts of the world. Most of the stones
now used in our Rice mills for grinding rice are French
Buhrstones. In the beds exposed at Aiken, alluded
to above, we find the same fossil shells and corals as
are contained in the Santee Marls exposed in the low
country ; but what is most remarkable, and almost
marvellous to the general reader, the rock is not
like the Santee Marl, calcareous; that is to say, @
lime-rock, but the shells and corals or corallines, have
been converted into a flint or silicified mass, each shell,
coral or fossil preserving its original shape and size
and retaining every wrinkle, indentation or other
characteristic of the original. This change caused
by a chemical agent, has converted a mass of lime
rock, or Calcareous Marl into a Bufhrstone or silicious
indurated Marl rock, and is analogous to the con-
version of the rocks of the “ Upper” Ashley Marl,
of the same age, (Eocene,) formed under the same
conditions as were those of the Santee Marls, but
subjected ultimately to the effects of two distinct and
independent geological agents, thereby producing
two distinct kinds of rocks, one a flint-like rock,
(Buhrstone,) whose silex (or flint) was derived from
the surrounding sand hills of that region, (Aiken,)
the other (a Phosphate-rock) whose Phosphoric
essence was derived from animal matter under the
influence of which its chemical character was
changed.

And the “ Great Carolina Mart Bed.” 23

MEIOCENE FORMATION.

Next in the order of superposition is the Meio-
cene or Middle formation of the Tertiary Period.
The Marls and rocks of this age have not been found,
as yet, in South Carolina. The beds supposed by
Mr. Ruffin to belong to this age, proved, upon careful
examination by Professor Tuomey, to be Pleiocene,
according to Sir Charles Lyell’s classification. (See
Tuomey and Holmes’ Pleiocene Fossils of South
Carolina, p. ix.) The Meiocene is found in Virginia
and Maryland; but the Carolina Beds are younger
and belong to the Pleiocene age.

THE PLEIOCENE FORMATION.

According to Professor Tuomey the beds of this
age “are generally made up of loose materials, such
as sand, clay, gravel and marl; rarely indurated.”
* *& “Seldom thick or continuous, being for the most
part found in detached patches of limited extent.”

A beautiful and instructive example of the Pleio-
cene, with a band of carbonaceous matter of Post-
Pleiocene age resting upon it, may be seen at the
plantation of the late George Henry Smith, Esq., on
Goose Creek, twelve miles from Charleston ; and is
indeed well worthy of a visit from those interested. It
is the only locality where the Eocene or Great Caro-
linian Marl Bed, the Pleiocene, and the Post-Pleio-
cene are found in position, regularly superimposed.

24 Phosphate Rocks in South Carolina,

The Meiocene is represented, in Plate I, as being
parallel with the Pleiocene, that is to say of the same
age; geographical position may have caused the zoo-
logical difference. Formerly these beds were sup-
posed to be Meiocene, but Professor Tuomey and
the writer carefully studied them, and discovered
that they are younger and contain a greater number—
forty-two per cent.—of recent or living species than
the Meiocene of Virginia, which contains only thir-
teen per cent. (See Tuomey and Holmes’ Fossils of
South Carolina, p. viii.)

THE AGE OF THE PHOSPHATE-ROCK—
BASINS OF THE ASHLEY AND OF PRE-
HISTORIC MAN.

Next in the geological series, as seen in the dia-
gram, Plate I, are the beds of this exceedingly inte-
resting age; the period in which (as indicated by the
fossils collected) man first made his appearance on
this Continent. To our mind the Post-Pleiocene is
the connecting link between the Azte-Historic or Ter-
tary, and the fstoric or Recent age; and may be
properly designated the age of PRE-HISTORIC
MAN.

Formerly, and before these beds had been carefully
studied, they were supposed to belong to the Tertiary,
and therefore considered (and in the tables of classi-
fication, placed) uppermost in the division according
to Lyell’s arrangement, being the youngest. But

—_

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 25

since the discovery of human bones and works of art
in 1844, in beds of this age, in the Ashley Basin ;
and of similar discoveries (1854) in the lake dwellings
of Switzerland, and also in the Somme Valley in
France, they must now be referred to a more recent
date, the Quartenary period. Its sands, rocks and
fossils are replete with interest to the practical man
when he sees and comprehends their meaning, and
they fascinate beyond description the scientific ob-
server who after long years of study realizes in the
rocks and fossils of this period the charming revela-
tions of geology, and at once comprehends their
“sweet influences.”

Referring again to Plate I, the reader will observe
that we have divided these beds into two forma-
tions; first, the Post-Pleiocene sands and shells; and
second, the Phosphate-rock deposits.

The shells from these beds appear, when taken
from the sands, as fresh and perfect as those picked
up on the sea beaches of our coast, and nearly all of
them are of the same species.

RECENT OR HISTORICAL AGE—PRESENT
ELME.

To complete the geological series, as represented
in the table, p. 13, and in Plate I, we find that after
the Post-Pleiocene beds comes the Recent or Histori-
cal period in which were, and are, now being depos-
ited the mould of the forests, and the washing of

26 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

the hills, forming the soils of our cultivated fields, the
mud banks of our bays and harbors, and periodically
spreading over our rice fields its rich and “fertilizing
sediment, brought down suspended in the waters
of the Rivers. It is the HisroricAL AGs#, the age
of mind, when man writes in “ Time’s Record” the
passing events of the day. It is, emphatically, the
telegraphic age, when he writes with a pen dipped in
the electric fluid, and transmits his messages by the
“sub-marine railway,” a simple wire resting on the
coral beds of the Ocean. It is, also, the age of PHos-
PHATES AND FERTILIZERS, of more value to mankind
than the mines of Golgonda or the golden sands of
California.

Geologically, the rocks of this period are called
Recent, and are placed in the table under the
Quarternary, the fourth and last Division, the top-
most layers in the Diagram, Plate I. To it belong
the soils we cultivate, the sands and clays of our fields
and forests, the garden loam in which do grow flow-
ers, and roses, and fruits, thus causing all animated
nature to realize the munificent hand of the Great
Creator, Our Father, who liberally dispenses his
“good things” to the Butterfly and the worm as
freely as to the sons of men, both to the great and
the small, for they are all the work of His hands!

This fourth and last formation, is the crowning
crust of the earth; in the geological series the “ top-
most stone ;” formed especially for man’s immediate
use; always receiving the rains and dews of Heaven,
the more abundantly to minister to man’s wants and

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 27.

to those of the creatures prepared on the earth and
in the seas, and in the air for his support, pleasure
and happiness. The Worm, the Bee, Ant, Spider
and Butterfly, are all ministering angels!

ORIGIN OF THE PHOSPHATE-ROCKS,

AND FORMATION OF THE

PHOSPHATE-ROCK BASINS.

If the reader has followed us in the attempt to
make plain the order of superposition, and the prom-
inent characteristics of the geological formations as
described in the foregoing pages, he is now prepared
to go with us also into a consideration and examina-
tion of the origin of these rocks, and their remarkable
position, as seen in the Charleston Basin.

And first, we should always bear in mind this
important fact: that though these Basins were formed
in the Post-Pleiocene age, the vocks deposited in them
do not actually belong to that age, but in fact, to the
Eocene an older formation. It has been ascertained
beyond doubt, that frequently, rocks or fragments of
rocks of older formations and therefore of greater
age are found in newer deposites of a comparatively
recent date. Quartz-pebbles, and fragments of water-
worn crystalline rocks are often seen imbedded in
modern clays and sands. The Phosphate-rocks of
these basins, like the Quartz-pebbles, just named,

28 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

have been derived from an older formation, viz :
the Eocene Marl, or the ‘Great Carolinian Bed
of Marl,” which is the foundation of the whole sea-
board country of South Carolina, and as represented
in Plate I, is composed of the Santee, Cooper and
Ashley River Marls, which in the aggregate are
seven hundred feet thick, and extend from North
Carolina into Georgia. Before the low country of
South Carolina was raised above the level of the
Ocean, the waves of the Atlantic beat upon the
granitic hills of Edgefield, Lexington and Richland.
The shallow water of the coast with its submarine
formation of undulating sand-banks was then, as now,
resting upon this surface of the great Marl formation,
of Eocene age; both were below the level of the
Ocean, (see Plate II,) exposed to the degrading influ-
ence of its waves, and bored by Mollusca and other
marine animals, as represented in the diagram.
Examine this Plate II; it speaks for itself. The
Eocene Marl is here represented as we have found it,
with its surface washed into deep cavities and holes,
bored by the animals just named and honey-combed
to the depth of five or six feet. This is its condition
off Charleston harbor at the present time; and wher-
ever the surface of the bed inland has been uncovered,
it is found irregular and broken, and the Phosphate-
rocks show this plainly. From the coarsely honey-
combed surface of this mother-bed, fragments were
being continually broken off by the waves, rolled over
the sand-beds, which wore off their angular edges,
and finally deposited them in extensive masses in

| FORMATION OF THE PHOSPHATE BASIN
wiTH THE DEPOSIT OF SALT

THE ROCKS DERIV

ANCIENT OCEAN LEVEL.

PRESENT LEVELof OCEAN.

PLATE 2.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 29

the great hollows or basins below the Ocean-level, as
represented in Plate II.

We apprehend it did not require a very long time,
nor much friction to reduce these comparatively soft
lumps of Marl rock to the rounded or nodular forms
they now have. Every gale drove them further and
further upon the submarine beach, until at last, they
were deposited in the lagoons or basins formed within
the sand-reach of the coast as represented in Plate II.

Professor Ansted, describing the Phosphate beds
near Cambridge, England, writes—and we quote him
in corroboration of our own views on this subject:
“Many years ago a discovery of Phosphate of Lime
was made in the so-called Crag beds of Suffolk, and
afterwards in the Green-sands of many parts of the
southeast of England.” (This corresponds with the
Eocene or Green-sand of South Carolina.) “ The
former contain beds consisting of nodules of exceed-
ingly hard material, which, when ground, are soluble
in sulphuric acid, and then form a most valuable
manure. The proportion of Phosphate of Lime in
these nodules varies from 50 to 60 per cent.” Now
observe the analogy between the English and the
Carolina Beds as regards origin. Professor Ansted
continues: ‘‘ The Crag nodules are found in the newer
TERTIARY GRAVELS, but the nodules themselves are
believed to have been washed out of older rocks
also of TERTIARY AGE.” It was, undoubtedly, so with
the South Carolina Phosphate-rocks.

The next great change was the upheaval of the
whole seaboard country by some geological agency,

30 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

and the elevation of the coast above the level of the
Ocean. When the sand hills and the submarine
lagoons were raised, the basins contained sea or
salt water, and must have been so many small salt
lakes along the sea-coast, having their bottoms cov-
ered or paved with a thin layer of the nodular frag-
ments of Marl rock. As the evaporation of the salt
water progressed, what was left became day after day
a stronger brine, until at last a deposit of salt ulti-
mately formed as a crust upon the pavement of Marl
rocks. And here we must remind the reader, that
these nodular fragments of Eocene rocks are composed
(like the mother rock from which they had been
broken off) entirely of the dead shells of marine ani-
mals, which age after age were deposited at the bottom
of the Ocean or Eocene sea, and finally became an im-
mense bed or formation of Marl, enclosing through-
out its great depth not only the Polythalamous shells,
corals and corallines, but the teeth and bones of
sharks, and other fish, and of whale-like and alliga-
tor-like animals ; such alone as live in the sea; but no
remains of any land animal have ever yet been found in
zt. We say it without any fear of contradiction, and
challenge proof of a single specimen being obtained
from, or wzbedded in the nodules, (Phosphate-rocks,)
or from the Marl bed itself the mother rock. All the
remains of land animals obtained in such vast num-
bers are mngled with, and not znbedded in, the nodules
found in the Phosphate basins; and this mingling of
bones and teeth occurred in the Post-PLEIOCENE AGE
after the elevation of the basins above the ocean level.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 31

It was in this Post-Pleiocene age, the period when
the American Elephant, or Mammoth, the Mastodon,
Rhinoceros, Megathereum, Hadrosaurus, and other
gigantic quadrupeds roamed the Carolina forests, and
repaired periodically to these Salt-lakes or Lagoons,

»

or as they are called in Kentucky, “ Salt-licks ;” and
during a series of indefinite ages, engaged as they
were first sipping brine, then licking salt, and deposit-
ing their fecal remains, and ultimately their bones and
teeth, in fact their dead bodies, in these great open
“ crawls” or pens, thus preparing, as ordained before-
hand by the Great Master-Builder of our Earth, a
storehouse of rich material for Man’s use. They
converted the rocks, prepared of old at the bot-
tom of the Ocean, into the basis of a most wonderful
fertilizing substance, a substance which was to become
by the labor and sweat of Man's brow, a renovator of
his worn-out soils, causing it to yield in overflowing
measures bread and meat, for the use of the sons and
daughters of men; and not for their use only, but to
give food in great abundance to the animals who are
Man's companions in the present age ; to the Ant, the
Bee, and the Butterfly, animated links in the Chain of
Creation, by which the whole fabric itself is sustained.
God never intended that it should d¢ thus used be-
fore the appointed time, ordained of old by Him who
formed and fashioned these rocks.

32 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

HOW THE NODULES WERE CONVERTED
INTO PHOSPHATE-ROCKS.

At this stage of the history of the origin of the
Phosphate-rocks, the reader naturally expects, and it
seems to us also the proper place to explain the man-
ner in which these masses of Lime Rock or Carbon-
ate of Lime have been changed into Phosphate-rocks,
or Phosphate of Lime, and to give all the evidence in
support of the hypothesis which science can bring to
bear on the subject.

In a former chapter, p. 21, we have endeavored to
show that the outcrop or exposed edges of the
upturned Santee beds which are seen near Aiken in
this State, were originally Marl rocks, rich in Carbon-
ate of Lime, and undoubtedly belonged to those beds,
but have lost their Carbonate of Lime, and have been
changed into a mass of flint rock or ‘“ Buhrstone.”

We now propose to explain how this change
occurred, and then to point out the analogy existing
between the rocks of the lowest bed of the Eocene
Marl changing from a lime rock into a flint rock, having
no lime; and the rocks of the youngest beds of the
same Eocene age changing intoa Phosphate-rock, and
retaining but a small portion of Carbonate of Lime.
How, in fact, a Marl or Lime rock may be converted
into flint, under certain chemical influences, and into
Phosphate-rock under other influences of a very dif-
ferent nature.

The Santee Marl, where it outcrops near Aiken
and along the strike of the bed in Orangeburg and

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 33

Lexington, is only exposed when the overlying or
superimposed sands are removed by the winds, rains,
or other denuding geological agents; and whenever
thus exposed they are found to be “ BUHRSTONE”’ or
“ VIILLSTONE-ROCK,” or beds of ‘Si~iclous SHELLS.”
The Marl beds are sometimes interstratified with clay,
and then the shells only are silicified, and the clay
retains all its normal characteristics.

When the shells are imbedded in a mass of shelly
matter, like that of the Santee Marls, and have been
covered by beds of sand, and been subjected to
the chemical influence of these sands, the whole mass
is converted into a “ Buhrstone,’ having not a par-
ticle of its original lime remaining. But the reader
will ask, How is this accomplished ; give us the pro-
cess in detail? Well, we will try and explain it.

The silica is obtained from the sand beds above.
“Hot water will dissolve silica largely, with the
help of an alkali,” (remarks Professor Tuomey,) “and
as these beds overlap the igneous rocks, it is not a
wild supposition that the waters of the Tertiary sea
may have been at one time heated, and thus facilitated
the solution of the silica.”

Besides, it cannot be denied, that before the
upheaval of the coast beds, the waters of the Atlantic,
(the warm waters of the Gulf Stream,) passed over
the Eocene beds. Thus we see how the silica was
furnished from the sand hills. “ But the removal of
the lime, of which the shells are mainly composed,
must first take place before the silica could be substi-
tuted, and this also is easily understood. Nothing

2?

2,

34 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

more is necessary, indeed, than the percolation of
water holding in solution carbonic acid.”

‘“Water thus charged would leave only such por-
tions as were insoluble, namely, the silicious matter
and alumina, precisely what is left in the beds just
mentioned.”

“ But it is rather more difficult to account for the
complete replacement of substances by other matter.
When wood is enclosed in beds of clay it is generally
converted into lignite, but when found imbedded in
sand, the wood is replaced by silica and assumes the
form and character of silicified wood.” In like man-
ner shells associated with sands or sandy strata in
Tertiary ages invariably become silicified.

“To those who have not examined the matter
closely,” continues Professor Tuomey, (see Geol. of
S. C., p. 148,) “it may appear that the lime of the
shells was, first, dzsso/ved out, and their hollow moulds
filled by infiltration of silica held in solution. A lit-
tle reflection, however, would satisfy any one that this
is not the process; for it would be obviously impossi-
ble in loose sand for any such perfect moulds to exist,
for the moment the lime was removed, the sand would
pour into the hollows left. Besides, the internal cast
of the shell would fall down, there being nothing to
support it, and the mould be spoiled. We are then
obliged to suppose that the process went on slowly,
and that the lime was replaced by silica, particle by
particle; that is, that when an atom of lime was
removed, one of silica took its place, and this was
continued until all the lime was removed and its place

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 35

taken by the silica; for in no other way can we
account for the preservation of the most minute strize
on the shells together with every spine, process or
other characteristic mark.”

In confirmation of the above, Professor Tuomey
found in Orangeburg District a fossil containing fad
silica. He says: “At first it resembled thin trans-
parent jelly, but on exposure to the air it changed
color, becoming milky, and, finally, became hard, and
presented the appearance of Pearl-stone.’ Thus we
can readily understand how a shell composed mostly
of lime, will, under certain conditions, become flint,
retaining its form and prominent characteristics.

WHAT ARE FOSSILS AND PETRIFACTIONS.

[From the Boston Journal of Chemistry. ]

“Every one who has read even an elementary
manual of geology knows that the remains of plants
and animals are found in the crust of the earth more
or less petrified, or converted into stony matter.
They are commonly known as /osse/s, a term which
etymologically means nothing more than dug up. To
the men of old time and even to the earlier geologists,
their occurrence was a riddle and few considered
them as other than mere accidents or lusus nature ;
but to the geologist of our day they are pictures in
the great stone-book of the earth’s history, illustrating
the life that peopled the lands and waters in pre-

36 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Adamite epochs, and indirectly the geographical
conditions under which they flourished and became
extinct.

‘“A distinction is sometimes made between /ossz/s
and swb-fossils, as they are called. The latter are
usually of more recent origin, and are only partially
altered in texture; the former as a rule, date back to
earlier epochs and the conversion into stone is com-
plete. In the one case, the more volatile substances
have been driven off from the plant, and the softer
and more perishable tissues have disappeared from
the animal, while mineral ingredients have been
absorbed, to a greater or less extent in place of the
organic matter lost. In the other case the vegetable,
if not converted into coal, has been thoroughly
changed by a slow process into stone, merely retain-
ing its original organic form; and animal remains
have undergone a similar metamorphosis, and are
recognizable only through their forms and textures,
which are unaltered.

“What is the nature of this marvellous transforma-
tion from the organic to the inorganic state? It is
not the result of a combination, or chemical union of
earthy matter with organic matter, but rather a grad-
ual replacement of the latter by the former. Particle
by particle the organic matter disappears, and parti-
cle by particle the mineral matter takes its place ;
and so delicately is the substitution effected that
scarely a cell or a fibre is ever broken or displaced !
The nature of the petrifaction will depend, not so
much upon the composition of the plant or animal,

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 37

(though this will have its bearing on the result,) as
upon that of the mineral solutions which percolate
the earth, the fossils being calcareous, silicious, ferru-
ginous, and the like, according as the water contains
lime, flint, or iron, etc. In all cases, the process seems
to be essentially the same; a gradual decay and
dissipation of the organic atoms, and a gradual sub-
stitution, through permeation, of the mineral or inor-
ganic.

“Tn many cases the fossil itself is petrified anew, so
to speak ; that is, the mineral matter which was at first
deposited, is gradually dissolved out, and a new sub-
stance takes its place; or no new matter may be sub-
stituted, and merely the hollow mould be left to
prove that the organism was once there. Thus a
shell or a coral which consist of organized carbonate
of lime may be converted into the sparry mineral
carbonate; and this may be dissolved and washed
away, leaving a hollow mould marked with every
ridge and line of the vanished organism; or this
mould may be filled up again with silicious matter,
so that the shell or coral seems to have been trans-
muted into flint, without losing the most delicate line
traced on its original surface. The perfection with
which the finest lineaments are thus preserved, after
every particle of matter in the fossil has been twice
changed, is almost incredible.

“ Of course all plants and animals are not preserved
alike, nor are the same organisms always found in the
same state of preservation. Those that have partially
decayed in the air before being imbedded in the earth

38 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

will be less perfect than those that were buried by
some sudden convulsion before decay begun. The
harder parts of plants, as roots, stems, and nuts, are
more likely to be preserved than the soft and succu-
lent portions.

“The shells, bones, teeth and scales of animals will
be found when all the fleshy parts have perished; and
the larger and harder bones of a skeleton may be the
only ones that escape destruction.”

Something quite analogous to the change of the
outcrop of the Santee Beds has taken place with the
exposed portions of the Ashley Marls, which have
been torn from their mother-bed, and redeposited as
explained, page 27, and exemplified in Plate II.

The important agents in the latter case being not
anly water-holding Carbonic Acid in solution, whereby
the lime was dissolved particle by particle, but the
fecal matter from the animals named, would furnish
the Phosphoric Acid to supply that portion of the lime
dissolved out of the mass, and thus convert these
nodules into a Phosphate-rock.

Additional evidence may be afforded by the fact,
that the bones of land animals, as found intermingled
with the nodules or Phosphate-rocks, when recently
taken from the living animal, contain about 51 or 52
per cent. of Phosphate of Lime, but when associated
as they must have been for centuries with the mate-
rials of the Phosphate-rock Basins, they necessarily .
wmbibed an additional amount of this essence, and now
yield upon analysis snxety-two per cent. of Phosphate
of Lime! And where did this additional amount of

And the “Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 39

Phosphate of Lime come from? It follows, there-
fore, that if these doves had contributed to furnish the
Phosphoric Acid to the rocks, (as some suppose, )
they would have been deprived of all they possessed ,
and, therefore, it seems very plain, that from the fecal
matter (dung and urine) deposited by land guadrupeds
during a series of ages, dissolved by rain, and its
juices carried down to be imbibed by the Marl nod-
ules, atom after atom as the Carbonate of Lime was
dissolved out of the rock, has been derived the chemi-
cal agent which converted the Eocene Marl nodules
into Phosphate-rocks. To the bones which are buried
with them was imparted also the additional amount
of Phosphoric Acid they are now found to contain, in
excess of that they possessed when in a recent or
living state, and not as has been suggested, from the
excrement of birds.

This theory regarding the conversion of the Car-
bonate of Lime rocks into Phosphate of Lime, was
submitted by us in October, 1867, (just after reading
Ansted’s Lectures on Practical Geology, alluded to
in this work as having been received from England
the day of the discovery of the great value of the
Phosphate-rocks,) to Professor Joseph Leidy, Professor
Samuel H. Dickson, and several other scientific gen-
tlemen of Philadelphia, and obtained their ready con-
currence.* Sometime in the beginning of 1869, or
late in 1868, Dr. F. Peyre Porcher, of Charleston, the
distinguished author of “ Resources of our Fields and

* George T. Lewis, Esq., Frederick Klett, Esq., and Mr. Willian,
Chemist.

40 Phosphate Rocks of South Carohna,

' Forests,” suggested to us the same thing, viz: the im-
bibition of the juices from fecal matter, deposited by
land quadrupeds, above the nodular rocks.

Bird guanos invariably contain bird-bones and small
fish-bones; and frequently entire skeletons of birds
partly fossilized, are found in Peruvian Guanos. The
Sombrero, and other West Indian and Caribbean
varieties, are undoubtedly accumulations of the excre-
ment of birds.

No bones of birds have been discovered in the
Phosphate-rock Basins, and but two or three unchar-
acteristic fragments, swpposed to belong to birds, have
been found in the clay beds of this age; we feel war-
ranted therefore in asserting that this is not the result
of bird excrements.

The English beds of Phosphate-rocks, lately discov-
ered, resembled in almost every particular those of
the Ashley Basin.

Professor Ansted describes them as “containing
numerous fossil remains of animals,’ and they cor-
respond in a remarkable degree in geological posi-
tion, being “all along the outcrop of the Green-sand
beds on the south coast of England,” the Carolina
Phosphate-rocks, are also “ail along” the outcrop
of the Eocene Marl, the Green-sand bearing bed
of South Carolina.

The amount of Phosphate of Lime and Carbonate
of Lime is much the same in both, that is from 55 to
60 per cent. of the former, and 5 to 10 per cent. of the
latter. The nodules are about the same size and form,
both in the English and American beds; both are
deposited in basins and the strata are not continuous.

sa

And the “ Great Carolina Marl bed.” 41

THE FISH-BED OF THE ASHLEY.

The idea prevails that the “ Fish-bed” of the Ash-
ley Basin alluded to in Professor Tuomey’s Geological
Report, is the Phosphate-rock stratum with its asso-
ciated teeth and bones. This is an error into which
many have been led. In Professor Tuomey’s Report,
p. 165, he writes: “ The most remarkable feature in
the Fauna of the period of the deposition of these
beds was the vast number of cartilaginous fishes. It
would seem as if about the close of the Eocene period
these voracious monsters, conscious of their approach-
ing end, had congregated here to die, and it is no
exaggeration to say that more than a bushel of fishes’
teeth have been collected at Ashley Ferry within the
last few years. I have visited the locality several
times and never without finding a large number of
specimens. As the War/ is washed away by the river
and tides, the fossils are left exposed at low water,
and in this way the locality appears almost inexhaus-
tible and well deserves the name of the “ Fish-bed of
the Charleston Basin.”

The surface or upper Marl beds are here alluded to,
that is to say the Ashley-Marl and Sands, and not the
overlying Phosphate-rock bed.

The “Fish-bed” of the Ashley had been thus
named by us before Mr. Tuomey had visited South
Carolina. In the above he only expresses his
approval of the name given it.

At that time Professor Agassiz had not been on
the Ashley.

42 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

A CHAPTER ON THE ASHLEY MAEES.

We have said that the Ashley Marl and Sands com-
pose the Fish-bed of the Charleston Basin, because
from them the varieties of Sharks’ teeth were obtained,
that are now taken from the Phosphate Beds. The
Marl proper, contains but a small percentage of Phos-
phate of Lime, it is larger near the surface than at
greater depths, and it is reasonable therefore, to infer,
that the juices from the upper beds of Phosphate-rocks,
being in excess, passed through the intervening sand
and clays, percolated the soft Marl below, and was
absorbed by its upper layers; hence we find such
Marls as are or have been covered by Phosphate-
rocks, phosphatic for a few feet below the surface, whilst
others not thus covered contain only a small amount
of this substance, and which was derived from marine
animals imbedded in this great Eocene formation,
deposited at the bottom of the Ocean.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.”

43

COMPARISON OF MARLS, HAVING PHOS.
PHATE-ROCKS OVERLYING THEM AND
MARES tA ARE WITHOUT SUCH GOV-

ERING.

These analyses are by Professor Shepard, Senr.
Nos. 1 and 2 are overlaid by Phosphate-rock.
Nos. 3 and 4 are not so overlaid.

CARBONATE PHOSPHATE | CARBONATE
OF OF OF

LIME. LIME. MAGNESIA.

Per cent. ; Per cent. | Per cent.
1 Ashley Marl, (Clement’s)............ 58.00 8.80 trace.
ois bag SoD (Hanckiells))ie..ce anos 44.40 7.00 9.58
Notaleaemsesecierostaeeecs 92.40 15.80 9.58
a Pony one Marlee ccecesarscsaselisss- sce 58.56 2.47 Digytb)
Am xongamlVidtlecsssenestercoesceetacce sens 63.50 2.00 7.00
112.06 4.47 9.12
Marls Nos. 1 and 2 (covered) average} 46.20 7-90 4.79
“Nos. 3. and 4 (uncovered) 56 03 25213 4.56

It follows therefore, as indicated by the above table,
that Marls associated or covered by Phosphate-rocks as
Nos. 1 and 2, are comparatively rich in Phosphate of
Lime, (say 7.90 per cent.) but poor in carbonate of
Lime, (46.20.) Whereas those not so associated or
covered, as Nos. 3 and 4, are poor in Phosphate of
Lime (2.23,) but rich in Carbonate of Lime (56.03.)
The Carbonate of Magnesia being nearly the same in

both.

44 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

COMPARISON OF THE MARLS OF THE SAN-
LEE, COOPER; AND-ASHLEY RIVERS AND
OF THE SANTEE GREEN-SAND MARL.

As is seen by the following table, the Santee and
Cooper Marls contain a larger percentage of Car-
bonate of Lime, (except when containing Green-sand,)
than the phosphatic Marls of the Ashley Beds, they
are therefore much better for lime burning than the
latter. These analyses are taken from Ruffin’s Re-

port:

Per cent Percent

Santee Marl, H.W Ravenel,| 95 |Ashley Marl, Brisbane, 64

Ke P. Porter, 86 cs O’Neale’s, 76

“ Fred’k Porcher, 92 ce Drayton Hall. 63

« Wm. Cain, 87 a Ashley Ferry, 5°

ee Lenud’s Ferry, 93 ce Magnolia, 75

ee Eutaw, 94 cS Greer’s, 52

x Vance’s Ferry, 86 C Pringle’s, 75

oe Felder’s, 94 < Clement’s, 52

Cooper River, Steep Bluff, 80 Kc Marysville, 62

CG Point Comfort, 79 a Ramsay, 67

as Dr. Huger’s, 95 “ Oak Forest, 36

Ke Moss Grove, 80 ce Indian Fields, 5°
Ayerdges en. 88.5-12, Average, ... . |60.2-12

The GREEN-SAND MArRLS average 30 per cent. of
Carbonate of Lime, and 22 per cent. Green-sand.

Marl from Charleston Harbor, near Fort Sumter,
taken forty-five feet below the surface of the water,
after removing all the barnacles and recent shells ad-
hering, contained 81% per cent. of Carbonate of
Lime. Under the City of Charleston, at the depth
of 274 feet it was 79 per cent.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 45

The time is not far distant when the Ashley Marl
will be extensively quarried, and as much sought
after by the planter and farmer as the Phosphates are
at the present day. It will be used preparatory to a
top dressing of Superphosphates.

ON THE USE OF RAW OR GROUND PHOS-
PHATE-ROCK AS & BPERTILIZER.

Since the discovery of the Phosphate-rock Basins,
a number of companies have been organized for Min-
ing, Grinding, and Manufacturing the raw material
into Fertilizers or Superphosphates, by subjecting the
finely pulverized rock to the action of Sulphuric Acid,
thereby rendering it more soluble in water and more
easily assimilated by the plant; the raw material
being held by chemists as zzsoluble in its original or
present state. The Superphosphates, or prepared
rocks, are costly, they require a large outlay of capi-
tal in machinery and buildings for their manipulation,
and hence other companies have been formed with
the design of simply grinding the rock into a fine
powder and placing it upon the market in that condi-
tion; leaving it to the agriculturist to select as he
pleases the vaw or the cooked (super) Phosphates,
knowing that the raw material though greatly
cheaper (?) is slow in its effects, but will gradually
afford a supply of food to the crops, its fertilizing prop-

46 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

erties extending through several years. Whereas the
cooked or manipulated rock, (the Superphosphate,
fertilizer,) is nearly exhausted the first crop, its action
is immediate.

There is little doubt that an application of the raw-
ground-phosphate, to the poor and almost worn out
lands everywhere to be met with, still under cultiva-
tion, will be to a great extent beneficial, as none of
these lands contain a particle of lime in any form, and
possibly the native acid in the soil will gradually cook
a sufficient quantity annually to aid and support the
crop; or, in other words, gradually convert, in Na-
ture’s laboratory, the raw Phosphate into the Super-
phosphate of commerce.

And of this, our Marl experiments in 1844 prove
in a measure the reasonableness of the inference.
The upper layers of the Marl of the Ashley, applied
to cotton and corn, produced greater effects than Marl
obtained from the depth of ten or twelve feet below; and
we can only account for this difference from the fact
afterwards ascertained, (but not at the time even sus-
pected,) that the upper layers contained more Phos-
phate of Lime than the lower, the “ drippings” of the
Phosphate Basins above having been 7wzdided by the
top layers of Marl underlying them. Hence as it was
a raw, uncooked Phosphate of Lime, similar (and, as
we confidently believe, even greater,) results must
attend the application of the ground Phosphates,
which contain from fifty to sixty per cent. of Phos-
phate of Lime.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 47

MINERAL MANURES.

“There is one department,” remarks Professor Tuo-
mey, “in which chemistry has fully redeemed its
pledge to agriculture—the analysis of the products
of the soil and manures. Plants analyze soils most
accurately, and whatever of organic matters they
contain must be found in the soil. And if we con-
tinue to abstract these matters, by repeated cropping,
and without making any return, sterility must be the
result.

“ Knowing, then, the composition of each crop, we
know what is removed from the soil; and knowing
also the composition of the manures within reach, we
know what to apply. This is absolute knowledge,
and must constitute the basis of every enlightened
system of agriculture. ,

“ When after a succession of crops, and consequent
abstraction of a large amount of its salts, the soil
begins to exhibit signs of exhaustion, application is
made to the chemist to determine what is the matter,
or to find out if some little ingredient is not wanting
that may be supplied without any trouble or expense.
Supposing that this wanting ingredient be discovered,
how is it to be procured? Lime is almost the only
substance that we, in this country, can afford to ap-
ply in an isolated state. The course to be pursued is
obvious: We must study the composition of the
failing crop, and add such manures as we know, by
their composition, to contain the greatest number or
quantity of the elements of the crop, trusting that

48 Phosphate Rocks in South Carolina,

although not absolutely wanting, the others will not
be lost. This,and the development, by proper means,
of such substances as may already exist in the soil,
are the only rational remedies.”

We are, fortunately, in possession of a vast amount
of information relating to the chemical composition
of cultivated plants, and it will be interesting to pre-
sent here the analyses of some of those that con-
stitute our principal crops.

Analyses of the various Guanos, Fertilizers, Marls,
Limes, etc., etc., are also here introduced for the
benefit of the agriculturist.

Analysis of Santee Cotton Wool, by Prof. Shepard,
under the direction of the Black Oak Agricultural
Society :

Carbonate of Potassa, (with possible traces

of Soda,) ; : : ; 44.19
Phosphate of Lime, (with traces of Mag-

nesia,) : 4 ’ ; hag
Carbonate of Lime, : 4 ; 2) OEOg.
Carbonate of Magnesia, : : ; e685
Silica, 7% ; : ; : ; : ft iA
Alumina, (probably accidental,) _. : - de4O
Sulphate of Potassa, : : a ee.
Chloride of Potassium,
Chloride of Magnesium,
Sulphate of Lime, Vaanrilosseet Mivabe

Phosphate of Potassa,
Osade vor Lime, (in
minute traces, ) J)

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 49

Cotton Seed, by Professor Shepard.

Phosphate of Lime, with traces of Magnesia, 61.64

Phosphate of Potassa, with traces of Soda, . 31.51
Sulphate of Potassa, : : : : sete
silica, = , : : ; ; sO) bea:
Carbonate of Lime, : : 41
Carbonate of Magnesia, : .26
Chloride of Potassium, . 25
Carbonate of Potassa, |
Sulphate of Lime,
Sulphate of Magnesia, Van lOsSyu'. 5 1-64
Alumina and Oxides of Iron and

Manganese, in traces, J 100.00

Cotton Stalk, by Professor J. Lawrence Smith, in 1,000
parts, (leaves, empty pods and stalk.)

Lime, ‘ : : : : : . map ose
Potash.” . , : : é 242.
Phesphoric Acid)... : LaTeR GIT?
Magnesia, : ENS:
Oxide of Iron, : : : : : : Ae
Sulphuric Acid, ! adh: tc
Chlorine, . A ‘ ‘ : 8.
Carbonic Acid, : : 2 ; : W270.
Sand, “ 3 ; : , : i 5.

50 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Sea Island Cotton, by Dr. Ure.

Carbonate of Potash, ; : : : . 44.8
Muriate of Potash, . f : : ‘ Og
Sulphate of Potash, . s é : : SAA
Phosphate of Lime, . ; i : : . (9:0
Carbonate of Lime, . : . $ : Ro (a Yo)
Phosphate of Magnesia, . 5 : ; DOA.
Peroxide of Iron, ; d ; : 3 Se
Alumina, a trace, and loss, : : : LNEEIO

100.0

“ Although there is a considerable difference in the
proportions of the ingredients present in the two
varieties of cotton, as exhibited by these analyses,
they both show the presence of all the leading and
important salts.” (Tuomey.)

Indian Corn, by Prof. Shepard. 100 parts of the grain
left nearly 1 per cent of ash, composed of —

Silica, : : 38.45
Potassa, (with traces of Soda,) : ; {SNORE
Phosphate of Lime, ; a
Phosphate of Magnesia, 5 : : {. Maas
Phosphate of Potassa, 2.24
Carbonate of Lime, : : : : Y (iaeb@
Carbonate of Magnesia, : 1) eee
Sulphate of Lime, . ; ; a Oe ts 79
Silica mechanically present, . : . 8 ee
Alumina, : ; ; : : : - abRaIGES

iosss : . : ‘ ‘ ; . ONSROS

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 51
ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHATE-ROCKS.
From Marysville Works, Ashley River, Charleston Min-
ing and Manufacturing Companies Mines, cargo ex
“ Bailey, by G. A. Liebig.”
BALTIMORE, September 24th, 1870.
Moisture determined at 100° C., : 6.225
Phosphoric Acid, f : ; ‘ 21) (28:874)
Which is equal to 63.034 Bone Phosphate of Lime.
Rendered perfectly kiln dry, it will contain of Calc.
Bone Phosphate of Lime 67.219.

From Sardy’s Mines, Fraser’s Plantation Ashepoo ; by
Professor Shepard, Jr. Analysis No. 6 combining
the Acids with Lime—

Bone Phosphate of Lime, . 3 : : 65.14
Carbonate of Lime. . : ‘ ‘ : 12.50
Sulphate.of Lime, . —: : : 5.59

Rocks from the Oak Point Mines, analyzed by Professor
Shepard, yielled—

Bone Phosphate of Lime, . : : 58.66

Carbonate of Lime, . ; ‘ : 6.90

Analyses of GUANOS, Pacific and Peruvian.
Nore.—These analyses show that the Peruvian
Guano contains 23.48-100 per cent. and the Pacific
contains §3 per cent. of Phosphate of Lime.

52 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Analysis of Peruvian Guano, by Dr. Thos. Anderson,
Chemist to the Highland Agricultural Society of Scot-
land.

Water, : 13-73
Organic Matter ang ApaRTOuTacal Sales 5216
Phosphates, ; ; ; : : L 23.48
Lime: : : ; :
Sulphuric Acid, : —
Alkaline Salts, . ; 7.97
Sati... ‘ ; 1.66
100.00

Analysis of Baker’s Island (Pacific) Guano, by L. D.
Gale, M. D., Chemical Examiner of Patents in the
United States Patent Office, Washington, D. C.

Organic Compounds, yielding Ammonia, &c., 9.940

Combined Water, : : 2.500
Carbonic Acid from Onan Carne sunte of
Limepiaik 600

Bone Phosphate Ai ane aaa Bore Bhok
phate of Magnesia, containing Phosphoric

UNCid ag o/O7) aueas ; : ; KSB 266
Sulphate of Soda, 1.263
Common Salt, ° ; 1,615
IeOSS aus : f ’ ‘ : : f 816

100.000

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 53

NAVASSA GUANO.
Contains about 49 per cent. Phosphate of Lime,
and 12 per cent. Phosphate of Alumina and Iron.

Analysis of Swan's lsland Guano—Cargo of “G. 7.

Ward =”
BALTIMORE, June 11, 1866.
Water and Organic Matter, : ‘ 20.81
Phosphoric Acid, : ; 28.34
Lime; : : ; ‘ 23.88
Sand and fuisolubie eee : 15.00
Indifferent Matter, . 11.97

The Phosphoric Acid ae ee is ee to 61.87 of
bone Phosphate of Lime.

(Signed) G, A. Lixrsic.

Composition of Recent Oyster Shells, (Xane.)

Animal Membrane, : 0.5
Carbonate of Lime, é : ’ SY MOSS
Phosphate of Lime, : : 1.0

a 100.00

Ashley Marls, (Clement’s,) Professor Shepard.
Silicas yy: Y : : , é ; . 1528:00
Carbonate of Lime, (with traces of Magnesia,) 58.00
Phosphate of Lime (with traces of per oxide

of iron.) . : AMS ISO
Alumina, ; : : : : ; A O:80
Water; ; : ey A480
Loss, . E : : : : ; 40

100.00

54 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Ashepoo Marl—Professor Shepard.

Siltear. ; 4 ; : ; : me 34a
Carbonate of Lime, : i ; 58356
Carbonate of Magnesia, . 5 ; S-/ohig

Phosphate of Magnesia, (with traces a per
oxide of iron,) . ; : E : whe NRA
Alumina, ; f ; : : ‘ 4 Ome
Water : . : : "| 60
—— 101.96

Analysis of Clean Crushed Bone.

Water +). . : é : ) » 10.40
Nitrogenized Oreste Matter, ; ; 11 §30:08
Alkaline Salts, : 3 : 4 : , LTO
Phosphates, . : ; : + AQ:32
Carbonate of Lime, . f : : = HO:52
Silica ; : : 5 : 1.68
100.00

Analysis of ordinary bones, with such admixture of
dirt as will frequently be found where they have been
gathered in small lots after being exposed to contact
with the ground—a fair average after grinding :

Moisture, : ; ‘ . | TORO
Organic Matter Nitroweneeus i : ) 2Orra
Alkaline Salts, : , : AOS
Phosphates, . : : . 40.28
Carbonate of Lime, : : > VSeeae

Sands , ; : : : : : eso

100.00

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 55

Quantities of the Several Fertilizers to be Applied per
Acre.

About three hundred pounds of Peruvian Guano
per acre is the average used for market gardening,
and general crops.

Of Peruvian Guano, and the best manufactured
Superphosphates, the average application, when no
other manure is used, is about four hundred pounds—
varying with the crop and character of the soil which
is to receive it. We give here the directions for ap-
plying Concentrated Fertilizers, which will serve as a
general guide for the others:

For wheat or rye in drills, 300 pounds per acre ;
broadcast, 400 to 450 pounds.

For cotton, in drills, 300 pounds; broadcast, 400.

For oats, broadcast, 350 pounds; drills, 250.

For corn, 400 pounds.

For tobacco, 350 to 400 pounds.

For potatoes, 400 to 450 pounds.

6 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,
5

WHEN AND HOW THE ROCK WAS. FIRST
FOUND.

Sometime in November, 1837, in an old rice field
about a mile from the west bank of the Ashley in St.
Andrew’s Parish, we found a number of rolled or
water-worn nodules, of a rocky material filled with
the impressions or casts of marine shells. These
nodules or “rocks” were scattered over the surface
of the land, and in some places had been gathered
into heaps, so that they could not materially interfere
with the cultivation of the field.

At that time we were students of Geology and
Paleontology, and the interesting and beautifully pre-
served forms of shells, teeth and bones mingled with
the rocks filled with the casts of shells, corals and
corallines, attracted our attention, and in a very short
time enriched our cabinet with thousands of remark-
able specimens. These, during a term of six years,
we studied carefully and labelled as best we could.
The appointment of Mr. Ruffin, in 1842, to make a
survey (geological and agricultural) of the State,
as ordered by the Legislature was generally under-
stood to be mainly for the purpose of introducing the
use of Marl and Lime as fertilizers; Marl having
been successfully and extensively used by the farmers
of Virginia, and the results obtained having been
found to surpass their most favorable anticipations.

Mr. Ruffin immediately called the attention of the
planters to the importance of searching diligently
everywhere for Marl-beds and other sources from
whence calcareous carths or lime could be obtained.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 57

Shortly after his arrival among us, we had the
satisfaction of pointing out the exposures of Marl on
the Ashley, and of submitting for his examination
specimens of the nodular rocks scattered over the
fields just alluded to. As these rocks contained little
Carbonate of Lime, (the material, of all others, then
most eagerly sought after,) the nodules were thrown
aside and considered useless as a fertilizing substance.

Mr. Ruffin also intimated, that as the ‘ GREAT
CAROLINIAN Mart BED” was extensively exposed on
the river banks near by, was easy of access and readily
dug with ordinary implements, he thought it well
worth transporting in carts and wagons, four or five
miles ; especially as it was so much richer in Carbon-
ate of Lime than the Marls of Virginia, which were
often carted to a greater distance; the former having
from 50 to 80 per cent., the latter only averaging
about 40 per cent.

At that time, Marl and everything resembling Marl,
was carefully scrutinized and analyzed by Professors
Shepard, J. Lawrence Smith and Wm. Hume, and
some of the results published.

58 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

DISCOVERY OF THE. ROCKS IN SITU; AND
OF THE: MARL BENEATH aw;

From a prize report, made to the State Agricultural
Society of South Carolina, November, 1844, of suc-
cessful experiments in Marling cotton and corn lands,
and for which their premium was awarded, we
extract the following, which forms a part of the his-
tory of Phosphate-rocks :

“Tn a low part of an old field, (December oth,
1843,) we attempted to bore with an auger below the
surface to ascertain the nature of the earth beneath,
and with the hope of finding Marl. We did not pene-
trate two feet before the auger was thrown aside and
the spade and pick resorted to. On removing the
soil above the rocks, they were seen in a regular
stratum about one foot thick imbedded in clay, and
seemed to be identically the same as those found
scattered on the surface of an adjoining field; all of
them bearing the impressions of shells, and having
similar cavities and holes filled with clay. Continuing
our excavation, the yellow Marl was reached at about
five feet from the surface. As the water sprung
rapidly we had to abandon the work, but with the
satisfaction of knowing that the Marl underlaid the
stratum of rock and was to be had on our own farm,
and in the midst of our cultivated fields, thereby
enabling us to save carting one mile from the river
bank.

“On the 22d of February following, (1844,) another
attempt was made to find the Marl, and it was dis-

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 59

covered near an old causeway on the edge of the
high land under the marsh. The following is a tabu-
lar arrangement of the strata taken from above the
Marl which lies four feet six inches below the surface
of the marsh mud:
FEET. INCHES.

1st. Marsh Mud, filled with roots,. . 1 O
2d. White Sand and a few pebbles, . . 0
3d. Marl Rocks, (Phosphate-rocks,) . 1
4th. Dark sand, lumps of blue ni

anc: pebblesy! 21) 7: sat jt O
5th. Blue and Gray Sand, atl a

quantity of finely divided

shelly matter, (Post-Pleiocene

shells,) with casts in soft Marl

and fish: bones and teeth,«.. . . 1 O

W WwW

Total,

aS
Or’

6th. Yellowish Marl containing 61
per cent. of Carbonate of
Sn StSe OP Ree) ke, © ne, ee AEE O

“ At this depth the color changes with a green tint,
and the Marl increases in strength to 71 per cent. of
Carbonate of Lime, and continues thus seven feet
deeper. The surface of the Marl Bed was found to
be very much broken and irregular, having deep holes
in it filled with blue mud and sand. Arrangements
were immediately made to dig and marl lands exten-
sively for the next crop, and a pit opened twenty feet
wide and forty feet long.”

60 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

DISCOVERY..OF. STONE, ARROW, LEADS
AND»: As STONE TATCHE TEIN) EDS sok
POST-PLEIOCENE AGE.

It was on the 23d or 24th day of February, 1844,
whilst engaged in the removal of the upper beds
covering the Marl, and preparing for opening the
large pit just alluded to, the laborers discovered
among the rocks several stone arrow heads and one
stone hatchet ;* they were found directly under the
roots of a large oak, which was cut down and its
roots removed to make way for our marling opera-
tions. The tree stood just within the margin of the
high land skirting the marsh; the pit as laid out,
encroached upon the high land side about ten feet,
and the depth of soil was about three feet above the
rocky stratum.

The late Dr. Thomas L. Burden, an accomplished
gentleman and scholar, and a true lover of nature, more
especially of the departments of Botany and Paleon-
tology, accompanied us almost daily collecting fossils
in the neighborhood. We had during our explorations
discovered upon one or two occasions a few arrow
heads and spear heads, (for such we took them to be,)
in “out of the way” places, and differing so greatly
in their general characteristics from those found
commonly scattered all over this Continent, that we
examined and studied them again and again with
deep interest, and were continually comparing them

* These Specimens are still in our Cabinet.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 61

with the well known similar forms obtained from the
Indian mounds of America, and attributed to the
handiwork of its aborigines. But when found wxder
the oak at the Marl pit, among the “ Marl rocks,” as
they were then termed, (and very properly too, for they
are indeed Marl rocks derived from the mother-bed of
Eocene Marl,) every precaution was immediately
taken to satisfy ourselves fully as to the possibility of
their being of the same age as the “mound,” arrow
heads and hatchets, but washed into a
after ages, and now found mixed with the Marl rocks;

”

eullys Min
(Phosphate-rocks,) and therefore accidental occupants
of the place.

After a careful study of everything connected with
their discovery, the place and stratum in which they
were found, and their remarkable forms, we were sat-
isfied that they belonged to and were deposited in the
same geological age to which the bones and teeth of
the Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Horse, and other
land animals belong, and which are found associated
with them in the same matrix or mother-bed of clay,
which is of the Post-Pleiocene period, and which we
have since designated as the PRE-HISTORIC AGE OF
Man.

Alas, for young students and their beautiful theo-
ries! Professor Tuomey, about this time, visited the
locality, examined the specimens and everything con-
- nected with their discovery and exhumation, together
with all the surrounding strata, and advised against
their publication, as it was possible for them to have
fallen into a hole at the foot of the tree, or the bur-

62 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

rows of some animal; and, should no more of such
relics hereafter be found, our reputation as observers
in the geological field would be affected. It was good
advice and we took it. Though we certainly “were
convinced against our will.”

Night after night we studied and talked over these
arrow heads and this stone hatchet.

HUMAN BONES DISCOVERED.

Not very long after finding the above named
relics of human workmanship, and while engaged
in our usual visits to the Ashley Bed, a bone was
found projecting from the bluff, immediately in
contact with the surface of the stony stratum (the
Phosphate-rocks) ; we pulled it out, and behold a
human bone! Without hesitation it was condemned
as an “ accidental occupant” of quarters to which it

had no right—geologically—and so we threw it into

the river. Alas! we have lived to regret our temerity
and rashness. A year after, a lower jaw bone with
teeth was taken from the same bed, and we now have
it in the Cabinet.* Subsequent events and discoveries
show, conclusively, that the first discovered human
bone was “in place,” and that the beds of the Post-
Pleiocene, not only on the Ashley, but in France

* Professor Kerr and Dr. Pratt, in 1867, discovered other human bones,
(parts of a femur and tibia,) in the same bed, and from the same locality.
These are also in our Cabinet in Charleston.

eS

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 63

Switzerland, and other European countries, contain
human bones associated with the remains of extinct
animals and relics of human workmanship, proving
most conclusively that the Carolina specimens were
found “in place,” and as the European discoveries
were made in 1854 and ours in 1844, to South Caro-
lina should be awarded the honor of the first dis-
covery, and the determination of the Paleontological
age of the Post-Pleiocene Beds. It “stamps” it, as
the PRE-HISTORIC AGE OF MAv, the connecting link be-
tween the Tertiary and the Recent age, the true
Quarternary period in its geological history.

COPROEIMMES (@) IN’ ANPOCKE EF

Whilst engaged manufacturing Saltpetre at Ashley
Ferry, on the west bank of the River, during the late
Confederate War, the lime or calcareous earth neces-
sary in such operations, was obtained by sinking pits
into the Eocene Marl-bed.

Upon the removal of four or five feet of the upper
layers, the workmen discovered in one part of a pit
a number of oddly shaped nodules, resembling some-
what the Marl stones (Phosphate-rocks) found in
the stratum above the Marl, but more cylindrical in
form and not perforated, and having their exterior
polished as though each individual specimen had
received a coat of varnish; they appeared to have
been deposited in a large cavern or ‘“ pocket” in the

Marl bed.

64 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

The quantity taken from this pocket was estimated
at several wagon loads.

We supposed them to be Coprolites, or the fossil-
ized excrements of some of those large Aquatic Mam-
malia of that age, whose bones are found in great
numbers in the Marl, and also mixed with the Phos-
phate-rocks in the basins. The Zeuglodons, Squalo-
dons and Phocodons, swarmed in the waters of that
period, and they had as associates huge Crocodiles or
Alligator-like creatures, which roamed the submarine
forests like an army of Locusts seeking their prey.

The amount of Phosphate of Lime found by Dr.
Pratt, in his analysis of these supposed Coprolites, is
small compared with that of the Phosphate-rocks,
being only 15 per cent. But it is not surprising, as
the Marl must have extracted a large portion of their
phosphoric essence.

This completes the history of the Marls and the
Phosphate-rocks up to the close of the Confederate
War in 1865, and which for four years excluded
all Europe, their doings and their publications, from
Confederate eyes; and it was not until 1867, when
we had recovered sufficiently from the effects of the
war to import a few books from England, was ascer-
tained what had been done during the interval by
scientific men in that country.

Early in the month of August, 1867, the oth or
1oth day, our friend Dr. N. A. Pratt, with whom
we had been intimately associated during the war,
brought us a small fragment of rock and enquired if
we knew it. We replied yes; as well as we know

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 65

our children; we have been familiar with it since
1839, have a large collection of specimens at the Col-
lege of Charleston, and would be glad to submit them
to him for examination. To this the Doctor readily
assented, and we repaired immediately to the Col-
lege.

On examination, (there were fifty or sixty speci-
mens in the closet,) he said: “I think you are mis-
taken, zzese are not the same kind of rock as that in
in my hand.” We rejoined, there is no doubt on our
mind about it, but feel confident they are the same, and
suggested that a quantity should be ground up finely,
so as to obtain a fair sample for analysis. Dr. Pratt
took, accordingly, several pounds, enquiring at the
same time as to its chemical composition; we replied:
Professor Tuomey made a crude analysis of it some
years ago, his notes of the result were burnt with
our library ; but we well remember that the amount
of Phosphate of Lime, 16 per cent., was considered
too small, and the Carbonate of Lime, Iron and Sand,
too great to admit of its being used advantageously
for Agricultural purposes.

At that time patent fertilizers and fashionable su-
perphosphates were unknown; in fact, Guanos in this
country had been used but a short time, hence the
anxiety of scientific men to develop the great masses
of Marls which were found on the banks of rivers in
South Carolina.

We well remember relating, too, an incident which
occurred some years ago regarding these rocks. A

5

66 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

gentleman of Saint Andrew’s* had a large quantity
of the rocks pounded at considerable expense, in-
tending to use it as a fertilizer, but Mr. Ruffin, and
the party who accompanied him on the visit, dis-
suaded the old gentleman from using it by saying it
would produce no beneficial effect. This was in the
year 1843.

After selecting the specimens intended for analysis,
the Doctor remarked “that the small specimen which
he possessed was obtained from the neighborhood of
Charleston,” but did not name the locality, or from
whom he had received it, nor did we ask him. He
also remarked “it contains a much larger quantity
of Phosphate of Lime than is known from published
accounts of the Ashley rocks, by Shepard or Tuomey,
and that it was valuable as a fertilizer if all the Ash-
ley rocks were of the same quality ; though if found
in quantity, as we had represented, he was fearful the
average percentage of Phosphate of Lime would not
be so great, as our specimens indicated a greater
amount of silex iron and lime than was found in that
in his possession.”

The day after this interview Dr. Pratt informed
me that the analysis, though not completed, indicated
to his surprise even greater results than he had
obtained from /zs specimen, and that it was reduced
to a certainty that the Ashley Ferry rocks were un-
doubtedly much richer in Phosphate of Lime. When
the analysis was completed it was ascertained to con-

* The late Jno. S. Brisbane, Esq.

And the “Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 67

tain nearly SIXTY PER CENT. OF PHOSPHATE oF LIME.
Dr. Pratt then said: “The question with me now is,
the extent of the formation, and this must be looked
into at once.” Again we rejoined, “ This is well
known, and though we cannot take you up to the
Ashley, to-day, because of engagements at the Col-
lege, we will send Mr. Jonathan Lucas with you to-
morrow, and you can then see and judge for yourself;
for he knows the stratum and its outcrop, having
been with us during the war, whilst engaged manu-
facturing saltpetre.” At the same time we also told
the Doctor that the extent of this deposit was marked
upon a map which was still in our possession, and
it should be looked for. The map was afterwards
found and submitted to him for examination.

The necessary arrangements being made, Dr. Pratt
left the next day with Mr. Lucas for Ashley Ferry,
saw the rock zz setw, and admitted “it surpassed his
anticipation.” On the very day the Doctor and
Mr. Lucas were visiting the Ashley, we received
Ansted’s book from London, on the Geology of the
Cambridge Beds of Phosphates, giving in detail the
analysis of a rock similar to that of the Ashley, and
discovered sometime during our Confederate War.
His description of the Cambridge rock corresponds in
almost every particular with that of the Ashley Beds,
and in a most remarkable manner corroborated our
statement made years ago, viz: that Charleston was
located geologically, on the same formation as that of
the great City of London.*

*Holmes’ Notes, Geology of Charleston, 1849.

68 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

On the Doctor’s return from the Ashley (with Mr.
Lucas) we had the pleasure of placing the book in
his hands, and directing his attention to the article.
Several persons were present at the time, and all
expressed their surprise.

The thickness of the beds described, the formation
of strata and the percentage of Phosphate of Lime,
were almost exactly those of the Ashley Beds; and
it was remarked, that if the war had not occurred,
which cut us off from all English publications, the
value of the Ashley Beds would have been known to
Carolinians in 1864. The Hon. C. G. Memminger,
was the first person to whom we applied for aid to
develop this additional source of wealth. At first
he did not seem to appreciate its value, but when we
exhibited our own publications, extending through
many years, and also the work of Professor Ansted,
of England, which had been received only the day
before, he said, on taking leave of us: “ Zhat book of
Ansted's ts of the first importance in enabling you
(Dr. Pratt and the writer) 40 establish the worth of your
discovery; be careful of it.”

That book did ultimately convince many of the
value of this discovery, and aided us greatly in obtain-
ing the necessary means to develop the Phosphate
deposits of South Carolina.

For several months after the discovery, we were
engaged in making explorations and arranging future
work, and had lost sight of or had forgotten to en-
quire concerning the specimen first analyzed by Dr.
Pratt ; and it was not until sometime in the early part

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 69

of 1868, we were informed by a friend, Dr. F. Peyre
Porcher, that Dr. Ravenel had given the specimen to
Dr. Pratt, and afterwards by Dr. Pratt himself when
we told him of it, and that Dr. St. Julien Ravenel had
been enquiring if we possessed a series of specimens of
the several geological formations found in the Ash-
ley Beds. And here it may be proper to state, that it
was the first time since the war that Dr. Ravenel had
conversed with us about Marls or geological speci-
mens. Dr. Pratt said the specimen was given to him
by Dr. Ravenel, who had analyzed it and found 15 per
cent. of Phosphate of Lime. Professor Tuomey, as
before stated, found 16 per cent. years ago in these
rocks. Dr. Pratt analyzed the specimen obtained
from Dr. Ravenel, and found 34 per cent., and after-
wards those placed in his hands by us at the College,
and found nearly 60 per cent. in them !

To continue the history: After SIX WEEKS OF UNA-
VAILING EXERTIONS, in obtaining means to develop
these treasures of the Ashley River, and to convince
the good people of Charleston of the value of the
discovery, we were obliged to resort to Northern
cities for aid. Mr. James T. Welsman, of Charleston,
one of the few who fully appreciated the discovery,
furnished the necessary funds. Geo. T. Lewis and
Fredk. Klett, Esqs., two gentlemen of Philadelphia,
immediately took the matter in hand, rewarded us
both for our discovery, and furnished the capital for
the first Phosphate Mining Association,— ‘‘ The
Charleston, South Carolina, Mining and Manufac-
turing Company.” The Phosphate-rocks have be-

70 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

come a staple article of commerce. Large ships and
steamers are daily seeking cargoes from the Ashley,
Stono, Wando, Ashepoo and other rivers; and the
State is now reaping a great harvest. Over six mil-
lions of dollars have already been invested by North-
ern capitalists in mining and manufacturing the Rocks
into rich fertilizers; and many persons who in 1867
were unbelievers, have now ¢her thousands invested in
zt. The foregoing isa simple and true history of the
discovery and development of the Phosphate-rocks
of South Carolina.

THICKNESS OF THE:STRATUM Witt
VIELD (PER 2Chis:

Fifteen or eighteen inches may be considered the
average thickness of the stratum of the Phosphate-
rocks; though there are many places where it has
been found three feet thick. Here and there a pocket
occurs, extending several feet, and to as great a
depth. It is safe, therefore, in making estimates of
the yield per acre to take the lowest, that of fifteen
inches. Should the stratum be uniform six hundred
tons may be safely calculated upon as the yield;
though there are many “diggings” now returning
eight hundred and a thousand tons per acre. No
estimate can be made for River deposits; in some
places the rock is found in great heaps, accumulated
by the force of currents, and then again, a few yards
off, the river-bottom is laid bare from the same cause.

y PHEAVAL OF THE SEA COAST

-

41d

“SNIT YALVM YSAALY

NISVG ADIHSV £3)

HSUYW squigodag JLVHdS

NOLLISOd HAILVIAH ONIMOH
NOILOAS

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 71

As you approach the edges of the Phosphate-rock
basins the stratum thins out. The outlines of these
basins are as irregular as those of the ponds and lakes
of the present period. The upheaval of the coast of
South Carolina was very gradual, not sudden. The
Ashley Basin was lifted and rent near its centre; and
thus a channel for the river was made, as seen in Plate
Ill. The stratum underlies the City of Charleston,
and is reached at the depth of sixty feet.

Plate IV is an illustration of the relative position of
the Eocene Marl; sands and clays, with imbedded
shells of the Post-Pleiocene period, the strata of Phos-
phate-rocks in situ, under the marsh, and also as cov-
ered by the sedimentary formation of river mud.
The shells in beds are found sometimes above the
Phosphate-rock stratum.

Why vtrVALUE OP THESE: BEDS WAS
NOE DISCOVERED THIRTY YEARS AGO,

How often have we heard this question, and per-
haps we will hear it again and again! There is but
one answer, and that was given in our description of
the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina, before the
American National Academy of Science at Washing-
ton, as follows:

A few years ago the lands in Western Pennsylvania
were selling at ‘sheriffs’ prices ;’ the forests had all
or nearly all been cut down and consumed, and every
source from whence fuel could be obtained exhausted.

72 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Coal was imported from England and other States,
and the farmers were “ pulling up stakes,” emigrating
West, and selling their farms to immigrants. Just
then the immense beds of coal, whose outcroppings
had been trodden under foot for eighty or ninety years
as so much useless stuff, and therefore called ‘“ Stone
Coal,’ was discovered to be of some value; in a short
time scientific men pointed out the mode of using it,
and Stone Coal, or what is now known as Axthracite,
is consumed at $10 per ton, and those lands in the
Coal Fields of the Pennsylvania Basin are worth as
many dollars as they brought cents a few years ago,
and now millions of tons are annually exported.

Why were these Coal Fields not utilized fifty or
eighty years ago?

Again, the Eastern Whalemen after a cruise of one
or two years have of late been returning with a fourth
or a half cargo of oil, reporting the whales as almost
extinct. Sperm oil advanced to an unheard of price.
Down goes the rod of the Geologist, and up comes
the Petroleum! The Pennsylvania Petroleum Wells
yield more o/ in one month than the whale fisheries
did in a year! Why was Petroleum not discovered
fifty years ago?

The granitic soils of New England had also of late
years become so poor they did not yield vegetable
“stuff” enough for the support of its quota of grass-
hoppers, and her energetic sons were daily emigrating
South and West for richer lands.

Again the joyful news is heard of the discovery of
whole islands of guanos in the Pacific, and immedi-

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 73

ately those poor soils advance in price from $5 per
acre to $100!

How is it these Guano Islands were not known one
hundred years ago?

We apprehend that for the same wise purpose the
great Architect of this world had stored up these
things for man’s use in the future, so, too, He has seen
proper not to reveal their use or worth until they were
required to minister to man’s happiness and comfort.

The Carolina Marl and Phosphate Beds abound
with overwhelming evidence of the foreknowledge
and providence of God, preparing as He did, and at a
time indefinitely remote, these vast stores to be brought
forth for man’s use when most needed.

WHAT HAS BEEN? DONE TOWARDS~ THE
DEVELOPMENT -OF THE SOUTH CARO-
LINA PHOSPHATE BEDS.

The following list comprises the organized compa-
nies engaged in mining and in manufacturing this
material into fertilizers :

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA, MINING AND Man-
UFACTURING COMPANY, the pioneer in developing the
Phosphate-rocks. Jesse E. Smith, Esq., of Phila-
delphia, is President.

Wando Mining and Manufacturing Company, John
K. Dukes, Esq.

Etiwan Sulphuric Acid and Superphosphate Com-
pany, Hon. C. G. Memminger.

6

74 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Oak Point Mines, Geo. S. Scott and D. U. Jennings,
Esqs., Proprietors.

Marine and River Phosphate Mining and Manufac-
turing Company, G. W. Williams, Esq.

Carolina Fertilizer Manufacturing Company, G. W.
Williams & Co., Agents.

Chicora Mining and Manufacturing Company, A.
D. Estill, Esq.

Atlantic Phosphate Company, F. J. Porcher, Esq.

Stono Phosphate Company, Jas. S. Gibbes, Esq.

Farmers’ Fertilizing Company, W. G. Whilden, Esq.

Palmetto Mining Company, T. D. Eason, Esq.

Pacific Guano Company, J. N. Robson, Esq., Agent.

Wappoo Mills and Ashepoo Mines, Jno. B. Sardy,
Esq.

There are also several minor companies and private
parties engaged in mining these rocks.

THE CHARLESTON, SO: CA MINING 2A
MANUFACTURING COMPANY.

The Charleston, S. C., Mining and Manufacturing
Company was the pioneer in developing this great and
most valuable discovery, and was organized in 1867 ;
Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston, as President ;
Doctor N. A. Pratt, of Georgia, Chemist and Super-
intendent of Works; and Mr. Arthur H. Locke, of
Charleston, Secretary. The principal office was in
Charleston, but as most of the directors resided in
Philadelphia a branch office and agency was located
there also.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 75

Many difficulties had to be surmounted; it was a
new and untried field; thousands of dollars were
expended before the proper mode of working “ THE
DIGGINGS”’ could be known. Laborers were scarce,
and the negro, unaccustomed to such work, accom-
plished very little towards a day’s task. The best
time for mining was during the summer or dry season
of the year, when the white laborer could not with-
stand the chills and fevers of the season; in a word,
difficulities and oppositions arose every day and in
every form. Where the Company expected to keep
employed one thousand laborers, thirty could not be
placed. The thing could not be done in a day ; time
was required to develop and work out the problem.
And perhaps it was well; for had very great quanti-
ties of the raw material been suddenly put upon the
market, a substance new and untried, no one can tell
what would have been the result. Time was required
for the manufacturers of fertilizers to test the new
material. But now that they have done so at the
North, East, South and West; in England, Scotland,
Ireland, Germany, France and Spain, the demand for
the raw material has increased twenty fold.

The Charleston Mining and Manufacturing Com-
pany has expended large sums in purchasing lands ;
and these lands are now valued at millions. One
hundred and fifty thousand dollars have been paid
within the past year for buildings, wharves, mills,
machinery, railroads and locomotives, besides making
two dividends to the stockholders. The capital of
this Company is $800,000, to be increased, if desira-

76 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

ble, to ONE MILLION. The following is an analysis
made by one of the first chemists of the age, G. A.
Liebig, Esq.:

BALTIMORE, September 24, 1870.

Result of analysis of a sample of South Carolina
Phosphates, (averaged from one keg crude, which was
found at my office,) marked ex “ Bailey,” for Messrs.
Wm. M. Ellicott & Sons:

Moisture determined at 100° C. : ; 6.225
Phosphoric Acid, . ; ‘ 28.874
which is equal to 63.034 ane Poepe se oF LIME.
Rendered perfectly kiln dry it will contain of Cale.
Bone PHOSPHATE OF LIME 67.219.

(Signed) G. A. Liesice.

In December, 1867, sixteen barrels of the rock
were collected and shipped to Philadelphia by the
writer for general distribution, and the first parcel
of Superphosphates was manufactured by Messrs.
Potts & Klett of that city.

The first cargo, one hundred tons, was shipped, per
schooner Renshaw, on the 14th April, 1868, to Bal-
timore, Md., by John R. Dukes, Esq., the enterpris-
ing President of the Wando Company of Charleston ;
and who also manufactured the first Superphosphate
from this rock in Charleston. The Charleston Mining
and Manufacturing Company shipped to Philadelphia
three hundred tons, per schooner Anna Barton, on
the 18th, four days later.

Phosphate lands in the neighborhood of Charles-
ton, which before the discovery were held at two dol-

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” VG

lars per acre, immediately advanced to twenty, and
have been going up steadily ever since. One plan-
tation, belonging to a widow, valued formerly at
six thousand dollars, was bought by the Charleston
Mining and Manufacturing Company for forty-five
thousand, and is now valued at $500,000. Sales have
been lately made to other parties at $1.000 per acre.
The Company owns about ten thousand acres of the
best quality Phosphate-rock lands carefully selected
by competent persons. It has a mining lease also of
about twelve thousand acres, for which they are to
pay a royalty of one-tenth of the rock mined.

On the resignation of Professor Holmes as Presi-
dent, and Dr. Pratt as Chemist and Superintendent,
the office of the Company was removed to Philadel-
phia, where most of the Directors and Stockholders
reside.

Jesse E. Smith, Esq., of Philadelphia, is now Presi-
dent and the largest stockholder. Colonel Joseph
A. Yates, of Charleston, is the Superintendent of the
Company's Works on the Ashley.

ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST CARGO IN PHIL-
ADB IEP EVA.

The arrival of the first cargo in Philadelphia caused
no little excitement in mercantile circles, especially
among manufacturers of fashionable fertilizers, and in
a very short time after the chemists of that city, New
York and Baltimore had pronounced it a true Bone

78 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Phosphate-rock, the Phosphate fever became “ EPI
DEMIC’’ in those cities.

There were many persons who believed these rocks
to be érue bone, and the wild reports circulating con-
firmed them in this idea.

The teeth of sharks and other animals obtained
from the rocks were magnified in size to a marvellous
degree ; some of the sharks were reported, on she best
authority, to have been two hundred feet long! and
the teeth represented to be one foot long, and to weigh
ten pounds each! The cargo was said to be a// bones.

For the satisfaction of those who have never seen
the fossils from these rocks, we can say, that out of
forty thousand specimens of sharks’ teeth taken from
the Ashley Basin, and examined by us, the largest
specimen was six and a half inches long, about four
and a half wide, and weighed two pounds. And,
again we repeat, ¢he rocks are not bones /

THE WANDO MINING AND MANUFACTUR-
ING COMPANY.

The Wando Mining and Manufacturing Company
was first organized by Mr. John R. Dukes, the Presi-
dent of the Company.

From information received through Col. L. M.
Hatch, before the war, the rock on Ashley River was
brought to the notice of Dr. St. J. Ravenel, then
Chemist of the Company, who, in 1867, analyzed it,
and found 10 to 15 per cent. Phosphate of Lime; and

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 79

from a specimen obtained from Dr. Ravenel, in 1867,
resulted, through the analysis of Dr. N. A. Pratt, the
information of the high percentage of Phosphate it
contains. See remarks p. 69.

The Company own its mines on Ashley River, from
which they dug and shipped the first cargo of rock
that was sent from Charleston, and have been the pio-
neers here in the manufacture of this material into a
fertilizer.

They have mined a large amount of crude rock, a
portion of which has been sold to other Companies
and the balance manipulated, in this City, into a fer-
tilizer, which has given a reputation to these deposits,
and caused in a great degree the present excitement
in Phosphatic enterprises. The present capital of the
Company is $300,000.

John R. Dukes, President; T. D. Dotterer, Super-
intendent.

iin BE PETIVWAN pSULPHURIC. “ACID”. AND
SUPERPHOSPHATE ‘COMPANY.

This Company was organized at Charleston, in the
year 1868, for the purpose of manufacturing at home
the highest grade of fertilizers from the Native
Bone Phosphates lately discovered in such abundance
in South Carolina. To effect this object it was neces-
sary to manufacture on a large scale Sulphuric Acid,
which is the proper chemical solvent of these Bone
Phosphates. This Company therefore immediately
erected large Sulphuric Acid Chambers, which they

80 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

have lately extended to a capacity of 180,000 cubic
feet ; and they are now one of the largest manufac-
turers of Sulphuric Acid in the United States—in fact
the last chamber which they have erected exceeds
in size any other in the United States. The whole
product of these chambers they use to reduce the
Insoluble Phosphate Rock, into the condition of Solu-
ble Superphosphate, capable of being taken up by
growing plants.

The location of the Works of this Company is
remarkably fortunate. They occupy the Old Ship
Yard on Town Creek, about three miles above the
City of Charleston, where the old frigate John Adams
was built ; and have a secure dock and deep naviga-
tion to it for any vessel that can come to Charleston.
They have also railroad communication from their
Works to all points, and can therefore receive and
deliver with economy and despatch.

The principle upon which this Company is founded
is, that it will prepare and furnish Guanos of the high-
est possible grade of fertilizers. They guarantee as
high a percentage of Soluble Phosphate of Lime as
twenty per cent., with a sufficient quantity of Ammo-
nia and Potash to ensure a good fertilizer. Their
Works and their Guanos are called Etiwan, after
the Indian name of Cooper River, into which Town
Creek empties. Besides the prepared fertilizers they
offer to Manufacturers or Planters who may prefer to
manipulate their own manures, the Phosphates reduced
to the condition of Dissolved Bone by the full appli-
cation of Sulphuric Acid; and thus they enable parties

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” SI

at the same time to transport the acid in the most
convenient form, and to apply to their compost any
grade of Soluble Phosphate which may be desired.

The Grinding Works of the Company are also on
the most extensive scale, and enable them to offer for
sale the Phosphates simply ground to powder ; before
any application of acid to make them soluble. In
this form Bone Phosphate is extensively used in Mary-
land; and the same facilities at much lower rates can
be had from this Company by any who desire mere
ground Bone.

THE OAK POINT MINES.

The Oak Point Mines are on Wimbee Creek, a
branch of the Ashepoo River, and about eighteen
miles from St. Helena bar, convenient for vessels
drawing 22 feet. The mines are owned by private
parties. Mr. Geo. S. Scott, of New York, and Mr.
D. U. Jennings, are the proprietors.

The last named gentleman superintends the works.

THE MARINE AND RIVER PHOSPHATE
MINING AND MANUFACTURING COM-—
PANY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

Capital, $500,000. Office No. 5, Hayne street.

Officers, Geo. W. Williams, President; Jas. H. Tay-
lor, Treasurer; C. C. Coe, Superintendent.

By Act of the Legislature of the State of South

Ze

82 - Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

Carolina, passed March Ist, 1870, this Company has
the sole right to excavate those phosphatic deposits
which underlie the navigable waters of the State.
Before commencing active operations, the Company
employed Professor Charles U. Shepard, Jr., of the
Medical College of South Carolina, to ascertain the
quality and quantity of the rock which lay at their
disposition. In his report he alludes to the alleged
superiority of land deposits over the marine, and,
after citing his own analysis in support of his opinion,
writes : “‘ These comparisons may serve to show that,
given a good or poor deposit, the mere exposure to
water, for even great length of time, does not affect
it materially. There are very poor marine and river
deposits, but one would zo¢ have to search very far or
zz vain, 1 am sorry to say, for corresponding land beds.
There are very rich land deposits, du¢ as rich marine.
No large deposit is entirely uniform in character, but
the difference between one deposit and another has
little to do with the present physical geography.”
Having command of vast and practically inex-
haustible beds, the Company has decided to work
only those of the highest grade. At present, opera-
tions are carried on in the Wando, Stono, Edisto,
Beaufort, Bull River, and other points, concerning
whose quality Professor Shepard has given the follow-
ing opinions. Of the Wando, he writes: “ Carefully
cleaned the rock will analyze 58 to 62 per cent. Bone
Phosphate of Lime.” Of the Stono deposit: “ I have
subjected several samples to the chemical analysis,
and am happy to state that the vock zs of high grade.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 83

When washed free of the adhering sand, I do not
doubt they will reach 59 to 60 per cent. Bone Phos-
phate of Lime. An analysis of phosphatic rock,
obtained from Beaufort River, off Beaufort, afforded :
Phosphoric Acid, 25.90 per cent., equivalent to Bone
Phosphate of Lime, 56.54 per cent. Properly cleaned,
I do not doubt that this deposit would afford 57 to 59
per cent. Phosphate of Lime.”

Concerning the deposit in the Edisto River, Prof.
Shepard further states: The quality is excellent, as
may be seen by the following analysis: +

Phosphoric Acid, : : 28.4 peksecnt:
Bone Phosphate of Lime equiva-
lent, : O32. Lonpers Cenk:

The phosphatic rei is ae by powerful dredging
machines, and washed by Lebby’s Patent Washer,
which furnishes a clean rock. In Bull River the de-
posit is gathered, partially, by hand, at low stages of
the tide. With the facilities at the command of the
Company it can furnish two thousand tons of rock per
week. The great resources and appliances of the Com-
pany for excavating, washing, crushing and grinding
rock enable them to offer their Azgh grade Phosphate
at the lowest rates. The Phosphate is furnished either
crushed to a uniform size, suitable for manufacturers,
or ground to a fine powder. Each consignment is
sampled and analyzed by Prof. Shepard.

The Mills of the Company are situated on the
Cooper River (Robb’s Mills) and at Oak Point, Bull
River, with a capacity for grinding to a fine powder
one hundred tons per day.

84 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

CAROLINA “FERTILIZER:

The Phosphate used in the manufacture of the Car-
olina Fertilizer, sold by Geo. W. Williams & Co., is
taken from a deposit at the Eight-Mile Pump, on the
Northeastern Railroad. The land is owned by Mr.
Masseau, leased to Mr. Moses, and worked by Mr. W.
L. Bradley, who has a capital of $500,000 employed
in the business of digging Phosphates and manufac-
turing Fertilizers. The sales of the Carolina Fertilizer
this year being, as compared to those of last, as thirty
is to two, and steadily increasing.

THE CHICORA MINES.

The Chicora Company own mines on Filbean
Creek, near the centre of the Ashley Basin, in one of
the most favorable localities.

The mill is worked by a powerful engine, driving
two sets of stones; runs the washers, crushers and
grinders, which reduces the rock to an impalpable
powder.

The process pursued by this Company is, first,
washing, then kiln-drying, crushing and grinding,
Seventy thousand dollars have been invested by this
Company in Phosphate, Mining and Works. Only
the raw, powdered material is prepared for market.

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 85

ATLANTIC PHOSPHATE COMPANY.

The Atlantic Phosphate Company is located also on
the Ashley; has a large capital of $200,000, and is
now engaged in erecting extensive works for the
manufacture of Superphosphates. They will be ready
to supply consumers for the next crop.

STONO PHOSPHATE COMPANY.

,

The Stock of the Stono Phosphate Company is
owned mainly by merchants and planters in the inte-
rior of South Carolina and the adjoining States ; it
has also a large capital of $350,000, and expects to
prepare a first-class fertilizer. Their work-mills are
now being erected on the banks of the Ashley.

Our esteemed friend and late colleague, Professor
Lewis R. Gibbes, eminent for his scientific attainments |
is the Chemist of this Company, and is well known
and appreciated throughout the country.

Messrs. J. D. Aiken & Co., are the business mana-
gers.

86 Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina,

FARMERS’ FERTILIZER COMPANY OF
SOUTH GAROLINA.

This Company has in the course of erection mills
and machinery, at their location on the Ashley River,
outside of the city limits, and propose to erect Acid
Chambers during the spring of 1871.

The capacity of the proposed mills will be about
15,000 tons of Manipulated Fertilizer per annum.
The capital of the Company will be $150,000. They
have under their control lands for mining purposes
which indicate a yield of 1,000 tons per acre, the
stratum varying in thickness from 18 to 36 inches.

They will manipulate for the next cotton crop.
The Company is composed, to a great extent, of plan-
ters residing in this and the adjoining States.

THE PALMETTO MINING AND MANUFAC-
TURING COMPANY,

The Palmetto Mining and Manufacturing Company
own about one thousand acres of Phosphate lands,
situate on Ashley River ; employ about one hundred
operatives, and expect to wash fifteen thousand tons
of Rock annually. Their works are now in course of
erection, and have already dug twenty-five hundred
tons of Phosphate-rocks. T. D. Eason, Esq., is the
President,

And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 87

PACIFIC: GUANO: COMPANY.

The Pacific Guano Company own extensive mills
just out of the city limits of Charleston. Capital,
$1,000,000. Dr. St. Julien Ravenel is the chemist
and scientific advisor, and Mr. J. N. Robson, the busi-
ness agent. The Ashley Phosphate-rock is used in
the manufacture of their fertilizer, known as Soluble
Pacific Guano.

feb SDA S WORKS,

The Wappoo Mills, opposite the City of Charleston,
have been lately purchased by this enterprising gen-
tleman, and converted into Phosphate-rock Mills.
Mr. Sardy obtains the rock from his mines on the
Ashepoo River; he is an old and experienced ma-
nipulator of fertilizers, having offices in Savannah,
Ga., and New York.

Messrs. Geo. A. Trenholm & Son are his business
agents in Charleston.

wie Information regarding Phosphate-rocks, and
the Phosphate business, can be obtained at Professor
Holmes’ office, in the rear of Holmes’ Book House,
Charleston.

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CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA,

MINING

AND

MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

OFFICE 182 WALNUT STREET,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

JESSE E. SMITH, President.
J. H. KIMBALL, Vice-President.
W. E. SIMPSON, Secretary.
JOS. A. YATES, Superintendent.

DIRECTORS :
Prof. F. 8. HOLMES. Dro NYAS RBRATT:
T. J. SUMNER. S. F. FISHER.
Joie. SMITE Dr. GEORGE FOX.

GEO. T. LEWIS

This Company is now prepared to receive and
execute promptly Orders from Manufacturers for

their high grade Bone Phosphates.

2

GREATLY INCREASED CROPS

BY THE USE OF

Tne Best and Most Reliable Home-Made Fertilizer,

“THE WwaAnNnDo.’

MANUFACTURED BY THE

ANDO MINEMG MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

At their Works in Charleston, S. C.

WM. C. DUKES & CO.,
GENERAL AGENTS,

No. 1 South Atlantic Wwhrart.

; 9 7 Wee he aah? 4

: * . , aad ‘ , 1 7
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‘D's ‘Uajsajinyg ‘Ruvdwog ajoydsoyduadny puv poy aunyding ay) fo SYLOA UDMIDA

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3

ETIWAN GUANOS,

SOLUBLE MANURES,

AND

SMVThLIProRES ACIHO,

MANUFACTURED AT THE

ETIWAN WORKS,

CHARLESTON, &. C.,

BY THE

ULPRURIG ACKD & SUPERPRUSPHATE COMPANY,

Prof. N. A. PRATT, C. G. MEMMINGER,

Chemist. President.

W. W. MEMMINGER, M. D.,

Assistant Chemist.

The now well-known ETIWAN GUANO is manufactured from the Native Bone Phosphates of
South Carolina. These Phosphates in their natural state are Insoluble, and require to be ground to
powder, and made Solubie by Sulphurie Acid. This Company have now in operation the largest Sul-
phurie Acid Chambers at the South, and are, therefore, able to manufacture at the lowest rates, the
highest grade of Fertilizer; it being clear that the greater the proportion of Soluble Phosphate which
any Fertilizer contains, the less the quantity required per acre. In order to make the Fertilizer com-
plete, Ammonia and Potash in sufficient quantities are added. With these views the Company manu-
facture and offer for sale

ETIVWwAN GuANos,

Warranted to contain from 15 to 20 PER CENT. OF DISSOLVED BONE PHOSPHATE OF LIME,
and from 2 to 24 per cent. of AMMONIA, with a sufficient addition of PERUVIAN GUANO
and POTASG, to adapt it to all crops.

DISSsoiLVvEeD HONE,

Of high grade, suitable for Manufacturers or for Planters, being in itself an excellent Fertilizer, and
specially adapted for compost. As large quantities of Sulphuric Acid are used to dissolve the Phos-
phate, this will be found a cheap and convenient way to transport that material. The grade fur-
nished will be from 18 to 20 per eent. Dissolved Bone bhesphate. Still higher grades will be furnished
to order at an additional price per centage.

GROUND BONE,

At much lower rates, consisting simply of the Native Bone Phosphates ground to powder.

WM. C. BEE & CO.,
Asents, No. 14 Adger’s Wharf.

N. B.—The percentage of Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime, and Ammonia in all the Etiwans,
is ascertained at the Works, by their Chemist, before delivery. Should any purchaser be dissatisfied,
he may return average samples of any purchase, within thirty (30) days after delivery, and they will
be analyzed anew, and any deficiency in the percentage guaranteed will be made good to him by the
Company.

BUTS SPFRBUNPELT RS

Wappoo Mills, Ashley River,

NEAR SAVANNAH RAILROAD DEPOT,
CHA RIESTON, S.C:

These Works are now in full operation, manufacturing Sardy’s
well known

FER TViLiIi244bbRs,
SOLUBLE PHOSPHO PERUVIAN GUANO,

AMMONIATED SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO,
Bone Phosphate, soluble Ammoniated.

N. B.—Compounded with No. 1 Peruvian Guano and animal
matter, in proportions, specially adapted to the Southern cli-
mate and soil, and to the production and support of the Cotton

plant and cereals,
All these Fertilizers have been extensively and successfully

used by prominent planters in the South for many years, and
are pronounced the most reliable and profitable.

GROUND BONE PHOSPHATE,
ASHEPOO MINES,

(Considered by Professor SHerarp the best in the State.)

J. B. SARDY offers for sale the above acticle, RENDERED SOLUBLE,
in packages, at $37.50 per ton of 2,000 lbs., or without acid, at $20 per ton.
These works are under the inspection of

Prof. SHEPARD, State Inspector of Fertilizers,

and all packages will bear his stamp.

Gen. Agents, G. A. TRENHOLM & SON.
Agents, GRAESER & SMITH.

J.B. SARDY.

N. B.—Circulars and pamphlets may be had on application as above.

\h P |
Bull River, So. Ca.

GRO. S. SUOTT & D. 0. JENNINGS

J ROPRIETORS.

These Mines are situated on KEAN’S NECK, at
the confluence of North and South Wimbee Creeks.

The landing is about eighteen miles from St.
Helena Bar. Large vessels drawing twenty-two feet
of water can approach within two miles of the mines.

Analyses, by competent chemists in this country
and Europe show, that the Rock from these mines is
in quality UNSURPASSED BY ANY YET SENT
TO MARKET. It has found, and continues to find,
ready sale in England, where GO per cent. of Bone
Phosphate is demanded as a standard.

The Mines are worked under the supervision of
Mr. D. U. JENNINGS, whose office is No. 12 Broad
Street, Charleston, S. C., where specimens and analy-
ses may be seen and further information obtained.

6

oo RE ee

MARINE & RIVER
PHOSPHATE MINING

AND

Manufacturing Company

OF

SOUTH CAROLINA.

—_———____..

CATE IMAS =" ~ * SSG Ose

Office No. 5 Hayne Street,
CHARLESTON, S. C.

Se

OFFICERS.
GEO. W. WILLIAMS, PRESIDENT.
JAS. H. TAYLOR, TREASURER.
C. C. COE, SUPERINTENDENT.

This Company is now prepared to deliver Phos-
phate Rock of HIGH GRADE, in any quantities,

crude, crushed or ground to powder.

The “CARGLINA FERTILIZER” is made from the Phosphates of South Carolina, and
is pronounced by various Chemists one of the best Manures known, only inferior to Peruvian
Guano in its Fertilizing Properties. These Phosphates are fully described in this volume,
and possess qualities of the greatest value to the agriculturist.

We annex the analysis of Professor Shepard:

LABORATORY OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SOUTH CAROLINA

Analysis of a sample of CAROLINA FERTILIZER, personally pepe cree.
MOMMA OLOX MON CUM ol comturusceceses scarcer dstaacncl-aiccenuntscadiccnanessarare sunainaatpesenetvesanccesctasancpeehacarparevavsaccroececswsees/LOhlO
Organic Matter, with some water of combination expelied at low red heat......- woe 1 6.50
RUUCE CMLL SOCIO trscncccltacscancar-etesres auscnestanaen sctsstassncasnusa) sduupusrtedas sessestevectese sa ++00266.86
at) ee es - ceces sorage ore ACOSO asap enprandecas ceeuc asececcaructuadsabieuasrep 2 -O0r
Phosphoric Acid—Soluble.. Oise -Equivalent to 11.27 Soluble Phosphate of Lime
ENSOLUDI]C 2.2... ..ccc0 cesceveaee secseseccee serves cas ceresOal | secserscessescssosseseeee- Quivalent to 13.48 Insoluble (bone).

13.13 24.75 Phosphate of Lime.

SU PUT GA CIN iecerasean tak depiee sodnpsoaconconsacode OL. Equivalent to 23.65 Sulphate of Lime.
Sulphate of Potash.... Daan niesn tit datas tvascccbecssteriess uccisteecsiaipetrin a OO
Sulphate of Soda... . 3.50
PRU ieteedesecestsceva vine ccsus sce daceO crest attaccte tistertiace ant ReebetistecastliccscrsecescacconcescaassereliuUe

On the strength of these results 1 am glad to certify to the superiority of the CAROLINA FERTILIZER.
examined. Cc. U. SHEPARD, Jr.

GRO. W. WILLIAMS & CO., Factors, Charleston, §. ¢.

ates eee

ae seenees

CHiIiCoRA.

IMMA MANEEACTURING COMPANY

The mines of this Company are situated a few
miles from Charleston, 8S. C., directly in the Ashley
Basin, furnishing Phosphate Rocks of the highest
grade.

The Mills are now in full operation, and the Com-
pany prepared to furnish

PULVERIZED RAW PHOSPHATES,

such as is described in this book by Prof, Houmzs.

A. D. ESTILL,

President and Superintendent.

THOS. L. WITSELL,

Secretary and Treasurer.

DIRECTORS.
JOHN H. HOLMES.
R. SIEGLING.
J.S. MURDOCH.
T. A. JEFFORDS.
All business communications should be addressed

to THOS. L. WITSELL, Secretary and Treasurer,
46 East Bay, Charleston, South Carolina.

THE ATLANTIC

PHONPHATE CONE

CHARLESTON, S. C.,

Was organized at a meeting of Stockholders, held on
the 25th May, 1870, and the following officers elected :

Kody PORCH ER, .PRESIDENT,
F. J. PELZER, TREASURER.
WM. LEBBY,
W..>P:. ELALL,

L. D. DESAUSSURE,
By G) PINCKNEY,

The object of this Company is to manipulate the
Phosphates of this State at their works on the Ash-
ley River, about one mile above the city limits.

PELZER, RODGERS & CO.

GENERAL AGENTS,
BROWN & CO’S WHARF,

CHARLESTON, S. C.

ae

10

THT Sroe

PHOSPHATE, COWPAN,

Of Charleston, South Carolina,

Is now erecting extensive works on Ashley River,
and will furnish a first-class fertilizer for the next
year’s crop. It expects also to engage largely in for-
eign shipments of Phosphate Rocks.

The services of Professor L. R. Gibbes, the distin-
guished Chemist of the College of Charleston, has
been secured; he will have charge of the chemical
department, thereby insuring to consumers a genuine
fertilizer of high grade.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

JAMES S. GIBBES, CHAIRMAN.
HENRY GOURDIN.

GEORGE 8S. CAMERON.

ROBERT MURE.

CHAS. H. SIMONTON.

J De AVKEN:

A. J. WHITE.

B. Fe AVGE Ri atr

Hon. JAS. CHESTNUT, Camden, S. C.
R. N. HEMPHILL, Chester.

A. B. SPRINGS, York.

ADAM JOHNSTON, Augusta, Ga. :
GEO. W. SCOTT, Tallahassee, Florida.

All business communications must be addressed to

J. D. AIKEN & CO.,

CENTRAL WHARF,
CHARLESTOWN, S. C.

FARMERS’
FERTILIZER COMPANY

OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

WILLIAM G. WHILDEN, President.
A. H. MAZYCK, Treasurer.

HENRY T. PEAKE, Superintendent.
HUTSON LEE, Clerk.

Dt RECTORS.

William G. Whilden, of Charleston. Dr. G. Mason Strong. of Charlotte,
Col. John B. Palmer, of Columbia. Os

C. L. Burekmyer, of Charleston. Archibald Cameron, of Charleston.
George H. McMaster, of Fairfield. TT. B. Jeter, of Union.

B. D. Lazarus, of Charleston. A. Lengnick, of Charleston.
William Beattie, of Greenville. George Wm. Cooper, of Sumter.
Andrew P. Caldwell, of Charleston. HK. M. Gilbert, of Charleston.

Col. D. Wyatt Aiken, of Abbeville. Major James Pagan, of Chester.
Richard M. Butler, of Charleston. John Hanckel, of Charleston.

CHARLESTON, S&S. C.

Will furnish to consumers their Fertilizers, which
are equal to any manipulated from the Carolina
Phosphates. The other ingredients used in the ma-
nipulations are such as have been thoroughly tested,
practically and scientifically, as requisite in agricul-
ture, and we guarantee the high grade of our Ferti-
lizers. A large number of the Stockholders of this
Company being farmers and planters, it 1s our inter-
est to offer only a first-class article.

Our Fertilizers can be obtained from our Agents
in this and the adjoining States, at Factory prices,
with freight and expenses added, or from the works
of the Company, on the South Carolina and North-
Eastern Railroads, near the city, or by addressing
the President at the office of the Company, 29 Hayne
Street, orders will receive prompt attention.

PALMETTO MINING

VANIFACTERING (MPAN)

SOUTH ALT EM TINA.

Mines and Factory situated on Ashley River.

THOS. D. EASON, PRESIDENT.
C. R. HOLMES, TREASURER.

DIRECTORS.
CHAS. H. WEST. PYDSTASON.
ROBT..Q. PINCKNEY; JNO@ys. PAM
C. R. HOLMES.

_

Will furnish in quantities, to suit purchasers, the
Pure Ashley River Phosphate Rock and the Ground
Bone Phosphate, which we guarantee to be fully up
to standard.

Planters will be supplied on reasonable terms with
the Ground Bone Phosphate, which is highly recom-
mended as a basis for a compost.

THURSTON & HOLMES, Agents,

ADGER’S NORTH WHARF,
CHARLESTON, 8. ©.

13
NOTICE TO LVULAN TERS.

SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO.

The highly satisfactory and remarkable effects of
this Guano in producing very largely increased crops
of Cotton, Corn, and other staple crops, has attracted
the general attention of Planters and Farmers.

In order to confirm public confidence in the con-
tinued excellence of this Guano, and avail of the best
scientific ability in the prosecution of this important
business, the PACIFIC GUANO COMPANY has
consummated a professional engagement with Dr. Sr.
JULIEN RAVENEL, of Charleston, 8. C., as scientific
Adviser and Consulting Chemist to the Company.

Dr. Raverel is conversant with the composition
and qualities of the Guano, as well as with the char-
acter, policy and unusual resources of the PACIFIC
GUANO COMPANY, and will communicate full in-
formation on these points to planters who may call
on him, or address him by letter, at Charleston, 8. C.

JT. N. ROBSON,

Agent for South Carolina.

Peruvian Guano,

Direct from the agent, warranted pure, for sale at market rates,
with a liberal discount in lots of five tons or more.

J. N. ROBSON,
COMMISSION MERCHANT,

Nos. 1& 2 Atlantic Wharf,
CHARLESTON, SO. CA.

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HOLMES’ BOOK-H!
OLD SIGN FRANKLIN'S HE2D,

N. W. COR. ‘KING g WENTWORTH ‘§ STREETS,
ae yee OF

Keep constantly on hand an unsurpassed stock of
THROLIGICAL, SUNDAY-SCKODL,
MISCELLANEOUS, SCHOOL,
COLLEGE TEXT-BOOKS,
BHWARD CARDS, SORIPTURE VIEWS

And all Requisites for Sabbatih-Schools.

USE

Engineers’, Surveyors’ and Draughtmen’s Supplies

In Every VARIETY.

PHILUSUPHIUAL INSTRUMENTS,

MAPS, SHGBES, &S,
ALSO. A FINE LINE OF
American and Foreign Stationery,
Orders promptly attended to. Address

HOLMES’ BOOK-HOUSE,

Charleston, S. CGC.

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