Sete 429 ; ay ea i 7 “ : ~ ee So sind pacers 2S antes z ee einigte ar le rn ‘7 f. < y o 2 o Sacehers: ere eee Pe ads oe ers Sie are es, TS : <, Worn 3 Z re EET OO Oe ee PEE NITES Pea eee rece aS kt IESE i hy iy Ve Dire j A, ; Dts ee inl i] oD, {7t is hiais : , Pia, . ict at eh : Vu ‘ie wh i he Ni , PHYCOLOGIA AUSTRALICA ; A History of Australian Seatuceds ; COMPRISING COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MORE CHARACTERISTIC MARINE ALGH OF NEW SOUTH WALES, VICTORIA, TASMANIA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA, AND A SYNOPSIS OF ALL KNOWN AUSTRALIAN ALGA. VOL. II., CONTAINING PLATES LXI.-CXX. BY WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., F.R:S., MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, FELLOW OF THE LINN AN SOCIETY, COR. MEM. OF THE ROYAL ACADEMIES OF UPSAL AND MUNICH; OF THE IMP. ACAD. LEOP. CHSAR. NAT, CURIOSORUM; HON, MEM. OF THE LYCEUM OF NAT. HIST., NEW YORK, ETC. ETC. ETC., AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. LONDON: LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREFT, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. D TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, ey j ay f win ‘ ‘ i” = ak = B i , : : a an . ae sre ft LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS. / i ’ re : : 4s j ae Lee [Ley ALY 1a ee 4 a ‘ MA SEAT CA ea) 14, Leahy oor), & Wi MH, mG) ‘ f eis Be i tal i he AOL le RAP hmriiiuy ok F Ati TO GEORGE BENNETT, ESQ., M.D., F.LS., ETC. ETC., OF SYDNEY, WHO, DURING A LENGTHENED PROFESSIONAL RESIDENCE IN NEW SOUTH WALES, HAS CONTRIBUTED LARGELY TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA, AND WHOSE NOBLE LIBRARY OF WORKS OF REFERENCE IS LIBERALLY OPENED TO THE USE OF STUDENTS, The Second Volume of the ‘Phocologia Australica’ IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR. ALPHABETICAL INDEX (The Synonyms are printed in zéalics.) VOL. IU. Plate | Plato Acrotylus. Chauvinia. australis, J. 4g: .......: 99 hypnoides, Kiitz.......... 84 Abnfeldtia. SedOtdeR. Katz sis) 3's) atdsokey ec 72 sedoides, Trev. ...... 19, simpliciuscula, Kutz.. .... 65 Amansia. Chondria. linearis, Harv. .... 108 verticillata, Havv....... 102 Amphiroa. Cladophora. australis, Sond... 4 anastomosans, Harv.. 101 Mecachoueia. Bainesii, F. Muell. et ‘Harv. 112 ae Fan Wy valonioides, Sond. 78 Claudea. Asper ; P ? en 1. Nee 98 Bennettiana, Harv. 61 A 5) e 4 psy eG RONT aS e z cancellatus, Endl...... 9g | Cliftonia. Bellet. pectinata, Harv. . 100 Eriophorum, Harv. 69 | Codium. Binders. simpliciuscula, Grev..... 65 splachnoides, Harv 111 | Cystoclonium. Biexecilion. pumilum, Kitz... .... 120 spartioides, Dene......... 76 | Cystophora. _ Calliblepharis. cephalornithos, J. 4. . 116 Preissiana, J. 4g. . 106 spartioides, J. Ag. 16 pannosa, Harv. .. 106 | Cystoseira. Aan eae cephalornithos, Ag........ 116 licmophorum, Harv....... 90 5 spartioides, Ag........... 76 : asya. Se ahaen Pars 94 hapalathrix, Harv. ....... 88 Edt ae Dasyphila Caulerpa. TES: Ten eee th ae 95 Preissits-Soud.s 08 ctcs ae 066 filifolia, Harv. 95 | Dasyphlea. — geminata, Harv. . .. 72 Tasmanica, Hf. e¢ H. .... 115 Harveyi, F. Muell........ 95 | Delesseria. MYPEOIES A. 2.22.00 94 amansioides, Sond........ 108 remotifolia, Sond......... 107 hypoglossoides, Harv. .... 87 sedoides, dy. . 72 | Dicranema. simpliciuscula, 4g. . 65 Grevillei, Sond... . 120 vesiculifeva, Lay. 65 revolutum, J. dg... 74 72853 vi ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. II. Dictyota. fastigiata, Sond. ......... radicans, Harv. .... Eneelium. clathratum, Ag. .... Encyothalia. Clifton, are... .52..2 Hpymenia. membranacea, Harv Hrythroclonium. Sonderi, Harv. .... Eucheuma. speciosum, J. dg. . Fucus. allantoides, R. Br. . Biot iain el ce cephalornithos, Lab. .. hypnoides, R. Br. .. sedoides, Turn. .. simpliciuscula, Turn. . . spartioides, Turn. .. Genen, Ri. Bris... Gattya. pinnella, Harv... .. Gelinaria. ulvoidea, Sond. .... Gigartina. speciosa, Sond. .... cre ee PUNTA Agee. 42 5 4 0520s Gloiosaccion. Brown, Harv....... Gracilaria. dactyloides, Sond. . . pumila, Grev...... Halodictyon. minal, JAD «5 onc 4 oa e cancellata, Kiitz.... Haloplegma. IPreissil, Gui oeeiwe Halosaccion. Jirmum, Harv...... hydrophora, Harv. . Halymenia. Cliftoni, Harv. .... Fue WOR OS e.le nye) 0's kallymenioides, Harv. . ulvoidea, Kiitz....... Hanowia. australis, Sond... . . Hennedya. erispa, Harv.......,.. Plate 82 i) 98 62 89 86 120 103 Horea. halymenioides, Harv Hydroclathrus. cancellatus, Bory... 5. aes Hymenocladia. snes, J: 2g eee Kallymenia. eribrosa, Harv........ Nemastoma. comosa, Harv. ....~.. Nitophyllum. erosum: Harp: 2) ase Jjimbriatum, Harv. . . Peyssonnelia. australis, Sond........ Phyllotricha. spartioides, Aresch. .. Plocamium. Preissianum, Sond. . Plocaria. dactyloides, Sond... Polysiphonia. forcipata, Harv. . Forfex, Harv...... Ptilota. striata, Harv...... Rhabdonia. Sonderi, Harv. .... Rhodophyllis. Preissiana, Kiitz. .. Rhodoplexia. Preiss, Harv. .. oss: Lthodymenia. Preissiana, Sond. .. Sargassum. Raoul, Af. e¢ H. ..... Spherococcus. dactyloides, Kiitz...... revolutus, Ag.... Sporochnus. apodus, Harv. ....... COMOSUS, 47... cee Thamnoclonium. flabelliforme, Sond.... . Lemannianum, Harv Wrangelia. Halurus, Harv........ nitella, Harv. . Plate 67 98 118 713 109 94 94 8] 76 63 80 96 96 71 86 106 79 106 110 80 74: 92 104 118 114 70 105 Vil SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. II. SER. Fam. Fucacee. - Sargassum Raoulii..... Cystophora spartioides aula aia Cystophora cephalornithos .. Fam. Sporochnoidee. Bellotia Eriophorum ... Encyothalia Cliftoni.... | Ks SER. 2. Kam. Rhodomelacee. Claudea Bennettiana.......... Halodictyon australe......... Cliftonia pectinata............ Amansia, HMeATIS: a... cone os os Chondria verticillata......... Polysiphonia Forfex.......... Pasyalhapalathrin!....... .- Fam. Corallinacee. Amphiroa australis.......... Fam. Wrangeliacee. Wrancelia Halurus’...--. .-.... Wrancelianitella, 2.2206 005: Fam. Spherococcoidee. Delesseria hypoglossoides...... Nitophyllum erosum.......... Calliblepharis Preissianum..... . Gracilaria dactyloides......... Fam. Sguamariee. Peyssonnelia australis ........ MELANOSPERMEA. Plate 110 | Sporochnus apodus........... 76 | Sporochnus comosus........ Fam. Dictyotacee. Dictyota fastigiata............ 69 | Dietyota radicans:7-2 2-25... 2. 62 | Hydroclathrus cancellatus...... RHODOSPERME”. Fam. Gelidiacee. 61 | Bucheuma SPCelOSUNt sales. 91 | Dicranema Grevillei.......... 100 | Dicranema revolutum......... 108 | Hennedyacrispa............. 102 | Acrotylus australis........... 96 | Bindera splachnoides......... 88 | Thamnoclonium flabelliforme .. . Thamnoclonium Lemannianum. . Fam. Rhodymeniacee. Plocamium Preissianum....... 70 Hymenocladia Usnea BRE Ssh pes 10% | Aveschougia? sedoides ....... Hrythroclonium Sonderi....... Dasyphloea Tasmanica ........ 94. Fam. Cryptonemiacee. 106 | Callophyllis coronata ......... 80 | Kallymenia cribrosa.......... Gelinaria‘ulvoidea «2. ........ Gigartina pinnata.......... 81 | Epymenia membranacea .. vill SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. II. Plate ; Plate Gloiosaccion Brownii......... 83 Fam. Ceramiacem, Halymenia Cliftoni........... 103 | Haloplegma Preissti.......... 79 Nemastoma? comosa......... 109 | Dasyphila Preissii ........... 66 Horea halymenioides ........ 67 | Ptilota? striata ............. @1 Gattya'pinnellay 2. a...) es 93 | Callithamnion licmophorum.... 90 Ser. 3. CHLOROSPERMEA. Fam. Siphonacee. Fam. Confervacee. Caulerpa remotifolia ......... 107 | Cladophora valonioides........ 78 Caulerpa simpliciuscula ....... 65 | Cladophora anastomosans...... 101 Caulerpa hypnoides .......... 84 | Cladophora Bainesii.......... 112 CaulerpasHarveyl. .. 82/40. 0.- “90 Caulerpa sedoides............ 172 RySyY x27 s ,, AX S Seats + S355 Se". R} = Kia aa 53 DS) BS 0 = =) Fy FY + . ry BY Rea 4 Ms A <3 Py y me 2 . ys} SS By 5 5 J Po ~4nahabat Py Ss ) e, g AS mb - v 4 BD by BA BY VS) tN "aN Se ~ AY s = is x 2. S ry an Pe 4 = J a =a > Sea ~t \2 Ly be. Ss é *, ESN NIG LY rea] P) bX es o ws $) A, Fi P= 0 vp oe, net’ Se = 2 hs < RING ae Ser. RHODOSPERME. . Fam. Rhodomelacee. Puate LXI. CLAUDEA BENNETTIANA, Zarv. Gen. Cuar. Frond stipitate ; stipes filiform, merging in the marginal rib of a flat, unilateral, open network, formed of several series of anasto- mosing, slender leaflets. Lructification: 1, ceramidia containing within a membranaceous pericarp a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2, s¢7- chidia formed from the bars of the network, and studded with trian- gularly parted tetraspores in transverse rows.—Craupna (Lamour.), in honour of Claude Lamouroux, father of the botanist of that name. Frons stipite donata. Stipes filiformis, mox in costam marginalem reticuli plana Jenestrati, ex foliolis minutis pluriseriatim-secundis uninerviis anastomosantibus Jormati, abiens. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia; 2, stichidia inter trabeculas reticult seriata, tetrasporas triangule divisas transversim ordinatas foventia. Craupga Bennetiiana ; frond stipitate, shortly acinaciform, lobato-dentate, oblique, unilateral, with a short recurved marginal rib, and numerous secondary ribs digitately radiating from the primary, and dividing the network into cuneate areas; primary leaflets of each area parallel, the secondary and tertiary decussately anastomosing, repeatedly divided ; meshes of the net acutangular. C. Bennettiana ; fronde (unciali) stipitata breviter acinaciformi lobulato-den- tata obliqua unilaterali costa brevi marginali costulisque pluribus a costa digi- tatim radiantibus instructa, reticulum in areas cuneatas designantibus ; foliolis primariis parallelis, secundariis decussatim anastomosantibus repetite divisis ; angulis omnibus acutis. Has. Once dredged in the Paramatta river, near the east end of Spectacle Island, Port Jackson, W. H. H., and W. Sheridan Wall, 1855. Groar. Distr. New South Wales. Descr. Root branching. Frond, in the only specimen seen, about an inch in length, and rather less in breadth, on a stipes less than + inch long, erect, consisting of a single shortly scimitar-shaped network, formed by the anasto- mosing of several (5-6) series of secund, filiform leafiets. The primary leaflet, forming the costa of the network, is recurved, rather more than } inch long ; from its upper or convex side spring about ten (but in a full-grown net- work they would be more numerous) secondary coste (costule), which di- verge in an imperfectly digitate manner from the primary, and traverse the breadth of the net, dividing it into cuneiform spaces whose outer margin is deeply toothed and slightly arched in outline: in older leaves each cuneate space would probably become a shallow lobe. The form of the full-growa frond would probably be between scimitar- and fan-shaped. Returning to the diverging costule : each costula emits from its lower surface, at an acute angle, numerous parallel filiform leaflets, which continue to the margin, and end each in the top of one of the marginal teeth ; these are connected by sub- parallel cross bars, which are again irregularly connected by one, two, or three series of lesser bars; and the net is then completed. The meshes are of irregular shape, and acutely angled. The colour is a full-lake. The sud- stanee is membranaceous, and the frond adheres closely to paper in drying. No fructification has been seen. EIEIO Owe Of this beautiful and curious species I have seen but a single specimen, of which the upper figure in our Plate is an exact facsimile as to form and size. It is obviously only in a young state, and probably the fully developed frond would be of differ- ent shape and considerably larger. Its characters are, however, so strongly marked, that its specific entity cannot be questioned. From the other species of Claudea (C. elegans and C. multifida) it is at once known, besides other characters, by the decussate pattern of its reticulation. In the pattern there is more resem- blance to Vanvoorstia spectabilis, but the evolution is distinctly that of a Claudea, not of Vanvoorstia. The specific name is bestowed in honour of my valued friend Dr. George Bennett, of Sydney, well known as an accomplished naturalist, and from whom I experienced much kindness during my visit to New South Wales. I trust the publication of this figure may lead to further information respecting this very re- markable and, at present, unique Alea. Fig. 1. Chaupra Bennerriana,—the natural size. 2. A portion of the net- work,—magnified. 3. A small fragment,—more highly magnified. / A 7] l - Plate “ar ie. ee 4 - . SS o p Pie Z Z aa Ser. MELANOSPERMES. Fam. Sporochnoidea. Prats LXII. ENCYOTHALIA CLIFTONI, dav. Grn. Cuan. Frond filiform, solid, alternately branched; branches beset with penicillate, setaceous ramelli. eceptacle one or two in each branch, cylindrical, investing the middle portion of the branch, and consisting of simple, vertical, densely crowded paranemata. Syores attached to the paranemata, oblong, transversely striate-—Hncyo- THALIA (Harv.), from eyxvos, pregnant, and @ados, a branch; the fertile branches are swollen. Frons filiformis, solida, alterne ramosa; ramis ramellis setaceis penicillato- comosis per totam longitudinem obsessis. Receptaculum in quoque ramo unicum, cylindraceum, mediam partem rami circumvestiens, ex paranematibus simplicibus verticalibus dense stipatis constitutum. Spore ad paranemata laterales, oblonge, transversim striate. Encyornarta Cliftoni, Harv. Has. Cast ashore from deep water, at Fremantle, George Clifton, Esq. Grocr. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root, a large conical disc, {-} inch in diameter, thickly clothed with hard, woolly fibres. Stem filiform, stupose at base, glabrous upwards, half a line or more in diameter, 1 or 2 feet long, simple, but furnished with nu- merous lateral branches, and beset with slender setaceous ramelli, which in a young state bear at the summits tufts of confervoid filaments. Branches alternate or irregularly inserted, virgate, quite simple, a foot or more in length, stupose at their origin, then glabrous and beset, like the stem, with setaceous, pencil-crowned ramelli. Ramelli inserted on all sides of the stem and branches, from’ 4—% inch long, spreading, bristle-shaped, mi- nutely dilated at the summit ; crowned with a dense pencil of very slender, articulated, soft filaments, which at length fall away. Receptacles one or two in each branch, sausage-shaped, occupying the middle region of the branch, and wholly formed of minute paranemata, whorled round the branch, and, in fact, formed out of elongations of the epidermal cells. To these paranemata, which are simple, with a sphacelate terminal cell, are laterally attached the oblong, obtuse spores, which at first are partly transparent, containing a few granules, and afterwards become more opaque, filled with endochrome. Colour of the branches and fruit a dark-olive ; of the confer- void filaments somewhat paler. Swdstance rather rigid, the branches im- perfectly adhering to paper ; the pencils of the ramelli very soft, and closely adhering to paper in drying. Here, with much of the external aspect of a Sporochnus, we have a perfectly new and distinct genus, more nearly related to Bellotia (to be figured im our next number) than to any other ; but so different from that in habit, that its claim to separation will be readily admitted. From Sporochnus it differs in the position and structure of the receptacle ; from Bel/otia in the evolution of the branches, and the possession of lateral, brush- like ramelli. It establishes therefore a generic type almost ex- actly intermediate between Sporochnus and Bellotia, but far from uniting these genera, it rather strengthens the characters on which they have been respectively established. This is one of the many discoveries we owe to Mr, Clifton, of Western Australia, who is indefatigable in investigating the algo- logical treasures of that colony, and from whom, while this sheet is passing through the press, I have received an additional batch of interesting Algee, among which is another new genus, which I purpose hereafter to figure under the name Cliftonia. Mean- time the present species is gratefully and deservedly dedicated to its discoverer. Fig. 1. Encyoruatta Currroni,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a receptacle, with penicillate ramuli im situ. 3. Some of the paranemata, with spores attached:—the latter figures variously magni/ied. ‘Vincent Brocks, Imp, Ser. RHoDOsPERMES. Fam. Rhodymeniacee. Prats LXITL. PLOCAMIUM PREISSIANUM, Song. Gen. Cuar. Hrond membranaceo-cartilaginous, linear, plano-compressed, pinnately decompound ; the pinnules alternately secund, in pairs or in threes or fours; composed of two strata of cells; the inner cells ob- long, longitudinal ; the outer polygonal, coloured, small. Fractifica- tion: 1, conceptactes sessile or pedicellate, hemispherical, with a cel- lular pericarp finally opening by a pore; sporiferous filaments nume- rous, radiating in several tufts from a basal placenta; 2, tetraspores lodged in proper spore-leaves (s¢7chidia), oblong, transversely zoned. — Procamium (Lyngé.), from wroKapos, a tuft of hair. rons membranaceo-cartilaginea, linearis, plano-compressa, pinnatim composita, pinnis alterne geminis ternis quaternisve, duplici strato contexto; cellulis interioribus majoribus oblongis longitudinalibus, superficialibus coloratis mi- nutis polygonis. Fr.: 1, cystocarpia sessilia v. pedicellata, hemispherica, peri- carpio celluloso demum carpostomio munita, fila sporigera fasciculata a pla- centa basali radiantia foventia ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in sporophyllis propris nidulantes. Procamium Preissianum ; frond obsoletely costate, decompound-pinnate, pinne: and pinnules alternately ternate or quaternate ; the pinnules cultrate, subacute, denticulate on the outer edge, slightly falcate ; spore-leaves fascicled in the axils of the pinnules, pedicellate, simple, arched, acute at each end, with a single row of tetraspores ; concep- tacles sessile, supra-axillary, warted. P. Preissianum ; fronde medio incrassata via costata decomposito-pinnata, pinnis pinnulisque alterne ternis quaternisve ; pinnulis cultratis subfalcatis apice extrorsum denticulatis acutiusculis ; sporophyllis axillaribus fasciculatis pedi- cellatis simplicibus arcuatis basi et apice acutis, serie simplici tetrasporas ge- rentibus ; cystocarpus sessilibus supra-axillaribus verrucosis. PiLocaMivM Preissianum, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.192. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 885. J. Ag. Sp. Alg.v. 2. p.399. Harv. Aly. Austr. Exsic. n. 362. Has. Western Australia, Preiss. Very abundant at King George’s Sound ; and near Freemantle, and at Rottnest Island, West Australia, W. H. H., G. Clifton, ete. South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Western Port, Vic- toria, W. H. H. Geoar. Dist. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Distr. Root much branched. Fronds tufted, 1-2 feet high, and a foot or more in expansion, somewhat flabelliform in outline, of a firmly membranous or subcartilaginous substance, decompoundly branched, distichous, everywhere preserving a breadth of from 1-2 lines. Ramification irregular, sometimes dense, with the branches very much divided, and their divisions closely crowded; sometimes more simple, with fewer and more distant branches. In all cases however the laciniz of the frond are either ternate or quater- nate, in which case the uppermost of the three secund laciniz has a tendency to lengthen into a branch, while the lower remain as cultrate, tooth-like processes. The ultimate pinnules are 1-2 lines long, incurved or somewhat faleate, subacute, and more or less distinctly toothed along their outer edge, or rarely subentire. Faint indications of a midrib are seen in some spe- cimens in the pinne ; and inold fronds the stem and the principal branches are thickened in the middle and plano-convex. The conceptacles are soli- tary, about as large as poppy-seed, dark-coloured and very opaque, warted, and sessile on the edges of the branches ; they are very irregularly scattered, occurring either above or in the axil of the pinnules or on the opposite edge of the branch: their pericarp is very thick. The st¢ichidia are more con- tantly in the axils, and are falcato-fusiform, simple, tufted, containing a single row of tetraspores. The colour is a brilliant crimson, becoming brighter in fresh-water. PRRs The genus Plocanium, which has but one representative in the northern hemisphere, has many southern species, distributed chiefly in Australia and South Africa. Of these the present is a beautiful and readily known and abundant species, differing from most of the Australian kinds in having sessile conceptacles, and ramuli alternating in ¢hrces, not in twos. In both these characters it agrees with the cosmopolitan P. coccineum, from which it is readily known by the warted conceptacles and denti- culate edges of the ramuli. Fig. 1. PLocamium Preisstanum,—the natural size. 2. Part of a pinna, with conceptacles. 3. Vertical section through a conceptacle and branch. 4. Part of a pinna with axillary stichidia. 5. Three of the stichidia removed. 6. A tetraspore :—the latter figures variously magnified. Ser. RHoposPpERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee. Piate LXIV. EUCHEUMA SPECIOSUM, «4. Gen. Cuar. Frond shrub-like, carnoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry, spiny or tubercled, solid, composed of three strata; the medullary stratum, of densely interwoven, elongated, anastomosing, longitudinal filaments ; the ctermediate, of several layers of roundish, angular cells, gradually smaller outwards; the cortical, of minute, coloured cellules set in radiating filaments, at right angles to the axis. Fruc- tification: 1, conceptacles subglobose, sessile on the ramuli, contain- ing, within a very thick pericarp, a central placenta (becoming hollow in the middle), to which tufts of spore-threads are attached ; spores seriated or solitary, oblong or subpyriform; 2, zonate te¢raspores, immersed in the cortical stratum.—Hucunuma (J. 4g.), from ev, intensitive, and yevja, that may be melted ; because the species may be dissolved to a jelly. | Frons fruticosa, carnoso-cartilaginea, subcornea, immerse costata, spinosa v. papillosa, triplict strato constituta; medullari filis elongatis intertextis anastomosantibus ; intermedio cellulis rotundato-angulatis extus minoribus ; corticali cellulis minutis in fila verticalia conjunctis. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia subglobosa, sessilia, inter pericarpium crassum fila sporifera fasciculata ex placenta centrali emissa foventia ; sporis subseriatis, ovalibus v. pyriformibus ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, sparse. Kucueuma speciosum ; frond polymorphous, terete or compressed, irregu- larly constricted or nodose, subdichotomous ; branches tapering at base, thickest in the middle, once or twice compound, beset on all sides with slender, setaceous, simple or branched processes, or tuber- culated ; conceptacles mostly terminating the filiform ramenta, spinous or papillate. E. speciosum; fronde polymorpha tereti v. compressa constricta v. nodosa sub- dichotoma ; ramis basi angustatis medio incrassatis ramosis ramulis setaceis indefinitis tuberculisve plus minus obsessis ; cystocarpiis papillosis ramulos sepius terminantibus. KucuEvuma speciosum, J. 4y. Sp. Alg.v. 2. p. 629. Harv. Alg. Austr. Easic. n. 347. GiGaRTINA speciosa, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.115. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 151. Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Fremantle and Rottnest Island, Western Australia, Preiss, W. H. H., ete. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Drscr. Root? Frond 6-12 inches long, robust, shrubby, somewhat fastigiate, but very irregularly branched, either much or little divided, and varying from one to five or six lines in diameter, terete or compressed. Sometimes the whole frond consists of ellipsoidal, obtusely tuberculed or papillate, swollen portions, strung together by slender, cylindrical necks; the ter- minal swellings more or less bristling with filiform ramenta. Sometimes the swellings have a spindle shape, and are several times longer than their diameter ; the narrow parts proportionally short. Again, specimens occur which are but little swollen, and only constricted at the insertion of the branches ; these are generally more slender than ordinary specimens, and more copiously beset with spine-like ramenta. Flattened specimens are less common. The ramenta vary greatly in density and in their develop- ment; when copious they completely clothe the branches (much more densely than our figure represents), and are from quarter to half an inch long, and more or less branched. In other specimens they are mere knobs, or disappear altogether. Conceptacles about as large as poppy-seed, tuber- culate, borne on the ramenta; becoming hollow in the centre, and contain- ing numerous tufts of spores, ranged round a central placenta; spores pyriform. Colowr, when quite fresh, a dark livid-purple; changing on exposure to scarlet, orange, yellow, and white. Swdstance cartilaginous when fresh, horny and semitransparent when dry. It does not adhere to paper in drying. eee Very variable in habit and in colour; but, once seen, easily recognized under all its shapes. This is the “ /edly-plant”’ of the colonists of Western Australia, who use it in the manufac- ture of jellies and blancmanges, as Chondrus crispus (Carrageen) is used in England; and as Gracilaria lichenoides and others are used in the Hast. All yield, on long boiling, mucilages of a similar description, containing (according to the analysis of Dr. Apjohn) nitrogen in considerable quantity, and therefore having a fair claim to be regarded as nourishing food. Fig. 1. EucHeuMA spEeciosuM,—the natural size. 2. Fragment with ramenta and conceptacles. 3. Section through a conceptacle. 4. Spores from one of the spore-tufts :—the latter figures variously magnified. Ser. CHLOROSPERMES, Fam. Siphonacee. Puate LXV. CAULERPA SIMPLICIUSCULA, ~%. Gun. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate surcudi rooting from their lower surface and throwing up erect branches or secondary fronds of various shapes. Substance horny-membranous, destitute of calcareous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strengthened inter- nally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and filled with semifluid grumous matter. ructification unknown.—CavuLErPa (Lamour.), from KavXos, a stem, and ép7ra, to creep. Frons ex surculis prostratis hie illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellule membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomo- santibus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota. CauLERPA simpliciuscula ; surculus robust, glabrous; fronds erect, cylin- drical, papillated, subsimple or sparingly branched; branches alter- nate, equal, obtuse, subcorymbose ; every portion of stem and branch densely covered with minute, ellipsoidal ramenta, C. simpliciuscula ; swrculo robusto glabro; fronde erecta cylindracea papillata simpliciuscula v. sparsim ramosa ; ramis erectis alternis equalibus obtusis sub- corymbosis, cum caule ubique ramentis minutis ellipsoideis densissime velatis. CAULERPA simpliciuscula, 4g. Sp. Alg.v. 1. p. 439; Syst. p. 182. Endl. 3rd Suppl. p.16. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 561. CHAUVINIA simpliciuscula, Kvitz. Sp. Alg. p. 499. Copium simpliciusculum, Grev. Syn. p, Ixvii. Fucus simpliciusculus, &. Br. i Turn. Hist, t. 175. Var. B. vesiculifera ; more slender, with much larger ramenta. Var. B. vesiculifera; gracilior, ramentis quadruplo majoribus. CAULERPA vesiculifera, Harv. MS. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 560, Has. In deep tide-pools near low-water mark. On the “Jetty” reef, Rottnest Island, W. Australia; also at Port Fairy ; Port Phillip Heads and Western Port, Victoria, VW. H. H. ‘Tasmania, Mr. Gunn, W. H. H., etc. S. Australia, Dr. Curdie. Var. B. at Western Port and in Tasmania. Grocer. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania. Desor. Surculi a line or more in diameter, branched, several inches long, densely matted, with frequent rooting processes, glabrous, pale-green, glossy when dry. Fronds from an inch to 6—12 inches or more in length, from 1-3 or 4 lines in diameter, cylindrical, obtuse, of equal diameter throughout, sparingly and very irregularly branched, and everywhere densely clothed with minute papilleeform ramenta. The branches are remarkably erect, and their summits frequently stand at a level, giving a corymbose character to the frond; they are alternate, or opposite, or secund, and are occasionally binate. In var. 8 the ramenta are much larger than in the ordinary form, more swollen and more loosely set, but they are of the usual elliptical form, and intermediate states are found. The colowf is a pale-green in var. a; and a much fuller and darker green in 8. The swdstance of both is firm, be- coming rigid when dry, in which state the frond does not adhere to paper. III enrnnnnm This plant varies but little in its ramification, but, at different depths of water, it varies greatly in its diameter, and im the closeness or laxity and the size of the oval ramenta that cover its branches. When growing in shallow tide-pools, near the summit of the reef, it is greatly dwarfed, but not otherwise changed. The slender varieties are from deep water. The var. 8, which I had at one time felt disposed to separate specifically, grew in deep tide-pools near low-water mark, and was of so much more brilliant colour and more lubricous substance than var. a, and had such large ramenta, that, when growing, it looked very different. Afterwards I found some intermediate specimens that connected it with the normal form. Though common in many places along the west and south coasts of Australia, C. simpliciuscula has, until very recently, been only known to most botanists by Turner’s figure and de- scription. Fig. 1. CAULERPA SIMPLICIUSCULA, the normal form,—zaéural size. 2. One of its ramenta,—magnified. 3. Var. B. VESICULIFERA,—the natural size. 4. One of its ramenta,—magnified to the same scale as fig. 2. a ee a ee “t ‘ Ser. RHODOSPERMEZ. Fam. Ceramiacea. Pirate LXVI. DASYPHILA PREISSII, Song. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, distichous, decompound-pinnate, inarticulate, fibroso-cellular, with an articulated monosiphonous axis; the surface densely clothed with articulated, free, hair-like ramelli. Mructifica- tion: 1, involucrate favella, terminating short branches, and contain- ing numerous angular spores ; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, formed at the tips of the investing ramellii—Dasypnita (Soud.), from Sdacus, hury, and direw, to love ? Frons filiformis, disticha, decomposite pinnata, inarticulata, fibroso-cellulosa, axt articulato monosiphonio percursa, et filis minutis ramosis articulatis undique vestita. Fruct.: 1, favelle involucrate (ut in Ptilota) ; 2, tetraspore ex arti- culis terminalibus filorum formate, triangule divise. Dasyrutna Preissiz, Sond. Dasypuita Preissii, Sond. in Mohl and Sch. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p.53. Sond. in Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.169. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p.673. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 104. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 483. Has. On the stems of the larger Alge, in deep water. Western Aus- tralia, common, Preiss! W.H.H., etc. Port Phillip Heads, and Western Port, Victoria, W. H. H. Gerocr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Descr. Root discoid. Frond 4-8 inches long, and as much in the expansion of the branches, filiform, half a line in diameter, opaque, everywhere velvety with a thick coating of minute, irregularly branched, hair-like ramelli. The ramification is distichous, and several times pinnately compounded, the branches and their divisions being all alternate. The primary pinne are of unequal length and development, long and short occurring on the same branch, the shorter being but once or twice pinnulate, the longer thrice or four times. The pinne and pinnules are patent ; the axils obtuse ; and the ultimate pinnules subulate, nearly horizontal, and 1-2 lines in length. The ramelli are microscopical, irregularly branched, articulate, confervoid, with the joints scarcely twice as long as broad. The stem is composed as follows: a single axial tube of large diameter, articulated and containing endochrome, runs through the whole frond, sending branches to each of its divisions ; round this are densely packed innumerable longitudinal, articulated, coloured filaments of small diameter; then a single, double, or triple circle of larger longitudinal filaments; and lastly, the cortical layer, of various thickness, composed of slender filaments similar to those that invest the axis, and ex- ternally emitting the free, horizontal ramelli that form the velvety surface. The favelle are borne, 2 or 3 together, on the tips of short branches, where they are densely involucrated with slender, hair-like, incurved ramelli. The tetraspores occur abundantly, on separate individuals, on the tips of the ra- melli, of the branches, and ramuli. The colour is a dark vinous red-brown. The substance is rigid, and the frond very imperfectly adheres to paper in drying. eee ey This handsome plant might, without much violence, be con- sidered as a species of Ptilofa, from which genus Dasyphila differs merely by having the frond externally covered with a velvety stratum of microscopic filaments. There is no essential difference in the fructification, especially if we compare it with our Péilota striata (Plate LX XI.), which may almost be regarded as a glabrous “ Dasyphila,’—if such were admissible. In the generic character of Dasyphila, 1 have omitted minutely to describe the cellular structure of the stem, because in Pélota —so nearly allied—this is a character little regarded ; for, if at- tended to, it would necessitate the formation of several genera out of the species now grouped under Pé/ota. When we come to figure more of the Australian species of that genus, this fact will be apparent, and would be still more so did our figures ex- tend to all known species. Still, I am not at all disposed to break up so natural an assemblage as Pti/ota appears to be, by too strict an examination into a purely anatomical character. When anatomical characters are accompanied by difference of fruit and of habit, they are valuable aids in limiting genera ; but alone, they seem scarcely sufficient. Fig. 1. Dasyputta Pretsst1,—the natural size. 2. Cross section of a branch. 3. Longitudinal semi-section. 4. Tips of branches, bearing favelle. 5. A favella, with involucral ramelli. 6. Spores from the same. 7. A ramellus with tetraspores. 8. One of its fertile segments removed :—the latter figures variously magnified. Plate LAVIL “Vincent Brooks, imp. Ser. RuoposPEeRMEZ. Fam. Cryptonemiace @ Puate LXVII. HOREA HALYMENIOIDES, Harv. Gen. Cuan. Frond fleshy-membranous, plano-compressed, composed of three strata of cells; the medullary stratum, of large, empty, thin- walled cells (often ruptured) ; the zztermediate, of several rows of smaller, coloured, angular cells ; the cortical, of vertical, dichotomous, moniliform filaments, set in gelatine. ructification: 1, favelle within a proper external pericarp crowned with spines, and opening by a pore, attached to a basal placenta, invested with cobwebby inter- woven filaments, and containing angular spores; 2, cruciate ¢etra- spores, dispersed among the filaments of the cortical stratum.— HorEa (Harv.), in honour of the Rev.W. 8. Hore, an accomplished naturalist. Frons carnoso-membranacea, plano-compressa, ex stratis tribus cellularum compo- sita ; stratum medullare cellulis maximis inanibus demum sepe ruptis, interme- dium cellulis pluriseriatis minoribus coloratis, corticale filis moniliformibus ver- . ticalibus dichotomis muco cohibitis formatum. Fruct.: 1, favelle intra peri- carpium eaternum apice spinis coronatum poro pertusum, ad placentam basalem affixe, filis arachnoideis laxe circumdate, sporas conglobatas angulares foventes ; 2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise. Horza halymenioides ; frond dichotomous, rose-red, membranaceous; the segments attenuate, decompound-pinnate, pinnee and pinnules slender, divaricate, patent, attenuate, acute, sometimes inosculating ; concep- tacles 4—5-horned, very numerous. H. halymenioides ; fronde dichotoma v. vage divisa rosea gelatinoso-mem- branacea ; laciniis attenuatis decomposito-pinnatis ; pinnis pinnulisque diva- ricato-patentibus attenuatis acutis nunc spurie anastomosantibus, pinnulis setaceis. Horea halymenioides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 555; Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 437. Has. Cast up from deep water, after storms. Fremantle, common, W.H.#H., G. Clifton. King George’s Sound, VW. H. H. Groar. Distr. West and south-west coasts of Australia. Descr. Fronds densely tufted, 6-8 inches long, polymorphous, excessively vari- able in the amount of ramification. The primary division of the frond is dichotomous, and is often very regularly forked, the lacinie varying in breadth from 2-4 lines, and tapering gradually to the apex. Sometimes the margin of this forked frond is perfectly simple and entire; but more frequently it emits laterally pinnate lacinule, which gradually lengthen and become again pinnulate with greater or less regularity. All the divisions are remarkably patent; those of the pinne divaricated, and all taper to the extremity. In some specimens the whole surface of the dichotomous primary leaf, as well as the margin, emits slender, divaricating, much branched segments; and in others the frond is resolved into an inextricable mat of such much-branched and often almost filiform laciniz, which fre- quently adhere together by their sides or tips, and at length inosculate. In other specimens the dichotomous portion is very narrow; and the marginal lacinize short and hair-like; the whole frond simulating a Hypnea! The conceptacles are generally marginal, sessile, scattered, with a 4—5-horned crown, semi-transparent, and containing a dark-red mass of spores. The cruciate ¢e¢raspores are scattered irregularly among the cells of the cortical layer. The colour is generally a clear rosy-red, sometimes blood-red, and gccasionally with a purplish tinge. The substance soft, somewhat gelatinous, but not soon decomposing. In drying, the plant adheres closely to paper, and is glossy. With the semi-gelatinous substance, colour, and habit of a Halymenia, the genus here illustrated differs both in anatomical structure and in fruit; and all the four species now known agree in the curiously Aorned or crowned conceptacles. The present species is extremely variable in the breadth and ramification of the secondary lacimiz, and several varieties might be enumerated, all connected however by intermediate forms, varymg from the broad and simple to the nearly fihform, much branched, and en- tangled. Sometimes indeed the frond is resolved into an inex- tricable mat of slender branches, which everywhere stick toge- ther by discs, and actually grow one into the other. Hlorea speciosa and H. polycarpa, bemg figured in the ‘ Flora of ‘Tasmania,’ will not be repeated in the present work. Fig. 1. Horza HALYMENIOIDES,—the natural size. 2. Part of a fertile frond, —somewhat magnified. 3. Section through a pericarp and portion of the frond,—more highly magnified. ——— a a 22ree ot~ eos Ser. RuoposPERMES. Fam. Cryptonemiacea. Puate LXVIII. GIGARTINA PINNATA, 4. Gen. Cuar. Frond carnoso-cartilaginous, flat or cylindrical, simple or variously branched, composed of two strata of cells; the medullary stratum, of cylindrical, articulated filaments, anastomosing into a very lax network ; the cortical, of moniliform, vertical, dichotomous filaments set in firm gelatine. ructification: 1, external, globose, finally perforate conceptacles, containing within a saccate placenta (?) formed of closely interwoven filaments, a compound nucleus consist- ing of many confluent nzc/eoli, or masses of roundish-angular spores ; 2, cruciate tetraspores, collected into dense, subprominent sori, lodged beneath the superficial cells—Gricartina (Lamour.), from yeyaprov, a grape-stone, which the conceptacles resemble. Frons carnoso-cartilaginea, plana v. cylindracea, ramosa, ex stratis duobus cellularum composita; stratum medullare ex filis tenuibus cylindraceis laxe anastomosantibus, corticale ex filis moniliformibus verticalibus dichotomis formatum. Fruct.: 1, favellidia intra pericarpium externum carpostomio pertusum eacepta, filis arachnoideis intertextis obvoluta ; 2, tetraspore cru- ciatim divise in soros subprominentes infra stratum corticale nidulantes plurime collecte. GicaRrtINA pinnata; frond flattened, linear, decompound-pinnate ; pinne and pinnules distichous, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base and apex, patent, obtuse; conceptacles sessile, marginal, depressed, um- bilicate. G. pinnata ; fronde complanata lineari decomposite pinnata ; pinnis pinnulisque distichis lineari-lanceolatis basi angustatis patentibus obtusis ; cystocarpiis sessilibus marginalibus depressis umbilicatis. GIGARTINA pinnata, J. dg. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 270. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 399. Has. Port Phillip Heads, Malm., W.H.H. South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Tasmania, Mr. Gunn. Groer. Distr. Southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania. Desor. Root discoid. Fronds tufted, 1-2 feet in length, flattened, from 2 to nearly + inch in breadth, twice, thrice, or four times pinnate. Pine and pinnule strictly distichous, issuing from the margin of the flattened frond, unequal in size and development, large and small occurring inter- mixed ; the larger 8-10 inches long or more. The pinnules are narrower, somewhat thickened in the middle, but not cylindrical: they vary much in breadth and in shape, being sometimes broadly lanceolate and sometimes nearly linear. Both forms occur together, and sometimes on the same specimen. Cystocarps generally occur on the narrower varieties, and mostly on the margins of the smaller pinnules. Agardh describes the sori of tetraspores as being linear and marginal. The colour is a deep vinous red-brown. The sudstance is firm, cartilaginous, horny when dry; and the plant does not adhere to paper. In the genus Gigartina, as now understood, are retained a considerable number of species, dispersed over most parts of the world, from the tropics to high northern and southern lati- tudes ; differmg very much in external habit, but all agreeing in structure and fructification, and in the livid- or brownish-purple colour of the frond. Some (like @. radula), have broad, simple leaves, resembling those of an Jridea; others have flabelliform fronds like those of a Chondrus or Gymnogongrus ; others are shrubby and irregularly branched, like a Gracilaria ; and others, again, in the regularly pinnated and distichous ramification, like our G. pinnata, remind us of the Laurencie. The present is one of the finest of the Australian kinds, and would require a folio plate to do it full justice. It varies considerably, and I shall not be surprised if future observations, made on the shores of Australia, should compel the union of G. ivida and some others with it. Vig. 1. Gigartina PINNATA, a branch,—of the natural size. 2. Fertile branchlet of a larger frond,—natural size. 3. A ramulus, with conceptacle. 4. Section through conceptacle, showing structure of frond and favellidium. 5. Spores. 6. Portion of the cortical layer and medullary network,—the latter figures variously magnified. Plate LX. Ser. MELANOSPERMEZ, Fam. Sporochnacee, Piate LXIX. BELLOTIA ERIOPHORUM, Zar. Grn. Cuar. Frond filiform, solid, umbellately branched; the branches crowned with a tuft of penicillate filaments. Receptacle solitary in each branch, cylindrical, surrounding the middle portion of the branch, composed of simple, vertical, densely crowded paranemata. Spores on the sides of the paranemata, oblong, transversely striate-—BxrLLo- tia (Harv.), in memory of Lieut. Bellot, of the French Navy, who volunteered his services in one of the Franklin searching voyages, and perished in the Polar Sea. Frons filiformis, solida, umbellatim ramosa; apicibus ramorum fasciculato- comosis. Receptaculum in quoque ramo unicum, cylindricum, mediam partem rami circumvestiens, e paranematibus simplicibus verticalibus dense stipatis constitutum. Spore ad paranemata lateraliter affize, oblonga, transversim striate. Bexiotta Hriophorum, Harv. Betxiotia Eriophorum, Harv. in An. Sc, Nat. ser. 2. v.15. p. 332. Harv. in Hook. fil. Flor. Tasm. cum icone (ined.). Harv. Alg. Austr. Euxsic. n. 48, Mont. in Compt. Rendus, (v. 40.) 9 ap. 1855. Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Port Phillip Heads, Dr. F. Mueller and W.H. H. Western Port, abundantly, V7. H.H. Georgetown, Tasmania, very rare, 2. Guan, Hsq., Charles Henty, Esq. Goer. Distr. Bass’s Straits, both sides of Channel, Descr. Root densely clothed with woolly fibres. Fronds, many from the same base, 1-2 feet long, twice as thick as hog’s-bristle, terete, nearly equal in diameter throughout, twice or thrice umbellately decompound. Umdbels with twenty to thirty rays or more, young rays being successively evolved from the end of the axis or base of umbel; each ray 2-4 inches long, spreading, tomentose at its base, afterwards quite naked and smooth to the summit, which is crowned with a very dense, globular, penicillate tuft of slender ar- ticulate filaments, from 3—% of an inch in diameter. These tufts are so dense, that when expanded with water they hold it like a sponge; the fila- ments of which they are composed are of byssoid fineness, and very flaccid ; on old branches they are found in various stages of decay, and at length fall off, leaving a callosity from which a new umbel of rays may spring. The receptacle of the fruit is formed in the middle portion of each fertile branch ; it is 1-2 inches long, and from half a line to nearly a line in dia- meter, being twice or thrice that of the barren branch: it consists of densely packed, vertical, simple, articulate paranemata, whorled round the branch, being formed by the evolution of the cortical cells. Each paranema bears several linear-oblong, sessile, blunt spores, one at nearly every jomt; these are at first pellucid, but afterwards filled with dense endochrome. The sub- stance of stem and branches is rigid and wiry. The colour is a very dark olive-brown, greener (but sometimes foxy) in the terminal balls. — eee In our last number, when speaking of Hncyothalia Cliftoni (Pl. LXII.), the very singular Alga which we now figure was alluded to. Who was its earliest discoverer is uncertain. The first specimens I saw were shown to me by Dr. Mueller; but I afterwards found in Mr. Gunn’s herbarium some old scraps picked up at Georgetown, where also Mr. Henty has dredged fine specimens. The most prolific habitat, however, as yet known, is Western Port, where, about Christmas, 1854, it was cast ashore, after a storm, in considerable quantity. The appearance, when a large tuft is freshly thrown up, is sigular; the stiff wiry stems and branches standing out, each tipped with a round ball of woolly hairs; and the Colonial name “ Zagrag and bobtail” is not without appropriateness. ‘The English botanist will how- ever be reminded of the Hriophorum, or Cotton-Grass, of our mountains and bogs, the resemblance to which is very consider- able, and if the colour of the balls were white, would be complete. It is needless to contrast this most distinctly characterized genus with any other. Its nearest known ally is Ancyothaha, and a comparison of the figure now given with that just referred to, will show that these plants could not well be placed in the same genus, if the principles received among algologists be ad- hered to. The present Alga, besides its imtrinsic interest, will always have a special claim on the attention of the collector, from its recalling the name of Brtxor, so nobly associated with the search after FRANKLIN. Fig. 1. An umbellate branch of BeLLot1a ErtopHorum,—the natural size. 2. Cross section of a receptacle. 38. Paranemata, with spores from the same: —the latter figures maynified. Le ed | Rey J wet re Cat pees svete: I Bs re ' 4 Sea A ees hy, [ Plate LAB Vincent Brooks, Imp. Ser. RuoposPeRMEA. Fam. Wrangeliacea. Puate LXX. WRANGELIA HALURUS, Zav. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, decompound, articulated, one-tubed; the in- ternodes naked or coated with minute cellules; the nodes clothed with opposite or whorled, articulated ramelli. Fructification: 1, cystocarps terminating short branches, involucrated by the upper- most whorled ramelli, and consisting of tufts of pear-shaped, pedicel- late spores and slender paranemata; 2, naked, triangularly parted tetraspores, borne on the sides of the whorled ramelliimWRraNGeLia (4g.), in honour of Baron Wrangel, a Swedish naturalist. Frons jiliformis, decomposita, articulata, monosiphonia, nuda v. cellulis corticata, verticillis ramellorum ad genicula onusta. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia ramos ter- minantia, ramellis supremis involucrata, fasciculis numerosis sporarum pyri- formium pedicellatarum et paranematibus tenuibus constantia ; 2, tetraspore nude, triangule divise, ad ramellos sessiles. Wraneetia Halurus; frond flaccid, membranaceo-gelatinous, pellucidly articulate, irregularly branched ; branches patent, subsimple, tapering, whorled at each joint with di-trichotomous, incurved, imbricated ramelli; axils rounded; articulations of the stem 3-4 times, of the ramelli cylindrical, 10-12 times as long as broad, the terminal cell obtuse ; cystocarps terminating short branches; tetraspores pedicellate, clustered round the joints of the ramelli. W. Halurus ; fronde flaccida molli pellucide articulata vage ramosa ; ramis paten- tibus simpliciusculis attenuatis per totam longitudinem ramellis incurvis di-tri- chotomis imbricantibus verticillatis ; axillis ramorum rotundatis ; articulis ramorum 3—4-plo ramellorum cylindraceis 10-12-plo diametro longioribus, cellula ultima obtusa; cystocarpiis ramos abbreviatos terminantibus ; tetra- sporis pedicellatis ad genicula ramellorum fasciculatis. WranGetia Halurus, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 262. Has. On the stems of the larger Algae, and on Cymodocea antarctica : Fremantle, and Rottnest, and King George’s Sound, V. H. H. and G. Clifton. Port Fairy, Port Phillip, and Western Port, Victoria, Wadd HH. Geogr. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia. Drscr. Fronds originating in decumbent or creeping surculi, which lie along the plant to which this Alga attaches itself, and are affixed by clasping discs. Stems three to six inches or more in height, sparingly and very irregularly branched ; the dranches alternate, secund, or subopposite or forked, usually simple, worm-like, curved, tapering to a slender point, articulated through- out, and bare of cortical cellules, every articulation crowned with a whorl of ramelli. Ramelli one or two lines long, erecto-patent, incurved, the whorls so close as to imbricate each other ; each ramellus trichotomous or irre- gularly dichotomous, composed of slender cylindrical cellules, many times longer than their diameter, the terminal cell being perfectly obtuse. The articulations of the stem are 3—4 times as long as broad, but vary in differ- ent specimens and parts; they are always pellucidly bordered, with a nar- row endochrome and wide dissepiments. The cystocarps are wholly com- posed of clusters of pyriform, wide-margined spores, destitute of paranemata, but surrounded by whorled ramelli. The ¢e¢vaspores are spherical, and form pedicellate clusters at the joints of the ramelli. The colour when quite re- cent is rose-red, but of a very fugitive quality, and the plant turns a pale brownish-red, or ochraceous, in the herbarium. The swéstance is very soft and tender, soon decomposing in fresh-water ; and the plant, in drying, ad- heres most closely to paper. ON ee At a first glance, the Alga here figured: bears a striking re- semblance to the well-known British species Halurus equiseti- Jolius, a resemblance hinted at in the specific name. The sub- stance, however, is very much softer, and the whole frond quickly breaks up and melts to jelly when put into fresh-water; the colour also is paler and more fugacious, and the fructification quite different. The present is a genuine Wrangelia, a genus which has many beautiful species in Australia, where it appears to reach its maximum of development, both as to number and size. ‘These several species exhibit considerable variety of as- pect, while agreeing in fruit and in essential character. Some resemble Callithamnia, others Dasye, others Spyridie, others Grifithsie and Haluri; it is difficult therefore to say which should be regarded as the central groups. As this work pro- ceeds we shall figure the more remarkable, omitting those already figured in the ‘ Flora 'Tasmanica.’ Fig. 1. WranceLia Haturus,—the natural size. 2. A joint bearing a ramellus, with ¢etraspores. 3. Portion of the same. 4. Short branch, with whorled ramelli and a cystocarp. 4. Tuft of spores from the cystocarps :—the latter figures variously magnified. ks. Er » pe Ls rm vamcennin? Ser. RHODOSPERME. Fam. Ceramiacea. Puate LXXI. PTILOTA STRIATA, Zar. Grn. Cuar. Frond compressed or two-edged, distichous, pectinato-pin- nate, inarticulate, with an articulate monosiphonous axis; the pin- nules sometimes articulate. Fructification: 1, involucrate favelle, containing numerous angular spores; 2, ¢efraspores attached to the pinnules, sessile or stalked, solitary or glomerulate, tripartite.— Pritora (4g.), from mr7iAwTos, pinnated. Frons compressa v. anceps, disticha, pectinato-pinnata, corticata, axi articulato monosiphonio percursa ; pinnulis sepius corticatis, nunc pellucide articulatis. Fruct.: 1, favelle involucrate sporas numerosas angulatas foventes ; 2, tetra- spore ad pinnulas sessiles v. pedicellate, sparse v. glomerulate, triangule divise. Prinota striata; frond slender, two-edged, alternately decompound ; branches and their divisions subdistant, rod-like, transversely rugu- lose, closely pectinato-pinnate ; pinnules alternate, subulate, inarticu- late, transversely striate ; favellee borne on the inner edge of the pin- nules, below the apex; the involucre formed of many slender, invo- lute, articulated filaments; tetraspores on branching, confervoid pedi- cels, developed along the edges of the pinnules. P. striata ; fronde angusta ancipiti alterne pluries decomposita ; ramis majoribus minoribusque sparsis virgatis transversim rugulosis crebre pectinato-pinnatis ; pinnulis alternis subulatis inarticulatis transversim striatis ; favellis ad mar- ginem superiorem pinnularum infra apicem sessilibus; involucro ex filis numero- sissimis articulatis involventibus formato ; tetrasporarum pedicellis ramosis articulatis ad margines pinnularum evolutis. Prinota striata, Harv. Alg. Austr. Eesic. n. 477. Has. Cast ashore from deep water, Rottnest Island, near Fremantle, | a ea 2 Grocer. Dist. Western Australia. Descr. Root a large, flattened disc, quarter to half an inchin diameter. Fronds tufted or solitary, 6-12 inches long, and as much in the spread of the branches, half a line in breadth, compressed and sharply two-edged, decom- poundly branched in an irregularly alternate manner, the general outline being somewhat flabelliform and fastigiate. Branches three or four times alternately decompound, the divisions erecto-patent, issuing at acute angles, subdistant, of unequal lengths, and unequally compound. All the branches and their divisions are closely pinnulated with minute, alternate, subulate pinnules, one to two lines in length. Under a pocket-lens the branches and their divisions appear transversely furrowed at distances of about half the diameter, and the pinnules are more finely striate in a similar way; these cross lines are indications of the internal, articulated axis, and dis- appear when the surface is highly magnified; they are also more obvious in the dried, than in the living specimens. The favel/e are very minute, sessile near the tips of the pinnules, and surrounded by confervoid, articu- lated, strongly involute filaments. The ¢e¢raspores are borne on the ends of the branches of minute confervoid filaments, a fourth of a line in length, which issue from either edge of the pinnules, sometimes from both edges. The colour is a dark vinous-red, becoming browner in dying. The substance is cartilaginous, and the frond imperfectly adheres to paper in drying. A“ As already remarked under Dasyphila Preissi (Pl. LXVI), this plant shows characters intermediate between Pé/ofa and Dasyphila, proving the close connection between these genera. From all other Pti/ote (perhaps excepting P. seliculosa, whose cystocarps are not known) the present differs in the position of its cystocarps, and the development of their involucre. In other species (as in Pt. Rhodocallis, Plate XLIV.) the cystocarp ter- minates a shortened dranch of the frond, and the mvolucre is formed of displaced or rather fasciculated ramuli ; here the cysto- carp proceeds from the side of a ramulus, and the involucre is a special confervoid emanation of the same. ‘This character cer- tainly indicates a difference of type, and if it applied to many species, or if Pfi/ofa should become an inconveniently large as- semblage, it might be made available for generic distinction. Distinctions also exist in the cellular structure of the frond; but if these were strictly attended to they would break up the present Péilota into several. The present species is easily recognized, with a common pocket- lens, by the transverse furrows and ridges that mark all the branches and ramuli, and which are indications of the internal jointed main axis and the surrounding lesser axis. When quite fresh, it bears much resemblance to Phacelocarpus Billardiert, but does not become scarlet, like that species, on exposure to rain or steeping in fresh-water. Fig. 1. Prrtora srriata,—the natural size. 2. A small branch, bearing fa- velle on its pinnules. 3. Apex of a pinnule, with an involucrated favella. 4. The favella, with a portion of the involucre removed. 5. Spores. 6. A pinnule, bearing marginal confervoid filaments, with tetraspores. 7. One of the fertile filaments. 8. Transverse section of the frond :—the latter figures variously magnified. Ave 1) A AGT Ser. CHLOROSPERMES. Fam. Siphonacee. Puate LXXII. CAULERPA SEDOIDES, ~%. Gen. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate swrewli rooting from their lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of va- rious shapes. Swéstance horny-membranous, destitute of calcareous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strength- ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and filled with semifluid grumous matter. Fructification unknown.—Cav- TERPA (Lamour.) ; from Kavdos, a stem, and éptrw, to creep. The creeping surculi are characteristic of this genus. Frons ex surculis prostratis hic illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis Jformata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellule membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti- bus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota. Cavuterpa sedoides ; surculus slender, glabrous; fronds erect, sessile, sim- ple or branched, laxly set with opposite or quadrifarious, saccate, obovoid ramenta; rachis somewhat constricted at short intervals. C. sedoides ; surculo tenui glabro; fronde erecta sessili simplici v. ramosa ra- mentis oppositis v. undique insertis saccatis obovoideis laxe obsessa; rachide inter ramenta nodoso-constricta. CauLErpa sedoides, 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 438; Syst. p.182. Endl. 3rd-Suppl. p. 16. Hook. et Harv. Fl. N. Zeal. ». 2. p. 261. CHavvinia sedoides, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 498. AHNFELDTIA sedoides, Trev. in Linn. v. 22. p. 1438. Fucus sedoides, Turn. Hist. Fue. t. 172. Var. B. geminata ; ramenta regularly distichous and opposite, the rachis ar- ticulato-constricted. Var. B. geminata; ramentis distichis oppositisque, rachide articulato-constricta. CavULERPA geminata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 564. Has. On rocks near low-water mark: generally distributed from Swan River to Port Phillip; and at Kiama, New South Wales. Tasmania. Various collectors. Geogr. Distr. West, south, and east coasts of Australia (probably all round the coast). New Zealand. Mauritius. Indian Ocean. Descr. Surculi extensively creeping, rooting at short intervals, and forming a dense mat, glabrous and glossy, several inches long, and varying from half a line to nearly a line in diameter, shrinking and becoming wrinkled in drying. Fronds crowded, 2-4 or occasionally 6 inches long, linear, clothed throughout their whole length with laxly imbricated leaves, which are some- times perfectly distichous and opposite, sometimes irregularly inserted on all sides, and more crowded: the normal insertion however is seemingly dis- tichous and opposite, for the rachis is regularly constricted into spurious nodes between each pair of leaves or ramenta. These ramenta are obovoid, one or two lines long, and more than half as broad as their length. The colour is a brilliant yellow-green, well preserved in drying; fading, in old fronds, to a dull straw-colour. The substance is cartilaginous, and the plant, if quite fresh and well pressed, will adhere, though not firmly, to paper. LOO ee A pretty little species of Cawlerpa, more widely dispersed than most of the Australian kinds, and subject to considerable varia- tion in size and in the disposition of the ramenta. Our var. , in its typical state, looks so unlike the common form, that I at first took it for a distinct species; but specimens subse- quently obtained showed a complete passage into the ordinary C. sedoides. All authors agree in describing the ramenta as im- bricated on all sides, and so they apparently are in many cases, but I think this arises more from twisting of the rachis, or dis- placement of the ramenta, than from regular development ; for it is equally or more common to find strictly distichous oppo- site ramuli; and the regzar constriction of the compressed rachis below their insertion indicates that these are normally distichous. The development of the whole frond is very similar to that of C. cactoides, which this species resembles in miniature. The specific name “ sedozdes”’ alludes to the resemblance to Sedum dasyphyllum. Fig. 1. CaAULERPA SEDOIDES,—the natural size. 2. Small portion,—magnified. 3. C. SEDOIDES, var. GEMINATA,—the natural size. 4. Small portion,— magnified. Plate LAX. ° CaS | e eo OS re? Got TOO ao09 © J he 2 © e) Poiana oes ie) 2 Ppa ee Poy Bg OPo Pee are ss) Pu 005% 900 0000 8 an inch long and 1-2 lines wide, dividing into branches, which are repeatedly dichotomous or tricho- tomous, and composed of a series of oval-oblong, flat, thin, and sharp-edged articulations, obtusely indented at each end, particularly at the upper extre- mity. These articulations are $- inch long, and 2-3 lines wide, quite smooth and even; the young terminal ones as long as broad, and somewhat heart-shaped. Lateral ramuli of one or two joints are often borne at the nodes of the principal branches, and in some specimens the ramification eventually becomes umbellate. The nodes (genicula) are minute, naked, and brown. The colour, when growing, is a clear, crimson rose-red, which is tolerably preserved in drying. The sudstance is very brittle, but the joints do not so readily fall asunder as in many other species. No /rwzé has been seen. Here we have one of the stone-p/ants, which were so long classed by naturalists among the true Corals, and to which the name “Coralline”’ is still given. Externally they are hard; and their substance is so permeated with carbonate of lime that they are as brittle as rigid, and when thrown into any mineral acid will strongly effervesce. After the effervescence has ceased, and the lime been all dissolved, there remains an Algoid body, of the same form as the “Coralline,” but soft, and soon dissolving into a mass of small cellules, arranged in slender filaments. The in- ternal substance or living body of the Coralline therefore is an Alga, of similar structure to many others; and these supposed anomalous productions naturally fall in among the Rhodosperms. The genus Amphiroa contains many species, of different ex- ternal habits, several of which are natives of Australia, and some of the more characteristic will be figured in future numbers. The present is one of the handsomest of the subgenus “ Aury- tion,” characterized by the flattened, oblong joints, and dichoto- mous branching. It and another allied form are among the ornaments of the Rottnest reef-pools, where their brilliant reds and purple contrast well with the rich green of the soft-fronded Caulerpe. Fig. 1. AMPHIROA AUSTRALIS,—the natural size. 2. Young articulations,— moderately magnified. 7 ; r LU TTTT blaté LALLY Ser. CHLOROSPERMER. Fam. Confervacea. Puate LXXVIII. CLADOPHORA VALONIOIDES, Sond. * Gen. Cuan. Yilaments tufted, articulate, uniform, branched. Articulations filled with green granular endochrome, which is changed at maturity into zoospores.—CiaporHora (Kiitz.), from «rados, a branch, and dopew, to bear. Fila cespitosa, articulata, ramosa. Articuli endochromate viridi grumoso demum im zoosporas mutato replett. CiavopHora valonioides ; densely tufted, bright-green ; filaments ultra- capillary, membranaceous, irregularly decompound, subdichotomous, much branched ; lesser branches and ramuli often opposite or ternate, the ultimate ones subfasciculate or pectinate ; axils acute ; apices very obtuse ; articulations in the branches 6-8 times, in the ramuli 4-5 times as long as broad, constricted at the nodes, and filled with endochrome. C. valonioides; cespitosa, letevirens; filis ultra-capillaribus membranaceis vage decompositis dichotomisve ramosissimis; ramis minoribus ramulisque sepe oppositis v. ternis, ultimis v. fasciculatis v. pectinato-secundis ; axillis acutis apicibusque obtusissimis ; articulis ramorum diametro 6—-8-plo ramulo- rum 4—-5-plo longioribus, endochromate repletis ; geniculis angustis constrictis. CxiaporHora valonioides, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2.p.149. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic.n. 587. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 391. Has. Swan River, Preiss, W.H.H., G. Clifton, ete. King George’s Sound, VW. H. H. Groar. Distr. West Australia; common. Descr. Filaments densely tufted, 3-8 inches high or more, twice as thick as human hair, very much branched from the base in an irregularly dichoto- mous or alternate manner. The larger branches sometimes repeatedly di- vide dichotomously, and sometimes are long and virgate, set at short in- tervals with small multifid branches. The lesser branches and ramuli are frequently opposite, ternate, or sometimes quaternate, all erecto-patent ; in the upper part of the plant they are frequently crowded and almost fascicled, but are sometimes distant, either alternate or secund or pectinated. The joints in the larger branches are 6-8 times as long as broad, or even longer ; in the lesser branches and ramuli they are pretty uniformly 3-4-5 times as long as broad; the ultimate ones are ellipsoid and very blunt. All the nodes are constricted and very narrow; and the cell is filled with bright- green endochrome, which partly recovers its form when moistened. The substance is membranous, not very soft; and the plant, except when young, does not strongly adhere to paper in drying. The colour at first is a bril- liant grass-green ; afterwards it becomes pale, and before the plant perishes, frequently a dirty-white or yellowish. a Ee This is one of the commonest species in Western Australia, where it may be taken to represent the C. /etevirens of European seas. The filaments are however more robust, the jomts pro- portionally shorter, and the branching different. Its swollen, blunt cells remind us of a Valonia ; but the resemblance is one of analogy only. Fig. 1. CLADOPHORA VALONIOIDES,—the natural size. 2. End of a branch and ramuli. 3. Terminal cells :—the two latter figures variously magnified. i biweine Py ee ra Ser. RHODOSPERMEZ. Fam. Ceramiacea. Puare LXXIX. HALOPLEGMA PREISSII, Sond. Gen. Cuar. Frond sponge-like, expanded, wholly composed of interwoven and anastomosing confervoid filaments ; the central filaments longitu- dinal, subparallel, anastomosing; the superficial short, vertical, and free. Fructification : 1, involucrated favelle, sessile on the network ; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, borne on the superficial filaments.—Hato- pLeeMa (Mont.), from ads, the sea, and mreypa, a network, or woven substance. Frons spongiosa, expansa, filis confervoideis intertextis anastomosantibusque con- texta ; filis interioribus longitudinalibus subparallelis anastomosantibus, exteri- oribus liberis verticalibus brevibus. Fruct.: 1, favelle involucrate ad fron- dem sessiles ; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, pedicellate, ad ramulos affixe. Hatorpteema Preissii ; frond somewhat flabelliform, subdichotomous, laci- niated ; the segments pinnatifid; pinnules oblique, falcate, fringed on the outer edge; articulations of the filaments 2-3 times as long as broad. H. Preissii; fronde flabelliformi subdichotomo-laciniata ; laciniis pinnatifidis sepe secundis ; pinnulis obliquis faleatis extus fimbriatis ; articulis filarum diametro 2-3-plo longioribus. Hatopieema Preissii, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v.2.p.171. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 672. J. Ay. Sp. Alg.v.2.p. 111. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 489, 490. Ruopopiexta Preissii, Harv. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 613. Has. Western Australia, Preiss, Drummond, ete. Common at Fremantle, Rottnest, and King George’s Sound; also on many parts of the southern coast, Port Phillip Heads, and Western Port, W. H. H. Tasmania, 2. Guan. In the Tamar, above Georgetown, Rev. I. Fere- day, ete. Grocr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania. Descr. Root a mass of woolly filaments. Frond a flat, sponge-like or cloth-like body, very irregular in shape, 3-12 inches long, and as much in expansion of the segments. The form is so greatly varied that it is difficult to de- scribe, except in general terms. The outline, when young, is generally fla- belliform, and in some specimens this form is retained, the fan being but slightly cleft into a few shallow segments : in others the frond is dichotomoz multifid, the main branches not more than 3 inch wide, or even less$ the lesser ones deeply pinnatifid or bi-pinnatifid. In other specimens the lesser branches are deeply lobed on one edge only. All the axils are rounded. The ultimate lobes are very generally faleate, especially the younger ones, and are finely fringed on the rounded or outer edge. The spongy body of the frond is composed of several strata of closely interwoven, anastomosing, and subparallel longitudinal filaments, resembling those of a Callithamnion ; the surface is coated with a pile of minute, simple or forked, incurved, su- bulate, horizontally excurrent ramuli. wvelle are clustered, surrounded by an involucre of many ramuli, and scattered over the surface of the network, on which they form little wart-like prominences. etraspores are plentifully borne on the sides of the ramuli. The colour varies from a livid-purple to a clear rosy-red, and fades through orange to yellowish and tawny. The substance is membranous, but soft, holding water like a sponge. In drying the plant adheres firmly to paper. eee A very curious Alga, with the structure and substance of a sponge, and imbibing water and holding it as freely. By the Tasmanian collectors it is called “ the blanket,” a name aptly ex- pressing its appearance when fresh, which is that of a piece of flannel or napped cloth. Its external form is greatly varied. Among the multitude of specimens before me there are scarcely two which are moderately alike in ramification. All indeed are formed on the same general plan, and, once seen, the plant is readily, recognized under every form; but one is broad and scarcely cleft; another narrow, and cut up into innumerable shreds; and others, like the one selected for our figure, are mo- derately lobed. This plant abounds in all parts of the western and southern coast that I have visited. In Tasmania a variety occurs, in the Tamar, a considerable way above Georgetown, and at first looks like a different species, being thinner, and more purple and fan-shaped than the ordinary state. On tracing it down the river to the Heads of Port Dalrymple, it gradually blends into the usual variety, nor is there any microscopic character to dis- tinguish it. . Fig. 1. HatopLeema Pretssir; part of a frond,—the natural size. 2. Some of the vertical, anastomosing, central filaments, and the horizontal, free, superficial ramuli; showing their connection. 3. Ramulus, with tetra- spores. 4. A tetraspore. 5. An involucrated cluster of favelle. 6. A fa- vella, 17. Spores :—the latter figures magnified. “Vineent Brooks, imp Ser. RuoposPerMEs&. Fam. Spherococcoidee. Puate LXXX. GRACILARIA DACTYLOIDES, Sound. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, compressed, or flat, cartilaginous, irregularly branched, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum of large, roundish, angular cells, smaller outwards, usually containing granules ; the cortical of minute cellules, vertically seriated or in a single row. Fructification: 1, hemispherical or conoidal conceptacles, sessile on the branches, containing within a thick pericarp obovate spores ar- ranged in spore-threads issuing from a basal placenta; 2, ¢e¢raspores cruciate or tripartite, dispersed among the surface-cellules of the branches and ramulii—Gracribarta (Grev.), from gracilis, ‘slender ; applicable to the filiform species. Frons filiformis, compressa, v. plana, carnoso-cartilaginea, vage ramosa, ex stratis duobus contexta. Stratum medullare cellulis magnis rotundato-angulatis, exterioribus sensim minoribus, materie granulosa sepe repletis; corticale cellulis minimis uni- v. pluri-seriatis. Fruct.: 1, conceptacula hemispherica, sessilia, intra pericarpium crassum fila sporifera e placenta basali radiantia foventia ; 2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise. Gracitarta dactyloides ; rose-red, flaccid, carnoso-cartilaginous ; frond compressed, subdichotomous or vaguely decompound, with wide angles and spreading branches; branches irregularly multifid, the smaller ones frequently palmatifid; ramuli secund, subulate, attenu- ate ; conceptacles conoidal, secund. G. dactyloides; rosea, flaccida, carnoso-cartilaginea ; fronde compressa sub- dichotoma v. vage decomposita ; awillis rotundatis ramisque patentibus ; ramis irregulariter multifidis, minoribus sepe palmatifidis ; laciniis secundis subula- tis attenuatis ; cystocarpiis conoideis secundis. Gracitarta dactyloides, Sond. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 55. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 604. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 321; Trans. R. I, Acad. v. 22. p.550. PrLocarta dactyloides, Sond. in Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 190. Spu#rococcus dactyloides, Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 176. Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Swan River, Preiss. Fremantle, W.H.H., G. Clifton. King George’s Sound ? Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root a small disc. Fronds tufted (often parasitical), from 6-10 inches long, seldom more than a line broad, compressed, irregularly dichotomous or variously multifid, preserving a somewhat flabelliform outline. The main divisions are frequently flattened under the axils and expanded to 2-3 lines; in this case several branches spring, in a palmate manner, from the flattened portion. The branches are flexuous or zigzag, either several times forked or trifid or secundly divided, but always very widely spread- ing, with broad rounded axils. The smaller branches are more frequently palmatifid than the larger. The alternate ramuli are generally secund, often 1-13 inches long, tapering from a broad base to a fine point. (The specimens from King George’s Sound differ from the normal state of the species in being more pinnately branched and much more strongly com- pressed, and may perhaps belong to a different species.) The conceptacles are prominently conoidal, abundantly scattered along the branches and ramuli of fertile specimens at distances of about ¢ inch, and are generally secund. The colour is a clear rosy-red, preserved in drying. The substance is soft, more fleshy than cartilaginous, succulent and tender; and the plant shrinks in drying, and adheres firmly to paper. aw As far as Australian Algee are concerned, this species may be readily known from its congeners by its bright colour and compressed frond. But it is not so easy to point out good ex- ternal characters by which it may be known from G. compressa of Europe. The internal cellular structure is however some- what different, the cortical layer in the present species being much thinner and generally composed of but one or at most two rows of cellules. The ramification is a good deal varied. The tendency to produce finger-like (or rather palmatifid) branches is sometimes greater than on the specimens here drawn; and specimens producing conceptacles are often strikingly zigzag, the branch suddenly bending where the conceptacle is seated. It is not uncommon at Fremantle and Rottnest. The speci- mens from King George’s Sound, above alluded to, are some- what different, and may possibly belong to a distinct species. At present I retain them, undescribed, for further evidence. Fig. 1. GRacILARIA DACTYLOIDES,-——the natural size. 2. Portion of a fertile frond, with conceptacles. 3. Section through branch and conceptacle. 4. Spores. 5. Section through branch with ¢e¢raspores. 6. A tetraspore :— the latter figures variously magnified. kL a _ - WAy > ae J fa 5 ed tae 1) yyy 7 we. ey ML bo Yih hata ,7i cea Oe Saeed? } 7 | ) high ied! alban My Jy n OME Pie wee. : / c P iy a a oe PS Sa nen em = PITTI E TIT) am a a ao or) ee Pty} + om. ~ r a ey wi! Fara eae ss ST Ses veer eta wee © H} i et eC ¥ SS = ox tek SSeS ny Ss SPORSoy. ENS eotes aba Repos apa AS => = ‘Vincent Brooks fmp. Ser. RuopospermEa. Fam. Squamariee. Puate LXXXI. PEYSSONNELIA AUSTRALIS, Sond. Gen. Cuar. Frond flat, horizontally expanded, rooting by fibrils from the lower surface ; composed of two strata of cells; the lower stratum of horizontal cylindrical cells, arranged in cohering, longitudinal fila- ments; the upper of similar cells, set in vertical cohering filaments. Fructification of both kinds lodged in superficial warts (xemathe- eta): spores roundish, in moniliform strings; ¢e¢raspores cruciate. —Pryssonnetta (Dene.), in honour of J. 4. Peyssonnel, an early and meritorious observer of marine plants, especially of Corallines. Frons plana, horizontaliter expansa, inferiore pagina radicans, stratis duobus contexta ; strato inferiore cellulis cylindraceis horizontalibus in fila longitu- dinalia coherentia seriatis, superiore cellulis similibus in fila verticalia ordi- natis constante. Fruct.: utriusque generis in nematheciis evoluti. Spore subrotunde, moniliformiter seriate ; tetraspore oblonga, cruciatim divise. PrYSSONNELIA australis ; frond affixed at the base, otherwise free, coria- ceous, dark-red, flabelliform, zoned, entire; the superior margin thin and often reflexed; the lower surface tomentose with rusty fibrils ; “warts of fructification scattered, purple” (Sond.). P. australis; fronde basi solum adnata coriacea atro-sanguinea flabelliformi rugoso-zonata subintegerrima ; margine superiore tenui sepius reflexo ; pagina inferiore plus minus ferrugineo-tomentosa ; “ verrucis fructiferis sparsis pur- pureis”’ (Sond.). PEYSSONNELIA australis, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 685. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 328. Has. Cast up from deep water. Holdfast Bay, Dr. Ferd. Mueller. Port Fairy; and at Shortlands Bluff, Port Philip, WY. H. H. Bass’s Straits, Tasmania, Mr. C. Stuart. Geogr. Distr. Southern coasts, and Tasmania. Descr. Root a discoid attachment. Fronds one or several from the same base, 3—5 inches long, and nearly as broad in the widest part, cuneate at base, becoming flabelliform as the lamina widens, undivided ; but often vertically cloven (from accident), and then each pseudolobe, after growth is renewed, becomes flabelliform like the original frond. The margin at the sides and toward the base is thick and perfectly flat; along the curved, upper edge it is thin and membranous, and often folded back on the upper surface. The upper side is perfectly glabrous, somewhat shining, and ridged at short in- tervals with concentric wrinkles (zoned) or lines of growth. The under surface is thickly clothed, except on the younger portion, near the upper edge, .with a rusty or buff-coloured tomentum, composed of short, slender, jointed hairs. Our specimens are not in fruit. The substance is leathery and tough, retaining its toughness in drying. The colour in reflected light is a dark brownish-red, but when viewed with transmitted light is a deep blood-red. On exposure it fades through orange and yellow to dull greenish- white. The plant does not adhere to paper in drying. ee The genus Peyssonnelia, founded on P. squamaria, a native of the Mediterranean, is widely distributed, being represented not only in all the warmer seas, but straggling northward along the coasts of northern Europe. On the Australian shore there are three or four species, of which the one now figured is the largest, broadest, and least divided. I have little doubt but that my plant is the same as Sonder’s, though he describes his specimens as being only “an inch long and broad, differing from P. squa- maria by the undivided lamina and scattered fruit.” To this may be added that P. australis is much more brightly coloured and more glossy. The concentric zoning is pretty evident on my specimens, and I am not disposed to rely on this character as distinguishing our plant from either P. major or P. squamaria. If the three forms are to be retained as species, the present must rest on its broad, nearly undivided, and bright-coloured frond. P. Nove-Hollandia, Kitz., has the bright colour of the present species, but is divided into many narrow sublinear lobes. P. multifida, Harv. (Alg. Exsic. 329), from Newcastle, New South Wales, is still narrower and more divided, thick and rigid, and of the dark-brown colour of P. squamaria. The fourth Australian species (P. rubra, Grev.) is attached by its under surface, thin, crustaceous and brittle when dry, covering stones in deep water : it occurs both in Tasmania and in Port Jackson. Fig. 1. PEYssonNELIA AUSTRALIS,—the natural size. 2. A vertical section, showing the two strata of which the frond is composed, and some of the fibres of the tomentum,—magnified. Vincent Brooks, inp ; Ser. MELANOSPERME#. Fam. Dietyotacea. Puate LXXXII. DICTYOTA FASTIGIATA, Sond. Grn. Cuar. Root woolly. Frond flat, linear, membranous, ribless, areo- late, dichotomous or irregularly cleft. Mructification: spores super- ficial, either collected in spot-like sori, or scattered singly over both surfaces of the frond.—Dicryota (Zamz.), from dvxtvov, a net ; be- cause the surface, under a lens, has a netted, or rather a tessellated appearance. Radix stuposa. Frons plana, linearis, membranacea, ecostata, areolata, dichoto- ma aut vage divisa. Fruct.: spore superficiales in soros maculeformes ag- gregate v. singulatim per utramque paginam frondis disperse. Dicryora fuastigiata ; frond woolly at base, dark-brown, coriaceo-membra- naceous, broadly linear, distantly forked ; axils rounded; margin very entire, slightly thickened; apices obtuse or minutely emarginate ; spores solitary, scattered; tufts of paranemata on the same frond, re- sembling sori. D. fastigiata ; fronde basi stuposa badia coriaceo-membranacea lato lineart dis- tanter dichotome partita ; axillis rotundatis ; margine integerrimo subincras- sato ; apicibus obtusissimis v. minutissime emarginatis ; sports solitariis sparsis ; paranematibus in maculas soriformes collectis in fronde ipsa cum sporis passim evolutis. Dioryorta furcellata, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2.p.155. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 100. Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 556. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 71. Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Western Australia, Preiss. Freman- tle and Rottnest, common, W. H. H., G. Clifton. King George’s Sound and Cape Riche, W.H.H. Flinders’ Island, Dr. Milligan. Grocer. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Descr. Root covered with rust-coloured, woolly fibres. Fronds tufted, 48-12 inches long, not less than a line, and seldom more than 2—3 lines in breadth, preserving a nearly equal breadth throughout, covered with woolly hairs for about 3-1 inch above the base, thence upwards glabrous, repeatedly and pretty regularly dichotomous. The forkings on large specimens are 1-2 inches apart, the axils are in all cases blunt, and the segments are erecto- patent and tolerably fastigiate, the general outline being flabelliform. The apices are often perfectly entire, as shown in our figure, but are at least as often minutely emarginate, the indentation only visible with a lens: as the growth proceeds, the notch becomes a commencement of a new fork. The fruit is but imperfectly known ; our numerous specimens bear indifferently, on the same fronds, either hemispherical, solitary spores ? (antheridia 7), or roundish or oval clusters of paranemata similar to those that accompany the spores in some other species (fig. 4, 5); but no spores here accompany them. The sudstance of the frond is rather thick, and somewhat opaque; a section shows a double row of large, empty, quadrate medial cells, and a single row, at each side, of coloured cellules. The colour is a dark-brown, becoming almost black in drying, in which state the plant does not adhere to paper. PIPER OI eee This species is readily known from all the forms of D. dicho- toma by its much thicker, more rigid, and darker-coloured fronds, and by its cellular characters. It appears to be a true Dictyota, not a Stechospermum, as Professor Agardh, Judging from de- scription, supposes. I have not seen the normal fruit. The scattered spores (?) described above are probably antheridia. It is to be hoped that Mr. Clifton may succeed in finding fruit. The species is commonly thrown up in winter along the shores of Western Australia. I have only seen a single specimen from Flinders’ Island; and it has not yet been found in any other part of Bass’s Straits, or further east than Cape Riche. Our figure is faulty in one respect ; the apices of the laciniz ought to be very minutely, but sharply, indented. They are commonly so, but not constantly, as it so happened that a per- fectly entire apex was selected for figuring. Fig. 1. Dicryora FasTiGIata,—the natural size. 2. Apex ofa lobe. 3. Small portion of the surface, with a cluster of paranemata, seen vertically. 4. The cluster, seen laterally. 5. Some of the paranemata removed. 6. Small portion of surface, with a solitary spore? 17. Section through the membrane :—the latter figures variously magnified. Plate LAXALT : Sih ig pegesee Sak : Oi-s)~ ge Pr ee a estas ors = fm Ws, CE =i Ser. RuoposPERMEZ. Fam. Cryptonemiacee. Pirate LXXXIII. GLOIOSACCION BROWNII, Zar». Gen. Cuan. Frond bag-like, filled with transparent gelatine, membrana- ceous, composed of three strata; the medullary stratum of very large gelatinous cells, soon ruptured ; the zxtermediate of roundish-angular, coloured cells ; the corticaZ of minute cellules set in vertical filaments. Fructification: 1, globose flavellidia immersed in the cells of the in- termediate stratum, and composed of numerous confluent nucleoli ; 2, tetraspores (not known) ?—Guto1osaccion (Harv.), from yrozos, viscid, and aaxkos, a bag or sack. Frons sacciformis, succo gelatinoso hyalino repleta, membranacea, stratis fere tribus contexta ; strato medullari cellulis maximis gelatinosis cito ruptis, intermedio cellulis rotundato-angulatis coloratis, corticali cellulis minimis in fila verticalia ordinatis constante. Fruct.: 1, favellidia globosa, in strato intermedio imn- mersa, nucleolis pluribus confluentibus composita ; 2, tetraspore ? Gtrotosaccion Browni, Harv. Var. a. membranaceum ; bag delicately membranous, rose-red. Var. a. membranaceum ; fronde tenui-membranacea, rosea. Hatosaccion hydrophora, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 419 (exel. syn. Post. and Ruppr.). Var. 8. firmum ; bag coriaceo-membranous, varying from livid-purple to ‘deep blood-red. Var. B. firmum; fronde coriaceo-membranacea, livido-purpurea v. viridescente v. rubro-sanguinea. Hatosaccion firmum, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 420 (excl. syn. Post. and Rup.). Fucus allantoides ?, R. Br. in Turn. Hist. n. 4. p. 105. Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Australia, A. Brown. Fremantle, Western Australia, V7. H. H., George Clifton. Port Phillip, W. H. H. In the Tamar, Tasmania, Rev. I. Fereday, W. H. H., etc. Grocr. Distr. Western and southern coasts. Tasmania. Descr. Root a small conical disc. Frond rising from a cylindrical stipes 1—} inch in length, and line in diameter, bag-like, clavate or fusiform or sausage-shaped, 3-12 or 16 inches in length, and from $ inch to 2 inches in diameter. Usually the bag is perfectly simple, the younger ones being pear-shaped or obovate, the older more clavate, and, especially in var. a, pass- ing into fusiform; very rarely the bag becomes once or even twice forked. In all cases the apex is obtuse. When recent the bag is filled with a trans- parent gelatine, varying in consistence in different specimens, being some- times firm, sometimes lax and slimy: it is developed in the large cells of the centre, which soon perish, and have not yet been carefully examined in fresh and young specimens. In drying the gelatine disappears, the membranous frond adheres most closely to paper, and the cells very imperfectly expand onre-moistening. The conceptacular fruit consists of favellidia, immersed in the frond, below the intermediate layer; they are plentifully scattered over the surface of the bags. Tetraspores have not yet been seen. ‘The colour varies from rose-red to livid-purple, and the dark-coloured specimens are generally (but not always) more rigid than the brighter-coloured. In distributing my Alg. Exsic. Austr., I mistook the present plant for a Halosaccion, a genus of the North Pacific Ocean, having a very similar external habit, but (as I now know) a dif- ferent structure, and probably (?) dissimilar fruit. The dags in Halosaccion are filled with air or with sea-water, and are of a rigid substance, and densely cellular structure; in our new genus Gloiosaccion, they are normally filled with jelly, and the structure is more lax, and substance greatly softer. I venture to refer to the F. allantoides, R. Br. MS., thus noticed by Turner in his account of F. saccatus (Halosaccion) :— A third Fucus, which seems in a great measure allied to both these, has been sent to me by Mr. Brown, from New Holland. Its interior is filled with gelatine, its membranous coat partakes of the same gelati- nous nature, and its shape is remarkably pyriform,”—all which characters answer to the species now figured. Our two varieties differ chiefly in colour; and numerous specimens, from various stations, show the passage of one form into the other. I once found a specimen forking twice, and thus resembling Scinaia FJurcellata. Fig. 1. Fronds of Guotosaccion Brown11,—the natural size. 2. Section of membrane, to show cellular structure. 3. A similar section, cutting through a favellidium :—the latter figures highly magnified. ; 2 ee AL, ULTRA eae yn Vea eee ‘ ' y va my i Ay } f vid i ‘ ’ ( ve ; ; a yt PD's CWAPPy) Vy - (AA aD Ser. CHLOROSPERMEA. Fam. Siphonacee. Prats LXXXIV. CAULERPA HYPNOIDES, “%. Gen. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of various shapes. Sudstance horny-membranous, destitute of calcareous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strength- ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and filled with semifluid grumous matter. Fructification unknown.— CauterPa (Lamz.), from xavdos, a stem, and éptra, to creep. Frons ex surculis prostratis hie illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellule membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti- bus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fruct. ignota. CauLerpa hypnoides ; surculus robust, densely covered with cylindrical, dichotomous scales; frond erect, stipitate, lanceolate, attenuate, pin- nated; stipes and pinne everywhere clothed with forked, cylindrical, obtuse, emarginate and mucronulate, spreading, bright-green ramenta. C. hypnoides ; swrculo crasso squamulis cylindraceis dichotomis dense muricato ; fronde erecta stipitata lanceolata utringue attenuata pinnata ; stipite pinnis- gue foliolis undique obtectis ; foliolis medio furcatis cylindraceis obtusis apice emarginatis mucronulatis patentibus lete viridibus. CauLerpa hypnoides, 4g. Spec. Alg. v. 1. p. 443. 4g. Syst. p. 183. Endl. 3rd Suppl. p. 16. Hook. Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2.p. 260. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 550. Cuavvinia hypnoides, Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 497. Fucus hypnoides, R. Br. in Turn. Hist. Fuc. v. 3. p. 93. t. 173. Has. In deep tide-pools, and the vertical sides of reefs, at and below low- water mark. Common along the western and southern shores, and in Tasmania. Groar. Distr. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Descr. Surculi extensively creeping, several inches long, 2-3 lines in diameter, rooting at long or short intervals, very closely covered with extremely minute, twice or thrice forked scales, so closely set that the surface formed of their points is quite even and velvety. Fronds 10-12 inches or more in length, on a stipes 1-2 feet long, regularly lanceolate in outline, narrowed towards each end, closely pinnate. The stipes and rachis are densely im- bricated with forked ramenta. The pinne are distichous, simple or rarely forked, setaceous, 1—2 inches long, closely set, patent and somewhat curved, and are clothed with tri-quadrifarious, patent ramenta, forked a short way below their middle, and about a line in length. The apices of the prongs of the fork are emarginate, each lobe simply (not doubly) mucronulate. Generally the frond is but once pinnate; but in luxuriant specimens the rachis throws out secondary rachides, which are in turn pinnated, and a bi- pinnate or even dendroid frond is formed. The colour is a peculiarly bright grass-green, inclining to yellowish in age. The substance is soft and flaccid in the pinnated portion of the frond, which adheres closely to paper; but rigid and rough in the stipes and surculi, which do not adhere to paper. et ea oo a a tt tt tt tt By comparing the Plate now given with Plate II. (C. Mueller), the resemblances and differences between these closely allied species may be seen. Externally the present differs from the former in its bright-green or yellowish colour, in the more lan- ceolate general outline, and in the more laxly set and patent or squarrose ramenta. The microscope reveals another and more essential character ; the ramenta in C. hypnoides being forked near the middle; and in C. Muelleri at the very base. The present is much the commonest species; extending along the whole west and south coasts of Australia, and to Tasmania and New Zealand. It bears a remarkably close resemblance to a Swiss fossil, figured by Brongniart, under the name “ Fucozdes hypnoides’’ (Brongn. Hist. t. 9 dis, t. 1-2). Fig. 1. CAULERPA HYPNOIDES,—the natural size. 2 One of the forked ramenta. 3. Apex of one of the prongs. 4. One of the dichotomous scales from the surculus :—the latter figures variously magnified, ei AWOEE, P = Var rp. ee cent Brooks, in Ser. RuoposPERMEs. Fam. Cryptonemiacee. Puate LXXXV. GELINARIA ULVOIDEA, sond Gen. Car. Frond thick and fleshy, flat, irregularly pinnatifid, composed of three strata; the medullary of densely packed, interwoven, longitu- dinal filaments ; the zwtermediate of several rows of roundish-angular cellules ; the cortical of vertical, closely packed filaments. Fructifi- cation unknown.—GELINARIA (Sond.), from gelu, ‘frost ;? whence gela- ¢ine, in allusion to the substance of this plant. Frons cartilagineo-carnosa, plana, vage pinnatim composita, stratis tribus consti- tuta; strato medullari ex filis densissime implexis longitudinalibus, inter- medio cellulis parvis pluriseriatis rotundato-angulatis, corticali filis vertica- libus crebris formato. Fructus ignotus. GELINARIA wlvoidea, Sond. GELINARIA ulvoidea, Sond. in Mohl and Schl. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p.55. Sond. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. v. 2.p.172. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p.197. Harv. im Trans. Rk. I. Acad. v. 22.p. 556. Harv. Alg. Evsic. n. 434. HaLyMeEnta ulvoidea, Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 718. Has. Western Australia, Preiss. Freemantle, VW. H. H., G. Clifton. Also at King George’s Sound, W. H. #. Grocer. Distr. West and south-west coasts of Australia. Descr. Root a fleshy, expanded disc, nearly $ inch in diameter. Frond stipi- tate; the stipes compressed, 1-13 lines in diameter, firmly cartilaginous, 1-2 inches long, gradually expanding into the cuneate base of the frond. Frond \—2 feet long, and nearly as much in the expansion of the segments, repeatedly divided and very irregularly on a pinnatifid type. The principal axile segment or rachis is 1-2 inches broad, subsimple or forked, tapering much to the base, and generally abrupt, but sometimes lanceolate at the apex. This is closely or distantly pinnated with lateral, linear-lanceolate branches, which in young specimens are simply toothed or inciso-dentate ; in older, once or twice pinnatifid; the pinnules acute, the younger ones su- bulate, the older sublanceolate. In some specimens the branches are 3- inch broad, and but little divided ; in others 1—4 inch, and several times compound, the ultimate laciniz being very narrow. No fruit has yet been seen. The substance is very firmly fleshy and somewhat crisp, or cartila- ginous when fresh; soon becoming soft, and decomposing in fresh-water ; when dry, gelatino-membranaceous, closely adhering to paper. The proper colour is a full-lake, staining paper with a pinky tinge, but more commonly the frond is tinted with livid-red or greenish, and finally the whole fades to a dull, pale greenish-white. The swzface has a peculiarly mottled appear- ance, which is most obvious in the brightest-coloured specimens, and is caused by the alternately darker or paler gonidia (cellules of the inter- mediate stratum), seen through the superficial layer. The s¢ructwre is much denser than in Halymenia, more similar to that of Kalymenia. PLP PIII LPI LL LIIILIILI LL LLLIII Until the fructification of this remarkable plant be discovered, its exact affinities cannot be satisfactorily settled. By Kiitzing it is referred to Halymenia, a genus which at different times has been made to comprise a number of heterogeneous types. The present species appears to me to be one of such, for judging by the structure of the frond, I should suspect that its position will be nearer to Kallymenia among the genera with compound nuclei ( favellidia). Sonder originally described it from very in- complete and discoloured specimens. It is one of the largest and strongest-growing of the Western Australian Rhodosperms, and would require a folio plate to do it adequate justice. Some specimens are very much narrower and more densely branched than the one here figured. There is another Western Australian Alga (Vemastoma ? ge- linarioides, Harv.), found at King George’s Sound, which bears a striking external resemblance to this plant; but its structure is different and much more dense. Its fruit also is unknown, and the name given to it must therefore be considered provisional. Fig. 1. GHLINARIA ULVOIDEA,—¢he natural size. 2. Section through the frond, —magnified. 3. Minute portion of the cortical stratum :—more highly magnified. “Vineent Broalss, Emp. Ser. RHoDOSPERMES. Fam. Rhodymeniacea. Puate LXXXVI. ERYTHROCLONIUM SONDERI, Zarv. Grn. Cuar. Stem terete, its branches constricted as if jointed, composed of an articulated axial filament, and three strata; the medullary stra- tum composed of longitudinal, interwoven filaments ; the ztermediate of several rows of roundish, coloured cellules; the cortical of very minute, subseriated cellules. ructification: 1, conceptacles sessile, depressed, umbilicate, opening by a terminal pore, containing, within a thick pericarp, moniliform strings of spores, radiating from a free central placenta; 2, zonate ¢etraspores, dispersed through the cortical cells,—Eryruroctonium (Sond.), from epv@pos, red, and krov, a branch. Frons caule tereti,ramisque articulato-constrictis, ex filo centrali articulato et stra- tis tribus cellularum constituta ; strato medullari filis tenuibus longitudinali- bus interteatis, intermedio cellulis rotundato-angulatis pluriseriatis, corticali cellulis minimis subseriatis formato. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia sessilia, depressa, umbilicata, carpostomio demum aperta, intra pericarpium crassum fila spori- Jera moniliformia ex placenta centrali radiantia, foventia; 2, tetraspore sparse, zonatim divise. ErytHrocitonium Sonderi ; stem thick, short, glabrous; branches tricho- tomous, their jomts and the ramuli elliptic-oblong or clavate, very obtuse. E. Sonderi; caule brevissimo crasso glabro; ramis trichotome decompositis, articulis ramulisque clavatis elliptico-oblongis obovatisve obtusissimis. ErytTHRocionium Sonderi, Harv. Alg. Exsic, n. 391. RuaBDonia Sonderi, Harv. in Trans. R.I. Acad. v. 22. p. 554, excl. Syn, J. Ag. Has. Fremantle, W. H. H., G. Clifton. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Drscr. Root discoid. Stem 3-1 inch long, sometimes bulbous, 1-2 lines in diameter, solid and rigid, suddenly breaking up into numerous, much di- vided branches. ‘These branches are 4-6 inches long, constricted as if jointed at intervals of about one-third of an inch, and sub-trichotomously decompound. The dranches and their subdivisions opposite, or occasionally alternate or secund. The ramuli sometimes subverticillate, four or five springing from a node. In the lower part of old branches the nodes are ob- scurely marked, and the branch becomes solid and subcontinuous, assimilating with the stem ; in all younger parts the constrictions are regular and strong, The internodes and ramuli are always obtuse at the extremity and acute at base, but they vary in shape from linear-clavate to obovate, the former being the prevalent form of the older, the latter of the younger internodes. The conceptacles occur, several often together, on the younger lateral or terminal ramuli; they are prominent, but depressed or umbilicate in the centre, and contain a placenta, suspended in the midst of a large cavity, and emitting to all sides slightly branched, moniliform spore-threads. The structure of the frond varies with age; in the younger parts the filaments of the medul- lary layer are few and distant, in the older they are very dense, and in the oldest parts closely intertwined. The colour is a full dark blood-red, becom- ing darker in drying. The substance is soft, and somewhat juicy, and the frond adheres closely to paper in drying. The genus Arythroclonium is allied on the one side to Rhaé- donia and on the other to Areschougia. From the first it differs by having a central or axile filament, and from the latter in habit, and having more prominent conceptacles. The species here figured, and to which I have given the name of the proposer of the genus, greatly resembles in aspect the /. Muelleri, one of the original species described by Sonder. It differs chiefly in the stem, which is here quite smooth and even, while in #. Muellert it is rough, with short tubercular or filiform processes. The present is quite a western, and 7. Muelleri a south-eastern form. Our plant is less densely branched, more rigid, and less gelatinous, and more deeply coloured than 7. Muelleri, and is usually larger or more robust; but at Georgetown, ‘Tasmania, EF. Muelleri grows to a greatly larger size, through which, how- ever, it preserves its peculiar characters. I am therefore dis- posed to consider these two plants as truly distinct, though nearly allied to each other. Fig. 1. EryrHrocLontium Sonperi,—the natural size. 2. Branchlets with conceptacles. 3. Section of a conceptacle. 4. Spore-string from the same. 5. Cross section of a branch. 6. Longitudinal semi-section of the same : —the latter figures variously magnified. Plate LITE ws wi WS Sf wh a WAS Wy eS aa i 1 Wey, \ Se \\y wy \ Mi) Wig . OME ARE Oe ect LS de \S \ w ut ‘a Rhy we 4 ?: 4 * oie aa Byes oS 6 mn f2 § AS 74/4 “AD Vincent Brooks, imp. Ser. RHoposPERMEA. Fam. Spherococcoidea. Puate LXXXVII. DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSOIDES, Zarv. Guy. Cuan. Frond leaf-like, membranous, areolated, symmetrical, simple or branched, midribbed. Fiructification: 1, hemispherical concep- tacles, sessile on the midrib or on a lateral nerve, containing a tuft of moniliform spore-threads on a basal placenta; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, in definite sori or spots, on the frond or on accessory leaflets.— Detessrrta (4g.), 10 honour of Baron Delessert, a distinguished patron of botany. Frons foliacea, membranacea, areolata, symmetrica, simplex v. ramosa, costata. Fruct. : 1, coccidia in costa venisque frondis sessilia, hemispherica, fila spori- Sera moniliformia a placenta basalt emissa foventia ; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, in soros definitos collecta. Dutesseria hypoglossoides ; dwarf, decumbent ; frond linear-lanceolate, repeatedly proliferous from the three-tubed, joimted midrib, with leaf- lets of a similar form; leaflets acute or acuminate, very entire; fruit ? D. hypoglossoides ; pusilla, decumbens ; fronde lineari-lanceolata e costa tenui trisiphonia articulata repetite prolifera; foliolis acutis acuminatisve in- tegerrimis. DevessERiA hypoglossoides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 548. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 282. Has. Rottnest Island, W.H.H. Garden Island, Western Australia, G. Clifton. Dredged in Port Jackson, C. Moore. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Port Jackson, New South Wales. Drscr. Root somewhat creeping. Fronds 1-8 or 4 inches long, normally quite simple, 1-3 lines in diameter, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, and often prolonged at the apex into a subulate or filiform acumination. From the midrib of this primafy leaf spring other leaflets of similar form; and their midribs emit others: thus by repeated proliferous growth the old fronds may become densely much branched. The midrib is very slender, jointed at short intervals, each joint formed of three oblong cellules, of which the middle one is cylindrical, and the lateral flat on the inner and angularly convex on the outer side. At each side of this midrib is a broad band of roundish-angular cells, gradually diminishing in size outwards, and pass- ing into somewhat horizontally seriated linear cells, which terminate in the very entire, flat margin. No fruit has vet been seen. The colour is a clear rosy-red or carmine. The sabstance is delicately membranous, and the plant in drying adheres firmly to paper. At first sight this plant would pass for a weak-growing speci- men of Delesseria Hypoglossum, so common on the shores of Britain, and of some coasts of Europe and North America; and which is also closely related to D. crassinervia of the Antarctic zone. But the microscope at once reveals characters in the mid- rib and in the cellular structure of the lamina, which are both readily seen and constant, and which therefore mark the species. The jomted three-tubed midrib is found in several other species, both Australian and American ; but not in D. hypoglossum, or any of the European kinds. It was first observed in D. Leprieurit, where it is even more strongly marked than in the present. Our plant is closely related to D. spathulata, Sond., also a West Australian species, and which differs much as D. ruscifolia does from D. Hypoglossum. Fig. 1. DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSOIDES, the natural size. 2. Portion of a leaf, magnified ; showing the distribution of the cells in the membrane, and the jointed midrib. “Encertt Brooks, imp. Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Rhodomelacea. Prats LXXXVITII. DASYA HAPALATHRIX, Aarv. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform or compressed, dendroid; stem and branches coated with small, polygonal cells (rarely articulated, and many-tubed) ; the axis articulate, composed of several radiating cells surrounding a central cavity ; ramelli articulated, one-tubed. SL ructification: 1, ovate or urceolate ceramidia ; 2, lanceolate stichidia, attached to the ramelli, and containing triangularly-parted tetraspores in transverse rows.—Dasya (4y.), from dacus, hairy. Frons filiformis v. compressa, dendroidea. Caulis ramique majores strato cel- lularum corticati (raro pellucide articulati), ramellis monosiphoniis obsesst ; axis articulatus, ex cellulis pluribus radiantibus tubum centralem cingentibus formatus. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ovata v. urceolata; 2, stichidia lanceolata, ex ramellis enata, tetrasporas transversim ordinatas foventia. Dasya hapalathriz ; stem very long (3-6 feet), percurrent, inarticulate, quite glabrous ; branches lanceolate in outline, alternate, twice or thrice pinnately decompound, the ultimate ramifications setaceous, all corticated and opaque; ramelli confined to the ultimate branchlets, very soft and byssoid, dichotomous, their articulations 4-5 times as long as broad; ceramidia (rather small) sessile, urceolate, with a prominent orifice ; stichidia ovato-lanceolate, acuminate. D. hapalathrix ; caule longissimo (3—-6-pedali) percurrente inarticulato glaber- rimo ; ramis lateralibus circumscriptione lanceolatis alternis bis terve pinnatim decompositis ; ramulis ultimis setaceis, omnibus corticatis opacisque ; ramellis ramulos ultimos solum vestientibus mollissimis byssoideis dichotomis, articulis diametro 4—5-plo longioribus ; ceramidiis (parvulis) sessilibus ovato-urceolatis ore prominulo ; stichidiis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis. Dasya hapalathrix, Harv. Alg. Austr. Fusic, n. 201. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 301. Has. Port Phillip Heads, WH. H. Georgetown, Tasmania, R. Gunn, Rev. I. Fereday. Abundantly at Point Rapid, in the Tamar, W. H. H. Groar. Distr. South coast of Australia. Tasmania. Descr. Root discoid. Frond 3-6 feet long, one or two lines in diameter, with a linear-lanceolate general outline, not perfectly distichous: with a percurrent, glabrous and glossy, opaque stem, set at intervals of one or two inches with lateral branches, the lower and middle ones of which are a foot long, the upper gradually shorter, all somewhat attenuated at base, and glabrous and inarticulate like the stem. These branches are closely set with sub- spirally inserted, alternate, slender secondary branches, which sometimes bear a third and fourth series, sometimes only a third. The latter series rapidly diminish in diameter, as compared with the set from which they spring, and the wltimate divisions are barely setaceous, almost capillary. All, to the smallest, are completely clothed with cortical cellules, without trace of articulation. Ramelli are only found on the ultimate setaceous branchlets, and only on their upper half; they are densely crowded, exces- sively slender, and very soft, but tough and not soon decaying in fresh-water, 2-3 lines long and repeatedly dichotomous, of a rosy colour. ‘The concep- tacles are of smail size, as compared with other species, and sessile on the setaceous branchlets ; their mouth not very prominent, and the nucleus not much branched. ‘The stichidia are generally solitary on the ramelli, and taper from a broad base toa fine point. The colour is a rosy-red, sometimes purplish. The substance is tough, and notwithstanding the great softness and lubricity of the whole frond, it may be kept for a considerable time in fresh-water without decomposing. In drying, this plant adheres very closely to paper. LOLs The genus Dasya reaches its maximum of development on the Australian coasts, and among the many species there abound- ing the present may rank as the most softly beautiful and flow- ing. Our figure merely represents one of the lateral branches of a frond, which, fully displayed, would cover a sheet of double- elephant paper. It is best seen however floating in clear water, where every cobwebby filament stands apart, greatly mcreasing the feathery character. Among the Australian kinds it is perhaps nearest to D. villosa, but besides differences in the ramification and fruit, it abun- dantly differs in substance. D. villosa rapidly dissolves and falls to pieces if thrown into fresh-water ; but D. Aapalathriz may be steeped with little injury for a couple of days. D. villosa is gelatinoso-cartilaginous ; D. hapalathrix tough, though very soft. Both vary in colour, but D. hapalathriz is usually the brightest. Fig. 1. DasyA HAPALATHRIX; one of the lateral branches, and a fragment of the stem, the natural size. 2. A ramulus with conceptacles: 3. A con- ceptacle. 4, A ramulus with stichidia. 5. A stichidium :—the latter figures more or less magnified. Ser. RuoposPERMEA:. Fam. Cryptonemiacee. Puate LXXXIX. EPYMENIA MEMBRANACEA, Zar. Gen. Cuar. Frond below ribbed and caulescent, above expanded in flat, forked lamin, composed of two strata; the medullary of oblong, coloured cells; the cortical of vertically seriated, minute cellules. Fructification borne on proper fruit-leaflets, springing from the la- mine: 1, favel/e seated on a basal placenta, within a thick, hemi- spherical pericarp ; 2, cruciate ¢e¢raspores, dispersed among the cor- tical cellules of the leaflet-—Hpymrnta (Kiitz.), from e7re, upon, and bunv, a membrane ; because the fructification is epiphy/lous. Frons inferne costata et caulescens, sursum in laminas planas subdichotomas ex- pansa, stratis duobus contexta ; strato medullari cellulis majusculis oblongis coloratis, corticali cellulis minimis verticaliter ordinatis composito. Fructus utriusque generis in sporophyllis propriis evolutus: 1, favelle intra pericar- pium hemispherice elevatum crassum ad placentam basalem sessiles ; 2, tetra- spore sparse, cruciatim divise. EpyMenta membranacea ; frond stipitate, ribbed below, the stipes winged, cuneate upwards, and expanding into a repeatedly dichotomous, flabel- liform, thinly but rigidly membranous lamina; axils rather narrow, apices narrowed to an obtuse point ; conceptacles one or two on each fruit-leaflet. E. membranacea ; fronde stipitata inferne costata ; stipite alato sursum cuneato in frondem repetite dichotomam flabellatam tenui-membranaceam rigidiusculam expanso ; axillis angustis, apicibus subangustatis obtusiusculis ; cystocarpus in phyllo solitarus binisve. EpYMENIA membranacea, Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. (med.). Has. In the Tamar, at Georgetown, Tasmania, WV. H. H., C. Stuart. Groer. Distr. Tasmania. Descr. Root a hard disc. Fronds somewhat tufted, 6-10 inches long, and as much in expansion. Stipes 1-24 inches long, about a line broad, rigid and firm, cylindrical, with a narrow wing at each side. Upwards the wing widens into the cuneate base of the lamina, and the thick and rigid stipes degenerates into a midrib, and is soon lost in the widening membrane. The lamina is 4-5 times regularly forked; its general outline is flabelli- form, and its segments are broadly linear, }% or nearly 1 inch broad, sepa- rated by narrow axils, and slightly tapering upwards to an obtuse but not abrupt point. The substance of the frond is very thin and semitransparent, - but rigid, without any tendency to adhere to paper in drying. “The colour, when fresh, is rather deep, somewhat purpurascent red; fading, on expo- sure, to a dull reddish-brown, and bleaching to a dirty-white. The cellular structure is very dense ; all the cells of the medullary layer are filled with endochrome. ‘The conceptacles are formed, one or two together, on super- ficial, cuneate or obovate leaflets, +1 inch long ; their pericarp is very thick, and the chamber much larger than the nucleus, which (perhaps) is imma- ture in our specimens. Zetraspores unknown. To the casual observer this plant will appear very like the common European Rhodymenia palmata, better known perhaps by its vulgar name Dalse or Dillisk ; but obvious differences may be found on more careful examination. The most obvious is the rigid, winged stipes, passing into a vanishing rib in the lower part of the frond. There is no trace of such a stipes or rib in £. palmata. A difference in fruit, and in the intimate struc- ture of the frond, further obliges us to place these two plants, so like externally, not only in different genera, but in different families. The genus Lpymenia was founded by Kiitzing on a plant from the Cape, which had been referred by Greville to Phyllophora. That species (4. obtusa, Kiitz.) is nearly related to the Alga now figured, but is of much brighter colour, of thicker sub- stance, with broader, more wedge-shaped, and much more ab- ruptly obtuse apices. It has been found in New Zealand, and may perhaps occur on the south coast of Tasmania, but has not yet been recorded. A third species (#. acuta) is found in New Zealand. The ‘“ Rhod. variolosa,”’ of ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ referred to Hpymenia by Kiitzing, does not belong to this genus. Fig. 1. EpyMEnIA MEMBRANACEA. 2. Fragment of a fruit-bearing frond :— both of the xatwral size. 8. Section through a pericarp, showing the en- closed favella,—magnified. Ce KE Ti, tu D Jk [emt JSP O CRS: CHEhS \ 00 V Jot ew au Ser. RHoposPERMES. Fam. Ceramiacee. Pratt XC. CALLITHAMNION LICMOPHORUM, Zarv. Gen. Car. Frond filiform, branched, articulated, monosiphonous, the stem and branches (in many species) at length thickened internally, or coated externally with decurrent filaments; ramuli always pellucidly articulate and monosiphonous. ructification: 1, favelle generally in pairs, axillary or sessile on the branches, naked, containing nume- rous angular spores; 2, ¢e¢raspores naked, sessile or pedicellate, dis- tributed on the ramuli, generally triangularly parted.—CaLLirHaMNioNn (Lyngb.), from Karras, beautiful, and Oapviov, a little shrub. Frons filiformis, ramosa, articulata, monosiphonia, caule ramisque majoribus (in pluribus) demum fibris decurrentibus interne vel externe evolutis corticatis v. firmatis ; ramulis semper pellucide articulatis. Fruct.: 1, favelle binate, axillares v. ad ramos sessiles, nude, sporas numerosas angulatas foventes ; 2, tetraspore nude, ad ramulos sessiles v. pedicellate, triangule v. cruciatim di- VISA. CatuitHamnNion Licmophorum; frond flabelliform, subdichotomously de- compound, the stem and principal branches at length coated exter- ually with decurrent, interwoven, and anastomosing fibres ; branches spreading to all sides, virgate, set throughout with alternate, flabellate ramuli; ramuli dichotomous, fastigiate, their articulations 4—5 times as long as broad, swollen upwards, their apices subacute ; tetraspores pedicellate, solitary in the axils of the ramuli. C. liemophorum ; fronde flabelliformi subdichotome decomposita, caule ramisque majoribus demum fibris decurrentibus intertextis anastomosantibusque dense velatis ; ramis quoquoversum egredientibus virgatis strictis ramulis flabellatis alternis crebre ornatis ; ramulis brevibus dichotomo-multifidis fastigiatis, ar- ticulis diametro 4—5-plo longioribus sursum incrassatis, apicibus acutiusculis ; tetrasporis pedicellatis ad axillas ramulorum solitaris. CALLITHAMNION licmophorum, Harv. Aly. Austr. Hxsic. n. 536. Has. Shortland’s Bluff, Port Phillip; and Philip Island, Western Port, Victoria, VW. H. H. Goer. Distr. South coasts of Australia. Descr. Root a mat of fibres, surrounding a central disc. Fronds loosely tufted, 4—6 inches high, and fully as much in the expansion of the branches, irre- gularly divided from the base in a subdichotomous manner, but with the branches and their divisions spreading in all directions. In the young plant the whole frond is pellucidly articulate ; nor do the joints of the stem or branches ever become opaque, or “ corticated”’ with internally developed cellules. But they soon are coated externally with decurrent fibres, origi- nating at the insertion of the ramuli, and extending downwards, clasping round the branch or stem, and at length enveloping it in a filamentous sheath. The shaggy-coated, rope-like stem is then often a line or more in diameter ; the major branches 3—+ line, and the lesser ones proportionately less thick, as the coat of fibrils is less developed. ‘The ultimate branches generally remain nude; they are remarkably straight and rod-like, about 2 inches long, and bear at every node, in alternate but laxly spiral order, short flabelliform ramuli. The ramuli are 1-2 lines long, several times forked, their segments of equal length. The articulations of the branches are 5-8, of the ramuli 4-5 times as long as broad ; the cell-walls are thick and gelatinous, and the endochrome narrow. Tetraspores are borne in the forks of the ramuli, on very short pedicels. The colour is a clear pinky-red, rapidly discharged in fresh-water. The swdstance is soft; and the plant very quickly decomposes in the air or in fresh-water; and in drying adheres very strongly to paper. The genus Callithamnion is a very large one, dispersed through almost all seas, having many representatives in Australia, and comprising several more or less distinctly marked subtypes or subgenera. Notwithstanding the wide differences of habit, and of degree of development between the several species, I prefer keeping the genus nearly as left to us by Lyngbye, and as re- tained by J. Agardh, to breaking it up into several. The species now figured is obviously allied to the European C. corymbosum, and to the Australian C. flabelligerum, C. grifithsioides, etc., but by the characters of its stem it would fall under the “ Spon- goclonium”’ of Sonder; a genus proposed to be founded on my Call. tingens (Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 508), and to which several other Australian species may be referred. All these agree in having their stems and larger branches at least, coated externally with a spongy mass of interwoven filaments, increasing with the age of the specimens, and obviously of the same nature as the internal filaments that in other species cause opaque stems and branches, and define Kiitzing’s genus Ph/ebothamniom. ‘There is this objection to employing as a generic character these sup- plementary fibres, whether internal or external, namely, that they vary in amount according to the age of the individual specimen. Hence, a young frond may be referable to a genus different from that of its parent frond; or, the dranches of a specimen may be “ Callithamnion” and the stem either “ Phlebothamnion” or “« Spongoclonium.”’ Fig. 1. CALLITHAMNION LIcMoPHORUM,—4he natural size. 2. A dichotomous branchlet, and a single joint of a branch. 3. Tip of a branchlet, with axillary tetraspores. 4. A tetraspore :—the latter figures variously magni/ied. a Place ate 2 in. et 2 ve! ent Broaks, “Vine Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Rhodomelacea. Puatt XCI. HALODICTYON AUSTRALE, darv. Gen. Cuar. Frond a tubular, simple or forked network, formed by numerous, inosculating, confervoid filaments; the meshes irregular, emitting at the angles free, horizontal ramelli. Mructefication: 1, urceolate ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, lan- ceolate stichidia, containing a single or double row of ¢etraspores.— Hatoprcryon (Zanard.), from aXs, the sea, and duxruoy, a net. Frons (quasi reticulum tubulosum, simplex v. furcatum) ex filis confervoideis numerosis angulatim anastomosantibus conflata; maculis wregularibus, ra- mellos horizontales breves ad angulos emittentibus. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia urceolata, fasciculum sporurum pyriformium includentia ; 2, stichidia lanceo- lata, tetrasporas triangule divisas uni-biseriatas foventia. Hatopicryon avstrale; network cylindrical, repeatedly forked, bristling with excurrent, free ramuli; filaments-capillary, the primary articula- tions cylindrical, about four times as long as broad; ceramidia pedi- cellate, ovate-urceolate, with a promineut orifice. H. australe; reticulo terete dichotomo ramulis liberis excurrentibus furcatis dense velato ; filis capillaribus, articulis primaris cylindraceis diametro 4-plo longioribus ; ceramidiis pedicellatis ovato-urceolatis, ore prominulo. Hanowta australis, Sond. in Mohi and Sch. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 52. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.170. Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 558. Aly. Austr. Exsic. n. 115. Has. Western Australia, Preiss! Fremantle, VW. H. H., G. Clifton. Groar. Distr. West coast of Australia. Duscr. Fronds originating in a sponge-like, amorphous network of anastomosing filaments; several from the same base, cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, 2-3 lines in diameter, subsimple, or once, twice, or thrice forked. The cylin- drical frond is formed of several parallel, longitudinal, branching filaments, whose branchlets anastomose into the polygonal meshes of the tubular net- work ; forming five- or six-sided meshes. From the angles of these meshes are given off externally, short spreading or horizontal, free, once or twice forked ramelli, which spread in all directions, and give the frond, to the naked eye, a shaggy aspect. The whole frond is pellucidly articulated and composed of monosiphonous filaments ; the articulations of the meshes are 3-4 times as long as broad, those of the ramuli about the same, or shorter. The ceramidia are borne on the free ramuli, the fertile ramulus being shortened to a single joint; they are somewhat inflated, with a projecting orifice; the spores are very narrow-pyriform, or rather clavate. The colour is a clear red, discharged in fresh-water ; in drying it becomes darker and browner. The swdstance is membranous and juicy, rather quickly de- composing ; and in drying the plant adheres strongly to paper. At Plate XX XVII. of our first volume we have figured two species of Halodictyon ; one of them furnished with tetrasporic fruit ; and we now present the third Australian species, furnished with its cystocarpic fruit, clearly showing that the genus belongs to the Rhodomelacee, and differs from Dasya chiefly in the structure of the frond. It is, so to say, as if the ramelli of a Dasya, removed from the polysiphonous axis, were formed into a tubular network, or we may compare it to Zhuretia deprived of the internal framework or skeleton. When this plant was first observed, Sonder, by whom it was described, judging by the Callithamnoid structure of its filaments, referred it to Cera- miacee, proposing for it the genus Hanowia. Agardh, while adopting that supposed genus and retaiming it among Cera- miacee, noticed its structural “analogy, if not affinity,” with Halodictyon, a genus of Rhodomelacee, already founded on an Adriatic Alga. Our knowledge of the fructification of the Australian species is due to Mr. George Clifton, to whose many discoveries among the Algz of Western Australia I have so frequently to refer, and to whom I owe the only fruit-bearmg specimen of this curious Alga that I possess. Fig. 1. HaLopicryon AUSTRALE,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a branch of the network. 3. A mesh, a ramulus, and a ceramidium. 4. Spores:—the latter figures more or less magnified. Vincent Brooks, imp. Ser. MELANOSPERME. Fam. Sporochnoidea. Prats XCII. SPOROCHNUS APODUS, Zar. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, solid, pmnately decompound. Receptacles pod- shaped, pedicellate (rarely sessile), crowned with a tuft of soft hairs, and densely covered with whorled, branching, sporiferous filaments. Spores oblong, attached to the filaments.—Sporocunvs (4y.), from aomopos, a seed, and yvoos, wool; because tufts of soft hairs crown the fructification. Frons filiformis, solida, pinnatim ramosa. eceptacula siligueformia, sepis- sime pedicellata, apice comosa, paranematibus ramosis horizontalibus verticil- latis densissime vestita. Spore obovoidee, ad paranemata laterales. Sporocunus apodus ; frond setaceous; the branches very long, subsimple ; receptacles sessile, linear-oblong, subacute, horizontally patent, densely set. S. apodus ; fronde setacea, ramis longissimis simpliciusculis ; receptaculis sessili- bus lineari-oblonyis subacutis horizontaliter patentibus numerosissimis crebris- que. Sporocunvs apodus, Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 287. Has. At Georgetown, Tasmania; very rare, W. H. H. GroGcr. Distr. Tasmania. Duscr. Root and base of the frond unknown. Stéem as thick as hog’s-bristle, of unknown length, set at intervals of {-} inch with alternate branches. Branches very long, 1-14 feet in length, thread-like, attenuated to the ex- tremity, either quite simple or emitting a few slender, irregular, and more or less barren branchlets, 1-2 inches in length. The dranches are tipped with a rather small brush-like tuft of filaments, and throughout their whole length densely set with horizontally patent spine-like receptacles. These receptacles are 1—2 lines long, quite sessile, broadest at base, subcylindrical, but slightly tapering upwards, and ending in a narrow, gland-tipped point, from which springs a tuft of soft, articulated, deciduous, byssoid fibres. The receptacles are of the ordinary structure, consisting of irregularly branched filaments, bearing spores, and whorled round a cylindrical axis. The colour is dark-olive when dry, paler and more tawny when fresh. The sudstance is soft; and the plant adheres to paper in drying. I am not partial to proposing new species on the faith of solitary specimens, yet there are some cases in which it is un- doubtedly right to do so. Our opening Plate of the present Volume (Claudea Bennettiana) is a striking instance of a very strongly characterized plant, of whose distinctness from the pre- viously known species there can be no question, and yet which is only known by a small fragment once dredged in a locality which has been repeatedly searched in vain for further data. The Sporochnus now figured is also founded on a single speci- men, that occurred among drift-weeds above Georgetown, Tas- mania; where Sp. comosus, im many varieties, is profusely com- mon. If the present be one of these varieties, it is at least a most strongly marked one, differmg not only from all states of S. comosus, but from every other species of Sporochnus, in the complete absence of pedicel to the receptacle. On this character alone therefore I venture to propose the species; other diffe- rences of habit will be seen when we figure S. comosus. S. apodus is further interesting as being the link that connects Sporochnus with Nereia; and reduces the difference between these genera to the degree of evolution of the axis round which the spore-threads are whorled. In Wereia the axis is punctiform or discoid, and the result is a conical or hemispherical recep- tacle ; in Sporochnus it 1s filiform, and the result an oblong or cylindrical receptacle. These two genera of Algze therefore have a similar analogy with each other, as have the proteaceous genera Dryandra and Banksia. Fig. 1. Sporocunus apopus,—the natural size. 2. Part of a branch, with re- ceptacles. 3. Spore-threads from the receptacle :—the latter figures vari- ously magnified. Plate XCHI. YS ; 2 Pe Ora, q) Ser. RHopOSPERME. Fam. Cryptonemiacea. Puate XCITI. GATTYA PINNELLA, Harv. Guy. Cuar. Frond distichous, pinnatifid, hollow, tubular, with a mem- branous periphery, and an articulated, monosiphonous axile fila- ment. Avile filament articulate, callithamnioid, emitting at each joint whorled, dichotomous ramelli, whose tips, cohering together, form the membranous periphery of the frond. wit unknown.—Named in honour of Mrs. Gatty, of Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, a diligent ex- plorer of British Algze and marine animals, and author of ‘A Horn- book of Phycology,’ ete. ete. ‘ Frons disticha, pinnatifida, tubulosa (cava), peripherio membranaceo axigue mo- nosiphonio articulato composita. Filum centrale articulatum, callithamnio- ideum, ad genicula ramellos verticillatos dichotomos emittens, quorum apicibus arcte coherentibus peripherium membranaceum frondis constructum est. Garrya pinnella, Harv. Gartya pinnella, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 555; Alg. Hesic. Austr. n. 422. Has. Parasitical on Alge and Corallines. Rottnest Island, W. H. H. Geocr. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Fronds rising from prostrate swrculi, which are closely attached at inter- vals by minute discs to the surface of some Alga, afterwards free and erect, 1-15 inch high, alternately or irregularly branched. The branches are per- fectly distichous, of unequal lengths, long and short occurring together, and all are linear in outline and deeply pinnatifid. Pinnules alternate, + a line long, patent, broadly subulate, subacute, with blunt axils. The whole frond is tubular and hollow, but compressed, a cross section being nearly oval. The ¢ude is traversed by a jointed, monosiphonous, coloured, filamen- tous axis, resembling the branch of a Callithamnion ; this axis, at each joint, throws out a whorl of repeatedly dichotomous, horizontal, fastigiate 7a- mellt, whose extremities alone anastomose, and thus form the enveloping membrane which constitutes the membranous covering of the frond. ‘The whole frond is therefore composed of the axis and its appendages. When viewed under a low magnifying power (as Fig. 2), the frond appears as if midribbed and penninerved; this appearance vanishes under an increased power, and is caused by the axile filament and its ramelli being seen through the semitranslucent cellules of the peripheric membrane. No fruc- tification has yet been observed. ‘The colour is a dark, somewhat brownish red. The substance is soft, but not gelatinous, and the plant adheres firmly to paper in drying. DP ese The elegant little Alga that forms the subject of our present Plate, appears by its structure to be entitled to rank as the type of a genus, of which, at present, it is the only known species. Until the fructification shall have been discovered, its exact place in the system cannot be clearly determined ; and whether it is in future to rank near Catenella, or near Hndocladia and Gloio- peltis, or again near Caulacanthus, with all of which it has points in common, remains to be seen. It is of rather rare occurence. My specimens were generally found on Sarcocladia obesa, on which plant, owing to similarity of colour, they are apt to be overlooked ; that selected for draw- ing grew on Amphiroa anceps. The generic name is given in honour of the accomplished Author of ‘Parables from Nature,’ ‘ Worlds not Realized,’ and other juvenile works, which deserve a still wider circulation than they have yet attained, and who has fairly earned a place in the gratitude of “ Algoloquists”” by her useful ‘ Hornbook of Phyco- logy.’ Fig. 1. GaTTya PINNELLA, growing on Amphiroa anceps,—the natural size. 2. Portion of the frond,—somewhat enlarged. 3. Apex of a pinnule cut open to show the axile filament. 4. Transverse section of the same. 5. One of the dichotomous, horizontal ramelli :—the latter figures highly magnified. Flate CIV ’ ‘Vincent Brooks, Emp. Ser. RHopOsPERMES. Fam. Spherococcoidea. PLATE XCIV. NITOPHYLLUM EROSUM, Zarv. Gen. Cuan. Frond membranaceous, expanded, areolate, unsymmetrical, nerveless or irregularly veined. ructification: 1, hemispherical con- ceptucles, sessile on the frond, containing a tuft of moniliform spore- threads, on a basal placenta; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, in definite sori or spots, scattered, or confined to some part of the frond.—Nrro- PHYLLUM (Grev.), from nitor, ‘to shine,’ and dvAXor, a leaf. Frons membranacea, expansa, areolata, vage fissa, enervia v. bast venulis wregu- laribus peragrata. Fruct.: 1, coccidia frondi sessilia, hemispherica, fila sporifera moniliformia a placenta basali emissa foventia ; 2, tetraspore trian- gule divise, in soros definitos collecte. NiToPHYLLUM eroswm ; stipes minute, cylindrical, cartilaginous, passing into the cuneate base of a broadly linear, dichotomously multifid frond ; lacinize nerveless, linear, obtuse, with wide axils ; margin every- where fringed with minute dichotomo-multifid processes ; conceptacles crowned with cilia; sori numerous, oval, scattered over the whole surface of the frond. N. erosum ; stipite brevi cylindraceo cartilagineo in basi cuneata frondis mox evanescente, fronde lineari vage dichotoma, laciniis enervibus obtusis axillis rotundatis, margine processibus minutis ramosissimis dense fimbriato, coccidiis coronatis, sorisque oblongis sparsis. NiroPpHyLuuM erosum, Harv. Aly. Hxsic. Austr. n. 293. NIToPHYLLUM fimbriatum, Harv. Trans. R. I. Acad. n. 22. p. 549, non Grev. Has. On Algze and Zostera. Garden Island, W.H.H., G. Clifton. Port Harry, W. iH. H. Groer. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia, Derscr. Root a small dise. Stipes 1-2 lines long, setaceous, cartilaginous, pass- ing into a nerve, which soon disappears in the cuneate base of the frond. Frond 1-4 inches long, nowhere more than } an inch wide, more or less divided, and frequently. multipartite ; the segments broadly linear, irregularly forked, somewhat curled or flat, patent, with wide rounded axils and blunt extremities. The margin in every part is closely fringed with minute mul- tifid processes, from 4~—} line long, divaricately forked, the ultimate pro- cesses capillary and articulate. The membrane is formed of 3-4 series of quadrate cells; the surface laxly areolated. Conceptacles irregularly scat- tered, not numerous on each frond, hemispherical, but crowned (always ?) with forked processes resembling those of the margin; placenta not very prominent. Sori oblong or oval, 4 line long, dot-like, thickly strewed over the whole surface of the lamina, or of its principal divisions. Colour a full deep-red, like that of Callophyllis laciniata. Substance rather thick, not very delicate ; the frond adhering to paper in drying. As far as technical characters go, this plant is amply distin- guished from all others of the extensive genus to which it be- longs. No other species of Mtophyllwm has its margin so fringed with minute, repeatedly multifid processes, and this mark will forbid any one mistaking it. But this very fringe, to the eye accustomed to “divarication of species”’ among Alge, looks suspicious, particularly as a similar ornament is found on the conceptacles ; and I shall not be surprised if it be eventually proved that we have here but a fringed variety of some plain- bordered species unknown. ‘The Australian phycologist is fami- liar with a frmged variety of Plocamium procerum which, had we no intermediate states to guide us, might pass for a good species. Nitophyllum has many species, dispersed through most of the temperate zones, and a few that stragele into the tropical seas. There are several Australian kinds, but the genus is chiefly abundant to the east of Cape Northumberland and in Tas- mania, where some common species attain a large size. The grandest of the Mitophylla however are found at Cape Horn and the Cape of Good Hope. Fig. 1. NrropHYLLUM EROSUM,—+¢he natural size. 2. Part of a lacinia, with a conceptacle,—not much enlarged. 3. Vertical section of a conceptacle. 4. Frustule of frond, to show marginal fringe and sori. 5. A tetraspore :— the latter figures much magnified. 4 A -. = Be, pee Pap ES aya a em a Ae “Viteeerit Brooks, Emp Ser. CHLOROSPERME&. Fam. Siphonacea. Puate XCV. CAULERPA HARVEY], 7 Mell. Grn. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate swreuli, rooting from their lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of various shapes. Substance horny-membranaceous, destitute of cal- careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strengthened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing fila- ments, and filled with a semifluid grumous matter. Fructification unknown.—Cav.erea (Lamvz.), from Kavos, a stem, and éptra, to creep: creeping surculi are characteristic of this genus. Frons ex surculis prostratis hic illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis constituta. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellu- le membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomo- santibus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fruct. ignota. Cauterea Harvey: ; surculus robust, glabrous and glossy; fronds with long, glabrous stipites, subsimple or alternately branched; the rachis and branches thickly whorled with five-ranked, setaceous, subacute, straight or incurved, elongate ramenta. : C. Harveyi; swreulo crasso glabro nitente ; fronde longe stipitata subsimplici v. alterne vage ramosa ; rachide ramisque densissime ramentis setaceis elongatis simplicibus strictis incurvisque pentastichis (raro tetrastichis) onustis. CauLERPA Harveyi, F. Muell.-in Herb. Vict. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 554. Cau LerPa filifolia, Harv. (olim) in Herb. CauLerpa Brownii, Sond. Linn. v. 25. p. 660 (non Hook. et Harv. Fl. N. Zeal. p. 260. ¢. CXXT. A). Var. 8. crispata; of smaller size, and usually pale yellow-green colour; ra- menta strongly incurved and frequently curled, less obviously five-ranked. Var. B. crispata; minor, luteo-virescens ; ramentis incurvis crispatisve, sepe vie et ne vix pentastichis. Has. Guichen and Rivoli Bays, Dr. Mueller. Port Fairy, and at the Heads of Port Phillip, VW. H. H. Var. 8. In rockpools between tide- marks, Port Phillip Heads, and Western Port. Grocer. Distr. South coast of Australia. Duscr. Surculus several inches long, 1-2 lines in diameter, branched, quite gla- brous and glossy, with stout and strong rooting processes. Stipes 2-3 inches high, glabrous and glossy, then passing into the leafy portion of the stem. Stem 1-2 feet long, simple, or furnished with few or several, irregularly inserted, virgate, lateral branches; the stem, above the stipes, and branches from their base, densely beset with closely seriated whorls of ramenta. Ramenta }-1 inch long, as thick as hog’s-bristle, quite simple, cylindrical, subacute, set in five, rarely in four, equidistant ranks, which stand apart, separated by angular interspaces. Usually the ramenta are quite straight and erecto-patent, but in var. 8 they are incurved, and fre- quently curled and entangled, and the regularly pentastichous arrangement thus becomes somewhat obscured. The colour in a is a full deep-green, orange at the tips, and somewhat golden on the surculus and stipes; in B it is usually a pale yellow-green in all parts. 'The substance is not very soft, and in drying the frond imperfectly adheres to paper. —_—_ Pee This is perhaps the finest of the Australian Caulerpe. Our figure represents one of the smaller specimens. The branches are frequently numerous, and the rachis proportionally length- . ened. ‘The elegantly five-, rarely four-ranked, slender ramenta clearly mark the species. ‘The only puzzling forms that occur are indicated under our var. 8, and their characters seem to arise from the plant being grown in shallow and sunny pools. Ex- treme forms look as if they belonged to a different species, but I have intermediate states connecting the smallest and most curly with the typical state here figured. Dried specimens give no correct idea of this beautiful plant, owing to the disappearance of the peculiar five-ranked arrangement. Fig. 1. Cauterpa Harveyi. 2. A cross section, showing a five-ranked whorl, —both of the natural size. 3. A ramentum,—magnijied. Plate XCVL. Vancent Brooks, ieyp Ser. RuoposPERMEa. Fam. Rhodymeniacee. Pratt XCVI. POLYSIPHONIA FORFEX, Harv. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, partially or generally articulate ; the joints lon- gitudinally striate, composed of numerous cylindrial cells surrounding a central cell (sometimes coated with one or several rows of smaller cells). Fructification: 1, ovate or urceolate ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, ¢e¢raspores, immersed in swollen branches.—PotystrHonta (Grev.), from modus, many, and chav, a tube. Frons filiformis, plus minus articulata ; articulis longitudinaliter pluristriatis, ex cellulis 4-20 cylindraceis cellulam centralem cingentibus formatis (nunc cellulis minoribus pluriseriatis corticatis). Fruct.: 1, ceramidia; 2, tetra- spore in ramulis ultimis uniseriate. PotysteHonta Forfex ; pale brownish-red, drying to dark red-brown; fronds subsolitary, 2-3 inches long, setaceous, cartilagineous, pellu- cidly articulate, repeatedly dichotomous ; ultimate ramuli twice or thrice forked, the tips incurved, acute, forcipate ; articulations 6-tubed, shorter than their diameter ; ceramidia broadly ovate, subsessile. P. Forfex ; pallide rufescens, siccitate fusco-rubra ; frondibus subsolitariis 2-3- uncialibus crassis cartilayineis pellucide articulatis repetite dichotomis v. abortu scorpioideo-secundis ; ramulis ultimis bis terve furcatis apice acutis for- cipatis ! articulis 6-siphoniis diametro brevioribus ; ceramidiis lato-ovatis sub- sessilibus. PotysrpHontia forcipata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. n. 22. p. 541 (non Kiitz.) ; Alg. Austr. Eusic. n. 171. Has. On Zostera and the smaller Alge. Rottnest Island and King George’s Sound, W. H. H., Garden Island, Fremantle, G. Clifton. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Tanega Island, Eastern Archipelago, C. Wright ! Descr. Root a small dise. Fronds erect, solitary or two or three together, but not densely tufted, 2-3 inches long, as thick as hog’s-bristle, repeatedly and more or less regularly dichotomous. Old specimens are more irregular and more densely branched than our figure represents; in them the lateral branches and their divisions alone retain the dichotomous character. The smaller branchlets are most regularly forked, and the tips of the ra- muli, which are acute, approach each other in pairs, like the arms of scissors. The frond is pellucidly articulate throughout, the joints being much shorter than their breadth in all parts of the frond. The siphons are six, the central cell very small, and the lateral view of each siphon quadrate. The ceramidia are sessile or nearly so, borne laterally on the branches, at some distance below the last ramifications, and are very broadly ovate, somewhat broader than long: their surface is laxly areolate. The colour when growing is a pale reddish-grey, more or less tinted with red ; when dry it is either red-brown or very dark and blackish. The sudstance is firm, cartilaginous when recent; and in drying the plant shrinks, and adheres, but not very strongly, to paper. eee A well-marked and pretty little species, of the same section as P. cancellata. The ramification here is almost as regularly dichotomous as in the genus Ceramium, and the tips of the ra- muli are hooked inwards, a very unusual character in the present genus. I had formerly given it the name forcipata, having overlooked a species so named by Kiitzing. The name now given is equally appropriate. Fig. 1. PoLysIpHoNIA FORFEX,—the natural size. 2. Apex of a ramulus. 3. Transverse cutting of the same. 4. A ceramidium, im situ. 5. Spores from the same :—the latter figures magnified. Vincent Brooks, Imp. | Ser. RHoposPERMEA. Fam. Cryptonemiacea. Prats XCVII. CALLOPHYLLIS CORONATA, dav. Gun. Cuar. Lrond carnoso-membranaceous, flat, dichotomous, formed of two strata of cells; the medullary stratum of large, roundish cells, separated by a network of anastomosing cellules; the cortical of vertical, moniliform filaments. ructification: 1, half-immersed or superficial, frequently marginal conceptacles, containing within a thick, closed pericarp, a compound nucleus, consisting of several nucleoli or masses of spores; 2, cruciate tetraspores, dispersed through the cortical layer.—CatLopuytiis (Kvtz.), from Kados, beautiful, and duddXov, a leaf. Frons carnoso-membranacea, plana, dichotoma, stratis duobus contexta ; strato medullari cellulis magnis rotundatis reticulo cellularum anastomosantium cinetts, corticali filis verticalibus moniliformibus constante. Fruct.: 1, cysto- carpia semi-immersa v. superficialia, sepius marginalia, intra pericarpium erassum clausumque nucleolos sporarum plures foventia ; 2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise. CALLOPHYLLIs coronata ; frond thickish, irregularly dichotomous, with nar- row axils ; segments linear-cuneate, very long, repeatedly forked, the apices narrow, not fastigiate; conceptacles very numerous, marginal and discal, prominent, crowned with 3-4 blunt, short horns. C. coronata ; fronde carnosa crassiuscula vage dichotoma, asxillis angustis, laciniis lineari-cuneatis longissimis pluries furcatis, apicibus angustatis non fastigiatis ; cystocarpiis numerosissimis marginalibus et in disco sessilibus truncatis cornibus 3-4 obtusis coronatis. CALLOPHYLLIS coronata, Harv. Aly. Exsic. Austr. n. 406. ian. At Port Phillip Heads, rare, W. H. H. Groer. Distr. As above. Descr. foot a flat, fleshy disc. Fronds one or several from the same base, two feet or more in length, very much divided, none of the lacinize more than an inch wide, and the majority of less breadth. The branching is irregularly dichotomous, the principal segments frequently emitting marginal, forked or irregularly digitate secondary segments. All the divisions and sub- divisions are cuneate at base, but nearly linear for the greater part of their length; the apical lobes are narrow, not remarkably obtuse, and sometimes subacute, irregular in length, and never fastigiate. ‘The cystocarps are ex- tremely abundant, closely set along the margin, and also sprinkled over the surface of the principal segments; they are truncate cones, nearly half a line in height, with a depression or umbilicus at top, surrounded by usually four, short, blunt, spreading horns: The colour is a full, but not a bright red, becoming paler and duller in drying. The substance is thick, between fleshy and cartilaginous, soft, elastic, and shrinking in dryig. When dry this plant adheres strongly to paper. eee A fine species, readily known from all others of the genus Callophyilis by the form and appendages of the conceptacles, which resemble externally those of a Horea, but differ im in- ternal structure and in the nature of the nucleus. The general habit of the ramification is that of Callophyllis, and the struc- ture of the frond agrees tolerably with that of typical species ; but the peculiar intermediate network of slender filaments, which ought to separate the large cells of the medullary layer, is not well developed. I do not however know any established genus to which the present plant is so nearly allied as to Cadlo- phyllis, and do not consider the characters which separate it from C. coccinea (the commonest Australian type) to be of ge- neric moment. It is among the rarer of Victorian Algze; and as yet I have only seen the few specimens which I collected about Christmas, 1854. Fig. 1. A branch of CALLOPHYLLIS CoRONATA,—+the natural size. 2. Section, to show structure,—highly magnified. 3. Small portion of frond, with concep- tacles i situ,—slightly enlarged. 4, Section through a conceptacle and the frond,—maguified. Ra ay aay i f ny; a ea a Plate ACVH. “Vincent Brooxs.hmp Ser. MELANOSPERMEA. Fam. Dictyotacee. Puate XCVIII. HYDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS, Bory. Gen. Cuar. Frond membranaceous, bag-shaped, hollow, pierced with roundish holes, which dilate more and more, until the plant becomes a clathrate network. Margin of the apertures involute. ‘‘ Spores - minute, globose, collected into dot-like, scattered, innate sor?, ac- companied by club-shaped paranemata,”’ J/ont.— Hyprociaturus (Bory), corruptly formed from, ddwp, water, and clathrus, a lattice. Frons membranacea, saccata, cava, foraminibus pertusa, demum reticulato-cla- thrata; margo foraminum involutus. Sort punctiformes, sparst. Hyprociaturus cancellatus, Bory. Hyprociaturvs cancellatus, Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. v. 8. p. 419. Mont. Aly. Alger. p. 36; Canar. Crypt. p. 144; and Voy. Pol. Sud, p. 42. Duby, Bot. Gall. p. 960. Dene. Pl. Arab. p. 138. Harv. Ner. Bor. Amer. part \. p. 120. t. 9 A (the young plant). Haopictyon cancellatum, Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. p. 336. Asprrococcus clathratus, J. dy. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 15. Asprrococcts cancellatus, Endl. Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 156. Encoe.ivum clathratum, 4g. Sp. Aly. v. 1. p. 412. Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 552. Has. Common near Fremantle, Western Australia, Preiss, Backhouse, W.H. H., G. Clifton, ete. Grocer. Distr. Common throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Red Sea. On the shores of Bretagne, Bory. Descr. Fronds of very irregular form, oblong or sinuous, from 2-6 inches long or more, heaped together in widely spreading patches, and adhering to rocks by their lower surface, and to one another by their sides. The young fronds, from a very early age, are pierced with round holes. At first these holes are of small size, and often laterally compressed, but as the membrane expands, the holes widen, and in the full-grown plant (repre- sented in our Plate) the apertures frequently are one or more inches in dia- meter and of irregular shape; new holes open in the interspaces, and the frond is converted into a delicate, bag-shaped network. The margin of each hole is strongly involute. The substance is thickish, crisp when quite recent, and in that state very fragile; but on exposure to the air it soon softens. The young fronds decompose rapidly in the air or in fresh-water, but the full-grown are more tenacious, and the old become even rigid. The colour when young is a very pale yellowish-olive ; afterwards it grows darker, and in age is a rusty-brown. In drying it rarely (except when young) adheres to paper. I have not seen the fructification: This curious plant is generally distributed along the shores of most of the warmer seas, growing in rather shallow water, on rocks or beds of coral, and often forming widely extended groups of fronds. It assumes several forms; being sometimes very lace-like and delicate, of a pale colour, and very flaccid substance; and sometimes coarse in substance, less open, and not adhering to paper. In Ner. Bor. Amer., I have figured the young plant, such as it occurs on the coasts of Florida; and our present figure represents the mature frond, as seen in the best-grown Australian individuals. Other specimens from the Friendly Islands are much more slender and more full of small holes; but I have found it impossible, with numerous indivi- duals before me, from many distant parts of the world, to fix limits to the varieties, much less to establish different species among them. A beautiful figure will be found in the great French work on Heypt. Fig. 1. A full-grown frond of HyDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS,—the natural size. Se : age aos Vincent Brooks, Imp. Ser. RHODOSPERMEZ. Fam. Gelidiacee. Puate XCIX. ACROTYLUS AUSTRALIS, 7. %. Gen. Cuar. Frond compressed, linear, dichotomous, composed of three strata of cells; the medullary of branching, reticulately anastomo- sing, slender filaments; the ewtermediate of roundish-angular cells ; the cortical of vertically seriated, coloured cellules. Fructification : 1, conceptacles semi-immersed in the frond, opening by a terminal pore, containing numerous parietal tufts of moniliform spore-threads ; 2, zonate tetraspores, in spot-like, defined sorz, under the apices of the segments.—Acrorytus (J. Ag.), from axpos, topmost, and tuXos, a tumour or callus; alluding to the apical sori. Frons compressa, linearis, dichotoma, stratis fere tribus contexta; strato medul- lari ex filis elongatis ramosis intertextis anastomosantibusque, intermedio cellulis rotundato-angulatis, corticali cellulis minutis in fila moniliformia verticalia subramosa ordinatis formato. Fruct.: 1, desmiocarpia frondi semi- immersa, carpostomio demum aperta, fasciculos parietales plures filorum spori- Serorum foventia ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in soros definitos infra apices seymentorum evolutos nidulantes. Acrotyuus australis, J. Ag. Acrotytus australis, J. 4g. Act. Holm. Oefvers. 1849, p. 87. Harv. Alg. Austr. Hxsie. n. 330. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 317. Has. At Sydney, New South Wales, Baron Gyllenstierna, fide J. Ag. Mouth of the Glenelg River, South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Abun- dant at Port Fairy, W. H. H.; also at Western Port, Victoria, W.H.H. Tasmania, C, Stuart. GroGcR. Distr. Southern and eastern shores of Australia. Tasmania. Descr. Root discoid. Fronds tufted, 3-6-8 inches long, and as much in the expansion of the branches, compressed, everywhere preserving a nearly uniform breadth of 1-14 lines, either stipitate or branched from the base, many times dichotomous, with wide, rounded axils, fastigiate; the apices either rounded or obsoletely bidentate or emarginate. The forking is tolerably regular. The margin of the segments is either simple or furnished with lateral, proliferous, simple or forked lobules, from 4-1 inch long, spread- ing horizontally. All the ramification is strictly distichous. The concepta- cles are scattered along the branches; they are slightly raised towards one side, depressed in the centre, and finally pierced in the depressions; the cavity is spheroidal, and the walls are densely set with tufts of branching, moniliform spore-threads, which are afterwards resolved into spores. Tetra- spores are borne in oval or subrotund, defined, slightly raised and wart-like sort (scarcely so prominent as to be called nemathecia), and are 3-4 times larger than broad, and zonate. The colowr is a dark brownish-red, becoming much darker and even blackish in drying, The substance is tough, leathery when dry, and the plant does not adhere to paper in drying. DP ews If I am correct in referring the plant here figured to the Acrotylus australis, J. Ag., of which I have seen no authentic specimens, and the cystocarpic fruit of which was not known to Prof. Agardh when he founded his genus Acrotylus, then the genus must be placed in Gelidiacee (tribe Chetangiee), instead of among the Cryptonemiacee, where Agardh puts it ; and also, the two species of the subgenus Prismatoma must be separated. This separation will reduce Acrotylus to the single species now described; and this has so much of the external aspect of a Chetangium, of the section Wothogenia, that the pro- priety of keeping it separate may be questioned. The characters by which Acrotylus differs from Chetangium are found in the more or less developed “ ixtermediate stratum” of roundish an- gular cells (gonidia), and in the tetrasporic sori of the present genus. In Chetangium the tetraspores are dispersed, and. the frond composed wholly of filaments. My first specimens of Acrotylus australis were given me by Dr. Curdie, of Geelong, and not then recognizing them as the plant previously described by Agardh, I named them “ Curdiea”’ in his collection. I have since selected another Curdiea (Plate XXXIX.) which I hope may prove a more permanent memento. Fig. 1. AcrotyLus austraLis,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a branch, with conceptacles,—slightly magnified. 3. Section through the frond and a conceptacle. 4. Section through a sorus; and 5, a ¢etraspore :—variously magnified. ie ro My ra os - me Ser. RuoposPERMEA. Fam. Rhodomelacea. Puate C. CLIFTONIA PECTINATA, Zar. Gen. Cuar. Frond stipitate, formed of secundly proliferous, halved, pec- tinate phyllodia. Phyllodia costate, with diverse sides; one side flat, areolate, membranous, very entire; the other pectinato-partite, the lacinie articulated, polysiphonous. rzetification unknown.—CLIr- tonta (Harv.*), in honour of George Clifton, Esq., R. N., the inde- fatigable and successful explorer of the Algee of Western Australia. Frons stipitata, ex phyllodiis secunde proliferis hemiphyllis hine pectinatis evoluta. Phyllodia costata, lateribus diversis ; uno latere plano areolato membranaceo integerrimo, altero pectinato-partito, laciniis articulatis pleiosiphonis. Fructus ignotus. Currtonia pectinata ; phyllodia pectinate, their laciniz filiform-subulate, acute, many times longer than the breadth of the narrow-linear lamina. C. pectinata; phyllodiis pectinatis, lacinus filiformi-subulatis acutis lamine an- gustissime latitudine multoties longioribus. Has. At Garden Island, Western Australia, August, 1858, very rare, G. Clifton, Esq. Groer. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root discoid. Stem coriaceo-cartilaginous, terete, rigid, one or two inches long, branched, the branches ending in phyllodia. Phyllodia 2-3 inches long, comb-shaped, having a cylindrical, densely cellular, opaque costa, faleate, incurved ; the external or convex side of the costa winged with a very narrow, linear lamina, scarcely more than } line in width, com- posed of oblong, hexagonal cellules, set in horizontal rows; all of equal length, and 2—3 times as long as broad ; the internal or concave side closely pectinated with a double row of slender, subulate ramelli. These ramelli are four-tubed (of the structure of a Polysiphonia), articulated, the arti- culations as long as broad; they are nearly ¢ inch long, and of the thick- ness of horse-hair. Young phyllodia are given off proliferously from the costa of the older, and are always directed toward the side on which the lamina is developed. The colowr is a deep crimson-lake. The substance is membranous, and not very soft, and in drying the plant adheres but imper- fectly to paper. No fructification has, as yet, been observed. -~ ARARARR RAR AAR AOR In the remarks under Hncyothala, in our January number, | * Cliftonia, Banks, is the same as the earlier and now generally adopted My- locarium, Willd. alluded to another new genus sent to me by Mr. Clifton; and though the specimens yet received are so far imperfect that they are not in fruit, I do not wish to delay the publication of so beautiful and remarkable a type of structure ; and the more especially be- cause it is, I trust, destined to bear the name of its energetic and obliging discoverer, to whose zeal and liberality I am indebted for several of the most curious Algz already figured in this work, and for others which will appear in future numbers. Cliftonia, as now proposed, will include, besides our C. pecti- nata, the old “ Amansia semipinnata” of Lamouroux, which may be called Cliftonia Lamourouan. It differs from our present plant in the proportions between the breadth of the lamina bor- dering the outer edge of the costa, and the pectinations which issue from the opposite edge. It is of extreme rarity: and as yet I have only seen a fragment, sent by Lamouroux to the late Mr. Dawson Turner, and now preserved in the ‘ Hookerian Her- barium.’ This fragment well agrees with the figure given by La- mouroux, through which it is chiefly known to botanists. Cliftonia may be regarded as holding a middle station be- tween Amansia and Claudea; agreemg with the former in the cellular structure, and with the latter in the evolution of the frond. The fructification, it may be anticipated, will pro- bably afford some strengthening characters further to mark the genus. If one may hazard a conjecture, I should guess that the ceramidia, as in Claudea, will be formed from contracted phyl- lodia ; and the ¢efraspores lodged in a single row, in the ramelli. I trust Mr. Clifton’s future explorations of Garden Island may satisfactorily solve this problem. Fig. 1. CLiIrronia PECTINATA,—the natural size. 2. Fragment of a phyllo- dium, with a young one starting from its midrib. 3. Some of the cellular tissue from the lamina. 4. Frustule of one of the pectinate ramelli:— the latter figures variously magnified. Plate CL Ser. CHLOROSPERMB&. Fam. Confervacee. Puatre Cl. CLADOPHORA? ANASTOMOSANS, JZarv. Gen. Cuar. Filaments tufted, articulated, uniform, branched. Articula- tions filled with green, granular endochrome, which is changed at maturity into zoospores.—CriapopHora (Kiitz.), from «dados, a branch, and gopew, to bear. Fila cespitosa, articulata, ramosa. Articuli endochromate viridi grumoso, de- mum in zoosporos mutato, repleti. CLapoPHora? anustomosans ; bright-green, rather rigid, rising from matted, irregularly branched filaments; upright filaments (fronds) stipitate, uncial or biuncial, distichously bi-tripimnate ; pinne and pinnules op- posite, horizontally patent, the ultimate pinnules here and there ana- stomosing ; articulations of the rachis and primary pinnee cylindrical, many times longer than broad, of the ramuli 2-3 times as long as broad, constricted at the nodes. C.? anastomosans ; letevirens, rigidiuscula, ex filis intricatis vage ramosis ra- dicalibus enata ; filis erectis (v. frondibus) stipitatis uncialibus v. biuncialibus distiche pluries pinnatis ; pinnis pinnulisque oppositis horizontaliter patentibus, ultimis hic illic anastomosantibus ; articulis ramorum majorum cylindricis longissimis, ramulorum diametro 2—3-plo longioribus ad genicula constrictis. C. aNaSTOMOSANS, Harv. in Trans. R. I, Acad. v. 22. p. 565; Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 582. Has. Cast ashore at Fremantle, rare, WV. H. /7. Groar. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Originating in a mat of intricately tangled, irregularly branched, de- cumbent, confervoid filaments. Fronds or upright filaments tufted, 1-2 inches long, the basal articulations or stipes 4-i inch long, regularly pin- nated in several series, the whole having an ovate or ovate-oblong outline. The pinne and pinnule are perfectly distichous, and spread nearly at right- angles from their respective rachides ; the pine are subdistant, the pinnule closely set. All thé divisions are strictly opposite, except by the occa- sional suppression or malformation of a ramulus. The ramuli move or less anastomose at their tips, and thus the older frond assumes partially the character of a Microdictyon. The basal articulations of each pinna, and the lower ones of the main rachis, are of great length; the upper become gradually shorter, and those of the pinnules are quite short. The colour is a vivid yellowish-green. The sudstance when recent is rigid, and the frond does not closely adhere to paper in drying. RRP PP PRAIA PP I have had some hesitation in referrmg the curious species here figured to Cladophora, on account of the decided tendency to anastomosis among the ramuli, a tendency that increases with the age of the plant, and in full-grown specimens (if ours be, as I suspect, immature) would probably be more strongly indicated. The anastomosing ramuli show an affinity with A/icrodictyon, and consequently with the Valoniacee ; but the character is not so decided as in Microdictyon, and the nature and ramification of the filaments are very similar in this plant to what they are in Cladophora composita, and several other undoubted species of that genus. On the whole, therefore, I prefer leaving C. anasto- mosans in Cladophora until some better place be found for it. It is a deep-water plant, and as yet very rare. ‘The only spe- cimens seen were picked up after a gale, on the shore, near Swan River. It has not yet been sent by Mr. Clifton; another proof of its rarity. Fig. 1. CLADoPHORA ANOSTOMOSANS,—the natural size. 2. A young frond,— magnified. Plate Of. “r ‘Vszeent Bxooks, lng Ser. RHoposPpERME. Fam. Rhodomelacee. Prate CII. CHONDRIA VERTICILLATA, Harv. Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, dendroid, opaque, coated with small, polygonal, irregularly placed cells. Avis articulated, polysi- phonous. Ramuli claveeform, much constricted at their insertion. Fructification: 1, ovate ceramidia ; 2, tripartite tetraspores, formed irregularly, in the clavate ramuliimCuonpria (4y.), yovdpos, car- tilage. Frons filiformis, cartilaginea, dendroidea, opaca, cellulis irregularibus polygonis corticata. Axis articulatus, polysiphonus. Ramuli clavati, bast constricti. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ovata; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, in ramulis im- merse, sparse v. wregulariter aggregate. Cuonpria verticillata ; dark brownish-purple; frond succulent, terete, twice or thrice umbellately decompound ; the branches virgate, whorled at short intervals with linear- oblong, very obtuse, fascicu- late, juicy ramuli; conceptacles ovate, sessile ; the tetraspores scat- tered. Ch. verticillata; dadia v. fusco-purpurea ; fronde tereti succosa bis terve um- bellatim composita ; ramis virgatis ; ramulis creberrimis fasciculato-verticil- latis lineari-oblongis obtusis succo repletis basi maxime constrictis ; ceramidits ovatis sessilibus ; tetrasporis sparsis. Cuonpria verticillata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 539; Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 162. Has. Rottnest Island, VW. H. H. Garden Island, G. Clifton. George- town, Tasmania, Rev. I. Fereday. Port Fairy, Victoria, WV”. H. H. Groar. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania. Descr. Root small, discoid. Stems densely tufted, 3-5 inches long, nearly a line in diameter, simple or umbellately compounded, each partial umbel of 4—5 or more rays, round whose bases a whorl of fascicled ramuli are fre- quently developed. The secondary branches, or rays of the umbel, are long and virgate, simple, or umbellately compounded, and are either whorled at short intervals with simple, club-shaped or linear-oblong ramuli, or are closely beset throughout with such ramuli. In the latter case the whorls are very irregular, or the ramuli are emitted from all sides without obvious order. LRamuli 3-3 inch long, nearly 1 line in diameter, strongly constricted at base, very “ obtuse, patent. Ceramidia ovate, sessile on the ramuli. Zetraspores either scattered or brought together in an irregular sorus near the middle of the ramulus. Colour a dull purplish- -brown, be- coming darker in drying; rarely a more vivid purple. Sudstance succulent tenacious, not soon decomposing, becoming soft on exposure. The plant adheres very firmly to paper in drying, and when dry has a glossy surface. The genus Chondria, as revised by Prof. J. Agardh (see Harv. Ner. Bor. Amer. part 2. p. 19), now includes a consi- derable number of species, several of which are natives of Aus- tralia, including the type of the genus, Ch. dasyphylla (Fucus dasyphyllus, Turn.). It was formerly included in Lawrencia, to which, externally, the Chondrie have considerable resemblance, but the structure of the axis is decidedly different, and there are other differences which warrant the removal of Chondria to the Rhodomelacea. Our Chondria verticillata, though allied to several, is well characterized by its partly umbellate, partly whorled ramifica- tion, the softness and yet tenacity of its substance, and the dull or dark colour. It is perhaps nearest to C. wmbellula, but is a very much larger, more robust, and more branching plant. It is less brightly coloured than C. clavata, differently branched, and of softer substance, and does not shed its ramuli in fresh- water. Though found in several distant localities, it appears to be among the rarer kinds. Fig. 1. CHONDRIA VERTICILLATA,—the natural size. 2. A ceramidium. 3. Spores from the same. 4. Two ramuli, with tetraspores. 5. A tetra- spore :—the latter figures magnified. ; ‘ 1 ‘ : . 4 e . ; . af . ~~ e { - ‘ — Aa ” ~ y . : ' Ly ‘ \ dir q ‘ ' . } rs Me , ; a = . Anecent Brooks, law Ser. RuoposPeRMEs. Fam. Cryptonemiacee. Puate CIII. HALYMENIA? CLIFTON], Harv. Gen. Cuar. Frond terete, compressed or flat, gelatinoso-membranaceous, dichotomous or pinnatifid, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum formed of a few, laxly interlaced, branching filaments, lying in gelatine; the cortical membranous, formed of minute, coloured cellules. Fructification: 1, favelde immersed in the frond, sus- pended under the peripheric stratum ; 2, cruciate ¢e¢raspores, scattered through the surface-cellules—Hatymunta (4y.), from dds, the sea, and uunv, a membrane. Frons teres, compressa v. plana, gelatinoso-membranacea, dichotoma v. vage pinnatifida, stratis duobus composita ; strato medullari ex filis paucis laxe in- tricatis ramosis succo gelatinoso immersis, peripherico membranaceo cellulis minutis coloratis formato. Kruct.: 1, favelle frondi immerse, infra stratum periphericum suspense ; 2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise. Hatymenta Cliftoni; frond flat, delicately gelatinoso-membranaceous, rose-red, expanded and leaf-like, of no definite shape, variously lobed and sinuate; the margin undulate; segments subacute; favellz dis- persed. H. Cliftoni; fronde plana tenuiter gelatinoso-membranacea rosea latissima foli- acea varie lobata et sinuata; margine undulato nune minute glandulifero ; favellis per totam frondem sparsis. HatymMenia Kallymenioides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 556. n. 257. Has. Cast ashore at Fremantle, rare, W.H.H. Garden Island, G. Clifton. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root a small dise. Frond sessile, cuneate at base, quickly expanding into a leaf-like lamina, 6-8 inches in length, and 4—5 in breadth. This lamina is} of no definite shape; sometimes it is nearly or quite simple, sometimes cut round the edges into numerous shallow lobes, and some- times deeply parted into many oblong segments. The margin is either flattish or undulated, and either quite entire or minutely set with glandu- lar projections ; these are scarcely visible without a lens. The favelle are minute, dispersed over the whole surface, and very numerous on the fertile frond. The peripheric stratum differs in thickness in different individuals, being sometimes composed of one or two, sometimes of three or four rows of cellules; a corresponding variation occurs in the medullary filaments. The colour is a delicate but brilliant rose-red, fading to yellowish or greenish. The sudstance is very soft and thin; and in drying the plant adheres very firml to paper. Since the publication of the memoir on Western Australian Algze, quoted above, I have received much more perfect speci- mens of this beautiful species from my often-mentioned corre- spondent, Mr. Clifton, and I am therefore mduced to alter the trivial name formerly given, and which was suggested by the imperfect specimens first seen. The habit and substance of the frond are those of the mem- branous Halymenie@ ; and the fructification (unfortunately omitted in our Plate) is not dissimilar. But the cellular structure of the membrane is a little different from its typical condition in Halymenia, not sufficiently so however to warrant a removal from that natural and somewhat diversified group of Algee. Halymenia Floresia, of very large size, has been found by Mr. Clifton near Fremantle. The specimens collected there by me were poor and few. ‘Those sent by Mr. Clifton are among the most luxuriant examples I have seen of this widely distributed and beautiful plant. Fig. 1. Hatymenra Ciirroni,—the natural size. 2. Thin slice, to show internal structure,—magnijied. Biil', Plate Vincent Brooks, Emp. Ser. MrLANOSPERMES. Fam. Sporochnoidee. Prats CIV. SPOROCHNUS COMOSUS, 4. Gun. Cuar. Frond filiform, solid, pinnately decompound. Receptacles pod-shaped, pedicellate (rarely sessile), crowned with a tuft of soft hairs, and densely covered with whorled, branching, sporiferous fila- ments. Spores obovoid, attached to the sides of the filaments.— Sporocunus (Ay.), from ozopos, a seed, and yvoos, wool, because tufts of soft hairs crown the fructification. Frons filiformis, solida, pinnatim ramosa, Receptacula siliqueformia, pedi- cellata (rarissime sessilia), apice comosa, paranematibus ramosis horizontali- bus verticillatis densissime vestita. Spore obovoidee, ad paranemata laterales. Srorocunus comosus; frond robust or slender, repeatedly decompound, the branches and their divisions filiform, erecto-patent; receptacles clavato-cylindrical, twice as long as the pedicels. S. comosus ; fronde crassiuscula v. tenui repetite decomposita ; ramis primariis secundariisque filiformibus erecto-patentibus ; receptaculis clavato-cylindraceis pedicello brevi subduplo triplove longioribus. Sporocunus comosus, 4g. Syst. Alg. p. 259. J. Ag. Sp. Alg.v. 1. p. 174. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 569. Harv. Alg. Eusic. Austr. n.50; Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 584; Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 287. Has. New Holland, Mus. Paris., fide Agardh. Fremantle and King George’s Sound, West Australia. At Port Phillip Heads, Victoria ; and at Georgetown, Tasmania, abundantly, W. H. H., ete. Grocer. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia. Tasmania. Descr. Root an expanded disc, covered with woolly hairs. Frond one to three feet long or more, as thick as packthread at base, attenuated upwards, setaceous near the extremity ; the lesser branches and ramuli almost capil- lary. Stem sub-simple, densely set with long, lateral branches, which are long and simple, but furnished, especially in their upper half, with secondary, similar, but smaller branches. In large specimens the subdivision is carried to a greater extent. In all cases the branches taper much toward the ex- tremity, and are terminated by a small tuft of soft hairs, about two lines in diameter. Receptacles thickly set along the branches, spreading toward all sides, cylindrical or slightly clavate, very obtuse, scarcely tapering at base, or abrupt; twice or thrice as long as the pedicel, or 1-1} times, or 5-6 times as long; varying greatly in different specimens. Colour when grow- ing olivaceous, changing to greenish in the air and in fresh-water. Sud- stance rather rigid in the stem; softer in the branches. The frond adheres pretty closely to paper in drying. I here figure the commonest and therefore the most charac- teristic of the Australian species of Sporochnus, and also the most variable. When growing in shallow water, as I have seen it in King George’s Sound, the substance is more rigid, the diameter of stem and branches greater, and the ramification very dense and stunted. In close proximity, but in deeper water, the frond is slender, soft, and flaccid, and the branches drawn out into long threads, two feet or more in length, and very sparingly ramulose. Again, in the Tamar, Tasmania, the frond attains still larger dimensions, and the branches are more at- tenuated. Among hundreds of specimens examined, there is a complete gradation in these respects. ‘The form of the recepta- cle and its proportion to the pedicel are also very variable in this species. Our figure represents the average proportions and shape; but im some of the attenuated, deep-water speci- mens, the length of receptacle is doubled ; im others it varies on the same frond. Search should be made by 'lasmanian collectors for the Sp. Herculeus, J. Ag., formerly found by Mr. Gunn, at Georgetown, and known by the very great length of its receptacles,—“ si or eight lines, or nearly an inch long, nearly entirely cylindrical, and as thick as sparrow’s-quill.” (See J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 175.) Fig. 1. Sporocunus comosus,—the natural size. 2. Fragment, with the receptacles, in situ,—magnified. 3. Some of the sporiferous filaments of the re- ceptacle,—highly magnified. Sar nT A iia AN Si AY es One Pee ey eee A i= ne as fe ‘ en s - ans = . 7 a a s pe Flate CV } i ¢ Wu UR MSs A ‘ { UL Ser. KuoposPERMEZ. Fam. Wrangeliacee. Pirate CV. WRANGELIA NITELLA, Zar. Gey. Cuan. Frond filiform, decompound, articulated, one-tubed ; the znter- nodes naked or coated with minute cellules; the nodes clothed with opposite or whorled articulated ramelli. Fructification : 1, cystocarps terminating short branches,’ involucrated by the uppermost whorled ramelli, and consisting of tufts of pear-shaped pedicellate syores and slender paranemata; 2, naked, triangularly parted ¢etraspores, borne on the sides of the whorled ramelli—WranGetia (4g.), in honour of Baron Wrangel, a Swedish naturalist. Frons filiformis, decomposita, articulata, monosiphonia, nuda v. cellulis corticata, verticillis ramellorum ad genicula onusta. Fruct.: 1, eystocarpia ramos terminantia, ramellis supremis involucrata, fasciculis numerosis sporarum pyriformium pedicellatarum et paranematibus tenuibus constantia ; 2, tetra- spore nude, triangule divise, ad ramellos sessiles. Wraneeia xitella; frond membranaceous, flaccid, pellucidly jointed throughout (the joints 4-6 times as long as broad), decompound- pinnate ; branches and branchlets mostly opposite, distichous, with whorled ramelli at the nodes; ramelli di-trichotomously multifid, the divisions patent, very acute ; tetraspores globose, sessile on the ra- melli. W. nitella ; fronde membranacea flaccida e basi articulata (articulis diametro 4—6-plo longioribus) ecorticata decomposite pinnata ; ramisramulisque sepius oppositis distichis ad genicula verticillatim ramellosis ; ramellis di-trichotome multifidis, divisuris patentibus acutissimis ; tetrasporis globosis ad ramellos sessilibus ; cystocarpiis ignotis. WRANGELIA nitella, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 546; Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 258. Has. Rottnest Island, W.H.H. Garden Island, G. Clifton. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root fibrous, creeping. Fronds 2-4 inches long, capillary or subseta- ceous, pinnately or bipinnately compounded, articulated throughout, with pellucid dissepiments and internodes. Pinne and pinnules opposite, or by abortion alternate, frequently alternately unequal, subhorizontally patent, long and short intermixed: these articulations 4—6 times as long as broad, or longer. At each node is a whorl of minute, very much branched ramelli, 4-4 line long, dichotomous, with wide axils; their articulations one and a half to twice as long as broad, the terminal cell sharply subulate. Tetra- spores spherical, frequently opposite, sessile on the sides of the ramelli. Colour a clear, deep crimson-lake, well preserved in drying. Swdstance membra- naceous, but soon softening in fresh-water. The plant closely adheres to paper in drying. A pretty little species of Wrangelia, with the aspect of a small specimen of the European I”. multifida, but differmg from that species in several essential characters : particularly in the sharp- pointed or mucronate ramuli. By this latter character it agrees with W. myriophylloides, and W. mucronata, but differs by se- veral others; nor is it likely to be confounded with any other Australian species. WV. crassa and its allies, which externally somewhat resemble it, have very obtuse ramelli. Fig. 1. WRANGELIA NITELLA,—the natural size. 2. Frustule of a branch, showing the main articulations and their whorled ramelli. 3. Part of a fertile ramellus. 4. Parts of same :—the latter figures variously magnified. Ser. RHoposPERMER. Fam. Spherococcoidea. Puate CVI. ° CALLIBLEPHARIS PREISSIANA, ~%. Guy. Cuar. Frond flat, cartilagineo-membranaceous, dichotomo-pinnate and fimbriate, formed of two strata of cells; the medullary stratum of roundish-angular, large cells, in several rows; the cortical of minute coloured cellules. Fructification: 1, sessile conceptacles, containing, within a thick pericarp, on a basal placenta, a tuft of moniliform spore-threads ; 2, zonate ¢e¢raspores, dispersed among the cortical cellules.—Catirpternaris (Kiéfz.), from Kanros, beautiful, and Bredapis, literally the eyelashes (cilia), here meaning fringe- hke marginal processes. Frons plana, cartilagineo-membranacea, dichotomo-pinnata et margine ciliato- Jimbriata, ex stratis duobus composita; strato medullari cellulis rotundato- angulatis magnis pluriseriatis, corticali cellulis minutis coloratis formato. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia sessilia, intra pericarpium crassum ad placentam basa- lem fasciculum filorum sporiferorum moniliformium foventia ; 2, tetraspore sparse, zonatim divise, in cortice nidulantibus. CALLIBLEPHARIS Prevsscuna ; frond stipitate, blood-red or purplish, rigidly cartilaginous, dichotomous ; segments linear, narrow, closely pinnato- fimbriate or ciliate ; pinnules (cilia) setaceous, simple or pinnulate, or irregularly toothed ; fruit unknown. C. Preissiana; fronde stipitata rubro-sanguinea v. purpurascente rigide cartila- ginea dichotoma ; laciniis linearibus angustis ereberrime pinnato-fimbriatis ciliatisve ; pinnulis (ciliis) vin ultrasetaceis simplicibus v. ramosis v. vage inciso-dentatis ; coccidiis ignotis. CALLIBLEPHARIS Preissiana, J. 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 622. Harv. Alg. Austr. asic. n. 302. CALLIBLEPHARIS pannosa, Harv. Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 550. RaoporHyY.uls Preissiana, Kiitz. Sp. Aly. p. 186. RuopyMENtA Preissiana, Sond. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 191. Has. Swan River, Preiss, Mylne, Clifton, ete. King George’s Sound, at Middleton Bay, W. H. H. Goer. Distr. Western Australia. Derscr. Root a minute dise. Fronds 3-10-12 inches high, and as much in the expansion of the branches, dichotomous, very much divided, cut into seg- ments with an average width of 1-3 lines. The primary division is irregu- larly forking, the lower forks at wide, the upper at short intervals; the secondary segments are very irregularly laciniated, and all are bordered with setaceous, horizontal, simple or ramulose ciliary processes. The ends of the branches are of unequal length; the axils are all wide and rounded, and the whole frond has a ragged character. In some specimens the rami- fication is excessively dense and bushy. No fruit has yet been observed. The colour is either a dull red or a dull purple, darkening in the herbarium, and fading through orange and yellow to a creamy white. ‘The substance is hard and rigid, and the plant does not adhere to paper in drying. To the genus Calliblepharis, founded on the Rhodymenia ecili- ata of earlier authors, several exotic species have recently been added, some of them, like the present, being thus referred pro- visionally, because they agree in external habit, and do not mate- rially differ in cellular structure. Until the fruit shall have been ascertained, the exact relationship of the present plant, which is common on the shores of Western Australia, cannot be deter- mined. Its rigid substance, variable incision, and abundantly fimbriate and ragged segments, induce us to place it im Calh- blepharis, where it may stand next C. jubata. A second species, C. conspersa, resembling C. ciliata mm gene- ral aspect, occurs, but much more rarely, near Fremantle. Fig. 1. CaLLIBLEPHARIS PreIss1aNa,—the natural size. 2. A thin slice,— magnified. Flate CVI Ser. CHLOROSPERME. Fam. Siphonacee. Piate CVII. CAULERPA REMOTIFOLIA, Sond. Gen. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of various shapes. Swbstance horny-membranous, destitute of cal- careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell continuous, strength- ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and filled with semifluid, grumous matter. Sructification unknown.— Cauterpa (Lamz.), from xavados, a stem, and épire, to creep. Frons ex surculis prostratis hic illic radicantibus et rainis erectis polymorphis formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea.. Structura unicellulosa, cellule membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti- bus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota. CauLerpa remotifolia ; surculus very long and slender, glabrous; fronds erect, simple, linear, two-edged, pectinato-pinnate ; pinnz distant, alternate, subulate, acute. C. remotifolia; swculo longissimo tenut glabro; frondibus erectis simplicibus linearibus ancipitibus pectinato-pinnatis ; pinnis remotis alternis subulatis acutis. CAULERPA remotifolia, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 660. Has. Lefébre’s Peninsula, Dr. Ferdinand Mueller, 1852. Groer. Distr. South Australia. Descr. Surculus several inches in length, as thick or twice as thick as hog’s- bristle, quite glabrous, glossy, rooting at intervals of an inch or more; the roots small. Fronds 3-6 inches long, $ line to 1 line in breadth, com- pressed, two-edged, quite simple or occasionally bifid, naked for an inch above the base, thence to the apex pectinated with distichous, alternate, subulate pinne, 1-14 lines long, 4 line wide, 1-2 or 4-8 lines apart, erecto- patent. Colour a full green, becoming olivaceous in drying. Substance horny. In drying it very imperfectly adheres to paper. RRR RAP This slender species is considered by Sonder to be allied to C. plumaris and C. taaifolia, from which it is at once known by its very distant, scattered, and somewhat differently shaped ramenta. ‘To me its nearest affinity appears to be with C. scal- pelliformis, from which it chiefly differs in its attenuated fronds and general depauperation of all characters. As yet no one has gathered it except Dr. Ferdinand Mueller, to whom I am indebted for the specimen here figured. So far as known, it is one of the rarest and most local of the Australian species. Fig. 1. CAULERPA REMOTIFOLIA,—the natural size. 2. Frustule, somewhat enlarged. ‘ AT Plate CVHE Ser. RHoDOSPERME. Fam. Rhodomelee. Puate CVIII. AMANSIA LINEARIS, Za. Gun. Cuar. Frond flat, midribbed, pinnatifid or proliferous, transversely striate, membranaceous ; the membrane formed of hexagonal cells, of equal length, arranged in obliquely transverse lines or striz, destitute of cortical cellules. Fructification: 1, ovate or globose ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, simple or branched, mar- ginal or superficial s¢zchidia, containing ¢etraspores in a double row. —Amansia (Lamour.), in honour of M. Amans, a French phycolo- gist. Frons plana, costata, pinnatifida v. prolifera, transversim striata, membranacea ; lamina ex cellulis oblongis hexahedris equalibus oblique transversim ordinatis conflata; cellulis corticalibus nullis. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ; 2, stichidia mar- ginalia v. superficialia, tetrasporas biseriatas foventia. Amansta linearis ; frond narrow-linear, obtuse, quite simple, and very en- tire, proliferous from the slender midrib, with leaflets of a similar form; ceramidia sessile on the midrib of minute fruit-leaves; tetra- spores uniseriate, at each side of the midrib of similar fruit-leaves. A. linearis; fronde anguste lineari obtusa simplicissima integerrimaque e costa tenui prolifera, foliolis frondi similibus ; ceramidis ovatis tetrasporisque in sporophyllis propriis evolutis, ceramidiis in costa sessilibus, tetrasporis utroque latere coste uniseriatis. AmaNsia linearis, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 118. Dertesserta Amansioides, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 690 (? ?). Has. Parasitical on the smaller Algz, especially on Balla callitricha. Near the mouth of the Glenelg River, Dr. Curdie. Port Fairy, W. iH. H. Geroer. Distr. South coast of Australia. Descr. Root a minute disc. Fronds 3-6-8 inches long, 1-13 line in breadth, linear, tapering to an acute base, minutely stipitate, obtuse or emarginate, quite simple, with a perfectly entire and flat margin, traversed by a slender percurrent midrib. This primary or generating frond throws off from its midrib numerous similar but smaller fronds, which issue very irregularly, though frequently in secund order; these again emit others; and thus by repeated proliferous growth, a compound, much branched frond is at length formed. The lamina is composed of hexagonal cells, set in obliquely trans- verse lines, and of equal length and breadth. Fruit of both sorts is borne on special fruit-leaves, springing from the midribs, and resembling the pri- mary fronds in everything but size, being rarely more than 1-4 lines long, and not } line in width. The ceramidia are ovate, sessile on the midrib; the ¢e¢raspores triangularly parted, arranged in a single row at each side of the midrib, near its summit. The colour is a brownish red or full-red, be- coming darker in drying. The swéstance is membranous, not very soft, and the frond imperfectly adheres to paper in drying. With the habit of a hypophyllous De/esseria this little plant has the cellular structure and the fructification of Amansia, a genus which includes several subtypes, if all the plants now re- ferred to it be suffered to remain. I have not seen any specimens of Sonder’s Delesseria Amansioides, which I doubtfully refer, from his description, to our plant. Externally our plants seem to agree, but Sonder describes the cellular structure to. consist of a single layer of empty hexagonal cells, covered by a layer of superficial cellules. In my plant the lamina consists wholly of hexagonal cells, which are filled with granular, bright-red endo- chrome, liable, however, in the dried state, to be dissipated, when they may sometimes appear empty. I find no trace of cortical cellules ; the midrib alone is polysiphonous. Fig. 1. AMANsiA LINEARIS,—the natural size. 2. A sporophyll or fruit-leaf- let, bearing a ceramidium. 38. Spores from the ceramidium. 4. A sporophyll, bearing tetraspores. 5. A tetraspore:—the latter figures variously magnified. Plate. CI. Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Cryptonemiacee. Prater CIX. Grn. Cuan. Frond compressed or flattened, between fleshy and gelatinous, dichotomous or subpinnate, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum formed of longitudinal, interwoven, subsimple filaments, the peripheric of excurrent, dichotomo-fastigiate, articulate filaments, moni- liform toward the apices, and lying in lax or firm gelatine. Fructifi- cation: 1, favelle immersed below the cortical filaments, containing within a gelatinous periderm numerous roundish spores; 2, cruciate tetraspores dispersed among the cortical filaments.—Nemastoma* (J. Ag.), from vnwa, a thread, and perhaps cotnps, in its senes of to strengthen or standfast ? Lrons compresso-plana, gelatinoso-carnosa, dichotoma v. vage pinnata, duplici strato constituta ; strato medullari filis longitudinalibus simpliciusculis inter- textis, peripherico jilis excurrenti-verticalibus dichotomo-fastigiatis articulatis apicem versus moniliformibus, muco laxiori v. solidescente cohibitis contexto. Fruct.: 1, favelle simplices, infra fila peripherica immerse ; 2, tetraspore cruciatim divise, sparse, intra fila moniliformia nidulantes, Nemastoma ? comosa ; frond very long, linear, compressed, distantly forked; the segments elongate, simple, densely fringed with subdistichous or scattered, slender, filiform, basally and apically attenuated ramuli; cystocarps and tetraspores both immersed in the ramuli (of different individuals). N.? comosa ; fronde longissima lineari compressa parce et distanter furcata ; laciniis elongatis simplicibus ramulis gracilibus filiformibus utrinque attenuatis subdistichis sparsisve densissime comatis ; cystocarpiis tetrasporisve in ramulis nidulantibus. NeEMAsSTOMA? comosa, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 432. Has. At Philip Island, Western Port, W. H. H. Groer. Distr. Coast of Victoria. Descr. Root a small disc. Frond 4—6 feet long, compressed, 4—5 lines in breadth, forked a short way from the base, again at a foot distance, and afterwards at intervals of 12—18 inches; the dranches occasionally quite simple, and two or more feet long. The awi/s rounded, and apices gradually attenuated. Throughout the whole frond, or its larger part, the margin is densely fringed, at intervals of a line or less, with horizontally patent, subdistichous, slender * Professor Agardh has not explained this name, which he originally (1842) spelled Nemostoma (Alg. Medit. p. 89); changing it to Nemastoma in 1847. branchlets, 13-4 inches long, and 4-3 line, or rather more, in diameter. These ramuli taper to base and apex, and are sometimes simple, but more generally, like the frond itself, they are twice or thrice forked. The frond is composed wholly of filaments; those of the axis are longitudinal, densely packed, somewhat branched, interwoven, and lying in moderately firm gela- tine; those of the periphery are many times forked, surrounded by much looser gelatine, and their coloured apices are moniliform. The favell@ are im- mersed in the ramuli, at the base of the peripheric filaments, and surrounded by a gelatinous periderm. The ¢e¢raspores, on separate plants, are hidden among the moniliform extremities of the peripheric filaments of the ramuli : they are cruciate. The colour when quite recent is a rather dull brownish- purple, which is soon expelled in fresh-water, and the plant fades to pale rufescent-brown. The substance is gelatinous and elastic, soon softening and becoming slimy in fresh-water, and in drying the frond adheres very closely to paper. If this plant be correctly referred to Memastoma, of which it has the fruit and general structure, it is by much the largest and finest species of the genus. Though the dichotomous branching is in some degree concealed by the distant furcations and abun- dance of lateral ramuli, it is nevertheless present, and exists even in the ramuli, so that our plant agrees tolerably with other species in the proper evolution of the frond. ‘There is some similarity externally to Helminthocladia, but the structure of the cystocarpic fruit is very different. When preparing the figure I had not observed ¢etraspores. They are abundantly dispersed among the moniliform filaments, forming the outer wall of the slender lateral ramuli, and occur in more luxuriant and comose specimens than those that bear cystocarps. Fig. 1. Nemastoma? comosa, base of a (six feet long!) frond,—the natural size. 2. Segment of a transverse cutting of a ramulus, showing two favellz lying beneath the excurrent peripheric threads. 38. Some spores :—mag- nified. Plate CX. Ser, MELANOSPERMEA. Fam. Hucacee. Piatt CX. SARGASSUM RAOULII, Hook fil. ct Harv. Gen. Cuar. Loot scutate. Frond pinnately decompound, with distinct stem, branches, leaves, vesicles, and receptacles. Vesicles stipitate, swpra- axillary, simple, most frequently mucronate or leaf-bearing. ecep- ¢acles pod-like, torulose or moniliform, axillary. Scaphidia dicecious. Spores obovoid.—Sareassum (4g.), from the Spanish sargazo, a name given by navigators to floating seaweed. Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, caule proprio, ramis, folus, vesiculis, receptaculisque donata. Vesicule stipitate, supra-axillares, simpli- ces, sepissime mucronate v. foliifere. Receptacula siliqueformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, axillaria. Scaphidia dioica. Spore obovoidee. Sarcassum faoulii ; stem very long, slender, smooth, strongly compressed, two-edged, angularly bent, alternately decompound ; branches similar ; leaves slhcencie. Uses: vertical, repeatedly dichotomous ; the segments very narrow, linear, plano- compressed, nerveless, sparingly glandular ; vesicles spherical, mucronulate, at length muticous; re- ceptacles smooth, submoniliform, racemoso- ‘paniculate. S. Raoulii; caule longissimo gracili levi arcte compresso ancipiti angulatin flexuosa “alterne decomposito ; ramis similibus; foliis distichis verticalibus pluries dichotomis fastigiatis ; lacinirs angustissimis linearibus plano-compressts enerviis parce glandulosis ; vesiculis sphericis setaceo-mucronulatis demum muticis ; receptaculis levibus nodulosis racemoso-paniculatis. SarGassuM Raoulii, Hook. fil. et Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 4. p. 523. Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 212. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 289. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 24. Harv. in Hook. #1. Tasm. p. 282. Has. Shores of Tasmania. Sandy Bay, Dr. Lyall and Dr. Hooker. South Port, Afr. C. Stuart. Abundant at Georgetown, Mr. Gunn, W. H. H. Port Arthur, VW. H. H. Grocer. Distr. Tasmania. New Zealand, Raoul. Descr. Root discoid. Frond three to six or eight feet long or more, much branched ; the branches either developed alternately on a lengthened stem, or many starting near the root from a short primary stem, and constituting so many secondary stems. Both stem and branches are slender, from half a line to a line in breadth, strongly compressed and the Beier two-edged, angularly bent at short intervals, gradually attenuated upwards and passing at the extremity into almost filiform prolongations. The lower part of the branch, often for a foot or more, is denuded of leaves, and armed at intervals of 3-1 inch with the spine-like remains of old petioles. The leaves are dis- tichous and vertical, an inch or an inch and a half long, somewhat flabelli- form in outline, dichotomous, divided to the base into many, almost fili- form, repeatedly forked, nerveless, acute segments. In the young root- leaves alone is there any appearance of a midrib, The glands vary in number in specimens of different ages. The vesicles are spherical, of a golden yellow, borne on slender petioles, one above the axil of each leaf; the largest are 5 lines, the smaller 2-3 lines in diameter, and tipped when young with a minute setaceous point. eceptacles in a branching raceme or panicle, on forked pedicels; each receptacle 2-4 lines long, scarcely thicker than bristle, smooth, constricted, and somewhat moniliform, con- taining a single row of scaphidia. The colour of stem and leaves is a bright brownish-olive ; that of the vesicles yellow. The substance is coria- ceous. This handsome plant is abundant in Tasmania, and is par- ticularly striking whilst growing, by the profusion of bright- yellow, globose air-vessels, scattered like golden apples over the branches. The multifid leaves are unlike those of other Aus- tralian species, except 8. varians, which differs in the broader, nerved, more pinnatifid and not fastigiate leaves, and in general aspect. Fertile specimens of 8. Raoult are either very rare or con- fined to deep water. Where it grows at Georgetown it is quite barren. Fig.l. Sarcassum Raovuit, small portion of a branch, with ramuli, leaves, and vesicles. 2. Base of stem and branches :—both of the natural size. 3. Receptacles and part of a leaf,—enlarged. Ser. KHODOSPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee. Pirate CXI. BINDERA SPLACHNOIDES, Zar. Gen. Cuar. Frond bag-like, proliferous, filled with transparent fluid, mem- branaceous, composed of three strata; the medu/lary stratum of inter- woven, longitudinal filaments; the cxtermediate of a single row of large subquadrate cells; the cort¢icad of minute, coloured cellules, in few rows. J ructification: 1, external, globose, sessile conceptactes, containing numerous parietal tufts of moniliform spore-threads; 2, triangularly parted ¢e¢raspores, in definite, scattered sori.BrnpERA* (Harv.), in honour of Dr. Nicholas Binder, Biirgermeister of Ham- burg, a patron of botany, and possessor of one of the finest collec- tions of Algze in Europe. Frons saccata, prolifera, succo hyalino repleta, membranacea, stratis fere tribus contexta ; strato medullari filis articulatis interteatis longitudinalibus, inter- medio cellulis magnis subquadrilateris uniseriatis, corticali cellulis minimis coloratis pauciseriatis constante. Fruct.: 1, conceptacula (desmiocarpia) in frondem sessilia, globosa, fasciculos parietales plures filorum sporiferorum fo- ventia ; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, in soros definitos superficiales col- lecte. ; Binpera splachnoides, Uarv. Has. Discovered at Garden Island, near Fremantle, G. Clifton, Esq. Groar. Distr. Western Australia. Dzscr. Root a small disc. Frond 3-6 inches long, cylindrical, slightly narrowed to the obtuse extremity, constricted at the base into a minute, setaceous stipes, bag-like, filled with transparent, watery gelatine, at first perfectly simple, but afterwards emitting irregularly from its sides and apex similar bag-like, simple fronds, and thus eventually becoming proliferously much branched. Every branch is a repetition of the primary frond, to which it is attached by a minute stipes. The very young fronds are traversed with longitudinal filaments, laxly set in watery gelatine; the older become sac- cate, the filaments being confined to the inner side of the membranous wall of the frond, where they constitute the inner or medullary stratum. Outside this filamentous matrix is a single row of large, empty, quadrate cells, and these are protected externally by a very thin cortical layer, formed of a few rows of minute, coloured cellules, imperfectly arranged in moniliform sets. The conceptacles are scattered on the younger branches, and are very pro- minent, slightly constricted at base, and depressedly globular ; their pericarp is thick, its walls composed of a network of filaments, from which spring * Bindera, J. Ag., is the same as Spyridia, Harv. into the internal cavity the numerous parietal spore-tufts, composed of beaded strings of spores. The placentze project irregularly into the cavity, some being very short, others longer, and some almost dendroid. 'The tefra- spores are collected in oblong, defined sori or spots, scattered over the frond; they are triangularly parted, and lodged among the cellules of the cortical layer. The colour is a delicate rose-red, becoming rather darker in drying. The substance is gelatinoso-membranaceous, and the plant in drying adheres closely to paper. This is a very remarkable plant, having the general habit, the colour, and the substance of a Halymenia, or of Chrysymenia en- teromorpha, but with external cystocarps of the structure nearly of those of Chetangiwm, to which genus it is therefore most allied. From Chetangium, however, it differs in cellular struc- ture and gelatinous substance, in the very prominent, not de- pressed or semi-immersed cystocarps, and especially in the fe- trasporic fruit, the ¢etraspores being triangularly divided and grouped together in definite spots or sori, as they are in WVito- plyllum. That it constitutes the type of a perfectly distinct new genus can scarcely be doubted, and I gladly take this opportunity of paying an old debt, by inscribing it with the name of Dr. Bin- der, of Hamburg, an enthusiastic admirer of Alga, the possessor of a noblescollection, which he freely opens for the use of all in- terested in this branch of botany, and to whom I am personally under obligation for repeated contributions of valuable speci- mens. The plant formerly named Bindera insignis by Professor J. Agardh, and which had previously been named Lypnothaha Wightit by Greville, is a species of the older genus Spyridia. Fig. 1. BrnpERa spLacHNorpEs,—the natural size. 2. A branch, containing sori. 8. Section through the membrane of the same, showing tetraspores in situ. 4. A tetraspore. 5. A branch, with conceptacles. 6. A section through a conceptacle :—the latter figures variously magnified. Plate CAI ‘Vincere Prodks Ing Ser. CHLOROSPERME. Fam. Confervacee. Puate CXII. CLADOPHORA BAINESIIL, # Mell. ct Harv. Gen. Cuar. Filaments tufted, articulated, uniform, branched. Articula- tions filled with green, granular endochrome, which is changed at maturity into zoospores.—CLapopHora (Kéitz.), from «Aados, a branch, and dopew, to bear. Fila cespitosa, articulata, ramosa. Articuli endochromate viridi grumoso, de- mum im zoosporos mutato, repleti. CrapopHora Bainesii ; yellow-green, glossy when dry, very soft, with a long stipes ; filaments setaceous at base, then capillary and very much attenuated upwards, elongate, di-trichotomously much branched ; branches trichotomo-multifid, set with multifid lateral ramuli; ulti- mate branchlets long and filiform, acute or mucronate; articulations of the branches very long, cylindrical, 20-30 times longer than broad, constricted at the joints of the ramuli, 6-10 times as long as broad. C. Bainesii ; longiuscule stipitata, flavo-viridis, siccitate vitreo-nitens, mollissima ; jilis bast setaceis mox capillaribus sursum maxime attenuatis elongatis di- trichotomis ramosissimis ; ramis trichotomo-multifidis ramulis lateralibus poly- chotomis onustis ; ramulis ultimis longe filiformibus apice acutis mucronatis, articulis ramorum longissime cylindraceis diametro 20—30-plo longioribus ad genicula constrictis, ramulorum diametro 6—-10-plo longioribus. CiaDoPHoRA Bainesii, F. Muell. et Harv. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 579. Has. Port Phillip, Wr. Baines, W.H.H. Georgetown, Tasmania, Wr. Gunn, W.H. H., etc. Groer. Distr. Victoria, Tasmania. Derscr. Root asmall disc. Filaments 6-10 inches long, tufted, the-basal cell or stipes rising without branch or dissepiment for 2-3 inches, then three-forked, and afterwards repeatedly di-trichotomous and multifid. The stipes is nearly as thick as hog’s-bristle, and somewhat rigid; the branches into which it first divides are capillary, growing more slender at every node, and soon the filament becomes excessively slender, more frequently branched, very soft, and the order of ramification not easily distinguishable. The articulations throughout the filament are of great length, cylindrical, filled with endochrome; those of the lower forkings filiform, 40-50 times as long as broad; those of the upper gradually shorter, and towards the ends of the branches 10-20 times: in the ramuli they are 8-10 times, slightly constricted at the nodes, the terminal cell obtuse. The colour is a pale yellow-green, glossy when dry. The substance is very soft, silky, and flaccid, and in drying the plant adheres pretty closely to paper. PRR PAP LILIA In ramification, and in the great length of the articulations, this elegant species agrees with C. Feredayi (Plate XLVIL.), from which it differs in being of smaller size, in the much greater tenuity of the filaments and especially of the upper branches and ramuli, in the very soft substance and yellow-green colour. It is not likely to be confounded with any Australian species, but agrees in several respects with some from Japan; and in ramification with the European C. pellucida and its allies. The first specimens I saw were observed in a book of care- fully dried and well selected Algz, prepared by Mr. Baines, of Melbourne, for exhibition in the Victorian “ Crystal Palace,” and which were, I believe, afterwards contributed to the Paris Ex- hibition of 1855. ‘The book was sent to Dr. Ferd. Mueller and myself for our imspection, previous to being forwarded to the Exhibition, and we agreed to affix Mr. Baines’s name to this new species of his discovery. Fig. 1. Cuapopnora Bainesit,—the natural size. 2. Portion of the upper extremity of a branch. 3. Cells from a ramulus :—the latter figures mag- nified. Vincent: Brooks, imp. Ser. RHODOSPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee ? Piate CXIII. THAMNOCLONIUM FLABELLIFORME, Soxd. Gen. Cuan. Frond dendroid or flabelliform, compressed or plane, imper- fectly costate, rigidly horny or coriaceous, mostly covered with spi- nous tubercles, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum very dense, of slender, cylindrical, longitudinally seriated cellules ; cortical of roundish-angular, coloured cells. Mructification: 1, cystocarps ?; 2, cruciate tetraspores, contained in nemathecia. —'THAMNOCLONIUM (Kiitz.), from Oapvos, a shrub, and Krov, a branch. Frons dendroidea v. flabelliformis, compressa v. plana, immerse costata, rigide cornea et coriacea, sepissime spinuloso-verrucosa, stratis duobus composite ; strato medullari densissimo, cellulis cylindraceis gracilibus longitudinaliter se- riatis ; corticali cellulis rotundato-angulatis coloratis formato. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia ignota; 2, tetraspore cruciatim divise, in nemathectis proprits evolute. THaMNocionium flabelliforme ; frond stipitate, flabelliform, entire or di- vided, the lamina sponge-like, formed of closely interlaced, anastomos- ing, rigid fibres. | T. flabelliforme ; fronde stipitata flabeiliformi integra v, partita, lamina spon- giaformi ex fibrillis rigidis densissime intertextis anastomosantibusque consti- tuta. THAMNOCLONIUM flabelliforme, Sond. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 185. Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p.537. Harv. Alg. Austr, Hesic. n. 153. Has. Cast ashore near Fremantle, Preiss, Clifton, W. H. H. Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root clasping, with 4-5 short, thick branches. Stem simple, or dividing into several, 2—3 inches high, 2—5 lines in diameter, slightly compressed, rigid and woody, compressed upwards, bifid or trifid, passing into the base of a flabelliform lamina, through which it is continued as a more or less evident, immersed, subdichotomous costa. This costa forms the groundwork or axis of the fan-shaped lamina, and is solid, and at first naked, but it emits from its surface slender filiform processes, which soon anastomose and cover it up in a reticulated stratum; and also throws off from its edges similar but much longer processes which, extend, inter- weave, and anastomose, until a thick, sponge-like, fibro-cribrose body is gradually formed. This sponge-like lamina is 5-10 inches long, 3-8 inches wide, broadly obovate-cuneiform or subrotund, simple or divided into seve- ral vertical lobes, fastigiate, with a rounded outline. In old specimens small fruit-leaves (sporophylia) are irregularly emitted from the surface of the spongy network; these are 2-4 lines long, flabelliform, bifid or twice forked, and perfectly glabrous, and they bear in their upper half roundish nemathecia, developed at both surfaces, and containing minute cruciate tetraspores, hidden among short, vertical fibres. The colowr is probably a full, dark brownish-red, but in all our specimens has considerably faded, and partly changed into dull-green. The swéstance is extremely hard and rigid, and the plant shows no tendency to adhere to paper in drying. A very curious and rare Alga, whose peculiarly sponge-like structure is but imperfectly given in our rudely executed figure, which otherwise tolerably represents one of the larger and more divided specimens in the Dublin herbarium. The mode of evo- lution of the frond has yet to be ascertained. Judging by the few specimens I have seen, and which are in different stages of growth, I am disposed to think that the frond at an early stage is solid, and perhaps smooth, but soon becomes covered over with slender, anastomosing fibrils, which extend chiefly laterally, and form the flattened, spongy lamina. Very old fronds produce numerous small, flabelliform or forked leaflets on the surface of the spongy frond, and in these, after the figure had been com- pleted, I detected ¢e¢raspores, lodged in discoid nemathecia. No other fructification has yet been observed. I am indebted to Dr. Sonder for a fragment of Preiss’s ori- ginal specimen, and to my often-mentioned and liberal friend George Clifton, for the specimen here drawn, and others m va- rious states. All bear the marks of long exposure to the weather, and are much faded. As the cystocarpic fruit of Thamnoclonium is still unknown, the exact affinities of the genus cannot be determined, but the structure of the frond is so similar to that of the denser genera of Gelidiacee, particularly of the group Chetangiea, that I have little hesitation im associating it with that family. At any rate it is far removed from Polyphacum, with which Agardh placed the species known to him. Fig. 1. THAMNOCLONIUM FLABELLIFORME,—¢he natural size. 2. Transverse slice through one of the fibres of the spongy network, showing two axes, sunk in a common cellular substance, and which would probably be resolved into two fibres, the cellular matrix disappearing ?—magnified. Plate CATV Vincent Brooks, Inxp Ser. RHopOSPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee ? Puate CXIV. THAMNOCLONIUM LEMANNIANUM, Zarv. Gen. Cuan. Frond dendroid or flabelliform, compressed or plane, imper- fectly costate, rigidly horny or coriaceous, mostly covered with spi- nous tubercles, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum very dense, of slender, cylindrical, longitudinally seriated cellules ; cortical of roundish-angular, coloured cells. ructification: 1, Cystocarps ?; 2, cruciate ¢etraspores, contained in nemathecia.—THAMNOCLONIUM (Kiitz.), from Oapvos, a shrub, and kro, a branch. Frons dendroidea v. flabelliformis, compressa v. plana, immerse costata, rigide cornea et coriacea, sepissime spinuloso-verrucosa, stratis duobus composita ; strato medullari densissimo, cellulis cylindraceis gracilibus longitudinaliter seriatis ; corticalt cellulis rotundato-angulatis coloratis formato. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia ignota; 2, tetraspore cruciatim divise, im nematheciis propriis evolute. TuHamNoctonium Lemannianum ; frond dendroid, the stem cylindrical ; branches winged below, expanding upwards into flat, strongly mid- ribbed phyllodia, at length proliferously much branched; phyllodia linear-cuneiform, sinuoso-pinnatifid, covered with muricated warts, and traversed by a vanishing, immersed midrib; apices and lacinize very obtuse. T. Lemannianum ; fronde dendroidea, caule cylindraceo; ramis basi alatis sursum in phyllodia plana costata eaplanatis demum prolifere ramosissimis ; phyllodiis lineari-cuneiformibus sinuoso-pinnatifidis creberrime echinato-verru- cosis costa evanescente immersa percursis ; apicibus laciniisque obtusis. THAMNOCLONIUM Lemannianum, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 588. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 154. Has. Cast ashore at Fremantle, Mr. Mylne, W. H. H. Groar. Distr. Western Australia. Descr. Root a tuber, as large as a hazel-nut, with a few stout, clasping, short branches. Stem 2-4 lines in diameter, cylindrical, very hard and woody, branched ; the branches dividing irregularly, soon becoming winged at thie edges, and passing upwards into the bases of strongly ribbed phyllodiu. Phyllodia 4-6 inches long, linear-oblong or subcuneate, obtuse, tapering at base, the margin either, sinuate or deeply incised in an alternately pin- natifid manner; the dodes few and very erect, linear-oblong, obtuse, traversed by an immersed midrib, which generally becomes faint or dis- appears altogether beyond the middle. The surface is thickly covered with minute echinated warts, which give it a rough feel, and an appearance to the naked eye of coarse shagreen. These warts are of different sizes, small and large intermixed. No fruit has yet been observed. A longitudinal section of a phyllodium shows a broad and very dense and compact medullary stra- tum, formed of very minute and slender cylindrical cellules, placed longi- tudinally, and in a filiform series, but scarcely connected with definite fila+ ments; and a narrower cortical layer of many rows of roundish, coloured cells. The colour is a dark brown-red, passing through dull-orange into dirty-white or greenish. The swdstance is extremely hard and rigid, and shows no tendency to adhere to paper in drying. ———— Our figure represents but a small portion of a proliferously much branched frond, which would more than cover a quarto plate, and which is also more thickly beset with leaf-like branches (phyllodia) than the figure exhibits. While the structure and rigid substance are very similar in this to what they are in 7. flabelliforme, given in our last Plate, the habit is different. Instead of the coating of interlaced fibrils which constitute so large a part of the “phyllodia” in T. flabelliforme, we have here minute echinated papillz, which are never developed into filaments, and merely serve to roughen the surface. Similar papillee are found in other species, with which the present nearly agrees in habit and structure. This is the largest and finest species of Thamnoclonium, and is inscribed to the memory of the late Dr. Charles Lemann, F.L.:S., of London, a distinguished botanist and estimable man, to whom I am indebted for the first specimen received. It was included in a parcel of Algze collected by Mr. Mylne, in Western Australia, and sent to me by Dr. Lemann. It seems to be of very rare occurrence, and has not as yet been sent by Mr. Clifton, in whose neighbourhood it is found. Fig. 1. Toamnoctonium Lemannianum,—the natural size. 2. Small portion of the surface, showing the spinous tubercles. 3. Section through the frond. 4. Small portion of the same, to show the different cellular struc- ture in the medullary and cortical layers :—the latter figures variously mag- nified. Plate CAV Ser. RHoposPERME. Fam. Rhodymentacee. Puate CXV. DASYPHL@A TASMANICA, Hook. fil. et Harv. Gren. Cuar. Frond cylindrical, dendroid, membranaceo-cartilaginous, coated externally with microscopic hyaline hairs, and formed of a central articulated filament and two strata; the intermediate stratum composed of longitudinal, branching, excurrent filaments ; the cortical membranaceous, of roundish-angular cells. ructification: 1, bi- nate cystocarps 1mmersed in the ramuli, containing moniliform spore- threads issuing from a central placenta ; 2, zonate ¢etraspores in wart- like nemathecia—Dasyput@a (Mont.), from Sacvs, hairy, and provos, bark. Frons cylindrica, dendroidea, membranaceo-cartilaginea, pilis minimis tota ves- tita, ex tubo centrali articulato stratisque duobus contexta ; strato intermedio lawo, filis numerosis longitudinalibus, ramis horizontaliter eacurrentibus ; peri- pherico membranaceo cellulis rotundato-angulatis formato. Fruct.: 1, cys- tocarpia binata ramulis immersa, ex filis moniliformibus sporiferis a placenta centrali radiantibus constituta ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in nematheciis verruceformibus evolute. Dasypuie@a Tasmanica ; frond softly cartilaginous, rose-red, decompound, much branched ; branches irregularly inserted, repeatedly divided, narrowed towards each extremity, and beset with small setaceous ra- muli ; cystocarps in the ramuli. D. Tasmanica ; fronde molliter cartilaginea rosea decomposita ramosissima ; ra- mis vage insertis patentibus pluries divisis basi et apice attenuatis ramulis se- taceis fructiferis obsessis. Dasypui@a Tasmanica, Hook. f. et Harv. in Lond. Journ. v. 6. p. 406. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 216. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. p. 320. Has, Circular Head, Tasmania, M/s. Smith. South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Port Phillip Heads, Mrs. Mallard, W.H.H. Grocer. Distr. South coast of Australia. Descr. Root discoid. Frond 6-10 inches long, and as much in the expansion of the branches, very irregular in ramification. The principal stem is either simple and percurrent or it divides into two or more leading branches, which are either simple or forked. These throw off laterally, at very short inter- vals, numerous secondary, very patent or horizontal branches of unequal length, partly distichous, partly irregularly spiral in insertion, tapering at base and apex, flexuous and subacute. In like manner a third and fourth series of shorter and subdistichous branchlets are given off ; the ultimate ra- muli being setaceous, 2—3 lines long, more or less numerous. Cystocarps are formed, two together, in the ultimate ramuli, which then become fusiform ; they consist of moniliform strings of spore-threads issuing from a placenta surrounding the central axile filament of the branchlet, which remains nearly unchanged in structure. Nemathecia have not been seen. The whole sur- face of the frond is coated with very minute, unicellular, taper-pointed hairs, visible only under a considerable magnifying power. Colour a full rosy- red, becoming darker in drying. The substance is soft, but cartilaginous, not very tender, and the frond in drying adheres closely to paper. The genus Dasyphiwa was founded by Montagne on an Alga from New Zealand, closely allied to the subject of the present Plate, if indeed it be specifically distinct; and the generic cha- racter, as first given, was chiefly based on the presence of the microscopic pubescence alluded to in the generic name. As such pubescence is very unusual among the Algz, it serves at once to mark the genus, which is further distinguished by peculiari- ties of structure and fructification that fully bear out Dr. Mon- tagne’s decision. The natural affinities of Dasyphlea appear to me to be rather with Rhabdonia than with Chrysymenia, next which it is doubtfully placed by Agardh. The dzxate arrange- ment of the cystocarps is peculiar, but the spore-threads re- semble those of Rhabdonia, Areschougia, and Lrythroclonium ; and while the hadct of Dasyphlea is near that of Rhabdonia, it agrees in structure better with Mrythroclonium. Between these genera it may be naturally placed. But whether I am nght mm retaining the small group to which Rhadbdonia is referable (Dumontiee of Agardh) among the Rhodymeniacea, is a question which admits of reconsideration. Fig. 1. DasypHi@a TasManica,—the natural size. 2. A small branchlet, with fertile ramuli. 3. Cross section of the frond. 4. One of the superficial hairs. 5. Cross section through a fertile ramulus, showing the binate cys- tocarps. 6. One of the excurrent filaments. 7. Some spore-threads from the cystocarps :—the latter figures more or less magnified. Plate CXVI. ~~ _ Vincent Brooks, Imp. SAA NS \ SSSA A SSS NW ZKM i Ni/ Y WOE Z; VGA Zs | i d Z j \ Ni 474, LIN \ \\\ \ \\ WN NA Vv Ser. MELANOSPERMEM. Fam. Pucacee. Pratt CXVI. CYSTOPHORA CEPHALORNITHOS, 4. Gun. Cnar. Loot scutate. round pinnately decompound, dendroid, with a distinct stem, branches, and ramuliform leaves. Vesicles stipitate, simple, rarely absent. Receptacles pod-like, torulose or moniliform, developed in the ramuli. Scaphidia hermaphrodite. Spores obovoid. —Cystornora (J. 4g.), from kvortis, a bladder, and hope, to bear. Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, dendroidea, caule proprio, ramis Solusque ramuliformibus donata. Vesicule stipitate, simplices, raro nulle. Receptacula siliqueformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, apice ramulorum evoluta. Scaphidia hermaphrodita. CystopHora cephalornithos ; stem terete, simple, warted ; branches issuing from all sides, pinnately divided; ramuli filiform, the uppermost changed at their summits into terete receptacles; vesicles fusiform, setaceo-mucronate, issuing from the stem or larger branches. C. cephalornithos ; caule terete simplici verrucoso ; ramis undique egredientibus pinnatin v. bipinnatim ramosis ; ramulis filiformibus, ultimis in receptacula te- retia levia abeuntibus ; vesiculis fusiformibus setaceo-aristatis e caule ramisque majoribus enatis. Cystopuora cephalornithos, J. 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 1.-p. 246. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 12. Cystospr1ra cephalornithos, 4g. Syst. p. 291. Fucus cephalornithos, Ladill. Pl. Nov. Holl. t. 261. Has. At Cape Van Diemen, Ladillardiére. Port Phillip, Areschoug. Mouths of Glenelg River, Dr. Curdie. Port Fairy and Western Port, Victoria, W. H. H. Geocr. Distr. South coast of Australia. Descr. Root a small disc, Fronds tufted, 2-3 feet long. Stem filiform, }—? line in diameter, simple, denuded in its lower part, and there warted or muricated with the remains of old branches, densely beset in its upper half with short, laterally patent or subhorizontal branches issuing to all sides. The general outline of the frond is oblong and brush-like. In smaller speci- mens the lateral branches are simply pinnate, with a few slender, simple, filiform ramuli; in the larger the branches are longer, 5-6 inches long, and more or less bipinnate. ‘The vesicles are copious, on long or short petioles, narrow-ovoid or fusiform, tipped with a longish bristle, and they are borne, along with the branches, on the stem; in the larger specimens, however, they often occur among the ramuli on the lateral branches. The receptacles are simple, cylindrical, 5-? inch long, blunt, and smooth, formed in the ends of the ultimate, or occasionally of all the ramuli. The colour is a full dark-olive, becoming black when dry. The sudstance is coriaceous and ra- ther flaccid: This is one of the smaller and more slender species of Cysto- phora, and not likely to be confounded with any other. It is most allied to C. wifera, with which it agrees in the usual posi- tion of the air-vessels, which in these two species arise from the main branch or rachis of the frond, but from which it differs in the shape of the air-vessels. In C. cephalornithos the vesicle is shaped, as the name signifies, something like a bird’s head (Fig. 2), and in C. wvifera it is globose, like a grape. Our figure necessarily represents one of the smaller and younger fronds. Old specimens, from deep water, become again decompound, the ramuli shooting out into secondary rachides, and being closely pinnated and vesiculiferous, and in all respects repetitions of the primary frond. This species is not uncommon on the coast of Victoria. My largest specimens were gathered at Port Fairy. Fig. 1. CystopHora CEPHALORNITHOS,—the natural size. 2. Avesicle. 3. Ramuli bearing receptacles :—the latter figures enlarged. Plate CXVM. fh aN fmcent Srooks, Imp Ser. RuoposperMus. Fam. Rhodymeniacea. Puate CXVII. ARESCHOUGIA? SEDOIDES, Zar. Gen. Cuan. Frond compressed or filiform, vaguely branched, composed of an articulated axial filament, and three (rarely but two) strata of cells; the medullary stratum consisting of longitudinal, anasto- mosing, interwoven filaments ; the iztermediate (sometimes absent) of several rows of roundish, coloured cells; the cortical of minute, ver- tically seriated cellules. ructification: 1, conceptactes immersed in the frond, suspended among the filaments of the medullary stratum, and enclosed in a network of filaments, opening by an external pore, and containing moniliform strings of spores, radiating from a central placenta; spores roundish; 2, zonate ¢e¢raspores, formed on the cor- tical stratum of the ramulii—Arescnoveta (Harv.), in honour of Dr. J. E. Areschoug, Professor of Botany at Upsal, a distinguished algologist. Frons compressa v. filiformis, vage ramosa, immerse costata, e filo centralt arti- culato et stratis fere tribus cellularum constituta. Stratum medullare e filis articulatis longitudinalibus anastomosantibus interteatis, intermedium (nunc deficiens) e cellulis rotundatis majusculis pluriseriatis, corticale e cellulis mi- nimis verticalibus formatum. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia fronde immersa, inter fila strati medullaris suspensa, reticulo filorum velata, carpostomio demum aperta, fila sporifera moniliformia a placenta centrali emissa continentia ; spore subrotunde ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, inter cellulas corticales ra- mulorum nidulantes. ArEscnoueta? sedoides ; frond filiform, subdichotomous, or irregularly branched; branches densely set with short, obovoid or pyriform, quadrifarious ramuli; conceptacles and tetraspores formed in the ramuli (of different individuals). A. sedoides ; fronde filiformi subdichotome v. vage ramosa ; ramis ramulis bre- vissimis obovoideis quadrifariis onustis ; fructu utriusque generis in ramulis evoluto. Has. Thrown up from deep water. Near Fremantle, Swan River, Mylne, W.H. H., G. Clifton. Groer. Distr. Western Australia. Dzscr. Root thickened, somewhat bulbous. Frond filiform, as thick as whip- cord, 4—6 inches long, and as much in the expansion of the branches, several times irregularly forked; the divisions virgate, erecto-patent, 1-2 inches long. All the younger branches are densely beset, on all sides, with minute, pear-shaped, succulent ramuli, about a line or rather more in length, irregu- larly inserted, and often fascicled : the older branches and stems are more or less denuded, and are then opaque and smooth. The structure of the stem is very dense, the interwoven filaments of the medullary stratum being closely packed, and the cortical layer thick, composed of radiating, slender, densely-set filaments. Conceptacles sunk in the medullary stratum of the ramuli, surrounding the central axile filament on all sides; the nucleus formed of moniliform, excurrent spore-threads ; spores elliptical. Telraspores zonate, lodged in the cortical layer of rather larger and more succulent ra- muli than those that bear conceptacles. Colour dark-red, becoming darker in the herbarium. Substance cartilaginous and tough, enduring exposure and long immersion in fresh-water. In drying the frond scarcely adheres to paper, except when young. PO eee I have long been acquainted with this plant, but until now have hesitated to describe it, from feeling uncertainty both as to the proper genus to which it should be referred, and as to whether it was fully organized, or merely some species in a de- nuded condition. Several specimens recently received from Mr. Clifton, some of them bearmg cystocarps, and others tetraspores, have at length satisfied me that the present Alga is entitled to specific distinction ; but I am still doubtful whether I ought to refer it to Areschougia, or perhaps found a new genus upon it. In its characters it comprises, very nearly, the genera Areschou- gia and Erythroclonium, but does not quite agree with either ; but on the whole—looking to the development of its stem and primary branches—appears better associated with the former. Here therefore I place it, though to admit it I have been ob- liged to alter the generic character. To complete its history it would be desirable to find it in a young state and growing. We are still ignorant of the form of the immature ramul, or whether, at any period, it bears flat, foliaceous appendages. Fig. 1. ARESCHOUGIA SEDOIDES,—the natural size. 2. A cross section of the stem. 3. Some ramuli, zz situ, containing conceptacles. 4. Segment of a cross section of a conceptacle-bearing ramulus. 5. Spore from the same. 6. Ramuli, bearing ¢etraspores. 7. Segment of a cross section of one of them. 8. Zetraspores from the same :—the latter figures variously magnified. VON eae ee) nena yen 4) hy, t tal e ms i ) a 1 Ser. RHoposPERMEs. Fam. Rhodymeniacee. Prare OXVIII. HYMENOCLADIA USNEA, J. 4. Gen. Cuar. Frond softly membranaceous, flat, linear, distichous, decom- poundly pinnated, composed of three strata of cells; the medullary stratum of large, roundish, inflated cells; the cutermediate of smaller, angular cells; the cortical of minute, coloured cellules, arranged in vertical, moniliform series. ructification: 1, conceptacles globose, sessile, with a thick, cellular pericarp, at length opening by an apical pore; spore-threads moniliform, attached to a basal placenta; the spores elliptic or oblong; 2, dispersed, tripartite ¢e¢raspores.—HyYME- NocLapiA (J. 4g.), from bwny, a membrane, and KAabos, a branch. Frons gelatinoso-membranacea, plano-compressa, linearis, distiche decomposito- pinnata, stratis tribus contexta; medullari ex cellulis magnis vesicatis, inter- medio ex cellulis minoribus rotundato-angulatis pluriseriatis, corticali ex cel- lulis minutissimis coloratis in fila brevissima moniliformia verticalia conjunctis. Cystocarpia intramarginalia, subspherica, sessilia, pericarpio crasso cellulari demum ostiolo aperto, sporas oblongas in fila e placenta basalt radiantia evo- lutas foventia. Tetraspore triangule divise, sparse. Hymernociapta Usnea; frond blood-red, gelatino-membranaceous, di- chotomo-pinnate ; rachis forked, broadly linear, narrowed at base ; branches patent, ligulate, closely pectinated with horizontal, long and narrow, simple or pinnulate ramuli; cystocarps and_ tetraspores scattered. H. Usnea; fronde sanguinea gelatinoso-membranacea dichotomo-pinnata supra- decomposita; rachide sepius furcata lato-lineari basi angustata; ramis patenti- bus v. divaricatis pectinato-pinnatis; pinnulis horizontalibus angustis elongatis simplicibus v. iterum pectinato-pinnulatis ; cystocarpits tetrasporisque sparsis. Hymenociapia Usnea, J. dg. Sp. Aig. v. 2. p. 172. Harv. Alg. Austr. Easic. n. 365. Fucus Usnea, &. Br. im Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 225. Has. Kent Island, R. Brown. Abundant at Port Phillip Heads, and Western Port; VW. H. H., Dr. Mueller, Mr. Rawlinson, etc. Flinders Island, Dr. Milligan. Groer. Distr. South coast of Australia, east of Cape Northumberland. Descr. Rooé a small disc. Frond tufted, 12-16 inches long, and as much in the expansion of the branches, perfectly distichous, and much and irre- gularly branched in an imperfectly dichotomous order, all the divisions remarkably patent, with wide, blunt axils. The main frond varies from being several times forked to nearly simple, and from 1 to 4—6 lines in breadth; it always tapers much to the base, but does not greatly narrow upwards. The primary branches are similar to the main frond, tapering much to the base, sub-horizontally patent, simple or unilaterally or alter- nately lobed or branched, and 4-8 inches long. The whole margin of all the branches is closely pectinated, at distances of a line or less, with slender, narrow-linear, horizontal, simple or branching ramuli, 3-15 inches long, and rarely a line wide. Different specimens vary extremely in the minor characters of the branching, some being much more divided and ramuli- ferous than others. Cystocarps either marginal or scattered on the dise, produced either in the ramuli, or on the branches, having a wide cavity and few-spored nucleus ; the spores elliptical, imperfectly seriated. Zetraspores lodged in the intermediate stratum, dispersed. Colou, when quite fresh, a blood-red, fading on exposure or immersion in fresh-water. Substance soft, decomposing, after a time, in fresh-water. In drying the frond adheres closely to paper. This fine species, one of the most showy of the Victorian Algee, though long known to botanists by the figure in Turner’s Hist. Fuc., was, until recently, in very few European herbaria ; and though I had myself gathered some hundreds of specimens, on none did I find cystocarpic fruit in a mature condition. For fine specimens, in full fructification of both kinds, I have’ now to thank Mr. Rawlinson of Melbourne, to whom (through Dr. Mueller) I am also indebted for a suite of well-dried Algz,‘col- lected at Port Phillip Heads. The structure of the zucleus in this species and in 1. divari- cata (Plate XX.), necessitates the placing of the genus Hymeno- cladia among the Rhodymeniacee instead of the Laurenciacee, where Agardh refers it. Our Plate has been struck in rather too dark an ink, and is more highly coloured than ordinary specimens; but when quite fresh, before exposure to the sun or immersion in fresh-water, it is of the deep red here represented. Fig. 1. Hymenocitapra Usnea,—the natural size. 2. Section of a concep- tacle. 3. Spores from the same. 4. Cross section of the frond, with im- bedded tetraspores. 5. A tetraspore:—the latter figures variously mag- nified. : { il " 5 7 ’ ea Mia le Ln (is " wr hans 7 ey 1 =, OM Ls Plate CAM Ser. MrLaNosPERMEs. Fam. Dictyotacea. Puate. CXIX. DICTYOTA RADICANS, dar. Gen. Cuar. Root woolly. Frond flat, linear, membranous, ribless, areo- late, dichotomous or irregularly cleft. Fructification : spores super- ficial, either collected in spot-like sori or scattered singly over both surfaces of the frond.—Dicryora (Zamour.), from Sc«ervov, a-net ; because the surface, under a lens, has a netted or, rather, a tessellated appearance. Radia stuposa.” Frons plana, linearis, membranacea, ecostata, areolata, dichotoma aut vage fissa. Fruct.: spore superficiales, in soros maculeformes aggregate v. singulatim per utramque paginam frondis disperse. Dictryora radicans ; frond not woolly at base, stipitate, rooting by scat- tered thread-like fibres issuing from the stipes and lamina, dichotomo- pimnatifid ; segments cuneate, the lateral erect, with narrow sinuses ; apices very obtuse ; sori scattered, confined to the middle part of the frond. D. radicans ; fronde estuposa stipitata, basi fibris crassis sparsis e stipite et lamina emissis radicante dichotomo-pinnatifida; segmentis cuneatis, lateralibus erectis ; sinubus angustis, apicibus obtusissimis ; soris effusis, in medio parte frondis collectis. Dictyora radicans, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 536; Alg. Austr, Exsic. n. 69. Has. At Rottnest and Garden Islands, near Fremantle, VW. H. H. Grocer. Distr. West Australia. Descr. Root consisting of many, long, simple, thread-like fibres, proceeding partly from the base of the frond, and partly from the lower parts of the principal rachides; the fibres as thick as hog’s-bristles, and from 1 to 3 inches long. yond irregularly dichotomous, the segments linear, cu- neate, much attenuated at base, repeatedly forked, occasionally sub-alter- nately decompound, 13-3 lines wide, quite entire, erecto-patent, with blunt axils and tips. The arcoles of the membrane are oblong, 3-4 times longer than broad; the superficial ced/ules mimute and quadrate. Membrane rather translucent. The colour is a brownish-olive, paler toward the extremities. The swbstance is membranaceous, and the frond, when not too old, adheres moderately to paper in drying. AR RR ee eee eee This species, which much resembles some forms of D. dicho- toma in habit, differs from that and from all others of the genus Dictyota in wanting the woolly or stupose root; m place of which it is furnished with more or less abundant fibrils, issuing without order from the lower portion of the frond, and attaching themselves to neighbouring Algz. Had these only been found on one or two individuals, I should probably have taken them for a mere aberration, but finding them sufficiently constant in many specimens, collected in different localities and at different times, I am induced to regard them as an essential character, by which the present species may be most easily distinguished from others. As in D. dichotoma, the frond varies much in breadth, but scarcely in any other respect. Our figure represents an average specimen. Fig. 1. Dicryora raDIcANS,—the natural size. 2. Portion of the membrane, magnified, to show the reticulation. 8. A cross section of the same, show- ing the internal structure. Plate CXX. Mecent Brecks Imp Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Gelidiacea. Puate CXX. DICRANEMA GREVILLEI, Sond. Gen. Cuan. Frond terete, dichotomous, formed of three strata; the me- dullary stratum of slender, closely packed, longitudinal filaments ; the intermediate of angular cells, smaller toward the circumference; the cortical of vertically seriated, minute, coloured cellules. Mructifica- ¢ion: 1, hemispherical conceptacles, containing, within a thick peri- carp, pedicellate, obovate spores, attached to a parietal fibro-cellular placenta (formed from the medullary stratum) ; 2, zonate tetraspores, lodged in the swollen (pod-like) tips of the branches. —D1cranema (Sond.), from duxpavov, a fork, and vnua, a thread. Frons teretiuscula, dichotoma, stratis tribus contecta. Stratum medullare ex filis longitudinalibus tenuibus densis ; intermedium cellulis rotundato-angu- latis, exterioribus minoribus ; corticale cellulis minimis coloratis verticaliter seriatis. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia hemispherica, intra pericarpium crassum sporas obovatas pedicellatas ad placentam parietalem fibro-cellulosam foventia ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in apicibus tumidis (siliqueformibus) ramorum nidulantes. Dicranema Greville: ; frond (8—4 inches long) ultra-setaceous, dicho- tomo-fastigiate ; axils widely spreading ; apices patent or divaricate ; conceptacles near the obtusely horn-hke tip ; pod-like tips (of tetra- spores) erecto-patent. D. Grevillei ; fronde (8—4-pollicari) ultra-setacea dichotomo-fastigiata ; awxillis patentibus ; apicibus patentibus v. divaricatis ; conceptaculis ab apice obtuso parum remotis ; apicibus siliqueformibus tetrasporarum erecto-patentibus. Dicranema Grevillei, Sond. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 56. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 1738. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 634. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 315. GRaciLaRia pumila, Grev. Ed. Journ. Nat. Sc. v. 3. p. 338, cum icone. CystocLoniuM? pumilum, K7itz. Sp. Alg. p. 757. Has. Australia, Herd. Greville. West Australia, Preiss. Abundant on Cymodocea antarctica, etc., near Fremantle, and at King George’s Sound, W. H. H., G. Clifton, ete. South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Flinders Island, Dr. Milligan. Grocer. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia. Descr. Root a minute disc. Fronds densely tufted, 2-4 inches long, thicker than hog’s-bristle, many times forked, fastigiate, forming nearly globular tufts. The branching is very regular and uniform, merely varying from the occasional non-development of one of the arms of the fork; the axils are wide, but sharp, the branches and ramuli patent or divaricate. The apices are not remarkably recurved, and only show such a tendency in the cystocarpic specimens. The tips of those bearing tetraspores are quite straight, spreading, but not generally recurved, oblong or ovate-oblong. The cystocarps are near the bluntly acuminate end of the branch; the spores are obovate, on longish pedicels. Zeé¢raspores zonate, very nume- rous, lodged in the cortical layer of the pod-like extremities. The colour is a deep, full red, becoming darker and duller in drying. The sudstance is rigidly cartilaginous, somewhat horny when dry, and the frond very im- perfectly adheres to paper in drying. ~ OPP PIED AAI At Plate LX XIV. is represented another species of Dicranema closely allied to the present, but of much smaller size, and with the tips much more strongly hooked. Notwithstanding their near affinity, I am disposed to regard these Algz as sufficiently distinct, nor have I yet met with any puzzlingly intermediate forms between them. Both grow commonly on the hard stems of the Cymodocea, but while the present is found along the whole western and southern coasts, the former is very local, and by me only met with at Cape Riche. The genus Dicranema, placed by Agardh among Spherococ- coidee, appears to me to range better with the Gelidiacee, both because the placentze are parietal, and derived from the medul- lary filaments, and because the nucleus is composed of pedicel- late, single spores, not forming moniliform series. To me the cystocarp appears hike that of a Hypnea, condensed ; differing in the more columnar form of the placenta, and, consequently, the more closely-placed spores. The substance of the frond, too, is of the rigid, half-horny character of the Gelidia, and the dicho- tomous ramification, though unusual in Gelidiacee, occurs in a species of Gelidium itself. Fig. 1. DicraneEMA GREVILLEI,—the natural size. 2. Tips with imbedded conceptacles. 3. Section of a conceptacle. 4. Spores from the same. 5. 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